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# 1 ENWRONMENTA L PROTECTW K

AGENC Y

' [4 © CF

RPar t30 1 m-M Dosfcs * *mabm QeQf B W-l ] LEA D rYoposs d Notional AmbientAi rQualb y Standar d AGENCY : Environmenta l Protectio n LON : Propose d rule . SUMMARY : I n respons e t o a cour tor t o adop ta nationa l ambien tai rqual - ' standar d fo rlead , KP

A propose s t o so t nationa l standar d fo rairborn e lea d o f microgram s loa d pe r cubi c mete r |<» #Pb/ss*) , monthl y average . Follow - |ln g promulgatio n o f th e standard , wil l develo p implementatio n Iptan * to r EP A approva l whic h demon strat e ho v th e standar d wil l b e attaine d be rIMS , an d maintaine d thereafter . Th e | propose d standar d fo r lea d la base d o n KPA Judgment s abou tgroup s tai th e pop ulatio n tha tar e a tparticula rria k t o lead , th o lowes tlevel s of lea d exposur e assoctatff

l wit h advers e effect s o n health . an d th e relativ e importanc e o f airborn e lea d aa a sourc e o f

lea d exposure . EP A believe s It s proposa l reflect s th e increas in g concer n fro m medica l researc h abou t prolonge d lo w leve l exposur e t o lea d b y youn g children . Th e ai r standar d pro pose d b y EP A to baae d o n a goa l fo rtota l lea d exposur e lowe rtha n previousl y ad vocate d b y othe rFedera l agencies . Ther e is , however , continuin g controvers y ove r ke y area s o f

researc h underlyin g th e standard . EP A woul d welcom e Informa tion an d view s pertainin g t o EPA' s ap proac h t n developin g th e standar d an d t o th e factor s discusse d I n thi s notice . KP A als o believe s tha tth e analyse s an d judgment s tha twil l lea d t o settin g th e ai rstandar d fo r lea d wil l hav e stron g Implication s fo r othe rregulator y pro gram s relate d t o lea d a tth e Federa l an d othe rlevel s o f

government . I n th e six mont h perio d betwee n proposal s an d fi na l promulgation , EP A wil l continu e it s examinatio n ot

f thes e difficul tIssues re late d t o settin g th e leve l o f th e ambien t ai rqualit y standar d fo r lea d an d wil l see k t o involv e th e publi c an d othe raffecte d Federa l agencies , bot h o n th e final 4flH l ii rtn i to n thi s ai rstandar d a s wel l a s plannin g o n way s t o contro l populatio n exposur e t o lea d fro m non-ai rsources . DATES : Comment s mus tb e receive d b y Februar y 17 . 1978 . Ther e wil l b e a pub li c hearin g o n Januar y 17 . 1978 . Th e standar d wil l b e promulgate d b y June , 1971 . ADDRESS . Bend comment s to : Mr . Jo sep h Padgett , Director , Strategie s an d Ai rStandard s Division , U.S . Environ menta l Protectio n Agency , Researc h Tri angl e Park , Nort h Carolin a 27711 . A publi c hearin g wil l b e hel d at : En vironmenta l Protectio n Agency , 40 1 M . Stree tBW , Washington , D.C . 30460 . F O * FURTHE RINFORMATIO N CON TACT ; Mr . Josep h Padgett , Director . Tele 919-441-0204 . 

### •tOPOSB ) IVIE S Availahmt y o f

supportin g Information : A docke t(Numbe rOAQPS-77-l ) con tainin g informatio n uee d b y EPA m de - •aiapmen tc f

tb e propose d standar d ta availabl e fo r publi c Inspectio n betwee n • un . an d 4:8 0 pjn . Monda y throug h Friday , a tEPA' s Puhu c Infonnatio n Referenc e Unit . Roo m 2922 , Watersid e Mall . 40 1 M Stree tSW , Washington . DC . 20400 . Th e Federa l Referenc e Metho d fo rcol lectin g an d measurin g lea d an d It s com pound s i n th e ambien tai rto describe d I n Appendi x Q t o thi s proposa L Regula tions fo rdevelopmen to tStat e imple mentatio n plan a fo r lea d ar e propose d unde r4 0 CF RPar t5 1 elsewher e ta thi s FSDISAX . RBQISTSR . Th e environmenta l an d economi c Impact s of implementin g thi s standar d ar e describe d ta a n Envi ronmenta l Impac tStatemen tan d a n Economi c Impac tAssessmen tavailabl e upo n reques tfro m Mr . Josep h Padget ta t th e addres s show n above . Th e document a "Ai rQualit y Criteri a fo rLead " an d "Contro l Technique s fo r Lea d Ai rEmissions " ar e bein g issue d simultaneousl y wit h thi s proposal . Bot h document s ar e availabl e upo n reques t fro m Mr . Josep h Padget ta tth e addres s show n above . SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION :

BACKGROUN

D Lea d i s emitte d t o th e atmospher e b y vehicle s burnin g leade d fue l an d b y cer tai n Industries . Lea d enter s th e huma n bod y principall y throug h ingestio n an d inhalatio n witi i consequen tabsorptio n int o th e bloo d strea m an d distributio n t o al l bod y tissues. Clinical , epidemiolog ical , an d toxicologica l studie s hav e dem onstrate d tha texposur e t o lea d adversel y affect s huma n health . EPA' s initia l approac h t o controllin g lea d l n th e ai r wa s t o limi tth e lea d emission s fro m automobiles , th e princi pa l sourc e o f

lea d ai remissions . I n Jan uar y o f 1972 , EPA propose d regulation s unde rSectio n 21 1 o f

th e Clea n Ai rAc t fo rphase-dow n o f

th e lea d ta gasoline . Subsequently , thi s actio n wa s divide d int o th e promulgatio n o f regulation s fo r th e availabilit y of

lead-fre e gasolin e fo r catalyst-equippe d car s an d othe rvehicle s certifie d fo r unleade d fue l an d repropo sa l o f th e regulation s fo r lea d phase dow n ta leade d gasoline . Th e regulation s fo rlea d phase-dow n ta th e tota l gasolin e poo l wer e promulgate d ta 197 3 and , fol lowin g litigation , modifie d an d pu tint o effec ti n 1976 . I n 1975 , th e Natura l Resource s Defens e Counci l (NRDC ) an d other s brough t sui tagains tEPA t o lis tlea d unde rSec tio n 10 8 o f

th e Clea n Ai rAc ta s a pollu tan tfo r whic h ai rqualit y criteri a woul d b e develope d an d a Nationa l Ambien tAi r QuaUty Standar d b e establishe d unde r Sectio n 10 9 o f

th e Act . Th e Cour trule d l n favo rof

NRDC . EP

A liste d lea d o n Marc h 31 . 1978 , an d proceede d t o de velo p ai rqualit y criteri a an d th e stand ard . I n proposin g thi s ai r standard , EP A i s concerne d tha tther e ar e reciproca l effect s betwee n th e goal s an d action s take n t o contro l th e leve l of lea d ta th e air , an d th e paralle l judgment s an d action s take n unde rothe rFedera l programs . Thes e othe rprogram s Includ e EPA' s ow n responsibilitie s t o se tstandard s fo r lea d I n drinkin g wate ran d fo rth e disposa l o f hasardou s waste , th e authoritie s o f th e Foo d sn d Dru g Administratio n t o con tro l lea d ta food , an d th e regulation s adopte d b y th e Consume rProduct s Safet y Commissio n t o contro l lea d ta paint . EPA ha s raise d throug h th e Inter agenc y Regulator y Liaiso n Grou p th e nee d t o coordinat e th e program s o tth e Foo d an d Dru g Administration , Con sume rProduct s Safet y Commission , an d th e Occupationa l Safet y an d Healt h Ad ministration . Wher e appropriate , EP A wi n continu e t o wor k wit h othe rFedera l agencie s ta developin g a genera l Federa l approac h t o limitin g otiie ravenue s o f exposur e t o environmenta l lead . I n paralle l wit h developin g th e pro pose d standards . EP A ha s use d informa tion availabl e t o asses s th e economi c Impac tof

technologica l control s neces sar y t o reduc e ai remission s o f lea d fro m Industria l facilities . Fo rprimar y coppe r smelters , primar y an d secondar y lea d smelters , gra y iro n foundrie s an d bat ter y plants , attainin g th e standar d ma y requir e contro l o f

fugitiv e lea d emis sions , Le. , thos e emission s escapin g fro m proces s steps , othe rtha n emission s fro m smok e stacks . Fugitiv e emission s ar e dif ficultt o estimate , measure , o r control , an d l ti s als o difficul tt o predic tthei r impac to n ai r qualit y nea rth e facility . Fro m th e informatio n availabl e t o th e Agency , l tdoe s appea rtiiatnon-ferrou s smelter s ma y hav e grea tdifficult y i n achievin g lea d ai rqualit y level s consist en twit h th e propose d standar d ta area s immediatel y adjacen tt o th e smelte r complex . Whil e th e possibl e Impac to f th e standar d o n thes e facilitie s to o f con cer n t o EPA , an d wil l b e th e subjec to f continuin g studie s an d analysis , thes e impact s hav e no tentere d int o deter minatio n o f

th e leve l o f

th e standard . LEGISLATIV

E REQUIREMENT S VO RNATIONA

L AMBIEN T AI

RQUALIT Y STANDARDS Tw o section s o f

th e Clea rAi rAc tgov er n th e developmen to f a Nationa l Am bien tAi rQualit y Standard . Sectio n 10 8 Instruct s EP

A t o documen tth e scientifi c basi s fo rth e standard : Sec . 106(a)(2 ) Tb e Administrato rshal l Issu e si r quaUt y criteri a fo ra n ai rpollutan t withi n 1 2 month s alte rh e ha s Include d suc h pollutan tIn a lis tunde rparagrap h (l) . Ai r qualit y criteri a fo r a n ai rpollutan tsha U ac curatel y reflec tth e lates tscientifi c knowl edg e usefu l In Indicatin g tb e kin d an d exten t o f al l Identifiabl e effect * o n publi c healt h o rwelfar e whic h ma y b e expecte d fro m th a preeeno e o f

suc h pollutan tt n th e ambien t air , i n Taryln g quantities . Tb e criteri a fo r a a ai rpollutant , t o th e exten tpracticable , ahal l Includ e Informatio n on — (A ) thos e rertabla s factor a (includin g at mospheri c conditions ) whic h o f o rI n combinatio n wit h othe rfactor s alte rth e effect s o n publi c healt h o r o f suc h ah - poUutant ; (B ) th e type * ot

ai rpollutant * which . whe n presen tl n th e atmosphere , aws y hrtsr -



### < FfOftA l I1QISTII . VO L 42 . NO . 240—WtONISOAY , DtCIMM t 14 . 1977 

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# T > (O ) an y feat s Sectio n 10 1 ting o f th s standar d actua l Sec . 100(h)(1 ) SSJtlens I iiili i 111 7 ambien t a w quaUt y ataaderda , egs tarise s unde rsub - •ectlo n (a ) ebat l h e sihaen l ai rqualit y •tanderd e tb e attainmen tan d maintenanc e o f whic h I n th e judgmen to f th e Administra tor , baae d o n eac h criteri a an d allowin g a n adequat e margi n c f

safety , ar e requisit e t o ptweac tth e publi c health . Suc h primar y staashwd s ma y b e reuse d i n th e aam e man ne ra s promulgated . (8 ) An y natsona l eeoonder y ambien tai r quaUt y standar d p i escribed , unde rsubeec ttem (a ) sha U specif y a leve l o f

ah * qualit y th e attainmen tan d maintenanc e o rwhic h l n th e Judgmen to f

th e Administrator , base d o n sas h criteria , t

o requisit e t o protec tth e pub- . U e welfar e fro m an y know n o ranticipate d advers e effect s associate d wit h th e presenc e e f suc h si rpoUutan ti n th e amlben tair . Boc h secondar y standard s ma y b e revise d l n tb e sam e manne ra e promulgated . EP A interpret s thes e section s o f th e Ac tt o mea n tha tth e leve l of th e stand ar d to t o b e determine d fro m informa tio n covere d i n th e Criteri a Documen t pertainin g t o th e healt h an d welfar e im plication s o f

lea d ai rpollution . Thi s to ta contras tt o otiie rsection s o tth e Ac t whic h allo w EP A t o conside rcost s of ai r poUutio n oontro l an d availabilit y of tachnologlc& l control s ta determinin g th o leve l o f

a standard . Also , EP

A shoul d no tattemp tt o plac e th e standar d a ta leve l anticipate d t o represen tth e thresh ol d fo radvers e effects , bu tshoul d se t a aaor e stringen tleve l whic h provide s a margi n c f

safety . EPA believe s tha tth e exten to tmargi n ot

safet y represent s a Judgmen tissu e ta whic h th e Agenc y ahoul d conside rth e severit y o f advers e effects , th e probabilit y tha tth e effect s ma y occur , an d uncertaintie s associate d wit h scientifi c knowledg e abou tth e bio logi c effect s o f

lead . DEVELOPMEN

T o rs n QUALIT

Y CRITERI

A Followin g th e listin g of lead , EP

A pro ceede d wit h developmen tof th e docu ment , "Ai rQualit y Criteri a fo rLead" . I n th e proces s o f

developin g th e Criteri a Document , EPA ha s provide d a numbe r o f opportunitie s fo rexterna l revie w an d comment . Thre e draft s o f th e Criteri a Documen thav e bee n mad e availabl e fo r externa l revie w an d EP A ha s receive d 8 0 t o 8 0 writte n comment s o n eac h draft . Tn e Criteri a Documen twa s th e subjec t o f thre e meeting s o f

th e Subcommitte e o n Scientifi c Criteri a fo rEnvironmenta l Lea d o f EPA' s Scienc e Advisor y Board . Eac h of thes e meeting s ha s bee n ope n t o th e publi c an d a numbe ro tindividual s hav e presente d bot h critica l revie w an d ne w Informatio n fo rEPA' s considera tion. Developmen tof

th e Criteri a Documen t tarllrstsrl t o EP A tha tther e ar e a num be ro f area s I n whic h additiona l researc h coul d provid e informatio n usefu l t o determinin g th e leve l fo rth e lea d stand ard . I tl g als o eviden ttha tscientifi c con trovers y exist s shou tfact s o rtaterpreta-

• : . - ~ - s : tio n o f a»terfc» \ taelnded ta th e Criteri a luoJOrtsrs j tw o area s critica l : ofth e standard : th e healt h of shnonna l M**"!*"* * ef - rec * •ssoutoter l wit h bloo d lea d towels belo w traditiona l level s at ecneern , an d th e tel a Uv e significanc e of lea d ai remto BIOB S a a tn e direc to rindirec tsourc e o f lea d exposure , compare d t o otiie rsource s o f exposure . However , th e provision s o f th e Ac tre quirin g a deadlta e fo rproposa l an d promulgatio n of

th e standard , an d th e requirement s fo rperiodi c futur e revie w o f ai rqualit y criteri a an d standards , in dicat e tha tCongres s Intend s fo rth e Agenc y t o procee d eve n wher e scientifi c knowledg e I

s no tcomplet e o rwher e ther e I s a n absenc e of

ful l scientifi c consensus . EP A has , therefore , develope d th e pro pose d si rstandar d o n th e basi s o f it s bes tjudgmen ta s t o wha tth e Ac tre quires , an d wha tInformatio n th e "Ai r Qualit y Criteri a fo rLead " provides . T o arriv e a tth e ai rstandard , EP A ha s at tempte d t o us e numerica l estimate s of ke y factors . I n severa l Instances , factor s whic h ar e no tknow n precisel y hav e a larg e effec to n th e leve l o f th e standard . EP A invite s information , view s an d judg ment s bot h o n Its approac h t o settin g a leve l fo rth e standar d an d th e numerica l value s use d fo rkey^factor s describe d ta th e followin g sections . SUMMAR Y O FGENERA L FINDING S FRO M i n QUALIT Y CRITERI A FO RLEA D Fro m th e extensiv e revie w o f scientifi c Informatio n presente d In th e Criteri a Document , conclusion s l n severa l keyarea s hav e particula rrelevanc e fo rset tin g th e lea d standard . 1 . Ther e ar e multipl e source s of lea d exposure . I n additio n t o ai rlea d source s include : lea d fro m pain tan d inks , lea d fro m wate rsupplie s an d distributio n sys tems , lea d fro m pesticides , an d lea d ta fres h an d processe d food . Th e relativ e contributio n t o populatio n exposur e fro m eac h sourc e to difficul tt o quantity . 2 . Exposur e t o ai rlea d ca n occu rdi rectl y b y inhalation , o rIndirectl y b y in gestio n of

lea d contaminate d food , water , o rnon-foo d material s includin g dus tan d soil . 3 . Ther e I s a significan tvariabilit y i n respons e t o lea d exposure . Certai n sub group s withi n th e populatio n ar e mor e susceptibl e t o th e effect s of lea d o rhav e a greate rpotentia l fo rexposure . O t these , youn g childre n represen ta popu latio n of foremos tconcern . Eve n withi n a particula rpopulation , grou p respons e t o lea d exposur e ma y var y widel y fro m th e averag e response . 4 . Withi n th e huma n body , thre e sys tem s appea rt o b e mos tsensitiv e t o inter ferenc e b y lead—th e blood-formin g o r hematopoieti c system , th e nervou s sys tem , an d th e rena l system . I n addition , lea d ha s bee n show n t o affec tth e norma l function s o f

th e reproductive , endocrine , hepatic , cardiovascular , immunologic , an d gastrointestina l systems . 5 . Effect s reporte d I

n th e Criteri a Docu men trang e fro m Impairmen to f bio chemical , system s (inhibitio n o f amino levulini c aci d

a bloo d len d towel o f

it , pe rdecilite rbJood <* Pn/e D ftoi alopath y a t8 0 t o 18 0 * ft/da . 8 . Fro m variou s studio s o f len d expo sure , estimate s ca n b e sand s of th e impac t o f exposur e throug h ta halatio n an d In gestio n o n bloo d lea d levei . O f particula r Importance , ar e ttie estimate s of : ai r lead/bloo d lea d ratios , th e percentag e o f depositio n an d absorptio n o f ai rlead , th e percentag e o f

absorptio n o f

ingeste d ssa teria L estimate s o f

th e variabilit y o f bloo d lea d withi n a populatio n expose d t o unifor m level s o f

lead , an d estimate s o tth e contributio n o f si rloa d t o bloo d lead . Determinatio n o ta propose d leve l te r th e lea d standar d require s th e us o an d interpretatio n o tapwifl c informatio n fo reac h o f

thes e anas . Th e approac h take n to describe d i n th e followin g sec tions . GENERA L APPROAC H T O SSTTU U TB I LXA D STSJOUXV Developmen to f

th e nationa l Ambien t Ai rQuaUty Standar d fo rIso d require s certai n judgment s b y EP A abou tth e re lationshi p betwee n ccricentrmtion o o t lea d i n th e ai ran d possibl e advers e healt h effect * experience d b y th e ptobho . Thi s relationshi p to greatl y "•"*|r ,1 *f t ^f t b y th e fac tth* tlea d i n th s O rfs no t th e onl y sourc e of

toad expesftre ; tha t ther e to variabilit y o f respons e amon g individual s expose d t o lead ; an d tha t ther e ar e numerou s effect s at toad e n health , occurrin g a tvariou s level s o f ex posur e whic h var y i n publi c healt h sig nificance . I n developin g th o standard . EPA * na s mad e judgment s i n ffve ke y areas . 1 . Determinin g th o criticall y sensitis e population . 2 . Determinin g th e pivota l advers e healt h effec t 3 . Determinin g th e mea n populatio n bloo d lea d leve l whic h woul d b e i»imslat en twit h protectio n o i th e sensitiv e pop ulation . 4 . Determinin g th e relationshi p be twee n ai rlea d exposur e an d resultin g bloo d lea d level . 5 . Determinin g th e allowabl e bloo d lea d incremen tfro m air . DETERMININ G TH B CRITICALL Y SRHSlTlV S

POPULATIO W Certai n subgroup s withi n th e genera l populatio n diffe rI n sensitivit y t o lea d ex posure . Protectio n o tpopulation s exhib itin g th e greates tsensitivit y o trespons e t o lea d i s a majo rconsideratio n i n de terminin g th e leve l o tth e lea d standard . Fro m informatio n presente d i n th e Cri teri a Document , ther e ar e a mitphe ro f population s fo rwhich , lea d mw fnrnrfi pose s a greate rrisk : youn g children , pregnan twome n aa d th e fetus ; th e oc cupationall y exposed : on d todrviduaja sufferin g fro m dietar y deftdenate s o rex hibitin g th e geneti c taasfifty t $ produc e certai n bloo d ensymes . EPA believe s that : 1- 8 years ) ahoul d foremos tcriticall y

BBBOA L •SOOTIS , VO L 41 , NO . ISO—WEDMfSOAX . »4 > lff T

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snssruflo n sn d re le*d ; Cf ) physiologi c rape d growt h rat e an d W incomplet e develop dsfens s mechanisms ; sensitivit y o f

developin g Ottilf f character*** * o f Ctaucs l an d

_

, hov * reveale d tha t

_ th e bod y throughou tBfe , cjrten tlmmohmms d ta bono , significan tmoblt o tractio n ta sof ttissues. Bloo d toad respon d predictabl y t o th s leve l o f

environmenta l a s o result , ar e generall y goo d Indicator s o ttha tex posur e a s wel l a s o f

th e Interna l dos e o f toed t o whic h a n bod y tissues ar o ex posed . Th e threshol d fo ra particula r healt h offse tto considere d t o b e th e bloo d lea d leve l a twhic h th e effec tl s firstde tected . Th e Criteri a Documen tprovide s a wome n sn d th e fetu s ar e a trankin g b y bloo d lea d threshol d of th e f oTtransplaoenta l movemen thealt h effect s observe d ta children . s s tte fetu s an d th e possibilit y of a complication s a tdelivery . Be - Summary of health e1ft>ct* in cMWre w ther e to a balanc e betwee n mater - : . Iso d level s oa d tota l bloo d lea d Bioo d W I eonoor n exist s tha tdevelopmen t^f!!^ ,l n „ - . * u w " u °TT ^ -T^ T * * w * u *""*" vmlcnman M Effect- i nervou s syste m o f

th e fetu s ma y b e tfiasdper da * t o nsuTOtoxicity o f lea d d<cflltw r i t p tota l born e synthesj a an d pre btrth s hav e bee n associate d wit h l 0 A LA D inhibition . exposur e o f

th e fetU S t o lead . Wto » Erythrocyt e pror , availabl e evidenc e doe s no tin - ^porphyri a 

# HHL'SBf

***** E ? ^ * i£2Sfc~n olili l requir e o mor e stringen tAL A excretion . tita n youn g children . 2 Anamts......... . Group s expose d to toad l n th s work - * ° c 3SSSSSS? T,rt

o panee als o compris e a populatio n a tM *> w , ' wu ? ln ?PE & greate rriak . Becaus e member s o f suc h 3ffiSu V sjawma ag o generall y health y an d d o no twto" ° Periphera l neoroharv e o greate T physiologica l sensitivit y wt o u » EffiSbAhpathi

e Offiea d tha n youn g children , EPA believe s symptoms . *** tthe , protectio n ot

suc h group s doe s no trequir e s n si rqualit y standar d fo r ALA D INHmiTiO H M U mor e stringen ttha n tha tfo ryoun g AiMfM i Inhibitio n o f th e enzym e aminolevul ini c aci d dehydratas e (ALAD ) represent s th e lowes tleve l effec tof lea d tha tha s bee n detected . Th e decrease d activit y o f thi s enzyme , whil e observable , to no tsufficienta tbloo d lead s a tan d belo w 1 0 a g Pb/d l t o Interfer e wit h th e ste p l n hem e synthesi s whic h i tmediates . Becaus e n o significan taccumulatio n o f precursor s occur s a tthi s leve l o f exposure , ALA D Inhibitio n o f

thi s degre e l s no tregarde d a s a physiologica l Impairmen to f th e system . Thi s effec tbecome s mor e signi ficanta thighe rlea d concentration s (4 0 u g Pb/dl ) whic h reduc e th e activit y o f ALA D sufficientl y t o caus e build-u p o f th e precurso r(ALA ) i n th e urine . 10 #vsnflasOAyOR i 55 " ste * l e btaefce

d b

Populatio n troo p

Childre n and adults . Wome n an d chUdren . Childre n en d adults . ChUdren . Adnlta an d children . Children . Adult s and chUdren . Children .

possibl e criticall y sensitiv e pop Itlon s suggeste d ta th e Criteri a Docu l tinclud e individual s wit h geneti c i suc h a s sickl e cel l disease . Th e Documen tcite s a tentativ e as sociatio n betwee n th e existenc e o f sickl e osf l diseas e ta childre n an d increase d ris k o f periphera l neuropath y du e t o lea d ex posure . Individual s sufferin g fro m iro n deficienc y o rmalnutritio n ma y als o b e a t greate rris k fro m lea d exposure . Ther e to. nosrever . insufficien tdat a t o determin e ths > effect s threshol d fo rsuc h group s o r t f accuratel y characteriz e suc h group s Wftht a th e Benera l population .

TH E PIVOTAL ADVERS E HEALTH ^Tnf f toxic effect s o f

lea d resultin g fro m Ug h level s o f

exposur e ar o wel l docu sOjawliii l Amon g th o firsteffect s note d wor e th e sever e an d some uonsonjarrve s suc h a s colic , encephalopath y whic h fol ia l exposur e i n th e industries. . Expo concentration s o f

lea d i n "Idea , an d plumbin g implicate d t n case s increas e o tlea d i n resul tof huma n researc h o n tn e ERYTHROCYTE PROTOPORPHYRIN ELEVATION

Abov e 15-2 0 pM

Pb/dl , th e Criteri a Documen tnote s a correlatio n betwee n bloo d toad level s ta childre n an d th e ele vatio n o f

protoporphyri n ta ro d bloo d cells . Unlik e ALAD inhibitio n a tl w a g Pb/dl , th o accumulatio n o f erythrocyt e protoporphyri n (EP ) Indicate s a func tional impairmen tof

th s hem e synthet i c pathway . ' I n regar d t o th e Implication s fo rhealt h o f E P elevation , th e Criteri a Documen t provide s th e followin g description : Accumulatio n o f

protoporphyri n i n th e srythrocyte s i s th e resul to f decrease d effi cienc y o f toon insertio n int o protoporhpyru v wtdo h tabs* ' b y m e effec to f

isod . Ihr g kt s o f protoporhpyrl n wtthoer tiro n ac cumulat e ta th e erythrocyte , occupyin g th e availabl e hem e pocket s t n hemoglobin . Thm effec to f

loa d o n Iro n Incorporatio n Otto protoporphyri n U no * limite d t o th e normoblas tand/o rt o th e hematopoieti c sys tem . Formatio n o z th e heme-oontainln g pro tein , oytocrirome-PifiO , whic h Is a n integra l par to f th e live rmixed-functio n trrlilart . ma y als o b e inhibite d b y lead . Accumulatio n o f protoporphyri n i n th a presenc e o f lea d ha s bee n show n t o ooou rals o l a culture d oali a o f ohlc h dorsa l roo tganglion , Indicatin g tha t inhibitio n o f

hem e ayntheel e take s plao e ta th e neura l tissue a s well . Thes e observations . an d th e fac ttha tlea d I s know n t o disrup t tb e mitochondria l structur e an d function . indicat e tha tth e lea d effec to n hem e synthe si s i s exerte d o n el l bod y cells , possibl y wit h differen tdose/respons e curve s holdin g fo r effect a i n differen tcel l types . On th s ethe r hand , i tmus tb e note d tha tincrease d level s o f protoporphyri n ta th a erythrocyt e reflec t a n accumulatio n o f

substrat e an d therefor e Impl y a functiona l alteratio n o f mltoobon diia l functio n ta th e sam e wa y tha tth e in crease d urinar y excretio n o f urinar y e-ALA implla e impairment . I a othe rwords , tf a "reserve " activit y o f

ferrochelatas s exists , suc h s s ha s bee n suggeste d fo r0-Al«AX> , ac cumulatio n o f

protoporphyri n ta th e erthro cyte e indloate e tha tthi s ha s bee n hampere d b y tn e lea d effec tt o th e poin ttha tth e sub strat e i s accumulated . y* rthes e reasons , s s we U a s fo rIt s implicatio n o f th e impairmen t o f mitochondria l fuaottan , accumulatio n o f protoporphyri n ha s bee n tat* * te Indi cat e physiologica l Impairmen trelevan tt o huma n health . Th e remainin g effect s liste d i n th o ta bl e presen tprogressivel y greate rhealt h risk s t o susceptibl e individual s includin g anemia , th e possibilit y o f irreversibl e learnin g deficits , an d lea d encephalo pathy . EP A la proposin g tha tlead-taduce d elevatio n ta childre n o f E P shoul d b e ac cepte d a s th e pivota l advers e effec to f lea d Accordingly , th e ai rtoad standar d shoul d b e designe d t o preven tth e occur renc e of E Pelevatio n ta children . EP A base s it s determinatio n tha tE P elevatio n du e t o lea d shoul d b e regarde d a s a n ad vers e healt h effec to n th e followin g points : 1 . E Pelevatio n indicate s a n abnorma l impairmen to f

variou s cel l functions , whic h shoul d no tb e allowe d t o persis ta s a chroni c condition . 2 . Th e impairmen to f cellula rfunc tion indicate d b y E Pelevatio n extend s t o al l bod y cells , an d ma y hav e particu la rimplication s fo rth o functionin g of neura l an d hepati c tissues. 8 . Th e ai rlea d standar d to intende d t o establis h a leve l o f

airborn e lea d whic h ca n b e regarde d a s consisten twit h pro tectin g th e healt h ove ra lifetim e o f ex posur e Th e pervasiv e biologica l involve ^ men to f lea d ta th e body , an d it s demon strate d Impairmen to f biologica l func tion s ar e a stron g impetu s t o th e Agenc y ta adoptin g th e lowes tthreshol d bielogi -

. os l effec twhic h eo n b o considere d ad vers e t o health . 4 Th e Cente rfo rDiseas e Contro l has ' als o uee d EPefcrvatJo n a s s n indicato r< undu e lea d expeoure . althoug h thef T guideline* * pubrtohed I n lt W ar e ort ItwtJb U tJSJIfTB* . VO L "41 , HO . *40-WH>Nt»AY , M*^a*£l * 14 , 1W T



### . 1 ..'-?#^ 

# I

### P. 6

uto> t 

### t o

O f a n •f**Vts**J>Vdl > rathe r popoktio n atoto l gi n o f safe** . 8 . Th e A^tatendetp M th e ai rstand ar d b e prssnutirmarf

. Takin g th e low es tadvers e effoe tlevel s to compatibl e wit h th a scientifi c uncertaint y abou tth o healt h oonsequeooe s c f prolonge d lo w leve l lon d exposure , an d wit h th o down war d trwo d i n level s of lea d ta th e nloo d regarde d a * advers e to healt h b y th e publi c healt h community . A s a n alternativ e to usin g elevatio n o t E F a s th e pivota l healt h effect , EP A coul d tak e th o positio n tha tE P eleva tion, whU e o f

concer n to publi c health , to no tsufficientl y advers e t o health , an d tha tth e standar d shoul d b e base d c n th e mor e sever e effect s suc h s s anemia , o r CN S deficits . EPA woul d welcom e com ment s o n whethe rwha tto known , o ran ticipated, abou tE P elevatio n o rothe r subclinica l effect s ha s sufficien timplica tions t o warran ta rol e i n determinin g th e leve l o tth e standard . ssTXRMnnx

a A SAT E SLOO PLEA

D LEVE L ro s PROTECTIO

N O S THS SXHSTxTr

X POPULATIO

N Th e thir d ke y are a fo rJudgmen tta th o developmen to f

th e propose d standar d involve s th e determinatio n o f th e mea n populatio n bloo d lea d leve l fo rchildre n a twhic h E P elevatio n doe s no toccur . EP A to proposin g tha tthi s standar d fo r lea d b e base d o n th e judgmen ttha tth e mea n populatio n bloo d toad fo rchildre n no texcee d 1 8 pg Pb/d l Thi s to th e lowes t valu e give n ta th e Criteri a Documen ta s a threshol d fo rth e correlatio n o f E P wit h bloo d toad level , base d o n studie s b y Roel s (1976 ) an d Piomell i (1977) . O n th e basi s o f presen tknowledge , EPA believe s tha ta populatio n mea n of I S pg Pb/d l ca n b e regarde d a s a n indicato ro ta sat e leve l o f tota l lea d exposur e fo rchildren . Ther e ar o tw o reason s wh y th s us e o f a bloo d toad targe ta s a n Intermediat e goa l betwee n ai rqualit y an d E P level s to necessary . Pint , mos to f th e sdentifi c literatur e covere d b y th e Criteri a Docu men treport s studie s whic h lin k ai rlea d wit h bloo d toad levels . Second , C P level s ca n b e expecte d to respon d to oA source s o f lea d exposure ; bloo d lea d leve l serve s a s a n indicato ro f

total exposure . I h selectin g 1 5 pg Pb/d l mea n popula tion bloo d toad a s a target . EP A wishe s to stres s tha tt tto proposin g a statistica l measur e o f

populatio n exposure . EP A t s no tsuggestin g tha ttadlvidual bloo d toad level s I n exces s O

f 1 8 j g Pb/d l necessaril y constitut e 4 significan trk k to health . I t ca n b o expecte d tha ta populatio n wit h ameanbloodtoadlevelotlSsgPb/dlwff l hav e tadtvadual* with , highe ran d lowe r bloo d lea d levata . Ther e wi n als o b e * vartotionofaPlev^aftfftad^d^ualswlt h a give n Moo d toad leve l I tto 'als o tru e tha tth e absenc e o f

s*s*totica ! correlatio n o f B P lev** * wt* * bloo d loa d knet o belo w l f e g Pb/d l dos o no t*aveae*ig j mea n t^sbSa A ttMsaVA ^BatJjftssnvf P B\EBBBBBBBB1I ^ssssVf l BBWVVP W Ofk a sUW"* U to ? to wWeOt l 1-WUL IWVQfVl , ta t 1 8 j«Bfcr* x stoo s represen ta whte h tite sentittv o poputov ha s no tbee n ses n to sho w taJsPdueta toed an d *bov * E P elevatio n ha s boo n denson t o ris e wit h increasin g Isopiic* - fo rhealth . Whil e othe rttir*ehoeds fo rE P elevatio n hav e boo n foun d (Sassa , lffTI> . EP A to usin g th e lowes tleve l cite d I n th e Criteri a Documen tta orde rt o es > tahha h a margt a o

f safety . Alternatively . KP

A coul d attemp tto Judg e th e actua l leve l o f E Pelevatio n whic h represent s a n advers e effec to n health , an d the n appl y a n adjustmen t fa rmargt a o f

safety . Po rexample , ta 1975 , th e Cente rto rDiseas e Contro l es tablishe d a s 0 guidelin e to rundu e o rin crease d lea d absorptio n ta childre n a bloo d toad leve l o tS

O s g Pb/d l o rE P level s o f

8 0 sg/d L Th e leve l o f 3 0 ft Pb/d l ta th e bloo d represent s som e degre e o f

healt h risk , bu ti tto difficul tt o kno w whethe ran y intermediat e level s betwee n 3 0 pg Pb/d l an d 1 5 pg Pb/d l safeguar d th e publi c health . EPA believe s tha televation s ta Indi vidua l bloo d level s sn d correspondin g change s ta E Plevel s ar e reversible , sn d ma y no tta a singl e cycl e constitut e * seriou s physiologica l Impairment . How ever , token a s a populatio n average) , un dertyta g a n environmenta l standar d de scribin g th e safe Umit s fo ra lifetim e o f exposure , EP

A to proposin g tha tn o ele vatio n of

E Passociate d wit h toad ox * posur e shoul d b e see n a s fre e fro m ris k t o th e healt h o f

th e sensitiv e population . I n establishin g th e targe tmea n bloo d lea d leve l fo rth e sensitiv e population , EP A ha s use d th e lowes tthreshol d fo r E Prathe rtha n attemp tto us e statistica l techniques discusse d ta th o Criteri a Documen tta orde rto tak e int o accoun t th e exten to f

individua l variatio n ta bloo d lea d level s fo ra give n leve l o f ex posure . Th e Criteri a Documen tpoint s ou ttha tdat a tra m epidemiologica l studie s sho w tha tth e lo g value s o f Indi vidua l bloo d lea d value s ta a uniformly expose d populatio n ar e normall y distrib ute d wit h a standar d geometri c devia tio n o f 1 J t o 1.8 . Usin g standar d statisti ca l techniques , t tto possibl e to calculat e tb e mea n populatio n bloo d lea d leve l whic h woul d plac e a give n percentag e o f th e populatio n belo w th e leve l o f a n effect s threshold . Pa rexample , a mea n populatio n bloo d lea d leve l o f 16* g Pb/d l woul d plac e 994 % o f a populatio n o f childre n belo w th e Cente rfo rDiseas e Contro l guideline s o f

3 0 s g Pb/d L SP A believe s tha tvariabl e respons e withi n th e sensitiv e populatio n ahoul d b e take n Int o consideratio n ta settin g th e leve l o f th e standard , bu trecognise s a numbe ro f

problem s ta usin g th e log norma l distributio n I n th e cas e o f tite toed standard . (1 ) Th e log-norma l distributio n de scribe s th e variabl e respons e o f tndlrid uato * bloo d lea d level s t o ai rexposure , t t ca n b e expecte d tha tther e to ato o a prob abilit y distributio n associate d wit h th o elevatio n O

f E Pamon g tadrvlduals wtt h * give n bloo d toad level . Th e parameter s o f ttds secon d preboMHt y utolfffiutfo n onl y a

rtd«ato Jus t loa d leve l wil l beyon d wha tcoul d b e expecte d i norma l scatte ro f

I P vslao g bloo d lea d level s Jus tbelo w th o 1 Tn e effec tof

usin g bloo d toad s o a n in termediar y betwee n ai rtoad exposur e an d E Plevel s to to combin e tw o prnaf f bfltt y distributions , on e know n sss d on e unknown , betuee n populatio n bteo d varus * an d E P elevation , (3 ) Ther e ar o a numbe ro f source s o f varlabfllt y ta bloo d lea d level s othe rtha n individua l difference s o f respons e withi n a populatio n group . Thes e Includ e varia bilit y fro m possibl e non-unifor m expo sur e t o toad ta th o population s studie d an d fro m analytica l an d process ) tech nique s use d ta measurin g bloo d lead . Tttrthe* * reasons . EP A believe s tha t us e o f o log-norma l correctio n ma x over estimat e th e degre e t o wfrJe h th e popu latio n mea n shoul d b e belo w th e f ol d bloo d toad leve l Thi s to tru e ta dealin g wit h th rthreshold : wher e considerabl e margi n e f suit s fro m selectio n o tth * lea d leve l o twhic h sligh t to firstdetected , rathe r whic h toad ha s ha d a ooEPlerwi . PSTXSMUUII S AI RUA S jrXJJOSOX

S AK B UAftvLava

x . 6^ iLifci 7 4^i* j " : O n th e basi s o f

eKnica l aridepic*3talo logtos l studio s evaluated , tite Ortteru i Documen tconcludes : - r&V&ts*;: .

• • - • « • v»_ « l\-*sjn't'iK ffvldSnoe -hancate e tha ta j TM ttonshtp exist s bctwetfOMoof f tionahtp ba a no « ye t dat a sndtoet e ths * l

m Sh e rengee f

ah * exposure s generaU y aneonntere O O f population , th e rati o o f toe increas e l a lea d pe runi to f

ai rlea d l a fro m 1 t o X appear s tha ttoe rati o fb rahOOrs a to h i tl . _ uppe ren d o f

th e rang e an d tha tratio * fo r male s ma y b e highe rtha n thos e fo rtanials s Th e rang e o f

ratio s fo rchildren' s bloo d lea d respons e t o a on e ^ g r ta ai rlea d cite d ta th e Criteri a men tto fro m 1 J to 3.3 . Th e lowe r come s fro m studie s a t^* n Hrt ' wher e dus tlevel s o f

lea d war e i correlate d wit h bloo d lead , m vie w p i tho , tendency o f

childre n to experienc e high.- ? e rratio s du e t o greate rintak e andTab - I sorptio n o f

si rlead , EP A ha g rati o o f 1 : J t n calculatin g th o ai rlea d level s o n bloo d lea d children- . DsnxsMnruca TB * axxowsa u Th o fifth are n o f * A I n developin g ar d fo rlea d to sen d whic h poButaa t under ' Tha t

fOMA l kfOrite* . VOt

- 41 , NO \

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### toad level s ta water ) . •PJy-A"* ^



### demonstrat e a atrohg o f blood lea d leve l wit

h ai r I studie s o n adul tvolunteers studie s demonstrate change s i wit h change s o

f th o con- v 

### loa d i n th o ai r(Griffin. Epidemiologica

l studie s patter n o f

urban-rural wher e bloo d toad levet

o are setting s where si rlea d higher . Othe repidemlo dhrecti y correlate si rlea d load . Thos e includ e studie s setof f utitoiifiii dosimeters to accurately gaog o toad exposur

e (AZAR , 1975) . an d th e gprV^enslv

e populatio n studie s coa thjfftm d to. ' th e communit

y around th e waasita roampto ra tKellogg . Idah o (Yan kel an d vo n Ltadern . 1977) .

i o riruxTTPiJ

i SOURCS

S 

### o r aaa * M ss i iis o A

W 

### a m STANDAR

D 

### Th o tonpllcations o

f multipl e source s o f environmenta

l toad ar e difficultto retrsnotir * wit h th s concep to

f a National AmbientAi

rQualit y Standard . I f

th e ai r wor e tn e onl y source c

f toad, i twould bo a reasonabl

y straightforward matte rto Identit y a saf e leve l an d to require that , regardles s o

f whatprevailin g levet

o o f si r toad ar e today. th e saf

e leve l b e achieved . However, sinc e non-ai rsource s contrib ut e lea d as wen . th e leve l o f a n ambien t ai rqualit y standar d whic h wil l protec t peenst o health to effecte d b

y tn e contribu ttea re f thos e non-ai rsources . I f thei r contributio n to fa rbelow th e allowabl e leve l o f bloo d lead , th e si rcontributio n ca n * o permitte d to b e relatively high . However, l tthey alon e contribut e mor e tha n th e allowabl e blood lea d leve l even a aer o ambientai rqualit

y standard would no tpreven tE Pelevatio n ta chil dren . BP A behaves tha ti tshoul d assume som e leve l o

f blood lea d attributabl e to nan-ai rsources i n orderto determin e whatth e ah

* lea d contributio n co n be , and,wha ttn e ambientairqualit y stand ard shoul d b o o s a result . Thi s calcula eoeaplicated . however , b

y th e fac t non-ai rcontributio n to stoo d from time-to-tlme add pjfcc e to place . A

» a result , th e leve l selecte d a g ha s bset o to rdeterminin g th e allowabl e senfrffaitio n fro

m airan d tiis resultin g ah- gualit y standard becomes ta par ts reflecting ho

w muc h o f th e proffle m shoul d b o deal t contro l c f ah * souros* . th s factors Jus

tdiscussed . AirQualit

y Stand t_8*nttwiaitejb a bb * non^at rsonros s to



# ntii*i«5 S MM I •sndesrprotectiv

e i n area s wher * » > l i high . IP A doe s no tbehove, hew tha tt tto give n th o latitud e t o se t ai rqualit y standard s unde

r SAW , KP A has , therefore , under- to rook s a singl e judgmenta s to contributio n to populatio n blood derive s fro m non-si rsources . Tht o stogi e numerica

l valu e represents . I

n fact , whatEP

A propose s shoul d b e take n a s a goal i n limitin g lea d exposures from non-ai rsources . Th e leve l fo rnon-an * contributio n use d ta tht o proposa

l to EPA' s best.Judgmen ta s to th e appro priate level base

d partly o n whatto know n abou tnon-ai rlead contributio n fro m a limite d numbe

ro f studie s and partl y o n wha tEP

A believe s i s a n ap propriat e goa l forai rpollutio n contro l consisten twith th e Agency' s responsibil ity t o protectth e public health . Th e specifi c derivatio n o

f th e goa l fo rnon ai rcontributio n t o mean populatio n blood lea d level s i s describe d ta th e nex t section . BASI S VO

RSPA' S BSTIMAT l o rCONTRIBTJTIOI * T O BLOO

D LEA S LEVELS PRO M NOH-AX

R SOURCE S 

### Th e level o

f th e standard to ver

y strongly Influence

d b y judgment

s made regarding th e siz e o

f non-ai rcontribu tion to total exposure . EP A ha s encoun tere d difficultie

s l n attemptin g to esti mat e exposur e fro m various lead sources ta orderto determine th e contributio n o f such sources to blood lea d levels : (1 ) Studie s reviewe

d ta th e Criteria Documentdo no tprovide detaile d o r widespread informatio n abou trelativ e contributio n o

f various source s to young children . Estimate s ca n only be mad e b y Inferenc e fro m othe rempirica

l o rtheo retica l studies , usually Involving adults . (3 ) I tca n be expecte d tha tth e contri butio n t o blood lea d level s from non-ai r sources can var

y widely , to probabl

y no t i n constan tproportion to ai rlea d con tribution , an d ta som e cases'may alon e excee d th e targe tmea

n populatio n blood lea d level . I n spit e o

f thes e difficulties , EP

A ha s attempte d t o asses s availabl e Informa tio n ta orde

rto estimate th e genera

l con tributio n to populatio n blood lead level s from ai ran d non-ai rsources . Thi s ha s been done with evaluatio n o f evidence from genera

l epidemiologica

l studies , studie s showing declin e o f blood lead levet o with decreas e ta ai rlead , studie s o f bloo d lea d level s ta areas wit h lo w ai r toad levels , and isotopi c tracin g studies . Studie s reviewed b y th e Criteri a Docu mentsho w tha tmea

n blood lea d level s fo rchildre n ar e frequentl y above 1

8 s g Pb/dl . I n studie s reported , th e rang e o f mea n population blood lea d levet o fo r childre n wa

s fro m 16. 5 M g Pb/d l t o 48.4 s g Pb/d l with mos tstudie s showing mea n level s greate rtha n 35 s g Pb/d l (Ptae . 1973 ; Landrigan . 1975 ; vo n Lta dern . 1976) . EP

A believe s tha tfo rmos t o tthes e populations , th e contributio n to bloo d toed level s fro

m non-ai rsource s exceed s th e desire

d targetmean bloo

d 

# leg?** , &» * numbero

f studies , i tto apparent tha treductio n ta ah * lea d toveav ta s declin e ta children' s bloo d A stud y o

f bloo d toed level s I

n cbJsdre a ta Ne w Yor k Cit y showed tha tchildren' s mean blood toad levet

o fe n tra m S O . 8 s g Pb/d l t o 31. 0 s g Pb/d l from 197 0 to 197* . whil e during th e sam e period ai rlead levet o a ta singl e monitoring sit e te U fro m 3.0 s g Pb/d l to 0.9 sg/Pb , (BUMck . 1977) . Studie s a tOmaha , Nebrask a (Angle . 1977

) an d Kellogg , Idah o (Yan kel . von Lindern . 1977

) als o sho w a dro

p l n mea n blood lea d levet o with decline s I n ai rlea d leveto . However , a s ai rtoad level s declin e ther e appear s to be a roug

h limi tt o th e dro

p i n blood lea d leveto . EP

A ha s als o examined epdemlologlca l studie s l n th e Criteri a Documen

twhere ai rlea d exposur e to low . sn d can b s assumed t o b e a minorcontributo rt o blood toad Thes e studie s provide an indicatio n o f blood lead levet

o resultin g fro

m * situa tio n where non-ai rsources o f lea d ar e predominan t Btndie* reporHne blood lead level s * a children etn^ted

to moderate to low air lead level*

Investigato r

Hammer , 1973.. .

Ooldair , ih , 1974 . Johnson , TiUery , 1975 . Bloo d Ai r

lead (In le

t micro gram a o f ha d 

# JS

. liter ) lL t 14. 4 U. 7 UL I io . a er f loa d pe r cabl e matar ) cu 01 4 0.S-O 7 O.t-0. 1 

### a s • * Commen t

CkQdrant

a n.iwi.Vto i SaMrtfaa n etoldn a aaaslto4l n dssaba . Cfaflaraat o Bawds , Calfl . CblMren b ^CwwlBBt

, Calif . PWaUtooxs s fsoajflrtp-- * masnagett e Uttesster , CalB*

. 

### Th e rang e o f mea n blood lead levet

o i n thos e studie s to from 10 J s g Pb/d l to 14. 4 s g Pb/dl . wit

h an average a t13-

7 s g Pb/dl . I n additio n to epidemiologica l investi gations , EP

A ha s reviewe

d studie s tha t examin e th e sourc e o

f blood lea d b y de tectin g characteristi c lea d Isotopes . A stud y usin g Isotopic tracin g (tianton , 1977 ) suggests tha tfo rsevera l adults I n Houston , Texas , 7 to 4 1 percento f blood lea d coul d b e attribute d to si rlead sources . A

n earlie rIsotopic study (Ra binowitz . 1974

) conclude d tha tfo rtw o adul tmal e subjects studied , approxi matel y one-thir d o

f total daily intak e o

f lead could b e attribute d to exposur e to si rlea d level s o

f 1- 3 s g Pb/m* . Whil e thes e results canno tb e directl y relate d to children , l tl s reasonabl e to assume tha tchildre n ma

y exhibi tth e sam e o r highe rpercentages o

f airlea d contribu tion to blood lea d leve l becaus e c f * greate rpotential to rexposur e to indi rec tai rsources , soi l an d dust . Fro m reviewin g thes e area s o f evi dence , EP A concludes that ; 1 . I n studie s showin g mea n blood load , levet o abov e 1 8 s g Pb/d l i tI s prohoble tha tbot h airand ncn-ai rsouros * o f tood contribute significantl y toMeodtesd, **** *

i • M% « - WO : 140—WfDNfSOAY , DKtMSt f 14/TVf * «1\*M P taSs*> ' a ,

- 

## •m 

# I

## P. 8

t*T*'

tabtoe d toad tak e T~i i •tod y an d abou t3 8 poxcen t



### • f *»s

_ I tm. PWs * to asm-aa * sources . O n th e ethe rhand , th o averag e bloo d toad leve l fro m atonies . K P A belisree s t o lapn—n f

th a toastems** * of

bloo d attrtboaahl e to non-ai rsource s to U. 7 ag/Ph v to tn e absenc e a f mor e precis e information . EP A to proposin g tha tth e toad standar d b o baae d o m th * assump tion tha i to general . 1 3 s g PWd l o tth o bloo d loa d torsi to childre n to derive d fro m toad source s imafferte d b y th e lea d ai rqualit y standard . EPA to awar e tha t actua l populatio n bloo d toad levels , eithe r tadivlCsanlty a raa a eopaeatta D mean . ma y excee d tht o benchmark . However , l f EP A mer e t o us e a large restimat e o f non ai rcontributio n to bloo d toad, th e resul t woul d b e a n cuceptfonaB y stringen t standard , whic h wou M no taddres s th e principl e sourc e o f

lea d exposure . Con versely . EPA believe s tha tf tshoul d no t adop ta n estimat e o f

non-ai rcontribu tio n befo w th e leve l show n ta availabl e studie s to b e th e lowcta tmea n bloo d lea d leve l documente d t n th e Criteri a Docu ment . n—»—» —of th * stron g impac ttha t adrgdta g the * goa l fo rnon-ai rsource s ha * o n th e leve l o f

th e standard . EPA WOaOsmr * kafhrmatie n an d Judgment s shou tto* validit y o f

th e numerica l valu e chose n te rtht o factor , a a wel l a s view s abou talternativ e way s i n whic h EP A coul d develo p a * ah* standar d tha ttake s tato accoun tothe rroute s o f exposure . caicuxaTBne

i o v Tar e a i EP A ha s calculate d th o propose d standar d baae d o n th o conclusion s reache d ta toe previou s sections : 1 . genslttv e population : children , age s 1-6 . attest}: , sieistiij a e g eeytnrosyt e pra tsg*»toyrtoCsPt . to Tggfee V SsrasfaoO

f t n ssflsiETv * population :

• a toOBeeO • T »

O t Oa t obtai n a n at

o ajtoht i teed, pare d to th a atondar d teeel to i f * vkatottan o< c m red . i n hax o heen . sbsvs m to ptnrgatj o i n bloo d toad leveto , to adtot e afte r a texposar e tQittto* . UV) . sto ~ csnaeo f th * slow nsponaoc d levet o to Increase s to ai rtoad toveto. k t to no tprohohl * tha t in . ai rka d level s wil l caus e adven e ea fects . Baae d o n availabl e tot ha s conclude d tha tth e fo rth e toad standar d b e month , base d o n th * averag e o f 3 a measurements . Thi s perio d to shorte rtha n th * time oaatrvu l Um adjuatimens , a

f bloo d toad terete to t o Chang* * to ax tlea d eone*iktrat** n be caus e c * th e greate rrisk a f e*sia*n** w o t youn g children .

•surer * o rSAJE U EP A behave s tha tth o rai standar d incorporate s * wuflarten * gi n t o protec tth e publi c healt h an d wel far e fro m tile advers e effect s o f lea d ex posur e derivin g fro m lea d f n th e ah* . Margi n o f

sa f et y caautoteratten a toava en tered tato th e devetepsnen te f th e stand ar d to severa l ke y are** : VI) Th e standar d I s base d e n protec tio n of youn g chikhexi . acIlUtalr y senat tive genera l sutgroa p withi n th e puse s tetaOsTL (3 ) Th e standar d to base d o a th e lewdes tthreshol d f

e rth e firstadvers e effec t occurrin g wit h taeresstasj ssOod lesxf level s to cMMren : elevstle n o f protopor phyri n te red

Hoo d eel k a ta bloo d lea d leve l o f 1 5 s g Pb/dl . O ) i n estimatin g th e chang e ta broo d lea d levet o resultin g from , th e chang e ta ai rlea d leveto . EPA ha s selecte d a rati o a tth e protectiv e en d of th e rang e pro vide d ta th e Criteri a Document . lew d level * to tt ar tve l belo w fa rStoo d toad tarpact( .

appea rto b e mor e susceptibl e toil effect s from , loa d tha n ma n no td o od - - vers e effect s ta anfma h ocen ra tlowe r f ect e to hra-ann . rtoic ?

te aa * awisrss . laa g Pa/di-tas g rbjm^**g*m*<n-

______ _ % a**** * T**»** f 9txycmxtr$JkmhjU

uJtiaUt«B twith . lYCyfl X sUJ c Th e significanc e o f dus tan d sof

l toad aa Indirec troute s o f

exposur e ha s bee n o f particula rconcer n ta th e ess e o f .youn g y*'«riiTip*T

i pla y hcht* i an d mouth in g behavio rbetwee n th e age s o f an e an d five hav e le d to th e rnnrtoslTW i tha t greate rpotentia l ma y exis tI n thos e chil dre n fo rlageatio n an d Inltelattn n o f th o lea d availabl e i n duatandaoi L aw**** * reviewe d to. th e Criteri a DsSJOr * men tindicat e a correlatio n an d dus tlevet o aa d cfcJedrea i level s ta hsgtoly rimtiawilrinta a meat * ixantos l aa d va n Tawtoia , leTI ; Baritroi x 1874 ; lea d thieshsa d f

a r pcsto d s a U8 * sgms to soi l < Y i sf*Ti>:o g th * toad standar d dude s tha tbloo d toveto bsgt a to to

### g |*Vs**

U SSGOHS . wot . ex .

?' • w....•.» , 

### >2-* 1 ... . .^ .



# **r* v

centre * o f

Iso d iso d sn d coppe r ted ssneltera. grs y

sdditiv o battery furthe rta- *n d secondar

y len d ncatex x may b s teehntoslry ots * b o roouire

d i n lmpte al rqualit y stand -

- uncertaintie s as evshtetto g th * impac to

f standard . Po rsmelters , 'an d batter

y plant* , attainin g I ma y requir e contro l o

f fugi Le , thos e emission s team proces s steps , othe rthe n atetn smok e stacks . Fugitiv e ar e difficul

tto estimate , mees an d I tto als o difficul

tt o impac to n ah

* qualit y near i th e informatio n avai l - Agency . II doe s appeartha t s smelter s ma

y hov e grea t difficult y i n achievin g lea d ah

* qualit y ttwst o ^ovtostoten

twit h th e proposed " toOiOOS immediatel y adjacen t

e n * "«**» • *s i Tto e o f teal l a pestt gpr^ptoa rWhil e th e poesi o f th O standar d o n thes e o f ooncer n to EPA , sn d wi n fil continuin g studie s sn d hwetotet s hav e no tentere d o f th e level o

f th o stowfcvrd , -

OtHtf tST * atoUUTIOH S 

### 1* «•»,* « promulgate d th e nationa l Interi m primar

y drinkin g wate rregula ta m lo rlead , Th * standard wa s aimed a t jseteiltn i childre n fro

m undu e lea d ex p seats an d nmtts d lea d t o 0.0 6 mffilgram

s parete r<mg/l> which was considered as low s > swrf a s practicable . I n 18T» , th e *B***ffia)s l Academ y o f Science s evstuaie d thotateri m drtakta

g waterstandard s an d "le d tha t* ao-observed-advers e eatectto rtoad canno th e se tWit h valu e greate rtha n 0.03

8 o f WaterSupply to cur th e nee d to revis e th e wate rstandard forlead . toxicity, ssP

A included *3T * to* c f .priorit y pollutant s gnistoltos * wil l b e de Efltoen tguktettne * th e majo rste O f airborn e lead , o n achtove technology. c f Pecticld e Programs ha s

nontoxic - »-.Y'*ra»nea ;

4'M • -• • - " " ' *,<* » 

### itatheU A an d lto -

. whic h EP A to to treat , o rstor e h***rdoo s waotes , pro s moons tor spootfytag ho w use d oil . en d ethe rwaste stream s offittotatn g tood shoul d b o recycle d o r ssf*ry disposed of

. A tth e presen ttime, n o regulator y action s relate d to waste s con taining lea d hav e bee n proposed . KP A ha s regulations fo rreducing th e lea d conten tta gasolin e to O J grams / gallo n b y October1.1979 , an d regulation s providing fo r leadfre e gasoline required fo rcar s equippe

d wit h catalyti c con verter s an d othe rvehicle s certifie d fo r us e o f unleaded fue l Th e formerregula tion s are base

d o n reducin g exposur

e to airborne lea d to protectpublic health . Othe rEP A action s whls h resul tta th e reductio n o

f airborne lea d level s includ e ambien tstandard s and Stat e implemen tatio n plan s fo rothe rpollutants such s s particulate matte ran

d sulfu rdioxid e and new source performanc

e standard s limit tag emission s o

f such pollutants . Existin g an d ne w source s o

f particulat

e matte r emission s generall y us o contro l tech nique s which reduc

e toad emission s a s on e componento

f particulat

e matter . OTHE E rXDSBS L AOXSC T ES0UIJITU>* 8 AK B

poernows o

w LEA D 

### Th e Occupationa

l Safety an d Healt h Administration propose

d regulation s I

n 197 5 to limi toccupationa

l exposur e t o lea d to 10

0 s g Pb/m* . 8-hou rtime weighted average . Th e exposur e Umi twa s base d o n protectin g agains teffects , clini cal o rsubclinical , an d th e mil d symptoms whic h ma y occurbelo

w 80 pg Pb/d tpro vidin g a n adequat

e margt a o f safety . Th e leve l o f 10 0 s g Pb/ta * to anticipate d to limi tblood lea d levet

o ta worker

s to a mea n 4 0 s g Pb/d l an d a maximum o f 6 0 pg Pb/dl . OSH

A to presentl y reviewing th e lates tInformation o n lea d exposur e an d healt h effect

s ta preparatio n fo r promulgatio n o

f th e workplac

e standard fo rlead . Th e Departmento

f Housin g an d Urba

n Development(HUD) ha s requirement s to rreducin

g human exposur

e to lea d throug h th e preventio n o f lea d poisoning fro m Ingestion o

f pain tfro m buildings , especially residential dwellings . Thei r activitie s Include (1 ) prohibitio n o f us e o f toad-based patat

e o n structure s con structe d o rrehabilitate d through federal fundin g an d o n a

H HUD-assoclate d housing ; (3 ) notificatio n o f purchaser

s o f HUD-assoclate d housin g constructe d prio rto 198

0 tha tsuch dwellings ma y contai n lead-based paint ; and (t ) re search activitie s to develop improve d method s o

f detectio n sn d eliminatio n o f toad-based painthaaards . Th e Consume

rProductSafety Com missio n (CPBC) promustttedrewntataons i n September18T

T whic h be * 0 * P*tot and othersurface co*ttn g ntetertat o con tainin g more tha n 0.0

8 percenttoad; Cf

l tow* an d othe rarticle s Intende d fo rue s N ftp childre n bearing pata te rf " " 

### tha n 

# •P P rv*

. - l -r 

### mor e latioo * are base d es t< tha tt tt s to tfaepob i duc e th e risk o

f toad pstosntn g t o childre n fro

m tagBstton o

f patnt othe rsimilarsurface-coatin g Ih e Poo d oa d Dru

g Adnnntotrstto n adopted ta 197

4 o pmcieas

d tcesranc Q tor lea d o f O J pp n h i evaporated mil k tod evaporated skim milk . Tin s hate onc e to based o n i**1*ta1ii1i*

j children' s blood tood level s belo

w o ts g Pb/d

L PD A als o ho * o propose

d actio n lew * o f

7 pg/ml fo r leachabl e tood i n potter y an d enamel ware , although th * exac toonteftaUlo n o f such exposur

e to total huma n dietary tn take ha s no tbee

n ests*atohe & Th e Centertor Dtosas e Control son eluded ta 187

8 tha i undo * o f

taereesed toad absorption exist s whe n 0 chil d ha s confirme d bloo d toad teres- So-7 0 s g Pb/d l o r o n E P elevatio n o f 80-18 9 pg Pb/d l excep twhere

, th e elevate d E P leve

l to caused b

y Iron deficiency . Thi s guide lin e to presentl y accepte d b y th e scien tifi c communit

y butbecaus e c

f mor e re cen td*to to beta*reevaluated . . nan ss* sjosur r ST I 

### Pourstate s oarroatt

y hav e qualit y syrvenla , slbntan* . an

d ni * na s th * lowes tstandard Pb/m* . 30-day Average

, o n huntin g th o poraftno f to ai rderived t o 5

" percen tff value s ar e hel d tote a g Pb/d l o r Csulftornto . conclude s i s consisten twith restrictin g mea n bloo d lea d level s to les s tha n if * Pb/d tPenn sylvani a based thei rstendar d o f 8. * s g Pb/m' . 30-day averag e o n th * heett h effect e o f absorbe d t** d and concluded tha t6 0 pg/ day e f tood ca n b o safel y absorbe d from th e sir . Assuming a dall y respiratio n volume o

f 3 8 m ? an d • 9 0 percentabsorption rote , * maximu m o f 8 Mg/m * to allowed ta th e air . Montana' s standard ot

5. 0 s g Pb/m* , 30-d* y average , wa s adopte d a s a goa

l base d o n Penn- 1 

### sylvanla' s experience . Oregon ha s • standard o

f 3.0 s g Pb/m* . 30-da

y average , whic h was based primaril

y o n healt

h effects dat * wit h som e consideratio n of " economic ImpUcations .

• T B * jjrXASSAI . EXSWaXKC S MXTBO S 

### Th e Federa

l Itaference . Led * describes tho . nlquee fo rdeterminingL

_ o f lea d and ite compounds measure d s o elementa l toed 1s

tambtent*•* . Th e metho d to bsse d o n measurin g Of e toad conten tc f

suspended o n glas s fiber filters sampling . Th e l** d tot th * particulat e i wit h hea to ruatisaeit o energy * th o tood sooson tto-measured b y absorptten aiiiuctimistl . • Tho i tory born * •Itog-of l



# :'rn- -WSN I A M l_ a j-.L^litoj8 s Juuusk i th e jam IS M zsa

w MI I > .rx^^i^r-• ^~^» ^ • - samptta y taethotto ranafytka l prtorfp* ? 1 n**olTf4. bu tma y amen d th e final Fed era l Referenc e Metho d fo r I*a d ta an y or*la<dlk*aOalosr*^vHky* . i . BsaewOOan

i ss*w * tatorrfntjuawoncn t procesaea**mtef*«lao*vw*mlariarjB« . jr . Thclbgato o f

* thir d extractio n pro cedur e whic h use s s/ro e regis . Tht o per mit * th * analys tto extrac tmor e metal s tha n Jus ttoad quantitativel y thereb y pesss i tsta g nton to ssislj * th e sam e ex trac tfo raoav o tha n sn * sscto L 3 L Althoug h th e atomi c absorptio n principl e wa s selecte d a s th e mirt h or i o f analysts , othe ranalytica l principle s ap pea rt o b e eqaan y apphcsbl e an d ar e cur iLBsn j Sein e rratoated . Thew s method s ar e ftuuetess atoni c ahserpUon , optica l emissio n spe c l i om e try , sn d anodi c strip pin g voltametry . Thes e analytica l prin ciple s saa w b o T^i^yfT** * ta th * final metho d testprobabl y wil tb e handle d vi a t h e "ueut u r

i tout•* * hoc rroute. , fUSU C P^F

<rw*' r**ti\

Tir>1 ' ' Al l Intereste d person s ar e Invite d to commen to n sf i aspect s o f ttie piopose d standar d an d th e Federa l Referenc e Method . I n particular , data , view s an d argmnent e or e solicite d o n th * leve l o f t h e standard * an d amctostons . sesusnp tiams, an d catoutolfcai i «se d b y EP A ta seseettoa * tha t*•

. »el . COmment o sheo M b e fUhni*H*'' 1 ta duplicat e to r M*r . Josep h Padgett . Strategie s an d At rStandard s Division . MD-13 . Researc h Triangl e Park . NJC . ami - Date d : Decembe r8,287T .

Dona i a* Com * AatJtoaistralor . Th e Agenc y propose * to amen d 4 0 CP R Por t& o b y fd rf<T| g tfr*

> following : 15*1 1 Weteanalpilatsu j a a amisfca tai rejvafwy - eaaae'aait o fa r lead . Th e nationa l ambien tai r qualit y •leastsiit o ta rlea d an d E a irssgrasiiiirt o measure d ft* etemsnta l tend b y a refer enc e *»otriB * bssc d o m Appendi x O to thi s pert , o r b y ss s sqereetoen tmethod . are : 1. 3 microgram s pe rcubi c meter — monthl y arithmeti e mean . (Section * 10 8 an d 80 1 (a * o t1* 0 dea n Ai r Ac te e amende d (4 a ttilA 7408.7001(01, 4 .

RXTXRXNCB B A*gle > c J S an * la , a . MnPittr a toavlrear "W"«* V ecairot e aa d th e declin e ox bloo d lead . ATC&

. *tavO-on . Uith . rp tpress. ) ISTT . Angle , c. J l an d tr . 8 . Mclntire . Lea d I s Air , Dustfefl , Oon , Huueeduti . lan k eas t

to geiiiisjuiiela l Beaith-v m Prooaedttte r< * toe S d Annua l Oeofereao e ea v Trac e getteteaoe s t a » ; OahnnMa . Jun e 11.1904 . Epidemiologi c Approac h t o OoaaaaunlSj r** r TjsSa g seavuiii l Ai r Sampler * Ea t men tVo l W— Lead K l 38 8 (1078) . Billick . I . A . Curran . an d D . Shier . PreseU r tatta a e a o f toe Sdeae e Advisor y Board , Washington * D.G , Oevoee rv . rrr*. Vim, P . a . V. W . TTiriiaes . to. H . St*© \ B . KOusmDei g ea d P . A jWeehac rreatetrf a Blee d Leat tLeveS rA Stwd y h v r 4 DtoweS e CUte e o f nsvaRBed*s* e ^utoSSon . JAM A 29 1 rMTO i*T*8ae*-*l . irr x OtoteessM* . X n . Use d reel a aa a benrt n im - plication s o tairborn e lead . US . Dep&rtsmss t o i Ostasaera a Errrv S rn . SesVa * 1WV 4 Ortrea . T . aV . V . CesHeten . B . WUav . J . a . RusaaU , aa * J . H . yniSi a fill s sa l atasdto * o a sae a eoatlnuDUto y eeaeee d t o airborn e particulat e lea d Envtroa u QMBA . Oal. . 0*8*1 . 2:221-340 . 1976 . Hammer , D . 8 . e tal . Trac e "i*- h 1 * Ba - m a s Hai re a a w»f h Epsdsestaaaglaa a Meek to ra tEnvironmenta l Kspaaave . ta u TJ** a Snhatan— « is . Enawsimsnt e Hea M bill . D . D . fed ) Columbia , Uakv . c f Preaa . 1812 . p.2&-3 S Johnson . D . E., J . B . TUlery , an d B . iPravost . Leecl e o tplatsnaim . faUadlat a Mi d lea d L n jteputotlan a o tSouther n '"nUlcrril s Envtooa . Healt h Parsp . 12:23-31 . m* . Tanrtrtgon . P . J , a . B . *»»>"T^h . * . i f - Roaenblan y i. U.. ahcuita , a tsi . irplileail r Lea d Absorptio n Nea ra n Or e Smelter , tb a rol e o f parUcula U lead - Ne w Bngfaia d J . Itea . 292:123-126 . Uy*6 - Msmnn . W . L Source e a tLeei d to aUood . Arch . Environmenta l Health . 12:140-45* . 1977 . PlnmeUl . Ov

. C Oeaman . D . XaOcsa , A . Cur ran . an d B . Davidow . atetabalt c eyldsair e at lea d toxicit y i n "normal " urba n eaflrtre a Clin . Bse . 25:40 5 A . 107*1 . Bahinowlta . I A a . Lea d eorataxolnaUo n a t th e htospfcer e b y bunuu x activity . A stabl e isotop e study . Ph D Taceta . Tjyniverwtt f o f Cal£> ' t ornla. Lo a Sn^ilea . 1974.13 0 pp . Boela . EL . J . P . Budirl . E L lauwerys , O

L Hubermont . P . Bruaux . P . Ctaeya-Thoreaa . A . L a Fontaine , an d J . Va n Ovarachelde . Im pac to f

ai rpoUutio n b y lea d a n tb e bem e blosyntheti a pathwa y l a echoal-sg e cbii dren . Arch . Kbvtran . Health . ZtrSVf-SlS. 197* . Saau . a,L.j" . Oranlck . S . OranSck . A Kap pas , an d B . D . 1>vere . Studie s I n lea d potoon lng . L *Prrnanatyat s o r erythrocyt e proto porphyri n levet o b y epectroffuarometr y f n th e detectio n o f

chroni c lea d Intoxicatio n t n th e sub-clinica l range . Biochem . MeiX. S : 138-148 , 1973 . vo n lindern , I . an d A . J . vaatei . Presenta tio n t o th e Shoshon e Berr y Metal a Projec t Committe e b y Idah o Departmen to f Heart h an d Welfare . Boise , rdaho . Sept.« . nVte . Worth . Dm. e tal . Lea d i n dtfnkfn g water , a publi c healt h problem , wit h a sohrtfon . J . Amer . Publi c Healt h Aaa . to press . TeaSel . A . J . an d I . vo n Wndtorn . Th e SH ve rValle y lea d study . Th e recatftsttshfe o f childhoo d lea d polsnnta g an d envlxtaunenta t exposure . J . At r^jflul . Cunt . Aas. , August , 12TT . The varoe e r^re n befu a er e tyjsaWeeTlarJF'* ' method s capabilities . AfeeetwS rvoroa v w8j > ' var y fo r individua l situation s dejaa**** . am. th e typ e o f

instrumen tused , tea toad Itea , a n d operatin g conditions . ZJ. Bangs . Th a typica l ange - o tf* e metho d to 0.0 8 t o T. S u g PO/Tn * aeaiaatu g a a uppe rlinea rrang e ofanalyai a o f 1 5 ng/tat an d a n ai rvolum e o f 240 0 m* . 23 Anaryttca i er^asrtttfty . Tjyfca ! •ltmtre s A rti i (jiaug s i n (OJOO M absorbano a ealtor ) ar w 93 ava tOt f ng PVWS rSh e site * sa d 908J Pm a atoa t reapee^rverr . V X Lowe rDaeeeftabl e Ltoa R(UKJ . A typica l LD L to 0.0 3 ng Pb/m*- . Ttot o US . to te r t h e J W n m I w Th e U7 L fortto e SOSL O to u n s wil l o e somewha thlgher

_Ttor " estow w

centratlo n l n a ooUaboraUv e method. 1 " A a ae r

fore , n o oorieeeha a Se rchemica l to give n here . I f

th a anaijes t

ever , b e correcte d fo r Inst i IIIIIMSOBB . t h o dlesatve * aaaaa * ca n eer y OeajswCliig ; e a b e necessary , especiall y whe n neto g Sto s 217. 0 n m line . Dua l bea m instrument s wit h a continuu m sourc e giv e th e mee tacottrat e correction . A lee s accurat e oraetwa e toy tbe * I

AJ>PKNDDT , G—tomtN a OsmsiMATiQ i o r UUD . n a *vs>*uraB > PaavscaLat a liaTXx a Coixscra n Paoi a AMQKtKM X A m l . Prfwc—jpl

t ana ApjHttaaAM*g. l. l Ambien tai rsuspende d particulat e matte rl a coUecte d o n a glass-fibe rfilterto r 2 4 hour s usin g a hig h volum e sf ri IJ I Lea d t a th e particulat e eolublitBe d b y extractio n (HNO,) , facilitate d b y hea to r ultresuulua ttoci v I S Th e analyse d b y atomi c abeorptae B i c a a b e turer s manuals . s f tha t t h e me**y»aatou*r » tractio n techniqu e o f sampl e prepe*afJbaa > 4 . Precisio n ea d BUu. "$?£%&*'''.. 4. 1 Th e high-volum e sampUsaxisto*Bd*S* - nse d t o coUeo tambien tat r te e ba a a Uateise a tobnrstory ar o rtertotla * e f

8.1 * eee e ta * 1 2 * fg/mpy Tto e lit e ni l pcosSesveriead. 1 EO " uslagth a tot r=>V 0 I 0*S e f-4oa+o.os c where :

### P.1 1

/»-e f Pb/mlX

B>^SSJMS «

8X 1 InsliftoiM . Tm grad e renrsmmender l toy th * instrumen teramusvavtanw shoul d b e Cbaag e cylinde rwhe n yteeauj n drop s 60-10 0 petg - •XX O Atr . yOtowe d te neaa v i particulate , of tan d water . 8X 3 fflSBSSS H ITISS i I ll S lIT

I St l f l T

T wav e ahoul d b a uee d thTOughoar tth e analyat a SXX l JJeakera . S S an d IS O ml . graduated . jjr**reat . SX* J Volumetri c flasks. 100-ml . BJJL S Itpettea . T e delive rBO . 80 , is , 8 , 4.3,1ml . 6X8. 4 Cleaning . A B gtoosws n shoul d b e eerupuloual y cleaned . Th e foaseejtn g pro i s • uggesla* . Vfast

o wit h laborator y fo r4 hour e te 30 % (w/w ) mo » Etne e 8 tomes wis h dtotfOed deOentoa d water , an d dr y t n a dus ttre e man ner . BJ U Bo tpuim*. 8X 4 Ultrasonlcatto n wate rbath , un h*atsd . Commerciall y availabl e laborator y ultrasoni c ctoontn g bath s o f 48 0 watt e o r highe r"cleanin g power" . 1*. . actua l ultro sonl o powe routpu tt o th e bot h hav e bee n foun d satisfactory • 8X 6 Templet * T o ai d ta sectionin g tike glass-fibe rfilter. Se e Figur e l a w dimensions . 8J A Plat a ratter. Thi n wheel . Thicknes s 

### Os*** , 5X 7 Watc h glees . 5J O Polyethylen e botttee . Fo rstorag e o f Linea rpdyethyleo * gtve s bette r stabQtt y tha n othe rpolyethylene s ond-t o preferred . B.S * Perafll m "UT. * America n Can Co. , Maratho n Producta , Nennab , Wis. , c requiva lent . S . Reagent*. B. l Sampling . B.l. l Glas s fiber filters. Th s speclflcatton s give n belo w ar e intende d t O ai d th e use rte obtainin g hig h qualit y Alter a wit h reproduci bl e properties . Thee e specification s hav e bee n me tb y EP

A contractors . 8.1.1. 1 Lea d content . Th e absolut e lea d conten to f

filters to no tcritical , bu tlo w val ue * are . o f

course , dcatrabto . BPA typicall y ob tain s filters wtt b a lea d conten teg.<7 0 .** / I ti s Importan ttha tth * vartetki u l a lea d conten tfro m filtert o filter, with* ) a give n batch , b e small . o.i.i a Testing . 0.1.1X 1 P*o

rlaig e botche s o f

Star s (>80 0 filters) selec ta trando m 3 0 te S O Alter s fro m a give n batch . Fo remai l batche s (<BO 0 filter* ) a leane rnumbe ro f filters ma y b e taken . Ou toa e V s 8** atri p fro m eac h filterany wher e In th e filter. Analys e a H etrrpa , sepe rataly . acooidta g t o th e direction s to Section * 

### Tend* - »' • .. . pcodpet s doe s no t 10 0 ml , 

### "Sip " ltstrto s

alter

• f toad p w 71 U> » ct ffltar , microgram*

. CtolcuMte th e mesa , "is . ca * th e value s an d tb e relattv e standar d deviatio n (stondsr l devlatoon/mean x 100) . I tth e rela ttv e atar

i rian tdeviatio n to hig h enoug h s o that , t a tb e analyst s opinion , subtractio n o f P k (Bectto u 10J) . ma y resul tI n a significan t erro rte th e s g Pb/m* . th e batc h shoul d b e rejected . e.l.lX4

_Po racceptabl e batches , us e th e valu e o f V a t o correc tal l lea d analyse s (Sec ttcm 10* ) o f

particulat e matte rooUecte d us in g tha tbatc h o f

filters. I f

ttie analyse * ar e belo w th e LD L (Sectio n 2.3 ) n o correctio n l s necessary e X Analysis . 0X 1 Oonoentrate d (IS A IT ) HNO a AC S reagen tgrad * HNO . an d commerciall y avaU abl e redistille d HNO * ha s bee n foujy l t o hav e sufficientl y lo w lea d concentrations . 6X 3 Dtotllled-delonlze d water . (D. L wa ter) . SX S 3 M

HNO* . Ad d 18 3 m l o f concen trate d HNO . t o D X wate rl n a l 1 volumetri c flask. Shak e well , cool , an d dilut e t o volum e wit h D X water . CAUTION : Nitri c Ad d Fume s Ar e Toxic . Prepar e l n a wel l ventilate d fum e hood . 8X 4 0.4

B M HNO . Ad d 3 0 m l o f

concen trate d HNO , t o D X wate rI n a 1 1 volumetri c flaak. Shak e well , cool , an d dilut e t o volum e wit h D X water . 6X B Lea d Nitrate . P b (NO. ) i . AC S reagen t grade , purit y 99. 0 percent . Hea tfo r4 hours " a t12 0 * C an d coo l I n a desiccator . OS Calibratio n standard . 0.3. 1 Maste rstandard , 100 0 s g Pb/ml . Dis solv e 1.60 8 g o f

Pb(NCv ) i i n 0.4

B J f HNO . con taine d l n a 1 1 volumetri c flask an d dilut e t o volum e wit h 0.4 6 M

HNO* . Stor e l n a poly ethylen e bottle . Commerciall y availabl e cer tifie d lea d standar d solution s ma y als o b e used . 7 . Procedure. 7. 1 Sampling . Collec tsample s fo r3 4 hour s usin g th e procedur e describe d l n refereno e 1 0 wit h glass-fibe rfilters meetin g th e specifica tion s l n 8.1.1 . Tranapor tooUecte d sample s t o th e laborator y takin g car e t o minimiz e con taminatio n an d los s o f sample . 7. 2 Sampl e Preparation . 7.2. 1 Ho tExtractio n Procedure . 7X1. 1 Ou ta *4"X8 " stri p fro m th e ex poee d filterusin g a templat e an d a pizz a cut te ra e describe d l n Figure * 1 an d 3 . Othe r cuttin g procedure s may b e used . Lea d i n ambien tparticulat e matte rcol lecte d o n glas s fiber filters ha s bee n show n t o b e unllonnl y distribute d acros s th e filter'•'• n suggestin g tha tth e positio n o rth e stri p l e unimportant . However , othe rstudie s "•* » hav e show n tha twhe n samplin g nea ra rood-wa y lse d ta no tuniforml y distribute d acros s th e filter. Therefore , whe n samplin g nea ra roa d way , additiona l strip e a tdifferen tposition s withi n th e filtershoul d b e analyzed . 7X1. 2 Fol d th e stri p l n hal f twic e an d plac e l n a 160-m l beaker . Ad d 1 6 m l o f 3 A T HNO , t o cove rth e sample . Th s aci d shoul d completel y cove rth e sample . Cove rth e beak e rwit h a watc h glass . 7.3.I S Pleec e beake ro n th e hot-plate , containe d l n a fum e hood , an d bol l gentl y fo r8 0 min . D o no tle tth e sampl e evaporat e t a dryness . Caution : Nitri c Aci d Fume s Are Toti * 7X1. 4 Remov e beake rfro m th e ho tplat e aa d coo l t o nea rroo m temperature . 7X1 J Qoanttattvel y transfe rth s sampl e esfoUowe : 7X1X 1 Sana a watc h glas s en g side s ot beake rwit h D X water . 7X1X 8 Decan textrac tan d rinsing s int o a 100-m l volumetri c flaak. 7X1X 8 Ad d D X wate rt o 4 0 m l mar k o a beaker , cove rwit h watc h glees , an d se tasid e fo ra mtntmi^iw o f

3 0 minutes . Tht o to a cri tica l ste p an d canno tb e omitte d slno * l tal low s th e HNO , trappe d te th e filtert o diffus e Int o th e tino e water . 7X1X 4 Decen tth e wate rfro m th e filter int o th e volumetri c flask. 7X14. 6 Rins e filteran d beake rtwic e wit h D X wate ran d ad d rinsing s t o volumetri c flaak unt n tote l volum e to 8 0 t o 8 8 m L 7.3.1.6. 6 Stoppe rflask an d shak e vigor ously . Se tasid e fo rapproximatel y 6 minute s o runti l foa m ha * dissipated . 7X1.6. 7 Brin g solutio n t o volum e wit h D X water . Mi x thoroughly . 7X1.6 * Allo w solutio n t o settl e fo ron e hou rbefor e proceedin g wit h analysis . 7X1X 9 I f

sampl e to t o b e store d fo r subsequen tanalysts , transfe rt o a linea rpoly ethylen e bottle . 7X 3 Ultrasoni c -extractio n Procedure . 7X3. 1 Ou ta Vxr * strip , fol d an d plac e l n a beake ra

a describe d l n Sectton * 7X1. 1 an d 7X1. 3 excep ttha ta 30-m l beake r covere d wit h Parafll m to use d Instea d o f a 160-m l beake rcovere d wit h a watc h gtoes . Th s Parafll m shoul d b e place d ove rth e beak e rsuc h tha tnon e o f

th e Parafll m to l n con tac twit h wate rl n th e ultrasoni c bath . Other wise , rinsin g o f

th e Perafll m (Sectio n 7X3X1 ) ma y contaminat e th e sample . 7 J3J2 2 Plac e th e beake rl n th e ultresonlca tlo n bat h an d operat e fo r3 0 minutes . 7.3.2. 3 Quantitativel y transfe rth e sampl e a s foUows : 7.2X3. 1 Rins e Perafll m an d side s o f oeake r wit h D X water . 7.2.2. 3 3 Decan textrac tan d rinsing s int o a 100-m l volumetri c flask. • > 7.2.2.3. 8 Ad d 3 0 m l DJ . wate rt o cove rth e filterstrip , cove rwit h parafllm , an d se tasid e fo ra minimu m o f

3 0 mlnutee . Tht o l a a crit ica l ste p an d canno tb e omitted . Th e sampl e i s the n processe d s s l n Section s 7X1.8. 4 throug h 7X1.6.9 . NOTE.—Sample s prepare d b y eithe rproce dur e ar e no w i n 0.4 6 A f HNO, . 8 . Analysis. 8. 1 Se tth e wavelengt h o f th e monochro mato ra t283. 3 o r317. 0 mm . Se to ralig n othe r Instrumenta l operatin g condition s a a recom mende d b y th e manufacturer . 8. 3 Th e sampl e ca n b e analyze d directl y fro m th e volumetri c flaak, o ra n appropriat e amoun to f

sampl e decante d int o * sampl e analysi s tube . I n eithe rcase , car e shoul d b e take n no tt o distur b th e settle d solids . 8. 3 Aspirat e samples , calibratio n stand ard s an d blank s (Sectio n 9J ) int o th e flam e an d recor d th e equilibriu m absorbance . 8. 4 Determin e th e lea d concentratio n l n u g Pb/ml , fro m th e calibratio n curve . Sec tio n 0.3 . 8. 6 Sample s tha texcee d th e linea rcali bratio n rang e shoul d b e dilute d wit h HNO , o f th e sam e concentratio n a s th e calibratio n standard s an d reanalyzed . 0 . Calibration. 9. 1 Workin g standard , 3 0 s g Pb/ml . Pre par e b y dilutin g 3. 0 m l o f Maste rstandar d (64.1 ) t o 10 0 m l wit h 0.4 6 M HNOa . Prepar e dany . 9. 2 Calibratio n standards . Prepar e deit y b y dilutin g th e workin g standar d wit h 0A 8 A T HNO , a s indicate d below . Othe rconcentre tion s ma y b e used . 

# P EftttSTtl , VO L 48 , NO . 140—WEDNESDAY , DICIMOf l 14 , 147 7 

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calibratio n curve . Sinc e th e workin g rang e a f analysi s wil l var y dependin g o n whicl i lea d lin e i s use d an d th a typ e o f instrument , a o on * w to f Instruc tion s fo r preparatio n o f a calibratio n curv e ca n b e given . Selec ta tleas tsi x standard s (plu s th e reagen tblank ) t o cove rth e linea r absorptio n rang e Indicate d b y th e Instru men tmanufacturer . Measur e th e absorbanc e o f th e blan k an d standard s a s l n Sectio n S. a Repea tunti l goo d agreemen tta obtaine d be twee n replicates . Plo tabsorbanc e (y-axie ) versu s concentratio n i n * g Pb/m l (x-axis) . Dra w (o r compute ) a straigh tlin e throug i th e linea rportio n o f

th e curve . D o no tfarc e th e calibratio n curv e throug h aero . T o determin e stabilit y o f tb e calibratio n curve , remeasure—alternately—on e o f th e followin g calibratio n standard s fa rever y 10t h sampl e analysed : concentratio n § 1 ng Pb/ml ; ce*eentiation > g 1 0 * g Pb/ml . I T eithe rstandar d deviate s b y mor e tha n 5 % fro m th e valu e predicte d b y th e calibratio n curve , recalibrat e an d repea tth e previou s 10. analyses . 10 . Calculation. 10. 1 Measure d ai rvolume . Calculat e th e measure d ai rvolum e a s

where : V„=Ai rvolum

e sample d (uncorrected) , in' , 

# a i=>Initia l si rflow rate, mtyam . t" Fina l ai rflow rate , m'/min. r = Samplin

g Time , min. Th e flow rate s Qi an d Q rshoul d b e cor recte d t o th e temperatur e an d pressur e con dition s existin g a tth e tim e o f orific e calibra tio n a a directe d l n addendu m B o f referenc e 10 , befor e calculatio n o f Vm . 10. 3 Ai rvolum e a tSTP . Th e measure d ai rvolum e i s correcte d t o referenc e condi tion s o f 76 0 m m H g an d 36* C a s follows . Th e unit s ar e standar d cubi c meters , sm* .

V»TP= V y P>Xr ' 

## "r

## " x 

## p,xr , V j r>=Sampl e volume , am> , a t76 0 m m H g and 298 ° E . V.-Meesure d vdum e bo m 10.1 . A-Atmosptwlepneaor o s ttim e o f orific e calibra tion , mmHg . Pi-76 0 nu n Hg . Ti-Atmoepheri c temperatur e a ttim e o f orifice eaHbratton , «K . IV-ffle-K . tt* Lea d Concentration . Calculate lea d concentratio n tothe ai rsample . (^ g Pb/m l X10 0 ml/stri p '

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### V„ <TF C-Concentration , * g Ptynn* . MFb/ml-Lea d concentratio n determine d from

Sections . tO O mlMrlp-Tota l sampl e volume .

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y contro l progran . T o minimize , th e possibility o f generatin g unreliable-data , th e use r shoul d follo w prac tice s establishe d for assurin g th e quality o f ai r pollutio n data,* * and tak e par tl n EPA' s semt-aaanm

l aud * progra

m for lea d analyses . 12. Trouble Shooting . 1 . During extractio n o f lead b y the.ho t extractio n procedure , l tl s importan tt o keep th e sampl e covered s o tha tcorrosio n prod ucts—formed o n fum e hoo d surface s whic h ma y contai n lead—aw ne t*yw» i a tth e ' extract . ' ' . 2 . The sampl e aci d concentratio n o f 0.4 6 U shoul d mlalnah

m corrosion o

f the . nebulizer . However , dlBtaeu tnebulizer s ma y require lowe r aci d concentrations . Lowe r concentra tion s ca n b * used provide d sample s an d standard s hav e th e same aci d concentra tion : - 3 . Ashin g e f

partlculate^sample s ha s bee n found , b j BP

A an d contracto r laboratories . to-b e tmnecauar

y i n lea d analyse s b y Atomic . Absorption . Therefore , thi s ste p wa s omitte d free s fb * method . 4 . Filtratio n a textracte d samples , t o re mov e particulate matter , was •paclficallye*- ' eluded froa

a sampt o preparation , becam e se« e analysts hav e oaaamo r loa m o f lea d do e to Oltratloa . . • « .-..yf^-jstJ \*.Be)maces. • • Cy tt

- r %*?.:, 1. Scott , D . B . e tal . AtaeaV c Abeocg&m. an d " - a-tfi j^ —-

Optica l Emissio n Aaalyst o o f H*B S Atmoe sphert o Particulat e Sample s fo r laa* . Savtr . S d an * Tech - 10 , 877-88 0 (M7B). . » - Skogertae , B . K. e tel . Monitorin g to r Lea d I n tk e Bhviroament . pp . 87-88 , Depart men to f CBemlstry , Colorad o Stat e OBlver arty , »or tCollins , Colo . Seen . Submitte d t o Vattona l Scienc e Foundatio n fo r publica tion . 197* . 3 . Zdrojewskl . A . e a a L Th e Accurat e Meas uremen to f

Lea d i n Airborn e Particulates . Inter. ' J . Environ . Anal . Chem. , 2 . 83-7 7 (UJVB) . 4 . Slavln , Wi Atomi c Absorptio n Spectros copy . Publishe d b y Academi c Press , Ne w York , N.T . (1988) . 5 . Klrkbright , a . P. , an d Sargent , M . Atomi c Absorptio n an d Fluorescenc e Spec troscopy . Publishe d b y Academi c Press , Ne w York . N.Y . 1974 . 6 . Burnham , C . D . e tal . Determinatio n o t Lead ' l n Airborn e Particulate s i n Chicag o an d Coo k County . HI . b y Atomi c Absorptio n Spectroeoopy . Envir . Sci . an d Tech. , 3 , 473 - 47 6 (1989) . - ' 7 . Propose d Recommende d Practice s fo r Atomi c Absorptio n Spectrometry , AST M Boo k o tStandards , Par t30 , pp . 1698-160 8 - (Jul y 1973) . a Kolrttyohann , 8 . R. , an d Wen , J . Vf . •Critica l Stud y o f

th e APCD-MEB KBxtrac- . tio n Syste m fo r Atomi c Absorption . Anal . Chem . 46,1988-198 9 (1973) . 9 . Collaborativ e Stud y o f Referenc e Mettidd : fo rta e Determinatio n o f Suspende d S*r - ' tlculate a ta th e Atmospher e (Hig h Volume ' - Metehod) . Obtainabl e firom Nationa l Tea*-.. . nloa l Informatio n service . Departmen to f Commerce . Por tRoya l Road , Springfield , V*i-V 23161 . aaPBr-aOS-eoi . 10 . Refereno e Metho d fo r th e Determina tio n o f Suspende d Particulate * tattb a A« ^ '"• moepher e (Blg a Volum e Mettaod) . Obe a P*den 4 Begulattona , Tru e 40 ; P*r^* V 

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tStod y Symposium . * A Qo^BjdiavoVano a Handboo k fo rAi r TbBntto a W—*ieiiMi > Byafaa , Volume 1 — PHndlftlea

. KP^-eOO/9-76-006 , Mama 1976. i a Tbompeoa , a J . e ta L Analysi s o f

Se - " m Atmoephert

o Partloulate Matte rb y Atamle Ahacrpttoa . Atomi c Ab sorptio n Newsletter . 9 . Hb . S . Map-Jtm * 1*70 . 16 . T o b e publlihed . SPA , QAB, KM8L , RTP. N.C . 3771 1 16. T o b e published . SPA , QAB , EMSL , RTP, H.O . 3771 1 17. Hirschler , D . A . e ta

L Partloulate Lead ' Compounds l n Automobil e Erhane tOa * X-*- dustrla l an d Engineerin g Chemistry , 49,1U1 - 1142(1967) . 

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# f 

# ft [6560-01 ] [ 4 0 CF RPu t51 ] [FR L 831-4 * IMPLEMENTATIO

N PLAN

S FO RLEA D NATIONA L AMBIEN

T AI RQUAUT

Y STANDAR

D AGENCY : Environmenta l Protectio n Agency . ACTION : Propose d rulemaking . SUMMARY : Th e regulation s propose d below , togetherwit h th s current * re quirement s o f

8 0 CF RPar t81 , se tfort h th e requirement s fo r State * t o follo w I n developing , adoptin g an d submittin g Ac ceptabl e lmplementattos i plan s fo r th e Lea d nationa l ambien t*i rqualit y stand ard s (NAAQS ) propose d elsewher e h i thi s Faaasa x RBOISTSK . Th s Implementatio n plan s ar s require d unde rsectio n 11 8 o f th e Clea n Ai rAct . Amendment s to th e existin g regula tion s fo r implementatio n plan s ar e nec essar y becaus e lea d dif f er s fro m othe r pollutant s fo r whic h th e existin g regu lation s wer e designed . Th * propose d amendment s to 48

1 CF RPar t8 1 sddres s th e followin g totstos: . Contro l strateg y requirement* . Ai rqualit y surveillance . Thi s preambl e als o discusse s othe ris sue s concernin g th e developmen to f lea d implementatio n plans , includin g report in g requirements , emergenc y episod e plans , an d ne w sourc e review . DATES : Comment s mus tb e receive d o n o rbefore : Februar y 17 . 1878 . Comment s submitte d i n triplicat e wil l facilitat e in ternal distributio n an d publi c availabil ity . ADDRESSES : Person s ma y submi twrit ten comment s o n thi s proposa l to: VB. Environmenta l Protectio n Agency , Office o f Ai rQualit y Plannin g an d Standards , Contro l Program s Developmen tDivisio n (M D 15) , Researc h Triangl e Park . N.C . 27711 . Attention : Mr . Josep h Sableski . EPA wil l mak e al l comment s receive d o n o rbefor e Februar y 17,1878 , availabl e fo rpubli c inspectio n durin g norma l busi nes s hour s at : EP A Publi c Informatio n Referenc e Unit . 40 1 M Stree tSW. . Roo m 2832 . Washington , D.C . 20480 . FO RFURTHE RINFORMATIO N CON TACT : 

# m Deemltlo w a f pat* * souree s sa d contro l Mr . Joh n Silvasi , US . Environmenta l Protectio n Agency . Offic e of Afc tQu*i 

# ST* *

27711 , ***mitiisns ; Comni

_ l*l-**eJ;l*I*W4»-s*J7 . 8TJPPLCMINTARY INFORMATION : 1 . BtATPToa

T Rs«tn»B***orr

s 1. 1 STATTJTOS

Y iMmssaonrr s ai m BCHXBUL S FO S ACTIO * Unde rsectio n 11 0 o f

th e Clea n Ai rAct , State s mus tadop tsn d submi tplan s 8 8 EPA wtihl n nm * month s afte rth e pro mulgatio n o f

* primar y o rsecondar y na tiona l ambien tah - qualit y standard . O a th e presen tschedule , EP A wi n promul gat e th e lea d standar d i n Jun * 1878 , State s mus ttherefor e submi tthei rSLF * b y Marc h 1878 . EP A mus tapprov e o rdis approv e th e pla n withi n fou rmonth s afte rth e dat e require d fo rrihtintssto n e f tii e plan . I f

a stat e fail s t o submi ta pla n tha tcomplie s wit h sectio n no , EP A mos * promulgat e * pla n fo rtha tStat e withi n si x month s afte rth * dat e require d fa r submissio n o f

th e plan . u RSQTTiRxxxirr

s ro * COHTHT

T o r ran JTLS * Sectio n lis ) o f

th e Clea n Ai r Ao tin quire s tha ta SI Pprovid e fo r th * men to f prtnusr y j*nblen t standard s with m tares year s , dat e o n whic h EFA ' appiovcs ' mtugates ) th i p**n , an d theresfter . KP

A ca n gran ta n o f th e attainmen tdat * o f tn> to r unde rcertai n conditions . T n EP A canno tapprov e * pl* n tains * ' numbe ro f

othe r thes e ar e detaile d to sectio n ~llf > o f tsa i set . ~v -> < I ti s Importan tto not e tha tth e Ac tre quire s * pla n fo reac h criteri a jW»«*fe**nt . (I.e. , on e tha tth e Administrato rdesig nate s unde rsectio n 10 8 an d fo rwhic h ns ) establishe s criteri a an d a standar d unde r sectio n 10 8 o f

th e Clea n Ai rAct ) ^There fore , th e pla n fo r les d wO l b e * separat e plan , no ta revisio n to a n existin g plan . Man y portion s o f

th e existin g plans , how ever , suc h a s thos e portion s coverin g leg* ) authority , complianc e schedule s an d sourc e surveillance , ma y b e applicabl e t o th e Implementatio n o f th e lea d stand ard . Th e lea d pla n ma y Incorporat e thos e portion s o f

existin g plan s b y reference . ' 1. 3 EXTSMBTOlf

S Unde rsectio n 11 0 of

th e Clea n Ah

* Afct, , th e EP A Administrato rm* y < tw o year s th e three-yea rperio d f e tainmen to f

a primar y standard. " * Th e two-yea rextensio n t o attai n mar y standard s ca n b e grante d 1 applicatio n fro m th s Governo r< Detaile d reqiunsnent s fo r tn e appea rl n sectio n U

O e f th e i par tC (Extension* * at 4 0 < E A i s i ta u Flea U'

l aioa i * W Refutation s fo r tion. tion.

taosaa i safiain s vaot

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### goaSkSiaerilpie d :*i»a^.7tterepSitloT M •w w «H * ** & requirement s out t^eajtlo u Tftto f th e act . discusse d 11 . W*e a EP

A firstpub B

. Star e au e onl y 

### Partfceulat

e mat RnXSTB* . 

### I ambien tafa

r .'•EP A proposes teSCPns i tepwgcrlb e th e Btint ttha tplan s nrastmee t P A stvnaal . Fortton e o f

4 S C* RS l j...areao trevfstd areata ) appUeabl *

i appropriate . , KP A v * eventuall y pro - »nig»« * requirement * tSa tacedwn tfo r theQea n Ai rAc tAmendment s o f 1977 . "Rh i ne w requirements : tha tmay affect leeSimplementotlo n plana wil l coverth e ZQ0s*Wll*a

tVB&CaK -relate d r^ovlsiaxis . J fO T CteMTs t lHllgfatst > L €* T s**Bs*lflCeTjB* ' t^yrtWrOTftwCIt .

untitle s a t tttakMil aa d jRtderai level . 

### '. . *•)«& * fees..

o n o T Stat e at rpoHntfo n board* .

~ tine a Clo

u o f dan tae ptfBH

o no ' aeaaratrpomiUoa . ..Protectio n a tvtslMUt y l n certai n areas . laeig j i n aananmtaemergenc y authority . 'Y*t"S i .BBjWDBBlW

f OP PKOPOSS* . RKfltUOM S 

### |M- : vfeetten a of

tht * sectio n en d th e pro 1 

### 'pose d rulemaking refe rt a a documen t enfULe d "8«pplemeKtaiy Crakdehne s fa r laear^ementetta a Stan*. " which * no w to draf

tform . Informatio n o n avail abJBt S o f tha tdraf

tappear * I

n I iA e t tht o preamble , btiov . /

S. l URRRm B



### ' 8XL ' Atfafffe n a f

lea f Poin tSources. A peta l sourc e i ta facUtti tha temits a . significan tQuantit

y o f atrpoSutan temla eton e EP A la proposin g tha ta poin t sourc e of lea d b e Stsme d e s a sourc e tha t , , emit s five tons pe ryea ro < leadorgreat 1 

### Mar^-ifcUkwt.iagai d to th e area In **hlch. . >Jteat*i£jV*cfantnfBM ^ tpoin tsourc e deSnttfcn includ e fh e mnllt y Impact, o f

such , sources , an d

~ v efQg) I ^thMwaul1liheat - ; * S ittTTlBlftiTj'frfff

M A**"*m*ru.*Xan 

### I'defhrtOa a appear s fa EPA' s draf

t itar y OMaeBne * tor Lead Dn an'l*IiB»r, 

### • " ' Wliauan t n rcuawu c Sfnuttnf.



### woul d *uen d to* def

- •teateDC<l>»Ll(n) ) o f fuel * en d fue l of~eJuaiiui.i i ceal . 

### Ac tauthorise s State s t o regulate orpro hibi tthe " us e o f a fuel o rfue l addftfv

e fo rmoto rvehicle s through th e Stat e lsa plementatio n plan . EP

A ca n approv e a Stat e pla n tha tcontain s such , a regula tio n onl y I

f EP A "find s tha * th e Stat e "contro l o rprohibitio n I

s necessar

y t o achiev e th e nationa l primar y o rsecond ary ambien tah

* qualit y standar d which th e plan Implements. " Lea d l n th e form of tetramethy l lea d e rtetraethy l lea d 1* widel y use d a s a n addltrv

e t o gasoline s t o Increas e octan e rating . O n September28 , 1970, EP A promul gate d regulation s tha tcontro l th e amounto

f lea d I n 8«««n» « (4 1 FR 4267 S a s 4 0 CF R80L30> . 

### Thes e regula tion s requir

e o U refiners t o mee ta lea d i n gaaeSne concentratio n o f 0. 8 gra m pe r gallo n b y Januar y 1 , 1978, and O

S gra m pe rsalta n by Octoberl , 1979. Abo , th e Clea

n Ai rActAmendment

s o f 197 7 amended Sectio n 31 1 o f th e Ac t t o provide less stringen tlead-ln-gasolln e limitation s fo rsmal l refineries . I n mos turba

n area s withou tpoin t sources o f lead , th e federa

l progra m fo r th e reductio n o

f lea d m gasolin e shoul d sufficientl y reduce lea d emission s t o th e nationa l standar d fo rlead . Ther e may b e a fe w places , however, wher e th e automobil e emission s ar e s o grea ttha t th e federa

l progra m wi B no tensure th e attainmen to

f th e standard . I n thos e cases . State s ma

y wis h t o Impose thei r ow n standard s o n th e concentratio n of lea d I n gasolin e underSectio n 2l l o f th e Clean Ai rAct. EP A l s proposing t o hs t thi s a s a possibl e measur e t n th e defini tio n o f contro l strategy under* 51. 1 (n) . 3 . 2 PRIORIT Y CLASSIFICATIO N SYSTE M 

### Sectio n 51.

3 currently defines a syste m fo rplacin g each ai rquaUt y contro l re gio n (AQCR

) Int o priorit y classe s base d o n th e magnitud e o

f It s ai rpoUution proble m fo rsevera

l pollutants . Th * sec tio n wil l no tapply t o lead , sinc e thi s proposal set s forth anothe rmean s of settin g prioritie s t

n th e developmento f th a contro l strategy . s. s BEEoesnr

e asQtmsioQti s Th e requirements to rquarterly ai r quaUt y lepoittn g Specifie

d m 1 81.7(a) wfi tapply to lea d a* wc * a s fh e othe r cialei * poUutants . EP A plan s t o modif

y th e requirement

s of tU- 1 fo rperiodi c emissio n reportin g tn 187 8 an d wfil addres s th e reportin g o f lea d wnfmfn

m a ttha ttime . Th e follow in g A ta 

### " maUm 

### outline s EPA' s curren t thinkin g o n thi s topi c Currentl y J 51.7(b ) requires tha t change s to th e emissio n Inventor y b e submitte d I

n accordance wit h th e re quirement

s o f th e National Emissio n Dat e Syste m (NEDS). ' Det a fro m manypa* * sutuu&

s o f lea d ar e already

/ t n th e J N SU S s j ste m becaus e th e lea d source s ar e els e sources ' o f

particula rmatter . T o mtnimt tlea d emissio n dat a ccfiBcaeaes * jciaatsu s requtouBent a EP S wU l us e TH^n * NED 6 data togethe r wtt h emlsBla

n factorsfro m EPA' s Haa Trae e BBxteton * Syste m * t e calculat e an d stor e lea d emission s data . -Th e dat a from NED S wi n b e adequat

e to calculate emis sion s fo rmos tlea d sources ; HATREM S wil l als o hav e th e capabilit y t o stor e ad ditional data fo rothe rsources tha tare no tcurrently I

n NED S (such a s tetra ethy l lea d manufacturing ) an d t o ad d ne e sources a s necessary . Therefore , th e lea d cmtesto

n reporting requirement

s wil l b e baae d o n th e us e o

f bot h NEDS an d HATREMS . Th e regulatio n would re quir e reportin g o n only poin tsources (Le. , thos e greate rtha n five ton s per year) . tat th e initia l dat a submission , th e State s wil l b e require

d (unde ra ne w Subpar tE t o 4 0 CF RPart5 1 propose

d below ) -t o submi tt o th e EP

A Regional Office : (1 > KED S and HATREM B poin t source fone * fo ra

D sources emittin g five o rmor e ton* o tlea d pe ryea ran d (2 ) a n updated NED S are a source for m an d a HATREMS for

m fo reach count

y which mus trepor tThi s submissio n shoul d en sur e e complet

e initia l emissio n In ventory . 3 . 4 CONTRO L SXHARG T 

### A control strategy I

n a n implementa tio n pla a fc a se te f

measure s developed to chang e th e amount , timme , o rdis c taflntttan of

emtaafcns . A n implementa tio n pta a mus tdemonstrate tha tth e con tro l strateg y l a adequate to attai n th e standar d with m thre e year s afte rEP A approva l an d malntata fh e standar d thereafter . (State * ca n receive a n ex tensio n of u p t o tw o years to attai n a pri mar y standard , however. ) Th e regulation s tha tEP

A I s proposing below pertainin g to lea d contro l strate gie s would appeara s a separate new Sub partE . 3.4. 1 Requirements lorAirQualitv Maintenance Analyses and Plans. Re view o f new an d modified ntetfamar y sources o

f lea d unde r4

0 CP R61.1 8 shoul d b e adequate to ensure mainte nanc e o f th e nationa l standar d fo rlea d I n mos tareas . Th e regulation s (4f tCPB . Par t51 . Subpar

tD > repairin g a detaile d emission s projectio n analysi s fa rtte othe rcriteri a pollutants t n selecte d ane * wer e designe d to requir

e evaluatio n of th e ai rqualit

y impac tof

th e growt

h o f area sources tha tar e no tcovered b y fh e new sourc e revie

w provision s unde r i 51.18 . Th e onl y are a source s fo rlea * ar e nonpoin tproces s source s (thos e ks a tha n five tons peryear) , stationary fue l combustio n sources , an d mobil e sources . Non-poin tproces s aource * wil l ao t likel y Jeopardiz

e th e maintenanc e ef

th e lea d standard . Usin g lea d consumptio n a a a n Indicato rof

production—aad henc e source "fc^ " activity—betwee n 197 1 an d 197

5 ther e was a ne tdecreas e In lea d consumptio n of

9. 4 percen tfo r al l ka d product

s tndmttto * Mos tcate gorie s ha d decrease * t n consumption . Th e nnt y categorie s wit h k

i welSbtaaa d beBastpeedeello e U3.& ] cens> sa d stoog e batter y manufacturin g (2. 8 percent). * • Iteatattonar y foa l BOBBUS*! * 

### emi tonl y mino rquantitie s o f lead*. ; 

# 4

^^smiiW? *

'yj^X'rjAr <

y..yJ, VO U ^ SO . «0_W»lfD»AT , D*Cs**>»*f4 , *&' •gsr-.i. 

### ^xwm^-'JW,.P.1 6



### ii-^S^w^'"" '



# • S • Mobil e sources ; parttadarl y automo b&es , emi tsignifican tqvantttie s of lea d a s a category , ba tHP

A regulation a fo r redactio n of

lea d to sssottn e hav e no t ye tbe n full * liiMdeiBsitert . Afte rth e mtt'Ttmn m reductio n osblea

d i n gasoline , growt h i n mobile source s wil l no tjeopar diz e tb e propose

d teed standard . Sectio n 51.12(h ) ftajonres State s to provide fo ra syste m fo racquirin g infor matio n concernin g growt h t n emissions . State s mus tasses s al l area s a tleas t every five year s t o determin e I f th e Stat e need s to revis e th e pla n fo rany areas . Th e tnformatlon-gatherln g mechanis m an d th e periodi c reassessments wil l un cove rgrowt

h In source s to o smal l to b e reviewed unde ri 51.18 . Th e proposed regulation s would allo w EP A to require a n analysi s perio d be yon d th e statutory attainmen tdat e I n thos e fe w area s where growt h migh t Jeopardize th e nationa l lea d standard . 3.43 . Lead

Bmtsstan Inventory. EP A wil l assis tth e State s In developin g thei r initia l lea d emission s inventor y b y gen eratin g Inventorie s base d o n dat a i n NED S an d HATREM

S described abov

e unde rth e reportin g requirements . State s wil l hav e to determin e th e degree o f reli abilit y o f thi s data , however , an d obtai n additional dat a a s warranted . Th e EPA generate d Inventor

y ca n b e supplement e d b y th e Stat e through th e calculatio n o f emission s usin g a Stat e particulate matte rinventor

y an d th e emissio n fac tors In "Contro

l Technique s fo rLea

d Air Emissions.' " Wher

e th e Stat e desire s more accurate emissio n data from a par ticula rsource , th e Stat e shoul d measure th e lea d emission s directiy . EPA' s rec ommended techniqu e fo rmeasuring lea d emission s appears t n Appendi x A of "Supplementar

y Guideline s fo rLea

d im plementatio n Plan. " * I n projectin g emission s t o 1982—th e yea rb y which tb e lea d standard mus tb e attaine d (unles s extended)—State s wil l hav e t o accoun tfo rth e effecto f th e fed era l progra

m fo rth e phase-dow n o

f lea d i n gasoline . EPA' s "Supplementar y Guideline s fo rLea

d Implementatio n Plans " * provide a techniqu e fo rproject in g mobil e source lea d emissions . De taile d procedures fo rprojectin g emis sion s fo rothe rsource categorie s appear s I n EPA' s "Guidelines fo rAh - QuaUt y Maintenanc e Plannin g an d Analysis. " * 3 . 0 Lead

AirQuaUty Analysis and Control Strategy Development. Th e reg ulation s proposed below ar e base d o n th e followin g three-par tapproach : I th e Stat e would determin e 'EPA' s lead-in-gasolin e limita tio n I s sufficien tto provide fo rattain men to f th e standar d i n area s I

n which hig h lea d ai rconcentration s hav e been measured , an d tha tar e affected pri marily b y mobil e source lea d emissions ,

iwoiildh*restricte d to thos e VkOM ghm a Man nt riwnwn . 

### , rr. «fJavT7Z^*S***TM w

. sme e Januar y 1 . 1974. EP A derive d thi s criterio n from a n anal ysi s o f th e effects o f

thre e federal pro gram s o n reducin g teed yntartona : th e progra m fo rth e redactiogCo

f teed I ngas - '-" ' -rXy^'-XXXy'''^ : " •'4J 1 -,-...-,. 

### (dine unde r4 0 CP

R8QJ0 , ttw require ment s (4 0 CTRStt l an d SS.2S) tha t prohibi tth e us e of

leade d gasolin e to ve hicle * equipped with catalyti c converters , an d th e requirement

s tha tse ta lowe r limi to n moto rvehicl e gasolin e mileag e unde rttie Energ

y Policy and : Conserva tion Acto

f 1975 . EPA' s analysi s indicat e d tha tth e effect

e of thes e programs ar e suc h tha tany are a wit

h 197 6 lea d con centration s tha tar e cause d predoml of lea d source * saabTa ^ bu m wast e crankcas e of ttha i Th e above strateg y to to EPA' s . men tadequat

e to quantif

y lea d ai r] lem * fo rpurposes of

developin g 1 men tstrategies . I tdoe s no trequire mos tsophisticate d technique * forquan tifyin g lea d ai rqualit

y problems , becaus e Stat e resource s are a tthi s time severely limited . I f

EP A required th e mos ted nanti y by mobil e source s an d tha tar e f vance d techniques, few State s would be , po ti n exces s of

6 S a/m* . mon^' v mea n labl e to submi tacceptabl e analyse s In a wil l ^faSrrr,f^f tS

f 1 a j mSttST . l^&^er.AStatottrtd^sireamor e mu m monthly meaa

L b y 19 M aanmto s *«£** ^"^J^"^! ^ n o othe rchange s i n emissions . EPAj S attemp tmore sophisticate d analyses , analysi s appear

s a s Appendi

x D to EPA' s suc h a s modelin g mobil e an d non-majo r "Supplementar

y Guidelines'fo rLea

d lin- " source s usin g dlspasio p model * an d the- » plementatio n Plans. " * Th e criterio n oif" " generatio n o f a lea d emissio n inventor y " ~ 4. 0 fig/m'Incorporates asafety facto rap pUe d t o th e results o

f th e analysis . JS A estimate s tha taboutseven urbanized urea s would b e covered under 1 

### UU * crl SiPJ!* * tMdHRB'O E 

### i e SI Panalysis , th e Stat e would us e a screenin g technique t n th e for m o f a modifie d rollbac k model * to determin e when th e federa

l program

s fo rth e re ductio n o f lea d to gasoline , fo rth e us e o f no-lea d gasolin e i n catalys tequippe d cars , an d fo rminimizin g gasolin e con sumptio n will resul tI

n attainmen to

f th e standard . If

th e analysi s show s tha tth e standard wi

U no tb e attaine d unti l afte r th e statutory attainmen tdates , th e pla n would hav e to contai n whateve rmeas ure s are needed to attai n th e standard butli M aMiilninentdates . BfiCflBaiVlth

e Stat e would the n mode l th e followin g poin tsource s of lea d re gardles s o f measure d ai rquaUt

y concen tration s l n thei rvicinities : primar y lea d smelters , secondar

y lea d smelters , pri mar y coppersmelters , lea d gasolin e ad ditiv e plants , lead-aci d storag e battery manufacturin g plant s tha tproduc e 1,20 0 o rmor e batterie s pe rday , an d al l othe r sources tha temi t2

5 o rmor e ton s per yea ro f lead . Th e Stat e would hav e to us e a dispersion mode

l t o estimate th e Im pac to f thes e source s o n lea d ah * con centrations . Th e Stat e would develop an d evaluate contro l strategie s tha t would coversuc h source s if necessary .

. Thes e foursource categorie s wer e se lecte d based upo n a n analysi s o f thei r ai rquaUt y Impac tTha tanalysi s Indi cate d tha tdu e to thei rfugitiv e emission s l n th e cas e o

f th e smelters and th e mag nitud e o f thei rstac k emission s In th e cas e o f lea d gasolin e additiv e plant s an d bat ter y manufacturin g plants , thes e source categorie s presente d th e potentia l fo rth e greates tlocalize d stationary source lmgagjft UttBeJ*o reac h are a i n th e vicinit y o f a n ai rquaUt

y monito rtha tha s recorded lea d concentration s I

n exces s o f th e In d nationa l standard , th e Stat e would hav e t o analyz e toe proble

m usin g m9dmed rollback .

- m B O doing ; th e Stal e woul d ssvSstr gate sources o

f lea d entissfcmeothertban r one s covered t n th e firsttw o part s above . Otiie rsource s mclud e mabfle-souroa a smalle rlea d poin tsources , o r base d upo n measure d emissions . There ma y b e sourc e categorie s oth**-- * tha n thos e specifie d S i th e secon d past . ' of th e above approac

h tha thav e th e po tentia l fo rcausin g violation s o f th e na tional standard fo rlead . EP A hiw Iden tifie d gra y Iro n foundrie s a

a on e such- : sourc e category , bu tthi s identificatio n I s base d o n Umite

d dat a concemm g ' amoun tof

fugitiv e emission s faculties.-EPA doe s no tfee l degree o f confidence to thi s I justifie s a requirementfo rState s 1 . lys e s U gra

y iro n foundries , o

f lAkfc^tjfc . 1,00 0 exis tAn d becaus e fugitfcirij f sion s ma y var

y fro m faciUt

y av f * ' dependin g o n factor s othe rthaa i tia n rate , ttis epBJeat

tto arrive*fc*f*#* 7 of f below whic h n b suc h foundr y neeolM , analyzed . Th e Stat e would , hOwevejr . I&frffc: to analyz e thos e foundrie s located ; BT* " area s tha thav e measured 7 

### lea d eoij[i$h ? " tration s I n exces s o f th e propc ^ standi * ard . Becaus e of

th e potentia l from foundrie s and - othe rsource*^ ] covered b y tha tapproach , State s ar e en couraged to conside ranalysi s of thes e sources to th e exten tthq ttime and;**>" i sources permi t• -' • *y$?*.\ Fo rstationary source s whos e per- * ticulate matte remission s ar e no tnor mall y we U controUe

d an d fo rstationar y source s tha tgenerate a substantial amounto f larg e particles , a Stat e may " wis h to accoun tfo rdepositio n o ratmos pheri c faUou

to f larg e particles . State s . ma y us e th e method s found i n Chapte r 5 o f "Meteorolog

y an d Atomic Ehergj r 1968. " Th e pertinen tpage s o f tha tdocu men tar e found to Appendi x C o f th e "Supplementar

y Guideline s fo rEeed*- k 

### Implementatio n Plans." 1



### . ^ 7 ' 3. 8 FBKVZOTXO

H O F HO. POIAtmOI L , » t' - ~ EHEBOINC Y BPISODC S ..•»"* • 

### Becaus e ther e I

s n o evidence that"o?- : 

### ^ 4 posur e to short-ter m (hourly ) pea k leeicT ^ level s tn th e ambientai rcoul d cens e a$j? ^ vers e healt h effect

s to any segmen totJr ; 

### th e genera

l populatio n a tlevel s tha tir e eve rlikel y to b e experienced. , *a . "emer genc y episode " fo rteed wi n remam un defined unles s contradictor y uncovered . Fo rthi s reason . KP A < Intend to requir

e State * 1 procedure e *V

_ •ode s a * pac to f tten Idas*. : •">.••

' ;••/-. " • :,^?f?*^j

. . -y *%<;->fiX MOISTM . VO L 4S J ..l«> l .te*r r *9SM*S^ ^ >.&%•& »



# : 

# :^Sl*:^SSStt »P.1 7

srum^i&P-ztX*



### ftotBa i person * jxroer

to tttetf pertai n plan s ca n review however . wi s promulgate

_te^fttiyiment

s wit h fete- lea d regulations . i snee a**a*%P*fcM T "** * 

### yeartor * mtahlinheS . thir d year , an d be tove ra 8 month duite c th e year . ESct

to f i woul d elkr v a Stat e to us e on e ia«*rtta

rfa ra tleas ttw o Incatims . I f vjnletirm * o f

NAAQS ar e found , per manen tsite s could b e established . EP A recommend * tha turbanise d area * greate rtha n 106,00

0 i n populatio n b e to-. cliiqa d to thi s supplemental monitorin g 4»ecTam . eventualtybf

l as ^ HUflllliUa

i !6 rUrba

n area monitor belo w would. to rlead : to. Eon s come pre sourcea . EP

A on*sibn x from thi s cate - " approximately 9 0 per r

### Sattbna I ezB&stons . Fur - ^mos i OE C thes e emission s occu r th e requirement are a nfirnttortng. . . asflhica tmonitorin g progra m suSclent : o n a nationa l basi s to

to * Qaitatib n o n lesStS t«MoBnaJ a randan* to th e at Jta * rfytintenanf

* o f th e lea d ,.qpJ S xe&ttvel

y fe w monl t.^'^h e nSmherrequire * f arj*^t*tajaa & me&er , ax e neede d i n th e ma^§jl£ijua . areaVS'ticros

a th e countr

y o n a"8etJB^i"ljjaaa- . to. develo p a n ai r

Jibattbriap . Per wl U b e required

a populatio n 

### .saejavq* . An y urbanised

, are a wit h lea d eencentratlon a eqvtalt e or^t

o exces s o f u s «g/u* .

. iiiaiHwuia j Se-d* y erlButtetlt

f mean , measure d else * Ja»*ai i V.ie** : Thes e criteri a wer e selecte d to ensur e tha tan y JWEea.wU

* th e potentia l fo rex ceedin g th e lea d SAAQS , ortha tha s al reedy^tecefided th a NAAQS , woul d hav e UtiXveonMu/rarabtentlea d ievete . A n ur -

, tha * 5S0JM

9 woul d b e expecte d to hav e '•- - sufficienttrin e density t o pos e a poten -

. ,t^^l) ^ to th e HAACS i . . -^yX.. iite i o f

area s tha tmee ttheahov e exi - «*t*rla : 

### : ar e p«s«nte d i n Table* : 1 an d .^J^befir^-^'^^^ a ,; v

### ; - •y?jy -j . *£:'' ' ERA ; reMimrnCTid

s tha tState s als o Turba n area s o a a n In to determin e then * i to tfaeliAAQS . 8ne h

_"Special fcMonitoring."toMeentog wit h toe ftt*ft8tan*9**AxrMonitor . 

## ^jsaoiwqi ; _ " ' taflfliiUfyta

g tn e TH

S WrliAftBen

l site s estapnaned d b e considered "Nationa l Ai rQual ity Tren d Stations " (NAQTS) , i n keep In s with th e terminolog

y o f th e SAMWG

. Th e minimu

m samplin g frequenc

y would be.on e sampl e ever

y si x days . Each EPA ' Regional Administrato rwould hav e th e authorit y t o specif

y mor e tha n two mon itors , however . I

f h e found tha ttw o mon itor s ar e Insufficien

tt o determin e t

f th e lea d NAAQ S wer e bein g attaine d an d maintained . Thes e additional monitors would , b e considere d Stat e and Loca l Air Monitorin g Stations * SLAM8) to keep in g wit h th e terminology o f th e SAMWQ. Th e analysi s o

f th e 24-hou rsample * coul d b e performed fo reithe rIndividua l sample s o rcomposite s o

f th e sample s col lecte d ove

ra calenda rmonth . Th e sam pl e analysi s wil l us e th e Federal refer enc e method , which EP

A i s proposing i n 4 0 CF RPart5 0 alon g with th e NAAQ8 . o requivalentmethods . Th e propose d re f £ erenc e metho d consists o f th e coUectto

n o f th e ambien tsampl e usin g a hig h vol um e ai rsample r(hi-vol) , wit h analysi s fo rlea d b

y atomi c absorption . Tw o type s o f

monitorin g site s wil l b e neede d a s a minimu

m to * urba

n are a ambien tlea d monitoring— a roadwa y sit e an d a neighborhoo d site . Th e objectiv e of both sit e type s i s to measur e i n area s wher e peopl e ar e bein g exposed to maxi mum lea d concentration s to th e ambient air . Both sit e type s are needed t o deter min e exposure o

f receptors t o lea d con centration s arisin g pttatarl y from auto motiv e source s an d te determin e toe effec to n an-quality o f

th e federal progra

m fo rth e reductio n o

f lea d to gasoBne . Th e roadwa

y sit e woul d b e locate d nea r residence s tha tar e to th e vicinity o f a majo rroadwa

y (arterial , freeway . Inter state , ete. ) passin g through a residential communit

y o rdowntow

n cente rcit

y ••i *

i s tite i 

### latemaster.a l tofl taring site s i f

th e stetson * mee tth e i crh>rteofEPA^"8«)ptementeryOBid* - line a fo rLea

d Imptementetlo n Plena" ' J.6 J Peta l Soon * Moaetortmo. -Th e regulation * weal d no trequir e aaaeicn t monitorin g aroun d a lea d sourc e to de termin e whethe rth e teed NAAQ S * be in s achieved , butBP

A eucouiagv * State * t o perfor m suc h monitorteg , especiall y i f th e lea d emission * ar * fugitive . A Stat e ma y requir e poin tsourc e owner

s an d op erator s to monito rto th e vtetott y o f the * sources . EP A als o encourage s State s t o monito r i n location s wher

e people with hig h bloo d lea d level s work

, reside , o rplay . 3.6. 3 OtherMemHorimp. Th e proposed regulation * would als o provid e fo rEP A to requir e monitors to area s outsid e tire area s describe

d I n f 3.S.1 , above . a. 7 REVIE

W 

### o v wa sournes

s AK* 

### uoomcaxioii s

Th e neighborhoo d sit e would b e lo cate d i n a n area o

f hig h densit

y traffi c an d population , butno tnecessaril y ad jacen tto majo rroadways . Th e preferred locatio n fo rthi s sit e typ e would b e a tor nea rplay area s o rschool s becaus e o f th e seriousnes s o f

lea d exposure fo rsma

U children . S.7 J Nem Stationary Sources. *S» A I s no tproposin g modification s t o th e ne w source review requirement * to th e actio n below . Sinc e thi s portio n oe * th e lea d ka plementatio n pmh requirement s i s par t o f a muc h large rtaue, BP

A believe s tiiat th e ne wsoaro e revie

w prwriason

s fo rlea d • plan s shoul d b e handle d to a forthcom - >. In g separat e actio n concernin g new ? source review . -t I n th e FXBBU L 

### Baviara * ot December ^ 21 . ivn 14 1 F R5555S> , BP A gav e ad - •

' vanc e notic e o

f a impose d ie*i*k* i to 4 0 CF R5 1 J S concernin g ne w sourc e re - * view . Th e notic e indicate d tha tEP A wa s ' considerin g th e estabttshmento f a sys tem forreviewing ne

w source s wher e tb e complexit y o f th e review woul d depen d o n th e siz e o

f th e proposed source . Tb e proposed regulation s fo rne w source re view woul d establis h tw o ste e criteri a fo r ne w and mortifie

d lea d sources . Bello

w th e lowe rlimit , (emissio n of five tons pe r year ) n o ne

w sourc e review would b e needed . Between th e towersn d highe r limi t(emission s o

f 25 - ton s pe ryear) , a revie w o f th e sourc e fo rconformance with emissio n HmitnU«n « woul d b e needed , butn o ai rquaUt

y analysts wooed

, b e needed . Abov

e tb e highe rlimit , a n ai r qualit y analysi s woul d b e Beaded . . Lea d poin tsource s tha tar e smalle r tha n majo rlea d source s <Le , les s tha n 2 5 ton s peryear ) would no tb e m b Jectto publi c commentrequirements . 3.7.2 Indirect

Sources . Th e Clean At

r ActAmendment

s o f 197 7 prohibi tEPS } from requiring stat e Implementafta o Plan s t o contai n a new source revie v progra m forindirec tsources . Therefore , th e propose

d regulationa would no tre quir e State s t o revie

w ne w indirec t sources . 3.T. 3 Significant

Deterioration. I n th a regulation s propose

d below . EPA-ha

s not propose d a definitio n o * wha t1 * mean*- * *



# i

! •-• -



### lm ; WOJjJA , 

### reac n -Tatio n Plans' * * « requirement

s f c of th e sit e types . th e lea d ambientai rsamplin g b y significan tdeterioratio n wit h regard- X - I t o lead . .-.-. J Itode rtb e Clean A * Ac tAmendment * oL 1477 . however. EP

A aue * peoaaaleato . regulation s fo rth e preventio n e f **WSIT V 

# 4

VBt . 44 , NO

. 140—WEDHISOAT , DeOMM T 1* , TVT 7 :J?;"-y- :..•••&*



# i#£Kf 3

• ' ;''Jriwi* ;P.1 8 -g*&Sr-, ••^•^X^rJj-jy

lean tdeterioratio n fo ran y poUutan tfo r • - v winc h EP A promulgate * a ' ne w nationa l ambten tsi rqualit y standard . EP A mus t promulgatethe * regutottoo * witht e tw o year s afte riuuuiiiUf*#i n o f th e stand - &.-y" ard . ' -'-'sM'. '

s. s aoxnuncstlavnijawc * E P A doe s no tproposesa y change s to th e regulation s o n sourc e surveillanc e to accoun tfo rth * ne w teed standar d there fore . State s mus tfollo w th e sam e re quirement s se tforth , therei n fo rlea d a s fo rth e othe rcriteri a poUutants . Th e requirement s fo rcontinuou s mon itorin g o f

emission s wil l no tb e appUe d a tthi s time to lea d SIPs . however , be caus e ther e ar e n o In-stac k lea d mon itor s tha tmeasur e bot h particulat e an d vaporou s lea d simultaneously . I f suc h a monito rbecome s available , EP A wfl l the n determin e whethe rto requir e con tinuous In-stac k lea d monitors .

3 J MBCXLLANXOT

O I n additio n to th e revision s discusse d above , th e proposa l belo w wm^t w sev era l mino rrevision s tha tar e necessar y to differentiat e certai n regulation s tha t appl y onl y t o lea d fro m regulation s tha t appl y to othe rcriteri a poUutants . -

4 . ADDITIONA L GtoSARC X 4. 1 8UFPLEXBNTAK

Y SOTDKUNZ

S EP A ha * prepare d a draf tguideline , "Supplementar y Guideline s fo r Lea d Implementatio n Plans, " * tha twi n cove r aspect s o f

th e SI Pdevelopmen tproces s no tcovere d I n th e revision s t o th e SI P requirements . Th e item s covere d i n th e guidelin e are — ai rquaUt y data reportin g details , emission s dat a reportin g details , determinin g an d accountin g to rbackground concentrations , projectin g automotiv e lea d emissions , ne w sourc e review techniques , metood e ft* stack tasting , determinatio n o f

lea d poin teource defini tion , aa d a discussio n o

f depositio n o

f .particle s an d gases . Comment s o n thi s draf tar e Invite d a s par to f thi s rulemaking , informatio n o n ho w to obtai n copie s i s give n t n 1 4 JS below . Th e document , "Contro l Technique s fo rLea d Ai rEmissions, " * als o contain s technica l Informatio n tha tState s ca a us e I n developin g thei ranalyse s an d con tro l strategies . Include d i n tiie documen t I s Informatio n about

—,_ . tha tproducelaa d emissions , ~ Technique s applicabl e fb rcontro l o f lea d emladona from both atetatpry an d mobU e eources en d thei rcosts , _ Lea d emissio n factors . Effecto f TS P oontapl s on lead missions , an d » Particl e siz e distributio n o f lea d emission s from mos tsource eaUgork a (tol a informa tio n may b e needed t o operat e dispersio n model s teataccoun tft* particl e deposition} . 4. 3 SXAMFL

B MA D CONTBO

L STRATIO

T

' T o assis tfh e State * to developin g im plementatio n plan * f w th e propose d lea d sh ? qualif

y swttdaro V atP

A * , devetopto* * e n exampl e teed oontro l strategy . Th e yJJexampl e l a schedule d tor completio n S l Marc h 197 8 an d wi n b e mad e availabl e throug h th e OAQP S Guidelin e Sertee . 4 S AVAttABIliT T O V IXRBJBICS S EP A wfl l mak e fh e "Supplementar y Guideline s fo r Lea d Implementatio n Plans " availabl e to th e Stat e an d loca l ai rpoUutio n contro l agencie s throug h th e EP A Regiona l Offices . A lis to f thes e office s an d appropriat e person s t o con tac tar e presente d below . US . Ruth Seidman . Librarian . BPA , Regio n I . Joh n P . Kennedy Federa l Building , Boo m 3308 , Boston . Mass . 03303 . Mr . H . Luger , Librarian , BPA

, Regio n n . Fed era l Offlo e Bunding , 3 8 Federa

l Flaae , He

w Yorit , H.T . 10007. U« . Wiley , librarian , BPA . Regio n m , Curti s Building , 8ixt h an d WalnutStreets , Phila delphia . Pa . 13104. Ma Barbar

a Fields , Ai

ran d Hazardou

s Material s Division . BPA

, Regio n IV , 348 Court land . NB. , Atlanta , Oa. 30808 . Ms. Lou W

. Tllley , Librarian . BPA

, Regio n V . f 33 0 Sout h Dearbor

n Street , CMoago

, II L , 60804 . Ms. De e Crawford

, Librarian , BPA, Regio n V L ' Firs tInternational BuUdlng , 130 1 Sim * Street . Dallas , Tex . 76301 . •; Ma . Conni e MnKmnrte

, Librarian , KPA; Regio n I vn , 178 8 Baltimore Avenue , Kansas Clty. j Slo . 64108 . I Ms. Dlann e Qrah, Librarian , BPA . Regtaa ' v m . i86 0 Llnooln Street . Denver, Ooto | 80008 . - ^ Ms. Jean ClrcleUo, Ubrarlaa , BPA, Regio n 13 3 31 6 FremontStreet , Sa n Frandsoo , Calif * * 94108. . ,' i MS . Arvella J . Weir

. Librarian . BPA. Regio n a t 130 0 Sixt h Avenue , Seattle , Wash . 88101' . A cop y o f

mos treferenc e materia l cite d herei n I s availabl e fo rpubli c in spectio n a tthes e Regiona l Offices . A cop y o f al l referenc e materia l cite d herei n I * availabl e fo rpubU c inspectio n a tth e EP A PubU c Informatio n Referenc e Unit , th e addres s o f

whic h I s a tth e beginnin g o f thi s preamble , i n addition , ther e wiU b e a numbe ro f

additiona l copie s o f th e draf t"Supplementar y Guideline s fo r Lea d Implementatio n Plans " avaUabl e fo rdistributio n to member s o f th e gen era l publi c Person s wh o desir e a cop y ma y writ e o r call

—- U.S . Environmenta

l Protectio n Agenc

y PubU c Informatio n Center(P

M 316) 40 1 M Street , SW

. Washington . D.O. 3048

0 Telephone : 303-766-0707 S . ENVIRONMENTAL AN D ECONOMI C IMPAC T EP A ha s conducte d studie s o f th e en vironmenta l an d economi c impact s o f Implementin g a nationa l ambten tai r quaUty standar d fo r lead . Copies , o f EPA' s draf

tenvironmenta l an d economi c Impac tstudie s ma y b e obtaine d from : Mr . Josep h Padgett , Director. Strategie s an d Ai

rStandards Divisio n UJ3 . environmenta l Protectio n Agenc y Researc h Triangl e Park, N.C . 3771 1 Telephone : 919-641-8304 s. l xmnxoraxNTA L IMPAC T . Th e principa l environmenta l impac t o f settin g an d Implementin g th e teed standar d wi n b e th e reductio n o f air born e level s o f

toad an d rovers* ! time o f th e present'tren d o f tion o f teed I n natura l eco-aystems , prin cipall y soi l an d sediment s Reductio n e t teed < tion o f an d othe rmetal s s t contro L .. . ^j.^;^ . 8. 3 SCOSOKX

D AN D flTFtAZfOB WnOtmfJ-'

'•->•••• • y Th e Environmenta l Protectio n ftsmuj ha s determine d tha tthi s documen teon tain s a majo rproposa l requirin g prep aratio n o f

a n Economi c Impac tAnalysi s unde rExecutiv e Order s 1182 1 sn d 11P4S an d OM B Circula rA-10 7 an d certifie s tha ta n Economi c Impac tAnalysi s ha s bee n prepared . Economi c Impact s wUl resul tprimaril y fro m contro l o f

lea d ami—fc w fro m pri mar y lea d an d coppe rsmelters , second ar y lea d smelters , gra y iro n foundries , gasolin e lea d additiv e manufacturers , an d lead-ad d storag e batter y manufac turers! *

.••«:

—--v.*- : " 1 . Supplementar

y CkddaBne

a far . Lea d Im plementatio n Plans . Draf tParmfenwatlnn on avaOabUlt

y fo rreview * se e seetlea ? 4 A above . ,. M . v - ' .;•. ' . ••• • " ? V r " 3 . ABRo e x»ej * Manual , VOL n . va.Sa - vtnaunentatvneatetio n Agency , Onto* o #Air an d Wast e Haj^cantent , Offlo

e o * Airr Plannin g as * SjH*8*rd

i Park , H A SWT*S * 4»V3-76-03 t( C HO . la-Qgjjfe^PaeOTba

r1876, a l^jntotg^Ma y 1*78 . *to«tfU dustry SntV^fs^^aSV^patiaiiiiiiiii l i f Interior . Burea u ot IsTBtte,JSishington , EM) . Augus t 'a - Omtntt-Wea^Se e fo rLaaS'sd r***- . rions. PJS . BavMg^^fna i Protectio n Anp<7 .

rian5p|parlt. J rTj0tHOveariMTieTT . 8 . OuideUnes fbr'AS

rCriioit l lttfiSinanb e Plannin g and Aaaljffts , Volum e V tProject in g count y BnfBBiptC-Secon d BtttUoa. BP

A 480/4-74^008 . VB. SMirbnineata l Pmtaotie a Agency , Reeeecei

h Tttfcggje'Park , HX

L 37711 . Januar y ISTa V .-.>->•.--

• e. deHeveca

. HJU.aa d J . a Motrfa. ; bac k Modeling—Basic an d Modified : 78-189 . Presente d a tth e Airpollutio n 1 tro l Associatio n Annua

l mating , Ohlano

V m. Jun e 1978 . "

. XX

tJ J, 'X?Jy?J' TABU T I.— Urbanised 'areas* greaterfka * 500.00 0 populatio n {1970 census • ) AQCR No.: 048 — Are * " He w York, . H-T.-Hartheaster a Ha w Jersey 034

—Lo

aAngeles-Long Beach . Calif . 067

—Chicago , . m.-HU i U i wester n IB 046 — 133 — 08 0 ir»„ . 04 7 17 4 07 0 19 7 18 1 31 6 11 8 318 — Philadelphia , Pa.-HJ . Detroit , Mlqh. Sa n rtaecifco-Oaklaml , Calif . Boston ; Mass . Washington . P,C.-Md.-Va ^ Cleveland , Ohi o S tLoula, Mo-Hi . Pittsburgh , ra . Mlnneapolla-St . Houston , Texa s Balt>mn»e.Md . -.•&Z-"ii'

»A s deens d te~0fe Bureatfno f fee < -197 0 Censu s Basra ' «****; " V4 M Printin g Ontte,..Wa«a«06^'-*>&.- < 83) . -. ••.-* ' •U A Buree a * f

*W* M uetsrsi . VO L 4* ; asvti s wnwtiitt^v . u w t** » SSjC i » r - - ^ "P.1 9

a£Z£~J- ^ ..••: - . • • »£33J*^ie^'^—••• • =••• "

wy^- Toba^i*jiUyi»*

vobit s l»^

_Portland . Oreg.



### steL-- cewaatc . 200»-

_OseenvKtaSjiO . 086 Chattanooga . T « 30 7 KnozvQle , Tenn . at*

_ODvpa s Christi , 31 6 Dallas , f«»nawm* . gy-riaa . gjapja^onm:. . pbr tvjrqra

v Taxa * * i.;-; . -:^wwt--i''Heri5^-FBrtsmorrtn.VB . - ^e*^^tSMrAinento . Oallf . r«e*^M»t"I*Mdarda*»-BoUrwood , Fla . •>*:. - fmUa^.-.. Rochester . N.Y . ''XypZOmOml-J^- SteSamarnftns niiiiiuiea , CaBf . 

### •. - : : < 

### ^^' L 

### as^_;•:-'^-i^^[1iWaia • rn j

rai * • • ' , V'''^BStl—' " linfa'alsMi i -•..H*M M Akron , Ohio 333 .

r*reo s wffl

tten! oS * *B* r

_ T O reqwo T to £ 5 »fl/m* . moMk* ; mean (1*7*7

007

—Huntsrflle , Ala . Qg > i v L**»tsaaaan ; afca

. ptuosnlx . Arte . TJBiOIB ^ Ax&k- - yrseno . Calif

. " S~ao>enta.Canf. Si h Bernardino , _Ss » Diego . Caiat

. " SaaJntanclsco . Oalff

. " AJoee.CaUf

. SJj.Ter.Oola

. "rBHdgeport

, Conn . 0*11.' . < • BCwuuu . H J . -He wlac k city , KT . 049

—*aTa*erbury

. Conn . 043

—Springfield , yass . osa.-^ . WAmtngaotuJpe t 046

—Tsento*,**; * v . •^i^a a •aa*te**^^^da^^***A-'4aj t * sJsasU^ w' SrllWeWJBajpilll S T * 040.-. - Jsvoa^r»*mvine

, 1 Houston , TM . Ljnchburg , Va . Norfolk , Va . Seattle , Was* . 33 4 Charleston , W . Va . Banana : Dat a fro m KPA' a Environmenta l Monitorin g Suppor tLaboratory . Statistica l sa d Technica l Analysl a Branch . | TKBLM 3.-—l/rlxmfeet

f arena with lead

aircon- ' centrations equal

to orexceeding 4.9itg/m * , monthtf mean (1975) Atem Phoenix . Aria . La s Angeles , Calif

. Sa n Diego , Calif

. Chicago , m . Baltimore , Md . Pittsburgh , Pa . Sa n Antonio ^ Tea . Dat a fro m EPA' S Environmenta l itorln g Suppor tLaboratory . Statistical ] Technica l Analysi s Branch . : Decembe r8,1977 .

DOUOLA S COSTLE . Administrator. If c i s propose d t o amen d 4 S CF KPar i UaaloDows : 1 . I a { Sl.l , paragrap h (k ) I s revise d aa d paragrap h (n ) I * amende d b y add le s subdivisio n ttl) a s follow s : $51. 1 Definitions . • • • • • lk > "Poin tsource " mean s th e foUow ing : (1 ) Fo r particulat e matter , sulfu r oxides , carbo n monoxide , hydrocarbons , an d nitroge n dioxide — ( D An y stationar y sourc e eausin g emission s l n exces s o f 99. 7 metri c ton s UO S ten* ) pe r yea ro f th e poUutan ti n a regio n containin g a n are a whos e 197 0 place " population , a s define d b y TJJS . Burea u o f

th e Census , wa s equa l *>o rgreate rtha n on e miBlan ; (H * An y stationar y sourc e causin g <mia«*.iii« t n exces s o f SZ.T'metri e ton s (J B tons ) pe r yea ro f th e pollutan ti n e regio n containin g a n are a whos e 197 9 "liiliaf tplace* * population , a * o*eSned b y th e TJ.& Buxea n o f

th e Censu s wa s teas lha n an * milBon ; o r (itt ) Withou tregar d t o amoun to f

stationar y source s suc h e s Uste d s a Amestdi x C t a tfed a par t

•••^%W; ;

. - 

# ev m <a > • • *

* Sectio n 51.13 , paragrap h <e > fa amende d b y addin g paragrap h (3 ) a s follows : 8 51.I S Contro l strategy : General . • • • • • (e ) • • • (3 ) Th * paragrap h cover s oak y plan s t o attai n aa * mainta m th e nationa l standard s fo r particulat e matter , sulfu r oxides , carbo n monoxide , photochemica l oxidants , hydroearbon a aa d nitroge n dioxide . 3 . Sectio n 51.1 7 * •—twlti l b y ft ) re visin g tb e beadin g to rea d "Ai reuaBt y surveillance : Partaariato ••rtu . tulfw r oxides , carbo n monoxide , pcmtocbemfc* ] oxidants , hydroearbona . an d nitroge n ' dioxide, " an d CZ

) addin g paragrap h (d ) a s follow s : 8 71.1 7 Ai rqnalit y surYefflanice: , Partic ulat e matter , sulfu rHTrldVa ti ssfu m IUOIIUAIOV , photochemica l oxidants , tiffimmheme, am i ulhuge * dfoaJdV . • • • • • (d ) Tht * sectio n .cover s onl y plan s t o I attai n an d **iaf"^p>l

n th e »ati««^>i stand 1 ard s fo rparticulat e matter , sulfu roxides , | carbo n monoxide , photochemica l oxl mta 1 hydrocarbon* , sn d nitrogen , dioxide . 4 . A ne w sectio n 51.17 b i a adde d a a fol low s : ^ § 51.17 b Ai rqnalit y surveiBaeee ? Leae* . (a ) Ih e pta u mus tprovid e fo r th e establishmen to f

a tleas ttw o permanen t lea d ambien tai rqualit y monitor s ta each , urbanize d are a (a a define d b y th e XHBBurea u o f

th e Census)—; ' (1 ) Tha tha s a 197 0 populatio n greate r tha n 500,000 ; o r (2 ) Wher e lea d ai rqualit y level s cur rentl y excee d o rhav e exceede d 1. 5 pg/tn * monthl y arithmeti c mea n measure d sinc e Januar y 1,1974 . <b > Th e monitor s mus tb e operate d on . a minimu m samplin g frequenc y o f on e 24-hou rsampl e ever y si x days . <e ) Th e samplin g networ k describe d t n th e pla n mos tcontai n a tleas ton e road wa y typ e monitorin g sit e an d a tleas ton e neighborhoo d sit e an d b e site d i n accord anc e wit h th e procedure s specifie d f a EPA' s "Supplementar y OnMeHne s fo r Lea d Trnplwufntetfam Hane. 1 * <d) Tb e tw o site s wfl l b e per to f th e "rfations ! Ai rQualit y Trend * Stations " (NAQTS) . (e i Th e Regiona l Administrato rma y specif y mor e tha n tw o monitor s I f b e fead e tha tte n monitor s ar e tnsnfBcten S t o artHUBtot

j deterasm e i f

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### '"*«** . leoe l A * Monitorin g Stations " (f ) T*i* pla n *«)» * ^ tton o f tb e proposed stpsuto c slte> . (g j Th e followin g elonent * o f fh e monltorto g syste m mm * follo w 4 0 CF R Part50 : (1 ) Th e typ e o

f monitor . (2 ) Th e procedures fo roperatin g th e monitor . (3 ) Th e procedures fo ranalysi s o f th e iw«pi» « collecte d from th e monitors . (h ) *ft«i*thi

g samplin g site s bein g use d fo rsamplin g particulate matte rma y b e designate d a s site s fo rsamplin g lea d lf the y mee tth e sitin g Criteri a o f ''Supple mentary Guideline s fo rLea d implemen tatio n Plains" . (1 ) Th e pla n mus tprovide tha tal l lea d ai rqualif y samplers wi n b e establishe d an d operational a s expeditiously a s prac ticabl e bu tn o late rtha n tw o year s afte r th e dat e o

f th e Administrator' s approva l o f th e plan . (J) Th e analysi s of

th e 24-hou rsam ple s may b e performed fo reithe rIndi vidua l sample s o rcomposite s o f th e sam ple s collecte d overa calenda rmonth . 5 . A ne w subpar

tE I s added a s fol lows : Sec . SubpartE Contro l Strategy : Lea

d 61* 0 Demonstratio n o f attainment . 81.8 1 Emission s data . 61.8 3 Ai rquaUt y data . 61* 3 Certai n urbanize d areas . 61* 4 Area s aroun d significan tpoin tsources . 61.8 8 Othe rareas . 61.8 8 Dat a bases. ' 61* 7 Measures . 61.8 8 Dat a availability . ATJTHOBITT : Sees . 11 0 an d 30 1 (a) , Clea n Ai r Ac tamende d (4 a TJ.S.0.7410,7*01) . 

### Subpar tE—Contro

l Strategy : Lea

d § 51.8 0 Demonstratio n o f attainment . 

### (a ) Eac h pla n mus tcontai n a demon stratio n tha tth e standard wi n b e at tained an d maintaine d to th e foUowin g areas : (1 ) Areas to th e vlctot

y o f th e foUowin g poin tsources o

f lead : (1 ) Primar y lea d smelters , (li ) Secondar y lea d smelters . (Ui ) Primar y coppe rsmelters , (lv ) Lea d gasolin e additiv e plants . ( T ) Lead-aci d storag e batter y manufactur in g plant a tha tproduc e 130 0 o rmor e batter le a pe rday . (vl ) An y othe rstationar y sourc e tha temit s 3 8 o rmor e ton s pe ryea ro f lea d o rlea d compounds . 

### (2 ) An y othe rarea tha tha s lea d ai r concentration s to exces s o f th e national standar d fo rlead , measure d stoc e Janu ary 1.1974 . (h ) Th e pla n mus tdemonstrat e tha t th e measures , rules , and regulation s con taine d ta th e pla n ar e adequat e t o pro vid e fo rth e attainmen to f th e nationa l standar d fo rlea d withi n th e time pre scribe d b y th e Ac tan d fo rth e mainte nanc e of tha tstandard fo ra reasonabl e

. perio d thereafter . ^ (o ) Th e pla n mus tInclude th e foUowtagttij. : yrj '. . 

### tiVAeummary of

th e computation , as sumption* , an d judgment s use d t o de 

## PtOPOSfl ) tuu s tannine th e reductio n of

emission * o rre ductio n of

th e growt

h I n omtwitan

s tha t wi n resul tfrom th e applicatio n of th e contro l strategy . (2 ) A presentatio n of

emissio n leve l expecte d t o resul tfrom appUcation o f eac h measure o

f th e contro l strategy . (3 ) A presentatio n of

th e ai rqualit

y level s expecte d t o resul tfrom appUcation of th e overall contro l strateg y presente d eithe rto tabule rfor

m ora s a n Isoplet

h map showin g expecte d maximu m con centrations . - § 51.8 1 Emission s data . 

### (a ) Th e pla n mus tcontai n a summar y o f th e baselin e lea d emissio n inventor y based upo n measured emission s or, where measured emission s are no tavailable , documented emissio n factors . Th e poin t source inventor

y o n which th e summar

y i s based mus tcontai n a U sources tha t emi tfive o

rmor e ton s o f lea d pe ryear . Th e Inventor

y mus tb e summarized t

n a for m simila rt o tha tshow n l n Appendi x D . (b ) Th e pla n mus tcontai n a summar y o f projecte d lea d emission s for — (1 ) a tleas tthre e year s from th e dat e by which EP

A mus tapprove o rdisap prov e th e pla n lf

n o extensio n unde rsec tio n 110(e ) of

th e Clea

n Ai rAc tis . granted ; (2 ) a tleas tfive years from th e dat e b y which EP A mus tapprov

e o rdisapprove th e pla n I f a n extensio n l s requested un de rsectio n 110(e ) o

f th e Clean Ai rAct ; o r (3 ) any othe rlonge rperio d l f required b y th e Administrator . (c ) Th e pla n mus tcontai n a descrip tio n o f th e metho d use d t o projec temis sions . (d ) Th e pla n mus tcontai n a n Identi fication o f th e source s o

f th e dat a use d i n th e projectio n o

f emissions . § 51.8 2 Ai

rquaUt y data. (a ) Th e pla n mus tcontai n a summar y o f al l lea d ai rquaUt

y dat e measured sinc e Januar

y 1974 . Th e pla n mus tin clud e a n evaluatio n o

f th e dat a fo rre liability , suitabilit

y fo rcalibratin g dis persio n model s (whe n suc h model s wil l b e used) , an d representativeness . Wher e possible , th e ai rqualit

y data used mus tb e fo rth e sam e baselin e yea ra s fo rth e emissio n Inventory . (b ) I f additional lea d ai rquaUt y dat a are desire d t o determin e lea d ai rconcen tration s tn area s suspecte d o f exceedin g th e lea d nationa l ambientai rqualit y standard , th e pla n ma

y Includ e dat a from any previously coUecte d filters fro

m particulate matte rhig h volum e samplers . I n determinin g th e lea d conten tof th e filters fo rcontrol strateg y demonstratio n purposes , a Stat e ma y us e method s othe r tha n th e referenc e method , suc h a s X-ra y fluorescence. (c rTh e pla n mus tals o contai n a tabulatio n of

, o risoplet

h ma p showing , maximu m ai rquaUt

y concentration s base d upo n projecte d emissions . S 51.8 3 Certai

n urbanize

d areas . Fo rurbanized ares * wit * measured lea d concentration s i n exces s o f 4 *

•r~:%^^'-%Sr:.. l

: . 

### as/m* . monthl y January l , 1974 . th e pla n must ' , th e modified roUbaek mode l tarffo**aft r onstrstio n of

attainmen ta s a mtotaatiBb ^ bu tmay us e a n atmospheri c disperses * model I f desired . * %' . 5 51.8 4 Area

s aroun d significan

tpoin t sources . (a ) Th e pa n mus tcontai n a calcula - • tio n of th e maximu

m lea d ai rquaUt

y concentration s an d th e locatio n of thos e concentration s resultin g fro m th e fol lowin g poin tsources fo rth e demonstra tion o f attainment : (1 ) Primar y lea d smelters . (3 ) Secondar y lea d smelters . (3 ) Primar y coppe rsmelters . (4 ) Lea d gasolin e additiv e plana . (6 ) An y othe rstationar y sourc e tha tsmit e 3 6 o rmor e ton s pa ryea ro f lea d o rlea d compounds . 

### (b ) I n performin g thi s analysis , th e Stat e sha n us e a n atmospheri c diaper ? V slo n model . J''.--1, % 51.8 5 Othe rareas . 

### Fo reac h are a to th e vicinity of i v 

### quaUt y monito rtha tha s recorded" ; concentration s In exces s o f th e leagj tional standard , th e pla n mus t th e modifie

d roUbae k mode l a f a . man , bu tma y us e a n atmo perslo n mode

l I f desired fo r_ stratto n b f attainment . ? § 514 6 Dat a bases . 

### (a ) Fo rInterstate areas , th e analyst * fro m eac h constituen tStat e must , wh£re practicable , b e based upo n th e sam e re* glonal emissio n inventor

y an d ai rqueBtsf

f baseline . '."" ' '•'-"' . (b ) Eac h Stat e sha n submi tt o th* * proprlat e Regiona

l Offic e wit h th e XX' bu tno ta s par to

f th e plaji , emission * data and informatio n relate d t o emis sion s a s Identified b y fh e fCtjtewmg : (1 ) Th e Nationa l EmissMnfbata Sys te m (NEDS ) poin tsourc e codin g form s fo ra U lea d poin tsources , an d ate * source codin g forms fo ra U lea d source s tha tare no tlea d poin tsources . (2 ) Th e Hazardous an d Trac e Emis sion s System (HATREMS ) poin tsourc e codin g forms fo ra

U lea d poin tsources , an d are a sourc

e codto g forms fo ra

B lea d sources tha tar e no tlea d poin tsource* . (c ) Airquality data. Each Stat e sha U . submi tt o fh e appropriat e Regiona l Of

fice with th e plan , bu tno ta s parto f tb * plan , a U lea d ai rquaUt

y data stoc e Januar

y 1 , 1974 , In with th e procedures an d dat a specified to chapte r3.4. 0 of th e "AS3I0 8 User' s Manual " concernin g Storag e ' an d Retrieval of

Aerometri c Dat a v 

### (SAROAD) . » " "V-^XJJ •'. , 8 51.8 7 Measures . • • ^^^^y-y 

### Th e lea d contro l strateg y mos tinejaa* ' th e following : * > 

### * - (a ) A descriptio n of

eac h measure tha tt s incorporate d lea d plan . '--.y^ (b ) Copies of~o rdtattcaS^e s t f orceebl e leap

s en d i men ttb e Plaa .



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^selecte d contro l ores , procedure*'fo rhanrlB r an d a designatio n o f

agenc y bfilt y fo renforcemen to rtmplementa y y y : :•>•:•,••:. v .~:-:;-

|51* S Dat e availability . <a > Th e Stat e shal l retai n a U detaile d dat aen d calculation s use d to fh e prepa ratio n e f

lea d analyse s sa d idea , mak e the m availabl e fo rpubtt e inspection , an d submi tthe m t o th e Administrato ra thi s request . (b ) Th e detaile d dat aan d calculation * use d I n fh e preparatio n o f th e lea d analyse s an d contro l strategie s I s no t considere d a par to f

th e teed plan . [F B Doc.77-3666 6 File d 13-18-77:8:4 5 am j 

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