In No. 14-17-00580-CR: Motion for Rehearing Denied; Motion for En Banc 

Reconsideration Dismissed as Moot; In No. 14-17-00581-CR: Motion for 

Rehearing Dismissed as Moot; Motion for En Banc Reconsideration Dismissed

as Moot; and Supplemental Majority Opinion on Rehearing filed October 24, 

2019.

In the

Fourteenth Court of Appeals

NO. 14-17-00580-CR 

NO. 14-17-00581-CR

CHARLES ROBERT RANSIER, Appellant

v.

THE STATE OF TEXAS, Appellee

On Appeal from the 207th District Court

Comal County, Texas

Trial Court Cause No. CR2016-303 & CR2017-004

SUPPLEMENTAL MAJORITY OPINION ON REHEARING

The State filed a motion for rehearing in which it contends that even if Trooper 

Kral broke the needle, appellant is criminally responsible under the law of the 

parties, Penal Code sections 7.01 and 7.02, or as a “but for” or concurrent cause 
2

under Penal Code section 6.04. The State also filed a substantially similar motion 

for en banc reconsideration. The State contends, “The majority did not consider that 

principles of causation in the Texas Penal Code—and case law based on those 

provisions—precluded Appellant from demonstrating that he was ‘guilty only’ of an 

attempt to break the needle.”

In appellate cause no. 14-17-00580-CR, appellant’s tampering case, the court

grants rehearing and issues this supplemental opinion to clarify its original opinion, 

but the court denies the State’s requested relief.

1 The court dismisses the State’s 

motion for en banc reconsideration as moot without prejudice to filing a motion for 

en banc reconsideration in light of this supplemental opinion.

In appellate cause no. 14-17-00581-CR, appellant’s possession case, on its 

own motion, the court dismisses the motion for rehearing and the motion for en banc 

reconsideration as moot because the State does not seek any relief in this case.

To convict appellant of tampering under the law of parties, the jury had to 

determine that appellant was criminally responsible for the acts of another. Tex. 

Penal Code Ann. § 7.01(a). Relevant here, a person is criminally responsible for an 

offense committed by another if “acting with the kind of culpability required for the 

offense, he causes or aids an innocent or nonresponsible person to engage in conduct 

prohibited by the definition of the offense.” Id. at § 7.02(a)(1).

To convict appellant of tampering based on the existence of a concurrent 

cause, two possible combinations exist to satisfy the “but for” causation requirement: 

(1) the defendant’s conduct may be sufficient by itself to have caused the harm, 

regardless of the existence of a concurrent cause; or (2) the defendant’s conduct and 

the other cause together may be sufficient to have caused the harm. Robbins v. State, 

1

Justice Jewell dissents without opinion to the denial of relief on rehearing.
3

717 S.W.2d 348, 351 (Tex. Crim. App. 1986). But if the concurrent cause is clearly 

sufficient, by itself, to produce the result and the defendant’s conduct, by itself, is 

clearly insufficient, then the defendant cannot be convicted. Id. Concurrent cause is 

for the jury to decide. Wooten v. State, 267 S.W.3d 289, 295 (Tex. App.—Houston 

[14th Dist.] 2008, pet. ref’d).

Nowhere in the majority opinion did we conclude that Kral broke the needle. 

We recited the facts that Kral grabbed appellant by the shoulder and forced him out 

of the truck, and appellant fell to the ground. We also explained that on the ground, 

appellant still held the syringe, but tried to throw it aside. The syringe landed about 

two feet from appellant. Kral testified that he could not determine whether 

appellant’s falling to the ground after Kral threw him to the ground caused the needle 

to break off. We concluded a rational jury could have inferred that the syringe was 

broken by the fall. We stated that any breakage following the struggle was incidental 

to the struggle and at least arguably involuntary as to appellant.

Tampering with evidence requires specific intent. Rabb v. State, 483 S.W.3d 

16, 21 (Tex. Crim. App. 2016); Thornton v. State, 425 S.W.3d 289, 300 n.59 (Tex. 

Crim. App. 2014). The intent must accompany the action. Rabb, 483 S.W.3d at 21; 

Thornton, 425 S.W.3d at 300 n.59. Many of the cases the State cites in support of its 

causation arguments are sufficiency cases, but we do not apply sufficiency standards 

to our analysis. See Ritcherson v. State, 568 S.W.3d 667, 676 (Tex. Crim. App. 

2018). Perhaps a rational jury could have concluded appellant acted with the kind of 

culpability required for tampering and at the same time appellant caused Kral to pull 

him out of the truck, resulting in a fall which broke the syringe. However, a rational 

jury may have also reasonably inferred the opposite conclusion: that although 

appellant had specific intent to break the syringe before Kral pulled him out of 

appellant’s truck, Kral’s pulling him out of the truck and onto the ground disrupted 
4

appellant’s commission of the offense. See Goad v. State, 354 S.W.3d 443, 449 (Tex.

Crim. App. 2011) (“[E]ven if one could not logically deduce from this evidence that 

Goad must have lacked intent to commit theft, that is not the proper standard of our 

analysis.”). Although a jury could have rationally concluded that appellant’s conduct 

and the fall together caused the syringe to break, a jury could have also rationally 

concluded that the fall itself broke the syringe and appellant’s efforts to break the 

syringe failed. A jury also could have rationally inferred that Kral did not know how, 

when, or if appellant broke the syringe from the fact that Kral could not determine 

whether appellant’s falling to the ground caused the needle to break off.

The other cases cited by the State are also distinguishable. Miers v. State was 

not a case involving tampering, attempted tampering, or a request for a jury 

instruction on a lesser-included offense. 251 S.W.2d 404 (Tex. Crim. App. 1952). 

Miers was convicted of murder. Id. at 405. At trial, he argued that the deceased had 

accidentally shot himself during a scuffle after wresting the gun from Miers who had 

entered a filling station to commit robbery. Id. at 407. On appeal, Miers complained 

that the trial court did not include in the charge the defense that Miers did not fire 

the shot that killed the deceased. Id. The Court of Criminal Appeals held that the 

trial court did not err and this was no defense because Miers set in motion the cause 

which occasioned the death of deceased. Id. at 408.

The only case the State cited involving a denied request for a charge on a 

lesser-included offense, Dowden v. State, 758 S.W.2d 264 (Tex. Crim. App. 1988), 

is cited by the State for its analysis of Dowden’s separate sufficiency challenge. 

However, the court’s analysis of the charge issue is also distinguishable. The 

evidence in Dowden showed that Dowden took guns to a police station at 4:00 a.m. 

in the morning to help his brother escape from jail. Id. at 267. Dowden pointed an 

automatic pistol at police officers and declared, “I have come to get Charles.” Id. An 
5

exchange of gunfire ensued between Dowden and officers, and one officer 

accidentally shot the police captain. Id. at 267–68. Dowden was convicted of the 

murder of the captain. Id. at 266. On appeal, Dowden complained that the trial court 

refused to charge the jury on the lesser-included offenses of aggravated assault, 

criminally negligent homicide, and involuntary manslaughter. Id. at 268. The Court 

of Criminal Appeals concluded there was no evidence that appellant was guilty of 

the lesser included offenses. Id. at 268–72. The court explained the lesser-included 

offenses required evidence of a lesser culpable mental state—that Dowden failed to 

perceive the risk surrounding his conduct. Id. at 269–72. The court held that Dowden 

was not entitled to charges on the lesser-included offenses because none of the 

evidence indicated appellant was not aware of the risk involved in entering a police 

station with a loaded gun. Id. at 269. “The resulting death would not have occurred 

but for appellant’s intentional conduct.” Id. The court emphasized that the actions of 

Dowden were all voluntary and there was no evidence that appellant was acting 

merely recklessly or with criminal negligence. Id. at 271.

Unlike Miers or Dowden, in which the defendants were or should have been 

aware that their actions created a substantial risk that someone might be injured or 

killed, appellant may not have anticipated that Kral’s attempt to stop him from 

breaking the syringe would cause the syringe to break. And unlike criminal 

negligence or involuntary manslaughter, attempted tampering does not require a 

lesser culpable mental state. A jury could conclude appellant was guilty of attempted 

tampering if it found appellant had the specific intent to break the syringe but failed 

to do so. Tex. Penal Code Ann. § 15.01(a).

Moreover, the Court of Criminal Appeals reviews tampering cases in a much 

different manner than murder cases. Recent Court of Criminal Appeals cases 

addressing sufficiency challenges to tampering convictions have held the 
6

convictions were not supported by the evidence. See Rabb, 483 S.W.3d at 22–24

(evidence insufficient to prove tampering by swallowing baggie of drugs but 

sufficient to prove attempted tampering); Thornton, 425 S.W.3d at 293–94, 303–07 

(dropping crack pipe was insufficient to prove tampering, but sufficient to prove 

attempted tampering); Rabb v. State, 434 S.W.3d 613, 617–18 (Tex. Crim. App. 

2014) (swallowing plastic bag was insufficient to prove destroying evidence, case 

remanded for consideration of attempted tampering). 

For all these reasons, the State’s causation arguments do not preclude us from 

concluding that more than a scintilla of evidence exists from which a jury could 

conclude appellant was “guilty only” of attempted tampering. The remainder of the 

State’s arguments on rehearing were adequately addressed by the majority’s opinion,

and we do not address them here. The State’s requested relief on rehearing is denied.

/s/ Charles A. Spain

Justice

Panel consists of Justices Jewell, Zimmerer, and Spain. (Jewell, J., dissenting.)

Publish — TEX. R. APP. P. 47.2(b).