Pt. 58 40 CFR Ch. 1 (7-1-13 Edition)

SCHEDULE D.6-PERMANENT WAIVER FROM INTERIM CONTROLS TEST-Continued

[Smelter identification]

Line 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 Total

7 . D isco unt fa cto rs .................. 10 ............ ............ ............ ............ ............ ............ ............ X X X X

8. Present value of future

ca s h flo w s ........................... 1 1 ............ . ........... .. .......... .. . ......... ... ......... ... ......... ............ X X X X

B. Net present value:

1. Horizon value ..................... 12 XXXX XXXX XXXX XXXX XXXX XXXX XXXX ............

2. Discount factor ................... 13 XXXX XXXX XXXX XXXX XXXX XXXX XXXX ............

3. Present value of horizon

value .................................... 14 XXXX XXXX XXXX XXXX XXXX XXXX XXXX ............

4. Present value of future

cash flows ........................... 15 XXXX XXXX XXXX XXXX XXXX XXXX XXXX ............

5. Total present value ............. 16 XXXX XXXX XXXX XXXX XXXX XXXX XXXX ............

6. Current salvage value 17 XXXX XXXX XXXX XXXX XXXX XXXX XXXX ............

7. Net present value ............... 18 XXXX XXXX XXXX XXXX XXXX XXXX XXXX I

SCHEDULE D.7-HORIZON VALUE OF CASH FLOWS

[Smelter identification]

Final forecast Horizon years

Line years Total

1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995

A. Depreciation-free horizon value:

1. Net cash flow projections 01 ........................ XXXX XXXX XXXX XXXX XXXX XXXX

2. Depreciation tax savings:

a. Depreciation and

amortization .......... 02 ......................... XXXX XXXX XXXX XXXX XXXX XXXX

b. Marginal tax rate .. 03 ......................... XXXX XXXX XXXX XXXX XXXX XXXX

c. Tax savings .......... 04 ......................... XXXX XXXX XXXX XXXX XXXX XXXX

3. Depreciation-free net cash flows:

a. Nominal dollar values ........................ 05 ......................... XXXX XXXX XXXX XXXX XXXX XXXX

b. 1990 dollar values 06 ......................... XXXX XXXX XXXX XXXX XXXX XXXX

c. Average ................ 07 XXXX XXXX XXXX XXXX XXXX XXXX XXXX ............

4. Horizon factor ..................... 08 XXXX XXXX XXXX XXXX XXXX XXXX XXXX ............

5. Depreciation-free horizon

value .................................... 09 XXXX XXXX XXXX XXXX XXXX XXXX XXXX ............

B. Depreciation tax savings over the

horizon period:

1. Depreciation and amortizatio n ...................................... 10 X X X X X X X X .......................... ............ ............ X X X X

2. M arginal tax rate ................ 11 XXXX XXXX ............ ............ ............ ............ ............ XXXX

3. Tax savings ........................ 12 X XX X XX X X .......................... ............ ............ XX X X

4. D iscount factors .................. 13 XXXX XXXX ............ ............ ............ ............ ............ XXXX

5. Present value of tax saving s...................................... 14 X X X X X X X X .......................... ..................... X X X X

6. Total present value of tax

savings ................................ 15 XXXX XXXX XXXX XXXX XXXX XXXX XXXX ............

C. Horizon Value ................................... 16 XXXX XXXX XXXX XXXX XXXX XXXX XXXX I

PART 58-AMBIENT AIR QUALITY

SURVEILLANCE

Subpart A-General Provisions

Sec.

58.1 Definitions.

58.2 Purpose.

58.3 Applicability.

Subpart B-Monitoring Network

58.10 Annual monitoring network plan and

periodic network assessment.

58.11 Network technical requirements.

58.12 Operating schedules.

58.13 Monitoring network completion.

58.14 System modification.

58.15 Annual air monitoring data certification.

58.16 Data submittal and archiving requirements.

Subpart C-Special Purpose Monitors

58.20 Special purpose monitors (SPM).
Environmental Protection Agency

Subpart D-Comparability of Ambient

Data to the NAAQS

58.30 Special considerations for data com- parisons to the NAAQS.

Subpart E [Reserved]

Subpart F-Air Quality Index Reporting

58.50 Index reporting.

Subpart G-Federal Monitoring

58.60 Federal monitoring. 58.61 Monitoring other pollutants.

APPENDIX A TO PART 58 QUALITY ASSURANCE

REQUIREMENTS FOR STATE AND LOCAL AIR

MONITORING STATIONS (SLAMS)

APPENDIX B TO PART 58 [RESERVED]

APPENDIX C TO PART 58-AMBIENT AIR QUALITY MONITORING METHODOLOGY

APPENDIX D TO PART 58 NETWORK DESIGN

CRITERIA FOR AMBIENT AIR

QUALITYMONITORING

APPENDIX E TO PART 58-PROBE AND MONITORING PATH SITING CRITERIA FOR AMBIENT AIR QUALITY MONITORING

APPENDIX F TO PART 58 [RESERVED]

APPENDIX G TO PART 58 UNIFORM AIR QUALITY INDEX (AQI) AND DAILY REPORTING

AUTHORITY: 42 U.S.C. 7403, 7405, 7410, 7414,

7601, 7611, 7614, and 7619.

SOURCE: 44 FR 27571, May 10, 1979; 59 FR

41628, Aug. 12, 1994, unless otherwise noted.

Subpart A-General Provisions

SOURCE: 71 FR 61296, Oct. 17, 2006, unless

otherwise noted.

§ 58.1 Definitions.

As used in this part, all terms not defined herein have the meaning given

them in the Act.

AADT means the annual average

daily traffic.

Act means the Clean Air Act as

amended (42 U.S.C. 7401, et seq.)

Additive and multiplicative bias means the linear regression intercept and

slope of a linear plot fitted to cor- responding candidate and reference

method mean measurement data pairs.

Administrator means the Administrator of the Environmental Protection

Agency (EPA) or his or her authorized

representative.

Air Quality System (AQS) means EPA's computerized system for storing

and reporting of information relating

to ambient air quality data.

§ 58.1

Approved regional method (ARM)

means a continuous PM 2.5 method that

has been approved specifically within a

State or local air monitoring network

for purposes of comparison to the

NAAQS and to meet other monitoring

objectives.

AQCR means air quality control region.

Area-wide means all monitors sited at

neighborhood, urban, and regional

scales, as well as those monitors sited

at either micro- or middle-scale that

are representative of many such locations in the same CBSA.

CO means carbon monoxide.

Combined statistical area (CSA) is defined by the U.S. Office of Management

and Budget as a geographical area consisting of two or more adjacent Core

Based Statistical Areas (CBSA) with

employment interchange of at least 15

percent. Combination is automatic if

the employment interchange is 25 percent and determined by local opinion if

more than 15 but less than 25 percent

(http://www.census.gov/population/estimates/metro-city/List6.txt).

Core-based statistical area (CBSA) is

defined by the U.S. Office of Management and Budget, as a statistical geographic entity consisting of the county

or counties associated with at least one

urbanized area/urban cluster of at least

10,000 population, plus adjacent counties having a high degree of social and

economic integration. Metropolitan

Statistical Areas (MSAs) and

micropolitan statistical areas are the

two categories of CBSA (metropolitan

areas have populations greater than

50,000; and micropolitan areas have

populations between 10,000 and 50,000).

In the case of very large cities where

two or more CBSAs are combined,

these larger areas are referred to as

combined statistical areas (CSAs)

(http://www.census.gov/populationlestimates/metro-city/Listl.txt).

Corrected concentration pertains to

the result of an accuracy or precision

assessment test of an open path analyzer in which a high-concentration

test or audit standard gas contained in

a short test cell is inserted into the optical measurement beam of the instrument. When the pollutant concentration measured by the analyzer in such
40 CFR Ch. 1 (7-1-13 Edition)

a test includes both the pollutant concentration in the test cell and the concentration in the atmosphere, the atmospheric pollutant concentration

must be subtracted from the test measurement to obtain the corrected concentration test result. The corrected

concentration is equal to the measured

concentration minus the average of the

atmospheric pollutant concentrations

measured (without the test cell) immediately before and immediately after

the test.

Design value means the calculated

concentration according to the applicable appendix of part 50 of this chapter

for the highest site in an attainment or

nonattainment area.

EDO means environmental data operations.

Effective concentration pertains to

testing an open path analyzer with a

high-concentration calibration or audit

standard gas contained in a short test

cell inserted into the optical measurement beam of the instrument. Effective concentration is the equivalent

ambient-level concentration that

would produce the same spectral absorbance over the actual atmospheric

monitoring path length as produced by

the high-concentration gas in the short

test cell. Quantitatively, effective concentration is equal to the actual concentration of the gas standard in the

test cell multiplied by the ratio of the

path length of the test cell to the actual atmospheric monitoring path

length.

Federal equivalent method (FEM)

means a method for measuring the concentration of an air pollutant in the

ambient air that has been designated

as an equivalent method in accordance

with part 53 of this chapter; it does not

include a method for which an equivalent method designation has been canceled in accordance with §53.11 or

§ 53.16 of this chapter.

Federal reference method (FRM) means

a method of sampling and analyzing

the ambient air for an air pollutant

that is specified as a reference method

in an appendix to part 50 of this chapter, or a method that has been designated as a reference method in accordance with this part; it does not include a method for which a reference

method designation has been canceled

in accordance with §53.11 or §53.16 of

this chapter.

HN03 means nitric acid.

Local agency means any local government agency, other than the State

agency, which is charged by a State

with the responsibility for carrying out

a portion of the plan.

Meteorological measurements means

measurements of wind speed, wind direction, barometric pressure, temperature, relative humidity, solar radiation, ultraviolet radiation, and/or precipitation.

Metropolitan Statistical Area (MSA)

means a CBSA associated with at least

one urbanized area of 50,000 population

or greater. The central county plus adjacent counties with a high degree of

integration comprise the area.

Monitor means an instrument, sampler, analyzer, or other device that

measures or assists in the measurement of atmospheric air pollutants and

which is acceptable for use in ambient

air surveillance under the applicable

provisions of appendix C to this part.

Monitoring agency means a State or

local agency responsible for meeting

the requirements of this part.

Monitoring organization means a

State, local, or other monitoring organization responsible for operating a

monitoring site for which the quality

assurance regulations apply.

Monitoring path for an open path analyzer means the actual path in space

between two geographical locations

over which the pollutant concentration

is measured and averaged.

Monitoring path length of an open

path analyzer means the length of the

monitoring path in the atmosphere

over which the average pollutant concentration measurement (path-averaged concentration) is determined. See

also, optical measurement path length.

Monitoring planning area (MPA)

means a contiguous geographic area

with established, well defined boundaries, such as a CBSA, county or State,

having a common area that is used for

planning monitoring locations for

PM2.5 .An MPA may cross State boundaries, such as the Philadelphia PA-NJ

MSA, and be further subdivided into

community monitoring zones. MPAs

are generally oriented toward CBSAs

or CSAs with populations greater than

§ 58.1
Environmental Protection Agency

200,000, but for convenience, those portions of a State that are not associated

with CBSAs can be considered as a single MPA.

NATTS means the national air toxics

trends stations. This network provides

hazardous air pollution ambient data.

NCore means the National Core

multipollutant monitoring stations.

Monitors at these sites are required to measure particles (PM2. , speciated

PM2.

5 , PMl( 2.5), 03, SO2, CO, nitrogen

oxides (NO/NO2/NOy), Pb, and basic meteorology.

Near-road NO2 Monitor means any N02

monitor meeting the specifications in

4.3.2 of appendix D and paragraphs 2,

4(d), 6.1, and 6.4 of appendix E of this

part.

Network means all stations of a given

type or types.

NH3 means ammonia.

NO2 means nitrogen dioxide. NO means nitrogen oxide. NOx means ox- ides of nitrogen and is defined as the

sum of the concentrations of NO2 and

NO.

NO, means the sum of all total reac- tive nitrogen oxides, including NO,

N0 2, and other nitrogen oxides referred

to as NOz.

03 means ozone. Open path analyzer means an automated analytical method that meas- ures the average atmospheric pollutant

concentration in situ along one or more monitoring paths having a monitoring path length of 5 meters or more

and that has been designated as a reference or equivalent method under the

provisions of part 53 of this chapter.

Optical measurement path length means the actual length of the optical

beam over which measurement of the

pollutant is determined. The path-integrated pollutant concentration measured by the analyzer is divided by the

optical measurement path length to determine the path-averaged concentration. Generally, the optical measurement path length is:

(1) Equal to the monitoring path

length for a (bistatic) system having a

transmitter and a receiver at opposite

ends of the monitoring path:

(2) Equal to twice the monitoring

path length for a (monostatic) system

having a transmitter and receiver at

one end of the monitoring path and a

§ 58.1

mirror or retroreflector at the other

end; or

(3) Equal to some multiple of the

monitoring path length for more complex systems having multiple passes of

the measurement beam through the

monitoring path.

PAMS means photochemical assessment monitoring stations.

Pb means lead.

Plan means an implementation plan

approved or promulgated pursuant to

section 110 of the Act.

PM means PM 1o, PM10C, PM 2.

5 ,

PM 10-2,3, or particulate matter of unspecified size range.

PM2. means particulate matter with

an aerodynamic diameter less than or

equal to a nominal 2.5 micrometers as

measured by a reference method based

on appendix L of part 50 of this chapter

and designated in accordance with part

53 of this chapter, by an equivalent

method designated in accordance with

part 53 of this chapter, or by an approved regional method designated in

accordance with appendix C to this

part.

PM 0 means particulate matter with

an aerodynamic diameter less than or

equal to a nominal 10 micrometers as

measured by a reference method based

on appendix J of part 50 of this chapter

and designated in accordance with part

53 of this chapter or by an equivalent

method designated in accordance with

part 53 of this chapter.

PM 10 c means particulate matter with

an aerodynamic diameter less than or

equal to a nominal 10 micrometers as

measured by a reference method based

on appendix 0 of part 50 of this chapter

and designated in accordance with part

53 of this chapter or by an equivalent

method designated in accordance with

part 53 of this chapter.

PM1o 2.5 means particulate matter

with an aerodynamic diameter less

than or equal to a nominal 10 micrometers and greater than a nominal 2.5

micrometers as measured by a reference method based on appendix 0 to

part 50 of this chapter and designated

in accordance with part 53 of this chapter or by an equivalent method designated in accordance with part 53 of

this chapter.
40 CFR Ch. 1 (7-1-13 Edition)

Point analyzer means an automated

analytical method that measures pollutant concentration in an ambient air

sample extracted from the atmosphere

at a specific inlet probe point and that

has been designated as a reference or

equivalent method in accordance with

part 53 of this chapter.

Population-oriented monitoring (or

sites) means residential areas, commercial areas, recreational areas, industrial areas where workers from more

than one company are located, and

other areas where a substantial number of people may spend a significant

fraction of their day.

Primary quality assurance organization

means a monitoring organization or

other organization that is responsible

for a set of stations that monitor the

same pollutant and for which data

quality assessments can be pooled.

Each criteria pollutant sampler/monitor at a monitoring station in the

SLAMS and SPM networks must be associated with one, and only one, primary quality assurance organization.

Probe means the actual inlet where

an air sample is extracted from the atmosphere for delivery to a sampler or

point analyzer for pollutant analysis.

PSD station means any station operated for the purpose of establishing the

effect on air quality of the emissions

from a proposed source for purposes of

prevention of significant deterioration

as required by § 51.24(n) of this chapter.

Regional Administrator means the Administrator of one of the ten EPA Regional Offices or his or her authorized

representative.

Reporting organization means an entity, such as a State, local, or Tribal

monitoring agency, that collects and

reports air quality data to EPA.

Site means a geographic location. One

or more stations may be at the same

site.

SLAMS means State or local air monitoring stations. The SLAMS make up

the ambient air quality monitoring

sites that are primarily needed for

NAAQS comparisons, but may serve

other data purposes. SLAMS exclude

special purpose monitor (SPM) stations

and include NCore, PAMS, and all

other State or locally operated stations that have not been designated as

SPM stations.

S0 2 means sulfur dioxide.

Special purpose monitor (SPM) station

means a monitor included in an agency's monitoring network that the agency has designated as a special purpose

monitor station in its monitoring network plan and in the Air Quality System, and which the agency does not

count when showing compliance with

the minimum requirements of this subpart for the number and siting of monitors of various types.

State agency means the air pollution

control agency primarily responsible

for development and implementation of

a plan under the Act.

State speciation site means a supplemental PM 2.3 speciation station that is

not part of the speciation trends network.

Station means a single monitor, or a

group of monitors with a shared objective, located at a particular site.

STN station means a PM2._ speciation

station designated to be part of the

speciation trends network. This network provides chemical species data of

fine particulate.

Traceable means that a local standard

has been compared and certified, either

directly or via not more than one intermediate standard, to a National Institute of Standards and Technology

(NIST)-certified primary standard such

as a NIST-traceable Reference Material

(NTRM) or a NIST-certified Gas Manufacturer's Internal Standard (GMIS).

TSP (total suspended particulates)

means particulate matter as measured

by the method described in appendix B

of part 50 of this chapter.

Urbanized area means an area with a

minimum residential population of at

least 50,000 people and which generally

includes core census block groups or

blocks that have a population density

of at least 1,000 people per square mile

and surrounding census blocks that

have an overall density of at least 500

people per square mile. The Census Bureau notes that under certain conditions, less densely settled territory

may be part of each Urbanized Area.

VOC means volatile organic compounds.

[71 FR 61296, Oct. 17, 2006, as amended at 75

FR 6534, Feb. 9, 2010; 78 FR 3281, Jan. 15, 2013]

§ 58.1
Environmental Protection Agency

§ 58.2 Purpose.

(a) This part contains requirements

for measuring ambient air quality and

for reporting ambient air quality data

and related information. The monitoring criteria pertain to the following

areas:

(1) Quality assurance procedures for

monitor operation and data handling.

(2) Methodology used in monitoring

stations.

(3) Operating schedule.

(4) Siting parameters for instruments or instrument probes.

(5) Minimum ambient air quality

monitoring network requirements used

to provide support to the State implementation plans (SIP), national air

quality assessments, and policy decisions. These minimums are described as part of the network design requirements, including minimum numbers

and placement of monitors of each

type.

(6) Air quality data reporting, and re- quirements for the daily reporting of

an index of ambient air quality.

(b) The requirements pertaining to

provisions for an air quality surveillance system in the SIP are contained

in this part.

(c) This part also acts to establish a national ambient air quality monitoring network for the purpose of providing timely air quality data upon

which to base national assessments and

policy decisions.

§ 58.3 Applicability.

This part applies to:

(a) State air pollution control agencies.

(b) Any local air pollution control

agency to which the State has delegated authority to operate a portion of

the State's SLAMS network.

(c) Owners or operators of proposed sources.

Subpart B-Monitoring Network

SOURCE: 71 FR 61298, Oct. 17, 2006, unless

otherwise noted.

§ 58.10 Annual monitoring network

plan and periodic network assessment.

(a)(1) Beginning July 1, 2007, the

State, or where applicable local, agen-

§58.10

cy shall adopt and submit to the Regional Administrator an annual monitoring network plan which shall provide for the establishment and maintenance of an air quality surveillance

system that consists of a network of

SLAMS monitoring stations including

FRM, FEM, and ARM monitors that

are part of SLAMS, NCore stations,

STN stations, State speciation stations, SPM stations, and/or, in serious,

severe and extreme ozone nonattainment areas, PAMS stations, and SPM

monitoring stations. The plan shall include a statement of purposes for each

monitor and evidence that siting and

operation of each monitor meets the

requirements of appendices A, C, D,

and E of this part, where applicable.

The annual monitoring network plan

must be made available for public inspection for at least 30 days prior to

submission to EPA.

(2) Any annual monitoring network

plan that proposes SLAMS network

modifications (including new monitoring sites, new determinations that

data are not of sufficient quality to be

compared to the NAAQS, and changes

in identification of monitors as suitable or not suitable for comparison

against the annual PM 2.5 NAAQS) is

subject to the approval of the EPA Regional Administrator, who shall provide opportunity for public comment

and shall approve or disapprove the

plan and schedule within 120 days. If

the State or local agency has already

provided a public comment opportunity

on its plan and has made no changes

subsequent to that comment opportunity, and has submitted the received

comments together with the plan, the

Regional Administrator is not required

to provide a separate opportunity for

comment.

(3) The plan for establishing required

NCore multipollutant stations shall be

submitted to the Administrator not

later than July 1, 2009. The plan shall

provide for all required stations to be

operational by January 1, 2011.

(4) A plan for establishing source-oriented Pb monitoring sites in accordance with the requirements of appendix

D to this part for Pb sources emitting

1.0 tpy or greater shall be submitted to

the EPA Regional Administrator no

later than July 1, 2009, as part of the
40 CFR Ch. 1 (7-1-13 Edition)

annual network plan required in paragraph (a)(1) of this section. The plan

shall provide for the required sourceoriented Pb monitoring sites for Pb

sources emitting 1.0 tpy or greater to

be operational by January 1, 2010. A

plan for establishing source-oriented

Pb monitoring sites in accordance with

the requirements of appendix D to this

part for Pb sources emitting equal to

or greater than 0.50 tpy but less than

1.0 tpy shall be submitted to the EPA

Regional Administrator no later than

July 1, 2011. The plan shall provide for

the required source-oriented Pb monitoring sites for Pb sources emitting

equal to or greater than 0.50 tpy but

less than 1.0 tpy to be operational by

December 27, 2011.

(5)(i) A plan for establishing or identifying an area-wide NO2 monitor, in

accordance with the requirements of

Appendix D, section 4.3.3 to this part,

shall be submitted as part of the Annual Monitoring Network Plan to the

EPA Regional Administrator by July 1,

2012. The plan shall provide for these

required monitors to be operational by

January 1, 2013.

(ii) A plan for establishing or identifying any NO2 monitor intended to

characterize vulnerable and susceptible

populations, as required in Appendix D,

section 4.3.4 to this part, shall be submitted as part of the Annual Monitoring Network Plan to the EPA Regional Administrator by July 1, 2012.

The plan shall provide for these required monitors to be operational by

January 1, 2013.

(iii) A plan for establishing a single

near-road NO2 monitor in CBSAs having 1,000,000 or more persons, in accordance with the requirements of Appendix D, section 4.3.2 to this part, shall be

submitted as part of the Annual Monitoring Network Plan to the EPA Regional Administrator by July 1, 2013.

The plan shall provide for these required monitors to be operational by

January 1, 2014.

(iv) A plan for establishing a second

near-road NO 2 monitor in any CBSA

with a population of 2,500,000 or more

persons, or a second monitor in any

CBSA with a population of 500,000 or

more persons that has one or more

roadway segments with 250,000 or

greater AADT counts, in accordance

with the requirements of Appendix D,

section 4.3.2 to this part, shall be submitted as part of the Annual Monitoring Network Plan to the EPA Regional Administrator by July 1, 2014.

The plan shall provide for these required monitors to be operational by

January 1, 2015.

(v) A plan for establishing a single

near-road NO2 monitor in all CBSAs

having 500,000 or more persons, but less

than 1,000,000, not already required by

paragraph (a)(5)(iv) of this section, in

accordance with the requirements of

Appendix D, section 4.3.2 to this part,

shall be submitted as part of the Annual Monitoring Network Plan to the

EPA Regional Administrator by July 1,

2016. The plan shall provide for these

monitors to be operational by January

1, 2017.

(6) A plan for establishing SO 2 monitoring sites in accordance with the requirements of appendix D to this part

shall be submitted to the EPA Regional Administrator by July 1, 2011 as

part of the annual network plan required in paragraph (a) (1). The plan

shall provide for all required SO 2 monitoring sites to be operational by January 1, 2013.

(7) A plan for establishing CO monitoring sites in accordance with the requirements of appendix D to this part

shall be submitted to the EPA Regional Administrator. Plans for required CO monitors shall be submitted

at least six months prior to the date

such monitors must be established as

required by section 58.13.

(8)(i) A plan for establishing nearroad PM 2.

5 monitoring sites in CBSAs

having 2.5 million or more persons, in

accordance with the requirements of

appendix D to this part, shall be submitted as part of the annual monitoring network plan to the EPA Regional Administrator by July 1, 2014.

The plan shall provide for these required monitoring stations to be operational by January 1, 2015.

(ii) A plan for establishing near-road

PM 2._ monitoring sites in CBSAs having 1 million or more persons, but less

than 2.5 million persons, in accordance

with the requirements of appendix D to

this part, shall be submitted as part of

the annual monitoring network plan to

the EPA Regional Administrator by

§58.10
Environmental Protection Agency

July 1, 2016. The plan shall provide for

these required monitoring stations to

be operational by January 1, 2017.

(b) The annual monitoring network

plan must contain the following information for each existing and proposed

site:

(1) The AQS site identification number.

(2) The location, including street address and geographical coordinates.

(3) The sampling and analysis method(s) for each measured parameter.

(4) The operating schedules for each

monitor.

(5) Any proposals to remove or move a monitoring station within a period of

18 months following plan submittal.

(6) The monitoring objective and spatial scale of representativeness for

each monitor as defined in appendix D

to this part.

(7) The identification of any sites

that are suitable and sites that are not

suitable for comparison against the an- nual PM2.5 NAAQS as described in

§ 58.30.

(8) The MSA, CBSA, CSA or other area represented by the monitor.

(9) The designation of any Pb mon- itors as either source-oriented or nonsource-oriented according to Appendix

D to 40 CFR part 58.

(10) Any source-oriented monitors for

which a waiver has been requested or granted by the EPA Regional Administrator as allowed for under paragraph

4.5(a)(ii) of Appendix D to 40 CFR part

58.

(11) Any source-oriented or non- source-oriented site for which a waiver

has been requested or granted by the

EPA Regional Administrator for the

use of Pb-PM 1) monitoring in lieu of

Pb-TSP monitoring as allowed for

under paragraph 2.10 of Appendix C to

40 CFR part 58.

(12) The identification of required

NO 2 monitors as near-road, area-wide,

or vulnerable and susceptible population monitors in accordance with Appendix D, section 4.3 of this part.

(13) The identification of any PM2.5

FEMs and/or ARMs used in the monitoring agency's network where the

data are not of sufficient quality such

that data are not to be compared to the

NAAQS. For required SLAMS where

the agency identifies that the PM 2.5

§58.10

Class III FEM or ARM does not produce

data of sufficient quality for comparison to the NAAQS, the monitoring

agency must ensure that an operating

FRM or filter-based FEM meeting the

sample frequency requirements described in § 58.12 or other Class III

PM2.s FEM or ARM with data of sufficient quality is operating and reporting data to meet the network design

criteria described in appendix D to this

part.

(c) The annual monitoring network

plan must document how state and

local agencies provide for the review of

changes to a PM2.3 monitoring network

that impact the location of a violating

PM 2.5 monitor. The affected state or

local agency must document the process for obtaining public comment and

include any comments received

through the public notification process

within their submitted plan.

(d) The state, or where applicable

local, agency shall perform and submit

to the EPA Regional Administrator an

assessment of the air quality surveillance system every 5 years to determine, at a minimum, if the network

meets the monitoring objectives defined in appendix D to this part, whether new sites are needed, whether existing sites are no longer needed and can

be terminated, and whether new technologies are appropriate for incorporation into the ambient air monitoring

network. The network assessment

must consider the ability of existing

and proposed sites to support air quality characterization for areas with relatively high populations of susceptible

individuals (e.g., children with asthma), and, for any sites that are being

proposed for discontinuance, the effect

on data users other than the agency

itself, such as nearby states and tribes

or health effects studies. The state, or

where applicable local, agency must

submit a copy of this 5-year assessment, along with a revised annual network plan, to the Regional Administrator. The assessments are due every

five years beginning July 1, 2010.

(e) All proposed additions and

discontinuations of SLAMS monitors

in annual monitoring network plans
40 CFR Ch. 1 (7-1-13 Edition)

and periodic network assessments are

subject to approval according to §58.14.

[71 FR 61298, Oct. 17, 2006, as amended at 72

FR 32210, June 12, 2007; 73 FR 67059, Nov. 12,

2008; 73 FR 77517, Dec. 19, 2008; 75 FR 6534,

Feb. 9, 2010; 75 FR 35601, June 22, 2010; 75 FR

81137, Dec. 27, 2010; 76 FR 54341, Aug. 31, 2011;

78 FR 16188, Mar. 14, 2013; 78 FR 3282, Jan. 15,

2013]

§ 58.11 Network technical requirements.

(a)(1) State and local governments

shall follow the applicable quality assurance criteria contained in appendix

A to this part when operating the

SLAMS networks.

(2) Beginning January 1, 2009, State

and local governments shall follow the

quality assurance criteria contained in

appendix A to this part that apply to

SPM sites when operating any SPM

site which uses a FRM, FEM, or ARM

and meets the requirements of appendix E to this part, unless the Regional

Administrator approves an alternative

to the requirements of appendix A with

respect to such SPM sites because

meeting those requirements would be

physically and/or financially impractical due to physical conditions at the

monitoring site and the requirements

are not essential to achieving the intended data objectives of the SPM site.

Alternatives to the requirements of appendix A may be approved for an SPM

site as part of the approval of the annual monitoring plan, or separately.

(3) The owner or operator of an existing or a proposed source shall follow

the quality assurance criteria in appendix A to this part that apply to PSD

monitoring when operating a PSD site.

(b) State and local governments must

follow the criteria in appendix C to this

part to determine acceptable monitoring methods or instruments for use

in SLAMS networks. Appendix C criteria are optional at SPM stations.

(c) State and local governments must

follow the network design criteria contained in appendix D to this part in designing and maintaining the SLAMS

stations. The final network design and

all changes in design are subject to approval of the Regional Administrator.

NCore, STN, and PAMS network design

and changes are also subject to approval of the Administrator. Changes

in SPM stations do not require approvals, but a change in the designation of

a monitoring site from SLAMS to SPM

requires approval of the Regional Administrator.

(d) State and local governments must

follow the criteria contained in appendix E to this part for siting monitor inlets, paths or probes at SLAMS stations. Appendix E adherence is optional

for SPM stations.

(e) State and local governments must

assess data from Class III PM2. 3 FEM

and ARM monitors operated within

their network using the performance

criteria described in table C 4 to subpart C of part 53 of this chapter, for

cases where the data are identified as

not of sufficient comparability to a

collocated FRM, and the monitoring

agency requests that the FEM or ARM

data should not be used in comparison

to the NAAQS. These assessments are

required in the monitoring agency's

annual monitoring network plan described in §58.10(b) for cases where the

FEM or ARM is identified as not of sufficient comparability to a collocated

FRM. For these collocated PM 2 5 monitors the performance criteria apply

with the following additional provisions:

(1) The acceptable concentration

range (Rj), pg/m 3 may include values

down to 0 pg i 3 .

(2) The minimum number of test sites

shall be at least one; however, the

number of test sites will generally include all locations within an agency's

network with collocated FRMs and

FEMs or ARMs.

(3) The minimum number of methods

shall include at least one FRM and at

least one FEM or ARM.

(4) Since multiple FRMs and FEMs

may not be present at each site; the

precision statistic requirement does

not apply, even if precision data are

available.

(5) All seasons must be covered with

no more than thirty-six consecutive

months of data in total aggregated together.

(6) The key statistical metric to include in an assessment is the bias (both

additive and multiplicative) of the

PM 2._ continuous FEM(s) compared to

§ 58.11
Environmental Protection Agency

a collocated FRM(s). Correlation is re- quired to be reported in the assess- ment, but failure to meet the correlation criteria, by itself, is not cause to

exclude data from a continuous FEM

monitor.

[71 FR 61298, Oct. 17, 2006, as amended at 78

FR 3282, Jan. 15, 2013]

§ 58.12 Operating schedules.

State and local governments shall

collect ambient air quality data at any

SLAMS station on the following operational schedules:

(a) For continuous analyzers, con- secutive hourly averages must be collected except during:

(1) Periods of routine maintenance,

(2) Periods of instrument calibration, or (3) Periods or monitoring seasons ex- empted by the Regional Administrator.

(b) For Pb manual methods, at least one 24-hour sample must be collected

every 6 days except during periods or seasons exempted by the Regional Administrator.

(c) For PAMS VOC samplers, samples

must be collected as specified in section 5 of appendix D to this part. Areaspecific PAMS operating schedules

must be included as part of the PAMS

network description and must be approved by the Regional Administrator.

(d) For manual PM2.5 samplers:

(1)(i) Manual PM2 .5 samplers at required SLAMS stations without a collocated continuously operating PM2.5

monitor must operate on at least a 1-

in-3 day schedule.

(ii) For SLAMS PM2.5 sites with both

manual and continuous PM 2.5 monitors

operating, the monitoring agency may

request approval for a reduction to 1-

in-6 day PM2.5 sampling or for seasonal

sampling from the EPA Regional Administrator. The EPA Regional Administrator may grant sampling frequency

reductions after consideration of factors, including but not limited to the

historical PM2._ data quality assessments, the location of current PM2.5

design value sites, and their regulatory

data needs. Required SLAMS stations

whose measurements determine the design value for their area and that are

within plus or minus 10 percent of the

NAAQS; and all required sites where

one or more 24-hour values have ex-

§ 58.12

ceeded the NAAQS each year for a consecutive period of at least 3 years are

required to maintain at least a 1-in-3

day sampling frequency. A continuously operating FEM or ARM PM 2.5

monitor satisfies this requirement.

(iii) Required SLAMS stations whose

measurements determine the 24-hour

design value for their area and whose

data are within plus or minus 5 percent

of the level of the 24-hour PM 2.5

NAAQS must have an FRM or FEM operate on a daily schedule if that area's

design value for the annual NAAQS is

less than the level of the annual PM 2.5

standard. A continuously operating

FEM or ARM PM 2 .3 monitor satisfies

this requirement unless it is identified

in the monitoring agency's annual

monitoring network plan as not appropriate for comparison to the NAAQS.

(2) Manual PM 2.

5 samplers at NCore

stations and required regional background and regional transport sites

must operate on at least a 1-in-3 day

sampling frequency.

(3) Manual PM 2.

3 speciation samplers

at STN stations must operate on at

least a 1-in-3 day sampling frequency.

(e) For PM 1) samplers, a 24-hour sample must be taken from midnight to

midnight (local standard time) to ensure national consistency. The minimum monitoring schedule for the site

in the area of expected maximum concentration shall be based on the relative level of that monitoring site concentration with respect to the 24-hour

standard as illustrated in Figure 1. If

the operating agency demonstrates by

monitoring data that during certain

periods of the year conditions preclude

violation of the PM 1 24-hour standard,

the increased sampling frequency for

those periods or seasons may be exempted by the Regional Administrator

and permitted to revert back to once in

six days. The minimum sampling

schedule for all other sites in the area

remains once every six days. No less

frequently than as part of each 5-year

network assessment, the most recent

year of data must be considered to estimate the air quality status at the site

near the area of maximum concentration. Statistical models such as analysis of concentration frequency distributions as described in "Guideline

for the Interpretation of Ozone Air
40 CFR Ch. 1 (7-1-13 Edition)

Quality Standards," EPA-450/479-003.

U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC, January 1979, should be used. Adjustments

to the monitoring schedule must be

made on the basis of the 5-year network assessment. The site having the

highest concentration in the most current year must be given first consideration when selecting the site for the

more frequent sampling schedule.

Other factors such as major change in

sources of PM1o emissions or in sampling site characteristics could influence the location of the expected maximum concentration site. Also, the use

of the most recent 3 years of data

might, in some cases, be justified in

order to provide a more representative

database from which to estimate current air quality status and to provide

stability to the network. This

multiyear consideration reduces the

possibility of an anomalous year biasing a site selected for accelerated sampling. If the maximum concentration

site based on the most current year is

not selected for the more frequent operating schedule, documentation of the

justification for selection of an alternative site must be submitted to the

Regional Office for approval during the

5-year network assessment process.

Minimum data completeness criteria,

number of years of data and sampling

frequency for judging attainment of

the NAAQS are discussed in appendix K

of part 50 of this chapter.

Every Sixth Day

Every Other Day

Every Day {

0.8 0.9 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4

Figure 1 - Ratio to Standard

(f) For manual PM 1) 2.5 samplers:

(1) Manual PM ) 2.5 samplers at

NCore stations must operate on at

least a 1-in-3 day schedule at sites

without a collocated continuously operating federal equivalent PM 1 2.5

method that has been designated in accordance with part 53 of this chapter.

(2) [Reserved]

(g) For continuous SO2 analyzers, the

maximum 5-minute block average concentration of the twelve 5-minute

blocks in each hour must be collected

except as noted in § 58.12 (a).

[71 FR 61298, Oct. 17, 2006, as amended at 72

FR 32210, June 12, 2007; 75 FR 35601, June 22,

2010; 78 FR 3282, Jan. 15, 2013]

§ 58.13 Monitoring network completion.

(a) The network of NCore multipollutant sites must be physically established no later than January 1, 2011,

and at that time, operating under all of

the requirements of this part, including the requirements of appendices A,

C, D. E, and G to this part. NCore sites

§ 58.13
Environmental Protection Agency

required to conduct Pb monitoring as

required under 40 CFR part 58 appendix

D paragraph 3(b), or approved alternative non-source-oriented Pb monitoring sites, shall begin Pb monitoring

in accordance with all of the requirements of this part, including the requirements of appendices A, C, D, E,

and G to this part no later than December 27, 2011.

(b) Not withstanding specific dates

included in this part, beginning January 1, 2008, when existing networks are not in conformance with the minimum

number of required monitors specified

in this part, additional required mon- itors must be identified in the next applicable annual monitoring network

plan, with monitoring operation beginning by January 1 of the following

year. To allow sufficient time to prepare and comment on Annual Monitoring Network Plans, only monitoring

requirements effective 120 days prior to

the required submission date of the

plan (i.e., 120 days prior to July 1 of

each year) shall be included in that

year's annual monitoring network

plan.

(c) The NO2 monitors required under

Appendix D, section 4.3 of this part

must be physically established and operating under all of the requirements

of this part, including the requirements of appendices A, C, D, and E to

this part, no later than:

(1) January 1, 2013, for area-wide NO2

monitors required in Appendix D, section 4.3.3;

(2) January 1, 2013, for NO2 monitors

intended to characterize vulnerable

and susceptible populations that are

required in Appendix D, section 4.3.4;

(3) January 1, 2014, for an initial

near-road NO2 monitor in CBSAs having 1,000,000 million or more persons

that is required in Appendix D, section

4.3.2;

(4) January 1, 2015, for a second near- road NO2 monitor in CBSAs that have a

population of 2,500,000 or more persons or a second monitor in any CBSA with a population of 500,000 or more persons

that has one or more roadway segments with 250,000 or greater AADT

counts that is required in Appendix D,

section 4.3.2:

(5) January 1, 2017, for a near-road

NO 2 monitor in CBSAs having 500,000 or

§ 58.14

more persons, but less than 1,000,000,

not already required by paragraph

(c)(4) of this section, that is required in

Appendix D, section 4.3.2.

(d) The network of SO 2 monitors

must be physically established no later

than January 1, 2013, and at that time,

must be operating under all of the requirements of this part, including the

requirements of appendices A, C, D,

and E to this part.

(e) The CO monitors required under

Appendix D, section 4.2 of this part

must be physically established and operating under all of the requirements

of this part, including the requirements of appendices A, C, D, and E to

this part, no later than:

(1) January 1, 2015 for CO monitors in

CBSAs having 2.5 million persons or

more; or

(2) January 1, 2017 for other CO monitors.

(f) PM 2.3 monitors required in nearroad environments as described in appendix D to this part, must be physically established and operating under

all of the requirements of this part, including the requirements of appendices

A, C, D, and E to this part, no later

than:

(1) January 1, 2015 for PM 2.5 monitors

in CBSAs having 2.5 million persons or

more; or

(2) January 1, 2017 for PM 2._ monitors

in CBSAs having 1 million or more, but

less than 2.5 million persons.

[71 FR 61298, Oct. 17, 2006, as amended at 73

FR 67059, Nov. 12, 2008; 75 FR 6534, Feb. 9,

2010; 75 FR 35601, June 22, 2010; 75 FR 81137,

Dec. 27, 2010; 76 FR 54341, Aug. 31, 2011; 78 FR

16188, Mar. 14, 2013; 78 FR 3283, Jan. 15, 2013]

§ 58.14 System modification.

(a) The State, or where appropriate

local, agency shall develop and implement a plan and schedule to modify the

ambient air quality monitoring network that complies with the findings of

the network assessments required

every 5 years by §58.10(e). The State or

local agency shall consult with the

EPA Regional Administrator during

the development of the schedule to

modify the monitoring program, and

shall make the plan and schedule available to the public for 30 days prior to
40 CFR Ch. 1 (7-1-13 Edition)

submission to the EPA Regional Administrator. The final plan and schedule with respect to the SLAMS network are subject to the approval of the

EPA Regional Administrator. Plans

containing modifications to NCore Stations or PAMS Stations shall be submitted to the Administrator. The Regional Administrator shall provide opportunity for public comment and shall

approve or disapprove submitted plans

and schedules within 120 days.

(b) Nothing in this section shall preclude the State, or where appropriate

local, agency from making modifications to the SLAMS network for reasons other than those resulting from

the periodic network assessments.

These modifications must be reviewed

and approved by the Regional Administrator. Each monitoring network may

make or be required to make changes

between the 5-year assessment periods,

including for example, site relocations

or the addition of PAMS networks in

bumped-up ozone nonattainment areas.

These modifications must address

changes invoked by a new census and

changes due to changing air quality

levels. The State, or where appropriate

local, agency shall provide written

communication describing the network

changes to the Regional Administrator

for review and approval as these

changes are identified.

(c) State, or where appropriate, local

agency requests for SLAMS monitor

station discontinuation, subject to the

review of the Regional Administrator,

will be approved if any of the following

criteria are met and if the requirements of appendix D to this part, if

any, continue to be met. Other requests for discontinuation may also be

approved on a case-by-case basis if discontinuance does not compromise data

collection needed for implementation

of a NAAQS and if the requirements of

appendix D to this part, if any, continue to be met.

(1) Any PM 2.5, 03, CO. PM 10, SO2 , Pb.

or NO2 SLAMS monitor which has

shown attainment during the previous

five years, that has a probability of

less than 10 percent of exceeding 80 percent of the applicable NAAQS during

the next three years based on the levels, trends, and variability observed in

the past, and which is not specifically

required by an attainment plan or

maintenance plan. In a nonattainment

or maintenance area, if the most recent attainment or maintenance plan

adopted by the State and approved by

EPA contains a contingency measure

to be triggered by an air quality concentration and the monitor to be discontinued is the only SLAMS monitor

operating in the nonattainment or

maintenance area, the monitor may

not be discontinued.

(2) Any SLAMS monitor for CO,

PM1), SO 2, or NO2 which has consistently measured lower concentrations

than another monitor for the same pollutant in the same county (or portion

of a county within a distinct attainment area, nonattainment area, or

maintenance area, as applicable) during the previous five years, and which

is not specifically required by an attainment plan or maintenance plan, if

control measures scheduled to be implemented or discontinued during the

next five years would apply to the

areas around both monitors and have

similar effects on measured concentrations, such that the retained monitor

would remain the higher reading of the

two monitors being compared.

(3) For any pollutant, any SLAMS

monitor in a county (or portion of a

county within a distinct attainment,

nonattainment, or maintenance area,

as applicable) provided the monitor has

not measured violations of the applicable NAAQS in the previous five years,

and the approved SIP provides for a

specific, reproducible approach to representing the air quality of the affected

county in the absence of actual monitoring data.

(4) A PM 2.

5 SLAMS monitor which

EPA has determined cannot be compared to the relevant NAAQS because

of the siting of the monitor, in accordance with § 58.30.

(5) A SLAMS monitor that is designed to measure concentrations

upwind of an urban area for purposes of

characterizing transport into the area

and that has not recorded violations of

the relevant NAAQS in the previous

five years, if discontinuation of the

monitor is tied to start-up of another

station also characterizing transport.

(6) A SLAMS monitor not eligible for

removal under any of the criteria in

§ 58.14
Environmental Protection Agency

paragraphs (c)(1) through (c)(5) of this

section may be moved to a nearby location with the same scale of representation if logistical problems beyond the

State's control make it impossible to

continue operation at its current site.

§ 58.15 Annual air monitoring data certification.

(a) The State, or where appropriate

local, agency shall submit to the EPA

Regional Administrator an annual air

monitoring data certification letter to

certify data collected at all SLAMS

and at all FRM, FEM, and ARM SPM

stations that meet criteria in appendix

A to this part from January 1 to December 31 of the previous year. The

senior air pollution control officer in

each agency, or his or her designee,

shall certify that the previous year of

ambient concentration and quality assurance data are completely submitted

to AQS and that the ambient con- centration data are accurate to the

best of her or his knowledge, taking

into consideration the quality assurance findings.

(1) Through 2009, the annual data certification letter is due by July 1 of

each year.

(2) Beginning in 2010, the annual data

certification letter is due by May 1 of

each year.

(b) Along with each certification letter, the State shall submit to the Administrator (through the appropriate

Regional Office) an annual summary

report of all the ambient air quality

data collected at all SLAMS and at

SPM stations using FRM, FEM, or

ARMs. The annual report(s) shall be

submitted for data collected from January 1 to December 31 of the previous

year. The annual summary report(s)

must contain all information and data

required by the State's approved plan

and must be submitted on the same

schedule as the certification letter, un- less an approved alternative date is included in the plan. The annual sum- mary serves as the record of the specific data that is the object of the certification letter.

(c) Along with each certification letter, the State shall submit to the Administrator (through the appropriate

Regional Office) a summary of the precision and accuracy data for all ambi-

§ 58.16

ent air quality data collected at all

SLAMS and at SPM stations using

FRM, FEM, or ARMs. The summary of

precision and accuracy shall be submitted for data collected from January

1 to December 31 of the previous year.

The summary of precision and accuracy must be submitted on the same

schedule as the certification letter, unless an approved alternative date is included in the plan.

§58.16 Data submittal and archiving

requirements.

(a) The state, or where appropriate,

local agency, shall report to the Administrator, via AQS all ambient air

quality data and associated quality assurance data for SO 2; CO; O; NO 2 ; NO;

NOy; NOx; Pb-TSP mass concentration;

Pb-PMo mass concentration; PMIo

mass concentration; PM2.5 mass concentration; for filter-based PM 2.3 FRM/

FEM the field blank mass, samplergenerated average daily temperature,

and sampler-generated average daily

pressure: chemically speciated PM 2 .5

mass concentration data PM 1 2.5 mass

concentration; meteorological data

from NCore and PAMS sites; average

daily temperature and average daily

pressure for Pb sites if not already reported from sampler generated records;

and metadata records and information

specified by the AQS Data Coding Manual (http://www.epa.gov/ttn/airslairsaqsl

manualsimanuals.htm). The state, or

where appropriate, local agency, may

report site specific meteorological

measurements generated by onsite

equipment (meteorological instruments, or sampler generated) or measurements from the nearest airport reporting ambient pressure and temperature. Such air quality data and information must be submitted directly to

the AQS via electronic transmission on

the specified quarterly schedule described in paragraph (b) of this section.

(b) The specific quarterly reporting

periods are January 1-March 31, April

1 June 30, July 1 September 30, and October 1 December 31. The data and information reported for each reporting

period must contain all data and information gathered during the reporting

period, and be received in the AQS

within 90 days after the end of the
40 CFR Ch. 1 (7-1-13 Edition)

quarterly reporting period. For example, the data for the reporting period

January 1-March 31 are due on or before June 30 of that year.

(c) Air quality data submitted for

each reporting period must be edited,

validated, and entered into the AQS

(within the time limits specified in

paragraph (b) of this section) pursuant

to appropriate AQS procedures. The

procedures for editing and validating

data are described in the AQS Data

Coding Manual and in each monitoring

agency's quality assurance project

plan.

(d) The State shall report VOC and if

collected, carbonyl, NH3 , and HN03

data, from PAMS sites to AQS within 6

months following the end of each quarterly reporting period listed in paragraph (b) of this section.

(e) The State shall also submit any

portion or all of the SLAMS and SPM

data to the appropriate Regional Administrator upon request.

(f) The state, or where applicable,

local agency shall archive all PM 2.5,

PM 1), and PM 10 2,5 filters from manual

low-volume samplers (samplers having

flow rates less than 200 liters/minute)

from all SLAMS sites for a minimum

period of 5 years after collection. These

filters shall be made available for supplemental analyses, including destructive analyses if necessary, at the request of EPA or to provide information

to state and local agencies on particulate matter composition. Other Federal

agencies may request access to filters

for purposes of supporting air quality

management or community healthsuch as biological assay through the

applicable EPA Regional Administrator. The filters shall be archived according to procedures approved by the

Administrator, which shall include

cold storage of filters after post-sampling laboratory analyses for at least

12 months following field sampling.

The EPA recommends that particulate

matter filters be archived for longer

periods, especially for key sites in

making NAAQS-related decisions or for

supporting health-related air pollution

studies.

(g) Any State or, where applicable,

local agency operating a continuous

SO2 analyzer shall report the maximum

5-minute S02 block average of the

twelve 5-minute block averages in each

hour, in addition to the hourly SO 2 average.

[71 FR 61298, Oct. 17, 2006, as amended at 73

FR 67059, Nov. 12, 2008; 75 FR 6534, Feb. 9,

2010; 75 FR 35602, June 22, 2010; 78 FR 3283,

Jan. 15, 2013]

Subpart C-Special Purpose

Monitors

SOURCE: 71 FR 61302, Oct. 17, 2006, unless

otherwise noted.

§ 58.20 Special purpose monitors

(SPM).

(a) An SPM is defined as any monitor

included in an agency's monitoring

network that the agency has designated as a special purpose monitor in

its annual monitoring network plan

and in AQS, and which the agency does

not count when showing compliance

with the minimum requirements of

this subpart for the number and siting

of monitors of various types. Any SPM

operated by an air monitoring agency

must be included in the periodic assessments and annual monitoring network

plan required by §58.10. The plan shall

include a statement of purposes for

each SPM monitor and evidence that

operation of each monitor meets the

requirements of appendix A or an approved alternative as provided by

§ 58.11(a)(2) where applicable. The monitoring agency may designate a monitor

as an SPM after January 1, 2007 only if

it is a new monitor, i.e., a SLAMS

monitor that is not included in the currently applicable monitoring plan or,

for a monitor included in the monitoring plan prior to January 1, 2007, if

the Regional Administrator has approved the discontinuation of the monitor as a SLAMS site.

(b) Any SPM data collected by an air

monitoring agency using a Federal reference method (FRM), Federal equivalent method (FEM), or approved regional method (ARM) must meet the

requirements of §58.11, §58.12, and appendix A to this part or an approved alternative to appendix A to this part.

Compliance with appendix E to this

part is optional but encouraged except

when the monitoring agency's data objectives are inconsistent with those requirements. Data collected at an SPM

§ 58.20
Environmental Protection Agency

using a FRM, FEM, or ARM meeting

the requirements of appendix A must

be submitted to AQS according to the

requirements of §58.16. Data collected

by other SPMs may be submitted. The

monitoring agency must also submit to

AQS an indication of whether each

SPM reporting data to AQS monitor

meets the requirements of appendices

A and E to this part.

(c) All data from an SPM using an FRM, FEM, or ARM which has operated for more than 24 months are eligible for comparison to the relevant

NAAQS, subject to the conditions of

§§ 58.11(e) and 58.30, unless the air monitoring agency demonstrates that the

data came from a particular period

during which the requirements of appendix A, appendix C, or appendix E to

this part were not met, subject to review and EPA Regional Office approval as part of the annual monitoring network plan described in § 58.10.

(d) If an SPM using an FRM, FEM, or ARM is discontinued within 24 months

of start-up, the Administrator will not

base a NAAQS violation determination

for the PM2.5 or ozone NAAQS solely on data from the SPM.

(e) If an SPM using an FRM, FEM, or ARM is discontinued within 24 months

of start-up, the Administrator will not

designate an area as nonattainment for

the CO, SO2, NO2 , or 24-hour PM 0

NAAQS solely on the basis of data from

the SPM. Such data are eligible for use in determinations of whether a nonattainment area has attained one of

these NAAQS.

(f) Prior approval from EPA is not required for discontinuance of an SPM.

[71 FR 61298, Oct. 17, 2006, as amended at 72

FR 32210, June 12, 2007; 73 FR 67060, Nov. 12,

2008; 78 FR 3283, Jan. 15, 2013]

Subpart D-Comparability of

Ambient Data to the NAAQS

SOURCE: 71 FR 61302, Oct. 17, 2006, unless

otherwise noted.

§ 58.30 Special considerations for data

comparisons to the NAAQS.

(a) Comparability of PM 2.5 data. The

primary and secondary annual and 24-

hour PM 2._s NAAQS are described in

part 50 of this chapter. Monitors that

follow the network technical require-

§ 58.50

ments specified in §58.11 are eligible for

comparison to the NAAQS subject to

the additional requirements of this section. PM 2 .5 measurement data from all

eligible monitors are comparable to

the 24-hour PM2.5 NAAQS. PM2.5 measurement data from all eligible monitors that are representative of areawide air quality are comparable to the

annual PM2.5 NAAQS. Consistent with

appendix D to this part, section 4.7.1,

when micro- or middle-scale PM 2 .5

monitoring sites collectively identify a

larger region of localized high ambient

PM 2 .5 concentrations, such sites would

be considered representative of an

area-wide location and, therefore, eligible for comparison to the annual PM 2 .5

NAAQS. PM 2.5 measurement data from

monitors that are not representative of

area-wide air quality but rather of relatively unique micro-scale, or localized

hot spot, or unique middle-scale impact sites are not eligible for comparison to the annual PM 2._s NAAQS. PM 2 .5

measurement data from these monitors

are eligible for comparison to the 24-

hour PM 2 .

5 NAAQS. For example, if a

micro- or middle-scale PM2.5 monitoring site is adjacent to a unique

dominating local PM 2 .5 source, then

the PM2.5 measurement data from such

a site would only be eligible for comparison to the 24-hour PM2._s NAAQS.

Approval of sites that are suitable and

sites that are not suitable for comparison with the annual PM25 NAAQS is

provided for as part of the annual monitoring network plan described in

§ 58.10.

(b) [Reserved]

[71 FR 61302, Oct. 17, 2006, as amended at 78

FR 3283, Jan. 15, 2013]

Subpart E [Reserved]

Subpart F-Air Quality Index

Reporting

§ 58.50 Index reporting.

(a) The State or where applicable,

local agency shall report to the general

public on a daily basis through prominent notice an air quality index that

complies with the requirements of appendix G to this part.
40 CFR Ch. 1 (7-1-13 Edition)

(b) Reporting is required for all individual MSA with a population exceeding 350,000.

(c) The population of a MSA for purposes of index reporting is the most recent decennial U.S. census population.

[71 FR 61302, Oct. 17, 2006]

Subpart G-Federal Monitoring

SOURCE: 44 FR 27571, May 10, 1979, unless

otherwise noted. Rodesignated at 58 FR 8467,

Feb. 12, 1993.

§ 58.60 Federal monitoring.

The Administrator may locate and

operate an ambient air monitoring site

if the State or local agency fails to locate, or schedule to be located, during

the initial network design process, or

as a result of the 5-year network assessments required in §58.10, a SLAMS

station at a site which is necessary in

the judgment of the Regional Administrator to meet the objectives defined in

appendix D to this part.

[71 FR 61303, Oct. 17, 2006]

§ 58.61 Monitoring other pollutants.

The Administrator may promulgate

criteria similar to that referenced in

subpart B of this part for monitoring a

pollutant for which an NAAQS does not

exist. Such an action would be taken

whenever the Administrator determines that a nationwide monitoring

program is necessary to monitor such a

pollutant.

[71 FR 61303, Oct. 17, 2006]

APPENDIX A TO PART 58 QUALITY AsSURANCE REQUIREMENTS FOR

SLAMS, SPMS AND PSD AIR MONITORING

1. General Information

2. Quality System Requirements

3. Measurement Quality Check Requirements

4. Calculations for Data Quality Assessments

5. Reporting Requirements

6. References

1. General Information.

(a) Each monitoring organization is re- quired to implement a quality system that

provides sufficient information to assess the

quality of the monitoring data. The quality

system must, at a minimum, include the specific requirements described in this appendix

of this subpart. Failure to conduct or pass a required check or procedure, or a series of required checks or procedures, does not by

itself invalidate data for regulatory decision

making. Rather, monitoring agencies and

EPA shall use the checks and procedures required in this appendix in combination with

other data quality information, reports, and

similar documents showing overall compliance with part 58. Accordingly, EPA and

monitoring agencies shall use a "weight of

evidence" approach when determining the

suitability of data for regulatory decisions.

The EPA reserves the authority to use or not

use monitoring data submitted by a monitoring organization when making regulatory

decisions based on the EPA's assessment of

the quality of the data. Generally, consensus

built validation templates or validation criteria already approved in Quality Assurance

Project Plans (QAPPs) should be used as the

basis for the weight of evidence approach.

(b) This appendix specifies the minimum

quality system requirements applicable to

SLAMS air monitoring data and PSD data

for the pollutants SO 2, NO , 03, CO, Pb,

PM 2., PM o and PM 12,5 submitted to EPA.

This appendix also applies to all SPM stations using FRM, FEM, or ARM methods

which also meet the requirements of appendix E of this part, unless alternatives to this

appendix for SPMs have been approved in accordance with §58.11(a)(2). Monitoring organizations are encouraged to develop and

maintain quality systems more extensive

than the required minimums. The permitgranting authority for PSD may require

more frequent or more stringent requirements. Monitoring organizations may, based

on their quality objectives, develop and

maintain quality systems beyond the required minimum. Additional guidance for

the requirements reflected in this appendix

can be found in the "Quality Assurance

Handbook for Air Pollution Measurement

Systems", Volume II (see reference 10 of this

appendix) and at a national level in references 1, 2, and 3 of this appendix.

1.1 Similarities and Differences Between

SLAMS and PSD Monitoring. In most cases,

the quality assurance requirements for

SLAMS, SPMs if applicable, and PSD are the

same. Affected SPMs are subject to all the

SLAMS requirements, even where not specifically stated in each section. Table A 1 of

this appendix summarizes the major similarities and differences of the requirements for

SLAMS and PSD. Both programs require:

(a) The development, documentation, and

implementation of an approved quality system;

(b) The assessment of data quality;

(c) The use of reference, equivalent, or approved methods. The requirements of this

appendix do not apply to a SPM that does

not use a FRM, FEM, or ARM;

(d) The use of calibration standards traceable to NIST or other primary standard;

(e) Performance evaluations and systems.

§ 58.60
Environmental Protection Agency

1.1.1 The monitoring and quality assurance responsibilities for SLAMS are with the

State or local agency, hereafter called the

monitoring organization, whereas for PSD

they are with the owner/operator seeking the

permit. The monitoring duration for SLAMS

is indefinite, whereas for PSD the duration is

usually 12 months. Whereas the reporting period for precision and accuracy data is on an

annual or calendar quarter basis for SLAMS,

it is on a continuing sampler quarter basis

for PSD, since the monitoring may not commence at the beginning of a calendar quarter.

1.1.2 The annual performance evaluations

(described in section 3.2.2 of this appendix)

for PSD must be conducted by personnel different from those who perform routine span

checks and calibrations, whereas for SLAMS,

it is the preferred but not the required condition. For PSD, the evaluation rate is 100 percent of the sites per reporting quarter whereas for SLAMS it is 25 percent of the sites or

instruments quarterly. Monitoring for sulfur

dioxide (SO,) and nitrogen dioxide (NO,) for

PSD must be done with automated analyzers-the manual bubbler methods are not

permitted.

1.1.3 The requirements for precision assessment for the automated methods are the

same for both SLAMS and PSD. However, for

manual methods, only one collocated site is

required for PSD.

1.1.4 The precision, accuracy and bias

data for PSD are reported separately for

each sampler (site), whereas for SLAMS, the

report may be by sampler (site), by primary

quality assurance organization, or nationally, depending on the pollutant. SLAMS

data are required to be reported to the AQS,

PSD data are required to be reported to the

permit-granting authority. Requirements in

this appendix, with the exception of the differences discussed in this section, and in

Table A 1 of this appendix will be expected

to be followed by both SLAMS and PSD networks unless directly specified in a particular section.

1.2 Measurement Uncertainty. Measurement uncertainty is a term used to describe

deviations from a true concentration or estimate that are related to the measurement

process and not to spatial or temporal population attributes of the air being" measured.

Monitoring organizations must develop quality assurance project plans (QAPP) which describe how the organization intends to control measurement uncertainty to an appropriate level in order to achieve the objectives for which the data are collected. The

process by which one determines the quality

of data needed to meet the monitoring objective is sometimes referred to the Data Quality Objectives Process. Data quality indicators associated with measurement uncertainty include:

Pt. 58, App. A

(a) Precision. A measurement of mutual

agreement among individual measurements

of the same property usually under prescribed similar conditions, expressed generally in terms of the standard deviation.

(b) Bias. The systematic or persistent distortion of a measurement process which

causes errors in one direction.

(c) Accuracy. The degree of agreement between an observed value and an accepted reference value. Accuracy includes a combination of random error (imprecision) and systematic error (bias) components which are

due to sampling and analytical operations.

(d) Completeness. A measure of the amount

of valid data obtained from a measurement

system compared to the amount that was expected to be obtained under correct, normal

conditions.

(e) Detectability. The low critical range

value of a characteristic that a method specific procedure can reliably discern.

1.3 Measurement Quality Checks. The

SLAMS measurement quality checks described in sections 3.2 and 3.3 of this appendix shall be reported to AQS and are included

in the data required for certification. The

PSD network is required to implement the

measurement quality checks and submit this

information quarterly along with assessment

information to the permit-granting authority.

1.4 Assessments and Reports. Periodic assessments and documentation of data quality are required to be reported to EPA or to

the permit granting authority (PSD). To provide national uniformity in this assessment

and reporting of data quality for all networks, specific assessment and reporting

procedures are prescribed in detail in sections 3, 4, and 5 of this appendix. On the

other hand, the selection and extent of the

quality assurance and quality control activities used by a monitoring organization depend on a number of local factors such as

field and laboratory conditions, the objectives for monitoring, the level of data quality needed, the expertise of assigned personnel, the cost of control procedures, pollutant concentration levels, etc. Therefore,

quality system requirements in section 2 of

this appendix are specified in general terms

to allow each monitoring organization to develop a quality system that is most efficient

and effective for its own circumstances while

achieving the data quality objectives required for the SLAMS sites.

2. QUALITY SYSTEM REQUIREMENTS

A quality system is the means by which an

organization manages the quality of the

monitoring information it produces in a systematic, organized manner. It provides a

framework for planning, implementing, assessing and reporting work performed by an

organization and for carrying out required
Pt. 58, App. A

quality assurance and quality control activities.

2.1 Quality Management Plans and Quality Assurance Project Plans. All monitoring

organizations must develop a quality system

that is described and approved in quality

management plans (QMP) and quality assurance project plans (QAPP) to ensure that the

monitoring results:

(a) Meet a well-defined need, use, or purpose;

(b) Provide data of adequate quality for the

intended monitoring objectives

(c) Satisfy stakeholder expectations;

(d) Comply with applicable standards specifications;

(e) Comply with statutory (and other) requirements of society and

(f) Reflect consideration of cost and economics.

2.1.1 The QMP describes the quality system in terms of the organizational structure,

functional responsibilities of management

and staff, lines of authority, and required

interfaces for those planning, implementing,

assessing and reporting activities involving

environmental data operations (EDO). The

QMP must be suitably documented in accordance with EPA requirements (reference 2

of this appendix), and approved by the appropriate Regional Administrator, or his or her

representative. The quality system will be

reviewed during the systems audits described

in section 2.5 of this appendix. Organizations

that implement long-term monitoring programs with EPA funds should have a separate QMP document. Smaller organizations

or organizations that do infrequent work

with EPA funds may combine the QMP with

the QAPP based on negotiations with the

funding agency. Additional guidance on this

process can be found in reference 10 of this

appendix. Approval of the recipient's QMP by

the appropriate Regional Administrator or

his or her representative, may allow delega -

tion of the authority to review and approve

the QAPP to the recipient, based on adequacy of quality assurance procedures described and documented in the QMP. The

QAPP will be reviewed by EPA during systems audits or circumstances related to data

quality.

2.1.2 The QAPP is a formal document describing, in sufficient detail, the quality system that must be implemented to ensure

that the results of work performed will satisfy the stated objectives. The quality assurance policy of the EPA requires every environmental data operation (EDO) to have a

written and approved QAPP prior to the

start of the EDO. It is the responsibility of

the monitoring organization to adhere to

this policy. The QAPP must be suitably documented in accordance with EPA requirements (reference 3 of this appendix).

2.1.3 The monitoring organization's quality system must have adequate resources

40 CFR Ch. 1 (7-1-13 Edition)

both in personnel and funding to plan, implement, assess and report on the achievement

of the requirements of this appendix and its

approved QAPP.

2.2 Independence of Quality Assurance.

The monitoring organization must provide

for a quality assurance management

function- that aspect of the overall management system of the organization that determines and implements the quality policy defined in a monitoring organization's QMP.

Quality management includes strategic planning, allocation of resources and other systematic planning activities (e.g., planning,

implementation, assessing and reporting)

pertaining to the quality system. The quality assurance management function must

have sufficient technical expertise and management authority to conduct independent

oversight and assure the implementation of

the organization's quality system relative to

the ambient air quality monitoring program

and should be organizationally independent

of environmental data generation activities.

2.3. Data Quality Performance Requirements.

2.3.1 Data Quality Objectives. Data quality objectives (DQO) or the results of other

systematic planning processes are statements that define the appropriate type of

data to collect and specify the tolerable levels of potential decision errors that will be

used as a basis for establishing the quality

and quantity of data needed to support the

objectives of the SLAMS stations. DQO will

be developed by EPA to support the primary

SLAMS objectives for each criteria pollutant. As they are developed they will be added

to the regulation. DQO or the results of

other systematic planning processes for PSD

or other monitoring will be the responsibility of the monitoring organizations. The

quality of the conclusions made from data

interpretation can be affected by population

uncertainty (spatial or temporal uncertainty) and measurement uncertainty (uncertainty associated with collecting, analyzing, reducing and reporting concentration

data). This appendix focuses on assessing and

controlling measurement uncertainty.

2.3.1.1 Measurement Uncertainty for

Automated and Manual PM,_ Methods. The

goal for acceptable measurement uncertainty is defined as 10 percent coefficient of

variation (CV) for total precision and plus or

minus 10 percent for total bias.

2.3.1.2 Measurement Uncertainty for

Automated Ozone Methods. The goal for acceptable measurement uncertainty is defined

for precision as an upper 90 percent confidence limit for the coefficient variation

(CV) of 7 percent and for bias as an upper 95

percent confidence limit for the absolute

bias of 7 percent.

2.3.1.3 Measurement Uncertainty for

PM,2_ Methods. The goal for acceptable
Environmental Protection Agency

measurement uncertainty is defined for precision as an upper 90 percent confidence

limit for the coefficient variation (CV) of 15

percent and for bias as an upper 95 percent

confidence limit for the absolute bias of 15

percent.

2.3.1.4 Measurement Uncertainty for Pb

Methods. The goal for acceptable measurement uncertainty is defined for precision as

an upper 90 percent confidence limit for the

coefficient variation (CV) of 20 percent and

for bias as an upper 95 percent confidence

limit for the absolute bias of 15 percent.

2.3.1.5 Measurement Uncertainty for NO,.

The goal for acceptable measurement uncertainty is defined for precision as an upper 90

percent confidence limit for the coefficient

of variation (CV) of 15 percent and for bias as

an upper 95 percent confidence limit for the

absolute bias of 15 percent.

2.3.1.6 Measurement Uncertainty for S02.

The goal for acceptable measurement uncertainty for precision is defined as an upper 90

percent confidence limit for the coefficient

of variation (CV) of 10 percent and for bias as

an upper 95 percent confidence limit for the

absolute bias of 10 percent.

2.4 National Performance Evaluation Programs. Monitoring plans or the QAPP shall

provide for the implementation of a program

of independent and adequate audits of all

monitors providing data for SLAMS and PSD

including the provision of adequate resources

for such audit programs. A monitoring plan

(or QAPP) which provides for monitoring organization participation in EPA's National

Performance Audit Program (NPAP) and the

PM Performance Evaluation Program (PEP)

program and which indicates the consent of

the monitoring organization for EPA to

apply an appropriate portion of the grant

funds, which EPA would otherwise award to

the monitoring organization for monitoring

activities, will be deemed by EPA to meet

this requirement. For clarification and to

participate, monitoring organizations should

contact either the appropriate EPA Regional

Quality Assurance (QA) Coordinator at the

appropriate EPA Regional Office location, or

the NPAP Coordinator at the Air Quality Assessment Division, Office of Air Quality

Planning and Standards, U.S. Environmental

Protection Agency in Research Triangle

Park, North Carolina.

2.5 Technical Systems Audit Program.

Technical systems audits of each ambient air

monitoring organization shall be conducted

at least every 3 years by the appropriate

EPA Regional Office and reported to the

AQS. Systems audit programs are described

in reference 10 of this appendix. For further

instructions, monitoring organizations

should contact the appropriate EPA Regional QA Coordinator.

2.6 Gaseous and Flow Rate Audit Standards.

Pt. 58, App. A

2.6.1 Gaseous pollutant concentration

standards (permeation devices or cylinders

of compressed gas) used to obtain test concentrations for carbon monoxide (CO), sulfur

dioxide (SO2), nitrogen oxide (NO), and nitrogen dioxide (NO,) must be traceable to either

a National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) Traceable Reference Material

(NTRM) or a NIST-certified Gas Manufacturer's Internal Standard (GMIS), certified in

accordance with one of the procedures given

in reference 4 of this appendix. Vendors advertising certification with the procedures

provided in reference 4 of this appendix and

distributing gasses as "EPA Protocol Gas"

must participate in the EPA Protocol Gas

Verification Program or not use "EPA" in

any form of advertising.

2.6.2 Test concentrations for ozone (03)

must be obtained in accordance with the

ultra violet photometric calibration procedure specified in appendix D to part 50 of this

chapter, or by means of a certified 03 transfer standard. Consult references 7 and 8 of

this appendix for guidance on primary and

transfer standards for 03.

2.6.3 Flow rate measurements must be

made by a flow measuring instrument that is

traceable to an authoritative volume or

other applicable standard. Guidance for certifying some types of flowmeters is provided

in reference 10 of this appendix.

2.7 Primary Requirements and Guidance.

Requirements and guidance documents for

developing the quality system are contained

in references 1 through 10 of this appendix,

which also contain many suggested procedures, checks, and control specifications.

Reference 10 of this appendix describes specific guidance for the development of a quality system for SLAMS. Many specific quality

control checks and specifications for methods are included in the respective reference

methods described in part 50 of this chapter

or in the respective equivalent method descriptions available from EPA (reference 6 of

this appendix). Similarly, quality control

procedures related to specifically designated

reference and equivalent method analyzers

are contained in the respective operation or

instruction manuals associated with those

analyzers.

3. MEASUREMENT QUALITY CHECK

REQUIREMENTS

This section provides the requirements for

primary quality assurance organizations

(PQAOs) to perform the measurement quality checks that can be used to assess data

quality. With the exception of the flow rate

verifications (sections 3.2.3 and 3.3.2 of this

appendix), data from these checks are required to be submitted to the AQS within

the same time frame as routine ambient concentration data. Section 3.2 of this appendix

describes checks of automated or continuous

instruments while section 3.3 describe checks
Pt. 58, App. A

associated with manual sampling instruments. Other quality control samples are

identified in the various references described

earlier and can be used to control certain aspects of the measurement system.

3.1 Primary Quality Assurance Organization. A primary quality assurance organization is defined as a monitoring organization

or a coordinated aggregation of such organizations that is responsible for a set of stations that monitors the same pollutant and

for which data quality assessments can logically be pooled. Each criteria pollutant sampier/monitor at a monitoring station in the

SLAMS network must be associated with

one, and only one, primary quality assurance

organization.

3.1.1 Each primary quality assurance organization shall be defined such that measurement uncertainty among all stations in

the organization can be expected to be reasonably homogeneous, as a result of common

factors. Common factors that should be considered by monitoring organizations in defining primary quality assurance organizations

include:

(a) Operation by a common team of field

operators according to a common set of procedures;

(b) Use of a common QAPP or standard operating procedures;

(c) Common calibration facilities and

standards;

(d) Oversight by a common quality assurance organization; and

(e) Support by a common management,

laboratory or headquarters.

3.1.2 Primary quality assurance organizations are not necessarily related to the organization reporting data to the AQS. Monitoring organizations having difficulty in defining the primary quality assurance organizations or in assigning specific sites to primary quality assurance organizations should

consult with the appropriate EPA Regional

Office. All definitions of primary quality assurance organizations shall be subject to

final approval by the appropriate EPA Regional Office during scheduled network reviews or systems audits.

3.1.3 Data quality assessment results

shall be reported as specified in section 5 of

this appendix.

3.2 Measurement Quality Checks of Automated Methods. Table A-2 of this appendix

provides a summary of the types and frequency of the measurement quality checks

that will be described in this section.

3.2.1 One-Point Quality Control Check for

S02, N0 2, 03, and CO. A one-point quality

control (QC) check must be performed at

least once every 2 weeks on each automated

analyzer used to measure S0 2, NO, 03 and

CO. The frequency of QC checks may be reduced based upon review, assessment and approval of the EPA Regional Administrator.

However, with the advent of automated cali40 CFR Ch. 1 (7-1-13 Edition)

bration systems more frequent checking is

encouraged. See Reference 10 of this appendix for guidance on the review procedure.

The QC check is made by challenging the analyzer with a QC check gas of known concentration (effective concentration for open

path analyzers) between 0.01 and 0.10 parts

per million (ppm) for SO,, NO,, and O, and

between 1 and 10 ppm for CO analyzers. The

ranges allow for appropriate check gas selection for SLAMS sites that may be sampling

for different objectives, i.e., trace gas monitoring vs. comparison to National Ambient

Air Quality Standards (NAAQS). The QC

check gas concentration selected should be

related to the routine concentrations normally measured at sites within the monitoring network in order to appropriately reflect the precision and bias at these routine

concentration ranges. To check the precision

and bias of SLAMS analyzers operating at

ranges either above or below the levels identified, use check gases of appropriate concentrations as approved by the appropriate

EPA Regional Administrator or their designee. The standards from which check concentrations are obtained must meet the specifications of section 2.6 of this appendix.

3.2.1.1 Except for certain CO analyzers described below, point analyzers must operate

in their normal sampling mode during the

QC check, and the test atmosphere must pass

through all filters, scrubbers, conditioners

and other components used during normal

ambient sampling and as much of the ambient air inlet system as is practicable. If permitted by the associated operation or instruction manual, a CO point analyzer may

be temporarily modified during the QC check

to reduce vent or purge flows, or the test atmosphere may enter the analyzer at a point

other than the normal sample inlet, provided

that the analyzer's response is not likely to

be altered by these deviations from the normal operational mode. If a QC check is made

in conjunction with a zero or span adjustment, it must be made prior to such zero or

span adjustments.

3.2.1.2 Open path analyzers are tested by

inserting a test cell containing a QC check

gas concentration into the optical measurement beam of the instrument. If possible, the

normally used transmitter, receiver, and as

appropriate, reflecting devices should be

used during the test and the normal monitoring configuration of the instrument

should be altered as little as possible to accommodate the test cell for the test. However, if permitted by the associated operation or instruction manual, an alternate

local light source or an alternate optical

path that does not include the normal atmospheric monitoring path may be used. The

actual concentration of the QC check gas in

the test cell must be selected to produce an

effective concentration in the range specified

earlier in this section. Generally, the QC test
Environmental Protection Agency

concentration measurement will be the sum

of the atmospheric pollutant concentration

and the QC test concentration. If so, the result must be corrected to remove the atmospheric concentration contribution. The corrected concentration is obtained by subtracting the average of the atmospheric concentrations measured by the open path instrument under test immediately before and

immediately after the QC test from the QC

check gas concentration measurement. If the

difference between these before and after

measurements is greater than 20 percent of

the effective concentration of the test gas,

discard the test result and repeat the test. If

possible, open path analyzers should be tested during periods when the atmospheric pollutant concentrations are relatively low and

steady.

3.2.1.3 Report the audit concentration (effective concentration for open path analyzers) of the QC gas and the corresponding

measured concentration (corrected concentration, if applicable, for open path analyzers) indicated by the analyzer. The percent differences between these concentrations are used to assess the precision and

Pt. 58, App. A

bias of the monitoring data as described in

sections 4.1.2 (precision) and 4.1.3 (bias) of

this appendix.

3.2.2 Annual performance evaluation for

SO, NO,, 0 , or CO. Each calendar quarter

(during which analyzers are operated), evaluate at least 25 percent of the SLAMS analyzers that monitor for SO2, NO , 03, OP CO

such that each analyzer is evaluated at least

once per year. If there are fewer than four

analyzers for a pollutant within a primary

quality assurance organization, it is suggested to randomly evaluate one or more

analyzers so that at least one analyzer for

that pollutant is evaluated each calendar

quarter. The evaluation should be conducted

by a trained experienced technician other

than the routine site operator.

3.2.2.1 (a) The evaluation is made by challenging the analyzer with audit gas standard

of known concentration (effective concentration for open path analyzers) from at least

three consecutive audit levels. The audit levels selected should represent or bracket 80

percent of ambient concentrations measured

by the analyzer being evaluated:

Concentration range, ppm Audit level 01 S02 NO, CO

1 .................................................................... 0.02-0.05 0.0003-0.005 0.0002-0 .002 0.08-0.10

2 .................................................................... 0.06-0.10 0.006-0 .01 0.003-0.005 0.50-1.00

3 .................................................................... 0.11-0.20 0.02-0.10 0.006-0.10 1.50-4.00

4 .................................................................... 0.21-0.30 0.11-0 .40 0.11-0.30 5- 15

5 .................................................................... 0.31-0.90 0.41-0.90 0.31-0.60 20-50

(b) An additional 4th level is encouraged

for those monitors that have the potential

for exceeding the concentration ranges described by the initial three selected.

3.2.2.2 (a) NO, audit gas for

chemiluminescence-type NO2 analyzers must

also contain at least 0.08 ppm NO. NO concentrations substantially higher than 0.08

ppm, as may occur when using some gas

phase titration (GPT) techniques, may lead

to evaluation errors in chemiluminescence

analyzers due to inevitable minor NO-NOx

channel imbalance. Such errors may be

atypical of routine monitoring errors to the

extent that such NO concentrations exceed

typical ambient NO concentrations at the

site. These errors may be minimized by

modifying the GPT technique to lower the

NO concentrations remaining in the NO 2

audit gas to levels closer to typical ambient

NO concentrations at the site.

(b) To evaluate SLAMS analyzers operating on ranges higher than 0 to 1.0 ppm for

SO,, NO2, and 03 or 0 to 50 ppm for CO, use

audit gases of appropriately higher concentration as approved by the appropriate

EPA Regional Administrator or the Administrator's designee.

3.2.2.3 The standards from which audit gas

test concentrations are obtained must meet

the specifications of section 2.6 of this appendix. The gas standards and equipment used

for evaluations must not be the same as the

standards and equipment used for calibration

or calibration span adjustments. For SLAMS

sites, the auditor should not be the operator

or analyst who conducts the routine monitoring, calibration, and analysis. For PSD

sites the auditor must not be the operator or

analyst who conducts the routine monitoring, calibration, and analysis.

3.2.2.4 For point analyzers, the evaluation

shall be carried out by allowing the analyzer

to analyze the audit gas test atmosphere in

its normal sampling mode such that the test

atmosphere passes through all filters, scrubbers, conditioners, and other sample inlet

components used during normal ambient

sampling and as much of the ambient air

inlet system as is practicable. The exception

provided in section 3.2.1 of this appendix for

certain CO analyzers does not apply for evaluations.
Pt. 58, App. A

3.2.2.5 Open path analyzers are evaluated

by inserting a test cell containing the various audit gas concentrations into the optical measurement beam of the instrument. If

possible, the normally used transmitter, receiver, and, as appropriate, reflecting devices

should be used during the evaluation, and

the normal monitoring configuration of the

instrument should be modified as little as

possible to accommodate the test cell for the

evaluation. However, if permitted by the associated operation or instruction manual, an

alternate local light source or an alternate

optical path that does not include the normal atmospheric monitoring path may be

used. The actual concentrations of the audit

gas in the test cell must be selected to

produce effective concentrations in the evaluation level ranges specified in this section

of this appendix. Generally, each evaluation

concentration measurement result will be

the sum of the atmospheric pollutant concentration and the evaluation test concentration. If so, the result must be corrected to remove the atmospheric concentration contribution. The corrected concentration is obtained by subtracting the average

of the atmospheric concentrations measured

by the open path instrument under test immediately before and immediately after the

evaluation test (or preferably before and

after each evaluation concentration level)

from the evaluation concentration measurement. If the difference between the before

and after measurements is greater than 20

percent of the effective concentration of the

test gas standard, discard the test result for

that concentration level and repeat the test

for that level. If possible, open path analyzers should be evaluated during periods

when the atmospheric pollutant concentrations are relatively low and steady. Also, if

the open path instrument is not installed in

a permanent manner, the monitoring path

length must be reverified to within plus or

minus 3 percent to validate the evaluation,

since the monitoring path length is critical

to the determination of the effective concentration.

3.2.2.6 Report both the evaluation concentrations (effective concentrations for

open path analyzers) of the audit gases and

the corresponding measured concentration

(corrected concentrations, if applicable, for

open path analyzers) indicated or produced

by the analyzer being tested. The percent

differences between these concentrations are

used to assess the quality of the monitoring

data as described in section 4.1.4 of this appendix.

3.2.3 Flow Rate Verification for Particulate Matter. A one-point flow rate

verification check must be performed at

least once every month on each automated

analyzer used to measure PM lo, PM -2,5 and

PM 2 . The verification is made by checking

the operational flow rate of the analyzer. If

40 CFR Ch. 1 (7-1-13 Edition)

the verification is made in conjunction with

a flow rate adjustment, it must be made

prior to such flow rate adjustment. Randomization of the flow rate verification with respect to time of day, day of week, and routine service and adjustments is encouraged

where possible. For the standard procedure,

use a flow rate transfer standard certified in

accordance with section 2.6 of this appendix

to check the analyzer's normal flow rate.

Care should be used in selecting and using

the flow rate measurement device such that

it does not alter the normal operating flow

rate of the analyzer. Report the flow rate of

the transfer standard and the corresponding

flow rate measured (indicated) by the analyzer. The percent differences between the

audit and measured flow rates are used to assess the bias of the monitoring data as described in section 4.2.2 of this appendix

(using flow rates in lieu of concentrations).

3.2.4 Semi-Annual Flow Rate Audit for

Particulate Matter. Every 6 months, audit

the flow rate of the PM 1o, PM 1,2_s and PM 25

particulate analyzers. Where possible, EPA

strongly encourages more frequent auditing.

The audit should (preferably) be conducted

by a trained experienced technician other

than the routine site operator. The audit is

made by measuring the analyzer's normal

operating flow rate using a flow rate transfer

standard certified in accordance with section

2.6 of this appendix. The flow rate standard

used for auditing must not be the same flow

rate standard used to calibrate the analyzer.

However, both the calibration standard and

the audit standard may be referenced to the

same primary flow rate or volume standard.

Great care must be used in auditing the flow

rate to be certain that the flow measurement

device does not alter the normal operating

flow rate of the analyzer. Report the audit

flow rate of the transfer standard and the

corresponding flow rate measured (indicated)

by the analyzer. The percent differences between these flow rates are used to validate

the one-point flow rate verification checks

used to estimate bias as described in section

4.2.3 of this appendix.

3.2.5 Collocated Sampling Procedures for

PM 2 For each pair of collocated monitors,

designate one sampler as the primary monitor whose concentrations will be used to report air quality for the site, and designate

the other as the audit monitor.

3.2.5.1 Each EPA designated Federal reference method (FRM) or Federal equivalent

method (FEM) within a primary quality assurance organization must:

(a) Have 15 percent of the monitors collocated (values of 0.5 and greater round up);

and

(b) Have at least 1 collocated monitor (if

the total number of monitors is less than 3).

The first collocated monitor must be a designated FRM monitor.
Environmental Protection Agency

3.2.5.2 In addition, monitors selected for

collocation must also meet the following requirements:

(a) A primary monitor designated as an

EPA FRM shall be collocated with an audit

monitor having the same EPA FRM method

designation.

(b) For each primary monitor model designated as an EPA FEM used by the PQAO,

50 percent of the monitors designated for collocation shall be collocated with an audit

monitor having the same method designation and 50 percent of the monitors shall be

collocated with an FRM audit monitor. If

the primary quality assurance organization

only has one FEM monitor it shall be collocated with an FRM audit monitor. If there

are an odd number of collocated monitors required, the additional monitor shall be an

FRM audit monitor. An example of this procedure is found in Table A 3 of this appendix.

3.2.5.3 The collocated monitors should be

deployed according to the following protocol:

(a) 80 percent of the collocated audit monitors should be deployed at sites with annual

average or daily concentrations estimated to

be within +20 percent of the applicable

NAAQS and the remainder at what the monitoring organizations designate as high value

sites;

(b) If an organization has no sites with annual average or daily concentrations within

±20 percent of the annual NAAQS (or 24-hour

NAAQS if that is affecting the area), 60 percent of the collocated audit monitors should

be deployed at those sites with the annual

mean concentrations (or 24-hour NAAQS if

that is affecting the area) among the highest

25 percent for all sites in the network.

3.2.5.4 In determining the number of collocated sites required for PM,, monitoring

networks for visibility assessments should

not be treated independently from networks

for particulate matter, as the separate networks may share one or more common samplers. However, for Class I visibility areas,

EPA will accept visibility aerosol mass

measurement instead of a PM 2. measurement if the latter measurement is unavailable. Any PM,2 monitoring site which does

not have a monitor which is an EPA FRM,

FEM or ARM is not required to be included

in the number of sites which are used to determine the number of collocated monitors.

3.2.5.5 For each PSD monitoring network,

one site must be collocated. A site with the

predicted highest 24-hour pollutant concentration must be selected.

3.2.5.6 The two collocated monitors must

be within 4 meters of each other and at least

2 meters apart for flow rates greater than 200

liters/min or at least 1 meter apart for samplers having flow rates less than 200 liters/

min to preclude airflow interference. A waiver allowing up to 10 meters horizontal distance and up to 3 meters vertical distance

(inlet to inlet) between a primary and colloPt. 58, App. A

cated sampler may be approved by the Regional Administrator for sites at a neighborhood or larger scale of representation. This

waiver may be approved during the annual

network plan approval process. Calibration,

sampling, and analysis must be the same for

all the collocated samplers in each agency's

network.

3.2.5.7 Sample the collocated audit monitor for SLAMS sites on a 12-day schedule;

sample PSD sites on a 6-day schedule or

every third day for PSD daily monitors. If a

primary quality assurance organization has

only one collocated monitor, higher sampling frequencies than the 12-day schedule

may be needed in order to produce about 25

valid sample pairs a year. Report the measurements from both primary and collocated

audit monitors at each collocated sampling

site. The calculations for evaluating precision between the two collocated monitors

are described in section 4.3.1 of this appendix.

3.2.6 Collocated Sampling Procedures for

PM 15 For the PM 1,2_s network, all automated methods must be designated as Federal equivalent methods (FEMs). For each

pair of collocated monitors, designate one

sampler as the primary monitor whose concentrations will be used to report air quality

for the site, and designate the other as the

audit monitor.

3.2.6.1 The EPA shall ensure that each

EPA designated FEM within the national

PM 2_s monitoring network must:

(a) Have 15 percent of the monitors collocated (values of 0.5 and greater round up);

and

(b) Have at least 2 collocated monitors (if

the total number of monitors is less than 10).

The first collocated monitor must be a designated FRM monitor and the second must

be a monitor of the same method designation. Both collocated FRM and FEM monitors can be located at the same site.

3.2.6.2 The Regional Administrator for the

EPA Regions where the FEMs are implemented will select the sites for collocated

monitoring. The site selection process shall

consider giving priority to sites at primary

quality assurance organizations or States

with more than one PM o1,s site, sites considered important from a regional perspective, and sites needed for an appropriate distribution among rural and urban NCore

sites. Depending on the speed at which the

PM -2,5 network is deployed, the first sites

implementing FEMs shall be required to perform collocation until there is a larger distribution of FEM monitors implemented in

the network.

3.2.6.3 The two collocated monitors must

be within 4 meters of each other and at least

2 meters apart for flow rates greater than 200

liters/min or at least 1 meter apart for samplers having flow rates less than 200 liters/
Pt. 58, App. A

min to preclude airflow interference. A waiver allowing up to 10 meters horizontal distance and up to 3 meters vertical distance

(inlet to inlet) between a primary and a collocated sampler may be approved by the Regional Administrator for sites at a neighborhood or larger scale of representation taking

into consideration safety, logistics, and

space availability. This waiver may be approved during the annual network plan approval process. Calibration, sampling, and

analysis must be the same for all the collocated samplers in each agency's network.

3.2.6.4 Sample the collocated audit monitor for SLAMS sites on a 12-day schedule.

Report the measurements from both primary

and collocated audit monitors at each collocated sampling site. The calculations for

evaluating precision between the two collocated monitors are described in section 4.3.1

of this appendix.

3.2.7 PM,5 Performance Evaluation Program (PEP) Procedures. The PEP is an independent assessment used to estimate total

measurement system bias. These evaluations

will be performed under the PM Performance

Evaluation Program (PEP) (section 2.4 of

this appendix) or a comparable program.

Performance evaluations will be performed

on the SLAMS monitors annually within

each primary quality assurance organization. For primary quality assurance organizations with less than or equal to five monitoring sites, five valid performance evaluation audits must be collected and reported

each year. For primary quality assurance organizations with greater than five monitoring sites, eight valid performance evaluation audits must be collected and reported

each year. A valid performance evaluation

audit means that both the primary monitor

and PEP audit concentrations are valid and

above 3 pg/m 3. Additionally, each year, every

designated FRM or FEM within a primary

quality assurance organization must:

(1) Have each method designation evaluated each year: and,

(2) Have all FRM or FEM samplers subject

to a PEP audit at least once every six years:

which equates to approximately 15 percent of

the monitoring sites audited each year.

(b) Additional information concerning the

Performance Evaluation Program is contained in reference 10 of this appendix. The

calculations for evaluating bias between the

primary monitor and the performance evaluation monitor for PM 2.5 are described in

section 4.3.2 of this appendix.

3.2.8 PM os Performance Evaluation

Program. For the PM io-,s network, all automated methods will be designated as federal

equivalent methods (FEMs). One performance evaluation audit, as described in section 3.2.7 must be performed at one PM l0,5

site in each primary quality assurance organization each year. The calculations for evaluating bias between the primary monitor(s)

40 CFR Ch. 1 (7-1-13 Edition)

and the performance evaluation monitors for

PM 1,2_s are described in section 4.1.3 of this

appendix.

3.3 Measurement Quality Checks of Manual Methods. Table A-2 of this appendix provides a summary of the types and frequency

of the measurement quality checks that will

be described in this section.

3.3.1 Collocated Sampling Procedures for

PM o. For each network of manual PM1o

methods, select 15 percent (or at least one) of

the monitoring sites within the primary

quality assurance organization for collocated sampling. For purposes of precision assessment, networks for measuring total suspended particulate (TSP) and PM o shall be

considered separately from one another.

However, PM 10 samplers used in the PM 10-2,5

network, may be counted along with the

PM 1o samplers in the PM 1o network as long

as the PM o samplers in both networks are

the same method designation. PM o and TSP

sites having annual mean particulate matter

concentrations among the highest 25 percent

of the annual mean concentrations for all

the sites in the network must be selected or,

if such sites are impractical, alternative

sites approved by the EPA Regional Administrator may be selected.

3.3.1.1 In determining the number of collocated sites required for PM o, monitoring

networks for lead (Pb) should be treated

independently from networks for particulate

matter (PM), even though the separate networks may share one or more common samplers. However, a single pair of samplers collocated at a common-sampler monitoring

site that meets the requirements for both a

collocated Pb site and a collocated PM site

may serve as a collocated site for both networks.

3.3.1.2 The two collocated monitors must

be within 4 meters of each other and at least

2 meters apart for flow rates greater than 200

liters/min or at least 1 meter apart for samplers having flow rates less than 200 liters/

min to preclude airflow interference. Calibration, sampling, analysis and verification/

validation procedures must be the same for

both collocated samplers and the same as for

all other samplers in the network.

3.3.1.3 For each pair of collocated samplers, designate one sampler as the primary

sampler whose samples will be used to report

air quality for the site, and designate the

other as the audit sampler. Sample SLAMS

sites on a 12-day schedule sample PSD sites

on a 6-day schedule or every third day for

PSD daily samplers. If a primary quality assurance organization has only one collocated

monitor, higher sampling frequencies than

the 12-day schedule may be needed in order

to produce approximately 25 valid sample

pairs a year. Report the measurements from

both samplers at each collocated sampling
Environmental Protection Agency

site. The calculations for evaluating precision between the two collocated samplers are

described in section 4.2.1 of this appendix.

3.3.2 Flow Rate Verification for Particulate Matter. Follow the same procedure as

described in section 3.2.3 of this appendix for

PM,. , PM (low-volume instruments), and

PM 10-2. High-volume PM 1o and TSP instruments can also follow the procedure in section 3.2.3 but the audits are required to be

conducted quarterly. The percent differences

between the audit and measured flow rates

are used to assess the bias of the monitoring

data as described in section 4.2.2 of this appendix.

3.3.3 Semi-Annual Flow Rate Audit for

Particulate Matter. Follow the same procedure as described in section 3.2.4 of this appendix for PM 2 ,, PM o, PM 12,1 and TSP instruments. The percent differences between

these flow rates are used to validate the onepoint flow rate verification checks used to

estimate bias as described in section 4.2.3 of

this appendix. Great care must be used in auditing high-volume particulate matter samplers having flow regulators because the introduction of resistance plates in the audit

flow standard device can cause abnormal

flow patterns at the point of flow sensing.

For this reason, the flow audit standard

should be used with a normal filter in place

and without resistance plates in auditing

flow-regulated high-volume samplers, or

other steps should be taken to assure that

flow patterns are not perturbed at the point

of flow sensing.

3.3.4 Pb Methods.

3.3.4.1 Flow Rates. For the Pb Reference

Methods (40 CFR Part 50, appendix G and appendix Q) and associated FEMs, the flow

rates of the Pb samplers shall be verified and

audited using the same procedures described

in sections 3.3.2 and 3.3.3 of this appendix.

3.3.4.2 Pb Analysis Audits. Each calendar

quarter or sampling quarter (PSD), audit the

Pb Reference Method analytical procedure

using filters containing a known quantity of

Pb. These audit filters are prepared by depositing a Pb solution on unexposed filters and

allowing them to dry thoroughly. The audit

samples must be prepared using batches of

reagents different from those used to calibrate the Pb analytical equipment being audited. Prepare audit samples in the following

concentration ranges:

Range [ Equivalent ambient Pb con- ng centration, g/M 3

1 ............ 30-100% of Pb NAAQS.

2 ............ 200-300% of Pb NAAQS.

(a) Audit samples must be extracted using

the same extraction procedure used for exposed filters.

(b) Analyze three audit samples in each of

the two ranges each quarter samples are analyzed. The audit sample analyses shall be

Pt. 58, App. A

distributed as much as possible over the entire calendar quarter.

(c) Report the audit concentrations (in pg

Pb/filter or strip) and the corresponding

measured concentrations (in gg Pb/filter or

strip) using AQS unit code 077. The percent

differences between the concentrations are

used to calculate analytical accuracy as described in section 4.1.3 of this appendix.

(d) The audits of an equivalent Pb method

are conducted and assessed in the same manner as for the reference method. The flow auditing device and Pb analysis audit samples

must be compatible with the specific requirements of the equivalent method.

3.3.4.3 Collocated Sampling. PQAO that

have a combination of source and nonsource-oriented sites (unless the only nonsource-oriented site is an NCore site) will

follow the procedures described in sections

3.3.1 of this appendix with the exception that

the first collocated Pb site selected must be

the site measuring the highest Pb concentrations in the network. If the site is impractical, alternative sites, approved by the EPA

Regional Administrator, may be selected. If

additional collocated sites are necessary,

collocated sites may be chosen that reflect

average ambient air Pb concentrations in

the network. The collocated sampling requirements for PQAO that only have Pb

monitoring at a non-source-oriented NCore

site for sampling required under 40 CFR 58,

Appendix D, paragraph 4.5(b) shall be implemented as described in section 3.2.6 of this

appendix with the exception that the collocated monitor will be the same method designation as the primary monitor.

3.3.4.4 Pb Performance Evaluation Program

(PEP) Procedures. Each year, one performance evaluation audit, as described in section 3.2.7 of this appendix, must be performed

at one Pb site in each primary quality assurance organization that has less than or equal

to 5 sites and two audits at primary quality

assurance organizations with greater than 5

sites. In addition, each year, four collocated

samples from primary quality assurance organizations with less than or equal to 5 sites

and six collocated samples at primary quality assurance organizations with greater

than 5 sites must be sent to an independent

laboratory, the same laboratory as the performance evaluation audit, for analysis.

3.3.5 Collocated Sampling Procedures for

PM._s. Follow the same procedure as described in section 3.2.5 of this appendix.

PM,._ samplers used in the PM o _, network,

may be counted along with the PM2.5 Samplers in the PM 2.5 network as long as the

PM,._ samplers in both networks are the

same method designation.

3.3.6 Collocated Sampling Procedures for

PM _,. All designated FRMs within the

PM 12. monitoring network must have 15

percent of the monitors collocated (values of

0.5 and greater round up) at the PM .
Pt. 58, App. A

sites. All FRM method designations can be

aggregated.

3.3.6.1 The EPA shall ensure that each

designated FEM within the PM(25 monitoring network must:

(a) Have 15 percent of the monitors collocated (values of 0.5 and greater round up);

and

(b) Have at least 2 collocated monitors (if

the total number of monitors is less than 10).

The first collocated monitor must be a designated FRM monitor and the second must

be a monitor of the same method designation. Both collocated FRM and FEM monitors can be located at the same site.

3.3.6.2 The Regional Administrator for the

EPA Region where the FRM or FEMs are implemented will select the sites for collocated

monitoring. The collocation site selection

process shall consider sites at primary quality assurance organizations or States with

more than one PM M 2.1 site; primary quality

assurance organizations already monitoring

for PMlo and PM2,5 using FRMs or FEMs;

and an appropriate distribution among rural

and urban NCore sites. Monitoring organizations implementing PM 10 samplers and PMs

FRM samplers of the same method designation as the PM 0 2 FRM can include the

PM 2_s monitors in their respective PM l

and PM,5 count. Follow the same procedures

as described in sections 3.2.6.2 and 3.2.6.3 of

this appendix.

3.3.7 PM2,5 Performance Evaluation Program (PEP) Procedures. Follow the same

procedure as described in section 3.2.7 of this

appendix.

3.3.8 PM o.s Performance Evaluation

Program (PEP) Procedures. One performance

evaluation audit, as described in section 3.2.7

of this appendix must be performed at one

PM 2_ site in each primary quality assurance organization each year. Monitoring organizations implementing PM 2., FRM samplers of the same method designation in both

the PM2,5 and the PM 2,5 networks can indlude the PM o0. performance evaluation

audit in their respective PM,2_s performance

evaluation count as long as the performance

evaluation is conducted at the PM 0 2, Site.

The calculations for evaluating bias between

the primary monitor(s) and the performance

evaluation monitors for PM 0-2.5 are described in section 4.1.3 of this appendix.

4. CALCULATIONS FOR DATA QUALITY

ASSESSMENT

(a) Calculations of measurement uncertainty are carried out by EPA according to

the following procedures. Primary quality

assurance organizations should report the

data for all appropriate measurement quality checks as specified in this appendix even

though they may elect to perform some or

all of the calculations in this section on

their own.

40 CFR Ch. 1 (7-1-13 Edition)

(b) The EPA will provide annual assessments of data quality aggregated by site and

primary quality assurance organization for

SO,, NO,, 0, and CO and by primary quality

assurance organization for PM j, PM,

PM, 2 ., and Pb.

(c) At low concentrations, agreement between the measurements of collocated samplers, expressed as relative percent difference or percent difference, may be relatively poor. For this reason, collocated

measurement pairs are selected for use in

the precision and bias calculations only

when both measurements are equal to or

above the following limits:

(1) TSP: 20 pig/M3 .

(2) Pb: 0.02 pg/m3 .

(3) PM ,o (Hi-Vol): 15 g/m 3.

(4) PMlo (Lo-Vol): 3 ig/m 3.

(5) PMo .s 9 and PM, : 3 pg/m 3 .

4.1 Statistics for the Assessment of QC

Checks for SO2, NO , 03 and CO.

4.1.1 Percent Difference. All measurement

quality checks start with a comparison of an

audit concentration or value (flowrate) to

the concentration/value measured by the analyzer and use percent difference as the comparison statistic as described in equation 1 of

this section. For each single point check,

calculate the percent difference, di, as follows:

Equation ]

meas - audit

audit

where, meas is the concentration indicated

by the monitoring organization's instrument and audit is the audit concentration of the standard used in the QC check

being measured.

4.1.2 Precision Estimate. The precision estimate is used to assess the one-point QC

checks for SO', NO2, 03, or CO described in

section 3.2.1 of this appendix. The precision

estimator is the coefficient of variation

upper bound and is calculated using equation

2 of this section:

Equation 2

CV = . n-I

x 2

01n-1

where, X2o , 1 is the 10th percentile of a chisquared distribution with n-1 degrees of

freedom.

4.1.3 Bias Estimate. The bias estimate is

calculated using the one-point QC checks for

SO2, NO, 03, or CO described in section 3.2.1
Environmental Protection Agency

of this appendix and the performance evaluation program for PMl1 2,5 described in sections 3.2.8 and 3.3.8 of this appendix. The bias

estimator is an upper bound on the mean absolute value of the percent differences as described in equation 3 of this section:

Equation 3

IABI = AB + t

0 .95,n. AS

where, n is the number of single point checks

being aggregated t 0 .

9 5 ,.1 is the 95th quantile of a t-distribution with n 1 degrees

of freedom; the quantity AB is the mean

of the absolute values of the dis and is

calculated using equation 4 of this section:

Equation 4

AB = -' I Id1 n j.,

and the quantity AS is the standard deviation of the absolute value of the d's and

is calculated using equation 5 of this section:

Equation 5

n 2

n Idil I

A S = i ] :

n(n -1)

4.1.3.1 Assigning a sign (positive/negative)

to the bias estimate. Since the bias statistic

as calculated in equation 3 of this appendix

uses absolute values, it does not have a tendency (negative or positive bias) associated

with it. A sign will be designated by rank ordering the percent differences of the QC

check samples from a given site for a particular assessment interval.

4.1.3.2 Calculate the 25th and 75th percentiles of the percent differences for each

site. The absolute bias upper bound should be

flagged as positive if both percentiles are

positive and negative if both percentiles are

negative. The absolute bias upper bound

would not be flagged if the 25th and 75th percentiles are of different signs.

4.1.4 Validation of Bias Using the onepoint QC Checks. The annual performance

evaluations for SO2, NO, 03, or CO described

in section 3.2.2 of this appendix are used to

verify the results obtained from the onepoint QC checks and to validate those results

across a range of concentration levels. To

quantify this annually at the site level and

at the 3-year primary quality assurance organization level, probability limits will be

Pt. 58, App. A

calculated from the one-point QC checks

using equations 6 and 7 of this appendix:

Equation 6

Upper Probability Limit = m + 1.96 S

Equation 7

Lower Probability Limit - m - 1.96. S

where, m is the mean (equation 8 of this appendix):

Equation 8

m=- 1k• di

k ijl

where, k is the total number of one point QC

checks for the interval being evaluated

and S is the standard deviation of the

percent differences (equation 9 of this appendix) as follows:

Equation 9

k k 2

k.Xd - i

k(k 1)

4 .1.5 Percent Difference. Percent differences for the performance evaluations,

calculated using equation 1 of this appendix

can be compared to the probability intervals

for the respective site or at the primary

quality assurance organization level. Ninetyfive percent of the individual percent differences (all audit concentration levels) for

the performance evaluations should be captured within the probability intervals for the

primary quality assurance organization.

4.2 Statistics for the Assessment of PM o.

4.2.1 Precision Estimate from Collocated

Samplers. Precision is estimated via duplicate measurements from collocated samplers

of the same type. It is recommended that the

precision be aggregated at the primary quality assurance organization level quarterly,

annually, and at the 3-year level. The data

pair would only be considered valid if both

concentrations are greater than the minimum values specified in section 4(c) of this

appendix. For each collocated data pair, calculate the relative percent difference, di,

using equation 10 of this appendix:
40 CFR Ch. 1 (7-1-13 Edition)

Equation 10

di( X Y)2i .100 (Xi + Yi )/2

where, X is the concentration from the primary sampler and Y is the concentration

value from the audit sampler. The coefficient of variation upper bound is calculated using the equation 11 of this appendix:

nEquation 11

n.Xdi- di

CV i i n-I

2n(n -1)

where, n is the number of valid data pairs

being aggregated, and X2 o.., is the 10th

percentile of a chi-squared distribution

with n-1 degrees of freedom. The factor

of 2 in the denominator adjusts for the

fact that each di is calculated from two

values with error.

4.2.2 Bias Estimate Using One-Point Flow

Rate Verifications. For each one-point

flow rate verification described in sections 3.2.3 and 3.3.2 of this appendix, calculate the percent difference in volume

using equation 1 of this appendix where

neas is the value indicated by the sampler's volume measurement and audit is

the actual volume indicated by the auditing flow meter. The absolute volume

bias upper bound is then calculated using

equation 3, where n is the number of flow

rate audits being aggregated; t0.95, iS

the 95th quantile of a t-distribution with

n-1 degrees of freedom, the quantity AB

is the mean of the absolute values of the

d,'s and is calculated using equation 4 of

this appendix , and the quantity AS in

equation 3 of this appendix is the standard deviation of the absolute values if

the dis and is calculated using equation

5 of this

4.2.3 Assessment Semi-Annual Flow Rate

Audits. The flow rate audits described in sections 3.2.4 and 3.3.3 of this appendix are used

to assess the results obtained from the onepoint flow rate verifications and to provide

an estimate of flow rate acceptability. For

each flow rate audit, calculate the percent

difference in volume using equation 1 of this

appendix where meas is the value indicated

by the sampler's volume measurement and

audit is the actual volume indicated by the

auditing flow meter. To quantify this annually and at the 3-year primary quality assurance organization level, probability limits

are calculated from the percent differences

using equations 6 and 7 of this appendix

where m is the mean described in equation 8

of this appendix and k is the total number of

one-point flow rate verifications for the year

and S is the standard deviation of the percent differences as described in equation 9 of

this appendix.

4.2.4 Percent Difference. Percent differences for the annual flow rate audit concentration, calculated using equation 1 of

this appendix, can be compared to the probability intervals for the one-point flow rate

verifications for the respective primary quality assurance organization. Ninety-five percent of the individual percent differences (all

audit concentration levels) for the performance evaluations should be captured within

the probability intervals for primary quality

assurance organization.

4.3 Statistics for the Assessment of PM 2

and PM 2_..

4.3.1 Precision Estimate. Precision for

collocated instruments for PM,,_s and PM 2_s

may be estimated where both the primary

and collocated instruments are the same

method designation and when the method

designations are not similar. Follow the procedure described in section 4.2.1 of this appendix. In addition, one may want to perform an estimate of bias when the primary

monitor is an FEM and the collocated monitor is an FRM. Follow the procedure described in section 4.1.3 of this appendix in

order to provide an estimate of bias using

the collocated data.

4.3.2 Bias Estimate. Follow the procedure

described in section 4.1.3 of this appendix for

the bias estimate of PM 1 25, The PM2,5 bias

estimate is calculated using the paired routine and the PEP monitor data described in

section 3.2.6 of this appendix. Calculate the

percent difference, di, using equation 1 of

this appendix, where rneas is the measured

concentration from agency's primary monitor and audit is the concentration from the

PEP monitor. The data pair would only be

considered valid if both concentrations are

greater than the minimum values specified

in section 4(c) of this appendix. Estimates of

bias are presented for various levels of aggregation, sometimes aggregating over time,

sometimes aggregating over samplers, and

sometimes aggregating over both time and

samplers. These various levels of aggregation are achieved using" the same basic statistic.

4.3.2.1 This statistic averages the individual biases described in equation 1 of this

appendix to the desired level of aggregation

using equation 12 of this appendix:

Equation 12

D 1 .nI

D =' Xi ni il

Pt. 58, App. A
Environmental Protection Agency

where, nj is the number of pairs and d1 , d, * * *, d,,j are the biases for each of the

pairs to be averaged.

Pt. 58, App. A

4.3.2.2 Confidence intervals can be constructed for these average bias estimates in

equation 12 of this appendix using equations

13 and 14 of this appendix:

Equation 13

Upper 90% Confidence Interval= D + t 0 95

, s

Equation 14

Lower 90% Confidence

Where, to 9gaf is the 95th quantile of a t-distribution with degrees of freedom df = n i

- 1 and s is an estimate of the variability

of the average bias calculated using

equation 15 of this appendix:

Equation 15

4.4 Statistics for the Assessment o Pb.

4.4.1 Precision Estimate. Follow the same

procedures as described for PM in section

4.2.1 of this appendix using the data from the

collocated instruments. The data pair would

only be considered valid if both concentrations are greater than the minimum values

specified in section 4(c) of this appendix.

4.4.2 Bias Estimate. For the Pb analysis audits described in section 3.3.4.2 and the Pb

Performance Evaluation Program described

in section 3.3.4.4, follow the same procedure

as described in section 4.1.3 for the bias estimate.

4.4.3 Flow rate calculations. For the one

point flow rate verifications, follow the same

procedures as described for PM in section

4.2.2; for the flow rate audits, follow the

same procedures as described in section 4.2.3.

5. REPORTING REQUIREMENTS

5.1 SLAMS Reporting Requirements. For

each pollutant, prepare a list of all monitoring sites and their AQS site identification

codes in each primary quality assurance organization and submit the list to the appropriate EPA Regional Office, with a copy to

AQS. Whenever there is a change in this list

of monitoring sites in a primary quality assurance organization, report this change to

the EPA Regional Office and to AQS.

Interval = D - t 0 95,df •s

1,Fn

5.1.1 Quarterly Reports. For each quarter,

each primary quality assurance organization

shall report to AQS directly (or via the appropriate EPA Regional Office for organizations not direct users of AQS) the results of

all valid measurement quality checks it has

carried out during the quarter. The quarterly reports must be submitted consistent

with the data reporting requirements specified for air quality data as set forth in § 58.16.

The EPA strongly encourages early submission of the quality assurance data in order to

assist the monitoring organizations control

and evaluate the quality of the ambient air

data.

5.1.2 Annual Reports.

5.1.2.1 When the monitoring organization

has certified relevant data for the calendar

year, EPA will calculate and report the

measurement uncertainty for the entire calendar year.

5.2 PSD Reporting Requirements. At the

end of each sampling quarter, the organization must report the appropriate statistical

assessments in section 4 of this appendix for

the pollutants measured. All data used to

calculate reported estimates of precision and

bias including span checks, collocated sampler and audit results must be made available to the permit granting authority upon

request.

6.0 REFERENCES

(1) American National Standard-Specifications and Guidelines for Quality Systems

for Environmental Data Collection and Environmental Technology Programs. ANSI/

ASQC E4 2004. February 2004. Available from

American Society for Quality Control, 611

East Wisconsin Avenue, Milwaukee, WI 53202.

(2) EPA Requirements for Quality Management Plans. EPA QA/R-2. EPA/240/B-01/002.

March 2001. Office of Environmental Information, Washington DC 20460. http.//

www.epa.gov/quality/qs-docs/r2-final.pdf.
Pt. 58, App. A

(3) EPA Requirements for Quality Assurance Project Plans for Environmental Data

Operations. EPA QA/R-5. EPA/240/B-01/003.

March 2001. Office of Environmental Information, Washington DC 20460. http://

www.epa.gov/quality/qs-docs/r5-final.pdf.

(4) EPA Traceability Protocol for Assay

and Certification of Gaseous Calibration

Standards. EPA-600/R-97/121. September 1997.

Available from U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, ORD Publications Office, Center for Environmental Research Information

(CERI), 26 W. Martin Luther King Drive, Cincinnati, OH 45268.

(5) Guidance for the Data Quality Objectives Process. EPA QA/G-4. EPA/240/B-06/001.

February, 2006. Office of Environmental Information, Washington DC 20460. http://

www.epa.gov/quality/qs-docs/g4-final.pdf.

(6) List of Designated Reference and Equivalent Methods. Available from U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, National Exposure Research Laboratory, Human Exposure

and Atmospheric Sciences Division, MDD205-03, Research Triangle Park, NC 27711.

http://www.epa.gov/ttn/amtic/criteria.html.

(7) McElroy, F.F. Transfer Standards for

the Calibration of Ambient Air Monitoring

40 CFR Ch. 1 (7-1-13 Edition)

Analyzers for Ozone. EPA-600/4-79-056. U.S.

Environmental Protection Agency, Research

Triangle Park, NC 27711, September, 1979.

http://www.epa.gov/ttn/amic/cpreldoc.ht l.

(8) Paur, R.J. and F.F. McElroy. Technical

Assistance Document for the Calibration of

Ambient Ozone Monitors. EPA 600/4 79-057.

U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC 27711, September,

1979. http.//www.epa.gov/ttn/amtic/

cpreldoc.html.

(9) Quality Assurance Handbook for Air

Pollution Measurement Systems, Volume 1-

A Field Guide to Environmental Quality Assurance. EPA 600/R 94/038a. April 1994. Available from U.S. Environmental Protection

Agency, ORD Publications Office, Center for

Environmental Research Information

(CERI), 26 W. Martin Luther King Drive, Cincinnati, 0H 45268. http://www.epa.gov/ ttn/

amtic/qabook.html.

(10) Quality Assurance Handbook for Air

Pollution Measurement Systems, Volume II:

Part 1 Ambient Air Quality Monitoring

Program Quality System Development.

EPA-454/R-98-004. http://www.epa.gov/ttn/

amtwc/qabook.html.

TABLE A-1 OF APPENDIX A TO PART 58-DIFFERENCE AND SIMILARITIES BETWEEN SLAMS AND

PSD REQUIREMENTS

Topic SLAMS PSD

Requirements .................................. 1. The development, documentation, and implemen- Same as SLAMS.

tation of an approved quality system.

2. The assessment of data quality.

3. The use of reference, equivalent, or approved

methods.

4. The use of calibration standards traceable to NIST

or other primary standard.

5. The participation in EPA performance evaluations Same as SLAMS

and the permission for EPA to conduct system audits.

Monitoring and QA Responsibility State/local agency via the "primary quality assurance Source owner/operator.

organization".

M onitoring D uration ......................... Indefinitely ................................................................... U sually up to 12 m onths.

Annual Performance Evaluation Standards and equipment different from those used Personnel, standards and equip- (PE). for spanning, calibration, and verifications. Prefer ment different from those used

different personnel. for spanning, calibration, and

verifications.

PE audit rate:

- A utom ated ..................... 100% per year ............................................................ 100% per quarter.

-Manual .......................... Varies depending on pollutant. See Table A-2 of this 100% per quarter.

appendix.

Precision Assessment:

-Automated ..................... One-point OC check biweekly but data quality de- One point CC check biweekly.

pendent.

-Manual .......................... Varies depending on pollutant. See Table A-2 of this One site: 1 every 6 days or every

appendix. third day for daily monitoring

(TSP and Pb).

Reporting

_Automated ..................... By site- EPA performs calculations annually ............ By site-source owner/operator

performs calculations each sam- pling quarter.

-Manual .......................... By reporting organization-EPA performs calcula- By site-source owner/operator

tions annually. performs calculations each sam- pling quarter.
Environmental Protection Agency Pt. 58, App. A

TABLE A-2 OF APPENDIX A TO PART 58-MINIMUM DATA ASSESSMENT REQUIREMENTS FOR SLAMS

SITES

Minimum Parameters Method Assessment method Coverage frequency reported

Automated Methods

1 -Point QC for SO, Response check at Each analyzer .............. Once per 2 weeks Audit concentration

NO2, 03, CO. concentration 0.01- and measured con- 0.1 ppm SO, NO, centration 2.

03, and 1-10 ppm

CO.

Annual performance See section 3.2.2 of Each analyzer .............. Once per year .............. Audit concentration

evaluation for SO,, this appendix. and measured con- NO2, 03, CO centration2 for each

level.

Flow rate verification Check of sampler flow Each sampler ............... Once every month Audit flow rate and

PM 1 . PM rate. measured flow rate

PM1 V-5 indicated by the sam- pler.

Semi-annual flow rate Check of sampler flow Each sampler ............... Once every 6 months Audit flow rate and

audit PM 11. PM 25. rate using inde- measured flow rate

PM 1 -5 pendent standard. indicated by the sam- pler.

Collocated sampling Collocated samplers .... 15% .............................. Every 12 days .............. Primary sampler con- PM2,5 PM lo centration and duplicate sampler con- centration.

Performance evaluation Collocated samplers .... 1. 5 valid audits for pri- Over all 4 quarters Primary sampler con- program PM 25, mary QA orgs, with centration and perPM1 <5 sites. formance evaluation

2. 8 valid audits for pri- sampler concentramary QA orgs, with tion.

>5 sites.

3. All samplers in 6

years.

Manual Methods

Collocated sampling

PM 1, TSP, PM o05

PM,5, Pb-TSP, PbPMo.

Flow rate verification

PM I, (low Vol),

PM 1025, PM PbPMo.

Flow rate verification

PM lo (High-Vol),

TSP, Pb-TSP.

Semi-annual flow rate

audit PM jo, TSP,

PM 1025, PM PbTSP, Pb-PMio.

Pb audit strips Pb-TSP,

Pb-PM 1o.

Performance evaluation

program PM25,

PM 10-5

Collocated samplers

Check of sampler flow

rate.

Check of sampler flow

rate.

Check of sampler flow

rate using independent standard.

Check of analytical system with Pb audit

strips.

Collocated samplers

Each sampler ..............

Each sampler ..............

Each sampler, all locations.

A nalytical .....................

1. 5 valid audits for primary QA orgs, with

<5 sites.

2. 8 valid audits for primary QA orgs, with

>5 sites.

3. All samplers in 6

years.

Every 12 days PSDevery 6 days.

Once every month

Once every quarter

Once every 6 months

Each quarter ................

Over all 4 quarters

Primary sampler concentration and duplicate sampler concentration.

Audit flow rate and

measured flow rate

indicated by the sampler.

Audit flow rate and

measured flow rate

indicated by the sampler.

Audit flow rate and

measured flow rate

indicated by the sampler.

Actual concentration

and audit concentration.

Primary sampler concentration and performance evaluation

sampler concentration.
Pt. 58, App. C 40 CFR Ch. 1 (7-1-13 Edition)

TABLE A-2 OF APPENDIX A TO PART 58-MINIMUM DATA ASSESSMENT REQUIREMENTS FOR SLAMS

SITES-Continued

Minimum Parameters Method Assessment method Coverage frequency reported

Performance evaluation Collocated samplers 1. 1 valid audit and 4 Over all 4 quarters Primary sampler conprogram Pb-TSP, Pb- collocated samples centration and per- PM 1o. for primary CA orgs, formance evaluation

with >5 sites. sampler concentra2. 2 valid audits and 6 tion. Primary sampler

collocated samples concentration and

for primary CA orgs, duplicate sampler

with >5 sites. concentration.

I Effective concentration for open path analyzers. 2 Corrected concentration, if applicable, for open path analyzers.

TABLE A-3 OF APPENDIX A TO PART 58-SUMMARY OF PM2.5 NUMBER AND TYPE OF COLLOCATION

(15% COLLOCATION REQUIREMENT) NEEDED AS AN EXAMPLE OF A PRIMARY QUALITY ASSURANCE

ORGANIZATION THAT HAS 54 MONITORS AND PROCURED FRMS AND THREE OTHER EQUIVALENT

METHOD TYPES

Primary sampler No. of collocated mon- method designa- Total no. of monitors Total no. collocated No. of collocated FRM itors of same method

tion designation as primary

FRM .................... 20 3 3 n/a

FEM (A) .............. 20 3 2 1

FEM (C) .............. 2 1 1 0

FEM (D) .............. 12 2 1 1

[71 FR 61303, Oct. 17, 2006, as amended at 72 FR 32211, June 12, 2007; 73 FR 67060, Nov. 12, 2008;

75 FR 6534, Feb. 9, 2010; 75 FR 35602, June 22, 2010; 75 FR 81137, Dec. 27, 2010; 78 FR 3283, Jan.

15, 2013]

EDITORIAL NOTE: At 72 FR 32211, June 13, 2007, the last sentence in section 4.2.2.2, was

amended in Appendix A to Part 58; however, the amendment could not be incorporated due

to inaccurate amendatory instruction.

APPENDIX B TO PART 58 [RESERVED]

APPENDIX C TO PART 58-AMBIENT AIR

QUALITY MONITORING METHODOLOGY

1.0 Purpose

2.0 SLAMS Ambient Air Monitoring Stations

3.0 NCore Ambient Air Monitoring Stations

4.0 Photochemical Assessment Monitoring

Stations (PAMS)

5.0 Particulate Matter Episode Monitoring

6.0 References

1.0 PURPOSE

This appendix specifies the criteria pollutant monitoring methods (manual methods or

automated analyzers) which must be used in

SLAMS and NCore stations that are a subset

of SLAMS.

2.0 SLAMS AMBIENT AIR MONITORING

NETWORK

2.1 Except as otherwise provided in this

appendix, a criteria pollutant monitoring

method used for making NAAQS decisions at

a SLAMS site must be a reference or equivalent method as defined in § 50.1 of this chapter.

2.1.1 Any NO2 FRM or FEM used for making primary NAAQS decisions must be capable of providing hourly averaged concentration data.

2.2 Reserved

2.3 Any manual method or analyzer purchased prior to cancellation of its reference

or equivalent method designation under

§53.11 or §53.16 of this chapter may be used at

a SLAMS site following cancellation for a

reasonable period of time to be determined

by the Administrator.

2.4 Approval of Non-designated Continuous PM,2 Methods as Approved Regional

Methods (ARMs) Operated Within a Network

of Sites. A method for PM 2 5 that has not

been designated as an FRM or FEM as defined in §50.1 of this chapter may be approved as an ARM for purposes of section 2.1

of this appendix at a particular site or network of sites under the following stipulations.

2.4.1 The candidate ARM must be demonstrated to meet the requirements for

PM,._ Class III equivalent methods as defined

in subpart C of part 53 of this chapter. Specifically the requirements for precision, correlation, and additive and multiplicative
Environmental Protection Agency

bias apply. For purposes of this section 2.4,

the following requirements shall apply:

2.4.1.1 The candidate ARM shall be tested

at the site(s) in which it is intended to be

used. For a network of sites operated by one

reporting agency or primary quality assurance organization, the testing shall occur at

a subset of sites to include one site in each

MSA/CSA, up to the first 2 highest population MSA/CSA and at least one rural area

or Micropolitan Statistical Area site. If the

candidate ARM for a network is already approved for purposes of this section in another

agency's network, subsequent testing shall

minimally occur at one site in a MSA/CSA

and one rural area or Micropolitan Statistical Area. There shall be no requirement for

tests at any other sites.

2.4.1.2 For purposes of this section, a full

year of testing may begin and end in any

season, so long as all seasons are covered.

2.4.1.3 No PM ,3 samplers shall be required

for the test, as determination of the PM,.-/

PMo ratio at the test site shall not be required.

2.4.1.4 The test specification for PM,2.s

Class III equivalent method precision defined

in subpart C of part 53 of this chapter applies however, there is no specific requirement that collocated continuous monitors be

operated for purposes of generating a statistic for coefficient of variation (CV). To

provide an estimate of precision that meets

the requirement identified in subpart C of

part 53 of this chapter, agencies may cite

peer-reviewed published data or data in AQS

that can be presented demonstrating the

candidate ARM operated will produce data

that meets the specification for precision of

Class III PM,5 methods.

2.4.1.5 A minimum of 90 valid sample pairs

per site for the year with no less than 20

valid sample pairs per season must be generated for use in demonstrating that additive

bias, multiplicative bias and correlation

meet the comparability requirements specified in subpart C of part 53 of this chapter. A

valid sample pair may be generated with as

little as one valid FRM and one valid candidate ARM measurement per day.

2.4.1.6 For purposes of determining bias,

FRM data with concentrations less than 3

micrograms per cubic meter (pg/m 3 ) may be

excluded. Exclusion of data does not result

in failure of sample completeness specified in

this section.

2.4.1.7 Data transformations are allowed

to be used to demonstrate meeting the comparability requirements specified in subpart

C of part 53 of this chapter. Data transformation may be linear or non-linear, but

must be applied in the same way to all sites

used in the testing.

2.4.2 The monitoring agency wishing to

use an ARM must develop and implement appropriate quality assurance procedures for

Pt. 58, App. C

the method. Additionally, the following procedures are required for the method:

2.4.2.1 The ARM must be consistently operated throughout the network. Exceptions

to a consistent operation must be approved

according to section 2.8 of this appendix

2.4.2.2 The ARM must be operated on an

hourly sampling frequency capable of providing data suitable for aggregation into

daily 24-hour average measurements;

2.4.2.3 The ARM must use an inlet and

separation device, as needed, that are already approved in either the reference method identified in appendix L to part 50 of this

chapter or under part 53 of this chapter as

approved for use on a PM,5 reference or

equivalent method. The only exceptions to

this requirement are those methods that by

their inherent measurement principle may

not need an inlet or separation device that

segregates the aerosol and

2.4.2.4 The ARM must be capable of providing for flow audits, unless by its inherent

measurement principle, measured flow is not

required. These flow audits are to be performed on the frequency identified in appendix A to this part.

2.4.2.5 If data transformations are used,

they must be described in the monitoring

agencies Quality Assurance Project plan (or

addendum to QAPP). The QAPP shall describe how often (e.g., quarterly, yearly) and

under what provisions the data transformation will be updated. For example, not

meeting the data quality objectives for a site

over a season or year may be cause for recalculating a data transformation, but by itself

would not be cause for invalidating the data.

Data transformations must be applied prospectively, i.e., in real-time or near realtime, to the data output from the PM, continuous method. See reference 7 of this appendix.

2.4.3 The monitoring agency wishing to

use the method must develop and implement

appropriate procedures for assessing and reporting the precision and accuracy of the

method comparable to the procedures set

forth in appendix A of this part for designated reference and equivalent methods.

2.4.4 Assessments of data quality shall

follow the same frequencies and calculations

as required under section 3 of appendix A to

this part with the following exceptions:

2.4.4.1 Collocation of ARM with FRM/FEM

samplers must be maintained at a minimum

of 30 percent of the required SLAMS sites

with a minimum of 1 per network;

2.4.4.2 All collocated FRM/FEM samplers

must maintain a sample frequency of at

least 1 in 6 sample days:

2.4.4.3 Collocated FRM/FEM samplers

shall be located at the design value site, with

the required FRM/FEM samplers deployed

among the largest MSA/CSA in the network,

until all required FRM/FEM are deployed;

and
Pt. 58, App. C

2.4.4.4 Data from collocated FRM/FEM are

to be substituted for any calendar quarter

that an ARM method has incomplete data.

2.4.4.5 Collocation with an ARM under

this part for purposes of determining the coefficient of variation of the method shall be

conducted at a minimum of 7.5 percent of the

sites with a minimum of 1 per network. This

is consistent with the requirements in appendix A to this part for one-half of the required collocation of FRM/FEM (15 percent)

to be collocated with the same method.

2.4.4.6 Assessments of bias with an independent audit of the total measurement system shall be conducted with the same frequency as an FEM as identified in appendix

A to this part.

2.4.5 Request for approval of a candidate

ARM, that is not already approved in another agency's network under this section,

must meet the general submittal requirements of section 2.7 of this appendix. Requests for approval under this section when

an ARM is already approved in another agency's network are to be submitted to the EPA

Regional Administrator. Requests for approval under section 2.4 of this appendix

must include the following requirements:

2.4.5.1 A clear and unique description of

the site(s) at which the candidate ARM will

be used and tested, and a description of the

nature or character of the site and the particulate matter that is expected to occur

there.

2.4.5.2 A detailed description of the method and the nature of the sampler or analyzer

upon which it is based.

2.4.5.3 A brief statement of the reason or

rationale for requesting the approval.

2.4.5.4 A detailed description of the quality assurance procedures that have been developed and that will be implemented for the

method.

2.4.5.5 A detailed description of the procedures for assessing the precision and accuracy of the method that will be implemented

for reporting to AQS.

2.4.5.6 Test results from the comparability tests as required in section 2.4.1

through 2.4.1.4 of this appendix.

2.4.5.7 Such further supplemental information as may be necessary or helpful to

support the required statements and test results.

2.4.6 Within 120 days after receiving a request for approval of the use of an ARM at a

particular site or network of sites under section 2.4 of this appendix, the Administrator

will approve or disapprove the method by

letter to the person or agency requesting

such approval. When appropriate for methods

that are already approved in another SLAMS

network, the EPA Regional Administrator

has approval/disapproval authority. In either

instance, additional information may be requested to assist with the decision.

2.5 [Reserved]

40 CFR Ch. 1 (7-1-13 Edition)

2.6 Use of Methods With Higher, Nonconforming Ranges in Certain Geographical

Areas.

2.6.1 [Reserved]

2.6.2 An analyzer may be used (indefinitely) on a range which extends to concentrations higher than two times the upper

limit specified in table B-1 of part 53 of this

chapter if:

2.6.2.1 The analyzer has more than one selectable range and has been designated as a

reference or equivalent method on at least

one of its ranges, or has been approved for

use under section 2.5 (which applies to analyzers purchased before February 18, 1975);

2.6.2.2 The pollutant intended to be measured with the analyzer is likely to occur in

concentrations more than two times the

upper range limit specified in table B-1 of

part 53 of this chapter in the geographical

area in which use of the analyzer is proposed;

and

2.6.2.3 The Administrator determines that

the resolution of the range or ranges for

which approval is sought is adequate for its

intended use. For purposes of this section

(2.6), "resolution" means the ability of the

analyzer to detect small changes in concentration.

2.6.3 Requests for approval under section

2.6.2 of this appendix must meet the submittal requirements of section 2.7. Except as

provided in section 2.7.3 of this appendix,

each request must contain the information

specified in section 2.7.2 in addition to the

following:

2.6.3.1 The range or ranges proposed to be

used;

2.6.3.2 Test data, records, calculations,

and test results as specified in section 2.7.2.2

of this appendix for each range proposed to

be used;

2.6.3.3 An identification and description of

the geographical area in which use of the analyzer is proposed

2.6.3.4 Data or other information demonstrating that the pollutant intended to be

measured with the analyzer is likely to

occur in concentrations more than two times

the upper range limit specified in table B 1

of part 53 of this chapter in the geographical

area in which use of the analyzer is proposed

and

2.6.3.5 Test data or other information

demonstrating the resolution of each proposed range that is broader than that permitted by section 2.5 of this appendix.

2.6.4 Any person who has obtained approval of a request under this section (2.6.2)

shall assure that the analyzer for which approval was obtained is used only in the geographical area identified in the request and

only while operated in the range or ranges

specified in the request.

2.7 Requests for Approval; Withdrawal of

Approval.
Environmental Protection Agency

2.7.1 Requests for approval under sections

2.4, 2.6.2, or 2.8 of this appendix must be submitted to: Director, National Exposure Research Laboratory (MD-D205-03), U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27711. For ARM

that are already approved in another agency's network, subsequent requests for approval under section 2.4 are to be submitted

to the applicable EPA Regional Administrator.

2.7.2 Except as provided in section 2.7.3 of

this appendix, each request must contain:

2.7.2.1 A statement identifying the analyzer (e.g., by serial number) and the method

of which the analyzer is representative (e.g.,

by manufacturer and model number); and

2.7.2.2 Test data, records, calculations,

and test results for the analyzer (or the

method of which the analyzer is representative) as specified in subpart B, subpart C, or

both (as applicable) of part 53 of this chapter.

2.7.3 A request may concern more than

one analyzer or geographical area and may

incorporate by reference any data or other

information known to EPA from one or more

of the following:

2.7.3.1 An application for a reference or

equivalent method determination submitted

to EPA for the method of which the analyzer

is representative, or testing conducted by

the applicant or by EPA in connection with

such an application;

2.7.3.2 Testing of the method of which the

analyzer is representative at the initiative of

the Administrator under §53.7 of this chapter; or

2.7.3.3 A previous or concurrent request

for approval submitted to EPA under this

section (2.7).

2.7.4 To the extent that such incorporation by reference provides data or information required by this section (2.7) or by sections 2.4, 2.5, or 2.6 of this appendix, independent data or duplicative information

need not be submitted.

2.7.5 After receiving a request under this

section (2.7), the Administrator may request

such additional testing or information or

conduct such tests as may be necessary in

his judgment for a decision on the request.

2.7.6 If the Administrator determines, on

the basis of any available information, that

any of the determinations or statements on

which approval of a request under this section was based are invalid or no longer valid,

or that the requirements of section 2.4, 2.5,

or 2.6, as applicable, have not been met, he/

she may withdraw the approval after affording the person who obtained the approval an

opportunity to submit information and arguments opposing such action.

2.8 Modifications of Methods by Users.

2.8.1 Except as otherwise provided in this

section, no reference method, equivalent

method, or ARM may be used in a SLAMS

network if it has been modified in a manner

Pt. 58, App. C

that could significantly alter the performance characteristics of the method without

prior approval by the Administrator. For

purposes of this section, "alternative method" means an analyzer, the use of which has

been approved under section 2.4, 2.5, or 2.6 of

this appendix or some combination thereof.

2.8.2 Requests for approval under this section (2.8) must meet the submittal requirements of sections 2.7.1 and 2.7.2.1 of this appendix.

2.8.3 Each request submitted under this

section (2.8) must include:

2.8.3.1 A description, in such detail as

may be appropriate, of the desired modification;

2.8.3.2 A brief statement of the purpose(s)

of the modification, including any reasons

for considering it necessary or advantageous;

2.8.3.3 A brief statement of belief concerning the extent to which the modification

will or may affect the performance characteristics of the method; and

2.8.3.4 Such further information as may

be necessary to explain and support the

statements required by sections 2.8.3.2 and

2.8.3.3.

2.8.4 The Administrator will approve or

disapprove the modification by letter to the

person or agency requesting such approval

within 75 days after receiving a request for

approval under this section and any further

information that the applicant may be asked

to provide.

2.8.5 A temporary modification that could

alter the performance characteristics of a

reference, equivalent, or ARM may be made

without prior approval under this section if

the method is not functioning or is malfunctioning, provided that parts necessary for repair in accordance with the applicable operation manual cannot be obtained within 45

days. Unless such temporary modification is

later approved under section 2.8.4 of this appendix, the temporarily modified method

shall be repaired in accordance with the applicable operation manual as quickly as

practicable but in no event later than 4

months after the temporary modification

was made, unless an extension of time is

granted by the Administrator. Unless and

until the temporary modification is approved, air quality data obtained with the

method as temporarily modified must be

clearly identified as such when submitted in

accordance with §58.16 and must be accompanied by a report containing the information specified in section 2.8.3 of this appendix. A request that the Administrator approve a temporary modification may be submitted in accordance with sections 2.8.1

through 2.8.4 of this appendix. In such cases

the request will be considered as if a request

for prior approval had been made.

2.9 Use of IMPROVE Samplers at a

SLAMS Site. "IMPROVE" samplers may be

used in SLAMS for monitoring of regional
Pt. 58, App. C

background and regional transport concentrations of fine particulate matter. The

IMPROVE samplers were developed for use

in the Interagency Monitoring of Protected

Visual Environments (IMPROVE) network to

characterize all of the major components and

many trace constituents of the particulate

matter that impair visibility in Federal

Class I Areas. Descriptions of the IMPROVE

samplers and the data they collect are available in references 4, 5, and 6 of this appendix.

2.10 Use of Pb-PM1o at SLAMS Sites.

2.10.1 The EPA Regional Administrator

may approve the use of a Pb-PM , FRM or

Pb-PMl0 FEM sampler in lieu of a Pb-TSP

sampler as part of the network plan required

under part 58.10(a)(4) in the following cases.

2.10.1.1 Pb-PMlo samplers can be approved

for use at the non-source-oriented sites required under paragraph 4.5(b) of Appendix D

to part 58 if there is no existing monitoring

data indicating that the maximum arithmetic 3-month mean Pb concentration (either Pb-TSP or Pb-PM 0) at the site was

equal to or greater than 0.10 micrograms per

cubic meter during the previous 3 years.

2.10.1.2 Pb-PMlo samplers can be approved

for use at source-oriented sites required

under paragraph 4.5(a) if the monitoring

agency can demonstrate (through modeling

or historic monitoring data from the last 3

years) that Pb concentrations (either PbTSP or Pb-PM 0) will not equal or exceed

0.10 micrograms per cubic meter on an arithmetic 3-month mean and the source is expected to emit a substantial majority of its

Pb in the fraction of PM with an aerodynamic diameter of less than or equal to 10

micrometers.

2.10.2 The approval of a Pb-PM o sampler

in lieu of a Pb-TSP sampler as allowed for in

paragraph 2.10.1 above will be revoked if

measured Pb-PM o concentrations equal or

exceed 0.10 micrograms per cubic meter on

an arithmetic 3-month mean. Monitoring

agencies will have up to 6 months from the

end of the 3-month period in which the arithmetic 3-month Pb-PM lo mean concentration

equaled or exceeded 0.10 micrograms per

cubic meter to install and begin operation of

a Pb-TSP sampler at the site.

3.0 NCORE AMBIENT AIR MONITORING

STATIONS

3.1 Methods employed in NCore multipollutant sites used to measure SO,, CO,

NO, 03, PM2,5, or PM 1,s must be reference

or equivalent methods as defined in §50.1 of

this chapter, or an ARM as defined in section

2.4 of this appendix, for any monitors intended for comparison with applicable

NAAQS.

3.2 If alternative SO2, CO, NO2, 03, PM1,

or PM _,_ monitoring methodologies are

proposed for monitors not intended for

NAAQS comparison, such techniques must

be detailed in the network description re40 CFR Ch. 1 (7-1-13 Edition)

quired by §58.10 and subsequently approved

by the Administrator. Examples of locations

that are not intended to be compared to the

NAAQS may be rural background and transport sites or areas where the concentration

of the pollutant is so low that it would be

more useful to operate a higher sensitivity

method that is not an FRM or FEM.

4.0 PHOTOCHEMICAL ASSESSMENT MONITORING

STATIONS (PAMS)

4.1 Methods used for 03 monitoring at

PAMS must be automated reference or

equivalent methods as defined in § 50.1 of this

chapter.

4.2 Methods used for NO, NO, and NOx

monitoring at PAMS should be automated

reference or equivalent methods as defined

for NO2 in § 50.1 of this chapter. If alternative

NO, NO 2 or NOx monitoring methodologies

are proposed, such techniques must be detailed in the network description required by

§58.10 and subsequently approved by the Administrator.

4.3 Methods for meteorological measurements and speciated VOC monitoring are included in the guidance provided in references

2 and 3 of this appendix. If alternative VOC

monitoring methodology (including the use

of new or innovative technologies), which is

not included in the guidance, is proposed, it

must be detailed in the network description

required by §58.10 and subsequently approved

by the Administrator.

5.0 PARTICULATE MATTER EPISODE

MONITORING

5.1 For short-term measurements of PM o

during air pollution episodes (see §51.152 of

this chapter) the measurement method must

be:

5.1.1 Either the "Staggered PM ,0" method

or the "PM o Sampling Over Short Sampling

Times" method, both of which are based on

the reference method for PM o and are described in reference 1: or

5.1.2 Any other method for measuring

PM o:

5.1.2.1 Which has a measurement range or

ranges appropriate to accurately measure air

pollution episode concentration of PM ,o,

5.1.2.2 Which has a sample period appropriate for short-term PM o measurements,

and

5.1.2.3 For which a quantitative relationship to a reference or equivalent method for

PM l has been established at the use site.

Procedures for establishing a quantitative

site-specific relationship are contained in

reference 1.

5.2 PMo methods other than the reference method are not covered under the

quality assessment requirements of appendix

to this part. Therefore, States must develop

and implement their own quality assessment

procedures for those methods allowed under
Environmental Protection Agency

this section 4. These quality assessment procedures should be similar or analogous to

those described in section 3 of appendix A to

this part for the PM o reference method.

6.0 REFERENCES

1. Pelton, D. J. Guideline for Particulate

Episode Monitoring Methods, GEOMET

Technologies, Inc., Rockville, MD. Prepared

for U.S. Environmental Protection Agency,

Research Triangle Park, NC. EPA Contract

No. 68 02 3584. EPA 450/4-83-005. February

1983.

2. Technical Assistance Document For

Sampling and Analysis of Ozone Precursors.

Atmospheric Research and Exposure Assessment Laboratory, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC

27711. EPA 600/8-91-215. October 1991.

3. Quality Assurance Handbook for Air Pollution Measurement Systems: Volume IV.

Meteorological Measurements. Atmospheric

Research and Exposure Assessment Laboratory, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC 27711. EPA

600/4 90-0003. August 1989.

4. Eldred, R.A., Cahill, T.A., Wilkenson,

L.K., et al., Measurements of fine particles

and their chemical components in the IMPROVE/NPS networks, in Transactions of

the International Specialty Conference on

Visibility and Fine Particles, Air and Waste

Management Association: Pittsburgh, PA,

1990; pp. 187 196.

5. Sisler, J.F., Huffman, D., and Latimer,

D.A.; Spatial and temporal patterns and the

chemical composition of the haze in the

United States: An analysis of data from the

IMPROVE network, 1988 1991, ISSN No. 0737

5253-26, National Park Service, Ft. Collins,

CO, 1993.

6. Eldred, R.A., Cahill, T.A., Pitchford, M.,

and Malm, W.C.; IMPROVE-a new remote

area particulate monitoring system for visibility studies, Proceedings of the 81st Annual

Meeting of the Air Pollution Control Association, Dallas, Paper 88-54.3, 1988.

7. Data Quality Objectives (DQOs) for Relating Federal Reference Method (FRM) and

Continuous PM2_ Measurements to Report

an Air Quality Index (AQI). Office of Air

Quality Planning and Standards, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC 27711. EPA 454/B 02 2002. November 2002.

[71 FR 61313, Oct. 17, 2006, as amended at 73

FR 67061, Nov. 12, 2008; 75 FR 6534, Feb. 9,

2010]

APPENDIX D TO PART 58-NETWORK DESIGN CRITERIA FOR AMBIENT AIR

QUALITY MONITORING

1. Monitoring Objectives and Spatial Scales

2. General Monitoring Requirements

3. Design Criteria for NCore Sites

Pt. 58, App. D

4. Pollutant- Specific Design Criteria for

SLAMS Sites

5. Design Criteria for Photochemical Assessment Monitoring Stations (PAMS)

6. References

1. MONITOnING OBJECTIVES AND SPATIAL

SCALES

The purpose of this appendix is to describe

monitoring objectives and general criteria to

be applied in establishing the required

SLAMS ambient air quality monitoring stations and for choosing general locations for

additional monitoring sites. This appendix

also describes specific requirements for the

number and location of FRM, FEM, and

ARM sites for specific pollutants, NCore

multipollutant sites, PM o mass sites, PM,

mass sites, chemically-speciated PM 2 sites,

and 03 precursor measurements sites

(PAMS). These criteria will be used by EPA

in evaluating the adequacy of the air pollutant monitoring networks.

1.1 Monitoring Objectives. The ambient

air monitoring networks must be designed to

meet three basic monitoring objectives.

These basic objectives are listed below. The

appearance of any one objective in the order

of this list is not based upon a prioritized

scheme. Each objective is important and

must be considered individually.

(a) Provide air pollution data to the general public in a timely manner. Data can be

presented to the public in a number of attractive ways including through air quality

maps, newspapers, Internet sites, and as part

of weather forecasts and public advisories.

(b) Support compliance with ambient air

quality standards and emissions strategy development. Data from FRM, FEM, and ARM

monitors for NAAQS pollutants will be used

for comparing an area's air pollution levels

against the NAAQS. Data from monitors of

various types can be used in the development

of attainment and maintenance plans.

SLAMS, and especially NCore station data,

will be used to evaluate the regional air

quality models used in developing emission

strategies, and to track trends in air pollution abatement control measures' impact on

improving air quality. In monitoring locations near major air pollution sources,

source-oriented monitoring data can provide

insight into how well industrial sources are

controlling their pollutant emissions.

(c) Support for air pollution research studies. Air pollution data from the NCore network can be used to supplement data collected by researchers working on health effects assessments and atmospheric processes,

or for monitoring methods development

work.

1.1.1 In order to support the air quality

management work indicated in the three

basic air monitoring objectives, a network

must be designed with a variety of types of

monitoring sites. Monitoring sites must be
Pt. 58, App. D

capable of informing managers about many

things including the peak air pollution levels, typical levels in populated areas, air pollution transported into and outside of a city

or region, and air pollution levels near specific sources. To summarize some of these

sites, here is a listing of six general site

types:

(a) Sites located to determine the highest

concentrations expected to occur in the area

covered by the network.

(b) Sites located to measure typical concentrations in areas of high population density.

(c) Sites located to determine the impact

of significant sources or source categories on

air quality.

(d) Sites located to determine general

background concentration levels.

(e) Sites located to determine the extent of

regional pollutant transport among populated areas; and in support of secondary

standards.

(f) Sites located to measure air pollution

impacts on visibility, vegetation damage, or

other welfare-based impacts.

1.1.2 This appendix contains criteria for

the basic air monitoring requirements. The

total number of monitoring sites that will

serve the variety of data needs will be substantially higher than these minimum requirements provide. The optimum size of a

particular network involves trade-offs

among data needs and available resources.

This regulation intends to provide for national air monitoring needs, and to lend support for the flexibility necessary to meet

data collection needs of area air quality

managers. The EPA, State, and local agencies will periodically collaborate on network

design issues through the network assessment process outlined in §58.10.

1.1.3 This appendix focuses on the relationship between monitoring objectives, site

types, and the geographic location of monitoring sites. Included are a rationale and set

of general criteria for identifying candidate

site locations in terms of physical characteristics which most closely match a specific

monitoring objective. The criteria for more

specifically locating the monitoring site, including spacing from roadways and vertical

and horizontal probe and path placement,

are described in appendix E to this part.

1.2 Spatial Scales. (a) To clarify the nature of the link between general monitoring

objectives, site types, and the physical location of a particular monitor, the concept of

spatial scale of representativeness is defined.

The goal in locating monitors is to correctly

match the spatial scale represented by the

sample of monitored air with the spatial

scale most appropriate for the monitoring

site type, air pollutant to be measured, and

the monitoring objective.

(b) Thus, spatial scale of representativeness is described in terms of the physical di40 CFR Ch. 1 (7-1-13 Edition)

mensions of the air parcel nearest to a monitoring site throughout which actual pollutant concentrations are reasonably similar.

The scales of representativeness of most interest for the monitoring site types described above are as follows:

(1) Microscale-Defines the concentrations

in air volumes associated with area dimensions ranging from several meters up to

about 100 meters.

(2) Middle scale Defines the concentration

typical of areas up to several city blocks in

size with dimensions ranging from about 100

meters to 0.5 kilometer.

(3) Neighborhood scale Defines concentrations within some extended area of the city

that has relatively uniform land use with dimensions in the 0.5 to 4.0 kilometers range.

The neighborhood and urban scales listed

below have the potential to overlap in applications that concern secondarily formed or

homogeneously distributed air pollutants.

(4) Urban scale Defines concentrations

within an area of city-like dimensions, on

the order of 4 to 50 kilometers. Within a city,

the geographic placement of sources may result in there being no single site that can be

said to represent air quality on an urban

scale.

(5) Regional scale Defines usually a rural

area of reasonably homogeneous geography

without large sources, and extends from tens

to hundreds of kilometers.

(6) National and global scales-These measurement scales represent concentrations

characterizing the nation and the globe as a

whole.

(c) Proper siting of a monitor requires

specification of the monitoring objective,

the types of sites necessary to meet the objective, and then the desired spatial scale of

representativeness. For example, consider

the case where the objective is to determine

NAAQS compliance by understanding the

maximum ozone concentrations for an area.

Such areas would most likely be located

downwind of a metropolitan area, quite likely in a suburban residential area where children and other susceptible individuals are

likely to be outdoors. Sites located in these

areas are most likely to represent an urban

scale of measurement. In this example, physical location was determined by considering

ozone precursor emission patterns, public activity, and meteorological characteristics affecting ozone formation and dispersion.

Thus, spatial scale of representativeness was

not used in the selection process but was a

result of site location.

(d) In some cases, the physical location of

a site is determined from joint consideration

of both the basic monitoring objective and

the type of monitoring site desired, or required by this appendix. For example, to determine PM 2 s concentrations which are typical over a geographic area having relatively

high PMs concentrations, a neighborhood
Environmental Protection Agency

scale site is more appropriate. Such a site

would likely be located in a residential or

commercial area having a high overall PM2.5

emission density but not in the immediate

vicinity of any single dominant source. Note

that in this example, the desired scale of representativeness was an important factor in

determining the physical location of the

monitoring site.

(e) In either case, classification of the

monitor by its type and spatial scale of representativeness is necessary and will aid in

interpretation of the monitoring data for a

particular monitoring objective (e.g., public

reporting, NAAQS compliance, or research

support).

(f) Table D 1 of this appendix illustrates

the relationship between the various site

types that can be used to support the three

basic monitoring objectives, and the scales

of representativeness that are generally

most appropriate for that type of site.

TABLE D-1 OF APPENDIX D TO PART 58-RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN SITE TYPES AND SCALES

OF REPRESENTATIVENESS

Site type

1. Highest concentration

2. Population oriented

3. Source im pact ...............

4. General/background &

regional transport.

5. Welfare-related impacts

Appropriate siting scales

Micro, middle, neighborhood

(sometimes urban or regional

for secondarily formed pollutants).

Neighborhood, urban

Micro, middle, neighborhood.

Urban, regional.

Urban, regional.

2. GENERAL MONITORING REQUIREMENTS

(a) The National ambient air monitoring

system includes several types of monitoring

stations, each targeting a key data collec

tion need and each varying in technical sophistication.

(b) Research grade sites are platforms for

scientific studies, either involved with

health or welfare impacts, measurement

methods development, or other atmospheric

studies. These sites may be collaborative efforts between regulatory agencies and researchers with specific scientific objectives

for each. Data from these sites might be collected with both traditional and experimental techniques, and data collection

might involve specific laboratory analyses

not common in routine measurement programs. The research grade sites are not required by regulation; however, they are included here due to their important role in

supporting the air quality management program.

(c) The NCore multipollutant sites are

sites that measure multiple pollutants in

order to provide support to integrated air

quality management data needs. NCore sites

include both neighborhood and urban scale

Pt. 58, App. D

measurements in general, in a selection of

metropolitan areas and a limited number of

more rural locations. Continuous monitoring

methods are to be used at the NCore sites

when available for a pollutant to be measured, as it is important to have data collected over common time periods for integrated analyses. NCore multipollutant sites

are intended to be long-term sites useful for

a variety of applications including air quality trends analyses, model evaluation, and

tracking metropolitan area statistics. As

such, the NCore sites should be placed away

from direct emission sources that could substantially impact the ability to detect areawide concentrations. The Administrator

must approve the NCore sites.

(d) Monitoring sites designated as SLAMS

sites, but not as NCore sites, are intended to

address specific air quality management interests, and as such, are frequently singlepollutant measurement sites. The EPA Regional Administrator must approve the

SLAMS sites.

(e) This appendix uses the statistical-based

definitions for metropolitan areas provided

by the Office of Management and Budget and

the Census Bureau. These areas are referred

to as metropolitan statistical areas (MSA),

micropolitan statistical areas, core-based

statistical areas (CBSA), and combined statistical areas (CSA). A CBSA associated with

at least one urbanized area of 50,000 population or greater is termed a Metropolitan

Statistical Area (MSA). A CBSA associated

with at least one urbanized cluster of at

least 10,000 population or greater is termed a

Micropolitan Statistical Area. CSA consist

of two or more adjacent CBSA. In this appendix, the term MSA is used to refer to a Metropolitan Statistical Area. By definition,

both MSA and CSA have a high degree of integration; however, many such areas cross

State or other political boundaries. MSA and

CSA may also cross more than one air shed.

The EPA recognizes that State or local agencies must consider MSA/CSA boundaries and

their own political boundaries and geographical characteristics in designing their

air monitoring networks. The EPA recognizes that there may be situations where the

EPA Regional Administrator and the affected State or local agencies may need to

augment or to divide the overall MSA/CSA

monitoring responsibilities and requirements among these various agencies to

achieve an effective network design. Full

monitoring requirements apply separately to

each affected State or local agency in the absence of an agreement between the affected

agencies and the EPA Regional Administrator.
Pt. 58, App. D

3. DESIGN CRITERIA FOR NCORE SITES

(a) Each State (i.e. the fifty States, District of Columbia, Puerto Rico, and the Virgin Islands) is required to operate at least

one NCore site. States may delegate this requirement to a local agency. States with

many MSAs often also have multiple air

sheds with unique characteristics and, often,

elevated air pollution. These States include,

at a minimum, California, Florida, Illinois,

Michigan, New York, North Carolina, Ohio,

Pennsylvania, and Texas. These States are

required to identify one to two additional

NCore sites in order to account for their

unique situations. These additional sites

shall be located to avoid proximity to large

emission sources. Any State or local agency

can propose additional candidate NCore sites

or modifications to these requirements for

approval by the Administrator. The NCore

locations should be leveraged with other

multipollutant air monitoring sites including PAMS sites, National Air Toxics Trends

Stations (NATTS) sites, CASTNET sites, and

STN sites. Site leveraging includes using the

same monitoring platform and equipment to

meet the objectives of the variety of programs where possible and advantageous.

(b) The NCore sites must measure, at a

minimum, PM 2.5 particle mass using continuous and integrated/filter-based samplers,

speciated PM,5, PMio , particle mass, speciated PM 0 0,, 03, SO2, CO, NO/NO, wind

speed, wind direction, relative humidity, and

ambient temperature. NCore sites in CBSA

with a population of 500,000 people (as determined in the latest Census) or greater shall

also measure Pb either as Pb-TSP or PbPM 1o. The EPA Regional Administrator may

approve an alternative location for the Pb

measurement where the alternative location

would be more appropriate for logistical reasons and the measurement would provide

data on typical Pb concentrations in the

CBSA.

(1) Although the measurement of NO, is required in support of a number of monitoring

objectives, available commercial instruments may indicate little difference in their

measurement of NOy compared to the conventional measurement of NOx, particularly

in areas with relatively fresh sources of nitrogen emissions. Therefore, in areas with

negligible expected difference between NOy

and NOx measured concentrations, the Administrator may allow for waivers that permit NOx monitoring to be substituted for the

required NOy monitoring at applicable NCore

sites.

(2) EPA recognizes that, in some cases, the

physical location of the NCore site may not

be suitable for representative meteorological

measurements due to the site's physical surroundings. It is also possible that nearby meteorological measurements may be able to

fulfill this data need. In these cases, the re40 CFR Ch. 1 (7-1-13 Edition)

quirement for meteorological monitoring

can be waived by the Administrator.

(c) [Reserved]

(d) Siting criteria are provided for urban

and rural locations. Sites with significant

historical records that do not meet siting

criteria may be approved as NCore by the

Administrator. Sites with the suite of NCore

measurements that are explicitly designed

for other monitoring objectives are exempt

from these siting criteria (e.g., a near-roadway site).

(1) Urban NCore stations are to be generally located at urban or neighborhood

scale to provide representative concentrations of exposure expected throughout the

metropolitan area however, a middle-scale

site may be acceptable in cases where the

site can represent many such locations

throughout a metropolitan area.

(2) Rural NCore stations are to be located

to the maximum extent practicable at a regional or larger scale away from any large

local emission source, so that they represent

ambient concentrations over an extensive

area.

4. POLLUTANT- SPECIFIC DESIGN CRITERIA FOR

SLAMS SITES

4.1 Ozone (03) Design Criteria. (a) State,

and where appropriate, local agencies must

operate 03 sites for various locations depending upon area size (in terms of population

and geographic characteristics) and typical

peak concentrations (expressed in percentages below, or near the 03 NAAQS). Specific

SLAMS 0, site minimum requirements are

included in Table D 2 of this appendix. The

NCore sites are expected to complement the

O data collection that takes place at singlepollutant SLAMS sites, and both types of

sites can be used to meet the network minimum requirements. The total number of 0,

sites needed to support the basic monitoring

objectives of public data reporting, air quality mapping, compliance, and understanding

O -related atmospheric processes will include

more sites than these minimum numbers required in Table D 2 of this appendix. The

EPA Regional Administrator and the responsible State or local air monitoring agency

must work together to design and/or maintain the most appropriate 03 network to

service the variety of data needs in an area.

TABLE D-2 OF APPENDIX D TO PART 58-

SLAMS MINIMUM 03 MONITORING REQUIREMENTS

MSA population 1,2

>10 m illion .............

4-10 m illion ...........

350,000-<4 million

Most recent 3-

year design value

concentrations

_>85% of any 03 NAAQS3

4

3

2

Most recent 3- year design value

concentrations

<85% of any 03 NAAQS3,4

2
Environmental Protection Agency

TABLE D-2 OF APPENDIX D TO PART 58-

SLAMS MINIMUM O MONITORING REQUIREMENTS-Continued

Most recent 3- Most recent 3-

year design value year design value

MSA population 1.2 concentrations concentrations

>85% of any 0 <85% of any 0, NAAQS3 NAAQS3.4

50,000-<3 50,000 1 0

I Minimum monitoring requirements apply to the Metropolitan statistical area (MSA). 2 Population based on latest available census figures. 3The ozone (03) National Ambient Air Quality Standards

(NAAQS) 4 levels and forms are defined in 40 CFR part 50. These minimum monitoring requirements apply in the ab- sence of a design value.

Metropolitan statistical areas (MSA) must contain an ur- banized area of 50,000 or more population.

(b) Within an 03 network, at least one 03

site for each MSA, or CSA if multiple MSAs

are involved, must be designed to record the

maximum concentration for that particular

metropolitan area. More than one maximum

concentration site may be necessary in some

areas. Table D 2 of this appendix does not account for the full breadth of additional factors that would be considered in designing a

complete 03 monitoring program for an area.

Some of these additional factors include geographic size, population density, complexity

of terrain and meteorology, adjacent 03 monitoring programs, air pollution transport

from neighboring areas, and measured air

quality in comparison to all forms of the 03

NAAQS (i.e., 8-hour and 1-hour forms). Networks must be designed to account for all of

these area characteristics. Network designs

must be re-examined in periodic network assessments. Deviations from the above 0, requirements are allowed if approved by the

EPA Regional Administrator.

(c) The appropriate spatial scales for 0,

sites are neighborhood, urban, and regional.

Since 0, requires appreciable formation

time, the mixing of reactants and products

occurs over large volumes of air, and this reduces the importance of monitoring small

scale spatial variability.

(1) Neighborhood scale-Measurements in

this category represent conditions throughout some reasonably homogeneous urban

sub-region, with dimensions of a few kilometers. Homogeneity refers to pollutant concentrations. Neighborhood scale data will

provide valuable information for developing,

testing, and revising concepts and models

that describe urban/regional concentration

patterns. These data will be useful to the understanding and definition of processes that

take periods of hours to occur and hence involve considerable mixing and transport.

Under stagnation conditions, a site located

in the neighborhood scale may also experience peak concentration levels within a metropolitan area.

(2) Urban scale Measurement in this scale

will be used to estimate concentrations over

Pt. 58, App. D

large portions of an urban area with dimensions of several kilometers to 50 or more kilometers. Such measurements will be used for

determining trends, and designing area-wide

control strategies. The urban scale sites

would also be used to measure high concentrations downwind of the area having the

highest precursor emissions.

(3) Regional scale-This scale of measurement will be used to typify concentrations

over large portions of a metropolitan area

and even larger areas with dimensions of as

much as hundreds of kilometers. Such measurements will be useful for assessing the 03

that is transported to and from a metropolitan area, as well as background concentrations. In some situations, particularly when

considering very large metropolitan areas

with complex source mixtures, regional scale

sites can be the maximum concentration location.

(d) EPA's technical guidance documents on

0 monitoring network design should be used

to evaluate the adequacy of each existing 0,

monitor, to relocate an existing site, or to

locate any new 03 sites.

(e) For locating a neighborhood scale site

to measure typical city concentrations, a

reasonably homogeneous geographical area

near the center of the region should be selected which is also removed from the influence of major NOx sources. For an urban

scale site to measure the high concentration

areas, the emission inventories should be

used to define the extent of the area of important nonmethane hydrocarbons and NOx

emissions. The meteorological conditions

that occur during periods of maximum photochemical activity should be determined.

These periods can be identified by examining

the meteorological conditions that occur on

the highest 03 air quality days. Trajectory

analyses, an evaluation of wind and emission

patterns on high 0, days, can also be useful

in evaluating an 0, monitoring network. In

areas without any previous 0, air quality

measurements, meteorological and 03 precursor emissions information would be useful.

(f) Once the meteorological and air quality

data are reviewed, the prospective maximum

concentration monitor site should be selected in a direction from the city that is

most likely to observe the highest 03 concentrations, more specifically, downwind

during periods of photochemical activity. In

many cases, these maximum concentration

0, sites will be located 10 to 30 miles or more

downwind from the urban area where maximum 03 precursor emissions originate. The

downwind direction and appropriate distance

should be determined from historical meteorological data collected on days which show

the potential for producing high 03 levels.

Monitoring agencies are to consult with

their EPA Regional Office when considering

siting a maximum 03 concentration site.
Pt. 58, App. D

(g) In locating a neighborhood scale site

which is to measure high concentrations, the

same procedures used for the urban scale are

followed except that the site should be located closer to the areas bordering on the

center city or slightly further downwind in

an area of high density population.

(h) For regional scale background monitoring sites, similar meteorological analysis

as for the maximum concentration sites may

also inform the decisions for locating regional scale sites. Regional scale sites may

be located to provide data on 0, transport

between cities, as background sites, or for

other data collection purposes. Consideration of both area characteristics, such as

meteorology, and the data collection objectives, such as transport, must be jointly considered for a regional scale site to be useful.

(i) Since 03 levels decrease significantly in

the colder parts of the year in many areas,

O is required to be monitored at SLAMS

monitoring sites only during the "ozone season" as designated in the AQS files on a

State-by-State basis and described below in

Table D 3 of this appendix. Deviations from

the 0, monitoring season must be approved

by the EPA Regional Administrator, documented within the annual monitoring network plan, and updated in AQS. Information

on how to analyze 03 data to support a

change to the 03 season in support of the 8-

hour standard for a specific State can be

found in reference 8 to this appendix.

TABLE D-3 OF APPENDIX D TO PART 58-

OZONE MONITORING SEASON BY STATE

State Begin month End month

Alabam a ..........................

Alaska .............................

Arizona ............................

Arkansas .........................

California .........................

Colorado .........................

Connecticut .....................

Delaware .........................

District of Columbia.

Florida .............................

Georgia ...........................

Hawaii .............................

Idaho ...............................

Illin o is ..............................

Indiana ............................

Iowa ................................

Kansas ............................

Kentucky .........................

Louisiana AQCR 019,022

Louisiana AQCR 106.

Maine ..............................

Maryland .........................

Massachusetts ................

M ichigan .........................

M innesota .......................

M ississippi ......................

M issouri ..........................

Montana ..........................

Nebraska ........................

Nevada ...........................

New Ham pshire ..............

March ..............

A p ril .................

January ...........

March ..............

January ...........

March ..............

A p ril .................

A p ril .................

A p ril .................

March ..............

March ..............

January ...........

May .................

A p ril .................

A p ril .................

A p ril .................

A p ril .................

March ..............

March ..............

January ...........

A p ril .................

A p ril .................

A p ril .................

A p ril .................

A p ril .................

March ..............

A p ril .................

June ................

A p ril .................

January ...........

A p ril .................

October

October

December

November

December

September

September

October

October

October

December

September

October

September

October

October

October

October

December

September

October

September

September

October

October

October

September

October

December

September

40 CFR Ch. 1 (7-1-13 Edition)

TABLE D-3 OF APPENDIX D TO PART 58-

OZONE MONITORING SEASON BY STATEContinued

State Begin month End month

New Jersey ..................... April ................. O ctober

New Mexico .................... January ........... December

New York ........................ April ................. O ctober

North Carolina ................ April ................. October

North Dakota .................. May ................. Septem ber

O hio ................................ A p ril ................. O cto be r Oklahoma ....................... March .............. Novem ber O regon ............................ M ay ................. Septem ber

Pennsylvania .................. April ................. October

Puerto Rico ..................... January ........... Decem ber

Rhode Island .................. April ................. Septem ber

South Carolina ................ April ................. October

South Dakota .................. June ................ Septem ber Tennessee ...................... March .............. October

Texas AGCR 106,153, January ........... December

213, 214, 216. Texas AQCR 022, 210, March .............. October

211, 212, 215, 217,

218

Utah .................. May ................. Septem ber

Verm ont .......................... April ................. Septem ber

V irginia ............................ A pril ................. O ctober

W ashington ..................... May ................. Septem ber

W est Virginia .................. April ................. O ctober

W isconsin ....................... April 15 ............ October 15

W yom ing ......................... April ................. O ctober

American Samoa ............ January ........... December G uam .............................. January ........... Decem ber

Virgin Islands .................. January .......... December

4.2 Carbon Monoxide (CO) Design Criteria

4.2.1 General Requirements. (a) Except as

provided in subsection (b), one CO monitor is

required to operate collocated with one required near-road NO, monitor, as required in

Section 4.3.2 of this part, in CBSAs having a

population of 1,000,000 or more persons. If a

CBSA has more than one required near-road

NO, monitor, only one CO monitor is required to be collocated with a near-road NO,

monitor within that CBSA.

(b) If a state provides quantitative evidence demonstrating that peak ambient CO

concentrations would occur in a near-road

location which meets microscale siting criteria in Appendix E of this part but is not a

near-road NO, monitoring site, then the EPA

Regional Administrator may approve a request by a state to use such an alternate

near-road location for a CO monitor in place

of collocating a monitor at near-road NO 2

monitoring site.

4.2.2 Regional Administrator Required

Monitoring. (a) The Regional Administrators, in collaboration with states, may require additional CO monitors above the minimum number of monitors required in 4.2.1 of

this part, where the minimum monitoring

requirements are not sufficient to meet monitoring objectives. The Regional Administrator may require, at his/her discretion, additional monitors in situations where data or

other information suggest that CO concentrations may be approaching or exceeding
Environmental Protection Agency

the NAAQS. Such situations include, but are

not limited to, (1) characterizing impacts on

ground-level concentrations due to stationary CO sources, (2) characterizing CO

concentrations in downtown areas or urban

street canyons, and (3) characterizing CO

concentrations in areas that are subject to

high ground level CO concentrations particularly due to or enhanced by topographical

and meteorological impacts. The Regional

Administrator and the responsible State or

local air monitoring agency shall work together to design and maintain the most appropriate CO network to address the data

needs for an area, and include all monitors

under this provision in the annual monitoring network plan.

4.2.3 CO Monitoring Spatial Scales. (a)

Microscale and middle scale measurements

are the most useful site classifications for

CO monitoring sites since most people have

the potential for exposure on these scales.

Carbon monoxide maxima occur primarily in

areas near major roadways and intersections

with high traffic density and often in areas

with poor atmospheric ventilation.

(1) Microscale-Microscale measurements

typically represent areas in close proximity

to major roadways, within street canyons,

over sidewalks, and in some cases, point and

area sources. Emissions on roadways result

in high ground level CO concentrations at

the microscale, where concentration gradients generally exhibit a marked decrease

with increasing downwind distance from

major roads, or within downtown areas including urban street canyons. Emissions

from stationary point and area sources, and

non-road sources may, under certain plume

conditions, result in high ground level concentrations at the microscale.

(2) Middle scale Middle scale measurements are intended to represent areas with

dimensions from 100 meters to 0.5 kilometer.

In certain cases, middle scale measurements

may apply to areas that have a total length

of several kilometers, such as "line" emission source areas. This type of emission

sources areas would include air quality along

a commercially developed street or shopping

plaza, freeway corridors, parking lots and

feeder streets.

(3) Neighborhood scale-Neighborhood scale

measurements are intended to represent

areas with dimensions from 0.5 kilometers to

4 kilometers. Measurements of CO in this

category would represent conditions

throughout some reasonably urban sub-regions. In some cases, neighborhood scale

data may represent not only the immediate

neighborhood spatial area, but also other

similar such areas across the larger urban

area. Neighborhood scale measurements provide relative area-wide concentration data

which are useful for providing relative urban

background concentrations, supporting

Pt. 58, App. D

health and scientific research, and for use in

modeling.

4.3 Nitrogen Dioxide (NO2) Design Criteria

4.3.1 General Requirements

(a) State and, where appropriate, local

agencies must operate a minimum number of

required NO, monitoring sites as described

below.

4.3.2 Requirement for Near-road NO2 Monitors

(a) Within the NO, network, there must be

one microscale near-road NO, monitoring

station in each CBSA with a population of

500,000 or more persons to monitor a location

of expected maximum hourly concentrations

sited near a major road with high AADT

counts as specified in paragraph 4.3.2(a)(1) of

this appendix. An additional near-road NO,

monitoring station is required for any CBSA

with a population of 2,500,000 persons or

more, or in any CBSA with a population of

500,000 or more persons that has one or more

roadway segments with 250,000 or greater

AADT counts to monitor a second location

of expected maximum hourly concentrations. CBSA populations shall be based on

the latest available census figures.

(1) The near-road NO2 monitoring stations

shall be selected by ranking all road segments within a CBSA by AADT and then

identifying a location or locations adjacent

to those highest ranked road segments, considering fleet mix, roadway design, congestion patterns, terrain, and meteorology,

where maximum hourly NO, concentrations

are expected to occur and siting criteria can

be met in accordance with appendix E of this

part. Where a State or local air monitoring

agency identifies multiple acceptable candidate sites where maximum hourly NO 2 concentrations are expected to occur, the monitoring agency shall consider the potential

for population exposure in the criteria utilized to select the final site location. Where

one CBSA is required to have two near-road

NO 2 monitoring stations, the sites shall be

differentiated from each other by one or

more of the following factors: fleet mix; congestion patterns terrain; geographic area

within the CBSA or different route, interstate, or freeway designation.

(b) Measurements at required near-road

NO, monitor sites utilizing

chemiluminescence FRMs must include at a

minimum: NO, NO, and NOx.

4.3.3 Requirement for Area-wide NO2 Monitoring

(a) Within the NO, network, there must be

one monitoring station in each CBSA with a

population of 1,000,000 or more persons to

monitor a location of expected highest NO 2

concentrations representing the neighborhood or larger spatial scales. PAMS sites collecting NO2 data that are situated in an area

of expected high NO 2 concentrations at the

neighborhood or larger spatial scale may be
Pt. 58, App. D

used to satisfy this minimum monitoring requirement when the NO, monitor is operated

year round. Emission inventories and meteorological analysis should be used to identify

the appropriate locations within a CBSA for

locating required area-wide NO2 monitoring

stations. CBSA populations shall be based on

the latest available census figures.

4.3.4 Regional Administrator Required

Monitoring

(a) The Regional Administrators, in collaboration with States, must require a minimum of forty additional NO, monitoring

stations nationwide in any area, inside or

outside of CBSAs, above the minimum monitoring requirements, with a primary focus on

siting these monitors in locations to protect

susceptible and vulnerable populations. The

Regional Administrators, working with

States, may also consider additional factors

described in paragraph (b) below to require

monitors beyond the minimum network requirement.

(b) The Regional Administrators may require monitors to be sited inside or outside

of CBSAs in which:

(i) The required near-road monitors do not

represent all locations of expected maximum

hourly NO, concentrations in an area and

NO, concentrations may be approaching or

exceeding the NAAQS in that area;

(ii) Areas that are not required to have a

monitor in accordance with the monitoring

requirements and NO2 concentrations may be

approaching or exceeding the NAAQS: or

(iii) The minimum monitoring requirements for area-wide monitors are not sufficient to meet monitoring objectives.

(c) The Regional Administrator and the responsible State or local air monitoring agency should work together to design and/or

maintain the most appropriate NO, network

to address the data needs for an area, and include all monitors under this provision in

the annual monitoring network plan.

4.3.5 NO, Monitoring Spatial Scales

(a) The most important spatial scale for

near-road NO2 monitoring stations to effectively characterize the maximum expected

hourly NO, concentration due to mobile

source emissions on major roadways is the

microscale. The most important spatial

scales for other monitoring stations characterizing maximum expected hourly NO, concentrations are the microscale and middle

scale. The most important spatial scale for

area-wide monitoring of high NO2 concentrations is the neighborhood scale.

(1) Microscale This scale represents areas

in close proximity to major roadways or

point and area sources. Emissions from roadways result in high ground level NO, concentrations at the microscale, where concentration gradients generally exhibit a

marked decrease with increasing downwind

distance from major roads. As noted in appendix E of this part, near-road N0 moni40 CFR Ch. 1 (7-1-13 Edition)

toring stations are required to be within 50

meters of target road segments in order to

measure expected peak concentrations.

Emissions from stationary point and area

sources, and non-road sources may, under

certain plume conditions, result in high

ground level concentrations at the

microscale. The microscale typically represents an area impacted by the plume with

dimensions extending up to approximately

100 meters.

(2) Middle scale This scale generally represents air quality levels in areas up to several city blocks in size with dimensions on

the order of approximately 100 meters to 500

meters. The middle scale may include locations of expected maximum hourly concentrations due to proximity to major NO,

point, area, and/or non-road sources.

(3) Neighborhood scale The neighborhood

scale represents air quality conditions

throughout some relatively uniform land use

areas with dimensions in the 0.5 to 4.0 kilometer range. Emissions from stationary

point and area sources may, under certain

plume conditions, result in high NO, concentrations at the neighborhood scale. Where

a neighborhood site is located away from immediate NO, sources, the site may be useful

in representing typical air quality values for

a larger residential area, and therefore suitable for population exposure and trends analyses.

(4) Urban scale-Measurements in this scale

would be used to estimate concentrations

over large portions of an urban area with dimensions from 4 to 50 kilometers. Such

measurements would be useful for assessing

trends in area-wide air quality, and hence,

the effectiveness of large scale air pollution

control strategies. Urban scale sites may

also support other monitoring objectives of

the NO, monitoring network identified in

paragraph 4.3.4 above.

4.3.6 NOy Monitoring

(a) NO/NOy measurements are included

within the NCore multi-pollutant site requirements and the PAMS program. These

NO/NOy measurements will produce conservative estimates for NO, that can be used to

ensure tracking continued compliance with

the NO2 NAAQS. NO/NOy monitors are used

at these sites because it is important to collect data on total reactive nitrogen species

for understanding 03 photochemistry.

4.4 Sulfur Dioxide (SO2) Design Criteria.

4.4.1 General Requirements. (a) State and,

where appropriate, local agencies must operate a minimum number of required SO monitoring sites as described below.

4.4.2 Requirement for Monitoring by the Population Weighted Emissions Index. (a) The population weighted emissions index (PWEI)

shall be calculated by States for each core

based statistical area (CBSA) they contain

or share with another State or States for use
Environmental Protection Agency

in the implementation of or adjustment to

the SO, monitoring network. The PWEI shall

be calculated by multiplying the population

of each CBSA, using the most current census

data or estimates, and the total amount of

SO 2 in tons per year emitted within the

CBSA area, using an aggregate of the most

recent county level emissions data available

in the National Emissions Inventory for each

county in each CBSA. The resulting product

shall be divided by one million, providing a

PWEI value, the units of which are million

persons-tons per year. For any CBSA with a

calculated PWEI value equal to or greater

than 1,000,000, a minimum of three SO, monitors are required within that CBSA. For any

CBSA with a calculated PWEI value equal to

or greater than 100,000, but less than

1,000,000, a minimum of two S02 monitors are

required within that CBSA. For any CBSA

with a calculated PWEI value equal to or

greater than 5,000, but less than 100,000, a

minimum of one SO, monitor is required

within that CBSA.

(1) The SO, monitoring site(s) required as a

result of the calculated PWEI in each CBSA

shall satisfy minimum monitoring requirements if the monitor is sited within the

boundaries of the parent CBSA and is one of

the following site types (as defined in section

1.1.1 of this appendix): population exposure,

highest concentration, source impacts, general background, or regional transport. S02

monitors at NCore stations may satisfy minimum monitoring requirements if that monitor is located within a CBSA with minimally required monitors under this part.

Any monitor that is sited outside of a CBSA

with minimum monitoring requirements to

assess the highest concentration resulting

from the impact of significant sources or

source categories existing within that CBSA

shall be allowed to count towards minimum

monitoring requirements for that CBSA.

4.4.3 Regional Administrator Required Monitoring. (a) The Regional Administrator may

require additional SO, monitoring stations

above the minimum number of monitors required in 4.4.2 of this part, where the minimum monitoring requirements are not sufficient to meet monitoring objectives. The Regional Administrator may require, at his/her

discretion, additional monitors in situations

where an area has the potential to have concentrations that may violate or contribute

to the violation of the NAAQS, in areas impacted by sources which are not conducive to

modeling, or in locations with susceptible

and vulnerable populations, which are not

monitored under the minimum monitoring

provisions described above. The Regional Administrator and the responsible State or

local air monitoring agency shall work together to design and/or maintain the most

appropriate SO, network to provide sufficient data to meet monitoring objectives.

Pt. 58, App. D

4.4.4 SO Monitoring Spatial Scales. (a) The

appropriate spatial scales for SO, SLAMS

monitors are the microscale, middle, neighborhood, and urban scales. Monitors sited at

the microscale, middle, and neighborhood

scales are suitable for determining maximum hourly concentrations for SO, Monitors sited at urban scales are useful for

identifying SO, transport, trends, and, if

sited upwind of local sources, background

concentrations.

(1) Microscale This scale would typify

areas in close proximity to SO2 point and

area sources. Emissions from stationary

point and area sources, and non-road sources

may, under certain plume conditions, result

in high ground level concentrations at the

microscale. The microscale typically represents an area impacted by the plume with

dimensions extending up to approximately

100 meters.

(2) Middle scale This scale generally represents air quality levels in areas up to several city blocks in size with dimensions on

the order of approximately 100 meters to 500

meters. The middle scale may include locations of expected maximum short-term concentrations due to proximity to major SO,

point, area, and/or non-road sources.

(3) Neighborhood scale The neighborhood

scale would characterize air quality conditions throughout some relatively uniform

land use areas with dimensions in the 0.5 to

4.0 kilometer range. Emissions from stationary point and area sources may, under

certain plume conditions, result in high S02

concentrations at the neighborhood scale.

Where a neighborhood site is located away

from immediate SO 2 sources, the site may be

useful in representing typical air quality

values for a larger residential area, and

therefore suitable for population exposure

and trends analyses.

(4) Urban scale-Measurements in this scale

would be used to estimate concentrations

over large portions of an urban area with dimensions from 4 to 50 kilometers. Such

measurements would be useful for assessing

trends in area-wide air quality, and hence,

the effectiveness of large scale air pollution

control strategies. Urban scale sites may

also support other monitoring objectives of

the SO, monitoring network such as identifying trends, and when monitors are sited

upwind of local sources, background concentrations.

4.4.5 NCore Monitoring. (a) S0 2 measurements are included within the NCore multipollutant site requirements as described in

paragraph (3)(b) of this appendix. NCorebased SO, measurements are primarily used

to characterize SO2 trends and assist in understanding S02 transport across representative areas in urban or rural locations and are

also used for comparison with the SO2

NAAQS. SO, monitors at NCore sites that

exist in CBSAs with minimum monitoring
Pt. 58, App. D

requirements per section 4.4.2 above shall be

allowed to count towards those minimum

monitoring requirements.

4.5 Lead (Pb) Design Criteria. (a) State and,

where appropriate, local agencies are required to conduct ambient air Pb monitoring

near Pb sources which are expected to or

have been shown to contribute to a maximum Pb concentration in ambient air in excess of the NAAQS, taking into account the

logistics and potential for population exposure. At a minimum, there must be one

source-oriented SLAMS site located to measure the maximum Pb concentration in ambient air resulting from each non-airport Pb

source which emits 0.50 or more tons per

year and from each airport which emits 1.0

or more tons per year based on either the

most recent National Emission Inventory

(http://www.epa.gov/ttn/chiej/

eiinformation.html) or other scientifically justifiable methods and data (such as improved

emissions factors or site-specific data) taking into account logistics and the potential

for population exposure.

(i) One monitor may be used to meet the

requirement in paragraph 4.5(a) for all

sources involved when the location of the

maximum Pb concentration due to one Pb

source is expected to also be impacted by Pb

emissions from a nearby source (or multiple

sources). This monitor must be sited, taking

into account logistics and the potential for

population exposure, where the Pb concentration from all sources combined is expected to be at its maximum.

(ii) The Regional Administrator may waive

the requirement in paragraph 4.5(a) for monitoring near Pb sources if the State or, where

appropriate, local agency can demonstrate

the Pb source will not contribute to a maximum Pb concentration in ambient air in excess of 50 percent of the NAAQS (based on

historical monitoring data, modeling, or

other means). The waiver must be renewed

once every 5 years as part of the network assessment required under § 58.10(d).

(iii) State and, where appropriate, local

agencies are required to conduct ambient air

Pb monitoring near each of the airports listed in Table D-3A for a period of 12 consecutive months commencing no later than December 27, 2011. Monitors shall be sited to

measure the maximum Pb concentration in

ambient air, taking into account logistics

and the potential for population exposure,

and shall use an approved Pb-TSP Federal

Reference Method or Federal Equivalent

Method. Any monitor that exceeds 50 percent

of the Pb NAAQS on a rolling 3-month average (as determined according to 40 CFR part

50, Appendix R) shall become a required monitor under paragraph 4.5(c) of this Appendix,

and shall continue to monitor for Pb unless

a waiver is granted allowing it to stop operating as allowed by the provisions in paragraph 4.5(a)(ii) of this appendix. Data col40 CFR Ch. 1 (7-1-13 Edition)

lected shall be submitted to the Air Quality

System database according to the requirements of 40 CFR part 58.16.

TABLE D-3A AIRPORTS To BE MONITORED FOR

LEAD

Airport County State

M errill Field ........................................ A nchorage A K

Pryor Field Regional .......................... Limestone AL

Pale Alto Airport of Santa Clara Santa Clara CA

County.

McClellan- Palomar ............................ San Diego CA

Reid-Hillview ...................................... Santa Clara CA

G illespie Field .................................... San Diego CA

San Carlos ......................................... San M ateo CA

Nantucket Memorial .......................... Nantucket MA

Oakland County International ............ Oakland MI

Republic Suffolk ........... NY

B rookhaven ....................................... S uffolk ........... N Y

Stinson M unicipal .............................. Bexar ............ TX

Northwest Regional ........................... Denton .......... TX

Harvey Field ...................................... Snohom ish W A

A uburn M unicipal ............................... King .............. W A

(b) State and, where appropriate, local

agencies are required to conduct non-sourceoriented Pb monitoring at each NCore site

required under paragraph 3 of this appendix

in a CBSA with a population of 500,000 or

more.

(c) The EPA Regional Administrator may

require additional monitoring beyond the

minimum monitoring requirements contained in paragraphs 4.5(a) and 4.5(b) where

the likelihood of Pb air quality violations is

significant or where the emissions density,

topography, or population locations are complex and varied. EPA Regional Administrators may require additional monitoring at

locations including, but not limited to, those

near existing additional industrial sources of

Pb, recently closed industrial sources of Pb,

airports where piston-engine aircraft emit

Pb, and other sources of re-entrained Pb

dust.

(d) The most important spatial scales for

source-oriented sites to effectively characterize the emissions from point sources are

microscale and middle scale. The most important spatial scale for non-source-oriented

sites to characterize typical lead concentrations in urban areas is the neighborhood

scale. Monitor siting should be conducted in

accordance with 4.5(a)(i) with respect to

source-oriented sites.

(1) Microscale This scale would typify

areas in close proximity to lead point

sources. Emissions from point sources such

as primary and secondary lead smelters, and

primary copper smelters may under fumigation conditions likewise result in high

ground level concentrations at the

microscale. In the latter case, the microscale

would represent an area impacted by the

plume with dimensions extending up to approximately 100 meters. Pb monitors in areas

where the public has access, and particularly
Environmental Protection Agency

children have access, are desirable because of

the higher sensitivity of children to exposures of elevated Pb concentrations.

(2) Middle scale-This scale generally represents Pb air quality levels in areas up to

several city blocks in size with dimensions

on the order of approximately 100 meters to

500 meters. The middle scale may for example, include schools and playgrounds in center city areas which are close to major Pb

point sources. Pb monitors in such areas are

desirable because of the higher sensitivity of

children to exposures of elevated Pb concentrations (reference 3 of this appendix).

Emissions from point sources frequently impact on areas at which single sites may be

located to measure concentrations representing middle spatial scales.

(3) Neighborhood scale-The neighborhood

scale would characterize air quality conditions throughout some relatively uniform

land use areas with dimensions in the 0.5 to

4.0 kilometer range. Sites of this scale would

provide monitoring data in areas representing conditions where children live and

play. Monitoring in such areas is important

since this segment of the population is more

susceptible to the effects of Pb. Where a

neighborhood site is located away from immediate Pb sources, the site may be very

Pt. 58, App. D

useful in representing typical air quality

values for a larger residential area, and

therefore suitable for population exposure

and trends analyses.

(d) Technical guidance is found in references 4 and 5 of this appendix. These documents provide additional guidance on locating sites to meet specific urban area monitoring objectives and should be used in locating new sites or evaluating the adequacy of

existing sites.

4.6 Particulate Matter (PM 1) Design Criteria.<(a) Table D-4 indicates the approximate number of permanent stations required

in MSAs to characterize national and regional PM l air quality trends and geographical patterns. The number of PM , stations in areas where MSA populations exceed

1,000,000 must be in the range from 2 to 10

stations, while in low population urban

areas, no more than two stations are required. A range of monitoring stations is

specified in Table D 4 because sources of pollutants and local control efforts can vary

from one part of the country to another and

therefore, some flexibility is allowed in selecting the actual number of stations in any

one locale. Modifications from these PM o

monitoring requirements must be approved

by the Regional Administrator.

TABLE D-4 OF APPENDIX D TO PART 58-PM i: MINIMUM MONITORING REQUIREMENTS

(APPROXIMATE NUMBER OF STATIONS PER MSA) 1

Population category High concentra- Medium con- Low concentra- tion 2 centration tion 4 5

> 1,0 0 0 ,0 0 0 ...................................................................................... 6- 10 4- 8 2- 4

500,000- 1,000,000 .......................................................................... 4-8 2-4 1-2

250,000-500,000 .................................................................... ...... 3-4 1-2 0- 1

100 ,000- 250 ,000 ............................................................................. 1- 2 0- 1 0

1 Selection of urban areas and actual numbers of stations per area will be jointly determined by EPA and the State agency.

2 High concentration areas are those for which ambient PM lo data show ambient concentrations exceeding the PM ,, NAAQS

by 20 percent or more. 3Medium concentration areas are those for which ambient PM1 o data show ambient concentrations exceeding 80 percent of the PM1 4 o NAAQS. Low concentration areas are those for which ambient PM1 o data show ambient concentrations less than 80 percent of the PM 1o NAAQS. 5These minimum monitoring requirements apply in the absence of a design value.

(b) Although microscale monitoring may

be appropriate in some circumstances, the

most important spatial scales to effectively

characterize the emissions of PMo from

both mobile and stationary sources are the

middle scales and neighborhood scales.

(1) Microscale-This scale would typify

areas such as downtown street canyons, traffic corridors, and fence line stationary

source monitoring locations where the general public could be exposed to maximum

PM , concentrations. Microscale particulate

matter sites should be located near inhabited

buildings or locations where the general public can be expected to be exposed to the concentration measured. Emissions from stationary sources such as primary and secondary smelters, power plants, and other

large industrial processes may, under certain

plume conditions, likewise result in high

ground level concentrations at the

microscale. In the latter case, the microscale

would represent an area impacted by the

plume with dimensions extending up to approximately 100 meters. Data collected at

microscale sites provide information for

evaluating and developing hot spot control

measures.

(2) Middle scale Much of the short-term

public exposure to coarse fraction particles

(PM o) is on this scale and on the neighborhood scale. People moving through downtown areas or living near major roadways or

stationary sources, may encounter particulate pollution that would be adequately
Pt. 58, App. D

characterized by measurements of this spatial scale. Middle scale PM 1 ) measurements

can be appropriate for the evaluation of possible short-term exposure public health effects. In many situations, monitoring sites

that are representative of micro-scale or

middle-scale impacts are not unique and are

representative of many similar situations.

This can occur along traffic corridors or

other locations in a residential district. In

this case, one location is representative of a

neighborhood of small scale sites and is appropriate for evaluation of long-term or

chronic effects. This scale also includes the

characteristic concentrations for other areas

with dimensions of a few hundred meters

such as the parking lot and feeder streets associated with shopping centers, stadia, and

office buildings. In the case of PM 1o, unpaved

or seldomly swept parking lots associated

with these sources could be an important

source in addition to the vehicular emissions

themselves.

(3) Neighborhood scale Measurements in

this category represent conditions throughout some reasonably homogeneous urban

sub-region with dimensions of a few kilometers and of generally more regular shape

than the middle scale. Homogeneity refers to

the particulate matter concentrations, as

well as the land use and land surface characteristics. In some cases, a location carefully

chosen to provide neighborhood scale data

would represent not only the immediate

neighborhood but also neighborhoods of the

same type in other parts of the city. Neighborhood scale PM 1 sites provide information

about trends and compliance with standards

because they often represent conditions in

areas where people commonly live and work

for extended periods. Neighborhood scale

data could provide valuable information for

developing, testing, and revising models that

describe the larger-scale concentration patterns, especially those models relying on

spatially smoothed emission fields for inputs. The neighborhood scale measurements

could also be used for neighborhood comparisons within or between cities.

4.7 Fine Particulate Matter (PM,,,) Design Criteria.

4.7.1 General Requirements. (a) State, and

where applicable local, agencies must operate the minimum number of required PM2,-S

SLAMS sites listed in Table D-5 of this appendix. The NCore sites are expected to complement the PM,_s data collection that takes

place at non-NCore SLAMS sites, and both

types of sites can be used to meet the minimum PM,2_s network requirements. Deviations from these PM,_ monitoring requirements must be approved by the EPA Regional Administrator.

40 CFR Ch. 1 (7-1-13 Edition)

TABLE D-5 OF APPENDIX D TO PART 58-PM 2_5

MINIMUM MONITORING REQUIREMENTS

Most recent 3- Most recent 3-

MSA population 1,2 year design value year design value

>85% of any <85% of any PM2 NAAQS 3 PM,5 NAAQS 3 4

>1,000,000 ............. 3 2

500,000-1,000,000 2 1

50,000-<500,0001 0

' Minimum monitoring requirements apply to the Metropolitan statistical area (MSA). 2 Population based on latest available census figures. 3The PM .5 National Ambient Air Quality Standards

(NAAQS) 4 levels and forms are defined in 40 CFR part 50.

These minimum monitoring requirements apply in the ab- sence of a design value.

5Metropolitan statistical areas (MSA) must contain an ur- banized area of 50,000 or more population.

(b) Specific Design Criteria for PM2,5. The

required monitoring stations or sites must

be sited to represent area-wide air quality.

These sites can include sites collocated at

PAMS. These monitoring stations will typically be at neighborhood or urban-scale;

however, micro-or middle-scale PM2,5 monitoring sites that represent many such locations throughout a metropolitan area are

considered to represent area-wide air quality.

(1) At least one monitoring station is to be

sited at neighborhood or larger scale in an

area of expected maximum concentration.

(2) For CBSAs with a population of 1,000,000

or more persons, at least one PM s monitor

is to be collocated at a near-road NO, station

required in section 4.3.2(a) of this appendix.

(3) For areas with additional required

SLAMS, a monitoring station is to be sited

in an area of poor air quality.

(4) Additional technical guidance for siting

PM, monitors is provided in references 6

and 7 of this appendix.

(c) The most important spatial scale to effectively characterize the emissions of particulate matter from both mobile and stationary sources is the neighborhood scale for

PM2 . For purposes of establishing monitoring sites to represent large homogenous

areas other than the above scales of representativeness and to characterize regional

transport, urban or regional scale sites

would also be needed. Most PM,2_ monitoring

in urban areas should be representative of a

neighborhood scale.

(1) Micro-scale. This scale would typify

areas such as downtown street canyons and

traffic corridors where the general public

would be exposed to maximum concentrations from mobile sources. In some circumstances, the micro-scale is appropriate

for particulate sites. SLAMS sites measured

at the micro-scale level should, however, be

limited to urban sites that are representative of long-term human exposure and of

many such microenvironments in the area.

In general, micro-scale particulate matter
Environmental Protection Agency

sites should be located near inhabited buildings or locations where the general public

can be expected to be exposed to the concentration measured. Emissions from stationary sources such as primary and secondary smelters, power plants, and other

large industrial processes may, under certain

plume conditions, likewise result in high

ground level concentrations at the microscale. In the latter case, the micro-scale

would represent an area impacted by the

plume with dimensions extending up to approximately 100 meters. Data collected at

micro-scale sites provide information for

evaluating and developing hot spot control

measures.

(2) Middle scale People moving through

downtown areas, or living near major roadways, encounter particle concentrations that

would be adequately characterized by this

spatial scale. Thus, measurements of this

type would be appropriate for the evaluation

of possible short-term exposure public health

effects of particulate matter pollution. In

many situations, monitoring sites that are

representative of microscale or middle-scale

impacts are not unique and are representative of many similar situations. This can

occur along traffic corridors or other locations in a residential district. In this case,

one location is representative of a number of

small scale sites and is appropriate for evaluation of long-term or chronic effects. This

scale also includes the characteristic concentrations for other areas with dimensions

of a few hundred meters such as the parking

lot and feeder streets associated with shopping centers, stadia, and office buildings.

(3) Neighborhood scale-Measurements in

this category would represent conditions

throughout some reasonably homogeneous

urban sub-region with dimensions of a few

kilometers and of generally more regular

shape than the middle scale. Homogeneity

refers to the particulate matter concentrations, as well as the land use and land surface characteristics. Much of the PM25 exposures are expected to be associated with this

scale of measurement. In some cases, a location carefully chosen to provide neighborhood scale data would represent the immediate neighborhood as well as neighborhoods

of the same type in other parts of the city.

PM 2 5 sites of this kind provide good information about trends and compliance with

standards because they often represent conditions in areas where people commonly live

and work for periods comparable to those

specified in the NAAQS. In general, most

PM 2 5 monitoring in urban areas should have

this scale.

(4) Urban scale This class of measurement

would be used to characterize the particulate

matter concentration over an entire metropolitan or rural area ranging in size from 4

to 50 kilometers. Such measurements would

be useful for assessing trends in area-wide

Pt. 58, App. D

air quality, and hence, the effectiveness of

large scale air pollution control strategies.

Community-oriented PM,5 sites may have

this scale.

(5) Regional scale These measurements

would characterize conditions over areas

with dimensions of as much as hundreds of

kilometers. As noted earlier, using representative conditions for an area implies

some degree of homogeneity in that area.

For this reason, regional scale measurements would be most applicable to sparsely

populated areas. Data characteristics of this

scale would provide information about larger

scale processes of particulate matter emissions, losses and transport. PM,,_ transport

contributes to elevated particulate concentrations and may affect multiple urban

and State entities with large populations

such as in the eastern United States. Development of effective pollution control strategies requires an understanding at regional

geographical scales of the emission sources

and atmospheric processes that are responsible for elevated PM 2 5 levels and may also

be associated with elevated 03 and regional

haze.

4.7.2 Requirement for Continuous PM2,5

Monitoring. The State, or where appropriate,

local agencies must operate continuous

PM 2 5 analyzers equal to at least one-half

(round up) the minimum required sites listed

in Table D 5 of this appendix. At least one

required continuous analyzer in each MSA

must be collocated with one of the required

RM/FEM/ARM monitors, unless at least

one of the required FRM/FEM/ARM monitors

is itself a continuous FEM or ARM monitor

in which case no collocation requirement applies. State and local air monitoring agencies must use methodologies and quality assurance/quality control (QA/QC) procedures

approved by the EPA Regional Administrator for these required continuous analyzers.

4.7.3 Requirement for PM,._ Background

and Transport Sites. Each State shall install

and operate at least one PM 2.5 site to monitor for regional background and at least one

PM7 ._ site to monitor regional transport.

These monitoring sites may be at community-oriented sites and this requirement may

be satisfied by a corresponding monitor in an

area having similar air quality in another

State. State and local air monitoring agencies must use methodologies and QA/QC procedures approved by the EPA Regional Administrator for these sites. Methods used at

these sites may include non-federal reference

method samplers such as IMPROVE or continuous PM25 monitors.

4.7.4 PM, Chemical Speciation Site Requirements. Each State shall continue to

conduct chemical speciation monitoring and

analyses at sites designated to be part of the

PM 2.5 Speciation Trends Network (STN). The

selection and modification of these STN
Pt. 58, App. D

sites must be approved by the Administrator. The PM2,5 chemical speciation urban

trends sites shall include analysis for elements, selected anions and cations, and carbon. Samples must be collected using the

monitoring methods and the sampling schedules approved by the Administrator. Chemical speciation is encouraged at additional

sites where the chemically resolved data

would be useful in developing State implementation plans and supporting atmospheric

or health effects related studies.

4.8 Coarse Particulate Matter (PM1 0,,)

Design Criteria.

4.8.1 General Monitoring Requirements.

(a) The only required monitors for PM 12.s

are those required at NCore Stations.

(b) Although microscale monitoring may

be appropriate in some circumstances, middle and neighborhood scale measurements

are the most important station classifications for PM to assess the variation in

coarse particle concentrations that would be

expected across populated areas that are in

proximity to large emissions sources.

(1) Microscale This scale would typify relatively small areas immediately adjacent to:

Industrial sources; locations experiencing

ongoing construction, redevelopment, and

soil disturbance: and heavily traveled roadways. Data collected at microscale stations

would characterize exposure over areas of

limited spatial extent and population exposure, and may provide information useful for

evaluating and developing source-oriented

control measures.

(2) Middle scale-People living or working

near major roadways or industrial districts

encounter particle concentrations that

would be adequately characterized by this

spatial scale. Thus, measurements of this

type would be appropriate for the evaluation

of public health effects of coarse particle exposure. Monitors located in populated areas

that are nearly adjacent to large industrial

point sources of coarse particles provide

suitable locations for assessing maximum

population exposure levels and identifying

areas of potentially poor air quality. Similarly, monitors located in populated areas

that border dense networks of heavily-traveled traffic are appropriate for assessing the

impacts of resuspended road dust. This scale

also includes the characteristic concentrations for other areas with dimensions of a

few hundred meters such as school grounds

and parks that are nearly adjacent to major

roadways and industrial point sources, locations exhibiting mixed residential and commercial development, and downtown areas

featuring office buildings, shopping centers,

and stadiums.

(3) Neighborhood scale-Measurements in

this category would represent conditions

throughout some reasonably homogeneous

urban sub-region with dimensions of a few

kilometers and of generally more regular

40 CFR Ch. 1 (7-1-13 Edition)

shape than the middle scale. Homogeneity

refers to the particulate matter concentrations, as well as the land use and land surface characteristics. This category includes

suburban neighborhoods dominated by residences that are somewhat distant from

major roadways and industrial districts but

still impacted by urban sources, and areas of

diverse land use where residences are interspersed with commercial and industrial

neighborhoods. In some cases, a location

carefully chosen to provide neighborhood

scale data would represent the immediate

neighborhood as well as neighborhoods of the

same type in other parts of the city. The

comparison of data from middle scale and

neighborhood scale sites would provide valuable information for determining the variation of PM0 2s levels across urban areas

and assessing the spatial extent of elevated

concentrations caused by major industrial

point sources and heavily traveled roadways.

Neighborhood scale sites would provide concentration data that are relevant to informing a large segment of the population of

their exposure levels on a given day.

4.8.2 [Reserved]

5. NETWORK DESIGN FOR PHOTOCHEMICAL

ASSESSMENT MONITORING STATIONS (PAMS)

The PAMS program provides more comprehensive data on 0, air pollution in areas

classified as serious, severe, or extreme nonattainment for 03 than would otherwise be

achieved through the NCore and SLAMS

sites. More specifically, the PAMS program

includes measurements for 03, oxides of nitrogen, VOC, and meteorology.

5.1 PAMS Monitoring Objectives. PAMS

design criteria are site specific. Concurrent

measurements of 03, oxides of nitrogen, speciated VOC, CO, and meteorology are obtained at PAMS sites. Design criteria for the

PAMS network are based on locations relative to 03 precursor source areas and predominant wind directions associated with

high 0, events. Specific monitoring objectives are associated with each location. The

overall design should enable characterization of precursor emission sources within the

area, transport of 03 and its precursors, and

the photochemical processes related to 03

nonattainment. Specific objectives that

must be addressed include assessing ambient

trends in 03, oxides of nitrogen, VOC species,

and determining spatial and diurnal variability of 03, oxides of nitrogen, and VOC species. Specific monitoring objectives associated with each of these sites may result in

four distinct site types. Detailed guidance

for the locating of these sites may be found

in reference 9 of this appendix.

(a) Type 1 sites are established to characterize upwind background and transported 03

and its precursor concentrations entering

the area and will identify those areas which

are subjected to transport.
Environmental Protection Agency

(b) Type 2 sites are established to monitor

the magnitude and type of precursor emissions in the area where maximum precursor

emissions are expected to impact and are

suited for the monitoring of urban air toxic

pollutants.

(c) Type 3 sites are intended to monitor

maximum 0, concentrations occurring downwind from the area of maximum precursor

emissions.

(d) Type 4 sites are established to characterize the downwind transported 03 and its

precursor concentrations exiting the area

and will identify those areas which are potentially contributing to overwhelming

transport in other areas.

5.2 Monitoring Period. PAMS precursor

monitoring must be conducted annually

throughout the months of June, July and

Pt. 58, App. D

August (as a minimum) when peak 03 values

are expected in each area. Alternate precursor monitoring periods may be submitted

for approval to the Administrator as a part

of the annual monitoring network plan required by § 58.10.

5.3 Minimum Monitoring Network Requirements. A Type 2 site is required for

each area. Overall, only two sites are required for each area, providing all chemical

measurements are made. For example, if a

design includes two Type 2 sites, then a third

site will be necessary to capture the NOy

measurement. The minimum required number and type of monitoring sites and sampling requirements are listed in Table D-6 of

this appendix. Any alternative plans may be

put in place in lieu of these requirements, if

approved by the Administrator.

TABLE D-6 OF APPENDIX D TO PART 58-MINIMUM REQUIRED PAMS MONITORING LOCATIONS AND

FREQUENCIES

Measurement Where required Sampling frequency (all daily except for upper air

meteorology) 1

Speciated VOC 2 Two sites per area, one of which must be a Type During the PAMS monitoring period: (1) Hourly

2 site. auto GC, or (2) Eight 3-hour canisters, or (3) 1

morning and 1 afternoon canister with a 3-hour or less averaging time plus Continuous Total

Non-methane Hydrocarbon measurement.

Carbonyl sampling Type 2 site in areas classified as serious or above 3-hour samples every day during the PAMS monifor the 8-hour ozone standard. toring period.

NO ............................ All Type 2 sites ....................................................... Hourly during the ozone m onitoring season. 3

NOy ............................. One site per area at the Type 3 or Type 1 site Hourly during the ozone monitoring season. CO (ppb level) ............ One site per area at a Type 2 site ......................... Hourly during the ozone monitoring season. O zone ......................... A ll sites .................................................................... Hourly during the ozone m onitoring season.

Surface m et ................ All sites .................................................................... Hourly during the ozone m onitoring season. Upper air meteorology One representative location within PAMS area Sampling frequency must be approved as part of

the annual monitoring network plan required in

40 CFR 58.10.

Daily or with an approved alternative plan.

2Speciated VOC is defined in the "Technical Assistance Document for Sampling and Analysis of Ozone Precursors", EPA/

600-R-98/161, September 1998.

3Approved ozone monitoring season as stipulated in Table D-3 of this appendix.

5.4 Transition Period. A transition period

is allowed for phasing in the operation of

newly required PAMS programs (due generally to reclassification of an area into serious, severe, or extreme nonattainment for

ozone). Following the date of redesignation

or reclassification of any existing 0, nonattainment area to serious, severe, or extreme, or the designation of a new area and

classification to serious, severe, or extreme

0 nonattainment, a State is allowed 1 year

to develop plans for its PAMS implementation strategy. Subsequently, a minimum of

one Type 2 site must be operating by the

first month of the following approved PAMS

season. Operation of the remaining site(s)

must, at a minimum, be phased in at the

rate of one site per year during subsequent

years as outlined in the approved PAMS network description provided by the State.

6. REFERENCES

1. Ball, R.J. and G.E. Anderson. Optimum

Site Exposure Criteria for SO, Monitoring.

The Center for the Environment and Man,

Inc., Hartford, CT. Prepared for U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC. EPA Publication No. EPA450/3-77-013. April 1977.

2. Ludwig, .F., J.H.S. Kealoha, and E.

Shelar. Selecting Sites for Carbon Monoxide

Monitoring. Stanford Research Institute,

Menlo Park, CA. Prepared for U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC. EPA Publication No. EPA

450/3-75 077, September 1975.

3. Air Quality Criteria for Lead. Office of

Research and Development, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Washington D.C.

EPA Publication No. 600/8-89-049F. August

1990. (NTIS document numbers PB87-142378

and PB91-138420.)
Pt. 58, App. E

4. Optimum Site Exposure Criteria for

Lead Monitoring. PEDCo Environmental,

Inc. Cincinnati, OH. Prepared for U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC. EPA Contract No. 68-02 3013.

May 1981.

5. Guidance for Conducting Ambient Air

Monitoring for Lead Around Point Sources.

Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC. EPA-454/R

92-009. May 1997.

6. Koch, R.C. and H.E. Rector. Optimum

Network Design and Site Exposure Criteria

for Particulate Matter. GEOMET Technologies, Inc., Rockville, MD. Prepared for

U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC. EPA Contract No.

68-02 3584. EPA 450/4-87-009. May 1987.

7. Watson et al. Guidance for Network Design and Optimum Site Exposure for PMs

and PM o. Prepared for U.S. Environmental

Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park,

NC. EPA-454/R-99-022, December 1997.

8. Guideline for Selecting and Modifying

the Ozone Monitoring Season Based on an 8-

Hour Ozone Standard. Prepared for U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, RTP, NC.

EPA54/R-98-001, June 1998.

9. Photochemical Assessment Monitoring'

Stations Implementation Manual. Office of

Air Quality Planning and Standards, U.S.

Environmental Protection Agency, Research

Triangle Park, NC. EPA-454/B-93-051. March

1994.

[71 FR 61316, Oct. 17, 2006, as amended at 72

FR 32211, June 12, 2007; 73 FR 67062, Nov. 12,

2008; 75 FR 6534, Feb. 9, 2010; 75 FR 35602,

June 22, 2010; 75 FR 81137, Dec. 27, 2010; 76 FR

54342, Aug. 31, 2011; 78 FR 3284, Jan. 15, 2013]

APPENDIX E TO PART 58 PROBE AND

MONITORING PATH SITING CRITERIA

FOR AMBIENT AIR QUALITY MONITORING

1. Introduction.

2. Horizontal and Vertical Placement.

3. Spacing from Minor Sources.

4. Spacing From Obstructions.

5. Spacing From Trees.

6. Spacing From Roadways.

7. Cumulative Interferences on a Monitoring

Path.

8. Maximum Monitoring Path Length.

9. Probe Material and Pollutant Sample Residence Time.

10. Waiver Provisions.

11. Summary.

12. References.

1. INTRODUCTION

(a) This appendix contains specific location

criteria applicable to SLAMS, NCore, and

PAMS ambient air quality monitoring

probes, inlets, and optical paths after the

40 CFR Ch. 1 (7-1-13 Edition)

general location has been selected based on

the monitoring objectives and spatial scale

of representation discussed in appendix D to

this part. Adherence to these siting criteria

is necessary to ensure the uniform collection

of compatible and comparable air quality

data.

(b) The probe and monitoring path siting

criteria discussed in this appendix must be

followed to the maximum extent possible. It

is recognized that there may be situations

where some deviation from the siting criteria may be necessary. In any such case, the

reasons must be thoroughly documented in a

written request for a waiver that describes

how and why the proposed siting deviates

from the criteria. This documentation

should help to avoid later questions about

the validity of the resulting monitoring

data. Conditions under which the EPA would

consider an application for waiver from these

siting criteria are discussed in section 10 of

this appendix.

(c) The pollutant-specific probe and monitoring path siting criteria generally apply to

all spatial scales except where noted otherwise. Specific siting criteria that are phrased

with a "must" are defined as requirements

and exceptions must be approved through

the waiver provisions. However, siting criteria that are phrased with a "should" are

defined as goals to meet for consistency but

are not requirements.

2. HORIZONTAL AND VERTICAL PLACEMENT

The probe or at least 80 percent of the

monitoring path must be located between 2

and 15 meters above ground level for all 0,

and SO, monitoring sites, and for neighborhood or larger spatial scale Pb, PM 1,

PM 0-2.5, PM s, NO2, and CO sites. Middle

scale PM 1o4,_s sites are required to have sampler inlets between 2 and 7 meters above

ground level. Microscale Pb, PM u,, PM 10 2 5,

and PM 2.5 sites are required to have sampler

inlets between 2 and 7 meters above ground

level. Microscale near-road NO2 monitoring

sites are required to have sampler inlets between 2 and 7 meters above ground level. The

inlet probes for microscale carbon monoxide

monitors that are being used to measure

concentrations near roadways must be between 2 and 7 meters above ground level.

Those inlet probes for microscale carbon

monoxide monitors measuring concentrations near roadways in downtown areas or

urban street canyons must be between 2.5

and 3.5 meters above ground level. The probe

or at least 90 percent of the monitoring path

must be at least 1 meter vertically or horizontally away from any supporting structure, walls, parapets, penthouses, etc., and

away from dusty or dirty areas. If the probe

or a significant portion of the monitoring

path is located near the side of a building or
Environmental Protection Agency

wall, then it should be located on the windward side of the building relative to the prevailing wind direction during the season of

highest concentration potential for the pollutant being measured.

3. SPACING FROM MINOR SOURCES

(a) It is important to understand the monitoring objective for a particular location in

order to interpret this particular requirement. Local minor sources of a primary pollutant, such as SO2, lead, or particles, can

cause high concentrations of that particular

pollutant at a monitoring site. If the objective for that monitoring site is to investigate these local primary pollutant emissions, then the site is likely to be properly

located nearby. This type of monitoring site

would in all likelihood be a microscale type

of monitoring site. If a monitoring site is to

be used to determine air quality over a much

larger area, such as a neighborhood or city,

a monitoring agency should avoid placing a

monitor probe, path, or inlet near local,

minor sources. The plume from the local

minor sources should not be allowed to inappropriately impact the air quality data collected at a site. Particulate matter sites

should not be located in an unpaved area unless there is vegetative ground cover year

round, so that the impact of wind blown

dusts will be kept to a minimum.

(b) Similarly, local sources of nitric oxide

(NO) and ozone-reactive hydrocarbons can

have a scavenging effect causing

unrepresentatively low concentrations of 03

in the vicinity of probes and monitoring

paths for 03. To minimize these potential

interferences, the probe or at least 90 percent

of the monitoring path must be away from

furnace or incineration flues or other minor

sources of SO2 or NO. The separation distance should take into account the heights

of the flues, type of waste or fuel burned, and

the sulfur content of the fuel.

4. SPACING FROM OBSTRUCTIONS

(a) Buildings and other obstacles may possibly scavenge S02, 03, or NO2, and can act to

restrict airflow for any pollutant. To avoid

this interference, the probe, inlet, or at least

90 percent of the monitoring path must have

unrestricted airflow and be located away

from obstacles. The distance from the obstacle to the probe, inlet, or monitoring path

must be at least twice the height that the

obstacle protrudes above the probe, inlet, or

monitoring path. An exception to this requirement can be made for measurements

taken in street canyons or at source-oriented

sites where buildings and other structures

are unavoidable.

(b) Generally, a probe or monitoring path

located near or along a vertical wall is undesirable because air moving along the wall

may be subject to possible removal mechaPt. 58, App. E

nisms. A probe, inlet, or monitoring path

must have unrestricted airflow in an arc of

at least 180 degrees. This arc must include

the predominant wind direction for the season of greatest pollutant concentration potential. For particle sampling, a minimum of

2 meters of separation from walls, parapets,

and structures is required for rooftop site

placement.

(c) Special consideration must be given to

the use of open path analyzers due to their

inherent potential sensitivity to certain

types of interferences, or optical obstructions. A monitoring path must be clear of all

trees, brush, buildings, plumes, dust, or

other optical obstructions, including potential obstructions that may move due to

wind, human activity, growth of vegetation,

etc. Temporary optical obstructions, such as

rain, particles, fog, or snow, should be considered when siting an open path analyzer.

Any of these temporary obstructions that

are of sufficient density to obscure the light

beam will affect the ability of the open path

analyzer to continuously measure pollutant

concentrations. Transient, but significant

obscuration of especially longer measurement paths could occur as a result of certain

meteorological conditions (e.g., heavy fog,

rain, snow) and/or aerosol levels that are of

a sufficient density to prevent the open path

analyzer's light transmission. If certain compensating measures are not otherwise implemented at the onset of monitoring (e.g.,

shorter path lengths, higher light source intensity), data recovery during periods of

greatest primary pollutant potential could

be compromised. For instance, if heavy fog

or high particulate levels are coincident

with periods of projected NAAQS-threatening pollutant potential, the representativeness of the resulting data record in reflecting maximum pollutant concentrations

may be substantially impaired despite the

fact that the site may otherwise exhibit an

acceptable, even exceedingly high overall

valid data capture rate.

(d) For near-road NO, monitoring stations,

the monitor probe shall have an unobstructed air flow, where no obstacles exist at

or above the height of the monitor probe, between the monitor probe and the outside

nearest edge of the traffic lanes of the target

road segment.

5. SPACING FROM TREES

(a) Trees can provide surfaces for SO , 03,

or NO adsorption or reactions, and surfaces

for particle deposition. Trees can also act as

obstructions in cases where they are located

between the air pollutant sources or source

areas and the monitoring site, and where the

trees are of a sufficient height and leaf canopy density to interfere with the normal airflow around the probe, inlet, or monitoring
Pt. 58, App. E

path. To reduce this possible interference/obstruction, the probe, inlet, or at least 90 percent of the monitoring path must be at least

10 meters or further from the drip line of

trees.

(b) The scavenging effect of trees is greater

for O3 than for other criteria pollutants.

Monitoring agencies must take steps to consider the impact of trees on ozone monitoring sites and take steps to avoid this

problem.

(c) For microscale sites of any air pollutant, no trees or shrubs should be located between the probe and the source under investigation, such as a roadway or a stationary

source.

6. SPACING FROM ROADWAYS

TABLE E-1 TO APPENDIX E OF PART 58-MINIMUM SEPARATION DISTANCE BETWEEN ROADWAYS AND PROBES OR MONITORING PATHS

FOR MONITORING NEIGHBORHOOD AND URBAN

SCALE OZONE (03) AND OXIDES OF NITROGEN

(NO, NO 2, NOx, NO,)

Roadway Minimum Minimum

average daily traffic, distance 1 distance 1.2

vehicles per day (meters) meters)

< 1,0 0 0 ................................... 10 10 10 ,0 0 0 .................................... 10 2 0

15 ,000 .................................... 20 30

20 ,000 .................................... 30 40

40 ,000 .................................... 50 60

70,000 .................................... 100 100

_> 110,000 ............................... 250 250

1 Distance from the edge of the nearest traffic lane. The distance for intermediate traffic counts should be interpolated from the table values based on the actual traffic count.

2Applicable for ozone monitors whose placement has not

already been approved as of December 18, 2006.

6.1 Spacing for Ozone Probes and Monitoring Paths

In siting an 03 analyzer, it is important to

minimize destructive interferences form

sources of NO, since NO readily reacts with

0. Table E 1 of this appendix provides the

required minimum separation distances between a roadway and a probe or, where applicable, at least 90 percent of a monitoring

path for various ranges of daily roadway

traffic. A sampling site having a point analyzer probe located closer to a roadway than

allowed by the Table E 1 requirements

should be classified as microscale or middle

scale, rather than neighborhood or urban

scale, since the measurements from such a

site would more closely represent the middle

scale. If an open path analyzer is used at a

site, the monitoring path(s) must not cross

over a roadway with an average daily traffic

count of 10,000 vehicles per day or more. For

those situations where a monitoring path

crosses a roadway with fewer than 10,000 vehicles per day, monitoring agencies must

consider the entire segment of the monitoring path in the area of potential atmos40 CFR Ch. 1 (7-1-13 Edition)

pheric interference from automobile emissions. Therefore, this calculation must include the length of the monitoring path over

the roadway plus any segments of the monitoring path that lie in the area between the

roadway and minimum separation distance,

as determined from the Table E-1 of this appendix. The sum of these distances must not

be greater than 10 percent of the total monitoring path length.

6.2 Spacing for Carbon Monoxide Probes

and Monitoring Paths. (a) Near-road

microscale CO monitoring sites, including

those located in downtown areas, urban

street canyons, and other near-road locations such as those adjacent to highly trafficked roads, are intended to provide a measurement of the influence of the immediate

source on the pollution exposure on the adjacent area.

(b) Microscale CO monitor inlets probes in

downtown areas or urban street canyon locations shall be located a minimum distance of

2 meters and a maximum distance of 10 meters from the edge of the nearest traffic lane.

(c) Microscale CO monitor inlet probes in

downtown areas or urban street canyon locations shall be located at least 10 meters from

an intersection and preferably at a midblock

location. Midblock locations are preferable

to intersection locations because intersections represent a much smaller portion of

downtown space than do the streets between

them. Pedestrian exposure is probably also

greater in street canyon/corridors than at

intersections.

TABLE E-2 OF APPENDIX E TO PART 58-MINIMUM SEPARATION DISTANCE BETWEEN ROADWAYS AND PROBES OR MONITORING PATHS

FOR MONITORING NEIGHBORHOOD SCALE

CARBON MONOXIDE

Minimum dis- Roadway average daily traffic, vehicles per tance i (me

day ters)

< 10 ,0 0 0 ............................................

10

1 5 ,0 0 0 .............................................

2 5

2 0 ,0 0 0 .............................................

4 5

3 0 ,0 0 0 .............................................8 0

4 0 ,0 0 0 .............................................

1 15

5 0 ,0 0 0 .............................................

13 5

> 6 0 ,0 0 0 ............................................

15 0

1 Distance from the edge of the nearest traffic lane. The distance for intermediate traffic counts should be interpolated from the table values based on the actual traffic count.

6.3 Spacing for Particulate Matter (PM 2.5,

PM i, Pb) Inlets. (a) Since emissions associated with the operation of motor vehicles

contribute to urban area particulate matter

ambient levels, spacing from roadway criteria are necessary for ensuring national

consistency in PM sampler siting.

(b) The intent is to locate localized hotspot sites in areas of highest concentrations
Environmental Protection Agency

whether it be from mobile or multiple stationary sources. If the area is primarily affected by mobile sources and the maximum

concentration area(s) is judged to be a traffic

corridor or street canyon location, then the

monitors should be located near roadways

with the highest traffic volume and at separation distances most likely to produce the

highest concentrations. For the microscale

traffic corridor site, the location must be between 5 and 15 meters from the major roadway. For the microscale street canyon site

the location must be between 2 and 10 meters

from the roadway. For the middle scale site,

a range of acceptable distances from the

roadway is shown in figure E-1 of this appendix. This figure also includes separation distances between a roadway and neighborhood

or larger scale sites by default. Any site, 2 to

15 meters high, and further back than the

middle scale requirements will generally be

neighborhood, urban or regional scale. For

example, according to Figure E 1 of this appendix, if a PM sampler is primarily influenced by roadway emissions and that sampler is set back 10 meters from a 30,000 ADT

(average daily traffic) road, the site should

be classified as microscale, if the sampler

height is between 2 and 7 meters. If the sampler height is between 7 and 15 meters, the

site should be classified as middle scale. If

the sample is 20 meters from the same road,

it will be classified as middle scale; if 40 meters, neighborhood scale: and if 110 meters,

an urban scale.

6.4 Spacing for Nitrogen Dioxide (NO,)

Probes and Monitoring Paths.

(a) In siting near-road NO, monitors as required in paragiraph 4.3.2 of appendix D of

Pt. 58, App. E

this part, the monitor probe shall be as near

as practicable to the outside nearest edge of

the traffic lanes of the target road segment;

but shall not be located at a distance greater

than 50 meters, in the horizontal, from the

outside nearest edge of the traffic lanes of

the target road segment.

(b) In siting NO, monitors for neighborhood and larger scale monitoring, it is important to minimize near-road influences.

Table E 1 of this appendix provides the required minimum separation distances between a roadway and a probe or, where applicable, at least 90 percent of a monitoring

path for various ranges of daily roadway

traffic. A sampling site having a point analyzer probe located closer to a roadway than

allowed by the Table E 1 requirements

should be classified as microscale or middle

scale rather than neighborhood or urban

scale. If an open path analyzer is used at a

site, the monitoring path(s) must not cross

over a roadway with an average daily traffic

count of 10,000 vehicles per day or more. For

those situations where a monitoring path

crosses a roadway with fewer than 10,000 vehicles per day, monitoring agencies must

consider the entire segment of the monitoring path in the area of potential atmospheric interference form automobile emissions. Therefore, this calculation must include the length of the monitoring path over

the roadway plus any segments of the monitoring path that lie in the area between the

roadway and minimum separation distance,

as determined form the Table E 1 of this appendix. The sum of these distances must not

be greater than 10 percent of the total monitoring path length.
40 CFR Ch. I (7-1-13 Edition)

60-

40-

20-

0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160

Figure E-1. Distance of PM samplers to nearest traffic lane (meters)

7. CUMULATIVE INTERFERENCES ON A

MONITORING PATH

(This paragraph applies only to open path

analyzers.) The cumulative length or portion

of a monitoring path that is affected by

minor sources, trees, or roadways must not

exceed 10 percent of the total monitoring

path length.

8. MAXIMUM MONITORING PATH LENGTH

(This paragraph applies only to open path

analyzers.) The monitoring path length must

not exceed 1 kilometer for analyzers in

neighborhood, urban, or regional scale. For

middle scale monitoring sites, the monitoring path length must not exceed 300 meters. In areas subject to frequent periods of

dust, fog, rain, or snow, consideration should

be given to a shortened monitoring path

length to minimize loss of monitoring data

due to these temporary optical obstructions.

For certain ambient air monitoring scenarios using open path analyzers, shorter

path lengths may be needed in order to ensure that the monitoring site meets the objectives and spatial scales defined in appendix D to this part. The Regional Administrator may require shorter path lengths, as

needed on an individual basis, to ensure that

the SLAMS sites meet the appendix D requirements. Likewise, the Administrator

may specify the maximum path length used

at NCore monitoring sites.

9. PROBE MATERIAL AND POLLUTANT SAMPLE

RESIDENCE TIME

(a) For the reactive gases, SO , NO,, and

03, special probe material must be used for

point analyzers. Studies2oM24 have been

conducted to determine the suitability of

materials such as polypropylene, polyethylene, polyvinyl chloride, Tygon, aluminum, brass, stainless steel, copper, Pyrex

glass and Teflon for use as intake sampling

lines. Of the above materials, only Pyrex ®

glass and Teflon have been found to be acceptable for use as intake sampling lines for

all the reactive gaseous pollutants. Furthermore, the EPA2 5 has specified borosilicate

glass or FEP Teflon ® as the only acceptable

probe materials for delivering test

atmospheres in the determination of reference or equivalent methods. Therefore,

borosilicate glass, FEP Teflon or their

equivalent must be the only material in the

sampling train (from inlet probe to the back

of the analyzer) that can be in contact with

the ambient air sample for existing and new

SLAMs.

(b) For volatile organic compound (VOC)

monitoring at PAMS, FEP Teflon ® is unacceptable as the probe material because of

VOC adsorption and desorption reactions on

the FEP Teflon ® . Borosilicate glass, stainless steel, or its equivalent are the acceptable probe materials for VOC and carbonyl

sampling. Care must be taken to ensure that

the sample residence time is kept to 20 seconds or less.

Pt. 58, App. E
Environmental Protection Agency

(c) No matter how nonreactive the sampling probe material is initially, after a period of use reactive particulate matter is deposited on the probe walls. Therefore, the

time it takes the gas to transfer from the

probe inlet to the sampling device is also

critical. Ozone in the presence of nitrogen

oxide (NO) will show significant losses even

in the most inert probe material when the

residence time exceeds 20 seconds.26 Other

studies2 1 , 8 indicate that a 10 second or less

residence time is easily achievable. Therefore, sampling probes for reactive gas monitors at NCore and at NO, sites must have a

sample residence time less than 20 seconds.

10. WAIVER PROVISIONS

Most sampling probes or monitors can be

located so that they meet the requirements

of this appendix. New sites with rare exceptions, can be located within the limits of this

appendix. However, some existing sites may

not meet these requirements and still

produce useful data for some purposes. The

EPA will consider a written request from the

State agency to waive one or more siting criteria for some monitoring sites providing

that the State can adequately demonstrate

the need (purpose) for monitoring or establishing a monitoring site at that location.

10.1 For establishing a new site, a waiver

may be granted only if both of the following

criteria are met:

10.1.1 The site can be demonstrated to be

as representative of the monitoring area as

it would be if the siting criteria were being

met.

10.1.2 The monitor or probe cannot reasonably be located so as to meet the siting

Pt. 58, App. E

criteria because of physical constraints (e.g.,

inability to locate the required type of site

the necessary distance from roadways or obstructions).

10.2 However, for an existing site, a waiver may be granted if either of the criteria in

sections 10.1.1 and 10.1.2 of this appendix are

met.

10.3 Cost benefits, historical trends, and

other factors may be used to add support to

the criteria in sections 10.1.1 and 10.1.2 of

this appendix, however, they in themselves,

will not be acceptable reasons for granting a

waiver. Written requests for waivers must be

submitted to the Regional Administrator.

11. SUMMARY

Table E 4 of this appendix presents a summary of the general requirements for probe

and monitoring path siting criteria with respect to distances and heights. It is apparent

from Table E 4 that different elevation distances above the ground are shown for the

various pollutants. The discussion in this appendix for each of the pollutants describes

reasons for elevating the monitor, probe, or

monitoring path. The differences in the specified range of heights are based on the

vertical concentration gradients. For CO and

near-road NO monitors, the gradients in the

vertical direction are very large for the

microscale, so a small range of heights are

used. The upper limit of 15 meters is specified for the consistency between pollutants

and to allow the use of a single manifold or

monitoring path for monitoring more than

one pollutant.

TABLE E-4 OF APPENDIX E TO PART 58-SUMMARY OF PROBE AND MONITORING PATH SITING

CRITERIA

Horizontal and

Height from vertical distance Distance from Distance from

Scale (maximum ground to probe, from supporting trees to probe, roadways to

Pollutant monitoring path inlet or 80% of structures 2 to inlet or 90% of probe, inlet or length, meters) monitoring path probe, inlet or monitoring path I monitoring path (meters) 90% of monitoring (meters) (meters) path' (meters)

Middle (300 m)

Neighborhood

Urban, and Regional (1 km).

Micro [downtown

or street canyon

sites], micro

[near-road

sites], middle

(300 m) and

Neighborhood

(1 kin).

Middle (300 m)

Neighborhood,

Urban, and Regional (1 km).

2-15

2.5-3.5; 2-7; 2-15 >1

2-15

2-10 for downtown areas or

street canyon

microscale; <50

for near-road

microscale; see

Table E-2 of

this appendix for

middle and

neighborhood

scales.

See Table E-1 of

this appendix for

all scales.

SO 34,56

C0

4 .5

7
Pt. 58, App. E 40 CFR Ch. 1 (7-1-13 Edition)

TABLE E-4 OF APPENDIX E TO PART 58-SUMMARY OF PROBE AND MONITORING PATH SITING

CRITERIA-Continued

Horizontal and

Height from vertical distance Distance from Distance from Scale (maximum ground to probe, from supporting trees to probe, roadways to Pollutant monitoring path inlet or 80% of structures 2 to inlet or 90% of probe, inlet or length, meters) monitoring path probe, inlet or monitoring path I monitoring path

(meters) 90% of monitoring (meters) (meters)

path' (meters)

NO23,4,5 Micro (Near-road 2-7 (micro); >1 ......................... >10 ....................... <50 for near-road

[50-300 m]). micro-scale.

Middle (300 m) 2-15 (all other

scales).

Neighborhood, See Table E-1 of

Urban, and Re- this appendix for

gional (1 km). all other scales.

Ozone precursors (for Neighborhood and 2-15 ..................... >1 ......................... >10 ....................... See Table E-4 of

PAMS) -.4.5 Urban (1 kin). this appendix for

all scales.

PM, Pb3 ,4 ,5 8 .............. Micro, Middle, 2-7 (micro); 2-7 >2 (all scales, hor- >10 (all scales) .... 2-10 (micro); see

Neighborhood, (middle izontal distance Figure E-1 of

Urban and Re- PM 1- 2,5); 2-7 only). this appendix for

gional. for near-road; all other scales.

2-15 (all other <50 for nearscales). road.

N/A-Not applicable.

1 Monitoring path for open path analyzers is applicable only to middle or neighborhood scale CO monitoring, middle, neighborhood, urban, and regional scale NO2 monitoring, and all applicable scales for monitoring SO, 0 , and 03 precursors. 2 When probe is located on a rooftop, this separation distance is in reference to walls, parapets, or penthouses located on roof. 3Should be greater than 20 meters from the dripline of tree(s) and must be 10 meters from the dripline when the tree(s) act as

an 4obstruction.

Distance from sampler, probe, or 90 percent of monitoring path to obstacle, such as a building, must be at least twice the height the obstacle protrudes above the sampler, probe, or monitoring path. Sites not meeting this criterion may be classified as middle scale (see text). 5Must have unrestricted airflow 270 degrees around the probe or sampler; 180 degrees if the probe is on the side of a build- ing or a wall.

6The probe, sampler, or monitoring path should be away from minor sources, such as furnace or incineration flues. The sepa- ration distance is dependent on the height of the minor source's emission point (such as a flue), the type of fuel or waste burned, and 7 the quality of the fuel (sulfur, ash, or lead content). This criterion is designed to avoid undue influences from minor sources. For micro-scale CO monitoring sites, the probe must be >10 meters from a street intersection and preferably at a midblock location. 8Collocated monitors must be within 4 meters of each other and at least 2 meters apart for flow rates greater than 200 liters/

min or at least 1 meter apart for samplers having flow rates less than 200 liters/min to preclude airflow interference, unless a waiver is in place as approved by the Regional Administrator pursuant to section 3 of Appendix A.

12. REFERENCES

1. Bryan, R.J., R.J. Gordon, and H. Menck.

Comparison of High Volume Air Filter Samples at Varying Distances from Los Angeles

Freeway. University of Southern California,

School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA. (Presented at 66th Annual Meeting of Air Pollution Control Association. Chicago, IL. June

24 28, 1973. APCA 73-158.)

2. Teer, E.H. Atmospheric Lead Concentration Above an Urban Street. Master of

Science Thesis, Washington University, St.

Louis, MO. January 1971.

3. Bradway, R.M., F.A. Record, and W.E.

Belanger. Monitoring and Modeling of Resuspended Roadway Dust Near Urban Arterials.

GCA Technology Division, Bedford, MA.

(Presented at 1978 Annual Meeting of Transportation Research Board, Washington, DC.

January 1978.)

4. Pace, T.G., W.P. Freas, and E.M. Afify.

Quantification of Relationship Between

Monitor Height and Measured Particulate

Levels in Seven U.S. Urban Areas. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC. (Presented at 70th Annual

Meeting of Air Pollution Control Association, Toronto, Canada. June 20 24, 1977.

APCA 77-13.4.)

5. Harrison, P.R. Considerations for Siting

Air Quality Monitors in Urban Areas. City of

Chicago, Department of Environmental Control, Chicago, IL. (Presented at 66th Annual

Meeting of Air Pollution Control Association, Chicago, IL. June 24 28, 1973. APCA 73

161.)

6. Study of Suspended Particulate Measurements at Varying Heights Above Ground.

Texas State Department of Health, Air Control Section, Austin, TX. 1970. p.7.

7. Rodes, C.E. and G.F. Evans. Summary of

LACS Integrated Pollutant Data. In: Los Angeles Catalyst Study Symposium. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC. EPA Publication No. EPA600/4 77-034. June 1977.

8. Lynn, D.A. et al. National Assessment of

the Urban Particulate Problem: Volume 1,

National Assessment. GCA Technology Division, Bedford, MA. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC.
Environmental Protection Agency

EPA Publication No. EPA-450/3-75-024. June

1976.

9. Pace, T.G. Impact of Vehicle-Related

Particulates on TSP Concentrations and Rationale for Siting Hi-Vols in the Vicinity of

Roadways. OAQPS, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC.

April 1978.

10. Ludwig, F.L., J.H. Kealoha, and E.

Shelar. Selecting Sites for Monitoring Total

Suspended Particulates. Stanford Research

Institute, Menlo Park, CA. Prepared for U.S.

Environmental Protection Agency, Research

Triangle Park, NC. EPA Publication No.

EPA-450/3-77-018. June 1977, revised December 1977.

11. Ball, R.J. and G.E. Anderson. Optimum

Site Exposure Criteria for SO2 Monitoring.

The Center for the Environment and Man,

Inc., Hartford, CT. Prepared for U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC. EPA Publication No. EPA450/3-77-013. April 1977.

12. Ludwig, F.L. and J.H.S. Kealoha. Selecting Sites for Carbon Monoxide Monitoring. Stanford Research Institute, Menlo

Park, CA. Prepared for U.S. Environmental

Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park,

NC. EPA Publication No. EPA 450/3-75-077.

September 1975.

13. Ludwig, F.L. and E. Shelar. Site Selection for the Monitoring of Photochemical

Air Pollutants. Stanford Research Institute,

Menlo Park, CA. Prepared for U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC. EPA Publication No. EPA450/3-78 013. April 1978.

14. Lead Analysis for Kansas City and Cincinnati, PEDCo Environmental, Inc., Cincinnati, OH. Prepared for U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC. EPA Contract No. 66-02-2515,

June 1977.

15. Barltrap, D. and C.D. Strelow. Westway

Nursery Testing Project. Report to the

Greater London Council. August 1976.

16. Daimes, R. H., H. Moto, and D. M.

Chilko. Atmospheric Lead: Its Relationship

to Traffic Volume and Proximity to Highways. Environ. Sci. and Technol., 4:318, 1970.

17. Johnson, D. E., et al. Epidemiologic

Study of the Effects of Automobile Traffic

on Blood Lead Levels, Southwest Research

Institute, Houston, TX. Prepared for U.S.

Environmental Protection Agency, Research

Triangle Park, NC. EPA-600/1-78-055, August

1978.

18. Air Quality Criteria for Lead. Office of

Research and Development, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, DC

EPA-600/8 83-028 aF dF, 1986, and supplements EPA-600/8-89/049F, August 1990. (NTIS

document numbers PB87 142378 and PB91

138420.)

19. Lyman, D. R. The Atmospheric Diffusion of Carbon Monoxide and Lead from an

Pt. 58, App. E

Expressway, Ph.D. Dissertation, University

of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH. 1972.

20. Wechter, S.G. Preparation of Stable

Pollutant Gas Standards Using Treated Aluminum Cylinders. ASTM STP. 598:40-54, 1976.

21. Wohlers, H.C., H. Newstein and D.

Daunis. Carbon Monoxide and Sulfur Dioxide

Adsorption On and Description From Glass,

Plastic and Metal Tubings. J. Air Poll. Con.

Assoc. 17:753, 1976.

22. Elfers, L.A. Field Operating Guide for

Automated Air Monitoring Equipment. U.S.

NTIS. p. 202, 249, 1971.

23. Hughes, E.E. Development of Standard

Reference Material for Air Quality Measurement. ISA Transactions, 14:281 291, 1975.

24. Altshuller, A.D. and A.G. Wartburg. The

Interaction of Ozone with Plastic and Metallic Materials in a Dynamic Flow System. Intern. Jour. Air and Water Poll., 4:70-78, 1961.

25. Code of Federal Regulations. Title 40

part 53.22, July 1976.

26. Butcher, S.S. and R.E. Ruff. Effect of

Inlet Residence Time on Analysis of Atmospheric Nitrogen Oxides and Ozone, Anal.

Chem., 43:1890, 1971.

27. Slowik, A.A. and E.B. Sansone. Diffusion Losses of Sulfur Dioxide in Sampling

Manifolds. J. Air. Poll. Con. Assoc., 24:245,

1974.

28. Yamada, V.M. and R.J. Charlson. Proper Sizing of the Sampling Inlet Line for a

Continuous Air Monitoring Station. Environ.

Sci. and Technol., 3:483, 1969.

29. Koch, R.C. and H.E. Rector. Optimum

Network Design and Site Exposure Criteria

for Particulate Matter, GEOMET Technologies, Inc., Rockville, MD. Prepared for

U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC. EPA Contract No.

68-02 3584. EPA 450/4-87-009. May 1987.

30. Burton, R.M. and J.C. Suggs. Philadelphia Roadway Study. Environmental Monitoring Systems Laboratory, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, N.C. EPA 600/4 84-070 September

1984.

31. Technical Assistance Document For

Sampling and Analysis of Ozone Precursors.

Atmospheric Research and Exposure Assessment Laboratory, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC

27711. EPA 600/8-91-215. October 1991.

32. Quality Assurance Handbook for Air

Pollution Measurement Systems: Volume IV.

Meteorological Measurements. Atmospheric

Research and Exposure Assessment Laboratory, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC 27711. EPA

600/4 90-0003. August 1989.

33. On-Site Meteorological Program Guidance for Regulatory Modeling Applications.
Pt. 58, App. G

Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC 27711. EPA

450/4-87-013. June 1987F.

[71 FR 61323, Oct. 17, 2006, as amended at 75

FR 6535, Feb. 9, 2010; 76 FR 54342, Aug. 31,

2011; 78 FR 3285, Jan. 15, 2013]

APPENDIX F TO PART 58 [RESERVED]

APPENDIX G TO PART 58-UNIFORM AIR

QUALITY INDEX (AQI) AND DAILY REPORTING

GENERAL REQUIREMENTS

1. What is the AQI?

2. Why report the AQI?

3. Must I report the AQI?

4. What goes into my AQI report?

5. Is my AQI report for my MSA only?

6. How do I get my AQI report to the public?

7. How often must I report the AQI?

8. May I make exceptions to these reporting requirements?

CALCULATION

9. How Does the AQI Relate to Air Pollution Levels?

10. What Monitors Should I Use To Get the

Pollutant Concentrations for Calculating the

AQI?

11. Do I have to forecast the AQI?

12. How Do I Calculate the AQI?

BACKGROUND AND REFERENCE MATERIALS

13. What Additional Information Should I

Know?

GENERAL REQUIREMENTS

1. What Is the AQJ?

The AQI is a tool that simplifies reporting

air quality to the general public. The AQI incorporates into a single index concentrations

of 5 criteria pollutants: ozone (03), particulate matter (PM), carbon monoxide (CO), sulfur dioxide (SO,), and nitrogen dioxide (NO ).

The scale of the index is divided into general

categories that are associated with health

messages.

2. Why Report the AQI?

The AQI offers various advantages:

a. It is simple to create and understand.

b. It conveys the health implications of air

quality.

c. It promotes uniform use throughout the

country.

3. Must I Report the AQJ?

You must report the AQI daily if yours is

a metropolitan statistical area (MSA) with a

population over 350,000.

40 CFR Ch. 1 (7-1-13 Edition)

4. What Goes Into My AQI Report?

i. Your AQI report must contain the following:

a. The reporting area(s) (the MSA or subdivision of the MSA).

b. The reporting period (the day for which

the AQI is reported).

c. The critical pollutant (the pollutant

with the highest index value).

d. The AQI (the highest index value).

e. The category descriptor and index value

associated with the AQI and, if you choose to

report in a color format, the associated

color. Use only the following descriptors and

colors for the six AQI categories:

TABLE 1-AQ CATEGORIES

For this AQI Use this descriptor And this color 1

0 to 50 ........................ "G ood . ...................... G reen.

51 to 100 .......... "Moderate . ................ Yellow.

101 to 150

151 to 200

201 to 300

"Unhealthy for Sensitive Groups".

"Unhealthy" . ............

Orange.

Red.

"Very Unhealthy" Purple.

301 and above ........... "Hazardous . ............. Maroon.

1 Specific colors can be found in the most recent reporting

guidance (Guideline for Public Reporting of Daily Air Quality- Air Quality Index (AQI)).

f. The pollutant specific sensitive groups

for any reported index value greater than

100. Use the following sensitive groups for

each pollutant:

When this pollutant

has an

index

value above 100

Ozone

PM I .

Report these sensitive groups * * *

Children and people with asthma are the groups

most at risk.

People with respiratory or heart disease, the elderly and children are the groups most at risk.

PM1 People with respiratory disease are the group most at risk.

CO ........... People with heart disease are the group most at

risk.

SO2 . People with asthma are the group most at risk.

NO2 Children and people with respiratory disease are

the groups most at risk.

ii. When appropriate, your AQI report may

also contain the following:

a. Appropriate health and cautionary

statements.
Environmental Protection Agency

b. The name and index value for other pollutants, particularly those with an index

value greater than 100.

c. The index values for sub-areas of your

MSA.

d. Causes for unusual AQI values.

e. Actual pollutant concentrations.

5. Is My AQI Report for My MSA Only?

Generally, your AQI report applies to your

MSA only. However, if a significant air quality problem exists (AQI greater than 100) in

areas significantly impacted by your MSA

but not in it (for example, 03 concentrations

are often highest downwind and outside an

urban area), you should identify these areas

and report the AQI for these areas as well.

6. How Do I Get My AQI Report to the Public?

You must furnish the daily report to the

appropriate news media (radio, television,

and newspapers). You must make the daily

report publicly available at one or more

places of public access, or by any other

means, including a recorded phone message,

a public Internet site, or facsimile transmission. When the AQI value is greater than

100, it is particularly critical that the reporting to the various news media be as extensive as possible. At a minimum, it should include notification to the media with the

largest market coverages for the area in

question.

7. How Often Must I Report the AQI?

You must report the AQI at least 5 days

per week. Exceptions to this requirement are

in section 8 of this appendix.

8. May I Make Exceptions to These Reporting

Requirements?

i. If the index value for a particular pollutant remains below 50 for a season or year,

then you may exclude the pollutant from

your calculation of the AQI in section 12.

ii. If all index values remain below 50 for a

year, then you may report the AQI at your

discretion. In subsequent years, if pollutant

levels rise to where the AQI would be above

50, then the AQI must be reported as required

in sections 3, 4, 6, and 7 of this appendix.

CALCULATION

9. How does the AQI relate to air pollution

levels?

For each pollutant, the AQI transforms

ambient concentrations to a scale from 0 to

500. The AQI is keyed as appropriate to the

national ambient air quality standards

(NAAQS) for each pollutant. In most cases,

the index value of 100 is associated with the

numerical level of the short-term standard

(i.e., averaging time of 24-hours or less) for

each pollutant. The index value of 50 is associated with the numerical level of the annual

Pt. 58, App. G

standard for a pollutant, if there is one, at

one-half the level of the short-term standard

for the pollutant, or at the level at which it

is appropriate to begin to provide guidance

on cautionary language. Higher categories of

the index are based on increasingly serious

health effects and increasing proportions of

the population that are likely to be affected.

The index is related to other air pollution

concentrations through linear interpolation

based on these levels. The AQI is equal to the

highest of the numbers corresponding to

each pollutant. For the purposes of reporting

the AQI, the sub-indexes for PM 1 and PM,2

are to be considered separately. The pollutant responsible for the highest index value

(the reported AQI) is called the "critical"

pollutant.

10. What monitors should I use to get the pollutant concentrations for calculating the AQI?

You must use concentration data from

State/Local Air Monitoring Station

(SLAMS) or parts of the SLAMS required by

40 CFR 58.10 for each pollutant except PM.

For PM, calculate and report the AQI on

days for which you have measured air quality data (e.g., from continuous PM,5 monitors required in Appendix D to this part).

You may use PM measurements from monitors that are not reference or equivalent

methods (for example, continuous PMlo or

PM27 monitors). Detailed guidance for relating non-approved measurements to approved

methods by statistical linear regression is

referenced in section 13 below.

11. Do I Have to Forecast the AQI?

You should forecast the AQI to provide

timely air quality information to the public,

but this is not required. If you choose to

forecast the AQI, then you may consider

both long-term and short-term forecasts.

You can forecast the AQI at least 24-hours in

advance using the most accurate and reasonable procedures considering meteorology, topography, availability of data, and forecasting expertise. The document "Guideline

for Developing an Ozone Forecasting Program' (the Forecasting Guidance) will help

you start a forecasting program. You can

also issue short-term forecasts by predicting

8-hour ozone values from 1-hour ozone values

using methods suggested in the Reporting

Guidance, "Guideline for Public Reporting of

Daily Air Quality."

12. How do I calculate the AQI?

i. The AQI is the highest value calculated

for each pollutant as follows:

a. Identify the highest concentration

among all of the monitors within each reporting area and truncate as follows:

(1) Ozone-truncate to 3 decimal places

PM 2. truncate to 1 decimal place

PM w-truncate to integer
Pt. 58, App. G

CO-truncate to 1 decimal place

SO2 truncate to integer

NO2-truncate to integer

(2) [Reserved]

40 CFR Ch. 1 (7-1-13 Edition)

b. Using Table 2, find the two breakpoints

that contain the concentration.

c. Using Equation 1, calculate the index.

d. Round the index to the nearest integer.

TABLE 2-BREAKPOINTS FOR THE AQ

These breakpoints Equal these AQI's

O (ppm) 8- 03 (ppm) 1- PM 5 (Pbg/m s) PM 1o (Pg/ CO (ppm) SO2 (ppb) NO2 (ppb) AQI Categor hour hour' 24-hour m 9) 24-hour 8-hour 1-hour 1-hour

0.000-0.059 .................... 0.0-12.0 0-54 0.0-4.4 0-35 0-53 0-50 Good.

0.060-0.075 .................... 12.1-35.4 55-154 4.5-9.4 36-75 54-100 51-100 Moderate.

0.076-0.095 0.125-0.164 35.5-55.4 155-254 9.5-12.4 76-185 101-360 101-150 Unhealthy for

Sensitive

Groups.

0.096-0.115 0.165-0.204 355.5-150.4 255-354 12.5-15.4 4186-304 361-649 151-200 Unhealthy.

0.116-0.374 0.205-0.404 3150.5-250.4 355-424 15.5-30.4 4305_604 650-1249 201-300 Very

Unhealthy. (2) 0.405-0.504 3250.5-350.4 425-504 30.5-40.4 4605-804 1250-1649 301-400 Hazardous.

(2) .......... 0.505-0.604 3350.5-500.4 505-604 40.5-50.4 4805-1004 1650-2049 401-500

1 Areas are generally required to report the AQI based on 8-hour ozone values. However, there are a small number of areas

where an AQI based on 1-hour ozone values would be more precautionary. In these cases, in addition to calculating the 8-hour ozone index value, the 1-hour ozone index value may be calculated, and the maximum of the two values reported. 28-hour 03 values do not define higher AQI values (_>301). AQI values of 301 or greater are calculated with 1-hour 03 con- centrations. 3If a different SHL for PM2,5 is promulgated, these numbers will change accordingly. 41-hr SO, values do not define higher AQI values (2: 200). AQI values of 200 or greater are calculated with 24-hour SO, concentrations.

ii. If the concentration is equal to a break- note that in some areas, the AQI based on 1-

point, then the index is equal to the cor- hour 03 will be more precautionary than

responding index value in Table 2. However, using 8-hour values (see footnote 1 to Table

Equation 1 can still be used. The results will 2). In these cases, you may use 1-hour values

be equal. If the concentration is between two as well as 8-hour values to calculate index

breakpoints, then calculate the index of that values and then use the maximum index

pollutant with Equation 1. You must also value as the AQI for 03.

Hi- Io (C, - BPLo ) + ILo (Equation 1)

p BPHi_ BPLo

Where: ample, if you observe a PM o value of 210 g/

I, = the index value for pollutant m 3 , a 1-hour 03 value of 0.156 ppm, and an 8-

Cp = the truncated concentration of pollut- hour 0, value of 0.130 ppm, then do this:

ant, a. Find the breakpoints for PM ) at 210 g/

BP, = the breakpoint that is greater than or m3 as 155 pg/m 3 and 254 pg/m3 , corresponding

equal to Cp to index values 101 and 150;

BPL, = the breakpoint that is less than or b. Find the breakpoints for 1-hour 03 at

equal to Cp 0.156 ppm as 0.125 ppm and 0.164 ppm, corIu, = the AQI value corresponding to BFHt responding to index values 101 and 150;

I, = the AQI value corresponding to BP ... c. Find the breakpoints for 8-hour 03 at

iii. If the concentration is larger than the 0.130 ppm as 0.116 ppm and 0.374 ppm, corhighest breakpoint in Table 2 then you may responding to index values 201 and 300; use the last two breakpoints in Table 2 when d. Apply Equation 1 for 210 pg/m 3 , FM lo:

you apply Equation 1.

Example 150 - -(210 101 - 155) + 101 = 128

iv. Using Table 2 and Equation 1, calculate 254 - 155

the index value for each of the pollutants

measured and select the one that produces e. Apply Equation 1 for 0.156 ppm, 1-hour

the highest index value for the AQI. For ex- 0':
Environmental Protection Agency

150 - 101

0.164 - 0.125 0.125) + 101 = 140

f. Apply Equation 1 for 0.130 ppm, 8-hour

01:

300- 0. 201 - 2016 (0.130 - 0.116) +201 0.374 - 0.116

g. Find the maximum, 206. This is the AQI.

The minimal AQI report would read:

v. Today, the AQI for my city is 206 which

is Very Unhealthy, due to ozone. Children

and people with asthma are the groups most

at risk.

13. What additional information should I know?

The EPA has developed a computer program to calculate the AQI for you. The program prompts for inputs, and it displays all

the pertinent information for the AQI (the

index value, color, category, sensitive group,

health effects, and cautionary language).

The EPA has also prepared a brochure on the

AQI that explains the index in detail (The

Air Quality Index), Reporting Guidance

(Technical Assistance Document for the Reporting of Daily Air Quality-the Air Quality Index (AQI)) that provides associated

health effects and cautionary statements,

and Forecasting Guidance (Guideline for Developing an Ozone Forecasting Program)

that explains the steps necessary to start an

air pollution forecasting program. You can

download the program and the guidance documents at www.airnow.gov. Reference for relating non-approved PM measurements to

approved methods (Eberly, S., T. Fitz-Simons, T. Hanley, L. Weinstock., T.

Tamanini, G. Denniston, B. Lambeth, E.

Michel, S. Bortnick. Data Quality Objectives

(DQOs) For Relating Federal Reference

Method (FRM) and Continuous PM,.5 Measurements to Report an Air Quality Index

(AQI). U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC. EPA-454/B02-002, November 2002) can be found on the

Ambient Monitoring Technology Information Center (AMTIC) Web site, http://

www.epa.gov/ttnamtil/.

[64 FR 42547, Aug. 4, 1999, as amended at 73

FR 16513, Mar. 27, 2008; 75 FR 6537, Feb. 9,

2010; 75 FR 35602, June 22, 2010; 78 FR 3286,

Jan. 15, 2013]

PART 59-NATIONAL VOLATILE ORGANIC COMPOUND EMISSION

STANDARDS FOR CONSUMER

AND COMMERCIAL PRODUCTS

See.

Subpart A-General

59.1 Final determinations under Section

183(e)(3)(C) of the CAA.

Subpart B-National Volatile Organic

Compound Emission Standards for

Automobile Refinish Coatings

59.100 Applicability and designation of regulated entity.

59.101 Definitions.

59.102 Standards.

59.103 Container labeling requirements.

59.104 Compliance provisions.

59. 105 Reporting requirements.

59.106 Variance.

59.107 Addresses of EPA Regional offices.

59.108 State authority.

59.109 Circumvention.

59.110 Incorporations by reference.

59.111 Availability of information and con- fidentiality.

TABLE 1 TO SUBPART B OF PART 59-VOLATILE

ORGANIC COMPOUND (VOC) CONTENT LIMITS FOR AUTOMOBILE REFINISH COATINGS

Subpart C-National Volatile Organic

Compound Emission Standards for

Consumer Products

59.201 Applicability and designation of regulated entity.

59.202 Definitions.

59.203 Standards for consumer products.

59.204 Innovative product provisions.

59.205 Labeling.

59.206 Variances.

59.207 Test methods.

59.208 Charcoal lighter material testing protocol.

Pt. 59