1

V olu m e 1, N u m ber 2

April, 2000

by Mitchell Douglas

To prepare for changes in the 21st century, DoD has a modernization strategy to realize 

a Joint Vision 2010 and the Concept for Future Joint Operations. The strategy supports 

achieving dominance over the full spectrum, emphasizes information dominance and 

overmatch capabilities, and provides the focus for science and technology initiatives required 

for future operational capabilities. From the Army perspective, Joint Vision 2010 is the 

umbrella over a deliberate and orderly process for change over the next 25 years to include 

operational concepts; Force XXI, Army Vision 2010, Army After Next (AAN), and Army 2025.

With respect to information dominance, DoD has a vested interest to modernize situation 

awareness and battlefield management systems. By applying innovative technology solutions 

to sensors, processors, and communication systems every military participant – from the 

soldier to the commander – can maintain a clear and accurate picture of the battlespace. 

The result is a more effective means of planning and executing the mission. And now with 

the push for a digitized battlefield, the source of information dominance may be in the form 

of a Smart Sensor Web (SSW) system.

As reported in the CORE Weekly Report for 4/26/99 (http://core.cast.msstate.edu; 

#199), The Deputy Under Secretary of Defense for Science and Technology, Delores Etter, 

has indicated in testimony before the Senate Armed Services Subcommittee that one of the 

future priority areas for Defense Science and Technology include smart sensor webs. The 

SSW initiative is intended to take advantage of advances in information technology, sensors 

and microelectronics to provide a web-centric fusion of sensors form ground, sea, air, and 

space to enhance the commander’s situational awareness.

Historically, the concept of an integrated system for gathering and disseminating 

information has been realized as an advantage in dominating battlefield situational 

awareness. Initiated in 1984, the Army started the development of the All Source Analysis 

System (ASAS ) in support of Intelligence & Electronic Warfare. The ASAS was designed as

W EAPO N SY S T E M S T E C H N OLO GY IN FOR M A T IO N ANA L Y SIS C E N TER 

C on ten ts

M od ern izin g Situ ation al 

Aw aren ess ... 1

REM ID S..... 2

M IC RO Air V ehic les... 5

Elec tron ic Library... 8

EMC Aw aren ess.... 9

IAC Aw aren ess... 12

TIAC Rou n d u p... 13

The D od Global In fo Grid ... 14

C alen d ar of ev en ts... 15

W STIAC is a D oD In form ation 

An alysis C en ter Spon sored by the 

D efen se Tec hn ic al In form ation 

C en ter and Operated by IiT 

Researc h In stitu te
2

a functionally integrated intelligence support system, which 

manages sensors and other resources; collects, processes, 

and fuses intelligence data; stores, manipulates, and 

displays this data; and quickly disseminates information to 

the commander by providing a common picture of enemy 

activity to all battlefield assets. The Air Force has a similar 

system called Enemy Situation Correlation Element (Ensce) 

which is combined with ASAS to form a Joint Tactical Fusion 

(JTF) node in support of the Intelligence & Electronic 

Warfare battlefield functional area.

Today, the U.S. Navy has adopted Network – Centric 

Warfare as the latest Revolution in Military Affairs. This 

concept has the potential for wide application in the Joint 

Arena, where rapid rate of data and information 

assimilation, fusion, and dissemination offer the Joint Force 

Commander the potential to achieve dominant battlespace 

awareness. This concept envisions the combination of 

advanced sensors, weapons, and C4I systems from 

geographically dispersed units networked together to 

communicate and share information.

At the center of the Navy’s vision of Network-Centric 

Warfare is a program known as cooperative engagement 

capability or CEC. CEC has been a Navy priority since 

shifting its war-fighting focus from the deep oceans to littoral 

operations where there exists a bigger threat against ships 

from enemy missiles. The program is demonstrating sensornetworking technologies capable of collecting data from 

ship-based and airborne sensors providing a real time 

picture of the target to participating platforms in a naval 

battle group. The goal is to prioritize which platform and 

what weapon system will be used to engage the target. The 

technology is designed to give the naval commanders 

multiple options for defeating incoming missiles given a 

single integrated air picture.

The technology associated with this program is not to 

be confused with a combat system or a communications 

network. CEC integrates the collection, processing and 

distribution of sensor and weapons data from existing ships 

and patrol aircraft. The data is filtered and fused, then 

distributed to all other platforms in the battle group. 

It is planned to integrate CEC with Army ground 

systems, such as Patriot anti-missile system to test how CEC 

works with the Army system using data from a Navy Aegis 

radar-equipped ship. The test, called “engage on remote”, 

is planned this fall at Eglin Air Force Base, FL. An Aegis 

cruiser will be used to track a surrogate cruise missile, and 

CEC data will be passed through the Patriot battery and the 

system will fire at the target using the CEC data. The threat 

will be outside the Patriot’s radar horizon. Other plans 

include linking CEC with the Air Force AWACS and Joint 

STARS C3I platforms as well as UAV systems. 

It is recognized advances need to be made in hardware 

technology to develop such SSW type systems. DoD is 

investing in technologies to make sensors smarter, hardware 

smaller using micro electro-mechanical systems (MEMS), 

and increase data processing bandwidth using LASER 

communication. However, the defense technology cycle is 

typically longer than the eighteen-month cycle of technology 

in the commercial sector. Therefore, there must be a 

merger of technologies in the two arenas to include 

programs such as Domestic Technology Transfer, 

Commercial Operations and Support Savings Initiatives, 

and the Dual Use Science and Technology Program.

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3

The REMote IDentification System (REMIDS) is used for 

the surface UXO identification aspect of the UXO detection 

problem. The U.S. Army Corps of Engineer s, Engineer 

Research and Development Center, Waterways Experiment 

Station (WES) developed the Remote Minefield Detection 

System(REMIDS for standoff minefield detection. REMIDS 

was successfully integrated in a U.S. Army Aviation 

Technical Test Center (ATTC) UH-60A helicopter and 

demonstrated at the U.S. Army Standoff Minefield Detection 

System (STAMIDS) Advanced Technology Transition 

Demonstration (ATTD), Phases I and II, at Fort HunterLiggett, California, and Fort Drum, New York, respectively. 

REMIDS was demonstrated in the Environmental Security 

Technology Certification Program (ESTCP) at Yuma Proving 

Grounds, Yuma, Arizona.

The system is flown in an UH-60A Blackhawk 

helicopter, and consists of an active/passive infrared line 

scanner, real-time data processing and display equipment, 

and navigational equipment. The scanner collects three 

channels of optically aligned image data consisting of two 

active laser channels and a passive thermal infrared 

channel. The concept of the active laser channels consists 

of transmitting a beam of linearly polarized IR laser light, 

and collecting the reflected parallel and perpendicular 

components. From these two measurements, the 

polarization, and reflectance of the object can be 

calculated.

Man-made materials usually have a very different 

polarization, reflectance and thermal signatures than 

naturally occurring ones, causing them to stand out in the 

real-time display. Detection and classification of materials is 

made by comparing the polarization, reflectance and 

thermal signatures from the image data with ranges for 

know materials. Man-made materials typically have a 

higher reflectance and polarization than naturally occurring 

materials. At times of greatest temperature change (e.g. 

early morning and late afternoon) the thermal difference 

between the ground and the items are at the maximum thus 

aiding in detection. 

by Morris Fields

Figure 1 shows a picture of two 500 pound bombs at 

the test site at Yuma Proving Ground. Figures 2 and 3 show 

data that was taken by REMIDS of the two 500 pound 

bombs. These pictures show how man-made materials 

stand out from the background.

ITRI personnel have had a vital role in all aspects of the 

operation of the REMIDS system since 1995. They have 

provided engineering and physics support in repair and 

upgrade of system components. The airborne system 

operates in a fairly rugged environment which causes 

regular system component failure. Some of the parts had to 

be either replaced or refurbished to make the system as a 

whole operational. IITRI personnel have played a key role 

in reconditioning, re-engineering and re-calibration of the 

many of the sub-systems that make up REMIDS.

IITRI personnel assisted in flight operation through inflight data collection and ground support. REMIDS is not an 

automated system and must be tended for data acquisition. 

One or more operators are needed in the helicopter to run 

the machine, as well as two or more people on the ground 

to direct flight operations (unless a "crop-dusting" Global 

Positioning System has been installed). 

IITRI personnel have also provided post-processing 

support of collected data. The first step in data analysis is 

reducing the collected data to the data that is only in the 

area of interest. If a "crop-dusting" GPS system has been 

used then time stamping is used to determine what is "ontarget" and what is not otherwise an operator must view the 

tapes and mark the start and end markers for each run on 

the tape. Next is the analysis of this data using "smart" 

codes to locate the munitions. These are then spot checked 

by human operators to verify the accuracy of the codes.

This project is waiting for further funding to continue 

operations and upgrades. There are several proposals 

pending for FY00 and FY01 for verification of cleanup at 

Formerly Used Defense FUD sites as well as one for further 

research and development on the system.

WSTIAC NEWSLETTER, 2nd Quarter 2000
4

Figure 1. Picture of 500 Pound Bombs

Figure 2. Polarization Image of 500 Pound Bombs Taken with REMIDS System

Figure 3. Reflectance Image of 500 Pound Bombs Taken with REMIDS System
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by James M. McMichael

and

Col. Michael S. Francis, USAF (Ret.)

formerly of DARO

Why Micro Air Vehicles? 

Why "micro" Why not something larger? The answer lies 

in the applications envisioned for MAVs. Studies like the 

Defense Science Board's 1996 Summer Study on "Tactics 

and Technologies for 21st Century Warfighting" emphasize 

keeping personnel out of harms way by providing 

unprecedented situational awareness right down to the 

platoon level. In contrast to higher-level reconnaissance 

assets like satellites and high altitude UAVs, MAVs will be 

operated by and for the individual soldier in the field as a 

platoon-level asset, providing local reconnaissance or other 

sensor information on demand, where and when it is 

needed. MAVs may also be used for tagging, targeting, and 

communications, and may eventually find application as 

weapons, as well. 

The reconnaissance application is a primary driver 

behind the first generation of MAVs. Micro sensors like those 

mentioned earlier suggest the possibility of reduced latency 

and greatly enhanced situational awareness for the small 

unit or individual soldier. This is partly attributed to the direct 

connectivity envisioned between these systems and the "user" 

in emerging operational concepts. Direct connectivity means 

the user has to carry it. So the MAV must trade favorably

with other soldier assets - like water and ammunition. The 

system must also be affordable. It must have a vanishingly 

small logistics tail, and for many missions it must be 

intrinsically covert. All this points to a highly compact, small 

system. 

Additionally, the MAV's ability to operate in constrained 

environments like urban canyons and, eventually, even the 

interior of buildings, gives these systems a level of 

uniqueness unmatched by other concepts. MAVs are not 

replacements for previously manned air vehicle missions; 

because of their size, they will be capable of completely new 

missions not possible with any existing systems. 

More on Missions 

Micro Air Vehicles will be capable of a wide range of 

useful military missions. The one most often identified by 

users is the textbook, "over the hill" reconnaissance 

mission illustrated in Figure 1. The current concept suggests 

that reconnaissance MAVs need to range out to perhaps 10 

km, remain aloft for up to an hour, reach speeds of 10 to 

20 m/s (22 to 45 mph), and be capable of real time 

day/night imagery. In contrast, some surveillance 

applications may require less range - payload performance. 

In these instances, the MAV would relocate to a suitable 

vantage point and serve as a fixed, unattended surface 

sensor with capabilities ranging from imagery to seismic 

detection. 

At the same time, MAVs must be launched and 

operated relatively simply with an easy-to-operate ground 

station. Ground stations may employ directional antennas to 

maintain contact with the MAV at long range. 

Figure 1. The "Over-The-Hill Reconnaissance" Mission 

for the MAV

WSTIAC NEWSLETTER, 2nd Quarter 2000
6

In urban operations (see Figure 2), MAVs, acting in 

small, cooperative groups, will enable reconnaissance and 

surveillance of inner city areas, and may serve as 

communication relays. They may also enable observations 

through windows, and sensor placement on vertical and 

elevated surfaces. Their application to building interiors is 

the most demanding envisioned. The capability to navigate 

complex shaped passageways, avoid obstacles and relay 

information will require yet another level of technology. 

Biochemical sensing, illustrated in Figure 3 is another 

potential mission for MAVs. With gradient sensors and flight 

control feedback, MAVs will be able to map the size and 

shape of hazardous clouds and provide real time tracking of 

their location.

MAVs may also find application in search and rescue 

operations. An MAV could be packed into the ejection seat 

mechanism on fighter aircraft. If the pilot has to "punch out", 

the MAV is released from the ejection seat and lingers in the 

air for up to an hour, providing the downed pilot with 

reconnaissance information, or sending a signal to rescue 

vehicles. 

While the challenge of developing self-propelled MAVs

capable of achieving all the requirements alluded to 

previously is daunting, a more near-term application may be 

possible using assisted propulsion. Unpropelled MAVs 

could be launched from overhead flight vehicles or from 

barrel-launched munitions. Upon release above a target 

area, MAVs could provide targeting information and battle 

damage assessment back to the operator. 

A large number of potential commercial applications 

also exist. These include traffic monitoring, border 

surveillance, fire and rescue operations, forestry, wildlife 

surveys, power-line inspection and real-estate aerial 

photography, to name a few. 

The Technical Challenge 

The development and fielding of militarily useful MAVs 

will require overcoming a host of significant technology and 

operational obstacles. 

...Putting it Together 

The physical integration challenge is believed to be the 

most difficult problem, the degree of which increases 

dramatically with decreasing vehicle size or increasing 

functional complexity. At and below the 15 cm scale size, 

the concept of "stuffing" an airframe with subsystems - our 

conventional approach to hardware integration - becomes 

extremely difficult. An examination of the range of system 

elements illustrates the problem (Figure 4). 

Figure 2. Urban Operations Missions for the MAV

Figure 3. The MAV as a Mobile Immersion Sensor Figure 4. MAV System Integration
7

Many of the system functions depicted will be provided 

by microelectronics or MEMS-based components. Even so, 

separate modules for each function would consume more 

volume than may be available. From an electronics 

perspective, the on-board processor and communications 

electronics form the core of the vehicle. They provide critical 

links between the sensor systems and the ground station, 

and they are vital to the flight and propulsion control 

systems. In the scheme depicted in Figure 4, power 

generation and propulsion subsystems support critical 

electronics and flight control functions in addition to flight 

propulsion power. The multifunctionality required by the 

MAV weight and power budgets may be achieved only by a 

highly integrated design, with physical components serving 

multiple purposes, or accomplishing multiple and often 

diverse functions. For example, the wings may also serve as 

antennae or as sensor apertures. The power source may be 

integrated with the fuselage structure, and so on. The 

degree of design 'synergy' required has never been achieved 

in a flight vehicle design. 

...Achieving Stable Controlled Flight 

Flight control is the single technological area which 

harbors the largest numbers of unknowns for the MAV 

designer. Relatively large forces and moments can be 

produced by the laminar-flow-dominated flight environment, 

and they are difficult to predict under all but the most 

benign flight conditions. Unsteady flow effects arising from 

atmospheric gusting or even vehicle maneuvering are far 

more pronounced on small scale MAVs where inertia is 

almost nonexistent, that is, where wing loading is very light. 

Platform stabilization and guidance will require rapid, highly 

autonomous control systems. 

One common trend in aircraft and in nature is that 

smaller flyers travel slower and tend to have a higher ratio 

of wing area to vehicle weight. Given the limited wingspan 

available, MAVs may have to achieve high relative wing 

areas by having larger chords, i.e. by using configurations 

with low aspect ratio (wingspan divided by chord), more like 

flying wings, or butterflies. So MAVs may have to cope with 

fully three-dimensional aerodynamics. Here, there are even 

less low-Reynolds number data available than there are for 

two-dimensional airfoils. To make matters worse, MAVs will 

experience highly unsteady flows due to the natural 

gustiness (turbulence) of the atmosphere. Interestingly, 

nature's flyers of the same scale use another source of 

unsteady aerodynamics, flapping wings, to create both lift 

and propulsive thrust. For some applications, MAVs may 

ultimately have to do the same.

These low Reynolds number effects will have to be 

mastered using highly integrated flight control systems, with 

autonomous stabilization. In confined areas like urban 

canyons and interior spaces, autonomous collision 

avoidance systems will also be required. 

...Getting From Here to There 

Small scale propulsion systems will have to satisfy 

extraordinary requirements for high energy density and high 

power density. Acoustically quiet systems will also have to be 

developed to assure covertness. 

To better understand some of the propulsion issues, 

consider the power equation for a propeller driven aircraft 

as shown in Figure 5. This relationship provides insight into 

ways to reduce the power required for propulsion. First, we 

need good aerodynamics (high lift to drag ratio). But low 

Reynolds number wings may only have 1/3 to 1/4 the lift to 

drag ratio of conventional aircraft. Propeller aerodynamics 

must also be efficient, but propellers below about 3 inches 

in diameter have poor efficiency, on the order of 50 percent 

less. So low Reynolds numbers affect propulsion in two 

ways: Poor lift to drag ratios increase the power required, 

and propeller efficiencies are low. 

The power required can be reduced considerably by 

having low wing loading, achieved in MAVs by having large 

wing areas and lightweight vehicles. The Gossamer 

Albatross had a huge wing area (and low weight) so that it 

could be powered by a very weak engine (human power). 

But this was done with huge wing spans. In contrast, the 15 

cm limitation means MAVs may have to maximize area by 

increasing the wing chord, leading to low aspect ratio 

configurations. 

Finally, still in reference to the power equation, there's 

nothing more effective than low weight to reduce power 

requirements. Technologies like MEMS, low power 

electronics, and component multifunctionality will help. High 

energy density (i.e. light-weight) power sources are essential. 

Battery-based systems will likely power the first generation 

MAVs, but more exotic technologies like fuel cells are being 

developed for follow-on systems. 

WSTIAC NEWSLETTER, 2nd Quarter 2000
8

Approved for Public Release, Distribution Unlimited

If the power and propulsion problems appear daunting, 

the issue of navigation may be even more so. Large reaches 

of open air environments may render this problem doable 

with in-hand technology, but the more demanding 

environments to which the MAV is uniquely suited are 

another matter. GPS would be a near-ideal solution, but 

current systems are much too heavy and too power-intensive 

for MAV applications. Inertial navigation for MAVs awaits 

the development of low-drift micro gyros and accelerometers. Constricted corridors of complex geometry, multiple 

obstacles - and some of them moving must all be reckoned 

with if the MAV is to become useful to the warfighter. Real 

time human interaction to provide vehicle stabilization and 

guidance is being considered for early designs, but 

performance or other mission constraints may render this 

solution impractical in some of the more demanding 

applications. For example, necessary vehicle agility (or gust 

response) may well surpass a human operator’s ability to 

cope with it, and real-time human controls may not be 

possible except in the simplest of scenarios. Clearly, 

significant advances in miniature navigation, guidance and 

control systems are needed. 

Note: Continued in next issue.

.

Figure 5. Minimization of MAV Propulsive Power

National Defense Industrial Association (NDIA) 

Conference Proceedings. 

The following site provides links to full-text documents 

of the most recently held conferences sponsored by 

NDIA: http://www.dtic.mil/stinet/ndia/

Recent additions:

 Ninth Annual SO/LIC Symposium Exhibit 

 Non-Lethal Defense III 

 Aircraft Survivability: A Vulnerability Perspective 

 48th Annual Bomb and Warhead Technical

 Symposium 

 Armaments for the Army of the Future 

 Small Arms Systems Section Annual Conference,

 Exhibition and Firing Demonstration

The DTIC Review brings its readers the full-text of selected 

technical reports and a bibliography of other references of 

interest under one cover.

 http://www.dtic.mil/dtic/review/

Volume 4, Number 4: "Urban Warfare" Aug 99 

Urban Warfare is extraordinary in its demands on ground 

and air forces. This publication is designed to highlight 

information and lessons learned that can be applied to 

conducting military operations in an urban environment. 

Available in .pdf at http://www.dtic.mil/dtic/review/vol4-

number4.html

Other titles available at this site:

"Bioterrorism: A Grim Reality" Jan 99

"Unmanned Aerial Vehicles" Sep 98
9

WHAT IS ELECTROMAGNETIC 

COMPATIBILITY (EMC)?

EMC DEFINITION:

The ability of electronic equipment to operate in 

intended operational environments without either:

• causing unacceptable degradation to other 

equipment in the environment, or

• experiencing unacceptable performance

degradation from electromagnetic interference 

from other environmental equipment.

WHY SHOULD I BE CONCERNED 

ABOUT EMC?

DoD policy mandates that all new communicationselectronics (C-E) systems, as well as modifications to existing 

C-E systems, will be electromagnetically compatible with 

their intended operational environments and will comply 

with established rules and regulations regarding spectrum 

use. In fact, C-E systems that have radio frequency (RF) 

emitters cannot be fielded until an approved operational 

frequency allocation has been obtained from the US Military 

Communications-Electronics Board (MCEB) and favorable 

frequency supportability comments have been received from 

cognizant host nations. As a consequence, it is prudent for 

material developers and maintainers to consider the 

attainment of EMC at all stages of the system life cycle.

COURSE OBJECTIVES

Department of Defense (DoD) acquisition regulations 

mandate that electromagnetic compatibility (EMC) be a 

critical system characteristic throughout the life cycle of all 

spectrum-dependent systems/equipment. The objective of 

the “EMC Awareness” course is to provide the developers, 

operators, testers, and maintainers of military spectrumdependent systems and equipment a basic understanding of 

their responsibilities for participation in the DoD EMC Program, compliance with military standards, and the 

provisions of the regulations governing the frequency 

allocation/assignment and spectrum management 

processes.

In addition, the course provides brief overviews of the 

subjects of radio-wave propagation, antennas, communications systems, radar, and electronic systems as they relate to 

EMC.

WHO SHOULD ATTEND

System planners and managers, engineers, equipment 

developers/maintainers, testers, operators, and others 

dealing with spectrum-dependent technologies/systems who 

need to understand spectrum management rules, 

regulations, and procedures.

Although some of the material presented is technical, it 

is presented from a management perspective that can be 

understood by non-technical attendees.

WSTIAC NEWSLETTER, 2nd Quarter 2000

Weapon Systems Technology

Information Analysis Center

A three-day short course

presented by the C ou rse Sc hed u le

23 May – Ft. Monmouth, NJ

25-27 July – Wright-Patterson AFB, OH

12-14 September – San Diego, CA
10

COURSE OUTLINE

The “EMC Awareness” course consists of six 

instructional sessions presented over a three-day period. 

Subject matter addressed includes:

Introduction/Overview

DoD EMC Program

Dod Joint Spectrum Center

EMI/EMC Testing

Spectrum Management

Frequency Allocation

Frequency Assignment Environmental Concerns

EMC Databases

Environmental EMC Analysis

System Performance and Performance Degradation

Cosite Considerations

Communications Systems

Radar

Satellite Systems

Navigation Systems

Electronic Warfare (EW) Considerations

Electronic Warfare Vulnerability Assessment (EWVA)

Radio-Wave Propagation

Radio Noise

Antennas

EMC Analysis Models

EMI Mitigation Techniques

In addition, the attendees will be afforded the 

opportunity to apply what they have learned from the course 

by solving sample EMC problems.

Copies of the slides presented during the course, along 

with supplemental reference materials, will be provided to 

all attendees. All material presented in the course is 

UNCLASSIFIED.

COURSE CONTENT

INTRODUCTION/OVERVIEW

The fundamental engineering basis for achieving EMC is 

introduced and problems associated with conducting EMC 

analyses are addressed.

DoD EMC PROGRAM 

A brief summary of the life-cycle responsibilities for EMC 

imposed on system developers, users, and maintainers by 

DoD Directives 5000.1, 3222.3, 4650.1, and 5100.35. 

Service regulations implementing these directives are 

discussed, as appropriate.

JOINT SPECTRUM CENTER 

A brief overview of the mission, organization, and services 

provided by the Joint Spectrum Center (JSC).

EMC TESTING

Requirements of system EMI Control Plans. EMC testing 

provisions imposed by MIL-STD-461 and MIL-STD-464.

SPECTRUM MANAGEMENT 

The reason for achieving EMC is to provide a mechanism 

for effectively managing the use of the electromagnetic 

spectrum. This module presents an overview of the 

spectrum management process within the statutory 

constraints imposed by national and international spectrum 

regulatory organizations. The concepts of frequency 

allocation, allotment, and assignment are introduced, along 

with those of frequency “reuse” distance(s) and frequency 

assignment guardbands. 

FREQUENCY ALLOCATION 

An introduction to the national and international frequency 

allocation tables. Information requirements of the frequency 

allocation application. 

FREQUENCY ASSIGNMENT 

Request and approval channels for obtaining operating 

frequency assignments for C-E systems/equipment. 

ENVIRONMENTAL CONCERNS 

During its operational life cycle, a military C-E system will be 

required to operate in a number of electromagnetic 

environments... e.g., current/ future, peacetime/wartime, 

domestic/international, test and training/tactical, etc. Each 

of these environments, all of which must be addressed in 

establishing the EMC of the system, imposes its own set of 

constraints on achieving EMC. This module focuses on the 

information requirements, both defining the constituents of 

the environment and the technical operating parameters of 

those constituents, for performing EMC analyses.

EMC DATABASES 

The contents of the various JSC EMC-related databases are 

discussed. The information pro-vided by the Center’s 

Frequency Assignment; Equipment Characteristics; Spectrum 

Certification; Platform Configuration, TO&E, and 

Scenario/Deployment; and Geographic/Geophysical data 

files are addressed. 
11

ENVIRONMENTAL EMC ANALYSES 

In environmental intersystem EMC analyses, most EMI 

interactions involve relatively small interfering signals. This 

session introduces the EMC analysis process. Analysis 

conditions, assumptions, and approximations are discussed. 

SYSTEM PERFORMANCE AND PERFORMANCE 

DEGRADATION 

This module focuses on the relationships between system 

performance and the technical operating parameters of 

various types of C-E systems and the tradeoffs that generally 

must be made between mission-related performance and 

EMC. 

COSITE CONSIDERATIONS 

In cosite situations, special consideration must be given to 

the non-linear EMI effects caused by large interfering 

signals. These considerations include: receiver 

desensitization and saturation; the generation of transmitter 

and receiver intermodulation products; harmonic signal 

generation and spurious responses; and high-power effects 

such as case penetration, component burnout, and 

radiation hazards.

COMMUNICATION SYSTEMS

Various military applications of communications systems are 

introduced. EMC concerns/problems associated with 

individual applications are discussed. Tradeoffs between 

desirable system performance characteristics and EMC are 

examined.

RADAR

A brief summary of radar theory, focusing on the impact of 

performance criteria on system design is presented. 

Tradeoffs between desirable system parameters and EMC 

are examined.

SATELLITE SYSTEMS

Various uses of satellite systems are discussed. Special 

considerations are introduced.

NAVIGATION SYSTEMS 

Certain types of radionavigation systems present unique 

problems to the EMC analyst. 

ELECTRONIC WARFARE CONSIDERATIONS

Electronic countermeasures (ECM) systems are specifically 

designed to disrupt and/or degrade the performance of 

radars and communications systems. Accordingly, they 

pose a serious fratricide effect to one’s own equipment. 

Techniques for addressing EMI caused by ECM systems are 

discussed.

ELECTRONICWARFARE VULNERABILITY 

ASSESSMENT

All spectrum-dependent systems/equipment are susceptible 

to some degree to degradation/ compromise when targeted 

by enemy electronic warfare assets. When system/ 

operational constraints are considered, some of these 

susceptibilities translate into vulnerabilities that can be 

exploited in the field to reduce system effective-ness. The 

Electronic Warfare Vulnerability Assessment (EWVA) process 

provides a frame-work for orderly consideration, throughout 

all phases of the system lifecycle, of the effects of enemy 

actions taken to reduce the effectiveness of US weapons and 

C-E systems. 

RADIOWAVE PROPAGATION 

Accurate prediction of propagation path loss assumes the

application of a path loss model appropriate to the

dominant mode(s) of propagation between the path

endpoints. Electro-magnetic wave phenomena associated

with radio wave propagation are defined and discussed,

along with the various modes of propagation that may

occur. Sources of radio noise are also discussed. 

RADIO NOISE 

Types and sources of radio noise are addressed. 

ANTENNAS 

A brief introduction to antenna theory is presented. 

Radiation patterns associated with various types of linear,

aperture, and phased-array antennas are discussed. 

EMC ANALYSIS MODELS 

A brief introduction to the analytic capabilities of the JSC is

presented.

EMI MITIGATION TECHNIQUES 

Methods for reducing the impact of EMI are introduced. 

These include both spectrum-management and systemdesign-modification fixes.

.

WSTIAC NEWSLETTER, 2nd Quarter 2000
12

An n ou n c em en t

IAC Aw aren ess C on feren c e

The Defense Technical Information Center Information Analysis Center Program Management 

Office will sponsor an IAC Awareness Conference on May 16, 2000 at the Hope Hotel, Wright Patterson

 Air Force Base, Dayton, Ohio. The theme of this conference is "Key Challenges" that need to be conquered

 to enable us to meet Vision 2010. The meeting is open to all Department of Defense (DoD) and associated industry personnel. 

This meeting will promote IAC Awareness with an emphasis on the needs of the warfighter.

The objective of this conference is to explore the strategic direction and the resulting requirements of information technology 

and services necessary to support the DoD. To that end, an aggressive agenda with senior-level participants will provide an 

opportunity to discuss and share valuable insights between Res earch and Development and the warfighter community.

Those in attendance will include policy makers, DoD program managers, researchers, analysts, information providers, and 

information users. This conference will address the information needs of the warfighter, along with the current and future 

information technology initiatives to support those needs in the new millennium. The impact of changes in the policies, 

procedures, and technologies of information now and in the future and the subsequent impact on DoD will also be addressed.

DoD IACs will have exhibits in the display area highlighting their capabilities, products, and services. 

Electronic registration is encouraged via the SURVIAC website at http://iac.dtic.mil/surviac. Additional registration 

information may be obtained from Ms. Donna Egner, SURVIAC, by telephone: (937) 255-4840, fax: (937) 255-9673, or email: 

degner@bah.com. 

4-6 April 2000

Las Vegas, NV

16-18 May 2000

Fort Belvoir, VA

13-15 June 2000

Virginia Beach, VA

15-17 August 2000

Huntsville, AL

19-21 September 2000

Omaha, NB

For details contact Ms. Jeri McAllister

IIT Research Institute

Phone: 256-382-4700, ext/ 4715, FAX: 256-382-4701

Email: jmcallister@iitri.org
13

DTIC is holding two regional conferences this year. The 

conference covers changes that have taken place at DTIC 

this past year and what is planned for the future. Enhanced, 

new and future products and services are described and 

discussed. Changes to policies and procedures 

implemented during the past year are highlighted. Internet 

training is available s well as an update on web-enabled 

DROLS. This conference provides a forum for users to give 

DTIC feedback on the issues and problems, which are most 

significant from their point of view. Open discussion periods 

ensure that users have adequate opportunity to interact with 

DTIC, User Council representatives and each other.

The meeting included a presentation on the Information 

Analysis Center Program emphasizing its alignment with the 

overall DoD S&T program. Two presentations on Technical 

Reports included an introduction into the life cycle of DTIC 

document process from Acquisitions to the final report on 

STINET or DROLS; as well an overview of changes and 

additions to the TR database including new collections, ongoing projects, as well as the new web-based product for

submitting documents to DTIC. The ever-popular 

presentation on the WWW offered a vast number of tools 

and sites for successful searching and navigation on the 

internet. There was a presentation and demonstration of the 

Air Force Materiel Commands Scientific and Technical 

Information Transfer System (STINT). This is a web-based 

interface input vehicle for current research information. 

by Vakare Valaitis

Finally, a session on DTIC's web services detailed the 

current status, near term plans, and future plans for the 

including STINET on the Internet, SIPRNET, and the DROLS 

replacement web service. The agenda and presentations 

are available at: http://www.dtic.mil/dtic/regconf/westagen1.html

The Western Regional Users Meeting and Training 

Conference was hosted by the DTIC Western Regional 

Office in Lawndale, CA and took place 20-21 March 2000.

The next meeting will be the Southern Regional Users 

Meeting and Training Conference on 25-26 April 2000. It 

will be hosted by the Institute of Surgical Research/Ft. Sam 

Houston in San Antonio, Texas.

A reminder. The DTIC User Council is an elected group 

of representative who reflect and articulate the interests of 

the user community. Its functions are to encourage and 

facilitate any DTIC operations, plans or cooperative efforts 

that benefit the membership, expedite the flow of 

information between the membership and DTIC, make 

recommendations to DTIC concerning DROLS capabilities, 

telecommunications, security, hardware, document delivery 

and other areas of interest. If you have an issue to discuss, 

are looking for a DTIC POC or another user with concerns 

similar to your own, contact a member of the council.

Contact information is available at: 

http://www.dtic.mil/dtic/user_council.html.

The WSTIAC Newsletter is the current awareness publication of the Weapon Systems Technology Information Analysis Center (WSTIAC). 

WSTIAC, a Department of Defense (DoD) Information Analysis Center (IAC), is administratively managed by the Defense Information Analysis 

Center (DISA), Defense Technical Information Center (DTIC) under the DoD IAC Program. The Contracting Officer’s Technical Representative 

(COTR) for WSTIAC is Mr. H. Jack Taylor, ODUSD (S&T), Defense Pentagon, Washington, D.C. 20301-3080, (703) 588-7405. IIT Research 

Institute operates WSTIAC, which services Government, industry, and academia as a Center of Excellence in Weapon Systems Technology.

WSTIAC Director: Richard Hayes Database Inquiries: Vakare Valaitis Internet: http://wstiac.iitri.org

256.382.4700, ext 4746 Email: rhayes@iitri.org 312.567.4345 Email: vvalaitis@iitri.org

General Information: Carole Simko To order WSTIAC products:

312.567.4587 Email: csimko@iitri.org Voice: 312.567.4587 Fax: 312.567.4889

All data and information herein reported are believed to be reliable; however, no warrant, expressed or implied, is to be construed as to the 

accuracy or the completeness of the information presented. The view, opinion, and findings contained in this publication are those of the 

author(s) and should not be construed as an official Agency position, policy, or decision, unless so designated by other official documentation.

WSTIAC NEWSLETTER, 2nd Quarter 2000
14

u

The GIG is the “globally interconnected, end-to-end set 

of information capabilities, associated processes, and 

personnel to manage and provide information on demand 

to warfighters, policy makers and supporting 

personnel... The GIG supports all Department of Defense, 

National Security and related Intelligence Community 

missions and functions (strategic, operational, tactical and 

business), in war and in peace. The GIG provides 

capabilities from all operating locations (bases, posts,

camps, stations, facilities, mobile platforms, and deployed 

sites). The GIG provides interfaces to coalition, allied and 

non-DOD users and systems.” (Ref.: ASD (C3I) Memo, 22 

Sept.99, Global Information Grid). Anything that sends 

and/or receives information is a part of the Global 

Information Grid. 

The lead article, written by Lt. Gen. Woodward, Director 

of the Command, Control, Communications and Computer 

Systems Directorate, of the Joint Staff, discusses the seven 

key components of the GIG and demonstrates how it aligns 

with the information superiority objective in JV2010. 

A second article describes the Air Force role in this 

initiative. The Air Force Global Grid (GG-AF) assures the 

transport of protected information, linking fixed bases to 

deployed forces, supports air operations, command control 

and intelligence and military operations other than war. It is 

conceived as a four part construct which includes the 

outside gate, the inside gate, the last 400 feet, and 

information appliances. 

The mission and testing done at the Air Force Network 

Test Center (Air Force Communications Agency Technology

Interoperability Facility) is the topic of another article. The 

center tests products and systems for “networthiness”. That 

is to say, it certifies the suitability of a system (hardware or 

software) to operate within a specific environment without 

degrading it or introducing unacceptable security risks. 

Another article defines the architecture that will lay the 

foundation for the GIG within the Air Force. It cites the 

mandated requirements for building toward a common 

operating environment, data elements and communications 

protocols. The URL for the Air Force Architecture Homepage is http://www.afca.scott.af.mil/architectures/

index.htm.) where a wide spectrum of information on 

frameworks, templates, workshop information, etc is offered.

NETWARS is a modeling tool that helps build, simulate 

and analyze scenarios for communications within the Global 

Information Grid. It uses a COTS simulation engine which 

allows the user to build operational environments. 

NETWARS was further enhanced by the addition of models 

specific to military communications equipment. An 

accompanying toolkit includes a Generic Organization 

Editor, and Order of Battle Editor and a Force Deployment 

Editor. 

Other articles in the issue include: “Air Force is on 

target with DOD’s Global Information Grid;” “Global Grid: 

connecting the future;” and ITIAs impart guidance, imply 

standards, recommend products for implementation.” 

The April issue of Intercom is available full text at 

http://public.afca.scott.af.mil/public/00apr/current.html.

The current issue of the AFCA 

publication Intercom focuses on the 

GIG(global information grid). 
15

1-4 May 2000

35th Annual Gun and Ammunition Symposium

Williamsburg, VA

For additional information call 703.522.1820

Email: mmccrory@ndia.org

http://www.ndia.org/events/brochure/059/059.htm 

9-11 May 2000

Perspectives in Emerging IR Countermeasures Technology

MSS Specialty Group on Infrared Countermeasures

Naval Postgraduate School

Monterey, CA

For additional information call IRIA at 734.994.1200 

x2881 

15-18 May 2000

Systems Thinking and System Dynamics in National Security

National Defense University

Ft. McNair, Washington DC

For additional information call 202.685.2078

Email: saunders@ndu.edu

http://www.ndu.edu/ndu/irmc

20-25 May 2000

3rd Association of Old Crows International Electronic 

Warfare Conference

Zurich, Switzerland

For additional information call 703.549.1600

Email: cwood@crows.org

http://www.swisscrows.org/conferences/contacts.htm 

23-25 May 2000

Infrared Countermeasures

Short Course/Fee: $1295

Georgia Institute Technology

Atlanta, GA

For additional information call 404.385.3501

Email: register@conted.swann.gatech.edu

http://www.conted.gatech.edu/register/ 

29-31 May 2000

7th St Petersburg International Conference on Integrated 

Navigation Systems

St Petersburg Russia

For additional information contact:

Dr George Schmidt, Draper Labs

Voice: 617.258.3841 Fax: 617.258.2333

Email: gschmidt@draper.com

12-15 June 2000

2000 Joint Services Small Arms Systems Section Annual 

Conference

Indianapolis, IN

For additional information call 703.247.2582

Email: mmccrory@ndia.org

http://www.ndia.org/events/brochure/061/061.htm

20-22 June 2000

Threats Countermeasures and Situational Awareness 

Teaming for Survivability

Electronic Warfare Advanced Technology

Virginia Beach Convention Center

Virginia Beach, VA

For additional information call Norm Papke 812.854.3611

Email: papke_norm@crane.navy.mil 

20-22 June 2000

Expanding Our Horizons

68th MORS Symposium

US Air Force Academy

Colorado Springs, CO

For additional information 

http://www.mors.org/68morss/front.htm

20-22 June 2000

Coalition Operations in the New Millennium

TechNet International

Washington Convention Center

Washington DC

For additional information http://www.technet2000.org 

26-28 June 2000

IAIN/ION 25th Anniversary World Congress

US Institute of Navigation

San Diego CA

For additional information http://www.ion.org 

26-29 June 2000

6th Annual Joint Aerospace Weapons System Support, 

Sensors and Simulation (JAWS3)

San Antonio TX

http://www.ndia.org/events/brochure/092/092.htm 

17-20 July 2000

9th Annual AIAA/BMDO Technology Conference

San Diego CA

For additional information call 800.639.2422

http://www.aiaa.org/calendar/bmdo00cfp.html

Email: custserv@aiaa.org

WSTIAC NEWSLETTER, 2nd Quarter 2000
16

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