V olu m e 1, N u m ber 3

Ju ly, 2000

by Kent Kogler, WSTIAC

Victor Kokodis, Paul Kisatsky, Rick Wagner

TACOM-ARDEC, Picatinny Arsenal,NJ

Program Overview

Under a recently completed contract with U.S. Army ARDEC, a team of technical experts 

and service providers was assembled to demonstrate that anti-personnel land mines could be 

replaced by sensors without sacrificing Area Denial objectives. Area denial is an essential

element of warfare used to delay, disrupt, destroy or channelize enemy forces into a situation 

where they may be attacked by friendly forces. Currently, WSTIAC, under a new contract

with ARDEC, is continuing to employ this assembly of experts and service providers to tailor

and modify existing hardware to explore tradeoffs of Area Denial Anti-Vehicle concepts. Area 

Denial concepts, as applied to the Next Generation of Scatterable mines (NGSM), are

oriented to the philosophy of greatly reducing the cost and logistics burden of the current 

Family of Scatterable Mines (FASCAM) while maintaining or improving their current

effectiveness. By extending the sensing radius of the mines and employing some level of

warhead mobility, each mine can protect a larger surrounding area, thus reducing the

number of mines required per minefield. Reducing the logistic burden of the number of

scatterable mines, is directly supportive of the current army philosophy to lighten the future

combat system (FCS). U. S. Army ARDEC is evolving the NGSM to populate an Area Denial 

System (ADS). NGSM endows ADS with several advantages as depicted in Figure 1.

W EAPO N SY S T E M S T E C H N OLO GY IN FOR M A T IO N ANA L Y SIS C E N TER 

C on ten ts

Area D en ial For N ext 

Gen eration ............................... 1

M IC RO Air V ehic les ............... 6

In the n ew s ............................., 8

Join s the team ......................... 9

EMC Aw aren ess .................... 9

Sm art W eapon s C on f ...... 10

IAC Rou n d u p ........................ 10

C alen d ar of ev en ts ............ 11

W STIAC is a D oD In form ation 

An alysis C en ter Spon sored by the 

D efen se Tec hn ic al In form ation 

C en ter and Operated by IiT 

Researc h In stitu te
2

It is desirable that NGSM concepts be compatible with

delivery by the Volcano Launcher, a typical laydown

randomly distributing the mines in a 960 meter by 150

meter field. Future delivery modes being considered are

Smart Carriers and UAVs. A single communication node

will remotely activate or deactivate the mine field.

Current scatterable anti-tank mines (FASCAM) rely on

the probability, for a given density of mines, of a target

rolling over the mine to achieve a kill. The NGSM will

detect a target at a distance and within an extended range, 

deliver the warhead to it. NGSM is a smart mine approach

introducing mobility and a target sensor/tracker to the mine, 

endowing it with the ability to move toward or to fire toward 

the target. The NGSM thus increases its lethal radius from

near zero to a range at which warhead penetration is

assured. In effect, the width of the target is increased

significantly, thus improving the probability of engaging a

mine. As demonstrated by Figures 2 and 3, even modest

increases in lethal radius greatly reduce the density, cost and 

logistic burden of NGSM’s relative to the conventional

FASCAM mine field.

Figure 1. NGSM Area Denial Architecture
3

Next Generation Scatterable Mines

Four approaches to Area Denial For Next Generation

Scatterable Mines have been identified by the technical 

team of experts and are now being conceptually developed

in this program. Various warheads are being analyzed to

determine those most compatible with the evolving mine

concepts and effectively killing armored and vehicle targets. 

(WSTIAC is developing concepts 3&4.)

1) SAIC Center For Intelligent Systems is developing a 

prototype motorized SUBOT. This mine moves to 

the target aided by on board sensors. Once under 

the target, the warhead engages the vehicle. (See 

Figure 4.)

2) Tracer Round, Ltd. is developing a prototype mine 

(Spider) that deploys a tethered mechanism that 

attaches itself to the target. Once attached, the EFP 

warhead pulls itself toward the target along the 

tether. (See Figure 5.)

Figure 2. Probability Of Encountering A Mine With FASCAM Figure 3. Probability Of Encountering A Mine With NGSM

 Figure 4. Motorized SUBOT Figure 5. Munition Configuration

WSTIAC NEWSLETTER, 3rd Quarter 2000
4

3) The Side Attack Mine (SAM), being developed by 

WSTIAC, can acquire and rotationally track the 

target from its ground stationary position and side 

attack the target from a distance with its warhead. 

(See Figure 6.)

4) The Bounder, the second mine concept being 

developed by WSTIAC, overcomes obstacles in the 

line of sight by acquiring the target and bounding up 

about one meter, tracking the target and engaging it 

from a distance with its warhead. (See Figure 7.)

Figure 6. Side Attack Munition (SAM)

SAM 

Constructed

From Light

Weight-High

Impact 

Plastic

Side Attack Munition (SAM) Conceptual Design

Azimuth 

(360°) And 

Altitude EFP 

Aiming By 

Sensors, 

Computer, 

And Stepper 

Motors

SAM Feet

Activated 

Mechanically 

(Spring) Or By

Motor

SAM Fires

EFP From 

Side

Figure 7. Bounding Munition 
5

Sensors

Implementation of the above concepts requires

incorporation of a sensor able to detect a target and then

provide target bearing and target range. The detection

range may exceed the kill range to compensate for the

reaction time of the mine to intercept the target path or

orient its warhead toward the target. A variety of sensor

approaches are being traded off to identify the best

approaches for the above concepts. 

Quantum Magnetics Inc. will be demonstrating a

gradient magnetometer based on magneto-resistive sensors. 

A field experiment will be conducted this summer to evaluate 

target detection ranges and bearing accuracy,

discrimination of target types and resolution of multiple

targets. 

SenTech is fabricating a combined acoustic/laser range

finder sensor to also be demonstrated later this summer. In

this approach, established acoustic sensing, developed on

previous ARDEC programs, provides target bearing and

signature information and is complimented by a COTS laser 

range finder.

The Ohio State University Electro-Sciences Laboratory is

studying ultra-wide band radar and antennas compatible

with the mines and their deployment. Experiments, initiated

in the previous program, are being conducted to

demonstrate near ground propagation ranges and potential 

for penetrating foliage.

Other potential sensing mechanisms such as fiber-optic 

trip wires are being studied by WSTIAC.

Summary

The current program addressing Area Denial For

NGSM Exploration is being conducted in two phases, the

first phase culminating in the demonstration of four concepts 

to substantially increase the kill radius of anti-vehicle mines. 

While the first phase demonstration will not employ sensors

to detect and acquire targets, sensor candidates will be

analyzed and demonstrated to identify those sensor

concepts to be carried into a second phase demonstration. 

The second phase will culminate in autonomous target

detection and acquisition demonstrating ability to kill the

target.

WSTIAC NEWSLETTER, 3rd Quarter 2000

Georgia Institute of Tech nology Continuing Ed ucation is presenting its

annual sh ort course offering:

Greg Stenzoski, Marketing Specialist

Georgia Tech Continuing Education

This intensive, four-day course provides the background for understanding modern Guidance, Navigation, and Control 

(GNC) systems. The course will describe the principles of Inertial Navigation Systems (INS), how INS errors arise and grow 

with time, and how other navigation systems (e.g. GPS) are integrated with an INS. Attendees will learn how flight vehicles 

are modeled, understand their dynamic behavior, and how their autopilots and stability augmentation systems are designed. 

Missile guidance systems will be described, their performance limitations given, and the techniques for assessing missdistance performance will be explained and illustrated. Software tools and simulations will be used to illustrate appropriate 

ideas, and course notes will be provided to each attendee.

The course is designed for engineers and scientists involved in the guidance, navigation, and control of land, sea, or air 

vehicles, whether piloted or automatically guided. Attendees will be able to improve their analytical understanding of the 

performance limitations, design trade-offs, and methods of analysis and simulation of these systems.

For more information, visit the Georgia Tech Continuing Education web site at http://www.conted.gatech.edu/home

www.conted.gatech.edu/home, contact them via e-mail at conted@gatech.edu, or call (404) 385-3543.

NNoovveemmbbeerr 1144--1177,, 22000000
6

by James M. McMichael, and

Col. Michael S. Francis, USAF (Ret.)

formerly of DARO

... In Touch With The User

Success in any MAV mission rests with ability to establish 

a successful, robust communications link between the MAV

and its user/operator. Figure 1 illustrates some of the factors 

influencing the communication systems design. 

Communication problems relate primarily to the small

vehicle size, hence small antenna size, and to the limited

power available to support the bandwidth required (2-4 

megabits per second) for image transmission. Control

functions demand much lower bandwidth capabilities, in the 

10's of kilobits range, at most. Image compression helps

reduce the bandwidth requirement, but this increases onboard processing and hence power requirements. The

limited power budget means the omni-directional signal will

be quite weak. So directional ground antennas may be

required to track the vehicle, using line-of-sight 

transmissions. But limitations to line-of-sight would be 

Note: Continued from last issue.

severely restrictive for urban operations, so other

approaches will have to be found. One approach is to

explore cellular communication architectures.

...MAV Payloads

The first generation MAVs will be equipped with sensor

packages to accomplish various reconnaissance or

surveillance tasks. A variety of sensors will have to be

adapted and integrated into MAV systems. These may

include optical, IR, acoustic, bio-chemical, nuclear, and

others. 

A visible imaging system is perhaps the most sought

after payload for initial MAV applications and it fortunately

employs the most mature of the micro sensor technologies.

Figure 2 depicts a tiny video camera system envisioned by

Lincoln Laboratory. The camera would weigh only 1 gram

and occupy roughly one cubic centimeter, as shown in

comparison to a deer fly. The camera would have

1000x1000 pixels and require as little as 25 milliwatts of

power. The Lincoln Laboratory study suggests that this

concept is feasible with emerging technology in about two

years. 

To add more substance to the discussion, consider the

use of this payload in a compatible MAV design (Figure 3).

This 8 cm (3 inch) concept vehicle was also studied by

Lincoln Laboratory investigators. The overall weight of the

vehicle is only 10 grams, and the total power required is 1

watt. Note that propulsion would require 90 percent of the

available power and 70 percent of the total weight. This

vehicle concept envisions a video system that operates at

only one frame every two seconds. The video system is

forward mounted, and looks down at 45 degrees to the

direction of flight. Higher frame rates will increase the

demand for high-power and high-energy-density sources.

Additional power would be required for on-board image

compression and for higher data rate communications.

Figure 1. Issues Influencing MAV Communications
7

It is more likely that in the near term fixed wing MAVs

will be closer to 6 inches in length, weigh on the order of 50 

grams and require 8-10 watts of power. Here too, the

propulsion systems will consume nearly 90 percent of all

available power, leaving only 10 percent for avionics

systems, including communications. 

....Soldier Proofing 

Building a Micro Air Vehicle that can fly and perform a

useful function is indeed a significant challenge. But fielding

a system which can survive in a range of nasty, treacherous

military environments increases the challenge by at least

another order of magnitude. External flight issues such as

ambient temperatures, winds, moisture, and salt spray are

only a fraction of the problem. 

MAVs must be designed to be safe and simple to

operate, preferably by an individual soldier. The launch

system must accommodate possible severe initial conditions, 

such as being launched at speed or at an extreme angle.

Electronic connectivity must be rapid and secure. And

control interfaces must involve minimal concentration,

freeing the operator to perform other duties. 

The MAV must have a simple logistic tail. It must either

be expendable or it must be easy to repair under field

conditions. It must easily integrate into the combatant's field 

pack, and must be well-protected from hazards, including

shock, until it is operated. 

Finally, the MAV must be affordable. Affordability is, to

some extent, dictated by the complexity and importance of

the mission. But MAVs will not be fielded in large numbers if 

their cost is prohibitive. For many of the routine missions

being considered, an expendable MAV must cost no more

that an anti-tank round. 

A Final Note 

Despite the significant challenges facing the MAV

developer, all indications are that these systems can be

developed with today's emerging electronic and related

technologies. Recognize that this statement permits an

evolution of capability over time that will begin with the

simplest of systems and missions. While small scale poses

enormous technical challenges, it offers major advantages,

not just in terms of enabling new missions, but in terms of

potentially short fabrication and testing time scales. These

"small" time scales may help insure brief "gestation periods"

(development cycle times) for each generation of capability.

If this is so, we may optimistically anticipate a rapid

evolution of MAVs to militarily useful and flexible systems in

the not-too-distant future. u

References:

1. Hundley Richard O., Gritton, Eugene C., "Future 

Technology-Driven Revolutions in Military Operations," 

Documented Briefing of the RAND National Defense 

Research Institute, December 1992. 

2. Davis, W.R., "Micro UAV," Presentation to 23rd Annual 

AUVSI Symposium, 15-19 July, 1996.

Approved for Public Release, Distribution Unlimited

WSTIAC NEWSLETTER, 3rd Quarter 2000

Figure 2. MAV Camera Concept

(Source – MIT Lincoln Laboratory)

Figure 3. MIT Lincoln Laboratory MAV Concept
8

Dr. Kitchens is the Chief Scientist of the Weapon Systems Technology Information Analysis

Center, managed for DoD by the IIT Research Institute. He has more than three decades of

experience planning, conducting and managing weapons-related research and development

programs. His technical experience includes work at the Atlantic Research Corporation, as an

Instructor at North Carolina State University, military service as an Army Ordnance Officer, and

civilian leadership positions at the Ballistic Research Laboratory, Army Research Laboratory, Army

Armament Research Development and Engineering Center, Office of the Director of Defense

Research and Engineering and the Army Materiel Command. While Director for Weapons

Technologies, Office of the Director of Defense Research and Engineering, he was responsible for

providing technical leadership, management oversight, policy guidance and coordination for DoD

conventional weapons, directed energy weapons and electronic warfare science and technology

programs valued at $1 billion annually. In his previous position as Principal Deputy for Technology, Army Materiel Command,

he was the chief technology executive for a 58,000-person major Army command with seven R&D laboratories and engineering

centers and a $0.9 billion annual science and technology program conducted in cooperation with 24 foreign counties.

He holds BS and MS degrees from Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University and a Ph.D degree from North Carolina 

State University, all in engineering mechanics. He has more than 50 technical publications related to weapons technologies and 

effects. His international activities have included serving as the U.S. National Leader for the TTCP Weapons Group (involving

United Kingdom, Canada, Australia and New Zealand), U.S. Chairman of the Senior National Representatives (Army) Future

Tank Main Armament Interoperability Working Group (involving France, Germany and United Kingdom) and co-chair of

executive-level technology oversight committees with France, Germany and United Kingdom, among others.

Dr. Kitchens is a registered Professional Engineer, an Associate Fellow of the American Institute of Aeronautics and

Astronautics and a Fellow Emeritus of the Army Research Laboratory and Ballistic Research Laboratory. His other honors include: 

NASA Traineeship, Ford Foundation Fellowship, Army Superior Civilian Service Award (two awards), Army Meritorious Civilian

Service Award, Army Decoration for Exceptional Civilian Service (two awards), American Defense Preparedness Association

Firepower Award for Development, Honorable Order of Saint Barbara (Field Artillery) and the Presidential Rank Award of

Meritorious Executive. He is listed in “Who’s Who in America” and other reference publications. 

He is married to the former Terry Lee Worsley of Winchester, VA. He and his wife have two grown children, Kathy and Mark.

D r.W e s Kitc h e n s jo in s W S TIAC a s C h ie f S c ie n tist

WSTIAC Wants Your Contributions

u We hope you find this issue of the WSTIAC Newsletter useful and interesting. You can help us to better serve you by your 

 contributions, such as:

u Your comments on what you liked and disliked about the Newsletter

u Your suggestions for WSTIAC data products and services

u Technical articles, opinion pieces, tutorials, news releases or letters to the Editor for publication in the Newsletter

u To contact WSTIAC, use any of the ways listed on the back cover, or use the feedback form on the WSTIAC webpage

u We welcome your contributions.
9

WSTIAC NEWSLETTER, 3rd Quarter 2000

Dr. Ted McClanahan, Senior

Weapons Technology Analyst

Dr. Ted McClanahan has joined the staff of WSTIAC as a Senior Weapons

Technology Analyst. He is a retired naval aviator and aeronautical engineer. 

During his Navy career, he flew P-3 Orion aircraft whose mission was maritime

reconnaissance and anti-submarine warfare. He pursued postgraduate studies in

Physics and Mechanical Engineering. His shore tours included program

management billets in cruise missile test and evaluation, the acquisition of aviation

systems and weapons, and an assignment on an aircraft carrier as the air traffic

control director. He also taught physics for three years at the U.S. Naval Academy.

Since retiring from the military, Dr. McClanahan has worked in highly technical,

challenging programs including submarine noise quieting, low frequency active 

sonar development, over-the-horizon radar system development, and aging navy

aircraft refurbishment. Utilizing this diverse technical background, he will focus his

WSTIAC efforts on Navy and Air Force aviation programs as well as maritime

weapons technology.

A three-day short course presented by the

C ou rse Sc hed u le

25-27 July – Wright-Patterson AFB, OH

12-14 September – San Diego, CA

Weapon Systems Technology

Information Analysis Center
10

A new distance learning course: Internet based and

free of charge this course offers a STIP overview, STIP

policies and regulations, where to locate technical

information, and much more. There are audio/video

features, interactive exercises, discussion group, chat room,

and Ask-the-Instructor. The course will be useful to STINFO

managers, librarians, data managers, technology transfer

officers, security managers, industrial program managers,

and anyone needing an introduction to or overview for the

STINFO class. Use as a preview or refresher to the STINFO

class. For further information see: 

http://training.dtic.mil/welcome/welcome.html

The DTIC Annual Users Meeting and Training, 

November 6-9, 2000

A wide variety of outstanding speakers and exhibits have 

been brought together to bring up to date developments in 

the field of information. See what will help you meet the

increasingly difficult challenges you face operating in the

rapidly changing DoD environment. Join many of your

colleagues to hear what is happening within DoD. Hear

what the leaders in our field have to say about new tools,

techniques and how security issues are being addressed.

Get it from the source as DTIC staff members brief on new

and enhanced services and demonstrate new products. The

conference will be held at the DoubleTree Hotel Rockville 

located at 1750 Rockville Pike, Rockville, Maryland, only a

short ride away from our nation's capital. The DoubleTree is

situated next to the Twinbrook Metro Stop. In keeping with

popular and long-standing tradition, the conference

includes an opportunity to participate in informative and

entertaining tours. The exhibits will provide an opportunity

to talk face to face in a relaxed setting with DTIC

representatives as well as those from other government

information agencies and commercial vendors.

For details contact Ms. Jeri McAllister. IIT Research Institute

Phone: 256-382-4700, ext 4715, FAX: 256-382-4701

Email: jmcallister@iitri.org

15-17 August 2000

Huntsville, AL

19-21 September 2000

Omaha, NB

by Vakare Valaitis
11

14-17 August 2000

AIAA Guidance Navigation and Control Conference

Denver CO

For additional information

http://www.aiaa.org/calendar/gncce00cfp.html 

22-24 August 2000

AF Laser Hardened Materials Program Review

NIST, Boulder CO. 

For additional information contact IRIA 734.994.1200 ex 

2821. Email: romatz@afrl.af.mil

28-31 August 2000

Joint Services Small Arms Symposium & Exhibition

Indianapolis, IN

For additional information

Email: mmccrory@ndia.org

http://register.ndia.org/interview/register.ndia?~Brochure~

061 

6-8 September 2000

Federal Database Colloquium and Exposition

San Diego CA

For additional information call 800.336.4583 ext 6130

Email: events@afcea.org

http://www.afcea.com/database2000/default.htm

13 September 2000

Theater Ballistic Missile Defense Conference

Kossiakoff Center/APL Laurel MD

For additional information: Email: aking@ndia.org

http://register.ndia.org/interview/register.ndia?~Brochure~

016 

18-21 September 2000

Undersea Warfare Fall Conference

Groton, CT

For additional information

Email: ecurry@ndia.org

http://register.ndia.org/interview/register.ndia?~Brochure~

024 

19-22 September 2000

Fourth Joint International Military Sensing Symposium

Formerly NATO-IRIS Joint Symposium

Ecole Polytechnique

Palaiseau, France

For additional information call IRIA at 734.994.1200 

x2881

19-22 September 2000

Advanced Electronic Warfare Principles

Short Course/$996

Georgia Institute of Technology

For additional information call 404.385.3502

Email: conted@gatech.edu

http://www.conted.gatech.edu 

19-22 September 2000

Infrared Technology and Applications

Short Course/$1295

Georgia Institute of Technology

For additional information call 404.385.3502

Email: conted@gatech.edu

http://www.conted.gatech.edu 

The WSTIAC Newsletter is the current awareness publication of the Weapon Systems Technology Information Analysis Center (WSTIAC). 

WSTIAC, a Department of Defense (DoD) Information Analysis Center (IAC), is administratively managed by the Defense Information Systems 

Agency (DISA), Defense Technical Information Center (DTIC) under the DoD IAC Program. The Contracting Officer’s Technical Representative 

(COTR) for WSTIAC is Mr. H. Jack Taylor, ODUSD (S&T), Defense Pentagon, Washington, D.C. 20301-3080, (703) 588-7405. IIT Research 

Institute operates WSTIAC, which services Government, industry, and academia as a Center of Excellence in Weapon Systems Technology.

WSTIAC Director: Richard Hayes Database Inquiries: Vakare Valaitis Internet: http://wstiac.iitri.org

256.382.4700, ext 4746 Email: rhayes@iitri.org 312.567.4345 Email: vvalaitis@iitri.org

General Information: Carole Simko To order WSTIAC products:

312.567.4587 Email: csimko@iitri.org Voice: 312.567.4587 Fax: 312.567.4889

All data and information herein reported are believed to be reliable; however, no warrant, expressed or implied, is to be construed as to the 

accuracy or the completeness of the information presented. The view, opinion, and findings contained in this publication are those of the 

author(s) and should not be construed as an official Agency position, policy, or decision, unless so designated by other official documentation.

WSTIAC NEWSLETTER, 3rd Quarter 2000
WSTIAC

Information Request

Please return this form to ... or fax ...

IIT Research Institute/WSTIAC

ATTN: Publication Department 312 . 567 . 4889

10 West 35th Street

Chicago, IL 60616-3799

£ Add my name to the WSTIAC Newsletter mailing list £ Correct my address information (see below)

£ Please send WSTIAC Technical Area Task Information (government) £ Please send WSTIAC Subscriber Information 

 (Industry)

£ Please send WSTIAC general information £ Please send WSTIAC publications list

£ Please send information on GENESIS Model

Name: _______________________________________________________________________________________________________________

Organization: ________________________________________________________________________________________________________

Address: ____________________________________________________ Telephone: ___________________________________________

 ____________________________________________________ Fax: __________________________________________________

 ____________________________________________________ E-mail: _______________________________________________

Please also add my name to the following mailing lists:

£ MTIAC £ RAC £ AMPTIAC £ MSIAC £ IATAC

 Manufacturing Reliability Advanced Modeling and Information

 Technology Maintainability Materials Simulation Assurance

 Quality and Processes and Testing

WSTIAC

10 West 35th Street

Chicago, IL 60616-3799

215 Wynn Drive, Suite 101

Huntsville, AL 35805

In sid e this issu e...

Area D en ial For N ext Gen eration

M IC RO Air V ehic les

In the n ew s

Join s the team

EM C Aw aren ess

Sm art W eapon s C on feren c e

IAC Rou n d u p

C alen d ar of ev en ts

Nonprofit Organization

U.S. Postage Paid

Chicago, IL

Permit No.4885