Yonke v D'Angelo

2024 NY Slip Op 32349(U)

July 10, 2024

Supreme Court, New York County

Docket Number: Index No.: 150398/2015

Judge: James E. d'Auguste

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publication.
150398/2015 HAMNER YONKE, KRISTINA vs. D'ANGELO, GEORGE A.

Motion No. 002

Page 1 of 21

The following e-filed documents, listed by NYSCEF document number (Motion 002) 35, 36, 37, 38, 39, 

40, 41, 42, 43, 44, 45, 46, 47, 48, 49, 52, 53, 54, 55, 56, 57, 58, 59, 60, 61, 62, 63, 64, 65, 66, 67, 68, 69, 

70, 71, 72, 73, 74, 75, 76, 78, 79, 80, 81, 82, 85

were read on this motion to/for SUMMARY JUDGMENT (AFTER JOINDER) .

This petition concerns the administration of the Ingrid Yonke Trust (the Trust)

by respondent/trustee George A. D’Angelo (George) in which petitioner Kristina Hamner 

Yonke (petitioner or Kristina) seeks an accounting of the Trust.

Respondents David D’Angelo and Christopher D’Angelo, as fiduciaries of the Estate of 

George D’Angelo and successor trustees of the Trust, move, pursuant to CPLR 3212, for 

summary judgment dismissing the petition.

Petitioner cross-moves, pursuant to New York Estates, Powers and Trusts Law (EPTL) 

§ 7-2.6 (a) (2), for an order removing respondent David D’Angelo as successor trustee of the 

Trust.

For the reasons set forth below, respondents’ motion for summary judgment is granted, 

and petitioner’s cross-motion is denied.

SUPREME COURT OF THE STATE OF NEW YORK

NEW YORK COUNTY

PRESENT: Hon. James E. d’Auguste PART 55

Justice 

---------------------------------------------------------------------------------X INDEX NO. 150398/2015

 MOTION DATE 09/22/2018

 MOTION SEQ. NO. 002

DECISION + ORDER ON 

MOTION

KRISTINA HAMNER YONKE,

 Plaintiff, 

- v -

for a Compulsory Accounting by George D’Angelo 

(deceased), Post-Deceased Trustee under Deed of Trust 

created by Ingrid Yonke (deceased) dated 10/1/2010, 

by David S. D’Angelo and Christopher D’Angelo as 

Fiduciaries of George D’Angelo’s Estate,

 Defendants. 

---------------------------------------------------------------------------------X

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150398/2015 HAMNER YONKE, KRISTINA vs. D'ANGELO, GEORGE A.

Motion No. 002

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BACKGROUND

The Trust Instrument

By Trust Instrument dated October 1, 2010, Ingrid Yonke (the Decedent) created the 

Trust (see Trust Instrument [NYSCEF Doc No. 37]). The Decedent (the Trust’s grantor): (1) 

provided that she would be the Trust’s only beneficiary during her lifetime and (2) directed that, 

after her death, the Trust would continue to exist for the benefit of her daughter, Kristina (the 

Trust’s remainder beneficiary).

Pursuant to the Trust Instrument, the Decedent reserved the right to revoke the Trust 

Instrument (see id., ¶ 8 [“This Trust is revocable”]). The Trust Instrument further provides that, 

during the Decedent’s lifetime, the Trustee of the Trust shall pay to the Decedent “the net 

income” derived from the Trust (see id., ¶ 1 [a]). Thereafter, the Trust Instrument authorizes 

the Trustee of the Trust to pay or apply so much of the Trust’s principal as the Trustee shall 

determine is necessary for the Decedent’s “medical care, maintenance, support and general 

welfare” (see id., ¶ 2).

The Trust Instrument does not provide for the Decedent’s daughter, Kristina, to benefit 

from the Trust during the Decedent’s lifetime (see id., ¶ 1 [b]). Instead, the Trust Instrument 

provides that, if Decedent had not theretofore revoked or altered the Trust, upon the Decedent’s 

death, the Trustee of the Trust shall distribute to Kristina the Trust’s “net income,” and 

authorizes the Trustee to invade the Trust’s principal for Kristina’s “health, support, 

maintenance and education” (see id.). The Trust Instrument further states that: “[Kristina] may 

[by] written request to the trustee withdraw from the principal of the trust the following: up to 

one-third (1/3) thereof at any time after such child’s reaching thirty-five (35) years of age [or 

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Motion No. 002

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after my death if such child has reached age thirty-five (35)] and the entire balance thereof at 

any time after reaching forty (40) years of age” (see id.).

The Decedent appointed George to serve as trustee of the Trust (see generally Trust 

Instrument). She also nominated George’s sons, David and Christopher, to serve as successor 

trustees in the event that George was not able to administer the Trust (see id., ¶ 7).

George’s Administration Of The Trust During The Decedent’s Lifetime

Following his appointment as Trustee of the Trust, George administered the Trust for 

the Decedent’s benefit (see Trust Financial Reports, dated December 31, 2011 and August 7, 

2012 [NYSCEF Doc Nos. 39 and 40). During the Decedent’s lifetime, George made more than 

$5,000,000 in Trust distributions to, or for the benefit of, the Decedent (see id., schedule D). 

George also provided the Decedent with annual financial reports for the Trust and statements 

for its investment accounts (see George D’Angelo dep [NYSCEF Doc No. 38], at 70-71).

By Approval of Administration of Trust, dated January 1, 2012 (the Approval 

[NYSCEF Doc No. 41), the Decedent approved of George’s administration of the Trust for the 

period October 1, 2010 to January 1, 2012, expressly releasing – and indemnifying – him from 

liability for his stewardship of the Trust during that period. The Approval, duly executed by 

the Decedent, states as follows:

“1. George ... is a trustee under certain trusts created under the Trust Agreement 

of October 1, 2010 (the ‘Trust’).

2. I have examined the monthly and annual statements, checks, check register, 

and other records, of or relating to the Trust, including without limitation those 

of or relating to the accounts of the Trust at UBS Financial Services, Inc. through 

the present; I find the statements, checks, check registers, and other records, to 

be true and correct in all particulars and that my assets and the assets of the Trust 

have been fully accounted for; I acknowledge, approve and affirm that all 

transactions, dispositions, withdrawals, distributions and payments made by or 

at the direction of [George] in, among, to and/or from each account or asset have 

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been authorized and approved by me and are hereby ratified, affirmed and 

approved as though done by me; and I accept and approve the aforesaid 

statements with the same force and effect as though they had been complied into 

a formal statement of account duly filed with, audited, adjudicated and 

confirmed absolutely by the court having jurisdiction over the trust.

3. I waive and audit the administration of the trust through the present by the 

court having jurisdiction over the trust.

4. I waive the preparation of a full accounting of the trust, all assets, principal 

and income through the present having been fully accounted for and having been 

paid for ... the person entitled thereto or held, as shown as the aforesaid 

statements or in the aforesaid documents and other records, in continued trust, 

as the case may be.

5. I hereby absolutely and irrevocably REMISE, RELEASE, QUITCLAIM and 

FOREVER DISCHARGE [George], as well as heirs, successors, executors, 

administrators and assigns, of and from any and all actions, causes of actions, 

payments, accounts, reckonings, liabilities, claims and demands whatsoever, in 

law or equity, whether known or unknown or heretofore capable or incapable of 

being discovered, which I ever had, now have or which I or my personal 

representatives, heirs, successor trustees, successor beneficiaries, successor or 

assigns, or any of them, hereafter can, shall or may have, for or by reason of any 

cause, matter or things whatsoever from the beginning of the world to the date 

hereof, including without limitations, that which relates in [any way to the] trust.

6. I hereby agree to indemnify and hold harmless [George], as well as his heirs, 

successors, executors, administrators and assigns, from and against any and all 

claims, loss, liability or damage (whether or not related to negligence or gross 

negligence of [George] which [George] may suffer or to which [George] may be 

subject by reason of the administration of the trust, or of any act or omission 

through the present in connection therewith or related thereto, or the approval 

and settlement of the foregoing based on the statements rather than an[] 

accounting without the approval of the court having jurisdiction over the trust.

7. I acknowledge that I have been advised that I am entitled to and may obtain 

the advise (sic) of independence legal and accounting counsel in connection with 

the trust, and in connection herewith, and that if I wish I may have a formal 

accounting of the trust, and an audit therefore by the court, and that I have 

determined that such independent counsel, formal accounting and audit are not 

required and that I wish to proceed as set forth in this approval and release”

(see id.).

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Motion No. 002

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The Decedent’s Death And The Resulting Litigation

The Decedent died on August 7, 2012 (see petition [NYSCEF Doc No. 1],¶ 17). She 

was survived by Kristina, her only child, who has entered into multiple litigated matters against 

George and David. These proceedings include the present proceeding and a probate proceeding 

in which she has contested the Decedent’s Last Will and Testament in the Surrogate’s Court, 

New York County.

By petition dated December 19, 2014, petitioner commenced the present proceeding, 

seeking to compel George to account as trustee of the Trust (see Petition, ¶ 21). Pursuant to 

Surrogate’s Court Procedure Act (SCPA) § 707 (1) (e), petitioner also alleged that George was 

ineligible to serve as trustee of the Trust, claiming that George and/or his Pennsylvania law 

firm received several hundreds of thousands of dollars in legal fees from the Decedent and/or 

her Trust during the period 2011 to 2012 (see id., ¶¶ 23-30).

George filed an Answer on April 1, 2015 in which he: (1) asserted that petitioner lacks 

standing to compel him to account as trustee of the Trust for the period before the Decedent’s 

death on August 7, 2012, reasoning that the Trust Instrument was revocable during that period 

and, thus, only the Decedent possessed standing to compel an accounting of the Trust for the 

period before her death (see Answer [NYSCEF Doc No. 8, ¶ 31); (2) the Decedent gave George 

a release for his stewardship of the Trust for the period up and to including January 1, 2012 (see 

id., ¶ 36) and (3) the Decedent ratified George’s administration of the Trust in the years leading 

up to her death (see id., ¶ 37). With respect to petitioner’s request for his removal as Trustee, 

George denied her allegations (see id., ¶¶ 22-30).

After the Decedent’s death, George administered the Trust for Kristina’s benefit. 

George monitored the Trust’s accounts, consulted with investment advisors, and retained 

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accountants to facilitate his administration of the Trust. George also rendered an accounting 

(the Accounting) of his tenure as Trustee of the Trust, for the period of August 7, 2012, to 

January 31, 2015 (the period after the Decedent’s death, during which Kristina had a vested 

interest in the Trust), and petitioned this court to have it judicially settled (see July 8, 2015 

petition and Accounting [NYSCEF Doc No. 45]). Kristina has filed Objections to the 

Accounting (see November 2, 2015, Objections [NYSCEF Doc No. 46).

George and Kristina have engaged in extensive discovery, including the exchange of 

documents and party and non-party depositions. During one of the depositions, Bruce DiCicco, 

Esq., the Decedent’s one-time attorney, who has also represented Kristina, testified that the 

Decedent discussed the issue of the legal fees that George and/or his law farm charged her, and 

yet she did not pursue any disputes as to those fees (see DiCicco dep [NYSCEF Doc No. 47], 

at 44-46). Mr. DiCicco further testified that the Decedent did not show concern as to, or 

question, the monetary value of the services that George and/or his law firm received from her 

during her lifetime (see id. at 102-103).

George died on April 16, 2018. Respondents then moved to substitute into this 

proceeding on behalf of George’s estate. By order dated September 5, 2018, the court granted 

respondents’ substitution motion (see Order [NYSCEF Doc No. 49]).

DISCUSSION

Respondents’ Motion for Summary Judgment

Standing is a threshold constitutional issue in litigation (see Matter of Graziano v 

County of Albany, 3 NY3d 475, 479 [2004]), as without standing, “a party lacks authority to 

sue” (see id.). “The doctrine of standing is an element of the larger question of justiciability 

and is designed to ensure that a party seeking relief has a sufficiently cognizable stake in the 

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outcome so as to present a court with a dispute that is capable of judicial resolution” (Security 

Pac. Natl. Bank v Evans, 31 AD3d 278, 279 [1st Dept 2006], citing Community Bd. 7 of 

Borough of Manhattan v Schaffer, 84 NY2d 148, 154–155 [1994]). The most critical 

requirement of standing is the presence of “injury in fact—an actual legal stake in the matter 

being adjudicated” (Society of Plastics Indus. v County of Suffolk, 77 NY2d 761, 772 [1991]).

A revocable trust instrument, like the Trust Instrument at issue here, only becomes 

“irrevocable” upon the grantor’s death (see Matter of Malasky, 290 AD2d 631, 632 [3d Dept 

2002]). Until the grantor’s death, a revocable trust is an “ambulatory instrument,” and the 

grantor retains the right to revoke, or amend, the instrument and/or the rights of the beneficiaries 

who take under it (see Matter of Tisdale, 171 Misc 2d 716, 719-20 [Sur Ct, NY County 1997]). 

“The trustee of a revocable trust (if not the [grantor]) simply acts at the behest of the [grantor]”

(id. at 720). “If the [grantor] becomes dissatisfied with the trustee or with the terms of the trust, 

he or she simply amends the trust to suit his or her desires” (id.). The grantor need not seek the 

approval of a court, or another party, in order to revoke or amend a revocable trust instrument 

(see id.), and the remainder beneficiaries of a revocable trust have no right to take action relative 

to the trust before the grantor dies (see Malasky, 290 AD2d at 632).

In light of those well-settled principles, it is clear that a remainder beneficiary of a 

revocable trust lacks standing to compel the trustee of the revocable trust to account for the 

period before the grantor’s death (see Matter of Compulsory Accounting of Piecuch Family 

Trust, 2006 WL 6981703, 2006 NY Misc Lexis 6316 [Sur Ct, Suffolk County 2006]). The 

underlying rationale is that, during the grantor’s lifetime, the grantor retains the right to revoke 

or amend the governing trust instrument, and the remainder beneficiaries’ interests in the trust, 

thus, vest only upon the grantor’s death (see Matter of Central Hanover Bank & Trust Co.

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(Momand), 176 Misc 183, 186 [Sup Ct, NY County 1941], affd 263 App Div 801 [1st Dept 

1941], affd 288 NY 608 [1942] [“The remaindermen have no interest in the income during the 

life of the trustor and they therefore have no right to an account thereof; there can be nothing 

coming to them; their only interest is as remainderman in the corpus of the property and thus 

are only concerned to that extent. I am therefore of the opinion that as they have only a 

remainder interest in the trust estate they are not entitled to information regarding the 

disposition of the trust estate or trust income during the existence of the preceding life estate or 

any right to call upon the trustee for an accounting and hence have no right to file objection 

thereto”]).

Accordingly, the remainder beneficiary of a revocable trust lacks the authority to sue 

the trustee of the revocable trust for an accounting of the trustee’s administration thereof during 

the lifetime of the trust’s grantor (see Matter of Kalik, 117 AD3d 590, 590-91 [1st Dept 2014] 

[“Plaintiff lacks standing to object to the part of the accounting that covers the period when his 

father, the grantor, was alive, i.e. the period when the trust was revocable”]; Malasky, 290 AD2d 

at 632 [explaining that, because “there is no construction of the trust which gives respondents 

any interest until decedent’s death, when the trust became irrevocable,” “(w)e conclude, 

therefore, that respondents, having no pecuniary interest in the revocable trust until decedent’s 

death, lack standing to object to the account for the first accounting period (prior to decedent’s 

death)”]; Matter of Miness v Deegan, 39 Misc 3d 1226[A], 2013 NY Slip Op 50741[U], * 2 

[Sur Ct, Nassau County 2013], citing Matter of Piecuch Family Trust, 2006 WL 6891703, 2006 

NY Misc Lexis 6316 [“It has consistently been held that (w)here a party has no pecuniary 

interest in a revocable trust until the settlor’s death, such party would have no right to an 

accounting thereof”]; Matter of Sofi, 36 Misc 3d 1223[A], 2012 NY Slip Op 51458[U], * 5 [Sur 

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Ct, Bronx County 2012] [“As a general rule where the settlor of a lifetime revocable trust is the 

only person who has an interest in the income and principal of the trust during his or her life, 

the remaindermen have no interest in the trust until the settlor dies and the trust becomes 

irrevocable; consequently, the remaindermen lack standing to object to any trust transaction 

that occurred during the settlor’s life”]).

Here, in the Trust Instrument, the Decedent (the Trust’s grantor) expressly reserved the 

right to revoke the Trust Instrument during her lifetime, such that Kristina’s interest in the Trust 

(as the remainder beneficiary thereof) only vested at the Decedent’s death (see Trust Instrument, 

¶ 8). Indeed, Kristina explicitly swore in the Petition that: (1) “During [the Decedent’s] life, 

[the Decedent] was the sole income and principal beneficiary of the Trust”; and (2) “Upon [the 

Decedent’s] death, the sole beneficiary of the Trust is Kristina” (see Petition, ¶¶ 16, 18).

Accordingly, respondents have established, as a matter of law, that petitioner lacks 

standing, as a remainder beneficiary of the Trust who did not have a beneficial interest therein 

before the Decedent’s passing, to compel an accounting of George’s administration of the Trust 

for the period occurring during the Decedent’s lifetime.

This conclusion is buttressed by the fact that Decedent (the only person who had 

standing to object to George’s conduct as Trustee of the Trust during her lifetime) expressly 

approved of George’s administration of the Trust during the period October 1, 2010 to January 

1, 2012, and granted him a release for that period of the Trust’s administration (see Approval). 

The Decedent did so after: (1) examining “the monthly and annual statements, checks, check 

register, and other records, of or relating to the Trust, including without limitation those of or 

relating to the accounts of the Trust” for the period October 1, 2010 to January 1, 2012; (2) 

finding “the statements, checks, check registers, and other records, to be true and correct in all 

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particulars and that ... the assets of the Trust have been fully accounted for”; and (c) approving 

of “all transactions, dispositions, withdrawals, distributions and payments made by or at the 

direction of [George] ... have been authorized and approved by” the Decedent (see id., ¶ 2). 

Indeed, New York courts have recognized that a fiduciary may avoid having to render a formal 

judicial accounting of a trust when the fiduciary obtains “‘releases from interested parties 

regarding the handling of the ... trust’” (see Matter of Spacek, 155 AD3d 747, 748 [2d Dept 

2017] [citation omitted]).

Therefore, respondents’ motion for summary judgment dismissing Kristina’s Petition to 

compel George (and/or respondents, as fiduciaries of his estate) to account for his 

administration of the Trust from the Trust’s October 1, 2010, creation to the Decedent’s August 

7, 2012, death is granted. Summary judgment is also granted dismissing that branch of the 

petition requesting that George account for the Trust’s administration during the period after 

the Decedent’s death, as George already has rendered his Accounting for that period. Kristina’s 

request for that relief is, therefore, moot.

In opposition to the motion, petitioner fails to raise any triable issues of fact. Petitioner 

effectively contends that, regardless of whether she had a beneficial interest in the Trust during 

the Decedent’s lifetime, she is entitled to an accounting of the Trust transactions that occurred 

before the Decedent died (see affirmation of Connor Dolgon, Esq. [NYSCEF Doc No. 55], ¶¶ 

37-53). However, petitioner’s argument completely lacks merit, because, as previously 

discussed, under New York law, a remainder beneficiary of a revocable lifetime trust has 

standing to compel an accounting of a trustee’s administration of the revocable trust only for 

the period commencing after the grantor’s death, when the governing trust instrument becomes 

irrevocable, and the remainder beneficiary’s interest therein vests.

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To the extent that Kristina relies upon Surrogates Court Procedure Act (SCPA) §§ 2205 

and 103 (39) to establish that (1) a “person interested” in a trust may compel an accounting 

thereof, and (2) she is a “person interested” in the Trust (see Dolgon affirmation, ¶¶ 37-39), 

Kristina’s reliance on those statutes is misplaced. New York law makes clear that, for the 

purpose of determining the individuals who have standing to compel the trustee of a revocable 

lifetime trust to account for the trustee’s stewardship thereof, SCPA § 2205 does not confer 

standing upon the remainder beneficiaries of a revocable lifetime trust with respect to the period 

before the grantor dies (see Malasky, 290 AD2d at 632; Matter of Andrews v Trustco Bank, 

Natl. Assn., 289 AD2d 910, 912 [3d Dept 2001] [opining that, “inasmuch as the grantor (of a 

revocable lifetime trust) was also the sole beneficiary during his lifetime, the trust agreement 

made the trustee accountable only to the grantor until his death”]; see also Margaret Valentine 

Turano, Practice Commentaries to SCPA § 2205 [McKinney’s 2013] [citing Malasky, with 

approval, for the proposition that a “contingent beneficiary under (a) revocable trust had no 

interest and hence no standing (to compel an accounting) under” SCPA § 2205]).

Although petitioner also claims that Malasky, Kalik, and their progeny do not apply 

because the grantors in those cases also served as trustees of the revocable lifetime trusts that 

they created (see Dolgon affirmation, ¶¶ 41-42), the Appellate Division has rejected precisely 

that argument in other cases. In Andrews (289 AD2d 910), the grantor created a revocable 

lifetime trust - of which the grantor was the sole beneficiary during his life - and appointed 

Bank of New York to serve as trustee of the trust. Thereafter, the grantor executed an 

agreement, in which he replaced Bank of New York as trustee of the trust, and dispensed with 

the requirement that Bank of New York account for its administration of the trust. After the 

grantor’s death, the remainder beneficiaries sought to compel Bank of New York to account for 

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its stewardship of the trust during the period before the grantor’s death (see id.). Both the 

Surrogate’s Court and the Appellate Division found that the remainder beneficiaries of the 

grantor’s revocable lifetime trust lacked standing to compel Bank of New York to account for 

the period preceding the grantor’s death. The courts reasoned that, because “the grantor was ... 

the sole beneficiary [of the revocable lifetime trust] during his lifetime, the trust agreement 

made the trustee accountable only to the grantor until his death” (id. at 912).

Accordingly, it makes no difference whether the Decedent acted as a Trustee of the 

Trust, or appointed only George to act in that fiduciary post – the result is the same: a remainder 

beneficiary of a revocable lifetime trust lacks standing to compel the trustee thereof to account 

for his or her administration of the trust for the period prior to the grantor’s death (see id.).

Petitioner also contends that an exception to the general rule articulated above (that 

remainder beneficiaries of a revocable lifetime trust lack standing to compel the trustee of a 

revocable lifetime trust to account for the period during the grantor’s life) exists (see Dolgon 

affirmation, ¶¶ 45-48). Relying upon the Florida case of Siegel v Novack (920 So 2d 89 [Fla 

Dist Ct App 2006], and two Surrogate’s Court cases that cite to it, Matter of Shay (Edna Block 

Revocable Trust) (33 Misc 3d 1230[A], 2011 NY Slip Op 52165[U] [Sur Ct, Bronx County 

2011]) and Matter of Sofi (36 Misc3d 1223[A], 2012 NY Slip Op 514581[U]), petitioner argues 

that “[o]ne possible exception to [the general] rule is where a person with a remainder interest 

establishes that a trustee other than the [grantor] made an improper withdrawal from the trust 

without the [grantor’s] approval or ratification” (Dolgon affirmation, ¶ 46). According to 

petitioner, the legal fees taken by George and his law firm “were improper as a matter of law,” 

and thus fall within this exception (see id., ¶ 49).

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This argument lacks merit. Siegel, Shay, and Sofi all predate the First Department’s 

2014 ruling in Kalik, in which the Court reiterated that, under New York law, remainder 

beneficiaries of a revocable lifetime trust lack standing to pursue claims concerning the 

administration of the trust for the period before the grantor’s death (see Kalik, 117 AD3d at 

590-91). Importantly, since the First Department rendered its ruling in Kalik, other courts in 

this Judicial Department have rejected parties’ reliance upon Siegel (see Matter of Fergang, 

2015 WL 1003580, * 2 [Sup Ct, NY County 2015]).

Moreover, even if such exception existed, such legal fees are insufficient to raise an 

issue of fact concerning petitioner’s standing to compel an accounting of George’s 

administration of the Trust, during the Decedent’s lifetime, because the evidentiary record 

before the court establishes that the Decedent was aware of, and ratified, the payment of such 

fees. First, the Decedent, the Trust’s grantor, executed the Approval in which she 

acknowledged that she examined all of the financial documents pertaining to the Trust, found 

them to be “true and correct,” approved all transactions made by George, released George for 

his administration of the Trust, and agreed to indemnify him for “any and all claims, loss, 

liability or damage ... which [George] may suffer ... by reason of the administration of the”

Trust (see generally the Approval). The Decedent did so after being advised of the right to 

consult with independent counsel (see id.). Although petitioner also alleges that the Approval 

is invalid because it was not signed by a witness or a notary (see Dolgon affirmation, ¶¶ 61-63), 

New York law does not require that an instrument like the Approval be signed by a witness or 

a notary in order to be enforceable (see Matter of O’Connor, NYLJ, Sept. 30, 1994, at 29 [Sur 

Ct, Bronx County]).

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Second, the Decedent did so by her conduct, as evidenced by Kristina’s deposition 

testimony that: (1) the Decedent was aware of the legal fees that George charged her; (2) 

Kristina recommended to the Decedent that she replace George as her attorney; and (3) despite 

Kristina’s suggestion, the Decedent did not replace George as her attorney (Kristina Yonke dep 

[NYSCEF Doc No. 69], at 77-94).

Although petitioner also references the difficulties that the Decedent had with alcohol, 

the evidentiary record before the court establishes that the Decedent was a well-educated, 

highly-sophisticated person, who managed her own daily affairs, administered her father’s 

estate, actively participated in litigation, and gave regular instructions to George as to how to 

handle her Trust’s affairs (see affidavit of David D’Angelo [NYSCEF Doc No. 70], ¶ 2). 

Indeed, petitioner admits that the Decedent “was a very intelligent college graduate, [was] an 

avid reader and had a great eye for detail” (see January 29, 2016, affidavit of Kristina Yonke 

[NYSCEF Doc No. 71]). In addition, the mere fact that the Decedent may have been an 

alcoholic is insufficient to raise an issue of fact calling into question the validity of the 

Approval, or any other legal transaction into which the Decedent entered (see Matter of 

Redington, NYLJ, July 18, 2014, at 24 [Sur Ct, NY County]; Matter of MacGuigan, NYLJ Apr. 

20, 2015, at 26 [Sur Ct, NY County]). In order for the Decedent’s alcohol addiction to be 

relevant to any of the transactions that are before the court on respondents’ motion, the 

evidentiary record must show that the Decedent’s judgment was impaired at the time that the 

transactions occurred (see id.). The record is devoid of any such evidence.

Accordingly, even if the Siegel exception existed, because the Decedent expressly and 

implicitly ratified the payment of the legal fees about which petitioner now complains, such 

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fees are insufficient to raise an issue of fact necessitating a trial concerning petitioner’s standing 

to compel an accounting of George’s administration of the Trust during the Decedent’s lifetime.

Petitioner also asks this court to sua sponte order an accounting of George’s 

administration of the Trust for the period prior to the Decedent’s death (see Dolgon affirmation, 

¶¶ 69-76). This court declines to do so. Because the Decedent retained the right to revoke or 

amend the Trust Instrument until her death, and Kristina, as a remainder beneficiary of the 

Trust, did not have a beneficial interest in the Trust until after the Decedent passed, Kristina 

would lack standing to object to any accounting that the court were to sua sponte direct 

respondents to render concerning George’s administration of the Trust prior to the Decedent’s 

death (see Kalik, 117 AD3d at 590-91).

The court also grants that portion of the summary judgment motion dismissing the 

petition to the extent that it seeks George’s removal as trustee of the Trust, given that George 

is now deceased. “‘It is a fundamental principle of our jurisprudence that the power of a court 

to declare the law only arises out of, and is limited to, determining the rights of persons which 

are actually controverted in a particular case pending before [a] tribunal’” (see Funderburke v 

New York St. Dept of Civ. Serv., 49 AD3d 809, 810-11 [2d Dept 2008], quoting Matter of Hearst 

Corp. v Clyne, 50 NY2d 707, 713 [1980]). “Courts are prohibited from rendering advisory 

opinions and ‘[a matter] will be considered moot unless the rights of the parties will be directly 

affected by the determination of the [matter] and the interest of the parties is an immediate 

consequence of the judgment’” (see id.; Matter of Yuri M. (Karpati), 107 AD3d 999, 1000 [2d 

Dept 2013]). Thus, where the circumstances giving rise to a matter have changed, such that the 

matter raises only an academic issue, the matter must be dismissed as moot (see Funderburke, 

49 AD3d at 811).

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Here, in light of George’s recent passing, petitioner’s motion to remove George as 

Trustee of the Trust raises only an academic issue, as George is no longer serving as Trustee of 

the Trust. As such, petitioner’s request to remove George as Trustee of the Trust is moot.

Finally, petitioner requests that this court hold respondents’ summary judgment motion 

in abeyance, pending resolution of a related Surrogate’s Court probate proceeding. However, 

it would be procedurally improper to grant this request, as petitioner failed to include this 

request for relief in a notice of motion or cross-motion (see CPLR 2214 [a]; see also Arriaga v 

Laub Co., 233 AD2d 244, 245 [1st Dept 1996] [as plaintiffs failed to formally and specifically 

demand in notice of motion that counterclaims be stricken, the trial court did not err in denying 

such relief]). Accordingly, petitioner’s request is denied.

Accordingly, respondents’ motion for summary judgment is granted, and the petition is 

dismissed.

Petitioner’s Cross-Motion to Remove David as Successor Trustee 

Petitioner also cross-moves for David’s removal as successor trustee of the Trust (see 

Dolgon affirmation, ¶¶ 83-93). The cross-motion is denied. First, petitioner has not pled a 

cause of action for David’s removal as successor trustee of the Trust, and thus, is not entitled 

to summary relief on a cause of action that she has not even pled in her petition (see Matter of 

Spade, 28 AD2d 552, 552 [2d Dept 1967] [“The petition for an accounting and the objections 

thereto are pleadings similar to a complaint and an answer and they define the issues and limit 

the relief” that can be granted] [internal quotation marks and citation omitted]).

Moreover, petitioner has failed to demonstrate that David should be removed as 

successor trustee. “[T]he testator [or grantor] still enjoys the right to determine who is most 

suitable among those legally qualified to settle his [or her] affairs and execute his [or her] will, 

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and his [or her] solemn selection is not lightly to be disregarded” (see Matter of Leland’s Will, 

219 NY 387, 393 [1916]; accord Matter of Epstein, 202 AD3d 669, 672 [2d Dept 2022]). 

“Removal of a fiduciary constitutes a judicial nullification of the testator’s [or the grantor’s] 

choice [of a fiduciary] and may only be decreed when the [exclusive] grounds set forth in the 

relevant statutes have been clearly established” (Matter of Duke, 87 NY2d 465, 473 [1996]; 

accord Matter of Steward, 193 AD3d 940 [2d Dept 2021]; see also DePicabia v Chester Natl. 

Bank, 50 AD2d 812, 813 [2d Dept 1975] [“The Supreme Court, in the exercise of its equity 

jurisdiction, has the power to remove a trustee of a trust, who is a party to the action, if the facts 

establish that the trustee was guilty of improper conduct in the administration of the trust”]).

As a result, “the rule has long prevailed that ‘courts are required to exercise the power 

of removal sparingly and to nullify [a] testator’s [or a grantor’s] choice [of fiduciary] only upon 

a clear showing of serious misconduct that endangers the safety of the estate’” or trust (Matter 

of Duke, 87 NY2d at 473 [citation omitted]; accord Matter of Berri, 130 Misc 527, 536 [Sur 

Ct, Kings County 1927] [“The power of removal is exercised sparingly by courts, and will not 

be exercised unless there is a clear necessity for such drastic action. Only such conduct as 

jeopardizes the fund will induce the court to remove a trustee, particularly one in whom special 

confidence has been reposed by the creator of the trust”]; see also Matter of Giles, 74 AD3d 

1499, 1503 [3d Dept 2010] [“‘(r)emoval of a trustee is a drastic action not to be undertaken 

absent a clear necessity’”] [citation omitted]; Tsavaris v Tsavaris, 2011 NY Slip Op 31889[U]

[Sup Ct, NY County 2011] [“Notwithstanding this broad grant of power, the Court is mindful 

that removal of a trustee is a drastic remedy and should be used sparingly in a case such as this 

where it would frustrate the intent of the trust’s creator”]).

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Where, as here, a dispute involving a lifetime trust is before the Supreme Court under 

Article 77 of the CPLR, the Supreme Court derives its power to remove a trustee from EPTL § 

7-2.6 (see EPTL § 7-2.6; Matter of Casamassima v Casamassima, 30 AD3d 596 [2d Dept

2006]). EPTL § 7-2.6 provides that the Supreme Court has the power “to suspend or remove a 

trustee who has violated or threatens to violate his trust, who is insolvent or whose insolvency 

is imminent or apprehended or who for any reason is a person unsuitable to execute the trust”

(see EPTL § 7-2.6 [a] [2]); accord Matter of Giles, 74 AD3d at 1503 [“an individual seeking 

removal (of a trustee) bears the burden of demonstrating that the trustee has violated or threatens 

to violate his or her trust or is otherwise unsuitable to execute the trust”]).

“When evaluating a trustee’s conduct, the relevant inquiry is whether the trustee has 

negatively impacted the trust or failed to serve the purpose of the trust” (Matter of James H. 

Supplemental Needs Trusts, 172 AD3d 1570, 1573 [3d Dept 2019]). “‘Although discord 

between the trustee and others involved with the trust, standing alone, is typically an insufficient 

basis for removal, such conflict may support removal if the conflict thwarts proper 

administration of the trust or otherwise subverts the purpose of the trust’” (Matter of Gimbel v 

Leonard, 205 AD3d 538, 538-539 [1st Dept 2022] [citation omitted]; see also Matter of Rudin, 

15 AD3d 199, 200 [1st Dept 2005] [“‘it is actual misconduct, not a conflict of interest, that 

justifies the removal of a fiduciary’”] [citation omitted]). The party seeking a trustee’s removal 

must bear the burden of proof, by clear and convincing evidence (see 9 Warren’s Heaton on 

Sur Ct Prac § 117.05 [1] [b] [“Clear and convincing evidence of fiduciary misconduct must be 

presented before removal will be directed, and only then, after an evidentiary hearing has been 

had”]).

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Here, petitioner has not pled, and does not contend, that David has violated or threatens 

to violate the trust placed in him, or is currently insolvent or likely to be insolvent imminently 

(see Dolgon affirmation, ¶ 83; Kristina Yonke affidavit, ¶¶ 5-11). Instead, petitioner merely 

alleges, in conclusory terms and without any evidentiary support, that David should be removed 

as successor trustee of the Trust because of actions that George undertook (see Dolgon 

affirmation, ¶ 86 [“The Petition sought (the) removal of Mr. D’Angelo as trustee because of his 

breaches of fiduciary duty and improper self-dealing discussed herein. Mr. D’Angelo, and now 

David, have also breached their fiduciary duty by failing to account for their decisions and 

actions in administrating the trust for the period between its creation on October 1, 2010 and 

Ingrid’s death on August 7, 2012]; see also id., ¶ 92 [“David is still liable to Kristina for his 

father’s breaches of the trust”]). However, as previously discussed, petitioner lacks standing to 

complain about any transactions that occurred prior to the Decedent’s death.

With respect to David himself, petitioner only alleges that “Mr. D’Angelo and David 

engaged in conduct and acted in concert with each other in ways that did not benefit Ingrid, 

Kristina, or the Trust” by acting improperly “to bolster their own compensation” (Dolgon 

affirmation, ¶ 89). However, petitioner fails to submit any evidence to support these 

unsubstantiated and conclusory assertions, or to demonstrate that the Trust was negatively 

impacted by such alleged conduct. As such, these assertions are insufficient to justify David’s 

removal (see Matter of Joan Moran Trust, 166 AD3d 1176, 1180 [3d Dept 2018] [affirming the 

denial of a Trustee's removal on ground that “petitioner failed to submit any evidence 

demonstrating that the trust assets suffered any financial harm as a result [of alleged 

mismanagement”]; Paprin v Silberstein, 2005 WL 8158666, * 2 [Sup Ct, New York County 

2005] [“Even if true, it does not appear that the conduct described in plaintiff's new allegations 

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would interfere with the proper administration of the trust”]; see also Matter of Varone 

Irrevocable Trust, 195 AD3d 728, 730 [2d Dept 2021] [the court “properly denied that branch 

of the motion which was to remove the trustee”]).

Indeed, petitioner’s main concern appears to be that David has refused to transfer the 

Trust’s bank account from Philadelphia to New York (see 1/31/19 affidavit of Christina Yonke 

[NYSCEF Doc No. 81], ¶¶ 7-8). However, such allegation, even if true, amounts to nothing 

more than discord, rather than actual misconduct requiring removal.

Moreover, contrary to petitioner’s unsubstantiated assertions, David submits an 

affidavit in which he alleges that, since succeeding George as Trustee of the Trust, he has 

endeavored to honor the fiduciary duties that have been entrusted to him as successor trustee of 

the Trust:

“Since George’s passing earlier this year, I have acted as Successor Trust of the 

Trust. I have taken great care to honor the fiduciary duties that have been 

entrusted to me as Successor Trustee. For example, I have arranged for Kristina 

(the remainder beneficiary of the Trust, following the Decedent’s death) to 

receive access to the statements for the Trust's investment accounts, and 

earnestly worked to address any concerns that Kristina has expressed relative to 

the Trust. From my perspective, I have developed a productive working 

relationship with Kristina”

(affidavit of David D’Angelo [NYSCEF Doc No. 70], ¶ 3).

Accordingly, the cross-motion for removal of David as successor trustee is denied.

The court has considered the remaining arguments and finds them to be without merit.

Accordingly, it is 

ORDERED that respondents’ motion for summary judgment is granted, and the petition 

is dismissed, with costs and disbursements to respondents as taxed by the Clerk upon the 

submission of an appropriate bill of costs; and it is further

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ORDERED that petitioner’s cross-motion is denied; and it is further

ORDERED that the Clerk is directed to enter judgment accordingly.

This constitutes the decision and order of this Court.1

1 The Court notes the matter has not been transferred to Surrogate’s Court, and remains in Supreme Court 

because, as the parties have noted the trust assets are maintained in accounts at a UBS Financial Services, Inc. 

branch in Conshohocken Pennsylvania; the investments have performed well from guidance Trustee David 

D’Angelo has received from UBS’s financial advisors; no party has moved to transfer the proceedings from 

Supreme Court to Surrogate’s Court pursuant to CPLR 325(e); the Trust does not have assets in the State of New 

York, nor does the acting trustee reside in the State; and finally, the parties contend as the matter has been 

pending before the Supreme Court since 2015, the Supreme Court is “familiar with the parties and issues” 

involved, and the Court is “well-equipped to resolve them” [NYSCEF Doc. Nos. 91, 92]. 

7/10/2024 $SIG$

DATE James d’Auguste, J.S.C.

CHECK ONE: X CASE DISPOSED NON-FINAL DISPOSITION

GRANTED DENIED GRANTED IN PART X OTHER

APPLICATION: SETTLE ORDER SUBMIT ORDER

CHECK IF APPROPRIATE: INCLUDES 

TRANSFER/REASSIGN

FIDUCIARY APPOINTMENT REFERENCE

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