Volume III - Activity Factors 

Chapter 15 - Activity Factors 

15. ACTIVITY FACTORS 

15.1. ACTIVITY PATTERNS 

15.1.1. Key Activity Pattern Studies 

15.1.2. Relevant Activity Pattern Studies 

15.2. OCCUPATIONAL MOBILITY 

15.2.1. Background 

15.2.2. Key Occupational Mobility Studies 

15.3. POPULATION MOBILITY 

15.3.1. Background 

15.3.2. Key Population Mobility Studies 

15.3.3. Relevant Population Mobility Studies 

15.4. RECOMMENDATIONS 

15.4.1. Recommendations for Activity Patterns 

15.4.2. Recommendations: Occupational Mobility 

15.4.3. Recommendations: Population Mobility 

15.4.4. Summary of Recommended Activity Factors 

REFERENCES FOR CHAPTER 15 

APPENDIX 15A 

APPENDIX 15B 

Table 15-1. Time Use Table Locator Guide 

Table 15-2. Mean Time Spent (minutes) Performing Major Activities Grouped by Age, 

Sex and Type of Day 

Table 15-3. Mean Time Spent (minutes) in Major Activities Grouped by Type of Day for 

Five Different Age Groups 

Table 15-4. Cumulative Frequency Distribution of Average Shower Duration for 2,550 

Households 

Table 15-5. Mean Time Spent (minutes/day) in Ten Major Activity Categories Grouped 

by Total Sample and Gender for the CARB and National Studies (age 18-64 

years) 

Table 15-6. Total Mean Time Spent at Three Major Locations Grouped by Total Sample 

and Gender for the CARB and National Study (ages 18-64 years) 

Table 15-7. Mean Time Spent at Three Locations for both CARB and National Studies 

(ages 12 years and older) 

Table 15-8. Mean Time Spent (minutes/day) in Various Microenvironments Grouped by 

Total Population and Gender (12 years and over) in the National and CARB 

Data 

Table 15-9. Mean Time Spent (minutes/day) in Various Microenvironments by Type of 

Day for the California and National Surveys (sample population ages 12 

years and older) 

Table 15-10. Mean Time Spent (minutes/day) in Various Microenvironments by Age 

Groups for the National and California Surveys 

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Chapter 15 - Activity Factors 

Table 15-11. Mean Time (minutes/day) Children Spent in Ten Major Activity Categories 

for All Respondents 

Table 15-12. Mean Time Children Spent in Ten Major Activity Categories Grouped by Age 

and Gender 

Table 15-13. Mean Time Children Spent in Ten Major Activity Categories Grouped by 

Seasons and Regions 

Table 15-14. Mean Time Children Spent in Six Major Location Categories for All 

Respondents (minutes/day) 

Table 15-15. Mean Time Children Spent in Six Location Categories Grouped by Age and 

Gender 

Table 15-16. Mean Time Children Spent in Six Location Categories Grouped by Season 

and Region 

Table 15-17. Mean Time Children Spent in Proximity to Three Potential Exposures 

Grouped by All Respondents, Age, and Gender 

Table 15-18. Range of Recommended Defaults for Dermal Exposure Factors 

Table 15-19. Number of Times Taking a Shower at Specified Daily Frequencies by the 

Number of Respondents 

Table 15-20. Times (minutes) Spent Taking Showers by the Number of Respondents 

Table 15-21. Number of Minutes Spent Taking a Shower (minutes/shower) 

Table 15-22. Time (minutes) Spent in the Shower Room Immediately After Showering by 

the Number of Respondents 

Table 15-23. Number of Minutes Spent in the Shower Room Immediately After Showering 

(minutes/shower) 

Table 15-24. Number of Baths Given or Taken in One Day by Number of Respondents 

Table 15-25. Total Time Spent Taking or Giving a Bath by the Number of Respondents 

Table 15-26. Number of Minutes Spent Giving and Taking the Bath(s) (minutes/bath) 

Table 15-27. Time Spent in the Bathroom Immediately After the Bath(s) by the Number 

of Respondents 

Table 15-28. Number of Minutes Spent in the Bathroom Immediately After the Bath(s) 

(minutes/bath) 

Table 15-29. Total Time Spent Altogether in the Shower or Bathtub by the Number of 

Respondents 

Table 15-30. Total Number of Minutes Spent Altogether in the Shower or Bathtub 

(minutes/bath) 

Table 15-31. Time Spent in the Bathroom Immediately Following a Shower or Bath by the 

Number of Respondents 

Table 15-32. Number of Minutes Spent in the Bathroom Immediately Following a Shower 

or Bath (minutes/bath) 

Table 15-33. Range of Number of Times Washing the Hands at Specified Daily 

Frequencies by the Number of Respondents 

Table 15-34. Number of Minutes Spent (at home) Working or Being Near Food While 

Fried, Grilled, or Barbequed (minutes/day) 

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Chapter 15 - Activity Factors 

Table 15-35. Number of Minutes Spent (at home) Working or Being Near Open Flames 

Including Barbeque Flames (minutes/day) 

Table 15-36. Number of Minutes Spent Working or Being Near Excessive Dust in the Air 

(minutes/day) 

Table 15-37. Range of the Number of Times an Automobile or Motor Vehicle was Started 

in a Garage or Carport at Specified Daily Frequencies by the Number of 

Respondents 

Table 15-38. Range of the Number of Times Motor Vehicle Was Started with Garage Door 

Closed at Specified Daily Frequencies by the Number of Respondents 

Table 15-39. Number of Minutes Spent at a Gas Station or Auto Repair Shop 

(minutes/day) 

Table 15-40. Number of Minutes Spent at Home While the Windows Were Left Open 

(minutes/day) 

Table 15-41. Number of Minutes the Outside Door Was Left Open While at Home 

(minutes/day) 

Table 15-42. Number of Times an Outside Door Was Opened in the Home at Specified 

Daily Frequencies by the Number of Respondents 

Table 15-43. Number of Minutes Spent Running, Walking, or Standing Alongside a Road 

with Heavy Traffic (minutes/day) 

Table 15-44. Number of Minutes Spent in a Car, Van, Truck, or Bus in Heavy Traffic 

(minutes/day) 

Table 15-45. Number of Minutes Spent in a Parking Garage or Indoor Parking Lot 

(minutes/day) 

Table 15-46. Number of Minutes Spent Walking Outside to a Car in the Driveway or 

Outside Parking Areas (minutes/day) 

Table 15-47. Number of Minutes Spent Running or Walking Outside Other Than to the 

Car (minutes/day) 

Table 15-48. Number of Hours Spent Working for Pay (hours/week) 

Table 15-49. Number of Hours Spent Working for Pay Between 6PM and 6AM 

(hours/week) 

Table 15-50. Number of Hours Worked in a Week That Was Outdoors (hours/week) 

Table 15-51. Number of Times Floors Were Swept or Vacuumed at Specified Frequencies 

by the Number of Respondents 

Table 15-52. Number of Days Since the Floor Area in the Home Was Swept or Vacuumed 

by the Number of Respondents 

Table 15-53. Number of Loads of Laundry Washed in a Washing Machine at Home by the 

Number of Respondents 

Table 15-54. Number of Times Using a Dishwasher at Specified Frequencies by the 

Number of Respondents 

Table 15-55. Number of Times Washing Dishes by Hand at Specified Frequencies by the 

Number of Respondents 

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Chapter 15 - Activity Factors 

Table 15-56. Number of Times for Washing Clothes in a Washing Machine at Specified 

Frequencies by the Number of Respondents 

Table 15-57. Number of Minutes Spent Playing on Sand or Gravel in a Day by the Number 

of Respondents 

Table 15-58. Number of Minutes Spent Playing in Sand or Gravel (minutes/day) 

Table 15-59. Number of Minutes Spent Playing in Outdoors on Sand, Gravel, Dirt, or 

Grass When Fill Dirt Was Present by the Number of Respondents 

Table 15-60. Number of Minutes Spent Playing on Sand, Gravel, Dirt, or Grass When Fill 

Dirt Was Present (minutes/day) 

Table 15-61. Range of the Time Spent Working in a Garden or Other Circumstances in a 

Month by the Number of Respondents 

Table 15-62. Number of Hours Spent Working with Soil in a Garden or Other 

Circumstances Working (hours/month) 

Table 15-63. Range of Number of Minutes Spent Playing on Grass in a Day by the 

Number of Respondents 

Table 15-64. Number of Minutes Spent Playing on Grass (minutes/day) 

Table 15-65. Number of Times Swimming in a Month in Freshwater Swimming Pool by the 

Number of Respondents 

Table 15-66. Range of the Average Amount of Time Actually Spent in the Water by 

Swimmers by the Number of Respondents 

Table 15-67. Number of Minutes Spent Swimming in a Month in Freshwater Swimming 

Pool (minutes/month) 

Table 15-68. Statistics for 24-Hour Cumulative Number of Minutes Spent Working in a 

Main Job 

Table 15-69. Statistics for 24-Hour Cumulative Number of Minutes Spent in Food 

Preparation 

Table 15-70. Statistics for 24-Hour Cumulative Number of Minutes Spent in Food Cleanup 

Table 15-71. Statistics for 24-Hour Cumulative Number of Minutes Spent Cleaning House 

Table 15-72. Statistics for 24-Hour Cumulative Number of Minutes Spent in Outdoor 

Cleaning 

Table 15-73. Statistics for 24-Hour Cumulative Number of Minutes Spent in Clothes Care 

Table 15-74. Statistics for 24-Hour Cumulative Number of Minutes Spent in Car 

Repair/Maintenance 

Table 15-75. Statistics for 24-Hour Cumulative Number of Minutes Spent in Other Repairs 

Table 15-76. Statistics for 24-Hour Cumulative Number of Minutes Spent in Plant Care 

Table 15-77. Statistics for 24-Hour Cumulative Number of Minutes Spent in Animal Care 

Table 15-78. Statistics for 24-Hour Cumulative Number of Minutes Spent in Other 

Household Work 

Table 15-79. Statistics for 24-Hour Cumulative Number of Minutes Spent in Indoor Playing 

Table 15-80. Statistics for 24-Hour Cumulative Number of Minutes Spent in Outdoor 

Playing 

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Chapter 15 - Activity Factors 

Table 15-81. Statistics for 24-Hour Cumulative Number of Minutes Spent for Car Repair 

Services 

Table 15-82. Statistics for 24-Hour Cumulative Number of Minutes Spent Washing, etc. 

Table 15-83. Statistics for 24-Hour Cumulative Number of Minutes Spent 

Sleeping/Napping 

Table 15-84. Statistics for 24-Hour Cumulative Number of Minutes Spent Attending Full 

Time School 

Table 15-85. Statistics for 24-Hour Cumulative Number of Minutes Spent in Active Sports 

Table 15-86. Statistics for 24-Hour Cumulative Number of Minutes Spent in Outdoor 

Recreation 

Table 15-87. Statistics for 24-Hour Cumulative Number of Minutes Spent in Exercise 

Table 15-88. Statistics for 24-Hour Cumulative Number of Minutes Spent in Food 

Preparation 

Table 15-89. Statistics for 24-Hour Cumulative Number of Minutes Spent Doing 

Dishes/Laundry 

Table 15-90. Statistics for 24-Hour Cumulative Number of Minutes Spent in Housekeeping 

Table 15-91. Statistics for 24-Hour Cumulative Number of Minutes Spent in Bathing 

Table 15-92. Statistics for 24-Hour Cumulative Number of Minutes Spent in 

Yardwork/Maintenance 

Table 15-93. Statistics for 24-Hour Cumulative Number of Minutes Spent in 

Sports/Exercise 

Table 15-94. Statistics for 24-Hour Cumulative Number of Minutes Eating or Drinking 

Table 15-95. Statistics for 24-Hour Cumulative Number of Minutes Spent Indoors at an 

Auto Repair Shop/Gas Station 

Table 15-96. Statistics for 24-Hour Cumulative Number of Minutes Spent Indoors at a 

Gym/Health Club 

Table 15-97. Statistics for 24-Hour Cumulative Number of Minutes Spent Indoors at the 

Laundromat 

Table 15-98. Statistics for 24-Hour Cumulative Number of Minutes Spent Indoors at Work 

(non-specific) 

Table 15-99. Statistics for 24-Hour Cumulative Number of Minutes Spent Indoors at the 

Dry Cleaners 

Table 15-100. Statistics for 24-Hour Cumulative Number of Minutes Spent Indoors at a 

Bar/Nightclub/Bowling Alley 

Table 15-101. Statistics for 24-Hour Cumulative Number of Minutes Spent Indoors at a 

Restaurant 

Table 15-102. Statistics for 24-Hour Cumulative Number of Minutes Spent Indoors at 

School 

Table 15-103. Statistics for 24-Hour Cumulative Number of Minutes Spent Indoors at a 

Plant/Factory/Warehouse 

Table 15-104. Statistics for 24-Hour Cumulative Number of Minutes Spent Outdoors on 

a Sidewalk, Street, or in the Neighborhood 

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Chapter 15 - Activity Factors 

Table 15-105. Statistics for 24-Hour Cumulative Number of Minutes Spent Outdoors in a 

Parking Lot 

Table 15-106. Statistics for 24-Hour Cumulative Number of Minutes Spent Outdoors at a 

Service Station or Gas Station 

Table 15-107. Statistics for 24-Hour Cumulative Number of Minutes Spent Outdoors at a 

Construction Site 

Table 15-108. Statistics for 24-Hour Cumulative Number of Minutes Spent Outdoors on 

School Grounds/Playground 

Table 15-109. Statistics for 24-Hour Cumulative Number of Minutes Spent Outdoors at a 

Park/Golf Course 

Table 15-110. Statistics for 24-Hour Cumulative Number of Minutes Spent Outdoors at a 

Pool/River/Lake 

Table 15-111. Statistics for 24-Hour Cumulative Number of Minutes Spent Outdoors at a 

Restaurant/Picnic 

Table 15-112. Statistics for 24-Hour Cumulative Number of Minutes Spent Outdoors at a 

Farm 

Table 15-113. Statistics for 24-Hour Cumulative Number of Minutes Spent at Home in the 

Kitchen 

Table 15-114. Statistics for 24-Hour Cumulative Number of Minutes Spent in the 

Bathroom 

Table 15-115. Statistics for 24-Hour Cumulative Number of Minutes Spent at Home in the 

Bedroom 

Table 15-116. Statistics for 24-Hour Cumulative Number of Minutes Spent at Home in the 

Garage 

Table 15-117. Statistics for 24-Hour Cumulative Number of Minutes Spent in the 

Basement 

Table 15-118. Statistics for 24-Hour Cumulative Number of Minutes Spent at Home in the 

Utility Room or Laundry Room 

Table 15-119. Statistics for 24-Hour Cumulative Number of Minutes Spent at Home in the 

Outdoor Pool or Spa 

Table 15-120. Statistics for 24-Hour Cumulative Number of Minutes Spent at Home in the 

Yard or Other Areas Outside the House 

Table 15-121. Statistics for 24-Hour Cumulative Number of Minutes Spent Traveling in a 

Car 

Table 15-122. Statistics for 24-Hour Cumulative Number of Minutes Spent Traveling in a 

Truck (Pick-up/Van) 

Table 15-123. Statistics for 24-Hour Cumulative Number of Minutes Spent Traveling on 

a Motorcycle, Moped, or Scooter 

Table 15-124. Statistics for 24-Hour Cumulative Number of Minutes Spent Traveling in 

Other Trucks 

Table 15-125. Statistics for 24-Hour Cumulative Number of Minutes Spent Traveling on 

a Bus 

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Chapter 15 - Activity Factors 

Table 15-126. Statistics for 24-Hour Cumulative Number of Minutes Spent Walking 

Table 15-127. Statistics for 24-Hour Cumulative Number of Minutes Spent Traveling on 

a Bicycle/Skateboard/ Rollerskate 

Table 15-128. Statistics for 24-Hour Cumulative Number of Minutes Spent Waiting on a 

Bus, Train etc., Stop 

Table 15-129. Statistics for 24-Hour Cumulative Number of Minutes Spent Traveling on 

a Train/Subway/Rapid Transit 

Table 15-130. Statistics for 24-Hour Cumulative Number of Minutes Spent Traveling on 

an Airplane 

Table 15-131. Statistics for 24-Hour Cumulative Number of Minutes Spent Indoors in a 

Residence (all rooms) 

Table 15-132. Statistics for 24-Hour Cumulative Number of Minutes Spent Outdoors 

(outside the residence) 

Table 15-133. Statistics for 24-Hour Cumulative Number of Minutes Spent Traveling 

Inside a Vehicle 

Table 15-134. Statistics for 24-Hour Cumulative Number of Minutes Spent Outdoors Near 

a Vehicle 

Table 15-135. Statistics for 24-Hour Cumulative Number of Minutes Spent Outdoors 

Other Than Near a Residence or Vehicle Such as Parks, Golf Courses, or 

Farms 

Table 15-136. Statistics for 24-Hour Cumulative Number of Minutes Spent in an Office or 

Factory 

Table 15-137. Statistics for 24-Hour Cumulative Number of Minutes Spent in Malls, 

Grocery Stores, or Other Stores 

Table 15-138. Statistics for 24-Hour Cumulative Number of Minutes Spent in Schools, 

Churches, Hospitals, and Public Buildings 

Table 15-139. Statistics for 24-Hour Cumulative Number of Minutes Spent in 

Bars/Nightclubs, Bowling Alleys, and Restaurants 

Table 15-140. Statistics for 24-Hour Cumulative Number of Minutes Spent in Other 

Outdoors Such as Auto Repair Shops, Laundromats, Gyms, and at Work 

(non-specific) 

Table 15-141. Statistics for 24-Hour Cumulative Number of Minutes Spent with Smokers 

Present 

Table 15-142. Range of Time (minutes) Spent Smoking Based on the Number of 

Respondents 

Table 15-143. Number of Minutes Spent Smoking (minutes/day) 

Table 15-144. Range of Time Spent Smoking Cigars or Pipe Tobacco by the Number of 

Respondents 

Table 15-145. Number of Minutes Spent Smoking Cigars or Pipe Tobacco (minutes/day) 

Table 15-146. Range of Numbers of Cigarettes Smoked Based on the Number of 

Respondents 

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Chapter 15 - Activity Factors 

Table 15-147. Range of Numbers of Cigarettes Smoked by Other People Based on 

Number of Respondents 

Table 15-148. Range of Numbers of Cigarettes Smoked While at Home Based on the 

Number of Respondents 

Table 15-149. Differences in Time Use (hours/week) Grouped by Sex, Employment 

Status, and Marital Status for the Surveys Conducted in 1965 and 1975 

Table 15-150. Time Use (hours/week) Differences by Age for the Surveys Conducted in 

1965 and 1975 

Table 15-151. Time Use (hours/week) Differences by Education for the Surveys 

Conducted in 1965 and 1975 

Table 15-152. Time Use (hours/week) Differences by Race for the Surveys Conducted in 

1965 and 1975 

Table 15-153. Mean Time Spent (hours/week) in Ten Major Activity Categories Grouped 

by Regions 

Table 15-154. Total Mean Time Spent (minutes/day) in Ten Major Activity Categories 

Grouped by Type of Day 

Table 15-155. Mean Time Spent (minutes/day) in Ten Major Activity Categories During 

Four Waves of Interviews 

Table 15-156. Mean Time Spent (hours/week) in Ten Major Activity Categories Grouped 

by Gender 

Table 15-157. Percent Responses of Children’s “Play” (activities) Locations in Maryvale, 

Arizona 

Table 15-158. Occupational Tenure of Employed Individuals by Age and Sex 

Table 15-159. Occupational Tenure for Employed Individuals Grouped by Sex and Race 

Table 15-160. Occupational Tenure for Employed Individuals Grouped by Sex and 

Employment Status 

Table 15-161. Occupational Tenure of Employed Individuals Grouped by Major 

Occupational Groups and Age 

Table 15-162. Voluntary Occupational Mobility Rates for Workers Age 16 Years and 

Older 

Table 15-163. Values and Their Standard Errors for Average Total Residence Time, T, 

for Each Group in Survey 

Table 15-164. Total Residence Time, t (years), Corresponding to Selected Values of R(t) 

by Housing Category 

Table 15-165. Residence Time of Owner/Renter Occupied Units 

Table 15-166. Percent of Householders Living in Houses for Specified Ranges of Time 

Table 15-167. Descriptive Statistics for Residential Occupancy Period 

Table 15-168. Descriptive Statistics for Both Genders by Current Age 

Table 15-169. Summary of Residence Time of Recent Home Buyers (1993) 

Table 15-170. Tenure in Previous Home (Percentage Distribution) 

Table 15-171. Number of Miles Moved (Percentage Distribution) 

Table 15-172. Confidence in Activity Patterns Recommendations 

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Chapter 15 - Activity Factors 

Table 15-173. Confidence in Occupational Mobility Recommendations 

Table 15-174. Recommendations for Population Mobility 

Table 15-175. Confidence in Population Mobility Recommendations 

Table 15-176. Summary of Recommended Values for Activity Factors 

Table 15A-1. Activity Codes and Descriptors Used for Adult Time Diaries 

Table 15A-2. Differences in Average Time Spent in Different Activities Between 

California and National Studies (minutes per day for age 18-64 years) 

Table 15A-3. Time Spent in Various Microenvironments 

Table 15A-4. Major Time Use Activity Categories 

Table 15A-5. Mean Time Spent (minutes/day) for 87 Activities Grouped by Day of the 

Week 

Table 15A-6. Weighted Mean Hours Per Week by Gender: 87 Activities and 10 

Subtotals 

Table 15A-7. Ranking of Occupations by Median Years of Occupational Tenure 

Table 15B-1. Annual Geographical Mobility Rates, by Type of Movement for Selected 1­

Year Periods: 1960-1992 (numbers in thousands) 

Table 15B-2. Mobility of the Resident Population by State: 1980 

Figure 15-1. Distribution of Individuals Moving by Type of Move: 1991-92 

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Chapter 15 - Activity Factors 

15. ACTIVITY FACTORS 

In calculating exposure, a person's average daily dose is determined from a 

combination of variables including the pollutant concentration, exposure duration, and 

frequency of exposure (Sexton and Ryan, 1987). These variables can be dependent on 

human activity patterns and time spent at each activity and/or location. A person's total 

exposure can be predicted using indirect approaches such as computerized mathematical 

models. This indirect approach of predicting exposure also requires activity patterns (time 

use) data. Thus, individual or group activities are important determinants of potential 

exposure because toxic chemicals introduced into the environment may not cause harm 

to an individual until an activity is performed subjecting the individual to contact with those 

contaminants. An individual's choice on how to spend time will vary according to their 

occupation, hobbies, culture, location, gender, age, and personal preferences. 

Educational level attained and socioeconomic status also influence chosen activities and 

their duration. 

The purpose of this section is to describe published time use studies that provide 

information on activities in which various individuals engage, length of time spent 

performing various activities, locations in which individuals spend time and length of time 

spent by individuals within those various microenvironments. According to Robinson and 

Thomas (1991), microenvironments refer to a combination of activities and locations that 

yield potential exposures. Information on time spent in specific occupations and residing 

in specific areas also is included in this section. 

This section summarizes data on how much time individuals spend doing various 

activities and in various microenvironments. These data cover a wide scope of activities 

and populations. The following table (Table 15-1) should be used as a guide to locating

the information relevant to activities and microenvironments of concern. Assessors can 

consider using these data to develop exposure duration estimates for specific exposure 

scenarios. Available studies are grouped as key or relevant studies. The classifications 

of these studies are based on the applicability of their data to exposure assessments. All 

tables that provide data from these studies are presented at the back of this chapter. 

15.1. ACTIVITY PATTERNS 

The purpose of this section is to describe published time use studies that provide 

information on time-activity patterns of the national population and various sub-populations 

in the U.S. The studies involve survey designs where time diaries were used to collect 

information on the time spent at various activities and locations for children, adolescents, 

and adults, and to collect certain demographic and socioeconomic data. Available studies 

on time-activity data are summarized in the following sections. It should be noted that 

other site-limited studies, based on small sample sites, are available, but are not 

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Chapter 15 - Activity Factors 

presented in this section. The studies presented in this section are ones believed to be 

the most appropriate for the purpose of the handbook. Activity pattern studies are 

presented in Sections 15.1.1 and 15.1.2. 

15.1.1. Key Activity Pattern Studies 

Timmer et al. (1985) - How Children Use Time - Timmer et al. (1985) conducted a 

study using the data obtained on children's time use from a 1981-1982 Panel study. This 

study was a follow-up of households from a previous survey conducted in 1975-76. The 

922 respondents in the 1981-82 study were those who had completed at least three out 

of four waves of interview in the 1975 - 1976 survey. Timmer et al. (1985) conducted the 

survey during February through December 1981, and households were contacted four 

times during a 3 month interval of the survey period. The first contact was a personal 

interview, followed by subsequent telephone interviews for most of the respondents. 

However, families with children were contacted personally and questionnaires were 

administered to a maximum of three children per household. 

The children surveyed were between the ages of 3 and 17 years and were 

interviewed twice. The questionnaires administered to children had two components: a 

time diary and a standardized interview. The time diary involved children reporting their 

activities beginning at 12.00 a.m. the previous night; the duration and location of each 

activity; the presence of another individual; and whether they were performing other 

activities at the same time. The standardized interview administered to the children was 

to gather information about their psychological, intellectual (using reading comprehension 

tests), and emotional well-being; their hopes and goals; their family environment; and their 

attitudes and beliefs. 

For preschool children, parents provided information about the child's previous day's 

activities. Children in first through third grades completed the time diary with their parents 

assistance and, in addition, completed reading tests. Children in fourth grade and above 

provided their own diary information and participated in the interview. Parents were asked 

to assess their children's socioemotional and intellectual development. A survey form was 

sent to a teacher of each school-age child to evaluate each child's socioemotional and 

intellectual development. The activity descriptor codes used in this study were developed 

by Juster et al. (1983). The activity codes and descriptors used for the adult time diaries 

in both surveys are presented in Appendix Table 15A-1. 

The mean time spent performing major activities on weekdays and weekends by age 

and sex, and type of day is presented in Table 15-2. On weekdays, children spend about 

40 percent of their time sleeping, 20 percent in school, and 10 percent eating, washing, 

dressing, and performing other personal activities (Timmer et al., 1985). The data in 

Table 15-2 indicates that girls spend more time than boys performing household work and 

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Chapter 15 - Activity Factors 

personal care activities, and less time playing sports. Also, children spend most of their 

free time watching television. Table 15-3 presents the mean time children spend during 

weekdays and weekends performing major activities by five different age groups. Also, the 

significant effects of each variable (i.e., age, sex) are shown in Table 15-3. Older children 

spend more time performing household and market work, studying and watching television, 

and less time eating, sleeping, and playing. Timmer et al. (1985) estimated that on the 

average, boys spend 19.4 hours a week watching television and girls spend 17.8 hours 

per week performing the same activity. 

A limitation associated with this study is that the data do not provide overall annual 

estimates of children's time use since the data were collected only during the time of the 

year when children attend school and not during school vacation. Another limitation is that 

a distribution pattern of children's time use was not provided. In addition, the survey was 

conducted in 1981 so there is a potential that activity patterns in children may have 

changed significantly from that period to the present. Therefore, application of these data 

for current exposure situations may bias exposure assessments results. An advantage of 

this survey is that diary recordings of activity patterns were kept and the data obtained 

were not based completely on recall. Another advantage is that because parents assisted 

younger children with keeping their diaries and with interviews, any bias that may have 

been created by having younger children record their data should have been minimized. 

James and Knuiman (1987) - An Application of Bayes Methodology to the Analysis 

of Diary Records from a Water Use Study - In 1987, James and Knuiman provided a 

distribution of the amount of time (1-20 minutes) spent showering by individuals in 

households located in Australia. The distribution presented in the study of James and 

Knuiman was based on diary records of 2,500 households. James and Knuiman (1987) 

reported that 50 additional households provided data for shower durations exceeding 20 

minutes, but were excluded from their analysis because specific values over 20 minutes 

were not reported. Using the data of James and Knuiman, a cumulative frequency 

distribution was derived for the handbook, based on the 2,550 households and is 

presented in Table 15-3. Based on the results in Table 15-3, approximate showering times 

are 7 minutes for the median value, 13 minutes for the 90th percentile, 16 minutes for the 

95th percentile, and >20 minutes for the 99th percentile. The mean shower length is 

approximately 8 minutes using the shower durations of 1 to 20 minutes. 

A mean value could not be calculated using the data for the 50 households that 

reported showering time >20 minutes. However, if a 30 minute showering time was 

assumed for the >20 minutes duration, the mean value would be 8.5 minutes as compared 

to a mean of 8 minutes if these households are excluded. Therefore, including the 50 

additional households would give a similar mean and the results at the upper end of the 

distribution would not be affected. 

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A limitation of the study is that the data are from households in Australia and may not 

be representative of U.S. households. An advantage is that it presents cumulative 

distribution data. 

Robinson and Thomas (1991) - Time Spent in Activities, Locations, and 

Microenvironments: A California-National Comparison - Robinson and Thomas (1991) 

reviewed and compared data from the 1987-88 California Air Resources Board (CARB) 

time activity study and from a similar 1985 national study, American's Use of Time. Data 

from the national study were recorded similarly to the CARB code categories, in order to 

make data comparisons (Robinson and Thomas, 1991). 

The CARB study involved residents who lived in the state of California. One adult 18 

years or older was randomly sampled in each household and was asked to complete a 

diary with entries for the previous day's activities and the location of each activity. Time 

use patterns for other individuals 12 years and older in the households contacted were 

also included in the diaries. Telephone interviews based on the random-digit-dialing 

(RDD) procedure were conducted for approximately 1,762 respondents in the CARB 

survey. These interviews were distributed across all days of the week and across different 

months of the year (between October 1987-August 1988). 

In the 1985 National study, single day diaries were collected from over 5,000 

respondents across the U.S., 12 years of age and older. The study was conducted during 

January through December 1985. Three modes of time diary collection were employed 

for this survey: mailback, telephone interview, and personal interview. Data obtained from 

the personal interviews were not used in this study (Robinson and Thomas, 1991). The 

sample population for the mail-back and telephone interview was selected based on a 

RDD method. The RDD was designed to represent all telephone households in the 

contiguous United States (Robinson and Thomas, 1991). In addition to estimates of time 

spent at various activities and locations, the survey design provided information on the 

employment status, age, education, race, and gender for each member of the respondent’s 

household. The mail-back procedure was based on a "tomorrow" approach, and the 

telephone interview was based on recall. In the "tomorrow" approach, respondents know, 

and agree ahead of time, that they will be keeping a diary (Robinson and Thomas, 1991).

Data comparisons by Robinson and Thomas (1991) were based on 10 major activity 

categories (100 sub-category codes) and 3 major locations (44 sub-location codes) 

employed in both the CARB and the 1985 national study. In order to make data 

comparisons, Robinson and Thomas (1991) excluded responses from individuals of ages 

65 years and older and 18 years or younger in both surveys. In addition, only mail-back 

responses were analyzed for the 1985 national study. The data were then weighted to 

project both the California and national population in terms of days of the week, region, 

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numbers of respondents per household, and 3 monthly seasons of the year (Robinson and 

Thomas, 1991). 

Table 15-5 shows the mean time spent in the 10 major activities by gender and for 

all respondents between the ages of 18-64 years (time use data for the individual activities 

are presented in Appendix Table 15A-2). In both studies respondents spent most of their 

time (642 mins/day) on personal needs and care (i.e., sleep). Californians spent more time 

on paid work, education and training, obtaining goods and services, and communication, 

and less time on household work, child care, organizational activities, entertainment/social 

activities, and recreation than the national population. The male and female population 

closely followed the same trends as the general population. Table 15-6 shows the mean 

time spent at 3 major locations for the CARB and national study grouped by total sample 

and gender, ages 18-64 years (time use data for the 44 detailed microenvironments are 

presented in Appendix Table 15A-3). Respondents spent most of their time at home, 892 

minutes/day for the CARB and 954 minutes/day for the national study. Californians spent 

more of their time away from home and traveling compared to the national population. 

In addition, Robinson and Thomas (1991) defined a set of 16 microenvironments 

based on the activity and location codes employed in both studies. The analysis included 

data for adolescents (12-17 years) and adults (65 years and older) in both the CARB study 

and the mail-back portion of the 1985 national study (Robinson and Thomas, 1991). The 

mean duration of time spent in locations for total sample population, 12 years and older, 

across three types of locations is presented in Table 15-7 for both studies. Respondents 

spent most of their time indoors, 1255 and 1279 minutes/day for the CARB and national 

study, respectively. 

Table 15-8 presents the mean duration of time and standard mean error for the 16 

microenvironments grouped by total sample population and gender. Also included is the 

mean time spent for respondents (“Doers”) who reported participating in each activity. 

Table 15-8 shows that in both studies men spend more time in work locations, 

automobiles and other vehicles, autoplaces (garages), and physical outdoor activities, 

outdoor sites. In contrast, women spend more time cooking, engaging in other kitchen 

activities, performing other chores, and shopping. The same trends also occur on a per 

participant basis. 

Table 15-9 shows the mean time spent in various microenvironments grouped by type 

of the day (weekday or weekend) in both studies. Generally, respondents spent most of 

their time during the weekends in restaurants/bars (CARB study), motor vehicles, outdoor 

activities, social-cultural settings, leisure/communication activities, and sleeping. 

Microenvironmental differences by age are presented in Table 15-10. Respondents in the 

age groups 18-24 years and 25-44 years spent most of their time in restaurants/bars and 

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traveling. The oldest age group, 65 years and older, spent most of their time in the kitchen 

(cooking and other kitchen related activities) and in communication activities. 

Limitations associated with the Robinson and Thomas (1991) study are that the 

CARB survey was based on recall and the survey was performed in California only. 

Therefore, if applied to other populations, the data set may be biased. Another limitation 

is that time distribution patterns (statistical analysis) were not provided for both studies. 

Also, the data are based on short term studies. An advantage of this study is that the 

1985 national study represents the general U.S. population. Also, the 1985 national study 

provides time estimates by activities, locations, and microenvironments grouped by age, 

gender, and type of day. Another advantage is that the data were compared and that, 

overall, both data sets showed similar patterns of activity (Robinson and Thomas, 1991). 

Wiley et al. (1991) - Study of Children's Activity Patterns - The California children's 

activity pattern survey design provided time estimates of children (under 12 years old) in 

various activities and locations (microenvironments) on a typical day (Wiley et al., 1991).

The sample population, which consisted of 1,200 respondents (including children under 

12 years of age and adult informants residing in the child's household), was selected using 

Waksberg RDD methods from English-speaking households. One child was selected from 

each household. If the selected child was 8 years old or less, the adult in the same 

household who spent the most time with the child responded. However, if the selected 

child was between 9 and 11 years old, that child responded. The population was also 

stratified to provide representative estimates for major regions of the state. The survey 

questionnaire included a time diary which provided information on the children's activity 

and location patterns based on a 24-hour recall period. In addition, the survey 

questionnaire included questions about potential exposure to sources of indoor air 

pollution (i.e., presence of smokers) on the diary day and the socio-demographic 

characteristics (i.e., age, gender, marital status of adult) of children and adult respondents. 

The questionnaires and the time diaries were administered via a computer-assisted 

telephone interviewing (CATI) technology (Wiley et al., 1991). The telephone interviews 

were conducted during April 1989 to February 1990 over four seasons: Spring (April-June 

1989), Summer (July-September 1989), Fall (October-December 1989), and Winter 

(January-February 1990). 

The data obtained from the survey interviews resulted in ten major activity categories, 

113 detailed activity codes, 6 major categories of locations, and 63 detailed location 

codes. The average time respondents spent during the 10 activity categories for all 

children are presented in Table 15-11. Also included in this table are the detailed activity, 

including its code, with the highest mean duration of time; the percentage of respondents 

who reported participating in any activity (percent doing); and the mean, median, and 

maximum time duration for "doers." The dominant activity category, personal care (night 

sleep being the highest contributor), had the highest time expenditure of 794 mins/day 

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(13.2 hours/day). All respondents reported sleeping at night, resulting in a mean daily time 

per participant of 794 mins/day spent sleeping. The activity category "don't know" had a 

duration of about 2 mins/day and only 4 percent of the respondents reported missing 

activity time. 

Table 15-12 presents the mean time spent in the 10 activity categories by age and 

gender. Differences in activity patterns for boys and girls tended to be small. Table 15-13 

presents the mean time spent in the 10 activity categories grouped by seasons and 

California regions. There were seasonal differences for 5 activity categories: personal 

care, educational activities, social/entertainment, recreation, and communication/ passive 

leisure. Time expenditure differences in various regions of the State were minimal for 

childcare, work-related activities, shopping, personal care, education, social life, and 

recreation. 

Table 15-14 presents the distribution of time across six location categories. The 

participation rates (percent) of respondents, the mean, median, and maximum time for 

"doers." The detailed location with the highest average time expenditure are also shown. 

The largest amount of time spent was at home (1,078 minutes/day); 99 percent of 

respondents spent time at home (1,086 minutes/ participant/day). Tables 15-15 and 15-16 

show the average time spent in the six locations grouped by age and gender, and season 

and region, respectively. There are age differences in time expenditure in educational 

settings for boys and girls (Table 15-15). There are no differences in time expenditure at 

the six locations by regions, and time spent in school decreased in the summer months 

compared to other seasons (Table 15-16). Table 15-17 shows the average potential 

exposure time children spent in proximity to tobacco smoke, gasoline fumes, and gas oven 

fumes grouped by age and gender. The sampled children spent more time closer to 

tobacco smoke (77 mins/day) than gasoline fumes (2 mins/day) and gas oven fumes (11 

mins/day). 

A limitation of this study is that the sampling population was restricted to only Englishspeaking households; therefore, the data obtained does not represent the diverse 

population group present in California. Another limitation is that time use values obtained 

from this survey were based on short-term recall (24-hr) data; therefore, the data set 

obtained may be biased. Other limitations are: the survey was conducted in California 

and is not representative of the national population, and the significance of the observed 

differences in the data obtained (i.e., gender, age, seasons, and regions) were not tested 

statistically. An advantage of this study is that time expenditure in various activities and 

locations were presented for children grouped by age, gender, and seasons. Also, 

potential exposures of respondents to pollutants were explored in the survey. Another 

advantage is the use of the CATI program in obtaining time diaries, which allows automatic 

coding of activities and locations onto a computer tape, and allows activities forgotten by 

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respondents to be inserted into its appropriate position during interviewing (Wiley et al., 

1991). 

U.S. EPA (1992) - Dermal Exposure Assessment: Principles and Applications - U.S. 

EPA (1992) addressed the variables of exposure time, frequency, and duration needed to 

calculate dermal exposure as related to activity. The reader is referred to the document 

for a detailed discussion of these variables in relation to soil and water related activities. 

The suggested values that can be used for dermal exposure are presented in Table 15-18. 

Limitations of this study are that the values are based on small data sets and a limited 

number of studies. An advantage is that it presents default values for frequency and 

duration for use in exposure assessments when specific data are not available. 

Tsang and Klepeis (1996) - National Human Activity Pattern Survey (NHAPS) - The 

National Human Activity Pattern Survey was conducted by the U.S. EPA (Tsang and 

Klepeis, 1996). It is the largest and most current human activity pattern survey available 

(Tsang and Klepeis, 1996). Data for 9,386 respondents in the 48 contiguous United States 

were collected via minute-by-minute 24-hour diaries between October 1992 and 

September 1994. Detailed data were collected for a maximum of 82 different possible 

locations, and a maximum of 91 different activities. Participants were selected using a 

Random Digit Dial (RDD) method and Computer Assisted Telephone Interviewing (CATI). 

The response rate was 63 percent, overall. If the chosen respondent was a child too 

young to interview, an adult in the household gave a proxy interview. Each participant was 

asked to recount their entire daily routine from midnight to midnight immediately previous 

to the day that they were interviewed. The survey collected information on duration and 

frequency of selected activities and of the time spent in selected microenvironments. In 

addition, demographic information was collected for each respondent to allow for statistical 

summaries to be generated according to specific subgroups of the U.S. population (i.e., 

by gender, age, race, employment status, census region, season, etc.). The participants’ 

responses were weighted according to geographic, socioeconomic, time/season, and other 

demographic factors to ensure that results were representative of the U.S. population. The 

weighted sample matches the 1990 U.S. census population for each gender, age group, 

census region, and the day-of-week and seasonal responses are equally distributed. 

Saturdays and Sundays were over sampled to ensure an adequate weekend sample. 

The data presented are a compilation of 24-hour diary locations, activities, and followup exposure questions based on exposure-related events (personal, exposure, household 

characteristics, medical background) (Tsang and Klepeis, 1996). Data presented are 

reported in the form of means, percentages of time spent, and percentages of respondent 

occurrences. The diary data are useful for obtaining national representative distributions 

of time spent in a large variety of activities and locations in a single day (Tsang and 

Klepeis, 1996). According to Tsang and Klepeis (1996), the 24-hour diaries in the NHAPS 

are useful in probabilistic modeling (Monte-Carlo) that provides frequency distributions of 

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exposure. Overall survey results indicate that for time spent in microenvironments, the 

largest overall percentage of time was spent in residential-indoors (67 percent), followed 

by time spent outdoors (8 percent), and then time spent in vehicles (5 percent) (Tsang and 

Klepeis, 1996). Tables 15-19 through 15-146 provide data from the NHAPS study. 

NHAPS data on the time spent in selected activities are presented in Tables 15-19 through 

15-92. NHAPS data on the time spent in selected microenvironments are presented in 

Tables 15-93 to 15-139 and of these tables, Tables 15-66 through 15-139 present 24-hour 

cumulative statistics (mean, minimum, maximuim, and percentiles) data for time spent in 

various activities and in various microenvironments. 

C Tables 15-19 through 15-32 provide information on the frequency and duration 

of taking baths, frequency of taking showers, and on the amount of time spent in 

the shower or bathroom after completion of the activity. 

C Table 15-33 provides the frequency for washing the hands in a day. 

C Tables 15-34 through 15-36 present information on time spent by persons working 

with or being near foods while being grilled or barbecued; working with or near 

open flames; and working or being near excessive dust in the air. 

C Tables 15-37 through 15-39 provide data for the number of times a vehicle was 

started in a garage or carport and if started with the door closed; and for time 

spent at a gas station or repair shop. 

C Tables 15-40 through 15-42 present information on the number of times windows 

and doors were opened and the number of minutes they were left open at home 

while the respondent was at home. 

C Tables 15-43 through 15-47 provide data for time spent in heavy traffic either 

running, walking, standing, or in a vehicle; and for time spent in indoor and 

outdoor parking lots and garages. 

C Tables 15-48 through 15-50 present information for time spent working for pay; 

working at different times of day; and for the amount of that time was spent 

working outdoors. 

C Tables 15-51 through 15-56 provide information for number of times of performing 

household tasks in a day such as vacuuming, and washing dishes and clothes in 

a residence. 

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C	 Tables 15-57 through 15-64 present data for number of times per day and the 

duration for playing in sand, gravel, and dirt; and for working in circumstances 

where one comes in contact with soil such as in a garden. 

C	 Tables 15-65 through 15-67 provide information on the frequency of swimming in 

a fresh water swimming pool and the amount of time spent swimming during a 1­

month period. 

C Tables 15-68 through 15-87 present statistics for time spent in various major 

categories. They are as follows: Paid Work (main job); Household Work (food 

preparation and cleanup, cleaning house, clothes care); Child Care (indoor and 

outdoor playing); Obtaining Goods and Services (car repair); Personal Needs and 

Care (sleeping/napping); Free Time and Education (school); and Recreation 

(active sports, exercise, outdoor recreation). 

C Tables 15-88 through 15-94 provide statistics for time spent in various activities 

that are the results of regrouping/combining activities described in Tables 15-68 

through 15-87. Because the occurrences in some major categories were too 

small to conduct analyses, these categories were regrouped into broader 

categories so that new categories could be developed with a larger number of 

occurrences (Tsang and Klepeis, 1996). This regrouping was performed to create 

a better data set for estimating exposure activities from the available data (Tsang 

and Klepeis, 1996). 

C Tables 15-95 through 15-103 provide cumulative statistics for time spent in 

various indoor microenvironments such as repair shops/gas stations; bar/ night 

club/bowling alley; and at school. 

C Tables 15-104 through 15-112 present statistical data for time spent in various 

outdoor locations. These tables include data for locations such as 

schoolgrounds/ playground; parking lots; construction sites; parks and golf 

courses; and farms. 

C Tables 15-113 through 15-120 present statistics for time spent in various 

locations in the home. Data are presented for the number of minutes spent in the 

kitchen, bathroom, bedroom, garage, basement, utility room or laundry room; in 

the outdoor pool or spa; and in the yard or other areas outside the house. 

C Tables 15-121 through 15-130 provide data on time spent traveling and for 

traveling in various types of vehicles; and for time spent walking. 

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C	 Tables 15-131 through 15-140 provide statistics for total time spent indoors at 

home (categories regrouped/combined based on various data described in Tables 

15-95 through 15-130), including all rooms; outdoors at home; traveling inside a

vehicle; outdoors near a vehicle; outdoors other than near a residence; in an 

office or factory; in malls and other stores; in various public buildings; in bars, 

restaurants, etc.; and outdoor locations such as auto repair shops and 

laundromats. 

C Table 15-141 provides the number of minutes spent in an activity or 

microenvironment where a smoker was present. 

C Tables 15-142 and 15-143 present data for time spent smoking in a day. 

C Tables 15-144 through 15-148 provide information for time spent smoking 

selected tobacco products such as cigars, cigarettes, and pipe tobacco. 

Advantages of the NHAPS dataset are that it is representative of the U.S. population 

and it has been adjusted to be balanced geographically, seasonally, and for day/time. 

Also, it is representative of all ages, gender, and is race specific. A disadvantage of the 

study is that means cannot be calculated for time spent over 60, 120, and 181 minutes in 

selected activities. Therefore, actual time spent at the high end of the distribution for these 

activities cannot be captured. 

15.1.2. Relevant Activity Pattern Studies 

Robinson - Changes in Americans' Use of Time: 1965-1975 (1977) - Robinson 

(1977) compared time use data obtained from two national surveys that were conducted 

in 1965-1966 and in 1975. Each survey used the time-diary method to collect data. The 

1965-66 survey excluded people in the following categories: (a) Non-Standard 

Metropolitan Statistical Area (non-SMSA) (designation of Census Bureau areas having no 

city with more than 50,000 population); (b) households where no adult members were in 

the labor force for at least 10 hours per week; (c) age 65 and over; and (d) farm-related 

occupations (Robinson, 1977). The 1,244 respondents in the 1965-66 study included 

either employed men and women or housewives (Robinson, 1977). The survey was 

conducted between November-December 1965 and March-April 1966. Respondents 

recorded their daily activities in time diaries by using the "tomorrow" approach. In this 

approach, diaries were kept on the day following the interviewer's initial contact. The 

interviewer then made a second call to the respondent to determine if the information in 

diaries were correct and to obtain additional data. Only one person per household was 

interviewed. The survey was designed to obtain information on time spent with family 

members, time spent at various locations during activities, and performing primary and 

secondary activities. 

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A similar study was conducted in 1975 from October through December. Unlike the 

1965-1966 survey, the 1975 survey included rural areas, farmers, the unemployed, 

students, and retirees. Time diary data were collected using the "yesterday" approach. 

In this approach, interviewers made only one contact with respondents (greater than 1500) 

and the diaries were filled out based on a 24-hour recall (Robinson, 1977). Time diary 

data were also collected from the respondents’ spouses. 

In both surveys, the various activities were coded into 96 categories, and then were 

combined into five major categories. Free-time activities were grouped into 5 subcategories (Appendix Table 15A-2). In order to compare data obtained from both surveys, 

Robinson (1977) excluded the same population groups in the 1975 survey that were 

excluded in the 1965-66 survey (i.e., farmers, rural residents). 

Results obtained from the surveys were presented by gender, age, marital and 

employment status, race, and education. Robinson (1977) reported the data collected in 

hours/week; however, the method for converting daily activities to hours/week were not 

presented. Table 15-149 shows the differences in time use by gender, employment, and 

marital status for five major activity categories and five subcategories for 1965 and 1975. 

Time spent on work related activities (i.e., work for pay and family care) was lower in 1975 

than in 1965 for employed men and women. Table 15-149 also shows that there was an 

overall increase in free time activities for all the six groups. The difference in time use in 

1965 and 1975 are presented by age, education, and race in Tables 15-150, 15-151, and

15-152, respectively. These tables include data for students and certain employed 

respondents that were excluded in Table 15-148 (Robinson, 1977). In 1975, the eldest 

group (ages 56-65 years) showed a decline in paid work, and an increase in family care, 

personal care and sleep (Table 15-150). Education level comparisons across the ten-year 

interval indicated that the less educated had a decrease in paid work and an increase in 

sleep and personal care; the most educated had an increase in work time and a decrease 

in other leisure (Table 15-151). For racial comparisons, Blacks spent less time at paid 

work than Whites across the ten-year interval (Table 15-152). Table 15-152 also shows 

that Blacks spent more time than Whites at free time activities in 1975. 

A limitation of the study survey design is that time use data were gathered as social 

indicators. Therefore, the activity categories presented may not be relevant in exposure 

assessments. Another limitation is that statistical analysis of the data set was not 

provided. Additional limitations are that the time use data are old and the data may not 

reflect recent changes in time use. The 1965 and 1975 data sets excluded certain 

population groups and, therefore, may not be entirely representative of the U.S. 

population. Another limitation is that these are short-term studies and may not necessarily 

represent long-term activity patterns. An advantage of this study is that time use data were 

presented by age, gender, race, education level, and employment and marital status. 

Another advantage is that earlier investigations on the study method (24-hr recall) 

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employed in the 1965 study revealed no systematic biases in reported activities (Robinson, 

1977). Robinson (1977) also noted that the time-diary method provides a "zero-sum" 

measure (i.e., since there are only 24 daily hours or 168 weekly hours, if time on one 

activity increases then time on another activity must decrease). 

Juster et al. (1983) - 1975-1981 Time Use Longitudinal Panel Study - The Time 

Allocation longitudinal study of the U.S. population began as part of a multinational project 

with the first survey conducted in 1965-66. A second national time use survey was 

conducted in 1975-1976 and another in 1981 (Juster et al. 1983). Juster et al. (1983) 

provided study descriptions of the second and third surveys. The surveys included a 

probability sample of the adult population (18 years and older) and children between the 

ages of 3 and 17 years in the United States. In both surveys, time use was measured from 

24-hour recall diaries administered to respondents and their spouses. The 1975-1976 

survey involved four waves of interview: wave 1, October-November 1975; wave 2, 

February 1976; wave 3, May-June 1976; wave 4, September 1976. The first wave was a 

personal interview and the other three waves were telephone interviews. The 1975-1976 

survey sample consisted of 2,300 individuals, and of that sample, 1,519 respondents. 

Four recall diaries (one from each wave of interviews) were obtained from 947 

respondents, with data on time use measures for two weekdays, one Saturday and one 

Sunday. The survey was designed to gather information for: employment status; earnings 

and other income; "consumption benefits for activities of respondents and their spouses;" 

health, friendships and associations of the respondents; stock technology available to the 

household, house repair, and maintenance activities of the family; division of labor in 

household work and related attitudes; physical characteristics of the respondents housing 

structure, net worth and housing values; job characteristics; and characteristics of mass 

media usage on a typical day (Juster et al., 1983). 

The 1981 survey was a follow-up of respondents and spouses who had completed 

at least three waves of interview in the 1975-1976 survey. For the 1981 survey, 920 

individuals were eligible. The survey design was similar to the 1975-1976 survey, however 

in this survey, the adult population was 25 years and older and consisted of 620 

respondents. Four waves of interviews were conducted between February - March 1981 

(wave 1), May - June 1981 (wave 2), September 1981 (wave 3), and November ­

December (wave 4). The 1981 survey included the respondents' children between the 

ages of 3 and 17 years. The survey design for children provided information on time use 

measures from two time diary reports: one school day and one non-school day. In 

addition, information for academic achievement measures, school and family life 

measures, and ratings from the children's teachers were gathered during the survey. 

Juster et al. (1983) did not report the time use data obtained for the 1975-1976 

survey or the 1981 survey. These data are stored in four tape files and can be obtained 

from the Inter-university Consortium for Political and Social Research (ICPSR) in Michigan. 

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The response rate for the first wave of interview (1975-76 survey) based on the original 

sample population was 66 percent, and response rates for the subsequent waves ranged 

from 42 percent (wave 4) to 50 percent (wave 2). In the 1981 survey, the response rate 

based on eligible respondents was 67 percent for the first interview, and ranged from 54 

percent (wave 4) to 60 percent (wave 2) in the subsequent interviews (Juster et al., 1983). 

The 1975-1976 survey included 87 activities. In the 1981 survey, these 87 activities were 

broken down into smaller components, resulting in 223 activities (Juster et al., 1983). The 

activity codes and descriptors used for the adult time diaries in both surveys are presented 

in Appendix Table 15A-1. 

A limitation of this study is that the surveys were not designed for exposure 

assessment purposes. Therefore, the time use data set may be biased. Another limitation 

is that time use data collected were based on a 24-hour diary recall. This may somewhat 

bias the data set obtained from this survey. An advantage associated with this survey is 

that it provides a database of information on various human activities. This information 

can be used to assess various exposure pathways and scenarios associated with these 

activities. Also, some of the data from these surveys were used in the studies conducted 

by Timmer et al. (1985) and Hill (1985). In addition, the activity descriptor codes 

developed in these studies were used by Timmer et al (1985), Hill (1985), and Robinson 

and Thomas (1991). These studies are presented in Sections 15.1.1 and 15.1.2. Another 

advantage of this survey is that the data are based on a national survey and conducted 

over a one year period, resulting in a seasonally balanced survey and one representative 

of the U.S. population. 

Hill (1985) - Patterns of Time Use - Hill (1985) investigated the total amount of time 

American adults spend in one year performing various activities and the variation in time 

use across three different dimensions: demographic characteristics, geographical location, 

and seasonal characteristics. In this study, time estimates were based on data collected 

from time diaries in four waves (1 per season) of a survey conducted in the fall of 1975 

through the fall of 1976 for the 1975-1976 Time Allocation Study. The sampling periods 

included two weekdays, one Saturday and one Sunday. The 1975-1976 Time Allocation 

Study provided information on the amount of time spent performing primary activities. The 

information gathered were responses to the survey question "What were you doing?" The 

survey also provided information on secondary activities (i.e., respondents performing 

more than one activity at the same time). Hill (1985) analyzed time estimates for 10 broad 

categories of activities based on data collected from 87 activities. These estimates 

included seasonal variation in time use patterns and comparisons of time use patterns for 

different days of the week. The 10 major categories and ranges of activity codes are listed 

in Appendix Table 15A-4. Hill (1985) collected data on time use for the major activity 

patterns in four different age groups (18-24, 25-44, 45-64, and 65 years and older). 

However, the time use data were summarized in graphs rather than in tables. 

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Analysis of the 1975-76 survey data revealed very small regional differences in time 

use among the broad activity patterns (Hill, 1985). The weighted mean hours per week 

spent performing the 10 major activity categories presented by region are shown in 

Table 15-153. In all regions, adults spent more time on personal care (included night 

sleep). Adults in the North Central region of the country spent more time on market work 

activities than adults in other regions of the country. Adults in the South spent more time 

on leisure activities (passive and active combined) than adults elsewhere (Table 15-153).

Table 15-154 presents the time spent per day, by the day of the week for the 10 major 

activity categories. Time spent on the 87 activities (components of the 10 major 

categories) are presented in Appendix Table 15A-5. Adult time use was dominated in 

descending order by personal care (including sleep), market work, passive leisure, and 

house work. Collectively, these activities represent about 80 percent of available time 

(Hill, 1985). 

According to Hill (1985), sleep was the single most dominant activity averaging about 

56.3 hours per week. Television watching (passive leisure) averaged about 21.8 hours 

per week, and housework activities averaged about 14.7 hours per week. Weekdays were 

predominantly market-work oriented. Weekends (Saturday and Sunday) were 

predominantly devoted to household tasks ("sleeping in," socializing, and active leisure) 

(Hill, 1985). Table 15-155 presents the mean time spent performing these 10 groups of 

activities during each wave of interview (fall, winter, spring, and summer). Adjustments 

were made to the data to assure equal distributions of weekdays, Saturdays, and Sundays 

(Hill, 1985). The data indicates that the time periods adults spent performing market work, 

child care, shopping, organizational activities, and active leisure were fairly constant 

throughout the year (Hill, 1985). The mean hours spent per week in performing the 10 

major activity patterns are presented by gender in Table 15-156 (time use patterns for all 

87 activities are presented in Appendix Table 15A-6). Table 15-156 indicates that time 

use patterns determined by data collected for the mid-1970's survey show gender 

differences. Men spent more time on activities related to labor market work and education, 

and women spent more time on household work activities. 

A limitation associated with this study is that the time data were obtained from an old 

survey conducted in the mid-1970s. Because of fairly rapid changes in American society, 

applying these data to current exposure assessments may result in some biases. Another 

limitation is that time use data were not presented for children. An advantage of this study 

is that time diaries were kept and data were not based on recall. The former approach 

may result in a more accurate data set. Another advantage of this study is that the survey 

is seasonally balanced since it was conducted throughout the year and the data are from 

a large survey sample. 

Sell (1989) - The Use of Children's Activity Patterns in the Development of a Strategy 

for Soil Sampling in West Central Phoenix - In a report prepared for the Arizona 

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Department of Environmental Quality, Sell (1989) investigated the activity patterns of 

preschool and school age children in the west central portion of Phoenix known as 

Maryvale. The survey was conducted in two parts: (1) most of the school age children 

were interviewed personally from May through June, 1989 in three schools; and (2) survey 

questionnaires were mailed to parents of preschool children. 

In the first survey, 15 percent of the total school population (2,008) was sampled with 

111 children in grades K-6 participating (response rate of 37 percent). The surveyed 

population was 53.2 percent male and 46.8 percent female. Of this population, 41 percent 

were Hispanics, 49.5 percent Anglos, 7.2 percent Blacks, and 1.7 percent Asians. The 

children interviewed were between the ages of 5 and 13 years. Within each school, the 

children in grades K-6 were stratified into two groups, primary (grades K-3) and 

intermediate (grades 4-6), and children were selected randomly from each group. Children 

in grades K-2 were either interviewed in school or at home in the presence of a parent or 

an adult care-provider. In the course of the interview, children were asked to identify 

locations of activity areas, social areas (i.e., places they went with friends), favorite areas, 

and locations of forts or clubhouses. Aerial photographs were used to mark these areas. 

The second survey involved only preschool children. Parents completed 

questionnaires which provided information on the amount of time their children spent 

outdoors, outdoor play locations, favorite places, digging areas, use of park or 

playgrounds, and swimming or wading locations. This survey was conducted between 

June-July 1989. One thousand (1,000) parents were sampled, but only 211 

questionnaires were usable out of 886 questionnaires received resulting in a response rate 

for the preschool's survey of about 24 percent. The sample population consisted of 

children 1 month and up to preschool age. Of this population, 53 percent were Anglos, 18 

percent Hispanics, 2 percent Blacks, and 3 percent Asians. 

The survey design considered the kinds of activities children engaged in, but not the 

amount of time children spent in each activity. Therefore, Sell (1989) presented the data 

obtained from the survey in terms of percent of respondents who engaged in specific 

activities or locations. A summary of percent responses of the preschool and school-age 

children's activities at various locations in the Maryvale study areas are presented in 

Table 15-157. Also included in this table is a ranking of children's play locations based 

on other existing research works. Based on the survey data, Sell (1989) reported that the 

median time preschool children spent outdoors on weekdays was 1-2 hours, and on 

weekends the median time spent outdoors was 2-5 hours. Most of these children played 

outside in their own yards, and some played in other people's yards or parks and 

playgrounds (Sell, 1989). 

Limitations associated with this study are that the survey design did not report the 

time spent in various activities or locations and the response rates obtained from the 

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surveys were low and, therefore, may result in biased data. In addition, because the 

survey was conducted in Arizona, the surveyed population does not represent the 

children's population on a national basis. Advantages of this study are that it provides 

data on various activities children engage in and locations of these activities, and provides 

for time spent outdoors. This information is useful in determining exposure pathways to 

toxic pollutants for children. 

Tarshis (1981) - The Average American Book - Tarshis (1981) compiled a book 

addressing the habits, tastes, lifestyles, and attitudes of the American people in which he 

reported data on time spent in personal grooming. The data presented are gathered from 

small surveys, the Newspaper Advertising Bureau, and magazines. Tarshis reported 

frequency and percentage data by gender and age for grooming activities such as 

showering and bathing as follows: 

• 90 percent take some sort of a bath in an average 24-hour period; 

• 5 percent average more than 1 shower or bath a day; 

• 75 percent of men shower, 25 percent take baths; 

• 50 percent of women take showers, 50 percent take baths; 

• 65 percent of teenage girls 16-19 shower daily; 

• 55 percent of teenage girls take at least one bath a week; 

• 50 percent of women use an additive in their bath every time they bathe; 

• People are more likely to shower than bathe if they are young and have higher 

income; and 

• Showering is more popular than bathing in large cities. 

Limitations of this study are that the data are compiled from other sources, and that 

the data are old; it is possible that these data may not reflect the current trends of the 

general population. An advantage of the study is that it presents frequency data that are 

useful in exposure assessment, especially concerning volatilization of chemicals from 

water. 

AIHC (1994) - Exposure Factors Sourcebook - The activity factors data presented in 

the Sourcebook are similar to that in this handbook. The AIHC Sourcebook uses tenure 

data from the Bureau of Labor Statistics (1987), while this handbook uses more recent 

data (Carey, 1988) and provides general and specific recommendations for various age 

groups. Distributions were derived using data presented in U.S. EPA (1989) version of this 

handbook, the Bureau of Labor Statistics (1987), and various other references. 

Distribution data and/or recommendations are presented for time in one residence, 

residential occupancy, time spent indoors/outdoors, hours at home/away from home for 

adults and children, hours at work for adults, working tenure, and shower duration. For 

each distribution, the @Risk formula is provided for direct use in the @Risk software 

(Palisade, 1992). The Sourcebook has been classified as a relevant rather than a key 

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study because it is not the primary source for the data used to make recommendations. 

It is a relevant source of alterative information. 

15.2. OCCUPATIONAL MOBILITY 

15.2.1. Background 

The amount of time spent in different types of occupations may affect the duration 

and/or magnitude of exposures to contaminants specific to those occupations. For 

example, an individual who spends an entire lifetime as a farmer may experience a longer 

duration of exposure to certain contaminants, especially pesticides, than individuals who 

have indoor occupations. Also, individual exposures to specific chemicals in the work 

place may be significantly reduced when individuals change jobs. Work place exposures 

among women may be of shorter duration than among men because women's careers may 

be interrupted by home and family responsibilities. The key studies presented in the 

following section provide occupational tenure for workers grouped by age, race, gender, 

and employment status. 

15.2.2. Key Occupational Mobility Studies 

Carey (1988) - Occupational Tenure in 1987: Many Workers Have Remained in Their 

Fields - Carey (1988) presented median occupational and employer tenure for different 

age groups, gender, earnings, ethnicity, and educational attainment. Occupational tenure 

was defined as "the cumulative number of years a person worked in his or her current 

occupation, regardless of number of employers, interruptions in employment, or time spent 

in other occupations" (Carey, 1988). The information presented was obtained from 

supplemental data to the January 1987 Current Population Study, a U.S. Bureau of the 

Census publication. Carey (1988) did not present information on the survey design. 

The median occupational tenure by age and gender, ethnicity, and employment status 

are presented in Tables 15-158, 15-159, and 15-160, respectively. The median 

occupational tenure of the working population (109.1 million people) 16 years of age and 

older in January of 1987, was 6.6 years (Table 15-158). Table 15-158 also shows that 

median occupational tenure increased from 1.9 years for workers 16-24 years old to 21.9 

years for workers 70 years and older. The median occupational tenure for men 16 years 

and older was higher (7.9 years) than for women of the same age group (5.4 years). Table 

15-159 indicates that whites had longer occupational tenure (6.7 years) than blacks (5.8 

years), and Hispanics (4.5 years). Full-time workers had more occupational tenure than 

part-time workers 7.2 years and 3.1 years, respectively (Table 15-160). 

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Table 15-161 presents the median occupational tenure among major occupational 

groups. The median tenure ranged from 4.1 years for service workers to 10.4 years for 

people employed in farming, forestry, and fishing. In addition, median occupational tenure 

among detailed occupations ranged from 24.8 years for barbers to 1.5 years for food 

counter and fountain workers (Appendix Table 15A-7).

The strength of an individual's attachment to a specific occupation has been 

attributed to the individual's investment in education (Carey, 1988). Carey (1988) reported 

the median occupational tenure for the surveyed working population by age and 

educational level. Workers with 5 or more years of college had the highest median 

occupational tenure of 10.1 years. Workers that were 65 years and older with 5 or more 

years of college had the highest occupational tenure level of 33.8 years. The median 

occupational tenure was 10.6 years for self-employed workers and 6.2 years for wage and 

salary workers (Carey, 1988). 

A limitation associated with this study is that the survey design employed in the data 

collection was not presented. Therefore, the validity and accuracy of the data set cannot 

be determined. Another limitation is that only median values were reported in the study. 

An advantage of this study is that occupational tenure (years spent in a specific 

occupation) was obtained for various age groups by gender, ethnicity, employment status, 

and educational level. Another advantage of this study is that the data were based on a 

survey population which appears to represent the general U.S. population. 

Carey (1990) - Occupational Tenure, Employer Tenure, and Occupational Mobility ­

Carey (1990) conducted another study that was similar in scope to the study of Carey 

(1988). The January 1987 Current Population Study (CPS) was used. This study provided 

data on occupational mobility and employer tenure in addition to occupational tenure. 

Occupational tenure was defined in Carey (1988) as the "the cumulative number of years 

a person worked in his or her current occupation, regardless of number of employees, 

interruptions in employment, or time spent in other locations." Employer tenure was 

defined as "the length of time a worker has been with the same employer," while 

occupational mobility was defined as "the number of workers who change from one 

occupation to another" (Carey, 1990). Occupational mobility was measured by asking 

individuals who were employed in both January 1986 and January 1987 if they were doing 

the same kind of work in each of these months (Carey, 1990). Carey (1990) further 

analyzed the occupational mobility data and obtained information on entry and exit rates 

for occupations. These rates were defined as "the percentage of persons employed in an 

occupation who had voluntarily entered it from another occupation" and an exit rate was 

defined as "the percentage of persons employed in an occupation who had voluntarily left 

for a new occupation" (Carey, 1990). 

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Table 15-162 shows the voluntary occupational mobility rates in January 1987 for 

workers 16 years and older. For all workers, the overall voluntary occupational mobility 

rate was 5.3 percent. These data also show that younger workers left occupations at a 

higher rate than older workers. Carey (1990) reported that 10 million of the 100.1 million 

individuals employed in January 1986 and in January 1987 had changed occupations 

during that period, resulting in an overall mobility rate of 9.9 percent. Executive, 

administrative, and managerial occupations had the highest entry rate of 5.3 percent, 

followed by administrative support (including clerical) at 4.9 percent. Sales had the 

highest exit rate of 5.3 percent and service had the second highest exit rate of 4.8 percent 

(Carey, 1990). In January 1987, the median employer tenure for all workers was 4.2 

years. The median employee tenure was 12.4 years for those workers that were 65 years 

of age and older (Carey, 1990). 

Because the study was conducted by Carey (1990) in a manner similar to that of the 

previous study (Carey, 1988), the same advantages and disadvantages associated with 

Carey (1988) also apply to this data set. 

15.3. POPULATION MOBILITY 

15.3.1. Background 

An assessment of population mobility can assist in determining the length of time a 

household is exposed in a particular location. For example, the duration of exposure to 

site-specific contamination, such as a polluted stream from which a family fishes or 

contaminated soil on which children play or vegetables are grown, will be directly related 

to the period of time residents live near the contaminated site. 

Information regarding population mobility is compiled and published by the U.S. 

Bureau of the Census (BOC). Banks, insurance companies, credit card companies, real 

estate and housing associations use residence history information. However, usually this 

information is confidential. Information compiled by the BOC provides information about 

population mobility; however, it is difficult to determine the average residence time of a 

homeowner or apartment dweller from this information. Census data provide 

representations of a cross-section of the population at specific points in time, but the 

surveys are not designed to follow individual families through time. The most current BOC 

information about annual geographical mobility and mobility by State is summarized in 

Appendix 15B. Figure 15-1 graphically displays the distribution of movers by type of move 

(BOC, 1993a). 

Available information was provided by the Oxford Development Corporation, the 

National Association of Realtors (NAR), and the BOC. According to Oxford Development 

Corporation, a property management firm, the typical residence time for an apartment 

dweller for their corporation has been estimated to range from 18 to 30 months (S. 

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Cameron Hendricks, Sales Department, Oxford Development Corporation, Gaithersburg, 

MD, personal communication with P. Wood (Versar) August 10, 1992). 

15.3.2. Key Population Mobility Studies 

Israeli and Nelson (1992) - Distribution and Expected Time of Residence for U.S. 

Households - In risk assessments, the average current residence time (time since moving 

into current residence) has often been used as a substitute for the average total residence 

time (time between moving into and out of a residence) (Israeli and Nelson, 1992). Israeli 

and Nelson (1992) have estimated distributions of expected time of residence for U.S. 

households. Distributions and averages for both current and total residence times were 

calculated for several housing categories using the 1985 and 1987 BOC housing survey 

data. The total residence time distribution was estimated from current residence time data 

by modeling the moving process (Israeli and Nelson, 1992). Israeli and Nelson (1992) 

estimated the average total residence time for a household to be approximately 4.6 years 

or 1/6 of the expected life span (see Table 15-163). The maximal total residence time that 

a given fraction of households will live in the same residence is presented in Table 15-164. 

For example, only 5 percent of the individuals in the "All Households" category will live in 

the same residence for 23 years and 95 percent will move in less than 23 years. 

The authors note that the data presented are for the expected time a household will 

stay in the same residence. The data do not predict the expected residence time for each 

member of the household, which is generally expected to be smaller (Israeli and 

Nelson, 1992). These values are more realistic estimates for the individual total residence 

time, than the average time a household has been living at its current residence. The 

expected total residence time for a household is consistently less than the average current 

residence time. This is the result of greater weighting of short residence time when 

calculating the average total residence time than when calculating the average current 

residence time (Israeli and Nelson, 1992). When averaging total residence over a time 

interval, frequent movers may appear several times, but when averaging current residence 

times, each household appears only once (Israeli and Nelson, 1992). According to Israeli 

and Nelson (1992), the residence time distribution developed by the model is skewed and 

the median values are considerably less than the means (T), which are less than the 

average current residence times. 

U.S. Bureau of the Census (1993b) - American Housing Survey for the United States

in 1991 - This survey is a national sample of 55,000 interviews in which collected data 

were presented owners, renters, Black householders, and Hispanic householders. The 

data reflect the number of years a unit has been occupied and represent all occupied 

housing units that the residents’ rented or owned at the time of the survey. 

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The results of the survey pertaining to residence time of owner/renter occupied units 

in the U.S. are presented in Table 15-165. Using the data in Table 15-165, the 

percentages of householders living in houses for specified time ranges were determined 

and are presented in Table 15-166. Based on the BOC data in Table 15-165, the 50th 

percentile and the 90th percentile values were calculated for the number of years lived in 

the householder's current house. These values were calculated by apportioning the total 

sample size (93,147 households) to the indicated percentile associated with the applicable 

range of years lived in the current home. Assuming an even distribution within the 

appropriate range, the 50th and 90th percentile values for years living in current home 

were determined to be 9.1 and 32.7 years, respectively. These were then rounded to 9 

and 33 years. Based on the above data, the range of 9 to 33 years is assumed to best 

represent a central tendency estimate of length of residence and upper percentile estimate 

of residence time, respectively. 

A limitation associated with the above analysis is the assumption that there is an even 

distribution within the different ranges. As a result, the 50th and 90th percentile values 

may be biased. 

Johnson and Capel (1992) - A Monte Carlo Approach to Simulating Residential 

Occupancy Periods and Its Application to the General U.S. Population - Johnson and 

Capel developed a methodology to estimate the distribution of the residential occupancy 

period (ROP) in the national population. ROP denotes the time (years) between a person 

moving into a residence and the time the person moves out or dies. The methodology 

used a Monte Carlo approach to simulate a distribution of ROP for 500,000 persons using 

data on population, mobility, and mortality. 

The methodology consisted of six steps. The first step defined the population of 

interest and categorized them by location, gender, age, sex, and race. Next the 

demographic groups were selected and the fraction of the specified population that fell into 

each group was developed using U.S. BOC data. A mobility table was developed based 

on census data, which provided the probability that a person with specified demographics 

did not move during the previous year. The fifth step used data on vital statistics published 

by the National Center for Health Statistics and developed a mortality table which provided 

the probability that individuals with specific demographic characteristics would die during 

the upcoming year. As a final step, a computer based algorithm was used to apply a 

Monte Carlo approach to a series of persons selected at random from the population being 

analyzed. 

Table 15-167 presents the results for residential occupancy periods for the total 

population, by gender. The estimated mean ROP for the total population was 11.7 years. 

The distribution was skewed (Johnson and Capel, 1992): the 25th, 50th, and 75th 

percentiles were 4, 9, and 16 years, respectively. The 90th, 95th, and 99th percentiles 

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were 26, 33, and 47 years, respectively. The mean ROP was 11.1 years for males and 

12.3 years for females, and the median value was 8 years for males and 9 years for 

females. 

Descriptive statistics for subgroups defined by current ages were also calculated. 

These data, presented by gender, are shown in Table 15-168. The mean ROP increases 

from age 3 to age 12 and there is a noticeable decrease at age 24. However, there is a 

steady increase from age 24 through age 81. 

There are a few biases within this methodology that have been noted by the authors. 

The probability of not moving is estimated as a function only of gender and age. The 

Monte Carlo process assumes that this probability is independent of (1) the calendar year 

to which it is applied, and (2) the past history of the person being simulated. These 

assumptions, according to Johnson and Capel (1992), are not entirely correct. They 

believe that extreme values are a function of sample size and will, for the most part, 

increase as the number of simulated persons increases. 

15.3.3. Relevant Population Mobility Studies 

National Association of Realtors (NAR) (1993) The Home Buying and Selling Process 

- The NAR survey was conducted by mailing a questionnaire to 15,000 home buyers 

throughout the U.S. who purchased homes during the second half of 1993. The survey 

was conducted in December 1993 and 1,763 usable responses were received, equaling 

a response rate of 12 percent (NAR, 1993). Of the respondents, forty-one percent were 

first time buyers. Home buyer names and addresses were obtained from Dataman 

Information Services (DIS). DIS compiles information on residential real estate 

transactions from more than 600 counties throughout the United States using courthouse 

deed records. Most of the 250 Metropolitan Statistical Areas are also covered in the DIS 

data compilation. 

The home buyers were questioned on the length of time they owned their previous 

home. Typical homebuyer (41%) was found to have lived in their previous home between 

4 and 7 years (Table 15-169). The survey results indicate that the average tenure of home 

buyers is 7.1 years based on an overall residence history of the respondents (NAR, 1993). 

In addition, the median length of residence in respondents' previous homes was found to 

be 6 years (see Table 15-170). 

The distances the respondents moved to their new homes were typically short 

distances. Data presented in Table 15-171 indicate that the mean distances range from 

230 miles for new home buyers and repeat buyers to 8 years for first time buyers and 

existing home buyers. Seventeen (17) percent of respondents purchased homes over 100 

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miles from their previous homes and 49 percent purchased homes less than 10 miles 

away. 

Lehman (1994) - Homeowners Relocating at Faster Pace - Lehman (1994) presents 

data gathered by the Chicago Title and Trust Family Insurers. The data indicate that, in 

1993, average U.S. homeowners moved every 12 years. In 1992, homeowners moved 

every 13.4 years and in 1991, every 14.3 years. Data from the U.S. Bureau of the Census 

indicate that 7 percent of the owner population moved in 1991. Based on this information, 

Lehman has concluded that it would take 12 years for 100 percent of owners to move. 

According to Lehman, Bill Harriett of the U.S. Bureau of the Census has been said that 14 

years is a closer estimate for the time required for 100 percent of home owners to move. 

An advantage of this study is that it provides percentile data for the residential occupancy 

period. 

15.4. RECOMMENDATIONS 

Assessors are commonly interested in a number of specific types of time use data 

including time/frequencies for bathing, showering, gardening, residence time, indoor 

versus outdoor time, swimming, occupational tenure, and population mobility. 

Recommendations for each of these are discussed below. The confidence 

recommendations for activity patterns is presented in Table 15-172. 

15.4.1. Recommendations for Activity Patterns 

Following are recommendations for selected activities known to increase an 

individual's exposure to certain chemicals. These activities are time spent indoors versus 

outdoors and gardening, bathing and showering, swimming, residential time spent indoors 

and outdoors, and traveling inside a vehicle. 

Time Spent Indoors Versus Outdoors and Gardening - Assessors often require 

knowledge of time individuals spend indoors versus outdoors. Ideally, this issue would 

be addressed on a site-specific basis since the times are likely to vary considerably 

depending on the climate, residential setting (i.e., rural versus urban), personal traits (i.e., 

age, health) and personal habits. The following general recommendation is offered in the 

absence of site-specific information. The key study by Robinson and Thomas (1991) 

compares the time use values derived in the CARB and National Studies; data are 

presented only for persons 12 years and older. The time use values did not differ 

significantly between the two studies and were averaged to provide the following 

recommended values. These values are applicable to individuals 12 years and older. 

Approximately 21 hrs/day are spent indoors; 1.5 hrs/day are spent outdoors, and 1.5 

hrs/day are spent in a vehicle. 

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Activities can vary significantly with differences in age. Special attention should be 

given to the activities of populations under the age of 12 years. Timmer et al. (1985) 

presented data on time spent in various activities for boys and girls ages 3-11 years. The 

study focused on activities performed indoors such as household work, personal care, 

eating, sleeping, school, studying, attending church, watching television, and engaging in 

household conversations. The average times spent in each indoor activity (and half the 

times spent in each activity which could have occurred indoors or outdoors) were summed. 

This procedure resulted in the following recommendations: 

• Indoor activities accounted for about 78 percent of the total time in weekdays and 

70 percent total time in weekend days. The corresponding times spent indoors are 

19 hrs/day for weekdays and 17 hrs/day on weekends. 

• Outdoor activities accounted for about 22 percent of children’s time during 

weekdays and 30 percent during the weekend. The corresponding times spent 

outdoors are 5 hrs/day for weekdays and 7 hrs/day on weekends. 

Assessors evaluating soil exposures are commonly interested in data on gardening 

times and frequencies. No data specific to time spent gardening could be found; thus, no 

firm recommendation could be made. However, three sets of data were found which 

indirectly relate to this issue which the assessor can consider in deriving time estimates 

for gardening: 

• Robinson and Thomas (1991) estimated the time spent in “other outdoor activities” 

(Table 15-8) as 1 hr/day. These data apply to populations 12 years and older. 

• Hill (1985) estimated that time spent in “house work and/or yard work” (Table 15­

153) as 2 hr/day. These data apply to adult populations. 

C	Tsang and Klepeis (1996) estimated that time spent in the garden or other 

circumstances working with soil for persons 18-64 years old (Table 15-62) for the 

90th, 95th, and 99th percentile at 16, 40, and 200 hours/month, respectively. 

U.S. EPA’s Dermal Exposure Assessment Document (1992) recommends, on the 

basis of judgement, an event frequency for the adult gardener, working outside: 1 to 2 

events/week during warmer months or about 40 events/year. An upper percentile value 

of 40 hours/month is recommended based on Tsang and Klepeis (1996). 

Baths and Showers - In the NHAPS study, 649 (~7 percent) of the total participants 

indicated either taking or giving at least one bath in a day. Those 649 respondents were 

subsequently asked the number of times they took or gave a bath in one day. The 

majority, 459 of 649 respondents, recorded taking or giving one bath in a day. These 

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results are presented in Table 15-24. The recommended bathing duration is 20 minutes. 

This is a 50th percentile value based on the NHAPS distribution shown on Table 15-26; 

the reported 90th percentile value is 45 minutes. 

The recommended shower frequency of one shower per day is based on the NHAPS 

data summarized in Table 15-19. This table showed that 3,594 of the 9,386 total 

participants indicated taking at least one shower the previous day. When asked the 

number of actual showers taken the previous day, the reported results ranged from one 

to ten showers; a majority (76 percent), of those 3,549 respondents, reported taking one 

shower the previous day. The NHAPS data shown on Table 15-19, Table 15-24, and 

Table 15-26 provide information grouped according to gender, age, race, employment, 

education, day of the week, seasonal conditions, and health conditions such as asthma, 

angina, and bronchitis/emphysema. 

Recommendations for showering duration are based on the key study conducted by 

Tsang and Klepeis (1996). A recommended value for average showering time is 10 

minutes (Table 15-20) based on professional judgement. This approximates the average 

showering value (8 minutes) of James and Knuiman (1987) (Table 15-18). The 

recommended 50th percentile value is 15 minutes, and the 95th percentile value is 35 

minutes (Table 15-21). Although these values are slightly higher than those of James and 

Knuiman (1987), they are believed to be more representative of U.S. households. 

Swimming - Data for swimming frequency is taken from the NHAPS Study (Tsang 

and Klepeis, 1996). Of 9,386 participants, 653 (about 7 percent), answered yes to the 

question “in the past month, did you swim in a freshwater pool?”. The results to this 

question are summarized in Table 15-65. The recorded number of times respondents 

swam in the past month ranged from 1 to 60 with the greatest number of respondents, 147 

(23 percent), reporting they swam one time per month. Thus, the recommended swimming 

frequency is one event/ month for the general population. The recommended swimming 

duration, 60 minutes per swimming event, is based on the NHAPS distribution shown on 

Table 15-67. Sixty minutes is based on the 50th percentile value; the 90th percentile value 

is 180 minutes per swimming event (based on one event/month); and the 99th percentile 

value is 181 minutes. This value (181) indicates that more than 180 minutes were spent. 

In addition, users can obtain frequency and duration data grouped according to 

gender, age, race, employment, education, day of the week, and season. Frequency and 

duration data is also available in Table 15-65 and Table 15-67, for swimmer respondents 

reporting health conditions such as asthma, angina, and bronchitis/ emphysema. 

Residential Time Spent Indoors and Outdoors - The recommendations for time 

spent indoors at one’s residence is 16.4 hours/day. This is based on the NHAPS data 

summarized in Table 15-131 which records the 50th percentile value of 985.0 minutes per 

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day (16.4 hours/day); and a 90th percentile value of 1,395 minutes per day (23.3 

hours/day). 

The recommended value for time spent outdoors at one’s residence is 2 hours per 

day based on Table 15-102 (generated by the NHAPS data). Values of 105 minutes per 

day for the 50th percentile and 362 minutes per day for the 90th percentile are shown in 

Table 15-102. 

Traveling Inside a Vehicle - The recommendation for time spent in a vehicle is 1 

hour and 20 minutes per day. This recommendation is based on two studies and (1) 

Robinson and Thomas (1991) and (2) The NHAPS data. The Robinson and Thomas study 

evaluated two independent studies, the CARB and the National Study. They respectively 

reported mean durations for time spent in a vehicle as 98 and 87 minutes per day which 

averages to 92 minutes per day or about 1.5 hours per day. The NHAPS data, as 

summarized on Table 15-133, provide a 50th percentile value of 70 minutes per day (or 

1 hour and 10 minutes) and a 90th percentile value of 190 minutes per day. Thus, the 

averaged value from these two studies is about 1 hour and 20 minutes. NHAPS data is 

grouped according to gender, race, age, employment status, census region, day of the 

week, season, and health condition of respondents. 

15.4.2. Recommendations: Occupational Mobility 

The median occupational tenure of the working population (109.1 million people) 

ages 16 years of age and older in January 1987 was 6.6 years (Carey, 1988). Since the 

occupational tenure varies significantly according to age it is recommended to use the age 

dependent values presented in Carey’s 1988 study (Table 15-158). When age cannot be 

determined, it is recommended to use the median tenure value of 6.6 years for working 

men and women 16 years and older. For persons 70 years and older, a tenure value of 

21.9 years is recommended for a working lifetime. A value of 30.5 years and 18.8 years 

is recommended for men and women, respectively. Part-time employment, race and the 

position held are important to consider in determining occupational tenure. The ratings 

indicating confidence in the occupational mobility recommendations are presented in Table 

15-173. It should be noted that the recommended values are not for use in evaluating job 

tenure. These data can be used for determining time spent in an occupation and not for 

time spent at a specific job site. 

15.4.3. Recommendations: Population Mobility 

There are three key studies from which the population mobility recommendations 

were derived: Israeli and Nelson (1992), U.S. Bureau of the Census (1993) - and Johnson 

and Capel (1992). Each study used a unique approach to estimate the length of time a 

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Volume III - Activity Factors 

Chapter 15 - Activity Factors 

person resides in a household. The respective approaches were to (1) average current 

and total residence time; (2) model current residence time; and (3) determine the 

residential occupancy period. A summary of the approaches used and values 

recommended by each of these studies is presented in Table 15-174. 

The three studies provide residence time estimates that are very similar to the 9 year 

(50th percentile) and 30 year (95th percentile). Tables 15-163 and 15-164 show residence 

times for different types of residences and are recommended where assessors are 

interested in specific types of residences. The ratings indicating confidence in the 

population mobility recommendations is presented in Table 15-175. 

15.4.4. Summary of Recommended Activity Factors 

Table 15-176 includes a summation of the recommended activity pattern factors 

presented in this section and the studies which provided data on the specific activities. 

The type of activities include indoor activities, outdoor activities, time inside a vehicle, 

taking a bath or shower, swimming, working at a specific occupation, and residing in a 

particular location. 

Exposure Factors Handbook August 1997 
Table 15-1. Time Use Table Locator Guide 

Percentile Basis Population Application Study Table 

Averages Activity Children 3-17 yrs National Timmer et al., 1985 15-2 

Distribution Activity Children and Teens National Timmer et al., 1985 15-3 

Distribution Showering Adults Foreign-Australia James and Knuiman, 1987 15-4 

Tsang and Klepeis, 1996 15-24 

Averages Activity Adults 18-64 yrs National Robinson and Thomas, 1991 15-5 

Averages Activity Adults 18-64 yrs Regional-CA Robinson and Thomas, 1991 15-5 

Averages Microenvironment Adults 18-64 yrs National/Regional-CA Robinson and Thomas, 1991 15-6 

Averages Microenvironment Children and Adult Regional-California Robinson and Thomas, 1991 15-7 to 15-10 

Averages Microenvironment Children and Adults National Robinson and Thomas, 1991 15-7 to 15-10 

Averages Activity Infants and Children Regional-California Wiley et al., 1991 15-11 

Distribution Activity Infants and Children Regional-California Wiley et al., 1991 15-12 

Averages Activity by season Infants and Children Regional-California Wiley et al., 1991 15-13 

Averages Microenvironment Infants and Children Regional-California Wiley et al., 1991 15-14 

Distribution Microenvironment Infant and Children Regional-California Wiley et al., 1991 15-15 

Averages Microenvironment by Infants and Children Regional-California Wiley et al., 1991 15-16 

season 

Distribution Microenvironment near Infant and Children Regional-California Wiley et al., 1991 15-17 

pollutant 

Averages Bathing and swimming Adults Regional-National USEPA, 1992 15-18 

Tsang and Klepeis, 1996 15-22, 15-63 

Average Activity by employment Adults National Robinson, 1977 15-147 

Averages Occupational Tenure Teens and Adults National Carey, 1988 15-157 

by race and gender 

Averages Occupational Tenure Teens and Adults National Carey, 1988 15-158 

by employment and 

gender 

Distribution Occupational Tenure Teens and Adults National Carey, 1988 15-159 

by employment 

Distribution Occupational Mobility Teens and Adults National Carey, 1990 15-160 

by age 

Distribution Population Mobility by All ages National Census, 1993 Figure 15-1 

locale 

Averages Residence Time by All ages National Israeli and Nelson, 1992 15-161 

region, setting 

Distribution Residence Time by All ages National Israeli and Nelson, 1992 15-162 

region, setting 

Distribution Residence Time by All ages National Census, 1993 15-163 

year moved in 

Distribution Residence Time by All ages National Census, 1993 15-164 

years in current home 

Distribution Residence Time by All ages National Johnson and Capel, 1992 15-165 

gender 

Distribution Residence Time by age All ages National Johnson and Capel, 1992 15-166 

Distribution Residence Time by All ages National NAR, 1993 15-167 

years in previous house 

Distribution Residence Time by All ages National NAR, 1993 15-168 

tenure in previous 

home 

Distribution Relocation Distance All ages National NAR, 1993 15-169 
-- -- -- --

Table 15-2. Mean Time Spent (minutes) Performing Major Activities Grouped by Age, Sex and Type of Day 

Activity Age (3-11 years) Age (12-17 years) 

Duration of Time (mins/day) Duration of Time (mins/day) 

Weekdays Weekends Weekdays Weekends 

Boys Girls Boys Girls Boys Girls Boys Girls 

(n=118) (n=111) (n=118) (n=111) (n=77) (n=83) (n=77) (n=83) 

Market Work 16 0 7 4 23 21 58 25 

Household Work 17 21 32 43 16 40 46 89 

Personal Care 43 44 42 50 48 71 35 76 

Eating 81 78 78 84 73 65 58 75 

Sleeping 584 590 625 619 504 478 550 612 

School 252 259 314 342 

Studying 14 19 4 9 29 37 25 25 

Church 7 4 53 61 3 7 40 36 

Visiting 16 9 23 37 17 25 46 53 

Sports 25 12 33 23 52 37 65 26 

Outdoors 10 7 30 23 10 10 36 19 

Hobbies 3 1 3 4 7 4 4 7 

Art Activities 4 4 4 4 12 6 11 9 

Playing 137 115 177 166 37 13 35 24 

TV 117 128 181 122 143 108 187 140 

Reading 9 7 12 10 10 13 12 19 

Household Conversations 10 11 14 9 21 30 24 30 

Other Passive Leisure 9 14 16 17 21 14 43 33 

NA 22 25 20 29 14 17 10 4 a 

Percent of Time Accounted 94% 92% 93% 89% 93% 92% 88% 89% 

for by Activities Above 

a NA = Unknown 

Source: Timmer et al., 1985. 
Table 15-3. Mean Time Spent (minutes) in Major Activities Grouped by Type of Day for Five Different Age Groups 

Time Duration (mins) Significant 

Effectsa 

Weekday Weekend 

Age (years) 3-5 6-8 9-11 12-14 15-17 3-5 6-8 9-11 12-14 15-17 

Activities 

Market Work -­ 14 8 14 28 

Personal Care 41 49 40 56 60 

Household Work 14 15 18 27 34 

Eating 82 81 73 69 67 

Sleeping 630 595 548 473 499 

School 137 292 315 344 314 

Studying 2 8 29 33 33 

Church 4 9 9 9 3 

Visiting 14 15 10 21 20 

Sports 5 24 21 40 46 

Outdoor activities 4 9 8 7 11 

Hobbies 0 2 2 4 6 

Art Activities 5 4 3 3 12 

Other Passive Leisure 9 1 2 6 4 

Playing 218 111 65 31 14 

TV 111 99 146 142 108 

Reading 5 5 9 10 12 

Being read to 2 2 0 0 0 

NA 30 14 23 25 7 

-­ 4 10 29 48 

47 45 44 60 51 A,S,AxS (F>M

17 27 51 72 60 A,S, AxS (F>M

81 80 78 68 65 A 

634 641 596 604 562 A 

-­ -­ -­ -­ -­

1 2 12 15 30 A 

55 56 53 32 37 A 

10 8 13 22 56 A (Weekend 

only) 

3 30 42 51 37 A,S (M>F) 

8 23 39 25 26 

1 5 3 8 3 

4 4 4 7 10 

6 10 7 10 18 A 

267 180 92 35 21 A,S (M>F) 

122 136 185 169 157 A,S, AxS (M>F

4 9 10 10 18 A 

3 2 0 0 0 A 

52 7 14 4 9 A 

a Effects are significant for weekdays and weekends, unless otherwise specified A = age effect, P<0.05, for both weekdays and 

weekend activities; S = sex effect P<0.05, F>M, M>F = females spend more time than males, or vice versa; and AxS = age by sex 

interaction, P<0.05. 

Source: Timmer et al., 1985. 
Table 15-4. Cumulative Frequency Distribution of Average

Shower Duration for 2,550 Households

Shower duration (minutes) Cumulative frequency (percentage)

1 0.2

2 0.8

3 3.1

4 9.6

5 22.1

6 37.5

7 51.6

8 62.5

9 72.0

10 79.4

11 84.5

12 88.4

13 90.6

14 92.3

15 93.7

16 94.9

17 95.7

18 96.7

19 97.6

20 98.0

<20 100.0

Source: Adapted from James and Knuiman, 1987.
Table 15-5. Mean Time Spent (minutes/day) in Ten Major Activity Categories Grouped by Total Sample 

and Gender for the CARB and National Studies (age 18-64 years) 

Time Duration (mins/day) 

Activity Category Activity CARB National CARB National a 

Codes (1987-88) (1985) (1987-88) (1985) b 

Total Sample Men Women Men Women 

n = 1,359 n = 1,980 n = 639 n = 720 n = 921 n = 1,059 c 

Paid Work 00-09 273 252 346 200 323 190 

Household Work 10-19 102 118 68 137 79 155 

Child Care 20-29 23 25 12 36 11 43 

Obtaining Goods and 30-39 61 55 48 73 44 62 

Services 

Personal Needs and 40-49 642 642 630 655 636 645 

Care 

Education and Training 50-59 22 19 25 20 21 16 

Organizational Activities 60-69 12 17 11 13 12 20 

Entertainment/Social 70-79 60 62 57 55 64 62 

Activities 

Recreation 80-89 43 50 53 31 69 43 

Communication 90-99 202 196 192 214 197 194 

a,b Time use for components of activity categories and codes are shown in Appendix Table 15A-6. 

c n = total diary days. 

Source: Robinson and Thomas, 1991 
Table 15-6. Total Mean Time Spent at Three Major Locations Grouped by Total Sample and Gender 

for the CARB and National Study (ages 18-64 years) 

Location Code CARB National CARB National a b 

(1987-88) (1985) (1987-88) (1985) 

Total Sample Men Women Men Women 

n = 1359 n = 1980 n = 39 n = 720 n = 921 n = 1059 c c c c c c 

At Home WC01-13 892 954 822 963 886 1022 

Away From Home WC21-40 430 384 487 371 445 324 

Travel WC51-61 116 94 130 102 101 87 

Not Ascertained WC99 2 8 1 4 8 7 

Total Time 1440 1440 1440 1440 1440 1440 

a,b Time use data for the 44 components of location and location codes are presented in Appendix Table 15A-7. 

c n = total diary days. 

Source: Robinson and Thomas, 1991. 
c 

Table 15-7. Mean Time Spent at Three Locations for both CARB and 

National Studies (ages 12 years and older) 

Mean duration (mins/day) 

Location Category CARB National 

(n = 1762)b S.E.a (n = 2762)b S.E. 

Indoor 1255c 28 1279c 21 

Outdoor 86d 5 74d 4 

In-Vehicle 98d 4 87d 2 

Total Time Spent 1440 1440 

a S.E. = Standard Error of Mean b Weighted Number - National sample population was weighted to obtain a ratio of 46.5 males and 53.5 females,

in equal proportion for each day of the week, and for each quarter of the year.

Difference between the mean values for the CARB and national studies is not statistically significant. d Difference between the mean values for the CARB and national studies is statistically significant at the 0.05 level. 

Source: Robinson and Thomas, 1991. 
Table 15-8. Mean Time Spent (minutes/day) in Various Microenvironments Grouped by Total Population and Gender (12 years and over) in the National and CARB Data 

National Data 

Mean Duration (mins/day) (standard error)a 

N = 1284b "Doer"c N = 1478b "Doer" N = 2762b "Doer" 

Microenvironment Men Men Women Women Total Total 

Autoplaces 5 (1) 90 1 (0) 35 3 (0) 66 

Restaurant/bar 22 (2) 73 20 (2) 79 21 (1) 77 

In-vehicle 92 (3) 99 82 (3) 94 87 (2) 97 

In-Vehicle/other 1 (1) 166 1 (0) 69 1 (0) 91 

Physical/outdoors 24 (3) 139 11 (2) 101 17 (2) 135 

Physical/indoors 11 (1) 84 6 (1) 57 8 (1) 74 

Work/study-residence 17 (2) 153 15 (2) 150 16 (1) 142 

Work/study-other 221 (10) 429 142 (7) 384 179 (6) 390 

Cooking 14 (1) 35 52 (2) 67 34 (1) 57 

Other activities/kitchen 54 (3) 69 90 (4) 102 73 (2) 88 

Chores/child 88 (3) 89 153 (5) 154 123 93) 124 

Shop/errand 23 (2) 56 38 (2) 74 31 (1) 67 

Other/outdoors 70 (6) 131 43 (4) 97 56 (4) 120 

Social/cultural 71 (4) 118 75 (4) 110 73 (3) 118 

Leisure-eat/indoors 235 (8) 241 215 (7) 224 224 (5) 232 

Sleep/indoors 491 (14) 492 496 (11) 497 494 (9) 495 

CARB Data 

Mean Duration (mins/day) (standard error)a 

N = 867b "Doer"c N = 895b "Doer" N = 1762b "Doer" 

Microenvironment Men Men Women Women Total Total 

Autoplaces 31 (8) 142 9 (2) 50 20 (4) 108 

Restaurant/bar 45 (4) 106 28 (3) 86 36 (3) 102 

In-vehicle 105 (7) 119 85 (4) 100 95 (4) 111 

In-Vehicle/other 4 (1) 79 3 (2) 106 3 (1) 94 

Physical/outdoors 25 (3) 131 8 (1) 86 17 (2) 107 

Physical/indoors 8 (1) 63 5 (1) 70 7 (1) 68 

Work/study-residence 14 (3) 126 11 (2) 120 13 (2) 131 

Work/study-other 213 (14) 398 156 (11) 383 184 (9) 450 

Cooking 12 (1) 43 42 (2) 65 27 (1) 55 

Other activities/kitchen 38 (3) 65 60 (4) 82 49 (2) 74 

Chores/child 66 (4) 75 134 (6) 140 100 (4) 109 

Shop/errand 21 (3) 61 41 (3) 78 31 (2) 70 

Other/outdoors 95 (9) 153 44 (4) 82 69 (5) 117 

Social/cultural 47 (4) 112 59 (5) 114 53 (3) 112 

Leisure-eat/indoors 223 (10) 240 251 (10) 263 237 (7) 250 

Sleep/indoors 492 (17) 499 504 (15) 506 498 (12) 501 

a Standard error of the mean 

b Weighted number Doer = Respondents who reported participating in each activity/location spent in microenvironments. Source: Robinson and Thomas, 1991. 

c 
Table 15-9. Mean Time Spent (minutes/day) in Various Microenvironments by Type

 of Day for the California and National Surveys 

(sample population ages 12 years and older) 

Weekday Mean Duration (standard error) a Mean Duration for "Doer"b 

Microenvironment (mins/day) (mins/day) 

CARB NAT c c (n=1259) (n=1973) CARB NAT 

1 Autoplaces 21 (5) 

2 Restaurant/Bar 29 (3) 

3 In-Vehicle/Internal Combustion 90 (5) 

4 In-Vehicle/Other 3 (1) 

5 Physical/Outdoors 14 (2) 

6 Physical/Indoors 7 (1) 

7 Work/Study-Residence 14 (2) 

8 Work/Study-Other 228 (11) 

9 Cooking 27 (2) 

10 Other Activities/Kitchen 51 (3) 

11 Chores/Child 99 (5) 

12 Shop/Errand 30 (2) 

13 Other/Outdoors 67 (6) 

14 Social/Cultural 42 (3) 

15 Leisure-Eat/Indoors 230 (9) 

16 Sleep/Indoors 490 (14) 

3 (1) 108 73

20 (2) 83 73

85 (2) 104 95

1 (0) 71 116

15 (2) 106 118

8 (1) 64 68

16 (2) 116 147

225 (8) 401 415

35 (2) 58 57 

73 (3) 76 87 

124 (4) 108 125 

30 (2) 67 63 

51 (4) 117 107 

62 (3) 99 101 

211 (6) 244 218 

481 (10) 495 483 

Weekend a Mean Duration (standard error) Mean Duration for "Doer"b 

Microenvironment (mins/day) (mins/day) 

CARB NAT c c (n=503) (n=789) CARB NAT 

1 Autoplaces 19 (4) 

2 Restaurant/Bar 55 (6) 

3 In-Vehicle/Internal Combustion 108 (8) 

4 In-Vehicle/Other 5 (3) 

5 Physical/Outdoors 23 (3) 

6 Physical/Indoors 7 (1) 

7 Work/Study-Residence 10 (2) 

8 Work/Study-Other 74 (11) 

9 Cooking 27 (2) 

10 Other Activities/Kitchen 44 (3) 

11 Chores/Child 103 (7) 

12 Shop/Errand 35 (4) 

13 Other/Outdoors 74 (7) 

14 Social/Cultural 79 (7) 

15 Leisure-Eat/Indoors 256 (12) 

16 Sleep/Indoors 520 (20) 

3 (1) 82 62

23 (2) 127 84

91 (6) 125 100

0 (0) 130 30

23 (4) 134 132

9 (2) 72 80

15 (3) 155 165

64 (6) 328 361

34 (2) 60 55 

73 (4) 71 90 

120 (5) 114 121 

35 (3) 81 75 

67 (7) 126 132 

99 (6) 140 141 

257 (11) 273 268 

525 (17) 521 525

a

 Standard Error of Mean

b

 Doer = Respondent who reported participating in each activity/location spent in microenvironments.

c Weighted Number

Source: Robinson and Thomas, 1991.
Table 15-10. Mean Time Spent (minutes/day) in Various Microenvironments by Age Groups for the National and California Surveys 

National Data 

Microenvironment Mean Duration (Standard Error)a 

Age 12-17 Age 18-24 Age 24-44 Age 45-64 Age 65+ 

years 

N=340b "Doer"c years N=340 "Doer" 

years 

N=340 "Doer" 

years 

N=340 "Doer" 

years 

N=340 "Doer" 

Autoplaces 2 (1) 73 7 (2) 137 2 (1) 43 4 (1) 73 4 (2) 57 

Restaurant/bar 9 (2) 60 28 (3) 70 25 (3) 86 19 (2) 67 20 (5) 74 

In-vehicle/internal 

combustion 

79 (7) 88 103 (8) 109 94 (4) 101 82 (5) 91 62 (5) 80 

In-vehicle/other 0 (0) 12 1 (1) 160 1 (0) 80 1 (1) 198 1 (1) 277 

Physical/outdoors 32 (8) 130 17 (4) 110 19 (4) 164 7 (1) 79 15 (4) 81 

Physical/indoors 15 (3) 87 8 (2) 76 7 (1) 71 7 (2) 77 7 (1) 51 

Work/studyresidence 22 (4) 82 19 (6) 185 16 (2) 181 9 (2) 169 5 (3) 297 

Work/study-other 159 (14) 354 207 (20) 391 220 (11) 422 180 (13) 429 35 (6) 341 

Cooking 11 (3) 40 18 (2) 39 38 (2) 57 43 (3) 64 50 (5) 65 

Other 

activities/kitchen 53 (4) 64 42 (3) 55 70 (4) 86 90 (6) 101 108 (9) 119 

Chores/child 91 (7) 92 124 (9) 125 133 (6) 134 121 (6) 122 119 (7) 121 

Shop/errands 26 (4) 68 31 (4) 65 33 (2) 66 33 (3) 67 35 (5) 69 

Other/outdoors 70 (13) 129 34 (4) 84 48 (6) 105 60 (7) 118 82 (13) 140 

Social/cultural 87 (10) 120 100 (12) 141 56 (3) 94 73 (6) 116 85 (8) 122 

Leisureeat/indoors 237 (16) 242 181 (11) 189 200 (8) 208 238 (11) 244 303 (20) 312 

Sleep/indoors 548 (31) 551 511 (26) 512 479 (14) 480 472 (15) 472 507 (26) 509 
Table 15-10. Mean Time Spent (minutes/day) in Various Microenvironments by Age Groups (continued) 

CARB Data a Microenvironment Mean Duration (Standard Error) 

Age 12-17 Age 18-24 Age 24-44 Age 45-64 Age 65+ 

years years years years years c N=183b "Doer" N=250 "Doer" N=749 "Doer" N=406 "Doer" N=158 "Doer" 

Autoplaces 16 (8) 124 16 (4)

Restaurant/bar 16 (4) 44 40 (8)

In-vehicle/internal 78 (11) 89 111 (13)

combustion

In-vehicle/other 1 (0) 19 3 (1)

Physical/outdoors 32 (7) 110 13 (3)

Physical/indoors 20 (4) 65 5 (2)

Work/study- 25 (5) 76 30 (11)

residence

Work/study-other 196 (30) 339 201 (24)

Cooking 3 (1) 19 14 (2)

Other 31 (4) 51 31 (5) activities/kitchen

Chores/child 72 (11) 77 79 (8)

Shop/errands 14 (3) 50 35 (7)

Other/outdoors 58 (8) 78 80 (15)

Social/cultural 63 (14) 109 65 (10)

Leisure-eat/indoors 260 (27) 270 211 (19)

Sleep/indoors 557 (44) 560 506 (30)

71 25 (9) 114 20 (5) 94 9 (2) 53 

98 44 (5) 116 31 (4) 82 25 (7) 99 

122 98 (5) 111 100 (11) 117 63 (8) 89 

60 5 (2) 143 2 (1) 56 2 (1) 53 

88 17 (3) 128 14 (3) 123 15 (4) 104 

77 6 (1) 61 5 (1) 77 3 (1) 48 

161 7 (2) 137 10 (3) 139 5 (3) 195 

344 215 (14) 410 173 (20) 429 30 (11) 336 

40 32 (2) 59 31 (3) 68 41 (7) 69 

55 43 (3) 65 62 (6) 91 97 (14) 119 

85 110 (6) 119 99 (8) 109 123 (15) 141 

71 33 (4) 71 32 (3) 77 35 (5) 76 

130 68 (8) 127 76 (12) 134 55 (7) 101 

110 50 (5) 122 50 (5) 107 49 (7) 114 

234 202 (9) 215 248 (15) 261 386 (34) 394 

510 487 (17) 491 485 (23) 491 502 (31) 502 

a Standard error. b All N’s are weighted number. c Doer = Respondents who reported participating in each activity/location spent in microenvironments. Source: Robinson and Thomas, 1991. 
Table 15-11. Mean Time (minutes/day) Children Spent in Ten Major Activity Categories for All Respondents 

Activity Category (mins/day) Doing (mins/day) (mins/day) (mins/day) (code) 

Mean Duration Duration Duration Detailed Activity with 

Duration % for Doers for Doer for Doers Highest Avg. Minutes 

Mean Median Maximum 

b 

Work-related 10 25 39 30 405 Eating at work/school/daycare (06

a 

Household 53 86 61 40 602 Travel to household (199) 

Childcare < 1 < 1 83 30 290 Other child care (27) 

Goods/Services 21 26 81 60 450 Errands (38) 

Personal Needs and Care 794 100 794 770 1440 Night sleep (45) c 

Education 110 35 316 335 790 School classes (50) d 

Organizational Activities 4 4 111 105 435 Attend meetings (60) 

Entertain/Social 15 17 87 60 490 Visiting with others (75) 

Recreation 239 92 260 240 835 Games (87) 

Communication/Passive 192 93 205 180 898 TV use (91) 

Leisure 

Don't know/Not coded 2 4 41 15 600 -­

All Activities 1441 e

a

 Includes eating at school or daycare, an activity not grouped under the "education activities" (codes 50-59, 549).

b

 "Doers" indicate the respondents who reported participating in each activity category. 

c

 Personal care includes night sleepand daytime naps, eating, travel for personal care.

d

 Education includes student and other classes, homework, library, travel for education. 

e Column total may not sum to 1440 due to rounding error 

Source: Wiley et al., 1991. 
Table 15-12. Mean Time Children Spent in Ten Major Activity Categories Grouped by Age and Gender 

Mean Duration (minutes/day) 

Activity 

Category 

Boys 

All 

Girls 

All 

0-2 yrs 3-5 yrs 6-8 yrs 9-11 yrs Ages 0-2 yrs 3-5 yrs 6-8 yrs 9-11 yrs Ages 

Work-related 4 9 14 12 10 5 12 11 10 10 

Household 33 45 55 65 48 58 44 51 76 57 

Childcare 0 0 0 1 <1 0 0 0 4 1 

Goods/Services 20 22 19 14 19 22 25 23 22 23 

Personal Needs and 914 799 736 690 792 906 816 766 701 797 

Carea 

Educationb 60 67 171 138 106 41 95 150 176 115 

Organizational Activities 1 3 7 6 4 6 1 4 6 4 

Entertainment/Social 3 15 5 34 13 5 16 9 36 17 

Recreation 217 311 236 229 250 223 255 238 194 228 

Communication/Passive

Leisure 

187 166 195 250 197 171 173 189 213 186 

Don't know/Not coded 1 4 1 1 2 3 1 <1 3 2 

All Activitiesc 1440 1441 1439 1440 1442 1440 1438 1441 1441 1440 

Sample Sizes

Unweighted N's

172 151 145 156 624 141 151 124 160 576 

a

 Personal needs and care includes night sleep and daytime naps, eating, travel for personal care.

b

 Education includes student and other classes, homework, library, travel for education. 

The column totals may differ from 1440 due to rounding error. C 

Source: Wiley et al., 1991. 
c 

Table 15-13. Mean Time Children Spent in Ten Major Activity Categories Grouped by Seasons and Regions 

Mean Duration (minutes/day) 

Activity Category Season Region of California 

Winter 

(Jan-Mar) Spring (Apr-June) 

Summer 

(July-Sept) 

Fall 

(Oct-Dec) 

All 

Seasons 

So. 

Coast Bay Area 

Rest of 

State 

All 

Regions 

Work-related 10 10 6 13 10 10 10 8 10 

Household 47 58 53 52 53 45 62 55 53 

Childcare <1 1 <1 <1 <1 <1 <1 1 <1 

Goods/Services 19 17 26 23 21 20 21 23 21 

Personal Needs and 799 774 815 789 794 799 785 794 794 

Carea 

Educationb 124 137 49 131 110 109 115 109 110 

Organizational 

Activities 

3 5 5 3 4 2 6 6 4 

Entertainment/Social 14 12 12 22 15 17 10 16 15 

Recreation 221 243 282 211 239 230 241 249 239 

Communication/Passiv 

e Leisure 

203 180 189 195 192 206 190 175 192 

Don't know/Not coded <1 2 3 <1 2 1 1 3 2 

All Activitiesc 1442 1439 1441 1441 1441 1440 1442 1439 1441 

Sample Sizes 318 204 407 271 1200 224 263 713 1200 

(Unweighted)

a Personal needs and care includes night sleep and daytime naps, eating, travel for personal care. B Education includes student and other classes, homework, library, travel for education.

The column totals may not be equal to 1440 due to rounding error.

Source: Wiley et al., 1991. 
Table 15-14. Mean Time Children Spent in Six Major Location Categories for All Respondents (minutes/day) 

Location Category Duration % Duration Duration Duration for Detailed Location with Highest 

Mean Mean Median Maximum 

(mins) Doing for Doers for Doers Doers Avg. Time (mins) (mins) (mins) 

Home 1,078 99 1,086 1,110 1,440 Home - bedroom 

School/Childcare 109 33 330 325 1,260 School or daycare facility 

Friend's/Other's House 80 32 251 144 1,440 Friend's/other's house - bedroom 

Stores, Restaurants, 24 35 69 50 475 Shopping mall Shopping Places 

In-transit 69 83 83 60 1,111 Traveling in car 

Other Locations 79 57 139 105 1,440 Park, playground 

Don't Know/Not Coded <1 1 37 30 90 -­

All Locations 1,440 

Source: Wiley et al., 1991. 
Table 15-15. Mean Time Children Spent in Six Location Categories Grouped by Age and Gender 

Mean Duration (minutes/day) 

Boys Girls 

Location Category All All 

0-2 yrs 3-5 yrs 6-8 yrs 9-11 yrs Boys 0-2 yrs 3-5 yrs 6-8 yrs 9-11 yrs Girls 

Home 1,157 1,134 1,044 1,020 1,094 1,151 1,099 1,021 968 1,061 

School/Childcare 86 88 144 120 108 59 102 133 149 111 

Friend's/Other's House 67 73 77 109 80 56 47 125 102 80 

Stores, Restaurants, 21 25 22 15 21 23 35 27 26 28 

Shopping Places 

In-transit 54 62 61 62 59 76 88 53 93 79 

Other Locations 54 58 92 114 77 73 68 81 102 81 

Don't Know/Not Coded <1 <1 <1 <1 <1 <1 <1 <1 <1 <1 

All Locationsa 1,439 1,440 1,439 1,440 1,439 1,438 1,440 1,440 1,440 1,440 

Sample Sizes 172 151 145 156 624 141 151 124 160 576 

(Unweighted)

a The column totals may not sum to 1,440 due to rounding error. 

Source: Wiley et al., 1991. 
Table 15-16. Mean Time Children Spent in Six Location Categories Grouped by Season and Region 

Mean Duration (minutes/day) 

Season Region of California 

Location Category Winter Spring Summer Fall All So. Bay Rest of Al

(Jan-Mar) (Apr-June) (July-Sept) (Oct-Dec) Seasons Coast Area State Regio

Home 1,091 1,042 1,097 1,081 1,078 1,078 1,078 1,078 1,0

School/Childcare 119 141 52 124 109 113 103 108 1

Friend's/Other's 69 75 108 69 80 73 86 86 

House 

Stores, Restaurants, 22 21 30 24 24 26 23 23 

Shopping Places 

In-transit 75 75 60 65 69 71 73 63 

Other Locations 63 85 93 76 79 79 76 81 

Don't Know/Not <1 <1 <1 <1 <1 <1 <1 <1 

Coded 

a All Locations 1,439 1,439 1,440 1,439 1,439 1,439 1,440 1,440 1,4

Sample Sizes 318 204 407 271 1,200 224 263 713 1,2

(Unweighted N's)

a The column totals may not sum to 1,440 due to rounding error. 

Source: Wiley et al., 1991. 
Table 15-17. Mean Time Children Spent in Proximity to Three Potential Exposures Grouped by All Respondents, Age, and Gender 

Mean Duration (minutes/day) 

Girls Potential Exposures Boys 

All All All 

Children 0-2 yrs 3-5 yrs 6-8 yrs 9-11 yrs Boys 0-2 yrs 3-5 yrs 6-8 yrs 9-11 yrs Girls 

Tobacco Smoke 77 115 75 66 66 82 77 68 71 74 73 

Gasoline Fumes 2 2 1 1 4 2 1 1 3 1 1 

Gas Oven Fumes 11 10 15 12 11 12 12 10 10 7 10 

Sample Sizes a (Unweighted N's) 1,166 168 148 144 150 610 140 147 122 147 556 

a Respondents with missing data were excluded. 

Source: Wiley et al., 1991. 
Table 15-18. Range of Recommended Defaults for Dermal Exposure Factors 

Water Contact Soil Contact 

Bathing Swimming 

Central Upper Central Upper Central Upper 

Event time and 10 min/event 15 min/event 0.5 hr/event 1.0 hr/event 40 events/yr 350 events/yr 

frequencya 1 event/day 1 event/day 1 event/day 1 event/day 

350 days/yr 350 days/yr 5 days/yr 150 days/yr 

Exposure 9 years 30 years 9 years 30 years 9 years 30 years 

duration 

a Bathing event time is presented to be representative of baths as well as showers. 

Source: U.S. EPA 1992. 
Table 15-19. Number of Times Taking a Shower at Specified Daily Frequencies by the Number of Respondents 

TImes/Day 

Total N 0 1 2 3 4 5 8 10 11:1-0+ DK 

Overall 3594 2 2747 802 30 1 1 1 1 4 5 

Gender 

Male 1720 * 1259 436 21 1 * * * 1 2 

Female 1872 2 1486 366 9 * 1 1 1 3 3 

Refused 2 * 2 * * * * * * * * 

Age (years) * 64 * 46 17 * * * * * * 1 

1-4 41 * 30 9 1 * * * * * 1 

5-11 140 * 112 26 1 * * * * * 1 

12-17 270 * 199 65 6 * * * * * * 

18-64 2650 1 1983 636 21 1 1 1 1 3 2 

> 64 429 1 377 49 1 * * * * 1 * 

Race 

White 2911 2 2323 562 17 * 1 * * 4 2 

Black 349 * 199 140 7 1 * 1 * * 1 

Asian 64 * 49 14 1 * * * * * * 

Some Others 65 * 40 23 2 * * * * * * 

Hispanic 162 * 103 56 2 * * * 1 * * 

Refused 43 * 33 7 1 * * * * * 2 

Hispanic No 3269 2 2521 711 24 1 1 1 * 4 4 

Yes 277 * 190 81 5 * * * 1 * * 

DK 17 * 13 4 * * * * * * * 

Refused 31 * 23 6 1 * * * * * 1 

Employment * 439 * 330 99 8 * * * * * 2 

Full Time 1838 1 1361 454 17 * * * 1 2 2 

Part Time 328 1 261 65 * * 1 * * * * 

Not Employed 967 * 780 177 5 1 * 1 * 2 1 

Refused 22 * 15 7 * * * * * * * 

Education 

* 515 * 382 121 9 * * * * * 3 

< High School 297 * 240 54 2 * * * * 1 * 

High School Graduate 1042 1 789 243 5 * 1 1 * 1 1 

< College 772 1 589 176 4 * * * 1 * 1 

College Graduate 576 * 434 133 7 1 * * * 1 * 

Post Graduate 392 * 313 75 3 * * * * 1 * 

Census Region Northeast 828 * 622 196 7 * * * * * 3 

Midwest 756 * 621 131 3 * * * * * 1 

South 1246 1 893 334 14 1 * * * 3 * 

West 764 1 611 141 6 * 1 1 1 1 1 

Day of Week Weekday 2481 * 1889 563 17 1 1 1 1 4 4 

Weekend 1113 2 858 239 13 * * * * * 1 

Season 

Winter 941 * 732 198 9 * * * * 1 1 

Spring 889 * 674 205 7 * * * 1 * 2 

Summer 1003 * 735 254 10 1 * * * 2 1 

Fall 761 2 606 145 4 * 1 1 * 1 1 

Asthma 

No 3312 2 2543 730 25 1 1 1 1 4 4 

Yes 261 * 189 67 5 * * * * * * 

DK 21 * 15 5 * * * * * * 1 

Angina No 3481 1 2653 786 29 1 1 1 1 4 4 

Yes 91 1 77 12 1 * * * * * * 

DK 22 * 17 4 * * * * * * 1 

Bronchitis/Emphysema No 3419 2 2620 758 27 1 1 1 1 4 4 

Yes 154 * 112 39 3 * * * * * * 

DK 21 * 15 5 * * * * * * 1 

Note: * Signifies missing data; Dk= don't know; N = sample size.

Source: Tsang and Klepeis,1996 
Table 15-20. Times (minutes) Spent Taking Showers by the Number of Respondents 

Minutes/Shower

Total N 

*-* 0-10 10-20 20-30 30-40 40-50 50-60 60-61 

Overall 3594 47 1640 1348 397 72 52 51 17 

Gender 

Male 1720 13 788 625 213 35 25 14 7 

Female 1872 34 850 693 184 37 27 37 10 

Refused 2 * 2 * * * * * * 

Age

* 64 6 27 23 3 1 * 2 2 

1-4 41 1 13 14 10 1 * 2 * 

5-11 140 1 60 52 18 3 2 4 * 

12-17 270 2 94 104 40 13 9 7 1 

18-64 2650 16 1238 977 288 50 37 33 11 

>64 429 21 208 148 38 4 4 3 3 

Race 

White 2911 38 1406 1070 292 39 31 26 9 

Black 349 5 115 120 58 20 11 16 4 

Asian 64 * 25 25 10 1 2 * 1 

Some Others 65 * 18 29 6 3 4 4 1 

Hispanic 162 1 57 60 25 8 4 5 2 

Refused 43 3 19 14 6 1 * * * 

Hispanic

No 3269 43 1526 1188 352 61 42 44 13 

Yes 277 1 98 109 40 10 8 7 4 

DK 17 * 5 9 1 * 2 * * 

Refused 31 3 11 12 4 1 * * * 

Employment

* 439 4 163 165 66 17 10 12 2 

Full Time 1838 10 875 682 191 32 20 20 8 

Part Time 328 4 160 112 39 4 5 3 1 

Not Employed 967 27 431 355 97 19 16 16 6 

Refused 22 2 11 4 4 * 1 * * 

Education 

* 515 10 190 186 79 21 13 14 2 

< High School 297 8 93 125 51 6 7 6 1 

High School Graduate 1042 12 451 409 108 23 17 16 6 

< College 772 12 377 271 79 14 6 7 6 

College Graduate 576 2 297 211 50 5 5 5 1 

Post Graduate 392 3 232 116 30 3 4 3 1 

Census Region

Northeast 828 7 374 326 79 15 11 12 4 

Midwest 756 11 385 253 70 16 9 9 3 

South 1246 26 490 461 179 35 26 23 6 

West 764 3 391 278 69 6 6 7 4 

Day of Week

Weekday 2481 34 1134 908 279 46 38 32 10 

Weekend 1113 13 506 410 118 26 14 19 7 

Season 

Winter 941 12 421 358 95 18 15 16 6 

Spring 889 14 410 314 93 21 14 18 5 

Summer 1003 11 435 366 128 29 17 12 5 

Fall 761 10 374 280 81 4 6 5 1 

Asthma 

No 3312 38 1526 1222 362 65 44 41 14 

Yes 261 4 108 89 33 7 8 10 2 

DK 21 5 6 7 2 * * * 1 

Angina 3481 

No 91 36 1591 1276 389 70 51 51 17 

Yes 22 7 38 36 8 1 1 * * 

DK 4 11 6 * 1 * * * 

Bronchitis/Emphysema

No 3419 40 1566 1258 375 67 47 50 16 

Yes 154 3 66 54 19 5 5 1 1 

DK 21 4 8 6 3 * * * * 

NOTE: * - Missing data; DK = don’t know; N = sample size; Refused = Refused to answer. A value of 61 for number of minutes

signifies that more than 60 minutes were spent.

Source: Tsang and Klepeis, 1996.
Table 15-21. Number of Minutes Spent Taking a Shower (minutes/shower) 

Percentiles 

Total 

Category Population Group N 1 2 5 10 25 50 75 91 95 98 99 100 

Overall 3547 3 4 5 5 10 15 20 30 35 50 60 61 

Gender Male 1707 3 4 5 5 10 15 20 30 30 45 60 61 

Gender Female 1838 3 4 5 5 10 15 20 30 40 60 60 61 

Age (years) 1-4 40 5 5 5 5 5 10 17.5 30 50 60 60 60 

Age (years) 5-11 139 3 4 5 5 10 15 20 30 40 60 60 60 

Age (years) 12-17 268 5 5 5 7 10 15 25 35 45 60 60 61 

Age (years) 18-64 2634 3 3 5 5 10 15 20 30 30 45 60 61 

Age (years) >64 408 3 3 5 5 10 10 20 30 30 45 60 61 

Race White 2873 3 4 5 5 10 13 20 30 30 45 60 61 

Race Black 344 4 4 5 6 10 20 30 40 60 60 61 61 

Race Asian 64 1 3 4 5 10 15 20 30 40 48 61 61 

Race Some Others 65 3 3 5 10 10 15 30 45 60 60 61 61 

Race Hispanic 161 3 4 5 6 10 15 25 40 45 60 61 61 

Hispanic No 3226 3 4 5 5 10 15 20 30 30 45 60 61 

Hispanic Yes 276 3 4 5 6 10 15 22.5 39 45 60 61 61 

Employment Full Time 1828 3 4 5 5 10 15 20 30 30 45 60 61 

Employment Part Time 324 2 3 5 5 10 12 20 30 30 45 60 60 

Employment Not Employed 940 3 3 5 5 10 15 20 30 40 60 60 61 

Education < High School 289 4 5 5 8 10 15 20 30 40 60 60 61 

Education High School Graduate 1030 2 3 5 5 10 15 20 30 40 60 60 61 

Education < College 760 3 5 5 5 10 12 20 30 30 45 60 61 

Education College Graduate 574 3 3 5 5 10 10 20 25 30 40 60 61 

Education Post Graduate 389 2 3 4 5 7 10 15 25 30 45 60 61 

Census Region Northeast 821 4 5 5 5 10 15 20 30 32 50 60 61 

Census Region Midwest 745 3 4 5 5 10 10 20 30 30 45 60 61 

Census Region South 1220 3 3 5 5 10 15 20 30 40 60 60 61 

Census Region West 761 2 3 5 5 10 10 15 30 30 45 60 61 

Day of Week Weekday 2447 3 4 5 5 10 15 20 30 35 48 60 61 

Day of Week Weekend 1100 3 4 5 5 10 15 20 30 40 60 60 61 

Season Winter 929 3 4 5 5 10 15 20 30 40 60 60 61 

Season Spring 875 3 4 5 5 10 15 20 30 40 60 60 61 

Season Summer 992 2 3 5 5 10 15 20 30 40 45 60 61 

Season Fall 751 3 4 5 5 10 12 20 30 30 40 48 61 

Asthma No 3274 3 4 5 5 10 15 20 30 32 45 60 61 

Asthma Yes 257 3 4 5 5 10 15 20 40 50 60 60 61 

Angina No 3445 3 4 5 5 10 15 20 30 35 50 60 61 

Angina Yes 84 3 4 5 5 10 15 15 30 30 40 45 45 

Bronchitis/Emphysema No 3379 3 4 5 5 10 15 20 30 35 50 60 61 

Bronchitis/Emphysema Yes 151 3 4 5 5 10 15 20 30 40 48 60 61 

NOTE: A value of 61 for number of minutes signifies that more than 60 minutes were spent. N = doer sample size. Percentiles are the 

percentage of doers below or equal to a given number of minutes.

Source: Tsang and Klepeis, 1996. 
Table 15-22. Time (minutes) Spent in the Shower Room Immediately After Showering by the Number of Respondents 

Minutes/Shower 

Total N *-* 0-0 0-10 10-20 20-30 30-40 40-50 50-60 61-61 

Overall 3594 61 241 2561 509 138 24 28 27 5 

Gender 

Male 1720 22 113 1316 207 46 5 4 6 1 

Female 1872 39 128 1243 302 92 19 24 21 4 

Refused 2 * * 2 * * * * * * 

Age (years) * 64 6 9 37 7 3 * 1 1 * 

1-4 41 * 5 31 3 1 * 1 * * 

5-11 140 3 9 110 14 3 * * 1 * 

12-17 270 1 17 206 29 10 3 2 1 1 

18-64 2650 31 171 1897 388 99 19 18 23 4 

> 64 429 20 30 280 68 22 2 6 1 * 

Race 

White 2911 39 189 2074 430 110 20 23 21 5 

Black 349 8 23 254 42 17 * 3 2 * 

Asian 64 * 7 45 9 2 * * 1 * 

Some Others 65 3 7 41 6 3 3 1 1 * 

Hispanic 162 6 11 118 19 4 1 1 2 * 

Refused 43 5 4 29 3 2 * * * * 

Hispanic No 3269 48 216 2328 470 130 23 26 23 5 

Yes 277 8 19 200 35 8 1 2 4 * 

DK 17 1 2 11 3 * * * * * 

Refused 31 4 4 22 1 * * * * * 

Employment * 439 4 28 336 48 14 3 4 2 ?* 

Full Time 1838 20 109 1332 267 71 12 11 16 * 

Part Time 328 5 21 223 55 13 4 4 3 * 

Not Employed 967 29 81 655 138 39 5 9 6 5 

Refused 22 3 2 15 1 1 * * * * 

Education 

* 515 11 38 390 51 15 3 4 2 1 

< High School 297 14 18 193 48 16 * 6 1 1 

High School Graduate 1042 17 68 733 160 37 6 7 13 1 

< College 772 11 56 536 118 33 7 4 5 2 

College Graduate 576 3 28 426 86 19 8 3 3 * 

Post Graduate 392 5 33 283 46 18 * 4 3 * 

Census Region Northeast 828 6 61 603 116 20 6 8 8 * 

Midwest 756 19 39 536 118 29 5 3 7 * 

South 1246 26 74 885 171 58 10 15 4 3 

West 764 10 67 537 104 31 3 2 8 2 

Day of Week Weekday 2481 43 165 1784 342 88 20 16 19 4 

Weekend 1113 18 76 777 167 50 4 12 8 1 

Season 

Winter 941 11 50 678 138 36 13 9 4 2 

Spring 889 13 56 636 125 37 4 8 9 1 

Summer 1003 25 92 691 138 39 5 5 7 1 

Fall 761 12 43 556 108 26 2 6 7 1 

Asthma 

No 3312 52 225 2374 465 123 19 24 26 4 

Yes 261 2 14 178 42 15 5 3 1 1 

DK 21 7 2 9 2 * * 1 * * 

Angina No 3481 52 233 2495 486 132 24 27 27 5 

Yes 91 3 5 55 22 5 * 1 * * 

DK 22 6 3 11 1 1 * * * * 

Bronchitis/Emphysema No 3419 53 226 2446 482 131 23 27 26 5 

Yes 154 2 12 104 26 7 1 1 1 * 

DK 21 6 3 11 1 * * * * * 

NOTE: * Signifies missing data. DK= respondents answered don't know. Refused = respondents refused to answer. N = doer 

sample size in specified range of number of minutes spent. A value of 61 for number of minutes signifies that more than 60 minutes

were spent.

Source: Tsang and Klepeis,1996 
Table 15-23. Number of Minutes Spent in the Shower Room Immediately After Showering (minutes/shower) 

Percentiles 

Category Population Group N 1 2 5 10 25 50 75 90 95 98 99 100 

Overall 3533 0 0 0 1 3 5 10 20 30 40 50 61 

Gender Male 1698 0 0 0 1 3 5 10 15 20 30 30 61 

Gender Female 1833 0 0 0 1 3 5 12 20 30 45 60 61 

Age (years) 1-4 41 0 0 0 0 1 5 10 15 20 45 45 45 

Age (years) 5-11 137 0 0 0 1 2 5 10 15 20 30 30 60 

Age (years) 12-17 2619 0 0 0 1 3 5 10 20 30 40 52 61 

Age (years) 18-64 2619 0 0 0 1 3 5 10 20 30 40 52 61 

Age (years) > 64 409 0 0 0 1 4 5 10 20 30 35 45 60 

Race White 2872 0 0 0 1 3 5 10 20 30 40 50 61 

Race Black 341 0 0 0 1 3 5 10 20 25 30 45 60 

Race Asian 64 0 0 0 0 2 5 10 15 20 30 60 60 

Race Some Others 62 0 0 0 0 3 5 10 30 35 45 52 52 

Race Hispanic 156 0 0 0 1 3 5 10 20 25 40 60 60 

Hispanic No 3221 0 0 0 1 3 5 10 20 30 40 50 61 

Hispanic Yes 269 0 0 0 1 3 5 10 20 25 45 60 60 

Employment Full Time 1818 0 0 0 1 3 5 10 20 30 35 50 60 

Employment Part Time 323 0 0 0 1 3 5 10 20 30 45 50 60 

Employment Not Employed 938 0 0 0 1 3 5 10 20 30 45 60 61 

Education < High School 283 0 0 0 1 3 5 15 20 30 45 45 61 

Education High School Graduate 1025 0 0 0 1 3 5 10 20 30 45 60 61 

Education < College 761 0 0 0 1 3 5 10 20 30 35 50 61 

Education College Graduate 573 0 0 1 1 3 5 10 20 30 35 45 60 

Education Post Graduate 387 0 0 0 1 2 5 10 20 30 30 45 60 

Census Region Northeast 822 0 0 0 1 3 5 10 20 25 40 50 60 

Census Region Midwest 737 0 0 0 1 3 5 10 20 30 35 45 60 

Census Region South 1220 0 0 0 1 3 5 10 20 30 40 45 61 

Census Region West 754 0 0 0 1 2 5 10 20 30 30 60 61 

Day of Week Weekday 2438 0 0 0 1 3 5 10 20 30 40 50 61 

Day of Week Weekend 1095 0 0 0 1 3 5 10 20 30 40 50 61 

Season Winter 930 0 0 0 1 4 5 10 20 30 40 45 61 

Season Spring 876 0 0 0 1 2 5 10 20 30 45 60 61 

Season Summer 978 0 0 0 1 3 5 10 20 30 30 50 61 

Season Fall 749 0 0 0 1 3 5 10 20 25 40 53 61 

Asthma No 3260 0 0 0 1 3 5 10 20 30 38 50 61 

Asthma Yes 259 0 0 0 1 3 5 13 20 30 40 45 61 

Angina No 3429 0 0 0 1 3 5 10 20 30 40 50 61 

Angina Yes 88 0 0 0 2 3 8.5 15 20 30 30 45 45 

Bronchitis/Emphysema No 3366 0 0 0 1 3 5 10 20 30 40 50 61 

Bronchitis/Emphysema Yes 152 0 0 0 1 2.5 5 10 20 30 30 45 60 

NOTE: N = doer sample size. Percentiles are the percentage of doers below or equal to a given number of minutes. A value of 61 for 

number of minutes signifies that more than 60 minutes were spent.

Source: Tsang and Klepeis,1996 
Table 15-24. Number of Baths Given or Taken in One Day by Number of Respondents 

Number of Baths/Day 

Total N 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 10 11 15 DK 

Overall 649 459 144 20 9 4 2 1 1 1 3 5 

Gender 

Male 159 117 33 5 1 * 1 1 * * 1 * 

Female 490 342 111 15 8 4 1 * 1 1 2 5 

Age (years)

* 9 8 1 * * * * * * * * * 

18-64 491 322 127 20 9 4 2 1 1 1 2 2 

> 64 149 129 16 * * * * * * * 1 3 

Race 

White 487 364 92 13 7 2 1 * * 1 2 5 

Black 106 68 29 5 1 * 1 1 1 * * * 

Asian 12 5 5 * 1 * * * * * 1 * 

Some Others 12 7 4 1 * * * * * * * * 

Hispanic 26 10 13 1 * 2 * * * * * * 

Refused 6 5 1 * * * * * * * * * 

Hispanic

No 600 430 127 19 9 2 2 1 1 1 3 5 

Yes 40 21 16 1 * 2 * * * * * * 

DK 6 5 1 * * * * * * * * * 

Refused 3 3 * * * * * * * * * * 

Employment

* 1 1 * * * * * * * * * * 

Full Time 283 183 76 12 5 * 2 1 1 1 1 1 

Part Time 76 56 17 1 1 1 * * * * * * 

Not Employed 287 217 51 7 3 3 * * * * 2 4 

Refused 2 2 * * * * * * * * * * 

Education 

* 4 4 * * * * * * * * * * 

< High School 96 66 19 3 2 2 * * * * 1 3 

High School Graduate 235 167 54 8 2 * 1 1 * * * 2 

< College 163 112 38 6 2 2 1 * * 1 1 * 

College Graduate 102 68 28 3 2 * * * 1 * * * 

Post Graduate 49 42 5 * 1 * * * * * 1 * 

Census Region

Northeast 137 100 25 3 4 1 1 * * 1 * 2 

Midwest 151 116 29 4 1 * * * 1 * * * 

South 255 164 70 9 2 3 1 1 * * 2 3 

West 106 79 20 4 2 * * * * * 1 * 

Day of Week

Weekday 415 299 89 10 4 2 2 1 1 1 2 4 

Weekend 234 160 55 10 5 2 * * * * 1 1 

Season 

Winter 178 124 37 10 1 3 * * * * 1 2 

Spring 160 126 27 4 1 * * 1 * * * 1 

Summer 174 112 49 4 3 1 1 * 1 * 2 1 

Fall 137 97 31 2 4 * 1 * * 1 * 1 

Asthma 

No 596 424 129 19 7 4 2 1 1 1 3 5 

Yes 52 34 15 1 2 * * * * * * * 

DK 1 1 * * * * * * * * * * 

Angina

No 620 435 141 19 9 4 2 1 1 1 3 4 

Yes 26 22 2 1 * * * * * * * 1 

DK 3 2 1 * * * * * * * * * 

Bronchitis/Emphysema

No 610 429 137 20 9 4 2 1 1 1 2 4 

Yes 36 27 7 * * * * * * * 1 1 

DK 3 3 * * * * * * * * * * 

NOTE: * Signifies missing data; Dk= respondents answered don't know; N = sample size; Refused = respondents refused to answer. 

Source: Tsang and Klepeis,1996 
Table 15-25. Total Time Spent Taking or Giving a Bath by the Number of Respondents 

Minutes/Bath 

Total N *-* 0-10 10-20 20-30 30-40 40-50 50-60 61-61 

Overall 649 18 153 237 128 27 29 36 21 

Gender 

Male 159 4 48 59 23 8 4 7 6 

Female 490 14 105 178 105 19 25 29 15 

Age (years) * 9 2 2 4 1 * * * * 

18-64 491 6 105 174 111 22 24 31 18 

> 64 149 10 46 59 16 5 5 5 3 

Race 

White 487 11 124 185 97 16 19 24 11 

Black 106 4 16 35 19 8 9 9 6 

Asian 12 * 2 6 3 1 * * * 

Some Others 12 * 2 3 5 1 * * 1 

Hispanic 26 1 8 6 3 1 1 3 3 

Refused 6 2 1 2 1 * * * * 

Hispanic No 600 16 136 224 120 26 27 33 18 

Yes 40 1 15 10 6 1 1 3 3 

DK 6 * 1 2 2 * 1 * * 

Refused 3 1 1 1 * * * * * 

Employment * 1 * * * 1 * * * * 

Full Time 283 4 58 107 64 12 12 19 7 

Part Time 76 1 26 26 15 5 1 2 * 

Not Employed 287 12 69 104 48 10 16 15 13 

Refused 2 1 * * * * * * 1 

Education 

* 4 1 * 2 1 * * * * 

< High School 96 7 15 35 16 3 6 7 7 

High School Graduate 235 6 57 85 51 13 5 11 7 

< College 163 4 45 53 32 4 11 8 6 

College Graduate 102 * 18 44 20 5 5 9 1 

Post Graduate 49 * 18 18 8 2 2 1 * 

Census Region Northeast 137 5 43 36 31 6 7 6 3 

Midwest 151 2 42 67 26 3 3 5 3 

South 255 9 42 87 55 16 14 21 11 

West 106 2 26 47 16 2 5 4 4 

Day of Week Weekday 415 12 90 161 84 11 23 23 11 

Weekend 234 6 63 76 44 16 6 13 10 

Season 

Winter 178 5 44 63 33 9 11 9 4 

Spring 160 6 39 60 27 9 7 6 6 

Summer 174 3 43 62 34 7 4 14 7 

Fall 137 4 27 52 34 2 7 7 4 

Asthma 

No 596 16 144 218 114 26 28 33 17 

Yes 52 1 9 19 14 1 1 3 4 

DK 1 1 * * * * * * * 

Angina No 620 14 147 226 124 25 28 35 21 

Yes 26 3 6 10 3 2 1 1 * 

DK 3 1 * 1 1 * * * * 

Bronchitis/Emphysema No 610 15 150 218 119 26 26 35 21 

Yes 36 2 3 17 9 1 3 1 * 

DK 3 1 * 2 * * * * * 

NOTE: * Signifies missing data. Dk= respondents answered don't know. Refused = respondents refused to answer. N = doer 

sample size in a specified range of number of minutes spent. A value of 61 for number of minutes signifies that more than 60 minutes 

were spent. 

Source: Tsang and Klepeis,1996 
Table 15-26. Number of Minutes Spent Giving and Taking the Bath(s) (minutes/bath) 

Percentiles 

Category Population Group N 1 2 5 10 25 50 75 90 95 98 99 100 

Overall 631 2 5 5 10 15 20 30 45 60 61 61 61 

Gender Male 155 1 4 5 6 10 15 30 45 60 61 61 61 

Gender Female 476 3 5 5 10 15 20 30 45 60 61 61 61 

Age (years) 18-64 485 2 5 5 10 15 20 30 60 60 61 61 61 

Age (years) > 64 139 3 5 5 5 10 15 20 40 60 61 61 61 

Race White 476 1 4 5 10 10 20 30 45 60 61 61 61 

Race Black 102 5 5 9 10 15 22.5 40 60 61 61 61 61 

Race Asian 12 10 10 10 10 15 20 27.5 30 40 40 40 40 

Race Some Others 12 5 5 5 10 15 27.5 30 40 61 61 61 61 

Race Hispanic 25 2 2 5 5 10 20 45 61 61 61 61 61 

Hispanic No 584 2 5 5 10 15 20 30 45 60 61 61 61 

Hispanic Yes 39 2 2 5 5 10 20 30 60 61 61 61 61 

Employment Full Time 279 1 4 5 10 15 20 30 45 60 61 61 61 

Employment Part Time 75 3 4 5 10 10 20 30 35 40 60 60 60 

Employment Not Employed 275 2 5 5 10 10 20 30 60 60 61 61 61 

Education < High School 89 1 5 10 10 15 20 35 60 61 61 61 61 

Education High School Graduate 229 5 5 5 10 12 20 30 45 60 61 61 61 

Education < College 159 1 2 5 6 10 20 30 45 60 61 61 61 

Education College Graduate 102 5 5 8 10 15 20 30 45 60 60 60 61 

Education Post Graduate 49 1 1 5 5 10 15 25 40 45 60 60 60 

Census Region Northeast 132 1 5 5 6 10 15 30 45 60 61 61 61 

Census Region Midwest 149 2 4 5 7 10 20 30 30 60 61 61 61 

Census Region South 246 3 5 10 10 15 20 35 60 60 61 61 61 

Census Region West 104 5 5 5 10 11 20 30 45 60 61 61 61 

Day of Week Weekday 403 2 5 5 10 15 20 30 45 60 61 61 61 

Day of Week Weekend 228 4 5 5 10 10 20 30 60 60 61 61 61 

Season Winter 173 2 5 5 10 10 20 30 45 60 61 61 61 

Season Spring 154 1 3 5 10 10 20 30 45 60 61 61 61 

Season Summer 171 5 5 5 10 10 20 30 60 60 61 61 61 

Season Fall 133 4 5 8 10 15 20 30 45 60 61 61 61 

Asthma No 580 2 5 5 10 12 20 30 45 60 61 61 61 

Asthma Yes 51 4 5 5 10 15 20 30 60 61 61 61 61 

Angina No 606 2 5 5 10 15 20 30 45 60 61 61 61 

Angina Yes 23 5 5 5 5 10 15 30 40 45 60 60 60 

Bronchitis/Emphysema No 595 2 5 5 10 10 20 30 45 60 61 61 61 

Bronchitis/Emphysema Yes 34 5 5 8 15 15 20 30 45 45 60 60 60 

NOTE: N = doer sample size. Percentiles are the percentage of doers below or equal to a given number of minutes. A value of 61 for 

number of minutes signifies that more than 60 minutes were spent. 

Source: Tsang and Klepeis,1996 
Table 15-27. Time Spent in the Bathroom Immediately After the Bath(s) by the Number of Respondents 

Minutes/Bath 

Total N *-* 0-0 0-10 10-20 20-30 30-40 40-50 50-60 61-61 

Overall 649 25 85 422 74 23 7 6 5 2 

Gender Male 159 6 18 118 11 4 1 1 * * 

Female 490 19 67 304 63 19 6 5 5 2 

Age (years) * 9 2 2 4 1 * * * * * 

18-64 491 7 71 336 50 14 4 5 2 2 

> 64 149 16 12 82 23 9 3 1 3 * 

Race White 487 22 59 319 58 15 4 4 5 1 Black 106 2 14 67 13 5 3 2 * * 

Asian 12 * 2 9 1 * * * * * Some Others 12 * 5 6 1 * * * * * Hispanic 26 * 4 18 * 3 * * * 1 Refused 6 1 1 3 1 * * * * * 

Hispanic No 600 25 76 390 71 20 7 6 4 1 Yes 40 * 7 28 1 3 * * * 1 

DK 6 * 1 3 1 * * * 1 * Refused 3 * 1 1 1 * * * * * 

Employment * 1 * * 1 * * * * * * 

Full Time 283 6 35 203 30 7 1 1 * * 

Part Time 76 1 9 54 8 2 2 * * * 

Not Employed 287 18 41 164 35 14 4 4 5 2 

Refused 2 * * * 1 * * 1 * * 

Education * 4 1 * 2 1 * * * * * 

< High School 96 10 11 51 12 7 1 * 2 2 High School Graduate 235 6 35 158 22 7 3 3 1 * < College 163 4 17 113 18 4 3 2 2 * College Graduate 102 2 14 66 15 4 * 1 * * 

Post Graduate 49 2 8 32 6 1 * * * * 

Census Region Northeast 137 8 13 91 16 8 * * 1 * 

Midwest 151 5 20 100 18 3 2 1 2 * South 255 9 31 164 30 9 5 4 1 2 West 106 3 21 67 10 3 * 1 1 * 

Day of Week Weekday 415 17 53 280 40 16 2 4 2 1 Weekend 234 8 32 142 34 7 5 2 3 1 

Season Winter 178 3 14 122 24 7 3 1 2 2 Spring 160 8 21 96 20 8 4 2 1 * Summer 174 9 31 110 16 6 * 2 * * 

Fall 137 5 19 94 14 2 * 1 2 * 

Asthma No 596 24 75 388 69 21 7 5 5 2 

Yes 52 1 10 34 4 2 * 1 * * 

DK 1 * * * 1 * * * * * 

Angina No 620 23 82 405 70 22 6 6 4 2 Yes 26 2 2 17 3 1 * * 1 * 

DK 3 * 1 * 1 * 1 * * * 

Bronchitis/Emphysema No 610 22 78 400 71 21 6 5 5 2 Yes 36 3 6 21 2 2 1 1 * * 

DK 3 * 1 1 1 * * * * * 

Note: * Signifies missing data. Dk= respondents answered don't know. Refused = respondents refused to answer. N = doer sample 

size in specified range of number of minutes spent. A value of 61 for number of minutes signifies that more than 60 minutes were 

spent. 

Source: Tsang and Klepeis,1996 
Table 15-28. Number of Minutes Spent in the Bathroom Immediately After the Bath(s) (minutes/bath) 

Percentiles 

Category Population Group N 1 2 5 10 25 50 75 90 95 98 99 100 

Overall 624 0 0 0 0 2 5 10 20 30 45 55 61 

Gender Male 153 0 0 0 0 2 5 10 12 20 30 35 45 

Gender Female 471 0 0 0 0 2 5 10 20 30 45 60 61 

Age (years) 18-64 484 0 0 0 0 2 5 10 15 25 40 50 61 

Age (years) > 64 133 0 0 0 1 5 10 15 30 35 55 60 60 

Race White 465 0 0 0 0 2 5 10 18 30 45 58 61 

Race Black 104 0 0 0 0 2 5 10 20 30 40 45 45 

Race Asian 12 0 0 0 0 2 5 7.5 10 20 20 20 20 

Race Some Others 12 0 0 0 0 0 3 7.5 10 15 15 15 15 

Race Hispanic 26 0 0 0 0 1 5 10 25 25 61 61 61 

Hispanic No 575 0 0 0 0 2 5 10 20 30 40 50 61 

Hispanic Yes 40 0 0 0 0 1 5 10 22.5 25 61 61 61 

Employment Full Time 277 0 0 0 0 2 5 10 15 20 30 30 45 

Employment Part Time 75 0 0 0 0 3 5 10 15 25 35 40 40 

Employment Not Employed 269 0 0 0 0 2 5 10 25 35 58 60 61 

Education < High School 86 0 0 0 0 5 10 15 30 35 61 61 61 

Education High School Graduate 229 0 0 0 0 2 5 10 15 30 40 45 58 

Education < College 159 0 0 0 0 2 5 10 15 30 45 60 60 

Education College Graduate 100 0 0 0 0 1.5 5 10 19 25 30 37.5 45 

Education Post Graduate 47 0 0 0 0 1 5 10 15 20 30 30 30 

Census Region Northeast 129 0 0 0 0 2 5 10 20 30 30 30 60 

Census Region Midwest 146 0 0 0 0 2 5 10 15 25 50 60 60 

Census Region South 246 0 0 0 0 3 5 10 20 30 45 55 61 

Census Region West 103 0 0 0 0 1 5 10 20 20 30 45 58 

Day of Week Weekday 398 0 0 0 0 2 5 10 18 30 40 50 61 

Day of Week Weekend 226 0 0 0 0 3 5 10 20 30 45 60 61 

Season Winter 175 0 0 0 1 3 5 10 20 30 58 61 61 

Season Spring 152 0 0 0 0 2 5 10 20 30 40 45 60 

Season Summer 165 0 0 0 0 2 5 10 15 20 30 45 50 

Season Fall 132 0 0 0 0 2 5 10 15 20 45 55 60 

Asthma No 572 0 0 0 0 2 5 10 20 30 45 58 61 

Asthma Yes 51 0 0 0 0 1 5 10 15 30 30 45 45 

Angina No 597 0 0 0 0 2 5 10 20 30 45 58 61 

Angina Yes 24 0 0 0 1 5 5 10 15 30 55 55 55 

Bronchitis/Emphysema No 588 0 0 0 0 2 5 10 20 30 45 58 61 

Bronchitis/Emphysema Yes 33 0 0 0 0 2 5 10 30 40 45 45 45 

NOTE: N = doer sample size. Percentiles are the percentage of doers below or equal to a given number of minutes. A value of 61 for

number of minutes signifies that more than 60 minutes were spent.

Source: Tsang and Klepeis,1996
Table 15-29. Total Time Spent Altogether in the Shower or Bathtub by the Number of Respondents 

Minutes/Bath 

Total *-* 0-0 0-10 10-20 20-30 30-40 40-50 50-60 70-80 80-90 90-100 100-110 110-120 121-121 

N 

Overall 4290 38 5 1903 1577 548 46 65 67 3 6 2 1 21 8 

Gender Male 1934 8 1 872 735 234 19 24 24 1 1 1 1 10 3 Female 2355 30 4 1031 841 314 27 41 43 2 5 1 * 11 5 Refused 1 * * * 1 * * * * * * * * * * 

Age (years) * 86 5 1 26 36 12 * 1 4 * * * * * 1 

1-4 198 * * 35 84 50 2 13 7 1 1 1 * 4 * 

5-11 265 2 * 64 107 66 3 7 7 2 2 1 1 2 1 

12-17 239 * * 78 96 46 5 5 8 * * * * 1 * 

18-64 2919 15 1 1429 1051 303 32 31 35 * 3 * * 13 6 

> 64 583 16 3 271 203 71 4 8 6 * * * * 1 * 

Race White 3452 27 4 1616 1248 401 35 44 50 1 3 * 1 16 6 Black 453 7 1 141 177 89 7 11 11 2 * 1 * 4 2 

Asian 74 * * 33 31 7 * 1 1 * 1 * * * * Some Others 78 * * 24 28 19 2 3 2 * * * * * * 

Hispanic 180 2 * 63 79 24 2 4 2 * 2 1 * 1 * Refused 53 2 * 26 14 8 * 2 1 * * * * * * 

Hispanic No 3892 31 4 1744 1423 496 41 56 62 3 4 1 1 18 8 Yes 333 5 1 128 136 40 5 8 5 * 2 1 * 2 * 

DK 21 1 * 7 8 4 * * * * * * * 1 * Refused 44 1 * 24 10 8 * 1 * * * * * * * 

Employment * 692 2 * 172 284 162 9 24 22 3 3 2 1 7 1 Full Time 1985 11 2 1002 707 190 20 20 18 * * * * 12 3 Part Time 400 5 1 190 147 44 4 4 5 * * * * * * 

Not Employed 1181 20 2 524 429 146 13 17 22 * 3 * * 1 4 

Refused 32 * * 15 10 6 * * * * * * * 1 * 

Education * 775 6 * 200 317 175 10 26 24 3 3 2 1 7 1 

< High School 386 10 2 132 147 66 7 8 10 * 1 * * 1 2 High School Graduate 1254 12 1 574 476 138 14 14 18 * * * * 4 3 < College 864 2 * 414 331 93 6 7 8 * 1 * * 2 * College Graduate 558 4 1 308 168 53 7 7 4 * 1 * * 5 * 

Post Graduate 453 4 1 275 138 23 2 3 3 * * * * 2 2 

Census Region Northeast 927 7 * 436 328 106 11 14 12 1 2 1 * 6 3 

Midwest 956 9 3 440 343 126 5 15 10 * 2 1 * 2 * South 1513 16 2 601 588 208 22 25 35 2 1 * 1 8 4 West 894 6 * 426 318 108 8 11 10 * 1 * * 5 1 

Day of Week Weekday 2881 23 3 1346 1038 336 30 40 39 1 1 2 1 16 5 Weekend 1409 15 2 557 539 212 16 25 28 2 5 * * 5 3 

Season Winter 1124 8 1 504 417 137 14 13 19 1 * * * 7 3 Spring 1145 15 3 499 417 149 9 22 17 1 3 1 * 7 2 Summer 1165 11 1 495 420 176 14 19 19 1 2 1 * 5 1 

Fall 856 4 * 405 323 86 9 11 12 * 1 * 1 2 2 

Asthma No 3946 35 5 1767 1445 502 38 53 65 3 5 2 1 19 6 

Yes 327 2 * 128 128 43 8 11 2 * 1 * * 2 2 

DK 17 1 * 8 4 3 * 1 * * * * * * * 

Angina No 4151 34 5 1839 1529 530 45 62 66 3 6 2 1 21 8 Yes 114 3 * 52 41 14 1 2 1 * * * * * * 

DK 25 1 * 12 7 4 * 1 * * * * * * * 

Bronchitis/Emphysema No 4059 34 3 1803 1502 517 42 58 63 3 5 2 1 19 7 Yes 207 2 2 86 71 28 4 6 4 * 1 * * 2 1 

DK 24 2 * 14 4 3 * 1 * * * * * * * 

Note: * Signifies missing data. DK = respondents answered "don't know". Refused = respondents refused to answer. N = doer sample size in 

specified range of number of minutes spent. A value of "121" for number of minutes signifies that more than 120 minutes were spent. 

Source: Tsang and Klepeis,1996 
Table 15-30. Total Number of Minutes Spent Altogether in the Shower or Bathtub (minutes/bath) 

Percentiles 

Category Population Group N 1 2 5 10 25 50 75 90 95 98 99 100 

Overall 4252 3 4 5 5 10 15 20 30 35 60 60 121 

Gender Male 1926 3 4 5 5 10 15 20 30 30 60 60 121 

Gender Female 2325 3 4 5 5 10 15 20 30 40 60 75 121 

Age (years) 1-4 198 1 5 5 10 15 20 30 45 60 120 120 120 

Age (years) 5-11 263 4 5 5 10 13 20 30 30 60 90 120 121 

Age (years) 12-17 239 4 4 5 7 10 15 30 30 45 60 60 120 

Age (years) 18-64 2904 3 4 5 5 10 13.5 20 30 30 50 60 121 

Age (years) > 64 567 2 3 5 5 10 15 20 30 30 45 60 120 

Race White 3425 3 4 5 5 10 15 20 30 30 60 60 121 

Race Black 446 4 4 5 6 10 15 25 30 45 75 120 121 

Race Asian 74 5 5 5 7 10 15 15 30 30 60 90 90 

Race Some Others 78 5 5 5 7 10 15 30 30 45 60 60 60 

Race Hispanic 178 1 3 5 7 10 15 20 30 45 90 100 120 

Hispanic No 3861 3 4 5 5 10 15 20 30 35 60 60 121 

Hispanic Yes 328 1 3 5 5 10 15 20 30 45 60 90 120 

Employment Full Time 1974 3 4 5 5 10 10 20 30 30 45 60 121 

Employment Part Time 395 3 3 5 5 10 15 20 30 30 45 60 60 

Employment Not Employed 1161 2 3 5 5 10 15 20 30 35 60 60 121 

Education < High School 376 1 4 5 5 10 15 25 30 45 60 90 121 

Education High School Graduate 1242 3 4 5 5 10 15 20 30 30 60 60 121 

Education < College 862 3 4 5 5 10 15 20 30 30 45 60 120 

Education College Graduate 554 3 3 5 5 10 10 15 30 30 45 90 120 

Education Post Graduate 449 3 4 5 5 8 10 15 20 30 45 60 121 

Census Region Northeast 920 4 4 5 5 10 15 20 30 35 60 100 121 

Census Region Midwest 947 3 4 5 5 10 15 20 30 30 45 60 120 

Census Region South 1497 3 4 5 5 10 15 20 30 45 60 75 121 

Census Region West 888 3 3 5 5 10 15 20 30 30 45 60 121 

Day of Week Weekday 2858 3 4 5 5 10 15 20 30 30 60 60 121 

Day of Week Weekend 1394 3 4 5 5 10 15 20 30 40 60 75 121 

Season Winter 1116 3 4 5 5 10 15 20 30 35 60 60 121 

Season Spring 1130 3 4 5 5 10 15 20 30 40 60 90 121 

Season Summer 1154 3 4 5 5 10 15 20 30 40 60 60 121 

Season Fall 852 3 5 5 5 10 15 20 30 30 60 60 121 

Asthma No 3911 3 4 5 5 10 15 20 30 30 60 60 121 

Asthma Yes 325 3 4 5 5 10 15 20 30 45 60 120 121 

Angina No 4117 3 4 5 5 10 15 20 30 35 60 60 121 

Angina Yes 111 3 4 5 5 10 15 20 30 30 45 45 60 

Bronchitis/Emphysema No 4025 3 4 5 5 10 15 20 30 30 60 60 121 

Bronchitis/Emphysema Yes 205 1 3 5 5 10 15 20 30 45 60 120 121 

Note: A value of "121" for number of minutes signifies that more than 120 minutes were spent. N = doer sample size. Percentiles are 

the percentage of doers below or equal to a given number of minutes. 

Source: Tsang and Klepeis, 1996. 
Table 15-31. Time Spent in the Bathroom Immediately Following a Shower or Bath by the Number of Respondents 

Minutes/Shower or Bath 

Total N *-* 0-0 0-10 10-20 20-30 30-40 40-50 50-60 70-80 80-90 110-120 121-121 

Overall 4290 108 348 2770 713 250 20 32 35 1 2 7 4 

Gender Male 1934 37 138 1357 312 67 5 8 6 * * 1 3 Female 2355 71 210 1413 400 183 15 24 29 1 2 6 1 Refused 1 * * * 1 * * * * * * * * 

Age (years) * 86 12 8 38 19 6 * 1 1 * * * 1 

1-4 198 2 59 123 12 * 1 1 * * * * * 

5-11 265 5 33 198 23 3 1 * 1 * * 1 * 

12-17 239 1 17 165 34 16 1 3 2 * * * * 

18-64 2919 53 184 1901 517 189 14 25 26 1 1 5 3 

> 64 583 35 47 345 108 36 3 2 5 * 1 1 * 

Race White 3452 80 271 2235 590 194 15 29 24 1 2 7 4 Black 453 15 49 276 63 35 4 2 9 * * * * 

Asian 74 * 8 48 12 4 1 1 * * * * * Some Others 78 2 7 46 19 3 * * 1 * * * * 

Hispanic 180 4 8 134 21 12 * * 1 * * * * Refused 53 7 5 31 8 2 * * * * * * * 

Hispanic No 3892 95 316 2504 655 227 19 32 32 1 1 6 4 Yes 333 8 28 227 46 21 1 * 2 * * * * 

DK 21 * 1 10 5 2 * * 1 * 1 1 * Refused 44 5 3 29 7 * * * * * * * * 

Employment * 692 8 111 479 66 17 3 4 3 * * 1 * 

Full Time 1985 36 122 1302 357 120 10 16 14 1 1 3 3 Part Time 400 8 22 256 71 32 2 5 2 * * 2 * 

Not Employed 1181 52 93 712 214 79 5 7 16 * 1 1 1 

Refused 32 4 * 21 5 2 * * * * * * * 

Education * 775 14 114 531 82 20 3 7 3 * * 1 * 

< High School 386 28 30 220 65 30 2 1 5 * 2 1 2 High School Graduate 1254 34 89 799 204 92 8 12 10 1 * 4 1 < College 864 17 59 568 158 46 4 2 9 * * * 1 College Graduate 558 8 27 362 115 31 2 8 5 * * * * 

Post Graduate 453 7 29 290 89 31 1 2 3 * * 1 * 

Census Region Northeast 927 20 69 614 161 49 3 2 6 * * 1 2 

Midwest 956 27 86 600 155 57 5 13 11 * * 1 1 South 1513 41 119 971 255 93 8 7 10 1 2 5 1 West 894 20 74 585 142 51 4 10 8 * * * * 

Day of Week Weekday 2881 79 224 1889 474 153 15 19 19 1 1 5 2 Weekend 1409 29 124 881 239 97 5 13 16 * 1 2 2 

Season Winter 1124 34 77 726 193 65 7 8 9 * 1 3 1 Spring 1145 26 99 756 167 70 4 12 10 * * 1 * Summer 1165 36 112 740 184 66 6 9 8 1 1 2 * 

Fall 856 12 60 548 169 49 3 3 8 * * 1 3 

Asthma No 3946 101 306 2540 673 236 18 30 32 1 1 6 2 

Yes 327 5 41 219 37 14 2 2 3 * 1 1 2 

DK 17 2 1 11 3 * * * * * * * * 

Angina No 4151 99 333 2687 691 241 20 32 34 1 2 7 4 Yes 114 6 13 68 17 9 * * 1 * * * * 

DK 25 3 2 15 5 * * * * * * * * 

Bronchitis/Emphysema No 4059 98 325 2623 684 236 19 31 32 1 1 6 3 Yes 207 6 22 133 24 14 1 1 3 * 1 1 1 

DK 24 4 1 14 5 * * * * * * * * 

Note: * Signifies missing data. A value of "121" for number of minutes signifies that more than 120 minutes were spent. DK= respondents 

answered "don't know". Refused = respondents refused to answer. N = doer sample size in a specified range or number of minutes 

spent. 

Source: Tsang and Klepeis, 
Table 15-32. Number of Minutes Spent in the Bathroom Immediately Following a Shower or Bath (minutes/bath) 

Percentiles 

Category Population Group N 1 2 5 10 25 50 75 90 95 98 99 100 

Overall 4182 0 0 0 1 4 5 15 20 30 40 60 121 

Gender Male 1897 0 0 0 1 3 5 10 15 20 30 40 121 

Gender Female 2284 0 0 0 1 5 10 15 30 30 45 60 121 

Age (years) 1-4 196 0 0 0 0 0 2 5 10 15 20 35 45 

Age (years) 5-11 260 0 0 0 0 2 5 10 15 15 30 35 120 

Age (years) 12-17 238 0 0 0 2 5 5 10 20 30 45 45 60 

Age (years) 18-64 2866 0 0 0 1 5 10 15 20 30 45 60 121 

Age (years) > 64 548 0 0 0 1 4 10 15 20 30 40 60 120 

Race White 3372 0 0 0 1 4 5 15 20 30 40 60 121 

Race Black 438 0 0 0 0 4 6 15 30 30 60 60 60 

Race Asian 74 0 0 0 0 2 5 10 20 30 35 45 45 

Race Some Others 76 0 0 0 1 5 10 15 20 25 30 60 60 

Race Hispanic 176 0 0 1 1 3 5 10 20 30 30 30 60 

Hispanic No 3797 0 0 0 1 4 5 15 20 30 45 60 121 

Hispanic Yes 325 0 0 0 1 3 5 10 20 30 30 30 60 

Employment Full Time 1949 0 0 0 1 5 10 15 20 30 40 60 121 

Employment Part Time 392 0 0 0 2 5 10 15 25 30 45 60 120 

Employment Not Employed 1129 0 0 0 1 5 10 15 20 30 45 60 121 

Education < High School 358 0 0 0 1 5 10 15 30 30 60 90 121 

Education High School Graduate 1220 0 0 0 1 5 10 15 25 30 45 60 121 

Education < College 847 0 0 0 1 5 10 15 20 30 30 60 121 

Education College Graduate 550 0 0 1 2 5 10 15 20 30 45 45 60 

Education Post Graduate 446 0 0 0 1 5 8 15 20 30 30 50 120 

Census Region Northeast 907 0 0 0 1 5 5 10 20 30 30 45 121 

Census Region Midwest 929 0 0 0 1 5 5 15 20 30 45 60 121 

Census Region South 1472 0 0 0 1 3.5 5 15 20 30 40 60 121 

Census Region West 874 0 0 0 1 3 5 10 20 30 45 45 60 

Day of Week Weekday 2802 0 0 0 1 4 5 10 20 30 35 50 121 

Day of Week Weekend 1380 0 0 0 1 4 8 15 20 30 45 60 121 

Season Winter 1090 0 0 0 1 5 7 15 20 30 45 60 121 

Season Spring 1119 0 0 0 1 3 5 10 20 30 45 50 120 

Season Summer 1129 0 0 0 1 3 5 10 20 30 40 52 120 

Season Fall 844 0 0 0 1 5 8 15 20 30 35 60 121 

Asthma No 3845 0 0 0 1 4 5 15 20 30 40 60 121 

Asthma Yes 322 0 0 0 0 3 5 10 20 30 60 90 121 

Angina No 4052 0 0 0 1 4 5 15 20 30 40 60 121 

Angina Yes 108 0 0 0 0 4.5 5.5 12.5 20 30 30 30 60 

Bronchitis/emphysema No 3961 0 0 0 1 4 5 15 20 30 40 60 121 

Bronchitis/emphysema Yes 201 0 0 0 0 4 10 10 30 30 60 88 121 

Note: A value of "121" for number of minutes signifies that more than 120 minutes were spent. N = doer sample size. Percentiles are 

the percentage of doers below or equal to a given number of minutes. 

Source: Tsang and Klepeis, 1996. 
Table 15-33. Range of Number of Times Washing the Hands at Specified Daily Frequencies by the Number of Respondents 

Number of Times/Day 

Total N *-* 0-0 1-2 3-5 6-9 10-19 20-29 30+ DK 

Overall 4663 38 34 311 1692 1106 892 223 178 189 

Gender Male 2163 16 19 218 975 487 286 59 49 54 Female 2498 22 15 92 716 619 606 164 129 135 

Refused 2 * * 1 1 * * * * * 

Age (years) * 84 8 * 1 25 15 11 4 5 15 

1-4 263 * 15 62 125 35 11 2 3 10 

5-11 348 1 5 61 191 48 21 4 2 15 

12-17 326 3 6 46 159 64 30 7 2 9 

18-64 2972 18 7 131 1029 760 640 168 143 76 

> 64 670 8 1 10 163 184 179 38 23 64 

Race White 3774 21 28 251 1377 902 740 181 140 134 

Black 463 6 2 30 149 120 85 19 23 29 Asian 77 1 * 5 29 19 12 4 1 6 Some Others 96 * 1 10 39 16 15 8 5 2 Hispanic 193 1 3 14 78 42 31 10 5 9 

Refused 60 9 * 1 20 7 9 1 4 9 

Hispanic No 4244 27 29 276 1536 1022 823 205 164 162 

Yes 347 2 5 33 130 76 57 17 10 17 DK 26 * * 1 12 4 5 1 1 2 Refused 46 9 * 1 14 4 7 * 3 8 

Employment * 926 4 26 165 471 145 61 13 7 34 Full Time 2017 12 4 96 707 525 406 116 103 48 Part Time 379 * * 13 142 101 86 10 15 12 

Not Employed 1309 18 4 36 365 327 334 83 52 90 Refused 32 4 * 1 7 8 5 1 1 5 

Education 

* 1021 13 26 174 507 158 74 13 12 44 < High School 399 2 * 8 120 96 88 26 24 35 High School Graduate 1253 12 4 56 391 318 298 70 47 57 < College 895 2 3 28 284 246 197 59 48 28 

College Graduate 650 6 * 23 238 174 139 28 27 15 Post Graduate 445 3 1 22 152 114 96 27 20 10 

Census Region Northeast 1048 9 6 68 404 243 195 55 38 30 Midwest 1036 5 7 68 373 251 212 41 38 41 South 1601 14 11 108 559 379 299 79 66 86 West 978 10 10 67 356 233 186 48 36 32 

Day of Week Weekday 3156 34 22 199 1103 764 599 155 147 133 Weekend 1507 4 12 112 589 342 293 68 31 56 

Season Winter 1264 6 10 91 507 286 223 55 51 35 Spring 1181 13 9 78 406 283 238 60 44 50 

Summer 1275 15 9 78 443 315 232 65 48 70 Fall 943 4 6 64 336 222 199 43 35 34 

Asthma 

No 4287 28 32 283 1562 1024 819 207 165 167 Yes 341 1 2 26 126 77 69 16 10 14 DK 35 9 * 2 4 5 4 * 3 8 

Angina No 4500 28 34 306 1652 1069 851 218 171 171 Yes 125 2 * 3 32 34 36 5 3 10 DK 38 8 * 2 8 3 5 * 4 8 

Bronchitis/Emphysema No 4424 27 33 302 1627 1040 835 213 172 175 Yes 203 3 1 7 57 61 55 10 3 6 

DK 36 8 * 2 8 5 2 * 3 8 

Note: * Signifies missing data. N = doer sample size in a specified range or number of minutes spent. DK= respondents answered

"don't know". Refused = respondents refused to answer. 

Source: Tsang and Klepeis,1996
Table 15-34. Number of Minutes Spent (at home) Working or Being Near Food While Fried, Grilled, or Barbequed (minutes/day) 

Percentiles 

Category Population Group N 1 2 5 10 25 50 75 90 95 98 99 100 

Overall 1055 0 1 2 5 10 20 30 105 121 121 121 121 

Gender Male 485 0 1 2 5 10 20 30 90 121 121 121 121 

Gender Female 570 0 0 2 5 10 20 30 120 121 121 121 121 

Age (years) 1-4 35 0 0 2 2 5 20 30 45 60 60 60 60 

Age (years) 5-11 82 0 0 0 2 5 15 30 60 90 121 121 121 

Age (years) 12-17 82 0 0 2 4 10 20 45 60 90 121 121 121 

Age (years) 18-64 747 0 2 3 5 10 20 40 120 121 121 121 121 

Age (years) > 64 96 0 1 3 5 10 20 30 60 120 121 121 121 

Race White 848 0 1 2 5 10 20 30 105 121 121 121 121 

Race Black 115 2 2 5 5 10 20 30 61 121 121 121 121 

Race Asian 18 0 0 0 0 5 10 20 121 121 121 121 121 

Race Some Others 16 5 5 5 5 12.5 20 45 121 121 121 121 121 

Race Hispanic 48 0 0 5 5 15 30 60 90 121 121 121 121 

Hispanic No 960 0 1 2 5 10 20 30 90 121 121 121 121 

Hispanic Yes 84 0 1 2 5 10 20 60 121 121 121 121 121 

Employment Full Time 506 1 2 3 5 10 20 45 121 121 121 121 121 

Employment Part Time 95 0 1 2 5 10 15 40 90 121 121 121 121 

Employment Not Employed 252 0 1 3 5 10 20 30 90 121 121 121 121 

Education < High School 96 0 1 2 5 10 22.5 52.5 121 121 121 121 121 

Education High School Graduate 318 0 2 5 5 10 20 30 120 121 121 121 121 

Education < College 208 0 2 3 5 10 20 35 121 121 121 121 121 

Education College Graduate 135 1 1 2 5 10 20 30 90 121 121 121 121 

Education Post Graduate 83 0 2 5 5 10 15 30 60 121 121 121 121 

Census Region Northeast 198 0 2 3 5 10 15 30 90 121 121 121 121 

Census Region Midwest 248 0 0 4 5 10 20 30 121 121 121 121 121 

Census Region South 399 0 1 2 5 10 20 40 90 121 121 121 121 

Census Region West 210 0 0 2 5 7 15 30 60 121 121 121 121 

Day of Week Weekday 662 0 1 3 5 10 20 30 90 121 121 121 121 

Day of Week Weekend 393 0 1 2 5 10 20 30 120 121 121 121 121 

Season Winter 267 0 2 2 5 10 20 30 60 121 121 121 121 

Season Spring 296 0 0 3 5 10 20 45 120 121 121 121 121 

Season Summer 299 0 0 3 5 10 20 30 90 121 121 121 121 

Season Fall 193 0 0 2 5 10 20 30 121 121 121 121 121 

Asthma No 960 0 1 2.5 5 10 20 30 90 121 121 121 121 

Asthma Yes 92 0 0 2 5 15 30 60 121 121 121 121 121 

Angina No 1032 0 1 2 5 10 20 30 95 121 121 121 121 

Angina Yes 19 0 0 0 5 15 30 30 121 121 121 121 121 

Bronchitis/Emphysema No 1005 0 1 2 5 10 20 30 90 121 121 121 121 

Bronchitis/Emphysema Yes 47 0 0 3 5 10 30 60 121 121 121 121 121 

Note: A value of "121" for number of minutes signifies that more than 120 minutes were spent. N = doer sample size. Percentiles are 

the percentage of doers below or equal to a given number of minutes. 

Source: Tsang and Klepeis, 1996. 
Table 15-35. Number of Minutes Spent (at home) Working or Being Near Open Flames Including Barbeque Flames (minutes/day) 

Percentiles 

Category Population Group N 1 2 5 10 25 50 75 90 95 98 99 100 

Overall 479 0 0 1 2 10 20 60 121 121 121 121 121 

Gender Male 252 0 0 1 2 10 20 60 121 121 121 121 121 

Gender Female 227 0 0 2 2 10 20 30 121 121 121 121 121 

Age (years) 1-4 14 0 0 0 0 5 10 30 121 121 121 121 121 

Age (years) 5-11 29 0 0 0 0 5 15 30 90 121 121 121 121 

Age (years) 12-17 28 0 0 1 2 10 22.5 42.5 60 60 90 90 90 

Age (years) 18-64 372 0 0 1 3 10 20 60 121 121 121 121 121 

Age (years) :> 64 31 2 2 2 4 5 17 30 120 121 121 121 121 

Race White 407 0 0 1 2 10 20 45 121 121 121 121 121 

Race Black 31 0 0 0 2 5 20 30 60 121 121 121 121 

Race Asian 5 5 5 5 5 20 40 121 121 121 121 121 121 

Race Some Others 8 10 10 10 10 11 22.5 60 121 121 121 121 121 

Race Hispanic 22 2 2 3 5 5 30 60 120 121 121 121 121 

Hispanic No 436 0 0 1 2 10 20 42.5 121 121 121 121 121 

Hispanic Yes 36 2 2 3 5 11 60 90 121 121 121 121 121 

Employment Full Time 262 0 0 1 2 10 20 60 121 121 121 121 121 

Employment Part Time 44 0 0 1 4 5 15 52.5 121 121 121 121 121 

Employment Not Employed 99 0 1 2 3 10 20 40 120 121 121 121 121 

Education < High School 27 2 2 2 3 5 20 60 121 121 121 121 121 

Education High School Graduate 130 0 0 2 3 10 20 60 121 121 121 121 121 

Education < College 92 0 0 1 2 10 30 90 121 121 121 121 121 

Education College Graduate 95 0 1 2 5 10 20 40 121 121 121 121 121 

Education Post Graduate 55 0 0 0 2 10 20 40 121 121 121 121 121 

Census Region Northeast 124 0 0 1 3 10 15 30 121 121 121 121 121 

Census Region Midwest 112 0 0 2 3 10 20 45 121 121 121 121 121 

Census Region South 149 0 0 1 2 5 20 60 121 121 121 121 121 

Census Region West 94 0 0 1 2 10 20 60 121 121 121 121 121 

Day of Week Weekday 284 0 0 1 3 10 15 30 121 121 121 121 121 

Day of Week Weekend 195 0 0 1 2 10 30 60 121 121 121 121 121 

Season Winter 142 0 0 0 2 10 20 60 121 121 121 121 121 

Season Spring 115 0 1 2 3 10 20 60 120 121 121 121 121 

Season Summer 137 0 0 2 3 10 20 45 121 121 121 121 121 

Season Fall 85 1 1 1 3 10 20 40 121 121 121 121 121 

Asthma No 443 0 0 1 2 10 20 45 121 121 121 121 121 

Asthma Yes 35 0 0 3 3 15 30 120 121 121 121 121 121 

Angina No 461 0 0 1 2 10 20 45 121 121 121 121 121 

Angina Yes 15 2 2 2 2 10 15 60 121 121 121 121 121 

Bronchitis/Emphysema No 461 0 0 1 2 10 20 45 121 121 121 121 121 

Bronchitis/Emphysema Yes 16 3 3 3 5 12.5 37.5 106 121 121 121 121 121 

Note: A value of"121" for number of minutes signifies that more than 120 minutes were spent. N = doer sample size. Percentiles are 

the percentage of doers below or equal to a given number of minutes. 

Source: Tsang and Klepeis, 1996. 
Table 15-36. Number of Minutes Spent Working or Being Near Excessive Dust in the Air (minutes/day) 

Percentiles 

Category Population Group N 1 2 5 10 25 50 75 90 95 98 99 100 

Overall 679 0 2 5 7 30 121 121 121 121 121 121 121 

Gender Male 341 1 2 5 8 30 121 121 121 121 121 121 121 

Gender Female 338 0 2 5 5 30 121 121 121 121 121 121 121 

Age (years) 1-4 22 0 0 0 2 5 75 121 121 121 121 121 121 

Age (years) 5-11 50 0 0.5 2 4 15 75 121 121 121 121 121 121 

Age (years) 12-17 52 0 1 2 5 5 20 120 121 121 121 121 121 

Age (years) 18-64 513 2 5 5 10 30 121 121 121 121 121 121 121 

Age (years) 5:> 64 38 2 2 2 5 35 105.5 121 121 121 121 121 121 

Race White 556 0 2 5 8 30 121 121 121 121 121 121 121 

Race Black 66 1 3 5 5 20 121 121 121 121 121 121 121 

Race Asian 7 20 20 20 20 60 90 121 121 121 121 121 121 

Race Some Others 15 5 5 5 10 60 120 121 121 121 121 121 121 

Race Hispanic 29 3 3 5 7 20 121 121 121 121 121 121 121 

Hispanic No 611 0 2 5 5 30 121 121 121 121 121 121 121 

Hispanic Yes 57 0 3 3 10 30 121 121 121 121 121 121 121 

Employment Full Time 368 2 5 7 15 37.5 121 121 121 121 121 121 121 

Employment Part Time 66 0 2 5 5 20 120 121 121 121 121 121 121 

Employment Not Employed 122 0 2 5 8 30 121 121 121 121 121 121 121 

Education < High School 52 2 5 5 7 35 121 121 121 121 121 121 121 

Education High School Graduate 199 0 0 5 10 30 121 121 121 121 121 121 121 

Education < College 140 5 5 10 20 60 121 121 121 121 121 121 121 

Education College Graduate 82 1 2 5 15 30 121 121 121 121 121 121 121 

Education Post Graduate 76 3 5 5 10 37.5 121 121 121 121 121 121 121 

Census Region Northeast 138 0 0 5 5 20 121 121 121 121 121 121 121 

Census Region Midwest 145 2 2 5 10 30 121 121 121 121 121 121 121 

Census Region South 227 1 2 5 5 30 121 121 121 121 121 121 121 

Census Region West 169 0 3 5 10 30 120 121 121 121 121 121 121 

Day of Week Weekday 471 0 1 5 7 30 121 121 121 121 121 121 121 

Day of Week Weekend 208 2 2 5 5 30 121 121 121 121 121 121 121 

Season Winter 154 0 0 5 5 30 121 121 121 121 121 121 121 

Season Spring 193 0 1 3 5 20 121 121 121 121 121 121 121 

Season Summer 193 2 2 5 10 30 121 121 121 121 121 121 121 

Season Fall 139 3 5 5 10 30 121 121 121 121 121 121 121 

Asthma No 606 0 2 5 5 30 121 121 121 121 121 121 121 

Asthma Yes 73 0 3 5 10 30 121 121 121 121 121 121 121 

Angina No 662 0 2 5 7 30 121 121 121 121 121 121 121 

Angina Yes 15 3 3 3 30 60 121 121 121 121 121 121 121 

Bronchitis/Emphysema No 637 0 2 5 7 30 121 121 121 121 121 121 121 

Bronchitis/Emphysema Yes 41 0 0 5 5 30 121 121 121 121 121 121 121 

Note: A valueof "121" for number of minutes signifies that more than 120 minutes were spent. N = doer sample size. Percentiles are 

the percentage of doers below or equal to a given number of minutes. 

Source: Tsang and Klepeis, 1996. 
Table 15-37. Range of the Number of Times an Automobile or Motor Vehicle was Started in a Garage or Carport at Specified Daily Frequencies by the Number of Respondents 

Times/day 

Total N 1-2 3-5 6-9 10+ Dk 

Overall 2009 1321 559 78 17 34 

Gender 

Male 939 588 290 40 7 14 

Female 1070 733 269 38 10 20 

Age(years) * 20 13 2 1 1 3 

1-4 111 68 39 2 2 * 

5-11 150 93 49 6 * 2 

12-17 145 86 42 12 1 4 

18-64 1287 840 367 50 12 18 

> 64 296 221 60 7 1 7 

Race 

White 1763 1164 486 69 17 27 

Black 110 70 31 4 * 5 

Asian 46 34 10 2 * * 

Some Others 24 19 5 * * * 

Hispanic 55 26 24 3 * 2 

Refused 11 8 3 * * * 

Hispanic No 1879 1239 519 74 17 30 

Yes 111 68 35 4 * 4 

DK 12 9 3 * * * 

Refused 7 5 2 * * * 

Employment * 398 241 127 20 3 7 

Full Time 919 610 253 35 9 12 

Part Time 149 93 48 4 2 2 

Not Employed 536 372 129 19 3 13 

Refused 7 5 2 * * * 

Education 

* 427 262 134 21 4 6 

< High School 84 59 17 2 1 5 

High School Graduate 464 336 107 13 2 6 

< College 440 304 107 20 5 4 

College Graduate 326 201 106 10 2 7 

Post Graduate 268 159 88 12 3 6 

Census Region Northeast 289 213 64 8 2 2 

Midwest 541 360 142 29 2 8 

South 702 430 221 27 8 16 

West 477 318 132 14 5 8 

Day of Week Weekday 1383 903 386 63 11 20 

Weekend 626 418 173 15 6 14 

Season 

Winter 567 396 136 20 5 10 

Spring 518 336 141 25 5 11 

Summer 525 313 178 18 6 10 

Fall 399 276 104 15 1 3 

Asthma 

No 1861 1228 514 70 17 32 

Yes 146 92 44 8 * 2 

DK 2 1 1 * * * 

Angina No 1959 1288 545 76 17 33 

Yes 48 33 12 2 * 1 

DK 2 * 2 * * * 

Bronchitis/Emphysema No 1922 1266 532 74 17 33 

Yes 84 54 25 4 * 1 

DK 3 1 2 * * * 

Note: "*" Signifies missing data; "DK" = respondent answered don't know; Refused - the respondent refused to answer; N = doer

sample size.

Source: Tsang and Klepeis, 1996
Table 15-38. Range of the Number of Times Motor Vehicle Was Started with Garage Door Closed at Specified Daily Frequencies by the Number of Respondents 

Times/day 

Total N None 1-2 3-5 6-9 Dk 

Overall 2009 1830 99 26 2 52 

Gender 

Male 939 860 41 15 * 23 

Female 1070 970 58 11 2 29 

Age (years)

* 20 14 1 * * 5 

1-4 111 99 8 2 * 2 

5-11 150 141 6 * * 3 

12-17 145 127 9 4 1 4 

18-64 1287 1184 57 18 1 27 

> 64 296 265 18 2 * 11 

Race 

White 1763 1616 82 22 1 42 

Black 110 95 6 2 1 6 

Asian 46 41 4 * * 1 

Some Others 24 21 2 * * 1 

Hispanic 55 46 5 2 * 2 

Refused 11 11 * * * * 

Hispanic

No 1879 1714 92 23 2 48 

Yes 111 97 7 3 * 4 

DK 12 12 * * * * 

Refused 7 7 * * * * 

Employment

* 398 360 22 5 1 10 

Full Time 919 840 46 13 1 19 

Part Time 149 137 6 2 * 4 

Not Employed 536 488 24 5 * 19 

Refused 7 5 1 1 * * 

Education 

* 427 387 23 6 1 10 

< High School 84 74 2 1 * 7 

High School Graduate 464 429 24 2 * 9 

< College 440 399 24 8 1 8 

College Graduate 326 299 12 6 * 9 

Post Graduate 268 242 14 3 * 9 

Census Region

Northeast 289 270 10 5 1 3 

Midwest 541 500 22 4 1 14 

South 702 628 42 8 * 24 

West 477 432 25 9 * 11 

Day of Week

Weekday 1383 1269 66 21 * 27 

Weekend 626 561 33 5 2 25 

Season 

Winter 567 509 32 9 1 16 

Spring 518 470 29 3 * 16 

Summer 525 476 23 11 * 15 

Fall 399 375 15 3 1 5 

Asthma 

No 1861 1696 92 23 1 49 

Yes 146 132 7 3 1 3 

DK 2 2 * * * * 

Angina

No 1959 1785 96 26 2 50 

Yes 48 43 3 * * 2 

DK 2 2 * * * * 

Bronchitis/Emphysema

No 1922 1747 96 26 2 51

Yes 84 80 3 * * 1

DK 3 3 * * * *

Note: "*" Signifies missing data; "DK" = respondents answered don't know; N = doer sample size; Refused = the respondent refused

to answer.

Source: Tsang and Klepeis, 1996
Table 15-39. Number of Minutes Spent at a Gas Station or Auto Repair Shop (minutes/day) 

Percentiles 

Category Population Group N 1 2 5 10 25 50 75 90 95 98 99 100 

Overall 967 1 2 3 4 5 6 10 30 90 121 121 121 

Gender Male 552 2 2 3 4 5 7 10 30 120 121 121 121 

Gender Female 414 0 1 2 3 5 5.5 10 15 30 121 121 121 

Age (years) 1-4 29 0 0 0 0 5 5 10 20 60 121 121 121 

Age (years) 5-11 42 2 2 2 3 5 5 10 15 15 120 120 120 

Age (years) 12-17 57 1 3 3 5 5 5 10 20 30 60 121 121 

Age (years) 18-64 760 1 2 3 4 5 5.5 10 30 120 121 121 121 

Age (years) > 64 67 0 2 3 4 5 10 15 15 40 120 120 120 

Race White 788 1 2 3 4 5 7.5 10 30 120 121 121 121 

Race Black 95 0 1 2 3 5 5 10 15 15 20 120 120 

Race Asian 13 2 2 2 2 5 5 10 10 10 10 10 10 

Race Some Others 22 5 5 5 5 5 5 12 20 30 30 30 30 

Race Hispanic 42 0 0 3 4 5 10 15 25 30 121 121 121 

Hispanic No 875 1 2 3 4 5 6 10 30 120 121 121 121 

Hispanic Yes 82 0 2 2 3 5 8 10 20 35 121 121 121 

Employment Full Time 542 1 2 3 4 5 7 10 30 121 121 121 121 

Employment Part Time 107 2 3 4 5 5 10 10 30 120 121 121 121 

Employment Not Employed 186 1 1 3 4 5 10 10 20 40 120 120 121 

Education < High School 70 0 2 3 4.5 5 10 30 121 121 121 121 121 

Education High School Graduate 293 1 2 3 5 5 8 15 30 121 121 121 121 

Education < College 213 1 2 2 4 5 8 10 15 60 121 121 121 

Education College Graduate 143 2 2 3 4 5 5 10 15 30 121 121 121 

Education Post Graduate 106 1 2 3 3 5 7 10 15 35 56 90 120 

Census Region Northeast 167 1 2 3 5 5 5 10 30 121 121 121 121 

Census Region Midwest 246 0 2 2 3 5 8 10 30 120 121 121 121 

Census Region South 348 0 1 3 4 5 6.5 10 20 45 120 121 121 

Census Region West 206 2 2 3 4 5 8 10 20 70 121 121 121 

Day of Week Weekday 634 1 2 3 4 5 7 10 30 121 121 121 121 

Day of Week Weekend 333 1 1 3 4 5 5 10 15 30 120 121 121 

Season Winter 236 1 1 3 4 5 6 10 20 60 121 121 121 

Season Spring 232 2 2 3 5 5 7.5 15 30 120 121 121 121 

Season Summer 282 0 2 3 4 5 10 10 30 120 121 121 121 

Season Fall 217 1 2 2 3 5 5 10 15 35 121 121 121 

Asthma No 892 1 2 3 4 5 7 10 25 90 121 121 121 

Asthma Yes 74 0 2 2 3 5 5 10 30 120 121 121 121 

Angina No 947 1 2 3 4 5 6 10 30 90 121 121 121 

Angina Yes 17 3 3 3 4 10 10 15 15 121 121 121 121 

Bronchitis/Emphysema No 920 1 2 3 4 5 7 10 25 60 121 121 121 

Bronchitis/Emphysema Yes 45 2 2 2 3 5 5 15 120 120 121 121 121 

Note: A value of "121" for number of minutes signifies that more than 120 minutes were spent. N = doer sample size. Percentiles are 

the percentage of doers below or equal to a given number of minutes. 

Source: Tsang and Klepeis, 1996. 
Table 15-40. Number of Minutes Spent at Home While the Windows Were Left Open (minutes/day) 

Percentiles 

Category Population Group N 1 2 5 10 25 50 75 90 95 98 99 100 

Overall 1960 2 10 30 180 360 840 961 961 961 961 961 961 

Gender Male 893 5 10 30 180 360 840 961 961 961 961 961 961 

Gender Female 1067 2 10 30 119 360 840 961 961 961 961 961 961 

Age (years) 1-4 99 0 1 10 180 180 600 961 961 961 961 961 961 

Age (years) 5-11 159 3 10 20 60 360 600 961 961 961 961 961 961 

Age (years) 12-17 101 2 5 24 180 360 600 961 961 961 961 961 961 

Age (years) 18-64 1282 6 16 60 180 360 840 961 961 961 961 961 961 

Age (years) > 64 282 1 5 30 180 360 840 961 961 961 961 961 961 

Race White 1558 2 10 30 180 360 840 961 961 961 961 961 961 

Race Black 208 3 10 30 180 360 840 961 961 961 961 961 961 

Race Asian 47 10 10 16 180 360 600 961 961 961 961 961 961 

Race Some Others 44 1 1 60 90 180 600 961 961 961 961 961 961 

Race Hispanic 80 2 20 30 60 360 600 961 961 961 961 961 961 

Hispanic No 1775 2 10 30 180 360 840 961 961 961 961 961 961 

Hispanic Yes 156 20 20 30 180 180 840 961 961 961 961 961 961 

Employment Full Time 822 5 15 30 180 360 840 961 961 961 961 961 961 

Employment Part Time 190 1 7 30 60 180 840 961 961 961 961 961 961 

Employment Not Employed 576 5 10 60 180 360 840 961 961 961 961 961 961 

Education < High School 163 1 6 30 90 360 840 961 961 961 961 961 961 

Education High School Graduate 542 2 10 60 180 360 840 961 961 961 961 961 961 

Education < College 408 5 15 30 119 360 840 961 961 961 961 961 961 

Education College Graduate 247 15 15 60 100 360 840 961 961 961 961 961 961 

Education Post Graduate 216 10 10 30 180 360 840 961 961 961 961 961 961 

Census Region Northeast 498 3 10 30 119 360 840 961 961 961 961 961 961 

Census Region Midwest 390 5 10 60 180 360 840 961 961 961 961 961 961 

Census Region South 494 1 6 30 90 360 600 961 961 961 961 961 961 

Census Region West 578 2 10 30 180 360 840 961 961 961 961 961 961 

Day of Week Weekday 1285 3 10 30 180 360 840 961 961 961 961 961 961 

Day of Week Weekend 675 2 10 30 119 360 840 961 961 961 961 961 961 

Season Winter 308 1 2 10 24 180 360 961 961 961 961 961 961 

Season Spring 661 10 20 60 180 360 600 961 961 961 961 961 961 

Season Summer 680 10 30 180 180 600 961 961 961 961 961 961 961 

Season Fall 311 3 5 30 60 180 600 961 961 961 961 961 961 

Asthma No 1809 2 10 30 180 360 840 961 961 961 961 961 961 

Asthma Yes 145 5 10 60 118 360 840 961 961 961 961 961 961 

Angina No 1902 3 10 30 180 360 840 961 961 961 961 961 961 

Angina Yes 49 1 1 24 30 180 961 961 961 961 961 961 961 

Bronchitis/Emphysema No 1850 2 10 30 180 360 840 961 961 961 961 961 961 

Bronchitis/Emphysema Yes 100 5 15 35 180 480 961 961 961 961 961 961 961 

Note: Values of "180", "360", "600","840" and "961" for number of minutes signify that 2-4 hours, 4-8 hours, 8-12 hours, 12-16 hours, 

and more than 16 hours, respectively, were spent. N = doer sample size. Percentiles are the percentage of doers below or equal to a 

given number of minutes. 

Source: Tsang and Klepeis, 1996. 
Table 15-41. Number of Minutes the Outside Door Was Left Open While at Home (minutes/day) 

Percentiles 

Category Population Group N 1 2 5 10 25 50 75 90 95 98 99 100 

Overall 1170 0 1 5 10 60 180 600 600 721 721 721 721 

Gender Male 505 0 1 3 10 60 180 600 600 721 721 721 721 

Gender Female 665 1 1 5 10 60 180 600 600 721 721 721 721 

Age (years) 1-4 68 0 0 2 10 30 180 360 721 721 721 721 721 

Age (years) 5-11 109 0 1 3 10 60 180 600 600 600 721 721 721 

Age (years) 12-17 79 0 1 3 5 60 180 360 600 721 721 721 721 

Age (years) 18-64 718 1 1 3 10 60 180 600 600 721 721 721 721 

Age (years) > 64 180 1 1 10 20 180 360 600 721 721 721 721 721 

Race White 968 0 1 5 10 60 180 600 600 721 721 721 721 

Race Black 100 1 2.5 5.5 13 60 180 600 600 600 660.5 721 721 

Race Asian 23 1 1 2 60 180 360 600 600 721 721 721 721 

Race Some Others 22 1 1 1 15 30 180 600 600 721 721 721 721 

Race Hispanic 45 0 0 5 5 45 180 360 600 600 721 721 721 

Hispanic No 1073 0 1 3 10 60 180 600 600 721 721 721 721 

Hispanic Yes 81 0 1 5 10 45 180 360 600 600 721 721 721 

Employment Full Time 451 1 1 3 10 60 180 600 600 721 721 721 721 

Employment Part Time 93 0 3 5 15 60 180 600 600 721 721 721 721 

Employment Not Employed 362 1 1 5 10 60 360 600 600 721 721 721 721 

Education < High School 96 1 1 2 11 75 360 600 600 721 721 721 721 

Education High School Graduate 309 1 3 5 10 60 180 600 600 721 721 721 721 

Education < College 225 0 1 3 10 60 180 600 600 721 721 721 721 

Education College Graduate 150 0 0.5 1 15 60 180 600 600 721 721 721 721 

Education Post Graduate 124 2 2 3 5 30 180 600 600 721 721 721 721 

Census Region Northeast 223 1 2 5 10 90 180 600 600 721 721 721 721 

Census Region Midwest 221 0 0 2 10 60 180 600 600 721 721 721 721 

Census Region South 361 1 1 5 10 60 180 360 600 600 721 721 721 

Census Region West 365 0 1 5 15 60 180 600 600 721 721 721 721 

Day of Week Weekday 732 0 1 5 10 60 180 600 600 721 721 721 721 

Day of Week Weekend 438 1 1 5 10 60 180 600 600 721 721 721 721 

Season Winter 184 0 0 2 3 10 60 180 600 600 600 600 600 

Season Spring 407 1 1 5 20 180 360 600 600 721 721 721 721 

Season Summer 385 0 2 10 30 180 360 600 721 721 721 721 721 

Season Fall 194 1 1 2 10 30 180 360 600 600 600 600 600 

Asthma No 1072 0 1 5 10 60 180 600 600 721 721 721 721 

Asthma Yes 97 1 1 3 6 30 180 600 600 721 721 721 721 

Angina No 1133 0 1 5 10 60 180 600 600 721 721 721 721 

Angina Yes 36 1 1 3 10 104.5 360 360 600 721 721 721 721 

Bronchitis/emphysema No 1105 0 1 3 10 60 180 600 600 721 721 721 721 

Bronchitis/emphysema Yes 63 5 5 10 10 90 180 600 600 600 721 721 721 

Note: Values of "180", "360","600", and "721" for number of minutes signify that 2-4 hours, 4-8 hours, 8-12 hours, and over 12 hours, 

respectively, were spent. N = doer sample size. Percentiles are the percentage of doers below or equal to a given number of minutes. 

Source: Tsang and Klepeis, 1996. 
Table 15-42. Number of Times an Outside Door Was Opened in the Home at Specified Daily Frequencies by the Number of Respondents 

Times/Day 

Total N 1-2 3-5 6-9 10-19 20+ DK 

Overall 1187 192 248 229 267 196 55 

Gender 

Male 511 80 96 100 118 93 24 

Female 676 112 152 129 149 103 31 

Age (years) * 19 6 3 2 3 1 4 

1-4 68 13 14 8 17 13 3 

5-11 109 15 16 18 31 23 6 

12-17 79 11 17 17 13 17 4 

18-64 730 112 145 156 171 123 23 

> 64 182 35 53 28 32 19 15 

Race 

White 979 155 193 188 233 168 42 

Black 103 22 28 21 12 14 6 

Asian 23 1 9 4 6 2 1 

Some Others 22 3 4 2 7 4 2 

Hispanic 46 8 11 10 8 8 1 

Refused 14 3 3 4 1 * 3 

Hispanic No 1086 179 227 208 244 180 48 

Yes 83 11 17 16 20 15 4 

DK 7 * 2 1 3 1 * 

Refused 11 2 2 4 * * 3 

Employment * 255 40 46 43 60 53 13 

Full Time 458 79 98 95 104 72 10 

Part Time 95 14 20 19 22 18 2 

Not Employed 369 58 81 69 80 52 29 

Refused 10 1 3 3 1 1 1 

Education 

* 267 42 48 46 63 54 14 

< High School 98 21 17 15 18 20 7 

High School Graduate 318 48 66 65 71 54 14 

< College 228 44 52 37 49 34 12 

College Graduate 150 21 37 39 31 19 3 

Post Graduate 126 16 28 27 35 15 5 

Census Region Northeast 228 37 38 49 53 38 13 

Midwest 225 44 54 39 50 33 5 

South 365 59 81 69 71 66 19 

West 369 52 75 72 93 59 18 

Day of Week Weekday 746 116 167 156 167 106 34 

Weekend 441 76 81 73 100 90 21 

Season 

Winter 185 19 51 39 42 27 7 

Spring 417 73 94 66 90 73 21 

Summer 387 72 68 81 80 66 20 

Fall 198 28 35 43 55 30 7 

Asthma 

No 1087 175 228 211 245 179 49 

Yes 99 16 20 18 22 17 6 

DK 1 1 * * * * * 

Angina No 1147 183 241 221 259 192 51 

Yes 39 8 7 8 8 4 4 

DK 1 1 * * * * * 

Bronchitis/emphysema No 1121 179 230 216 258 186 52 

Yes 64 12 18 12 9 10 3 

DK 2 1 * 1 * * * 

Note: * Signifies missing data; "DK" = respondent answered don't know; N = sample size; Refused = respondent refused to answer.

Source: Tsang and Klepeis, 1996 
Table 15-43. Number of Minutes Spent Running, Walking, or Standing Alongside a Road with Heavy Traffic (minutes/day) 

Percentiles 

Category Population Group N 1 2 5 10 25 50 75 90 95 98 99 100 

Overall 401 0 1 2 2 5 15 30 60 121 121 121 121 

Gender Male 202 1 1 2 3 5 17.5 45 120 121 121 121 121 

Gender Female 198 0 0 1 2 5 10 30 60 120 121 121 121 

Age (years) 1-4 12 1 1 1 2 4 7.5 30 60 60 60 60 60 

Age (years) 5-11 20 1 1 1.5 2 5 6 12.5 25 60 90 90 90 

Age (years) 12-17 27 0 0 2 2 4 5 30 60 90 120 120 120 

Age (years) 18-64 304 0 1 1 2 5 15 30 90 121 121 121 121 

Age (years) > 64 31 2 2 2 4 5 20 45 60 121 121 121 121 

Race White 306 0 1 2 2 5 15 30 110 121 121 121 121 

Race Black 51 0 0 1 1 3 7 30 50 60 60 121 121 

Race Asian 10 3 3 3 4 5 7.5 15 17.5 20 20 20 20 

Race Some Others 7 2 2 2 2 5 10 45 121 121 121 121 121 

Race Hispanic 24 2 2 2 3 10 17.5 40 60 60 120 120 120 

Hispanic No 356 0 1 1 2 5 15 30 90 121 121 121 121 

Hispanic Yes 43 1 1 2 2 5 10 30 60 120 121 121 121 

Employment Full Time 214 0 1 1 2 5 15 30 120 121 121 121 121 

Employment Part Time 50 0 0.5 2 2 5 15 30 90 121 121 121 121 

Employment Not Employed 76 0 1 2 3 5.5 15 30 60 110 120 121 121 

Education < High School 18 4 4 4 5 6 10 15 30 121 121 121 121 

Education High School Graduate 106 1 1 2 2 5 15 60 121 121 121 121 121 

Education < College 84 0 0 1 3 5.5 20 40 120 121 121 121 121 

Education College Graduate 79 0 1 1 2 5 15 30 60 90 121 121 121 

Education Post Graduate 50 1 1 2 2 5 10 20 52.5 90 120 120 120 

Census Region Northeast 129 1 1 2 2 5 20 50 120 121 121 121 121 

Census Region Midwest 83 0 0 1 2 5 10 20 60 121 121 121 121 

Census Region South 105 0 0 1 2 5 15 30 90 121 121 121 121 

Census Region West 84 1 2 2 3 5 15 30 60 120 121 121 121 

Day of Week Weekday 303 0 0 2 2 5 15 30 60 120 121 121 121 

Day of Week Weekend 98 1 1 2 3 5 15 30 121 121 121 121 121 

Season Winter 104 0 0 1 2 4.5 10 20 60 110 121 121 121 

Season Spring 114 1 1 2 2 6 20 60 120 121 121 121 121 

Season Summer 104 0 1 2 2 5 10 30 60 121 121 121 121 

Season Fall 79 0 1 2 3 5 20 35 120 121 121 121 121 

Asthma No 370 0 1 2 2 5 15 30 60 121 121 121 121 

Asthma Yes 31 0 0 1 2 5 15 30 120 121 121 121 121 

Angina No 393 0 1 2 2 5 15 30 90 121 121 121 121 

Angina Yes 8 2 2 2 2 6.5 17.5 30 60 60 60 60 60 

Bronchitis/Emphysema No 378 0 1 1 2 5 15 30 60 121 121 121 121 

Bronchitis/Emphysema Yes 22 2 2 5 5 5 17.5 30 121 121 121 121 121 

NOTE: A value of "121" for number of minutes signifies that more than 120 minutes were spent. N = doer sample size. Percentiles 

are the percentage of doers below or equal to a given number of minutes. 

Source: Tsang and Klepeis,1996 
Table 15-44. Number of Minutes Spent in a Car, Van, Truck, or Bus in Heavy Traffic (minutes/day) 

Percentiles 

Category Population Group N 1 2 5 10 25 50 75 90 95 98 99 100 

Overall 1197 1 2 5 5 10 20 60 120 121 121 121 121 

Gender Male 534 1 2 4 5 10 20 60 120 121 121 121 121 

Gender Female 663 1 2 5 5 10 25 60 120 121 121 121 121 

Age (years) 1-4 33 4 4 5 5 10 15 30 60 60 121 121 121 

Age (years) 5-11 63 1 2 5 5 10 20 45 60 120 121 121 121 

Age (years) 12-17 52 3 3 4 5 9 12.5 27.5 90 120 120 121 121 

Age (years) 18-64 889 1 2 5 5 10 25 60 120 121 121 121 121 

Age (years) > 64 139 3 3 5 5 15 30 60 121 121 121 121 121 

Race White 959 1 2 4 5 10 25 60 120 121 121 121 121 

Race Black 133 2 3 5 5 10 20 40 90 120 121 121 121 

Race Asian 20 5 5 5 5 11 20 30 45 52.5 60 60 60 

Race Some Others 24 5 5 10 10 12.5 30 60 90 120 121 121 121 

Race Hispanic 55 1 2 5 5 10 20 60 120 121 121 121 121 

Hispanic No 1097 1 2 5 5 10 20 60 120 121 121 121 121 

Hispanic Yes 95 1 2 5 5 10 20 90 121 121 121 121 121 

Employment Full Time 659 1 2 5 5 10 30 60 120 121 121 121 121 

Employment Part Time 108 2 2 4 5 10 20 48.5 121 121 121 121 121 

Employment Not Employed 279 1 2 5 5 10 30 60 120 121 121 121 121 

Education < High School 81 0 3 5 10 10 20 40 121 121 121 121 121 

Education High School Graduate 352 1 2 5 5 10 30 60 120 121 121 121 121 

Education < College 276 1 2 3 5 15 30 60 120 121 121 121 121 

Education College Graduate 176 1 2 4 5 12.5 30 60 120 121 121 121 121 

Education Post Graduate 150 2 2 5 5 10 20 60 97.5 120 121 121 121 

Census Region Northeast 229 2 2 4 5 10 20 60 120 121 121 121 121 

Census Region Midwest 263 2 2 5 5 10 30 45 120 121 121 121 121 

Census Region South 429 1 2 5 5 10 30 60 120 121 121 121 121 

Census Region West 276 1 2 5 5 10 20 60 120 121 121 121 121 

Day of Week Weekday 927 1 2 5 5 10 20 60 120 121 121 121 121 

Day of Week Weekend 270 2 2 5 5 10 25 60 120 121 121 121 121 

Season Winter 286 1 2 5 5 10 20 60 120 121 121 121 121 

Season Spring 317 1 2 5 5 10 30 60 120 121 121 121 121 

Season Summer 312 1 3 5 5 10 30 60 120 121 121 121 121 

Season Fall 282 2 2 4 5 10 20 45 120 121 121 121 121 

Asthma No 1108 1 2 5 5 10 20 60 120 121 121 121 121 

Asthma Yes 89 2 2 5 5 10 30 60 121 121 121 121 121 

Angina No 1159 1 2 5 5 10 20 60 120 121 121 121 121 

Angina Yes 35 0 0 5 5 10 30 70 121 121 121 121 121 

Bronchitis/emphysema No 1130 2 2 5 5 10 20 60 120 121 121 121 121 

Bronchitis/emphysema Yes 64 1 1 2 5 10 27.5 51 120 121 121 121 121 

NOTE: A value of "121" for number of minutes signifies that more than 120 minutes were spent. N = doer sample size. Percentiles 

are the percentage of doers below or equal to a given number of minutes. 

Source: Tsang and Klepeis,1996 
Table 15-45. Number of Minutes Spent in a Parking Garage or Indoor Parking Lot (minutes/day) 

Percentiles 

Category Population Group N 1 2 5 10 25 50 75 90 95 98 99 100 

Overall 294 0 1 1 2 3 5 10 30 60 121 121 121 

Gender Male 138 1 1 1 2 4 5 15 60 121 121 121 121 

Gender Female 156 0 1 1 2 3 5 10 20 40 60 120 121 

Age (years) 1-4 8 0 0 0 0 2 3.5 5 10 10 10 10 10 

Age (years) 5-11 15 1 1 1 2 3 5 10 45 60 60 60 60 

Age (years) 12-17 20 0 0 0.5 1.5 2 7.5 15 45 90.5 121 121 121 

Age (years) 18-64 229 1 1 2 2 5 5 10 30 60 121 121 121 

Age (years) > 64 18 0 0 0 2 3 5 15 45 90 90 90 90 

Race White 208 1 1 2 2 3 5 10 30 60 121 121 121 

Race Black 34 0 0 1 1 5 5 15 20 30 30 30 30 

Race Asian 15 2 2 2 2 2 10 60 120 121 121 121 121 

Race Some Others 7 3 3 3 3 3 5 15 121 121 121 121 121 

Race Hispanic 28 1 1 1 2 4.5 10 20 60 120 121 121 121 

Hispanic No 251 0 1 1 2 3 5 10 30 60 120 121 121 

Hispanic Yes 39 1 1 1 3 5 10 30 121 121 121 121 121 

Employment Full Time 171 1 1 1 2 3 5 10 30 60 121 121 121 

Employment Part Time 23 2 2 5 5 5 5 10 30 60 121 121 121 

Employment Not Employed 58 0 1 1 2 4 10 20 40 120 121 121 121 

Education < High School 13 0 0 0 5 5 10 10 30 121 121 121 121 

Education High School Graduate 58 1 1 1 2 3 9.5 30 90 121 121 121 121 

Education < College 54 1 1 2 2 4 5 15 40 120 120 121 121 

Education College Graduate 72 1 1 2 2 4.5 5 10 15 60 120 121 121 

Education Post Graduate 50 1 1 2 2 5 5 10 12.5 20 40 60 60 

Census Region Northeast 53 2 2 2 2 5 6 10 30 90 121 121 121 

Census Region Midwest 59 0 0 1 2 3 5 10 30 60 121 121 121 

Census Region South 92 1 1 2 2 3.5 5 10 30 60 121 121 121 

Census Region West 90 0 1 1 1.5 4 5 15 45 60 121 121 121 

Day of Week Weekday 208 0 1 1 2 3 5 10 30 60 121 121 121 

Day of Week Weekend 86 1 1 2 2 5 7 15 30 60 121 121 121 

Season Winter 67 0 1 1 2 3 5 10 20 30 120 121 121 

Season Spring 78 0 1 1 2 3 5.5 15 60 120 121 121 121 

Season Summer 85 0 1 2 2 5 5 15 30 90 121 121 121 

Season Fall 64 1 1 2 2 4.5 5 10 30 45 121 121 121 

Asthma No 263 1 1 2 2 3 5 10 30 60 121 121 121 

Asthma Yes 30 0 0 1 1 4 7 10 30 121 121 121 121 

Angina No 291 0 1 1 2 4 5 10 30 60 121 121 121 

Angina Yes 2 3 3 3 3 3 46.5 90 90 90 90 90 90 

Bronchitis/emphysema No 281 0 1 1 2 3 5 10 30 60 121 121 121 

Bronchitis/emphysema Yes 12 2 2 2 5 5 5.5 10 60 120 120 120 120 

NOTE: A value of "121" for number of minutes signifies that more than 120 minutes were spent. N = doer sample size. Percentiles 

are the percentage of doers below or equal to a given number of minutes. 

Source: Tsang and Klepeis,1996 
Table 15-46. Number of Minutes Spent Walking Outside to a Car in the Driveway or Outside Parking Areas (minutes/day) 

Percentiles 

Category Population Group N 1 2 5 10 25 50 75 90 95 98 99 100 

Overall 3303 0 0 0 0 2 5 10 20 30 60 121 121 

Gender Male 1511 0 0 0 0 2 4 10 20 30 60 121 121 

Gender Female 1791 0 0 0 0 2 5 10 20 30 60 60 121 

Age (years) 1-4 132 0 0 0 0 1.5 2 5 15 20 30 60 121 

Age (years) 5-11 245 0 0 0 0 1 2 5 15 30 45 80 121 

Age (years) 12-17 202 0 0 0 0 1 5 10 20 30 30 60 121 

Age (years) 18-64 2303 0 0 0 0 2 5 10 20 30 60 120 121 

Age (years) > 64 373 0 0 0 1 2 5 10 15 30 30 88 121 

Race White 2756 0 0 0 0 2 5 10 20 30 60 120 121 

Race Black 279 0 0 0 0 1 3 5 10 20 30 45 88 

Race Asian 53 0 0 0 0 1 3 10 15 30 32 45 45 

Race Some Others 63 0 0 0 0 2 5 10 30 30 60 120 120 

Race Hispanic 127 0 0 1 1 2 5 10 20 60 120 121 121 

Hispanic No 3029 0 0 0 0 2 5 10 20 30 60 120 121 

Hispanic Yes 235 0 0 0 0 2 5 10 20 60 120 121 121 

Employment Full Time 1613 0 0 0 0 2 5 10 20 30 60 120 121 

Employment Part Time 312 0 0 0 1 2 5 10 20 45 120 121 121 

Employment Not Employed 785 0 0 0 0 2 5 10 20 30 60 60 121 

Education < High School 241 0 0 0 0 2 4 10 20 30 110 121 121 

Education High School Graduate 935 0 0 0 0 2 5 10 20 30 60 121 121 

Education < College 680 0 0 0 1 2 5 10 20 30 60 120 121 

Education College Graduate 445 0 0 0 0 2 5 10 20 30 60 60 121 

Education Post Graduate 381 0 0 0 1 2 5 10 15 25 30 120 121 

Census Region Northeast 680 0 0 0 0 2 5 10 15 30 60 90 121 

Census Region Midwest 763 0 0 0 1 2 5 10 15 30 60 120 121 

Census Region South 1149 0 0 0 0 2 4 10 20 30 60 90 121 

Census Region West 711 0 0 0 0 2 5 10 20 30 60 120 121 

Day of Week Weekday 2209 0 0 0 0 2 5 10 20 30 60 120 121 

Day of Week Weekend 1094 0 0 0 0 2 5 10 20 30 60 120 121 

Season Winter 855 0 0 0 0 1 4 10 15 30 30 100 121 

Season Spring 890 0 0 0 0 2 5 10 20 30 100 120 121 

Season Summer 903 0 0 0 0 2 4 10 20 30 60 60 121 

Season Fall 655 0 0 0 1 2 5 10 15 30 45 110 121 

Asthma No 3063 0 0 0 0 2 5 10 20 30 60 120 121 

Asthma Yes 234 0 0 0 1 2 5 10 15 30 120 121 121 

Angina No 3219 0 0 0 0 2 5 10 20 30 60 120 121 

Angina Yes 72 0 0 0 0 2 5 10 15 30 45 110 110 

Bronchitis/Emphysema No 3132 0 0 0 0 2 5 10 20 30 60 120 121 

Bronchitis/Emphysema Yes 162 0 0 0 0 2 5 10 20 30 110 121 121 

NOTE: A value of "121" for number of minutes signifies that more than 120 minutes were spent. N = doer sample size. Percentiles 

are the percentage of doers below or equal to a given number of minutes. 

Source: Tsang and Klepeis,1996 
Table 15-47. Number of Minutes Spent Running or Walking Outside Other Than to the Car (minutes/day) 

Percentiles 

Category Population Group N 1 2 5 10 25 50 75 90 95 98 99 100 

Overall 1273 1 1 3 5 15 45 120 121 121 121 121 121 

Gender Male 605 2 2 5 10 20 60 121 121 121 121 121 121 

Gender Female 668 0 1 2 5 15 30 116 121 121 121 121 121 

Age (years) 1-4 82 3 3 5 10 30 120 121 121 121 121 121 21 

Age (yeaars) 5-11 149 4 5 5 10 30 120 121 121 121 121 121 21 

Age (years) 12-17 110 5 5 5 10 15 60 121 121 121 121 121 121 

Age (years) 18-64 772 0 1 2 5 15 30 120 121 121 121 121 121 

Age (years) 5:> 64 143 1 1 2 5 15 30 60 121 121 121 121 121 

Race White 1051 1 1 3 5 15 45 121 121 121 121 121 121 

Race Black 111 0 1 3 5 15 35 120 121 121 121 121 121 

Race Asian 21 2 2 10 10 15 30 70 120 121 121 121 121 

Race Some Others 23 5 5 10 15 20 60 121 121 121 121 121 121 

Race 5:hispanic 55 2 3 8 10 20 40 90 121 121 121 121 121 

Hispanic No 1156 1 1 3 5 15 45 120 121 121 121 121 121 

Hispanic Yes 99 1 2 2 10 20 60 121 121 121 121 121 121 

Employment Full Time 517 0 1 2 5 15 30 120 121 121 121 121 121 

Employment Part Time 112 1 2 2 5 15 30 90 121 121 121 121 121 

Employment Not Employed 300 1 1 3 5 15 30 120 121 121 121 121 121 

Education < High School 97 0 1 3 5 15 30 90 121 121 121 121 121 

Education High School Graduate 287 0 0 2 5 15 30 120 121 121 121 121 121 

Education < College 234 1 1 2 5 15 30 120 121 121 121 121 121 

Education College Graduate 153 1 2 5 10 20 45 120 121 121 121 121 121 

Education Post Graduate 138 1 1 3 5 15 37.5 90 121 121 121 121 121 

Census Region Northeast 265 1 1 3 5 20 45 120 121 121 121 121 121 

Census Region Midwest 286 1 2 5 5 15 40 121 121 121 121 121 121 

Census Region South 412 1 1 3 5 15 45 121 121 121 121 121 121 

Census Region West 310 1 1 3 5.5 15 45 120 121 121 121 121 121 

Day of Week Weekday 843 1 1 3 5 15 40 120 121 121 121 121 121 

Day of Week Weekend 430 1 2 4 5 20 60 121 121 121 121 121 21 

Season Winter 312 0 2 2 5 10 42.5 90 121 121 121 121 21 

Season Spring 403 1 2 4 10 20 60 121 121 121 121 121 121 

Season Summer 396 1 1 3 10 20 55 121 121 121 121 121 21 

Season Fall 162 1 1 2 5 15 30 120 121 121 121 121 121 

Asthma No 1162 1 1 3 5 15 45 120 121 121 121 121 21 

Asthma Yes 105 2 4 5 6 15 45 121 121 121 121 121 21 

Angina No 1240 1 1 3 5 15 45 120 121 121 121 121 121 

Angina Yes 25 1 1 5 5 15 45 121 121 121 121 121 121 

Bronchitis/Emphysema No 1204 1 1 3 5 15 45 120 121 121 121 121 121 

Bronchitis/Emphysema Yes 62 1 2 4 5 15 30 120 121 121 121 121 121 

NOTE: A value of "121" for number of minutes signifies that more than 120 minutes were spent. N = doer sample size. Percentiles 

are the percentage of doers below or equal to a given number of minutes. 

Source: Tsang and Klepeis,1996 
Table 15-48. Number of Hours Spent Working for Pay (hours/week) 

Percentiles 

Category Population Group N 1 2 5 10 25 50 75 90 95 98 99 100 

Overall 4896 0 0 0 12 33 40 50 60 61 61 61 61 

Gender Male 2466 0 0 0 18 40 40 53 61 61 61 61 61 

Gender Female 2430 0 0 0 6 28 40 43 55 60 61 61 61 

Age (years) 1-4 0 * * * * * * * * * * * * 

Age (years) 5-11 0 * * * * * * * * * * * * 

Age (years) 12-17 14 0 0 0 1 9 18.5 24 26 31 31 31 31 

Age (years) 18-64 4625 0 0 0 15 35 40 50 60 61 61 61 61 

Age (years) > 64 181 0 0 0 0 5 21 40 50 61 61 61 61 

Race White 3990 0 0 0 10 32 40 50 60 61 61 61 61 

Race Black 499 0 0 0 18 35 40 46 60 61 61 61 61 

Race Asian 76 0 0 0 7 36.5 40 50 61 61 61 61 61 

Race Some Others 87 0 0 0 0 30 40 50 60 61 61 61 61 

Race Hispanic 194 0 0 0 15 32 40 48 60 60 61 61 61 

Hispanic No 4494 0 0 0 12 33 40 50 60 61 61 61 61 

Hispanic Yes 341 0 0 0 8 32 40 50 60 61 61 61 61 

Employment Full Time 4094 0 0 0 30 40 40 50 60 61 61 61 61 

Employment Part Time 802 0 0 0 0 10 20 30 38 40 61 61 61 

Employment Not Employed 0 * * * * * * * * * * * * 

Education < High School 308 0 0 0 1 21 40 48 61 61 61 61 61 

Education High School Graduate 1598 0 0 0 12 32 40 48 60 61 61 61 61 

Education < College 1251 0 0 0 15 30 40 50 60 61 61 61 61 

Education College Graduate 954 0 0 0 16 40 40 50 60 61 61 61 61 

Education Post Graduate 716 0 0 0 10 35 40 50 60 61 61 61 61 

Census Region Northeast 1096 0 0 0 14 32 40 50 60 61 61 61 61 

Census Region Midwest 1118 0 0 0 12 32 40 50 60 61 61 61 61 

Census Region South 1675 0 0 0 12 35 40 50 60 61 61 61 61 

Census Region West 1007 0 0 0 9 30 40 50 60 61 61 61 61 

Day of Week Weekday 3306 0 0 0 10 33 40 50 60 61 61 61 61 

Day of Week Weekend 1590 0 0 0 12 33 40 48 60 61 61 61 61 

Season Winter 1306 0 0 0 10 32 40 50 60 61 61 61 61 

Season Spring 1197 0 0 0 15 35 40 50 60 61 61 61 61 

Season Summer 1343 0 0 0 3 33 40 48 60 61 61 61 61 

Season Fall 1050 0 0 0 14.5 32 40 50 60 61 61 61 61 

Asthma No 4579 0 0 0 12 34 40 50 60 61 61 61 61 

Asthma Yes 302 0 0 0 9 30 40 48 60 61 61 61 61 

Angina No 4811 0 0 0 12 34 40 50 60 61 61 61 61 

Angina Yes 66 0 0 0 0 20 40 44 60 61 61 61 61 

Bronchitis/Emphysema No 4699 0 0 0 12 33 40 50 6 61 61 61 61 

Bronchitis/Emphysema Yes 182 0 0 0 6 30 40 48 60 61 61 61 61 

Note: * Signifies missing data. A value of "61" for number of hours signifies that more than 60 hours were spent. N = doer sample size. 

Percentiles are the percentage of doers below or equal to a given number of hours. 

Source: Tsang and Klepeis, 1996. 
Table 15-49. Number of Hours Spent Working for Pay Between 6PM and 6AM (hours/week) 

Percentiles 

Category Population Group N 1 2 5 10 25 50 75 90 95 98 99 100 

Overall 4894 0 0 0 0 0 0 8 30 45 61 61 61 

Gender Male 2465 0 0 0 0 0 0 10 35 50 61 61 61 

Gender Female 2429 0 0 0 0 0 0 5 20 39 61 61 61 

Age (years) 1-4 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Age (years) 5-11 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Age (years) 12-17 14 0 0 0 0 0 4.5 20 24 25 25 25 25 

Age (years) 18-64 4623 0 0 0 0 0 0 8 30 42 61 61 61 

Age (years) > 64 181 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 20 61 61 61 61 

Race White 3989 0 0 0 0 0 0 8 25 40 61 61 61 

Race Black 499 0 0 0 0 0 0 10 40 61 61 61 61 

Race Asian 75 0 0 0 0 0 0 12 30 61 61 61 61 

Race Some Others 87 0 0 0 0 0 0 7 25 45 61 61 61 

Race Hispanic 194 0 0 0 0 0 0 15 35 48 61 61 61 

Hispanic No 4492 0 0 0 0 0 0 8 27 40 61 61 61 

Hispanic Yes 341 0 0 0 0 0 0 13 35 50 61 61 61 

Employment Full Time 4092 0 0 0 0 0 0 8 30 45 61 61 61 

Employment Part Time 802 0 0 0 0 0 0 6 20 35 61 61 61 

Employment Not Employed 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Education < High School 308 0 0 0 0 0 0 11 50 61 61 61 61 

Education High School Graduate 1597 0 0 0 0 0 0 8 35 50 61 61 61 

Education < College 1251 0 0 0 0 0 0 9 26 40 60 61 61 

Education College Graduate 953 0 0 0 0 0 0 8 20 40 61 61 61 

Education Post Graduate 716 0 0 0 0 0 0 7 20 30 61 61 61 

Census Region Northeast 1096 0 0 0 0 0 0 7 24 40 61 61 61 

Census Region Midwest 1118 0 0 0 0 0 0 10 30 42 61 61 61 

Census Region South 1674 0 0 0 0 0 0 7 30 48 61 61 61 

Census Region West 1006 0 0 0 0 0 0 10 30 47 61 61 61 

Day of Week Weekday 3306 0 0 0 0 0 0 8 30 48 61 61 61 

Day of Week Weekend 1588 0 0 0 0 0 0 7 28 40 61 61 61 

Season Winter 1305 0 0 0 0 0 0 8 28 40 61 61 61 

Season Spring 1197 0 0 0 0 0 0 8 30 48 61 61 61 

Season Summer 1342 0 0 0 0 0 0 9 30 48 61 61 61 

Season Fall 1050 0 0 0 0 0 0 7 25 40 61 61 61 

Asthma No 4578 0 0 0 0 0 0 8 30 45 61 61 61 

Asthma Yes 301 0 0 0 0 0 0 8 28 36 61 61 61 

Angina No 4809 0 0 0 0 0 0 8 30 44 61 61 61 

Angina Yes 66 0 0 0 0 0 0 7 36 40 61 61 61 

Bronchitis/Emphysema No 4697 0 0 0 0 0 0 8 30 43 61 61 61 

Bronchitis/Emphysema Yes 182 0 0 0 0 0 0 10 40 50 61 61 61 

Note: A Value of "61" for number of hours signifies that more than 60 hours were spent. N = doer sample size. Percentiles are the 

percentage of doers below or equal to a given number of hours. 

Source: Tsang and Klepeis, 1996. 
Table 15-50. Number of Hours Worked in a Week That Was Outdoors (hours/week) 

Percentiles 

Category Population Group N 1 2 5 10 25 50 75 90 95 98 99 100 

Overall 4891 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 30 50 61 61 61 

Gender Male 2463 0 0 0 0 0 0 16 42 60 61 61 61 

Gender Female 2428 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 12 55 61 61 

Age (years) 1-4 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Age (years) 5-11 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Age (years) 12-17 14 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Age (years) 18-64 4621 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 30 50 61 61 61 

Age (years) > 64 181 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 29 60 61 61 61 

Race White 3986 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 30 50 61 61 61 

Race Black 499 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 25 48 61 61 61 

Race Asian 75 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 30 40 61 61 

Race Some Others 87 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 17 40 48 61 61 

Race Hispanic 194 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 30 50 61 61 61 

Hispanic No 4489 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 30 48 61 61 61 

Hispanic Yes 341 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 35 60 61 61 61 

Employment Full Time 4090 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 35 50 61 61 61 

Employment Part Time 801 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 15 30 61 61 61 

Employment Not Employed 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Education < High School 308 0 0 0 0 0 0 16.5 55 61 61 61 61 

Education High School Graduate 1594 0 0 0 0 0 0 6 40 60 61 61 61 

Education < College 1251 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 30 46 61 61 61 

Education College Graduate 953 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 20 35 50 61 61 

Education Post Graduate 716 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 4 15 60 61 61 

Census Region Northeast 1094 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 25 40 61 61 61 

Census Region Midwest 1117 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 30 50 61 61 61 

Census Region South 1674 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 32 55 61 61 61 

Census Region West 1006 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 33 50 61 61 61 

Day of Week Weekday 3305 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 32 50 61 61 61 

Day of Week Weekend 1586 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 30 48 61 61 61 

Season Winter 1305 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 25 50 61 61 61 

Season Spring 1195 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 30 50 61 61 61 

Season Summer 1341 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 36 50 61 61 61 

Season Fall 1050 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 30 45 61 61 61 

Asthma No 4576 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 30 50 61 61 61 

Asthma Yes 300 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 31 50 61 61 61 

Angina No 4806 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 30 50 61 61 61 

Angina Yes 66 0 0 0 0 0 0 4 35 50 61 61 61 

Bronchitis/Emphysema No 4694 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 30 50 61 61 61 

Bronchitis/Emphysema Yes 182 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 30 60 61 61 61 

NOTE: A value of "61" for number of hours signifies that more than 60 hours were spent. N = doer sample size. Percentiles are the 

percentage of doers below or equal to a given number of hours. 

Source: Tsang and Klepeis,1996 
Table 15-51. Number of Times Floors Were Swept or Vacuumed at Specified Frequencies by the Number of Respondents 

Number of Times 

Total N Almost Every Day 3-5/week 1-2/week 1-2/month < Often Never DK 

Overall 4663 921 1108 2178 373 48 10 25 

Gender 

Male 2163 415 520 976 201 27 5 19 

Female 2498 505 588 1201 172 21 5 6 

Refused 2 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 

Age (years) * 84 16 11 41 12 3 0 1 

1-4 263 96 74 88 4 0 0 1 

5-11 348 115 107 120 6 0 0 0 

12-17 326 82 83 144 15 2 0 0 

18-64 2972 524 723 1420 252 34 6 13 

> 64 670 88 110 365 84 9 4 10 

Race 

White 3774 641 879 1868 324 36 8 18 

Black 463 167 115 150 19 5 2 5 

Asian 77 11 15 39 8 3 0 1 

Some Others 96 26 29 32 8 1 0 0 

Hispanic 193 68 61 55 7 2 0 0 

Refused 60 8 9 34 7 1 0 1 

Hispanic No 4244 799 988 2035 345 43 9 25 

Yes 347 106 107 110 21 3 0 0 

DK 26 8 3 11 2 1 1 0 

Refused 46 8 10 22 5 1 0 0 

Employment * 926 290 267 342 24 2 0 1 

Full Time 2017 291 486 1018 184 27 2 9 

Part Time 379 82 82 177 34 1 0 3 

Not Employed 1309 256 263 626 127 18 8 11 

Refused 32 2 10 15 4 0 0 1 

Education 

* 1021 314 285 384 31 4 0 3 

< High School 399 110 91 162 20 6 2 8 

High School Graduate 1253 269 302 591 69 12 3 7 

< College 895 130 223 438 93 8 2 1 

College Graduate 650 64 132 346 93 9 3 3 

Post Graduate 445 34 75 257 67 9 0 3 

Census Region Northeast 1048 236 230 484 83 8 2 5 

Midwest 1036 156 249 527 86 10 2 6 

South 1601 376 403 707 93 11 2 9 

West 978 153 226 460 111 19 4 5 

Day of Week Weekday 3156 631 765 1458 248 33 5 16 

Weekend 1507 290 343 720 125 15 5 9 

Season 

Winter 1264 268 309 557 105 15 2 8 

Spring 1181 217 286 560 96 12 3 7 

Summer 1275 251 312 596 94 13 1 8 

Fall 943 185 201 465 78 8 4 2 

Asthma 

No 4287 821 1013 2030 351 39 10 23 

Yes 341 95 88 133 17 7 0 1 

DK 35 5 7 15 5 2 0 1 

Angina No 4500 892 1080 2098 352 44 10 24 

Yes 125 21 23 63 16 2 0 0 

DK 38 8 5 17 5 2 0 1 

Bronchitis/emphysema No 4424 871 1064 2063 349 44 9 24 

Yes 203 45 39 99 17 2 1 0 

DK 36 5 5 16 7 2 0 1 

Note: * Signifies missing data; DK = respondent answered don't know; N = sample size; Refused = respondent refused to answer. 

Source: Tsang and Klepeis, 1996 
Table 15-52. Number of Days Since the Floor Area in the Home Was Swept or Vacuumed by the Number of Respondents 

Number of Days since That Area Was Swept-vacuumed 

Swept- >2 

Total 0 Vacuumed 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 10 14 Weeks Dk 

N Yes'day 

Overall 9386 8112 550 278 189 85 63 31 17 26 2 1 5 16 11 

Gender 

Male 4294 3688 245 

Female 5088 4421 304 

Refused 4 3 1 

136 100 35 37 19 8 10 1 0 3 7 5 

142 89 50 26 12 9 16 1 1 2 9 6 

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Age (years)

* 187 180 1 

1-4 499 67 199 

5-11 703 393 121 

12-17 589 533 30 

18-64 6059 5592 198 

> 64 1349 1347 1 

0 3 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 

93 54 24 19 17 9 7 0 1 2 6 1 

70 50 23 22 8 2 4 1 0 2 2 5 

12 6 3 0 0 1 2 0 0 0 2 0 

102 76 34 22 6 5 13 1 0 1 5 4 

1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Race 

White 7591 6586 398 

Black 945 825 72 

Asian 157 138 5 

Some Others 182 141 21 

Hispanic 385 300 52 

Refused 126 122 2 

232 152 72 55 29 14 24 2 1 5 13 8 

18 17 7 3 1 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 

6 2 2 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 1 

7 9 2 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 

15 9 2 2 0 1 1 0 0 0 1 2 

0 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Hispanic

No 8534 7421 460 

Yes 702 549 88 

Dk 47 42 1 

Refused 103 100 1 

248 170 80 57 29 15 24 2 1 5 14 8 

29 17 5 4 2 2 2 0 0 0 1 3 

1 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 

0 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Employment

* 1773 974 349 

Full Time 4096 3826 96 

Part Time 802 741 28 

Not Employed 2644 2502 77 

Refused 71 69 0 

175 112 50 41 25 12 13 1 1 4 9 7 

64 50 21 18 6 4 6 1 0 0 4 0 

10 8 6 2 0 0 4 0 0 1 1 1 

29 18 8 2 0 1 3 0 0 0 1 3 

0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 

Education 

* 1968 1162 353 

< High School 834 793 24 

High School Graduate 2612 2447 76 

< College 1801 1681 55 

College Graduate 1247 1155 28 

Post Graduate 924 874 14 

175 114 50 41 25 12 13 1 1 4 10 7 

13 2 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 

39 26 9 7 1 2 0 1 0 0 2 2 

25 18 10 6 0 1 3 0 0 0 2 0 

19 17 10 5 3 1 7 0 0 0 1 1 

7 12 5 4 2 1 3 0 0 1 1 0 

Census Region

Northeast 2075 1793 129 

Midwest 2102 1826 108 

South 3243 2805 193 

West 1966 1688 120 

65 35 18 4 9 9 6 0 0 0 5 2 

59 47 21 17 7 2 6 2 1 2 2 2 

87 75 26 27 8 3 8 0 0 2 5 4 

67 32 20 15 7 3 6 0 0 1 4 3 

Day of Week

Weekday 6316 5487 366 160 125 57 51 18 13 15 2 1 4 11 6 

Weekend 3070 2625 184 118 64 28 12 13 4 11 0 0 1 5 5 

Season 

Winter 2524 2144 162 

Spring 2438 2112 121 

Summer 2536 2187 167 

Fall 1888 1669 100 

79 61 27 17 7 3 13 0 0 1 5 5 

90 48 19 19 9 7 4 0 0 2 5 2 

68 41 26 19 12 3 3 0 1 2 4 3 

41 39 13 8 3 4 6 2 0 0 2 1 

Asthma 

No 8629 7455 502 

Yes 694 596 48 

Dk 63 61 0 

262 171 80 59 30 13 22 2 1 5 16 11 

15 17 5 4 1 4 4 0 0 0 0 0 

1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Angina

No 9061 7793 547 

Yes 250 246 2 

Dk 75 73 1 

277 189 83 63 31 17 26 2 1 5 16 11 

1 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Bronchitis/emphysema

No 8882 7645 536 268 182 84 61 31 17 25 2 1 5 15 10 

Yes 433 397 13 10 7 1 2 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 1 

Dk 71 70 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Note: * Signifies missing data; DK = respondents answered don't know; N= sample size; Refused = respondent refused to answer.

Source: Tsang and Klepeis, 1996 
Table 15-53. Number of Loads of Laundry Washed in a Washing Machine at Home by the Number of Respondents 

Number of Loads/Day Total N 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 >10 DK 

Overall 1762 582 604 303 123 55 27 11 12 1 5 1 38 

Gender 

Male 678 219 241 120 41 17 8 * * 1 1 * 30 

Female 1083 363 363 183 82 38 19 10 12 * 4 1 8 

Refused 1 * * * * * * 1 * * * * * 

Age (years) * 30 9 14 2 3 1 * * * * * * 1 

1-4 109 29 36 24 12 5 2 * * * 1 * * 

5-11 141 38 55 28 8 6 2 1 * 1 1 * 1 

12-17 127 39 52 22 10 1 1 * 1 * * * 1 

18-64 1161 385 376 209 80 35 22 9 11 * 3 1 30 

> 64 194 82 71 18 10 7 * 1 * * * * 5 

Race 

White 1511 513 519 254 101 48 23 11 12 1 3 * 26 

Black 112 27 41 23 11 4 1 * * * 1 * 4 

Asian 22 7 4 3 5 * * * * * * * 3 

Some Others 31 8 12 5 1 1 1 * * * * * 3 

Hispanic 68 18 24 15 5 2 2 * * * 1 * 1 

Refused 18 9 4 3 * * * * * * * 1 1 

Hispanic No 1615 536 556 271 115 50 24 11 12 1 4 * 35 

Yes 126 38 42 26 8 5 3 * * * 1 * 3 

DK 6 * 2 4 * * * * * * * * * 

Refused 15 8 4 2 * * * * * * * 1 * 

Employment * 369 102 143 71 29 12 5 1 1 1 2 * 2 

Full Time 734 259 244 128 42 20 10 5 4 * 2 * 20 

Part Time 160 58 53 23 10 8 3 * 1 * * * 4 

Not Employed 482 158 158 79 41 15 8 5 6 * 1 1 10 

Refused 17 5 6 2 1 * 1 * * * * * 2 

Education 

* 413 118 160 77 32 12 6 1 1 1 2 * 3 

< High School 133 44 44 22 10 4 3 2 * * * * 4 

High School Graduate 508 175 166 85 35 18 8 3 4 * * * 14 

< College 321 105 101 61 25 9 3 2 5 * 2 1 7 

College Graduate 212 83 68 32 11 8 4 * 1 * * * 5 

Post Graduate 175 57 65 26 10 4 3 3 1 * 1 * 5 

Census Region Northeast 367 111 146 57 23 13 7 2 1 * * * 7 

Midwest 406 125 123 76 42 14 5 3 6 1 * 1 10 

South 628 205 228 110 39 17 6 6 4 * 3 * 10 

West 361 141 107 60 19 11 9 * 1 * 2 * 11 

Day of Week Weekday 1172 418 409 194 62 29 17 7 7 1 1 1 26 

Weekend 590 164 195 109 61 26 10 4 5 * 4 * 12 

Season 

Winter 458 154 159 73 31 14 6 3 4 1 3 1 9 

Spring 465 154 159 87 28 10 10 3 2 * 1 * 11 

Summer 482 158 166 85 38 11 8 4 3 * 1 * 8 

Fall 357 116 120 58 26 20 3 1 3 * * * 10 

Asthma 

No 1615 548 545 274 105 50 27 11 12 1 5 1 36 

Yes 140 31 56 28 18 5 * * * * * * 2 

DK 7 3 3 1 * * * * * * * * * 

Angina No 1710 564 592 294 113 54 26 11 12 1 5 1 37 

Yes 40 14 9 7 8 1 1 * * * * * * 

DK 12 4 3 2 2 * * * * * * * 1 

Bronchitis/Emphysema No 1658 544 572 285 112 53 26 10 12 1 5 1 37 

Yes 96 36 28 16 11 2 1 1 * * * * 1 

DK 8 2 4 2 * * * * * * * * * 

Note: * Signifies missing data; "DK" = respondent answered don't know; N= sample size; Refused = respondent refused to answer.

Source: Tsang And Klepeis, 1996 
Table 15-54. Number of Times Using a Dishwasher at Specified Frequencies by the Number of Respondents 

Number of Times/Week

Total N * Almost Every Day 3-5/Week 1-2/Week <1-2/Week DK 

Overall 2635 1 557 678 529 824 46 

Gender 

Male 1235 * 259 282 247 417 30 

Female 1399 1 298 396 282 406 16 

Refused 1 * * * * 1 * 

Age (years) * 35 * 4 13 11 6 1 

1-4 145 * 9 4 3 118 11 

5-11 211 * 14 8 15 157 17 

12-17 206 * 27 33 31 113 2 

18-64 1718 * 438 512 397 360 11 

> 64 320 1 65 108 72 70 4 

Race 

White 2267 1 504 603 487 637 35 

Black 163 * 19 32 19 90 3 

Asian 54 * 7 8 7 31 1 

Some Others 45 * 9 8 1 24 3 

Hispanic 84 * 13 15 12 40 4 

Refused 22 * 5 12 3 2 * 

Hispanic No 2444 1 524 635 504 739 41 

Yes 164 * 27 32 21 79 5 

DK 11 * 2 2 2 5 * 

Refused 16 * 4 9 2 1 * 

Employment * 552 * 49 45 46 382 30 

Full Time 1191 * 276 359 298 249 9 

Part Time 204 * 48 70 46 38 2 

Not Employed 678 1 181 200 136 155 5 

Refused 10 * 3 4 3 * * 

Education 

* 593 * 55 51 55 400 32 

< High School 124 1 29 27 26 41 * 

High School Graduate 582 * 153 173 114 132 10 

< College 560 * 144 181 117 117 1 

College Graduate 446 * 105 134 126 80 1 

Post Graduate 330 * 71 112 91 54 2 

Census Region Northeast 538 * 133 144 95 159 7 

Midwest 514 * 116 130 110 152 6 

South 953 * 200 251 169 312 21 

West 630 1 108 153 155 201 12 

Day of Week Weekday 1768 1 378 466 341 549 33 

Weekend 867 * 179 212 188 275 13 

Season 

Winter 711 * 144 175 149 223 20 

Spring 664 1 122 181 132 214 14 

Summer 721 * 157 185 134 239 6 

Fall 539 * 134 137 114 148 6 

Asthma 

No 2439 1 521 622 492 765 38 

Yes 189 * 35 54 35 58 7 

DK 7 * 1 2 2 1 1 

Angina No 2570 1 538 664 512 809 46 

Yes 60 * 19 11 16 14 * 

DK 5 * * 3 1 1 * 

Bronchitis/Emphysema No 2533 1 540 646 504 796 46 

Yes 93 * 16 27 23 27 * 

DK 9 * 1 5 2 1 * 

Note: * Signifies missing data; "DK" = respondent answered don't know; N= sample size; Refused = respondent refused to answer.

Source: Tsang And Klepeis, 1996 
Table 15-55. Number of Times Washing Dishes by Hand at Specified Frequencies by the Number of Respondents 

Number of Times/Week

Total N * Almost Every 3-5/Week 1-2/Week <1-2/Week DK 

Day 

Overall 3626 1 2600 490 326 197 12 

Gender 

Male 1554 * 982 264 183 117 8 

Female 2071 1 1618 225 143 80 4 

Refused 1 * * 1 * * * 

Age (years) * 65 * 51 6 2 6 * 

1-4 1 * * * 1 * * 

5-11 103 * 12 14 33 44 * 

12-17 228 * 57 45 69 56 1 

18-64 2642 1 1979 379 201 76 6 

> 64 587 * 501 46 20 15 5 

Race 

White 2928 1 2114 391 257 157 8 

Black 385 * 261 61 40 21 2 

Asian 61 * 48 6 3 4 * 

Some Others 67 * 44 9 9 5 * 

Hispanic 147 * 108 17 12 8 2 

Refused 38 * 25 6 5 2 * 

Hispanic No 3322 1 2383 454 296 178 10 

Yes 258 * 185 32 25 14 2 

DK 21 * 16 * 3 2 * 

Refused 25 * 16 4 2 3 * 

Employment * 328 * 71 57 102 97 1 

Full Time 1765 * 1282 284 145 50 4 

Part Time 349 * 270 44 17 15 3 

Not Employed 1165 1 965 104 60 31 4 

Refused 19 * 12 1 2 4 * 

Education 

* 386 * 101 65 107 112 1 

< High School 354 * 298 26 15 12 3 

High School Graduate 1106 1 856 140 74 30 5 

< College 796 * 606 116 57 16 1 

College Graduate 591 * 445 86 47 13 * 

Post Graduate 393 * 294 57 26 14 2 

Census Region Northeast 832 * 636 90 60 43 3 

Midwest 811 * 569 114 81 45 2 

South 1214 1 840 175 124 70 4 

West 769 * 555 111 61 39 3 

Day of Week Weekday 2474 * 1759 335 236 136 8 

Weekend 1152 1 841 155 90 61 4 

Season 

Winter 985 * 691 138 90 63 3 

Spring 902 1 648 117 85 46 5 

Summer 987 * 705 132 92 55 3 

Fall 752 * 556 103 59 33 1 

Asthma 

No 3345 1 2407 455 290 183 9 

Yes 263 * 179 33 34 14 3 

DK 18 * 14 2 2 * * 

Angina No 3501 * 2499 475 321 194 12 

Yes 105 1 86 11 5 2 * 

DK 20 * 15 4 * 1 * 

Bronchitis/Emphysema No 3438 1 2459 460 314 192 12 

Yes 169 * 126 27 11 5 * 

DK 19 * 15 3 1 * * 

Note: * Signifies missing data; "DK" = respondent answered don't know; N= sample size; Refused = respondent refused to answer.

Source: Tsang And Klepeis, 1996 
Table 15-56. Number of Times for Washing Clothes in a Washing Machine at Specified Frequencies by the Number of Respondents 

Number of Times/Week 

Total N * Almost Every 3-5 /Day 1-2/week <1/week Never DK 

Day 

Overall 4663 404 566 1033 1827 331 465 37 

Gender 

Male 2163 212 

Female 2498 191 

Refused 2 1 

211 458 811 154 300 17 

355 575 1015 177 165 20 

* * 1 * * * 

Age (years)

* 84 3

1-4 263 261

5-11 348 101

12-17 326 1

18-64 2972 31

> 64 670 7

6 11 47 3 2 12 

* * * * 1 1 

2 4 16 15 206 4 

22 29 83 67 124 * 

489 832 1328 197 83 12 

47 157 353 49 49 8 

Race 

White 3774 316 

Black 463 39 

Asian 77 4 

Some Others 96 16 

Hispanic 193 29 

Refused 60 * 

499 883 1445 246 370 15 

33 72 207 52 55 5 

1 12 39 13 8 * 

10 15 36 8 11 * 

19 41 77 10 17 * 

4 10 23 2 4 17 

Hispanic

No 4244 342 

Yes 347 59 

DK 26 2 

Refused 46 1 

528 950 1674 307 424 19 

31 69 130 20 38 * 

3 6 10 3 2 * 

4 8 13 1 1 18 

Employment

* 926 366

Full Time 2017 21

Part Time 379 6

Not Employed 1309 10

Refused 32 1

23 32 97 76 327 5 

305 569 929 119 66 8 

64 101 166 29 13 * 

170 326 628 105 58 12 

4 5 7 2 1 12 

Education 

* 1021 367

< High School 399 3

High School Graduate 1253 14

< College 895 3

College Graduate 650 12

Post Graduate 445 5

33 37 129 89 343 23 

61 88 178 40 27 2 

218 367 548 55 47 4 

126 261 432 51 19 3 

78 171 321 57 9 2 

50 109 219 39 20 3 

Census Region

Northeast 1048 84 

Midwest 1036 88 

South 1601 147 

West 978 85 

119 216 454 81 87 7 

108 229 408 78 121 4 

229 376 557 97 182 13 

110 212 408 75 75 13 

Day of Week Weekday 3156 257 407 697 1217 232 320 26 

Weekend 1507 147 159 336 610 99 145 11 

Season 

Winter 1264 121

Spring 1181 122

Summer 1275 102

Fall 943 59

157 273 472 101 129 11 

135 259 464 82 113 6 

163 280 484 88 142 16 

111 221 407 60 81 4 

Asthma 

No 4287 371 

Yes 341 32 

DK 35 1 

522 951 1700 303 421 19 

42 79 118 26 43 1 

2 3 9 2 1 17 

Angina

No 4500 403 

Yes 125 * 

DK 38 1 

555 993 1759 321 451 18 

8 37 58 7 13 2 

3 3 10 3 1 17 

Bronchitis/emphysema

No 4424 397 549 979 1724 315 441 19 

Yes 203 7 15 51 92 14 23 1 

DK 36 * 2 3 11 2 1 17 

Note: * Signifies missing data; "DK" = respondent answered don't know; N= sample size; Refused = respondent refused to answer.

Source: Tsang And Klepeis, 1996 
Table 15-57. Number of Minutes Spent Playing on Sand or Gravel in a Day by the Number of Respondents 

Minutes/Day 

Total N *-* 0-0 0-10 10-20 20-30 30-40 40-50 50-60 70-80 80-90 90-100 110-120 121 

Overall 700 41 348 42 34 57 4 12 66 2 9 2 27 56 

Gender 

Male 352 18 189 20 

Female 347 23 158 22 

Refusedused 1 * 1 * 

13 25 * 7 32 * 7 1 10 30 

21 32 4 5 34 2 2 1 17 26 

* * * * * * * * * * 

Age (years) * 3 1 * *

1-4 216 13 115 15

5-11 200 7 96 11

12-17 41 1 23 1

18-64 237 18 112 15

> 64 3 1 2 *

1 * * * * * * * * 1 

9 15 2 3 15 1 5 * 7 16 

12 14 * 5 25 1 2 1 6 20 

2 4 * * 3 * * 1 3 3 

10 24 2 4 23 * 2 * 11 16 

* * * * * * * * * * 

Race 

White 568 34 274 

Black 68 4 42 

Asian 5 * 2 

Some Others 16 2 9 

Hispanic 41 * 19 

Refused 2 2 

37 30 49 2 9 57 1 8 2 21 44 

5 3 2 * 1 4 * * * 3 4 

* * 1 * * 1 * * * * 1 

* * * 2 * 1 * * * * 3 

* 1 5 * 2 3 1 1 * 3 4 

* * * * * * * * * * * 

Hispanic No 619 36 309 

Yes 77 5 36 

DK 3 * 2 

Refused 1 * 1 

41 29 49 4 10 59 1 7 2 23 49 

1 4 8 * 2 7 1 2 * 4 7 

* 1 * * * * * * * * * 

* * * * * * * * * * * 

Employment * 461 22 234

Full Time 149 9 73

Part Time 29 2 10

Not Employed 60 7 31

Refused 1 1 *

27 24 33 2 8 43 2 7 2 16 41 

7 7 16 1 3 17 * 2 * 6 8 

4 1 2 1 * 4 * * * 2 3 

4 2 6 * 1 2 * * * 3 4 

* * * * * * * * * * * 

Education 

* 461 22 234

< High School 22 5 9

High School Graduate 73 4 39

< College 66 2 34

College Graduate 54 4 26

Post Graduate 24 4 6

27 24 33 2 8 43 2 7 2 16 41 

* * 3 * * 1 * * * 2 2 

4 1 8 1 * 6 * 1 * 2 7 

6 2 6 * 2 6 * * * 4 4 

3 3 6 1 2 7 * * * * 2 

2 4 1 * * 3 * 1 * 3 * 

Census Region Northeast 124 8 60 

Midwest 128 6 69 

South 273 17 133 

West 175 10 86 

8 5 7 * 4 16 * 1 * 6 9 

8 6 14 * 2 11 * 2 * 3 7 

18 12 25 3 3 30 * 3 2 6 21 

8 11 11 1 3 9 2 3 * 12 19 

Day of Week Weekday 445 35 216 27 22 40 3 10 37 2 6 2 17 28 

Weekend 255 6 132 15 12 17 1 2 29 * 3 * 10 28 

Season 

Winter 107 10 44 

Spring 240 8 113 

Summer 262 12 146 

Fall 91 11 45 

9 6 11 1 2 8 2 1 * 4 9 

21 14 22 1 3 25 * 2 * 12 19 

5 9 20 2 5 25 * 5 2 9 22 

7 5 4 * 2 8 * 1 * 2 6 

Asthma 

No 638 38 319 39 

Yes 61 3 28 3 

DK 1 * 1 * 

34 51 4 10 57 2 9 2 22 51 

* 6 * 2 9 * * * 5 5 

* * * * * * * * * * 

Angina No 699 40 348 42 34 57 4 12 66 2 9 2 27 56 

DK 1 1 * * * * * * * * * * * * 

Bronchitis/Emphysema No 679 41 339 41 34 54 4 12 62 2 9 2 26 53 

Yes 21 * 9 1 * 3 * * 4 * * * 1 3 

Note: "*" = Signifies missing data. "DK" = Don't know. Refused = refused to answer. N = Doer sample size in specified range of

number of minutes spent. A value of "121" for number of minutes signifies that more than 120 minutes were spent.

Source: Tsang and Klepeis, 1996.
Table 15-58. Number of Minutes Spent Playing in Sand or Gravel (minutes/day) 

Percentiles 

Category Population Group N 1 2 5 10 25 50 75 90 95 98 99 100 

Overall 659 0 0 0 0 0 0 45 120 121 121 121 121 

Gender Male 334 0 0 0 0 0 0 45 120 121 121 121 121 

Gender Female 324 0 0 0 0 0 1 60 120 121 121 121 121 

Age (years) 1-4 203 0 0 0 0 0 0 30 120 121 121 121 121 

Age (years) 5-11 193 0 0 0 0 0 3 60 121 121 121 121 121 

Age (years) 12-17 40 0 0 0 0 0 0 45 120 121 121 121 121 

Age (years) 18-64 219 0 0 0 0 0 0 45 120 121 121 121 121 

Age (years) > 64 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Race White 534 0 0 0 0 0 0 50 120 121 121 121 121 

Race Black 64 0 0 0 0 0 0 15 120 121 121 121 121 

Race Asian 5 0 0 0 0 0 30 60 121 121 121 121 121 

Race Some Others 15 0 0 0 0 0 0 60 121 121 121 121 121 

Race Hispanic 39 0 0 0 0 0 15 60 121 121 121 121 121 

Hispanic No 583 0 0 0 0 0 0 45 120 121 121 121 121 

Hispanic Yes 72 0 0 0 0 0 1.5 60 120 121 121 121 121 

Employment Full Time 140 0 0 0 0 0 0 45 105 121 121 121 121 

Employment Part Time 27 0 0 0 0 0 10 60 121 121 121 121 121 

Employment Not Employed 53 0 0 0 0 0 0 30 120 121 121 121 121 

Education < High School 17 0 0 0 0 0 0 60 121 121 121 121 121 

Education High School Graduate 69 0 0 0 0 0 0 30 121 121 121 121 121 

Education < College 64 0 0 0 0 0 0 37.5 120 121 121 121 121 

Education College Graduate 50 0 0 0 0 0 0 30 60 60 121 121 121 

Education Post Graduate 20 0 0 0 0 0 15 60 120 120 120 120 120 

Census Region Northeast 116 0 0 0 0 0 0 60 120 121 121 121 121 

Census Region Midwest 122 0 0 0 0 0 0 30 60 121 121 121 121 

Census Region South 256 0 0 0 0 0 0 45 120 121 121 121 121 

Census Region West 165 0 0 0 0 0 0 60 121 121 121 121 121 

Day of Week Weekday 410 0 0 0 0 0 0 40 120 121 121 121 121 

Day of Week Weekend 249 0 0 0 0 0 0 60 121 121 121 121 121 

Season Winter 97 0 0 0 0 0 5 45 120 121 121 121 121 

Season Spring 232 0 0 0 0 0 1 52.5 120 121 121 121 121 

Season Summer 250 0 0 0 0 0 0 60 120 121 121 121 121 

Season Fall 80 0 0 0 0 0 0 30 105 121 121 121 121 

Asthma No 600 0 0 0 0 0 0 45 120 121 121 121 121 

Asthma Yes 58 0 0 0 0 0 3 60 120 121 121 121 121 

Angina No 659 0 0 0 0 0 0 45 120 121 121 121 121 

Bronchitis/emphysema No 638 0 0 0 0 0 0 45 120 121 121 121 121 

Bronchitis/emphysema Yes 21 0 0 0 0 0 30 60 121 121 121 121 121 

NOTE: A value of "121" for number of minutes signifies that more than 120 minutes were spent. N = doer sample size. Percentiles 

are the percentage of doers below or equal to a given number of minutes. 

Source: Tsang and Klepeis,1996 
Table 15-59. Number of Minutes Spent Playing in Outdoors on Sand, Gravel, Dirt, or Grass When Fill Dirt Was Present by the Number of Respondents 

Minutes/Day 

Total N *-* 0-0 0-10 10-20 20-30 30-40 40-50 50-60 70-80 80-90 110-120 121 

Overall 700 53 380 51 29 48 1 6 60 7 1 21 43 

Gender 

Male 352 26 183 22 18 33 * 3 24 5 1 16 21 

Female 347 27 196 29 11 15 1 3 36 2 * 5 22 

Refused 1 * 1 * * * * * * * * * * 

Age (years) * 3 * * 1 * * * * 1 * * * 1 

1-4 216 11 118 14 10 13 1 4 18 4 * 7 16 

5-11 200 15 103 14 8 15 * 1 17 1 * 9 17 

12-17 41 3 19 3 2 7 * * 4 1 * 2 * 

18-64 237 23 138 19 9 13 * 1 20 1 1 3 9 

> 64 3 1 2 * * * * * * * * * * 

Race 

White 568 40 317 40 21 38 * 5 48 5 1 15 38 

Black 68 8 33 5 2 6 * 1 7 1 * 3 2 

Asian 5 * 2 * * 2 * * * * * * 1 

Some Others 16 * 10 1 2 1 1 * 1 * * * * 

Hispanic 41 5 17 5 4 * * * 4 1 * 3 2 

Refused 2 * 1 * * 1 * * * * * * * 

Hispanic No 619 45 345 42 21 44 1 6 54 5 1 17 38 

Yes 77 8 32 9 8 3 * * 6 2 * 4 5 

DK 3 * 3 * * * * * * * * * * 

Refused 1 * * * * 1 * * * * * * * 

Employment * 461 29 240 32 20 35 1 5 40 6 * 18 35 

Full Time 149 11 91 8 8 8 * 1 12 1 1 3 5 

Part Time 29 4 17 3 * 2 * * 2 * * * 1 

Not Employed 60 8 32 8 1 3 * * 6 * * * 2 

Refused 1 1 * * * * * * * * * * * 

Education 

* 461 29 240 32 20 35 1 5 40 6 * 18 35 

< High School 22 5 9 * * 3 * * 2 * * 1 2 

High School Graduate 73 6 44 7 2 3 * * 7 1 1 1 1 

< College 66 4 38 7 3 3 * 1 7 * * * 3 

College Graduate 54 3 35 3 4 4 * * 3 * * * 2 

Post Graduate 24 6 14 2 * * * * 1 * * 1 * 

Census Region Northeast 124 6 70 13 3 5 * * 18 1 * 2 6 

Midwest 128 12 77 6 7 10 * 1 7 2 * 2 4 

South 273 23 153 17 12 20 * 3 17 4 * 11 13 

West 175 12 80 15 7 13 1 2 18 * 1 6 20 

Day of Week Weekday 445 39 235 34 21 34 1 2 38 6 1 10 24 

Weekend 255 14 145 17 8 14 * 4 22 1 * 11 19 

Season 

Winter 107 14 51 6 6 5 * 2 7 2 * 2 12 

Spring 240 10 134 17 10 20 1 2 21 2 * 10 13 

Summer 262 17 143 19 12 19 * 1 25 2 1 8 15 

Fall 91 12 52 9 1 4 * 1 7 1 * 1 3 

Asthma 

No 638 48 354 47 25 41 1 5 50 7 1 19 40 

Yes 61 5 25 4 4 7 * 1 10 * * 2 3 

DK 1 * 1 * * * * * * * * * * 

Anngina No 699 53 380 51 29 48 1 6 60 6 1 21 43 

DK 1 * * * * * * * * 1 * * * 

Bronchitis/Emphysema No 679 52 368 51 28 46 1 5 57 7 1 21 42 

Yes 21 1 12 * 1 2 * 1 3 * * * 1 

Note: "*" Signifies missing data. "DK"k = Respondents answered don't know. Refused = Respondents refused to answer. N = Doer 

sample size in specified range of number of minutes spent. A value of "121" for number of minutes signifies that more than 120 minutes 

were spent. 

Source: Tsang and Klepeis, 1996. 
Table 15-60. Number of Minutes Spent Playing on Sand, Gravel, Dirt, or Grass When Fill Dirt Was Present (minutes/day) 

Percentiles 

Category Population Group N 1 2 5 10 25 50 75 90 95 98 99 100 

Overall 647 0 0 0 0 0 0 30 100 121 121 121 121 

Gender Male 326 0 0 0 0 0 0 30 120 121 121 121 121 

Gender Female 320 0 0 0 0 0 0 30 60 121 121 121 121 

Age (years) 1-4 205 0 0 0 0 0 0 30 120 121 121 121 121 

Age (years) 5-11 185 0 0 0 0 0 0 30 120 121 121 121 121 

Age (years) 12-17 38 0 0 0 0 0 0.5 30 60 120 120 120 120 

Age (years) 18-64 214 0 0 0 0 0 0 15 60 120 121 121 121 

Age (years) > 64 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Race White 528 0 0 0 0 0 0 30 120 121 121 121 121 

Race Black 60 0 0 0 0 0 0 30 74 120 121 121 121 

Race Asian 5 0 0 0 0 0 30 30 121 121 121 121 121 

Race Some Others 16 0 0 0 0 0 0 20 40 60 60 60 60 

Race Hispanic 36 0 0 0 0 0 1 60 120 121 121 121 121 

Hispanic No 574 0 0 0 0 0 0 30 90 121 121 121 121 

Hispanic Yes 69 0 0 0 0 0 1 30 120 121 121 121 121 

Employment Full Time 138 0 0 0 0 0 0 15 60 120 121 121 121 

Employment Part Time 25 0 0 0 0 0 0 10 60 60 121 121 121 

Employment Not Employed 52 0 0 0 0 0 0 10 60 60 121 121 121 

Education < High School 17 0 0 0 0 0 0 60 121 121 121 121 121 

Education High School Graduate 67 0 0 0 0 0 0 10 60 88 120 121 121 

Education < College 62 0 0 0 0 0 0 15 60 60 121 121 121 

Education College Graduate 51 0 0 0 0 0 0 15 30 60 121 121 121 

Education Post Graduate 18 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 60 120 120 120 120 

Census Region Northeast 118 0 0 0 0 0 0 30 60 121 121 121 121 

Census Region Midwest 116 0 0 0 0 0 0 20 60 120 121 121 121 

Census Region South 250 0 0 0 0 0 0 30 90 121 121 121 121 

Census Region West 163 0 0 0 0 0 1 60 121 121 121 121 121 

Day of Week Weekday 406 0 0 0 0 0 0 30 88 121 121 121 121 

Day of Week Weekend 241 0 0 0 0 0 0 30 120 121 121 121 121 

Season Winter 93 0 0 0 0 0 0 45 121 121 121 121 121 

Season Spring 230 0 0 0 0 0 0 30 105 121 121 121 121 

Season Summer 245 0 0 0 0 0 0 30 90 121 121 121 121 

Season Fall 79 0 0 0 0 0 0 10 60 120 121 121 121 

Asthma No 590 0 0 0 0 0 0 30 110 121 121 121 121 

Asthma Yes 56 0 0 0 0 0 10 60 60 121 121 121 121 

Angina No 646 0 0 0 0 0 0 30 100 121 121 121 121 

Bronchitis/Emphysema No 627 0 0 0 0 0 0 30 120 121 121 121 121 

Bronchitis/Emphysema Yes 20 0 0 0 0 0 0 37.5 60 90.5 121 121 121 

NOTE: A value of "121" for number of minutes signifies that more than 120 minutes were spent. N = doer sample size. Percentiles 

are the percentage of doers below or equal to a given number of minutes. 

Source: Tsang and Klepeis,1996 
Table 15-61. Range of the Time Spent Working in a Garden or Other Circumstances in a Month by the Number of Respondents 

Hours/Month 

Total N *-* 0-0 0-24 24-48 48-72 72-96 96-120 120- 144- 168- 192- 216- 240- 264- 288- 3

144 168 192 216 240 264 288 312 3

Overall 4663 91 2928 1312 145 81 28 23 1 10 5 12 8 3 1 1 

Gender 

Male 2163 38 1309 628 77 41 16 9 1 8 4 10 8 2 1 * 

Female 2498 53 1618 683 68 40 12 14 * 2 1 2 * 1 * 1 

Refused 2 * 1 1 * * * * * * * * * * * * 

Age (years) * 84 11 51 17 * 2 2 1 * * * * * * * * 

1-4 263 7 189 55 4 3 2 2 * 1 * * * * * * 

5-11 348 7 225 100 9 4 * * * * 1 * * * 1 * 

12-17 326 5 236 75 6 1 * 1 * * 1 1 * * * * 

18-64 2972 37 1813 900 97 52 16 16 1 7 1 8 8 3 * * 

> 64 670 24 414 165 29 19 8 3 * 2 2 3 * * * 1 

Race 

White 3774 59 2303 1128 127 69 22 21 1 7 4 11 7 3 1 1 

Black 463 9 351 77 9 8 3 * * 2 1 * 1 * * * 

Asian 77 1 50 25 1 * * * * * * * * * * * 

Some Others 96 2 64 23 2 2 1 * * 1 * 1 * * * * 

Hispanic 193 6 126 50 5 1 2 1 * * * * * * * * 

Refused 60 14 34 9 1 1 * 1 * * * * * * * * 

Hispanic No 4244 65 2669 1206 135 73 25 20 1 8 5 12 8 3 1 1 

Yes 347 11 218 94 9 6 3 3 * 1 * * * * * * 

DK 26 1 18 5 * 1 * * * 1 * * * * * * 

Refused 46 14 23 7 1 1 * * * * * * * * * * 

Employment * 926 19 638 230 20 8 2 3 * 1 2 1 * * 1 * 

Full Time 2017 18 1235 600 68 35 12 9 1 7 1 10 8 2 * * 

Part Time 379 4 234 120 9 3 2 4 * 2 * * * * * * 

Not Employed 1309 39 808 354 48 35 12 7 * * 2 1 * 1 * 1 

Refused 32 11 13 8 * * * * * * * * * * * * 

Education 

* 1021 34 699 246 22 8 3 3 * 1 2 1 * * 1 * 

< High School 399 18 263 86 11 9 4 4 * 1 * 1 * * * * 

High School 1253 25 770 355 41 22 9 7 * 5 2 8 4 * * 1 

Graduate 895 11 545 265 33 18 6 3 * 1 * 2 4 3 * * 

< College 650 1 406 200 19 12 3 5 * 1 1 * * * * * 

College Graduate 445 2 245 160 19 12 3 1 1 1 * * * * * * 

Post Graduate 

Census Region Northeast 1048 17 714 259 24 12 4 8 * 3 * 2 1 * 1 * 

Midwest 1036 23 687 273 19 18 5 3 * * * 3 * 3 * * 

South 1601 35 989 446 64 26 11 7 1 4 4 3 6 * * 1 

West 978 16 538 334 38 25 8 5 * 3 1 4 1 * * * 

Day of Week Weekday 3156 62 1982 890 96 54 18 15 1 8 3 6 7 2 * 1 

Weekend 1507 29 946 422 49 27 10 8 * 2 2 6 1 1 1 * 

Season 

Winter 1264 9 1038 171 20 9 5 3 * 2 2 2 * * * 1 

Spring 1181 29 614 434 50 20 8 7 * 4 1 4 5 2 * * 

Summer 1275 39 690 421 56 33 12 9 1 2 1 3 3 1 * * 

Fall 943 14 586 286 19 19 3 4 * 2 1 3 * * 1 * 

Asthma 

No 4287 70 2697 1206 135 77 27 23 1 10 5 12 6 3 1 1 

Yes 341 6 216 101 10 4 1 * * * * * 2 * * * 

DK 35 15 15 5 * * * * * * * * * * * * 

Angina No 4500 74 2825 1277 143 77 28 21 1 10 5 12 8 3 1 1 

Yes 125 4 86 29 1 3 * 2 * * * * * * * * 

DK 38 13 17 6 1 1 * * * * * * * * * * 

Bronchitis/emphysema No 4424 72 2766 1265 140 77 27 22 1 10 5 12 8 3 1 1 

Yes 203 5 146 43 5 2 1 1 * * * * * * * * 

DK 36 14 16 4 * 2 * * * * * * * * * * 

Note: * Signifies missing data. DK = respondents answered don't know. Refused = respondents refused to answer. N = doer sample size in

specified range of number of minutes spent.

Source: Tsang and Klepeis,1996 
Table 15-62. Number of Hours Spent Working with Soil in a Garden or Other Circumstances Working (hours/month) 

Percentiles 

Category Population Group N 1 2 5 10 25 50 75 90 95 98 99 100 

Overall 4572 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 15 40 88 160 320 

Gender Male 2125 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 20 50 150 230 320 

Gender Female 2445 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 12 30 60 90 320 

Age (years) 1-4 256 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 7 20 60 120 150 

Age (years) 5-11 341 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 10 20 50 60 320 

Age (years) 12-17 321 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 5 10 40 60 200 

Age (years) 18-64 2935 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 16 40 90 200 320 

Age (years) > 64 646 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 25 60 90 160 300 

Race White 3715 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 16 40 88 160 320 

Race Black 454 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 8 30 60 160 320 

Race Asian 76 0 0 0 0 0 0 1.5 6 15 24 40 40 

Race Some Others 94 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 15 60 150 200 200 

Race Hispanic 187 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 12 25 90 320 320 

Hispanic No 4179 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 15 40 80 180 320 

Hispanic Yes 336 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 15 32 90 120 320 

Employment Full Time 1999 0 0 0 0 0 0 4 20 45 144 240 320 

Employment Part Time 375 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 12 32 90 120 320 

Employment Not Employed 1270 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 20 45 64 100 320 

Education < High School 381 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 16 60 120 160 320 

Education High School Grad 1228 0 0 0 0 0 0 3.5 20 50 120 200 320 

Education < College 884 0 0 0 0 0 0 4 20 40 90 240 320 

Education College Grad. 649 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 16 40 70 100 320 

Education Post Grad. 443 0 0 0 0 0 0 5 20 40 61 90 320 

Census Region Northeast 1031 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 10 30 90 120 320 

Census Region Midwest 1013 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 10 30 60 120 320 

Census Region South 1566 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 18 40 90 180 320 

Census Region West 962 0 0 0 0 0 0 5 20 50 90 200 320 

Day of Week Weekday 3094 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 15 40 80 160 320 

Day of Week Weekend 1478 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 15 40 90 150 320 

Season Winter 1255 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 4 12 50 90 320 

Season Spring 1152 0 0 0 0 0 0 5 20 45 110 200 320 

Season Summer 1236 0 0 0 0 0 0 5 25 50 96 160 320 

Season Fall 929 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 10 30 88 180 320 

Asthma No 4217 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 15 40 90 160 320 

Asthma Yes 335 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 12 30 60 80 320 

Angina No 4426 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 15 40 88 160 320 

Angina Yes 121 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 7 24 60 110 120 

Bronchitis/Emphysema No 4352 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 15 40 88 180 320 

Bronchitis/Emphysema Yes 198 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 7 24 60 80 100 

Note: * Signifies missing data. DK = respondents answered don't know. Refused = respondents refused to answer. N = doer 

sample size. Percentiles are the percentage of doers below or equal to a given number of minutes. 

Source: Tsang and Klepeis, 1996. 
Table 15-63. Range of Number of Minutes Spent Playing on Grass in a Day by the Number of Respondents 

Minutes/Day 

Total *-* 0-0 0-10 10-20 20-30 30-40 40-50 50-60 60-70 70-80 80-90 90- 100- 110- 121-

N 100 110 120 121 

Overall 700 43 79 49 49 85 7 11 125 1 1 21 1 2 66 160 

Gender 

Male 352 25 35 23 25 41 3 5 64 * 1 12 * 1 33 84 

Female 347 18 44 26 24 44 4 6 61 1 * 9 1 1 33 75 

Refused 1 * * * * * * * * * * * * * * 1 

Age (years) * 3 * * 1 1 * * * * * * * * * * 1 

1-4 216 10 24 19 21 25 1 4 35 * 1 8 * 1 18 49 

5-11 200 15 24 10 10 19 2 3 38 1 * 8 1 * 20 49 

12-17 41 2 5 1 2 8 * 1 8 * * 1 * * 8 5 

18-64 237 16 26 18 15 32 4 3 44 * * 4 * 1 20 54 

> 64 3 * * * * 1 * * * * * * * * * 2 

Race 

White 568 36 65 40 39 58 7 9 98 1 1 17 1 1 56 139 

Black 68 3 4 6 7 14 * 1 15 * * 2 * * 5 11 

Asian 5 * * 1 * 3 * * * * * * * * * 1 

Some Others 16 * 4 * 1 1 * * 4 * * 1 * * 2 3 

Hispanic 41 4 5 2 2 9 * * 8 * * 1 * 1 3 6 

Refused 2 * 1 * * * * 1 * * * * * * * * 

Hispanic No 619 38 65 44 42 73 6 11 110 1 1 18 1 1 62 146 

Yes 77 5 13 5 7 11 1 * 14 * * 3 * 1 4 13 

DK 3 * * * * 1 * * 1 * * * * * * 1 

Refused 1 * 1 * * * * * * * * * * * * * 

Employment * 461 27 54 31 34 52 3 8 81 1 1 17 1 1 46 104 

Full Time 149 8 16 12 10 21 3 3 25 * * 2 * * 13 36 

Part Time 29 2 5 1 1 6 * * 4 * * 2 * * 3 5 

Not Employed 60 5 4 5 4 6 1 * 15 * * * * 1 4 15 

Refused 1 1 * * * * * * * * * * * * * * 

Education 

* 461 27 54 31 34 52 3 8 81 1 1 17 1 1 46 104 

< High School 22 2 2 1 1 4 * * 3 * * * * 1 3 5 

High School Graduate 73 4 8 9 4 6 1 1 9 * * 3 * * 6 22 

< College 66 2 7 4 6 13 2 * 20 * * * * * 3 9 

College Graduate 54 3 5 3 4 6 1 1 10 * * * * * 6 15 

Post Graduate 24 5 3 1 * 4 * 1 2 * * 1 * * 2 5 

Census Region Northeast 124 5 14 10 4 13 * 3 26 * * 2 1 * 10 36 

Midwest 128 8 7 10 10 15 1 3 23 * 1 4 * * 15 31 

South 273 21 22 20 25 30 5 4 52 1 * 11 * 2 23 57 

West 175 9 36 9 10 27 1 1 24 * * 4 * * 18 36 

Day of Week Weekday 445 33 55 35 32 55 3 7 82 * 1 15 1 1 38 87 

Weekend 255 10 24 14 17 30 4 4 43 1 * 6 * 1 28 73 

Season 

Winter 107 12 22 6 6 15 2 * 15 * * 5 * * 5 19 

Spring 240 9 23 16 13 28 1 5 49 * * 7 1 1 26 61 

Summer 262 12 20 20 18 36 2 5 48 1 * 7 * 1 29 63 

Fall 91 10 14 7 12 6 2 1 13 * 1 2 * * 6 17 

Asthma 

No 638 38 73 46 44 78 7 9 114 1 1 18 1 2 60 146 

Yes 61 5 6 3 5 7 * 2 10 * * 3 * * 6 14 

DK 1 * * * * * * * 1 * * * * * * * 

Angina No 699 43 79 49 48 85 7 11 125 1 1 21 1 2 66 160 

DK 1 * * * 1 * * * * * * * * * * * 

Bronchitis/emphysema No 679 43 76 49 47 83 7 11 120 1 1 20 1 2 65 153 

Yes 21 * 3 * 2 2 * * 5 * * 1 * * 1 7 

NOTE: A value of "121" for number of minutes signifies that more than 120 minutes were spent. N = doer sample size. Percentiles are 

the percentage of doers below or equal to a given number of minutes. Refused = respondent refused to answer.

Source: Tsang and Klepeis,1996. 
Table 15-64. Number of Minutes Spent Playing on Grass (minutes/day) 

Percentiles 

Category Population Group N 1 2 5 10 25 50 75 90 95 98 99 100 

Overall 657 0 0 0 0 20 60 120 121 121 121 121 121 

Gender Male 327 0 0 0 0 20 60 121 121 121 121 121 121 

Gender Female 329 0 0 0 0 15 60 120 121 121 121 121 121 

Age (years) 1-4 206 0 0 0 0 15 60 120 121 121 121 121 121 

Age (years) 5-11 185 0 0 0 0 30 60 121 121 121 121 121 121 

Age (years) 12-17 39 0 0 0 0 30 60 120 121 121 121 121 121 

Age (years) 18-64 221 0 0 0 0 20 60 120 121 121 121 121 121 

Age (years) > 64 3 30 30 30 30 30 121 121 121 121 121 121 121 

Race White 532 0 0 0 0 20 60 121 121 121 121 121 121 

Race Black 65 0 0 0 3 20 58 90 121 121 121 121 121 

Race Asian 5 10 10 10 10 30 30 30 121 121 121 121 121 

Race Some Others 16 0 0 0 0 10 60 120 121 121 121 121 121 

Race Hispanic 37 0 0 0 0 30 60 110 121 121 121 121 121 

Hispanic No 581 0 0 0 0 20 60 121 121 121 121 121 121 

Hispanic Yes 72 0 0 0 0 10 35 100 121 121 121 121 121 

Employment Full Time 141 0 0 0 0 20 60 121 121 121 121 121 121 

Employment Part Time 27 0 0 0 0 15 60 120 121 121 121 121 121 

Employment Not Employed 55 0 0 0 5 23 60 121 121 121 121 121 121 

Education < High School 20 0 0 0 5 30 60 120.5 121 121 121 121 121 

Education High School Graduate 69 0 0 0 0 15 60 121 121 121 121 121 121 

Education < College 64 0 0 0 0 17.5 46.5 60 121 121 121 121 121 

Education College Graduate 51 0 0 0 1 30 60 121 121 121 121 121 121 

Education Post Graduate 19 0 0 0 0 25 60 121 121 121 121 121 121 

Census Region Northeast 119 0 0 0 0 30 60 121 121 121 121 121 121 

Census Region Midwest 120 0 0 0 7.5 30 60 121 121 121 121 121 121 

Census Region South 252 0 0 0 1 20 60 120 121 121 121 121 121 

Census Region West 166 0 0 0 0 10 45 120 121 121 121 121 121 

Day of Week Weekday 412 0 0 0 0 15 60 120 121 121 121 121 121 

Day of Week Weekend 245 0 0 0 1 30 60 121 121 121 121 121 121 

Season Winter 95 0 0 0 0 4 30 120 121 121 121 121 121 

Season Spring 231 0 0 0 1 30 60 121 121 121 121 121 121 

Season Summer 250 0 0 0 1.5 30 60 121 121 121 121 121 121 

Season Fall 81 0 0 0 0 10 35 120 121 121 121 121 121 

Asthma No 600 0 0 0 0 20 60 120 121 121 121 121 121 

Asthma Yes 56 0 0 0 0 22.5 60 120.5 121 121 121 121 121 

Angina No 656 0 0 0 0 20 60 120 121 121 121 121 121 

Bronchitis/Emphysema No 636 0 0 0 0 20 60 120 121 121 121 121 121 

Bronchitis/Emphysema Yes 21 0 0 0 0 30 60 121 121 121 121 121 121 

NOTE: A value of "121" for number of minutes signifies that more than 120 minutes were spent. N = doer sample size. Percentiles 

are the percentage of doers below or equal to a given number of minutes. 

Source: Tsang and Klepeis,1996 
Table 15-65. Number of Times Swimming in a Month in Freshwater Swimming Pool by the Number of Respondents 

Times/Month 

Total N 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 

Overall 653 147 94 73 47 42 26 11 26 2 38 3 27 2 2 27 2 

Gender 

Male 300 62 47 37 20 16 17 5 9 2 16 2 13 1 * 16 1 

Female 352 85 47 36 27 26 9 6 17 * 22 1 14 1 1 11 1 

Refused 1 * * * * * * * * * * * * * 1 * * 

Age (years) * 8 2 2 1 1 1 1 * * * * * * * * * * 

1-4 63 11 14 7 3 3 4 1 3 1 4 * 2 1 1 2 * 

5-11 100 16 15 7 9 6 4 2 4 * 7 * 5 * * 11 2 

12-17 84 21 13 7 4 8 4 2 3 1 8 * 1 * * 2 * 

18-64 360 86 48 50 27 22 11 5 14 * 18 3 15 1 1 10 * 

> 64 38 11 2 1 3 2 2 1 2 * 1 * 4 * * 2 * 

Race 

White 555 126 74 64 44 32 25 10 23 2 36 1 23 2 2 21 1 

Black 30 8 7 1 * 2 * * 1 * * 2 * * * 2 1 

Asian 13 3 2 2 * 1 * 1 1 * 1 * 1 * * * * 

Some Others 12 2 * 2 2 1 * * * * * * * * * 4 * 

Hispanic 35 5 8 4 1 6 1 * 1 * 1 * 3 * * * * 

Refused 8 3 3 * * * * * * * * * * * * * * 

Hispanic No 591 135 81 68 44 35 25 10 25 2 36 3 24 1 2 24 2 

Yes 55 10 11 5 2 6 1 1 1 * 2 * 3 1 * 3 * 

DK 2 * * * 1 1 * * * * * * * * * * * 

Refused 5 2 2 * * * * * * * * * * * * * * 

Employment * 243 47 41 21 17 15 12 5 10 2 18 * 8 1 1 15 2 

Full Time 240 56 38 38 15 13 10 3 8 * 10 1 8 1 1 6 * 

Part Time 43 13 2 4 3 8 * 1 1 * 4 2 2 * * 1 * 

Not Employed 122 30 12 10 12 6 3 2 7 * 6 * 9 * * 5 * 

Refused 5 1 1 * * * 1 * * * * * * * * * * 

Education 

* 257 51 43 21 18 17 12 5 11 2 19 * 8 1 1 15 2 

< High School 16 2 2 3 * 3 1 1 1 * * 1 * * * * * 

High School Graduate 112 28 15 16 11 6 5 1 1 * 5 1 5 * 1 3 * 

<College 104 29 11 11 2 9 2 3 7 * 4 1 7 * * 3 * 

College Graduate 93 22 12 14 10 2 3 * 2 * 5 * 6 * * 4 * 

Post Graduate 71 15 11 8 6 5 3 1 4 * 5 * 1 1 * 2 * 

Census Region Northeast 136 32 15 10 16 9 4 1 4 * 13 1 8 1 2 4 * 

Midwest 130 35 21 17 8 6 7 2 4 * 9 * 4 1 * 6 * 

South 235 46 36 29 13 15 12 7 10 2 10 2 8 * * 9 2 

West 152 34 22 17 10 12 3 1 8 * 6 * 7 * * 8 * 

Day of Week Weekday 445 97 67 52 36 25 15 9 14 1 24 2 18 2 2 21 1 

Weekend 208 50 27 21 11 17 11 2 12 1 14 1 9 * * 6 1 

Season 

Winter 62 19 12 5 3 1 2 * 6 * 2 1 3 * * * * 

Spring 174 55 25 19 13 9 7 3 7 * 8 * 7 * * 2 1 

Summer 363 61 45 41 29 26 15 8 12 2 27 2 14 2 2 24 1 

Fall 54 12 12 8 2 6 2 * 1 * 1 * 3 * * 1 * 

Asthma 

No 590 132 81 67 43 38 25 10 24 2 37 3 25 2 2 22 2 

Yes 56 14 11 5 4 3 1 1 2 * 1 * 2 * * 5 * 

DK 7 1 2 1 * 1 * * * * * * * * * * * 

Angina No 639 143 90 73 47 41 26 10 26 2 37 3 27 2 2 26 2 

Yes 8 3 1 * * 1 * 1 * * * * * * * 1 * 

DK 6 1 3 * * * * * * * 1 * * * * * * 

Bronchitis/Emphysema No 621 138 91 71 45 40 25 10 24 2 38 2 27 2 2 25 2 

Yes 26 8 1 2 1 2 1 1 1 * * 1 * * * 2 * 

DK 6 1 2 * 1 * * * 1 * * * * * * * * 
Table 15-65. Number of Times Swimming in a Month in Freshwater Swimming Pool by the Number of Respondents (continued) 

Times/Month 

18 20 23 24 25 26 28 29 30 31 32 40 42 45 50 60 DK 

Overall 2 25 1 1 9 2 1 1 26 2 1 2 2 1 1 2 5 

Gender 

Male * 10 * * 4 2 1 * 10 2 1 1 1 * * * 4 

Female 2 15 1 1 5 * * 1 16 * * 1 1 1 1 2 1 

Refused * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * 

Age (years) * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * 

1-4 * 2 * * * * * 1 2 * 1 * * * * * * 

5-11 * 3 * 1 2 * * * 5 * * * * * 1 * * 

12-17 1 4 * * * 1 * * 2 * * * * * * 1 1 

18-64 * 15 1 * 7 1 1 * 15 2 * 2 1 1 * * 3 

> 64 1 1 * * * * * * 2 * * * 1 * * 1 1 

Race 

White 2 19 1 1 9 2 1 1 19 2 1 2 2 * * 2 5 

Black * 3 * * * * * * 3 * * * * * * * * 

Asian * 1 * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * 

Some Others * * * * * * * * * * * * * * 1 * * 

Hispanic * 1 * * * * * * 3 * * * * 1 * * * 

Refused * 1 * * * * * * 1 * * * * * * * * 

Hispanic No 2 23 1 1 9 2 1 1 20 2 1 2 2 * 1 2 4 

Yes * 1 * * * * * * 6 * * * * 1 * * 1 

DK * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * 

Refused * 1 * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * 

Employment * 1 9 * 1 2 1 * 1 9 * 1 * * * 1 1 1 

Full Time * 8 * * 5 * 1 * 10 2 * 2 1 1 * * 2 

Part Time * * * * 1 * * * 1 * * * * * * * * 

Not Employed 1 7 1 * 1 1 * * 6 * * * 1 * * 1 1 

Refused * 1 * * * * * * * * * * * * * * 1 

Education 

* 1 11 * 1 2 2 * 1 9 * 1 * * * 1 1 1 

< High School * 1 * * * * * * 1 * * * * * * * * 

High School Graduate * 6 * * 1 * * * 4 * * * 1 * * 1 1 

< College * 3 1 * 4 * * * 4 * * * * 1 * * 2 

College Graduate * 2 * * 2 * * * 3 2 * 2 1 * * * 1 

Post Graduate 1 2 * * * * 1 * 5 * * * * * * * * 

Census Region Northeast * 7 * * 2 1 * * 2 1 * 1 1 * * * 1 

Midwest * 4 * * 1 * * * 4 * * * 1 * * * * 

South 2 7 1 1 4 * 1 1 9 1 * 1 * * 1 1 4 

West * 7 * * 2 1 * * 11 * 1 * * 1 * 1 * 

Day of Week Weekday 1 18 1 1 7 1 1 * 19 * 1 1 * 1 1 2 4 

Weekend 1 7 * * 2 1 * 1 7 2 * 1 2 * * * 1 

Season 

Winter 1 3 * * * 1 1 * * 1 * * 1 * * * * 

Spring * 8 * * 2 * * * 3 * * * 1 * 1 1 2 

Summer 1 10 1 1 7 1 * 1 21 1 1 2 * 1 * 1 3 

Fall * 4 * * * * * * 2 * * * * * * * * 

Asthma 

No 2 21 1 1 9 1 1 1 23 2 1 2 2 1 * 2 5 

Yes * 3 * * * 1 * * 2 * * * * * 1 * * 

DK * 1 * * * * * * 1 * * * * * * * * 

Angina No 2 24 1 1 9 2 1 1 26 2 1 2 1 1 1 2 5 

Yes * * * * * * * * * * * * 1 * * * * 

DK * 1 * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * 

Bronchitis/Emphysema No 2 22 1 1 9 2 1 1 23 2 1 2 2 1 1 2 4 

Yes * 2 * * * * * * 3 * * * * * * * 1 

DK * 1 * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * 

Note: * Signifies missing data; "DK" = respondent answered don't know; N= sample size; Refused = respondent refused to answer.

Source: Tsang And Klepeis, 1996 
Table 15-66. Range of the Average Amount of Time Actually Spent in the Water by Swimmers by the Number of Respondents 

Minutes/Month 

Total 0- 10- 20- 30- 40- 50- 60- 70- 80- 90- 110- 150- 180- 181-

N *-* 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 120 150 180 181 

Overall 653 13 62 75 120 20 39 131 8 2 31 2 68 10 32 40 

Gender 

Male 300 5 31 38 60 6 17 55 3 

Female 352 7 31 37 60 14 22 76 5 

Refused 1 1 * * * * * * * 

* 18 1 28 6 17 15 

2 13 1 40 4 15 25 

* * * * * * * 

Age (years) * 8 1 2 1 2 *

1-4 63 3 5 12 12 1

5-11 100 5 3 2 12 5

12-17 84 1 3 7 10 2

18-64 360 3 45 50 75 8

> 64 38 * 4 3 9 4

* * * * * * 2 * * * 

4 8 * * 2 * 7 1 3 5 

4 25 * * 7 * 16 2 11 8 

6 15 * 1 8 1 14 4 6 6 

22 74 8 * 13 1 26 3 12 20 

3 9 * 1 1 * 3 * * 1 

Race 

White 555 7 53 67 

Black 30 3 1 1 

Asian 13 * 1 1 

Some Others 12 * 1 2 

Hispanic 35 1 5 4 

Refused 8 2 1 * 

105 18 36 109 8 2 24 2 59 9 26 30 

4 * * 8 * * 5 * 1 1 1 5 

3 1 * 4 * * 1 * 1 * * 1 

1 * * 3 * * * * 2 * 1 2 

4 1 2 7 * * 1 * 4 * 4 2 

3 * 1 * * * * * 1 * * * 

Hispanic No 591 11 57 67 108 19 

Yes 55 1 5 8 10 1 

DK 2 * * * * * 

Refused 5 1 * * 2 * 

35 120 8 2 29 2 62 9 28 34 

3 10 * * 2 * 5 1 4 5 

* 1 * * * * * * * 1 

1 * * * * * 1 * * * 

Employment * 243 9 11 20 34 8 13 48 * Full Time 240 3 31 29 51 4 14 51 3

Part Time 43 * 3 10 12 1 3 2 1

Not Employed 122 1 16 16 21 7 8 30 4

Refused 5 * 1 * 2 * 1 * *

1 16 1 37 7 19 19 

* 8 * 21 3 10 12 

* 5 * 2 * * 4 

1 2 1 7 * 3 5 

* * * 1 * * * 

Education 

* 257 9 13 22 35 8

< High School 16 * 4 2 3 *

High School Graduate 112 1 12 10 16 5

< College 104 2 15 16 27 2

College Graduate 93 1 8 15 21 2

Post Graduate 71 * 10 10 18 3

15 50 * 1 17 1 39 7 20 20 

* 3 1 * 1 * * * * 2 

8 26 1 1 5 1 11 * 5 10 

4 20 3 * 4 * 6 1 2 2 

6 17 1 * 1 * 10 2 4 5 

6 15 2 * 3 * 2 * 1 1 

Census Region Northeast 136 2 12 17 28 5

Midwest 130 3 10 17 27 4

South 235 8 20 19 37 6

West 152 * 20 22 28 5

9 20 3 1 4 * 13 3 9 10 

8 24 1 * 6 * 17 1 7 5 

15 56 * * 13 1 26 4 12 18 

7 31 4 1 8 1 12 2 4 7 

Day of Week Weekday 445 11 45 52 82 14 23 87 7 2 19 * 46 8 22 27 

Weekend 208 2 17 23 38 6 16 44 1 * 12 2 22 2 10 13 

Season 

Winter 62 2 6 6 10 5 3 14 * Spring 174 3 21 24 37 7 12 32 * Summer 363 7 29 36 64 6 20 77 6

Fall 54 1 6 9 9 2 4 8 2

* 3 1 7 1 1 3 

2 6 1 13 3 6 7 

* 20 * 44 6 23 25 

* 2 * 4 * 2 5 

Asthma 

No 590 12 52 71 114 19 33 117 8 

Yes 56 1 9 3 4 * 5 14 * 

DK 7 * 1 1 2 1 1 * * 

2 26 2 64 9 26 35 

* 5 * 3 1 6 5 

* * * 1 * * * 

Angina No 639 13 60 73 118 19 37 130 8 

Yes 8 * * 2 1 1 1 1 * 

DK 6 * 2 * 1 * 1 * * 

2 30 2 66 10 32 39 

* 1 * 1 * * * 

* * * 1 * * 1 

Bronchitis/emphysema No 621 13 56 72 115 19 37 123 7 2 31 2 67 10 30 37 

Yes 26 * 5 3 4 1 1 7 * * * * * * 2 3 

DK 6 * 1 * 1 * 1 1 1 * * * 1 * * * 

Note: * Signifies missing data. DK = respondents answered don't know. Ref = respondents refused to answer. N = doer sample size

in specified range of number of minutes spent. Values of 120 , 150 , and 180 for number of minutes signify that 2 hours, 2.5 hours,

and 3 hours, respectively, were spent.

Source: Tsang and Klepeis,1996.
Table 15-67. Number of Minutes Spent Swimming in a Month in Freshwater Swimming Pool (minutes/month) 

Percentiles 

Category Population Group N 1 2 5 10 25 50 75 90 95 98 99 100 

Overall 640 2 3 10 15 30 60 90 180 181 181 181 181 

Gender Male 295 3 4 8 10 30 45 90 180 181 181 181 181 

Gender Female 345 2 3 10 15 30 60 90 180 181 181 181 181 

Age (years) 1-4 60 3 3 7.5 15 20 42.5 120 180 181 181 181 181 

Age (years) 5-11 95 2 3 20 30 45 60 120 180 181 181 181 181 

Age (years) 12-17 83 4 5 15 20 40 60 120 180 181 181 181 181 

Age (years) 18-64 357 2 3 5 10 20 45 60 120 181 181 181 181 

Age (years) > 64 38 5 5 8 10 30 40 60 120 120 181 181 181 

Race White 548 2 3 10 15 30 45 90 180 181 181 181 181 

Race Black 27 10 10 15 30 60 60 150 181 181 181 181 181 

Race Asian 13 4 4 4 20 30 60 60 120 181 181 181 181 

Race Some Others 12 2 2 2 15 25 60 150 181 181 181 181 181 

Race Hispanic 34 3 3 5 10 20 60 120 180 181 181 181 181 

Hispanic No 580 2 3 10 15 30 60 90 180 181 181 181 181 

Hispanic Yes 54 3 5 5 15 30 52.5 120 180 181 181 181 181 

Employment Full Time 237 3 4 5 10 20 45 60 150 181 181 181 181 

Employment Part Time 43 2 2 5 15 20 30 90 120 181 181 181 181 

Employment Not Employed 121 2 2 8 10 20 45 60 120 180 181 181 181 

Education < High School 16 1 1 1 2 12.5 30 60.5 181 181 181 181 181 

Education High School Graduate 111 3 5 8 10 30 60 90 180 181 181 181 181 

Education < College 102 3 3 5 10 20 30 60 120 120 180 181 181 

Education College Graduate 92 2 3 10 15 22.5 42.5 60.5 150 181 181 181 181 

Education Post Graduate 71 5 10 10 10 20 30 60 70 120 180 181 181 

Census Region Northeast 134 4 8 10 15 30 45 120 180 181 181 181 181 

Census Region Midwest 127 5 5 10 15 30 45 90 150 180 181 181 181 

Census Region South 227 2 3 5 15 30 60 120 180 181 181 181 181 

Census Region West 152 2 3 5 10 20 45 61 120 180 181 181 181 

Day of Week Weekday 434 2 3 8 10 30 60 90 180 181 181 181 181 

Day of Week Weekend 206 4 5 10 15 30 60 90 180 181 181 181 181 

Season Winter 60 2 3 5 12.5 30 52.5 90 120 180.5 181 181 181 

Season Spring 171 2 4 5 10 20 40 60 120 180 181 181 181 

Season Summer 356 3 3 10 15 30 60 120 180 181 181 181 181 

Season Fall 53 2 10 10 10 20 45 70 180 181 181 181 181 

Asthma No 578 2 3 10 15 30 55 90 180 181 181 181 181 

Asthma Yes 55 2 3 4 10 30 60 120 180 181 181 181 181 

Angina No 626 2 3 10 15 30 60 90 180 181 181 181 181 

Angina Yes 8 15 15 15 15 25 42.5 75 120 120 120 120 120 

Bronchitis/Emphysema No 608 3 3 10 15 30 60 90 180 181 181 181 181 

Bronchitis/Emphysema Yes 26 2 2 5 5 15 42.5 60 181 181 181 181 181 

Note: A Value of 181 for number of minutes signifies that more than 180 minutes were spent. N = doer sample size. Percentiles are 

the percentage of doers below or equal to a given number of minutes. 

Source: Tsang and Klepeis,1996. 
Table 15-68. Statistics for 24-Hour Cumulative Number of Minutes Spent Working in a Main Job 

Percentiles 

Category Population Group N Mean Stdev Stderr Min Max 5 25 50 75 90 95 98 99 

All 3259 475.909 179.067 3.1367 1 1440 120 395 500 570 660 740 840 930 

Gender Male 1733 492.305 186.996 4.4919 1 1440 120 417 510 595 690 770 890 955 

Gender Female 1526 457.288 167.74 4.294 2 1440 120 390 485 543 620 690 785 850 

Age (years) * 80 472.375 183.298 20.4933 5 940 117.5 377.5 482.5 560 672.5 850 900 940 

Age (years) 1-4 3 16.667 11.547 6.6667 10 30 10 10 10 30 30 30 30 30 

Age (years) 5-11 10 150.4 185.796 58.754 2 550 2 10 67.5 264 447.5 550 550 550 

Age (years) 12-17 38 293.158 180.681 29.3103 5 840 15 185 269 390 510 675 840 840 

Age (years) 18-64 2993 484.822 173.083 3.1638 1 1440 140 420 505 570 660 745 840 930 

Age (years) > 64 135 366.148 208.656 17.9582 5 990 30 185 395 500 600 660 840 940 

Race White 2630 477.536 179.01 3.4906 1 1440 120 400 500 570 660 735 845 933 

Race Black 343 466.551 175.989 9.5025 5 1037 105 390 490 550 655 735 880 990 

Race Asian 57 464.053 177.305 23.4846 5 870 45 390 493 553 660 750 780 870 

Race Some Others 56 477.411 181.661 24.2754 45 855 75 415 510 570 680 765 780 855 

Race Hispanic 125 465.88 185.322 16.5757 2 840 95 360 485 580 720 750 825 840 

Race Refused 48 492.083 191.623 27.6584 50 957 120 410 507.5 575 810 840 957 957 

Hispanic No 2980 475.393 179.214 3.2829 1 1440 120 395 500 570 660 740 850 940 

Hispanic Yes 221 481.493 174.32 11.726 2 1106 150 405 505 580 670 740 825 840 

Hispanic DK 12 529.583 146.226 42.2117 295 757 295 425 554 610 710 757 757 757 

Hispanic Refused 46 468.522 201.347 29.687 10 860 115 350 497.5 585 780 818 860 860 

Employment * 47 257.915 202.833 29.5863 2 840 5 65 245 390 540 625 840 840 

Employment Full Time 2679 504.35 164.818 3.1843 1 1440 180 450 510 582 675 750 855 950 

Employment Part Time 395 364.587 159.361 8.0183 5 945 80 250 365 480 540 600 675 795 

Employment Not Employed 112 270.946 216.024 20.4123 4 990 9 82.5 245 377.5 600 675 795 870 

Employment Refused 26 513.577 155.456 30.4875 170 840 225 440 510 570 778 790 840 840 

Education * 108 343.037 211.879 20.3881 2 860 10 176.5 342.5 510 610 675 840 840 

Education < High School 217 473.502 216.729 14.7125 4 1440 85 360 485 568 710 795 940 1080 

Education High School Graduate 1045 482.03 180.638 5.5879 1 1440 120 405 500 565 670 765 890 979 

Education < College 795 475.585 174.025 6.172 2 1440 140 409 495 563 648 750 825 905 

Education College Graduate 627 484.526 159.816 6.3824 5 1005 120 424 510 570 645 720 765 815 

Education Post Graduate 467 483.041 169.574 7.847 1 945 125 400 510 590 660 730 810 860 

Census Region Northeast 721 475.964 180.84 6.7348 1 1440 120 405 495 570 669 740 890 950 

Census Region Midwest 755 477.008 182.167 6.6297 2 1440 120 395 495 570 660 750 825 940 

Census Region South 1142 478.231 176.739 5.23 1 1440 105 405 505 570 660 735 840 900 

Census Region West 641 470.415 177.801 7.0227 5 1080 120 390 500 570 657 730 850 880 

Day Of Week Weekday 2788 487.858 166.167 3.147 1 1440 155 425 505 570 660 740 840 930 

Day Of Week Weekend 471 405.18 229.526 10.576 2 1440 30 245 415 555 670 770 870 960 

Season Winter 864 475.784 172.828 5.8797 5 1440 150 390 495 570 660 735 835 900 

Season Spring 791 472.972 195.425 6.9485 1 1440 75 390 495 570 670 765 850 915 

Season Summer 910 477.185 179.907 5.9639 1 1215 120 400 500 565 670 750 890 979 

Season Fall 694 477.739 165.961 6.2998 2 1005 130 405 510 570 645 720 780 840 

Asthma No 3042 477.013 176.967 3.2086 1 1440 120 400 500 570 660 740 840 930 

Asthma Yes 195 453.354 204.227 14.625 5 1440 45 345 480 550 668 793 855 979 

Asthma DK 22 523.182 216.952 46.2542 170 1215 225 430 500 565 780 860 1215 1215 

Angina No 3192 475.735 178.389 3.1574 1 1440 120 395 500 570 660 740 840 930 

Angina Yes 44 472.068 200.68 30.2536 10 990 60 386 500 572.5 679 730 990 990 

Angina DK 23 507.391 230.296 48.02 80 1215 170 430 500 565 780 860 1215 1215 

Bronchitis/Emphysema No 3120 476.547 178.194 3.1902 1 1440 120 400 500 570 660 740 840 930 

Bronchitis/Emphysema Yes 116 446.991 189.381 17.5836 5 985 30 367.5 480 557.5 644 720 800 855 

Bronchitis/Emphysema DK 23 535.217 226.256 47.1777 170 1215 225 430 500 600 860 875 1215 1215 

Note: A "*" Signifies missing data. "DK" = The respondent replied "don't know". Refused = Refused data. N = doer sample size. Mean = Mean 24-hour 

cumulative number of minutes for doers. Stdev = standard deviation. Stderr = standard error. Min = minimum number of minutes. Max = maximum 

number of minutes. Percentiles are the percentage of doers below or equal to a given number of minutes. 

Source: Tsang and Klepeis, 1996. 
Table 15-69. Statistics for 24-Hour Cumulative Number of Minutes Spent in Food Preparation 

Percentiles 

Category Population Group N Mean Stdev Stderr 

All 4278 52.35 52.877 0.8084 

Gender Male 1342 37.77 42.133 1.1501 

Gender Female 2936 59.02 55.872 1.0311 

Age (years) * 94 52 43.217 4.4575 

Age (years) 1-4 24 56.46 60.37 12.3229 

Age (years) 5-11 60 25.17 29.688 3.8327 

Age (years) 12-17 131 21.7 37.69 3.293 

Age (years) 18-64 3173 52.07 52.872 0.9386 

Age (years) > 64 796 60.5 54.669 1.9377 

Race White 3584 51.62 53.259 0.8896 

Race Black 377 57.03 52.289 2.693 

Race Asian 62 54 41.822 5.3115 

Race Some Others 66 50.59 53.237 6.553 

Race Hispanic 132 58.76 49.73 4.3285 

Race Refused 57 53.14 49.297 6.5295 

Hispanic No 3960 51.84 52.603 0.8359 

Hispanic Yes 254 58.99 56.694 3.5573 

Hispanic DK 20 54.95 53.2 11.8959 

Hispanic Refused 44 58.61 53.296 8.0346 

Employment * 210 27.17 40.549 2.7981 

Employment Full Time 1988 45.46 46.66 1.0465 

Employment Part Time 419 53.85 55.413 2.7071 

Employment Not Employed 1626 63.62 57.743 1.432 

Employment Refused 35 53.54 66.78 11.2879 

Education * 291 31.71 42.621 2.4985 

Education < High School 450 61.26 53.232 2.5094 

Education High School Graduate 1449 58.84 56.665 1.4886 

Education < College 954 51.99 52.238 1.6913 

Education College Graduate 659 46.2 48.078 1.8728 

Education Post Graduate 475 46.04 48.686 2.2339 

Census Region Northeast 953 52.3 53.178 1.7226 

Census Region Midwest 956 53.23 51.814 1.6758 

Census Region South 1452 53.35 53.471 1.4032 

Census Region West 917 49.91 52.72 1.741 

Day Of Week Weekday 2995 50.05 49.979 0.9132 

Day Of Week Weekend 1283 57.72 58.762 1.6405 

Season Winter 1174 50.62 48.626 1.4192 

Season Spring 1038 54.39 54.484 1.6911 

Season Summer 1147 51.34 54.194 1.6002 

Season Fall 919 53.54 54.535 1.7989 

Asthma No 3948 52.02 53.176 0.8463 

Asthma Yes 300 57.14 49.443 2.8546 

Asthma DK 30 47.63 44.812 8.1815 

Angina No 4091 52.18 52.97 0.8282 

Angina Yes 149 56.81 48.238 3.9518 

Angina DK 38 53.97 60.417 9.8009 

Bronchitis/Emphysema No 4024 52.01 53.092 0.837 

Bronchitis/Emphysema Yes 216 56.91 46.683 3.1764 

Bronchitis/Emphysema DK 38 62.39 61.703 10.0096 

Min Max 5 25 50 75 90 95 98 99 

1 555 5 20 35 65 115 150 210 265 

1 480 5 13 30 50 80 105 150 210 

1 555 5 25 45 75 120 155 224 272 

5 215 5 20 40 60 110 150 195 215 

5 240 5 22.5 30 75 150 180 240 240 

1 120 2 5 11 30 60 107 120 120 

1 385 2 5 10 30 55 70 90 90 

1 555 5 20 35 65 110 145 210 265 

1 525 5 25 45 80 120 150 240 270 

1 555 5 19 35 65 110 145 210 265 

1 390 5 20 40 75 120 150 210 240 

2 210 5 20 50 70 105 130 175 210 

1 295 5 15 33.5 70 115 150 210 295 

2 315 5 23.5 52.5 79.5 110 135 225 285 

2 210 5 20 40 60 120 180 195 210 

1 555 5 20 35 65 111 145 205 255 

2 420 5 20 45 75 120 155 240 315 

6 240 8 25 45 60 112.5 180 240 240 

2 210 5 27.5 37.5 80 150 180 210 210 

1 385 2 5 15 30 60 90 120 180 

1 480 5 15 30 60 90 130 180 240 

2 520 5 20 40 65 105 125 205 255 

1 555 5 29 45 90 125 170 240 275 

2 340 2 20 30 60 120 195 340 340 

1 385 2 5 15 37 75 120 155 195 

1 555 5 30 45 90 120 150 197 225 

1 520 5 22 45 75 120 155 240 310 

1 525 5 20 34.5 65 110 150 210 245 

1 515 5 15 30 60 100 125 180 224 

1 375 5 15 30 60 95 135 200 270 

1 480 5 20 40 60 110 140 205 255 

1 520 5 20 35 65 120 150 210 265 

1 555 5 15.5 35 70 120 150 195 245 

1 515 5 15 31 60 105 135 225 265 

1 555 5 19 35 60 105 132 180 240 

1 420 5 20 40 75 130 180 240 300 

1 480 5 18 35 65 110 135 195 240 

1 525 5 20 38.5 70 120 150 224 265 

1 555 5 20 35 60 110 137 208 300 

1 520 5 20 37 67 120 155 200 265 

1 555 5 20 35 65 110 145 210 265 

1 272 5 20.5 45 75 120 160 199 240 

2 195 5 10 32.5 60 117.5 120 195 195 

1 555 5 20 35 65 115 150 210 265 

1 340 5 25 45 80 120 135 180 210 

2 240 2 10 32.5 60 120 240 240 240 

1 555 5 20 35 65 110 145 210 265 

3 240 5 20 45 85 120 150 198 210 

2 240 2 20 42.5 90 150 240 240 240 

Note: A "*" Signifies missing data. "DK" = The respondent replied "don't know". Refused = Refused data. N = doer sample size. Mean = Mean 24-hour 

cumulative number of minutes for doers. Stdev = standard deviation. Stderr = standard error. Min = minimum number of minutes. Max = maximum 

number of minutes. Percentiles are the percentage of doers below or equal to a given number of minutes. 

Source: Tsang and Klepeis, 1996. 
Table 15-70. Statistics for 24-Hour Cumulative Number of Minutes Spent in Food Cleanup 

Percentiles 

Group Name Group Code N Mean Stdev Stderr Min Max 5 25 50 75 90 95 98 99 

All 1143 32.9948 40.379 1.1944 1 825 8 15 30 35 60 85 120 135 

Gender Male 204 27.4951 20.398 1.4282 1 180 10 15 25 30 50 60 80 85 

Gender Female 939 34.1896 43.44 1.4176 1 825 5 15 30 35 60 90 120 150 

Age (years) * 24 31.0417 28.013 5.7182 10 120 10 15 30 30 60 105 120 120 

Age (years) 1-4 5 41.6 48.04 21.4839 3 120 3 15 15 55 120 120 120 120 

Age (years) 5-11 9 28.4444 21.634 7.2113 1 75 1 15 30 30 75 75 75 75 

Age (years) 12-17 28 26.75 20.573 3.8879 2 90 5 12.5 20 30 60 65 90 90 

Age (years) 18-64 808 31.3317 27.053 0.9517 1 330 10 15 30 30 60 80 120 120 

Age (years) > 64 269 38.8067 67.357 4.1068 1 825 5 15 30 40 60 105 130 270 

Race White 976 32.9652 41.685 1.3343 1 825 8 15 30 35 60 84 120 130 

Race Black 82 33.2805 28.602 3.1585 5 180 10 15 30 30 65 90 120 180 

Race Asian 11 27.0909 22.047 6.6476 3 75 3 15 15 30 60 75 75 75 

Race Some Others 17 29.7059 34.797 8.4396 5 150 5 10 15 30 60 150 150 150 

Race Hispanic 42 35.6429 39.899 6.1565 3 255 10 15 30 40 50 60 255 255 

Race Refused 15 34 28.234 7.2899 5 90 5 10 30 60 90 90 90 90 

Hispanic No 1057 32.7351 40.353 1.2412 1 825 5 15 30 35 60 85 120 130 

Hispanic Yes 68 38.9265 44.877 5.4422 3 270 10 15 30 40 60 120 255 270 

Hispanic DK 6 24.1667 9.704 3.9616 10 35 10 15 27.5 30 35 35 35 35 

Hispanic Refused 12 26.6667 18.257 5.2705 5 60 5 12.5 25 32.5 60 60 60 60 

Employment * 39 28.1538 25.77 4.1265 1 120 2 15 15 30 65 90 120 120 

Employment Full Time 432 28.4236 22.686 1.0915 2 255 8 15 25 30 50 60 90 120 

Employment Part Time 134 28.903 21.322 1.842 3 150 10 15 25 30 60 60 95 100 

Employment Not Employed 528 38.2254 53.763 2.3398 1 825 5 15 30 45 60 105 120 250 

Employment Refused 10 28 21.884 6.9202 10 60 10 10 17.5 55 60 60 60 60 

Education * 59 27.2542 22.695 2.9546 1 120 3 10 20 30 60 75 90 120 

Education < High School 135 41.8593 58.603 5.0437 2 570 5 15 30 45 85 120 180 270 

Education High School Graduate 445 33.3483 45.827 2.1724 1 825 10 15 30 30 60 90 120 120 

Education < College 259 33.5907 30.026 1.8657 5 255 10 15 30 45 60 85 105 150 

Education College Graduate 142 27.7254 21.846 1.8333 1 180 10 15 22.5 30 50 60 90 120 

Education Post Graduate 103 28.9029 34.476 3.397 3 330 5 15 25 30 50 60 60 120 

Census Region Northeast 295 32.6169 28.347 1.6504 3 270 5 15 30 40 60 90 120 120 

Census Region Midwest 252 28.4643 22.677 1.4285 1 210 5 15 30 30 50 60 85 120 

Census Region South 343 35.9242 52.496 2.8345 1 825 10 15 30 40 65 90 120 180 

Census Region West 253 33.9763 46.539 2.9259 3 570 10 15 27 30 60 75 120 255 

Day Of Week Weekday 782 32.1957 43.579 1.5584 1 825 8 15 30 30 60 75 120 120 

Day Of Week Weekend 361 34.7258 32.371 1.7037 5 270 8 15 30 40 60 90 120 180 

Season Winter 303 33.1188 51.809 2.9763 1 825 8 15 30 30 60 85 120 120 

Season Spring 245 30.2939 26.108 1.668 2 250 10 15 30 30 60 65 105 120 

Season Summer 293 33.157 29.932 1.7487 2 270 5 15 30 40 60 90 120 135 

Season Fall 302 34.904 45.406 2.6128 1 570 8 15 30 40 60 90 120 180 

Asthma No 1047 32.7708 40.408 1.2488 1 825 6 15 30 35 60 85 120 120 

Asthma Yes 91 35.956 40.996 4.2975 2 255 8 15 30 40 60 90 250 255 

Asthma DK 5 26 20.736 9.2736 10 60 10 10 20 30 60 60 60 60 

Angina No 1092 32.9661 40.95 1.2392 1 825 8 15 30 35 60 85 120 150 

Angina Yes 45 32.3111 22.926 3.4175 5 120 5 15 30 45 60 60 120 120 

Angina DK 6 43.3333 41.793 17.062 10 120 10 10 30 60 120 120 120 120 

Bronchitis/Emphysema No 1065 31.77 28.195 0.864 1 330 8 15 30 35 60 80 120 120 

Bronchitis/Emphysema Yes 71 50.8592 118.417 14.0535 3 825 5 15 29 35 70 105 570 825 

Bronchitis/Emphysema DK 7 38.1429 41.119 15.5417 2 120 2 10 30 60 120 120 120 120 

Note: A "*" Signifies missing data. "DK" = The respondent replied "don't know". Refused = Refused data. N = doer sample size. Mean = Mean 24-hour 

cumulative number of minutes for doers. Stdev = standard deviation. Stderr = standard error. Min = minimum number of minutes. Max = maximum 

number of minutes. Percentiles are the percentage of doers below or equal to a given number of minutes. 

Source: Tsang and Klepeis, 1996. 
Table 15-71. Statistics for 24-Hour Cumulative Number of Minutes Spent Cleaning House 

Percentiles 

Category Population Group N Mean Stdev Stderr Min Max 5 25 50 75 90 95 98 99 

All 1910 114.798 111.683 2.5555 1 810 10 30 80 150 255 335 465 525 

Gender Male 351 100.353 110.445 5.8951 1 810 10 30 60 120 240 310 400 495 

Gender Female 1559 118.051 111.737 2.8299 1 790 15 40 90 160 255 340 465 540 

Age (years) * 45 136.2 114.124 17.0127 10 480 10 55 105 180 297 320 480 480 

Age (years) 1-4 11 74.091 69.42 20.9308 10 270 10 40 60 90 90 270 270 270 

Age (years) 5-11 49 42.633 35.19 5.0271 1 180 5 20 30 53 90 120 180 180 

Age (years) 12-17 67 78.746 79.357 9.695 1 300 5 20 55 105 240 240 285 300 

Age (years) 18-64 1307 115.55 111.597 3.0868 1 810 15 30 85 150 270 350 435 510 

Age (years) > 64 431 125.132 118.341 5.7003 3 790 10 45 90 170 250 340 540 570 

Race White 1614 115.85 111.348 2.7716 1 790 10 35 85 155 255 330 435 540 

Race Black 139 108.712 106.826 9.0609 1 490 5 30 80 135 270 358 480 484 

Race Asian 32 97.656 101.091 17.8705 15 425 15 30 60 127.5 265 345 425 425 

Race Some Others 26 80.5 58.059 11.3864 5 210 10 35 60 115 185 190 210 210 

Race Hispanic 73 99.781 110.669 12.9528 5 548 10 30 60 120 210 345 470 548 

Race Refused 26 179.615 176.878 34.6886 10 810 20 30 135 240 390 465 810 810 

Hispanic No 1740 114.153 109.99 2.6368 1 790 10 30 80 150 255 330 435 525 

Hispanic Yes 134 110.134 115.754 9.9996 5 658 10 34 60 135 240 360 480 548 

Hispanic DK 14 136.071 131.591 35.1691 10 510 10 30 92.5 210 240 510 510 510 

Hispanic Refused 22 180.682 177.33 37.8069 10 810 20 45 138 240 340 390 810 810 

Employment * 128 64.453 66.811 5.9053 1 300 5 22.5 45 77.5 180 240 270 285 

Employment Full Time 673 100.944 99.87 3.8497 1 655 10 30 60 120 240 310 410 480 

Employment Part Time 195 119.415 115.568 8.276 1 660 15 45 85 175 265 390 480 540 

Employment Not Employed 901 129.566 118.009 3.9314 3 790 15 50 95 180 285 360 480 570 

Employment Refused 13 235 218.908 60.7142 10 810 10 120 180 255 450 810 810 810 

Education * 161 81.379 98.129 7.7337 1 810 5 28 45 100 225 265 300 375 

Education < High School 234 135.731 121.618 7.9504 3 715 10 50 115 180 297 390 540 560 

Education High School Graduate 665 121.899 118.814 4.6074 2 790 15 40 90 160 270 360 484 610 

Education < College 432 108.343 100.456 4.8332 1 570 10 30 85 149 240 315 420 470 

Education College Graduate 247 101.097 96.605 6.1468 1 525 15 30 60 127 240 315 390 465 

Education Post Graduate 171 126.105 118.897 9.0923 5 655 15 45 90 180 280 390 495 540 

Census Region Northeast 454 116.969 117.268 5.5037 2 790 10 30 90 164 240 330 480 655 

Census Region Midwest 406 114.086 111.049 5.5113 1 720 10 30 80 150 240 325 475 495 

Census Region South 636 114.36 112.921 4.4776 1 810 10 30 80 150 270 360 435 525 

Census Region West 414 113.79 104.234 5.1228 5 720 15 40 82.5 160 240 330 400 470 

Day Of Week Weekday 1287 108.319 108.542 3.0256 1 790 10 30 70 150 240 315 465 540 

Day Of Week Weekend 623 128.185 116.861 4.682 1 810 15 45 90 180 290 370 435 525 

Season Winter 464 105.554 98.348 4.5657 1 810 10 30 75 150 240 285 360 465 

Season Spring 445 114.202 109.757 5.203 3 720 15 30 75 165 240 340 465 525 

Season Summer 546 109.908 113.686 4.8653 1 690 10 30 71 135 245 365 465 548 

Season Fall 455 130.677 122.137 5.7259 1 790 15 45 90 180 300 390 480 560 

Asthma No 1764 114.32 110.119 2.6219 1 790 10 30 82.5 150 255 330 450 525 

Asthma Yes 133 114.699 117.523 10.1905 5 690 10 33 64 150 270 390 470 480 

Asthma DK 13 180.769 214.533 59.5007 10 810 10 45 120 240 340 810 810 810 

Angina No 1826 113.702 110.563 2.5874 1 790 14 30 80 150 255 330 465 525 

Angina Yes 70 120.371 103.11 12.324 5 394 5 30 90 190 262.5 320 370 394 

Angina DK 14 230 210.868 56.3569 10 810 10 120 210 255 480 810 810 810 

Bronchitis/Emphysema No 1791 113.894 111.025 2.6234 1 790 10 30 80 150 255 340 450 540 

Bronchitis/Emphysema Yes 100 118.11 104.363 10.4363 5 480 7.5 32.5 90 180 262.5 297.5 467.5 475 

Bronchitis/Emphysema DK 19 182.632 179.253 41.1234 5 810 5 50 150 240 340 810 810 810 

Note: A "*" Signifies missing data. "DK" = The respondent replied "don't know". Refused = Refused data. N = doer sample size. Mean = Mean 24-hour 

cumulative number of minutes for doers. Stdev = standard deviation. Stderr = standard error. Min = minimum number of minutes. Max = maximum 

number of minutes. Percentiles are the percentage of doers below or equal to a given number of minutes. 

Source: Tsang and Klepeis, 1996. 
Table 15-72. Statistics for 24-Hour Cumulative Number of Minutes Spent in Outdoor Cleaning 

Percentiles 

Category Population Group N Mean Stdev Stderr Min Max 5 25 50 75 90 95 98 99 

All 692 145.9 121.42 4.616 2 720 25 60 120 180 300 405 510 570 

Gender Male 417 160.8 131.68 6.448 10 720 30 60 120 200 345 480 533 600 

Gender Female 275 123.2 99.98 6.029 2 635 10 60 90 160 268 330 390 465 

Age (years) * 13 210.5 157.91 43.796 30 600 30 112 140 250 395 600 600 600 

Age (years) 1-4 4 138.3 116.84 58.421 30 285 30 45 119 231.5 285 285 285 285 

Age (years) 5-11 12 104.6 62.921 18.164 30 210 30 58 80 165 190 210 210 210 

Age (years) 12-17 20 142.3 96.274 21.527 30 385 32.5 75 127 157.5 300 372.5 385 385 

Age (years) 18-64 479 147.4 125.22 5.721 2 690 15 60 120 180 310 435 520 570 

Age (years) > 64 164 139.9 112.13 8.756 2 720 30 60 120 172.5 300 350 480 510 

Race White 621 146.4 122.18 4.903 2 720 25 60 120 180 305 410 510 560 

Race Black 30 134.2 99.049 18.084 2 405 10 60 117.5 190 262.5 330 405 405 

Race Asian 6 65 27.568 11.255 30 90 30 30 77.5 85 90 90 90 90 

Race Some Others 12 163.5 97.091 28.028 39 380 39 90 157.5 187.5 290 380 380 380 

Race Hispanic 14 128.2 82.593 22.074 30 300 30 65 105 180 255 300 300 300 

Race Refused 9 206.7 213.95 71.317 30 600 30 60 120 300 600 600 600 600 

Hispanic No 652 145.6 121.19 4.746 2 720 25 60 120 180 300 405 510 560 

Hispanic Yes 26 115.3 76.402 14.984 10 300 25 60 116.5 145 240 255 300 300 

Hispanic DK 5 218 103.05 46.087 120 380 120 140 210 240 380 380 380 380 

Hispanic Refused 9 216.7 206.64 68.88 60 600 60 60 120 300 600 600 600 600 

Employment * 38 132.1 88.152 14.3 30 385 30 60 115 165 255 360 385 385 

Employment Full Time 315 147.7 123.2 6.942 4 690 30 60 120 180 300 435 530 560 

Employment Part Time 52 135.1 103.74 14.387 2 470 15 60 112.5 180 300 325 325 470 

Employment Not Employed 280 145.1 122.82 7.34 2 720 20 60 120 180 310 412.5 480 655 

Employment Refused 7 252.9 216.41 81.794 15 600 15 120 120 465 600 600 600 600 

Education * 46 136.8 115.99 17.101 2 600 30 60 112.5 165 285 360 600 600 

Education < High School 96 146 124.59 12.716 2 510 10 60 119.5 180 330 465 480 510 

Education High School Graduate 237 154.2 126.38 8.209 5 720 30 60 120 180 310 415 520 660 

Education < College 142 146.7 119.87 10.059 4 655 30 60 120 185 270 375 560 570 

Education College Graduate 99 137.3 124.43 12.505 10 555 15 60 95 175 325 475 533 555 

Education Post Graduate 72 134.3 103.25 12.168 10 495 30 60 120 165 290 345 465 495 

Census Region Northeast 144 135.2 113.42 9.451 5 600 15 60 110 185 300 330 510 555 

Census Region Midwest 155 131 111.34 8.943 4 655 15 60 95 150 270 360 510 560 

Census Region South 218 158.7 117.58 7.964 2 635 30 70 120 195 330 415 510 520 

Census Region West 175 151.8 138.65 10.481 2 720 25 60 120 180 355 475 530 690 

Day Of Week Weekday 420 132.5 109.32 5.334 4 660 20 60 105 175 285 360 475 530 

Day Of Week Weekend 272 166.6 135.66 8.225 2 720 30 60 120 227.5 345 495 533 635 

Season Winter 128 149.5 135.12 11.943 4 600 15 59.5 102.5 225 345 465 510 520 

Season Spring 252 151.3 116.12 7.315 5 690 30 70 120 180 300 410 510 530 

Season Summer 205 133 104.23 7.28 5 635 20 60 120 180 270 325 475 555 

Season Fall 107 153.4 144.65 13.984 2 720 15 60 120 180 360 480 655 660 

Asthma No 640 147.3 121.44 4.8 2 720 27.5 60 120 180 307.5 400 510 560 

Asthma Yes 47 109.1 87.096 12.704 5 510 15 60 90 135 210 240 510 510 

Asthma DK 5 312 230.04 102.879 60 600 60 120 300 480 600 600 600 600 

Angina No 665 143.6 118.92 4.611 2 720 25 60 120 180 300 385 510 560 

Angina Yes 18 144.7 96.703 22.793 30 330 30 60 135 165 330 330 330 330 

Angina DK 9 318.9 213.67 71.223 10 600 10 120 325 480 600 600 600 600 

Bronchitis/emphysema No 661 146.2 120.68 4.694 2 720 30 60 120 180 300 395 510 560 

Bronchitis/emphysema Yes 26 104.8 85.282 16.725 5 375 10 60 90 135 225 300 375 375 

Bronchitis/emphysema DK 5 312 230.04 102.879 60 600 60 120 300 480 600 600 600 600 

Note: A "*" Signifies missing data. "DK" = The respondent replied "don't know". Refused = Refused data. N = doer sample size. Mean = Mean 24-hour 

cumulative number of minutes for doers. Stdev = standard deviation. Stderr = standard error. Min = minimum number of minutes. Max = maximum 

number of minutes. Percentiles are the percentage of doers below or equal to a given number of minutes. 

Source: Tsang and Klepeis, 1996. 
Table 15-73. Statistics for 24-Hour Cumulative Number of Minutes Spent in Clothes Care 

Percentiles 

Category Population Group N Mean Stdev Stderr 

All 893 79.479 73.355 2.455 

Gender Male 117 72.248 67.028 6.197 

Gender Female 776 80.57 74.241 2.665 

Age (years) * 10 59.5 34.757 10.991 

Age (years) 1-4 4 70 94.251 47.126 

Age (years) 5-11 11 39 33.856 10.208 

Age (years) 12-17 21 37.476 39.447 8.608 

Age (years) 18-64 702 80.474 74.354 2.806 

Age (years) > 64 145 85.455 73.545 6.108 

Race White 737 80.096 73.392 2.703 

Race Black 99 68.636 65.289 6.562 

Race Asian 7 107.857 48.807 18.447 

Race Some Others 10 62.4 39.09 12.361 

Race Hispanic 33 92.879 78.01 13.58 

Race Refused 7 100.714 166.018 62.749 

Hispanic No 836 78.248 72.306 2.501 

Hispanic Yes 51 91.176 71.178 9.967 

Hispanic DK 3 118.333 62.517 36.094 

Hispanic Refused 3 185 251.942 145.459 

Employment * 34 43.412 46.313 7.943 

Employment Full Time 402 73.443 73.706 3.676 

Employment Part Time 116 80.724 68.545 6.364 

Employment Not Employed 336 89.804 75.166 4.101 

Employment Refused 5 87.4 74.725 33.418 

Education * 43 47.488 48.217 7.353 

Education < High School 102 86.51 60.048 5.946 

Education High School Graduate 337 85.19 82.249 4.48 

Education < College 193 85.87 78.466 5.648 

Education College Graduate 127 67.756 56.995 5.058 

Education Post Graduate 91 68.374 64.714 6.784 

Census Region Northeast 222 76.905 67.875 4.555 

Census Region Midwest 201 78.448 75.998 5.36 

Census Region South 304 81.839 75.654 4.339 

Census Region West 166 79.849 73.398 5.697 

Day Of Week Weekday 607 75.853 72.909 2.959 

Day Of Week Weekend 286 87.175 73.832 4.366 

Season Winter 254 82.291 80.245 5.035 

Season Spring 213 86.103 79.325 5.435 

Season Summer 259 76.722 68.328 4.246 

Season Fall 167 71.03 60.463 4.679 

Asthma No 829 79.534 74.024 2.571 

Asthma Yes 62 79.855 65.269 8.289 

Asthma DK 2 45 21.213 15 

Angina No 867 79.516 73.48 2.496 

Angina Yes 22 81.591 75.756 16.151 

Angina DK 4 60 24.495 12.247 

Bronchitis/emphysema No 834 78.45 73.617 2.549 

Bronchitis/emphysema Yes 58 94.621 68.927 9.051 

Bronchitis/emphysema DK 1 60 0 0 

Min Max 5 25 50 75 90 95 98 99 

2 535 10 30 60 118 175 210 300 375 

5 360 7 20 60 90 150 210 300 335 

2 535 10 30 60 120 180 225 300 375 

15 120 15 25 60 90 105 120 120 120 

5 210 5 17.5 32.5 122.5 210 210 210 210 

2 92 2 5 30 60 90 92 92 92 

3 150 5 10 20 60 80 120 150 150 

2 535 10 28 60 120 180 210 300 360 

2 375 10 30 60 120 180 245 300 375 

2 535 10 30 60 118 175 223 300 375 

5 300 5 15 45 110 165 210 240 300 

60 210 60 80 90 120 210 210 210 210 

18 120 18 21 65 90 120 120 120 120 

5 265 5 20 90 150 210 225 265 265 

15 475 15 20 45 60 475 475 475 475 

2 535 10 30 60 115 165 210 300 360 

5 265 5 20 90 150 190 225 225 265 

55 180 55 55 120 180 180 180 180 180 

20 475 20 20 60 475 475 475 475 475 

2 210 3 10 30 60 92 150 210 210 

2 535 5 20 60 100 155 223 300 360 

2 335 10 30 67.5 117.5 180 225 240 330 

2 475 10 35 60 120 185 235 300 375 

2 180 2 45 60 150 180 180 180 180 

2 210 5 10 30 60 92 150 210 210 

10 265 15 38 65 120 175 210 240 245 

2 535 10 30 60 120 180 240 375 445 

2 475 5 21 60 120 190 240 300 375 

5 260 10 20 60 90 150 190 225 225 

5 360 5 20 60 90 145 210 245 360 

2 535 10 30 60 120 150 200 245 300 

2 475 5 20 60 115 170 210 265 420 

5 450 10 30 60 115 170 235 330 375 

2 405 5 20 60 120 180 223 300 360 

2 475 5 25 60 105 160 210 300 375 

5 535 10 30 65 120 180 223 300 335 

2 475 7 23 60 120 190 225 330 445 

2 450 10 30 60 120 180 240 335 375 

2 535 8 30 60 115 154 190 240 360 

3 300 5 25 60 105 150 195 240 300 

2 535 10 30 60 118 180 225 300 360 

5 375 10 30 66.5 120 154 180 200 375 

30 60 30 30 45 60 60 60 60 60 

2 535 10 30 60 120 178 210 300 375 

5 335 10 30 60 120 155 195 335 335 

30 90 30 45 60 75 90 90 90 90 

2 535 8 25 60 115 170 210 300 375 

5 335 15 60 77.5 120 190 240 300 335 

60 60 60 60 60 60 60 60 60 60 

Note: A "*" Signifies missing data. "DK" = The respondent replied "don't know". Refused = Refused data. N = doer sample size. Mean = Mean 24-hour 

cumulative number of minutes for doers. Stdev = standard deviation. Stderr = standard error. Min = minimum number of minutes. Max = maximum 

number of minutes. Percentiles are the percentage of doers below or equal to a given number of minutes. 

Source: Tsang and Klepeis, 1996. 
Table 15-74. Statistics for 24-Hour Cumulative Number of Minutes Spent in Car Repair/Maintenance 

Percentiles 

Category Population Group N Mean Stdev Stderr Min Max 5 25 50 75 90 95 98 99 

All 145 123.407 147.198 12.224 5 700 5 30 60 150 300 495 670 690 

Gender Male 110 135.582 152.737 14.563 5 700 5 30 85 170 300 505 600 670 

Gender Female 35 85.143 122.441 20.696 5 690 5 15 45 120 180 270 690 690 

Age (years) * 1 60 * * 60 60 60 60 60 60 60 60 60 60 

Age (years) 1-4 1 150 * * 150 150 150 150 150 150 150 150 150 150 

Age (years) 5-11 1 300 * * 300 300 300 300 300 300 300 300 300 300 

Age (years) 12-17 8 106.875 163.837 57.925 20 505 20 30 45 90 505 505 505 505 

Age (years) 18-64 114 130.342 156.511 14.659 5 700 5 30 77.5 165 300 520 670 690 

Age (years) > 64 20 83.5 68.347 15.283 10 300 12.5 30 70 120 150 240 300 300 

Race White 112 139.607 158.66 14.992 5 700 10 30 90 175 300 520 670 690 

Race Black 19 85.789 93.516 21.454 5 300 5 20 60 95 300 300 300 300 

Race Asian 2 10 7.071 5 5 15 5 5 10 15 15 15 15 15 

Race Some Others 6 43.333 42.387 17.304 5 120 5 10 32.5 60 120 120 120 120 

Race Hispanic 6 58 51.595 21.063 5 120 5 13 45 120 120 120 120 120 

Hispanic No 133 123.617 144.993 12.573 5 700 5 30 80 150 300 495 670 690 

Hispanic Yes 10 98.8 153.362 48.497 5 520 5 30 45 120 320 520 520 520 

Hispanic DK 2 232.5 321.734 227.5 5 460 5 5 233 460 460 460 460 460 

Employment * 10 130.5 156.87 49.607 20 505 20 30 52.5 150 402.5 505 505 505 

Employment Full Time 77 122.091 150.192 17.116 5 700 5 30 60 165 300 520 670 700 

Employment Part Time 12 123.167 138.769 40.059 8 495 8 40 72.5 150 270 495 495 495 

Employment Not Employed 46 124.13 146.952 21.667 5 690 10 30 90 120 300 480 690 690 

Education * 13 120 139.523 38.697 15 505 15 30 60 120 300 505 505 505 

Education < High School 17 185.882 224.418 54.429 5 670 5 30 90 220 555 670 670 670 

Education High School Graduate 50 111.52 128.261 18.139 5 690 5 30 67.5 120 270 350 585 690 

Education < College 31 138.226 169.231 30.395 5 700 10 30 85 180 280 600 700 700 

Education College Graduate 20 93.25 99.344 22.214 10 300 10 15 45 135 285 300 300 300 

Education Post Graduate 14 103.429 97.566 26.076 5 300 5 30 75 120 300 300 300 300 

Census Region Northeast 28 130.75 163.729 30.942 8 690 10 30 60 200 300 520 690 690 

Census Region Midwest 31 149.839 173.193 31.106 10 670 10 45 90 120 350 600 670 670 

Census Region South 45 106.778 131.409 19.589 5 700 5 30 60 120 240 300 700 700 

Census Region West 41 116.659 132.206 20.647 5 505 5 30 60 120 300 460 505 505 

Day Of Week Weekday 79 108.519 125.914 14.166 5 690 5 15 60 150 280 350 480 690 

Day Of Week Weekend 66 141.227 168.477 20.738 5 700 10 45 82.5 150 495 555 670 700 

Season Winter 49 130.673 167.715 23.959 5 690 5 30 60 165 350 600 690 690 

Season Spring 39 136.667 156.042 24.987 5 700 5 45 85 150 300 555 700 700 

Season Summer 35 121.514 137.704 23.276 5 505 5 30 60 150 300 480 505 505 

Season Fall 22 86.727 87.502 18.655 5 300 8 10 70 120 240 270 300 300 

Asthma No 137 117.657 139.579 11.925 5 700 5 30 60 120 300 495 600 690 

Asthma Yes 8 221.875 235.553 83.281 15 670 15 30 150 365 670 670 670 670 

Angina No 139 125.712 149.156 12.651 5 700 5 30 75 150 300 505 670 690 

Angina Yes 5 51 72.921 32.611 5 180 5 15 20 35 180 180 180 180 

Angina DK 1 165 * * 165 165 165 165 165 165 165 165 165 165 

Bronchitis/Emphysema No 140 122.279 145.67 12.311 5 700 5 30 67.5 135 300 500 670 690 

Bronchitis/Emphysema Yes 5 155 203.347 90.94 5 460 5 10 30 270 460 460 460 460 

Note: A "*" Signifies missing data. "DK" = The respondent replied "don't know". N = doer sample size. Mean = Mean 24-hour cumulative number of

minutes for doers. Stdev = standard deviation. Stderr = standard error. Min = minimum number of minutes. Max = maximum number of minutes. 

Percentiles are the percentage of doers below or equal to a given number of minutes.

Source: Tsang and Klepeis, 1996.
Table 15-75. Statitstics for 24-Hour Cumulative Number of Minutes Spent in Other Repairs 

Percentiles 

Group Name Group Code N Mean Stdev Stderr Min Max 5 25 50 75 90 95 98 99 

All 288 184.816 184.111 10.849 2 1080 10 36.5 120 300 425 525 690 840 

Gender Male 200 205.045 187.704 13.273 2 1080 10 60 150 327.5 460 555 680 810 

Gender Female 88 138.841 167.784 17.886 3 900 5 17.5 72.5 192.5 360 425 750 900 

Age (years) * 1 540 * * 540 540 540 540 540 540 540 540 540 540 

Age (years) 5-11 3 66.667 55.076 31.798 10 120 10 10 70 120 120 120 120 120 

Age (years) 12-17 14 119.5 103.383 27.63 15 345 15 30 90 180 285 345 345 345 

Age (years) 18-64 221 198.471 192.928 12.978 2 1080 10 45 120 325 434 570 750 840 

Age (years) > 64 49 141.878 146.868 20.981 2 526 10 30 75 209 390 480 526 526 

Race White 264 186.367 184.944 11.382 2 1080 10 36.5 120 300 430 525 670 840 

Race Black 13 150.385 207.961 57.678 10 750 10 30 90 120 390 750 750 750 

Race Asian 3 321.667 89.489 51.667 270 425 270 270 270 425 425 425 425 425 

Race Some Others 3 173.667 165.228 95.395 45 360 45 45 116 360 360 360 360 360 

Race Hispanic 4 127.5 122.848 61.424 10 290 10 35 105 220 290 290 290 290 

Race Refused 1 75 * * 75 75 75 75 75 75 75 75 75 75 

Hispanic No 278 184.917 184.467 11.064 2 1080 10 35 120 300 425 525 690 840 

Hispanic Yes 9 160.556 180.666 60.222 10 575 10 60 60 210 575 575 575 575 

Hispanic DK 1 375 * * 375 375 375 375 375 375 375 375 375 375 

Employment * 17 110.176 97.439 23.632 10 345 10 30 90 180 285 345 345 345 

Employment Full Time 140 199.993 206.025 17.412 5 1080 8.5 60 120 297.5 470 600 840 900 

Employment Part Time 27 167.963 153.74 29.587 5 490 10 25 120 302 390 434 490 490 

Employment Not Employed 102 183.314 169.14 16.747 2 670 10 30 120 315 420 480 526 600 

Employment Refused 2 61 83.439 59 2 120 2 2 61 120 120 120 120 120 

Education * 18 110.722 94.558 22.287 10 345 10 30 90 180 285 345 345 345 

Education < High School 23 214.348 215.017 44.834 15 900 30 45 120 360 480 490 900 900 

Education High School Graduate 90 194.4 196.472 20.71 3 840 5 30 132.5 300 447 575 780 840 

Education < College 64 202.156 200.764 25.095 2 1080 10 32.5 130 355 420 480 600 1080 

Education College Graduate 54 169 154.537 21.03 5 525 10 60 97.5 270 425 490 510 525 

Education Post Graduate 39 172.923 174.213 27.896 2 690 7 38 120 270 420 600 690 690 

Census Region Northeast 55 166.164 181.344 24.452 3 840 5 30 75 210 415 525 600 840 

Census Region Midwest 77 188.909 170.219 19.398 10 780 15 60 120 315 420 460 670 780 

Census Region South 89 202.281 212.332 22.507 2 1080 10 30 120 315 480 570 900 1080 

Census Region West 67 172.224 161.66 19.75 2 750 7 60 120 243 340 526 690 750 

Day Of Week Weekday 188 178.213 171.94 12.54 2 780 10 42.5 110 300 430 490 600 750 

Day Of Week Weekend 100 197.23 205.392 20.539 3 1080 5 32.5 145 296.5 420 585 870 990 

Season Winter 62 167.097 172.076 21.854 3 600 5 15 90 300 445 490 540 600 

Season Spring 65 203.123 216.629 26.87 5 900 10 45 120 300 480 670 840 900 

Season Summer 95 180.442 182.013 18.674 2 1080 10 60 120 290 390 510 750 1080 

Season Fall 66 189.727 164.551 20.255 2 600 10 55 120 330 420 435 600 600 

Asthma No 264 180.33 183.699 11.306 2 1080 10 36.5 120 288.5 420 525 690 840 

Asthma Yes 24 234.167 185.283 37.821 5 670 10 45 210 352.5 480 510 670 670 

Angina No 281 179.687 175.258 10.455 2 900 10 30 120 295 420 490 670 780 

Angina Yes 6 448.333 369.995 151.05 90 1080 90 100 410 600 1080 1080 1080 1080 

Angina DK 1 45 * * 45 45 45 45 45 45 45 45 45 45 

Bronchitis/emphysema No 276 184.681 185.591 11.171 2 1080 10 36.5 120 299 430 526 690 840 

Bronchitis/emphysema Yes 12 187.917 152.591 44.049 5 405 5 45 165 350 360 405 405 405 

Note: A "*" Signifies missing data. "DK" = The respondent replied "don't know". Refused = Refused data. N = doer sample size. Mean = Mean 24-hour 

cumulative number of minutes for doers. Stdev = standard deviation. Stderr = standard error. Min = minimum number of minutes. Max = maximum 

number of minutes. Percentiles are the percentage of doers below or equal to a given number of minutes. 

Source: Tsang and Klepeis, 1996. 
Table 15-76. Statistics for 24-Hour Cumulative Number of Minutes Spent in Plant Care 

Percentiles 

Category Population Group N Mean Stdev Stderr 

All 254 103.602 108.761 6.824 

Gender Male 84 146.274 145.969 15.926 

Gender Female 170 82.518 76.759 5.887 

Age (years) * 4 51.25 24.622 12.311 

Age (years) 5-11 5 121 120.955 54.093 

Age (years) 12-17 3 51 61.262 35.369 

Age (years) 18-64 157 100.49 104.921 8.374 

Age (years) > 64 85 112.647 118.439 12.846 

Race White 233 102.124 106.695 6.99 

Race Black 8 81.25 90.149 31.872 

Race Asian 3 140 45.826 26.458 

Race Some Others 2 137.5 187.383 132.5 

Race Hispanic 6 164.167 209.796 85.649 

Race Refused 2 95 49.497 35 

Hispanic No 244 102.971 106.161 6.796 

Hispanic Yes 7 149.286 195.521 73.9 

Hispanic DK 1 60 * * 

Hispanic Refused 2 42.5 24.749 17.5 

Employment * 8 94.75 103.657 36.648 

Employment Full Time 94 94.436 111.848 11.536 

Employment Part Time 25 112.2 104.812 20.962 

Employment Not Employed 124 108.387 108.655 9.758 

Employment Refused 3 145 99.875 57.663 

Education * 9 86.444 100.113 33.371 

Education < High School 30 92.333 108.753 19.855 

Education High School Graduate 93 87.656 95.248 9.877 

Education < College 47 118.298 112.855 16.462 

Education College Graduate 35 139 107.818 18.225 

Education Post Graduate 40 104.75 131.036 20.719 

Census Region Northeast 55 116.055 116.677 15.733 

Census Region Midwest 41 101.659 109.248 17.062 

Census Region South 77 82.078 76.081 8.67 

Census Region West 81 116.593 126.602 14.067 

Day Of Week Weekday 170 104.559 105.561 8.096 

Day Of Week Weekend 84 101.667 115.595 12.612 

Season Winter 15 135.333 170.592 44.047 

Season Spring 96 124.323 108.656 11.09 

Season Summer 111 89.82 100.882 9.575 

Season Fall 32 74.375 87.894 15.538 

Asthma No 239 105 108.541 7.021 

Asthma Yes 15 81.333 113.68 29.352 

Angina No 240 103.083 107.762 6.956 

Angina Yes 13 120.769 130.286 36.135 

Angina DK 1 5 * * 

Bronchitis/emphysema No 248 105.202 109.525 6.955 

Bronchitis/emphysema Yes 6 37.5 24.238 9.895 

Min Max 5 25 50 75 90 95 98 99 

3 630 10 30 60 130 225 300 480 570 

10 630 15 32.5 105 195 380 480 570 630 

3 630 10 30 60 120 180 210 270 325 

15 70 15 37.5 60 65 70 70 70 70 

35 330 35 60 60 120 330 330 330 330 

3 120 3 3 30 120 120 120 120 120 

5 570 10 30 60 135 225 300 475 565 

5 630 10 35 75 135 240 280 630 630 

3 630 10 30 60 120 225 300 480 570 

15 280 15 15 50 112.5 280 280 280 280 

90 180 90 90 150 180 180 180 180 180 

5 270 5 5 138 270 270 270 270 270 

15 565 15 15 90 210 565 565 565 565 

60 130 60 60 95 130 130 130 130 130 

3 630 10 30 60 132.5 225 280 480 570 

15 565 15 15 60 210 565 565 565 565 

60 60 60 60 60 60 60 60 60 60 

25 60 25 25 42.5 60 60 60 60 60 

3 330 3 32.5 60 120 330 330 330 330 

5 630 10 30 60 120 195 325 570 630 

15 485 15 30 90 150 210 270 485 485 

5 630 10 40 72.5 127.5 240 270 480 565 

60 255 60 60 120 255 255 255 255 255 

3 330 3 30 60 120 330 330 330 330 

10 475 10 15 60 120 170 420 475 475 

5 565 10 30 60 120 180 255 480 565 

5 630 10 50 90 150 240 240 630 630 

15 485 15 55 120 195 280 325 485 485 

15 630 15 30 60 120 217.5 420 630 630 

3 485 10 30 70 150 250 420 480 485 

5 630 30 30 60 120 195 270 630 630 

5 475 10 30 60 120 175 225 300 475 

10 630 14 30 75 150 240 330 570 630 

3 630 14 30 60 130 225 280 480 565 

5 630 10 30 60 127.5 240 325 570 630 

5 565 5 30 60 175 485 565 565 565 

5 570 15 45 90 150 270 330 475 570 

3 630 10 30 60 120 190 225 420 630 

5 480 10 25 47.5 102.5 135 195 480 480 

3 630 10 30 60 135 235 300 485 570 

5 450 5 15 55 90 175 450 450 450 

3 630 10 30 60 125 225 290 480 570 

15 485 15 55 60 135 270 485 485 485 

5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 

3 630 10 30 60 135 235 300 485 570 

5 60 5 15 42.5 60 60 60 60 60 

Note: A "*" Signifies missing data. "DK" = The respondent replied "don't know". Refused = Refused data. N = doer sample size. Mean = Mean 24-hour 

cumulative number of minutes for doers. Stdev = standard deviation. Stderr = standard error. Min = minimum number of minutes. Max = maximum 

number of minutes. Percentiles are the percentage of doers below or equal to a given number of minutes. 

Source: Tsang and Klepeis, 1996. 
Table 15-77. Statistics for 24-Hour Cumulative Number of Minutes Spent in Animal Care 

Percentiles 

Category Population Group N Mean Stdev Stderr Min Max 5 25 50 75 90 95 98 99 

All 764 48.168 65.029 2.3527 1 760 5 10 30 60 120 155 230 312 

Gender Male 282 57.291 81.786 4.8703 1 760 5 15 30 65 120 180 308 340 

Gender Female 482 42.83 52.182 2.3768 1 450 3 10 28.5 60 105 140 187 273 

Age (years) * 13 37.462 38.606 10.7074 2 135 2 5 30 55 80 135 135 135 

Age (years) 1-4 9 59.222 44.291 14.7637 3 140 3 30 60 90 140 140 140 140 

Age (years) 5-11 27 47.296 43.1 8.2946 2 179 8 15 38 65 120 150 179 179 

Age (years) 12-17 49 55.204 68.276 9.7537 3 308 5 10 25 90 175 180 308 308 

Age (years) 18-64 530 45.928 66.581 2.8921 1 760 3 10 30 60 109 150 230 280 

Age (years) > 64 136 54.824 64.527 5.5331 1 383 5 15 30 60 135 180 340 340 

Race White 696 47.757 62.011 2.3505 1 760 4 10 30 60 120 155 240 312 

Race Black 26 37.577 39.832 7.8117 1 145 1 10 25 45 120 120 145 145 

Race Asian 5 30.4 21.87 9.7806 10 60 10 15 20 47 60 60 60 60 

Race Some Others 12 100 193.567 55.878 5 690 5 17.5 30 65 205 690 690 690 

Race Hispanic 17 37.765 44.992 10.9123 5 180 5 15 30 35 120 180 180 180 

Race Refused 8 73.75 58.478 20.675 5 180 5 32.5 55 115 180 180 180 180 

Hispanic No 712 47.81 61.479 2.304 1 760 4 10 30 60 120 151 230 308 

Hispanic Yes 39 50.872 112.78 18.0593 2 690 3 10 20 35 120 180 690 690 

Hispanic DK 6 50 77.071 31.4643 10 205 10 10 15 45 205 205 205 205 

Hispanic Refused 7 67.857 62.039 23.4485 5 180 5 20 60 120 180 180 180 180 

Employment * 86 51.221 56.803 6.1252 2 308 5 15 30 70 120 175 240 308 

Employment Full Time 376 44.918 71.458 3.6852 1 760 3 10 25 60 90 145 240 340 

Employment Part Time 60 48.883 56.285 7.2664 3 230 5 12.5 20 60 152.5 176.5 205 230 

Employment Not Employed 233 52.459 59.357 3.8886 1 383 5 15 30 60 120 180 273 330 

Employment Refused 9 38.889 53.897 17.9656 5 180 5 20 30 30 180 180 180 180 

Education * 98 52.347 57.02 5.7599 2 308 5 15 30 70 140 180 240 308 

Education < High School 63 51.492 68.122 8.5825 1 383 5 15 30 60 120 225 273 383 

Education High School Graduate 231 52.913 75.819 4.9885 1 760 5 10 30 70 120 165 245 330 

Education < College 150 40.593 49.247 4.021 1 280 4 10 20 55 97.5 155 205 230 

Education College Graduate 121 51.273 79.213 7.2012 1 690 3 15 30 60 110 135 340 340 

Education Post Graduate 101 38.713 40.069 3.987 1 240 5 12 30 57 80 105 150 185 

Census Region Northeast 171 39.789 44.88 3.432 1 273 3 10 25 60 90 120 205 245 

Census Region Midwest 181 49.773 58.716 4.3644 1 330 4 14 30 60 120 180 240 312 

Census Region South 247 51.389 75.022 4.7736 1 760 5 15 30 60 120 165 308 383 

Census Region West 165 50.267 72.551 5.6481 1 690 3 10 30 60 120 155 210 340 

Day Of Week Weekday 527 46.602 66.468 2.8954 1 760 4 10 30 60 115 155 195 280 

Day Of Week Weekend 237 51.65 61.703 4.0081 1 383 5 15 30 60 120 180 273 330 

Season Winter 221 44.62 66.372 4.4647 1 690 4 10 25 55 95 160 225 245 

Season Spring 201 52.99 60.351 4.2568 1 340 5 15 30 60 120 175 240 330 

Season Summer 216 51.426 76.405 5.1987 1 760 5 15 30 64 120 165 240 383 

Season Fall 126 41.111 45.413 4.0457 1 280 3 10 25 60 110 135 180 180 

Asthma No 705 48.401 65.505 2.4671 1 760 4 10 30 60 120 155 225 308 

Asthma Yes 57 45.386 60.468 8.0091 1 330 5 10 30 55 105 195 240 330 

Asthma DK 2 45 21.213 15 30 60 30 30 45 60 60 60 60 60 

Angina No 734 47.834 64.308 2.3737 1 760 5 10 30 60 120 155 225 280 

Angina Yes 27 58.704 85.601 16.474 2 340 3 15 30 60 135 330 340 340 

Angina DK 3 35 22.913 13.2288 15 60 15 15 30 60 60 60 60 60 

Bronchitis/emphysema No 718 48.357 65.56 2.4467 1 760 4 10 30 60 120 160 230 308 

Bronchitis/emphysema Yes 43 45.395 58.522 8.9245 2 330 5 10 30 55 90 150 330 330 

Bronchtis/emphysema DK 3 42.667 15.535 8.9691 30 60 30 30 38 60 60 60 60 60 

Note: A "*" Signifies missing data. "DK" = The respondent replied "don't know". Refused = Refused data. N = doer sample size. Mean = Mean 24-hour 

cumulative number of minutes for doers. Stdev = standard deviation. Stderr = standard error. Min = minimum number of minutes. Max = maximum 

number of minutes. Percentiles are the percentage of doers below or equal to a given number of minutes. 

Source: Tsang and Klepeis, 1996. 
Table 15-78. Statistics for 24-Hour Cumulative Number of Minutes Spent in Other Household Work 

Percentiles 

Group Name Group Code N Mean Stdev Stderr Min Max 5 25 50 75 90 95 98 99 

All 1322 68.6354 98.697 2.7145 1 905 5 15 30 75 195 255 360 480 

Gender Male 478 70.3661 101.833 4.6577 1 905 5 10 30 90 195 265 375 480 

Gender Female 844 67.6552 96.923 3.3362 1 720 5 15 30 75 190 255 360 496 

Age (years) * 21 93.4286 113.994 24.8756 4 403 5 15 30 180 225 300 403 403 

Age (years) 1-4 15 57.1333 85.7 22.1277 1 290 1 6 25 60 230 290 290 290 

Age (years) 5-11 56 24.9464 30.134 4.0269 1 150 2 5 12.5 30 60 90 120 150 

Age (years) 12-17 84 39.4762 51.785 5.6502 1 230 2 5 16.5 50 120 150 210 230 

Age (years) 18-64 918 71.2353 101.54 3.3513 1 905 5 15 30 90 195 265 375 540 

Age (years) > 64 228 78.114 106.158 7.0305 1 665 5 14.5 30 90 225 295 420 480 

Race White 1118 70.6977 98.015 2.9314 1 720 5 15 30 80 195 265 375 480 

Race Black 102 46.1176 65.201 6.4558 1 300 3 10 15 50 120 210 255 260 

Race Asian 20 71.9 76.619 17.1324 1 315 1.5 22.5 60 105 162.5 260 315 315 

Race Some Others 22 67.7727 190.288 40.5695 1 905 2 10 15 30 90 155 905 905 

Race Hispanic 43 65.6512 118.419 18.0587 5 660 5 10 20 60 155 270 660 660 

Race Refused 17 72.9412 108.744 26.3742 5 420 5 15 20 75 210 420 420 420 

Hispanic No 1218 67.8342 93.324 2.674 1 720 5 15 30 75 195 255 358 420 

Hispanic Yes 81 80.5185 159.202 17.6891 1 905 5 10 20 60 155 360 665 905 

Hispanic DK 7 54.1429 74.627 28.2062 1 210 1 10 25 90 210 210 210 210 

Hispanic Refused 16 75.8125 113.469 28.3673 5 420 5 15 25 82.5 233 420 420 420 

Employment * 153 37.0196 52.694 4.2601 1 290 2 5 15 45 90 150 225 230 

Employment Full Time 555 70.0342 103.005 4.3723 1 905 5 15 30 85 195 265 375 540 

Employment Part Time 124 62.0726 86.315 7.7513 2 420 5 15 30 65 190 240 400 403 

Employment Not Employed 482 78.3008 105.529 4.8067 1 685 5 15 30 100 224 270 420 575 

Employment Refused 8 95.625 110.014 38.8959 5 300 5 17.5 32.5 180 300 300 300 300 

Education * 175 42.7086 64.901 4.906 1 450 2 5 15 45 120 192 233 300 

Education < High School 96 82.5313 114.62 11.6983 1 660 5 15 30 117.5 240 328 420 660 

Education High School Graduate 418 75.5574 105.946 5.182 1 720 5 15 30 90 215 270 420 540 

Education < College 290 71.3724 100.836 5.9213 1 905 5 15 30 100 192.5 270 330 375 

Education College Graduate 196 73.6173 104.18 7.4414 1 600 5 15 30 85 190 330 400 585 

Education Post Graduate 147 58.7007 81.662 6.7354 1 570 4 10 30 65 150 210 315 420 

Census Region Northeast 307 62.8632 91.306 5.2111 1 665 5 15 30 63 180 255 360 400 

Census Region Midwest 318 70.8679 98.179 5.5056 1 590 5 15 30 90 180 270 375 570 

Census Region South 394 74.7056 106.703 5.3756 1 720 5 10 30 85 215 296 380 600 

Census Region West 303 64.2475 95.504 5.4866 1 905 5 13 30 75 180 240 330 420 

Day Of Week Weekday 857 71.5496 106.351 3.6329 1 905 5 10 30 85 210 295 380 570 

Day Of Week Weekend 465 63.2645 82.596 3.8303 1 600 5 15 30 75 170 225 296 403 

Season Winter 353 64.1558 91.547 4.8726 1 590 5 15 30 65 195 240 345 480 

Season Spring 327 82.844 118.992 6.5803 1 905 5 15 30 115 240 305 420 585 

Season Summer 391 62.1125 97.341 4.9227 1 685 5 10 30 60 160 255 400 570 

Season Fall 251 66.5857 77.867 4.9149 1 480 5 15 35 90 180 230 292 345 

Asthma No 1211 67.8423 98.123 2.8197 1 905 5 15 30 75 190 255 360 480 

Asthma Yes 103 75.6893 104.033 10.2507 1 575 5 15 30 100 210 240 400 480 

Asthma DK 8 97.875 120.21 42.5006 5 300 5 15 17.5 206.5 300 300 300 300 

Angina No 1269 68.2041 99.025 2.7798 1 905 5 15 30 75 190 255 375 496 

Angina Yes 44 77.1364 86.104 12.9807 5 300 5 10 30 132.5 220 240 300 300 

Angina DK 9 87.8889 116.368 38.7895 5 300 5 15 15 180 300 300 300 300 

Bronchitis/Emphysema No 1247 67.8043 97.936 2.7734 1 905 5 15 30 75 190 255 360 480 

Bronchitis/Emphysema Yes 64 83.4844 111.726 13.9658 1 575 5 15 32.5 117.5 220 265 480 575 

Bronchitis/Emphysema DK 11 76.4545 107.17 32.3131 5 300 5 15 20 180 233 300 300 300 

Note: A "*" Signifies missing data. "DK" = The respondent replied "don't know". Refused = Refused data. N = doer sample size. Mean = Mean 24-hour 

cumulative number of minutes for doers. Stdev = standard deviation. Stderr = standard error. Min = minimum number of minutes. Max = maximum 

number of minutes. Percentiles are the percentage of doers below or equal to a given number of minutes. 

Source: Tsang and Klepeis, 1996. 
Table 15-79. Statistics for 24-Hour Cumulative Number of Minutes Spent in Indoor Playing 

Percentiles 

Category Population Group 

All 

Gender Male 

Gender Female 

Age (years) * 

Age (years) 1-4 

Age (years) 5-11 

Age (years) 12-17 

Age (years) 18-64 

Age (years) > 64 

Race White 

Race Black 

Race Asian 

Race Some Others 

Race Hispanic 

Race Refused 

Hispanic No 

Hispanic Yes 

Hispanic Refused 

Employment * 

Employment Full Time 

Employment Part Time 

Employment Not Employed 

Education * 

Education < High School 

Education High School Graduate 

Education < College 

Education College Graduate 

Education Post Graduate 

Census Region Northeast 

Census Region Midwest 

Census Region South 

Census Region West 

Day Of Week Weekday 

Day Of Week Weekend 

Season Winter 

Season Spring 

Season Summer 

Season Fall 

Asthma No 

Asthma Yes 

Asthma DK 

Angina No 

Angina Yes 

Angina DK 

Bronchitis/emphysema No 

Bronchitis/emphysema Yes 

Bronchitis/emphysema DK 

N Mean Stdev Stderr Min Max 5 25 50 75 90 95 98 99 

188 105 82.7 6.03 2 510 20 55 90 127.5 190 270 390 435 

65 117 97.1 12 10 510 20 60 90 135 255 300 435 510 

123 99.5 73.8 6.65 2 420 20 55 76 120 190 225 340 375 

3 127 47.3 27.3 90 180 90 90 110 180 180 180 180 180 

11 130 80.2 24.2 15 270 15 60 115 180 255 270 270 270 

11 93.6 64.3 19.4 30 195 30 30 60 175 180 195 195 195 

4 82.5 45 22.5 30 120 30 45 90 120 120 120 120 120 

149 103 86 7.05 2 510 20 55 76 120 190 292 420 435 

10 124 76.4 24.2 20 270 20 75 100 150 248 270 270 270 

153 110 84.3 6.82 2 510 20 60 90 130 190 270 390 435 

13 95 84.8 23.5 15 255 15 30 60 180 220 255 255 255 

5 71 56.8 25.4 10 150 10 30 60 105 150 150 150 150 

7 108 96.5 36.5 30 300 30 55 60 175 300 300 300 300 

8 68.4 46.4 16.4 42 180 42 45 50 67.5 180 180 180 180 

2 64 65.1 46 18 110 18 18 64 110 110 110 110 110 

172 107 83.9 6.4 2 510 20 60 90 132.5 190 270 390 435 

15 88.1 71.4 18.4 42 300 42 45 60 100 180 300 300 300 

1 110 * * 110 110 110 110 110 110 110 110 110 110 

26 108 69.9 13.7 15 270 30 55 105 160 195 255 270 270 

74 102 95 11 2 510 15 45 70 125 195 300 435 510 

20 124 74 16.6 30 340 36 60 120 165 200 280 340 340 

68 102 76 9.21 15 420 30 60 85 120 180 245 390 420 

27 108 68.6 13.2 15 270 30 55 110 160 195 255 270 270 

16 89.4 58.8 14.7 20 220 20 52.5 60 125 180 220 220 220 

59 102 83.6 10.9 2 435 20 55 75 135 180 340 375 435 

33 112 97.7 17 10 510 20 55 90 120 190 300 510 510 

37 125 96.1 15.8 15 420 15 60 105 155 270 390 420 420 

16 72.5 40.4 10.1 10 150 10 37.5 65 102.5 120 150 150 150 

46 110 94.4 13.9 2 420 20 60 75 120 245 375 420 420 

40 111 75.8 12 15 340 17.5 50 95 175 193 256 340 340 

64 100 73 9.13 10 435 30 52.5 87.5 127.5 180 225 270 435 

38 102 92.2 15 10 510 18 60 60 120 180 300 510 510 

128 99.4 71 6.27 2 435 20 55 90 120 180 245 300 340 

60 118 13 13.3 15 510 30 60 90 150 245 382.5 420 510 

49 130 99.2 14.2 18 420 20 60 105 180 300 375 420 420 

36 85.7 55.7 9.28 2 270 20 45 77.5 112.5 155 180 270 270 

47 92.7 77 11.2 10 435 30 45 60 120 180 195 435 435 

56 107 82.7 11 10 510 15 60 90 127.5 195 255 270 510 

174 107 84.1 6.38 2 510 20 55 90 130 190 270 390 435 

13 88.5 66.4 18.4 20 245 20 30 75 120 180 245 245 245 

1 110 * * 110 110 110 110 110 110 110 110 110 110 

184 104 80.7 5.95 2 510 20 55 90 122.5 190 270 375 435 

3 210 167 96.4 60 390 60 60 180 390 390 390 390 390 

1 110 * * 110 110 110 110 110 110 110 110 110 110 

177 107 83.5 6.27 2 510 20 60 90 130 190 270 390 435 

10 80.1 72.5 22.9 10 245 10 30 60 76 208 245 245 245 

1 110 * * 110 110 110 110 110 110 110 110 110 110 

Note: A "*" Signifies missing data. "DK" = The respondent replied "don't know". Refused = Refused data. N = doer sample size. Mean = 

Mean 24-hour cumulative number of minutes for doers. Stdev = standard deviation. Stderr = standard error. Min = minimum number of 

minutes. Max = maximum number of minutes. Percentiles are the percentage of doers below or equal to a given number of minutes. 

Source: Tsang and Klepeis, 1996. 
Table 15-80. Statistics for 24-Hour Cumulative Number of Minutes Spent in Outdoor Playing 

Percentiles 

Category Population Group N Mean Stdev Stderr Min Max 5 25 50 75 90 95 98 99 

All 59 97.373 95.372 12.416 5 435 15 45 60 110 210 360 420 435 

Gender Male 26 108.192 94.783 18.588 15 360 15 60 75 135 280 345 360 360 

Gender Female 33 88.848 96.425 16.785 5 435 5 45 60 100 150 420 435 435 

Age (years) * 1 170 * * 170 170 170 170 170 170 170 170 170 170 

Age (years) 1-4 4 83.25 89.66 44.83 15 210 15 20 54 146.5 210 210 210 210 

Age (years) 5-11 9 148.333 144.265 48.088 5 360 5 55 60 280 360 360 360 360 

Age (years) 12-17 1 15 * * 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 

Age (years) 18-64 40 92.05 86.358 13.654 20 435 27.5 52.5 65 102.5 142.5 307 435 435 

Age (years) > 64 4 52.5 15 7.5 30 60 30 45 60 60 60 60 60 60 

Race White 50 93.94 90.208 12.757 5 420 15 45 60 100 202 345 390 420 

Race Black 2 86.5 37.477 26.5 60 113 60 60 86.5 113 113 113 113 113 

Race Asian 1 100 * * 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 

Race Some Others 1 30 * * 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 

Race Hispanic 5 149 164.864 73.729 20 435 20 60 110 120 435 435 435 435 

Hispanic No 51 93.333 89.747 12.567 5 420 15 45 60 100 194 345 360 420 

Hispanic Yes 8 123.125 130.218 46.039 20 435 20 60 90 115 435 435 435 435 

Employment * 15 123.533 124.379 32.115 5 360 5 15 60 210 345 360 360 360 

Employment Full Time 15 67.2 30.887 7.975 20 135 20 45 60 85 113 135 135 135 

Employment Part Time 7 87.714 54.129 20.459 30 194 30 60 60 110 194 194 194 194 

Employment Not Employed 22 103.182 110.136 23.481 25 435 30 45 60 105 150 420 435 435 

Education * 15 123.533 124.379 32.115 5 360 5 15 60 210 345 360 360 360 

Education < High School 5 57 6.708 3 45 60 45 60 60 60 60 60 60 60 

Education High School Graduate 10 148.5 150.482 47.586 30 435 30 60 95 135 427.5 435 435 435 

Education < College 18 74.667 45.169 10.646 20 194 20 45 60 95 150 194 194 194 

Education College Graduate 8 75.375 35.492 12.548 30 120 30 45 75 106.5 120 120 120 120 

Education Post Graduate 3 58.333 24.664 14.24 30 75 30 30 70 75 75 75 75 75 

Census Region Northeast 17 114.059 103.26 25.044 15 360 15 60 70 120 345 360 360 360 

Census Region Midwest 12 78.583 32.354 9.34 30 150 30 60 65 97.5 113 150 150 150 

Census Region South 15 109.667 109.536 28.282 30 420 30 30 60 135 280 420 420 420 

Census Region West 15 81.2 107.674 27.801 5 435 5 20 60 105 165 435 435 435 

Day Of Week Weekday 42 86.81 79.211 12.223 5 360 15 30 60 100 165 280 360 360 

Day Of Week Weekend 17 123.471 126.007 30.561 25 435 25 45 60 120 420 435 435 435 

Season Winter 10 66.5 46.251 14.626 5 150 5 30 60 105 135 150 150 150 

Season Spring 10 135.3 114.735 36.283 45 435 45 60 108 165 302.5 435 435 435 

Season Summer 31 92.355 94.966 17.056 5 420 15 45 60 100 210 345 420 420 

Season Fall 8 108 115.681 40.899 25 360 25 30 67.5 142 360 360 360 360 

Asthma No 56 94.821 91.447 12.22 5 435 15 45 60 107.5 194 360 420 435 

Asthma Yes 3 145 173.853 100.374 30 345 30 30 60 345 345 345 345 345 

Angina No 58 96.983 96.158 12.626 5 435 15 45 60 105 210 360 420 435 

Angina Yes 1 120 * * 120 120 120 120 120 120 120 120 120 120 

Bronchitis/Emphysema No 55 90.018 87.056 11.739 5 435 15 45 60 100 170 345 360 435 

Bronchitis/Emphysema Yes 4 198.5 157.509 78.754 60 420 60 90 157 307 420 420 420 420 

Note: A "*" Signifies missing data. "DK" = The respondent replied "don't know". N = doer sample size. Mean = Mean 24-hour cumulative number of 

minutes for doers. Stdev = standard deviation. Stderr = standard error. Min = minimum number of minutes. Max = maximum number of minutes. 

Percentiles are the percentage of doers below or equal to a given number of minutes.

Source: Tsang and Klepeis, 1996.
Table 15-81. Statistics for 24-Hour Cumulative Number of Minutes Spent for Car Repair Services 

Percentiles 

Category Population Group N Mean Stdev Stderr Min Max 5 25 50 75 90 95 98 99 

All 259 33.7876 53.772 3.3413 1 358 5 5 10 30 90 180 195 270 

Gender Male 128 41.6953 65.45 5.7851 1 358 4 5 15 45 120 180 270 280 

Gender Female 131 26.0611 37.84 3.3061 2 180 5 5 10 30 65 105 180 180 

Age (years) * 2 88 2.828 2 86 90 86 86 88 90 90 90 90 90 

Age (years) 1-4 8 33.125 43.666 15.438 5 115 5 5 12.5 55 115 115 115 115 

Age (years) 5-11 6 18.3333 20.897 8.531 5 60 5 5 12.5 15 60 60 60 60 

Age (years) 12-17 13 31.3077 32.638 9.0521 3 95 3 5 10 55 79 95 95 95 

Age (years) 18-64 204 32.4853 52.731 3.6919 1 280 5 5 10 30 85 180 195 265 

Age (years) > 64 26 44.8462 75.446 14.796 1 358 2 10 15 50 105 180 358 358 

Race White 226 33.8451 51.028 3.3943 1 280 5 5 10 35 90 175 195 265 

Race Black 19 49.3158 90.675 20.802 1 358 1 5 10 44 180 358 358 358 

Race Asian 3 11.6667 11.547 6.6667 5 25 5 5 5 25 25 25 25 25 

Race Some Others 5 11 8.944 4 5 25 5 5 5 15 25 25 25 25 

Race Hispanic 6 12.5 6.124 2.5 5 20 5 5 15 15 20 20 20 20 

Hispanic No 247 34.6154 54.728 3.4822 1 358 5 5 10 35 90 180 245 270 

Hispanic Yes 12 16.75 22.471 6.4867 5 86 5 5 12.5 15 20 86 86 86 

Employment * 26 27.7692 33.586 6.5868 3 115 5 5 10 50 90 95 115 115 

Employment Full Time 137 31.8759 52.912 4.5206 1 280 4 5 10 30 85 175 265 270 

Employment Part Time 25 32.96 49.672 9.9344 5 180 5 7 15 30 105 180 180 180 

Employment Not Employed 70 40.4714 62.833 7.51 1 358 4 10 15 35 103 180 245 358 

Employment Refused 1 5 * * 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 

Education * 28 28.4643 32.992 6.2349 3 115 5 5 12.5 52.5 90 95 115 115 

Education < High School 20 36.15 51.714 11.564 5 180 5 10 15 45 117.5 177.5 180 180 

Education High School Graduate 64 41.0781 62.959 7.8698 2 280 5 5 15 47.5 105 180 265 280 

Education < College 68 36.2206 59.709 7.2407 1 358 2 5 15 37.5 90 180 180 358 

Education College Graduate 41 29.6829 54.536 8.5171 1 270 4 5 10 25 60 160 270 270 

Education Post Graduate 38 24.2632 36.541 5.9277 5 195 5 5 10 20 70 95 195 195 

Census Region Northeast 45 40.4889 58.498 8.7204 2 270 5 5 15 60 105 180 270 270 

Census Region Midwest 66 34.6364 56.367 6.9383 2 280 5 5 10 35 70 180 265 280 

Census Region South 88 34.8182 60.547 6.4543 1 358 3 5 10 30 95 180 245 358 

Census Region West 60 26.3167 33.054 4.2673 4 175 5 5 12.5 30 80 95.5 115 175 

Day Of Week Weekday 176 36.0227 57.142 4.3072 1 358 5 5 15 30 101 180 265 280 

Day Of Week Weekend 83 29.0482 45.78 5.025 1 245 3 5 10 30 79 95 195 245 

Season Winter 70 19.4857 27.784 3.3208 1 180 2 5 10 20 60 60 90 180 

Season Spring 70 36.5286 48.821 5.8352 2 245 5 5 15 50 105 150 180 245 

Season Summer 79 41.5316 66.665 7.5004 2 358 5 5 15 30 160 180 270 358 

Season Fall 40 38.725 64.266 10.161 2 280 5 5 12.5 39.5 90.5 222.5 280 280 

Asthma No 238 34.7731 55.08 3.5703 1 358 4 5 10 35 90 180 245 270 

Asthma Yes 21 22.619 34.735 7.5799 5 150 5 5 15 15 35 90 150 150 

Angina No 253 32.6324 51.888 3.2622 1 358 5 5 10 30 90 160 180 270 

Angina Yes 6 82.5 102.896 42.007 10 245 10 15 22.5 180 245 245 245 245 

Bronchitis/emphysema No 247 33.0607 52.903 3.3661 1 358 5 5 10 30 90 175 195 270 

Bronchitis/emphysema Yes 12 48.75 70.522 20.358 5 245 5 5 15 77.5 95 245 245 245 

Note: A "*" Signifies missing data. "DK" = The respondent replied "don't know". Refused = Refused data. N = doer sample size. Mean = Mean 24-hour 

cumulative number of minutes for doers. Stdev = standard deviation. Stderr = standard error. Min = minimum number of minutes. Max = maximum

number of minutes. Percentiles are the percentage of doers below or equal to a given number of minutes.

Source: Tsang and Klepeis, 1996.
Table 15-82. Statistics for 24-Hour Cumulative Number of Minutes Spent Washing, etc. 

Percentiles 

Category Population Group N Mean Stdev Stderr Min 

All 6029 23.9338 25.5661 0.3293 1 

Gender Male 2785 23.4154 28.8168 0.5461 1 

Gender Female 3242 24.3816 22.4026 0.3935 1 

Gender Refused 2 20 14.1421 10 10 

Age (years) * 110 25.9182 30.4752 2.9057 3 

Age (years) 1-4 318 29.2673 16.5524 0.9282 5 

Age (years) 5-11 407 26.5184 35.9626 1.7826 2 

Age (years) 12-17 411 22.4088 14.6309 0.7217 1 

Age (years) 18-64 4154 22.7939 21.6279 0.3356 1 

Age (years) > 64 629 27.7424 43.1415 1.7202 1 

Race White 4794 23.1558 26.1288 0.3774 1 

Race Black 664 28.7816 24.2016 0.9392 3 

Race Asian 110 24.4727 17.5493 1.6733 5 

Race Some Others 119 28.6471 27.4768 2.5188 3 

Race Hispanic 269 23.8364 19.8318 1.2092 1 

Race Refused 73 22.7945 20.46 2.3947 3 

Hispanic No 5476 23.8088 25.0872 0.339 1 

Hispanic Yes 465 25.7312 31.6942 1.4698 1 

Hispanic DK 30 23.8 15.0319 2.7444 5 

Hispanic Refused 58 21.3966 18.5708 2.4385 5 

Employment * 1116 25.9758 25.169 0.7534 1 

Employment Full Time 2975 22.0733 21.4639 0.3935 1 

Employment Part Time 518 22.3996 17.1137 0.7519 1 

Employment Not Employed 1378 26.9354 34.8572 0.939 1 

Employment Refused 42 21.9048 15.8865 2.4513 5 

Education * 1245 25.3888 24.2988 0.6887 1 

Education < High School 440 30.6 46.38 2.2111 1 

Education High School Graduate 1634 23.7699 20.0081 0.495 1 

Education < College 1228 22.8575 19.6959 0.5621 1 

Education College Graduate 844 22.5936 32.3617 1.1139 1 

Education Post Graduate 638 20.7618 18.4597 0.7308 2 

Census Region Northeast 1356 23.3274 21.7583 0.5909 1 

Census Region Midwest 1303 22.9294 27.432 0.76 1 

Census Region South 2136 25.2116 21.6627 0.4687 1 

Census Region West 1234 23.4489 32.6116 0.9284 1 

Day Of Week Weekday 4184 22.9441 25.7284 0.3978 1 

Day Of Week Weekend 1845 26.1783 25.0567 0.5833 1 

Season Winter 1688 24.6226 20.295 0.494 1 

Season Spring 1584 26.3295 38.468 0.9665 1 

Season Summer 1636 21.8264 15.5411 0.3842 1 

Season Fall 1121 22.587 20.8871 0.6238 1 

Asthma No 5559 23.9538 26.1095 0.3502 1 

Asthma Yes 437 24.2288 18.3575 0.8782 1 

Asthma DK 33 16.6667 8.7202 1.518 5 

Angina No 5866 23.9529 25.8029 0.3369 1 

Angina Yes 125 25.176 15.6613 1.4008 3 

Angina DK 38 16.8947 8.5481 1.3867 5 

Bronchitis/Emphysema No 5749 23.8629 25.8064 0.3404 1 

Bronchitis/Emphysema Yes 249 26.49 20.7475 1.3148 1 

Bronchitis/Emphysema DK 31 16.5484 8.0616 1.4479 5 

Max 5 25 50 75 90 95 98 99 

705 5 10 20 30 45 60 75 90 

705 5 10 15 30 45 55 65 90 

555 5 10 20 30 45 60 80 90 

30 10 10 20 30 30 30 30 30 

300 5 10 20 30 41.5 60 60 80 

125 10 15 30 30 50 60 75 85 

690 7 15 20 30 45 60 60 75 

90 5 10 18 30 42 50 60 60 

555 5 10 15 30 45 60 75 90 

705 5 12 20 30 45 65 90 120 

705 5 10 15 30 45 60 70 90 

270 5 15 20 35 60 65 90 105 

90 5 15 20 30 47.5 60 85 90 

240 8 15 25 30 50 60 100 150 

210 5 10 20 30 45 60 75 90 

105 5 10 15 30 60 75 90 105 

705 5 10 20 30 45 60 75 90 

570 5 15 20 30 45 60 75 90 

60 10 15 17.5 30 50 60 60 60 

105 5 10 15 25 30 60 80 105 

690 7 15 20 30 45 60 60 75 

555 5 10 15 30 45 60 65 85 

135 5 10 15 30 45 60 70 90 

705 5 10 20 30 50 60 90 120 

90 5 10 15 30 30 45 90 90 

690 6 15 20 30 45 60 60 80 

570 5 15 20 30 50 60 90 240 

270 5 10 20 30 45 60 75 90 

255 5 10 15 30 45 60 75 90 

705 5 10 15 30 40 60 75 110 

240 5 10 15 30 45 60 65 85 

360 5 10 15 30 45 60 75 90 

570 5 10 15 30 45 60 70 85 

300 5 15 20 30 45 60 85 105 

705 5 10 15 30 45 60 65 85 

705 5 10 15 30 45 60 65 90 

555 5 15 20 30 50 60 90 100 

300 5 10 20 30 45 60 75 90 

705 5 13 20 30 45 60 90 125 

150 5 10 15 30 40 55 60 75 

340 5 10 15 30 45 60 75 90 

705 5 10 20 30 45 60 75 90 

145 5 15 20 30 45 60 90 95 

30 5 10 15 25 30 30 30 30 

705 5 10 20 30 45 60 75 90 

100 6 15 25 30 45 60 60 75 

35 5 10 15 25 30 30 35 35 

705 5 10 20 30 45 60 75 90 

150 5 15 20 30 60 60 95 105 

30 5 10 15 25 30 30 30 30 

Note: A "*" Signifies missing data. "DK" = The respondent replied "don't know". Refused = Refused data. N = doer sample size. Mean = Mean 24-hour 

cumulative number of minutes for doers. Stdev = standard deviation. Stderr = standard error. Min = minimum number of minutes. Max = maximum 

number of minutes. Percentiles are the percentage of doers below or equal to a given number of minutes. 

Source: Tsang and Klepeis, 1996. 
Table 15-83. Statistics for 24-Hour Cumulative Number of Minutes Spent Sleeping/Napping 

Percentiles 

Category Population Group N Mean Stdev Stderr Min Max 5 25 50 75 90 95 98 99 

All 9362 526.287 134.435 1.3894 30 1430 345 445 510 600 690 760 850 925 

Gender Male 4283 523.333 135.183 2.0656 30 1295 330 435 510 600 690 765 860 925 

Gender Female 5075 528.685 133.743 1.8774 30 1430 350 450 510 600 690 750 840 925 

Gender Refused 4 645 123.693 61.8466 540 780 540 540 630 750 780 780 780 780 

Age (years) * 185 502.281 125.424 9.2214 195 908 330 420 480 555 655 745 865 900 

Age (years) 1-4 499 732.363 124.328 5.5657 270 1320 540 655 720 810 900 930 1005 1110 

Age (years) 5-11 702 625.058 100.656 3.799 120 1110 480 570 630 680 725 780 840 875 

Age (years) 12-17 588 563.719 110.83 4.5706 150 1015 395 484 550 630 705 750 810 900 

Age (years) 18-64 6041 496.93 123.019 1.5828 30 1420 330 420 480 555 630 705 780 868 

Age (years) > 64 1347 517.084 117.477 3.2009 30 1430 345 450 510 570 660 720 780 860 

Race White 7576 523.598 129.545 1.4883 30 1430 350 445 510 600 690 750 840 900 

Race Black 940 541.303 162.726 5.3076 60 1415 315 424 530 630 737.5 822.5 940 1020 

Race Asian 156 537.09 118.072 9.4533 300 920 345 467.5 540 600 690 735 840 870 

Race Some Others 181 528.823 142.25 10.5734 60 905 300 420 525 630 720 769 810 842 

Race Hispanic 383 537.966 148.886 7.6077 60 1125 315 450 540 630 720 765 870 930 

Race Refused 126 523.421 143.695 12.8014 180 1140 330 420 510 600 720 780 870 930 

Hispanic No 8514 525.205 133.218 1.4438 30 1430 345 445 510 600 690 750 855 925 

Hispanic Yes 700 540.053 147.143 5.5615 60 1125 320 450 540 630 720 777.5 842.5 915 

Hispanic DK 45 527.467 139.269 20.7609 195 842 345 420 515 659 690 710 842 842 

Hispanic Refused 103 521.592 138.874 13.6837 240 930 330 420 510 590 720 780 865 870 

Employment * 1771 636.604 128.545 3.0545 120 1320 440 555 630 705 802 860 930 975 

Employment Full Time 4085 487.152 118.9 1.8603 30 1420 325 420 480 540 628 685 770 840 

Employment Part Time 798 502.764 117.416 4.1565 60 1005 330 435 495 570 645 720 780 860 

Employment Not Employed 2638 520.277 125.549 2.4444 30 1430 345 450 510 590 660 720 800 885 

Employment Refused 70 513.671 136.491 16.3138 210 930 320 420 490 570 696.5 780 900 930 

Education * 1966 625.586 133.976 3.0216 120 1420 420 540 628 699 790 855 926 975 

Education < High School 832 515.445 135.697 4.7045 30 1317 300 435 510 585 670 750 860 900 

Education High School Graduate 2604 505.367 123.006 2.4105 30 1430 330 420 495 570 659 720 780 840 

Education < College 1791 496.616 119.862 2.8323 60 1350 315 420 480 565 630 690 779 845 

Education College Graduate 1245 492.516 117.558 3.3317 75 1404 330 420 480 540 629 690 775 900 

Education Post Graduate 924 486.737 110.394 3.6317 105 1295 345 420 480 540 615 660 725 800 

Census Region Northeast 2068 523.129 133.703 2.9401 55 1420 345 435 510 600 690 760 860 930 

Census Region Midwest 2096 520.846 127.642 2.788 30 1215 330 440 510 598 690 745 840 870 

Census Region South 3234 529.019 135.651 2.3854 30 1430 345 450 510 600 699 765 855 925 

Census Region West 1964 530.918 139.966 3.1583 60 1404 345 449.5 510 600 690 769 862 940 

Day Of Week Weekday 6303 511.13 131.826 1.6605 30 1430 330 420 495 570 670 745 840 920 

Day Of Week Weekend 3059 557.517 134.392 2.4299 30 1420 360 480 540 630 720 780 870 925 

Season Winter 2514 534.911 134.719 2.6869 55 1404 355 450 520 600 700 780 870 930 

Season Spring 2431 526.839 130.49 2.6466 30 1175 345 445 510 600 690 750 840 900 

Season Summer 2533 527.653 139.46 2.771 30 1430 330 435 510 600 699 765 840 930 

Season Fall 1884 512.228 131.14 3.0213 60 1420 330 430 505 570 660 735 840 900 

Asthma No 8608 525.05 133.571 1.4397 30 1430 345 445 510 600 690 750 840 915 

Asthma Yes 692 540.061 143.571 5.4577 30 1404 330 450 537.5 617.5 715 780 900 945 

Asthma DK 62 544.194 140.992 17.906 300 1035 330 465 535 600 720 780 930 1035 

Angina No 9039 526.754 134.235 1.4119 30 1420 345 445 510 600 690 760 855 925 

Angina Yes 249 513.743 137.698 8.7263 60 1430 300 445 510 595 660 735 795 845 

Angina DK 74 511.392 146.297 17.0067 30 930 300 420 510 600 720 780 840 930 

Bronchitis/Emphysema No 8860 526.549 134.267 1.4264 30 1430 345 445 510 600 690 760 850 924 

Bronchitis/Emphysema Yes 432 521.713 138.459 6.6616 80 1110 300 420 510 600 705 765 840 930 

Bronchitis/Emphysema DK 70 521.243 131.857 15.7599 210 930 300 450 510 600 690 745 840 930 

Note: A "*" Signifies missing data. "DK" = The respondent replied "don't know". Refused = Refused data. N = doer sample size. Mean = Mean 24-hour 

cumulative number of minutes for doers. Stdev = standard deviation. Stderr = standard error. Min = minimum number of minutes. Max = maximum 

number of minutes. Percentiles are the percentage of doers below or equal to a given number of minutes. 

Source: Tsang and Klepeis, 1996. 
Table 15-84. Statistics for 24-Hour Cumulative Number of Minutes Spent Attending Full Time School 

Percentiles 

Category Population Group N Mean Stdev Stderr Min Max 5 25 50 75 90 95 98 99 

All 884 358.537 130.347 4.384 1 840 95 300 390 435 483 550 600 640 

Gender Male 468 369.301 123.186 5.6943 20 840 120 320 390 435 485 555 595 645 

Gender Female 416 346.428 137.1 6.7219 1 710 75 262.5 385 430 480 535 600 628 

Age (years) * 7 232.143 148.123 55.9853 10 495 10 180 210 320 495 495 495 495 

Age (years) 1-4 56 365.036 199.152 26.6128 20 710 30 172.5 427.5 530 595 628 665 710 

Age (years) 5-11 297 387.811 98.013 5.6873 60 645 170 360 390 435 485 555 600 630 

Age (years) 12-17 271 392.28 84.986 5.1625 10 605 200 375 405 435 460 485 510 555 

Age (years) 18-64 247 292.194 154.58 9.8357 1 840 60 180 289 400 480 535 645 785 

Age (years) > 64 6 203.333 147.366 60.1618 75 480 75 120 152.5 240 480 480 480 480 

Race White 665 362.913 128.548 4.9849 1 825 107 310 392 435 485 550 600 630 

Race Black 92 351.793 129.647 13.5166 40 710 70 286.5 387.5 432.5 465 526 645 710 

Race Asian 33 346.303 156.009 24.1576 90 840 120 225 365 435 500 565 840 840 

Race Some Others 29 337.828 148.115 27.5043 58 553 70 212 360 445 502 540 553 553 

Race Hispanic 58 345.259 124.048 16.2883 30 565 85 260 377.5 430 480 510 510 565 

Race Refused 7 285 157.03 59.3517 60 440 60 150 290 440 440 440 440 440 

Hispanic No 771 359.565 130.825 4.7116 1 840 100 300 390 435 483 550 600 645 

Hispanic Yes 103 353.107 126.354 12.4501 30 630 85 269 385 425 483 510 595 600 

Hispanic DK 4 315.5 167.773 83.8863 65 416 65 221 391 410 415 415 415 415 

Hispanic Refused 6 348.333 140.594 57.3973 150 445 150 185 435 440 445 445 445 445 

Employment * 608 386.497 107.308 4.3519 10 710 165 361 400 440 485 550 595 625 

Employment Full Time 49 206.551 133.583 19.0833 5 502 15 115 180 305 430 461 502 502 

Employment Part Time 89 304.652 134.791 14.2879 25 695 90 210 295 395 480 500 585 695 

Employment Not Employed 135 325.274 161.049 13.8609 1 840 60 215 340 420 500 605 785 825 

Employment Refused 3 270 147.224 85 185 440 185 185 440 440 440 440 440 440 

Education * 666 384.985 107.925 4.182 10 710 160 360 400 440 485 550 595 625 

Education < High School 14 267.071 129.31 34.5595 5 415 5 175 310 357 385 415 415 415 

Education High School Graduate 54 238.481 141.148 19.2079 58 785 60 125 212 330 400 480 480 785 

Education < College 100 303.35 170.598 17.0598 1 840 60 185 272.5 415 525.5 613.5 760 832.5 

Education College Graduate 24 238.417 145.897 29.781 25 565 30 135 200 360 430 460 565 565 

Education Post Graduate 26 302.808 144.149 28.2699 10 535 95 210 300 461 500 502 535 535 

Census Region Northeast 186 351.597 127.019 9.3135 60 825 120 268 375 420 483 520 600 785 

Census Region Midwest 200 358.07 123.934 8.7634 5 645 87.5 307.5 392.5 425 470 527.5 577.5 602 

Census Region South 322 373.879 139.7 7.7852 10 840 60 330 405 450 500 565 625 645 

Census Region West 176 338.335 120.469 9.0807 1 630 120 262.5 375 410 465 540 555 600 

Day Of Week Weekday 858 363.66 126.018 4.3022 1 840 120 310 390 435 485 550 600 640 

Day Of Week Weekend 26 189.5 158.415 31.0677 15 465 20 60 120 300 460 465 465 465 

Season Winter 302 375.113 118.518 6.8199 5 695 150 330 395 440 495 550 612 640 

Season Spring 287 353.359 133.705 7.8924 10 840 90 290 390 430 475 500 570 710 

Season Summer 125 332.448 142.088 12.7088 40 630 70 217 375 425 470 550 600 600 

Season Fall 170 357.018 132.833 10.1878 1 785 120 285 380 430 510 565 605 645 

Asthma No 784 357.969 130.658 4.6663 1 840 95 295 390 435 485 550 595 630 

Asthma Yes 96 362.958 127.895 13.0533 20 695 95 334 390 427.5 475 540 645 695 

Asthma DK 4 363.75 162.551 81.2756 120 450 120 280 442.5 447.5 450 450 450 450 

Angina No 875 358.57 130.546 4.4133 1 840 95 300 390 435 483 550 600 640 

Angina Yes 4 382.5 87.702 43.8511 255 455 255 330 410 435 455 455 455 455 

Angina DK 5 333.6 140.481 62.8248 120 460 120 270 378 440 460 460 460 460 

Bronchitis/Emphysema No 851 359.132 130.435 4.4713 1 840 95 300 390 435 485 550 600 640 

Bronchitis/Emphysema Yes 27 340.111 132.683 25.5349 30 605 60 305 365 435 450 460 605 605 

Bronchitis/Emphysema DK 6 357.167 121.491 49.5987 120 440 120 350 396.5 440 440 440 440 440 

Note: A "*" Signifies missing data. "DK" = The respondent replied "don't know". Refused = Refused data. N = doer sample size. Mean = Mean 24-hour 

cumulative number of minutes for doers. Stdev = standard deviation. Stderr = standard error. Min = minimum number of minutes. Max = maximum

number of minutes. Percentiles are the percentage of doers below or equal to a given number of minutes.

Source: Tsang and Klepeis, 1996.
Table 15-85. Statistics for 24-Hour Cumulative Number of Minutes Spent in Active Sports 

Percentiles 

Category Population Group N Mean Stdev Stderr Min Max 5 25 50 75 90 95 98 99 

All 1384 123.994 112.825 3.0328 1 1130 15 50 90 165 267 330 435 525 

Gender Male 753 136.781 120.777 4.4014 1 1130 20 60 105 180 285 375 500 558 

Gender Female 629 108.628 100.648 4.0131 1 1065 15 38 75 150 240 300 370 435 

Gender Refused 2 142.5 38.891 27.5 115 170 115 115 142.5 170 170 170 170 170 

Age (years) * 23 108.696 78.628 16.395 5 290 30 40 90 155 220 225 290 290 

Age (years) 1-4 105 115.848 98.855 9.6472 10 630 30 45 90 159 250 330 345 390 

Age (years) 5-11 247 148.87 126.627 8.0571 2 975 20 60 120 188 320 390 510 558 

Age (years) 12-17 215 137.46 124.516 8.4919 5 1065 15 60 110 180 265 375 470 520 

Age (years) 18-64 642 120.315 110.376 4.3562 1 1130 15 45 90 160 250 330 450 525 

Age (years) > 64 152 88.007 80.207 6.5056 1 380 15 30 60 120 220 285 315 330 

Race White 1139 125.994 116.168 3.4421 1 1130 15 50 90 165 270 340 452 530 

Race Black 109 113.431 96.788 9.2706 5 440 10 45 86 150 240 332 430 435 

Race Asian 30 89.933 79.214 14.4625 5 310 10 30 60 145 215 235 310 310 

Race Some Others 35 135.371 112.206 18.9663 15 553 20 60 105 195 270 330 553 553 

Race Hispanic 59 116.288 91.326 11.8897 1 520 15 45 115 145 240 305 345 520 

Race Refused 12 120 86.576 24.9924 40 300 40 60 95 130 290 300 300 300 

Hispanic No 1250 124.471 113.469 3.2094 1 1130 15 45 90 165 270 330 435 515 

Hispanic Yes 120 121.2 110.791 10.1138 1 630 15 50 90 147.5 240 335 520 553 

Hispanic DK 4 113.75 57.5 28.75 60 185 60 67.5 105 160 185 185 185 185 

Hispanic Refused 10 102 72.119 22.8059 40 290 40 60 82.5 105 215 290 290 290 

Employment * 561 137.073 120.838 5.1018 2 1065 20 60 110 180 285 370 452 558 

Employment Full Time 375 117.579 107.304 5.5412 5 1130 20 45 90 155 240 305 380 525 

Employment Part Time 87 116.207 87.553 9.3867 1 450 15 60 95 160 235 285 355 450 

Employment Not Employed 352 112.537 109.99 5.8625 1 600 10 30 70 150 270 330 475 520 

Employment Refused 9 99.444 77.235 25.7451 30 280 30 45 90 120 280 280 280 280 

Education * 610 137.702 121.227 4.9083 2 1065 20 60 110 180 285 370 470 558 

Education < High School 86 101.047 99.745 10.7558 10 570 15 30 60 135 225 270 510 570 

Education High School Graduate 233 116.794 116.802 7.652 1 1130 20 45 85 150 240 300 420 530 

Education < College 178 115.781 100.276 7.516 1 525 15 45 90 160 270 340 418 475 

Education College Graduate 165 116.218 97.925 7.6235 1 600 15 50 90 150 250 310 380 450 

Education Post Graduate 112 106.446 97.879 9.2487 5 375 10 40 60 142.5 270 330 360 375 

Census Region Northeast 333 131.967 129.1 7.0746 1 1130 15 60 100 170 275 345 485 558 

Census Region Midwest 254 116.882 101.859 6.3912 5 570 18 45 90 150 255 315 430 440 

Census Region South 479 119.476 108.664 4.965 1 975 15 45 90 160 265 330 410 462 

Census Region West 318 128.132 108.811 6.1018 1 625 25 55 92.5 175 295 330 500 525 

Day Of Week Weekday 902 115.47 97.84 3.2577 1 650 15 45 90 150 240 300 395 485 

Day Of Week Weekend 482 139.946 135.196 6.158 1 1130 20 59 100 180 300 380 500 565 

Season Winter 316 115.589 115.201 6.4806 1 1065 15 45 85 155 240 305 370 475 

Season Spring 423 130.775 105.017 5.1061 5 650 30 60 105 175 270 330 435 515 

Season Summer 425 129.541 115.123 5.5843 1 625 15 45 95 178 290 375 462 530 

Season Fall 220 112.314 118.325 7.9775 1 1130 15 43 77.5 143.5 240 290 460 565 

Asthma No 1266 122.461 109.594 3.0801 1 1130 15 45 90 162 266 330 430 515 

Asthma Yes 105 144.829 145.828 14.2314 1 1065 15 60 110 180 300 390 553 565 

Asthma DK 13 105 110.416 30.6239 30 450 30 60 60 90 165 450 450 450 

Angina No 1343 125.491 113.589 3.0995 1 1130 15 50 90 165 270 332 440 525 

Angina Yes 33 72.091 73.998 12.8815 5 330 5 30 50 60 180 275 330 330 

Angina DK 8 86.875 41.139 14.5448 40 155 40 60 75 115 155 155 155 155 

Bronchitis/Emphysema No 1331 124.101 113.19 3.1026 1 1130 15 50 90 165 267 330 435 520 

Bronchitis/Emphysema Yes 43 130 112.663 17.181 10 553 30 45 110 165 270 340 553 553 

Bronchitis/Emphysema DK 10 84 39.847 12.6007 40 155 40 60 75 105 147.5 155 155 155 

Note: A "*" Signifies missing data. "DK" = The respondent replied "don't know". Refused = Refused data. N = doer sample size. Mean = Mean

24-hour cumulative number of minutes for doers. Stdev = standard deviation. Stderr = standard error. Min = minimum number of minutes. Max =

maximum number of minutes. Percentiles are the percentage of doers below or equal to a given number of minutes.

Source: Tsang and Klepeis, 1996.
Table 15-86. Statistics for 24-Hour Cumulative Number of Minutes Spent in Outdoor Recreation 

Percentiles 

Category Population Group N Mean Stdev Stderr Min Max 5 25 50 75 90 95 98 99 

All 253 211.23 185.48 11.661 5 1440 20 60 165 300 480 574 670 690 

Gender Male 140 231.78 207.41 17.529 5 1440 17.5 67.5 177 330 502.5 600 690 735 

Gender Female 112 183.67 150.15 14.188 5 645 20 60 150 255 380 525 585 630 

Gender Refused 1 420 * * 420 420 420 420 420 420 420 420 420 420 

Age (years) * 2 337.5 201.53 142.5 195 480 195 195 337.5 480 480 480 480 480 

Age (years) 1-4 13 166.54 177.06 49.109 15 630 15 30 130 180 370 630 630 630 

Age (years) 5-11 21 206.14 156.17 34.078 30 585 60 90 165 245 360 574 585 585 

Age (years) 12-17 27 155.07 128.28 24.687 5 465 5 60 135 225 420 420 465 465 

Age (years) 18-64 158 223.61 192.97 15.352 5 1440 30 80 172.5 310 505 585 690 690 

Age (years) > 64 32 211.06 206.59 36.521 5 735 5 30 171 375 495 600 735 735 

Race White 225 209.77 182.74 12.183 5 1440 20 60 165 300 460 570 670 690 

Race Black 16 233.88 231.3 57.825 5 690 5 42.5 150 450 585 690 690 690 

Race Asian 3 203.33 262.22 151.39 30 505 30 30 75 505 505 505 505 505 

Race Some Others 2 327.5 130.82 92.5 235 420 235 235 327.5 420 420 420 420 420 

Race Hispanic 4 77.5 53.929 26.964 20 150 20 42.5 70 112.5 150 150 150 150 

Race Refused 3 308.33 209.42 120.91 180 550 180 180 195 550 550 550 550 550 

Hispanic No 238 211.8 187.07 12.126 5 1440 20 60 165 300 480 585 690 690 

Hispanic Yes 12 175.5 149.06 43.029 15 511 15 70 150 255 340 511 511 511 

Hispanic Refused 3 308.33 209.42 120.91 180 550 180 180 195 550 550 550 550 550 

Employment * 60 177.1 150.02 19.368 5 630 12.5 60 147.5 230 395 519.5 585 630 

Employment Full Time 104 210.74 153.37 15.039 5 670 30 82.5 180 294 419 511 600 645 

Employment Part Time 19 205.26 204.04 46.81 30 690 30 60 150 180 570 690 690 690 

Employment Not Employed 68 244.44 245.03 29.715 5 1440 15 60 179.5 375 525 690 735 1440 

Employment Refused 2 187.5 10.607 7.5 180 195 180 180 187.5 195 195 195 195 195 

Education * 64 176.73 145.32 18.165 5 630 15 60 152.5 225 370 465 585 630 

Education < High School 22 259.41 177.97 37.943 5 600 30 105 247.5 380 525 600 600 600 

Education High School Graduate 59 238.2 228.99 29.812 15 1440 20 90 175 310 511 670 690 1440 

Education < College 54 218.09 172.21 23.434 5 690 25 65 172.5 345 460 550 570 690 

Education College Graduate 31 224.71 193.06 34.675 20 690 30 60 150 325 505 645 690 690 

Education Post Graduate 23 157.61 178.18 37.153 5 735 10 50 80 200 370 480 735 735 

Census Region Northeast 52 189.6 160.88 22.31 5 690 30 60 162.5 231.5 370 574 670 690 

Census Region Midwest 54 212.09 228.41 31.083 5 1440 20 60 177.5 280 419 600 735 1440 

Census Region South 84 217.26 175.27 19.123 5 645 15 62.5 150 347.5 495 525 600 645 

Census Region West 63 220.29 179.71 22.642 10 690 30 75 165 280 545 585 690 690 

Day Of Week Weekday 129 197.21 195.32 17.197 5 1440 15 60 150 275 465 525 670 735 

Day Of Week Weekend 124 225.81 174.26 15.649 5 690 20 85 180 310 480 600 690 690 

Season Winter 31 196.61 165.52 29.728 5 585 5 60 165 280 440 550 585 585 

Season Spring 75 198.85 161.67 18.668 5 690 25 75 180 270 465 545 670 690 

Season Summer 102 228.16 204.18 20.217 5 1440 30 75 179.5 325 459 585 690 690 

Season Fall 45 203.53 193.83 28.895 5 735 20 60 120 330 505 574 735 735 

Asthma No 232 208.24 187.69 12.323 5 1440 20 60 159 294 480 585 690 690 

Asthma Yes 19 250.21 166.64 38.23 15 570 15 80 255 350 525 570 570 570 

Asthma DK 2 187.5 10.607 7.5 180 195 180 180 187.5 195 195 195 195 195 

Angina No 245 206.82 184.85 11.81 5 1440 20 60 160 288 480 570 670 690 

Angina Yes 6 399.17 151.21 61.731 285 690 285 310 345 420 690 690 690 690 

Angina DK 2 187.5 10.607 7.5 180 195 180 180 187.5 195 195 195 195 195 

Bronchitis/Emphysema No 238 212.24 189.23 12.266 5 1440 20 60 165 300 495 585 690 690 

Bronchitis/Emphysema Yes 13 196.31 122.22 33.896 5 370 5 117 160 310 340 370 370 370 

Bronchitis/Emphysema DK 2 187.5 10.607 7.5 180 195 180 180 187.5 195 195 195 195 195 

Note: A "*" Signifies missing data. "DK" = The respondent replied "don't know". Refused = Refused data. N = doer sample size. Mean = Mean 24-hour 

cumulative number of minutes for doers. Stdev = standard deviation. Stderr = standard error. Min = minimum number of minutes. Max = maximum 

number of minutes. Percentiles are the percentage of doers below or equal to a given number of minutes. 

Source: Tsang and Klepeis, 1996. 
Table 15-87. Statistics for 24-Hour Cumulative Number of Minutes Spent in Exercise 

Percentiles 

Category Population Group N Mean Stdev Stderr Min Max 5 25 50 75 90 95 98 99 

All 564 77.429 70.438 2.966 4 670 15 30 60 100 150 195 275 420 

Gender Male 262 84.676 75.778 4.6816 5 670 20 30 60 117 165 205 285 450 

Gender Female 302 71.142 64.927 3.7361 4 525 15 30 60 90 125 175 265 360 

Age (years) * 10 76.5 74.014 23.405 15 270 15 30 60 90 187.5 270 270 270 

Age (years) 1-4 11 127.273 187.18 56.437 15 670 15 30 60 150 160 670 670 670 

Age (years) 5-11 26 132.5 126.31 24.772 15 525 25 60 90 180 275 450 525 525 

Age (years) 12-17 35 67.829 41.589 7.0298 15 180 20 30 60 100 120 150 180 180 

Age (years) 18-64 407 77.572 63.597 3.1524 4 480 20 30 60 100 145 185 265 300 

Age (years) > 64 75 54.853 44.455 5.1332 6 195 10 25 40 70 120 150 193 195 

Race White 480 78.015 71.517 3.2643 4 670 15 30 60 100 150 194 285 450 

Race Black 34 74.706 44.67 7.6608 15 250 15 45 60 105 120 130 250 250 

Race Asian 10 46.3 25.038 7.9177 15 95 15 30 41.5 60 82.5 95 95 95 

Race Some Others 14 80.214 73.944 19.762 30 275 30 30 47.5 90 179 275 275 275 

Race Hispanic 19 63 60.658 13.916 15 265 15 30 45 60 160 265 265 265 

Race Refused 7 128.571 130.47 49.313 30 360 30 55 60 270 360 360 360 360 

Hispanic No 516 76.872 70.111 3.0865 4 670 15 30 60 99 145 193 275 420 

Hispanic Yes 38 76.553 59.516 9.6548 15 265 20 30 60 110 160 250 265 265 

Hispanic DK 3 65 69.462 40.104 20 145 20 20 30 145 145 145 145 145 

Hispanic Refused 7 128.571 130.47 49.313 30 360 30 55 60 270 360 360 360 360 

Employment * 72 99.014 111.6 13.153 15 670 20 30 60 120 180 275 525 670 

Employment Full Time 300 72.663 55.618 3.2111 5 460 20 30 60 90 130 179.5 240 291 

Employment Part Time 50 85.98 83.568 11.818 10 420 20 30 60 92 167.5 300 390 420 

Employment Not Employed 139 72.683 63.36 5.3742 4 480 10 30 60 90 135 195 240 265 

Employment Refused 3 113.333 135.77 78.387 30 270 30 30 40 270 270 270 270 270 

Education * 83 101.976 110.97 12.18 15 670 25 30 60 120 205 275 525 670 

Education < High School 21 58.238 66.062 14.416 10 300 10 28 30 60 90 165 300 300 

Education High School Graduate 124 81.048 63.037 5.6609 4 298 15 30 60 115 179 205 250 265 

Education < College 104 80.856 70.181 6.8818 15 480 20 30 60 112.5 150 170 240 420 

Education College Graduate 110 73.627 62.548 5.9637 5 460 20 30 60 98 130 180 285 297 

Education Post Graduate 122 60.861 38.368 3.4737 5 240 15 30 60 80 110 127 165 185 

Census Region Northeast 130 88.423 77.649 6.8102 10 450 15 30 60 120 200 240 297 420 

Census Region Midwest 101 63.564 44.33 4.411 10 300 15 30 60 89 115 120 170 215 

Census Region South 177 75.311 71.62 5.3833 5 525 15 30 60 90 150 185 298 480 

Census Region West 156 79.647 75.331 6.0313 4 670 20 30 60 104 130 183 270 460 

Day Of Week Weekday 426 73.096 63.872 3.0946 4 670 15 30 60 90 130 180 240 298 

Day Of Week Weekend 138 90.804 86.574 7.3697 6 525 15 30 60 120 200 265 420 460 

Season Winter 150 67.387 49.859 4.071 8 285 15 30 60 90 127.5 175 212.5 240 

Season Spring 140 74.871 55.395 4.6817 10 360 17.5 30 60 90 147.5 181 220 298 

Season Summer 192 93.188 91.294 6.5886 5 670 20 30 62.5 120 180 250 450 525 

Season Fall 82 63.268 63.277 6.9878 4 460 15 30 45 75 120 135 300 460 

Asthma No 523 76.625 70.247 3.0717 4 670 15 30 60 100 150 185 265 420 

Asthma Yes 37 78.243 51.454 8.459 20 275 20 45 65 100 120 200 275 275 

Asthma DK 4 175 167.03 83.517 10 360 10 35 165 315 360 360 360 360 

Angina No 553 77.259 69.366 2.9497 4 670 15 30 60 100 145 193 265 420 

Angina Yes 7 27.286 19.576 7.3992 6 60 6 10 25 45 60 60 60 60 

Angina DK 4 188.75 150.35 75.177 60 360 60 62.5 167.5 315 360 360 360 360 

Bronchitis/Emphysema No 542 77.098 69.465 2.9838 4 670 15 30 60 100 145 185 265 420 

Bronchitis/Emphysema Yes 17 64.588 60.635 14.706 10 275 10 30 50 63 120 275 275 275 

Bronchitis/EMphysema DK 5 157 149.57 66.888 15 360 15 60 80 270 360 360 360 360 

Note: A "*" Signifies missing data. "DK" = The respondent replied "don't know". Refused = Refused data. N = doer sample size. Mean = Mean 24-hour 

cumulative number of minutes for doers. Stdev = standard deviation. Stderr = standard error. Min = minimum number of minutes. Max = maximum 

number of minutes. Percentiles are the percentage of doers below or equal to a given number of minutes. 

Source: Tsang and Klepeis, 1996. 
Table 15-88. Statistics for 24-Hour Cumulative Number of Minutes Spent in Food Preparationa 

Percentiles 

Category Population Group N Mean Stdev Stderr Min Max 5 25 50 75 90 95 98 99 

All 4278 52.37 52.8802 0.8085 1 555 5 20 35 65 115 150 210 265 

Gender Male 1341 37.8106 42.1779 1.1518 1 480 5 13 30 50 80 105 150 210 

Gender Female 2937 59.0177 55.862 1.0308 1 555 5 25 45 75 120 155 224 272 

Age (years) * 94 52 43.2171 4.4575 5 215 5 20 40 60 110 150 195 215 

Age (years) 1-4 24 56.4583 60.3699 12.3229 5 240 5 22.5 30 75 150 180 240 240 

Age (years) 5-11 60 25.1667 29.6877 3.8327 1 120 2 5 11 30 60 107 120 120 

Age (years) 12-17 131 21.7023 37.6902 3.293 1 385 2 5 10 30 55 70 90 90 

Age (years) 18-64 3173 52.0905 52.8766 0.9387 1 555 5 20 35 65 110 145 210 265 

Age (years) > 64 796 60.5025 54.669 1.9377 1 525 5 25 45 80 120 150 240 270 

Race White 3584 51.6205 53.2589 0.8896 1 555 5 19 35 65 110 145 210 265 

Race Black 377 57.0265 52.2893 2.693 1 390 5 20 40 75 120 150 210 240 

Race Asian 62 54 41.8224 5.3115 2 210 5 20 50 70 105 130 175 210 

Race Some Others 66 50.5909 53.2368 6.553 1 295 5 15 33.5 70 115 150 210 295 

Race Hispanic 132 59.2121 49.7947 4.3341 2 315 5 23.5 55 80 110 135 225 285 

Race Refused 57 53.1404 49.297 6.5295 2 210 5 20 40 60 120 180 195 210 

Hispanic No 3960 51.848 52.6035 0.8359 1 555 5 20 35 65 111 145 205 255 

Hispanic Yes 254 59.2244 56.7225 3.5591 2 420 5 20 45 75 120 155 240 315 

Hispanic DK 20 54.95 53.2002 11.8959 6 240 8 25 45 60 112.5 180 240 240 

Hispanic Refused 44 58.6136 53.2957 8.0346 2 210 5 27.5 37.5 80 150 180 210 210 

Employment * 210 27.1667 40.5487 2.7981 1 385 2 5 15 30 60 90 120 180 

Employment Full Time 1988 45.4874 46.6734 1.0468 1 480 5 15 30 60 90 130 180 240 

Employment Part Time 420 53.8643 55.3474 2.7007 2 520 5 20 40 65 105 125 205 255 

Employment Not Employed 1625 63.6357 57.7587 1.4328 1 555 5 29 45 90 125 170 240 275 

Employment Refused 35 53.5429 66.7803 11.2879 2 340 2 20 30 60 120 195 340 340 

Education * 291 31.7079 42.6211 2.4985 1 385 2 5 15 37 75 120 155 195 

Education < High School 450 61.2556 53.2321 2.5094 1 555 5 30 45 90 120 150 197 225 

Education High School Graduate 1449 58.8392 56.6653 1.4886 1 520 5 22 45 75 120 155 240 310 

Education < College 954 52.0073 52.2377 1.6913 1 525 5 20 34.5 65 110 150 210 245 

Education College Graduate 659 46.2018 48.0775 1.8728 1 515 5 15 30 60 100 125 180 224 

Education Post Graduate 475 46.1621 48.7374 2.2362 1 375 5 15 30 60 96 135 200 270 

Census Region Northeast 952 52.312 53.2054 1.7244 1 480 5 20 40 61 110 140 205 255 

Census Region Midwest 956 53.2333 51.8139 1.6758 1 520 5 20 35 65 120 150 210 265 

Census Region South 1453 53.3944 53.4621 1.4025 1 555 5 16 35 70 120 150 195 245 

Census Region West 917 49.9073 52.7204 1.741 1 515 5 15 31 60 105 135 225 265 

Day Of Week Weekday 2995 50.0571 49.979 0.9132 1 555 5 19 35 60 105 132 180 240 

Day Of Week Weekend 1283 57.7693 58.7687 1.6407 1 420 5 20 40 75 130 180 240 300 

Season Winter 1173 50.6206 48.6464 1.4204 1 480 5 18 35 65 110 135 195 240 

Season Spring 1038 54.3892 54.484 1.6911 1 525 5 20 38.5 70 120 150 224 265 

Season Summer 1148 51.3972 54.1854 1.5992 1 555 5 20 35 60 110 137 208 300 

Season Fall 919 53.5375 54.5349 1.7989 1 520 5 20 37 67 120 155 200 265 

Asthma No 3948 52.0433 53.1805 0.8464 1 555 5 20 35 65 110 145 210 265 

Asthma Yes 300 57.1433 49.4425 2.8546 1 272 5 20.5 45 75 120 160 199 240 

Asthma DK 30 47.6333 44.8119 8.1815 2 195 5 10 32.5 60 117.5 120 195 195 

Angina No 4091 52.1936 52.9733 0.8282 1 555 5 20 35 65 115 150 210 265 

Angina Yes 149 56.8054 48.2377 3.9518 1 340 5 25 45 80 120 135 180 210 

Angina DK 38 53.9737 60.4168 9.8009 2 240 2 10 32.5 60 120 240 240 240 

Bronchitis/Emphysema No 4024 52.0318 53.0963 0.837 1 555 5 20 35 65 110 145 210 265 

Bronchitis/Emphysema Yes 216 56.9074 46.6833 3.1764 3 240 5 20 45 85 120 150 198 210 

Bronchitis/Emphysema DK 38 62.3947 61.7031 10.0096 2 240 2 20 42.5 90 150 240 240 240 

Note: A "*" Signifies missing data. "DK" = The respondent replied "don't know". Refused = Refused data. N = doer sample size. Mean = Mean

24-hour cumulative number of minutes for doers. Stdev = standard deviation. Stderr = standard error. Min = minimum number of minutes. Max =

maximum number of minutes. Percentiles are the percentage of doers below or equal to a given number of minutes.

Source: Tsang and Klepeis, 1996.
Table 15-89. Statistics for 24-Hour Cumulative Number of Minutes Spent Doing Dishes/Laundrya 

Percentiles 

Category Population Group N Mean Stdev Stderr Min Max 5 25 50 75 90 95 98 99 

All 1865 61.7882 68.894 1.5953 1 825 10 20 30 80 150 190 255 335 

Gender Male 324 46.1142 50.179 2.7877 1 360 10 15 30 60 120 135 210 260 

Gender Female 1541 65.0837 71.793 1.8289 1 825 10 20 35 90 150 200 270 340 

Age (years) * 32 43.75 46.49 8.2183 10 225 10 15 30 55 90 150 225 225 

Age (years) 1-4 10 49.3 66.545 21.0434 3 210 3 5 22.5 55 165 210 210 210 

Age (years) 5-11 20 34.25 28.799 6.4395 1 92 1.5 15 30 58 82.5 91 92 92 

Age (years) 12-17 47 32.6809 30.603 4.4639 2 150 5 10 20 45 65 90 150 150 

Age (years) 18-64 1371 63.2356 67.104 1.8123 1 565 10 20 30 90 150 198 245 335 

Age (years) > 64 385 63.4416 79.738 4.0638 1 825 9 20 35 80 135 195 285 375 

Race White 1560 62.2173 69.493 1.7595 1 825 10 20 30 85 147.5 190 270 335 

Race Black 170 57.8471 60.026 4.6038 5 390 5 17 30 75 150 180 235 240 

Race Asian 19 56.7368 51.705 11.862 3 210 3 15 30 90 120 210 210 210 

Race Some Others 25 45.96 41.361 8.2721 5 150 10 15 30 80 120 120 150 150 

Race Hispanic 71 69.0141 75.626 8.9752 3 325 5 20 35 105 200 225 275 325 

Race Refused 20 60.75 104.217 23.3037 5 475 7.5 15 30 60 127.5 305 475 475 

Hispanic No 1732 61.3077 68.206 1.6389 1 825 10 20 30 80 140 180 250 335 

Hispanic Yes 112 68.2589 71.468 6.7531 3 325 5 20 30 103 180 225 270 275 

Hispanic DK 7 75.7143 66.548 25.1526 10 180 10 15 55 150 180 180 180 180 

Hispanic Refused 14 62.5 122.266 32.677 5 475 5 15 25 35 120 475 475 475 

Employment * 73 35.3288 37.364 4.3732 1 210 3 15 20 50 80 120 150 210 

Employment Full Time 776 56.9549 63.42 2.2766 2 565 10 20 30 70 125 180 240 335 

Employment Part Time 214 63.7243 64.791 4.429 2 340 10 15 30 90 151 205 240 275 

Employment Not Employed 789 68.5234 76.296 2.7162 1 825 10 25 40 90 158 210 285 375 

Employment Refused 13 58.2308 59.448 16.4878 10 180 10 10 30 100 150 180 180 180 

Education * 99 37.5253 38.655 3.885 1 210 3 10 30 55 90 120 180 210 

Education < High School 216 69.7824 69.956 4.7599 2 570 10 26.5 45 90 151 195 245 315 

Education High School Graduate 683 67.3616 76.746 2.9366 1 825 10 20 40 90 150 205 285 405 

Education < College 422 64.3033 72.277 3.5184 2 475 10 20 30 85 155 210 285 360 

Education College Graduate 262 51.4466 49.386 3.0511 1 260 10 15 30 70 120 158 200 225 

Education Post Graduate 183 53.6831 60.208 4.4507 3 360 5 15 30 60 120 190 245 330 

Census Region Northeast 471 59.5223 60.067 2.7677 2 565 10 20 35 75 135 180 210 285 

Census Region Midwest 405 60.3235 68.244 3.3911 1 480 5 15 30 75 150 198 240 285 

Census Region South 602 65.8156 75.076 3.0599 1 825 10 20 35 90 150 210 270 360 

Census Region West 387 59.814 69.562 3.536 2 570 10 15 30 70 150 210 270 345 

Day Of Week Weekday 1270 59.5402 68.798 1.9305 1 825 9 20 30 75 137.5 190 245 330 

Day Of Week Weekend 595 66.5866 68.909 2.825 5 565 10 20 40 90 150 210 275 340 

Season Winter 503 65.3479 79.461 3.543 1 825 10 20 30 90 150 210 300 360 

Season Spring 438 62.7763 67.751 3.2373 2 450 10 20 35 75 150 190 285 335 

Season Summer 510 61.7294 62.801 2.7809 2 565 10 20 40 90 140 180 240 270 

Season Fall 414 56.4903 63.125 3.1024 1 570 8 15 30 65 130 195 230 270 

Asthma No 1712 61.9533 69.64 1.6831 1 825 10 20 30 85 150 195 270 335 

Asthma Yes 147 60.8912 60.62 4.9999 2 375 10 20 30 76 151 180 250 255 

Asthma DK 6 36.6667 41.793 17.062 10 120 10 10 25 30 120 120 120 120 

Angina No 1790 62.0788 69.212 1.6359 1 825 10 20 30 85 150 190 255 335 

Angina Yes 66 54.7576 62.985 7.7529 5 335 9 25 30 60 120 200 315 335 

Angina DK 9 55.5556 44.19 14.7301 10 120 10 30 30 90 120 120 120 120 

Bronchitis/Emphysema No 1746 60.5063 65.326 1.5634 1 565 10 20 30 80 140 190 250 325 

Bronchitis/Emphysema Yes 112 82.7143 109.505 10.3473 3 825 5 20 57.5 103 170 240 360 570 

Bronchitis/Emphysema DK 7 46.7143 51.403 19.4284 2 120 2 10 30 120 120 120 120 120 

Note: A "*" Signifies missing data. "DK" = The respondent replied "don't know". Refused = Refused data. N = doer sample size. Mean = Mean 

24-hour cumulative number of minutes for doers. Stdev = standard deviation. Stderr = standard error. Min = minimum number of minutes. Max = 

maximum number of minutes. Percentiles are the percentage of doers below or equal to a given number of minutes. 

a Includes food cleanup, clothes care. 

Source: Tsang and Klepeis, 1996. 
Table 15-90. Statistics for 24-Hour Cumulative Number of Minutes Spent in Housekeepinga 

Percentiles 

Category Population Group N Mean Stdev Stderr Min Max 5 25 50 75 90 95 98 99 

All 1943 118.833 113.369 2.5719 1 810 10 40 90 165 270 345 465 540 

Gender Male 370 109.419 116.541 6.0587 1 810 10 30 60 150 270 360 425 560 

Gender Female 1573 121.047 112.533 2.8374 1 790 15 45 90 165 270 345 465 540 

Age (years) * 47 146.043 121.3 17.6935 10 480 10 45 115 240 300 375 480 480 

Age (years) 1-4 11 74.091 69.42 20.9308 10 270 10 40 60 90 90 270 270 270 

Age (years) 5-11 54 42.852 34.096 4.6399 1 180 5 20 30 53 80 120 150 180 

Age (years) 12-17 72 78.111 75.546 8.9031 1 300 5 27.5 60 105 210 240 285 300 

Age (years) 18-64 1316 120.422 113.654 3.133 1 810 15 40 90 165 270 360 465 525 

Age > 64 443 128.217 118.925 5.6503 3 790 10 55 90 180 270 345 540 570 

Race White 1649 119.056 112.184 2.7626 1 790 10 40 90 165 265 340 465 540 

Race Black 137 116.555 109.394 9.3462 1 490 5 30 90 150 300 358 480 484 

Race Asian 32 98.75 100.467 17.7602 15 425 15 30 60 127.5 265 345 425 425 

Race Some Others 26 82.423 56.436 11.0681 5 210 15 40 60 115 185 190 210 210 

Race Hispanic 71 112.648 129.335 15.3492 5 660 8 30 60 135 270 465 518 660 

Race Refused 28 189.286 176.198 33.2983 10 810 20 52.5 147.5 247.5 420 465 810 810 

Hispanic No 1771 117.443 110.586 2.6278 1 790 10 40 90 165 265 335 425 525 

Hispanic Yes 134 121.657 129.578 11.1939 5 660 10 35 85 135 270 470 540 658 

Hispanic DK 15 146.867 127.912 33.0268 10 510 10 30 120 210 240 510 510 510 

Hispanic Refused 23 191.087 180.296 37.5944 10 810 20 45 150 255 390 420 810 810 

Employment * 138 65.565 68.838 5.8599 1 375 5 25 45 80 180 240 285 300 

Employment Full Time 673 106.579 102.376 3.9463 1 655 10 30 70 145 240 325 413 490 

Employment Part Time 193 124.72 117.48 8.4564 1 660 15 45 90 180 270 390 480 540 

Employment Not Employed 925 132.681 119.442 3.9272 3 790 15 55 105 180 295 370 484 600 

Employment Refused 14 236.786 208.221 55.6495 10 810 10 120 182.5 300 430 810 810 810 

Education * 171 82.164 96.944 7.4135 1 810 5 30 45 105 220 270 300 375 

Education < High School 246 140.736 125.356 7.9924 3 715 10 60 120 180 300 400 540 660 

Education High School Graduate 677 125.078 120.495 4.631 2 790 15 45 90 175 270 375 490 610 

Education < College 433 112.898 100.145 4.8127 1 570 10 40 90 150 240 320 420 470 

Education College Graduate 245 107.302 102.244 6.5321 1 585 15 30 60 150 240 328 405 465 

Education Post Graduate 171 130.813 117.998 9.0236 5 655 15 60 90 180 280 390 495 540 

Census Region Northeast 464 119.235 116.368 5.4022 2 790 10 35 90 165 245 330 480 655 

Census Region Midwest 413 117.855 112.595 5.5405 1 715 10 34 88 165 255 345 480 525 

Census Region South 648 119.912 116.159 4.5631 1 810 10 40 90 165 285 370 435 540 

Census Region West 418 117.679 106.559 5.212 5 720 15 40 90 165 255 340 420 470 

Day Of Week Weekday 1316 113.21 111.913 3.085 1 790 10 30 75 150 255 330 470 550 

Day Of Week Weekend 627 130.635 115.567 4.6153 1 810 15 55 90 180 290 370 435 525 

Season Winter 470 111.4 100.617 4.6411 1 810 10 45 85 160 240 290 390 480 

Season Spring 451 122.621 114.024 5.3692 3 720 15 40 90 180 270 360 465 540 

Season Summer 563 111.803 114.5 4.8256 1 690 10 30 75 135 255 365 465 610 

Season Fall 459 131.344 122.391 5.7127 1 790 15 45 90 180 300 390 480 560 

Asthma No 1789 118.529 112.075 2.6497 1 790 10 40 90 165 270 345 465 540 

Asthma Yes 140 115.664 115.811 9.7878 5 690 10 36.5 67 150 277.5 377.5 470 480 

Asthma DK 14 189.286 208.565 55.7414 10 810 10 45 122.5 255 340 810 810 810 

Angina No 1853 117.731 112.346 2.6099 1 790 13 40 90 160 265 345 465 540 

Angina Yes 75 122.88 103.762 11.9814 5 394 5 30 90 210 270 320 370 394 

Angina DK 15 234.667 204 52.6725 10 810 10 120 240 300 480 810 810 810 

Bronchitis/Emphysema No 1816 118.073 112.929 2.65 1 790 10 40 90 160 270 355 465 540 

Bronchitis/Emphysema Yes 107 118.701 102.942 9.9518 5 480 10 30 90 180 255 290 465 470 

Bronchitis/Emphysema DK 20 188.5 176.435 39.452 5 810 7.5 85 155 240 320 575 810 810 

Note: A "*" Signifies missing data. "DK" = The respondent replied "don't know". Refused = Refused data. N = doer sample size. Mean = Mean 24-hour 

cumulative number of minutes for doers. Stdev = standard deviation. Stderr = standard error. Min = minimum number of minutes. Max = maximum 

number of minutes. Percentiles are the percentage of doers below or equal to a given number of minutes. 

a Includes cleaning house, other repairs, and household work. 

Source: Tsang and Klepeis, 1996. 
Table 15-91. Statistics for 24-Hour Cumulative Number of Minutes Spent in Bathing (a) 

Percentiles 

Group Name Group Code N Mean Stdev Stderr Min Max 5 25 50 75 90 95 98 99 

All 6416 26.0842 29.6711 0.3704 1 705 5 10 20 30 50 60 90 120 

Gender Male 2930 24.2416 31.0251 0.5732 1 705 5 10 20 30 45 60 75 100 

Gender Female 3484 27.6372 28.4021 0.4812 1 555 5 10 20 30 60 75 105 135 

Gender Refused 2 20 14.1421 10 10 30 10 10 20 30 30 30 30 30 

Age (years) * 114 29.0088 38.9855 3.6513 2 300 5 10 20 30 60 60 105 275 

Age (years) 1-4 330 29.9727 19.4226 1.0692 1 170 10 15 30 31 54.5 60 85 90 

Age (years) 5-11 438 25.7511 35.3164 1.6875 1 690 5 15 20 30 45 60 60 75 

Age (years) 12-17 444 23.1216 18.7078 0.8878 1 210 5 10 18 30 45 60 65 90 

Age (years) 18-64 4383 25.4312 27.1553 0.4102 1 555 5 10 20 30 50 60 90 120 

Age (years) > 64 707 29.9123 44.502 1.6737 1 705 5 10 20 30 60 85 120 150 

Race White 5117 25.0233 28.5494 0.3991 1 705 5 10 20 30 45 60 90 115 

Race Black 707 31.4851 31.5524 1.1866 1 295 5 15 22 40 60 80 120 170 

Race Asian 112 28.1786 29.7661 2.8126 5 270 5 15 20 30 60 75 90 90 

Race Some Others 122 30.2213 27.2726 2.4691 1 240 8 15 27.5 35 50 60 100 150 

Race Hispanic 280 28.7786 39.2648 2.3465 2 546 5 15 20 31.5 54.5 62.5 90 155 

Race Refused 78 27.5769 40.3235 4.5657 3 275 5 10 15 30 60 100 195 275 

Hispanic No 5835 25.8833 28.5411 0.3736 1 705 5 10 20 30 50 60 90 120 

Hispanic Yes 486 28.751 40.5582 1.8398 2 570 5 15 20 30 50 60 90 140 

Hispanic DK 33 25.7576 16.7724 2.9197 5 65 10 15 20 30 55 65 65 65 

Hispanic Refused 62 24.2581 37.2268 4.7278 3 275 5 10 15 25 30 60 105 275 

Employment * 1189 26.1329 26.4288 0.7665 1 690 5 15 20 30 45 60 75 90 

Employment Full Time 3095 24.1499 25.0984 0.4511 1 555 5 10 15 30 45 60 85 110 

Employment Part Time 558 24.7616 23.2468 0.9841 1 295 5 10 20 30 46 60 90 110 

Employment Not Employed 1528 30.3161 39.9341 1.0216 1 705 5 10 20 30 60 85 120 155 

Employment Refused 46 30.4348 45.176 6.6608 3 275 5 10 15 30 55 105 275 275 

Education * 1330 25.6759 26.4094 0.7242 1 690 5 15 20 30 45 60 75 90 

Education < High School 474 33.3122 53.0129 2.435 1 570 5 15 20.5 33 60 85 110 300 

Education High School Graduate 1758 25.822 23.5699 0.5621 1 270 5 10 20 30 50 60 90 120 

Education < College 1288 26.4099 27.0338 0.7533 1 255 5 10 20 30 55 75 105 150 

Education College Graduate 897 25.3813 34.8197 1.1626 1 705 5 10 15 30 50 65 105 135 

Education Post Graduate 669 22.7788 23.0661 0.8918 1 257 5 10 15 30 45 60 85 100 

Census Region Northeast 1444 25.0478 24.2512 0.6382 1 360 5 10 20 30 50 60 90 105 

Census Region Midwest 1402 24.602 30.2958 0.8091 1 570 5 10 15 30 45 60 85 115 

Census Region South 2266 27.4086 26.0895 0.5481 1 300 5 15 20 30 55 65 100 135 

Census Region West 1304 26.5238 38.8092 1.0747 1 705 5 10 20 30 48 60 90 133 

Day Of Week Weekday 4427 25.2896 30.2913 0.4553 1 705 5 10 20 30 45 60 90 115 

Day Of Week Weekend 1989 27.8527 28.1689 0.6316 1 555 5 15 20 30 60 68 100 130 

Season Winter 1796 26.858 26.9167 0.6351 1 546 5 11 20 30 50 60 90 110 

Season Spring 1645 28.5854 41.0512 1.0121 1 705 5 15 20 30 60 70 115 150 

Season Summer 1744 23.9295 20.7343 0.4965 1 270 5 10 19.5 30 45 60 80 100 

Season Fall 1231 24.6653 25.5885 0.7293 1 340 5 10 17 30 50 60 95 120 

Asthma No 5912 26.0658 30.0373 0.3907 1 705 5 10 20 30 50 60 90 120 

Asthma Yes 468 26.5427 22.9543 1.0611 1 210 5 15 20 30 46 60 100 120 

Asthma DK 36 23.1389 44.0728 7.3455 3 275 5 10 15 25 30 30 275 275 

Angina No 6243 26.0042 29.0175 0.3673 1 705 5 10 20 30 50 60 90 120 

Angina Yes 131 31.145 49.5427 4.3286 5 546 5 15 25 30 50 60 105 131 

Angina DK 42 22.1905 40.9153 6.3134 3 275 5 10 15 25 30 30 275 275 

Bronchitis/Emphysema No 6112 26.0545 29.857 0.3819 1 705 5 10 20 30 50 60 90 120 

Bronchitis/Emphysema Yes 268 27.2463 22.162 1.3538 1 150 5 13 20 30 60 60 95 131 

Bronchitis/Emphysema DK 36 22.4722 44.0859 7.3477 3 275 5 10 15 22.5 30 30 275 275 

Note: A "*" Signifies missing data. "DK" = The respondent replied "don't know". Refused = Refused data. N = doer sample size. Mean = Mean 24-hour 

cumulative number of minutes for doers. Stdev = standard deviation. Stderr = standard error. Min = minimum number of minutes. Max = maximum 

number of minutes. Percentiles are the percentage of doers below or equal to a given number of minutes. 

a Includes baby and child care, personal care services, washing and personal hygiene (bathing, showering, etc.) 

Source: Tsang and Klepeis, 1996. 
Table 15-92. Statistics for 24-Hour Cumulative Number of Minutes Spent in Yardwork/Maintenance (a) 

Percentiles 

Category Population Group N Mean Stdev Stderr Min Max 5 25 50 75 90 95 98 99 

All 1414 147.69 148.216 3.942 1 1080 5 45 100 205 360 470 570 655 

Gender Male 804 174.84 160.191 5.649 2 1080 10 60 120 249.5 415 510 600 670 

Gender Female 610 111.91 121.979 4.939 1 900 5 30 75 145 277.5 360 465 510 

Age (years) * 20 181.85 170.345 38.09 5 600 10 60 116 240 467.5 570 600 600 

Age (years) 1-4 12 93.167 80.805 23.326 5 285 5 30 82.5 132.5 178 285 285 285 

Age (years) 5-11 26 96.154 85.532 16.774 5 330 5 39 60 120 210 300 330 330 

Age (years) 12-17 54 116 116.758 15.889 3 505 5 30 90 150 285 385 450 505 

Age (years) 18-64 1015 150.22 154.486 4.849 1 1080 5 35 100 210 360 480 585 670 

Age (years) > 64 287 149.3 133.834 7.9 2 810 10 60 120 205 330 420 525 630 

Race White 1249 151.52 150.205 4.25 1 1080 5 45 105 210 360 480 575 660 

Race Black 77 114.53 127.124 14.487 2 750 5 20 65 165 285 355 405 750 

Race Asian 13 140 150.111 41.633 5 425 5 15 85 210 360 425 425 425 

Race Some Others 26 117.23 110.647 21.7 5 380 5 30 88 178 290 360 380 380 

Race Hispanic 37 102.11 113.508 18.661 5 565 5 20 60 120 255 300 565 565 

Race Refused 12 177.08 190.793 55.077 30 600 30 60 97.5 215 510 600 600 600 

Hispanic No 1331 148.69 147.962 4.056 1 1080 5 45 105 209 360 465 570 660 

Hispanic Yes 65 106.17 127.4 15.802 5 575 5 20 60 120 255 300 565 575 

Hispanic DK 8 248.75 206.48 73.002 5 585 5 90 190 420 585 585 585 585 

Hispanic Refused 10 203.5 200.056 63.263 60 600 60 60 120 300 555 600 600 600 

Employment * 92 106.82 101.779 10.611 3 505 5 31.5 77 147.5 240 330 450 505 

Employment Full Time 664 146.73 155.488 6.034 1 1080 5 35 90 202.5 360 490 575 690 

Employment Part Time 121 134.51 130.79 11.89 2 554 5 30 90 200 317 390 490 495 

Employment Not Employed 526 157.76 147.022 6.41 2 810 10 60 120 220 370 480 595 655 

Employment Refused 11 211.55 198.724 59.918 2 600 2 60 120 375 465 600 600 600 

Education * 105 113.47 113.854 11.111 2 600 5 33 79 150 285 360 450 505 

Education < High School 160 158.46 164.764 13.026 2 900 7.5 45 111 210 412.5 492.5 595 810 

Education High School Graduate 465 151.39 146.985 6.816 3 840 5 50 110 210 345 460 575 690 

Education < College 305 152.84 157.011 8.99 2 1080 5 45 95 210 360 473 600 630 

Education College Graduate 211 145.36 138.849 9.559 1 625 5 40 105 225 330 465 525 533 

Education Post Graduate 168 142.2 147.773 11.401 2 690 5 30 90 180 340 470 570 630 

Census Region Northeast 291 140.5 139.641 8.186 3 840 5 40 90 200 330 450 525 600 

Census Region Midwest 314 145.1 143.219 8.082 2 780 10 55 95 195 360 445 560 655 

Census Region South 438 152.69 156.36 7.471 2 1080 5 45 111 205 375 480 585 635 

Census Region West 371 149.63 149.345 7.754 1 750 5 40 104 210 350 480 575 690 

Day Of Week Weekday 878 140.86 140.753 4.75 1 810 5 40 92.5 190 345 460 560 625 

Day Of Week Weekend 536 158.88 159.193 6.876 2 1080 5 50 116.5 225 380 510 600 690 

Season Winter 289 139.35 151.711 8.924 1 690 5 30 75 195 360 480 565 600 

Season Spring 438 162.23 150.477 7.19 3 900 10 60 120 220 360 480 570 700 

Season Summer 458 137.92 140.291 6.555 2 1080 5 40 90 180 310 440 555 630 

Season Fall 229 149.97 153.398 10.137 2 720 5 40 97 210 390 480 600 655 

Asthma No 1311 146.95 147.084 4.062 1 1080 5 45 100 200 355 465 570 635 

Asthma Yes 98 149.27 155.758 15.734 5 670 5 30 90 210 445 480 670 670 

Asthma DK 5 312 230.043 102.879 60 600 60 120 300 480 600 600 600 600 

Angina No 1360 145.34 145.05 3.933 1 900 5 45 100 200 355 465 570 655 

Angina Yes 42 192.62 203.363 31.38 5 1080 15 60 142.5 255 465 485 1080 1080 

Angina DK 12 257.08 216.716 62.56 5 600 5 52.5 232.5 472.5 510 600 600 600 

Bronchitis/Emphysema No 1352 148.48 148.534 4.04 1 1080 5 45 105 205 360 470 570 660 

Bronchitis/Emphysema Yes 57 114.65 121.376 16.077 5 460 5 30 60 135 340 375 405 460 

Bronchitis/Emphysema DK 5 312 230.043 102.879 60 600 60 120 300 480 600 600 600 600 

Note: A "*" Signifies missing data. "DK" = The respondent replied "don't know". Refused = Refused data. N = doer sample size. Mean = Mean 24-hour 

cumulative number of minutes for doers. Stdev = standard deviation. Stderr = standard error. Min = minimum number of minutes. Max = maximum 

number of minutes. Percentiles are the percentage of doers below or equal to a given number of minutes. 

a Includes car repair services, other repairs services, outdoor cleaning, car repair maintenance, other repairs, plant care, other household work, 

domestic crafts, domestic arts. 

Source: Tsang and Klepeis, 1996. 
Table 15-93. Statistics for 24-Hour Cumulative Number of Minutes Spent in Sports/Exercise (a) 

Percentiles 

Category Population Group N Mean Stdev Stderr Min Max 5 25 50 75 90 95 98 99 

All 1852 116.322 107.947 2.5084 1 1130 17 45 85 150 253 316 420 515 

Gender Male 958 130.669 117.216 3.7871 1 1130 20 55 97.5 175 270 355 475 558 

Gender Female 892 100.854 94.795 3.174 1 1065 15 35 65 130 230 285 370 435 

Gender Refused 2 142.5 38.891 27.5 115 170 115 115 143 170 170 170 170 170 

Age (years) * 32 102.031 79.32 14.022 5 290 15 40 80 137.5 225 270 290 290 

Age (years) 1-4 114 118.982 109.17 10.2247 10 670 25 45 90 159 250 330 390 630 

Age (years) 5-11 262 153.496 130.58 8.0673 2 975 20 60 120 200 330 415 525 580 

Age (years) 12-17 237 134.717 122.228 7.9396 5 1065 15 60 110 179 265 360 470 520 

Age (years) 18-64 992 109.692 100.801 3.2004 1 1130 20 45 75 145 240 300 405 510 

Age (years) > 64 215 82.051 75.995 5.1828 1 380 10 30 60 110 195 270 310 316 

Race White 1541 117.524 110.622 2.818 1 1130 20 45 85 150 255 320 435 525 

Race Black 135 110.4 93.06 8.0094 5 440 15 45 85 150 220 340 430 435 

Race Asian 37 85.432 73.897 12.1486 5 310 10 30 60 95 210 235 310 310 

Race Some Others 47 124.702 106.397 15.5196 15 553 30 40 85 180 270 325 553 553 

Race Hispanic 74 108.892 89.177 10.3667 1 520 15 45 90 145 225 270 345 520 

Race Refused 18 130 111.698 26.3275 30 420 30 60 82.5 140 300 420 420 420 

Hispanic No 1678 116.451 108.276 2.6432 1 1130 17 45 85 150 253 316 430 510 

Hispanic Yes 151 115.583 106.428 8.661 1 630 15 45 90 145 240 325 415 553 

Hispanic DK 7 92.857 62.773 23.726 20 185 20 30 75 145 185 185 185 185 

Hispanic Refused 16 120 110 27.5 30 420 30 60 70 122.5 290 420 420 420 

Employment * 606 138.658 123.665 5.0235 2 1065 20 60 110 180 285 375 470 580 

Employment Full Time 644 102.315 94.146 3.7099 5 1130 20 45 67.5 130 225 280 360 405 

Employment Part Time 125 115.272 91.33 8.1688 1 450 15 45 90 160 220 300 420 420 

Employment Not Employed 465 107.239 104.105 4.8277 1 600 10 31 70 135 250 310 462 515 

Employment Refused 12 102.917 87.917 25.3794 30 280 30 40 75 130 270 280 280 280 

Education * 663 139.46 123.813 4.8085 2 1065 20 60 110 180 285 383 510 580 

Education < High School 103 96.243 97.046 9.5622 10 570 15 30 60 135 210 270 305 510 

Education High School Graduate 341 109.276 106.483 5.7664 1 1130 15 40 75 150 235 285 405 485 

Education < College 265 110.068 94.836 5.8257 1 525 17 45 80 145 240 305 418 475 

Education College Graduate 258 105.717 92.204 5.7404 1 600 20 45 70 130 240 297 343 450 

Education Post Graduate 222 87.149 79.704 5.3494 5 375 15 30 60 105 208 290 355 360 

Census Region Northeast 437 126.865 122.905 5.8793 1 1130 15 50 95 165 270 338 470 558 

Census Region Midwest 341 105.889 94.38 5.111 5 570 20 40 75 135 240 280 430 438 

Census Region South 627 112.774 104.846 4.1872 1 975 15 45 80 150 250 313 410 462 

Census Region West 447 118.951 105.629 4.9961 4 670 22 48 85 160 250 325 475 525 

Day Of Week Weekday 1264 107.154 94.026 2.6447 1 670 15 45 75 140 235 285 375 485 

Day Of Week Weekend 588 136.029 130.966 5.401 1 1130 20 51.5 90 180 297 380 462 558 

Season Winter 448 104.094 104.108 4.9187 1 1065 15 40 70 130 230 280 360 420 

Season Spring 533 123.452 100.904 4.3706 5 650 25 60 90 162 267 330 420 500 

Season Summer 579 125.988 114.358 4.7525 1 670 15 45 90 160 283 360 470 545 

Season Fall 292 102.901 110.416 6.4616 4 1130 15 40 60 127.5 225 275 460 565 

Asthma No 1699 114.927 105.239 2.5532 1 1130 17 45 85 150 250 310 420 510 

Asthma Yes 137 132.131 134.238 11.4687 1 1065 15 60 90 165 265 390 553 565 

Asthma DK 16 129.063 134.786 33.6966 10 450 10 60 60 152.5 420 450 450 450 

Angina No 1801 117.3 108.373 2.5537 1 1130 20 45 89 150 254 316 430 515 

Angina Yes 40 68 70.942 11.217 5 330 5.5 30 47.5 60 172.5 235 330 330 

Angina DK 11 131.818 116.023 34.9823 40 420 40 60 90 155 270 420 420 420 

Bronchitis/Emphysema No 1782 116.226 107.987 2.5581 1 1130 17 45 85 150 250 315 430 515 

Bronchitis/Emphysema Yes 56 119.429 108.516 14.501 10 553 20 42.5 75 172.5 270 340 410 553 

Bronchitis/Emphysema DK 14 116.071 108.187 28.9143 15 420 15 60 85 140 270 420 420 420 

Note: A "*" Signifies missing data. "DK" = The respondent replied "don't know". Refused = Refused data. N = doer sample size. Mean = Mean 24-hour 

cumulative number of minutes for doers. Stdev = standard deviation. Stderr = standard error. Min = minimum number of minutes. Max = maximum 

number of minutes. Percentiles are the percentage of doers below or equal to a given number of minutes. 

a Includes active sports, exercise, hobbies. 

Source: Tsang and Klepeis, 1996. 
Table 15-94. Statistics for 24-Hour Cumulative Number of Minutes Eating or Drinking 

Percentiles 

Category Population Group N Mean Stdev Stderr Min Max 5 25 50 75 90 95 98 99 

All 8627 74.8821 54.8419 0.5904 1 900 15 35 60 96 140 175 215 270 

Gender Male 3979 75.8316 56.2313 0.8914 1 900 15 39 60 96 140 180 210 270 

Gender Female 4644 74.0814 53.6353 0.7871 2 640 15 34 60 98 140 170 225 270 

Gender Refused 4 60 21.2132 10.6066 30 75 30 45 67.5 75 75 75 75 75 

Age (years) * 157 75.3248 50.1255 4.0005 10 315 15 30 65 100 145 150 195 285 

Age (years) 1-4 492 93.4837 52.8671 2.3834 2 345 20 60 90 120 160 190 225 270 

Age (years) 5-11 680 68.5412 38.9518 1.4937 5 255 15 40 65 90 120 142.5 165 195 

Age (years) 12-17 538 55.8587 34.9903 1.5085 2 210 10 30 50 75 105 125 150 170 

Age (years) 18-64 5464 71.8673 55.1199 0.7457 1 900 15 30 60 90 135 170 220 270 

Age (years) > 64 1296 91.7014 62.6665 1.7407 5 750 20 50 80 120 165 200 270 295 

Race White 7049 77.0058 55.6564 0.6629 1 900 15 40 64 100 145 180 225 270 

Race Black 808 59.9047 46.5954 1.6392 2 505 15 30 50 75 119 140 200 225 

Race Asian 148 80.4054 47.8283 3.9315 2 305 15 45 72.5 106.5 150 160 200 200 

Race Some Others 168 66.0417 52.0928 4.019 7 525 15 30 59.5 83 120 135 190 200 

Race Hispanic 345 68.7043 51.8926 2.7938 2 435 12 30 60 90 125 165 195 225 

Race Refused 109 74.2477 60.8473 5.8281 8 410 20 30 60 90 130 180 290 315 

Hispanic No 7861 75.5599 55.2306 0.6229 1 900 15 35 60 100 140 175 220 270 

Hispanic Yes 639 68.2754 50.1994 1.9859 2 435 15 30 60 90 120 155 195 225 

Hispanic DK 41 60.4146 37.1039 5.7947 5 150 15 30 55 90 120 130 150 150 

Hispanic Refused 86 68.9186 55.4732 5.9818 8 410 15 30 60 90 115 155 210 410 

Employment * 1695 72.2083 44.9086 1.0908 2 345 15 40 65 90 133 150 195 210 

Employment Full Time 3684 70.6097 55.0998 0.9078 1 900 15 30 60 90 135 165 225 270 

Employment Part Time 715 72.2112 55.4476 2.0736 2 509 15 30 60 90 135 170 230 260 

Employment Not Employed 2472 83.9498 59.1281 1.1892 2 750 15 45 75 110 150 185 235 285 

Employment Refused 61 71.0492 60.9843 7.8082 8 385 15 30 55 90 120 145 235 385 

Education * 1867 70.85 45.3955 1.0506 2 375 15 38 60 90 130 150 190 210 

Education < High School 758 72.3206 57.4352 2.0861 2 460 15 30 60 90 135 180 230 315 

Education High School Graduate 2363 74.8565 57.1005 1.1746 1 900 15 35 60 96 140 175 220 270 

Education < College 1612 73.9237 56.5324 1.408 2 525 15 30 60 90 145 175 230 275 

Education College Graduate 1160 78.4991 55.4196 1.6272 1 640 15 40 65 105 145 180 220 265 

Education Post Graduate 867 82.8166 59.6871 2.0271 2 750 15 40 70 110 150 185 240 270 

Census Region Northeast 1916 78.2766 59.1627 1.3516 1 750 15 37 65 102.5 145 180 240 285 

Census Region Midwest 1928 75.8117 51.3702 1.1699 1 435 15 40 64 100 140 175 210 255 

Census Region South 2960 71.3916 55.0903 1.0126 2 900 15 30 60 90 135 165 210 270 

Census Region West 1823 75.9989 52.9755 1.2407 2 500 15 35 60 100 150 180 210 240 

Day Of Week Weekday 5813 71.2069 52.0446 0.6826 1 900 15 33 60 90 130 165 210 250 

Day Of Week Weekend 2814 82.4741 59.5052 1.1217 2 630 15 40 70 110 150 190 240 297 

Season Winter 2332 76.0931 56.4379 1.1687 2 640 15 38.5 65 95.5 140 175 240 275 

Season Spring 2222 76.3096 55.207 1.1712 1 630 15 35 60 100 145 178 220 275 

Season Summer 2352 73.4787 53.2506 1.098 1 750 15 35 60 95 135 170 210 260 

Season Fall 1721 73.3161 54.2737 1.3083 2 900 15 30 60 95 140 175 210 232 

Asthma No 7937 75.2016 54.8093 0.6152 1 900 15 35 60 100 140 175 215 270 

Asthma Yes 635 71.3732 55.0353 2.184 2 460 15 30 60 90 133 170 225 285 

Asthma DK 55 69.2909 56.5874 7.6302 8 335 15 30 60 90 120 210 215 335 

Angina No 8318 74.5795 54.4372 0.5969 1 900 15 35 60 95 140 175 210 265 

Angina Yes 243 85.0288 63.5335 4.0757 2 500 15 45 75 115 160 180 285 330 

Angina DK 66 75.6667 67.304 8.2845 5 435 15 30 60 90 150 195 215 435 

Bronchitis/Emphysema No 8169 74.6605 54.3234 0.601 1 900 15 35 60 95 140 170 210 260 

Bronchitis/Emphysema Yes 397 80.6599 65.2442 3.2745 2 460 15 30 60 110 150 180 285 360 

Bronchitis/Emphysema DK 61 66.9508 47.7188 6.1098 8 230 15 30 60 90 120 155 215 230 

Note: A "*" Signifies missing data. "DK" = The respondent replied "don't know". Refused = Refused data. N = doer sample size. Mean = Mean 24-hour 

cumulative number of minutes for doers. Stdev = standard deviation. Stderr = standard error. Min = minimum number of minutes. Max = maximum 

number of minutes. Percentiles are the percentage of doers below or equal to a given number of minutes. 

Source: Tsang and Klepeis, 1996. 
Table 15-95. Statistics for 24-Hour Cumulative Number of Minutes Spent Indoors at an Auto Repair Shop/Gas Station 

Percentiles 

Category Population Group N Mean Stdev Stderr Min Max 5 25 50 75 90 95 98 99 

All 153 190.693 234.506 18.959 1 930 5 15 60 360 565 645 695 748 

Gender Male 105 241.476 250.274 24.424 2 930 5 15 115 495 600 675 700 748 

Gender Female 48 79.604 144.512 20.858 1 595 3 10 15 70 295 485 595 595 

Age (years) * 3 161.667 115.578 66.729 90 295 90 90 100 295 295 295 295 295 

Age (years) 1-4 4 40 50.166 25.083 10 115 10 12.5 17.5 67.5 115 115 115 115 

Age (years) 5-11 5 22 21.679 9.695 5 60 5 15 15 15 60 60 60 60 

Age (years) 12-17 7 153.857 205.069 77.509 3 505 3 5 55 390 505 505 505 505 

Age (years) 18-64 118 223.847 249.335 22.953 1 930 5 15 75 480 600 675 700 748 

Age (years) > 64 16 58.125 96.889 24.222 2 358 2 15 20 42.5 225 358 358 358 

Race White 130 195.538 237.537 20.833 1 930 5 15 60 390 587.5 645 700 748 

Race Black 12 149.667 203.31 58.691 2 565 2 6.5 75 229 495 565 565 565 

Race Asian 5 173 231.236 103.412 5 525 5 15 25 295 525 525 525 525 

Race Some Others 3 15 10 5.774 5 25 5 5 15 25 25 25 25 25 

Race Hispanic 3 350 330.114 190.591 15 675 15 15 360 675 675 675 675 675 

Hispanic No 148 188.926 233.749 19.214 1 930 5 15 60 369.5 565 630 700 748 

Hispanic Yes 5 243 279.701 125.086 15 675 15 15 150 360 675 675 675 675 

Employment * 16 84.188 146.714 36.678 3 505 3 12.5 17.5 69.5 390 505 505 505 

Employment Full Time 84 283.571 263.755 28.778 3 930 5 17.5 230 540 630 680 748 930 

Employment Part Time 16 104.188 147.369 36.842 5 390 5 12.5 17.5 187.5 359 390 390 390 

Employment Not Employed 35 65.914 94.745 16.015 1 432 2 15 30 90 160 358 432 432 

Employment Refused 2 17.5 17.678 12.5 5 30 5 5 17.5 30 30 30 30 30 

Education * 18 95.056 153.879 36.27 3 505 3 10 17.5 79 390 505 505 505 

Education < High School 16 327.188 301.181 75.295 5 930 5 60 278 615 675 930 930 930 

Education High School Graduate 51 233.353 243.089 34.039 2 748 5 20 120 480 565 675 695 748 

Education < College 32 253.469 252.8 44.689 2 700 5 15 157 517.5 595 680 700 700 

Education College Graduate 19 72.895 126.321 28.98 1 508 1 5 20 90 295 508 508 508 

Education Post Graduate 17 49 73.388 17.799 5 235 5 10 15 35 225 235 235 235 

Census Region Northeast 29 247.31 257.069 47.737 2 930 3 30 120 432 600 748 930 930 

Census Region Midwest 48 230.896 251.622 36.318 1 700 5 17.5 74.5 510 600 680 700 700 

Census Region South 43 165.721 211.591 32.267 3 675 5 15 50 358 555 595 675 675 

Census Region West 33 115 198.907 34.625 5 675 5 10 15 100 505 645 675 675 

Day Of Week Weekday 121 204.645 244.861 22.26 1 930 5 15 60 390 595 675 700 748 

Day Of Week Weekend 32 137.938 184.175 32.558 2 540 3 15 40 200 505 510 540 540 

Season Winter 28 177.143 258.088 48.774 2 930 5 15 30 355 595 700 930 930 

Season Spring 44 189.636 223.267 33.659 2 645 5 15 79.5 384.5 565 600 645 645 

Season Summer 52 171.692 223.809 31.037 1 680 3 10 30 347.5 540 675 675 680 

Season Fall 29 239.448 251.391 46.682 5 748 8 35 95 445 605 695 748 748 

Asthma No 145 191.29 235.288 19.54 1 930 5 15 60 360 565 645 700 748 

Asthma Yes 8 179.875 234.838 83.028 5 600 5 5 37.5 374.5 600 600 600 600 

Angina No 149 191.047 235.262 19.273 1 930 5 15 60 360 585 645 700 748 

Angina Yes 4 177.5 235.744 117.872 5 510 5 10 97.5 345 510 510 510 510 

Bronchitis/Emphysema No 146 189.048 234.959 19.445 1 930 5 15 57.5 360 585 645 700 748 

Bronchitis/Emphysema Yes 7 225 239.948 90.692 5 555 5 5 95 510 555 555 555 555 

Note: A "*" Signifies missing data. Refused = Refused data. N = doer sample size. Mean = Mean 24-hour cumulative number of minutes for doers. 

Stdev = standard deviation. Stderr = standard error. Min = minimum number of minutes. Max = maximum number of minutes. Percentiles are the

percentage of doers below or equal to a given number of minutes.

Source: Tsang and Klepeis, 1996.
Table 15-96. Statistics for 24-Hour Cumulative Numbr of Minutes Spent Indoors at a Gym/Health Club 

Percentiles 

Category Population Group N Mean Stdev Stderr Min Max 5 25 50 75 90 95 98 99 

All 364 129.651 104.343 5.4691 5 686 30 60 110 155 240 320 525 600 

Gender Male 176 147.193 115.554 8.7102 5 686 30 77.5 120 175 285 360 533 660 

Gender Female 188 113.229 89.876 6.5549 5 660 30 60 92.5 135 200 279 420 560 

Age (years) * 6 202.5 227.854 93.0211 30 560 30 55 75 420 560 560 560 560 

Age (years) 1-4 5 156 29.875 13.3604 105 180 105 160 160 175 180 180 180 180 

Age (years) 5-11 28 105.286 69.537 13.1413 5 325 30 58 82.5 141 165 270 325 325 

Age (years) 12-17 39 165.385 122.056 19.5447 15 660 30 90 138 206 330 440 660 660 

Age (years) 18-64 254 123.134 98.827 6.2009 5 686 30 60 100 150 210 295 475 600 

Age (years) > 64 32 141.375 114.216 20.1907 10 533 30 60 103 173 292 340 533 533 

Race White 307 134.261 109.36 6.2415 5 686 30 65 110 164 255 330 533 600 

Race Black 30 117.7 75.418 13.7693 5 320 10 60 115 145 235 285 320 320 

Race Asian 10 75.2 36.484 11.5372 30 145 30 54 60 95 133 145 145 145 

Race Some Others 11 112.909 69.077 20.8276 25 270 25 65 90 153 179 270 270 270 

Race Hispanic 4 83.75 42.696 21.3478 40 140 40 52.5 77.5 115 140 140 140 140 

Race Refused 2 57.5 3.536 2.5 55 60 55 55 57.5 60 60 60 60 60 

Hispanic No 345 132.017 105.901 5.7015 5 686 30 65 110 160 240 325 533 600 

Hispanic Yes 17 90.118 58.765 14.2527 5 255 5 60 90 115 140 255 255 255 

Hispanic Refused 2 57.5 3.536 2.5 55 60 55 55 57.5 60 60 60 60 60 

Employment * 72 139.625 103.274 12.171 5 660 30 76 120 165 265 330 440 660 

Employment Full Time 176 131.193 112.511 8.4808 5 686 30 60 110 150 240 330 560 660 

Employment Part Time 40 129.25 92.836 14.6787 25 420 35 60 95 168 285 325 420 420 

Employment Not Employed 75 117.867 91.345 10.5477 5 533 25 60 90 145 230 285 475 533 

Employment Refused 1 40 * * 40 40 40 40 40 40 40 40 40 40 

Education * 81 136.877 99.66 11.0733 5 660 30 75 120 164 215 325 440 660 

Education < High School 9 110.556 97.706 32.5688 10 300 10 30 80 165 300 300 300 300 

Education High School Graduate 61 128.475 110.005 14.0847 5 660 25 75 105 145 210 310 525 660 

Education < College 71 145.634 129.073 15.3181 5 600 35 65 110 170 285 533 560 600 

Education College Graduate 81 121.975 99.467 11.0519 15 686 30 60 98 135 220 285 420 686 

Education Post Graduate 61 115.639 76.916 9.8481 10 415 40 60 90 145 225 265 320 415 

Census Region Northeast 83 140.53 107.244 11.7716 20 660 40 70 120 170 240 330 600 660 

Census Region Midwest 62 127 88.661 11.26 5 440 25 60 113 170 285 300 340 440 

Census Region South 118 125.669 107.038 9.8537 5 660 15 60 105 150 240 330 533 540 

Census Region West 101 126.99 108.452 10.7914 5 686 50 60 92 135 225 292 525 560 

Day Of Week Weekday 281 121.26 96.577 5.7613 5 686 30 60 98 145 210 295 475 560 

Day Of Week Weekend 83 158.06 123.652 13.5726 5 660 30 77 120 180 285 415 600 660 

Season Winter 127 139.795 108.258 9.6063 5 686 25 75 120 177 240 330 533 660 

Season Spring 85 141.459 115.229 12.4983 10 600 30 65 102 164 285 340 560 600 

Season Summer 81 109.864 87.411 9.7123 5 525 30 60 90 130 160 310 440 525 

Season Fall 71 119.944 98.963 11.7447 20 660 30 56 98 150 215 295 420 660 

Asthma No 333 132.39 106.796 5.8524 5 686 30 62 110 160 255 325 533 600 

Asthma Yes 28 100.071 69.387 13.113 5 330 25 60 86 118 210 230 330 330 

Asthma DK 3 101.667 55.752 32.1887 60 165 60 60 80 165 165 165 165 165 

Angina No 357 130.499 104.98 5.5561 5 686 30 62 110 155 240 325 525 600 

Angina Yes 4 90 47.61 23.8048 60 160 60 60 70 120 160 160 160 160 

Angina DK 3 81.667 65.256 37.6755 30 155 30 30 60 155 155 155 155 155 

Bronchitis/Emphysema No 352 130.696 104.843 5.5882 5 686 30 61 110 158 240 320 525 600 

Bronchitis/Emphysema Yes 10 97.3 92.848 29.361 10 330 10 45 76.5 120 245 330 330 330 

Bronchitis/Emphysema DK 2 107.5 67.175 47.5 60 155 60 60 108 155 155 155 155 155 

Note: A "*" Signifies missing data. "DK" = The respondent replied "don't know". Refused = Refused data. N = doer sample size. Mean = Mean 24-hour 

cumulative number of minutes for doers. Stdev = standard deviation. Stderr = standard error. Min = minimum number of minutes. Max = maximum 

number of minutes. Percentiles are the percentage of doers below or equal to a given number of minutes. 

Source: Tsang and Klepeis, 1996. 
Table 15-97. Statistics for 24-Hour Cumulative Number of Minutes Spent Indoors at the Laundromat 

Percentiles 

Category Population Group N Mean Stdev Stderr Min Max 5 25 50 75 90 95 98 99 

All 40 99.275 85.209 13.4727 2 500 5 54.5 91 120 153 238 500 500 

Gender Male 9 150.222 146.822 48.9407 2 500 2 115 120 150 500 500 500 500 

Gender Female 31 84.484 51.822 9.3075 5 265 5 50 80 115 137 155 265 265 

Age (years) 5-11 3 80.667 17.926 10.3494 60 92 60 60 90 92 92 92 92 92 

Age (years) 18-64 33 101.182 91.724 15.967 2 500 5 50 90 120 155 265 500 500 

Age (years) > 64 4 97.5 63.574 31.7871 5 150 5 60 118 135 150 150 150 150 

Race White 31 102.161 93.832 16.8527 2 500 5 50 90 120 155 265 500 500 

Race Black 6 75.667 50.306 20.5372 5 130 5 34 85 115 130 130 130 130 

Race Hispanic 3 116.667 30.551 17.6383 90 150 90 90 110 150 150 150 150 150 

Hispanic No 37 97.865 88.241 14.5068 2 500 5 50 90 120 155 265 500 500 

Hispanic Yes 3 116.667 30.551 17.6383 90 150 90 90 110 150 150 150 150 150 

Employment * 3 80.667 17.926 10.3494 60 92 60 60 90 92 92 92 92 92 

Employment Full Time 20 97.6 104.739 23.4203 2 500 4 42 83.5 115 143 328 500 500 

Employment Part Time 4 127.5 91.879 45.9393 75 265 75 77.5 85 178 265 265 265 265 

Employment Not Employed 13 97.462 60.852 16.8772 5 210 5 45 115 137 150 210 210 210 

Education * 3 80.667 17.926 10.3494 60 92 60 60 90 92 92 92 92 92 

Education < High School 6 95 53.292 21.7562 5 150 5 60 113 130 150 150 150 150 

Education High School Graduate 17 101.353 64.434 15.6275 5 265 5 59 90 120 210 265 265 265 

Education < College 6 91.5 56.387 23.0199 10 155 10 34 115 120 155 155 155 155 

Education College Graduate 7 126.429 168.219 63.5808 5 500 5 45 70 110 500 500 500 500 

Education Post Graduate 1 2 * * 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 

Census Region Northeast 6 168.667 166.465 67.9591 45 500 45 75 126 140 500 500 500 500 

Census Region Midwest 8 94 60.328 21.3291 5 210 5 57.5 93.5 118 210 210 210 210 

Census Region South 18 85.944 61.82 14.5711 2 265 2 50 76 115 155 265 265 265 

Census Region West 8 82.5 52.915 18.7083 5 150 5 35 100 118 150 150 150 150 

Day Of Week Weekday 25 103.32 100.663 20.1326 2 500 5 50 90 115 155 265 500 500 

Day Of Week Weekend 15 92.533 52.697 13.6063 10 210 10 60 92 130 150 210 210 210 

Season Winter 11 86.455 57.98 17.4816 2 210 2 45 80 120 140 210 210 210 

Season Spring 12 85.583 71.678 20.6916 5 265 5 35 73.5 120 130 265 265 265 

Season Summer 12 118.667 125.78 36.3096 5 500 5 55 101 113 137 500 500 500 

Season Fall 5 113.8 48.422 21.655 34 155 34 115 115 150 155 155 155 155 

Asthma No 37 95.459 83.88 13.7897 2 500 5 50 90 120 150 210 500 500 

Asthma Yes 3 146.333 106.514 61.4962 59 265 59 59 115 265 265 265 265 265 

Angina No 40 99.275 85.209 13.4727 2 500 5 54.5 91 120 153 238 500 500 

Bronchitis/Emphysema No 35 92.314 84.343 14.2565 2 500 5 50 90 115 130 210 500 500 

Bronchitis/Emphysema Yes 5 148 83.262 37.2357 30 265 30 140 150 155 265 265 265 265 

Note: A "*" Signifies missing data. N = doer sample size. Mean = Mean 24-hour cumulative number of minutes for doers. Stdev = standard 

deviation. Stderr = standard error. Min = minimum number of minutes. Max = maximum number of minutes. Percentiles are the percentage of

doers below or equal to a given number of minutes.

Source: Tsang and Klepeis, 1996.
Table 15-98. Statistics for 24-Hour Cumulative Number of Minutes Spent Indoors at Work (non-specific) 

Percentiles 

Category Population Group N Mean Stdev Stderr Min Max 5 25 50 75 90 95 98 99 

All 137 393.949 242.649 20.731 5 979 15 180 440 555 662 810 940 960 

Gender Male 96 435.271 243.979 24.901 10 979 20 245 473 598 765 840 960 979 

Gender Female 41 297.195 212.415 33.174 5 780 15 90 280 495 550 590 780 780 

Age (years) * 4 568.75 394.723 197.362 90 940 90 248 623 890 940 940 940 940 

Age (years) 1-4 2 200 70.711 50 150 250 150 150 200 250 250 250 250 250 

Age (years) 5-11 4 33.75 11.087 5.543 20 45 20 25 35 42.5 45 45 45 45 

Age (years) 12-17 2 207.5 166.17 117.5 90 325 90 90 208 325 325 325 325 325 

Age (years) 18-64 121 409.678 230.934 20.994 5 979 15 240 450 560 660 793 850 960 

Age (years) > 64 4 293.75 289.464 144.732 10 610 10 50 278 538 610 610 610 610 

Race White 113 397.903 235.199 22.126 5 979 15 210 450 555 660 780 940 960 

Race Black 13 379.231 286.501 79.461 10 850 10 85 405 510 810 850 850 850 

Race Some Others 1 405 * * 405 405 405 405 405 405 405 405 405 405 

Race Hispanic 9 314.778 266.161 88.72 30 793 30 95 245 440 793 793 793 793 

Race Refused 1 840 * * 840 840 840 840 840 840 840 840 840 840 

Hispanic No 121 388.702 242.092 22.008 5 979 15 180 405 550 660 795 940 960 

Hispanic Yes 12 361.083 242.06 69.877 30 793 30 138 370 510 660 793 793 793 

Hispanic DK 2 585 35.355 25 560 610 560 560 585 610 610 610 610 610 

Hispanic Refused 2 717.5 173.241 122.5 595 840 595 595 718 840 840 840 840 840 

Employment * 8 118.75 113.916 40.275 20 325 20 35 67.5 200 325 325 325 325 

Employment Full Time 97 440.732 237.56 24.121 10 979 15 300 480 585 690 815 960 979 

Employment Part Time 21 341.19 188.235 41.076 30 795 115 240 330 435 590 610 795 795 

Employment Not Employed 9 250.556 218.567 72.856 5 630 5 95 150 360 630 630 630 630 

Employment Refused 2 425 586.899 415 10 840 10 10 425 840 840 840 840 840 

Education * 11 234.091 266.306 80.294 20 840 20 40 150 325 610 840 840 840 

Education < High School 12 460.417 181.727 52.46 115 795 115 330 495 558 615 795 795 795 

Education High School Graduate 50 409.6 273.717 38.709 5 979 15 150 463 619 735 940 969.5 979 

Education < College 29 368.897 237.58 44.117 10 850 10 160 405 510 660 765 850 850 

Education College Graduate 22 405.682 184.225 39.277 90 815 150 240 375 540 595 645 815 815 

Education Post Graduate 13 443.692 218.128 60.498 10 793 10 360 500 585 630 793 793 793 

Census Region Northeast 22 405.545 193.817 41.322 15 765 90 320 398 540 660 662 765 765 

Census Region Midwest 26 418.577 250.898 49.205 10 940 13 180 473 610 690 780 940 940 

Census Region South 58 379.707 233.179 30.618 5 979 10 150 420 540 619 810 815 979 

Census Region West 31 391.71 289.538 52.003 10 960 20 90 405 630 795 850 960 960 

Day Of Week Weekday 121 401.843 242.472 22.043 5 979 15 210 450 560 660 810 940 960 

Day Of Week Weekend 16 334.25 243.28 60.82 13 795 13 97.5 340 495 690 795 795 795 

Season Winter 42 390.81 241.456 37.257 10 960 30 175 405 550 660 765 960 960 

Season Spring 34 361.324 236.996 40.644 10 840 30 150 360 525 660 815 840 840 

Season Summer 41 400.902 262.9 41.058 5 979 13 210 450 570 690 810 979 979 

Season Fall 20 441.75 219.411 49.062 10 793 12.5 285 490 620 661 727.5 793 793 

Asthma No 124 393.218 237.29 21.309 5 960 20 180 440 553 660 795 850 940 

Asthma Yes 13 400.923 300.15 83.247 10 979 10 240 320 590 793 979 979 979 

Angina No 133 397.677 243.291 21.096 5 979 15 190 440 555 662 810 940 960 

Angina Yes 3 266.667 255.799 147.686 90 560 90 90 150 560 560 560 560 560 

Angina DK 1 280 * * 280 280 280 280 280 280 280 280 280 280 

Bronchitis/Emphysema No 131 397.13 242.048 21.148 5 979 20 180 440 555 662 810 940 960 

Bronchitis/Emphysema Yes 5 333.4 299.365 133.88 10 619 10 13 460 565 619 619 619 619 

Bronchitis/Emphysema DK 1 280 * * 280 280 280 280 280 280 280 280 280 280 

Note: A "*" Signifies missing data. "DK" = The respondent replied "don't know". Refused = Refused data. N = doer sample size. Mean = Mean 24-hour 

cumulative number of minutes for doers. Stdev = standard deviation. Stderr = standard error. Min = minimum number of minutes. Max = maximum 

number of minutes. Percentiles are the percentage of doers below or equal to a given number of minutes. 

Source: Tsang and Klepeis, 1996. 
Table 15-99. Statistics for 24-Hour Cumulative Number of Minutes Spent Indoors at the Dry Cleaners 

Percentiles 

Category Population Group N Mean Stdev Stderr Min Max 5 25 50 75 90 95 98 99 

All 34 82.029 151.651 26.008 2 515 5 5 10 90 325 500 515 515 

Gender Male 11 105.545 166.006 50.053 2 515 2 5 10 103 325 515 515 515 

Gender Female 23 70.783 146.839 30.618 5 500 5 5 10 35 300 485 500 500 

Age (years) * 1 485 * * 485 485 485 485 485 485 485 485 485 485 

Age (years) 1-4 2 20 21.213 15 5 35 5 5 20 35 35 35 35 35 

Age (years) 18-64 28 61.036 120.923 22.852 2 515 5 5 10 55 300 325 515 515 

Age (years) > 64 3 185 273.359 157.824 10 500 10 10 45 500 500 500 500 500 

Race White 25 70.72 143.744 28.749 2 515 5 5 10 35 300 485 515 515 

Race Black 7 131.429 198.95 75.196 5 500 5 10 20 325 500 500 500 500 

Race Some Others 1 10 * * 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 

Race Hispanic 1 91 * * 91 91 91 91 91 91 91 91 91 91 

Hispanic No 31 83.806 158.483 28.464 2 515 5 5 10 45 325 500 515 515 

Hispanic Yes 3 63.667 46.479 26.835 10 91 10 10 90 91 91 91 91 91 

Employment * 2 20 21.213 15 5 35 5 5 20 35 35 35 35 35 

Employment Full Time 25 83.12 151.81 30.362 2 515 5 5 10 90 325 485 515 515 

Employment Part Time 1 500 * * 500 500 500 500 500 500 500 500 500 500 

Employment Not Employed 6 28.5 33.934 13.853 5 91 5 10 10 45 91 91 91 91 

Education * 2 20 21.213 15 5 35 5 5 20 35 35 35 35 35 

Education < High School 4 234 209.191 104.595 45 500 45 68 196 400 500 500 500 500 

Education High School Graduate 8 84.125 165.008 58.339 5 485 5 13 17.5 62 485 485 485 485 

Education < College 6 146.333 220.347 89.956 5 515 5 10 11.5 325 515 515 515 515 

Education College Graduate 12 13.5 24.247 6.999 2 90 2 5 5 10 10 90 90 90 

Education Post Graduate 2 50 63.64 45 5 95 5 5 50 95 95 95 95 95 

Census Region Northeast 8 110 187.293 66.218 5 485 5 5 10 180 485 485 485 485 

Census Region Midwest 10 19.1 30.101 9.519 5 103 5 5 7.5 20 61.5 103 103 103 

Census Region South 8 197 211.975 74.945 15 515 15 30 93 400 515 515 515 515 

Census Region West 8 17.75 29.359 10.38 2 90 2 5 10 10 90 90 90 90 

Day Of Week Weekday 23 93.957 172.77 36.025 2 515 5 5 10 90 485 500 515 515 

Day Of Week Weekend 11 57.091 95.985 28.941 5 325 5 5 10 95 103 325 325 325 

Season Winter 12 74.583 158.092 45.637 5 485 5 5 10 13 325 485 485 485 

Season Spring 4 44.5 41.685 20.843 10 103 10 15 32.5 74 103 103 103 103 

Season Summer 8 20.25 32.012 11.318 2 95 2 5 5 23 95 95 95 95 

Season Fall 10 155.4 205.739 65.061 5 515 5 13 55 300 507.5 515 515 515 

Asthma No 32 86.688 155.244 27.443 2 515 5 5 11.5 91 325 500 515 515 

Asthma Yes 2 7.5 3.536 2.5 5 10 5 5 7.5 10 10 10 10 10 

Angina No 33 83.909 153.599 26.738 2 515 5 5 10 90 325 500 515 515 

Angina Yes 1 20 * * 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 

Bronchitis/Emphysema No 33 84.061 153.532 26.726 2 515 5 5 10 90 325 500 515 515 

Bronchitis/Emphysema Yes 1 15 * * 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 

Note: A "*" Signifies missing data. N = doer sample size. Mean = Mean 24-hour cumulative number of minutes for doers. Stdev = standard deviation. 

Stderr = standard error. Min = minimum number of minutes. Max = maximum number of minutes. Percentiles are the percentage of doers below or

equal to a given number of minutes.

Source: Tsang and Klepeis, 1996.
Table 15-100. Statistics for 24-Hour Cumulative Number of Minutes Spent Indoors at a Bar/Nightclub/Bowling Alley 

Percentiles 

Category Population Group N Mean Stdev Stderr Min Max 5 25 50 75 90 95 98 99 

All 352 175.818 132.206 7.047 3 870 30 90 150 222.5 328 487 570 615 

Gender Male 213 174.319 133.151 9.123 5 870 30 90 140 220 340 479 568 615 

Gender Female 139 178.115 131.191 11.127 3 630 30 95 150 225 300 530 600 605 

Age (years) * 4 158.75 98.011 49.006 75 300 75 98 130 220 300 300 300 300 

Age (years) 5-11 4 98.75 57.5 28.75 45 170 45 53 90 145 170 170 170 170 

Age (years) 12-17 8 151.25 77.678 27.463 50 270 50 80 160 205 270 270 270 270 

Age (years) 18-64 313 180.192 136.706 7.727 3 870 30 90 150 225 370 498 590 615 

Age (years) > 64 23 141.217 85.243 17.774 5 328 30 75 135 180 240 325 328 328 

Race White 297 173.623 132.592 7.694 3 870 30 90 140 220 328 487 590 630 

Race Black 25 205.44 126.551 25.31 50 540 60 120 180 240 417 498 540 540 

Race Asian 8 169.875 153.311 54.204 5 479 5 38 175 225 479 479 479 479 

Race Some Others 7 197.286 187.607 70.909 70 615 70 110 135 185 615 615 615 615 

Race Hispanic 10 121.3 52.326 16.547 5 198 5 105 117.5 160 179 198 198 198 

Race Refused 5 246.6 127.153 56.864 73 410 73 180 270 300 410 410 410 410 

Hispanic No 327 177.131 134.457 7.435 3 870 30 90 150 225 340 489 590 615 

Hispanic Yes 20 144.9 85.08 19.024 5 440 38 110 120 160 221.5 342.5 440 440 

Hispanic DK 2 142.5 31.82 22.5 120 165 120 120 142.5 165 165 165 165 165 

Hispanic Refused 3 261 171.852 99.219 73 410 73 73 300 410 410 410 410 410 

Employment * 12 133.75 73.55 21.232 45 270 45 60 135 177.5 225 270 270 270 

Employment Full Time 223 182.439 138.308 9.262 5 870 30 90 150 228 340 525 600 630 

Employment Part Time 43 201.233 155.454 23.706 5 615 45 90 150 270 455 520 615 615 

Employment Not Employed 70 146.3 97.375 11.639 3 479 30 73 122.5 180 255 328 462 479 

Employment Refused 4 176.25 115.136 57.568 45 300 45 83 180 270 300 300 300 300 

Education * 13 146.538 84.172 23.345 45 300 45 60 150 185 270 300 300 300 

Education < High School 28 218.036 170.225 32.17 60 870 75 120 174.5 235 420 568 870 870 

Education High School Graduate 117 177.778 130.078 12.026 3 630 25 90 150 225 360 489 540 570 

Education < College 95 205.274 152.829 15.68 5 650 30 105 180 240 462 590 615 650 

Education College Graduate 55 141.764 92.766 12.509 10 417 20 75 120 205 265 340 410 417 

Education Post Graduate 44 131.364 90.209 13.599 30 400 30 60 110 177.5 265 290 400 400 

Census Region Northeast 83 179.337 137.039 15.042 5 650 45 89 140 240 328 489 630 650 

Census Region Midwest 88 169.818 126.238 13.457 5 615 30 90 147.5 211.5 299 487 568 615 

Census Region South 91 175.714 132.028 13.84 3 870 35 90 148 225 270 462 570 870 

Census Region West 90 178.544 135.533 14.286 5 605 30 85 152.5 225 407 479 590 605 

Day Of Week Weekday 192 167.458 133.473 9.633 5 650 30 80 120 210 340 520 590 605 

Day Of Week Weekend 160 185.85 130.378 10.307 3 870 45 108 165 228 321.5 474.5 568 630 

Season Winter 93 182.667 131.674 13.654 5 650 40 87 150 240 410 455 560 650 

Season Spring 83 186.12 147.597 16.201 5 870 30 90 140 230 380 498 570 870 

Season Summer 99 160.313 130.672 13.133 3 630 30 75 120 189 285 530 605 630 

Season Fall 77 176.377 117.154 13.351 15 615 30 100 165 220 299 410 600 615 

Asthma No 331 176.308 133.715 7.35 3 870 30 90 150 225 340 487 590 615 

Asthma Yes 18 169.444 108.978 25.686 60 530 60 105 135 210 270 530 530 530 

Asthma DK 3 160 124.9 72.111 60 300 60 60 120 300 300 300 300 300 

Angina No 345 176.98 132.759 7.148 3 870 30 90 150 225 340 487 590 615 

Angina Yes 5 82 47.249 21.131 5 120 5 75 90 120 120 120 120 120 

Angina DK 2 210 127.279 90 120 300 120 120 210 300 300 300 300 300 

Bronchitis/Emphysema No 333 177.273 133.27 7.303 3 870 30 90 150 225 340 487 590 615 

Bronchitis/Emphysema Yes 17 148.588 108.499 26.315 50 530 50 110 120 175 210 530 530 530 

Bronchitis/Emphysema DK 2 165 190.919 135 30 300 30 30 165 300 300 300 300 300 

Note: A "*" Signifies missing data. "DK" = The respondent replied "don't know". Refused = Refused data. N = doer sample size. Mean = Mean 24-hour 

cumulative number of minutes for doers. Stdev = standard deviation. Stderr = standard error. Min = minimum number of minutes. Max = maximum 

number of minutes. Percentiles are the percentage of doers below or equal to a given number of minutes. 

Source: Tsang and Klepeis, 1996. 
Table 15-101. Statistics for 24-Hour Cumulative Number of Minutes Spent Indoors at a Restaurant 

Percentiles 

Category Population Group N Mean Stdev Stderr Min Max 5 25 50 75 90 95 98 99 

All 2059 94.539 119.93 2.643 1 925 10 30 60 95 185 351 548 660 

Gender Male 986 87.498 114.17 3.6358 1 900 10 30 60 90 160 305 550 660 

Gender Female 1073 101.01 124.69 3.8065 1 925 10 40 60 105 230 380 540 670 

Age (years) * 30 126.13 138.22 25.2349 15 495 30 45 60 150 397.5 490 495 495 

Age (years) 1-4 61 62.705 47.701 6.1075 4 330 10 35 55 85 115 120 130 330 

Age (years) 5-11 84 56.69 38.144 4.1618 5 180 10 30 45 85 120 120 140 180 

Age (years) 12-17 122 69.836 78.361 7.0945 2 455 10 30 45 65 165 250 325 360 

Age (years) 18-64 1503 101.21 131.22 3.3846 1 925 10 30 60 105 211 400 570 675 

Age (years) > 64 259 83.583 83.517 5.1895 3 750 19 45 60 90 150 215 315 520 

Race White 1747 91.658 114.69 2.744 1 925 10 30 60 95 175 320 535 640 

Race Black 148 102.82 141.28 11.613 3 805 5 30 60 95 295 430 555 735 

Race Asian 37 81.297 78.948 12.979 15 480 18 30 60 90 135 200 480 480 

Race Some Others 30 145.17 194.83 35.5705 5 765 10 45 82.5 120 432.5 750 765 765 

Race Hispanic 78 123 156.78 17.7518 10 700 15 40 60 110 375 585 660 700 

Race Refused 19 123.84 127.64 29.2833 20 480 20 30 70 210 330 480 480 480 

Hispanic No 1911 92.945 117.6 2.6901 1 925 10 30 60 95 180 330 542 645 

Hispanic Yes 129 116.7 147.95 13.0261 1 765 15 40 60 115 360 435 660 700 

Hispanic DK 5 76 134.32 60.0708 5 315 5 10 10 40 315 315 315 315 

Hispanic Refused 14 114.5 134.74 36.0117 30 480 30 30 60 90 330 480 480 480 

Employment * 263 62.251 57.907 3.5707 2 455 10 30 45 80 120 140 273 330 

Employment Full Time 1063 105.48 142.37 4.3668 1 925 10 35 60 105 235 485 630 735 

Employment Part Time 208 122.61 144.83 10.0423 1 805 5 32.5 65 122.5 320 441 595 660 

Employment Not Employed 515 76.33 61.418 2.7064 3 490 15 40 60 90 145 195 260 315 

Employment Refused 10 135 133.52 42.223 30 425 30 60 82.5 135 377.5 425 425 425 

Education * 299 72.177 79.595 4.6031 1 548 10 30 50 85 130 250 360 480 

Education < High School 132 134.77 171.84 14.9567 5 925 10 30 60 151.5 375 535 700 750 

Education High School Graduate 590 99.439 136.32 5.612 3 910 10 35 60 90 202.5 435 645 680 

Education < College 431 94.935 114.88 5.5338 1 770 10 35 60 105 180 340 550 640 

Education College Graduate 359 89.515 104.13 5.4957 1 765 10 35 60 100 165 295 490 570 

Education Post Graduate 248 95.012 109.37 6.9452 3 765 15 40 60 115 180 260 560 675 

Census Region Northeast 409 94.379 113.64 5.619 2 765 15 35 60 100 210 330 507 585 

Census Region Midwest 504 96.895 120.86 5.3833 1 805 10 30 60 105 190 340 560 675 

Census Region South 680 92.666 125.1 4.7972 2 910 10 30 60 90 194.5 365 550 650 

Census Region West 466 94.863 116.88 5.4145 1 925 10 30 60 110 175 375 535 640 

Day Of Week Weekday 1291 97.338 128.83 3.5855 1 925 10 30 60 93 210 377 555 700 

Day Of Week Weekend 768 89.833 103.16 3.7224 1 770 10 36 60 105 155 280 510 620 

Season Winter 524 97.735 125.69 5.491 3 875 15 35 60 105 178 351 595 685 

Season Spring 559 91.642 109.7 4.6399 2 925 10 35 60 95 180 360 505 555 

Season Summer 556 95.121 123.03 5.2177 1 910 10 30 60 94 210 360 555 675 

Season Fall 420 93.636 121.74 5.9401 1 900 10 30 60 95 185 325 540 653 

Asthma No 1903 94.081 117.41 2.6915 1 910 10 35 60 100 180 330 545 653 

Asthma Yes 150 96.267 143.56 11.7219 4 925 10 30 45.5 90 237.5 485 590 670 

Asthma DK 6 196.33 220.89 90.1782 30 480 30 30 79 480 480 480 480 480 

Angina No 1998 94.926 120.73 2.701 1 925 10 30 60 100 190 355 550 660 

Angina Yes 50 68.98 53.608 7.5813 3 340 15 45 60 90 105 120 286 340 

Angina DK 11 140.27 171.27 51.6393 30 480 30 30 70 120 480 480 480 480 

Bronchitis/Emphysema No 1945 93.746 117.67 2.668 1 910 10 30 60 97 180 335 548 653 

Bronchitis/Emphysema Yes 104 96.077 130.13 12.7602 5 925 15 30 60 90 235 360 500 620 

Bronchitis/Emphysema DK 10 232.8 288.24 91.1492 10 875 10 30 79 480 677.5 875 875 875 

Note: A "*" Signifies missing data. "DK" = The respondent replied "don't know". Refused = Refused data. N = doer sample size. Mean = Mean 24-hour 

cumulative number of minutes for doers. Stdev = standard deviation. Stderr = standard error. Min = minimum number of minutes. Max = maximum 

number of minutes. Percentiles are the percentage of doers below or equal to a given number of minutes. 

Source: Tsang and Klepeis, 1996. 
Table 15-102. Statistics for 24-Hour Cumulative Number of Minutes Spent Indoors at School 

Percentiles 

Category Population Group N Mean Stdev Stderr Min Max 5 25 50 75 90 95 98 99 

All 1224 343.35 179.099 5.119 1 995 10 210 395 454 540 585 660 723 

Gender Male 581 358.599 167.7 6.957 1 995 30 255 400 450 540 600 690 778 

Gender Female 643 329.572 187.875 7.409 1 855 5 180 390 455 540 582 640 683 

Age (years) * 18 314.056 230.927 54.43 5 713 5 165 247.5 520 625 713 713 713 

Age (years) 1-4 43 288.465 217.621 33.187 5 665 10 60 269 500 580 595 665 665 

Age (years) 5-11 302 396.308 109.216 6.285 5 665 170 365 403 445 535 565 625 640 

Age (years) 12-17 287 402.551 125.512 7.409 15 855 120 383 420 450 500 565 710 778 

Age (years) 18-64 550 295.422 207.294 8.839 1 995 5 104 300 460 552.5 612 683 785 

Age (years) > 64 24 187.708 187.012 38.174 2 585 3 45 120 327.5 480 510 585 585 

Race White 928 348.525 180.458 5.924 1 995 10 212.5 400 458 545 600 665 723 

Race Black 131 339.809 169.282 14.79 2 855 15 230 390 445 510 580 624 645 

Race Asian 39 332.385 179.918 28.81 5 840 20 190 365 450 560 580 840 840 

Race Some Others 36 363.583 155.557 25.926 10 820 105 272.5 366 457.5 502 598 820 820 

Race Hispanic 76 294.039 175.697 20.154 2 565 10 142.5 362.5 432 495 525 540 565 

Race Refused 14 279.714 221.268 59.136 5 681 5 60 260 440 625 681 681 681 

Hispanic No 1082 344.924 179.58 5.459 1 995 10 210 395 455 540 598 665 730 

Hispanic Yes 127 333.016 173.803 15.423 2 820 15 200 390 445 500 565 600 630 

Hispanic DK 5 293 244.672 109.42 3 562 3 65 415 420 562 562 562 562 

Hispanic Refused 10 329.5 180.053 56.938 5 625 5 200 350 445 537.5 625 625 625 

Employment * 616 390.294 130.206 5.246 5 855 115 365 410 450 525 570 640 665 

Employment Full Time 275 331.269 222.021 13.388 1 995 5 115 405 510 575 625 690 755 

Employment Part Time 138 280.891 174.844 14.884 1 800 10 160 285 412 480 537 660 683 

Employment Not Employed 190 258.674 199.529 14.475 1 855 5 60 262.5 410 527.5 572 778 840 

Employment Refused 5 166 179.074 80.084 5 440 5 5 180 200 440 440 440 440 

Education * 679 388.943 132.842 5.098 5 855 100 360 410 450 525 580 640 710 

Education < High School 24 233.333 179.648 36.67 1 540 2 30 297.5 373.5 460 465 540 540 

Education High School Graduate 114 186.649 193.608 18.133 1 785 4 20 107.5 295 480 580 645 690 

Education < College 173 281.41 209.872 15.956 1 995 5 120 255 425 550 640 820 855 

Education College Graduate 93 300.43 208.704 21.642 1 755 5 115 320 470 540 580 730 755 

Education Post Graduate 141 373.525 193.443 16.291 1 683 15 250 442 510 575 615 655 680 

Census Region Northeast 261 345.724 181.522 11.236 1 995 11 210 385 455 535 620 710 855 

Census Region Midwest 290 334.445 176.652 10.373 1 730 10 180 390 440 530 585 645 683 

Census Region South 427 354.037 178.547 8.641 1 855 10 235 415 462 540 575 640 755 

Census Region West 246 332.78 180.277 11.494 1 820 15 195 377.5 440 555 595 681 713 

Day Of Week Weekday 1179 346.838 177.477 5.169 1 995 10 222 395 455 540 585 655 723 

Day Of Week Weekend 45 251.978 198.543 29.597 20 820 40 105 180 360 555 632 820 820 

Season Winter 392 369.298 164.363 8.302 1 855 20 285 405 457 545 600 680 710 

Season Spring 353 355.057 165.488 8.808 1 855 12 250 400 455 535 575 636 713 

Season Summer 207 316.763 196.364 13.648 2 995 10 125 365 445 557 585 640 723 

Season Fall 272 310.996 195.332 11.844 1 855 5 120 365 445 540 595 660 778 

Asthma No 1095 342.779 179.195 5.415 1 995 10 200 390 455 540 585 660 723 

Asthma Yes 124 350.669 178.785 16.055 1 855 10 250 401.5 445 535 605 645 800 

Asthma DK 5 287 190.676 85.273 5 445 5 180 365 440 445 445 445 445 

Angina No 1209 344.629 178.874 5.144 1 995 10 210 395 455 540 595 660 723 

Angina Yes 9 205.778 169.545 56.515 15 510 15 90 180 275 510 510 510 510 

Angina DK 6 292.167 178.908 73.039 5 480 5 180 324 440 480 480 480 480 

Bronchitis/Emphysema No 1175 344.826 178.845 5.217 1 995 10 212 395 455 540 595 660 730 

Bronchitis/Emphysema Yes 42 306.714 188.249 29.047 3 632 10 120 377.5 444 465 580 632 632 

Bronchitis/Emphysema DK 7 315.429 163.691 61.869 5 440 5 180 378 440 440 440 440 440 

Note: A "*" Signifies missing data. "DK" = The respondent replied "don't know". Refused = Refused data. N = doer sample size. Mean = Mean 24-hour 

cumulative number of minutes for doers. Stdev = standard deviation. Stderr = standard error. Min = minimum number of minutes. Max = maximum

number of minutes. Percentiles are the percentage of doers below or equal to a given number of minutes.

Source: Tsang and Klepeis, 1996.
Table 15-103. Statistics for 24-Hour Cumulative Number of Minutes Spent Indoors at a Plant/Factory/Warehouse 

Percentiles 

Category Population Group N Mean Stdev Stderr Min Max 5 25 50 75 90 95 98 99 

All 383 450.896 204.367 10.443 2 997 30 350 510 568 670 705 770 855 

Gender Male 271 460.458 205.102 12.459 2 997 30 365 515 575 675 720 780 870 

Gender Female 112 427.759 201.609 19.05 5 820 15 314.5 510 555 600 675 705 720 

Age (years) * 6 405.667 304.05 124.13 30 780 30 120 414.5 675 780 780 780 780 

Age (years) 1-4 1 20 * * 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 

Age (years) 5-11 2 107.5 123.744 87.5 20 195 20 20 107.5 195 195 195 195 195 

Age (years) 12-17 4 108 136.404 68.202 10 307 10 20 57.5 196 307 307 307 307 

Age (years) 18-64 353 463.683 196.321 10.449 5 997 30 385 520 570 670 705 770 855 

Age (years) > 64 17 347.765 210.909 51.153 2 705 2 180 450 495 550 705 705 705 

Race White 322 451.789 201.135 11.209 5 890 30 355 517.5 568 650 690 770 840 

Race Black 32 466.438 172.559 30.504 2 750 30 382.5 497.5 550 675 720 750 750 

Race Asian 3 263.333 378.462 218.51 30 700 30 30 60 700 700 700 700 700 

Race Some Others 6 585.333 156.91 64.058 310 780 310 565 591 675 780 780 780 780 

Race Hispanic 15 385.8 231.348 59.734 5 765 5 230 435 515 760 765 765 765 

Race Refused 5 440.4 387.419 173.26 30 997 30 115 520 540 997 997 997 997 

Hispanic No 350 454.137 202.78 10.839 2 997 30 365 512.5 570 666.5 700 770 855 

Hispanic Yes 26 419.615 213.155 41.803 5 765 15 240 482.5 550 675 760 765 765 

Hispanic DK 2 425 162.635 115 310 540 310 310 425 540 540 540 540 540 

Hispanic Refused 5 397 314.833 140.8 30 780 30 115 520 540 780 780 780 780 

Employment * 7 95.286 113.83 43.024 10 307 10 20 30 195 307 307 307 307 

Employment Full Time 333 481.417 185.222 10.15 5 997 50 440 525 580 675 720 780 855 

Employment Part Time 23 359.87 170.619 35.577 40 585 45 240 390 505 527 535 585 585 

Employment Not Employed 19 179.316 221.341 50.779 2 705 2 25 60 295 640 705 705 705 

Employment Refused 1 30 * * 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 

Education * 13 184 234.182 64.95 10 780 10 20 85 270 510 780 780 780 

Education < High School 38 491.237 195.919 31.782 2 855 5 435 525 600 705 765 855 855 

Education High School Graduate 190 465.374 188.699 13.69 5 997 30 380 520 565 667.5 705 760 890 

Education < College 85 450.494 199.674 21.658 15 870 40 375 510 565 635 680 820 870 

Education College Graduate 43 463.163 206.51 31.492 5 840 60 405 520 600 670 690 840 840 

Education Post Graduate 14 357.5 255.702 68.339 10 700 10 90 355 550 675 700 700 700 

Census Region Northeast 71 449.423 207.98 24.683 5 890 15 300 510 565 675 725 780 890 

Census Region Midwest 113 462.035 196.506 18.486 2 997 30 405 520 570 640 700 770 820 

Census Region South 136 465.912 199.315 17.091 5 870 20 382 522.5 570 670 720 840 855 

Census Region West 63 400.159 221.13 27.86 10 760 30 185 490 550 675 690 710 760 

Day Of Week Weekday 319 476.445 190.875 10.687 5 997 30 435 525 580 675 710 770 855 

Day Of Week Weekend 64 323.547 222.63 27.829 2 820 10 107.5 357.5 507.5 560 620 780 820 

Season Winter 89 468.157 188.472 19.978 10 997 30 360 520 565 660 690 780 997 

Season Spring 91 445.198 212.648 22.292 10 870 30 270 505 570 675 760 840 870 

Season Summer 127 440.646 210.285 18.66 2 890 15 370 510 560 645 700 765 855 

Season Fall 76 454.632 204.721 23.483 5 760 30 352.5 520 591 675 690 720 760 

Asthma No 364 452.948 203.838 10.684 2 997 30 355 512.5 570 675 705 770 855 

Asthma Yes 17 412.353 187.025 45.36 20 580 20 340 495 540 550 580 580 580 

Asthma DK 2 405 530.33 375 30 780 30 30 405 780 780 780 780 780 

Angina No 375 453.928 202.31 10.447 2 997 30 360 515 570 670 705 770 855 

Angina Yes 5 231 168.389 75.306 60 475 60 90 230 300 475 475 475 475 

Angina DK 3 438.333 379.418 219.06 30 780 30 30 505 780 780 780 780 780 

Bronchitis/Emphysema No 362 450.235 204.588 10.753 2 997 30 350 510 565 663 700 770 855 

Bronchitis/Emphysema Yes 19 468.316 175.293 40.215 50 720 50 375 510 568 690 720 720 720 

Bronchitis/Emphysema DK 2 405 530.33 375 30 780 30 30 405 780 780 780 780 780 

Note: A "*" Signifies missing data. "DK" = The respondent replied "don't know". Refused = Refused data. N = doer sample size. Mean = Mean 24-hour 

cumulative number of minutes for doers. Stdev = standard deviation. Stderr = standard error. Min = minimum number of minutes. Max = maximum 

number of minutes. Percentiles are the percentage of doers below or equal to a given number of minutes. 

Source: Tsang and Klepeis, 1996. 
Table 15-104. Statistics for 24-Hour Cumulative Number of Minutes Spent Outdoors on a Sidewalk, Street, or in the Neighborhood 

Percentiles 

Category Population Group N Mean Stdev Stderr Min Max 5 25 50 75 90 95 98 99 

All 896 85.785 133.828 4.4709 1 1440 2 15 40 90 223 405 565 615 

Gender Male 409 108.775 168.11 8.3125 1 1440 3 20 45 120 330 525 615 710 

Gender Female 487 66.476 91.863 4.1627 1 580 1 15 35 75 152 255 435 465 

Age (years) * 15 72.533 69.418 17.9236 1 290 1 40 55 90 120 290 290 290 

Age (years) 1-4 30 54.8 52.731 9.6274 1 235 2 10 42.5 78 125 158 235 235 

Age (years) 5-11 75 110.813 116.76 13.4823 1 540 5 20 65 178 240 410 465 540 

Age (years) 12-17 74 52.554 74.776 8.6925 1 435 2 15 30 60 125 200 338 435 

Age (years) 18-64 580 94.279 153.933 6.3917 1 1440 2 15 40 82.5 277.5 480 600 690 

Age (years) > 64 122 59.418 61.519 5.5696 1 380 2 20 40 75 120 190 235 270 

Race White 727 85.735 136.504 5.0627 1 1440 2 15 41 90 215 405 570 675 

Race Black 87 89.184 132.669 14.2236 1 565 2 10 35 120 324 426 540 565 

Race Asian 11 88.727 114.01 34.3752 2 405 2 30 45 120 149 405 405 405 

Race Some Others 18 80.556 105.981 24.98 10 420 10 20 40 75 240 420 420 420 

Race Hispanic 42 71.357 110.769 17.092 1 525 1 20 40 75 135 290 525 525 

Race Refused 11 122.909 117.699 35.4876 2 310 2 40 60 290 300 310 310 310 

Hispanic No 807 87.482 136.129 4.792 1 1440 2 15 45 90 225 410 565 600 

Hispanic Yes 79 67.797 110.301 12.4098 1 615 1 15 30 62 140 300 525 615 

Hispanic DK 1 2 * * 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 

Hispanic Refused 9 100.778 115.933 38.6443 2 310 2 40 60 90 310 310 310 310 

Employment * 176 79.182 96.345 7.2622 1 540 2 15 45 110 200 260 435 465 

Employment Full Time 384 102.221 169.534 8.6515 1 1440 3 15 40.5 75 330 525 600 710 

Employment Part Time 74 74.446 113.86 13.2359 1 795 1 15 42.5 86 180 255 390 795 

Employment Not Employed 255 69.996 94.045 5.8893 1 615 1 15 40 85 152 270 380 485 

Employment Refused 7 45.143 36.64 13.8485 2 90 2 4 40 90 90 90 90 90 

Education * 198 74.914 92.253 6.5561 1 540 2 15 40.5 90 185 240 435 465 

Education < High School 56 131.232 247.289 33.0454 1 1440 1 15 40 118 465 710 735 1440 

Education High School Graduate 223 100.233 146.92 9.8385 1 795 5 20 45 95 275 480 600 680 

Education < College 172 77.186 128.752 9.8173 1 675 1 10 30 75 180 435 570 600 

Education College Graduate 138 76.275 106.589 9.0734 1 600 3 20 45 70 205 310 485 565 

Education Post Graduate 109 78.229 121.311 11.6195 1 710 5 20 45 60 200 330 560 570 

Census Region Northeast 202 89.134 132.343 9.3116 1 735 3 15 45 90 235 410 530 570 

Census Region Midwest 193 87.855 153.329 11.0369 1 1440 2 15 30 85 240 355 565 600 

Census Region South 298 79.943 125.46 7.2677 1 710 2 15 35 75 185 420 532 680 

Census Region West 203 89.059 127.909 8.9775 1 795 1 20 45 105 210 300 570 615 

Day Of Week Weekday 642 86.684 143.938 5.6808 1 1440 2 15 40 80 223 426 585 680 

Day Of Week Weekend 254 83.512 104.207 6.5385 1 565 2 25 45 90 220 310 440 480 

Season Winter 210 73.548 144.308 9.9582 1 1440 1 15 33 60 160 270 560 710 

Season Spring 242 97.913 137.243 8.8223 1 795 4 25 45 120 240 435 570 675 

Season Summer 276 83.989 123.086 7.4089 1 690 4 15 45 90 200 420 525 580 

Season Fall 168 86.56 131.855 10.1729 1 710 2 15 40 90 240 405 600 615 

Asthma No 832 86.108 129.455 4.488 1 795 2 15 40 90 225 418 565 600 

Asthma Yes 57 85.596 193.133 25.5811 1 1440 1 15 35 90 180 235 260 1440 

Asthma DK 7 48.857 27.973 10.5727 2 90 2 30 60 60 90 90 90 90 

Angina No 857 86.177 134.897 4.608 1 1440 2 15 40 90 223 410 565 615 

Angina Yes 33 81.727 117.393 20.4356 1 465 1 17 45 60 250 380 465 465 

Angina DK 6 52 29.257 11.9443 2 90 2 40 60 60 90 90 90 90 

Bronchitis/Emphysema No 855 84.837 132.316 4.5251 1 1440 2 15 40 85 225 405 560 600 

Bronchitis/Emphysema Yes 34 117.735 176.429 30.2574 3 735 8 30 45 120 215 690 735 735 

Bronchitis/Emphysema DK 7 46.286 27.482 10.3871 2 90 2 32 40 60 90 90 90 90 

Note: A "*" Signifies missing data. "DK" = The respondent replied "don't know". Refused = Refused data. N = doer sample size. Mean = Mean 24-hour 

cumulative number of minutes for doers. Stdev = standard deviation. Stderr = standard error. Min = minimum number of minutes. Max = maximum 

number of minutes. Percentiles are the percentage of doers below or equal to a given number of minutes. 

Source: Tsang and Klepeis, 1996. 
Table 15-105. Statistics for 24-Hour Cumulative Number of Minutes Spent Outdoors in a Parking Lot 

Percentiles 

Category Population Group N Mean Stdev Stderr Min Max 5 25 50 75 90 95 98 99 

All 226 70.721 126.651 8.425 1 910 2 10 20 60 190 309 510 580 

Gender Male 106 100.34 167.159 16.236 1 910 5 15 30 110 315 495 580 720 

Gender Female 120 44.558 64.826 5.918 1 295 1 5 20 46.5 167.5 187.5 248 285 

Age (years) * 3 135 195 112.58 15 360 15 15 30 360 360 360 360 360 

Age (years) 1-4 11 39.818 38.449 11.593 5 110 5 10 20 90 90 110 110 110 

Age (years) 5-11 5 62 63.699 28.487 5 170 5 30 45 60 170 170 170 170 

Age (years) 12-17 12 93.75 90.81 26.214 5 248 5 17.5 52 163 238 248 248 248 

Age (years) 18-64 182 69.984 132.655 9.833 1 910 2 10 20 60 190 309 550 720 

Age (years) > 64 13 74.462 127.9 35.473 1 465 1 10 25 60 180 465 465 465 

Race White 180 72.122 128.299 9.563 1 910 2 10 20.5 64 205 302 510 720 

Race Black 18 102.444 167.776 39.545 2 580 2 6 27.5 130 495 580 580 580 

Race Asian 3 21.667 7.638 4.41 15 30 15 15 20 30 30 30 30 30 

Race Some Others 5 50 46.098 20.616 5 115 5 10 45 75 115 115 115 115 

Race Hispanic 17 25.706 39.365 9.547 1 165 1 10 10 20 60 165 165 165 

Race Refused 3 135 195 112.58 15 360 15 15 30 360 360 360 360 360 

Hispanic No 196 69.26 114.078 8.148 1 720 2 10 24 67.5 190 295 495 580 

Hispanic Yes 25 42.92 103.34 20.668 1 510 1 5 10 20 75 165 510 510 

Hispanic DK 2 465 629.325 445 20 910 20 20 465 910 910 910 910 910 

Hispanic Refused 3 135 195 112.58 15 360 15 15 30 360 360 360 360 360 

Employment * 26 55.577 59.88 11.743 5 238 5 15 30 90 145 170 238 238 

Employment Full Time 117 83.325 155.119 14.341 1 910 2 10 20 60 240 495 580 720 

Employment Part Time 37 75.378 114.734 18.862 1 465 1 5 21 90 180 450 465 465 

Employment Not Employed 43 37.093 46.8 7.137 1 210 1 10 20 60 90 134 210 210 

Employment Refused 3 135 195 112.58 15 360 15 15 30 360 360 360 360 360 

Education * 33 69.697 85.644 14.909 1 360 5 15 30 90 180 248 360 360 

Education < High School 16 73.25 176.778 44.194 2 720 2 7.5 22.5 32.5 165 720 720 720 

Education High School Graduate 83 83 124.358 13.65 1 580 5 10 25 90 215 315 495 580 

Education < College 49 75.898 162.674 23.239 1 910 2 10 20 60 210 450 910 910 

Education College Graduate 23 48.783 107.169 22.346 1 510 2 5 10 30 130 135 510 510 

Education Post Graduate 22 35.5 54.472 11.613 1 185 1 5 15 30 115 180 185 185 

Census Region Northeast 56 57.357 82.622 11.041 1 495 1 12.5 27.5 75 135 180 295 495 

Census Region Midwest 48 73.438 118.574 17.115 1 550 5 10 25 62.5 248 315 550 550 

Census Region South 75 57.92 106.421 12.288 1 720 2 7 20 50 185 238 360 720 

Census Region West 47 104.298 189.916 27.702 3 910 5 10 20 90 450 510 910 910 

Day Of Week Weekday 154 64.851 136.686 11.014 1 910 2 7 20 43 180 450 550 720 

Day Of Week Weekend 72 83.278 101.675 11.982 1 465 5 15 35 113 240 309 360 465 

Season Winter 45 50.533 64.702 9.645 2 309 5 15 30 63 130 180 309 309 

Season Spring 57 82.912 131.245 17.384 1 495 1 10 20 90 240 465 495 495 

Season Summer 75 72.027 146.21 16.883 1 910 2 10 20 60 205 315 580 910 

Season Fall 49 73.082 133.165 19.024 1 720 1 10 20 75 205 295 720 720 

Asthma No 204 62.98 109.369 7.657 1 720 2 10 20 60 180 248 495 510 

Asthma Yes 18 149.722 238.456 56.205 1 910 1 15 45 145 580 910 910 910 

Asthma DK 4 110 166.883 83.442 15 360 15 22.5 32.5 198 360 360 360 360 

Angina No 217 69.263 127.076 8.626 1 910 2 10 20 60 185 309 510 580 

Angina Yes 5 99.6 83.056 37.144 35 238 35 40 75 110 238 238 238 238 

Angina DK 4 113.75 164.792 82.396 15 360 15 22.5 40 205 360 360 360 360 

Bronchitis/Emphysema No 211 65.555 114.21 7.863 1 720 2 10 20 60 180 295 495 550 

Bronchitis/Emphysema Yes 11 142.364 265.976 80.195 1 910 1 10 40 180 240 910 910 910 

Bronchitis/Emphysema DK 4 146.25 160.799 80.399 15 360 15 22.5 105 270 360 360 360 360 

Note: A "*" Signifies missing data. "DK" = The respondent replied "don't know". Refused = Refused data. N = doer sample size. Mean = Mean 24-hour 

cumulative number of minutes for doers. Stdev = standard deviation. Stderr = standard error. Min = minimum number of minutes. Max = maximum 

number of minutes. Percentiles are the percentage of doers below or equal to a given number of minutes. 

Source: Tsang and Klepeis, 1996. 
Table 15-106. Statistics for 24-Hour Cumulative Number of Minutes Spent Outdoors at a Service Station or Gas Station 

Percentiles 

Category Population Group N Mean Stdev Stderr Min Max 5 25 50 75 90 95 98 99 

All 191 50.597 125.489 9.0801 1 790 5 5 10 20 105 365 570 645 

Gender Male 90 73.522 149.969 15.8082 1 645 5 5 10 30 325 495 600 645 

Gender Female 101 30.168 94.915 9.4444 2 790 5 5 10 15 44 105 180 510 

Age (years) * 1 86 * * 86 86 86 86 86 86 86 86 86 86 

Age (years) 1-4 3 6.667 2.887 1.6667 5 10 5 5 5 10 10 10 10 10 

Age (years) 5-11 3 66.667 98.277 56.7401 5 180 5 5 15 180 180 180 180 180 

Age (years) 12-17 11 7.818 4.513 1.3606 1 15 1 5 5 10 15 15 15 15 

Age (years) 18-64 157 54.185 135.636 10.8249 2 790 5 5 10 15 110 390 570 645 

Age (years) > 64 16 47.813 69.497 17.3744 5 240 5 10 18 55 180 240 240 240 

Race White 170 50.941 124.015 9.5115 2 790 5 5 10 20 107.5 365 520 600 

Race Black 11 80.727 191.433 57.7192 4 645 4 5 5 44 140 645 645 645 

Race Asian 1 5 * * 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 

Race Some Others 3 16.667 20.207 11.6667 5 40 5 5 5 40 40 40 40 40 

Race Hispanic 5 10.2 7.596 3.3971 1 20 1 5 10 15 20 20 20 20 

Race Refused 1 10 * * 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 

Hispanic No 179 53.056 129.15 9.6531 2 790 5 5 10 20 130 380 570 645 

Hispanic Yes 12 13.917 23.008 6.6418 1 86 1 5 7.5 10 15 86 86 86 

Employment * 16 18.813 43.196 10.799 1 180 1 5 7.5 12.5 15 180 180 180 

Employment Full Time 110 55.827 136.782 13.0417 2 645 5 5 10 15 99 495 570 600 

Employment Part Time 26 34.731 71.829 14.0868 3 355 5 5 10 25 100 130 355 355 

Employment Not Employed 38 40.237 76.973 12.4867 4 380 5 5 10 20 140 240 380 380 

Employment Refused 1 790 * * 790 790 790 790 790 790 790 790 790 790 

Education * 18 17.833 40.712 9.5958 1 180 1 5 7.5 15 15 180 180 180 

Education < High School 16 103 164.12 41.03 5 520 5 10 15 140 365 520 520 520 

Education High School Graduate 46 85.739 162.855 24.0116 3 645 5 5 10 85 380 495 645 645 

Education < College 58 41.759 121.08 15.8986 2 790 4 5 13 20 60 110 510 790 

Education College Graduate 30 36.633 111.641 20.3828 2 570 4 5 6.5 15 30 270 570 570 

Education Post Graduate 23 10 6.396 1.3337 5 30 5 5 10 10 20 20 30 30 

Census Region Northeast 33 59.697 149.173 25.9677 2 600 3 5 10 20 105 570 600 600 

Census Region Midwest 48 28.563 77.552 11.1936 2 510 5 5 10 15 60 110 510 510 

Census Region South 68 49.882 133.967 16.2459 1 790 5 5 10 15 130 295 645 790 

Census Region West 42 69.786 135.545 20.9151 4 520 5 5 13 40 270 390 520 520 

Day Of Week Weekday 122 58.402 145.085 13.1354 2 790 5 5 10 20 130 495 600 645 

Day Of Week Weekend 69 36.797 79.004 9.5109 1 390 4 5 10 15 88 240 380 390 

Season Winter 56 37.536 100.602 13.4435 2 600 4 5 10 15 60 270 355 600 

Season Spring 54 80.13 157.514 21.4349 1 645 5 5 10 60 380 510 570 645 

Season Summer 51 46.51 137.689 19.2804 2 790 5 5 10 15 35 365 520 790 

Season Fall 30 28.767 58.93 10.7591 3 295 5 5 8.5 15 93 130 295 295 

Asthma No 174 53.517 130.777 9.9141 1 790 5 5 10 20 130 380 570 645 

Asthma Yes 16 15.75 25.736 6.434 2 110 2 5 7.5 15 20 110 110 110 

Asthma DK 1 100 * * 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 

Angina No 184 46.788 120.622 8.8923 1 790 5 5 10 15 88 295 570 645 

Angina Yes 7 150.714 206.81 78.1667 10 510 10 15 20 380 510 510 510 510 

Bronchitis/Emphysema No 181 47.122 123.971 9.2147 1 790 5 5 10 15 85 295 570 645 

Bronchitis/Emphysema Yes 10 113.5 142.946 45.2036 5 380 5 10 58 140 367.5 380 380 380 

Note: A "*" Signifies missing data. "DK" = The respondent replied "don't know". Refused = Refused data. N = doer sample size. Mean = Mean

24-hour cumulative number of minutes for doers. Stdev = standard deviation. Stderr = standard error. Min = minimum number of minutes. Max =

maximum number of minutes. Percentiles are the percentage of doers below or equal to a given number of minutes.

Source: Tsang and Klepeis, 1996.
Table 15-107. Statistics for 24-Hour Cumulative Number of Minutes Spent Outdoors at a Construction Site 

Percentiles 

Group Name Group Code N Mean Stdev Stderr Min Max 5 25 50 75 90 95 98 99 

All 143 437.098 242.073 20.243 1 1190 10 240 510 600 675 740 930 985 

Gender Male 130 461.531 232.511 20.393 1 1190 10 300 522.5 600 688.5 745 930 985 

Gender Female 13 192.769 202.794 56.245 5 630 5 60 135 165 535 630 630 630 

Age (years) * 1 510 * * 510 510 510 510 510 510 510 510 510 510 

Age (years) 1-4 2 240 254.558 180 60 420 60 60 240 420 420 420 420 420 

Age (years) 12-17 1 10 * * 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 

Age (years) 18-64 133 444.549 243.017 21.072 1 1190 10 240 520 600 687 745 930 985 

Age (years) > 64 6 396.667 188.75 77.057 60 560 60 300 460 540 560 560 560 560 

Race White 125 430.872 247.432 22.131 5 1190 10 240 510 600 687 740 930 985 

Race Black 10 430.1 233.307 73.778 1 630 1 170 550 585 615 630 630 630 

Race Some Others 2 492.5 60.104 42.5 450 535 450 450 492.5 535 535 535 535 535 

Race Hispanic 3 501.667 170.318 98.333 305 600 305 305 600 600 600 600 600 600 

Race Refused 3 618.333 166.458 96.105 510 810 510 510 535 810 810 810 810 810 

Hispanic No 129 426.202 247.087 21.755 1 1190 10 180 510 600 665 735 930 985 

Hispanic Yes 9 496.111 166.429 55.476 240 765 240 410 505 600 765 765 765 765 

Hispanic DK 2 577.5 180.312 127.5 450 705 450 450 577.5 705 705 705 705 705 

Hispanic Refused 3 635 156.125 90.139 510 810 510 510 585 810 810 810 810 810 

Employment * 3 163.333 223.681 129.142 10 420 10 10 60 420 420 420 420 420 

Employment Full Time 127 456.803 236.198 20.959 1 1190 15 285 520 605 690 745 930 985 

Employment Part Time 6 495.833 171.389 69.969 155 600 155 510 555 600 600 600 600 600 

Employment Not Employed 7 146.571 162.79 61.529 5 430 5 6 60 300 430 430 430 430 

Education * 4 250 251.794 125.897 10 510 10 35 240 465 510 510 510 510 

Education < High School 12 500.833 227.035 65.539 60 930 60 375 525 592.5 735 930 930 930 

Education High School Graduate 68 482.162 228.976 27.767 5 1190 20 395 522.5 592.5 720 780 985 1190 

Education < College 41 417.683 241.023 37.641 1 745 10 170 520 615 645 687 745 745 

Education College Graduate 14 372.357 247.278 66.088 15 660 15 120 440 585 643 660 660 660 

Education Post Graduate 4 92.5 137.265 68.632 5 295 5 7.5 35 177.5 295 295 295 295 

Census Region Northeast 28 481.714 238.306 45.036 5 985 6 357.5 532.5 650 695 740 985 985 

Census Region Midwest 30 343.967 231.025 42.179 5 810 10 120 342 525 637.5 660 810 810 

Census Region South 57 474.018 248.301 32.888 1 1190 10 410 535 615 720 765 780 1190 

Census Region West 28 417.107 226.287 42.764 15 930 60 235 500 570 630 656 930 930 

Day Of Week Weekday 121 455.116 238.494 21.681 5 1190 15 285 525 600 687 745 930 985 

Day Of Week Weekend 22 338 243.022 51.813 1 705 5 60 407.5 525 600 645 705 705 

Season Winter 34 418.5 268.44 46.037 1 1190 5 155 505 570 645 695 1190 1190 

Season Spring 33 412.242 223.533 38.912 10 810 60 230 490 570 635 740 810 810 

Season Summer 46 477.739 221.422 32.647 10 985 60 325 515 630 705 745 985 985 

Season Fall 30 423.2 264.183 48.233 5 930 6 135 532.5 585 700 780 930 930 

Asthma No 137 437.161 243.531 20.806 1 1190 10 240 510 600 675 745 930 985 

Asthma Yes 6 435.667 225.957 92.247 60 690 60 354 440 630 690 690 690 690 

Angina No 139 439.108 242.331 20.554 1 1190 10 240 510 600 687 745 930 985 

Angina Yes 4 367.25 256.288 128.144 10 570 10 182 444.5 552.5 570 570 570 570 

Bronchitis/Emphysema No 140 433.257 240.003 20.284 1 1190 10 240 510 600 670 737.5 810 930 

Bronchitis/Emphysema Yes 3 616.333 328.664 189.755 354 985 354 354 510 985 985 985 985 985 

Note: A "*" Signifies missing data. "DK" = The respondent replied "don't know". Refused = Refused data. N = doer sample size. Mean = Mean 24-hour 

cumulative number of minutes for doers. Stdev = standard deviation. Stderr = standard error. Min = minimum number of minutes. Max = maximum 

number of minutes. Percentiles are the percentage of doers below or equal to a given number of minutes. 

Source: Tsang and Klepeis, 1996. 
Table 15-108. Statistics for 24-Hour Cumulative Number of Minutes Spent Outdoors on School Grounds/Playground 

Percentiles 

Category Population Group N Mean Stdev Stderr Min Max 5 25 50 75 90 95 98 99 

All 259 98.386 110.056 6.839 1 690 5 30 70 120 208 300 540 570 

Gender Male 0.136 118.007 126.395 10.84 1 690 10 35 85 148.5 255 370 555 625 

Gender Female 123 76.691 83.861 7.562 1 570 5 20 51 120 180 225 270 440 

Age (years) * 2 275 374.767 265 10 540 10 10 275 540 540 540 540 540 

Age (years) 1-4 9 85 61.084 20.36 10 175 10 30 65 140 175 175 175 175 

Age (years) 5-11 64 88.016 95.638 11.96 5 625 10 30 60 120 170 220 315 625 

Age (years) 12-17 76 78.658 88.179 10.12 3 570 5 25 55 105 165 225 370 570 

Age (years) 18-64 101 119.812 127.563 12.69 1 690 5 30 85 165 240 360 540 555 

Age (years) > 64 7 65 47.258 17.86 5 150 5 30 60 95 150 150 150 150 

Race White 208 98.212 106.512 7.385 1 690 9 30 70 125 190 281 510 555 

Race Black 23 128.435 157.54 32.85 5 570 5 25 67 170 300 540 570 570 

Race Asian 6 59 66.076 26.98 10 179 10 10 35 85 179 179 179 179 

Race Some Others 7 70 59.652 22.55 10 180 10 10 60 105 180 180 180 180 

Race Hispanic 15 83.733 102.972 26.59 1 370 1 10 30 120 228 370 370 370 

Hispanic No 225 102.613 113.686 7.579 3 690 9 30 70 125 210 300 540 570 

Hispanic Yes 32 71.219 79.899 14.12 1 370 1 12.5 32.5 110 150 228 370 370 

Hispanic DK 2 57.5 31.82 22.5 35 80 35 35 57.5 80 80 80 80 80 

Employment * 143 80.161 88.031 7.362 3 625 9 25 55 115 160 215 315 570 

Employment Full Time 48 130.271 127.162 18.35 1 555 10 40 85 180 300 360 555 555 

Employment Part Time 24 129.708 158.934 32.44 3 690 10 35 85 143.5 228 510 690 690 

Employment Not Employed 42 95.429 94.776 14.62 1 440 5 30 80 120 180 235 440 440 

Employment Refused 2 322.5 307.591 217.5 105 540 105 105 323 540 540 540 540 540 

Education * 162 86.593 94.553 7.429 3 625 10 27 60 120 170 220 370 570 

Education < High School 11 124.818 171.918 51.84 1 540 1 5 45 180 345 540 540 540 

Education High School Graduate 33 113.636 110.669 19.27 3 555 5 30 90 160 240 290 555 555 

Education < College 19 129.842 147.389 33.81 5 510 5 33 70 210 440 510 510 510 

Education College Graduate 19 122.105 149.938 34.4 5 690 5 50 85 125 235 690 690 690 

Education Post Graduate 15 102.933 98.093 25.33 1 360 1 30 75 125 235 360 360 360 

Census Region Northeast 66 105.955 115.248 14.19 5 690 10 30 85 150 190 281 540 690 

Census Region Midwest 53 86.057 109.203 15 3 540 5 20 50 115 190 290 510 540 

Census Region South 82 85.463 92.353 10.2 1 570 5 30 60 115 180 255 360 570 

Census Region West 58 119.31 125.638 16.5 1 625 10 30 85 160 235 440 555 625 

Day Of Week Weekday 205 87.02 105.524 7.37 1 625 5 25 55 115 180 240 540 555 

Day Of Week Weekend 54 141.537 117.065 15.93 10 690 25 67 113 180 290 345 440 690 

Season Winter 53 72.189 101.951 14 1 555 3 20 35 85 130 315 440 /555 

Season Spring 88 108.614 96.502 10.29 5 540 10 45 85 147.5 215 255 510 540 

Season Summer 65 116.446 137.897 17.1 5 690 10 30 75 135 270 360 625 690 

Season Fall 53 85.453 96.241 13.22 5 540 5 20 55 120 180 235 345 540 

Asthma No 237 100.941 113.236 7.355 1 690 5 30 70 120 215 315 540 570 

Asthma Yes 22 70.864 61.977 13.21 5 179 10 15 45 145 160 165 179 179 

Angina No 254 99.118 110.809 6.953 1 690 5 30 68.5 120 208 300 540 570 

Angina Yes 5 61.2 53.383 23.87 1 130 1 15 70 90 130 130 130 130 

Bronchitis/Emphysema No 248 100.565 111.621 7.088 1 690 5 30 71 125 210 300 540 570 

Bronchitis/Emphysema Yes 10 52.7 45.363 14.35 9 160 9 22 44 60 125 160 160 160 

Bronchitis/Emphysema DK 1 15 0 0 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 

Note: A "*" Signifies missing data. "DK" = The respondent replied "don't know". Refused = Refused data. N = doer sample size. Mean = Mean

24-hour cumulative number of minutes for doers. Stdev = standard deviation. Stderr = standard error. Min = minimum number of minutes. Max =

maximum number of minutes. Percentiles are the percentage of doers below or equal to a given number of minutes.

Source: Tsang and Klepeis, 1996.
Table 15-109. Statistics for 24-Hour Cumulative Number of Minutes Spent Outdoors at a Park/Golf Course 

Percentiles 

Category Population Group N Mean Stdev Stderr Min Max 5 25 50 75 90 95 98 

All 506 198.603 190.248 8.4575 1 1065 20 60 135 270 465 590 748 8

Gender Male 291 205.825 183.101 10.7336 1 1015 25 60 150 285 510 590 730 7

Gender Female 214 187.748 199.367 13.6284 5 1065 15 55 120 250 435 590 870 9

Gender Refused 1 420 * * 420 420 420 420 420 420 420 420 420 4

Age (years) * 10 122.4 60.183 19.0317 30 225 30 60 120 160 202 225 225 2

Age (years) 1-4 21 149.857 176.25 38.4609 21 755 25 50 85 150 360 425 755 7

Age (years) 5-11 54 207.556 184.496 25.1068 25 665 35 70 125 275 555 635 660 6

Age (years) 12-17 52 238.462 242.198 33.5869 15 1065 15 60 147.5 337.5 590 840 915 10

Age (years) 18-64 314 197.838 185.939 10.4931 1 1015 20 60 150 270 440 580 748 8

Age (years) > 64 55 188.964 182.919 24.6648 10 735 20 30 120 300 510 570 590 7

Race White 441 205.338 195.266 9.2984 1 1065 20 60 150 275 480 605 795 9

Race Black 19 114.474 103.667 23.7829 15 425 15 30 90 155 240 425 425 4

Race Asian 8 185.625 233.398 82.5186 30 665 30 32.5 47.5 315 665 665 665 6

Race Some Others 16 171.25 154.229 38.5572 30 560 30 58 119.5 235 405 560 560 5

Race Hispanic 20 169.45 135.803 30.3664 30 555 32.5 77 145 205 372.5 495 555 5

Race Refused 2 75 63.64 45 30 120 30 30 75 120 120 120 120 1

Hispanic No 469 202.706 193.555 8.9376 1 1065 20 60 135 270 480 605 755 9

Hispanic Yes 34 154.824 135.043 23.1596 15 555 30 60 137.5 175 310 555 555 5

Hispanic DK 1 10 * * 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 

Hispanic Refused 2 75 63.64 45 30 120 30 30 75 120 120 120 120 1

Employment * 128 208.242 209.644 18.5301 15 1065 25 60 120 275 555 645 840 9

Employment Full Time 201 195.831 188.984 13.3299 8 1015 25 60 135 270 450 570 748 9

Employment Part Time 41 213.488 215.602 33.6714 20 870 20 60 132 260 540 660 870 8

Employment Not Employed 132 190.932 166.019 14.4501 1 810 15 60 160 270 420 525 730 7

Employment Refused 4 130 106.771 53.3854 30 280 30 60 105 200 280 280 280 2

Education * 140 202.743 204.676 17.2983 15 1065 20.5 60 120 270 498.5 640 840 9

Education < High School 32 180.844 207.784 36.7315 30 995 30 30 110 245 385 570 995 9

Education High School Graduate 108 219.676 197.223 18.9778 10 1015 20 77.5 162.5 281 545 625 730 8

Education <College 93 191.57 171.177 17.7502 1 870 15 60 150 275 440 510 748 8

Education College Graduate 83 203.53 183.095 20.0973 5 930 23 60 145 270 450 590 795 9

Education Post Graduate 50 157.76 166.568 23.5562 10 735 20 45 75 255 337.5 555 703 7

Census Region Northeast 106 184.858 177.429 17.2334 1 1065 20 60 124 240 450 574 635 6

Census Region Midwest 124 194.629 188.667 16.9428 10 1015 30 60 135 255 420 590 735 9

Census Region South 136 218.846 211.474 18.1337 10 930 20 60 150 325 525 720 840 9

Census Region West 140 192.864 179.421 15.1639 5 870 17.5 58 131 272.5 430 575 755 8

Day Of Week Weekday 276 195.996 189.287 11.3938 5 1015 20 60 145 252.5 510 625 748 8

Day Of Week Weekend 230 201.73 191.76 12.6443 1 1065 20 60 130 280 454.5 580 810 9

Season Winter 83 209.072 195.228 21.429 15 1065 30 60 165 275 440 660 795 10

Season Spring 163 168.479 159.071 12.4594 8 930 20 50 120 235 360 510 570 7

Season Summer 192 219.615 199.872 14.4245 5 1015 20 65 155 290 535 630 840 9

Season Fall 68 198.706 217.911 26.4256 1 995 20 60 117.5 280 555 735 810 9

Asthma No 466 192.127 178.759 8.2808 1 1015 20 60 135 270 450 580 700 7

Asthma Yes 38 284.526 288.727 46.8377 30 1065 35 90 170 390 870 995 1065 10

Asthma DK 2 75 63.64 45 30 120 30 30 75 120 120 120 120 1

Angina No 494 197.881 189.761 8.5378 1 1065 20 60 135 270 459 590 755 9

Angina Yes 9 247.778 235.267 78.4224 35 730 35 60 120 330 730 730 730 7

Angina DK 3 170 170.587 98.4886 30 360 30 30 120 360 360 360 360 3

Bronchitis/Emphysema No 490 196.978 184.633 8.3409 1 1065 20 60 145 270 454.5 585 735 8

Bronchitis/Emphysema Yes 14 273.143 339.073 90.6211 20 995 20 75 100 280 930 995 995 9

Bronchitis/Emphysema DK 2 75 63.64 45 30 120 30 30 75 120 120 120 120 1

Note: A "*" Signifies missing data. "DK" = The respondent replied "don't know". Refused = Refused data. N = doer sample size. Mean = Mean 24-hour 

cumulative number of minutes for doers. Stdev = standard deviation. Stderr = standard error. Min = minimum number of minutes. Max = maximum

number of minutes. Percentiles are the percentage of doers below or equal to a given number of minutes.

Source: Tsang and Klepeis, 1996.
Table 15-110. Statistics for 24-Hour Cumulative Number of Minutes Spent Outdoors at a Pool/River/Lake 

Percentiles 

Category Population Group N Mean Stdev Stderr Min Max 5 25 50 75 90 95 98 99 

All 283 209.555 185.668 11.037 5 1440 25 60 150 296 480 570 670 690 

Gender Male 152 229.829 202.702 16.441 10 1440 30 82.5 174 305 510 600 690 900 

Gender Female 131 186.031 161.293 14.092 5 645 20 60 135 280 440 550 630 630 

Age (years) * 6 175 156.971 64.083 60 480 60 85 115 195 480 480 480 480 

Age (years) 1-4 14 250.571 177.508 47.441 90 630 90 130 167.5 370 560 630 630 630 

Age (years) 5-11 29 175.448 117.875 21.889 25 390 30 60 145 293 365 375 390 390 

Age (years) 12-17 22 128.318 94.389 20.124 40 420 58 60 82.5 210 225 235 420 420 

Age (years) 18-64 187 224.492 203.822 14.905 5 1440 20 60 150 320 511 615 690 900 

Age (years) > 64 25 194.2 161.757 32.351 20 525 30 60 115 277 480 510 525 525 

Race White 246 201.565 182.298 11.623 5 1440 25 60 145 285 440 560 670 690 

Race Black 12 380.583 231.89 66.941 20 690 20 177.5 450 562.5 615 690 690 690 

Race Asian 4 265 247.083 123.54 30 505 30 52.5 262.5 477.5 505 505 505 505 

Race Some Others 5 237 129.933 58.108 70 435 70 220 225 235 435 435 435 435 

Race Hispanic 12 161 131.699 38.018 20 390 20 52.5 112.5 265 375 390 390 390 

Race Refused 4 243.75 208.621 104.31 90 550 90 115 167.5 372.5 550 550 550 550 

Hispanic No 259 208.923 187.792 11.669 5 1440 25 60 150 295 480 585 670 690 

Hispanic Yes 20 210.9 160.142 35.809 20 540 28.5 87.5 155 337.5 450.5 525.5 540 540 

Hispanic Refused 4 243.75 208.621 104.31 90 550 90 115 167.5 372.5 550 550 550 550 

Employment * 66 176.879 131.256 16.156 25 630 40 70 142.5 235 370 420 560 630 

Employment Full Time 119 210.748 176.089 16.142 10 900 20 65 150 298 510 600 645 670 

Employment Part Time 26 217.038 199.926 39.209 20 670 30 60 120 320 570 580 670 670 

Employment Not Employed 69 238.884 236.16 28.43 5 1440 20 65 145 370 510 630 690 1440 

Employment Refused 3 141.667 52.52 30.322 90 195 90 90 140 195 195 195 195 195 

Education * 73 172.932 129.988 15.214 20 630 30 70 140 225 370 420 560 630 

Education < High School 18 267.611 159.382 37.567 40 600 40 145 247.5 375 525 600 600 600 

Education High School Graduate 69 213.217 224.126 26.982 10 1440 20 60 145 285 511 670 690 1440 

Education < College 62 233.258 192.408 24.436 5 690 30 65 150 360 550 580 615 690 

Education College Graduate 37 230.919 187.271 30.787 14 645 20 70 173 400 505 630 645 645 

Education Post Graduate 24 172.708 196.977 40.208 20 900 25 45 112.5 240 370 480 900 900 

Census Region Northeast 61 220.689 172.373 22.07 30 900 30 60 180 325 390 510 670 900 

Census Region Midwest 41 219.22 257.201 40.168 10 1440 20 60 120 280 480 600 1440 1440 

Census Region South 111 182.198 161.288 15.309 5 670 20 60 118 280 420 525 630 645 

Census Region West 70 237.571 181.838 21.734 25 690 40 90 180 300 547.5 615 690 690 

Day Of Week Weekday 165 188.77 179.894 14.005 10 1440 30 60 125 255 420 511 615 670 

Day Of Week Weekend 118 238.619 190.432 17.531 5 900 20 75 187.5 350 555 630 690 690 

Season Winter 30 173.167 181.68 33.17 20 630 20 40 102.5 270 492.5 585 630 630 

Season Spring 77 206.468 163.551 18.638 15 690 30 80 180 288 480 555 670 690 

Season Summer 151 219.709 196.809 16.016 5 1440 26 65 155 300 445 580 630 900 

Season Fall 25 201.4 189.663 37.933 20 670 45 70 105 310 510 510 670 670 

Asthma No 262 209.004 188.208 11.628 5 1440 25 60 150 295 480 580 670 690 

Asthma Yes 17 238.824 161.966 39.282 15 570 15 105 225 350 525 570 570 570 

Asthma DK 4 121.25 59.214 29.607 60 195 60 75 115 167.5 195 195 195 195 

Angina No 272 205.897 185.199 11.229 5 1440 25 60 145 290.5 480 570 645 690 

Angina Yes 8 359.375 178.774 63.206 60 690 60 287.5 340 435 690 690 690 690 

Angina DK 3 141.667 52.52 30.322 90 195 90 90 140 195 195 195 195 195 

Bronchitis/Emphysema No 266 210.974 189.082 11.593 5 1440 25 60 150 296 480 580 670 690 

Bronchitis/Emphysema Yes 14 197.143 131.54 35.156 15 440 15 90 172.5 300 370 440 440 440 

Bronchitis/Emphysema DK 3 141.667 52.52 30.322 90 195 90 90 140 195 195 195 195 195 

Note: A "*" Signifies missing data. "DK" = The respondent replied "don't know". Refused = Refused data. N = doer sample size. Mean = Mean 24-hour 

cumulative number of minutes for doers. Stdev = standard deviation. Stderr = standard error. Min = minimum number of minutes. Max = maximum 

number of minutes. Percentiles are the percentage of doers below or equal to a given number of minutes. 

Source: Tsang and Klepeis, 1996. 
Table 15-111. Statistics for 24-Hour Cumulative Number of Minutes Spent Outdoors at a Restaurant/Picnic 

Percentiles 

Category Population Group N Mean Stdev Stderr Min Max 5 25 50 75 90 95 98 99 

All 64 81.016 114.7 14.337 3 540 5 12.5 30 107.5 165 270 540 540 

Gender Male 31 111.839 148.921 26.747 5 540 5 20 60 150 270 540 540 540 

Gender Female 33 52.061 57.66 10.037 3 210 3 8 30 80 135 180 210 210 

Age (years) 1-4 6 57.5 61.38 25.058 5 160 5 15 30 105 160 160 160 160 

Age (years) 5-11 5 112.8 202.59 90.601 5 473 5 6 20 60 473 473 473 473 

Age (years) 12-17 6 60 55.408 22.62 5 150 5 30 35 105 150 150 150 150 

Age (years) 18-64 46 84.804 116.85 17.229 3 540 5 10 50 120 180 270 540 540 

Age (years) > 64 1 15 * * 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 

Race White 54 76 105.032 14.293 3 540 5 15 30 105 165 270 473 540 

Race Black 4 57.75 83.108 41.554 5 180 5 5.5 23 110 180 180 180 180 

Race Asian 1 75 * * 75 75 75 75 75 75 75 75 75 75 

Race Some Others 2 97.5 31.82 22.5 75 120 75 75 97.5 120 120 120 120 120 

Race Hispanic 2 20 14.142 10 10 30 10 10 20 30 30 30 30 30 

Race Refused 1 540 * * 540 540 540 540 540 540 540 540 540 540 

Hispanic No 60 81.833 117.521 15.172 3 540 5 12.5 30 107.5 172.5 371.5 540 540 

Hispanic Yes 4 68.75 66.63 33.315 10 160 10 20 52.5 117.5 160 160 160 160 

Employment * 17 74.647 114.206 27.699 5 473 5 15 30 105 160 473 473 473 

Employment Full Time 37 70.838 67.86 11.156 3 270 5 15 55 120 165 210 270 270 

Employment Part Time 4 42 32.031 16.016 3 75 3 16.5 45 67.5 75 75 75 75 

Employment Not Employed 6 187.833 272.841 111.387 5 540 5 7 17.5 540 540 540 540 540 

Education * 18 70.667 112.076 26.416 3 473 3 6 30 105 160 473 473 473 

Education < High School 1 540 * * 540 540 540 540 540 540 540 540 540 540 

Education High School Graduate 11 56.182 84.536 25.489 3 270 3 10 20 60 165 270 270 270 

Education < College 10 108.6 164.611 52.055 5 540 5 7 30 150 352.5 540 540 540 

Education College Graduate 11 68.636 59.544 17.953 10 210 10 20 55 110 120 210 210 210 

Education Post Graduate 13 70.308 53.494 14.836 6 180 6 15 75 80 140 180 180 180 

Census Region Northeast 19 88.105 116.181 26.654 3 473 3 10 60 120 270 473 473 473 

Census Region Midwest 15 102.6 140.685 36.325 3 540 3 15 45 165 210 540 540 540 

Census Region South 16 48.563 47.25 11.812 5 140 5 8.5 30 92.5 120 140 140 140 

Census Region West 14 85.357 138.737 37.079 10 540 10 15 30 75 160 540 540 540 

Day Of Week Weekday 35 51.2 52.665 8.902 3 180 3 15 30 75 150 165 180 180 

Day Of Week Weekend 29 117 154.21 28.636 5 540 5 10 60 135 473 540 540 540 

Season Winter 8 79.375 75.187 26.583 10 210 10 20 52.5 135 210 210 210 210 

Season Spring 14 138.429 172.811 46.186 5 540 5 30 65 180 473 540 540 540 

Season Summer 28 71 105.063 19.855 3 540 3 7.5 35 100 150 160 540 540 

Season Fall 14 44.571 52.2 13.951 5 165 5 10 20 60 150 165 165 165 

Asthma No 61 82.131 117.182 15.004 3 540 5 10 30 110 165 270 540 540 

Asthma Yes 3 58.333 40.723 23.511 30 105 30 30 40 105 105 105 105 105 

Angina No 63 82.222 115.211 14.515 3 540 5 15 30 110 165 270 540 540 

Angina Yes 1 5 * * 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 

Bronchitis/Emphysema No 63 81.667 115.502 14.552 3 540 5 10 30 110 165 270 540 540 

Bronchitis/Emphysema Yes 1 40 * * 40 40 40 40 40 40 40 40 40 40 

Note: A "*" Signifies missing data. Refused = Refused data. N = doer sample size. Mean = Mean 24-hour cumulative number of minutes for doers. 

Stdev = standard deviation. Stderr = standard error. Min = minimum number of minutes. Max = maximum number of minutes. Percentiles are the

percentage of doers below or equal to a given number of minutes.

Source: Tsang and Klepeis, 1996.
Table 15-112. Statistics for 24-Hour Cumulative Number of Minutes Spent Outdoors at a Farm 

Percentiles 

Category Population Group N Mean Stdev Stderr Min Max 5 25 50 75 90 95 98 99 

All 128 252.703 232.537 20.554 5 955 20 75 176.5 427.5 600 730 855 933 

Gender Male 86 305.186 251.432 27.113 5 955 29 90 230 500 660 780 933 955 

Gender Female 42 145.238 137.207 21.171 5 600 20 50 105 210 265 482 600 600 

Age (years) * 1 510 * * 510 510 510 510 510 510 510 510 510 510 

Age (years) 1-4 3 121.667 52.52 30.322 70 175 70 70 120 175 175 175 175 175 

Age (years) 5-11 7 111.286 76.952 29.085 25 264 25 50 100 130 264 264 264 264 

Age (years) 12-17 9 157.778 85.416 28.472 29 265 29 90 175 265 265 265 256 265 

Age (years) 18-64 91 296.67 252.209 26.439 5 955 20 80 230 500 635 780 933 955 

Age (years) > 64 17 133.824 134.182 32.544 5 495 5 50 85 160 360 495 495 495 

Race White 120 260.217 236.226 21.564 5 955 20 75 180 472.5 607.5 745 855 933 

Race Black 4 58.75 30.923 15.462 25 85 25 32.5 62.5 85 85 85 85 85 

Race Some Others 2 165 21.213 15 150 180 150 150 165 180 180 180 180 180 

Race Hispanic 2 277.5 222.739 157.5 120 435 120 120 277.5 435 435 435 435 435 

Hispanic No 123 252.61 234.762 21.168 5 955 20 70 178 420 600 730 855 933 

Hispanic Yes 4 297.5 189.143 94.571 120 485 120 135 292..5 460 485 485 485 485 

Hispanic Refused 1 85 * * 85 85 85 85 85 85 85 85 85 85 

Employment * 19 134.947 77.658 17.816 25 265 25 86 120 180 264 265 265 265 

Employment Full Time 73 314.781 258.07 30.205 5 955 20 85 240 525 660 780 933 955 

Employment Part Time 11 283 183.589 55.354 45 525 45 150 230 490 495 525 525 525 

Employment Not Employed 24 152.917 183.977 37.554 5 825 5 35 90 205 280 495 825 825 

E mployment Refused 1 20 * * 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 

Education * 20 137.2 76.255 17.051 25 265 27 88 120 180 262 264.5 265 265 

Education < High School 12 305 211.058 60.927 30 635 30 97.5 325 492.5 510 635 635 635 

Education High School Graduate 50 314.54 280.31 39.642 5 955 20 85 215 525 745 855 944 955 

Education < College 25 186.6 165.994 33.199 5 555 15 60 155 255 482 525 555 555 

Education College Graduate 12 290.417 242.903 70.12 30 615 30 67.5 202.5 530 600 615 615 615 

Education Post Graduate 9 229.444 246.062 82.021 5 780 5 80 150 210 780 780 780 780 

Census Region Northeast 11 238.182 299.143 90.195 5 955 5 30 100 490 520 955 955 955 

Census Region Midwest 42 202.31 196.644 30.343 15 780 20 654 125 265 510 635 780 780 

Census Region South 57 279.702 239.345 31.702 5 933 25 85 195 482 635 760 825 933 

Census Region West 18 293.667 242.324 57.116 5 855 5 120 220 525 615 855 855 855 

Day Of Week Weekday 78 276.859 243.801 27.605 5 955 15 85 180 485 615 780 933 955 

Day Of Week Weekend 50 215.02 210.635 29.788 5 855 25 60 120 290 525 700 792.5 855 

Season Winter 32 205.25 207.666 36.711 5 955 22 77.5 120 245 495 540 955 955 

Season Spring 40 224.4 213.304 33.726 5 825 25 60 152.5 342.5 525 625 825 825 

Season Summer 43 276.093 247.758 37.783 5 933 20 70 230 435 660 760 933 933 

Season Fall 13 379.231 264.904 73.471 15 780 15 200 280 600 730 780 780 780 

Asthma No 120 256.983 235.209 21.472 5 955 21 75 180 427.5 607.5 745 855 933 

Asthma Yes 8 188.5 188.481 66.638 5 500 5 700 110 321.5 500 500 500 500 

Angina No 127 253.039 233.426 20.713 5 955 20 75 175 435 600 730 855 933 

Angina Yes 1 210 * * 210 210 210 210 210 210 210 210 210 210 

Bronchitis/Emphysema No 125 256.208 233.892 20.92 5 955 22 75 178 435 600 730 855 933 

Bronchitis/Emphysema Yes 3 106.667 95.699 55.252 5 195 5 5 120 195 195 195 195 195 

Note: A "*" Signifies missing data. Refused = Refused data. N = doer sample size. Mean = Mean 24-hour cumulative number of minutes for doers. 

Stdev = standard deviation. Stderr = standard error. Min = minimum number of minutes. Max = maximum number of minutes. Percentiles are the

percentage of doers below or equal to a given number of minutes.

Source: Tsang and Klepeis, 1996.
Table 15-113. Statistics for 24-Hour Cumulative Number of Minutes Spent at Home in the Kitchen 

Percentiles 

Category Population Group N Mean Stdev Stderr Min Max 5 25 50 75 90 95 98 99 

All 7063 92.646 94.207 1.121 1 1320 10 30 60 120 205 270 365 460 

Gender Male 2988 74.998 80.79 1.478 1 840 10 30 55 90 155 215 300 392 

Gender Female 4072 105.636 101.03 1.5832 1 1320 10 35 75 145 230 295 395 475 

Gender Refused 3 40 31.225 18.028 15 75 15 15 30 75 75 75 75 75 

Age (years) * 144 102.688 110.82 9.235 5 840 15 30 70 130 215 260 485 540 

Age (years) 1-4 335 73.719 54.382 2.9712 5 392 15 30 60 100 140 180 225 240 

Age (years) 5-11 477 60.468 52.988 2.4262 1 690 10 30 50 75 120 150 180 235 

Age (years) 12-17 396 55.02 58.111 2.9202 1 450 5 15 36 65 125 155 240 340 

Age (years) 18-64 4531 90.313 90.893 1.3503 1 1320 10 30 60 120 200 260 345 420 

Age (years) > 64 1180 131.388 119.55 3.4802 3 825 15 49 100 172 275 360 490 620 

Race White 5827 95.076 95.151 1.2465 1 840 10 30 65 120 210 273 380 465 

Race Black 641 79.376 91.989 3.6333 2 1320 10 30 60 100 175 230 275 380 

Race Asian 113 89.363 95.45 8.9792 5 690 10 30 75 115 150 220 265 650 

Race Some Others 119 69.059 60.786 5.5722 2 315 7 30 55 90 150 195 210 315 

Race Hispanic 266 84.203 77.297 4.7394 1 585 10 30 60 110 190 240 305 360 

Race Refused 97 90.33 113.55 11.53 5 880 7 30 60 90 190 275 480 880 

Hispanic No 6458 93.422 94.778 1.1794 1 1320 10 30 60 120 210 270 370 460 

Hispanic Yes 497 83.889 82.921 3.7195 1 675 10 30 60 110 180 240 315 415 

Hispanic DK 32 82.25 71.901 12.71 5 300 10 35 60 112.5 185 240 300 300 

Hispanic Refused 76 88.421 118.56 13.6 5 880 7 30 60 90 190 240 480 880 

Employment * 1200 62.348 55.431 1.6001 1 690 10 30 50 85 125 152.5 212.5 260 

Employment Full Time 2965 77.748 77.466 1.4227 1 840 10 30 60 100 165 225 300 376 

Employment Part Time 608 97.699 94.046 3.8141 1 755 10 30 70 133.5 213 270 405 445 

Employment Not Employed 2239 126.929 115.78 2.4468 1 1320 12 45 95 175 270 342 470 545 

Employment Refused 51 106.373 168.46 23.589 2 880 5 30 48 130 210 250 840 880 

Education * 1346 63.922 62.315 1.6985 1 880 10 30 50 85 130 165 235 285 

Education < High School 678 108.114 102.88 3.9511 1 775 10 34 80 150 230 295 405 545 

Education High School Graduate 2043 107.208 102.33 2.264 1 840 10 35 75 150 235 300 415 500 

Education < College 1348 94.359 101.17 2.7555 1 1320 10 30 60 120 210 280 380 450 

Education College Graduate 933 91.874 92.098 3.0152 2 840 10 30 60 120 200 261 330 410 

Education Post Graduate 715 88.227 87.661 3.2783 1 770 10 30 60 113 190 260 380 405 

Census Region Northeast 1645 99.632 99.739 2.4591 1 840 10 30 70 130 210 300 390 465 

Census Region Midwest 1601 96.066 93.567 2.3384 1 833 10 30 65 125 213 270 355 450 

Census Region South 2383 86.253 87.055 1.7833 1 880 10 30 60 115 190 245 330 420 

Census Region West 1434 91.441 99.061 2.6159 1 1320 10 30 60 119 195 255 380 480 

Day Of Week Weekday 4849 90.068 92.218 1.3243 1 1320 10 30 60 119 195 255 360 450 

Day Of Week Weekend 2214 98.294 98.207 2.0871 1 840 10 30 65.5 135 220 280 390 480 

Season Winter 1938 96.575 100.32 2.2787 1 1320 10 30 65 120 210 285 390 485 

Season Spring 1780 89.02 90.187 2.1376 1 840 10 30 60 120 195 255 350 420 

Season Summer 1890 89.316 90.984 2.0928 1 880 10 30 60 120 195 255 362 430 

Season Fall 1455 96.177 94.494 2.4773 1 770 10 30 65 125 210 275 375 470 

Asthma No 6510 92.448 93.602 1.1601 1 1320 10 30 60 120 205 270 365 450 

Asthma Yes 503 94.038 96.001 4.2805 1 785 10 30 60 120 210 270 345 450 

Asthma DK 50 104.44 143.73 20.326 7 880 10 30 60 120 195 240 712.5 880 

Angina No 6798 91.625 93.03 1.1283 1 1320 10 30 60 120 200 265 360 450 

Angina Yes 207 122.469 111.41 7.7437 4 657 10 45 100 155 255 360 415 620 

Angina DK 58 105.948 138.38 18.17 2 880 10 30 60 135 240 240 545 880 

Bronchitis/Emphysema No 6671 91.827 92.587 1.1336 1 1320 10 30 60 120 200 265 360 445 

Bronchitis/Emphysema Yes 338 104.784 113.39 6.1676 1 825 10 30 71 135 225 300 480 657 

Bronchitis/Emphysema DK 54 117.889 142.41 19.38 2 880 10 30 76 160 240 275 545 880 

Note: A "*" Signifies missing data. "DK" = The respondent replied "don't know". Refused = Refused data. N = doer sample size. Mean = Mean 24-hour 

cumulative number of minutes for doers. Stdev = standard deviation. Stderr = standard error. Min = minimum number of minutes. Max = maximum 

number of minutes. Percentiles are the percentage of doers below or equal to a given number of minutes. 

Source: Tsang and Klepeis, 1996. 
Table 15-114. Statistics for 24-Hour Cumulative Number of Minutes Spent in the Bathroom 

Percentiles 

Category Population Group N Mean Stdev Stderr Min Max 5 25 50 75 90 95 98 99 

All 6661 35.0237 48.796 0.5979 1 870 5 15 25 40 60 90 137 255 

Gender Male 3006 32.689 50.366 0.9186 1 870 5 15 20.5 35 60 75 150 300 

Gender Female 3653 36.9491 47.399 0.7842 1 665 5 15 30 45 70 90 135 240 

Gender Refused 2 27.5 3.536 2.5 25 30 25 25 27.5 30 30 30 30 30 

Age (years) * 122 43.8689 67.007 6.0665 2 530 5 15 30 45 85 120 300 360 

Age (years) 1-4 328 35.939 46.499 2.5675 1 600 10 15 30 40 60 75 125 270 

Age (years) 5-11 490 30.9673 38.609 1.7442 1 535 5 15 27 35 52.5 60 100 200 

Age (years) 12-17 445 29.0517 32.934 1.5612 1 547 5 15 20 35 60 65 90 100 

Age (years) 18-64 4486 34.4884 46.067 0.6878 1 665 5 15 25 40 60 90 135 250 

Age (years) > 64 790 42.1975 69.431 2.4703 1 870 5 15 30 45 75 120 240 360 

Race White 5338 34.3164 48.628 0.6656 1 870 5 15 25 40 60 85 135 255 

Race Black 711 36.8678 39.559 1.4836 1 460 5 15 30 45 70 98 135 186 

Race Asian 117 33.5556 41.449 3.8319 5 375 5 15 25 40 60 90 110 210 

Race Some Others 134 47.306 69.649 6.0167 1 535 5 15 30 45 95 120 315 422 

Race Hispanic 283 38.6396 61.494 3.6554 1 546 5 15 24 45 60 80 270 425 

Race Refused 78 34.6026 49.182 5.5687 3 360 5 10 20 35 60 135 165 360 

Hispanic No 6067 34.5332 45.887 0.5891 1 705 5 15 25 40 60 90 135 240 

Hispanic Yes 498 39.2309 68.582 3.0733 1 870 5 15 25 45 60 90 270 425 

Hispanic DK 33 44.4242 72.269 12.58 5 422 10 15 30 45 60 120 422 422 

Hispanic Refused 63 44.0794 95.224 11.997 3 665 5 10 20 35 60 150 360 665 

Employment * 1240 31.9645 39.652 1.1261 1 600 5 15 30 35 60 70 100 180 

Employment Full Time 3130 33.4086 44.827 0.8012 1 595 5 15 25 40 60 80 123 240 

Employment Part Time 583 35.5232 43.932 1.8195 1 430 5 15 29 45 60 90 140 270 

Employment Not Employed 1661 40.1854 61.587 1.5111 1 870 5 15 30 45 75 110 210 340 

Employment Refused 47 34.6809 54.835 7.9986 3 360 5 15 25 30 55 75 360 360 

Education * 1386 32.1717 42.788 1.1493 1 665 5 15 25 35 60 70 110 200 

Education < High School 522 40.8736 64.533 2.8245 1 870 5 15 30 45 70 100 240 350 

Education High School Graduate 1857 35.832 50.155 1.1639 1 600 5 15 25 40 63 90 135 270 

Education < College 1305 36.0797 44.121 1.2214 1 540 5 15 25 45 70 95 150 225 

Education College Graduate 913 34.9912 54.071 1.7895 1 705 5 15 20 40 60 90 150 340 

Education Post Graduate 678 32.1475 42.82 1.6445 1 460 5 15 22 40 60 75 110 300 

Census Region Northeast 1497 34.3287 51.244 1.3244 1 600 5 15 25 40 60 80 140 335 

Census Region Midwest 1465 35.7802 54.521 1.4245 1 870 5 15 25 40 60 90 145 315 

Census Region South 2340 35.0739 42.003 0.8683 1 510 5 15 30 40 60 90 135 214 

Census Region West 1359 34.8874 50.399 1.3671 1 705 5 15 25 40 60 90 140 250 

Day Of Week Weekday 4613 33.9035 46.663 0.687 1 870 5 15 25 40 60 85 135 240 

Day Of Week Weekend 2048 37.5469 53.214 1.1759 1 600 5 15 30 45 65 90 150 300 

Season Winter 1853 37.0232 50.658 1.1768 1 665 5 15 30 42 65 90 150 270 

Season Spring 1747 36.6474 50.536 1.2091 1 870 5 15 30 45 60 90 135 240 

Season Summer 1772 32.7788 44.543 1.0582 1 570 5 15 25 38 60 80 135 210 

Season Fall 1289 33.0349 49.108 1.3678 1 540 5 11 20 35 60 90 140 303 

Asthma No 6132 34.9204 48.833 0.6236 1 870 5 15 25 40 60 90 135 255 

Asthma Yes 493 35.2495 38.157 1.7185 1 410 5 15 30 45 65 90 140 220 

Asthma DK 36 49.5278 121.114 20.186 3 665 5 10 17.5 30 60 360 665 665 

Angina No 6473 34.5801 46.79 0.5816 1 870 5 15 25 40 60 90 135 240 

Angina Yes 145 51.9103 88.284 7.3316 3 600 7 20 30 45 75 185 546 570 

Angina DK 43 44.8605 111.216 16.96 3 665 5 10 15 30 50 110 665 665 

Bronchitis/Emphysema No 6327 34.8211 48.073 0.6044 1 870 5 15 25 40 60 90 135 255 

Bronchitis/Emphysema Yes 296 36.8378 47.481 2.7598 1 600 5 15 30 43.5 60 90 180 250 

Bronchitis/Emphysema DK 38 54.6316 122.723 19.908 3 665 5 10 17.5 30 110 360 665 665 

Note: A "*" Signifies missing data. "DK" = The respondent replied "don't know". Refused = Refused data. N = doer sample size. Mean = Mean 24-hour 

cumulative number of minutes for doers. Stdev = standard deviation. Stderr = standard error. Min = minimum number of minutes. Max = maximum 

number of minutes. Percentiles are the percentage of doers below or equal to a given number of minutes. 

Source: Tsang and Klepeis, 1996. 
Table 15-115. Statistics for 24-Hour Cumulative Number of Minutes Spent at Home in the Bedroom 

Percentiles 

Category Population Group N Mean Stdev Stderr Min Max 5 25 50 75 90 95 98 99 

All 9151 563.12 184.644 1.9302 3 1440 300 460 540 660 780 880 1005 1141 

Gender Male 4157 549.648 182.976 2.8379 3 1440 285 450 540 640 780 860 980 1095 

Gender Female 4990 574.274 185.332 2.6236 5 1440 312 470 555 660 790 900 1030 1185 

Gender Refused 4 648.75 122.772 61.386 540 785 540 545 635 752.5 785 785 785 785 

Age (years) * 184 525.065 193.498 14.265 15 1440 195 420 513 600 720 860 950 1295 

Age (years) 1-4 488 741.988 167.051 7.562 30 1440 489 635 740 840 930 990 1095 1200 

Age (years) 5-11 689 669.144 162.888 6.2055 35 1440 435 600 665 740 840 915 1065 1140 

Age (years) 12-17 577 636.189 210.883 8.7792 15 1375 165 542 645 750 875 970 1040 1210 

Age (years) 18-64 5891 532.699 172.964 2.2535 3 1440 295 440 520 610 723 820 975 1110 

Age (years) > 64 1322 550.8 171.997 4.7305 15 1440 315 475 540 610 735 840 1000 1140 

Race White 7403 553.424 175.912 2.0445 3 1440 300 455 540 640 760 850 975 1105 

Race Black 923 612.33 219.9 7.2381 15 1440 300 480 597 725 895 990 1160 1323 

Race Asian 153 612.261 187.417 15.152 25 1285 345 510 600 705 830 950 1005 1245 

Race Some Others 174 590.713 200.214 15.178 15 1405 300 464 580 700 830 960 1050 1152 

Race Hispanic 378 602.577 214.353 11.025 25 1440 265 480 587.5 720 865 958 1095 1213 

Race Refused 120 555.842 198.564 18.126 30 1405 285 440 534 630 762.5 875 1290 1295 

Hispanic No 8326 560.878 182.574 2.0009 3 1440 300 460 540 650 780 870 1000 1140 

Hispanic Yes 684 597.402 206.333 7.8893 15 1440 300 480 585 713 840 958 1095 1200 

Hispanic DK 43 542.279 169.881 25.907 135 1002 300 420 555 660 756 830 1002 1002 

Hispanic Refused 98 523.439 180.194 18.202 30 1295 255 415 515 600 735 795 930 1295 

Employment * 1736 679.52 185.535 4.453 15 1440 390 590 675 785 892 960 1065 1170 

Employment Full Time 3992 513.454 157.599 2.4943 3 1440 283 435 510 585 680 765 890 1000 

Employment Part Time 777 551.613 169.425 6.0781 15 1335 330 455 540 630 750 835 1005 1100 

Employment Not Employed 2578 566.409 191.218 3.7661 5 1440 300 478 540 650 780 905 1095 1223 

Employment Refused 68 513.971 209.558 25.413 30 1440 210 420 497.5 585 725 795 1200 1440 

Education * 1925 668.265 188.751 4.302 15 1440 360 575 663 780 885 960 1060 1170 

Education < High School 807 554.809 180.581 6.3567 5 1440 300 450 540 630 775 860 1015 1160 

Education High School Graduate 2549 534.057 176.208 3.4901 3 1440 285 447 520 607 720 835 975 1151 

Education < College 1740 539.07 176.123 4.2222 5 1440 282 450 530 615 735 825 1005 1135 

Education College Graduate 1223 526.025 164.899 4.7152 15 1404 300 445 515 600 713 785 965 1070 

Education Post Graduate 907 525.192 160.567 5.3315 3 1355 315 445 510 600 690 780 950 1095 

Census Region Northeast 2037 561.515 185.273 4.105 5 1440 300 457 540 655 781 885 1020 1139 

Census Region Midwest 2045 552.402 179.232 3.9634 3 1440 280 450 540 643 765 860 965 1035 

Census Region South 3156 570.023 186.38 3.3177 10 1440 300 465 552 660 790 900 1055 1155 

Census Region West 1913 564.897 186.373 4.2611 5 1440 305 460 540 660 793 875 995 1152 

Day Of Week Weekday 6169 552.611 174.489 2.2216 3 1440 325 450 539 635 760 855 975 1130 

Day Of Week Weekend 2982 584.861 202.361 3.7057 3 1440 223 480 570 690 825 920 1055 1170 

Season Winter 2475 576 183.782 3.6942 5 1440 305 475 555 660 805 900 1035 1148 

Season Spring 2365 558.956 176.729 3.6341 15 1440 315 455 540 655 770 855 960 1095 

Season Summer 2461 566.114 195.229 3.9354 3 1440 285 455 545 660 810 900 1030 1190 

Season Fall 1850 547.23 179.924 4.1832 3 1440 270 450 537.5 630 750 850 960 1100 

Asthma No 8420 560.814 182.769 1.9918 3 1440 300 460 540 655 780 870 1000 1140 

Asthma Yes 671 593.846 201.517 7.7795 30 1440 300 475 580 690 835 946 1060 1327 

Asthma DK 60 543.117 218.404 28.196 30 1295 223 423 540 605 760 982.5 1275 1295 

Angina No 8836 564.211 183.935 1.9568 3 1440 300 460 540 660 785 880 1005 1140 

Angina Yes 244 535.545 203.888 13.053 20 1440 215 450 522.5 612.5 770 840 1135 1230 

Angina DK 71 522.113 193.937 23.016 30 1295 180 420 540 600 690 820 990 1295 

Bronchitis/Emphysema No 8660 563.08 184.244 1.9799 3 1440 300 460 540 660 780 880 1005 1141 

Bronchitis/Emphysema Yes 423 570.102 192.041 9.3373 15 1440 294 450 555 660 795 900 1055 1110 

Bronchitis/Emphysema DK 68 524.765 186.701 22.641 30 1295 240 420 540 600 700 820 930 1295 

Note: A "*" Signifies missing data. "DK" = The respondent replied "don't know". Refused = Refused data. N = doer sample size. Mean = Mean 24-hour 

cumulative number of minutes for doers. Stdev = standard deviation. Stderr = standard error. Min = minimum number of minutes. Max = maximum 

number of minutes. Percentiles are the percentage of doers below or equal to a given number of minutes. 

Source: Tsang and Klepeis, 1996. 
Table 15-116. Statistics for 24-Hour Cumulative Number of Minutes Spent at Home in the Garage 

Percentiles 

Category Population Group N Mean Stdev Stderr Min Max 5 25 50 75 90 95 98 99 

All 193 117.782 144.451 10.398 1 790 5 20 60 150 296 480 665 690 

Gender Male 120 144.058 162.612 14.844 2 790 10 30 93.5 182.5 315 518 675 690 

Gender Female 73 74.589 94.322 11.04 1 530 5 15 30 120 180 240 450 530 

Age (years) * 1 20 * * 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 

Age (years) 1-4 4 83.5 47.459 23.729 15 120 15 52 99.5 115 120 120 120 120 

Age (years) 5-11 6 63.333 63.377 25.874 10 165 10 25 30 120 165 165 165 165 

Age (years) 12-17 12 80.833 78.383 22.627 10 240 10 20 50.5 147.5 185 240 240 240 

Age (years) 18-64 130 134.508 165.117 14.482 1 790 5 20 67.5 180 360 526 675 690 

Age (years) > 64 40 88.55 84.108 13.299 5 300 7.5 25 60 142.5 227.5 270 300 300 

Race White 165 109.509 127.523 9.928 1 690 5 20 60 135 240 315 526 675 

Race Black 12 205 219.483 63.359 5 570 5 37.5 90 405 530 570 570 570 

Race Asian 1 5 * * 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 

Race Some Others 6 186.333 308.416 125.91 10 790 10 18 30 240 790 790 790 790 

Race Hispanic 8 120 164.859 58.287 15 510 15 22.5 60 135 510 510 510 510 

Race Refused 1 120 * * 120 120 120 120 120 120 120 120 120 120 

Hispanic No 174 116.615 138.452 10.496 1 690 5 20 60 155 296 460 570 675 

Hispanic Yes 17 128.588 207.294 50.276 5 790 5 20 60 110 510 790 790 790 

Hispanic Refused 2 127.5 10.607 7.5 120 135 120 120 127.5 135 135 135 135 135 

Employment * 21 79.714 67.545 14.74 10 240 15 25 51 120 165 185 240 240 

Employment Full Time 85 145.259 175.17 19 1 790 5 20 65 180 405 530 675 790 

Employment Part Time 17 50.118 51.967 12.604 5 194 5 15 30 60 135 194 194 194 

Employment Not Employed 70 112.271 127.392 15.226 5 690 5 30 75 135 255 450 480 690 

Education * 22 76.545 67.572 14.406 10 240 10 20 50.5 120 165 185 240 240 

Education < High School 14 188.929 195.036 52.126 5 675 5 30 120 235 510 675 675 675 

Education High School Graduate 63 127.286 159.283 20.068 2 690 5 25 60 165 300 530 665 690 

Education < College 48 121.583 147.764 21.328 5 790 10 30 60 140 296 450 790 790 

Education College Graduate 25 118.2 145.773 29.155 5 480 5 20 60 120 405 460 480 480 

Education Post Graduate 21 75.857 88.067 19.218 1 300 2 10 30 120 195 260 300 300 

Census Region Northeast 23 137.174 159.451 33.248 5 510 15 30 60 195 460 510 510 510 

Census Region Midwest 42 131.381 166.398 25.676 10 690 20 40 87.5 120 260 665 690 690 

Census Region South 60 103.683 128.598 16.602 2 570 5 12.5 52.5 127.5 283 427.5 480 570 

Census Region West 68 115.265 139.682 16.939 1 790 5 20 72.5 152.5 300 315 530 790 

Day Of Week Weekday 116 128.664 158.968 14.76 1 790 5 25 60 165 315 510 665 690 

Day Of Week Weekend 77 101.39 118.416 13.495 2 675 10 20 60 120 240 300 526 675 

Season Winter 51 115.608 161.848 22.663 2 690 5 15 50 150 240 526 665 690 

Season Spring 59 136.763 163.341 21.265 5 790 10 30 90 165 315 570 675 790 

Season Summer 51 101.078 121.329 16.989 1 530 5 20 60 120 260 450 460 530 

Season Fall 32 112.875 110.217 19.484 5 480 10 25 85 157.5 240 315 480 480 

Asthma No 184 118.598 146.349 10.789 1 790 5 25 60 150 300 480 665 690 

Asthma Yes 9 101.111 102.585 34.195 5 270 5 15 60 180 270 270 270 270 

Angina No 187 118.219 146.174 10.689 1 790 5 20 60 150 300 480 665 690 

Angina Yes 6 104.167 78.639 32.104 10 220 10 25 110 150 220 220 220 220 

Bronchitis/Emphysema No 185 114.146 142.947 10.51 1 790 5 20 60 135 260 480 665 690 

Bronchitis/Emphysema Yes 8 201.875 163.64 57.856 15 450 15 60 177.5 337.5 450 450 450 450 

Note: A "*" Signifies missing data. "DK" = The respondent replied "don't know". Refused = Refused data. N = doer sample size. Mean = Mean 24-hour 

cumulative number of minutes for doers. Stdev = standard deviation. Stderr = standard error. Min = minimum number of minutes. Max = maximum

number of minutes. Percentiles are the percentage of doers below or equal to a given number of minutes.

Source: Tsang and Klepeis, 1996.
Table 15-117. Statistics for 24-Hour Cumulative Number of Minutes Spent in the Basement 

Percentiles 

Category Population Group N Mean Stdev Stderr Min Max 5 25 50 75 90 95 98 99 

All 274 142.15 162.882 9.84 1 931 10 30 90 180 330 535 705 765 

Gender Male 132 160.386 180.747 15.732 1 931 10 40 90 202.5 490 565 720 765 

Gender Female 141 125.66 143.283 12.067 2 810 10 30 75 175 265 420 705 720 

Gender Refused 1 60 * * 60 60 60 60 60 60 60 60 60 60 

Age (years) * 3 171.667 122.712 70.848 30 245 30 30 240 245 245 245 245 245 

Age (years) 1-4 8 94.75 55.695 19.691 28 180 28 47.5 90 137.5 180 180 180 180 

Age (years) 5-11 25 135.4 145.945 29.189 15 705 15 60 105 140 270 420 705 705 

Age (years) 12-17 26 97.462 113.063 22.173 1 515 10 30 60 150 240 275 515 515 

Age (years) 18-64 170 151.271 172.66 13.242 1 810 5 30 90 210 410 555 720 765 

Age (years) > 64 42 143.833 173.502 26.772 5 931 10 40 90 170 330 455 931 931 

Race White 248 133.75 154.08 9.784 1 810 10 30 90 167.5 315 510 705 720 

Race Black 15 183.8 165.472 42.725 12 515 12 40 150 270 450 515 515 515 

Race Asian 2 135 106.066 75 60 210 60 60 135 210 210 210 210 210 

Race Some Others 3 468.667 455.654 263.072 20 931 20 20 455 931 931 931 931 931 

Race Hispanic 1 30 * * 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 

Race Refused 5 263.2 173.071 77.4 60 540 60 231 240 245 540 540 540 540 

Hispanic No 263 139.046 161.666 9.969 1 931 10 30 90 180 330 510 705 765 

Hispanic Yes 6 185 197.332 80.561 15 555 15 30 150 210 555 555 555 555 

Hispanic DK 1 185 * * 185 185 185 185 185 185 185 185 185 185 

Hispanic Refused 4 271.25 198.762 99.381 60 540 60 150 242.5 392.5 540 540 540 540 

Employment * 57 115.561 124.205 16.451 1 705 12 40 90 150 240 420 515 705 

Employment Full Time 107 149.075 178.633 17.269 1 810 5 30 75 210 450 540 720 765 

Employment Part Time 22 115 114.808 24.477 10 535 25 60 77.5 150 185 290 535 535 

Employment Not Employed 85 157.953 176.347 19.128 5 931 10 35 120 210 330 600 720 931 

Employment Refused 3 151.667 110.265 63.661 30 245 30 30 180 245 245 245 245 245 

Education * 65 129.492 133.447 16.552 1 705 15 45 90 160 270 420 535 705 

Education < High School 15 169.867 203.464 52.534 5 605 5 30 90 255 565 605 605 605 

Education High School Graduate 78 159.385 188.681 21.364 5 810 5 40 90 195 420 720 765 810 

Education < College 48 160.583 184.204 26.588 2 931 10 25 120 202.5 400 600 931 931 

Education College Graduate 39 146.744 150.808 24.149 10 555 10 30 70 210 450 510 555 555 

Education Post Graduate 29 73.138 66.272 12.306 1 245 10 30 60 100 210 210 245 245 

Census Region Northeast 90 115.611 118.744 12.517 5 555 10 40 72.5 150 250 400 540 555 

Census Region Midwest 123 129.024 146.939 13.249 2 765 10 30 90 180 270 510 605 630 

Census Region South 35 187.971 205.847 34.794 10 931 28 45 110 255 450 720 931 931 

Census Region West 26 234.423 247.688 48.576 1 810 1 30 165 325 705 720 810 810 

Day Of Week Weekday 178 135.331 159.404 11.948 1 810 10 30 82.5 180 315 535 720 765 

Day Of Week Weekend 96 154.792 169.263 17.275 5 931 10 50 97.5 190 450 540 600 931 

Season Winter 80 144.475 147.022 16.438 5 630 13.5 30 90 220.5 315 480 610 630 

Season Spring 65 174.215 196.783 24.408 1 931 5 60 105 210 490 555 810 931 

Season Summer 79 142.367 180.698 20.33 1 765 5 30 85 150 455 605 720 765 

Season Fall 50 96.4 83.08 11.749 5 332 10 30 60 145 240 255 301 332 

Asthma No 253 143.126 164.183 10.322 1 931 10 35 90 180 330 540 705 765 

Asthma Yes 20 124.65 150.961 33.756 1 510 5.5 16 72.5 177.5 382.5 510 510 510 

Asthma DK 1 245 * * 245 245 245 245 245 245 245 245 245 245 

Angina No 269 141.409 163.736 9.983 1 931 10 30 90 180 330 535 705 765 

Angina Yes 3 201.667 122.1 70.494 65 300 65 65 240 300 300 300 300 300 

Angina DK 2 152.5 130.815 92.5 60 245 60 60 152.5 245 245 245 245 245 

Bronchitis/Emphysema No 265 138.996 160.98 9.889 1 931 10 30 90 180 330 515 705 765 

Bronchitis/Emphysema Yes 8 233.75 214.172 75.721 20 605 20 67.5 180 375 605 605 605 605 

Bronchitis/Emphysema DK 1 245 * * 245 245 245 245 245 245 245 245 245 245 

Note: A "*" Signifies missing data. "DK" = The respondent replied "don't know". Refused = Refused data. N = doer sample size. Mean = Mean 24-hour 

cumulative number of minutes for doers. Stdev = standard deviation. Stderr = standard error. Min = minimum number of minutes. Max = maximum

number of minutes. Percentiles are the percentage of doers below or equal to a given number of minutes.

Source: Tsang and Klepeis, 1996.
Table 15-118. Statistics for 24-Hour Cumulative Number of Minutes Spent at Home in the Utility Room or Laundry Room 

Percentiles 

Group Name Group Code N Mean Stdev Stderr Min Max 5 25 50 75 90 95 98 99 

All 458 73.218 71.872 3.358 1 510 5 25 60 100 150 200 300 360 

Gender Male 70 78.443 95.687 11.437 1 510 5 20 60 90 167.5 345 360 510 

Gender Female 388 72.276 66.796 3.391 2 510 5 28 60 105 150 190 240 330 

Age (years) * 6 65.833 34.412 14.049 25 120 25 40 60 90 120 120 120 120 

Age (years) 1-4 3 75 116.94 67.515 5 210 5 5 10 210 210 210 210 210 

Age (years) 5-11 3 105.667 168.423 97.239 2 300 2 2 15 300 300 300 300 300 

Age (years) 12-17 8 55.5 77.107 27.261 1 240 1 17 33 52.5 240 240 240 240 

Age (years) 18-64 362 73.58 73.87 3.882 2 510 5 20 60 105 150 195 325 405 

Age (years) > 64 76 72.592 58.092 6.664 2 345 10 30 60 90 150 180 245 345 

Race White 400 69.243 65.801 3.29 2 510 5 25 60 90 150 180 258 352.5 

Race Black 35 100.514 103.238 17.45 1 510 5 20 60 135 240 300 510 510 

Race Asian 4 82.5 37.749 18.875 30 120 30 60 90 105 120 120 120 120 

Race Some Others 6 86.667 27.869 11.377 60 120 60 65 78 120 120 120 120 120 

Race Hispanic 10 95.9 78.827 24.927 4 225 4 20 105 120 217.5 225 225 225 

Race Refused 3 170 264.15 152.507 15 475 15 15 20 475 475 475 475 475 

Hispanic No 435 72.069 69.87 3.35 1 510 5 25 60 90 150 190 300 360 

Hispanic Yes 20 81.7 62.982 14.083 4 225 4.5 40 60 120 182.5 218 225 225 

Hispanic DK 1 55 * * 55 55 55 55 55 55 55 55 55 55 

Hispanic Refused 2 247.5 321.734 227.5 20 475 20 20 248 475 475 475 475 475 

Employment * 12 76.75 107.831 31.128 1 300 1 4 23 135 240 300 300 300 

Employment Full Time 206 69.184 78.438 5.465 2 510 5 20 60 90 135 203 360 405 

Employment Part Time 51 72.216 62.506 8.753 2 225 5 15 55 120 150 180 225 225 

Employment Not Employed 187 77.679 63.835 4.668 5 475 10 30 60 115 150 180 245 345 

Employment Refused 2 76 104.652 74 2 150 2 2 76 150 150 150 150 150 

Education * 17 72 90.881 22.042 1 300 1 10 35 90 240 300 300 300 

Education < High School 51 71.765 49.445 6.924 15 245 20 30 60 90 120 180 195 245 

Education High School Graduate 163 71.583 71.583 5.607 2 510 6 30 60 90 140 180 325 405 

Education < College 107 77.234 71.721 6.934 2 475 5 20 60 120 155 200 225 240 

Education College Gradutae 60 74.033 77.252 9.973 5 510 10 27 60 97.5 154 190 203 510 

Education Post Graduate 60 71.267 79.857 10.31 5 360 5 18 60 90 155 263 360 360 

Census Region Northeast 105 80.933 84.595 8.256 2 510 5 25 60 120 180 225 345 360 

Census Region Midwest 116 64.948 63.307 5.878 2 475 5 15 60 90 135 155 215 240 

Census Region South 151 72.695 69.541 5.659 1 510 10 30 60 90 150 210 245 330 

Census Region West 86 75.872 69.9 7.537 4 405 5 30 60 115 150 180 360 405 

Day Of Week Weekday 322 68.643 66.724 3.718 1 510 5 23 60 90 140 180 240 345 

Day Of Week Weekend 136 84.051 82.05 7.036 5 510 10 30 60 120 180 240 360 405 

Season Winter 145 75.248 80.989 6.726 1 510 5 17 60 90 165 215 360 475 

Season Spring 89 81.888 83.016 8.8 5 510 10 30 60 100 180 240 405 510 

Season Summer 132 69.25 60.815 5.293 2 360 5 25 60 120 135 155 240 325 

Season Fall 92 67.326 58.613 6.111 3 345 10 22 60 90 125 180 245 345 

Asthma No 432 73.764 73.182 3.521 1 510 5 25 60 105 150 200 325 360 

Asthma Yes 26 64.154 44.791 8.784 10 200 10 25 60 90 120 130 200 200 

Angina No 440 72.134 70.217 3.347 1 510 5 25 60 100 150 185 270 360 

Angina Yes 16 103.125 109.877 27.469 5 360 5 30 60 138 345 360 360 360 

Angina DK 2 72.5 17.678 12.5 60 85 60 60 73 85 85 85 85 85 

Bronchitis/emphysema No 428 73.276 73.484 3.552 1 510 5 24 60 105 150 200 325 360 

Bronchitis/emphysema Yes 30 72.4 43.498 7.942 10 200 15 45 60 90 125 150 200 200 

Note: A "*" Signifies missing data. "DK" = The respondent replied "don't know". Refused = Refused data. N = doer sample size. Mean = Mean 24-hour 

cumulative number of minutes for doers. Stdev = standard deviation. Stderr = standard error. Min = minimum number of minutes. Max = maximum 

number of minutes. Percentiles are the percentage of doers below or equal to a given number of minutes. 

Source: Tsang and Klepeis, 1996. 
Table 15-119. Statistics for 24-Hour Cumulative Number of Minutes Spent at Home in the Outdoor Pool or Spa 

Percentiles 

Category Population Group N Mean Stdev Stderr Min Max 5 25 50 75 90 95 98 99 

All 85 115.318 103.713 11.249 1 450 15 34 90 150 255 360 450 450 

Gender Male 34 113.676 106.758 18.309 5 450 10 45 75 150 258 360 450 450 

Gender Female 51 116.412 102.691 14.38 1 450 15 30 90 178 240 360 390 450 

Age (years) * 2 60 63.64 45 15 105 15 15 60 105 105 105 105 105 

Age (years) 1-4 9 85.556 86.329 28.776 15 255 15 30 60 75 255 255 255 255 

Age (years) 5-11 15 164.2 103.969 26.845 25 450 25 105 140 185 300 450 450 450 

Age (years) 12-17 5 97 53.805 24.062 40 180 40 60 100 105 180 180 180 180 

Age (years) 18-64 44 117.614 112.718 16.993 4 450 15 32 82.5 155 297 360 450 450 

Age (years) > 64 10 78.9 85.318 26.98 1 258 1 20 52.5 90 226.5 258 258 258 

Race White 75 120.893 107.723 12.439 1 450 15 34 90 180 258 360 450 450 

Race Black 5 66 59.729 26.711 10 150 10 20 45 105 150 150 150 150 

Race Some Others 1 105 * * 105 105 105 105 105 105 105 105 105 105 

Race Hispanic 2 112.5 53.033 37.5 75 150 75 75 112.5 150 150 150 150 150 

Race Refused 2 37.5 31.82 22.5 15 60 15 15 37.5 60 60 60 60 60 

Hispanic No 78 116.821 104.631 11.847 1 450 10 34 90 160 255 360 450 450 

Hispanic Yes 5 123 108.374 48.466 30 300 30 60 75 150 300 300 300 300 

Hispanic Refused 2 37.5 31.82 22.5 15 60 15 15 37.5 60 60 60 60 60 

Employment * 29 128.207 96.956 18.004 15 450 20 60 105 178 255 300 450 450 

Employment Full Time 27 111.889 102.499 19.726 4 390 10 30 90 150 297 360 390 390 

Employment Part Time 2 237.5 300.52 212.5 25 450 25 25 237.5 450 450 450 450 450 

Employment Not Employed 26 98.962 94.835 18.599 1 360 5 30 67.5 130 240 258 360 360 

Employment Refused 1 15 * * 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 

Education * 30 124.433 97.486 17.798 15 450 15 60 105 178 250 300 450 450 

Education < High School 8 109.375 155.367 54.93 5 450 5 15 37.5 157.5 450 450 450 450 

Education High School Graduate 15 150 130.516 33.699 1 390 1 45 105 240 360 390 390 390 

Education < College 17 80.529 66.66 16.167 4 240 4 30 75 90 225 240 240 240 

Education College Graduate 9 120.556 107.308 35.769 15 297 15 30 85 180 297 297 297 297 

Education Post Graduate 6 81.667 42.032 17.159 30 135 30 60 67.5 130 135 135 135 135 

Census Region Northeast 23 135.348 113.518 23.67 1 450 10 40 100 225 245 297 450 450 

Census Region Midwest 16 64.625 63.636 15.909 4 255 4 25 52.5 82.5 135 255 255 255 

Census Region South 23 114.696 78.499 16.368 15 390 20 60 105 150 185 210 390 390 

Census Region West 23 131.174 129.262 26.953 15 450 25 30 75 195 360 360 450 450 

Day Of Week Weekday 56 114.464 106.726 14.262 1 450 5 30 90 155 255 390 450 450 

Day Of Week Weekend 29 116.966 99.452 18.468 10 360 20 45 85 150 297 360 360 360 

Season Winter 10 118.9 159.415 50.412 4 450 4 20 30 135 405 450 450 450 

Season Spring 24 97.417 74.622 15.232 10 360 30 52.5 80 120 180 195 360 360 

Season Summer 47 124.511 104.25 15.206 1 450 15 40 90 185 255 300 450 450 

Season Fall 4 105.75 107.481 53.741 30 258 30 30 67.5 181.5 258 258 258 258 

Asthma No 73 109.89 105.481 12.346 1 450 10 30 75 140 255 360 450 450 

Asthma Yes 11 160.455 82.355 24.831 85 360 85 90 150 225 225 360 360 360 

Asthma DK 1 15 * * 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 

Angina No 84 116.512 103.746 11.32 1 450 15 37 90 155 255 360 450 450 

Angina DK 1 15 * * 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 

Bronchitis/Emphysema No 78 115.731 101.786 11.525 1 450 10 40 90 150 255 360 450 450 

Bronchitis/Emphysema Yes 6 126.667 137.792 56.253 15 360 15 25 67.5 225 360 360 360 360 

Bronchitis/Emphysema DK 1 15 * * 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 

Note: A "*" Signifies missing data. "DK" = The respondent replied "don't know". Refused = Refused data. N = doer sample size. Mean = Mean 24-hour 

cumulative number of minutes for doers. Stdev = standard deviation. Stderr = standard error. Min = minimum number of minutes. Max = maximum 

number of minutes. Percentiles are the percentage of doers below or equal to a given number of minutes. 

Source: Tsang and Klepeis, 1996. 
Table 15-120. Statistics for 24-Hour Cumulative Number of Minutes Spent at Home in the Yard or Other Areas Outside the House 

Percentiles 

Category Population Group N Mean Stdev Stderr Min Max 5 25 50 75 90 95 98 99 

All 2308 137.587 144.112 2.9997 1 1290 10 40 90 180 320 420 570 660 

Gender Male 1198 158.448 160.016 4.6231 1 1290 10 60 120 198 360 500 627 730 

Gender Female 1107 114.887 120.869 3.6328 1 1065 5 30 75 150 285 360 450 560 

Gender Refused 3 183.333 60.277 34.801 120 240 120 120 190 240 240 240 240 240 

Age (years) * 27 167.37 164.484 31.6549 2 600 5 60 120 230 395 600 600 600 

Age (years) 1-4 151 135.311 111.483 9.0723 5 630 25 60 90 180 305 345 450 480 

Age (years) 5-11 271 150.594 135.111 8.2074 2 1250 20 60 120 190 310 405 553 570 

Age (years) 12-17 157 113.153 117.746 9.3972 2 660 5 30 80 150 240 405 462 610 

Age (years) 18-64 1301 136.382 147.923 4.1011 1 1080 5 30 90 180 330 435 570 715 

Age (years) > 64 401 141.125 155.213 7.751 1 1290 10 45 90 180 302 465 598 660 

Race White 1966 139.037 145.534 3.2823 1 1290 10 40 90 180 330 435 570 670 

Race Black 173 128.416 144.607 10.9943 1 1250 5 30 95 180 270 390 462 745 

Race Asian 21 101.19 88.485 19.3091 12 360 15 35 90 125 210 240 360 360 

Race Some Others 37 183.541 161.858 26.6094 2 750 3 84 120 270 380 553 750 750 

Race Hispanic 83 106.108 96.781 10.6231 2 610 5 35 75 145 240 270 330 610 

Race Refused 28 152.321 151.049 28.5455 5 600 5 60 97.5 210 360 510 600 600 

Hispanic No 2122 137.711 144.33 3.1332 1 1290 10 40 90 180 320 420 570 670 

Hispanic Yes 153 125 134.265 10.8547 1 750 5 30 85 150 270 435 575 630 

Hispanic DK 10 213.8 192.232 60.7892 3 585 3 60 145 380 503 585 585 585 

Hispanic Refused 23 176.739 156.551 32.6431 5 600 5 60 160 240 360 510 600 600 

Employment * 581 137.501 125.562 5.2092 2 1250 15 60 110 180 300 370 480 570 

Employment Full Time 807 131.087 150.703 5.305 1 1080 5 30 80 175 307 450 600 745 

Employment Part Time 166 126.145 134.084 10.407 1 1080 10 30 77.5 180 300 360 450 485 

Employment Not Employed 739 146.097 149.672 5.5058 1 1290 10 45 100 185 360 465 585 655 

Employment Refused 15 198 239.029 61.7171 5 660 5 30 120 465 600 660 660 660 

Education * 615 136.348 125.656 5.0669 2 1250 15 60 105 180 300 370 480 570 

Education < High School 236 161.017 186.469 12.1381 2 1290 10 45 105 195 390 510 765 915 

Education High School Graduate 618 144.706 144.929 5.8299 1 840 5 40 100 195 360 479 555 660 

Education < College 381 128.843 141.194 7.2336 1 1080 5 35 85 175 300 400 585 720 

Education College Graduate 251 122.968 135.802 8.5717 1 750 10 30 75 160 300 390 575 690 

Education Post Graduate 207 127.126 149.975 10.424 1 1065 5 30 78 150 320 435 570 630 

Census Region Northeast 473 137.67 132.769 6.1047 1 750 10 45 90 185 317 420 532 600 

Census Region Midwest 456 138.853 155.656 7.2893 2 1290 10 45 90 180 300 440 575 690 

Census Region South 832 136.472 146.655 5.0843 1 1080 10 35 90 180 310 420 570 730 

Census Region West 547 138.155 139.946 5.9837 1 750 5 36 90 180 330 460 570 630 

Day Of Week Weekday 1453 126.919 131.579 3.4519 1 1250 5 35 90 165 300 395 553 610 

Day Of Week Weekend 855 155.716 161.693 5.5298 1 1290 10 45 110 210 360 475 630 745 

Season Winter 399 112.19 135.967 6.8068 1 1080 5 30 60 140 300 380 540 690 

Season Spring 787 149.738 139.245 4.9635 1 915 10 60 120 195 338 430 555 660 

Season Summer 796 143.681 155.886 5.5252 1 1290 10 45 99 180 330 450 610 715 

Season Fall 326 124.457 130.523 7.229 1 720 10 35 87.5 160 300 380 510 655 

Asthma No 2129 137.746 144.41 3.1297 1 1290 10 40 90 180 315 420 570 690 

Asthma Yes 166 131.566 136.006 10.5561 1 670 10 30 90 165 345 450 553 610 

Asthma DK 13 188.462 192.141 53.2904 5 600 5 60 90 300 480 600 600 600 

Angina No 2228 136.521 141.088 2.989 1 1290 10 41 90 180 315 420 570 660 

Angina Yes 63 158.683 216.341 27.2564 2 1080 5 30 75 180 420 485 1065 1080 

Angina DK 17 199.118 191.305 46.3983 5 600 5 35 120 325 480 600 600 600 

Bronchitis/Emphysema No 2191 138.793 144.994 3.0976 1 1290 10 45 90 180 320 430 570 690 

Bronchitis/Emphysema Yes 105 104.438 111.282 10.86 1 553 5 30 60 145 270 360 415 475 

Bronchitis/Emphysema DK 12 207.5 192.23 55.4919 5 600 5 60 140 330 480 600 600 600 

Note: A "*" Signifies missing data. "DK" = The respondent replied "don't know". Refused = Refused data. N = doer sample size. Mean = Mean 24-hour 

cumulative number of minutes for doers. Stdev = standard deviation. Stderr = standard error. Min = minimum number of minutes. Max = maximum

number of minutes. Percentiles are the percentage of doers below or equal to a given number of minutes.

Source: Tsang and Klepeis, 1996.
Table 15-121. Statistics for 24-Hour Cumulative Number of Minutes Spent Traveling in a Car 

Percentiles 

Category Population Group N Mean Stdev Stderr Min Max 5 25 50 75 90 95 98 99 

All 6560 87.4261 88.186 1.0888 1 1280 10 34 63 110 175 240 345 450 

Gender Male 2852 90.7398 97.337 1.8227 1 1280 10 30 63 115 185 254 360 526 

Gender Female 3706 84.9069 80.374 1.3203 1 878 10 35 63.5 110 165 220 335 420 

Gender Refused 2 30 14.142 10 20 40 20 20 30 40 40 40 40 40 

Age (years) * 120 94.025 90.218 8.2358 7 593 10 37.5 71.5 120 180 222.5 435 450 

Age (years) 1-4 297 63.0101 56.758 3.2934 2 390 10 25 45 80 135 180 235 270 

Age (years) 5-11 449 64.6325 81.08 3.8264 1 900 5 20 40 85 145 175 310 345 

Age (years) 12-17 393 64.8346 70.974 3.5802 1 630 9 20 41 80 136 185 300 380 

Age (years) 18-64 4489 93.8278 92.302 1.3776 1 1280 13 40 70 120 184 250 360 495 

Age (years) > 64 812 83.5283 79.436 2.7877 4 780 10 30 60 110 165 225 315 405 

Race White 5337 87.6283 89.72 1.2281 1 1280 10 31 64 110 175 240 360 460 

Race Black 640 86.8063 74.343 2.9387 1 690 10 35 65 115 180 240 305 330 

Race Asian 117 78.7607 66.315 6.1309 5 360 20 35 60 95 135 225 320 330 

Race Some Others 121 87.6942 84.48 7.68 3 540 10 30 60 120 180 250 330 345 

Race Hispanic 265 90.0717 101.474 6.2335 2 825 15 35 65 100 165 235 465 620 

Race Refused 80 82.4 73.314 8.1967 5 420 12 30 60 120 167.5 229.5 315 420 

Hispanic No 5987 87.4657 87.603 1.1322 1 1280 10 35 65 110 175 240 345 440 

Hispanic Yes 477 88.543 97.206 4.4507 2 825 10 30 60 103 180 240 388 595 

Hispanic DK 29 63.8966 73.131 13.5801 5 325 6 20 40 60 187 200 325 325 

Hispanic Refused 67 86.1194 78.361 9.5733 5 420 14 30 60 120 180 239 315 420 

Employment * 1124 64.2482 72.331 2.1575 1 900 5 20 45 81 136 180 270 345 

Employment Full Time 3134 93.5568 92.167 1.6464 2 1280 15 40 70 120 180 242 360 490 

Employment Part Time 632 90.0506 81.969 3.2605 2 878 10 40 70 116.5 175 230 330 384 

Employment Not Employed 1629 90.3603 90.224 2.2354 1 780 10 35 60 115 195 250 365 465 

Employment Refused 41 97.1707 83.994 13.1176 10 330 15 30 75 120 220 290 330 330 

Education * 1260 66.531 72.305 2.0369 1 900 6 21 45 85 145 186.5 270 350 

Education < High School 434 86.0115 82.143 3.943 5 620 10 35 60 115 165 210 360 455 

Education High School Graduate 1805 91.8476 91.088 2.144 1 870 10 38 65 115 190 255 385 465 

Education < College 1335 93.2427 94.302 2.581 2 1280 10 36 70 120 180 250 380 460 

Education College Graduate 992 95.6683 95.468 3.0311 4 840 14 40 73 120 185 250 370 580 

Education Post Graduate 734 91.5395 82.009 3.027 4 905 20 40 75 115 175 235 330 380 

Census Region Northeast 1412 85.8343 83.847 2.2314 1 780 10 33 60 110 170 240 330 410 

Census Region Midwest 1492 89.0992 86.623 2.2426 4 825 10 35 65 112.5 180 250 360 465 

Census Region South 2251 88.2625 89.347 1.8832 1 900 10 34 65 115 175 235 338 490 

Census Region West 1405 85.9089 92.167 2.4589 2 1280 10 30 60 110 175 235 345 435 

Day Of Week Weekday 4427 83.9248 85.023 1.2779 1 905 10 30 60 105 165 225 330 440 

Day Of Week Weekend 2133 94.6929 94.018 2.0357 1 1280 10 35 70 120 190 265 360 455 

Season Winter 1703 83.4692 82.128 1.9902 1 870 10 30 60 105 165 230 350 425 

Season Spring 1735 88.589 91.537 2.1976 1 905 10 30 60 110 180 250 380 480 

Season Summer 1767 88.0266 86.471 2.0571 1 900 10 35 65 115 170 235 330 450 

Season Fall 1355 90.1269 93.173 2.5312 1 1280 10 35 70 115 170 240 335 545 

Asthma No 6063 87.4143 88.032 1.1306 1 1280 10 34 63 110 175 240 350 450 

Asthma Yes 463 88.2419 92.088 4.2797 4 870 15 34 64 110 165 245 345 505 

Asthma DK 34 78.4118 57.362 9.8376 10 239 10 30 71 100 160 220 239 239 

Angina No 6368 87.54 88.695 1.1115 1 1280 10 34 63.5 110 175 240 350 450 

Angina Yes 154 82.1753 68.568 5.5254 8 365 10 30 60 115 162 214 285 320 

Angina DK 38 89.6053 72.877 11.8221 10 360 10 35 73.5 120 180 239 360 360 

Bronchitis/Emphysema No 6224 87.5517 88.855 1.1263 1 1280 10 34 62 110 175 240 350 450 

Bronchitis/Emphysema Yes 300 85.5833 76.155 4.3968 1 505 10 35 68.5 109 185 237.5 305 435 

Bronchitis/Emphysema DK 36 81.0556 63.142 10.5237 5 239 10 30 71 120 175 220 239 239 

Note: A "*" Signifies missing data. "DK" = The respondent replied "don't know". Refused = Refused data. N = doer sample size. Mean = Mean 24-hour 

cumulative number of minutes for doers. Stdev = standard deviation. Stderr = standard error. Min = minimum number of minutes. Max = maximum 

number of minutes. Percentiles are the percentage of doers below or equal to a given number of minutes. 

Source: Tsang and Klepeis, 1996. 
Table 15-122. Statistics for 24-Hour Cumulative Number of Minutes Spent Traveling in a Truck (Pick-up/Van) 

Percentiles 

Group Name Group Code N Mean Stdev Stderr Min Max 5 25 50 75 90 95 98 99 

All 1172 85.3 95.867 2.8003 1 955 10 30 60 110 180 240 395 478 

Gender Male 760 91.097 105.368 3.8221 1 955 10 30 60 115 190 265 450 620 

Gender Female 412 74.607 74.197 3.6554 1 510 10 25 55 95 165 220 300 355 

Age (years) * 13 110.769 129.178 35.8274 10 450 10 35 60 90 300 450 450 450 

Age (years) 1-4 41 80.829 154.295 24.0969 1 955 10 15 35 70 206 210 955 955 

Age (years) 5-11 89 47.607 44.208 4.6861 1 240 7 15 30 65 110 130 180 240 

Age (years) 12-17 80 66.763 71.084 7.9475 5 352 5.5 15 37 93.5 180 222.5 265 352 

Age (years) 18-64 859 91.42 97.968 3.3426 2 750 10 30 60 115 189 260 440 555 

Age (years) > 64 90 79 82.42 8.6878 10 453 12 30 48.5 105 185 265 390 453 

Race White 1022 84.717 96.222 3.0099 1 955 10 30 60 110 180 235 390 510 

Race Black 68 91.294 98.465 11.9406 6 453 14 27.5 62.5 105.5 220 295 450 453 

Race Asian 3 138.333 63.311 36.5529 90 210 90 90 115 210 210 210 210 210 

Race Some Others 20 67.2 48.46 10.836 5 165 7.5 25 62.5 102.5 137 154.5 165 165 

Race Hispanic 48 92.792 99.31 14.3341 5 440 10 27.5 60 120 224 330 440 440 

Race Refused 11 88.182 110.754 33.3935 10 390 10 30 60 65 190 390 390 390 

Hispanic No 1069 85.112 95.567 2.9229 1 955 10 30 60 110 180 240 390 478 

Hispanic Yes 87 89.103 100.75 10.8015 5 630 5 29 60 115 210 230 440 630 

Hispanic DK 5 58 36.187 16.1833 20 97 20 20 68 85 97 97 97 97 

Hispanic Refused 11 85.909 111.643 33.6615 10 390 10 30 35 65 190 390 390 390 

Employment * 205 60.176 86.416 6.0355 1 955 7 15 30 75 146 185 240 265 

Employment Full Time 642 93.288 101.354 4.0001 4 750 10 30 60 120 192 270 450 555 

Employment Part Time 97 89.351 88.958 9.0323 2 460 6 30 60 120 190 270 450 460 

Employment Not Employed 217 83.032 85.775 5.8228 5 655 10 30 60 110 180 235 300 355 

Employment Refused 11 96.364 114.26 34.4508 10 390 10 30 35 170 190 390 390 390 

Education * 230 64.043 86.936 5.7324 1 955 7 15 35 85 160 206 245 352 

Education < High School 119 90.471 81.711 7.4904 5 453 14 35 60 120 195 280 295 450 

Education High School Graduate 392 87.594 94.724 4.7843 2 675 10 30 60 115 185 255 450 510 

Education < College 238 91.992 111.776 7.2454 4 750 10 30 60 110 190 290 555 655 

Education College Graduate 127 85.228 74.586 6.6184 5 370 15 30 60 110 180 230 345 355 

Education Post Graduate 66 112.439 117.975 14.5217 10 650 10 35 80 135 220 412 445 650 

Census Region Northeast 170 85.365 104.161 7.9888 2 695 10 20 50 110 186 260 445 630 

Census Region Midwest 268 91.209 94.43 5.7682 1 750 10 30 60 118.5 205 245 390 460 

Census Region South 491 87.279 100.099 4.5174 4 955 10 30 60 111 180 235 445 595 

Census Region West 243 74.741 81.299 5.2153 5 478 10 23 52 90 160 235 395 440 

Day Of Week Weekday 796 80.083 90.569 3.2101 1 750 10 30 55 101 170 230 375 510 

Day Of Week Weekend 376 96.346 105.493 5.4404 2 955 12 30 60.5 120 192 280 430 460 

Season Winter 322 78.543 91.604 5.1049 1 955 10 29 51 95 170 220 355 445 

Season Spring 300 92.477 100.164 5.783 1 695 10 30 60 120 208 267.5 442.5 549 

Season Summer 323 86.133 99.255 5.5227 2 750 10 30 60 110 180 233 430 595 

Season Fall 227 84.216 90.861 6.0306 5 675 10 30 60 105 165 265 395 465 

Asthma No 1092 85.288 93.452 2.828 1 750 10 30 60 110 184 240 412 478 

Asthma Yes 72 83.639 125.252 14.7611 5 955 10 20 46 115 170 235 395 955 

Asthma DK 8 101.875 129.668 45.8446 10 390 10 20 60 127.5 390 390 390 390 

Angina No 1142 84.868 95.219 2.8177 1 955 10 30 60 110 180 235 395 475 

Angina Yes 20 93.4 116.003 25.939 5 555 7.5 37.5 70 103 140.5 350.5 555 555 

Angina DK 10 118.5 128.583 40.6615 10 390 10 30 60 190 340 390 390 390 

Bronchitis/Emphysema No 1128 85.469 96.579 2.8756 1 955 10 30 60 110 180 240 412 478 

Bronchitis/Emphysema Yes 35 77.8 60.527 10.2308 5 240 5 30 60 120 165 220 240 240 

Bronchitis/Emphysema DK 9 93.333 123.92 41.3068 10 390 10 20 60 65 390 390 390 390 

Note: A "*" Signifies missing data. "DK" = The respondent replied "don't know". Refused = Refused data. N = doer sample size. Mean = Mean 24-hour 

cumulative number of minutes for doers. Stdev = standard deviation. Stderr = standard error. Min = minimum number of minutes. Max = maximum 

number of minutes. Percentiles are the percentage of doers below or equal to a given number of minutes. 

Source: Tsang and Klepeis, 1996. 
Table 15-123. Statistics for 24-Hour Cumulative Number of Minutes Spent Traveling on a Motorcycle, Moped, or Scooter 

Percentiles 

Category Population Group N Mean Stdev Stderr Min Max 5 25 50 75 90 95 98 99 

All 32 100.125 152.222 26.909 1 535 5 25 31 98 375 510 535 535 

Gender Male 29 104.276 158.322 29.4 1 535 5 25 32 80 485 510 535 535 

Gender Female 3 60 74.666 43.108 5 145 5 5 30 145 145 145 145 145 

Age (years) 5-11 2 42.5 53.033 37.5 5 80 5 5 42.5 80 80 80 80 80 

Age (years) 12-17 1 180 * * 180 180 180 180 180 180 180 180 180 180 

Age (years) 18-64 28 103.893 160.69 30.367 1 535 5 25 31 90.5 485 510 535 535 

Age (years) > 64 1 30 * * 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 

Race White 31 101.516 154.532 27.755 1 535 5 25 30 116 375 510 535 535 

Race Black 1 57 * * 57 57 57 57 57 57 57 57 57 57 

Hispanic No 31 102.387 154.191 27.693 1 535 5 25 32 116 375 510 535 535 

Hispanic Yes 1 30 * * 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 

Employment * 3 88.333 87.797 50.69 5 180 5 5 80 180 180 180 180 180 

Employment Full Time 23 62.783 100.105 20.873 1 485 5 25 30 57 142 145 485 485 

Employment Not Employed 6 249.167 251.663 102.741 10 535 10 30 205 510 535 535 535 535 

Education * 3 88.333 87.797 50.69 5 180 5 5 80 180 180 180 180 180 

Education < High School 3 305 247.538 142.916 30 510 30 30 375 510 510 510 510 510 

Education High School Graduate 15 95.667 170.645 44.06 1 535 1 25 30 57 485 535 535 535 

Education < College 6 45.833 49.54 20.224 10 145 10 20 32.5 35 145 145 145 145 

Education College Graduate 4 70.5 51.423 25.712 20 142 20 37.5 60 103.5 142 142 142 142 

Education Post Graduate 1 32 * * 32 32 32 32 32 32 32 32 32 32 

Census Region Northeast 6 24.167 8.01 3.27 10 30 10 20 27.5 30 30 30 30 30 

Census Region Midwest 12 191.583 216.501 62.499 1 535 1 28 68.5 430 510 535 535 535 

Census Region South 6 67.167 66.764 27.256 5 180 5 32 35 116 180 180 180 180 

Census Region West 8 44.625 44.654 15.788 5 142 5 15 30 60 142 142 142 142 

Day Of Week Weekday 21 71.333 110.425 24.097 5 510 5 25 32 65 145 180 510 510 

Day Of Week Weekend 11 155.091 205.865 62.071 1 535 1 20 30 375 485 535 535 535 

Season Winter 5 124 230.011 102.864 5 535 5 20 25 35 535 535 535 535 

Season Spring 12 121.833 153.631 44.349 1 485 1 28 43.5 143.5 375 485 485 485 

Season Summer 8 55.875 52.267 18.479 20 180 20 30 33.5 60 180 180 180 180 

Season Fall 7 96.429 184.249 69.639 5 510 5 5 30 80 510 510 510 510 

Asthma No 30 85.1 134.187 24.499 1 510 5 25 30 65 277.5 485 510 510 

Asthma Yes 2 325.5 296.278 209.5 116 535 116 116 325.5 535 535 535 535 535 

Angina No 31 102.387 154.191 27.693 1 535 5 25 32 116 375 510 535 535 

Angina Yes 1 30 * * 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 

Bronchitis/Emphysema No 31 101.516 154.532 27.755 1 535 5 25 30 116 375 510 535 535 

Bronchitis/Emphysema Yes 1 57 * * 57 57 57 57 57 57 57 57 57 57 

Note: A "*" Signifies missing data. N = doer sample size. Mean = Mean 24-hour cumulative number of minutes for doers. Stdev = standard deviation. 

Stderr = standard error. Min = minimum number of minutes. Max = maximum number of minutes. Percentiles are the percentage of doers below or equal

to a given number of minutes.

Source: Tsang and Klepeis, 1996.
Table 15-124. Statistics for 24-Hour Cumulative Number of Minutes Spent Traveling in Other Trucks 

Percentiles 

Category Population Group N Mean Stdev Stderr Min Max 5 25 50 75 90 95 98 99 

All 124 135.121 235.635 21.16 1 1440 5 25 48 107.5 270 690 960 1080 

Gender Male 80 174.888 283.085 31.65 1 1440 5 27 60 139 640 772.5 1080 1440 

Gender Female 44 62.818 57.438 8.659 1 270 5 20 45 90 145 180 270 270 

Age (years) * 1 35 * * 35 35 35 35 35 35 35 35 35 35 

Age (years) 1-4 4 79 26.47 13.235 46 105 46 58 82.5 100 105 105 105 105 

Age (years) 5-11 9 37.875 28.002 9.9 10 95 10 18.5 30 50.5 95 95 95 95 

Age (years) 12-17 7 116.857 83.071 31.398 10 250 10 60 90 195 250 250 250 250 

Age (years) 18-64 96 153.24 263.424 26.886 1 1440 5 22.5 45 117 600 750 1080 1440 

Age (years) > 64 9 71.5 57.887 20.466 18 186 18 25 60 99 186 186 186 186 

Race White 110 1440 242.807 23.151 1 1440 5 25 60 120 412.5 735 960 1080 

Race Black 8 46.125 36.314 12.839 10 100 10 15 32.5 82 100 100 100 100 

Race Asian 1 40 * * 40 40 40 40 40 40 40 40 40 40 

Race Some Others 1 95 * * 95 95 95 95 95 95 95 95 95 95 

Race Hispanic 3 246.333 366.947 211.86 29 670 29 29 40 670 670 670 670 670 

Race Refused 1 35 * * 35 35 35 35 35 35 35 35 35 35 

Hispanic No 113 133.673 240.595 22.633 1 1440 5 20 45 100 270 735 960 1080 

Hispanic Yes 9 170 200.709 66.903 29 670 29 41 105 180 670 670 670 670 

Hispanic DK 1 85 * * 85 85 85 85 85 85 85 85 85 85 

Hispanic Refused 1 35 * * 35 35 35 35 35 35 35 35 35 35 

Employment * 18 79.278 63.15 14.885 10 250 10 35 65 95 195 250 250 250 

Employment Full Time 79 168.468 286.399 32.222 1 1440 5 20 45 114 670 795 1080 1440 

Employment Part Time 6 96 103.894 42.415 2 255 2 5 55 180 255 255 255 255 

Employment Not Employed 19 75.105 57.278 13.14 10 186 10 25 75 120 180 186 186 186 

Employment Refused 2 20 21.213 15 5 35 5 5 20 35 35 35 35 35 

Education * 21 70.333 62.607 13.662 5 250 10 25 60 95 138 195 250 250 

Education < High School 10 389 505.656 159.9 5 1440 5 25 45 750 1117.5 1440 1440 1440 

Education High School Graduate 48 156.958 257.81 37.212 1 1080 5 19 52.5 130 610 690 1080 1080 

Education < College 24 116.25 124.385 25.39 29 600 32 42.5 77.5 120 255 270 600 600 

Education College Graduate 10 53 53.24 16.836 10 180 10 15 30 90 135 180 180 180 

Education Post Graduate 11 48.545 55.111 16.617 1 186 1 15 30 78 103 186 186 186 

Census Region Northeast 28 119.179 237.794 44.939 2 1080 5 27.5 45.5 90 180 795 1080 1080 

Census Region Midwest 36 189.194 318.577 53.096 1 1440 5 17 45 197.5 600 960 1440 1440 

Census Region South 42 100.595 151.868 23.434 1 750 5 22 55 114 186 205 750 750 

Census Region West 18 132.333 194.344 45.807 10 670 10 35 67.5 105 610 670 670 670 

Day Of Week Weekday 82 134.793 197.96 21.861 1 795 5 25 60 120 555 670 750 795 

Day Of Week Weekend 42 135.762 298.573 46.071 1 1440 5 18 45 75 250 960 1440 1440 

Season Winter 36 126.444 219.584 36.597 5 1080 10 26 53 92.5 270 670 1080 1080 

Season Spring 29 199.793 350.125 65.017 1 1440 5 15 35 180 795 960 1440 1440 

Season Summer 38 87.447 125.316 20.329 2 750 5 32 60 95 195 255 750 750 

Season Fall 21 146.952 213.871 46.67 1 735 15 30 74 120 600 600 735 735 

Asthma No 116 133.69 238.543 22.148 1 1440 5 21 48 104 270 735 960 1080 

Asthma Yes 7 173.143 210.169 79.436 32 610 32 35 60 250 610 610 610 610 

Asthma DK 1 35 * * 35 35 35 35 35 35 35 35 35 35 

Angina No 120 138.725 238.702 21.79 1 1440 5 25 60 112 412.5 712.5 960 1080 

Angina Yes 3 24.333 13.65 7.881 15 40 15 15 18 40 40 40 40 40 

Angina DK 1 35 * * 35 35 35 35 35 35 35 35 35 35 

Bronchitis/Emphysema No 116 135.612 242.76 22.54 1 1440 5 23.5 45 101.5 555 735 960 1080 

Bronchitis/Emphysema Yes 7 141.286 83.38 31.515 18 250 18 60 180 195 250 250 250 250 

Bronchitis/Emphysema DK 1 35 * * 35 35 35 35 35 35 35 35 35 35 

Note: A "*" Signifies missing data. "DK" = The respondent replied "don't know". Refused = Refused data. N = doer sample size. Mean = Mean 24-hour 

cumulative number of minutes for doers. Stdev = standard deviation. Stderr = standard error. Min = minimum number of minutes. Max = maximum 

number of minutes. Percentiles are the percentage of doers below or equal to a given number of minutes. 

Source: Tsang and Klepeis, 1996. 
Table 15-125. Statistics for 24-Hour Cumulative Number of Minutes Spent Traveling on a Bus 

Percentiles 

Category Population Group N Mean Stdev Stderr Min Max 5 25 50 75 90 95 98 99 

All 469 74.648 93.532 4.3189 2 945 10 30 55 90 125 180 435 570 

Gender Male 219 77.251 104.119 7.0357 5 945 10 30 55 90 135 180 460 570 

Gender Female 250 72.368 83.306 5.2688 2 640 15 30 55 90 120 175 420 501 

Age (years) * 14 145 167.177 44.68 10 605 10 60 100 140 435 605 605 605 

Age (years) 1-4 5 56 40.218 17.986 15 120 15 30 55 60 120 120 120 120 

Age (years) 5-11 133 48.383 29.431 2.552 5 140 10 25 43 67 90 110 120 122 

Age (years) 12-17 143 59.413 46.343 3.8754 7 370 10 30 54 75 110 135 179 225 

Age (years) 18-64 147 96.639 128.354 10.587 2 945 10 30 60 110 180 405 640 690 

Age (years) > 64 27 131.963 144.641 27.836 10 570 20 45 73 130 435 460 570 570 

Race White 311 70.071 89.462 5.0729 2 945 10 30 54 80 120 147 405 501 

Race Black 101 85.178 92.396 9.1937 5 570 15 35 60 110 140 185 460 468 

Race Asian 15 58 58.487 15.101 5 175 5 20 20 120 155 175 175 175 

Race Some Others 14 107.143 176.48 47.166 20 690 20 30 42.5 100 225 690 690 690 

Race Hispanic 24 65.542 71.515 14.598 15 370 20 30 42.5 87 90 120 370 370 

Race Refused 4 168 196.195 98.098 10 435 10 21 113.5 315 435 435 435 435 

Hispanic No 415 72.839 86.077 4.2253 2 945 10 30 55 90 125 165 420 468 

Hispanic Yes 46 83.913 138.922 20.483 7 690 15 30 37.5 85 145 370 690 690 

Hispanic DK 2 47.5 10.607 7.5 40 55 40 40 47.5 55 55 55 55 55 

Hispanic Refused 6 137.833 159.631 65.169 10 435 10 32 77.5 195 435 435 435 435 

Employment * 274 54.018 39.364 2.3781 5 370 10 29 49.5 70 100 120 150 179 

Employment Full Time 95 122.579 168.8 17.319 5 945 10 30 60 120 405 570 690 945 

Employment Part Time 34 83.265 79.298 13.6 2 468 10 40 60 100 135 185 468 468 

Employment Not Employed 61 80.262 69.212 8.8617 5 460 10 30 65 120 135 165 205 460 

Employment Refused 5 167.4 169.916 75.989 10 435 10 32 165 195 435 435 435 435 

Education * 295 55.302 44.964 2.6179 5 435 10 29 49 70 100 120 155 225 

Education < High School 25 120.4 124.272 24.854 10 570 30 45 90 135 195 405 570 570 

Education High School Graduate 57 111.579 116.718 15.46 10 501 20 45 73 120 225 435 468 501 

Education < College 38 108.842 133.431 21.645 10 640 20 40 75 120 195 605 640 640 

Education College Graduate 30 84.633 128.087 23.385 2 690 5 30 60 90 130 300 690 690 

Education Post Graduate 24 110.458 199.236 40.669 5 945 10 29 60 101.5 125 460 945 945 

Census Region Northeast 145 77.062 75.41 6.2624 7 435 15 30 60 95 135 180 435 435 

Census Region Midwest 102 69.676 103.283 10.227 2 945 10 30 55 85 120 125 175 468 

Census Region South 142 71.718 82.846 6.9523 5 570 10 30 50 80 135 180 460 501 

Census Region West 80 81.813 124.342 13.902 5 690 12.5 30 41.5 90 127.5 297.5 640 690 

Day Of Week Weekday 426 70.61 84.646 4.1011 2 690 10 30 50 85 120 165 435 501 

Day Of Week Weekend 43 114.651 152.229 23.215 10 945 20 45 90 120 180 300 945 945 

Season Winter 158 78.285 98.116 7.8057 5 690 10 30 58 90 125 180 435 605 

Season Spring 140 61.636 53.541 4.525 2 460 10 30 50 75 120 137.5 205 225 

Season Summer 94 86.617 116.695 12.036 5 945 10 30 60 95 155 225 435 945 

Season Fall 77 76.234 107.505 12.251 5 640 10 30 50 80 125 175 570 640 

Asthma No 413 76.448 96.792 4.7628 2 945 10 30 55 90 125 180 435 570 

Asthma Yes 50 55.36 39.329 5.562 5 195 10 30 47.5 71 115 135 165 195 

Asthma DK 6 111.5 161.48 65.924 10 435 10 32 46 100 435 435 435 435 

Angina No 459 73.373 91.312 4.2621 2 945 10 30 55 90 125 179 420 570 

Angina Yes 4 168.75 182.683 91.341 20 435 20 60 110 277.5 435 435 435 435 

Angina DK 6 109.5 162.362 66.284 10 435 10 30 41 100 435 435 435 435 

Bronchitis/Emphysema No 442 74.814 94.281 4.4845 2 945 10 30 55 90 125 180 435 570 

Bronchitis/Emphysema Yes 19 58.158 39.881 9.1493 10 155 10 30 55 65 125 155 155 155 

Bronchitis/Emphysema DK 8 104.625 137.907 48.757 10 435 10 28.5 67.5 100 435 435 435 435 

Note: A "*" Signifies missing data. "DK" = The respondent replied "don't know". Refused = Refused data. N = doer sample size. Mean = Mean 24-hour 

cumulative number of minutes for doers. Stdev = standard deviation. Stderr = standard error. Min = minimum number of minutes. Max = maximum 

number of minutes. Percentiles are the percentage of doers below or equal to a given number of minutes. 

Source: Tsang and Klepeis, 1996. 
Table 15-126. Statistics for 24-Hour Cumulative Number of Minutes Spent Walking 

Percentiles 

Category Population Group N Mean Stdev Stderr Min Max 5 25 50 75 90 95 98 99 

All 1639 29.6718 41.617 1.028 1 540 2 6 16 39 65 95 151 190 

Gender Male 755 32.4781 48.2611 1.7564 1 540 2 7 20 40 70 100 170 270 

Gender Female 883 27.2831 34.8259 1.172 1 360 2 6 15 35 60 94 140 171 

Gender Refused 1 20 * * 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 

Age (years) * 38 29.5263 23.7416 3.8514 1 100 2 10 25 40 60 80 100 100 

Age (years) 1-4 58 24.3276 26.3268 3.4569 1 160 2 10 15 35 60 60 70 160 

Age (years) 5-11 155 18.2129 21.0263 1.6889 1 170 1 5 10 25 40 60 65 100 

Age (years) 12-17 223 25.8341 32.3753 2.168 1 190 2 6 15 30 60 100 135 151 

Age (years) 18-64 944 31.8252 44.9705 1.4637 1 410 2 6 18.5 40 70 110 171 250 

Age (years) > 64 221 33.81 49.3278 3.3181 1 540 2 10 20 45 73 95 155 180 

Race White 1289 29.5912 43.6801 1.2166 1 540 2 6 15 35 65 100 160 225 

Race Black 175 34.8114 39.7274 3.0031 1 250 2 10 20 50 75 125 160 194 

Race Asian 36 26.5556 24.6535 4.1089 1 100 1 10 20 30 60 78 100 100 

Race Some Others 30 23.7667 21.2192 3.8741 1 60 1 6 17 43 60 60 60 60 

Race Hispanic 88 23.0795 21.1058 2.2499 1 100 2 5.5 15 37 50 60 92 100 

Race Refused 21 33.1905 32.9555 7.1915 4 150 8 15 20 40 65 65 150 150 

Hispanic No 1467 29.8718 41.0288 1.0712 1 410 2 6 16 40 65 100 155 194 

Hispanic Yes 144 26.8403 48.7064 4.0589 1 540 2 5.5 15 35 60 70 100 135 

Hispanic DK 10 30.2 28.8359 9.1187 2 80 2 10 17.5 55 77.5 80 80 80 

Hispanic Refused 18 35.7222 34.7847 8.1988 8 150 8 15 25 55 65 150 150 150 

Employment * 431 22.768 28.0141 1.3494 1 190 2 5 13 30 55 65 131 151 

Employment Full Time 561 30.9519 43.7734 1.8481 1 365 2 7 16 40 70 100 180 250 

Employment Part Time 153 26.8693 37.1231 3.0012 1 295 2 5 15 35 60 92 135 165 

Employment Not Employed 482 35.5249 49.4109 2.2506 1 540 2 10 20 50 75 120 150 250 

Employment Refused 12 18.4167 13.4601 3.8856 5 55 5 10 16.5 20 30 55 55 55 

Education * 472 22.6737 27.6375 1.2721 1 190 2 5 13 30 55 65 130 151 

Education < High School 138 42.7174 71.9429 6.1242 1 540 3 7 20 50 115 145 360 365 

Education High School Graduate 366 29.2596 41.5618 2.1725 1 410 2 5 18 35 65 100 150 240 

Education < College 288 32.5313 39.3063 2.3161 1 295 2 9.5 20 45 75 100 160 180 

Education College Graduate 210 29.7667 38.813 2.6784 1 300 2 8 18.5 40 60 90 140 225 

Education Post Graduate 165 34.5818 44.6107 3.4729 1 360 2 10 20 45 80 95 180 200 

Census Region Northeast 507 34.9172 45.2549 2.0098 1 365 2 10 20 45 75 107 170 250 

Census Region Midwest 321 29.271 46.8743 2.6163 1 540 2 6 15 31 60 105 160 180 

Census Region South 423 24.9976 37.6654 1.8314 1 410 2 5 10 30 60 80 135 171 

Census Region West 388 28.2448 35.029 1.7783 1 285 2 8 15 40 60 90 140 180 

Day Of Week Weekday 1182 29.2902 39.1911 1.1399 1 540 2 7 18 40 65 92 145 180 

Day Of Week Weekend 457 30.6586 47.3511 2.215 1 410 2 5 15 35 60 120 171 200 

Season Winter 412 32.3034 47.7062 2.3503 1 365 2 6 20 38.5 75 120 180 250 

Season Spring 459 28.854 41.54 1.9389 1 540 2 6 16 35 60 90 146 180 

Season Summer 475 26.6084 31.325 1.4373 1 270 2 6 15 35 60 85 123 160 

Season Fall 293 32.2184 46.6936 2.7279 1 410 2 8 20 45 61 105 155 295 

Asthma No 1504 29.6011 41.9939 1.0828 1 540 2 6 16 35.5 65 95 152 190 

Asthma Yes 120 29.7417 38.3451 3.5004 1 250 2 5 15 40 70 117.5 135 150 

Asthma DK 15 36.2 27.8162 7.1821 5 90 5 10 30 60 75 90 90 90 

Angina No 1578 29.5076 41.4718 1.044 1 540 2 6 16 38 65 95 151 190 

Angina Yes 44 29 36.0633 5.4367 2 150 4 6 14.5 36 60 115 150 150 

Angina DK 17 46.6471 63.1456 15.3151 5 270 5 10 30 60 90 270 270 270 

Bronchitis/Emphysema No 1553 29.7173 42.1023 1.0684 1 540 2 6 16 38 65 95 151 194 

Bronchitis/Emphysema Yes 67 26.9851 31.8774 3.8944 1 165 2 5 16 40 60 90 130 165 

Bronchitis/Emphysema DK 19 35.4211 31.3658 7.1958 3 110 3 10 30 60 90 110 110 110 

Note: A "*" Signifies missing data. "DK" = The respondent replied "don't know". Refused = Refused data. N = doer sample size. Mean = Mean 24-hour 

cumulative number of minutes for doers. Stdev = standard deviation. Stderr = standard error. Min = minimum number of minutes. Max = maximum 

number of minutes. Percentiles are the percentage of doers below or equal to a given number of minutes. 

Source: Tsang and Klepeis, 1996. 
Table 15-127. Statistics for 24-Hour Cumulative Number of Minutes Spent Traveling on a Bicycle/Skateboard/Rollerskate 

Percentiles 

Group Name Group Code N Mean Stdev Stderr Min Max 5 25 50 75 90 95 98 99 

All 115 45.1217 53.35 4.9749 1 400 5 11 30 60 102 151 195 205 

Gender Male 82 43.2073 56.113 6.1966 1 400 5 10 27.5 50 90 120 195 400 

Gender Female 33 49.8788 46.228 8.0472 5 205 5 15 45 60 105 165 205 205 

Age (years) * 2 15 7.071 5 10 20 10 10 15 20 20 20 20 20 

Age (years) 1-4 2 20 14.142 10 10 30 10 10 20 30 30 30 30 30 

Age (years) 5-11 18 40.2778 52.985 12.4886 1 195 1 10 15 55 151 195 195 195 

Age (years) 12-17 33 31.9697 27.929 4.8618 2 115 5 10 25 45 65 102 115 115 

Age (years) 18-64 53 53.2264 62.916 8.6422 5 400 5 20 30 65 105 165 180 400 

Age (years) > 64 7 74 67.295 25.4353 23 205 23 25 35 110 205 205 205 205 

Race White 98 46.7245 56.914 5.7492 1 400 5 11 30 60 110 165 205 400 

Race Black 7 41.1429 21.737 8.2156 5 65 5 25 50 60 65 65 65 65 

Race Asian 2 6 1.414 1 5 7 5 5 6 7 7 7 7 7 

Race Some Others 4 47.5 23.629 11.8145 30 80 30 30 40 65 80 80 80 80 

Race Hispanic 3 33.3333 25.166 14.5297 10 60 10 10 30 60 60 60 60 60 

Race Refused 1 20 * * 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 

Hispanic No 106 45.8679 55.172 5.3587 1 400 5 10 30 60 105 151 195 205 

Hispanic Yes 8 38.375 23.323 8.2461 10 80 10 23.5 30 55 80 80 80 80 

Hispanic Refused 1 20 * * 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 

Employment * 52 33.8462 38.258 5.3054 1 195 2 10 20 47.5 65 115 151 195 

Employment Full Time 27 56.8519 76.863 14.7923 5 400 5 15 30 60 115 120 400 400 

Employment Part Time 7 40.8571 24.768 9.3616 10 90 10 30 35 46 90 90 90 90 

Employment Not Employed 27 55.4815 54.258 10.442 5 205 5 20 30 90 165 180 205 205 

Employment Refused 2 55 49.497 35 20 90 20 20 55 90 90 90 90 90 

Education * 56 33.3929 36.945 4.937 1 195 2 10 20 45 65 115 151 195 

Education < High School 3 98.3333 77.835 44.9382 25 180 25 25 90 180 180 180 180 180 

Education High School Graduate 18 41.5556 49.048 11.5606 5 205 5 15 30 46 100 205 205 205 

Education < College 18 42.9444 35.049 8.261 5 120 5 20 30 60 115 120 120 120 

Education College Graduate 11 89.8182 111.308 33.5605 15 400 15 25 53 90 165 400 400 400 

Education Post Graduate 9 57.2222 38.415 12.8049 5 110 5 20 60 90 110 110 110 110 

Census Region Northeast 20 42.05 35.057 7.839 5 102 5 10 32.5 77.5 95 101 102 102 

Census Region Midwest 24 39.125 47.505 9.6969 2 180 5 10 18.5 57.5 90 165 180 180 

Census Region South 26 64.6923 87.03 17.0681 1 400 2 15 32.5 75 195 205 400 400 

Census Region West 45 38.3778 32.614 4.8619 5 151 5 18 30 50 80 115 151 151 

Day Of Week Weekday 83 44.5783 56.02 6.149 5 400 5 15 30 60 90 151 205 400 

Day Of Week Weekend 32 46.5313 46.508 8.2215 1 195 2 10 32.5 75 110 120 195 195 

Season Winter 20 38.6 44.951 10.0513 1 205 3.5 12.5 27.5 47.5 75 147.5 205 205 

Season Spring 46 34.7826 35.036 5.1657 5 195 5 10 22.5 46 80 90 195 195 

Season Summer 34 61.7059 72.243 12.3896 2 400 5 20 42.5 90 115 165 400 400 

Season Fall 15 47.9333 55.663 14.3721 2 180 2 10 20 75 151 180 180 180 

Asthma No 95 48.5368 57.246 5.8733 1 400 5 15 30 60 110 165 205 400 

Asthma Yes 18 29.3333 24.22 5.7086 5 90 5 7 32.5 40 60 90 90 90 

Asthma DK 2 25 7.071 5 20 30 20 20 25 30 30 30 30 30 

Angina No 114 45.3421 53.533 5.0138 1 400 5 11 30 60 102 151 195 205 

Angina DK 1 20 * * 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 

Bronchitis/Emphysema No 109 45.1284 53.909 5.1636 1 400 5 15 30 60 102 151 195 205 

Bronchitis/Emphysema Yes 5 50 49.624 22.1923 5 115 5 10 30 90 115 115 115 115 

Bronchitis/Emphysema DK 1 20 * * 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 

Note: A "*" Signifies missing data. "DK" = The respondent replied "don't know". Refused = Refused data. N = doer sample size. Mean = Mean 24-hour 

cumulative number of minutes for doers. Stdev = standard deviation. Stderr = standard error. Min = minimum number of minutes. Max = maximum 

number of minutes. Percentiles are the percentage of doers below or equal to a given number of minutes. 

Source: Tsang and Klepeis, 1996. 
Table 15-128. Statistics for 24-Hour Cumulative Number of Minutes Spent Waiting on a Bus, Train, etc. Stop 

Percentiles 

Category Population Group N Mean Stdev Stderr Min Max 5 25 50 75 90 95 98 99 

All 151 18.702 18.7513 1.526 1 128 4 7 15 20 40 45 67 120 

Gender Male 61 16.3443 17.9934 2.3038 1 120 4 5 11 20 30 45 65 120 

Gender Female 90 20.3 19.1818 2.02319 1 128 4 10 15 30 42.5 60 75 128 

Age (years) * 2 21 5.6569 4 17 25 17 17 21 25 25 25 25 25 

Age (years) 1-4 2 8 9.8995 7 1 15 1 1 8 15 15 15 15 15 

Age (years) 5-11 32 12.5 10.7283 1.8965 2 45 2 5 10 15 20 43 45 45 

Age (years) 12-17 50 13.78 11.4843 1.6241 1 74 3 5 10 20 23 30 52.5 75 

Age (years) 18-64 54 25.5 25.616 3.4859 1 128 5 10 15 30 60 67 120 128 

Age (years) > 64 11 27.2727 13.484 4.0656 5 45 5 20 30 40 45 45 45 45 

Race White 115 18.2522 17.9501 1.6739 1 128 4 5 15 22 40 45 67 75 

Race Black 21 17.4762 11.9901 2.6164 1 45 3 10 15 23 35 40 45 45 

Race Asian 3 10 5 2.8868 5 15 5 5 10 15 15 15 15 15 

Race Some Others 1 15 * * 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 

Race Hispanic 10 29.8 35.8137 11.3253 5 120 5 10 16.5 20 92.5 120 120 120 

Race Refused 1 15 * * 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 

Hispanic No 136 18.0956 17.1036 1.4666 1 128 4 6 15 22.5 40 45 67 75 

Hispanic Yes 13 25.2308 32.4427 8.998 1 120 1 10 15 20 65 120 120 120 

Hispanic DK 1 20 * * 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 

Hispanic Refused 1 15 * * 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 

Employment * 79 13.1646 11.3707 1.2793 1 75 2 5 10 15 23 35 45 75 

Employment Full Time 31 24.9355 24.8125 4.4565 1 128 5 10 15 30 45 65 128 128 

Employment Part Time 15 31.6667 31.5179 8.1379 5 120 5 10 17 45 67 120 120 120 

Employment Not Employed 26 20.6154 12.7061 2.4919 5 45 5 10 20 30 40 45 45 45 

Education * 87 12.931 10.9723 1.1763 1 75 3 5 10 15 23 30 45 75 

Education < High School 6 32.5 11.726 4.7871 15 45 15 25 32.5 45 45 45 45 45 

Education High School Graduate 25 23.56 24.5749 4.915 5 120 5 10 15 30 45 67 120 120 

Education < College 9 28.333 19.2029 6.401 10 60 10 10 20 45 60 60 60 60 

Education College Graduate 16 33.8125 31.1239 7.781 5 128 5 10 30 37.5 65 128 128 128 

Education Post Graduate 8 14.875 8.3741 2.9607 1 30 1 40.5 15 18.5 30 30 30 30 

Census Region Northeast 63 20.4921 23.43 2.9519 1 128 3 6 15 22 40 65 120 128 

Census Region Midwest 27 17.4074 13.1244 2.5258 3 60 4 5 15 20 35 35 60 60 

Census Region South 39 19.8205 16.6684 2.6691 4 75 5 10 15 28 45 65 75 75 

Census Region West 22 13.1818 11.3458 2.4189 1 45 1 5 10 15 30 30 45 45 

Day Of Week Weekday 128 17.7891 18.9656 1.6763 1 128 3 5.5 15 20 35 45 75 120 

Day Of Week Weekend 23 23.7826 17.0026 3.5453 5 65 5 10 20 35 45 60 65 65 

Season Winter 55 19.9273 15.5693 2.0994 1 75 2 10 15 25 43 60 65 75 

Season Spring 43 17.186 20.6574 3.1502 1 120 4 5 10 20 33 45 120 120 

Season Summer 28 24 25.4675 4.8129 5 128 5 10 15 32.5 45 67 128 128 

Season Fall 25 12.68 9.8815 1.9763 1 45 4 5 10 15 20 35 45 45 

Asthma No 139 18.7698 18.7788 1.5928 1 128 3 10 15 20 40 45 75 120 

Asthma Yes 10 20 20.5372 6.4944 4 65 4 5 12 30 55 65 65 65 

Asthma DK 2 7.5 3.5355 2.5 5 10 5 5 7.5 10 10 10 10 10 

Angina No 151 18.702 18.7513 1.526 1 128 4 7 15 20 40 45 67 120 

Bronchitis/Emphysema No 145 18.6552 18.969 1.5753 1 128 4 6 15 20 40 45 75 120 

Bronchitis/Emphysema Yes 6 19.8333 13.5561 5.5342 9 45 9 10 16 23 45 45 45 45 

Note: A "*" Signifies missing data. "DK" = The respondent replied "don't know". Refused = Refused data. N = doer sample size. Mean = Mean 24-hour 

cumulative number of minutes for doers. Stdev = standard deviation. Stderr = standard error. Min = minimum number of minutes. Max = maximum 

number of minutes. Percentiles are the percentage of doers below or equal to a given number of minutes. 

Source: Tsang and Klepeis, 1996. 
Table 15-129. Statistics for 24-Hour Cumulative Number of Minutes Spent Traveling on a Train/Subway/Rapid Transit 

Percentiles 

Group Name Group Code N Mean Stdev Stderr Mi Max 5 25 50 75 90 95 98 99 n 

All 116 97.767 136.346 12.659 1 810 5 27.5 60 120 189 415 690 720 

Gender Male 62 91.613 119.437 15.168 5 720 10 24 60 120 180 240 480 720 

Gender Female 54 104.833 154.349 21.004 1 810 2 30 60 120 195 480 690 810 

Age (years) * 8 191.875 256.82 90.8 20 810 20 55 117.5 180 810 810 810 810 

Age (years) 1-4 2 92.5 38.891 27.5 65 120 65 65 92.5 120 120 120 120 120 

Age (years) 5-11 3 166.667 271.401 156.693 5 480 5 5 15 480 480 480 480 480 

Age (years) 12-17 2 100 56.569 40 60 140 60 60 100 140 140 140 140 140 

Age (years) 18-64 92 84.967 106.533 11.107 1 720 5 30 60 104.5 175 240 480 720 

Age (years) > 64 9 122.667 219.531 73.177 10 690 10 10 24 120 690 690 690 690 

Race White 64 89.5 139.691 17.461 1 720 5 22 55 74 195 380 690 720 

Race Black 26 131.385 168.356 33.017 5 810 10 35 117.5 135 195 480 810 810 

Race Asian 3 79.667 17.039 9.838 60 90 60 60 89 90 90 90 90 90 

Race Some Others 4 71.25 47.675 23.838 30 140 30 42.5 57.5 100 140 140 140 140 

Race Hispanic 16 88.625 98.922 24.731 5 415 5 20 70 112.5 165 415 415 415 

Race Refused 3 85 56.347 32.532 20 120 20 20 115 120 120 120 120 120 

Hispanic No 89 101.281 149.687 15.867 1 810 5 25 60 120 195 480 720 810 

Hispanic Yes 22 86.955 85.561 18.242 5 415 10 40 70 120 130 165 415 415 

Hispanic DK 2 79.5 34.648 24.5 55 104 55 55 79.5 104 104 104 104 104 

Hispanic Refused 3 85 56.347 32.532 20 120 20 20 115 120 120 120 120 120 

Employment * 7 126.429 163.598 61.834 5 480 5 15 65 140 480 480 480 480 

Employment Full Time 76 98.526 128.056 14.689 1 720 5 30 60 120 189 380 690 720 

Employment Part Time 10 61.7 46.375 14.665 5 160 5 15 57.5 89 125 160 160 160 

Employment Not Employed 21 101.714 186.201 40.632 1 810 10 10 55 90 165 415 810 810 

Employment Refused 2 107.5 123.744 87.5 20 195 20 20 107.5 195 195 195 195 195 

Education * 10 122 140.024 44.279 5 480 5 20 92.5 140 337.5 480 480 480 

Education < High School 6 181.833 311.76 127.275 1 810 1 5 70 135 810 810 810 810 

Education High School Graduate 30 89.433 109.191 19.935 1 480 2 30 60 120 177.5 415 480 480 

Education < College 26 125.692 189.64 37.192 10 720 10 20 60 120 380 690 720 720 

Education College Graduate 24 66.5 50.332 10.274 5 180 10 24.5 55 102.5 125 175 180 180 

Education Post Graduate 20 74.15 59.415 13.286 10 240 12.5 30 60 97 164.5 214.5 240 240 

Census Region Northeast 72 111.847 134.554 15.857 10 810 20 49 62.5 122.5 189 415 690 810 

Census Region Midwest 14 64.214 109.483 29.261 2 380 2 10 22.5 50 240 380 380 380 

Census Region South 15 75.733 121.139 31.278 1 480 1 10 30 90 160 480 480 480 

Census Region West 15 83.533 179.444 46.332 5 720 5 10 30 75 120 720 720 720 

Day Of Week Weekday 96 101.604 127.189 12.981 1 720 10 30 60 120 195 415 690 720 

Day Of Week Weekend 20 79.35 176.643 39.499 2 810 3.5 7.5 32.5 60 120 465 810 810 

Season Winter 26 138.192 196.327 38.503 5 810 10 30 79.5 130 240 720 810 810 

Season Spring 29 77.276 89.479 16.616 2 480 5 25 60 105 135 175 480 480 

Season Summer 37 106.081 140.735 23.137 5 690 10 30 60 120 195 480 690 690 

Season Fall 24 65.917 82.217 16.782 1 380 1 15 42.5 82.5 160 180 380 380 

Asthma No 106 94.151 122.865 11.934 1 720 5 30 60 120 180 380 480 690 

Asthma Yes 7 146.571 294.036 111.135 1 810 1 10 30 90 810 810 810 810 

Asthma DK 3 111.667 87.797 50.69 20 195 20 20 120 195 195 195 195 195 

Angina No 112 96.527 137.946 13.035 1 810 5 27.5 60 117.5 175 415 690 720 

Angina DK 4 132.5 82.916 41.458 20 195 20 70 157.5 195 195 195 195 195 

Bronchitis/Emphysema No 112 98.179 138.009 13.041 1 810 5 30 60 120 180 415 690 720 

Bronchitis/Emphysema Yes 1 10 * * 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 

Bronchitis/Emphysema DK 3 111.667 87.797 50.69 20 195 20 20 120 195 195 195 195 195 

Note: A "*" Signifies missing data. "DK" = The respondent replied "don't know". Refused = Refused data. N = doer sample size. Mean = Mean 24-hour 

cumulative number of minutes for doers. Stdev = standard deviation. Stderr = standard error. Min = minimum number of minutes. Max = maximum 

number of minutes. Percentiles are the percentage of doers below or equal to a given number of minutes. 

Source: Tsang and Klepeis, 1996. 
Table 15-130. Statistics for 24-Hour Cumulative Number of Minutes Spent Traveling on an Airplane 

Percentiles 

Group Name Group Code N Mean Stdev Stderr Min Max 5 25 50 75 90 95 98 99 

All 53 234 203.736 27.985 10 900 15 70 210 300 480 660 900 900 

Gender Male 28 241.25 230.979 43.651 15 900 20 65 210 292.5 555 900 900 900 

Gender Female 25 225.88 172.581 34.516 10 660 15 110 210 300 480 510 660 660 

Age (years) * 3 175 145.688 84.113 15 300 15 15 210 300 300 300 300 300 

Age (years) 12-17 3 113.333 118.568 68.455 15 245 15 15 80 245 245 245 245 245 

Age (years) 18-64 42 226.429 193.962 29.929 10 900 20 60 202.5 300 480 555 900 900 

Age (years) > 64 5 405.4 292.392 130.762 195 900 195 210 287 435 900 900 900 900 

Race White 44 241.068 215.555 32.496 10 900 15 65 210 300 510 660 900 900 

Race Black 7 199.286 134.364 50.785 15 435 15 110 210 255 435 435 435 435 

Race Asian 1 60 * * 60 60 60 60 60 60 60 60 60 60 

Race Hispanic 1 340 * * 340 340 340 340 340 340 340 340 340 340 

Hispanic No 51 234.745 206.224 28.877 10 900 15 60 210 300 480 660 900 900 

Hispanic Yes 2 215 176.777 125 90 340 90 90 215 340 340 340 340 340 

Employment * 3 113.333 118.568 68.455 15 245 15 15 80 245 245 245 245 245 

Employment Full Time 33 212.424 194.008 33.773 15 900 20 60 180 285 480 555 900 900 

Employment Part Time 3 510 375.899 217.025 150 900 150 150 480 900 900 900 900 900 

Employment Not Employed 13 259.385 168.387 46.702 10 660 10 195 225 300 435 660 660 660 

Employment Refused 1 150 * * 150 150 150 150 150 150 150 150 150 150 

Education * 4 122.5 98.531 49.265 15 245 15 47.5 115 197.5 245 245 245 245 

Education < High School 4 111.25 179.647 89.823 10 380 10 12.5 27.5 210 380 380 380 380 

Education High School Graduate 9 253.889 191.046 63.682 15 660 15 195 270 285 660 660 660 660 

Education < College 13 293.846 170.784 47.367 20 555 20 180 300 435 510 555 555 555 

Education College Graduate 15 194.8 113.998 29.434 45 480 45 90 210 255 287 480 480 480 

Education Post Graduate 8 305 375.129 132.628 20 900 20 45 137.5 577.5 900 900 900 900 

Census Region Northeast 17 254.706 234.81 56.95 15 900 15 70 245 380 510 900 900 900 

Census Region Midwest 17 235.118 234.348 56.838 15 900 15 60 195 287 660 900 900 900 

Census Region South 9 212.778 103.565 34.522 15 340 15 150 255 270 340 340 340 340 

Census Region West 10 216 181.702 57.459 10 555 10 45 202.5 240 517.5 555 555 555 

Day Of Week Weekday 37 258.919 192.755 31.689 15 900 15 150 230 305 510 660 900 900 

Day Of Week Weekend 16 176.375 222.825 55.706 10 900 10 37.5 95 262.5 360 900 900 900 

Season Winter 17 216.294 172.818 41.914 20 660 20 60 210 275 480 660 660 660 

Season Spring 14 191.786 160.547 42.908 15 555 15 90 150 230 435 555 555 555 

Season Summer 17 230.882 222.171 53.884 10 900 10 60 245 300 480 900 900 900 

Season Fall 5 423 294.398 131.659 180 900 180 240 285 510 900 900 900 900 

Asthma No 51 224.843 201.484 28.213 10 900 15 60 210 287 480 660 900 900 

Asthma Yes 2 467.5 123.744 87.5 380 555 380 380 467.5 555 555 555 555 555 

Angina No 51 233.725 207.562 29.064 10 900 15 60 210 300 480 660 900 900 

Angina Yes 2 241 65.054 46 195 287 195 195 241 287 287 287 287 287 

Bronchitis/Emphysema No 51 231.608 206.7 28.944 10 900 15 60 210 300 480 660 900 900 

Bronchitis/Emphysema Yes 2 295 120.208 85 210 380 210 210 295 380 380 380 380 380 

Note: A "*" Signifies missing data. Refused = Refused data. N = doer sample size. Mean = Mean 24-hour cumulative number of minutes for doers. Stdev 

= standard deviation. Stderr = standard error. Min = minimum number of minutes. Max = maximum number of minutes. Percentiles are the percentage

of doers below or equal to a given number of minutes.

Source: Tsang and Klepeis, 1996.
Table 15-131. Statistics for 24-Hour Cumulative Number of Minutes Spent Indoors in a Residence (all rooms) 

Percentiles 

Category Population Group N Mean Stdev Stderr Min Max 5 25 50 75 90 95 98 99 

All 9343 1001.39 275.143 2.8465 8 1440 575 795 985 1235 1395 1440 1440 1440 

Gender Male 4269 945.9 273.498 4.1859 8 1440 540 750 900 1160 1350 1430 1440 1440 

Gender Female 5070 1048.07 267.864 3.7619 30 1440 620 840 1050 1280 1420 1440 1440 1440 

Gender Refused 4 1060 135.647 67.8233 900 1200 900 950 1070 1170 1200 1200 1200 1200 

Age (years) * 187 1001.07 279.866 20.4658 265 1440 565 799 955 1230 1440 1440 1440 1440 

Age (years) 1-4 498 1211.64 218.745 9.8022 270 1440 795 1065 1260 1410 1440 1440 1440 1440 

Age (years) 5-11 700 1005.13 222.335 8.4035 190 1440 686 845 975 1165 1334 1412.5 1440 1440 

Age (years) 12-17 588 969.5 241.776 9.9707 95 1440 585 811.5 950 1155 1310 1405 1440 1440 

Age (years) 18-64 6022 947.91 273.033 3.5184 8 1440 540 750 900 1165 1350 1428 1440 1440 

Age (years) > 64 1348 1174.64 229.344 6.2466 60 1440 760 1030 1210 1375 1440 1440 1440 1440 

Race White 7556 999.36 275.678 3.1714 8 1440 570 795 980 1235 1395 1440 1440 1440 

Race Black 941 1015.95 272.54 8.8845 190 1440 600 815 1000 1245 1410 1440 1440 1440 

Race Asian 157 983.52 254.689 20.3264 30 1440 600 810 930 1180 1355 1420 1440 1440 

Race Some Others 181 996.09 268.283 19.9413 10 1440 604 805 975 1198 1380 1440 1440 1440 

Race Hispanic 382 1009.4 281.75 14.4156 55 1440 555 810 1004.5 1250 1410 1440 1440 1440 

Race Refused 126 1019.69 276.578 24.6396 270 1440 575 840 975 1255 1440 1440 1440 1440 

Hispanic No 8498 1000.38 275.436 2.9879 8 1440 575 795 980 1235 1395 1440 1440 1440 

Hispanic Yes 696 1009.84 270.816 10.2653 55 1440 585 810 1000 1230 1405 1440 1440 1440 

Hispanic DK 46 1097.87 286.655 42.265 401 1440 645 835 1172.5 1355 1440 1440 1440 1440 

Hispanic Refused 103 984.08 269.485 26.5531 270 1440 565 810 950 1200 1375 1440 1440 1440 

Employment * 1768 1053.3 248.46 5.909 95 1440 675 870 1030 1255 1413 1440 1440 1440 

Employment Full Time 4068 881.03 259.166 4.0634 8 1440 515 715 835 1045.5 1290 1385 1440 1440 

Employment Part Time 797 982.44 243.085 8.6105 255 1440 600 820 970 1170 1320 1380 1440 1440 

Employment Not Employed 2639 1158.03 233.775 4.5507 60 1440 735 1015 1190 1350 1440 1440 1440 1440 

Employment Refused 71 995.08 268.059 31.8128 445 1440 575 810 940 1255 1440 1440 1440 1440 

Education * 1963 1044.47 251.888 5.6852 95 1440 660 855 1020 1254 1410 1440 1440 1440 

Education < High School 829 1093.37 278.592 9.6759 150 1440 630 870 1130 1345 1440 1440 1440 1440 

Education High School Graduate 2602 1008.1 279.281 5.4751 30 1440 565 803 995 1245 1400 1440 1440 1440 

Education < College 1788 974.34 272.599 6.4468 10 1440 570 775 930 1205 1371 1436 1440 1440 

Education College Graduate 1240 939.49 275.004 7.8096 30 1440 528 745 885 1165 1335 1427.5 1440 1440 

Education Post Graduate 921 943.67 274.27 9.0375 8 1440 540 750 900 1155 1350 1410 1440 1440 

Census Region Northeast 2068 1003.4 278.441 6.1229 30 1440 570 795 980 1245 1405 1440 1440 1440 

Census Region Midwest 2087 1001.73 280.646 6.1432 8 1440 565 790 989 1250 1390 1440 1440 1440 

Census Region South 3230 999 270.19 4.7541 10 1440 585 800 970 1228 1400 1440 1440 1440 

Census Region West 1958 1002.84 273.992 6.192 30 1440 575 800 1000 1230 1390 1440 1440 1440 

Day Of Week Weekday 6286 965.69 272.596 3.4382 30 1440 567 770 911 1190 1380 1440 1440 1440 

Day Of Week Weekend 3057 1074.81 265.676 4.8051 8 1440 615 895 1105 1290 1420 1440 1440 1440 

Season Winter 2513 1034.92 278.237 5.5503 30 1440 590 825 1015 1285 1432 1440 1440 1440 

Season Spring 2424 977.88 267.177 5.4267 10 1440 580 780 955 1185 1370 1435 1440 1440 

Season Summer 2522 980.52 273.962 5.4553 8 1440 555 785 960 1201 1365 1440 1440 1440 

Season Fall 1884 1014.84 277.47 6.3926 30 1440 589 805 997 1260 1405 1440 1440 1440 

Asthma No 8591 999.12 274.377 2.9602 8 1440 576 795 980 1230 1393 1440 1440 1440 

Asthma Yes 689 1027.42 284.437 10.8362 190 1440 555 825 1025 1260 1430 1440 1440 1440 

Asthma DK 63 1025.68 264.342 33.3039 445 1440 630 840 960 1315 1410 1440 1440 1440 

Angina No 9019 997.77 274.112 2.8863 8 1440 575 795 975 1230 1391 1440 1440 1440 

Angina Yes 249 1125.47 281.353 17.83 180 1440 660 925 1185 1380 1440 1440 1440 1440 

Angina DK 75 1024.08 285.059 32.9158 150 1440 560 840 975 1305 1425 1440 1440 1440 

Bronchitis/Emphysema No 8840 997.66 274.78 2.9225 8 1440 575 795 975 1230 1395 1440 1440 1440 

Bronchitis/Emphysema Yes 432 1070.48 273.759 13.1712 205 1440 585 867.5 1110 1292.5 1440 1440 1440 1440 

Bronchitis/Emphysema DK 71 1045.48 273.047 32.4047 445 1440 565 845 975 1320 1440 1440 1440 1440 

Note: A "*" Signifies missing data. "DK" = The respondent replied "don't know". Refused = Refused data. N = doer sample size. Mean = Mean 24-hour 

cumulative number of minutes for doers. Stdev = standard deviation. Stderr = standard error. Min = minimum number of minutes. Max = maximum 

number of minutes. Percentiles are the percentage of doers below or equal to a given number of minutes.

Source: Tsang and Klepeis, 1996. 
Table 15-132. Statistics for 24-Hour Cumulative Number of Minutes Spent Outdoors (outside the residence) 

Percentiles 

Group Name Group Code N Mean Stdev Stderr Min Max 5 25 50 75 90 95 98 99 

All 3124 154.03 158.302 2.8322 1 1290 5 40 105 210 362 480 610 715 

Gender Male 1533 174.908 173.671 4.4356 1 1290 10 60 120 240 420 540 680 745 

Gender Female 1588 133.524 138.801 3.4831 1 1065 5 30 90 190 325 415 525 610 

Gender Refused 3 340 140 80.829 240 500 240 240 280 500 500 500 500 500 

Age (years) * 40 163.95 179.615 28.3996 2 720 3.5 40 107.5 212.5 430 600 720 720 

Age (years) 1-4 201 195.652 163.732 11.5488 3 715 30 75 135 270 430 535 625 699 

Age (years) 5-11 353 187.564 158.575 8.4401 4 1250 20 80 150 265 365 479 600 720 

Age (years) 12-17 219 135.26 137.031 9.2597 1 720 5 35 100 190 300 452 545 610 

Age (years) 18-64 1809 144.244 155.13 3.6473 1 1080 5 30 90 199 360 470 600 715 

Age (years) > 64 502 156.448 168.259 7.5098 1 1290 5 36 110 210 375 485 645 735 

Race White 2622 156.787 160.173 3.1281 1 1290 5 45 105 215 375 485 625 720 

Race Black 255 141.557 153.169 9.5918 1 1250 5 30 95 195 330 420 535 645 

Race Asian 34 115.765 135.554 23.2474 1 480 5 20 60 150 360 450 480 480 

Race Some Others 53 167 149.049 20.4735 3 750 5 60 130 238 320 475 553 750 

Race Hispanic 125 117.28 128.886 11.5279 1 720 5 30 70 150 270 355 590 610 

Race Refused 35 187.143 163.771 27.6824 5 600 5 60 170 240 450 510 600 600 

Hispanic No 2857 153.812 158.38 2.9631 1 1290 5 40 105 210 362 480 610 720 

Hispanic Yes 222 146.405 154.069 10.3405 1 750 5 30 112.5 200 345 480 640 690 

Hispanic DK 15 191.533 178.278 46.0312 15 585 15 40 140 380 420 585 585 585 

Hispanic Refused 30 212.5 165.335 30.186 5 600 5 60 180 345 457.5 510 600 600 

Employment * 774 175.762 156.127 5.6119 1 1250 15 60 125 245 380 480 610 705 

Employment Full Time 1110 141.308 159.947 4.8008 1 1080 5 30 85 195 358.5 490 660 745 

Employment Part Time 240 134.663 140.78 9.0873 1 1080 5 30 90 182.5 332.5 422.5 485 525 

Employment Not Employed 978 156.052 159.151 5.0891 1 1290 5 40 115 220 375 480 610 701 

Employment Refused 22 152.727 209.828 44.7355 5 660 5 15 60 125 555 600 660 660 

Education * 825 174.105 156.184 5.4376 1 1250 15 60 125 240 380 480 610 699 

Education < High School 306 171.941 188.396 10.7699 1 1290 7 45 120 240 405 510 765 855 

Education High School Graduate 837 153.633 154.781 5.35 1 840 5 35 105 215 380 480 598 701 

Education < College 527 143.362 157.106 6.8436 1 1080 5 30 90 195 360 465 615 720 

Education College Graduate 355 126.868 142.575 7.5671 1 750 5 30 80 170 300 415 615 690 

Education Post Graduate 274 130.504 150.996 9.122 1 1065 5 30 75 180 325 465 570 660 

Census Region Northeast 635 147.967 143.678 5.7017 1 750 5 35 105 215 345 450 575 610 

Census Region Midwest 639 156.028 169.151 6.6915 1 1290 5 45 102 210 360 500 655 750 

Census Region South 1120 158.577 165.201 4.9363 1 1080 5 40 110 210 390 495 640 745 

Census Region West 730 150.579 149.63 5.5381 1 855 5 36 105 213 360 465 575 660 

Day Of Week Weekday 1933 141.157 148.958 3.388 1 1250 5 31 90 190 345 452 598 698 

Day Of Week Weekend 1191 174.924 170.399 4.9375 1 1290 10 50 120 260 400 500 660 745 

Season Winter 548 113.96 138.121 5.9002 1 1080 5 25 60 150 280 380 540 690 

Season Spring 1034 171.915 159.391 4.9568 1 990 10 60 120 240 390 495 645 730 

Season Summer 1098 168.309 168.2 5.076 1 1290 5 50 120 235 400 510 630 715 

Season Fall 444 126.525 140.747 6.6796 1 960 5 30 75 162.5 313 420 575 655 

Asthma No 2869 154.516 159.172 2.9717 1 1290 5 40 105 210 365 480 615 720 

Asthma Yes 236 145.835 145.523 9.4727 1 885 5 45 105 190 360 450 575 610 

Asthma DK 19 182.421 181.024 41.5298 1 600 1 60 120 300 480 600 600 600 

Angina No 3023 153.218 156.257 2.842 1 1290 5 40 105 210 360 479 610 707 

Angina Yes 76 172.855 222.319 25.5017 2 1080 5 30 68.5 252.5 465 660 1065 1080 

Angina DK 25 195 170.434 34.0869 5 600 5 60 150 300 465 480 600 600 

Bronchitis/Emphysema No 2968 154.884 158.787 2.9146 1 1290 5 40 105 210 367 480 615 715 

Bronchitis/Emphysema Yes 139 129.353 142.494 12.0862 1 855 5 30 75 175 327 415 553 735 

Bronchitis/Emphysema DK 17 206.765 179.765 43.5994 5 600 5 60 170 300 480 600 600 600 

Note: A "*" Signifies missing data. "DK" = The respondent replied "don't know". Refused = Refused data. N = doer sample size. Mean = Mean 24-hour 

cumulative number of minutes for doers. Stdev = standard deviation. Stderr = standard error. Min = minimum number of minutes. Max = maximum

number of minutes. Percentiles are the percentage of doers below or equal to a given number of minutes.

Source: Tsang and Klepeis, 1996.
Table 15-133. Statistics for 24-Hour Cumulative Number of Minutes Spent Traveling Inside a Vehicle 

Percentiles 

Category Population Group N Mean Stdev Stderr Min Max 5 25 50 75 90 95 98 99 

All 7743 97.278 104.938 1.1926 1 1440 12 40 70 120 190 270 425 570 

Gender Male 3603 103.696 119.736 1.9948 1 1440 10 40 70 120 205 295 478 655 

Gender Female 4138 91.721 89.756 1.3953 1 995 12 40 70 115 180 240 385 465 

Gender Refused 2 30 14.142 10 20 40 20 20 30 40 40 40 40 40 

Age (years) * 144 117.035 129.103 10.7586 5 810 20 40 80 142.5 210 435 593 660 

Age (years) 1-4 335 68.116 75.531 4.1267 1 955 10 30 47 85 150 200 245 270 

Age (years) 5-11 571 71.033 77.62 3.2483 1 900 10 25 51 90 140 171 275 360 

Age (years) 12-17 500 81.53 79.8 3.5687 1 790 10 30 60 100 165.5 232.5 345 405 

Age (years) 18-64 5286 104.011 111.1 1.5281 1 1440 15 43 75 120 200 285 450 620 

Age (years) > 64 907 90.87 93.881 3.1173 4 900 10 35 60 120 190 258 400 460 

Race White 6288 97.248 107.173 1.3515 1 1440 10 40 70 120 190 270 425 595 

Race Black 766 98.723 91.337 3.3001 2 810 15 45 75 120 195 265 390 485 

Race Asian 133 83.414 74.929 6.4972 5 540 20 35 70 105 150 210 330 360 

Race Some Others 144 96.181 93.965 7.8304 3 690 10 40 69.5 127.5 180 250 345 540 

Race Hispanic 319 101.734 110.376 6.1799 2 825 20 41 70 120 190 335 465 620 

Race Refused 93 93.591 90.073 9.3401 10 480 15 30 65 120 205 255 420 480 

Hispanic No 7050 97.149 104.847 1.2487 1 1440 10 40 70 120 190 270 420 566 

Hispanic Yes 578 100.043 109.048 4.5358 2 825 15 40 70 120 190 285 480 630 

Hispanic DK 34 73 68.279 11.7098 5 325 6 25 60 97 175 200 325 325 

Hispanic Refused 81 98.914 95.273 10.5859 10 480 15 30 65 130 220 255 420 480 

Employment * 1388 73.609 77.782 2.0878 1 955 10 30 55 90 150 195 275 382 

Employment Full Time 3732 105.816 116.18 1.9018 4 1440 16 45 75 124 198 290 475 660 

Employment Part Time 720 98.763 94.999 3.5404 2 960 10 45 75 120 195 260 380 470 

Employment Not Employed 1849 96.561 99.534 2.3147 1 995 10 37 65 120 200 275 420 526 

Employment Refused 54 120.296 108.615 14.7807 10 480 20 35 88 190 290 330 390 480 

Education * 1550 76.39 78.923 2.0047 1 955 10 30 60 95 155 201 302.5 385 

Education < High School 561 100.822 120.246 5.0768 5 1440 15 40 70 120 180 265 460 620 

Education High School Graduate 2166 101.605 107.594 2.3118 1 1210 12 40 70 120 210 286 445 570 

Education < College 1556 103.215 110.128 2.7919 2 1280 15 40 75 120 195 285 460 630 

Education College Graduate 1108 104.532 109.485 3.2891 4 1215 15 45 75 125 200 280 450 675 

Education Post Graduate 802 101.938 108.688 3.8379 4 1357 20 45 75.5 120 195 270 365 480 

Census Region Northeast 1662 98.585 106.64 2.6158 1 1215 15 40 70 120 190 275 425 570 

Census Region Midwest 1759 101.229 114.641 2.7334 1 1440 10 40 70 120 205 290 435 595 

Census Region South 2704 96.051 97.72 1.8792 1 955 13 40 70 120 190 250 420 558 

Census Region West 1618 93.689 103.717 2.5785 2 1280 10 35 65 115 180 260 420 540 

Day Of Week Weekday 5289 94.437 101.435 1.3948 1 1215 10 40 66 115 180 260 435 575 

Day Of Week Weekend 2454 103.399 111.892 2.2587 1 1440 13 40 75 125 205 280 420 540 

Season Winter 2037 94.31 101.375 2.2461 1 1080 10 35 65 116 190 270 425 544 

Season Spring 2032 99.612 110.464 2.4505 1 1440 12 40 70 120 200 275 440 546 

Season Summer 2090 97.792 103.76 2.2696 1 1357 10 40 70 120 190 260 415 558 

Season Fall 1584 97.419 103.714 2.6059 1 1280 14 40 70 120 180 265 420 620 

Asthma No 7152 97.262 104.554 1.2363 1 1440 10 40 70 120 190 270 425 570 

Asthma Yes 544 97.241 110.792 4.7502 4 955 17 40 65 116.5 180 255 460 705 

Asthma DK 47 100 95.192 13.8852 10 480 10 30 75 120 220 239 480 480 

Angina No 7516 97.288 105.235 1.2139 1 1440 11 40 70 120 190 270 425 570 

Angina Yes 172 93.07 93.142 7.102 8 615 15 30 65 120 185 280 420 540 

Angina DK 55 108.945 99.695 13.4429 10 480 20 35 75 150 235 360 390 480 

Bronchitis/Emphysema No 7349 97.559 106.055 1.2371 1 1440 10 40 70 120 190 270 425 580 

Bronchitis/Emphysema Yes 342 90.971 79.287 4.2873 2 505 15 40 70 115 195 240 325 460 

Bronchitis/Emphysema DK 52 98.942 93.767 13.0031 5 480 10 30 73.5 145 195 239 390 480 

Note: A "*" Signifies missing data. "DK" = The respondent replied "don't know". Refused = Refused data. N = doer sample size. Mean = Mean 24-hour 

cumulative number of minutes for doers. Stdev = standard deviation. Stderr = standard error. Min = minimum number of minutes. Max = maximum

number of minutes. Percentiles are the percentage of doers below or equal to a given number of minutes.

Source: Tsang and Klepeis, 1996.
Table 15-134. Statistics for 24-Hour Cumulative Number of Minutes Spent Outdoors Near a Vehicle 

Percentiles 

Category Population Group N Mean Stdev Stderr Min Max 5 25 50 75 90 95 98 99 

All 2825 79.828 143.82 2.7059 1 1440 2 10 30 65 200 465 600 675 

Gender Male 1388 111.21 184.96 4.9645 1 1440 3 11 30.5 90 430 570 675 735 

Gender Female 1436 49.541 75.947 2.0042 1 790 2 10 25 60 120 180 290 420 

Gender Refused 1 20 * * 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 

Age (years) * 51 64.373 90.949 12.7354 1 510 4 20 40 65 125 290 360 510 

Age (years) 1-4 102 45.99 59.489 5.8903 1 420 2 10 30 60 105 160 192 245 

Age (years) 5-11 230 55.909 86.475 5.702 1 540 2 10 20 60 170 215 360 465 

Age (years) 12-17 313 40.879 55.718 3.1494 1 435 3 10 21 45 100 160 220 260 

Age (years) 18-64 1787 96.365 169.13 4.0009 1 1440 2 10 30 75 325 539 645 720 

Age (years) > 64 342 57.55 85.255 4.61 1 560 4 10 30 60 120 205 450 510 

Race White 2275 81.787 148.41 3.1116 1 1440 2 10 30 68 210 480 600 695 

Race Black 278 78.374 130.69 7.838 1 645 2 10 30 70 190 435 580 600 

Race Asian 51 42.431 61.693 8.6387 1 405 2 10 28 60 85 120 150 405 

Race Some Others 50 73.06 113.02 15.9836 1 535 2 15 40 60 167.5 420 492.5 535 

Race Hispanic 136 55.066 100.19 8.591 1 600 2 10 25 54.5 110 170 525 600 

Race Refused 35 124.4 186.88 31.5887 4 810 10 20 40 120 360 565 810 810 

Hispanic No 2552 79.761 142.98 2.8303 1 1440 2 10 30 65 200 457 600 665 

Hispanic Yes 230 68.091 125.96 8.3058 1 765 2 10 30 60 147.5 410 565 615 

Hispanic DK 13 185.31 321.29 89.1098 2 985 2 10 25 100 705 985 985 985 

Hispanic Refused 30 129.83 198.28 36.2 10 810 10 20 40 98 435 585 810 810 

Employment * 632 46.989 68.827 2.7378 1 540 2 10 23 55 120 180 265 360 

Employment Full Time 1169 114.86 193.04 5.646 1 1440 2 10 30 90 485 570 690 740 

Employment Part Time 254 67.118 114.34 7.174 1 795 2 10 30 63 165 280 510 600 

Employment Not Employed 751 56.792 84.927 3.099 1 690 2 10 30 60 130 210 360 465 

Employment Refused 19 96.947 185.76 42.616 5 790 5 20 30 90 360 790 790 790 

Education * 702 47.098 70.151 2.6477 1 540 2 10 24 55 120 180 265 360 

Education < High School 222 105.76 193.65 12.9967 1 1440 4 10 30 90 365 540 720 735 

Education High School Graduate 702 113.18 185.75 7.0107 1 1410 2 10 35 90 455 555 665 740 

Education < College 537 87.927 157.3 6.7878 1 985 2 10 30 70 240 540 635 705 

Education College Graduate 367 70.905 117.85 6.1515 1 660 2 10 30 68 170 325 565 600 

Education Post Graduate 295 55.186 86.872 5.0579 1 710 3 10 30 60 120 200 362 560 

Census Region Northeast 749 75.734 130.56 4.7705 1 985 3 10 30 70 179 375 570 665 

Census Region Midwest 586 77.445 141.21 5.8332 1 1440 2 10 30 60 210 390 560 645 

Census Region South 836 86.447 160.31 5.5443 1 1410 2 10 30 61.5 240 525 643 710 

Census Region West 654 78.19 138.28 5.4072 1 985 2 10 30 65 180 435 570 615 

Day Of Week Weekday 2018 84.241 155.61 3.4639 1 1440 2 10 30 65 215 515 625 705 

Day Of Week Weekend 807 68.793 108.2 3.8088 1 705 2 10 30 65 180 310 465 540 

Season Winter 703 70.91 141.83 5.3492 1 1440 2 10 26 60 160 365 570 643 

Season Spring 791 80.542 135.48 4.817 1 810 2 10 30 74 215 435 570 645 

Season Summer 819 84.178 150.3 5.2519 1 985 2 10 30 70 210 510 615 705 

Season Fall 512 84.01 148.27 6.5525 1 930 2 10 30 70 225 510 600 690 

Asthma No 2596 80.366 143.21 2.8107 1 1410 2 10 30 65 205 475 600 675 

Asthma Yes 205 75.088 157.15 10.9756 1 1440 2 10 30 65 160 309 580 690 

Asthma DK 24 62.083 78.548 16.0335 5 360 5 17.5 35 67.5 98 225 360 360 

Angina No 2726 79.57 144.32 2.7642 1 1440 2 10 30 65 196 465 600 687 

Angina Yes 76 92.434 139.38 15.9879 1 570 3 10 35 91 354 465 535 570 

Angina DK 23 68.696 91.209 19.0183 5 360 10 20 40 75 98 330 360 360 

Bronchitis/Emphysema No 2684 79.404 142.84 2.7572 1 1440 2 10 30 65 197 465 600 665 

Bronchitis/Emphysema Yes 115 93.843 175.36 16.3523 1 985 2 10 30 90 225 465 735 985 

Bronchitis/Emphysema DK 26 61.615 72.201 14.1598 5 360 7 27 40 75 110 180 360 360 

Note: A "*" Signifies missing data. "DK" = The respondent replied "don't know". Refused = Refused data. N = doer sample size. Mean = Mean 24-hour 

cumulative number of minutes for doers. Stdev = standard deviation. Stderr = standard error. Min = minimum number of minutes. Max = maximum 

number of minutes. Percentiles are the percentage of doers below or equal to a given number of minutes. 

Source: Tsang and Klepeis, 1996. 
Table 15-135. Statistics for 24-Hour Cumulative Number of Minutes Spent Outdoors Other Than Near a Residence or Vehicle Such as Parks, Golf Courses, or Farms 

Percentiles 

Group Name Group Code N Mean Stdev Stderr Min Max 5 25 50 75 90 95 98 99 

All 1383 200.153 202.665 5.45 1 1440 10 60 130 276 510 600 748 915 

Gender Male 789 223.482 208.727 7.431 1 1440 20 60 150 315 540 635 765 900 

Gender Female 593 168.742 189.993 7.802 1 1440 10 40 105 238 420 540 700 930 

Gender Refused 1 420 * * 420 420 420 420 420 420 420 420 420 420 

Age (years) * 19 183.368 160.349 36.787 10 540 10 60 140 220 510 540 540 540 

Age (years) 1-4 54 164.648 177.34 24.133 1 980 10 60 120 175 370 560 630 980 

Age (years) 5-11 159 171.34 177.947 14.112 5 1210 15 55 115 221 405 574 660 725 

Age (years) 12-17 175 156.903 174.411 13.184 5 1065 10 45 100 210 385 570 735 915 

Age (years) 18-64 858 219.425 215.094 7.343 1 1440 10 60 150 310 540 635 780 933 

Age (years) > 64 118 181.932 180.158 16.585 5 900 20 55 112.5 280 480 570 600 735 

Race White 1186 202.615 203.396 5.906 1 1440 14 60 134.5 280 510 615 750 930 

Race Black 81 185.84 195.119 21.68 1 765 5 40 108 240 540 585 690 765 

Race Asian 20 169.45 189.122 42.289 10 665 10 32.5 95 230 477.5 585 665 665 

Race Some Others 30 187.5 161.849 29.549 10 560 10 60 120 270 437.5 535 560 560 

Race Hispanic 57 158.298 203.27 26.924 1 1305 5 30 110 228 370 435 555 1305 

Race Refused 9 380 250.637 83.546 30 810 30 195 435 540 810 810 810 810 

Hispanic No 1267 202.593 203.353 5.713 1 1440 10 60 130 280 510 615 748 915 

Hispanic Yes 103 163.942 185.155 18.244 1 1305 10 30 115 228 400 511 555 555 

Hispanic DK 4 67.5 59.231 29.616 10 145 10 22.5 57.5 112.5 145 145 145 145 

Hispanic Refused 9 330 259.459 86.486 30 810 30 140 210 510 810 810 810 810 

Employment * 383 163.846 176.805 9.034 1 1210 10 51 110 215 385 560 665 915 

Employment Full Time 555 228.526 219.372 9.312 1 1305 14 60 150 335 545 645 825 955 

Employment Part Time 126 202.556 211.673 18.857 3 1440 10 60 125 280 510 580 690 700 

Employment Not Employed 309 191.469 189.268 10.767 1 1440 10 50 125 275 480 565 690 735 

Employment Refused 10 254 240.899 76.179 30 810 30 105 167.5 280 675 810 810 810 

Education * 429 163.949 175.476 8.472 1 1210 10 55 115 210 385 560 665 840 

Education < High School 83 264.482 255.463 28.041 1 1305 30 60 180 480 555 600 1100 1305 

Education High School Graduate 313 228.613 228.235 12.901 3 1440 10 60 160 310 570 690 855 990 

Education < College 250 217.984 202.991 12.838 1 1440 10 60 152.5 330 510 555 715 765 

Education College Graduate 185 207.27 190.178 13.982 1 930 20 60 128 285 505 600 690 795 

Education Post Graduate 123 163.642 173.04 15.603 1 900 10 45 90 240 385 480 735 780 

Census Region Northeast 279 196.824 208.372 12.475 1 1305 10 60 130 265 480 590 900 1130 

Census Region Midwest 309 196.702 211.59 12.037 1 1440 10 50 120 270 510 635 740 900 

Census Region South 468 198.432 195.071 9.017 1 933 15 60 120 285 510 600 748 825 

Census Region West 327 208.716 200.465 11.086 1 1440 15 60 150 285 525 580 725 855 

Day Of Week Weekday 851 183.982 197.931 6.785 1 1440 10 45 119 240 490 585 735 900 

Day Of Week Weekend 532 226.019 207.598 9 1 1440 20 68.5 155 320 525 630 810 915 

Season Winter 241 175.676 192.682 12.412 1 1065 10 35 93 253 450 585 750 810 

Season Spring 412 185.806 174.522 8.598 5 980 15 60 130 240 473 555 665 740 

Season Summer 508 224.996 220.748 9.794 1 1440 15 60 150 305 540 630 840 990 

Season Fall 222 196.5 213.598 14.336 1 1130 10 35 120 280 540 600 780 900 

Asthma No 1283 196.564 196.894 5.497 1 1440 10 60 125 270 495 600 730 855 

Asthma Yes 93 244.344 263.314 27.304 5 1440 15 60 150 350 530 810 1100 1440 

Asthma DK 7 270.714 274.415 103.719 30 810 30 60 195 450 810 810 810 810 

Angina No 1352 199.038 202.274 5.501 1 1440 10 60 130 270 510 600 740 915 

Angina Yes 25 238.64 205.994 41.199 1 730 5 60 210 340 465 690 730 730 

Angina DK 6 290.833 275.979 112.668 30 810 30 140 202.5 360 810 810 810 810 

Bronchitis/Emphysema No 1326 199.761 200.843 5.516 1 1440 10 60 130 275 500 600 735 900 

Bronchitis/Emphysema Yes 51 206.431 239.756 33.573 5 1100 10 50 110 305 540 700 930 1100 

Bronchitis/Emphysema DK 6 233.333 294.035 120.039 15 810 15 30 167.5 210 810 810 810 810 

Note: A "*" Signifies missing data. "DK" = The respondent replied "don't know". Refused = Refused data. N = doer sample size. Mean = Mean 24-hour 

cumulative number of minutes for doers. Stdev = standard deviation. Stderr = standard error. Min = minimum number of minutes. Max = maximum 

number of minutes. Percentiles are the percentage of doers below or equal to a given number of minutes.

Source: Tsang and Klepeis, 1996. 
Table 15-136. Statistics for 24-Hour Cumulative Number of Minutes Spent in an Office or Factory 

Percentiles 

Category Population Group N Mean Stdev Stderr Min Max 5 25 50 75 90 95 98 99 

All 1975 393.972 230.763 5.1926 1 1440 9 180 485 550 630 675 765 818 

Gender Male 1012 410.816 233.454 7.3386 1 1440 10 225 495 565 645 710 780 855 

Gender Female 963 376.271 226.676 7.3045 1 855 5 120 480 540 600 645 710 750 

Age (years) * 49 438.918 232.58 33.2257 10 900 20 299 500 555 675 780 900 900 

Age (years) 1-4 12 31.583 25.639 7.4013 5 90 5 12.5 25 44.5 60 90 90 90 

Age (years) 5-11 14 100.929 155.126 41.4593 2 580 2 10 32.5 178 195 580 580 580 

Age (years) 12-17 19 145.421 181.118 41.5512 1 625 1 10 50 240 510 625 625 625 

Age (years) 18-64 1749 418.971 218.445 5.2233 1 1440 10 273 500 555 630 680 765 818 

Age (years) > 64 132 145.848 193.973 16.8832 1 705 3 10 40 205 495 540 640 675 

Race White 1612 387.646 231.968 5.7776 1 1440 6 150 480 550 628 675 750 800 

Race Black 191 413.911 218 15.7739 1 1037 10 268 485 540 635 720 803 900 

Race Asian 42 428.024 216.759 33.4466 10 780 30 285 491.5 553 660 745 780 780 

Race Some Others 28 480.893 200.859 37.9588 40 795 75 347.5 540 582.5 715 780 795 795 

Race Hispanic 74 394.459 237.847 27.6492 1 840 5 230 492.5 560 645 720 765 840 

Race Refused 28 482.893 246.079 46.5046 30 997 30 373 532.5 607.5 818 860 997 997 

Hispanic No 1805 393.453 229.593 5.404 1 1440 10 180 483 550 630 675 755 810 

Hispanic Yes 138 393.645 238.608 20.3116 1 840 5 180 497.5 560 644 675 765 795 

Hispanic DK 7 262.571 242.131 91.5168 1 610 1 12 245 540 610 610 610 610 

Hispanic Refused 25 470.04 258.753 51.7505 17 860 30 311 525 615 810 818 860 860 

Employment * 43 121.279 177.984 27.1423 1 685 2 10 40 178 307 580 685 685 

Employment Full Time 1535 455.571 200.299 5.1124 1 1440 15 400 510 570 644 700 775 837 

Employment Part Time 164 293.03 196.95 15.3792 1 750 10 95 342.5 480 525 555 585 615 

Employment Not Employed 213 77.643 122.957 8.4249 1 705 3 10 30 90 215 305 570 640 

Employment Refused 20 449.15 184.813 41.3256 30 675 60 334 522.5 550 645 675 675 675 

Education * 80 225.1 248.547 27.7884 1 860 3 15 105 470 607.5 675 780 860 

Education < High School 104 329.548 264.402 25.9267 2 930 5 50.5 388.5 552.5 640 705 765 855 

Education High School Graduate 631 396.876 228.074 9.0795 1 997 10 210 492 550 615 675 760 800 

Education < College 462 393.108 228.826 10.6459 1 1440 5 210 480 540 615 660 770 820 

Education College Graduate 415 437.231 205.198 10.0728 1 900 10 325 510 570 640 690 750 800 

Education Post Graduate 283 396.883 232.151 13.7999 2 860 5 175 480 565 640 675 780 818 

Census Region Northeast 465 399.075 226.243 10.4918 1 930 10 215 485 550 625 675 765 840 

Census Region Midwest 439 389.31 229.075 10.9331 1 997 8 180 480 550 630 670 750 800 

Census Region South 666 408.637 228.181 8.8418 1 1440 10 225 497.5 555 630 675 760 840 

Census Region West 405 369.052 240.375 11.9443 1 900 5 95 470 550 630 675 760 800 

Day Of Week Weekday 1759 406.795 225.173 5.3689 1 997 10 237 495 555 630 675 755 810 

Day Of Week Weekend 216 289.551 249.076 16.9475 1 1440 3 30 282.5 495 600 670 800 900 

Season Winter 531 390.716 231.677 10.0539 1 997 10 180 480 550 625 675 755 835 

Season Spring 470 385.198 240.678 11.1016 1 1440 5 120 480 553 630 695 775 837 

Season Summer 550 393.524 224.454 9.5708 1 1037 9 200 482.5 540 613.5 675 753 810 

Season Fall 424 408.358 226.578 11.0036 1 840 10 238.5 500 566.5 640 675 750 770 

Asthma No 1845 394.976 230.383 5.3635 1 1440 8 185 490 550 630 675 760 810 

Asthma Yes 114 371.693 231.336 21.6666 3 840 10 120 462.5 540 630 675 800 837 

Asthma DK 16 437 272.067 68.0168 5 860 5 232.5 520 587.5 780 860 860 860 

Angina No 1931 395.718 229.668 5.2265 1 1440 10 195 490 550 630 675 760 811 

Angina Yes 26 265.462 246.766 48.3947 5 650 9 15 175 490 630 645 650 650 

Angina DK 18 392.333 282.64 66.619 5 860 5 30 490 550 780 860 860 860 

Bronchitis/Emphysema No 1873 395.611 229.961 5.3135 1 1440 8 195 490 550 630 675 760 818 

Bronchitis/Emphysema Yes 86 356.43 236.119 25.4614 5 800 10 75 427.5 540 620 660 720 800 

Bronchitis/Emphysema DK 16 403.875 289.456 72.3641 5 860 5 30 490 582.5 780 860 860 860 

Note: A "*" Signifies missing data. "DK" = The respondent replied "don't know". Refused = Refused data. N = doer sample size. Mean = Mean 24-hour 

cumulative number of minutes for doers. Stdev = standard deviation. Stderr = standard error. Min = minimum number of minutes. Max = maximum 

number of minutes. Percentiles are the percentage of doers below or equal to a given number of minutes. 

Source: Tsang and Klepeis, 1996. 
Table 15-137. Statistics for 24-Hour Cumulative Number of Minutes Spent in Malls, Grocery Stores, or Other Stores 

Percentiles 

Group Name Group Code N Mean Stdev Stderr Min Max 5 25 50 75 90 95 98 99 

All 2697 114.975 140.961 2.7143 1 1080 10 30 60 135 285 482 570 640 

Gender Male 1020 120.159 157.143 4.9203 1 840 5 30 60 130 375 530 609 658 

Gender Female 1677 111.822 130.088 3.1766 1 1080 10 30 60 135 255 400 550 600 

Age (years) * 50 139.44 137.586 19.4576 15 660 20 45 92.5 180 338.5 420 565 660 

Age (years) 1-4 110 90.036 77.887 7.4263 5 420 10 40 65 105 210 250 359 360 

Age (years) 5-11 129 77.674 68.035 5.9901 3 320 5 30 60 110 180 225 255 280 

Age (years) 12-17 140 88.714 101.361 8.5666 1 530 5 20 45 123.5 222.5 317.5 384 413 

Age (years) 18-64 1871 125.927 156.815 3.6253 1 1080 10 30 60 150 360 525 600 658 

Age (years) > 64 397 88.572 88.477 4.4405 1 655 10 30 60 120 180 255 400 470 

Race White 2234 111.563 139.443 2.9502 1 1080 10 30 60 130 265 495 570 640 

Race Black 237 123 152.318 9.8941 2 800 10 25 60 135 370 480 600 613 

Race Asian 37 158.892 151.725 24.9434 2 600 14 50 105 220 410 480 600 600 

Race Some Others 52 150.231 146.737 20.3488 5 660 14 65 102.5 180 280 588 600 660 

Race Hispanic 110 133.145 138.309 13.1872 1 720 10 35 90 195 310 450 535 540 

Race Refused 27 124.741 131.136 25.2372 10 515 10 30 60 207 300 380 515 515 

Hispanic No 2476 114.387 141.819 2.8501 1 1080 10 30 60 131.5 285 495 570 640 

Hispanic Yes 188 126.074 133.15 9.711 1 720 10 30 90 172.5 270 450 540 610 

Hispanic DK 12 49.417 37.689 10.8798 2 122 2 17.5 47.5 69.5 105 122 122 122 

Hispanic Refused 21 122.429 138.488 30.2206 10 515 20 33 60 180 290 380 515 515 

Employment * 372 86.946 86.322 4.4756 1 660 5 30 60 120 206 255 360 384 

Employment Full Time 1170 136.797 176.691 5.1656 1 1080 10 30 60 150 480 562 640 690 

Employment Part Time 285 134.123 147.732 8.7509 2 540 6 30 65 186 400 480 520 540 

Employment Not Employed 854 91.198 87.218 2.9846 1 585 10 30 60 120 195 255 360 420 

Employment Refused 16 98.938 110.033 27.5083 10 357 10 31.5 52.5 115 290 357 357 357 

Education * 420 88.262 91.922 4.4853 1 660 5 29 60 120 210 262.5 384 420 

Education < High School 206 128.937 155.722 10.8497 2 1080 10 30 75 150 330 500 570 605 

Education High School Graduate 792 126.295 158.884 5.6457 1 960 5 30 60 150 365 524 600 660 

Education < College 583 129.849 149.53 6.1929 1 800 10 30 70 165 345 510 563 651 

Education College Graduate 411 117.876 144.142 7.11 1 720 10 30 60 135 290 515 600 640 

Education Post Graduate 285 78.182 95.665 5.6667 1 630 10 25 50 90 160 250 450 555 

Census Region Northeast 622 110.201 134.942 5.4107 1 755 5 30 60 130 280 465 563 600 

Census Region Midwest 601 108.243 133.098 5.4292 2 840 10 30 60 130 250 440 560 645 

Census Region South 871 127.922 155.825 5.2799 1 1080 10 30 60 155 320 520 600 660 

Census Region West 603 107.909 130.742 5.3242 1 840 10 30 60 120 255 430 550 600 

Day Of Week Weekday 1721 117.451 148.879 3.5887 1 1080 10 30 60 135 320 510 586 650 

Day Of Week Weekend 976 110.61 125.747 4.0251 1 840 5 30 65 135 255 380 560 608 

Season Winter 683 111.71 134 5.1274 2 840 10 30 60 135 255 420 568 660 

Season Spring 679 115.844 142.21 5.4575 1 720 10 30 60 130 300 500 588 645 

Season Summer 759 113.138 147.47 5.3528 1 1080 5 30 60 125 300 510 570 610 

Season Fall 576 120.243 138.948 5.7895 1 840 10 30 60 160 295 480 550 640 

Asthma No 2480 116.246 142.351 2.8585 1 1080 10 30 60 135 287.5 495 575 640 

Asthma Yes 208 101.111 124.977 8.6656 1 600 5 30 60 120 245 420 545 550 

Asthma DK 9 85.111 79.634 26.5447 33 290 33 55 58 60 290 290 290 290 

Angina No 2607 115.981 142.101 2.7831 1 1080 10 30 60 135 290 495 570 640 

Angina Yes 74 90.838 103.912 12.0795 2 630 15 37 64 105 150 190 510 630 

Angina DK 16 62.688 68.084 17.021 2 290 2 30 55 60 110 290 290 290 

Bronchitis/Emphysema No 2553 115.736 141.704 2.8045 1 1080 10 30 60 135 285 481 570 640 

Bronchitis/Emphysema Yes 130 104.754 131.336 11.5189 5 613 10 25 60 135 192.5 505 575 609 

Bronchitis/Emphysema DK 14 71.143 66.864 17.8701 20 290 20 35 56.5 70 110 290 290 290 

Note: A "*" Signifies missing data. "DK" = The respondent replied "don't know". Refused = Refused data. N = doer sample size. Mean = Mean 24-hour 

cumulative number of minutes for doers. Stdev = standard deviation. Stderr = standard error. Min = minimum number of minutes. Max = maximum 

number of minutes. Percentiles are the percentage of doers below or equal to a given number of minutes. 

Source: Tsang and Klepeis, 1996. 
Table 15-138. Statistics for 24-Hour Cumulative Number of Minutes Spent in Schools, Churches, Hospitals, and Public Buildings 

Percentile 

Category Population Group N Mean Stdev Stderr Min Max 5 25 50 75 90 95 98 99 

All 2932 274.332 205.942 3.8033 1 1440 20 95 221 430 540 615 725 805 

Gender Male 1234 285.147 206.713 5.8845 1 1440 30 110 255 425 540 620 745 840 

Gender Female 1698 266.472 205.082 4.9769 1 1440 20 90 200 430 540 610 713 800 

Age (years) * 50 268.96 221.042 31.2601 5 1030 30 100 192.5 400 590 625 871.5 1030 

Age (years) 1-4 98 233 235.787 23.8181 1 1440 5 60 150 390 545 595 900 1440 

Age (years) 5-11 391 351.202 149.578 7.5645 5 665 70 245 389 440 535 562 625 645 

Age (years) 12-17 355 366.338 161.247 8.5581 1 935 60 260 415 446 502 605 710 805 

Age (years) 18-64 1653 267.707 221.203 5.4407 1 1440 15 87 190 450 570 655 760 855 

Age (years) > 64 385 151.091 128.639 6.556 5 710 21 60 115 195 340 435 525 615 

Race White 2310 268.239 204.323 4.2512 1 1440 20 90 210 429 540 612 705 765 

Race Black 332 303.473 207.071 11.3645 1 1440 35 135 285 440 540 630 775 1000 

Race Asian 61 295 199.398 25.5302 5 900 30 135 240 425 535 565 840 900 

Race Some Others 57 314.684 203.549 26.9607 10 967 30 135 360 455 525 598 820 967 

Race Hispanic 141 283.936 229.828 19.355 2 1440 11 100 237 430 525 630 840 940 

Race Refused 31 257.774 192.517 34.5771 5 681 5 120 240 430 495 625 681 681 

Hispanic No 2654 271.293 203.551 3.9511 1 1440 20 94 215 425 540 612 712 800 

Hispanic Yes 240 306.388 230.835 14.9003 1 1440 20 110 287.5 444.5 567.5 695 840 940 

Hispanic DK 13 279.385 230.736 63.9946 35 760 35 65 235 420 562 760 760 760 

Hispanic Refused 25 286.6 175.367 35.0734 5 625 55 145 255 440 495 565 625 625 

Employment * 821 343.484 171.113 5.9719 1 1440 55 190 393 441 520 570 645 713 

Employment Full Time 1029 300.3 239.785 7.4751 1 1440 15 90 215 510 610 685 775 900 

Employment Part Time 293 251.324 199.326 11.6447 1 1030 20 85 200 387 525 610 800 880 

Employment Not Employed 775 176.406 148.414 5.3312 1 855 15 60 121 250 400 475 570 641 

Employment Refused 14 212.857 147.736 39.484 5 440 5 120 190 305 430 440 440 440 

Education * 917 340.328 172.613 5.7002 1 1440 45 190 390 440 525 580 645 713 

Education < High School 166 172.602 138.026 10.7129 1 735 27 70 123.5 235 375 465 525 640 

Education High School Graduate 617 207.29 199.027 8.0125 1 1440 15 60 135 295 510 585 690 785 

Education < College 520 247.492 213.609 9.3674 1 1000 15 85 165 420 552.5 640 760 855 

Education College Graduate 351 261.581 214.287 11.4378 1 1005 15 85 180 450 560 625 750 800 

Education Post Graduate 361 319.114 236.166 12.4298 1 1440 30 110 290 510 615 683 765 900 

Census Region Northeast 645 272.747 211.594 8.3315 1 1440 25 90 215 420 545 630 735 855 

Census Region Midwest 686 275.394 207.157 7.9093 1 1440 30 88 239 425 540 615 745 850 

Census Region South 1036 278.387 201.004 6.2449 1 1440 20 110 230 440 535 600 690 778 

Census Region West 565 267.418 207.214 8.7176 1 1440 15 100 200 420 555 620 712 820 

Day Of Week Weekday 2091 309.844 212.577 4.6488 1 1440 15 115 340 460 565 632 750 855 

Day Of Week Weekend 841 186.039 156.873 5.4094 1 1440 40 85 140 230 385 525 640 735 

Season Winter 847 296.587 201.244 6.9148 1 1440 30 120 285 444 545 615 710 770 

Season Spring 805 276.761 204.618 7.2118 1 1440 30 110 220 420 535 600 725 840 

Season Summer 667 254.115 209.724 8.1205 1 1015 20 80 180 420 550 630 738 890 

Season Fall 613 262.39 207.33 8.374 1 1005 14 75 210 425 540 615 712 778 

Asthma No 2689 273.193 207.301 3.9977 1 1440 20 94 217 430 540 615 725 820 

Asthma Yes 229 287.974 191.578 12.6598 1 855 25 120 275 435 533 605 645 800 

Asthma DK 14 270 171.24 45.7658 5 565 5 145 280 430 445 565 565 565 

Angina No 2836 277.127 206.396 3.8757 1 1440 20 100 230 430 540 615 725 805 

Angina Yes 78 176.423 172.803 19.5661 5 890 28 60 120 195 480 575 625 890 

Angina DK 18 258.278 165.599 39.0321 3 565 3 145 270 378 480 565 565 565 

Bronchitis/Emphysema No 2794 276.999 207.348 3.9227 1 1440 20 95 228 430 540 615 726 840 

Bronchitis/Emphysema Yes 121 212.562 166.349 15.1226 10 662 30 90 145 375 445 490 605 630 

Bronchitis/Emphysema DK 17 275.765 163.401 39.6306 5 565 5 145 305 415 440 565 565 565 

Note: A "*" Signifies missing data. "DK" = The respondent replied "don't know". Refused = Refused data. N = doer sample size. Mean = Mean 24-hour 

cumulative number of minutes for doers. Stdev = standard deviation. Stderr = standard error. Min = minimum number of minutes. Max = maximum 

number of minutes. Percentiles are the percentage of doers below or equal to a given number of minutes. 

Source: Tsang and Klepeis, 1996. 
Table 15-139. Statistics for 24-Hour Cumulative Number of Minutes Spent in Bars/Nightclubs, Bowling Alleys, and Restaurants 

Percentiles 

Category Population Group N Mean Stdev Stderr Min Max 5 25 50 75 90 95 98 99 

All 2296 111.735 131.368 2.7416 1 925 10 40 60 120 255 405 568 660 

Gender Male 1127 109.497 129.654 3.8621 1 900 10 35 60 120 240 377 560 660 

Gender Female 1169 113.892 133.019 3.8905 2 925 10 45 60 120 270 424 570 645 

Age (years) * 32 138.094 151.816 26.8376 15 610 30 47.5 65 150 315 495 610 610 

Age (years) 1-4 61 62.705 47.701 6.1075 4 330 10 35 55 85 115 120 130 330 

Age (years) 5-11 88 58.602 39.746 4.2369 5 180 10 30 45 85 120 137 170 180 

Age (years) 12-17 127 76.614 82.038 7.2797 2 455 10 30 50 90 220 270 325 360 

Age (years) 18-64 1718 121.371 142.223 3.4313 1 925 10 40 65 135 285 462 600 680 

Age (years) > 64 270 92.207 90.483 5.5066 3 750 20 45 62.5 100 177.5 255 358 520 

Race White 1945 108.84 127.174 2.8836 1 925 10 40 60 120 240 388 560 645 

Race Black 167 121.88 147.847 11.4408 5 805 10 30 60 153 300 490 555 735 

Race Asian 42 103.976 104.151 16.0709 5 497 30 40 62.5 120 200 240 497 497 

Race Some Others 36 159.333 196.721 32.7868 5 765 10 52.5 90 137.5 495 750 765 765 

Race Hispanic 83 130.205 161.594 17.7373 5 813 15 40 65 143 360 485 700 813 

Race Refused 23 155.913 135.696 28.2945 20 480 30 60 88 270 330 410 480 480 

Hispanic No 2131 110.53 129.679 2.8092 1 925 10 40 60 120 245 395 560 650 

Hispanic Yes 141 127.319 153.659 12.9404 1 813 15 40 70 120 360 440 700 765 

Hispanic DK 7 95 115.109 43.507 5 315 5 10 40 165 315 315 315 315 

Hispanic Refused 17 140.353 147.503 35.7748 30 480 30 40 70 210 410 480 480 480 

Employment * 273 65.85 61.078 3.6966 2 455 10 30 50 85 120 182 273 330 

Employment Full Time 1215 125.765 151.364 4.3424 1 925 10 40 63 135 300 500 640 735 

Employment Part Time 236 144.729 157.886 10.2775 1 813 10 47.5 80 180 385 520 615 745 

Employment Not Employed 559 88.642 77.231 3.2665 3 610 15 45 60 115 180 240 315 388 

Employment Refused 13 158.077 127.157 35.267 30 425 30 70 105 240 330 425 425 425 

Education * 309 76.006 81.68 4.6466 1 548 10 30 55 90 165 255 330 455 

Education < High School 155 154.155 175.537 14.0995 5 925 15 40 90 209 388 545 700 870 

Education High School Graduate 665 119.502 145.414 5.6389 3 910 10 45 60 120 290 485 630 680 

Education < College 498 121.321 137.839 6.1767 2 775 10 40 75 135 270 440 610 675 

Education College Graduate 395 101.096 109.709 5.5201 1 765 15 40 60 120 225 330 507 570 

Education Post Graduate 274 107.091 117.52 7.0997 3 765 15 40 65 120 220 330 560 675 

Census Region Northeast 462 115.771 127.168 5.9164 2 765 15 45 70 120 270 380 560 650 

Census Region Midwest 561 113.688 132.476 5.5932 1 813 10 40 65 120 250 410 570 675 

Census Region South 748 105.619 133.036 4.8643 2 910 13 35 60 110 240 390 555 650 

Census Region West 525 114.81 131.486 5.7385 1 925 10 37 70 130 245 417 590 640 

Day Of Week Weekday 1407 112.164 138.508 3.6926 1 925 10 35 60 120 270 430 595 675 

Day Of Week Weekend 889 111.055 119.269 4.0001 2 870 10 45 70 120 235 351 535 630 

Season Winter 584 116.783 135.982 5.627 3 875 15 40 68.5 120 265 440 595 735 

Season Spring 615 108.416 124.727 5.0295 2 925 15 41 65 120 240 395 542 585 

Season Summer 622 110.543 132.965 5.3314 1 910 10 35 60 120 260 390 605 660 

Season Fall 475 111.385 132.104 6.0614 1 900 10 35 60 125 265 355 550 770 

Asthma No 2124 111.768 129.918 2.819 1 910 10 40 60 120 255 390 568 660 

Asthma Yes 163 107.301 145.813 11.4209 4 925 10 30 57 118 265 485 560 670 

Asthma DK 9 184.222 186.348 62.1159 30 480 30 60 88 300 480 480 480 480 

Angina No 2229 112.481 132.361 2.8035 1 925 10 40 60 120 260 410 570 660 

Angina Yes 54 71.463 52.513 7.1461 3 340 15 45 60 90 120 120 232 340 

Angina DK 13 151 162.726 45.132 30 480 30 35 88 120 480 480 480 480 

Bronchitis/Emphysema No 2171 111.178 129.886 2.7876 1 910 10 40 60 120 255 400 560 660 

Bronchitis/Emphysema Yes 114 109.807 134.998 12.6437 5 925 15 43 65 120 235 375 530 620 

Bronchitis/Emphysema DK 11 241.636 274.085 82.6397 10 875 10 30 88 480 480 875 875 875 

Note: A "*" Signifies missing data. "DK" = The respondent replied "don't know". Refused = Refused data. N = doer sample size. Mean = Mean 24-hour 

cumulative number of minutes for doers. Stdev = standard deviation. Stderr = standard error. Min = minimum number of minutes. Max = maximum 

number of minutes. Percentiles are the percentage of doers below or equal to a given number of minutes. 

Source: Tsang and Klepeis, 1996. 
Table 15-140. Statistics for 24-Hour Cumulative Number of Minutes Spent in Other Outdoors Such as Auto Repair Shops, Laundromats, Gyms, and at Work (non-specific) 

Percentiles 

Group Name Group Code N Mean Stdev Stderr Min Max 5 25 50 75 90 95 98 99 

All 1214 225.747 231.111 6.633 1 1440 10 56 120 370 568 670 800 910 

Gender Male 612 260.322 239.586 9.685 1 1040 10 60 160 460 605 695 815 930 

Gender Female 602 190.598 216.774 8.835 1 1440 10 45 105 260 535 600 720 855 

Age (years) * 21 264.524 273.733 59.733 15 940 30 75 100 420 560 840 940 940 

Age (years) 1-4 27 92.296 74.852 14.405 10 270 15 25 65 160 180 250 270 270 

Age (years) 5-11 59 134.678 186.691 24.305 5 910 5 30 80 145 325 720 855 910 

Age (years) 12-17 76 164.368 159.542 18.301 1 660 5 45 130 208 450 550 600 660 

Age (years) 18-64 903 250.29 243.45 8.101 1 1440 10 60 135 450 600 690 815 945 

Age (years) > 64 128 152.813 159.777 14.122 2 770 12 45 95 202.5 420 510 600 610 

Race White 996 226.348 228.881 7.252 1 1440 10 58.5 120 370 580 665 780 910 

Race Black 118 228.102 256.391 23.603 2 1430 5 45 120 358 525 720 990 1150 

Race Asian 25 194.68 196.484 39.297 5 600 25 58 90 300 525 530 600 600 

Race Some Others 23 211.217 236.332 49.279 5 800 10 25 115 405 515 680 800 800 

Race Hispanic 42 250.19 229.16 35.36 5 793 15 60 165 420 600 675 793 793 

Race Refused 10 146.5 246.555 77.967 15 840 15 55 67.5 105 495 840 840 840 

Hispanic No 1133 224.325 231.063 6.865 1 1440 10 55 120 360 565 670 810 930 

Hispanic Yes 68 230.088 215.421 26.124 5 793 15 61.5 127.5 398 545 660 790 793 

Hispanic DK 5 483.2 240.867 107.719 55 623 55 560 568 610 623 623 623 623 

Hispanic Refused 8 229.375 310.592 109.811 30 840 30 42.5 67.5 372.5 840 840 840 840 

Employment * 162 140.031 158.915 12.486 1 910 10 30 103.5 170 325 505 660 855 

Employment Full Time 652 276.345 250.945 9.828 2 1430 10 60 162.5 508 619 700 815 945 

Employment Part Time 132 240.909 227.902 19.836 5 1440 15 67.5 170 360 510 620 815 1005 

Employment Not Employed 259 145.347 173.086 10.755 1 1150 5 40 90 160 432 540 704 770 

Employment Refused 9 194.444 278.752 92.917 15 840 15 40 75 150 840 840 840 840 

Education * 186 148.097 168.067 12.323 1 910 5 30 109.5 177 330 520 720 855 

Education < High School 88 301.966 251.244 26.783 5 930 15 60 265 487.5 670 780 815 930 

Education High School Graduate 324 249.086 243.136 13.508 2 1150 10 53.5 126 435 595 690 815 979 

Education < College 251 266.996 256.435 16.186 2 1440 10 60 155 480 600 710 800 990 

Education College Graduate 217 202.014 217.284 14.75 1 1005 5 55 110 295 570 645 760 855 

Education Post Graduate 148 191.764 198.819 16.343 2 870 10 60 105 262.5 535 590 700 793 

Census Region Northeast 275 218.171 216.166 13.035 2 990 10 60 120 360 544 660 765 855 

Census Region Midwest 254 250.689 241.492 15.153 1 1005 10 55 150 460 600 695 815 940 

Census Region South 401 223.691 239.929 11.981 1 1440 10 47 120 360 560 635 815 979 

Census Region West 284 213.68 222.324 13.193 2 960 10 60 120 305 585 675 793 850 

Day Of Week Weekday 900 224.954 232.145 7.738 1 1430 10 58.5 120 367.5 565 672.5 815 942.5 

Day Of Week Weekend 314 228.019 228.476 12.894 2 1440 8 52 120 376 580 665 720 815 

Season Winter 347 241.715 239.749 12.87 2 1440 10 60 155 390 585 660 897 960 

Season Spring 321 220.343 220.658 12.316 1 1005 10 54 115 390 550 630 730 815 

Season Summer 294 224.418 244.957 14.286 1 1040 5 45 115 360 595 760 855 979 

Season Fall 252 212.194 214.928 13.539 1 990 15 55.5 120 327.5 540 660 710 793 

Asthma No 1123 225.742 229.228 6.84 1 1440 10 55 125 370 565 660 780 897 

Asthma Yes 84 228.5 259.329 28.295 1 979 10 59.5 100 351 660 793 910 979 

Asthma DK 7 193.571 201.406 76.124 15 510 15 60 80 450 510 510 510 510 

Angina No 1178 225.259 231.28 6.739 1 1440 10 55 120 360 570 670 810 930 

Angina Yes 28 227.75 218.573 41.306 5 770 12 62.5 135 425 560 600 770 770 

Angina DK 8 290.625 269.171 95.166 15 780 15 67.5 217.5 480 780 780 780 780 

Bronchitis/Emphysema No 1166 226.724 232.003 6.794 1 1440 10 58 120 370 570 670 810 930 

Bronchitis/Emphysema Yes 41 198.829 213.198 33.296 5 780 10 45 95 330 550 565 780 780 

Bronchitis/Emphysema DK 7 220.714 197.261 74.558 15 510 15 60 155 450 510 510 510 510 

Note: A "*" Signifies missing data. "DK" = The respondent replied "don't know". Refused = Refused data. N = doer sample size. Mean = Mean 24-hour 

cumulative number of minutes for doers. Stdev = standard deviation. Stderr = standard error. Min = minimum number of minutes. Max = maximum 

number of minutes. Percentiles are the percentage of doers below or equal to a given number of minutes. 

Source: Tsang and Klepeis, 1996. 
Table 15-141. Statistics for 24-Hour Cumulative Number of Minutes Spent with Smokers Present 

Percentiles 

Category Population Group N Mean Stdev Stderr Min Max 5 25 50 75 90 95 98 99 

All 4005 381.494 300.479 4.748 1 1440 30 120 319 595 815 925 1060 1170 

Gender Male 1967 411.359 313 7.057 1 1440 30 135 355 638 855 965 1105 1217 

Gender Female 2035 352.771 285.139 6.321 1 1440 29 105 285 545 780 870 995 1110 

Gender Refused 3 283.333 188.171 108.641 105 480 105 105 265 480 480 480 480 480 

Age (years) * 54 386.259 305.371 41.556 5 1440 25 105 370 555 780 995 995 1440 

Age (years) 1-4 155 366.561 324.464 26.062 5 1440 30 90 273 570 825 1010 1140 1305 

Age (years) 5-11 224 318.071 314.016 20.981 1 1440 25 105 190 475 775 1050 1210 1250 

Age (years) 12-17 256 245.77 243.61 15.226 1 1260 10 60 165 360 595 774 864 1020 

Age (years) 18-64 2976 403.067 299.434 5.489 2 1440 30 134.5 355 625 830 930 1047 1150 

Age (years) > 64 340 342.694 292.209 15.847 5 1440 30 100 240 540 797.5 880 1015 1205 

Race White 3279 389.219 303.032 5.292 1 1440 30 120 330 610 825 930 1060 1190 

Race Black 395 359.977 287.96 14.489 2 1440 22 118 300 538 775 905 1080 1160 

Race Asian 48 262.063 209.928 30.3 5 800 10 64 212.5 412.5 560 630 800 800 

Race Some Others 79 420.671 339.247 38.168 10 1328 30 135 310 655 885 1140 1305 1328 

Race Hispanic 165 292.624 250.208 19.479 5 1095 15 75 220 475 660 800 845 945 

Race Refused 39 393.538 325.254 52.082 25 1110 30 115 290 655 865 1040 1110 1110 

Hispanic No 3666 384.913 301.22 4.975 1 1440 30 120 324 600 822 930 1060 1170 

Hispanic Yes 288 336.191 280.874 16.551 1 1440 20 115 252 512 760 850 1010 1260 

Hispanic DK 18 369.833 371.484 87.56 15 1440 15 90 220 600 760 1440 1440 1440 

Hispanic Refused 33 403.364 322.819 56.195 25 1110 30 120 325 655 840 1040 1110 1110 

Employment * 624 301.723 295.529 11.831 1 1440 15 75 190 450 735 900 1140 1230 

Employment Full Time 2042 405.894 296.349 6.558 2 1440 30 135 364.5 625 835 925 1005 1110 

Employment Part Time 381 378.013 291.098 14.913 5 1440 30 135 325 585 805 915 1080 1245 

Employment Not Employed 935 383.833 308.691 10.095 3 1440 30 120 310 600 825 930 1110 1290 

Employment Refused 23 341.957 254.245 53.014 25 925 30 120 325 450 715 885 925 925 

Education * 704 308.635 292.801 11.035 1 1440 15 87.5 205 465 741 900 1095 1217 

Education < High School 377 497.719 317.756 16.365 2 1440 40 225 465 775 905 990 1120 1369 

Education High School Graduate 1315 425.682 301.711 8.32 3 1440 30 155 390 650 840 928 1060 1202 

Education < College 829 388.807 295.753 10.272 5 1435 30 135 330 600 810 930 1050 1155 

Education College Graduate 473 325.871 272.694 12.538 2 1140 30 90 240 499 735 860 990 1035 

Education Post Graduate 307 282.518 257.117 14.674 3 1205 20 60 200 430 665 810 900 983 

Census Region Northeast 932 369.46 287.677 9.423 2 1440 30 120 314 565 800 892 990 1095 

Census Region Midwest 938 384.067 304.829 9.953 2 1440 29 120 319.5 600 825 930 1080 1140 

Census Region South 1409 404.028 308.501 8.219 1 1440 30 130 345 630 840 943 1090 1205 

Census Region West 726 349.883 291.992 10.837 1 1440 30 110 274 541 800 900 1045 1180 

Day Of Week Weekday 2661 374.746 296.185 5.742 1 1440 30 120 315 578 810 915 1045 1150 

Day Of Week Weekend 1344 394.854 308.482 8.415 1 1440 30 120 321.5 625 833 940 1110 1260 

Season Winter 1046 374.159 304.183 9.405 1 1440 25 115 295 590 815 925 1080 1170 

Season Spring 1034 384.762 301.561 9.378 2 1440 30 120 320 610 810 900 1105 1215 

Season Summer 1059 385.134 300.394 9.231 2 1440 30 120 330 591 840 940 1040 1130 

Season Fall 866 381.999 295.104 10.028 2 1440 30 120 324 590 810 915 1030 1150 

Asthma No 3687 378.806 298.378 4.914 1 1440 30 120 315 591 810 915 1050 1170 

Asthma Yes 298 416.862 323.967 18.767 5 1440 20 135 342.5 652 870 1015 1202 1335 

Asthma DK 20 350 304.324 68.049 25 995 27.5 60 290 540 795 902.5 995 995 

Angina No 3892 380.923 299.475 4.8 1 1440 30 120 320 595 815 920 1060 1170 

Angina Yes 87 404.31 345.105 36.999 2 1380 30 120 270 703 910 1015 1320 1380 

Angina DK 26 390.577 300.394 58.912 25 995 30 115 342.5 670 780 790 995 995 

Bronchitis/Emphysema No 3749 378.662 298.576 4.876 1 1440 30 120 315 590 810 915 1060 1170 

Bronchitis/Emphysema Yes 236 431.157 326.848 21.276 5 1380 30 150 362.5 680 892 980 1205 1260 

Bronchitis/Emphysema DK 20 326.25 291.068 65.085 10 995 17.5 85 222.5 540 755 887.5 995 995 

Note: A "*" Signifies missing data. "DK" = The respondent replied "don't know". Refused = Refused data. N = doer sample size. Mean = Mean 24-hour 

cumulative number of minutes for doers. Stdev = standard deviation. Stderr = standard error. Min = minimum number of minutes. Max = maximum

number of minutes. Percentiles are the percentage of doers below or equal to a given number of minutes.

Source: Tsang and Klepeis, 1996.
Table 15-142 Range of Time (minutes) Spent Smoking Based on the Number of Respondents 

Number of Minutes 

Total N *-* 0- 60- 120- 180- 240- 300- 360- 420- 480- 540- 600-

60 120 180 240 300 360 420 480 540 600 660 

Overall 9386 5381 628 444 338 285 258 242 236 192 228 186 185 

Gender 

Male 4294 2327 280 184 167 141 119 114 128 92 101 92 89 Female 5088 3053 348 259 171 144 138 128 108 99 127 94 96 Refused 4 1 * 1 * * 1 * * 1 * * * 

Age (years) * 187 133 10 6

1-4 499 344 29 23

5-11 703 479 40 38

12-17 589 333 75 31

18-64 6059 3083 412 305

> 64 1349 1009 62 41

2 3 2 4 3 6 4 3 3 

14 8 10 7 8 7 8 7 5 

32 23 10 9 6 12 6 11 6 

30 20 22 15 13 7 13 5 3 

225 196 195 187 192 143 184 148 154 

35 35 19 20 14 17 13 12 14 

Race 

White 7591 4312 496 368 

Black 945 550 66 41 

Asian 157 109 12 3 

Some Others 182 103 10 8 

Hispanic 385 220 39 17 

Refused 126 87 5 7 

261 233 208 208 186 154 173 160 149 

37 26 29 18 31 23 33 15 22 

7 5 3 2 5 3 3 2 1 

9 5 7 3 2 3 5 4 4 

21 13 9 9 10 8 12 5 6 

3 3 2 2 2 1 2 * 3 

Hispanic No 8534 4868 573 396 

Yes 702 414 48 38 

DK 47 29 3 4 

Refused 103 70 4 6 

295 267 238 226 213 181 202 173 168 

38 16 18 14 21 10 23 11 13 

2 * 1 * 1 * 1 2 1 

3 2 1 2 1 1 2 * 3 

Employment * 1773 1149 143 91

Full Time 4096 2054 286 203

Part Time 802 421 51 42

Not Employed 2644 1709 145 105

Refused 71 48 3 3

74 50 39 29 26 28 27 22 14 

140 141 124 126 134 96 134 109 110 

36 25 32 27 17 23 28 12 16 

87 67 61 56 58 43 38 43 44 

1 2 2 4 1 2 1 * 1 

Education 

* 1968 1264 153 98

< High School 834 457 34 28

High School Graduate 2612 1297 160 115

< College 1801 972 114 87

College Graduate 1247 774 88 70

Post Graduate 924 617 79 46

81 56 49 38 30 31 30 27 18 

23 16 15 23 38 15 20 26 12 

94 86 92 84 69 71 93 64 76 

76 62 50 56 49 44 52 35 44 

42 38 32 24 32 23 20 22 21 

22 27 20 17 18 8 13 12 14 

Census Region Northeast 2075 1143 150 108

Midwest 2102 1164 145 110

South 3243 1834 206 137

West 1966 1240 127 89

66 73 61 63 54 52 56 40 38 

75 65 69 37 63 42 55 51 41 

116 106 76 92 85 58 87 60 76 

81 41 52 50 34 40 30 35 30 

Day of Week Weekday 6316 3655 430 301 227 188 164 146 171 127 169 128 116 

Weekend 3070 1726 198 143 111 97 94 96 65 65 59 58 69 

Season 

Winter 2524 1478 180 113

Spring 2438 1404 154 120

Summer 2536 1477 165 116

Fall 1888 1022 129 95

91 81 65 68 53 39 60 48 41 

82 73 73 61 61 50 58 40 61 

88 71 64 64 68 61 52 57 45 

77 60 56 49 54 42 58 41 38 

Asthma 

No 8629 4942 580 419 308 264 237 223 216 175 213 172 173 

Yes 694 396 42 24 29 20 20 17 20 16 13 13 12 

DK 63 43 6 1 1 1 1 2 * 1 2 1 * 

Angina No 9061 5169 610 430 331 273 252 235 233 187 223 184 181 

Yes 250 63 13 11 5 11 5 5 2 5 4 * 4 

DK 75 49 5 3 2 1 1 2 1 * 1 2 * 

Bronchitis/emphysema No 8882 5133 593 423 311 267 246 224 219 182 215 177 174 

Yes 433 197 30 20 24 17 11 16 17 10 11 7 11 

DK 71 51 5 1 3 1 1 2 * * 2 2 * 
Table 15-142 Range of Time (minutes) Spent Smoking Based on the Number of Respondents (continued) 

Number of Minutes 

660- 720- 780- 840- 900- 960- 1020- 1080- 1140- 1200- 1260- 1320- 1380-

720 780 840 900 960 1020 1080 1140 1200 1260 1320 1380 1440 

Overall 149 135 162 105 83 53 27 21 12 12 3 6 15 

Gender 

Male 84 76 87 

Female 65 59 75 

Refused * * * 

66 48 37 18 14 9 6 3 3 10 

39 35 17 9 7 3 6 * 3 5 

* * * * * * * * * * 

Age (years) * 2 1 1

1-4 3 5 6

5-11 7 2 5

12-17 7 3 5

18-64 119 114 129

> 64 11 10 16

1 * 2 * * * * * * 1 

3 2 3 2 2 1 * 1 * 1 

2 * 1 5 2 2 3 * * 2 

3 1 1 * * * 2 * * * 

91 72 44 18 17 9 5 2 5 10 

5 8 2 2 * * 2 * 1 1 

Race 

White 135 118 139 

Black 7 10 8 

Asian * * 2 

Some Others 3 2 6 

Hispanic 3 3 6 

Refused 1 2 1 

90 74 49 21 16 11 11 2 3 14 

9 6 3 5 2 1 * * 2 1 

* * * * * * * * * * 

2 2 * * 1 * 1 1 1 * 

2 1 * * 1 * * * * * 

2 * 1 1 1 * * * * * 

Hispanic No 141 127 149 

Yes 5 6 11 

DK 1 1 * 

Refused 2 1 2 

96 81 52 25 19 12 11 2 6 13 

8 2 1 1 1 * 1 1 * 1 

* * * * * * * * * 1 

1 * * 1 1 * * * * * 

Employment * 16 10 16

Full Time 83 82 82

Part Time 18 11 16

Not Employed 31 32 48

Refused 1 * *

8 3 5 7 4 3 5 1 * 3 

72 50 34 10 11 5 2 * 2 6 

6 10 2 2 3 * 2 * 1 1 

18 19 12 8 3 4 3 2 3 5 

1 1 * * * * * * * * 

Education 

* 19 12 18

< High School 15 24 34

High School Graduate 60 64 62

< College 36 22 29

College Graduate 11 9 12

Post Graduate 8 4 7

10 3 7 8 4 3 5 1 * 3 

16 16 7 6 2 1 1 * 2 3 

45 33 17 6 5 5 3 1 2 8 

18 23 12 5 6 3 2 1 2 1 

10 6 8 1 4 * * * * * 

6 2 2 1 * * 1 * * * 

Census Region Northeast 37 34 34

Midwest 36 28 36

South 52 63 60

West 24 10 32

23 20 10 2 4 2 2 * 1 2 

29 15 13 11 8 1 2 1 1 4 

37 37 21 11 6 7 5 * 4 7 

16 11 9 3 3 2 3 2 * 2 

Day of Week Weekday 95 84 103 63 55 38 17 12 8 8 2 1 8 

Weekend 54 51 59 42 28 15 10 9 4 4 1 5 7 

Season 

Winter 30 47 46

Spring 41 36 44

Summer 38 23 45

Fall 40 29 27

26 21 11 7 6 4 1 2 1 5 

29 10 14 5 5 4 5 1 2 5 

31 33 13 11 5 2 3 * 2 2 

19 19 15 4 5 2 3 * 1 3 

Asthma 

No 134 124 150 92 

Yes 15 9 11 13 

DK * 2 1 * 

77 47 24 20 9 9 3 5 13 

6 5 3 1 3 3 * 1 2 

* 1 * * * * * * * 

Angina No 141 130 157 103 82 

Yes 4 3 4 2 1 

DK 4 2 1 * * 

48 26 20 12 12 2 5 15 

4 1 1 * * 1 1 * 

1 * * * * * * * 

Bronchitis/emphysema No 139 128 150 91 75 48 25 20 11 9 3 4 15 

Yes 10 5 12 14 8 4 2 1 1 3 * 2 * 

DK * 2 * * * 1 * * * * * * * 

Note: * = Missing Data; DK =Don't know; N = Number of Respondents; Refused = Respondent Refused to Answer. 

Source: Tsang And Klepeis, 1996. 
Table 15-143 Number of Minutes Spent Smoking (minutes/day) 

Percentiles 

Category Population Group N 1 2 5 10 25 50 75 90 95 98 99 100 

Overall 9386 0 0 0 0 0 0 240 615 795 930 1035 1440 

Gender Male 4294 0 0 0 0 0 0 310 685 840 983 1095 1440 

Gender Female 5088 0 0 0 0 0 0 180 545 725 870 960 1440 

Age (years) 1-4 499 0 0 0 0 0 0 75 455 735 975 1095 1440 

Age (years) 5-11 703 0 0 0 0 0 0 82 370 625 975 1140 1440 

Age (years) 12-17 589 0 0 0 0 0 0 130 377 542 810 864 1260 

Age (years) 18-64 6059 0 0 0 0 0 0 345 675 830 950 1045 1440 

Age (years) > 64 1349 0 0 0 0 0 0 10 340 622 825 910 1440 

Race White 7591 0 0 0 0 0 0 250 630 805 940 1035 1440 

Race Black 945 0 0 0 0 0 0 225 540 715 910 1071 1440 

Race Asian 157 0 0 0 0 0 0 60 375 494 565 790 800 

Race Some Others 182 0 0 0 0 0 0 255 680 815 1140 1305 1328 

Race Hispanic 385 0 0 0 0 0 0 175 481 652 813 845 1095 

Hispanic No 8534 0 0 0 0 0 0 243 625 800 940 1035 1440 

Hispanic Yes 702 0 0 0 0 0 0 175 518 680 850 920 1440 

Employment Full Time 4096 0 0 0 0 0 0 360 687 835 945 1005 1440 

Employment Part Time 802 0 0 0 0 0 0 295 630 793 930 1054 1440 

Employment Not Employed 2644 0 0 0 0 0 0 144.5 555 768 915 1045 1440 

Education < High School 834 0 0 0 0 0 0 420 790 880 1004 1105 1440 

Education High School Graduate 2612 0 0 0 0 0 5 390 710 840 956 1060 1440 

Education < College 1801 0 0 0 0 0 0 288 630 805 945 1045 1435 

Education College Graduate 1247 0 0 0 0 0 0 135 480 660 860 970 1140 

Education Post Graduate 924 0 0 0 0 0 0 60 380 595 795 860 1205 

Census Region Northeast 2075 0 0 0 0 0 0 259 610 775 915 990 1440 

Census Region Midwest 2102 0 0 0 0 0 0 255 630 810 945 1054 1440 

Census Region South 3243 0 0 0 0 0 0 275 655 810 950 1060 1440 

Census Region West 1966 0 0 0 0 0 0 140 510 710 885 990 1440 

Day of Week Weekday 6316 0 0 0 0 0 0 225 595 780 925 1015 1440 

Day of Week Weekend 3070 0 0 0 0 0 0 260 651 810 950 1080 1440 

Season Winter 2524 0 0 0 0 0 0 210 600 790 930 1034 1440 

Season Spring 2438 0 0 0 0 0 0 240 626 785 920 1060 1440 

Season Summer 2536 0 0 0 0 0 0 235 600 810 940 1020 1440 

Season Fall 1888 0 0 0 0 0 0 285 630 791 945 1020 1440 

Asthma No 8629 0 0 0 0 0 0 240 610 790 928 1020 1440 

Asthma Yes 694 0 0 0 0 0 0 270 668 855 1020 1170 1440 

Angina No 9061 0 0 0 0 0 0 240 615 795 930 1034 1440 

Angina Yes 250 0 0 0 0 0 0 125 615 835 1007.5 1125 1380 

Bronchitis/emphysema No 8882 0 0 0 0 0 0 235 605 785 928 1020 1440 

Bronchitis/emphysema Yes 433 0 0 0 0 0 50 405 810 900 1040 1205 1380 

Note: N = Doer Sample Size; Percentiles are the Percentage of Doers below or Equal to a Given Number of Minutes. 

Source: Tsang and Klepeis, 1996. 
Table 15-144 Range of Time Spent Smoking Cigars or Pipe Tobacco by the Number of Respondents 

Total N Number of Minutes per Day 

*-* 0-3 3-6 6-9 9-12 12-15 15-18 18-61 

Overall 62 5 10 8 6 1 2 9 21 

Gender 

Male 58 5 8 7 6 1 2 9 20 

Female 4 * 2 1 * * * * 1 

Age (years) 

5-11 1 

12-17 1 

18-64 46 

> 64 14 

* * 1 * * * * * 

1 * * * * * * * 

3 10 4 6 1 1 5 16 

1 * 3 * * 1 4 5 

Race 

White 53 

Black 5 

Some Others 1 

Hispanic 3 

3 8 7 4 1 1 9 20 

1 2 1 1 * * * * 

1 * * * * * * * 

* * * 1 * 1 * 1 

Hispanic 

No 57 5 9 8 5 * 1 9 20 

Yes 5 * 1 * 1 1 1 * 1 

Employment 

* 2

Full Time 39

Part Time 3

Not Employed 17

Refused 1

1 * 1 * * * * * 

2 7 4 5 1 1 4 15 

* 3 * * * * * * 

1 * 3 1 * 1 5 6 

1 * * * * * * * 

Education 

* 2

< High School 2

High School Graduate 24

< College 18

College Graduate 10

Post Graduate 6

1 * 1 * * * * * 

* * * * * 1 * 1 

2 4 4 3 * * 3 8 

2 4 * * 1 * 4 7 

* 2 2 2 * * 1 3 

* * 1 1 * 1 1 2 

Census Region 

Northeast 20

Midwest 19

South 12

West 11

3 1 4 * 1 * 1 10 

* 4 4 2 * 1 4 4 

1 3 * 2 * 1 1 4 

1 2 * 2 * * 3 3 

Day of Week 

Weekday 40 3 7 5 2 1 * 7 15 

Weekend 22 2 3 3 4 * 2 2 6 

Season 

Winter 16

Spring 19

Summer 19

Fall 8

* 3 5 1 * 1 3 3 

3 4 1 1 * * 2 8 

1 1 1 4 1 1 2 8 

1 2 1 * * * 2 2 

Asthma 

No 59 5 8 8 6 1 2 8 21 

Yes 3 * 2 * * * * 1 * 

Angina 

No 60 5 10 8 6 1 2 8 20 

Yes 2 * * * * * * 1 1 

Bronchitis/emphysema 

No 60 4 10 8 6 1 2 8 21 

Yes 2 1 * * * * * 1 * 

Note: * Signifies missing data; Refused = respondents refused to answer; N = doer sample size in specified range of number of 

minutes spent. 

A value of "61" for number of minutes signifies that more than 60 minutes were spent. 

Source: Tsang and Klepeis, 1996. 
Table 15-145 Number of Minutes Spent Smoking Cigars or Pipe Tobacco (minutes/day) 

Percentiles 

Category Population Group N 1 2 5 10 25 50 75 90 95 98 99 100 

Overall 57 2 3 3 10 20 60 61 61 61 61 61 61 

Gender Male 53 3 5 10 10 20 60 61 61 61 61 61 61 

Gender Female 4 2 2 2 2 2.5 9 38 61 61 61 61 61 

Age (years) 5-11 1 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 

Age (years) 12-17 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Age (years) 18-64 43 2 2 3 10 15 45 61 61 61 61 61 61 

Age (years) > 64 13 15 15 15 20 45 60 61 61 61 61 61 61 

Race White 50 2 2.5 3 10 20 60 61 61 61 61 61 61 

Race Black 4 10 10 10 10 10 15 25 30 30 30 30 30 

Race Some Others 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Race Hispanic 3 30 30 30 30 30 45 61 61 61 61 61 61 

Hispanic No 52 2 3 3 10 20 60 61 61 61 61 61 61 

Hispanic Yes 5 10 10 10 10 30 40 45 61 61 61 61 61 

Employment Full Time 37 2 2 3 10 20 60 61 61 61 61 61 61 

Employment Part Time 3 3 3 3 3 3 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 

Employment Not Employed 16 15 15 15 20 37.5 60 61 61 61 61 61 61 

Education < High School 2 45 45 45 45 45 53 61 61 61 61 61 61 

Education High School Graduate 22 2 2 10 10 15 45 61 61 61 61 61 61 

Education < College 16 3 3 3 3 25 60 61 61 61 61 61 61 

Education College Graduate 10 5 5 5 7.5 20 30 61 61 61 61 61 61 

Education Post Graduate 6 20 20 20 20 30 52.5 61 61 61 61 61 61 

Census Region Northeast 17 10 10 10 20 20 61 61 61 61 61 61 61 

Census Region Midwest 19 2 2 2 3 15 30 60 61 61 61 61 61 

Census Region South 11 10 10 10 10 10 45 61 61 61 61 61 61 

Census Region West 10 10 10 10 10 30 60 61 61 61 61 61 61 

Day of Week Weekday 37 2 2 3 10 20 60 61 61 61 61 61 61 

Day of Week Weekend 20 3 3 6.5 10 20 37.5 61 61 61 61 61 61 

Season Winter 16 3 3 3 10 15 25 60 61 61 61 61 61 

Season Spring 16 2 2 2 5 15 60.5 61 61 61 61 61 61 

Season Summer 18 10 10 10 20 30 60 61 61 61 61 61 61 

Season Fall 7 3 3 3 3 10 60 61 61 61 61 61 61 

Asthma No 54 2 3 10 10 20 60 61 61 61 61 61 61 

Asthma Yes 3 3 3 3 3 3 5 60 60 60 60 60 60 

Angina No 55 2 3 3 10 20 60 61 61 61 61 61 61 

Angina Yes 2 60 60 60 60 60 60.5 61 61 61 61 61 61 

Bronchitis/emphysema No 56 2 3 3 10 20 60 61 61 61 61 61 61 

Bronchitis/emphysema Yes 1 60 60 60 60 60 60 60 60 60 60 60 60 

Note: A value of "61" for number of minutes signifies that more than 60 minutes were spent; N = doer sample size. Percentiles are the 

percentage of doers below or equal to a given number of minutes. 

Source: Tsang and Klepeis, 1996. 
Table 15-146 Range of Numbers of Cigarettes Smoked Based on the Number of Respondents 

Total N Number of Cigarettes Smoked by Respondent on the Day Before the Survey 

* None 1-2 3-5 6-9 10-14 15-24 25-35 36+ DK 

Overall 4663 530 3288 45 92 88 182 315 56 57 10 

Gender 

Male 2163 278 1467 

Female 2498 251 1820 

Refused 2 1 1 

24 38 32 81 167 30 43 3 

21 54 56 101 148 26 14 7 

* * * * * * * * 

Age (years) 

* 84 2

1-4 263 263

5-11 348 258

12-17 326 1

18-64 2972 5

> 64 670 1

72 1 1 * 2 3 1 1 1 

* * * * * * * * * 

88 * 1 * * 1 * * * 

315 * 1 3 2 3 * * 1 

2232 42 76 75 156 276 54 51 5 

581 2 13 10 22 32 1 5 3 

Race 

White 3774 413 

Black 463 53 

Aian 77 5 

Some Others 96 22 

Hispanic 193 37 

Refused 60 * 

2664 30 63 63 156 272 54 52 7 

319 7 18 22 17 22 1 1 3 

71 * * * * 1 * * * 

55 1 4 1 5 6 1 1 * 

133 7 5 2 2 7 * * * 

46 * 2 * 2 7 * 3 * 

Hispanic 

No 4244 452 

Yes 347 75 

DK 26 2 

Refused 46 1 

3010 33 79 79 173 297 56 55 10 

225 11 10 7 7 12 * * * 

18 * 2 2 1 1 * * * 

35 1 1 * 1 5 * 2 * 

Employment 

* 926 526

Full Time 2017 1

Part Time 379 * Not Employed 1309 3

Refused 32 *

388 * 2 3 2 3 * * 2 

1510 34 55 51 100 193 37 34 2 

307 5 7 6 23 22 4 3 2 

1058 6 28 28 57 92 14 20 3 

25 * * * * 5 1 * 1 

Education 

* 1021 526

< High School 399 3

High School Graduate 1253 1

< College 895 * College Graduate 650 * Post Graduate 445 *

473 * 4 3 4 8 * 1 2 

279 1 9 12 27 42 8 16 2 

899 16 44 35 73 138 23 23 1 

696 11 19 20 44 75 18 9 3 

547 11 10 13 26 32 5 5 1 

394 6 6 5 8 20 2 3 1 

Census Region 

Northeast 1048 112

Midwest 1036 110

South 1601 193

West 978 115

747 4 12 19 49 78 10 16 1 

746 11 25 19 29 73 13 8 2 

1079 17 37 34 76 108 29 24 4 

716 13 18 16 28 56 4 9 3 

Day of Week 

Weekday 3156 341 2239 28 66 61 116 217 38 43 7 

Weekend 1507 189 1049 17 26 27 66 98 18 14 3 

Season 

Winter 1264 163

Spring 1181 148

Summer 1275 142

Fall 943 77

883 16 23 21 50 71 18 14 5 

819 13 22 14 45 94 14 10 2 

906 7 20 32 47 89 12 17 3 

680 9 27 21 40 61 12 16 * 

Asthma 

No 4287 480 3023 

Yes 341 48 239 

DK 35 2 26 

40 85 80 171 292 51 56 9 

5 6 8 10 18 5 1 1 

* 1 * 1 5 * * * 

Angina 

No 4500 526 3161 

Yes 125 2 99 

DK 38 2 28 

45 88 85 175 304 52 54 10 

* 3 3 5 8 3 2 * 

* 1 * 2 3 1 1 * 

Bronchitis/emphysema 

No 4424 519 3138 43 80 81 170 284 48 52 9 

Yes 203 11 120 2 11 6 11 28 8 5 1 

DK 36 * 30 * 1 1 1 3 * * * 

Note: * = Missing Data; DK = Don't Know; N= Number of Respndents; Refused = Respondent Refused to Answer 

Source: Tsang and Klepeis, 1996. 
Table 15-147 Range of Number of Cigarettes Smoked by Other People Based on Number of Respondents 

Total N Number of Cigarettes Smoked By Others 

* None 1-2 3-5 6-9 10-14 15-24 25-35 36+ DK 

Overall 4723 898 3209 55 108 78 122 121 19 28 85 

Gender 

Male 2131 468 1403 

Female 2590 428 1806 

Refused 2 2 * 

21 35 39 61 46 11 12 35 

34 73 39 61 75 8 16 50 

* * * * * * * * 

Age (years) 

* 103 11

1-4 236 236

5-11 355 355

12-17 263 263

18-64 3087 32

> 64 679 1

82 * 2 * * 3 * 1 4 

* * * * * * * * * 

* * * * * * * * * 

* * * * * * * * * 

2506 46 97 74 116 109 16 24 67 

621 9 9 4 6 9 3 3 14 

Race 

White 3817 675 

Black 482 119 

Asian 80 21 

Some Others 86 29 

Hispanic 192 50 

Refused 66 4 

2616 42 89 70 106 107 18 24 70 

309 7 8 6 9 9 1 2 12 

57 1 * * 1 * * * * 

51 * * 1 3 1 * 1 * 

120 5 9 1 3 1 * 1 2 

56 * 2 * * 3 * * 1 

Hispanic 

No 4290 796 

Yes 355 95 

DK 21 4 

Refused 57 3 

2928 49 91 73 114 118 19 25 77 

223 5 15 3 7 1 * 1 5 

11 1 * 1 1 * * 2 1 

47 * 2 1 * 2 * * 2 

Employment 

* 847 845

Full Time 2079 * Part Time 423 21

Not Employed 1335 30

Refused 39 2

2 * * * * * * * * 

1740 28 64 50 73 59 9 10 46 

336 6 15 4 14 11 1 3 12 

1098 21 28 24 35 48 9 15 27 

33 * 1 * * 3 * * * 

Education 

* 947 897

< High School 435 * High School Graduate 1359 * < College 906 1

College Graduate 597 * Post Graduate 479 *

44 * 1 * * 4 * * 1 

336 6 18 9 17 16 4 10 19 

1097 25 38 40 47 62 9 9 32 

748 10 29 22 36 22 5 9 24 

536 9 15 5 17 11 * * 4 

448 5 7 2 5 6 1 * 5 

Census Region 

Northeast 1027 201

Midwest 1066 196

South 1642 320

West 988 181

690 14 29 18 14 32 3 4 22 

726 15 28 13 27 25 4 7 25 

1090 17 36 33 58 44 7 15 22 

703 9 15 14 23 20 5 2 16 

Day of Week 

Weekday 3160 596 2178 33 76 54 77 69 12 14 51 

Weekend 1563 302 1031 22 32 24 45 52 7 14 34 

Season 

Winter 1260 266

Spring 1257 270

Summer 1261 240

Fall 945 122

841 17 23 19 29 34 7 6 18 

821 14 35 22 27 32 4 10 22 

863 13 25 18 35 30 3 6 28 

684 11 25 19 31 25 5 6 17 

Asthma 

No 4342 802 2989 

Yes 353 95 196 

DK 28 1 24 

52 97 69 117 104 15 22 75 

3 10 9 5 16 4 6 9 

* 1 * * 1 * * 1 

Angina 

No 4561 894 3068 

Yes 125 1 110 

DK 37 3 31 

53 104 78 121 116 19 26 82 

2 3 * 1 4 * 2 2 

* 1 * * 1 * * 1 

Bronchitis/emphysema 

No 4458 875 3016 

Yes 230 21 163 

DK 35 2 30 

53 99 75 115 108 17 23 77 

2 8 3 7 12 2 5 7 

* 1 * * 1 * * 1 

Note: * = Missing Data; DK =Don't know; N = Number of Respondents; Refused = Respondent Refused to Answer. 

Source: Tsang And Klepeis, 1996. 
Table 15-148 Range of the Number of Cigarettes Smoked While at Home Based on the Number of Respondents 

Total N Number of Cigarettes Smoked by Respondent at Home 

* None 1-2 3-5 6-9 10-14 15-24 25-35 36+ DK 

Overall 4723 516 3358 51 193 126 224 180 23 29 23 

Gender 

Male 2131 277 1463 

Female 2590 237 1895 

Refused 2 2 * 

24 86 53 91 98 11 17 11 

27 107 73 133 82 12 12 12 

* * * * * * * * 

Age (years) 

* 103 8

1-4 236 236

5-11 355 268

12-17 263 2

18-64 3087 1

> 64 679 1

83 * 2 4 1 2 1 * 2 

* * * * * * * * * 

86 * * * 1 * * * * 

248 * 6 2 3 1 1 * * 

2352 47 170 110 193 150 21 26 17 

589 4 15 10 26 27 0 3 4 

Race 

White 3817 391 

Black 482 61 

Asian 80 13 

Some Others 86 17 

Hispanic 192 32 

Refused 66 2 

2700 30 152 103 208 164 22 28 19 

345 10 27 20 9 6 1 * 3 

65 * 2 * * * * * * 

58 1 3 1 2 3 * 1 * 

140 8 3 2 3 4 * * * 

50 2 6 * 2 3 * * 1 

Hispanic 

No 4290 451 

Yes 355 64 

DK 21 * 

Refused 57 1 

3045 41 182 121 210 167 23 29 21 

252 8 4 5 10 11 * * 1 

18 * 1 * 2 * * * * 

43 2 6 * 2 2 * * 1 

Employment 

* 847 514

Full Time 2079 1

Part Time 423 *

Not Employed 1335 1

Refused 39 *

322 * 5 1 3 1 1 * * 

1598 33 122 88 117 87 11 10 12 

346 4 17 10 27 12 3 3 1 

1060 14 47 27 76 78 7 16 9 

32 * 2 * 1 2 1 * 1 

Education 

* 947 514

< High School 435 * High School Graduate 1359 *

< College 906 2

College Graduate 597 *

Post Graduate 479 *

406 1 9 3 6 4 2 * 2 

309 5 20 17 32 26 7 12 7 

989 21 78 64 98 84 7 11 7 

701 17 51 25 56 39 4 5 6 

524 6 20 11 19 13 2 1 1 

429 1 15 6 13 14 1 * * 

Census Region 

Northeast 1027 121

Midwest 1066 102

South 1642 177

West 988 116

721 11 39 22 50 46 8 5 4 

764 12 52 32 53 33 5 7 6 

1159 16 62 51 81 63 8 14 11 

714 12 40 21 40 38 2 3 2 

Day of Week 

Weekday 3160 336 2277 32 129 87 134 118 14 18 15 

Weekend 1563 180 1081 19 64 39 90 62 9 11 8 

Season 

Winter 1260 153

Spring 1257 152

Summer 1261 139

Fall 945 72

873 18 53 39 59 42 10 6 7 

901 7 51 22 55 54 1 6 8 

896 10 44 33 64 53 7 10 5 

688 16 45 32 46 31 5 7 3 

Asthma 

No 4342 470 3100 

Yes 353 46 234 

DK 28 * 24 

45 176 112 208 165 20 25 21 

5 15 14 16 15 3 4 1 

1 2 * * * * * 1 

Angina 

No 4561 515 3225 

Yes 125 * 104 

DK 37 1 29 

49 188 123 217 173 23 26 22 

1 2 3 5 7 * 3 * 

1 3 * 2 * * * 1 

Bronchitis/emphysema 

No 4458 501 3179 

Yes 230 15 149 

DK 35 * 30 

46 179 121 210 159 21 20 22 

4 12 5 14 20 2 9 * 

1 2 * * 1 * * 1 

Note: * = Missing Data; DK =Don't Know; N= Number of Respondents; Refused = Respondent Refused to Answer 

Source: Tsang and Klepeis, 1996. 
Table 15-149. Differences in Time Use (hours/week) Grouped by Sex, Employment Status, and Marital Status a

for the Surveys Conducted in 1965 and 1975

Employed Men Employed Women Housewives Total

Urban Data Married Single Married Single Married Single

1965 (N=448) (N=73) (N=190) (N=152) (N=341) (N=14) (N=1

Sleep 53.1 50.6 53.8 52.6 53.9 58.8 53

Work for Pay 51.3 51.4 38.4 39.8 0.5 1.6 33

Family Care 9.0 7.7 28.8 20.6 50.0 45.7 25

Personal Care 20.9 22.2 20.3 21.7 22.6 23.0 21

Free Time 33.7 36.1 26.7 33.3 41.0 38.9 34

 Organizations 2.6 3.6 1.4 3.7 3.4 3.4 2

 Media 17.1 13.9 10.7 11.1 15.3 19.1 14

 Social Life 7.2 10.4 7.9 9.6 12.6 10.2 9

 Recreation 1.4 1.3 0.6 0.5 0.6 1.1 0

 Other Leisure 5.4 6.9 6.1 8.4 9.1 5.1 7

Total Time 168.0 168.0 168.0 168.0 168.0 168.0 168

(Free) (33.7) (36.1) (26.7) (33.3) (41.0) (38.9) (34

1975 (N=245) (N=87) (N=117) (N=108) (N=141) (N=28) (N=

Sleep 53.4 54.1 55.1 54.3 56.8 58.6 54

Work for Pay 47.4 40.0 30.1 38.8 1.1 0.0 32

Family Care 9.7 9.0 24.9 16.6 44.3 42.8 20

Personal Care 21.4 20.0 26.2 21.9 21.4 19.2 21

Free Time 36.1 44.9 31.7 36.4 44.4 47.4 38

 Organizations 3.7 4.8 1.1 4.4 4.8 3.0 3

 Media 18.9 18.5 15.6 14.5 20.4 27.2 18

 Social Life 6.4 8.9 6.6 8.9 10.1 9.1 7

 Recreation 1.3 4.1 0.8 0.5 0.7 0.4 1

 Other Leisure 5.8 8.6 6.5 8.1 8.4 7.7 7

Total Time 168.0 168.0 168.0 168.0 168.0 168.0 168

(Free) (36.1) (44.9) (31.7) (36.4) (44.4) (47.4) (38

Data weighted to ensure equal days of the week. a

Source: Robinson, 1977.
Table 15-150. Time Use (hours/week) Differences by Age for the Surveys Conducted in 1965 and 1975 a 

Mean Duration (hrs/wk) 

Age Group (years) 

18-25 25-35 36-45 46-55 56-65 

1965 1975 1965 1975 1965 1975 1965 1975 1965 1975 

Activity (N=200) (N=149) (N=321) (N=234) (N=306) (N=150) (N=252) (N=141) (N=156) (N=11

Sleep 54.2 55.4 52.5 53.9 53.1 54.7 53.9 55.4 53.6 56.

Work for Pay 32.6 27.0 29.2 33.4 33.1 34.4 33.4 31.0 35.9 20.

Family Care 21.2 15.3 30.4 21.6 25.4 20.4 24.9 23.2 20.4 23.

Personal Care 20.9 20.3 20.3 20.8 22.5 21.1 22.4 23.1 20.9 26.

Free Time 39.1 50.0 35.6 38.4 33.8 37.3 33.4 35.2 37.1 41.

 Organizations 4.8 8.4 3.0 4.2 3.0 3.3 2.0 3.1 2.9 3.

 Media 13.8 18.5 14.6 17.2 14.5 18.3 15.3 18.8 17.4 22.

 Social Life 11.3 10.7 10.3 8.7 8.4 7.8 8.6 5.4 8.1 6.

 Recreation 0.9 2.6 1.2 1.3 0.8 1.0 0.6 1.3 1.1 1.

 Other Leisure 8.3 9.8 6.5 7.0 7.1 6.9 6.9 6.6 7.6 8.

Total Time Free 168.0 168.0 168.0 168.0 168.0 168.0 168.0 168.0 168.0 168.

Time (39.1) (50.0) (35.6) (38.4) (33.8) (37.3) (33.4) (35.2) (37.1) (41.

 Data weighted to ensure equal days of the week. a 

Source: Robinson, 1977. 
Table 15-151. Time Use (hours/week) Differences by Education for the Surveys Conducted in 1965 and 1975 a 

Mean duration (hours/week) 

Age Group (in years) 

0-8 9-11 12 13-15 16+

Activity 

1965 1975 1965 1975 1965 1975 1965 1975 1965 1975 

(N=171) (N=75) (N=220) (N=114) (N=452) (N=319) (N=195) (N=137) (N=191) (N=144) 

Sleep 54.9 57.0 52.3 53.7 53.0 55.5 53.6 53.6 53.6 54.8 

Work for Pay 31.6 30.0 33.1 32.0 30.9 26.9 34.4 27.5 34.5 38.0 

Family Care 24.7 18.7 25.4 21.7 28.9 23.5 21.7 18.9 21.2 16.8 

Personal Care 20.8 22.9 20.9 22.0 21.1 22.1 21.7 10.5 22.7 22.3 

Free Time 35.9 39.4 36.1 38.6 34.1 40.0 36.5 47.5 35.9 36.1

 Organizations 1.8 3.0 1.5 2.2 2.5 3.7 5.8 9.1 4.7 4.1

 Media 19.3 18.0 16.5 20.7 14.2 19.0 13.3 19.7 12.5 16.2

 Social Life 7.7 8.4 9.8 7.9 9.5 8.5 9.0 7.7 10.2 8.1

 Recreation 0.9 1.3 1.4 0.7 0.7 1.3 1.1 2.0 0.9 1.3

 Other Leisure 6.3 8.7 7.0 7.1 7.2 7.5 7.4 9.0 7.7 6.4 

Total Time 168.0 168.0 168.0 (36.2) 168.0 168.0 168.0 168.0 (36.6) 168.0 168.0 (36.0) 168.0 (3

Free Time (36.0) (39.4) (38.6) (34.1) (40.0) (47.5) 

a Data weighted to ensure equal days of the week. 

Source: Robinson, 1977. 
a Table 15-152. Time Use (hours/week) Differences by Race for the Surveys Conducted in 1965 and 1975 

Mean duration (hours/week) 

White Black

 1965 1975 1965 1975 

(N = 1030) (N = 680) (N = 103) (N = 77) 

Activity Category 

Sleep 53.4 54.5 50.9 54.8 

Work for Pay 31.9 30.0 36.6 30.0 

Family Care 26.0 21.1 23.6 17.6 

Personal Care 21.8 22.1 20.0 21.0 

Free Time 34.9 40.3 36.9 44.6

 Organizations 2.8 4.4 3.0 4.9

 Media 14.8 18.7 15.7 19.6

 Social Life 9.3 8.2 9.1 9.8

 Recreation 1.1 1.5 0.6 0.4

 Other Leisure 6.9 7.5 8.4 9.9 

Total Time 168.0 168.0 168.0 168.0 

Free Time (34.9) (40.3) (36.8) (44.6) 

a Data weighted to ensure equal days of the week. 

Source: Robinson, 1977. 
c 

a Table 15-153. Mean Time Spent (hours/week) in Ten Major Activity Categories Grouped by Regions 

Totalb 

N=975 

Activity West North Central Northeast South 

Mean S.D.c 

N=200 N=304 N=185 N=286 

Activity Actegtory 

Market Work 23.44 29.02 27.34 24.21 26.15 23.83 

House/yard work 14.64 14.17 14.29 15.44 14.66 12.09 

Child care 2.50 2.82 2.32 2.66 2.62 5.14 

Services/shop 5.22 5.64 4.92 4.72 5.15 5.40 

Personal care 79.23 76.62 78.11 79.38 78.24 12.70 

Education 2.94 1.43 0.95 1.45 1.65 6.34 

Organizations 3.42 2.97 2.45 2.68 2.88 5.40 

Social 8.26 8.42 8.98 8.22 8.43 8.17 

entertainment 

Active leisure 5.94 5.28 4.77 5.86 5.49 7.81 

Passive leisure 22.47 21.71 23.94 23.47 22.80 13.35 

Total Time 168.00 168.00 168.00 168.00 168.00 0.09 

a Weighted for day of week, panel loss (not defined in report), and correspondence to Census. Data may not add to totals shown 

due to rounding. b N = surveyed population. 

S.D. = standard deviation.

Source: Hill, 1985. 
Table 15-154. Total Mean Time Spent (minutes/day) in Ten Major Activity Categories Grouped by Type of Day 

Time Duration (mins/day) 

Weekday Saturday Sunday 

[N = 831] [N = 831] [N = 831] a 

Activity Category 

Market Work 288.0 (257.7) 97.9 (211.9) 58.0 (164.8) b 

House/Yardwork 126.3 (119.3) 160.5 (157.2) 124.5 (133.3) 

Child Care 26.6 (50.9) 19.4 (51.5) 24.8 (61.9) 

Services/Shopping 48.7 (58.7) 64.4 (92.5) 21.6 (49.9) 

Personal Care 639.2 (114.8) 706.8 (169.8) 734.3 (156.5) 

Education 16.4 (64.4) 5.4 (38.1) 7.3 (48.0) 

Organizations 21.1 (49.7) 18.4 (75.2) 58.5 (104.5) 

Social Entertainment 54.9 (69.2) 1,114.1 (156.0) 110.0 (151.2) 

Active Leisure 37.9 (71.11) 61.4 (126.5) 64.5 (120.6) 

Passive Leisure 181.1 (121.9) 191.8 (161.6) 236.5 (167.1) 

Total Time 1,440 1,440 1,440 

a N = Number of respondents. 

b ( ) = Numbers in parentheses are standard deviations. 

Source: Hill, 1985. 
Table 15-155. Mean Time Spent (minutes/day) in Ten Major Activity Categories During Four Waves of Interviewsa 

Fall Winter Spring Summer Range of 

(Nov. 1, 1975) (Feb. 28, 1976) (June 1, 1976) (Sept. 21, 1976) Standard b 

N=861 N=861 N=861 Deviations 

b b b 

Activity Category Wave 1 Wave 2 Wave 3 Wave 4 

Market work 222.94 226.53 210.44 230.92 272-287 

House/yard work 133.16 135.58 143.10 119.95 129-156 

Child care 25.50 22.44 25.51 21.07 49-58 

Services/shop 48.98 44.09 44.61 47.75 76-79 

Personal care 652.95 678.14 688.27 674.85 143-181 

Education 22.79 12.57 2.87 10.76 32-93 

Organizations 25.30 22.55 23.21 29.91 68-87 

Social entertainment 63.87 67.11 83.90 72.24 102-127 

Active leisure 42.71 47.46 46.19 42.30 96-105 

Passive leisure 210.75 183.48 171.85 190.19 144-162 

Total Time 1440.00 1440.00 1440.00 1440.00 -­

Weighted for day of week, panel loss (not defined in report), and correspondence to Census. a 

Dates by which 50% of the interviews for each wave were taken. b 

Source: Hill, 1985. 
Table 15-156. Mean Time Spent (hours/week) in Ten Major 

Activity Categories Grouped by Gendera 

Time duration (hours/week) 

Men Women Men and Women 

n = 140 n = 561 n = 971 

Activity Category 

Market work 35.8 (23.6)b 17.9 (20.7) 26.2 (23.8) 

House/yard 8.5 (9.0) 20.0 (11.9) 14.7 (12.1) 

Child care 1.2 (2.5) 3.9 (6.4) 2.6 (5.2) 

Services/shop 3.9 (4.5) 6.3 (5.9) 5.2 (5.4) 

Personal care 77.3 (13.0) 79.0 (12.4) 78.2 (12.7) 

Education 2.3 (7.7) 1.1 (4.8) 1.7 (6.4) 

Organizations 2.5 (5.5) 3.2 (5.3) 2.9 (5.4) 

Social entertainment 7.9 (8.3) 8.9 (8.0) 8.4 (8.2) 

Active leisure 5.9 (8.2) 5.2 (7.4) 5.5 (7.8) 

Passive leisure 22.8 (14.1) 22.7 (12.7) 22.8 (13.3) 

Total time 168.1 168.1 168.1 

Detailed components of activities (87) are presented in Table 1A-4. a 

( ) = Numbers in parentheses are standard deviations. b 

Source: Hill, 1985. 
Table 15-157. Percent Responses of Children's "Play" (activities) Locations in Maryvale, Arizonaa 

Location Percent Responses Ranking of Children's "Play" 

Locationsc 

Preschool Primary Grades (K-3) Intermediate Grades 

n = 211 n = 45 (4-6) 

n = 66 

Residential Yards 143 124 132 Residential (Own and Others) b b b 

School Playgrounds 0 53 52 Parks and Recreation Areas 

Parks and Recreation Areas 42 53 33 Street/Path/Alley 

Commercial 2 24 27 Natural/Vacant Areas 

Industrial 0 0 2 School 

Institutional 1 2 0 Institutional 

Streets 3 24 41 Commercial 

Alleys 1 2 9 Parking Lots 

Parking Lots 0 9 9 Child Built Places 

Vacant Lots/Canals/Fields 1 7 8 Water 

Industrial 

Survey was conducted in Maryvale (West Central Phoenix), Arizona. a 

Percentages greater than 100, because many children played in more than one location. b 

Ranking of children's activity locations were obtained from other literature sources. c 

Source: Sell, 1989. 
Table 15-158. Occupational Tenure of Employed Individuals by Age and Sex a 

Median Tenure (years) 

Age Group (years) All Workers Men Women 

16-24 1.9 2.0 1.9 

25-29 4.4 4.6 4.1 

30-34 6.9 7.6 6.0 

35-39 9.0 10.4 7.0 

40-44 10.7 13.8 8.0 

45-49 13.3 17.5 10.0 

50-54 15.2 20.0 10.8 

55-59 17.7 21.9 12.4 

60-64 19.4 23.9 14.5 

65-69 20.1 26.9 15.6 

70 and older 21.9 30.5 18.8 

Total 6.6 7.9 5.4 

a Working population = 109.1 million persons 

Source: Carey, 1988. 
Table 15-159. Occupational Tenure for Employed Individuals Grouped by Sex and Race a 

Median Tenure (Years) 

Race All Individuals Men Women 

White 6.7 8.3 5.4 

Black 5.8 5.8 5.8 

Hispanic 4.5 5.1 3.7

 Working population = 109.1 million persons. a 

Source: Carey, 1988. 
Table 15-160. Occupational Tenure for Employed Individuals Grouped by Sex and Employment Status a 

Median Tenure (Years) 

Employment Status All Individuals Men Women 

Full-Time 7.2 8.4 5.9 

Part-Time 3.1 2.4 3.6 

a Working population = 109.9 million persons. 

Source: Carey, 1988. 
a Table 15-161. Occupational Tenure of Employed Individuals Grouped by Major Occupational Groups and Age 

Median Tenure (years) 

Occupational Group Age Group 

Totalb 16-24 25-34 35-44 45-54 55-64 65+ 

Executive, Administrative, and Managerial 8.4 2.4 5.6 10.1 15.1 17.9 26.3 

Professional Specialty 9.6 2.0 5.7 12.0 18.2 25.6 36.2 

Technicians and Related Support 6.9 2.2 5.7 10.9 17.7 20.8 22.2 

Sales Occupations 5.1 1.7 4.7 7.7 10.5 15.5 21.6 

Administrative Support, including Clerical 5.4 2.1 5.0 7.6 10.9 14.6 15.4 

Service Occupations 4.1 1.7 4.4 6.9 9.0 10.6 10.4 

Precision Production, Craft, and Repair 9.3 2.6 7.1 13.5 19.9 25.7 30.1 

Operators, Fabricators, and Laborers 5.5 1.7 4.6 9.1 13.7 18.1 14.7 

Farming, Forestry, and Fishing 10.4 2.9 7.9 13.5 20.7 30.5 39.8 

a Working population = 109.1 million persons. 

b Includes all workers 16 years and older 

Source: Carey, 1988. 
Table 15-162. Voluntary Occupational Mobility Rates for Workers Age 16 Years and Older a 

Age Group (years) Occupational Mobility Rateb 

(Percent) 

16-24 12.7 

25-34 6.6 

35-44 4.0 

45-54 1.9 

55-64 1.0 

64 and older 0.3 

Total, age 16 and older 5.3 

a Working population = 109.1 million persons. 

b Occupational mobility rate = percentage of persons employed in an occupation who had voluntarily entered it from 

another occupation. 

Source: Carey, 1990. 
Table 15-163. Values and Their Standard Errors for Average Total Residence Time, T, for Each Group in Surveya 

Average total Households (percent) 

residence time S.D.ST Average current 

Households T (years) residence 1985 1987 

TCR (years) 

All households 4.55 ± 0.60 8.68 10.56±0.10 100.0 100.0 

Renters 2.35±0.14 

Owners 11.36±3.87 

Farms 17.31±13.81 

Urban 4.19±0.53 

Rural 7.80±1.17 

Northeast region 7.37±0.88 

Midwest region 5.11±0.68 

South region 3.96±0.47 

West region 3.49±0.57 

4.02 4.62±0.08 36.5 36.0 

13.72 13.96±0.12 63.5 64.0 

18.69 18.75±0.38 2.1 1.9 

8.17 10.07±0.10 74.9 74.5 

11.28 12.06±0.23 25.1 25.5 

11.48 12.64±0.12 21.2 20.9 

9.37 11.15±0.10 25.0 24.5 

8.03 10.12±0.08 34.0 34.4 

6.84 8.44±0.11 19.8 20.2 

a

Values of the average current residence time, T , are given for comparison. CR 

Source: Israeli and Nelson, 1992. 
Table 15-164. Total Residence Time, t (years), Corresponding to Selected Values of R(t) by Housing Category a 

R(t) = 0.05 0.1 0.25 0.5 0.75 

All households 23.1 12.9 3.7 1.4 0.5 

Renters 8.0 5.2 2.6 1.2 0.5 

Owners 41.4 32.0 17.1 5.2 1.4 

Farms 58.4 48.3 26.7 10.0 2.4 

Urban 21.7 10.9 3.4 1.4 0.5 

Rural 32.3 21.7 9.1 3.3 1.2 

Northeast region 34.4 22.3 7.5 2.8 1.0 

Midwest region 25.7 15.0 4.3 1.6 0.6 

South region 20.7 10.8 3.0 1.2 0.4 

West region 17.1 8.9 2.9 1.2 0.4

a R(t) = fraction of households living in the same residence for t years or more. 

Source: Israeli and Nelson, 1992. 
Table 15-165. Residence Time of Owner/Renter Occupied Units

Year household moved into unit Total occupied units (numbers in thousands)

1990-1994 24,534

1985-1989 27,054

1980-1984 10,613

1975-1979 9,369

1970-1974 6,233

1960-1969 7,933

1950-1959 4,754

1940-1949 1,772

1939 or earlier 885

Total 93,147

Source: U.S. Bureau of the Census, 1993b.
Table 15-166. Percent of Householders Living in Houses for Specified Ranges of Time

Years lived in current home Percent of total households

0-4 26.34

5-9 29.04

10-14 11.39

15-19 10.06

20-24 6.69

25-34 8.52

35-44 5.1

45-54 1.9

> 55 0.95

Total 99.99 a

a Total does not equal 100 due to rounding errors.

Source: Adapted from U.S. Bureau of the Census, 1993b.
Table 15-167. Descriptive Statistics for Residential Occupancy Period 

Statistic 

Mean

5th percentile

10th percentile

25th percentile

50th percentile

75th percentile

90th percentile

95th percentile

98th percentile

99th percentile

99.5th percentile

99.8th percentile

99.9th percentile

Second largest value

Largest value

a = Number of simulated persons 

Source: Johnson and Capel, 1992. 

Residential occupancy period (years) 

Both genders Males only Females only 

Na = 500,000 N = 244,274 N = 255,726 

11.7 11.1 12.3

2 2 2

2 2 2

3 4 5

9 8 9

16 15 17

26 24 28

33 31 35

41 39 43

47 44 49

51 48 53

55 53 58

59 56 61

75 73 75

87 73 87
Table 15-168. Descriptive Statistics for Both Genders by Current Age 

Residential occupancy period (years) 

Percentile Current 

age, years Mean 25 50 75 90 95 99 

3 6.5 3 5 8 13 17 22 

6 8.0 4 7 10 15 18 22 

9 8.9 5

12 9.3 5

15 9.1 5

18 8.2 4

21 6.0 2

24 5.2 2

27 6.0 3

30 7.3 3

33 8.7 4

36 10.4 5

39 12.0 5

42 13.5 6

45 15.3 7

48 16.6 8

51 17.4 9

54 18.3 9

57 19.1 10

60 19.7 11

63 20.2 11

66 20.7 12

69 21.2 12

72 21.6 13

75 21.5 13

78 21.4 12

81 21.2 11

84 20.3 11

87 20.6 10

90 18.9 8

All ages 11.7 4

Source: Johnson and Capel, 1992. 

8 12 16 18 22 

9 13 16 18 23 

8 12 16 18 23 

7 11 16 19 23 

4 8 13 17 23 

4 6 11 15 25 

5 8 12 16 27 

6 9 14 19 32 

7 11 17 23 39 

8 13 21 28 47 

9 15 24 31 48 

11 18 27 35 49 

13 20 31 38 52 

14 22 32 39 52 

15 24 33 39 50 

16 25 34 40 50 

17 26 35 41 51 

18 27 35 40 51 

19 27 36 41 51 

20 28 36 41 50 

20 29 37 42 50 

20 29 37 43 53 

20 29 38 43 53 

19 29 38 44 53 

20 29 39 45 55 

19 28 37 44 56 

18 29 39 46 57 

15 27 40 47 56 

9 16 26 33 47 
Table 15-169. Summary of Residence Time of Recent Home Buyers (1993) 

Number of years lived in previous house Percent of Respondents 

1 year or less 2 

2-3 16 

4-7 40 

8-9 10 

10 years or more 32 

Source: NAR, 1993 
Table 15-170. Tenure in Previous Home (Percentage Distribution) 

Percent 

1987 1989 1991 1993 

One year or less 5 8 4 2 

2-3 Years 25 15 21 16 

4-7 Years 36 22 37 40 

8-9 Years 10 11 9 10 

10 or More Years 24 34 29 32

 Total 100 100 100 100 

Median 6 6 6 6 

Source: NAR, 1993 
Table 15-171. Number of Miles Moved (Percentage Distribution) 

First-Time Repeat Buyer New Home Existing Home 

All Buyers Buyer Buyer Buyer 

Miles Percent 

Less than 5 miles 29 33 27 23 31 

5 to 9 miles 20 25 16 18 20 

10 to 19 miles 18 20 17 20 17 

20 to 34 miles 9 11 8 12 9 

35 to 50 miles 2 2 2 2 3 

51 to 100 miles 5 2 6 6 4 

Over 100 miles 17 6 24 19 16 

Total 100 100 100 100 100 

Median 9 8 11 11 8 

Mean 200 110 270 230 190 

Source: NAR, 1993 
Table 15-172. Confidence in Activity Patterns Recommendations 

Considerations Rationale Rating 

TIME SPENT INDOORS VS. OUTDOORS 

Study Elements 

• Level of peer review The studies received high level of peer review. High 

• Accessibility The studies are widely available to the public. High 

• Reproducibility The reproducibility of these studies is left to question. Evidence has shown Medium 

that activities have tended to shift over the past decade since the studies were 

published, due to economic conditions and technological developments, etc. 

Thus, it is assumed there would be differences in reproducing these results. 

However, if data were reanalyzed in the same manner the results are 

expected to be the same. 

• Focus on factor of The study focused on general activity patterns. One study delineated High 

interest between indoor and outdoor use of time but in many cases the locations 

were specified. Thus, any assumptions were made about the indoor or 

outdoor location where event took place. 

• Data pertinent to US The studies focused on the U.S. population and California. High 

• Primary data One study analyzed data from a two primary studies. Data from the High 

remaining study was collected to via questionnaires and interviews. 

• Currency The studies were published in 1985 (data was collected 1981-1982), 1987, Medium 

1991 (data was collected 1987-1990) and 1992. 

• Adequacy of data In one study, households were sampled 4 times during 3 month intervals from High 

collection period February to December, 1981. Robinson’s data was based on 1) the CARB 

Study where data was collected October 1987 to August 1988; and 2) the 

National Study where data was collected January through December 1985. 

• Validity of approach The approach used to collect data was direct and included questionnaires or High 

interviews. Responses where based on diaries and ‘mailback’ surveys based 

on what the person planned to do the following day (the “tomorrow 

approach”). A 24 hour diary was used in another study. 

• Study size The study sizes ranged from 922 to 5,000 depending on the sub-group High 

considered. 

• Representativeness of Timmer focused on activities of children. Robinson studies activities of both High 

the population children and adults. The studies are representative of the US population and 

California State. 

• Characterization of Variability was characterized by age, gender, and day of the week; location of Medium 

variability activities and various age categories for children. There was no mention of 

race and no socio-economic characterizations made. 

• Lack of bias in study Biases noted were sampled during time when children were in school Medium 

design (high rating is (activities during vacation time are not represented); activities in the 1980's 

desirable) may different than they are now; 

• Measurement error Measurement or recording error may occur since the diaries were based on Medium 

recall (in most cases a 24 hour recall). 

Other Elements 

• Number of studies Two High 

• Agreement between Difficult to compare due to varying categories of activities and the unique age Not 

researchers distributions found within each study. Ranked 

Overall Rating Medium 
Table 15-172. Confidence in Activity Patterns Recommendations (continued) 

Considerations Rationale Rating 

TIME SPENT IN A VEHICLE 

Study Elements 

• Level of peer review The study received high level of peer review. High 

• Accessibility The study is widely available to the public. High 

• Reproducibility The reproducibility of these studies is left to question. Evidence has shown Medium 

that activities have tended to shift over the past decade since the studies were 

published, due to economic conditions, technological developments, etc. 

Thus, it is assumed there would be differences in reproducing these results. 

• Focus on factor of The study focused specifically focused on time spent in vehicle. High 

interest 

• Data pertinent to US The studies focused on the U.S. population and California. High 

• Primary data Robinson’s study analyzed data from two primary studies, thus it secondary High 

data. 

• Currency The studies were published in 1985 (data was collected 1981-1982), 1987, Medium 

1991 (data was collected 1987-1990) and 1992. 

• Adequacy of data In one study, households were sampled 4 times during 3 month intervals from High 

collection period February to December, 1981. Robinson’s data was based on 1) the Wiley et 

al. (1991) Study where data was collected October 1987 to August 1988; 

and 2) the National Study where data was collected January through 

December 1985. 

• Validity of approach The approach used to collect primary data was based on diary entries High 

recorded the previous day with follow-up telephone interviews. Another study 

collected time diary data via mailback of questionnaires, telephone interviews. 

‘Mailback’ surveys were based on the “tomorrow approach” where person 

knew they were to record in diaries in advance. 

• Study size The study sizes ranged from 922 to 5,000 depending on the sub-group High 

considered. 

• Representativeness of The studies are representative of the US population and California State. High 

the population 

• Characterization of Variability was characterized by age, gender, and day of the week. There was Medium 

variability no mention of race and no socio-economic characterizations made. 

• Lack of bias in study Both studies lacked time distributions and were based on short-term data. Medium 

design (high rating is Wiley et al. (1991) data was based recall, is limited to California’s population, 

desirable) and only considered English speaking households. 

• Measurement error Measurement or recording error may occur when diaries were based on 24 Medium 

hr recall. 

Other Elements 

• Number of studies One secondary study analyzing two primary studies Medium 

• Agreement between Similar activity patterns were found in both studies. High 

researchers 

Overall Rating Medium 
Table 15-172. Confidence in Activity Patterns Recommendations (continued) 

Considerations Rationale Rating 

TIME SPENT SHOWERING 

Study Elements 

• Level of peer review The study received high level of peer review. High 

• Accessibility Currently, raw data are available to only EPA. It is not known when data will Low 

be publicly available. 

• Reproducibility Results are reproducible. High 

• Focus on factor of The study focused specifically focused on time spent showering. High 

interest 

• Data pertinent to US The study focused on the U.S. general population. High 

• Primary data The study was based on primary data. High 

• Currency The study was published in 1996. High 

• Adequacy of data The data were collected between October 1992 and September 1994. High 

collection period 

• Validity of approach The study used a valid methodology and approach which, in addition to 24­ High 

hour diaries, collected information on temporal conditions and demographic 

data such as geographic location and socioeconomic status for various U.S. 

subgroups. 

• Study size Study consisted of 9,386 total participants.. High 

• Representativeness of The data were representative of the U.S. population. High 

the population 

• Characterization of The study provides a distribution on showering duration. High 

variability 

• Lack of bias in study The study includes distributions for showering duration. Study is based on High 

design (high rating is short-term data. 

desirable) 

• Measurement error Measurement or recording error may occur because diaries are based on 24­ Medium 

hour recall. 

Other Elements 

• Number of studies One; the study was a national study. Low 

• Agreement between Recommendation is based on only one study but it is a widely accepted study High 

researchers and average value is comparable to a second key study. 

Overall Rating High 
Table 15-172. Confidence in Activity Patterns Recommendations (continued) 

Considerations Rationale Rating 

TIME SPENT BATHING 

Study Elements 

• Level of peer review The study received high level of peer review. High 

• Accessibility Currently, raw data are available to only EPA. It is not known when data will Low 

be publicly available. 

• Reproducibility Results can be reproduced or methodology can be followed and evaluated High 

provided comparable economic and social conditions exists. 

• Focus on factor of The survey collected information on duration and frequency of selected High 

interest activities and time spent in selected micro-environments. 

• Data pertinent to US The data represents the U.S. population. High 

• Primary data The study was based on primary data. High 

• Currency The study was published in 1996. High 

• Adequacy of data The data were collected between October 1992 and September 1994. High 

collection period 

• Validity of approach The study used a valid methodology and approach which, in addition to 24­ High 

hour diaries, collected information on temporal conditions and demographic 

data such as geographic location and socioeconomic status for various U.S. 

subgroups. Responses were weighted according to this demographic data. 

• Study size The study consisted of 9,386 total participants. High 

• Representativeness of The studies were based on the U.S. population. High 

the population 

• Characterization of The study provided data that varied across geographic region, race, gender, High 

variability employment status, educational level, day of the week, seasonal conditions, 

and medical conditions of respondent.. 

• Lack of bias in study The study includes distributions for bathing duration. Study is based on Medium 

design (high rating is short-term data. 

desirable) 

• Measurement error Measurement or recording error may occur because diaries were based on Medium 

24-hour recall. 

Other Elements 

• Number of studies One; the study was based on one, primary, national study. Low 

• Agreement between Recommendation was based on only one study. Not 

researchers Ranked 

Overall Rating High 
Table 15-172. Confidence in Activity Patterns Recommendations (continued) 

Considerations Rationale Rating 

SHOWER AND BATHING FREQUENCY 

Study Elements 

• Level of peer review The study received high level of peer review. High 

• Accessibility Currently, raw data is available to only EPA. It is not known when data will be Low 

publicly available. 

• Reproducibility Results can be reproduced or methodology can be followed and evaluated High 

provided comparable economic and social conditions exists. 

• Focus on factor of The survey collected information on duration and frequency of selected High 

interest activities and time spent in selected micro-environments. 

• Data pertinent to US The data represents the U.S. population High 

• Primary data The study was based on primary data. High 

• Currency The study was published in 1996. High 

• Adequacy of data The data were collected between October 1992 and September 1994. High 

collection period 

• Validity of approach The study used a valid methodology and approach which, in addition to 24­ High 

hour diaries, collected information on temporal conditions and demographic 

data such as geographic location and socioeconomic status for various U.S. 

subgroups. Responses were weighted according to this demographic data. 

• Study size The study consisted of 9,386 total participants High 

• Representativeness of Studies were based on the U.S. population. High 

the population 

• Characterization of The study provided data that varied across geographic region, race, gender, High 

variability employment status, educational level, day of the week, seasonal conditions, 

and medical conditions of respondent.. 

• Lack of bias in study Study is based on short term data.. Medium 

design (high rating is 

desirable) 

• Measurement error Measurement or recording error may occur because diaries were based on Medium 

24-hour recall. 

Other Elements 

• Number of studies One; the study was based on one, primary, national study. Low 

• Agreement between Recommendation was based on only one study. Not 

researchers Ranked 

Overall Rating High 
Table 15-172. Confidence in Activity Patterns Recommendations (continued) 

Considerations Rationale Rating 

TIME SPENT SWIMMING 

Study Elements 

• Level of peer review Study received high level of peer review. High 

• Accessibility Currently, raw data is available to only EPA. It is not known when data will be Low 

publicly available. 

• Reproducibility Results can be reproduced or methodology can be followed and evaluated High 

provided comparable economic and social conditions exists. 

• Focus on factor of The survey collected information on duration and frequency of selected High 

interest activities and time spent in selected micro-environments. 

• Data pertinent to US The data represents the U.S. population High 

• Primary data The study was based on primary data. High 

• Currency The study was published in 1996. High 

• Adequacy of data The data were collected between October 1992 and September 1994. High 

collection period 

• Validity of approach The study used a valid methodology and approach which, in addition to 24­ High 

hour diaries, collected information on temporal conditions and demographic 

data such as geographic location and socioeconomic status for various U.S. 

subgroups. Responses were weighted according to this demographic data. 

• Study size The study consisted of 9,386 total participants High 

• Representativeness of Studies were based on the U.S. population. High 

the population 

• Characterization of The study provided data that varied across geographic region, race, gender, High 

variability employment status, educational level, day of the week, seasonal conditions, 

and medical conditions of respondent.. 

• Lack of bias in study The study includes distributions for swimming duration. Study is based on Medium 

design (high rating is short term data. 

desirable) 

• Measurement error Measurement or recording error may occur because diaries were based on Medium 

24-hour recall. 

Other Elements 

• Number of studies One; the study was based on one, primary, national study. Low 

• Agreement between Recommendation was based on only one study. Not 

researchers Ranked 

Overall Rating High 
Table 15-172. Confidence in Activity Patterns Recommendations (continued) 

Considerations Rationale Rating 

RESIDENTIAL TIME SPENT INDOORS AND OUTDOORS 

Study Elements 

• Level of peer review The study received high level of peer review. High 

• Accessibility Currently, raw data is available to only EPA. It is not known when data will be Low 

publicly available. 

• Reproducibility Results can be reproduced or methodology can be followed and evaluated High 

provided comparable economic and social conditions exists. 

• Focus on factor of The survey collected information on duration and frequency of selected High 

interest activities and time spent in selected micro-environments. 

• Data pertinent to US The data represents the U.S. population High 

• Primary data The study was based on primary data. High 

• Currency The study was published in 1996. High 

• Adequacy of data Data were collected between October 1992 and September 1994. High 

collection period 

• Validity of approach The study used a valid methodology and approach which, in addition to 24­ High 

hour diaries, collected information on temporal conditions and demographic 

data such as geographic location and socioeconomic status for various U.S. 

subgroups. Responses were weighted according to this demographic data. 

• Study size The study consisted of 9,386 total participants High 

• Representativeness of The studies were based on the U.S. population. High 

the population 

• Characterization of The study provided data that varied across geographic region, race, gender, High 

variability employment status, educational level, day of the week, seasonal conditions, 

and medical conditions of respondent.. 

• Lack of bias in study The study includes distribitions for time spent indoors and outdoors at ones Medium 

design (high rating is residence. Study is based on short term data. 

desirable) 

• Measurement error Measurement or recording error may occur because diaries were based on Medium 

24-hour recall. 

Other Elements 

• Number of studies One; the study was based on one, primary, national study. Low 

• Agreement between Recommendation was based on only one study. Not 

researchers Ranked 

Overall Rating High 
Table 15-173. Confidence in Occupational Mobility Recommendations 

Considerations Rationale Rating 

Study Elements 

• Level of peer review The studies received high level of peer review High 

• Accessibility The studies are widely available to the public. High 

• Reproducibility If the data were re-collected in the same fashion, it is questionable whether Medium 

the results would be the same based on changes in the economy that have 

occurred since study was conducted (more than 10 years ago). If the same 

data were analyzed according to the design of the study then it is expected 

the results would be the same. 

• Focus on factor of Occupational tenure was the focus of both key studies. High 

interest 

• Data pertinent to US The data represents the U.S. population. High 

• Primary data The two studies are secondary data sources since they are based on Medium 

supplemental data to the January 1987 Current Population Study (a U.S. 

Census publication). 

• Currency The studies were published in 1988 (data was collection in 1987) and 1990 Medium 

(data collected from 1986-1987). 

• Adequacy of data The studies are based on census data, which is collected over a period of High 

collection period years. One study analyzed data for January 1987. The remaining study 

based data between a January 1986 and January 1987 time frame. 

• Validity of approach The studies used a valid methodologies and approaches. High 

• Study size The study size for one is 109 Million; the remaining study’s sample size was High 

100.1 Million. 

• Representativeness of The data are representative of the U.S. population. High 

the population 

• Characterization of The studies provided averaged data according to gender, race, and High 

variability education; age averages and percentiles were provided. 

• Lack of bias in study Much of the original study data is not available. Only median values are Medium 

design (high rating is reported. 

desirable) 

• Measurement error There is no apparent error in measurement High 

Other Elements 

• Number of studies Two Medium 

• Agreement between Difficult to compare between the number of years worked on a job and entry Not 

researchers verses exit rate of various occupations. One set of data was recorded in Ranked 

number of years. The other set of data was recorded as a percent motility 

rate and grouped by age. 

Overall Rating High 
Table 15-174. Recommendations for Population Mobility 

Study Value Method 

Israeli and Nelson, 1992 4.6 yr (averge) Average of current and total 

1/6 a person’s lifetime residence times

 (70 yr) = 11.7 (modeled) 

US Bureau of the Census, 1993 9 yr (50th percentile) Current residence time 

33 yr (90th percentile) 

Johnson and Capel, 1992 26 yr (90th percentile) Residential occupancy period 

33 yr (95th percentile) 

47 yr (99th percentile) 

12 yr (mean) 
Table 15-175. Confidence in Population Mobility Recommendations 

Considerations Rationale Rating 

Study Elements 

• Level of peer review The studies received high levels of peer review and appear in publications. High 

• Accessibility The studies are widely available to the public. High 

• Reproducibility Results can be reproduced or methodology can be followed and evaluated. High 

• Focus on factor of The Census data provided length of time at current. Two of the studies used Medium 

interest modeling to estimate total time. 

• Data pertinent to US The data is based on the U.S. population High 

• Primary data Two studies based results on modeled data and one based results on Medium 

interviews. 

• Currency The reports were published in 1992 (based on data collected in 1985-1987) Medium 

and 1993 (based on data collected from 1939 and 1994 (projected) . 

• Adequacy of data The collection period was based on data collected over several years. High 

collection period 

• Validity of approach There are some concerns regarding the validity of approach. Data does not Medium 

account for each member of the household, values are more realistic 

estimates for the individual’s total residence time, than the average time a 

household has been living at its current residence. The moving process was 

modeled. In another study data was assumed to have an even distribution 

within the different ranges which may bias the 50th and 90th percentiles. 

• Study size The study size ranged from 15,000 to 500, 000. High 

• Representativeness of Studies were based on the U.S. population. High 

the population 

• Characterization of Variability across several geographic regions was noted. Type of ownership Medium 

variability was also addressed. One study provided data grouped by race. 

• Lack of bias in study Mentioned above in validity of approach section. Not 

design (high rating is Ranked 

desirable) 

• Measurement error There is no apparent error in measurement. High 

Other Elements 

• Number of studies Three High 

• Agreement between The studies produced very similar results. High 

researchers 

Overall Rating Medium 
Table 15-176. Summary of Recommended Values for Activity Factors 

Type Value Study 

Indoor Activities Children (ages 3-11) 

19 hr/day (weekdays) 

17 hr/day (weekends) 

Adults (ages 12 and older) 

21 hr/day 

Timmer et al., 1985 -Key study 

Timmer et al., 1985 -Key study 

Robinson and Thomas, 1991 - Key 

study 

Outdoor Activities Children 

5 hr/day (weekdays) 

7 hr/day (weekends) 

Adults 

1.5 hr/day 

Timmer et al., 1985 -Key study 

Timmer et al., 1985 -Key study 

Robinson and Thomas, 1991 - Key 

study 

Time Spent Inside 

Vehicle 

Adults 

1.3 hr/day 

Robinson and Thomas, 1991 - Key 

study 

Tsang and Klepeis, 1996 - Key study 

Taking Baths 20 minutes/event Tsang and Klepeis, 1996 - Key study 

Taking Showers 10 min/day shower duration 

1 shower event/day 

Tsang and Klepeis, 1996 - Key study 

Tsang and Klepeis, 1996 - Key study 

Occupational Tenure 6.6 yrs (16 years and older) Carey, 1988 - Key study 

Population Mobility Average: 9 yr 

95th percentile: 30 yr 

US Bureau of the Census, 1993; 

Israeli and Nelson, 1992; Johnson 

and Capel, 1992 - Key study 

Swimming 1 event/month 

60 minutes/event 

Tsang and Klepeis, 1996 - Key study 

Residential 

Indoors

 Outdoors 16.4 hr/day 

2 hr/day 

Tsang and Klepeis, 1996 - Key study
Table 15A-1. Activity Codes and Descriptors Used for Adult Time Diaries 

WORK AND OTHER INCOME-PRODUCING ACTIVITIES 

Paid Work 

01 - Normal work: activities at the main job including work brought home, travel that is part of the job, and 

overtime; "working," "at work" 

- Work at home; work activities for pay done in the home when home is the main workplace (include 

travel as above) 

02 - Job search; looking for work, including visits to employment agencies, phone calls to prospective 

employers, answering want ads

- Unemployment benefits; applying for or collecting unemployment compensation

- Welfare, food stamps; applying for or collecting welfare, food stamps

05 - Second job; paid work activities that are not part of the main job (use this code only when R* clearly 

indicates a second job or "other" job); paid work for those not having main job; garage sales, rental 

property 

06 - Lunch at the workplace; lunch eaten at work, cafeteria, lunchroom when "where" = work (lunch at 

a restaurant, code 44; lunch at home, code 43) 

- Eating, smoking, drinking coffee as a secondary activity while working (at workplace) 

07 - Before and/or after work at the workplace; activities at the workplace before starting or after stopping 

work; include "conversations," other work. Do not code secondary activities with this primary activity 

- Other work-related 

08 - Coffee breaks and other breaks at the workplace; unscheduled breaks and other nonwork during 

work hours at the workplace; "took a break"; "had coffee" (as a primary activity). Do not code 

secondary activities with this primary activity 

09 - Travel; to and from the workplace when R's travel to and from work were both interrupted by stops; 

waiting for related travel 

- Travel to and from the workplace, including time spent awaiting transportation 

HOUSEHOLD ACTIVITIES 

Indoor 

10 - Meal preparation: cooking, fixing lunches 

- Serving food, setting table, putting groceries away. unloading car after grocery shopping 

11 - Doing dishes, rinsing dishes, loading dishwasher 

- Meal cleanup, clearing table, unloading dishwasher 

(continued on the following page) 
Table 15A-1. Activity Codes and Descriptors Used for Adult Time Diaries (continued) 

HOUSEHOLD ACTIVITIES (continued) 

Indoor (continued) 

12 - Miscellaneous, "worked around house." NA if indoor or outdoor - Routine indoor cleaning and chores, 

picking up, dusting, making beds, washing windows, vacuuming, "cleaning," "fall/spring cleaning," 

"housework" 

14 - Laundry and clothes care - wash 

- Laundry and clothes care - iron, fold, mending, putting away clothes ("Sewing" code 84) 

16 - Repairs indoors; fixing, repairing appliances 

- Repairs indoors; fixing, repairing furniture 

- Repairs indoors; fixing, repairing furnace, plumbing, painting a room 

17 - Care of houseplants 

19 - Other indoor, NA whether cleaning or repair; "did things in house" 

Outdoor 

13 - Routine outdoor cleaning and chores; yard work, raking leaves, mowing grass, garbage removal, 

snow shoveling, putting on storm windows, cleaning garage, cutting wood 

16 - Repair, maintenance, exterior; fixing repairs outdoors, painting the house, fixing the roof, repairing the 

driveway (patching) 

- Home improvements: additions to and remodeling done to the house, garage; new roof 

- Improvement to grounds around house; repaved driveway 

17 - Gardening; flower or vegetable gardening; spading, weeding, composting, picking, worked in garden" 

19 - Other outdoor; "worked outside," "puttering in garage 

MISCELLANEOUS HOUSEHOLD CHORES 

16 - Car care; necessary repairs and routine care to cars; tune up 

- Car maintenance; changed oil, changed tires, washed cars; "worked on car" except when clearly as 

a hobby - (code 83) 

17 - Pet care; care of household pets including activities with pets; playing with the dog; walking the dog; 

(caring for pets of relatives, friends, code 42) 

(continued on the following page) 
Table 15A-1. Activity Codes and Descriptors Used for Adult Time Diaries (continued) 

MISCELLANEOUS HOUSEHOLD CHORES (continued) 

19 - Household paperwork; paying bills, balancing the checkbook, making lists, getting the mail, working 

on the budget 

- Other household chores; (no travel), picking up things at home, e.g., "picked up deposit slips" (relate 

travel to purpose) 

CHILD CARE 

Child Care for Children of Household 

20 - Baby care; care to children aged 4 and under 

21 - Child care; care to children aged 5*-17 

- Child care; mixed ages or NA ages of children 

22 - Helping/teaching children learn, fix, make things; helping son bake cookies; helping daughter fix bike 

- Help with homework or supervising homework 

23 - Giving children orders or instructions; asking them to help; telling the*i*n to behave 

- Disciplining child; yelling at kids, spanking children; correcting children's behavior

- Reading to child

- Conversations with household children only; listening to children

24 - Indoor playing; other indoor activities with children (including games ("playing") unless obviously 

outdoor games) 

25 - Outdoor playing; outdoor activities with children including sports, walks, biking with, other outdoor 

games 

- Coaching/leading outdoor, nonorganizational activities 

26 - Medical care at home or outside home; activities associated with children's health; "took son to 

doctor," "gave daughter medicine" 

Other Child Care 

27 - Babysitting (unpaid) or child care outside R's home or for children not residing in HH 

- Coordinating or facilitating child's social or instructional nonschool activities; (travel related, code 29) 

- Other child care, including phone conversations relating to child care other than medical 

29 - Travel related to child's social and instructional nonschool activities 

- Other travel related to child care activities; waiting for related travel 

(continued on the following page) 
Table 15A-1. Activity Codes and Descriptors Used for Adult Time Diaries (continued) 

OBTAINING GOODS AND SERVICES 

Goods (include phone calls to obtain goods) 

30 - Groceries; supermarket, shopping for food 

- All other shopping for goods; including for clothing, small appliances; at drugstores, hardware stores, 

department stores, "downtown" or "uptown," "shopping," "shopping center," buying gas, "window 

shopping" 

31 - Durable household goods; shopping for large appliances, cars, furniture 

- House, apartment: activities connected to buying, selling, renting, looking for house, apartment, 

including phone calls; showing house, including traveling around looking at real estate property (for 

own use) 

Services (include phone conversations to obtain services) 

32 - Personal care; beauty, barber shop; hairdressers 

33 - Medical care for self; visits to doctor, dentist, optometrist, including making appointments 

34 - Financial services; activities related to taking care of financial business; going to the bank, paying 

utility bills (not by mail), going to accountant, tax office, loan agency, insurance office 

- Other government services: post office, driver's license, sporting licenses, marriage licenses, police 

station 

35 - Auto services; repair and other auto services including waiting for such services 

- Clothes repair and cleaning; cleaners, laundromat, tailor 

- Appliance repair: including furnace, water heater, electric or battery operated appliances; including 

watching repair person 

- Household repair services: including furniture; other repair services NA type; including watching repair 

person 

37 - Other professional services; lawyer, counseling (therapy) 

- Picking up food at a takeout place - no travel 

- Other services, "going to the dump" 

38 - Errands; "running errands," NA whether for goods or services; borrowing goods 

39 - Related travel; travel related to obtaining goods and services and/or household activities except 31; 

waiting for related travel 

(continued on the following page) 
Table 15A-1. Activity Codes and Descriptors Used for Adult Time Diaries (continued) 

PERSONAL NEEDS AND CARE 

Care to Self 

40 - Washing, showering, bathing 

- Dressing; getting ready, packing and unpacking clothes, personal hygiene, going to the bathroom 

41 - Medical care at home to self 

43 - Meals at home; including coffee, drinking, smoking, food from a restaurant eaten at home, 

"breakfast," "lunch" 

44 - Meals away from home; eaten at a friend's home (including coffee, drinking, smoking) 

- Meals away from home, except at workplace (06) or at friend's home (44); eating at restaurants, out 

for coffee 

45 - Night sleep; longest sleep for day; (may occur during day for night shift workers) including "in bed," 

but not asleep 

46 - Naps and resting; rest periods, "dozing," "laying down" (relaxing code 98) 

48 - Sex, making out 

- Personal, private; "none of your business" 

- Affection between household members; giving and getting hugs, kisses, sitting on laps 

Help and Care to Others 

41 - Medical care to adults in household (HH) 

42 - Nonmedical care to adults in HH; routine nonmedical care to adults in household; "got my wife up," 

"ran a bath for my husband" 

- Help and care to relatives not living in HH; helping care for, providing for needs of relatives; (except 

travel) helping move, bringing food, assisting in emergencies, doing housework for relatives; visiting 

when sick 

- Help and care to neighbors, friends

- Help and care to others, NA relationship to respondent

Other Personal and Helping 

48 - Other personal; watching personal care activities 

49 - Travel (helping); travel related to code 42, including travel that is the helping activity; waiting for 

related travel 

- Other personal travel; travel related to other personal care activities; waiting for related travel; travel, 

NA purpose of trip - e.g., "went to Memphis" (no further explanation given) 

(continued on the following page) 
Table 15A-1. Activity Codes and Descriptors Used for Adult Time Diaries (continued) 

EDUCATION AND PROFESSIONAL TRAINING 

50 - Student (full-time); attending classes, school if full-time student; includes daycare, nursery school for 

children not in school 

51 - Other classes, courses, lectures, academic or professional; R not a full-time student or NA whether 

a student; being tutored 

54 - Homework, studying, research, reading, related to classes or profession, except for current job (code 

07); "went to the library" 

56 - Other education 

59 - Other school-related travel; travel related to education coded above; waiting for related travel; travel 

to school not originating from home 

ORGANIZATIONAL ACTIVITIES 

Volunteer, Helping Organizations: hospital volunteer group, United Fund, Red Cross, Big Brother/Sister 

63 - Attending meetings of volunteer, helping organizations 

- Officer work; work as an officer of volunteer, helping organizations; R must indicate he/she is an 

officer to be coded here 

- Fund raising activities as a member of volunteer helping organization, collecting money, planning a 

collection drive 

- Direct help to individuals or groups as a member of volunteer helping organizations; visiting, bringing 

food, driving 

- Other activities as a member of volunteer helping organizations, including social events and meals 

Religious Practice 

65 - Attending services of a church or synagogue, including participating in the service; ushering, singing 

in choir, leading youth group, going to church, funerals 

- Individual practice; religious practice carried out as an individual or in a small group; praying, 

meditating, Bible study group (not a church), visiting graves 

Religious Groups 

64 - Meetings: religious helping groups; attending meetings of helping - oriented church groups -ladies 

aid circle, missionary society, Knights of Columbus 

- Other activities; religious helping groups; other activities as a member of groups listed above, 

including social activities and meals 

(continued on the following page) 
Table 15A-1. Activity Codes and Descriptors Used for Adult Time Diaries (continued) 

ORGANIZATIONAL ACTIVITIES (continued) 

Religious Groups (continued) 

- Meetings: other church groups; attending meetings of church group, not primarily helping-oriented, 

or NA if helping-oriented 

- Other activities, other church groups; other activities as a member of church groups that are not 

helping-oriented or NA if helping, including social activities and meals; choir practice; Bible class 

Professional/Union Organizations: State Education Association; AFL-CIO; Teamsters 

60 - Meetings; professional/union; attending meetings of professional or union groups 

- Other activities, professional/union; other activities as a member of professional or union group 

including social activities and meals 

Child/Youth/Family Organizations: PTA, PTO; Boy/Girl Scouts; Little Leagues; YMCA/YWCA; school 

volunteer 

67 - Meetings, family organizations; attending meetings of child/youth/family*-oriented organizations 

- Other activities, family organizations; other activities as a member of child/youth/family-oriented 

organizations including social activities and meals 

Fraternal Organizations: Moose, VFW, Kiwanis, Lions, Civitan, Chamber of Commerce, Shriners, 

American Legion 

66 - Meetings, fraternal organizations; attending meetings of fraternal organizations 

- Other activities, fraternal organizations; other activities as a member of fraternal organizations 

including social activities and helping activities and meals 

Political Party and Civic Participation: Citizens' groups, Young Democrats, Young Republicans, radical 

political groups, civic duties 

62 - Meetings, political/citizen organizations; attending meetings of a political party or citizen group, 

including city council 

- Other activities, political/citizen organizations; other participation in political party and citizens' groups, 

including social activities, voting, jury duty, helping with elections, and meals 

Special Interest/Identity Organizations (including groups based on sex, race, national origin); NOW; 

NAACP; Polish-American Society; neighborhood, block organizations; CR groups; senior citizens; Weight 

Watchers 

61 - Meetings: identify organizations; attending meetings of special interest, identity organizations 

- Other activities, identity organizations; other activities as a member of a special interest, identity 

organization, including social activities and meals 

(continued on the following page) 
Table 15A-1. Activity Codes and Descriptors Used for Adult Time Diaries (continued) 

ORGANIZATIONAL ACTIVITIES (continued) 

Other Miscellaneous Organizations, do not fit above 

68 - Other organizations; any activities as a member of an organization not fitting into above categories; 

(meetings and other activities included here) 

Travel Related to Organizational Activities 

69 - Travel related to organizational activities as a member of a volunteer (helping) organization (code 63); 

including travel that is the helping activity, waiting for related travel 

- Travel (other organization-related); travel related to all other organization activities; waiting for related 

travel 

ENTERTAINMENT/SOCIAL ACTIVITIES 

Attending Spectacles, Events 

70 - Sports; attending sports events - football, basketball, hockey, etc. 

71 - Miscellaneous spectacles, events: circus, fairs, rock concerts, accidents 

72 - Movies; "went to the show" 

73 - Theater, opera, concert, ballet 

74 - Museums, art galleries, exhibitions, zoos 

Socializing 

75 - Visiting with others; socializing with people other than R's own HH members either at R's home or 

another home (visiting on the phone, code 96); talking/chatting in the context of receiving a visit or 

paying a visit 

76 - Party; reception, weddings 

77 - At bar; cocktail lounge, nightclub; socializing or hoping to socialize at bar, lounge 

- Dancing 

78 - Other events; other events or socializing, do not fit above 

79 - Related travel; waiting for related travel 

(continued on the following page) 
Table 15A-1. Activity Codes and Descriptors Used for Adult Time Diaries (continued) 

SPORTS AND ACTIVE LEISURE 

Active Sports 

80 - Football, basketball, baseball, volleyball, hockey. soccer, field hockey 

- Tennis, squash, racquetball, paddleball 

- Golf, miniature golf 

- Swimming, waterskiing 

- Skiing, ice skating, sledding, roller skating 

- Bowling; pool, ping-pong, pinball 

- Frisbee, catch 

- Exercises, yoga (gymnastics - code 86) 

- Judo, boxing, wrestling 

Out of Doors 

81 - Hunting 

- Fishing 

- Boating, sailing, canoeing 

- Camping, at the beach 

- Snowmobiling, dune-buggies 

- Gliding, ballooning, flying 

- Excursions, pleasure drives (no destination), rides with the family 

- Picnicking 

Walking, Biking 

82 - Walking for pleasure 

- Hiking 

- Jogging, running 

- Bicycling 

- Motorcycling 

- Horseback riding 

Hobbies 

83 - Photography 

- Working on cars - not necessarily related to their running; customizing, painting 

- Working on or repairing leisure time equipment (repairing the boat, "sorting out fishing tackle") 

- Collections, scrapbooks 

- Carpentry and woodworking (as a hobby) 

(continued on the following page) 
Table 15A-1. Activity Codes and Descriptors Used for Adult Time Diaries (continued) 

SPORTS AND ACTIVE LEISURE (continued) 

Domestic Crafts 

84 - Preserving foodstuffs (canning, pickling) 

- Knitting, needlework, weaving, crocheting (including classes), crewel, embroidery, quilting, quilling, 

macrame 

- Sewing 

- Care of animals/livestock when R is not a farmer (pets, code 17; "farmer", code 01, work) 

Art and Literature 

85 - Sculpture, painting, potting, drawing 

- Literature, poetry, writing (not letters), writing a diary 

Music/Theater/Dance 

86 - Playing a musical instrument (include practicing), whistling 

- Singing 

- Acting (rehearsal for play) 

- Nonsocial dancing (ballet, modern dance, body movement) 

- Gymnastics (lessons - code 88) 

Games 

87 - Playing card games (bridge, poker) 

- Playing board games (Monopoly, Yahtzee, etc.), bingo, dominoes 

- Playing social games (scavenger hunts), "played games" - NA kind 

- Puzzles 

Classes/Lessons for Active Leisure Activity 

88 - Lessons in sports activities: swimming, golf, tennis. skating, roller skating 

- Lessons in gymnastics, dance, judo, body movement 

- Lessons in music, singing, instruments 

- Other lessons, not listed above 

Travel 

89 - Related travel; travel related to sports and active leisure; waiting for related travel: vacation travel 

(continued on the following page) 
Table 15A-1. Activity Codes and Descriptors Used for Adult Time Diaries (continued) 

PASSIVE LEISURE 

90 - Radio 

91 - TV 

92 - Records, tapes, "listening to music," listening to others playing a musical instrument 

93 - Reading books (current job related, code 07; professionally or class related, code 54) 

94 - Reading magazines, reviews, pamphlets 

- Reading NA what; or other 

95 - Reading newspapers 

96 - Phone conversations - not coded elsewhere, including all visiting by phone 

- Other talking/conversations; face-to-face conversations, not coded elsewhere (if children in HH only, 

code 23); visiting other than 75 

- Conversations with HH members only - adults only or children and adults 

- Arguing or fighting with people other than HH members only, household and nonhousehold 

members, or NA 

- Arguing or fighting with HH members only 

97 - Letters (reading or writing); reading mail 

98 - Relaxing 

- Thinking, planning; reflecting 

- "doing nothing," "sat"; just sat; 

- Other passive leisure, smoking dope, pestering, teasing, joking around, messing around; laughing 

99 - Related travel: waiting for related travel 

MISSING DATA CODES 

- Activities of others reported - R's activity not specified

- NA activities; a time gap of greater than 10 minutes.

EXAMPLES OF ACTIVITIES IN "OTHER" CATEGORIES 

Other Work Related 

07 - Foster parent activities 

(continued on the following page) 
Table 15A-1. Activity Codes and Descriptors Used for Adult Time Diaries (continued) 

EXAMPLES OF ACTIVITIES IN "OTHER" CATEGORIES (continued) 

Other Household 

19 - Typing 

- Wrapping presents 

- Checked refrigerator for shopping list 

- Unpacked gifts from shower 

- Packing/unpacking car 

- "Settled in" after trip 

- Hooked up boat to car 

- Showed wife car (R was fixing) 

- Packing to move 

- Moved boxes 

- Looking/searching for things at home (inside or out) 

Other Child Care 

27 - Waited for son to get hair cut 

- Picked up nephew at sister's house 

- "Played with kids" (R's children from previous marriage not living with R) 

- Called babysitter 

Other Services 

37 - Left clothing at Goodwill 

- Unloaded furniture (just purchased) 

- Returned books (at library) 

- Brought clothes in from car (after laundromat) 

- Delivered some stuff to a friend 

- Waited for father to pick up meat 

- Waited for stores to open 

- Put away things from swap meet 

- Sat in car waiting for rain to stop before shopping 

- Waiting for others while they are shopping 

- Showing mom what I bought 

Other Personal 

48 - Waiting to hear from daughter 

- Stopped at home, NA what for 

- Getting hysterical 

- Breaking up a fight (not child care related) 

- Waited for wife to get up 

(continued on the following page) 
Table 15A-1. Activity Codes and Descriptors Used for Adult Time Diaries (continued) 

EXAMPLES OF ACTIVITIES IN "OTHER" CATEGORIES (continued) 

Other Personal (continued) 

- Waiting for dinner at brother's house

- Waiting for plane (meeting someone at airport)

- Laughing

- Crying

- Moaning - head hurt

- Watching personal care activities ("watched dad shave")

Other Education 

56 - Watched a film 

- In discussion group 

Other Organization 

68 - Attending "Club House coffee klatch" 

- Waited for church activities to begin 

- "Meeting" NA kind 

- Cleanup after banquet 

- Checked into swap meet - selling and looking 

Other Social, Entertainment 

78 - Waiting for movies, other events 

- Opening presents (at a party) 

- Looking at gifts 

- Decorating for party 

- Tour of a home (friends or otherwise) 

- Waiting for date 

- Preparing for a shower (baby shower) 

- Unloaded uniforms (for parade) 

Other Active Leisure 

88 - Fed birds, bird watching 

- Astrology 

- Swinging 

- At park 

- Showing slides 

- Showing sketches 

(continued on the following page) 
Table 15A-1. Activity Codes and Descriptors Used for Adult Time Diaries (continued) 

EXAMPLES OF ACTIVITIES IN "OTHER" CATEGORIES (continued) 

Other Active Leisure (continued) 

- Recording music

- Hung around airport (NA reason)

- Picked up fishing gear

- Inspecting motorcycle

- Arranging flowers

- Work on model airplane

- Picked asparagus

- Picked up softball equipment

- Registered to play golf

- Toured a village or lodge (coded 81)

Other Passive Leisure

98 - Lying in sun 

- Listening to birds 

- Looking at slides 

- Stopped at excavating place 

- Looking at pictures 

- Walked around outside 

- Waiting for a call 

- Watched plane leave 

- Girl watching/boy watching 

- Watching boats 

- Wasted time 

- In and out of house 

- Home movies 

* R = Respondent

HH = Household. 

Source: Juster et al., 1983. 
Table 15A-2. Differences in Average Time Spent in Different Activities Between California 

and National Studies (minutes per day for age 18-64 years) 

California National California National 

00-49 NON-FREE TIME 1987-88 1985 50-59 Free Time 1987-88 1985 

(1359) (1980) (1359) (1980) 

00-09 PAID WORK 50-99 EDUCATION AND TRAINING 

00 (not used) 50 Students' Classes 9 5 

01 Main Job 224 211 51 Other Classes 1 3 

02 Unemployment 1 1 52 (not used) - -

03 Travel during work 8 NR 53 (not used) - -

04 (not used) - - 54 Homework 8 7 

05 Second job 3 3 55 Library * 1 

06 Eating 6 8 56 Other Education 1 1 

07 Before/after work 1 2 57 (not used) - -

08 Breaks 2 2 58 (not used) - -

09 Travel to/from work 28 25 59 Travel, Education 3 2 

10-19 HOUSEHOLD WORK 60-69 ORGANIZATIONAL ACTIVITIES 

10 Food Preparation 29 36 60 Professional/Union 0 1 

11 Meal Cleanup 10 11 61 Special Interest * 1 

12 Cleaning House 21 24 62 Political/Civic 0 * 

13 Outdoor Cleaning 9 7 63 Volunteer/Helping 1 1 

14 Clothes Care 7 11 64 Religious Groups 1 2 

15 Car Repair/Maintenance (by 5 5 65 Religious Practice 5 7 

R) 

16 Other Repairs (by R) 8 6 66 Fraternal 0 * 

17 Plant Care 3 5 67 Child/Youth/Family 1 * 

18 Animal Care 3 5 68 Other Organizations 2 1 

19 Other Household 7 8 69 Travel Organizations 2 4 

20-29 CHILD CARE 70-79 ENTERTAINMENT/ SOCIAL ACTIVITIES 

20 Baby Care 3 8 70 Sports Events 2 2 

21 Child Care 7 5 71 Entertainment Events 5 1 

22 Helping/Teaching 2 1 72 Movies 2 3 

23 Talking/Reading 1 1 73 Theatre 1 1 

24 Indoor Playing 2 3 74 Museums 1 * 

25 Outdoor Playing 2 1 75 Visiting 26 25 

26 Medical care - Care * 1 76 Parties 6 7 

27 Other Child Care 2 1 77 Bars/Lounges 4 6 

28 (At Dry Cleaners) * NR 78 Other Social * 1 

29 Travel, Child care 4 4 79 Travel, Events/Social 13 16 
Table 15A-2. Differences in Average Time Spent in Different Activities Between California 

and National Studies (minutes per day for age 18-64 years) (continued) 

California National California National 

00-49 NON-FREE TIME 1987-88 1985 50-59 Free Time 1987-88 1985 

(1359) (1980) (1359) (1980) 

30-39 OBTAINING GOODS AND 80-89 RECREATION 

SERVICES 

30 Everyday Shopping 8 5 80 Active Sports 15 13 

31 Durable/House Shop 19 20 81 Outdoor 3 7 

32 Personal Services 1 1 82 Walking/Hiking 5 4 

33 Medical Appointments 2 2 83 Hobbies 1 1 

34 Gov't/Financial Service 3 2 84 Domestic Crafts 3 6 

35 Car Repair services 2 1 85 Art * 1 

36 Other Repair services * 1 86 Music/Drama/Dance 3 2 

37 Other Services 2 2 87 Games 5 7 

38 Errands * 1 88 Computer Use/Other 3 3 

39 Travel, Goods and Services 24 20 89 Travel, Recreation 5 6 

40-49 PERSONAL NEEDS AND 90-99 COMMUNICATION 

CARE 

40 Washing, Etc. 21 25 90 Radio 1 3 

41 Medical Care 3 1 91 TV 130 126 

42 Help and Care 3 4 92 Records/Tapes 3 1 

43 Meals At Home 44 50 93 Read Books 4 7 

44 Meals Out 27 20 94 Reading Magazines/Other 16 10 

45 Night Sleep 480 469 95 Reading Newspaper 11 9 

46 Naps/Day Sleep 16 16 96 Conversations 15 25 

47 Dressing, Etc. 24 32 97 Writing 8 9 

48 NA Activity 2 12 98 Think, Relax 9 6 

49 Travel, Personal Care/NA 22 13 99 Travel, Communication 5 * 

NR = Not Recorded in National Total Travel 108 90 

Survey 

* = Less than 0.5 Min. per day (Codes 09, 29, 39, 49, 59, 

69, 79, 89, 99) 

Source: Robinson and Thomas, 1991. 
-- -- --

-- -- --

-- --

-- -- --

Table 15A-3. Time Spent in Various Microenvironments 

Mean duration 

Men Women Totala 

Code Description N = 639 N = 914 N = 720 N = 1059 N = 1980 N = 1359 

California National California National California National 

AT HOME 

Kitchen 46 56 98 135 72 104 

Living Room 181 136 98 180 189 158 

Dining Room 18 10 22 18 19 15 

Bathroom 27 27 38 43 33 38 

Bedroom 481 478 534 531 508 521 

Study 8 10 6 7 7 8 

Garage 14 5 6 1 19 2 

Basement <0.5 4 <0.5 6 <0.5 5 

Utility Room 1 0 3 5 2 4 

Pool, Spa 1 NR 1 NRb 1 NRb 

Yard 33 21 27 37 

Room to Room 9 160c 34 116 21 40 

Other NR Room 3 4 3 22 

Total at home 822 888 963 1022 892 954 

AWAY FROM HOME 

Office 78 261 94 155 86 193 

Plant 73 12 42 

Grocery Store 12 18 14 33 13 30 

Shopping Mall 30 40 35 

School 25 13 29 11 27 15 

Other Public Places 18 10 14 12 

Hospital 9 NR 24 NR 17 3 

Restaurant 35 22 25 18 30 23 

Bar-Night Club 15 5 10 

Church 7 8 5 11 6 10 

Indoor Gym 4 NR 4 NR 4 NR 

Other's Home 60 42 61 45 61 43 

Auto Repair 18 NR 4 NR 11 NR 

Playground 16 27 8 16 12 NR 

Hotel-Motel 7 NR 8 NR 8 NR 

Dry Cleaners <0.5 NR 1 NR 1 NR 

Beauty Parlor <0.5 NR 4 NR 2 NR 

Other Locations 3 NR 1 NR 2 NR 

Other Indoor 17 41 7 24 12 24 

Other Outdoor 60 NR 13 NR 37 6 

Total away 

from home 487 445 371 324 430 383 
-- -- --

-- --

-- -- --

-- --

-- -- --

-- --

-- --

-- --

-- --

-- -- -- --

c 

Table 15A-3. Time Spent in Various Microenvironments (continued) 

Code Description N = 639 

California 

Mean duration 

Men Women Totala 

N = 914 N = 720 N = 1059 N = 1980 N = 1359 

National California National California National 

TRAVEL 

Car 76 77 76 

Van/Truck 30 86 11 77 20 88 

Walking 10 8 9 2 

Bus Stop <0.5 1 1 

Bus 6 2 4 3 

Rapid Train 1 1 1 

Other Travel 2 1 1 <0.5 

Airplane 1 15 <0.5 10 1 1 

Bicycle 1 <0.5 1 NR 

Motorcycle 2 <0.5 1 NR 

Other or Missing 1 <0.5 1 NR

 . 

Total travel 130 101 102 87 116 94 

Not ascertained 1 8 4 7 2 9 

Total Time Outdoors 88 70 

a Totals do not necessarily reflect exact averages presented for each gender. Totals were revised, but revisions for each gender were 

not provided. b NR = Not Reported

Is total mean duration for those categories; breakdowns per category were not reported.

Source: Robinson and Thomas, 1991.

 National California 

Note: Percent at home men = 62 men = 57 

women = 71 women = 67 

total = 67 total = 62 

Percent away from home men = 31 men = 34 

women = 23 women = 26 

total = 27 total = 30 

Percent in travel men = 7 men = 9 

women = 6 women = 7 

total = 7 total = 8 
Table 15A-4. Major Time Use Activity Categoriesa 

Activity code Activity 

01-09 Market work 

10-19 House/yard work 

20-29 Child care 

30-39 Services/shopping 

40-49 Personal care 

50-59 Education 

60-69 Organizations 

70-79 Social entertainment 

80-89 Active leisure 

90-99 Passive leisure

 Appendix Table 15A-5 presents a detailed explanation of the coding and activities. a 

Source: Hill, 1985. 
Table 15A-5. Mean Time Spent (minutes/day) for 87 Activities Grouped by Day of the Week 

Weekday Saturday Sunday 

N=831 N=831 N=831 

Activity Mean Std. Dev. Mean Std. Dev. Mean Std. Dev. 

01-Normal Work 240.54 219.10 82.43 184.41 46.74 139.71 

02-Unemployment Acts 0.98 9.43 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 

05-Second Job 3.76 25.04 2.84 32.64 2.65 27.30 

06-Lunch At Work 10.00 15.81 1.82 7.88 1.43 8.29 

07-Before/After Work 3.51 10.05 1.45 9.79 1.66 13.76 

08-Coffee Breaks 5.05 11.53 1.59 7.32 0.93 8.52 

09-Travel: To/From Work 24.03 30.37 7.74 22.00 4.60 17.55 

10-Meal Preparation 42.18 46.59 40.37 59.82 42.38 57.42 

11-Meal Cleanup 12.48 19.25 12.07 22.96 13.97 25.85 

12-Indoor Cleaning 26.37 43.84 38.88 80.39 21.73 48.70 

13-Outdoor Cleaning 7.48 25.45 15.71 58.00 9.01 39.39 

14-Laundry 13.35 30.39 11.48 31.04 7.79 25.43 

16-Repairs/Maintenance 9.61 35.43 17.36 72.50 13.56 62.12 

17-Garden/Pet Care 8.52 25.15 14.75 49.17 8.47 37.54 

19-Other Household 6.26 20.62 9.82 37.58 7.60 32.17 

20-Baby Care 6.29 22.91 5.89 30.72 6.26 33.78 

21-Child Care 6.26 16.34 5.38 21.58 7.09 23.15 

22-Helping/Teaching 1.36 8.28 0.23 3.64 0.76 6.52 

23-Reading/Talking 2.47 8.65 1.71 10.84 1.53 9.97 

24-Indoor Playing 1.75 8.72 0.90 7.82 2.45 15.11 

25-Outdoor Playing 0.73 6.33 1.23 13.03 0.91 10.30 

26-Medical Care-Child 0.64 7.42 0.16 2.79 0.44 7.20 

27-Babysitting/Other 2.93 14.56 2.16 19.11 3.28 24.89 

29-Travel: Child Care 4.18 10.97 1.71 8.72 2.08 10.56 

30-Everyday Shopping 19.73 30.28 33.52 61.38 10.13 30.18 

31-Durable/House Shop 0.58 4.83 1.46 14.04 1.65 17.92 

32-Personal Care Services 1.93 10.04 3.42 18.94 0.02 0.69 

33-Medical Appointments 3.43 14.49 0.60 6.63 0.00 0.00 

34-Gov't/Financial Services 1.90 6.07 0.66 4.34 0.03 0.43 

35-Repair Services 1.33 7.14 1.25 10.24 0.52 5.61 

37-Other Services 1.13 7.17 1.55 9.57 0.72 4.34 

38-Errands 0.74 8.03 0.35 5.27 0.04 1.04 

39-Travel: Goods/Services 17.93 23.58 21.61 36.35 8.45 21.64 

40-Washing/Dressing 44.03 29.82 44.25 41.20 47.54 40.15 

41-Medical Care R/HH Adults 0.77 6.19 1.29 15.90 1.45 29.18 

42-Help & Care 8.43 28.17 12.19 52.58 14.32 55.13 

43-Meals At Home 53.45 35.57 57.86 49.25 61.84 49.27 

44-Meals Out 19.55 31.20 31.13 56.03 25.95 47.60 

45-Night Sleep 468.49 79.42 498.40 115.55 528.86 115.84 

46-Naps/Resting 22.07 43.92 30.67 74.98 27.56 66.01 

48-N.A. Activities 7.52 22.32 11.72 41.61 8.18 35.79 

49-Travel: Personal 14.87 27.76 19.33 50.42 18.58 46.36 

50-Students' Classes 6.33 33.79 0.96 18.17 0.96 20.07 

51-Other Classes 2.65 17.92 0.40 11.52 0.27 5.63 
Table 15A-5. Mean Time Spent (minutes/day) for 87 Activities Grouped by Day of the Week (continued) 

Weekday Saturday Sunday 

N=831 N=831 N=831 

Activity Mean Std. Dev. Mean Std. Dev. Mean Std. Dev. 

54-Homework 4.56 24.35 3.48 27.98 5.40 38.68 

56-Other Education 0.53 5.91 0.15 2.75 0.45 9.85 

59-Travel: Education 2.29 10.36 0.35 4.26 0.21 3.14 

60-Professional/Union Orgs. 0.51 7.27 0.13 3.64 0.44 8.34 

61-Identity Organizations 1.53 11.19 1.24 35.63 0.48 7.58 

62-Political/Citizen Orgs 0.14 1.25 0.07 1.91 0.19 5.55 

63-Volunteer/Helping Orgs 1.08 10.08 0.02 0.45 0.41 7.09 

64-Religious Groups 2.96 17.33 3.05 27.73 8.59 33.31 

65-Religious Practice 4.98 19.92 7.13 30.12 34.05 62.06 

66-Fraternal Organizations 0.85 9.28 1.73 27.71 0.31 6.67 

67-Child/Family Organizations 1.70 11.69 1.04 17.83 0.26 7.63 

68-Other Organizations 3.91 22.85 1.31 20.28 1.71 17.52 

69-Traves: Organizations 3.41 9.83 2.66 12.22 12.07 37.64 

70-Sport Events 2.22 13.45 6.29 42.05 3.44 27.78 

71-Miscellaneous Events 0.32 4.89 1.94 19.90 1.96 19.75 

72-Movies 1.65 11.03 4.74 27.04 3.35 22.65 

73-Theater 0.69 7.13 2.66 27.79 0.77 10.37 

74-Museums 0.19 3.32 0.90 13.62 0.72 11.17 

75-Visiting w/Others 33.14 51.69 56.78 95.61 69.65 114.58 

76-Parties 2.81 16.49 12.63 56.11 7.16 39.02 

77-Bars/Lounges 3.62 18.07 7.23 35.09 3.91 26.95 

78-Other Events 1.39 11.55 1.33 15.52 1.00 10.80 

79-Travel: Events/Social 8.90 16.19 19.55 43.38 18.02 34.45 

80-Active Sports 5.30 19.60 9.23 43.69 11.39 48.66 

81-Outdoors 5.11 33.00 11.58 55.07 15.52 62.68 

82-Walking/Biking 2.08 9.70 5.87 36.38 5.92 32.28 

83-Hobbies 1.78 11.73 3.20 32.43 4.10 31.55 

84-Domestic Crafts 11.18 37.03 8.67 40.49 6.41 34.82 

85-Art/Literature 0.99 10.84 0.86 13.59 1.13 15.07 

86-Music/Drama/Dance 0.45 4.91 0.83 8.83 0.63 8.32 

87-Games 5.06 22.91 10.14 45.11 7.89 40.45 

88-Classes/Other 2.65 15.83 2.56 29.92 3.37 23.60 

89-Travel: Active Leisure 3.31 14.77 8.50 48.72 8.19 38.11 

90-Radio 2.89 12.19 3.53 23.42 2.88 18.50 

91-TV 113.01 103.89 118.99 131.24 149.67 141.43 

92-Records/Tapes 2.58 20.26 2.40 16.09 2.03 16.08 

93-Reading Books 4.41 18.09 2.76 17.85 5.23 30.13 

94-Reading Magazines/N.A. 13.72 31.73 16.33 46.24 17.18 51.01 

95-Reading Newspapers 12.03 22.65 12.19 34.96 26.01 44.47 

96-Conversations 18.68 28.59 15.45 35.27 14.57 34.60 

97-Letters 2.83 12.23 1.61 10.80 1.96 12.59 

98-Other Passive Leisure 9.72 25.02 17.24 57.21 15.28 47.86 

99-Travel: Passive Leisure 1.26 5.44 1.32 6.80 1.72 9.87 

Source: Hill, 1985. 
Table 15A-6. Weighted Mean Hours Per Week by Gender: 87 Activities and 10 Subtotals 

Men Women Men and women

 N=410 N=561 N=971 

Activity Mean Std. dev. Mean Std. dev. Mean Std. dev. 

01 - Normal work 29.78 20.41 14.99 17.62 21.82 20.33 

02 - Unemployment acts 0.14 1.06 0.08 0.75 0.11 0.90 

05 - Second job 0.73 3.20 0.17 1.62 0.43 2.49 

06 - Lunch at work 1.08 1.43 0.65 1.21 0.85 1.33 

07 - Before/after work 0.51 1.27 0.23 0.69 0.36 1.01 

08 - Coffee breaks 0.57 1.05 0.36 1.03 0.46 1.04 

09 - Travel: to/from work 2.98 2.87 1.45 2.17 2.16 2.63 

10 - Meal preparation 1.57 2.61 7.25 5.04 4.63 4.98 

11 - Meal cleanup 0.33 0.83 2.30 2.19 1.39 1.97 

12 - Indoor cleaning 0.85 2.01 5.03 5.05 3.10 4.46 

13 - Outdoor cleaning 1.59 3.59 0.56 1.59 1.03 2.75 

14 - Laundry 0.13 0.72 2.44 3.34 1.38 2.75 

16 - Repairs/maintenance 2.14 4.29 0.68 3.43 1.35 3.92 

17 - Gardening/pet care 0.94 2.78 1.00 2.19 0.97 2.48 

19 - Other household 0.92 2.42 0.72 1.84 0.81 2.13 

20 - Baby care 0.24 1.20 0.90 3.04 0.60 2.40 

21 - Child care 0.24 0.78 0.99 2.11 0.64 1.68 

22 - Helping/teaching 0.07 0.61 0.15 0.76 0.11 0.70 

23 - Reading/talking 0.07 0.35 0.30 0.86 0.19 0.68 

24 - Indoor playing 0.13 0.69 0.18 0.82 0.16 0.76 

25 - Outdoor playing 0.06 0.37 0.12 0.72 0.09 0.58 

26 - Medical care - child 0.01 0.09 0.09 0.67 0.05 0.50 

27 - Babysitting/other 0.14 0.78 0.64 2.58 0.41 1.98 

29 - Travel: child care 0.23 0.67 0.50 1.21 0.38 1.00 

30 - Everyday shopping 1.45 2.18 2.78 3.25 2.17 2.89 

31 - Durables/house shopping 0.19 1.39 0.08 0.51 0.13 1.01 

32 - Personal care services 0.06 0.42 0.35 1.14 0.22 0.90 

33 - Medical appointments 0.15 0.75 0.37 1.63 0.27 1.31 

34 - Govt/financial services 0.15 0.44 0.19 0.61 0.17 0.54 

35 - Repair services 0.11 0.45 0.17 0.78 0.14 0.65 

37 - Other services 0.11 0.61 0.13 0.61 0.12 0.61 

38 - Errands 0.04 0.41 0.06 0.68 0.05 0.57 

39 - Travel: goods/services 1.60 2.02 2.14 2.17 1.89 2.12 

(Continued on the following page) 
Table 15A-6. Weighted Mean Hours Per Week by Gender: 87 Activities and 10 Subtotals (continued)

 Men Women Men and women

 N=410 N=561 N=971 

Activity Mean Std. dev. Mean Std. dev. Mean Std. dev. 

40 - Washing/dressing 4.33 2.39 5.43 3.24 4.92 2.93 

41 - Medical care - adults 0.09 0.67 0.18 1.00 0.14 0.86 

42 - Help and care 1.02 2.84 1.30 3.04 1.17 2.95 

43 - Meals at home 6.59 3.87 6.32 3.53 6.44 3.69 

44 - Meals out 2.72 3.48 2.24 2.73 2.46 3.10 

45 - Night sleep 55.76 8.43 56.74 8.49 56.29 8.47 

46 - Naps/resting 2.94 5.18 3.19 4.70 3.08 4.93 

48 - N.A. activities 1.77 6.12 1.99 5.70 1.89 5.89 

49 - Travel: personal 2.06 2.59 1.61 2.51 1.82 2.56 

50 - Students' classes 0.92 4.00 0.38 2.51 0.63 3.29 

51 - Other classes 0.23 1.68 0.15 1.05 0.18 1.38 

54 - Homework 0.76 3.48 0.38 1.87 0.56 2.74 

56 - Other education 0.11 0.86 0.02 0.22 0.06 0.61 

59 - Travel: education 0.29 1.07 0.16 1.06 0.22 1.07 

60 - Professional/union organizations 0.04 0.46 0.04 0.62 0.04 0.55 

61 - Identity organizations 0.14 0.97 0.18 1.55 0.16 1.31 

62 - Political/citizen organizations 0.01 0.08 0.02 0.15 0.01 0.12 

63 - Volunteer/helping organizations 0.02 0.32 0.14 1.05 0.09 0.80 

64 - Religious groups 0.38 1.82 0.41 1.61 0.40 1.71 

65 - Religious practice 0.89 2.05 1.31 2.97 1.12 1.60 

66 - Fraternal organizations 0.16 1.17 0.05 0.66 0.10 0.93 

67 - Child/family organizations 0.10 0.88 0.21 1.33 0.16 1.15 

68 - Other organizations 0.34 2.40 0.32 1.53 0.32 1.98 

69 - Travel: organizations 0.43 1.04 0.52 1.02 0.48 1.03 

70 - Sports events 0.30 1.31 0.26 1.28 0.28 1.29 

71 - Miscellaneous events 0.07 0.52 0.08 0.59 0.07 0.56 

72 - Movies 0.31 1.25 0.26 1.13 0.28 1.19 

73 - Theatre 0.13 0.93 0.06 0.48 0.09 0.72 

74 - Museums 0.04 0.37 0.03 0.35 0.03 0.36 

75 - Visiting with others 4.24 5.72 5.84 6.42 5.10 6.16 

76 - Parties 0.64 2.05 0.44 1.65 0.53 1.84 

77 - Bars/lounges 0.71 2.21 0.46 2.09 0.57 2.15 

78 - Other events 0.12 0.72 0.18 1.18 0.15 0.99 

79 - Travel: events/social 1.40 1.82 1.26 1.67 1.32 1.74 

(Continued on the following page) 
Table 15A-6. Weighted Mean Hours Per Week by Gender: 87 Activities and 10 Subtotals (continued)

 Men Women Men and women

 N=410 N=561 N=971 

Activity Mean Std. dev. Mean Std. dev. Mean Std. dev. 

80 - Active sports 

81 - Outdoors 

82 - Walking/biking 

83 - Hobbies 

84 - Domestic crafts 

85 - Art/literature 

86 - Music/drama/dance 

87 - Games 

88 - Classes/other 

89 - Travel: active leisure 

90 - Radio 

91 - TV 

92 - Records/tapes 

93 - Reading books 

94 - Reading magazines/N.A. 

95 - Reading newspapers 

96 - Conversations 

97 - Letters 

98 - Other passive leisure 

99 - Travel: passive leisure 

Source: Hill, 1985. 

1.05 2.62 0.50 1.68 0.76 2.18 

1.49 4.59 0.48 1.67 0.94 3.39 

0.52 1.31 0.23 0.98 0.36 1.16 

0.69 3.88 0.06 0.43 0.35 2.67 

0.30 1.59 2.00 4.72 1.21 3.93 

0.05 0.45 0.13 1.03 0.09 0.81 

0.06 0.49 0.07 0.47 0.07 0.48 

0.60 2.00 0.99 3.16 0.81 2.69 

0.41 1.75 0.28 1.50 0.34 1.62 

0.76 1.91 0.43 1.43 0.58 1.68 

0.39 1.40 0.39 1.55 0.39 1.49 

14.75 12.14 13.95 10.67 14.32 11.38 

0.46 2.35 0.33 2.13 0.39 2.23 

0.37 1.52 0.56 1.83 0.47 1.70 

1.32 2.81 1.97 3.67 1.67 3.32 

1.86 2.72 1.47 2.27 1.65 2.49 

1.61 2.19 2.18 2.74 1.91 2.52 

0.20 1.06 0.31 1.12 0.26 1.10 

1.68 3.53 1.41 3.32 1.53 3.42 

0.18 0.49 0.13 0.49 0.15 0.49 
Table 15A-7. Ranking of Occupations by Median Years of Occupational Tenure

 Median years of 

Occupation occupational tenure 

Barbers 24.8 

Farmers, except horticultural 21.1 

Railroad conductors and yardmasters 18.4 

Clergy 15.8 

Dentists 15.7 

Telephone line installers and repairers 15.0 

Millwrights 14.8 

Locomotive operating occupations 14.8 

Managers; farmers, except horticultural 14.4 

Telephone installers and repairers 14.3 

Airplane pilots and navigators 14.0 

Supervisors: police and detectives 13.8 

Grader, dozer, and scraper operators 13.3 

Tailors 13.3 

Civil engineers 13.0 

Crane and tower operators 12.9 

Supervisors, n.e.c. 12.9 

Teachers, secondary school 12.5 

Teachers, elementary school 12.4 

Dental laboratory and medical applicance technicians 12.3 

Separating, filtering, and clarifying machine oeprators 12.1 

Tool and die makers 12.0 

Lathe and turning machine operators 11.9 

Machinists 11.9 

Pharmacists 11.8 

Stationary engineers 11.7 

Mechanical engineers 11.4 

Chemists, except biochemists 11.1 

Inspectors, testers, and graders 11.0 

Electricians 11.0 

Operating engineers 11.0 

Radiologic technicians 10.9 

Electrical power installers and repairers 10.8 

Supervisors; mechanics and repairers 10.7 

Heavy equipment mechanics 10.7 

Bus, truck, and stationary engine mechanics 10.7 

Physicians 10.7 

Construction inspectors 10.7 

Cabinet makers and bench carpenters 10.6 

Industrial machinery repairers 10.6 

Automobile body and related repairers 10.4 

(Continued on the following page) 
Table 15A-7. Ranking of Occupations by Median Years of Occupational Tenure (continued)

 Median years of 

Occupation occupational tenure 

Electrical and electronic engineers 10.4 

Plumbers, pipefitters, and steamfitters 10.4 

Licensed practical nurses 10.3 

Brickmasons and stonemasons 10.2 

Truck drivers, heavy 10.1 

Tile setters, hard and soft 10.1 

Lawyers 10.1 

Supervisors: production occupations 10.1 

Administrators, education and related fields 10.1 

Engineers, n.e.c. 10.0 

Excavating and loading machine operators 10.0 

Firefighting occupations 10.0 

Aircraft engine mechanics 10.0 

Police and detectives, public service 9.7 

Counselors, educational and vocational 9.7 

Architects 9.6 

Stuctural metal workers 9.6 

Aerospace engineers 9.6 

Miscellaneous aterial moving equipment operators 9.4 

Dental hygienists 9.4 

Automobile mechanics 9.3 

Registered nurses 9.3 

Speech therapists 9.3 

Binding and twisting machine operators 9.3 

Managers and administrators, n.e.c. 9.1 

Personnel and labor relations managers 9.0 

Office machine repairer 9.0 

Electronic repairers, commercial and industrial equipment 9.0 

Welders and cutters 9.0 

Punching and stamping press machine operators 9.0 

Sheet metal workers 8.9 

Administrators and officials, public administraion 8.9 

Hairdressers and cosmetologists 8.9 

Industrial engineers 8.9 

Librarians 8.8 

Inspectors and compliance officers, except construction 8.8 

Upholsterers 8.6 

Payroll and timekeeping clerks 8.6 

Furnace, kiln, and oven operators, except food 8.6 

Surveying and mapping technicians 8.6 

Chemical engineers 8.6 

(continued on the following page) 
Table 15A-7. Ranking of Occupations by Median Years of Occupational Tenure (continued)

Median years of

 Occupation occupational tenure

Sheriffs, bailiffs, and other law enforcement officers 8.6

Concrete and terrazzo finishers 8.6

Sales representatives, mining, manufacturing, and wholesale 8.6

Supervisors: general office 8.6

Specified mechanics and repairers, n.e.c. 8.5

Stenographers 8.5

Typesetters and compositors 8.5

Financial managers 8.4

Psychologists 8.4

Teachers: special education 8.4

Statistical clerks 8.3

Designers 8.3

Water and Sewage Treatment plant operators 8.3

Printing machine operators 8.2

Heating, air conditioning, and refrigeration mechanics 8.1

Supervisors; distribution, scheduling, and adjusting clerks 8.1

Insurance sales occupations 8.1

Carpenters 8.0

Public transportation attendants 8.0

Drafting occupations 8.0

Butchers and meatcutters 8.0

Miscellaneous electrical and electronic equipment repairers 7.9

Dressmakers 7.9

Musicians and composers 7.9

Supervisors and proprietors; sales occupations 7.9

Painters, Sculptors, craft-artists, and artist printmakers 7.9

Mechanics and repairers, not specified 7.7

Engineering technicians, n.e.c. 7.7

Clinical laboratory technologists and technicians 7.7

Purchasing managers 7.7

Purchasing agents and buyers, n.e.c. 7.7

Photographers 7.6

Chemical technicians 7.6

Managers; properties and real estate 7.6

Accountants and auditors 7.6

Religious workers, n.e.c. 7.6

Secretaries 7.5

Social workers 7.5

Operations and systems researchers and analysts 7.4

Postal clerks, except mail carriers 7.4

Managers; marketing, advertising, and public relations 7.3

(continued on the following page)
Table 15A-7. Ranking of Occupations by Median Years of Occupational Tenure (continued) 

Median years of 

Occupation occupational tenure 

Farm workers 7.3 

Managers; medicine and health 7.2 

Data processing equipment repairers 7.2 

Bookkeepers, accounting and auditing clerks 7.1 

Grinding, abrading, buffing, and polishing machine operators 7.0 

Management related occupations, n.e.c. 7.0 

Supervisiors; cleaning and building service workers 7.0 

Management analysts 7.0 

Science technicians, n.e.c. 7.0 

Mail carriers, postal service 7.0 

Knitting, looping, taping, and weaving machine operators 6.9 

Electrical and electronic technicians 6.9 

Painting and paint spraying machine operators 6.9 

Postsecondary teachers, subject not specified 6.8 

Crossing guards 6.8 

Inhalation therapists 6.7 

Carpet installers 6.7 

Computer systems analysts and scientists 6.6 

Other financial officers 6.6 

Industrial truck and tractor equipment operators 6.6 

Textile sewing machine operators 6.6 

Correctional institution officers 6.5 

Teachers, prekindergarten and kindergarten 6.4 

Supervisors; financial records processing 6.4 

Miscellaneous Textile machine operators 6.4 

Production inspectors, checkers, and examiners 6.3 

Actors and directors 6.3 

Health technologists and technicians, n.e.c. 6.3 

Miscellaneous machine operators, n.e.c. 6.2 

Private household cleaners, and servants 6.2 

Buyers, wholesale and retail trade, excluding farm products 6.0 

Real estate sales occupations 6.0 

Electrical and electronic equipment assemblers 6.0 

Bus drivers 6.0 

Editors and reporters 6.0 

Laundering and dry cleaning machine operators 6.0 

Meter readers 5.9 

Painters, construction and maintenance 5.9 

Driver-sales workers 5.9 

Teachers, n.e.c. 5.9 

Order clerks 5.8 

Physicians' assistants 5.8 

(continued on the following page) 
Table 15A-7. Ranking of Occupations by Median Years of Occupational Tenure (continued) 

Median years of 

Occupation occupational tenure 

Billing clerks 5.8 

Drywall installers 5.7 

Construction trades, n.e.c. 5.7 

Telephone operators 5.7 

Authors 5.6 

Nursing aides, orderlies, and attendants 5.6 

Dental assistants 5.6 

Timber cutting and logging occupations 5.5 

Molding and casting machine operators 5.5 

Miscellaneous hand-working occupations 5.5 

Production coordinators 5.5 

Public relations specialists 5.5 

Personnel clerks, except payroll and bookkeeping 5.4 

Assemblers 5.4 

Securities and financial services sales occupations 5.4 

Salesworkers, furniture and home furnishings 5.4 

Insurance adjusters, examiners, and investigators 5.3 

Pressing machine operators 5.3 

Roofers 5.3 

Graders and sorters, except agricultural 5.3 

Supervisors; related agricultural occupations 5.2 

Typists 5.2 

Supervisors; motor vehicle operators 5.2 

Personnel, training, and labor relations specialists 5.2 

Legal assistants 5.2 

Physical therapists 5.2 

Advertising and related sales occupations 5.1 

Records clerks 5.1 

Economists 5.1 

Technicians, n.e.c. 5.0 

Expediters 5.0 

Sales occupations, other business services 4.9 

Computer operators 4.8 

Computer programmers 4.8 

Investigators and adjusters, except insurance 4.8 

Underwriters 4.8 

Salesworkers, parts 4.8 

Artists, performers, and related workers, n.e.c. 4.8 

Teachers' aides 4.6 

Maids and housemen 4.6 

Sawing machine operators 4.6 

Machine operators, not specified 4.5 

Weighers, measurers, and checkers 4.5 

(continued on the following page) 
Table 15A-7. Ranking of Occupations by Median Years of Occupational Tenure (continued) 

Median years of

 Occupation occupational tenure 

Traffic, shipping, and receiving clerks 4.5 

Salesworkers, hardware and building supplies 4.5 

Biological technicians 4.4 

Athletes 4.4 

Bill and account collectors 4.4 

Taxicab drivers and chauffeurs 4.4 

Slicing and cutting machine operators 4.3 

Administrative support occupations, n.e.c. 4.3 

Mixing and blending machine operators 4.3 

Waiters and waitresses 4.2 

Janitors and cleaners 4.2 

Production helpers 4.1 

General office clerks 4.0 

Machine feeders and offbearers 3.9 

Interviewers 3.9 

Bartenders 3.9 

Eligibility clerks, social welfare 3.9 

Bank tellers 3.8 

Cooks, except short-order 3.8 

Health aides, except nursing 3.7 

Laborers, except construction 3.7 

Welfare service aides 3.7 

Salesworkers, motor vehicles and boats 3.7 

Cost and rate clerks 3.6 

Construction laborers 3.6 

Hand packers and packagers 3.5 

Transportation ticket and reservation agents 3.5 

Animal caretakers, except farm 3.5 

Photographic process machine operators 3.5 

Freight, stock, and material movers, hand, n.e.c. 3.4 

Data-entry keyers 3.4 

Bakers 3.4 

Dispatchers 3.3 

Guards and police, except public service 3.3 

Packaging and filling machine operators 3.3 

Receptionists 3.3 

Library clerks 3.3 

Truckdrivers, light 3.2 

Salesworkers, radio, television, hi-fi, and appliances 3.2 

Salesworkers, apparel 3.1 

Sales counter clerks 3.1 

Salesworkers, other commodities 3.1 

(continued on the following page) 
Table 15A-7. Ranking of Occupations by Median Years of Occupational Tenure (continued) 

Median years of 

Occupation occupational tenure 

Small engine repairers 3.1 

Supervisors, food preparation and service occupations 3.0 

Health record technologists and technicians 2.9 

Helpers, construction trades 2.9 

Attendants, amusement and recreation facilities 2.8 

Street and door-to-door salesworkers 2.7 

Child-care workers, private household 2.7 

Child-care workers, except private household 2.7 

Information clerks, n.e.c. 2.7 

Hotel clerks 2.7 

Personal service occupations, n.e.c. 2.7 

Salesworkers, shoes 2.6 

Garage and service station related occupations 2.6 

Short-order cooks 2.5 

File clerks 2.5 

Cashiers 2.4 

Mail clerks, except postal service 2.3 

Miscellaneous food preparation occupations 2.3 

News vendors 2.3 

Vehicle washers and equipment cleaners 2.3 

Messengers 2.3 

Kitchen workers, food preparation 2.1 

Stock handlers and baggers 1.9 

Waiters and waitresses assistants 1.7 

Food counter, fountain, and related occupations 1.5

a n.e.c. - not elsewhere classified

Source: Carey, 1988. 
Table 15B-1. Annual Geographical Mobility Rates, by Type of Movement for 

Selected 1-Year Periods: 1960-1992 (numbers in thousands) 

Residing in the United States at beginning of period 

Residing 

outside the 

Different Different County United States 

house, at the 

Mobility Total same Same Different Different beginning of 

period movers Total county Total State State Region period 

NUMBER 

1991-92 42,800 41,545 26,587 14,957 7,853 7,105 3,285 1,255 

1990-91 41,539 40,154 25,151 15,003 7,881 7,122 3,384 1,385 

1989-90 43,381 41,821 25,726 16,094 8,061 8,033 3,761 1,560 

1988-89 42,620 41,153 26,123 15,030 7,949 7,081 3,258 1,467 

1987-88 42,174 40,974 26,201 14,772 7,727 7,046 3,098 1,200 

1986-87 43,693 42,551 27,196 15,355 8,762 6,593 3,546 1,142 

1985-86 43,237 42,037 26,401 15,636 8,665 6,791 3,778 1,200 

1984-85 46,470 45,043 30,126 14,917 7,995 6,921 3,647 1,427 

1983-84 39,379 38,300 23,659 14,641 8,198 6,444 3,540 1,079 

1982-83 37,408 36,430 22,858 13,572 7,403 6,169 3,192 978 

1981-82 38,127 37,039 23,081 13,959 7,330 6,628 3,679 1,088 

1980-81 38,200 36,887 23,097 13,789 7,614 6,175 3,363 1,313 

1970-71 37,705 36,161 23,018 13,143 6,197 6,946 3,936 1,544 

1960-61 36,533 35,535 24,289 11,246 5,493 5,753 3,097 988 

PERCENT 

1991-92 17.3 16.8 10.7 6.0 3.2 2.9 1.3 0.5 

1990-91 17.0 16.4 10.3 6.1 3.2 2.9 1.4 0.6 

1989-90 17.9 17.3 10.6 6.6 3.3 3.3 1.6 0.6 

1988-89 17.8 17.2 10.9 6.3 3.3 3.0 1.4 0.6 

1987-88 17.8 17.3 11.0 6.2 3.3 3.0 1.3 0.5 

1986-87 18.6 18.1 11.6 6.5 3.7 2.8 1.5 0.5 

1985-86 18.6 18.0 11.3 6.7 3.7 3.0 1.6 0.5 

1984-85 20.2 19.6 13.1 6.5 3.5 3.0 1.6 0.6 

1983-84 17.3 16.8 10.4 6.4 3.6 2.8 1.6 0.5 

1982-83 16.6 16.1 10.1 6.0 3.3 2.7 1.4 0.4 

1981-82 17.0 16.6 10.3 6.2 3.3 3.0 1.6 0.5 

1980-81 17.2 16.6 10.4 6.2 3.4 2.8 1.5 0.6 

1970-71 18.7 17.9 11.4 6.5 3.1 3.4 2.0 0.8 

1960-61 20.6 20.0 13.7 6.3 3.1 3.2 1.7 0.6 

Source: U.S. Bureau of Census, 1993. 
Table 15B-2. Mobility of the Resident Population by State: 1980

 Percent distribution ­

residence in 1975a 

Persons Same 

5 years house 

old, and in Different Different Different 

overb 1980 house, county, county, 

Region, division, 1980 as same same different 

and state (1,000) 1975 county state state 

United States 210,323 53.6 25.1 9.8 9.7 

Northeast 46,052 61.7 22.3 8.0 6.1 

New England 11,594 59.1 23.4 6.7 9.2 

Maine 1,047 56.9 24.0 7.5 10.8 

New Hampshire 857 51.6 22.8 6.2 18.5 

Vermont 476 54.4 23.9 6.5 14.3 

Massachusetts 5,398 61.0 22.7 7.6 7.0 

Rhode Island 891 60.5 23.9 5.0 8.7 

Connecticut 2,925 59.0 24.4 5.5 9.3 

Middle Atlantic 34,458 62.6 21.9 8.4 5.0 

New York 16,432 61.5 22.6 9.3 3.8 

New Jersey 6,904 61.5 20.0 8.6 7.8 

Pennsylvania 11,122 65.0 22.0 7.1 5.2 

Midwest 54,513 55.4 26.4 10.2 7.0 

East North Central 38,623 56.0 27.4 9.6 6.0 

Ohio 10,015 56.7 27.9 9.0 5.7 

Indiana 5,074 54.8 27.5 9.6 7.6 

Illinois 10,593 55.5 28.5 8.1 6.1 

Michigan 8,582 56.4 26.2 11.3 5.1 

Wisconsin 4,360 56.2 25.5 11.0 6.7 

West North Central 15,890 53.9 24.0 11.8 9.4 

Minnesota 3,770 55.6 22.8 13.3 7.3 

Iowa 2,693 55.6 25.0 10.9 7.9 

Missouri 4,564 54.0 24.1 11.8 9.4 

North Dakota 598 51.7 23.1 11.4 12.7 

South Dakota 633 52.9 23.2 12.1 11.1 

Nebraska 1,448 53.1 24.4 11.0 10.5 

Kansas 2,184 50.2 25.1 10.7 12.6 

(Continued on the following page) 
Table 15B-2. Mobility of the Resident Population by State: 1980 (continued)

 Percent distribution ­

residence in 1975a 

Persons Same 

5 years house 

old, and in Different Different Different 

overb 1980 house, county, county, 

Region, division, 1980 as same same different 

and state (1,000) 1975 county state state 

South 69,880 52.4 24.1 10.0 12.0 

South Atlantic 34,498 52.7 22.4 9.7 13.6 

Delaware 555 57.0 26.3 2.0 13.3 

Maryland 3,947 55.5 21.9 10.3 10.4 

District of Columbia 603 58.2 22.7 NA 16.3 

Virginia 4,99i 51.0 17.9 15.0 13.9 

West Virginia 1,806 60.9 23.4 6.6 8.6 

North Carolina 5,476 56.9 23.5 8.9 9.8 

South Carolina 2,884 57.5 22.3 7.7 11.5 

Georgia 5,052 52.5 22.8 12.2 11.5 

Florida 9,183 46.2 23.7 7.8 19.6 

East South Central 13,556 56.0 25.9 7.9 9.5 

Kentucky 3,379 54.4 27.2 8.6 9.0 

Tennessee 4,269 54.2 27.2 7.4 10.6 

Alabama 3,601 57.6 25.3 7.4 8.9 

Mississippi 2,307 59.0 22.5 8.6 9.2 

West South Central 21,826 49.6 25.6 11.8 11.0 

Arkansas 2,113 53.1 24.8 9.1 12.4 

Louisiana 3,847 57.0 24.3 9.2 8.4 

Oklahoma 2,793 47.6 24.9 12.3 13.7 

Texas 13,074 47.3 26.2 12.9 11.0 

West 39,879 43.8 28.3 11.0 13.4 

Mountain 10,386 42.7 25.1 9.1 21.1 

Montana 722 47.3 24.5 12.3 15.0 

Idaho 852 44.4 24.7 9.5 20.0 

Wyoming 425 38.4 23.6 8.6 28.3 

Colorado 2,676 39.8 22.7 14.8 20.6 

New Mexico 1,188 50.3 23.2 7.2 17.4 

Arizona 2,506 41.9 27.1 5.0 23.9 

Utah 1,272 45.8 27.8 8.4 16.0 

Nevada 745 34.8 27.4 3.6 31.5 

(continued on the following page) 
Table 15B-2. Mobility of the Resident Population by State: 1980 (continued)

 Percent distribution ­

residence in 1975a 

Persons Same 

5 years house 

old, and in Different Different Different 

overb 1980 house, county, county, 

Region, division, 1980 as same same different 

and state (1,000) 1975 county state state 

Pacific 29,493 44.2 29.4 11.6 10.7 

Washington 3,825 43.7 27.7 10.1 16.2 

Oregon 2,437 41.4 26.6 13.4 16.9 

California 21,980 44.6 30.2 12.1 8.5 

Alaska 363 32.2 27.6 8.7 29.1 

Hawaii 888 49.3 25.2 2.8 16.9

a

 Survey assessed changes in residence between 1975 and 1980.

b Includes persons residing abroad in 1975.

NA = not applicable.

Source: U.S. Bureau of the Census, Statistical Abstract, 1984. 
Different State 

16.8% 

Different County 

Same State 

18.5% Abroad 

2.9% 

Local Movers, Within 

Same County 

61.95% 

Figure 15-1. Distribution of Individuals Moving by Type of Move: 1991-92 

Source: U.S. Bureau of the Census, 1993a 
REFERENCES FOR CHAPTER 15 

AIHC. (1994) Exposure factors sourcebook. Washington, DC. American Industrial 

Health Council. 

Bureau of Labor Statistics. (1987) Most occupational exposures are voluntary. 

Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Labor. 

Carey, M. (1988) Occupational tenure in 1987: Many workers have remained in their 

fields. Monthly Labor Review. October 1988. 3-12. 

Carey, M. (1990) Occupational tenure, employer tenure, and occupational mobility. 

Occupational Outlook Quarterly. Summer 1990: 55-60. 

Hill, M.S. (1985) Patterns of time use. In: Juster, F.T.; Stafford, F.P., Eds. Time, goods, 

and well-being. Ann Arbor, MI: University of Michigan, Survey Research Center, 

Institute for Social Research, pp. 133-166. 

Israeli, M; Nelson, C.B. (1992) Distribution and expected time of residence for U.S. 

households. Risk Anal. 12(1):65-72. 

James, I.R.; Knuiman, M.W. (1987) An application of Bayes methodology to the 

analysis of diary records from a water use study. J. Am. Sta. Assoc. 82(399):705-

711. 

Johnson, T. and Capel, J. (1992) A monte carlo approach to simulating residential 

occupancy periods and its application to the general U.S. population. Research 

Triangle Park, NC: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Air Quality and 

Standards. 

Juster, F.T.; Hill, M.S.; Stafford, F.P.; Parsons, J.E. (1983) Study description. 1975-

1981 time use longitudinal panel study. Ann Arbor, MI: The University of Michigan, 

Survey Research Center, Institute for Social Research. 

Lehman, H.J. (1994) Homeowners relocating at faster pace. Virginia Homes 

Newspaper, Saturday, June 15, P. E1. 

National Association of Realtors (NAR). (1993) The homebuying and selling process: 

1993. The Real Estate Business Series. Washington, DC: NAR. 

Palisade. (1992) @Risk users guide. Newfield, NY: Palisade Corporation. 

Robinson, J.P. (1977) Changes in Americans' use of time: 1965-1975. A progress 

report. Cleveland, OH: Cleveland State University, Communication Research 

Center. 
Robinson, J.P; Thomas, J. (1991) Time spent in activities, locations, and 

microenvironments: a California-National Comparison Project report. Las Vegas, 

NV: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Environmental Monitoring Systems 

Laboratory. 

Sell, J. (1989) The use of children's activity patterns in the development of a strategy for 

soil sampling in West Central Phoenix. The Arizona Department of Environmental 

Quality, Phoenix, Arizona. 

Sexton, K; Ryan, P.B. (1987) Assessment of human exposure to air pollution: methods, 

measurements, and models. In: Watson, A.; Bates, R.R.; Kennedy, D., eds. Air 

pollution, the automobile and public health: research opportunities for quantifying 

risk. Washington, DC: National Academy of Sciences Press. 

Tarshis, B. (1981) The "Average American" book. New York, NY: New American 

Library, p. 191. 

Timmer, S.G.; Eccles, J.; O'Brien, K. (1985) How children use time. In: Juster, F.T.; 

Stafford, F.P.; eds. Time, goods, and well-being. Ann Arbor, MI: University of 

Michigan, Survey Research Center, Institute for Social Research, pp. 353-380. 

Tsang, A.M.; Klepeis, N.E. (1996) Results tables from a detailed analysis of the National 

Human Activity Pattern Survey (NHAPS) response. Draft Report prepared for the 

U.S. Environmental Protection Agency by Lockheed Martin, Contract No. 68-W6-

001, Delivery Order No. 13. 

U.S. Bureau of the Census. (1993a) Geographical mobility: March 1991 to March 1992. 

Current population reports P.20-473. 

U.S. Bureau of the Census. (1993b) American Housing Survey for the United States in 

1991. Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office. 

U.S. EPA. (1989) Exposure factors handbook. Washington, DC: Office of Health and 

Environmental Assessment. EPA/600/08-89/043. 

U.S. EPA. (1992) Dermal exposure assessment: principles and applications. 

Washington, DC: Office of Health and Environmental Assessment. EPA No. 600/8-

91-011B. Interim Report. 

Wiley, J.A.; Robinson, J.P.; Cheng, Y.; Piazza, T.; Stork, L.; Plasden, K. (1991) Study of 

children’s activity patterns. California Environmental Protection Agency, Air 

Resources Board Research Division. Sacramento, CA. 
DOWNLOADABLE TABLES FOR CHAPTER 15 

The following selected tables are available for download as Lotus 1-2-3 worksheets. 

Table 15-18. Range of Recommended Defaults for Dermal Exposure Factors 

[WK1, 1 kb] 

Table 15-19. Number of Times Taking a Shower at Specified Daily Frequencies by the 

Number of Respondents [WK1, 8 kb] 

Table 15-20. Times (minutes) Spent Taking Showers by the Number of Respondents 

[WK1, 7 kb] 

Table 15-21. Number of Minutes Spent Taking a Shower (minutes/shower) 

[WK1, 7 kb] 

Table 15-22. Time (minutes) Spent in the Shower Room Immediately After Showering 

by the Number of Respondents [WK1, 8 kb] 

Table 15-23. Number of Minutes Spent in the Shower Room Immediately After 

Showering (minutes/shower) [WK1, 7 kb] 

Table 15-24. Number of Baths Given or Taken in One Day by Number of Respondents 

[WK1, 8 kb] 

Table 15-25. Total Time Spent Taking or Giving a Bath by the Number of Respondents 

[WK1, 7 kb] 

Table 15-26. Number of Minutes Spent Giving and Taking the Bath(s) (minutes/bath) 

[WK1, 7 kb] 

Table 15-27. Time Spent in the Bathroom Immediately After the Bath(s) by the Number 

of Respondents [WK1, 8 kb] 

Table 15-28. Number of Minutes Spent in the Bathroom Immediately After the Bath(s) 

(minutes/bath) [WK1, 7 kb] 

Table 15-29. Total Time Spent Altogether in the Shower or Bathtub by the Number of 

Respondents [WK1, 11 kb] 

Table 15-30. Total Number of Minutes Spent Altogether in the Shower or Bathtub 

(minutes/bath) [WK1, 7 kb] 

Table 15-31. Time Spent in the Bathroom Immediately Following a Shower or Bath by 

the Number of Respondents [WK1, 10 kb] 

Table 15-32. Number of Minutes Spent in the Bathroom Immediately Following a 

Shower or Bath (minutes/bath) [WK1, 7 kb] 

Table 15-33. Range of Number of Times Washing the Hands at Specified Daily 

Frequencies by the Number of Respondents [WK1, 7 kb] 
Table 15-50. Number of Hours Worked in a Week That Was Outdoors (hours/week) 

[WK1, 7 kb] 

Table 15-57. Number of Minutes Spent Playing on Sand or Gravel in a Day by the 

Number of Respondents [WK1, 10 kb] 

Table 15-58. Number of Minutes Spent Playing in Sand or Gravel (minutes/day) 

[WK1, 7 kb] 

Table 15-59. Number of Minutes Spent Playing in Outdoors on Sand, Gravel, Dirt, or 

Grass When Fill Dirt Was Present by the Number of Respondents 

[WK1, 10 kb] 

Table 15-60. Number of Minutes Spent Playing on Sand, Gravel, Dirt, or Grass When 

Fill Dirt Was Present (minutes/day) [WK1, 7 kb] 

Table 15-61. Range of the Time Spent Working in a Garden or Other Circumstances in 

a Month by the Number of Respondents [WK1, 11 kb] 

Table 15-62. Number of Hours Spent Working with Soil in a Garden or Other 

Circumstances Working (hours/month) [WK1, 7 kb] 

Table 15-63. Range of Number of Minutes Spent Playing on Grass in a Day by the 

Number of Respondents [WK1, 11 kb] 

Table 15-64. Number of Minutes Spent Playing on Grass (minutes/day) [WK1, 7 kb] 

Table 15-65. Number of Times Swimming in a Month in Freshwater Swimming Pool by 

the Number of Respondents [WK1, 21 kb] 

Table 15-66. Range of the Average Amount of Time Actually Spent in the Water by 

Swimmers by the Number of Respondents [WK1, 12 kb] 

Table 15-67. Number of Minutes Spent Swimming in a Month in Freshwater Swimming 

Pool (minutes/month) [WK1, 8 kb] 

Table 15-79. Statistics for 24-Hour Cumulative Number of Minutes Spent in Indoor 

Playing [WK1, 11 kb] 

Table 15-80. Statistics for 24-Hour Cumulative Number of Minutes Spent in Outdoor 

Playing [WK1, 10 kb] 

Table 15-85. Statistics for 24-Hour Cumulative Number of Minutes Spent in Active 

Sports [WK1, 12 kb] 

Table 15-86. Statistics for 24-Hour Cumulative Number of Minutes Spent in Outdoor 

Recreation [WK1, 12 kb] 

Table 15-87. Statistics for 24-Hour Cumulative Number of Minutes Spent in Exercise 

[WK1, 12 kb] 

Table 15-91. Statistics for 24-Hour Cumulative Number of Minutes Spent in Bathing 

[WK1, 12 kb] 

Table 15-92. Statistics for 24-Hour Cumulative Number of Minutes Spent in 

Yardwork/Maintenance [WK1, 12 kb] 
Table 15-93. Statistics for 24-Hour Cumulative Number of Minutes Spent in 

Sports/Exercise [WK1, 12 kb] 

Table 15-102. Statistics for 24-Hour Cumulative Number of Minutes Spent Indoors at 

School [WK1, 12 kb] 

Table 15-108. Statistics for 24-Hour Cumulative Number of Minutes Spent Outdoors on 

School Grounds/Playground [WK1, 11 kb] 

Table 15-110. Statistics for 24-Hour Cumulative Number of Minutes Spent Outdoors at 

a Pool/River/Lake [WK1, 12 kb] 

Table 15-113. Statistics for 24-Hour Cumulative Number of Minutes Spent at Home in 

the Kitchen [WK1, 12 kb] 

Table 15-114. Statistics for 24-Hour Cumulative Number of Minutes Spent in the 

Bathroom [WK1, 12 kb] 

Table 15-115. Statistics for 24-Hour Cumulative Number of Minutes Spent at Home in 

the Bedroom [WK1, 12 kb] 

Table 15-116. Statistics for 24-Hour Cumulative Number of Minutes Spent at Home in 

the Garage [WK1, 11 kb] 

Table 15-117. Statistics for 24-Hour Cumulative Number of Minutes Spent in the 

Basement [WK1, 12 kb] 

Table 15-118. Statistics for 24-Hour Cumulative Number of Minutes Spent at Home in 

the Utility Room or Laundry Room [WK1, 11 kb] 

Table 15-121. Statistics for 24-Hour Cumulative Number of Minutes Spent Traveling in 

a Car [WK1, 12 kb] 

Table 15-122. Statistics for 24-Hour Cumulative Number of Minutes Spent Traveling in 

a Truck (Pick-up/Van) [WK1, 12 kb] 

Table 15-123. Statistics for 24-Hour Cumulative Number of Minutes Spent Traveling on 

a Motorcycle, Moped, or Scooter [WK1, 9 kb] 

Table 15-124. Statistics for 24-Hour Cumulative Number of Minutes Spent Traveling in 

Other Trucks [WK1, 12 kb] 

Table 15-125. Statistics for 24-Hour Cumulative Number of Minutes Spent Traveling on 

a Bus [WK1, 12 kb] 

Table 15-126. Statistics for 24-Hour Cumulative Number of Minutes Spent Walking 

[WK1, 12 kb] 

Table 15-127. Statistics for 24-Hour Cumulative Number of Minutes Spent Traveling on 

a Bicycle/Skateboard/ Rollerskate [WK1, 11 kb] 

Table 15-128. Statistics for 24-Hour Cumulative Number of Minutes Spent Waiting on a 

Bus, Train etc., Stop [WK1, 11 kb] 

Table 15-129. Statistics for 24-Hour Cumulative Number of Minutes Spent Traveling on 

a Train/Subway/Rapid Transit [WK1, 12 kb] 
Table 15-130. Statistics for 24-Hour Cumulative Number of Minutes Spent Traveling on 

an Airplane [WK1, 10 kb] 

Table 15-131. Statistics for 24-Hour Cumulative Number of Minutes Spent Indoors in a 

Residence (all rooms) [WK1, 12 kb] 

Table 15-132. Statistics for 24-Hour Cumulative Number of Minutes Spent Outdoors 

(outside the residence) [WK1, 12 kb] 

Table 15-133. Statistics for 24-Hour Cumulative Number of Minutes Spent Traveling 

Inside a Vehicle [WK1, 12 kb] 

Table 15-135. Statistics for 24-Hour Cumulative Number of Minutes Spent Outdoors 

Other Than Near a Residence or Vehicle Such as Parks, Golf Courses, 

or Farms [WK1, 12 kb] 

Table 15-166. Percent of Householders Living in Houses for Specified Ranges of Time 

[WK1, 1 kb] 

Table 15-167. Descriptive Statistics for Residential Occupancy Period [WK1, 1 kb] 

Table 15-168. Descriptive Statistics for Both Genders by Current Age [WK1, 3 kb]