U.S. Geological Survey

Southwest Biological Science Center

2255 N. Gemini Drive

Flagstaff, AZ 86001

In cooperation with the University of Arizona, School of Natural Resources 

Plant and Vertebrate Inventory of

Organ Pipe Cactus National Monument

By Cecilia A. Schmidt, Brian F. Powell, and William L. Halvorson

Open-File Report 2006-1076

March 2007

U.S. Geological Survey Southwest Biological Science Center

Sonoran Desert Research Station

University of Arizona

School of Natural Resources

125 Biological Sciences East

Tucson, Arizona 85721

U.S. Department of the Interior

U.S. Geological Survey

National Park Service
ii

U.S. Department of the Interior

DIRK KEMPTHORNE, Secretary

U.S. Geological Survey

Mark Myers, Director

U.S. Geological Survey, Reston, Virginia: 2007

For product and ordering information:

World Wide Web: http://www.usgs.gov/pubprod

Telephone: 1-888-ASK-USGS

For more information on the USGS—the federal source for science about the Earth, its natural and

living resources, natural hazards, and the environment:

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Suggested Citation

Schmidt, C. A., B. F. Powell, and W. L. Halvorson. 2007. Vascular Plant and Vertebrate Inventory of

Organ Pipe Cactus National Monument. USGS Open-File Report 2006-1076. U.S. Geological

Survey, Southwest Biological Science Center, Sonoran Desert Research Station, University of

Arizona, Tucson, AZ. 

Cover photo: Organ Pipe Cactus National Monument. Photograph by Brian Powell.

Any use of trade, product, or firm names is for descriptive purposes only and does not imply endorsement by

the U.S. Government.

Printed on recycled paper
iii

Authors 

Cecilia A. Schmidt and Brian F. Powell

School of Natural Resources

125 Biological Sciences East, Building 43

The University of Arizona

Tucson, AZ 85721

William L. Halvorson

USGS SBSC Sonoran Desert Research Station

125 Biological Sciences East, Building 43

The University of Arizona

Tucson, AZ 85721

U.S. Geological Survey SBSC Sonoran Desert Research Station Personnel 

Charles van Riper III, Station Leader

William L. Halvorson, Research Ecologist

Cecil R. Schwalbe, Ecologist

Michael R. Kunzmann, Ecologist (Emeritus)

Kathryn Thomas, Ecologist

Pamela Nagler, Physical Scientist

Phil Rosen, Ecologist

Program and Expertise Areas of USGS and UA Personnel

USGS Southwest Biological Science Center http://sbsc.wr.usgs.gov

USGS Southwest Biological Science Center, Sonoran Desert Research Station http://sbsc.wr.usgs.gov/sdrs

Fire Management

Dennis Suhre

Cori Dolan

Bill Halvorson

Invasive Species Research

Patricia Guertin

Jim Malusa

Phil Rosen

Cecil Schwalbe

Brent Sigafus

Dennis Suhre

Kathryn Thomas

Inventory & Monitoring

Patricia Guertin

Bill Halvorson

Pamela Nagler

Brian Powell

Cecilia Schmidt

Vegetation Mapping & Ecology

Patricia Guertin

Bill Halvorson

Jim Malusa

Kathryn Thomas

Administration & Outreach

Cori Dolan

Jennifer Meador

Wendy Parrish

Emily Sherbrooke

Charles van Riper III

Avian Ecology

Claire Crow

Glenn Johnson

Chris O’Brien

Brian Powell

Charles van Riper III

Data Management 

Brent Sigafus

Ecology of Amphibians & Reptiles

Kevin Baker

Cristina Jones

Dave Prival

Phil Rosen

Cecil Schwalbe

Brent Sigafus
iv
v

Table of Contents

Acknowledgements..................................................................................................................................vii

Executive Summary..................................................................................................................................ix

Chapter 1: Introduction and Overview of Ecological Research and Monitoring at

Organ Pipe Cactus National Monument.......................................................................................1

Project Overview.................................................................................................................................1

Report Format and Data Organization ...................................................................................................1

Ecological Research and Monitoring at the Monument...........................................................................1

Chapter 2: Monument Overview ...............................................................................................................5

Monument Area and History ................................................................................................................5

Natural Resources Overview ................................................................................................................7

Natural Resource Management Issues...................................................................................................7

Chapter 3: Plants.......................................................................................................................................9

Data Used to Create Plant Species List..................................................................................................9

Results and Discussion ........................................................................................................................9

Inventory Completeness.....................................................................................................................10

Chapter 4: Amphibians and Reptiles .......................................................................................................11

Data Used to Create Herpetofaunal List ..............................................................................................11

Results and Discussion.......................................................................................................................11

Inventory Completeness.....................................................................................................................12

Chapter 5: Birds......................................................................................................................................13

Data Used to Create Bird List.............................................................................................................13

Results and Discussion ......................................................................................................................13

Inventory Completeness.....................................................................................................................14

Chapter 6: Mammals...............................................................................................................................15

Data Used to Create Mammal List......................................................................................................15

Results and Discussion ......................................................................................................................15

Inventory Completeness and Possible Species .....................................................................................15

Chapter 7: Literature Cited.....................................................................................................................17
vi

List of Tables

Table 1. Summary results of vascular plant and vertebrate inventories at Organ Pipe Cactus NM. ...................ix

Table 1.1. Museums that were queried (in 1998) for vertebrate voucher specimens with “Arizona”

and “Organ Pipe Cactus National Monument” in the collection location.............................................2

Table 1.2. Components of the Organ Pipe Cactus National Monument Ecological Monitoring

Program (EMP). ............................................................................................................................3

Table 2.1. Average monthly climate data for Organ Pipe Cactus National Monument, 1948–2004. ...................7

List of Figures

Figure 2.1. Diagram of major ecological provinces of the southwestern United States and

northwestern Mexico. .................................................................................................................................5

Figure 2.2. Location of Organ Pipe Cactus NM in relation to other parks in the Sonoran Desert

Network of parks. .......................................................................................................................................6

Figure 2.3. Map of Organ Pipe Cactus NM showing topography and neighboring land ownership. ....................6

List of Appendices

Appendix A. Plant species that have been observed or collected at Organ Pipe Cactus NM based on

the list by Rutman (2005): ............................................................................................................25

Appendix B. Amphibian and reptile species recorded at Organ Pipe Cactus NM based on list by

Rosen and Lowe (1996) and voucher specimens ( Appendix F). . ....................................................38

Appendix C. Bird species recorded at Organ Pipe Cactus NM based on lists by Groschupf et al.

(1988; Gros), Tibbitts and Dickson (2005; T&D), and Benson et al. (2001; BE). .............................40

Appendix D. Mammal species recorded at Organ Pipe Cactus NM based on list by Cockrum and

Petryszyn (1986; C&P), the Organ Pipe Cactus National Monument Ecological Monitoring

Program (NPS 1998a and b; EMP), and voucher specimens (Appendix F). ......................................47

Appendix E. Amphibian, reptile, and mammal species that may occur at Organ Pipe Cactus NM

based on Rosen and Lowe (1996) and Cockrum and Petryszyn (1986). ...........................................49

Appendix F. Known vertebrate voucher specimens from Organ Pipe Cactus NM. .........................................50
vii

Acknowledgements

Thanks to Organ Pipe Cactus NM Superintendent Kathy Billings, Chief of Resources Mary Kralovec and

all the staff at Organ Pipe Cactus National Monument for their support of our program. This project

resulted from the collaboration of many people at the National Park Service, and was facilitated by the

Desert Southwest Cooperative Ecosystem Studies Unit (CESU). Andy Hubbard and Larry Norris (NPS)

provided administrative support for the project. Additional administrative support was provided by Cecily

Westphal of the School of Natural Resources at the University of Arizona. 

This report summarizes numerous research projects over the last 75 years. More recently, a number

of people have been instrumental in collecting data in the monument and helping us gather data for this

report including: Dennis Casper, Charles Connor, Peter Holm, Ami Pate, Sue Rutman, and Tim Tibbitts.

Richard Felger and Sue Rutman have been stalwart keepers and revisers of the plant list and we are

grateful for their diligence and years of hard work. Philip Rosen and Charles Lowe deserve much of the

credit for the amphibian and reptile list. Debbie Angell, Pamela Anning, and Ryan Reese assisted with data

entry and database design for this project. Theresa Mau-Crimmins allowed us to use figures 2.1–2.3. We

received helpful reviews of an earlier draft of the report from: Charles Connor, Peter Holm, Andy

Hubbard, Mary Kralovec, Larry Laing, Theresa Mau-Crimmons, Larry Norris, Sue Rutman, and Tim

Tibbitts. All mistakes or omissions are the responsibility of the authors.
viii
ix

We summarized inventory and monitoring efforts

for plants and vertebrates at Organ Pipe Cactus

National Monument (NM) in Arizona. We used

data from previous research to compile complete

species lists for the monument and to assess

inventory completeness. 

There have been 1,031 species of plants

and vertebrates observed at the monument (Table

1). Most of the species on the list are documented

by voucher specimens. There are 59 non-native

species established in the monument: one

mammal, three birds, and 55 non-native plants.

Most non-native plant species were first recorded

along roads.

In each taxon-specific chapter, we

highlight areas that contribute disproportionately

to species richness or that have unique species for

the monument. Of particular importance are

Quitobaquito Springs and Pond, which are

responsible for the monument having one of the

highest number of bird species in the Sonoran

Desert Network of parks. Quitobaquito also

contains the only fish in the monument, the

endangered Quitobaquito pupfish (Cyprinodon

eremus). Other important resources for the plants

and vertebrates include the xeroriparian washes

(e.g., Alamo Canyon) and the Ajo Mountains. 

Based on the review of past studies, we

believe the inventories of vascular plants and

vertebrates are nearly complete and that the

monument has one of the most complete

inventories of any unit in the Sonoran Desert

Network. 

Table 1. Summary results of vascular plant and vertebrate inventories at Organ Pipe Cactus NM. 

Number of Number of

Taxonomic group species recorded non-native species

Plants 642 55

Amphibians and Reptiles 49 0

Birds 285 3

Fish 1 0

Mammals 54 1

Total 1,031 59

Executive Summary
x
1

Project Overview

This report is the most recent attempt to

summarize research at Organ Pipe Cactus NM

with the goal of producing an up-to-date species

list for plants and vertebrates. In contrast to our

work in other parks in the Sonoran Desert

Network (e.g., Powell et al. 2005a), we relied

solely on the field work done by others to produce

the species lists for Organ Pipe Cactus NM.

Species inventories have both direct and indirect

value for management of the monument. Species

lists are not only useful in resource interpretation

and facilitating visitor appreciation of natural

resources, but are also critical for making

management decisions. Knowledge of which

species are present, particularly sensitive species,

and where they occur provides for informed

planning and decision-making. 

Report Format and Data Organization

This report is intended to be useful for internal

planning and outreach, as well as education. We

report only common names unless we reference a

species that is not listed later in an appendix; in

this case we present both common and scientific

names. For each taxonomic group we include an

appendix of all species that we recorded in the

monument (Appendices A–D), and species that

were likely present historically or that we suspect

are currently present and may be recorded with

additional survey effort (except for plants and

birds; Appendix E). Species lists are in

phylogenetic sequence and include taxonomic

order, family, genus, species, subspecies or variety

(if applicable) and common name. Scientific and

common names used throughout this document

are current according to accepted authorities for

each taxonomic group: Stebbins (2003) for

amphibians and reptiles; American Ornithologist

Union (AOU 1998, 2003) for birds; and Baker et

al. (2003) for mammals. See Chapter 3 for list of

sources used to create the plant list. Units of

measurement are presented in accordance with the

International System of Units. 

Species Conservation Designations

We indicate species conservation designations by

the following agencies: U.S. Fish and Wildlife

Service (responsible for administering the

Endangered Species Act), Bureau of Land

Management, U.S. Forest Service (Region 3),

Arizona Game and Fish Department, and Partners in

Flight (a partnership of dozens of federal, state and

local governments, non-governmental organizations,

and private industry). 

Voucher specimens

Voucher specimens are the most indisputable form

of evidence of species occurrence. We searched for

existing vouchers from Organ Pipe Cactus NM in

records from 34 natural history museums (Table 1.1;

see Appendix F for results). 

Ecological Research and Monitoring at the

Monument 

Few natural areas in southern Arizona have received

as much ecological research as Organ Pipe Cactus

NM. Bennett et al. (1990; and contributors therein)

provide an excellent review of research related to

cultural and natural resources of the monument and

surrounding areas prior to 1981, including abstracts

from approximately 250 articles, reports, and notes

(the vast majority related to natural resources). We

make no attempt to summarize Bennett et al. (1990)

and refer the reader there for more information. Yet,

much has happened in the intervening years, most

importantly with the formation of the Ecological

Monitoring Program (EMP). 

At the beginning of each taxon-specific

chapter, we give a brief introduction to the relevant

research and species lists. In this section, we give an

overview of fish and invertebrate research and

review the ongoing EMP program.

Quitobaquito Pupfish

The Quitobaquito pupfish (Cyprinodon eremus) is

the only species of fish at the monument and it

occurs at only a single site there (Quitobaquito

Springs and Pond) in addition to only a few sites

Chapter 1: Introduction and Overview of Ecological Research 

and Monitoring at Organ Pipe Cactus National Monument
2

outside of the monument (see Hendrickson and

Romero 1989). Listed as endangered in 1986

under the Endangered Species Act, the

Quitobaquito pupfish is one of several species of

pupfish that were once found throughout the Gila

River drainage, lower Colorado River and Delta,

and the Imperial Valley in California (Miller

1990). Most of these populations are now extinct,

presumably because of habitat destruction

(Pearson and Connor 2000). 

Monument personnel monitor population

size at Quitobaquito Springs and Pond annually as

part of the EMP (NPS 1998a, 1998b, Tibbitts

1999a, Pearson and Connor 2000). The pupfish

appears to be doing well at Quitobaquito; in the

last 25 years the population has never dipped

below 1,800 individuals (Pearson and Connor

2000); it is currently thought to consist of

approximately 8,000 to 10,000 individuals

(Douglas et al. 2001). Sampling methods used to

estimate population sizes are becoming more

accurate (Douglas et al. 2001). A concern to the

long-term persistence of the Quitobaquito pupfish

is the potential introduction of non-native fish and

other vertebrates, invertebrates, and plants

(Pearson and Connor 2000). 

Invertebrates

Similar to plants and vertebrates, invertebrates at the

monument have been studied, though an inventory

for this group is not complete. Bennett et al. (1990)

cites 24 studies or notes about invertebrates from

the monument. Many of these (and later) studies

have focused on the aquatic invertebrates of

Quitobaquito (e.g., Kingsley et al. 1987, Larsen and

Olson 1997). Kingsley (1998) provided additional

summaries of invertebrate collections and studies

and he attempted a monument-wide inventory from

1987 to 1990 and found 1,024 species. Kingsley

(1995) recommended not using invertebrates in the

EMP program due to the rarity of a majority of the

species found. 

Ecological Monitoring at the Monument

The designation of the monument as a United

Nations Biosphere Reserve in 1976 provided

important early initiative to scientists interested in

studying the Sonoran Desert. Biosphere reserves are

designated because they are thought to represent the

most outstanding examples of select ecosystems. It

was thought that Organ Pipe Cactus National

Monument’s isolation and geographic location near

the center of the Sonoran Desert provided an

Table 1.1. Museums that were queried (in 1998) for vertebrate voucher specimens with “Arizona” and “Organ Pipe

Cactus National Monument” in the collection location. Collections in bold-faced type had specimens from Organ Pipe Cactus

NM. 

Brigham Young University North Carolina State Museum of Natural Sciences

California Academy of Science Oklahoma Museum of Natural History, Norman

Chicago Academy of Sciences Peabody Museum, Yale University

Cincinnati Museum of Natural History & Science Saguaro National Park

Cornell Vertebrate Collections, Cornell University Strecker Museum, Baylor University, Waco

Fort Worth Museum of Science and History Texas Cooperative Wildlife Collection

George Mason University (Fairfax, VA) Tulane Museum of Natural History

Illinois Natural History Survey U.S. National Museum

Marjorie Barrick Museum, University of Nevada-Las Vegas University of Arizona

Michigan State University Museum (East Lansing) University of Texas, Arlington 

Milwaukee Public Museum University of Texas, El Paso

Museum of Comparative Zoology, Harvard University University of Illinois, Champaign-Urbana

Museum of Texas Tech University University of Colorado Museum

Museum of Vertebrate Zoology , University of California, Berkeley University of Michigan

Museum of Life Sciences, Louisiana State University, Shreveport Walnut Canyon National Monument, Arizona

Museum of Natural History, University of Kansas Western Archaeological and Conservation Center, Tucson

Natural History Museum of Los Angeles County Wupatki National Monument, Flagstaff
3

excellent “laboratory” for research and education.

One of the first initiatives after the monument’s

designation as a Biosphere Reserve was the

compilation of all known information on the

natural and cultural history of the monument. As

noted earlier, the report by Bennett et al. (1990) is

an invaluable reference for this information prior

to 1981. 

In 1986, monument staff gathered

regional experts to help create the first inventory

and monitoring program in the region. Modeled

after the Channel Islands’ Inventory & Monitoring

Initiative, the monument’s Sensitive Ecosystems

Program (SEP) was designed to determine: (1) the

condition of the monument’s ecosystems, (2)

alternatives available for ecosystem management,

and (3) the effectiveness of implemented action

programs. Originally titled the “Sensitive Habitats

Projects” (in 1984), the SEP program included a

broad range of natural resource studies at the

monument, specifically baseline inventories to

include plants, songbirds, and nocturnal rodents

(Bennett and Kunzman 1987). The program was

expanded in 1991 to implement some of the

recommended long-term monitoring protocols

(Table 1.2). Finally, in 1994, the title of the program

changed to the Ecological Monitoring Program

(EMP) to “reflect a change from the historic focus

on ‘sensitive’ monument areas to a broader look at

the ecosystem's many components” (NBS 1995).

Prior to the initiation of the NPS Inventory and

Monitoring Program (NPS 1992; of which the

Sonoran Desert Network is one program), the Organ

Pipe Cactus NM EMP was one of the most

extensive ecological research and inventory and

monitoring programs in the National Park Service.

Because of early interest in the monument by

ecologists, the monument had fairly complete

species lists of plants and vertebrates, well ahead of

other park units in southern Arizona.

According to Rowlands (1999), data from

the EMP has guided management of natural

resources at the monument by providing basic

biological inventories and distribution data for

species of concern (e.g., buffelgrass and the cactus

ferruginous pygmy-owl). He suggested that the data

provide a comprehensive summary of the

monument’s importance in maintaining biodiversity

and ecological function in the Sonoran Desert.

Further, the program has been recognized as an

Table 1.2. Components of the Organ Pipe Cactus National Monument Ecological Monitoring Program (EMP). Although a

component of the EMP, natural history studies are observational and are used to describe ecosystem components and are useful

for interpretation. Table from Hubbard et al. (2003). 

Type of study

Category Component Monitoring Inventory Natural history

Physical environment Atmospheric deposition X

Water quality X

Air quality-visibility X

Climate (precipitation, humidity, temperature) X

Well depths X

Vertebrates Nectar-feeding (Leptonycteris) bats X

All other bats X X 

Birds X X X 

Lizards X X 

Quitobaquito desert pupfish X X 

Nocturnal rodents X X 

Vascular plants Acuña cactus X X 

Organ pipe cactus growth rates X X 

Senita cactus growth rates X X 

Gearstem cactus flowering phenology X X 

Desert caper X X

Grazing recovery X X

Vegetation structure and diversity X X

Human impacts Surrounding land use trends X
4

important early effort in comprehensive ecological

monitoring in the Sonoran Desert and as a

valuable “prototype” program from which others

may learn. Unfortunately, the program has

experienced many of the pitfalls that are common

among ecological monitoring programs (Noon

2003). Hubbard et al. (2003) identified those

problems as: (1) lack of clear parameter

identification and objectives, (2) unclear reason

for choosing indicators, (3) problems with the

spatial sampling design, and (4) lack of

comprehensive data analyses. We believe that the

program needs a thorough review (based on

comprehensive data analysis), which is essential

for the long-term efficacy of the program (e.g.,

McEachern 2000). 

Despite some of the program’s challenges,

it remains the longest-running ecological

monitoring program in the region for most of the

parameters being measured. Therefore, it has

value for detecting trends in these parameters, and

for informing other monitoring programs in the

region. In particular, it will be valuable for

informing monitoring decisions for the Sonoran

Desert Network Inventory and Monitoring Program.

In addition, park personnel are resuming annual

reporting of their findings which was suspended in

1996 (Peter Holm, pers. comm.).

Endangered Species Monitoring

The monument has an active monitoring program

for four endangered species. The Quitobaquito

pupfish is restricted to Quitobaquito Springs and

pond. The southern (lesser) long-nosed bat forages

throughout the monument where saguaro and organ

pipe cactus are present, and the largest known

maternity roost in the U.S. is within the monument.

The cactus ferruginous pygmy-owl occurs in

relatively dense and diverse Sonoran Desertscrub

associations, chiefly in the eastern and northern

portions of the monument. The Sonoran pronghorn

occurs primarily west of Highway 85. The

monument carries out monitoring and management

of these species in cooperation with the U.S. Fish

and Wildlife Service, Arizona Game and Fish

Department, and others. 
5

Monument Area and History

Organ Pipe Cactus National Monument (NM) is

located near the heart of the Sonoran Desert in

southwestern Arizona, adjacent to Mexico (Fig.

2.1). At 133,830 ha, it is the largest park unit in the

Sonoran Desert Network (Fig. 2.2). The monument

was established in 1937 to preserve the largest

portion of desert in the United States with the

park’s namesake, the organ pipe cactus. The

monument was designated as a United States

Biosphere Reserve in 1976 by the United Nations

Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization

(UNESCO). This designation signifies that the

monument contains an outstanding, internationally

significant ecosystem. The UNESCO designation

prompted the NPS to interpret the management

objectives for the monument as preserving the

monument as a “representative example of the

natural and cultural resources of the Sonoran

Desert” and “to serve as a natural laboratory for

understanding and managing Sonoran Desert

ecosystems” (NPS 1994a). Current annual

visitation to the monument is approximately

270,000 (NPS 2005). 

Although large in size, the monument is

dwarfed by the major land management units

surrounding it: Cabeza Prieta National Wildlife

Refuge to the west and north, the Tohono O’odham

Indian Reservation to the east, and Bureau of Land

Management land to the north (Fig. 2.3). In

Mexico, El Pinacate y Gran Desierto de Altar (also

a designated UNESCO Biosphere Reserve) borders

the monument. 

Archaeological evidence suggests that

humans occupied the monument as far back as

12,000 years ago (Rankin 1991). Quitobaquito

Springs has been an active site for settlement in

recent history, and it was an important source of

water for Spanish explorers and migrants

attempting to cross the Sonoran Desert (Bennett

and Kunzman 1989). Today, there are a number of

sites at the monument that are sacred to the Tohono

O’odham. Livestock grazing was the livelihood for

a number of families who lived in the area, but was

discontinued in 1976 (NPS 1997). Prior to the

creation of the monument there were numerous

active mining claims.

Chapter 2: Monument Overview

Figure 2.1. Diagram of major ecological provinces of the southwestern United States and northwestern Mexico. 

Organ Pipe

Cactus

National

Monument
6

Figure 2.3. Map of Organ Pipe Cactus NM showing topography and neighboring land ownership. 

Figure 2.2. Location of Organ Pipe Cactus NM in relation to other parks in the Sonoran Desert Network of parks.
7

Natural Resources Overview

Physiography, Geology and Soils

Organ Pipe Cactus NM is located in the Basin and

Range Geologic Province and its topography varies

from deep alluvial valleys to steep, rugged

mountain ranges. Elevation at the monument is as

low as 305 m and extends to 1,465 m at the eastern

boundary of the monument in the Ajo Mountains,

the monument’s most prominent geologic feature.

Geology of the mountains is the result of volcanic

flows during the Cretaceous, Tertiary, and PlioPleistocene periods. The valleys of the monument

are formed of alluvial material originating in the

mountains and transported down via streams and

sheet-flows (Warren et al. 1981). Soils at the

monument are all considered aridosols (for a

complete soil survey, see Chamberlin 1972).

Hydrology

There are no perennial rivers or streams within the

monument, though there are 11 springs, four with

perennial flow. The most prominent spring,

Quitobaquito, feeds a large human-made pond, the

second largest natural oasis in the Sonoran Desert.

Quitobaquito Spring has been the subject of

considerable cultural and natural resource research,

the latter being reviewed in Chapter 1. Two of the

other perennial springs and five of the intermittent

springs occur near the Quitobaquito area. The other

perennially flowing spring (Dripping Spring) is

located in the Puerto Blanco Mountains. There are

60 tinajas (natural depressions in bedrock that hold

water) throughout the monument and they are the

most widespread source of seasonal water. 

Climate

Organ Pipe Cactus NM experiences an annual

bimodal pattern of precipitation which is

characterized by heavy summer (monsoon) storms

brought about by moisture coming from the Gulfs

of Mexico and California, and less intense frontal

systems coming from the Pacific Ocean in the

winter. On average, approximately one-half of the

annual precipitation falls from July through

September (Table 2.1; WRCC 2005). The area’s

hot season occurs from May through September;

maximum temperatures in July can exceed 40°C.

Winter temperatures rarely dip below freezing. The

average annual precipitation total for the

monument is 24.3 cm (Table 2.1). 

Vegetation

According to Warren et al. (1981), the monument

has six plant communities (i.e., biomes): 

• Great Basin conifer woodland containing

oneseed juniper–Arizona rosewood mixed

shrub association;

• Madrean evergreen forest and woodland

containing Ajo Mountain scrub oak–mixed

shrub association; 

• Sonoran riparian woodland containing honey

mesquite riparian woodland association; 

• Interior chaparral containing rock

gooseberry–common hoptree mixed scrub

association; 

• Sonoran desertscrub containing 23

associations dominated by creosote bush,

burrobush, ragweed, ocotillo, palo verde,

jojoba, ironwood, acacia, organ pipe cactus,

and salt bush;

• Sonoran interior marshland containing

southern cattail–chairmaker’s bulrush

association and inland saltgrass–rush

association. 

Natural Resource Management Issues

Border Crossings

Ten years ago, the trespass of drug smugglers and

undocumented immigrants (border crossers) across

the U.S./Mexico border was not considered an

important natural resource management issue (NPS

1994a). Today, this issue is one of the greater

Table 2.1. Average monthly climate data for Organ Pipe Cactus National Monument, 1948–2004. (Data from WRCC 2005).

Month 

Characteristic Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Annual

Maximum temperature (°C) 20.2 22.3 24.9 29.1 33.3 38.1 39.6 38.8 36.9 31.6 24.8 20.4 30.0

Minimum temperature (°C) 3.8 5.1 6.8 9.7 13.6 18.2 23.2 22.6 19.5 13.4 7.2 3.9 12.2

Precipitation (cm) 2.1 1.8 2.1 0.7 0.3 0.3 3.5 4.9 2.4 1.9 1.5 2.9 2.0
8

challenges to the ecological integrity of the

monument. It is estimated that 500 border crossers

enter the U.S. through the monument each day and

approximately 700,000 pounds of drugs are

brought through the monument each year (NPS

2003a). Border crossers can pose a serious threat to

visitors, employees, and personal property at the

monument. They also create a network of trails,

leave trash, and destroy soils and vegetation.

Finally, there is concern that excessive use of the

major springs and water sources has led to water

contamination (Sprouse et al. 2002). Park

personnel are currently mapping trails and

monitoring trash deposition by undocumented

immigrants (NPS 2003a).

The movement of illegal vehicles crossing

into the monument and subsequent border patrol

vehicle pursuits has caused severe damage to

fragile desert resources. Responding to this threat,

the NPS constructed a vehicle barrier across most

of the monument’s border with Mexico (NPS

2003b). The barrier will likely prevent some

animal movement, but the anticipated drop in offroad vehicle traffic and associated impacts are

thought to generally improve soil stability and

habitat for plants and animals (NPS 2003b). 

Adjacent Land Use

There is intensive agricultural development and

urbanization associated with the neighboring town

of Sonoyta, Mexico (Brown 1991). Sonoyta’s

population is currently about 20,000 and is

expected to increase. In the late 1980s,

groundwater for irrigating crops in the Sonoyta

Valley was being pumped out of the aquifer at 2.5

times the rate of recharge (Barnett and Sharrow

1992). The aquifer used for irrigation near Sonoyta

appears to be shared by the southern portion of the

monument (but not Quitobaquito Springs; Carruth

1996), and the subsequent lowering of the water

table poses a potential threat to the monument’s

natural resources. In recent years, this issue may

have been less severe because of a reduction of

agriculture in the area (Ami Pate, pers. comm. to

Andy Hubbard). There is also concern about the

overexploitation of ironwood trees (for cooking

fuel, charcoal, and wood carving) along the

Mexican boundary and how this collecting impacts

the populations within the monument (Suzan et al.

1997, 1999). 

Vertebrate Mortality along Arizona Highway Route

85

Arizona Highway Route 85 runs north/south and

dissects the monument (Fig. 2.3). Roads are a

common source of vertebrate mortality (Rosen and

Lowe 1994); they act as barriers to the dispersal of

small mammals, thereby creating subpopulations

(Oxley et al. 1974, Adams and Geis 1983); deter,

disturb and alter movement patterns of songbirds

and medium and large mammals (Forman and

Alexander 1998, Trombulak and Frissell 2000);

and pollute soil and water via runoff. Roads may

also attract many vertebrates, ultimately leading to

them being killed by vehicles. Herbaceous plant

species thriving along roadsides from runoff attract

granivorus birds and small mammals (Oxley et al

1974, Adams and Geis 1983, Forman and

Alexander 1998, Trombulak and Frissell 2000) and

road surfaces provide warmth to ectothermic

reptiles and amphibians (Rosen and Lowe 1994,

Rosen and Lowe 1996).

Animal Poaching and Collection

Organ Pipe Cactus NM has several species of

plants and vertebrates that are of interest to illegal

collectors and poachers. Many plants, such as some

cacti, are of value for landscaping purposes and

many woody plant species are scavenged by border

crossers for fire and shelter (NPS 2003a).

According to a study by Rosen and Lowe (1996)

many species of reptiles, such as the rosy boa, Gila

monster, chuckwalla, sidewinder, tiger rattlesnake,

and desert tortoise found in the monument are

collected for personal collections or for the pet

trade. Rosen and Lowe (1996) found signs of

illegal collecting at Alamo Canyon and Eagle Pass

in the monument. 

Aircraft Noise

Low-flying military aircraft from Luke and Davis

Monthan Air Force Bases, law enforcement aircraft

from the U.S. Border Patrol, and private aircraft

often pass over the monument (NPS 1994b). Both

vibrations and noise generated by these aircraft

affect the natural quiet of the monument and may

also affect wildlife in the area (NPS 1994b).

Aircraft overflights can produce changes in the

physiology and behavior of some wildlife species

(Luz and Smith 1976, Weisenberger et al. 1996). 
9

The monument’s flora is the most complete of any

large natural area in the desert southwest and is the

result of many studies. The first known species list

for the monument was created by McDougall

(1945) and was based on his collections and those

by A. A. Nichols from 1939 (Rutman 2005). Their

list included approximately 300 species. Other

early collections were made by Ora Clark, a

science teacher in Ajo during the late 1930s and

early 1940s. Specimens from these collections still

remain at the monument and/or at the University of

Arizona Herbarium. There were three subsequent,

unpublished floras for the monument (reviewed in

Pinkava et al. 1992) but Bowers (1980) produced

the first annotated flora. She reported 518 species.

Other additions to the flora included: Pinkava et al.

(1992; 52 new species) and Felger et al. (1992;

species list and ethnobotany at the Quitobaquito

area). Principle works on the non-native plants of

the monument include Felger (1990) who reviewed

plant specimens from four herbaria and his own

field observations and Halvorson and Guertin

(2003) who provided location information for 17

species of non-native plants. Ruffner and

Associates (1995) identified 44 species of plants

that were in need of monitoring because of

“sensitivity to disturbance” or because they were

deemed to be indicators of change. 

There have been a number of vegetation

studies in the monument. Steenberg and Warren

(1977) constructed exclosures at four sites to

determine the impacts of grazing on plant

community structure and composition. These

exclosures were resurveyed by Warren and

Anderson (1995). Warren et al. (1981) classified

and mapped dominant (perennial) vegetation at the

monument. Bowers (1990) reviewed past studies

from the region, provided a historical context for

vegetation changes, and used repeat photography to

illustrate some important changes. Brown and

Warren (1986) plotted the location and calculated

density of riparian vegetation in and around

Quitobaquito Springs and Pond. Parker (1991)

established vegetation and environmental

relationships at 100 sites throughout the

monument. Lowe et al. (1995) designed the

vegetation monitoring protocol for the EMP.

Finally, Sue Rutman and Richard Felger are

writing a book-length annotated flora for the

monument (Sue Rutman, pers. comm.) 

Data Used To Create Plant Species List

The flora for the monument (Appendix A) is based

entirely on the list by Rutman (2005). That list is

specimen-based and was assembled by compiling a

list of specimens in herbaria at the monument,

Arizona State University (ASU), and the

University of Arizona (UA). All specimens were

reviewed by experts, most notably Richard Felger

and Sue Rutman. Alva Day verified the gilia (Gilia

sp.) specimens, Andrew Salywon reviewed difficult

species in the Brassicaceae family, and John and

Charlotte Reeder verified many of the grass

specimens in the monument’s herbarium (Sue

Rutman, pers. comm.). Some specimens were

reviewed by Thomas H. Kearney. Excluded from

the monument’s flora are species that were waifs

(their appearance was rare and transitory) and for

which no reproducing populations were

established. 

Unlike the other species lists in this report

and other flora created by our program (e.g.,

Powell et al. 2005b), we do not attempt to compile

historical data from sources other than the Rutman

(2005) species list. Rutman (2005) primarily used

Flora of North America (FNA 1993) as a

taxonomic references for her list, but also used

W3Tropicos (a web-based resource, MGB no date),

USDA (a web-based resource, USDA no date) and

other resources. 

Results and Discussion

There have been 642 species of plants found at the

monument (Appendix A), of which 55 (9%) are

non-native. This plant list was the result of dozens

of collectors over approximately 75 years and

represents one of the most complete floras of the

region. 

Compared to others in Arizona, the

monument’s flora is not particularly species rich

(Bowers 1980). For example, Powell et al. (2005b;

and citations therein) found almost the same

number of species (638) at Fort Bowie National

Chapter 3: Plants
10

Historic Site in southeastern Arizona, an area

<0.5% the size of Organ Pipe Cactus NM. Bowers

(1980) provides similar comparisons to other floras

in southern Arizona. However, within the

monument there are areas of high species richness,

most notably Quitobaquito Springs and Pond and

the Ajo Mountains. Bowers (1980) found 163

species occur in the Ajo Mountains, which

comprise about 10% of the area of the monument.

This high species richness is primarily due to

topographic relief, soil-texture gradients, and

temperature and rainfall (Bowers 1980, Parker

1991). In addition, a number of species reach the

western-most limit of their geographic ranges in

the Ajo Mountains, including some with distinctly

Madrean affinities (Bowers 1980). 

The number of non-native plant species

recorded in the monument (n = 55, 9% of all

species) is low, although slightly higher than

Saguaro National Park, Rincon Mountain District

(approx. 7%, Powell et al. 2006), which has the

lowest percentage of non-native species in the

Sonoran Desert Network. Non-native plants are an

important management concern because they alter

ecosystem function and processes (Naeem et al.

1996, D’Antonio and Vitousek 1992), reduce

abundance of native species, and cause potentially

permanent changes in diversity and species

composition (Bock et al. 1986, D’Antonio and

Vitousek 1992, OTA 1993). However, some species

have stronger impacts on the ecological community

than others. In assessing the potential threat posed

by non-native species, it is important to consider

the spatial extent of species, particularly those

species that have been identified as “invasive” or

of management concern. Felger (1990) found 14

species, including red brome and buffelgrass, to be

“thoroughly” invasive and an additional 10 species

— including smooth barley, crimson fountaingrass,

Sahara mustard, and common sowthistle — that

have become established on disturbed sites. 

Inventory Completeness

The plant inventory for Organ Pipe Cactus NM is

considered complete. However, the monument is

large and there are undoubtedly established species

that have not been found and new species

(especially non-native), that will become

established. 
11

There have been a number of studies of amphibians

and reptiles at Organ Pipe Cactus NM. Lowe

(1990) provided an excellent summary of early

herpetofauna studies and collections by Gloyd

(1937), Huey (1942), Hensley (1950), and Lowe

and Supernaugh (1953). Lowe (1990) also

provided a species list based on these and other

collections. Gloyd (1937) noted the distribution of

reptiles and amphibians in southern Arizona,

including parts of the monument. Huey (1942)

conducted an inventory of the entire monument,

and Hensley (1950) collected specimens

incidentally and while driving the monument’s

roads. Lunsford and Lapidus (1977) created an

annotated species list for the monument but John

Cross (1977; assistant curator of herpetology

collection at the UA) and others (Lowe 1990) have

questioned the accuracy of that list. More recently,

Rosen and Lowe (1996) conducted an inventory

and established a long-term monitoring program.

Rosen and Lowe (1995) wrote the monitoring

protocol for lizards (summarized in NPS 1998a,

1998b, Connor and Rosen 1996). Rosen and Lowe

(1994, 1996) conducted a study on highway

mortality of snakes. Lowe and Rosen (1991) and

later Rosen and Lowe (1996) created the most upto-date species list, the latter being the most

definitive annotated species list for the monument.

Rosen (2000) used data from the EMP and his own

data to investigate community patterns for lizards

and snakes. From 1995 to 1997, Wirt et al. (1999)

conducted a monument-wide survey of desert

tortoise. In 2005 Phil Rosen (unpubl. data) studied

desert tortoise near Highway 85 and Matt Goode

(unpubl. data) studied tiger rattlesnakes in the Ajo

Mountains. 

Data Used to Create Herpetofaunal List

We base our amphibian and reptile species list

(Appendix B) entirely on the thorough list created

by Rosen and Lowe (1996) and museum specimens

listed in Appendix F. The list by Rosen and Lowe

(1996) was created using many of the previously

mentioned lists, studies, and collections, in addition

to over 600 field days of their own research. Most

of the species on the list are backed by voucher

specimens located at the monument and the UA

Amphibian and Reptile Collection (Appendix F). 

Results and Discussion

There are 49 species of amphibians and reptiles

that are known to occur at the monument: five

toads, two turtles, 16 lizards, and 26 snakes

(Appendix B). There were no non-native species

found to breed at the monument. 

The high diversity of herpetofauna at the

monument is related to its size and variety of biotic

communities. Reptiles are well represented at the

monument, particularly lizards and snakes. Rosen

and Lowe (1996) assert that dominant physical

features of the monument’s geology and soils

separate the lizards and snakes into three

communities: (1) rock piles, (2) bajadas, and (3)

valley-bottom fills. Two “true” desert species

inhabit only rock piles: common chuckwalla and

speckled rattlesnake. By contrast, six species

(including: desert horned lizard, western shovelnosed snake, and sidewinder) inhabit the valleybottom fills (containing fine-textured soils) where

the vegetation community is lower Colorado Valley

Sonoran Desertscrub. Finally, the bajadas contain

some species associated with Arizona Upland

Sonoran Desertscrub: tree lizard, regal horned

lizard, and Sonoran shovel-nosed snake (Rosen and

Lowe 1996). Another important community within

the monument is xeroriparian desertscrub along

washes, which hosts a number of species such as

the western coralsnake and common kingsnake.

Rosen and Lowe (1996) noted that washes became

particularly important during droughts when

species from adjacent areas use the washes more

than in times of normal rainfall. 

Rosen and Lowe (1995) established lizard

transects at 13 sites throughout the monument as

part of the EMP. They used distance sampling, a

detectability-adjusted method that allows for

unbiased estimates of density. Data from this

project have been summarized (Connor and Rosen

1996, Rosen 2000) but a more thorough analysis of

the data holds great promise to determine

population-level changes in the monument. 

Chapter 4: Amphibians and Reptiles
12

Rosen and Lowe (1996) created a list of

species that they considered threatened because of

(1) range-wide or local population decline, (2)

potential for poaching, and/or (3) susceptibility to

mortality on Arizona Highway Route 85. The list

included the desert tortoise (a federal Species of

Concern and an Arizona state Wildlife Species of

Concern) and tiger rattlesnake, species that are

targeted by collectors. Both the rosy boa (a federal

Species of Concern and a Sensitive Species

according to BLM) and the Sonoran shovel-nosed

snake (a Sensitive Species according to the USFS)

are also targeted by collectors and are often killed

on roadways. The Sonoran mud turtle is probably

undergoing a population decline and it is restricted

only to Quitobaquito Pond. The canyon spotted

whiptail, a federal Species of Concern, has its

largest known population in the Ajo Mountains,

which are only partially encompassed by the

monument. The following species have restricted

distributions, isolated populations, population

centers off the monument, or are uncommon:

Sonoran green toad, longtailed brush lizard, desert

horned lizard, black-necked garter snake,

southwestern black-headed snake, speckled

rattlesnake, Sonoran whipsnake, and western

shovel-nosed snake. The one additional species not

listed by Rosen and Lowe (1996) that is federally

listed as a Species of Concern is the common

chuckwalla. Rosen and Lowe (1996) foresaw no

immediate threat to this species.

Inventory Completeness

The species list, created by Rosen and Lowe

(1996), covers specimens collected from the

monument over the last six decades (Appendix B).

Although this is most likely a complete list, Rosen

and Lowe (1996) believe several additional species

are possible in the monument. 

If found in the monument, the northern

casque-headed frog would be in dry washes and the

Great Plains narrow-mouthed toad would be near

springs or ephemeral pools (Stebbins 2003). If

present, both species would be on the northernmost

extent of their range in Arizona (Stebbins 2003). 

Two additional species of lizards may be

found in the monument: desert night lizard and

Madrean alligator lizard. The desert night lizard

occurs only in isolated populations in Arizona and

is usually associated with yucca, which occurs in

the Ajo Mountains. The Madrean alligator lizard is

very unlikely, but if found at the monument, it

would also be in the Ajo Mountains. 

The monument has likely experienced loss

of species in the last few decades. Two native

species, the Mexican spadefoot (Spea multiplicata)

and yellow mud turtle (Kinosternon flavescens),

were previously documented in the monument but

are believed to no longer be present (Rosen and

Lowe 1996). 

Four non-native species: tiger salamander

(Ambystoma tigrinum), American bullfrog (Rana

catesbeiana), painted turtle (Chrysemys picta), and

pond slider (Trachemys scripta) have also been

documented at the monument but no longer occur

there.
13

public from 1939 to 1963. Subsequent lists

included: Cunningham (1969, 1971), Wilt (1976;

the first annotated list), and Brown et al. (1985).

The most comprehensive annotated list was by

Groschupf et al. (1988) and later revised by

Tibbitts and Dickson (2005).

Data Used to Create Bird List

The bird list for the monument is based on

Groschupf et al. (1988) and Tibbitts and Dickson

(2005). We also include summaries by Benson et

al. (2001). Taken together, these lists represent one

of the most thoroughly documented bird species

lists of any in the region. Like the lists for plants

and herpetofauna, the bird list is an outstanding

example of one built on past efforts with periodic

updates. 

Results and Discussion

There have been 285 species of birds recorded at

the monument (Appendix C). Of these, three are

non-native species and 73 require open water

and/or marshland (found at Quitobaquito Pond): 21

species of ducks and geese (Anatidae), four species

of grebe (Podicipedidae), seven species of heron

and egret (Ardeidae), five species of rail (Rallidae),

19 species of “shorebirds” (Charadriidae,

Recurvirostridae, and Scolopacidae), nine species

of gulls (Laridae), and eight other species. 

Based on this list, Organ Pipe Cactus NM

has the highest bird diversity of any unit in the

Sonoran Desert Network. This diversity results

from three main factors. First, the monument has

had extensive surveys and observations over the

past century, which has enabled the monument to

have a near complete species list. The second

factor is that many species have their northernmost distribution at the monument (i.e. crested

caracara). The third factor determining the

diversity of birds at the monument is the variety of

biotic communities within the monument itself:

from mixed Sonoran desertscrub to the juniper-oak

woodland/mixed mountain scrub to marsh and

open water. The diversity of major vegetation

communities and the variety and gradient of

topographic features are major determinants of bird

The bird fauna of the monument has been

extensively surveyed over the past century.

Mearns (1907) was the first to report on the birds

of the monument; he spent a month in 1894 near

Sonoyta, Mexico and Quitobaquito Springs. Huey

(1942) conducted approximately 90 days of general

surveys over the entire monument for all

vertebrates, especially mammals and birds.

Hensley (1954) recorded bird species and nests

around natural permanent water sources and

mountain canyons, and conducted line-transect

surveys in the intermountain regions of the

monument. Hensley (1959) and Phillips and

Pulich (1948) studied common nesting birds of the

monument. Tallman (1970), an ornithology

professor from Northern State College, spent

approximately two months netting and observing

birds at Quitobaquito and Williams springs.

Johnson et al. (1983) studied breeding birds on two

plots bordering Quitobaquito Springs. Parker

(1986) similarly studied bird community structure,

nest-sites, and foraging of common species at one

site in the monument, in an area that was

dominated by creosote bush and triangle burr

ragweed. Halterman et al. (1999) studied the

impacts of brown-headed cowbirds on nesting

birds at the monument and established eight

transects in xeroriparian areas. Volunteers and

monument staff conducted Christmas Bird Counts

at the monument from 1966 to 1984 (NAS 2005)

and two Breeding Bird Survey Routes, which were

surveyed irregularly from 1990 to 2003 (Sauer et

al. 2005). Benson et al. (2001) reviewed the use of

the Mapping Avian Productivity and Survivorship

(MAPS) program (mist netting) in Growler Wash

and Alamo Canyon in 1997 and 1998. Johnson

(1995) designed the bird-monitoring portion of the

EMP, but that protocol was abandoned in 1995. In

1997 a new protocol was developed, which was

modified a few times up until 1999 (e.g., NPS

1998a, 1998b). The new protocol was used from

1999 to 2004 (Tibbitts 2003). Tibbitts (2003)

provides a synthesis of the changes to the bird

monitoring protocol since 1995. 

Steenbergh and Hoy (1963) created the

first species list for the monument; it summarized

observations made by researchers and the general

Chapter 5: Birds
14

diversity in the southwest and elsewhere

(Rosenberg et al. 1991). 

Quitobaquito provides an oasis of open

water and marsh in an area otherwise devoid of

surface water. This important resource attracts

birds requiring open water and also hosts many

migrants en route to more northern or southern

wintering or summering areas. Several species that

use this open water and marsh are federally listed

as Endangered or Species of Concern including the

wood stork, brown pelican and white-faced ibis.

Although extremely rare at the monument, they

have been found at Quitobaquito Pond. 

Another important resource for birds is the

xeroriparian areas along washes such as Alamo

Canyon and Growler Wash. Hardy et al. (2004)

surveyed ecologically similar areas north of the

monument and found that most of the spring

passage migrant species preferentially selected dry

washes, and many species used them exclusively.

Also, many of the species that breed at the

monument prefer the xeroriparian washes

compared to upland sites, presumably because

washes provide cooler microsites and protection

from predators (Parker 1986). 

Inventory Completeness 

The bird list is one of most complete lists of its

kind in the region. In the 17 years since the

excellent work by Groschupf et al. (1988), only 11

species have been added to the list (Tibbitts and

Dickson 2005). This indicates that the bird species

list is nearly complete. However, because birds are

highly mobile animals, it is difficult to compile a

truly complete list of birds, especially for Organ

Pipe Cactus NM, which is well known for species

that seldom enter the U.S. from Mexico. Also, it is

likely that even more birds requiring open water

will be found at Quitobaquito Pond because of its

proximity to the Gulf of California.
15

Mearns (1907) was the first collector at the

monument. He and others collected vertebrates at

Quitobaquito and others areas around Sonoyta,

Mexico in 1894. Huey (1942) was the first to

report on the mammals from throughout the

monument. From the 1930s through the 1950s, a

number of researchers collected voucher specimens

from the monument (NPS 1994a). Subsequent

research was focused on single-species habitat

assessment and population estimation: desert

bighorn sheep (Coss 1964, Carrico 1969, Douglas

1975), feral burro (Hungerford 1976), white-tailed

deer (Henry and Sowls 1980), and western whitethroated woodrat (Olsen 1970). 

Steenbergh and Warren (1977) quantified

vegetation characteristics and trapped small

mammals in grazed and ungrazed areas of the

monument to establish the effects of livestock

grazing. Warren and Anderson (1995) resampled

vegetation at these sites, but to our knowledge, the

rodent trapping has never been repeated. Other

rodent trapping efforts included establishment of

trapping grids as part of the EMP program

(Petryszyn 1995a; results reported in NPS 1998a,

1998b, and Petterson 1999) and associated

programs (Rosen 2000). Petryszyn and Russ (1996)

also used data from the EMP program. Trapping

currently takes place annually at 16 EMP sites. 

Bats are also well surveyed at the

monument. Cockrum (1981) trapped bats in 1979

and 1980 and reviewed past information to create a

species list of bats for the monument. Petryszyn

and Cockrum (1990) trapped at Quitobaquito Pond

in 1981 and 1982 and created a species list of other

mammals they found there. Petryszyn (1995b)

prepared the bat monitoring protocol for the EMP

and results were reported in annual reports (NPS

1998a, 1998b and Pate and Petterson 1999). More

recently, Petryszyn et al. (1998), Pate et al. (1999),

and Tibbitts et al. (2002) have monitored and

studied foraging, surface water use and roosting

areas of bats at the monument. Tibbitts (1999b)

reported on the roost-site investigations of the

endangered southern long-nosed bat. 

Species lists for the monument were made

by Huey (1942) and later by Cockrum (1984 and

1990). The most complete annotated list for the

monument was by Cockrum and Petryszyn (1986). 

Data Used to Create Mammal List 

The list of the monument’s mammals (Appendix

D) is based on Cockrum and Petryszyn (1986),

with additions based on results from the EMP

studies and species collected: NPS (1998a, 1998b)

and sections in Pate (1999).

Results and Discussion

The current list of mammals for Organ Pipe Cactus

NM consists of 54 species: 14 bats, 20 small,

terrestrial mammals (principally rodents) and 20

medium to large mammals (Appendix D). Also

included in this list is one non-native species, the

feral dog. Quitobaquito plays an important role in

the high mammal diversity at the monument by

providing the largest source of perennial water in

the region. Quitobaquito is an important resource

for bats that use open water to hunt for insects and

is the only site in the monument were the desert

shrew is located (Cockrum and Petryszyn 1986).

Night blooming cacti are another important

resource, including organ pipe cactus, which

provide nectar for the endangered southern (lesser)

long-nosed bat.

Two large mammals that are found at the

monument are uncommon in Arizona: the Sonoran

pronghorn and desert bighorn sheep. The

pronghorn is believed to be an occasional visitor to

the monument and the desert bighorn sheep is

found in very small numbers in the Diablo, Puerto

Blanco, and Ajo mountains. Both species may

occasionally be found at Quitobaquito.

Inventory Completeness and Possible Species

Based on the list of species and the many years of

mammal surveys, most of the mammal species that

occur at the monument have been recorded. There

is one species, the feral burro (Equus asinus), that

occurred at the monument in the recent past but is

no longer present. There are several species that

Cockrum and Petryszyn (1986) thought may occur

in the monument:

BATS

Mexican long-tongued bat. Found in the very

southern part of Arizona and south into Mexico,

Chapter 6: Mammals
16

these bats prefer higher elevations in oak and pine

but may be found in the higher elevations of Alamo

Canyon.

Yuma myotis. This bat requires permanent water

for insect prey, usually large bodies of water such

as the Lower Colorado River. However, this

species may be found at Quitobaquito Springs.

Fringed myotis. Usually found from chaparral to

pine forests at elevations above 1,524 m

(Hoffmeister 1986), this species may occasionally

be found at the upper elevations of the Ajo

mountains.

Eastern small-footed myotis. This species is

usually found in oak and pinyon-juniper habitats,

but may be found in the Ajo Mountains.

Eastern red bat. This bat would only be found in

the winter at the monument in areas with tall trees.

Southern yellow bat. Similar to the eastern red

bat, this species would be found in areas with trees.

SMALL MAMMALS

Western and fulvous harvest mouse. Both

species are normally associated with grasslands but

may be found near Quitobaquito.

Deer mouse. This species would be found near

intermittent streambeds or near other riparian areas.

Canyon mouse. Found in rocky canyons, and

volcanic areas. 

House mouse. This species is associated with

humans and will almost certainly be found at the

monument in the future, most likely around the

housing and administration offices.

MEDIUM TO LARGE MAMMALS

Black bear. Normally associated with woodlands,

this species ranges throughout Arizona and may be

found passing through the monument, most likely

through the Ajo Mountains.

White-nosed coati. This species occurs in oak

woodlands and along riparian areas and is most

likely present in the Ajo Mountains.

Hooded skunk. This species is uncommon in

southwestern Arizona, but its occurrence is a

possibility.

Jaguar and jaguarundi. Both of these species are

extremely rare in the region and occur to the south.

A jaguar was collected from the Ajo Mountains in

the 1910s (Hoffmeister 1986). 
17

Adams, L. W., and A. D. Geis. 1983. Effects of

roads on small mammals. The Journal of

Applied Ecology 20:403–415.

American Ornithologists’ Union (AOU). 1998.

Checklist of North American birds, seventh

edition. American Ornithologists’ Union and

Allen Press Inc., Lawrence, KS.

American Ornithologists’ Union (AOU). 2003.

Forty-second supplement to the American

Ornithologists’ Union checklist of North

American birds. Auk 117:847–858. 

Baker, R. J., L. C. Bradley, R. D. Bradley, J. W.

Dragoo, M. D. Engstrom, R. S. Hoffmann,

C. A. Jones, F. Reid, D. W. Rice, and C. Jones.

2003. Revised checklist of North American

mammals north of Mexico, 2003. Occasional

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Trombulak, S. C., and C. A. Frissell. 2000.

Review of ecological effects of roads on

terrestrial and aquatic communities.

Conservation Biology 14:18–30.

United States Department of Agriculture (USDA).

No date. The PLANTS Database, Version 3.5

(http://plants.usda.gov). National Plant Data

Center, Natural Resources Conservation

Service, Baton Rouge, LA.

United States Fish and Wildlife Service (USFWS).

2002. Birds of conservation concern 2002.

Division of Bird Management, Arlington, VA.

Warren, P. L., and L. S. Anderson. 1995. Natural

community grazing-recovery monitoring

protocol for the Ecological Monitoring

Program in Organ Pipe Cactus National

Monument, Arizona. In Organ Pipe Cactus

National Monument Ecological Monitoring

Program monitoring protocol manual. Special

Report 11. Cooperative Park Studies Unit,

University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ.

Warren, P. L., B. K. Mortenson, B. D. Treadwell,

J. E. Bowers, and K. L. Reichhardt. 1981.

Vegetation of Organ Pipe Cactus National

Monument. Technical Report No. 8.

Cooperative National Park Resources Studies

Unit, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ.

Weisenberger, M. E., P. R. Krausman, M. C.

Wallace, D. W. DeYoung, and O. E. Maughan.

1996. Effects of simulated jet aircraft noise

on heart rate and behavior of desert ungulates.

Journal of Wildlife Management 60:52–61.

Western Regional Climate Center (WRCC). 2005.

Arizona climate summaries from Organ Pipe

Cactus National Monument, Arizona.

Accessed on 4 June 2005 from:

http://www.wrcc.dri.edu/summary/

climsmnm.html

Wilt, R. A. 1976. Birds of Organ Pipe Cactus

National Monument. Popular Series No. 18.

Southwest Parks and Monuments Association,

Globe, AZ.

Wirt, E. B., P. A. Holm, and R. H. Robichaux.

1999. Survey and monitoring of the desert

tortoise, Gopherus agassizii, at Organ Pipe

Cactus National Monument. Final Report to

National Park Service, Organ Pipe Cactus

National Monument.
25

Family Scientific name Common name

Acanthaceae Anisacanthus thurberi (Torrey) A. Gray Thurber’s desert honeysuckle

Carlowrightia arizonica A. Gray Arizona wrightwort

Dicliptera resupinata (Vahl) de Jussieu Arizona foldwing

Justicia californica (Bentham) D.N. Gibson beloperone

Justicia candicans (Nees) L.D. Benson Arizona water-willow

Justicia longii Hilsenbeck longflower tubetongue

Ruellia nudiflora (Engelmann & A. Gray) Urban violet wild petunia

Agavaceae Agave *ajoenesis W.C. Hodgson

Agave deserti Engelmann ssp. simplex Gentry desert agave

Agave schottii Engelmann Schott’s century plant

Yucca baccata Torrey banana yucca

Aizoaceae Mesembryanthemum crystallinum Linnaeus common iceplant

Mesembryanthemum nodiflorum Linnaeus slenderleaf iceplant

Trianthema portulacastrum Linnaeus desert horsepurslane

Amaranthaceae Amaranthus albus Linnaeus prostrate pigweed

Amaranthus fimbriatus (Torrey) Bentham ex S. Watson fringed amaranth

Amaranthus palmeri S. Watson carelessweed

Amaranthus x tucsonensis Henrickson

Gomphrena sonorae Torrey Sonoran globe amaranth

Tidestromia lanuginosa (Nuttall) Standley woolly tidestromia

Anacardiaceae Rhus aromatica Aiton var. trilobata (Nuttall) A. Gray ex S. Watson skunkbush sumac

Apiaceae Bowlesia incana Ruiz & Pavon hoary bowlesia

Daucus pusillus Michaux American wild carrot

Lomatium nevadensis (S. Watson) Coulter & Rose Nevada biscuitroot

Spermolepis echinata (Nuttall) Heller bristly scaleseed

Yabea microcarpa (Hooker & Arnott) Koso-Poljanski false carrot

Apocynaceae Haplophyton crooksii L.D. Benson cockroachplant

Aristolochiaceae Aristolochia watsonii Wooton & Standley Watson’s dutchman’s pipe

Asclepiadaceae Asclepias linaria Cavanilles pineneedle milkweed

Asclepias nyctaginifolia A. Gray Mojave milkweed

Asclepias subulata Decaisne rush milkweed

Funastrum cynanchoides (Decaisne) Schlechter ssp. hartwegii (Vail) Krings Hartweg’s twinevine

Matelea cordifolia (A. Gray) Woodson Sonoran milkvine

Matelea parvifolia (Torrey) Woodson spearleaf

Metastelma arizonicum A. Gray Arizona swallow-wort

Asteraceae Acamptopappus sphaerocephalus (Harvey & A. Gray) A. Gray pygmyflower rockjasmine

Acourtia nana (A. Gray) Reveal & R.M. King dwarf desertpeony

Acourtia wrightii (A. Gray) Reveal & R.M. King brownfoot

Adenophyllum porophylloides (A. Gray) Strother San Felipe dogweed

Ambrosia ambrosioides (Cavanilles) W.W. Payne ambrosia leaf burr ragweed

Ambrosia confertiflora de Candolle weakleaf burr ragweed

Ambrosia cordifolia (A. Gray) W.W. Payne Tucson burr ragweed

Ambrosia deltoidea (Torrey) W.W. Payne triangle burr ragweed

Ambrosia dumosa (A. Gray) W.W. Payne burrobush

Artemisia dracunculoides Pursh tarragon

Artemisia ludoviciana Nuttall ssp. albula (Wooton) D.D. Keck white sagebrush

Baccharis brachyphylla A. Gray shortleaf baccharis

Baccharis salicifolia (Ruiz & Pavon) Persoon mule’s fat

Baccharis sarothroides A. Gray desertbroom

Baileya multiradiata Harvey & A. Gray desert marigold

Appendix A. Plant species that have been observed or collected at Organ Pipe Cactus NM based on the list by Rutman

(2005). Species in bold-faced type are non-native.
Family Scientific name Common name

Asteraceae Baileya pleniradiata Harvey & A. Gray ex A. Gray woolly desert marigold

Bebbia juncea (Bentham) Greene var. aspera Greene sweetbush

Brickellia californica (Torrey & Gray) A. Gray California brickellbush

Brickellia coulteri A. Gray var. coulteri Coulter’s brickellbush

Brickellia frutescens A. Gray shrubby brickellbush

Calycoseris wrightii A. Gray white tackstem

Carthamnus tinctorius Linnaeus distaff thistle

Centaurea melitensis Linnaeus Maltese star-thistle

Chaenactis carphoclinia A. Gray var. carphoclinia pebble pincushion

Chaenactis stevioides Hooker & Arnot Steve’s dustymaiden

Cirsium neomexicanum A. Gray New Mexico thistle

Conyza canadensis (Linnaeus) Cronquist Canadian horseweed

Conyza coulteri A. Gray Coulter’s horseweed

Eclipta prostrata (Linnaeus) Linnaeus false daisy

Encelia farinosa A. Gray var. farinosa goldenhills

Encelia farinosa x E frutescens hybrid

Encelia frutescens A. Gray var. frutescens button brittlebush

Ericameria cuneata (A. Gray) McClatchie var. spathulata (A. Gray) H.M. Hall cliff goldenbush

Ericameria laricifolia (A. Gray) Shinners turpentine bush

Erigeron divergens Torrey & Gray var. divergens spreading fleabane

Eriophyllum lanosum (A. Gray) A. Gray white easterbonnets

Eupatorium pauperculum A. Gray Santa Rita snakeroot

Eupatorium solidaginifolium A. Gray shrubby thoroughwort

Evax multicaulis de Candolle spring pygmycudweed

Filago arizonica A. Gray Arizona cottonrose

Filago californica Nuttall California cottonrose

Filago depressa A. Gray dwarf cottonrose

Gaillardia arizonica A. Gray Arizona blanketflower

Geraea canescens Torrey & A. Gray hairy desertsunflower

Gnaphalium palustre Nuttall western marsh cudweed

Gnaphalium wrightii A. Gray Wright’s cudweed

Gutierrezia arizonica (A. Gray) M.A. Lane Arizona snakeweed

Gutierrezia sarothrae (Pursh) Britton & Rusby broom snakeweed

Gymnosperma glutinosum (Sprengel) Lessing gumhead

Helianthus annuus Linnaeus common sunflower

Hymenoclea monogyra Torrey & A. Gray ex A. Gray singlewhorl burrobrush

Hymenoclea salsola Torrey & A. Gray ex A. Gray var. pentalepis (Rydberg) L.D. Benson burrobrush

Hymenothrix wislizenii A. Gray TransPecos thimblehead

Isocoma acradenia (Greene) Greene alkali goldenbush

Lactuca serriola Linnaeus prickly lettuce

Machaeranthera asteroides (Torrey) Greene var. glandulosa B.L. Turner New Mexico tansyaster

Machaeranthera carnosa (A. Gray) G.L. Nesom var. carnosa shrubby alkaliaster

Machaeranthera coulteri (A. Gray) B.L. Turner & D.B. Horne var. arida (B.L. Turner &

D.B. Horne) B.L. Turner arid tansyaster

Machaeranthera gracilis (Nuttall) Shinners var. gooddingii (A. Nelson) B.L. 

Turner & Hartman slender goldenweed

Machaeranthera pinnatifida (Hooker) Shinners ssp. gooddingii (A. Nelson) B.L. 

Turner & Hartman Goodding’s tansyaster

Machaeranthera tagetina Greene mesa tansyaster

Malacothrix fendleri A. Gray Fendler’s desertdandelion

Malacothrix glabrata (A. Gray ex D.C. Eaton) A. Gray smooth desertdandelion

Malacothrix sonorae W.S. Davis & P.H. Raven Sonoran desertdandelion

Monoptilon bellioides (A. Gray) H.M. Hall Mojave desertstar

26
27

Family Scientific name Common name

Asteraceae Packera quercetorum (Greene) C. Jeffrey Oak Creek ragwort

Palafoxia arida B.L. Turner & M.I. Morris var. arida desert palafox

Parthenice mollis A. Gray annual monsterwort

Pectis linifolia Linnaeus romero macho

Pectis papposa Harvey & A. Gray var. papposa manybristle cinchweed

Perityle ajoensis T.K. Todsen Ajo rockdaisy

Perityle emoryi Torrey Emory’s rockdaisy

Pleurocoronis laphamioides (Rose) R.M. King & H. Robinson 

Pluchea odorata (Linnaeus) Cassini var. odorata sweetscent

Pluchea sericea (Nuttall) Coville arrowweed

Porophyllum gracile Bentham slender poreleaf

Prenanthella exigua (A. Gray) Rydberg brightwhite

Psilostrophe cooperi (A. Gray) Greene whitestem paperflower

Rafinesquia californica Nuttall California plumseed

Rafinesquia neomexicana A. Gray New Mexico plumseed

Senecio flaccidus Lessing var. monoensis (Greene) B.L. Turner & T.M. Barkley Mono ragwort

Senecio lemmonii A. Gray Lemmon’s ragwort

Senecio mohavensis A. Gray Mojave ragwort

Senecio quercetorum Greene

Sonchus asper (Linnaeus) Hill spiny sowthistle

Sonchus oleraceus Linnaeus common sowthistle

Stephanomeria exigua Nuttall ssp. exigua small wirelettuce

Stephanomeria pauciflora (Torrey) Nelson var. pauciflora brownplume wirelettuce

Stylocline gnaphalioides Nuttall mountain neststraw

Stylocline micropoides A. Gray woollyhead neststraw

Thymophylla concinna (A. Gray) Strother Sonoran pricklyleaf

Thymophylla pentachaeta (de Candolle) Small var. belenidium (de Candolle) Strother fiveneedle pricklyleaf

Townsendia annua Beaman annual Townsend daisy

Trichoptilium incisum (A. Gray) A. Gray yellowdome

Trixis californica Kellogg var. californica American threefold

Uropappus lindleyi (de Candolle) Nuttall Lindley’s silverpuffs

Viguiera parishii Greene Parish’s goldeneye

Zinnia acerosa (de Candolle) A. Gray desert zinnia

Berberidaceae Berberis haematocarpa Wooton red barberry

Berberis harrisoniana Kearney & Peebles Harrison’s barberry

Bignoniaceae Chilopsis linearis (Cavanilles) Sweet ssp. arcuata (Fosberg) Henrickson desert willow

Boraginaceae Amsinckia intermedia Fischer & C.A. Meyer var. echinata (A. Gray) Wiggins common fiddleneck

Amsinckia tessellata A. Gray bristly fiddleneck

Cryptantha angustifolia (Torrey) Greene Panamint cryptantha

Cryptantha barbigera (A. Gray) Greene bearded cryptantha

Cryptantha maritima (Greene) Greene Guadalupe cryptantha

Cryptantha pterocarya (Torrey) Greene var. cycloptera (Greene) J.F. Macbride wingnut cryptantha

Harpogonella palmeri A Gray Palmer’s grapplinghook

Heliotropium curassavicum Linnaeus salt heliotrope

Lappula occidentalis (S. Watson) Greene flatspine stickseed

Pectocarya heterocarpa (I.M. Johnson) I. M. Johnson chuckwalla combseed

Pectocarya platycarpa Munz & I.M. Johnston broadfruit combseed

Pectocarya recurvata I.M. Johnston curvenut combseed

Plagiobothrys arizonicus (A. Gray) Greene Arizona popcornflower

Plagiobothrys jonesii A. Gray Mojave popcornflower

Tiquilia canescens (de Candolle) A.T. Richardson woody crinklemat

Brassicaceae Boechera perennans (S. Watson) W.A. Weber perennial rockcress
28

Family Scientific name Common name

Brassicaceae Brassica nigra (Linnaeus) W.D.J. Koch black mustard

Brassica tournefortii Gouan Asian mustard

Caulanthus lasiophyllus (Hooker & Arnott) Payson California mustard

Descurainia pinnata (Walter) Britton western tansymustard

Draba cuneifolia Nuttall ex Torrey & A. Gray wedgeleaf draba

Eruca sericea Bentham

Erysimum capitatum (Douglas ex Hooker) Greene sanddune wallflower

Lepidium densiflorum Schrader common pepperweed

Lepidium lasiocarpum Nuttall shaggyfruit pepperweed

Lepidium thurberi Wooton Thurber’s pepperweed

Lesquerella tenella A. Nelson Moapa bladderpod

Lyrocarpa coulteri Hooker & Harvey var. coulteri Coulter’s lyrepod

Rorippa microphylla (Boenn. ex Reichenb.) Hyl. ex A.& D. Löve onerow yellowcress

Schoenocrambe linearifolia (A. Gray) Rollins slimleaf plainsmustard

Sisymbrium irio Linnaeus London rocket

Sisymbrium orientale Linnaeus Indian hedgemustard

Streptanthella longirostris (S. Watson) Rydberg longbeak streptanthella

Streptanthus carinatus A. Gray lyreleaf jewelflower

Thelypodium wrightii A. Gray ssp. wrightii Wright’s thelypody

Thysanocarpus curvipes Hooker sand fringepod

Burseraceae Bursera microphylla A. Gray elephant tree

Cactaceae Carnegia gigantea (Engelmann) Britton & Rose saguaro

Cylindropuntia acanthocarpa (Engelmann & J.M. Bigelow) F.M. Knuth var. 

coloradensis (L.D. Benson) Pinkava Colorado buckhorn cholla

Cylindropuntia acanthocarpa (Engelmann & J.M. Bigelow) Knuth var. major

(Engelmann & J.M. Bigelow) Pinkava buckhorn cholla

Cylindropuntia arbuscula (Engelmann) F. M. Knuth Arizona pencil cholla

Cylindropuntia bigelovii (Engelmann) F. M. Knuth var. bigelovii teddybear cholla

Cylindropuntia fulgida (Engelmann) F.M. Knuth var. fulgida jumping cholla

Cylindropuntia fulgida (Engelmann) F.M. Knuth var. mamillata (Schott ex Engelmann) 

J.M. Coulter jumping cholla

Cylindropuntia leptocaulis (de Candolle) F.M. Knuth Christmas cactus

Cylindropuntia ramosissima (Engelmann) F.M. Knuth branched pencil cholla

Cylindropuntia spinosior (Engelmann) F.M. Knuth walkingstick cactus

Cylindropuntia versicolor (Engelmann ex J.M. Coulter) F.M. Knuth staghorn cholla

Echinocereus engelmannii (Parry ex Englemann) Lemaire var. acicularis L.D. Benson Engelmann’s hedgehog cactus

Echinocereus nicholii (L.D. Benson) B.D. Parfitt Nichol’s hedgehog cactus

Echinocereus santaritensis W. Blum & Rutow Mojave mound cactus

Echinocereus erectocentrus (J.M. Coulter) Britton & Rose var. acunensis

(W.T. Marshall) Bravo redspine fishhook cactus

Ferocactus cylindraceus (Engelmann) Orcutt California barrel cactus

Ferocactus emoryi (Engelmann) Orcutt Emory’s barrel cactus

Ferocactus wislizeni (Englemann) Britton & Rose candy barrelcactus

Grusonia kunzei (Rose) Pinkava devil’s cholla

Grusonia parishii (Orcutt) Pinkava matted cholla

Mammillaria grahamii Engelmann Graham’s nipple cactus

Mammillaria tetrancistra Engelmann common fishhook cactus

Mammillaria thornberi Orcutt Thornber’s nipple cactus

Opuntia chlorotica Engelmann & J.M. Bigelow dollarjoint pricklypear

Opuntia engelmannii Salm-Dyck var. engelmannii cactus apple

Opuntia engelmannii Salm-Dyck var. flavispina (L.D. Benson) Pinkava & Parfitt cactus apple

Opuntia engelmannii Salm-Dyck var. linguiformis (Griffiths) B.D. Parfitt & Pinkava cactus apple

Opuntia phaeacantha Englemann tulip pricklypear
29

Family Scientific name Common name

Cactaceae Pachycereus schottii (Engelmann) D.R. Hunt senita cactus

Peniocereus greggii (Engelmann) Britton & Rose var. transmontanus (Engelmann) 

Backeberg nightblooming cereus

Peniocereus striatus (Brandegee) F. Buxbaum gearstem cactus

Stenocereus thurberi (Engelmann) Buxbaum organpipe cactus

Campanulaceae Nemacladus glanduliferus Jepson glandular threadplant

Triodanis biflora (Ruiz & Pavon) Greene clasping Venus’ looking-glass

Capparaceae Capparis atamisquea Kuntze vomitbush

Polanisia dodecandra (Linnaeus) de Candolle ssp. trachysperma (Torrey & A. Gray) 

H.H. Iltis sandyseed clammyweed

Wislizenia refracta Engelmann ssp. refracta spectacle fruit

Caryophyllaceae Achyronychia cooperi Torrey & A. Gray onyxflower

Cerastium texanum Britton Texas chickweed

Herniaria hirsuta Linnaeus var. cinerea (de Candolle) Loret & Barrandon hairy rupturewort

Loeflingia squarrosa Nuttall spreading pygmyleaf

Silene antirrhina Linnaeus sleepy silene

Chenopodiaceae Atriplex canescens (Pursh) Nuttall var. canescens fourwing saltbush

Atriplex elegans (Moquin-Tandon) D. Dietrich wheelscale saltbush

Atriplex lentiformis (Torrey) S. Watson big saltbush

Atriplex linearis S. Watson thinleaf fourwing saltbush

Atriplex pacifica A. Nelson Davidson’s saltbush

Atriplex polycarpa (Torrey) S. Watson cattle saltbush

Chenopodium murale Linnaeus nettleleaf goosefoot

Chenopodium watsonii A. Nelson Watson’s goosefoot

Monolepis nuttalliana (Schultes) Greene Nuttall’s povertyweed

Nitrophylla occidentalis (Moquin-Tandon) S. Watson boraxweed

Salsola tragus Linnaeus prickly Russian thistle

Suaeda nigra (Rafinesque) J.F. Macbride Mojave seablite

Commelinaceae Commelina erecta Linnaeus whitemouth dayflower

Convulvulaceae Cuscuta californica Hooker & Arnott chaparral dodder

Cuscuta salina Engelmann saltmarsh dodder

Cuscuta tuberculata Kunth tubercle dodder

Cuscuta umbellata Kunth flatglobe dodder

Evolvulus alsinoides Linnaeus var. angustifolia Torrey slender dwarf morning-glory

Ipomoea costellata Torrey crestrib morning-glory

Ipomoea cristulata Hallier Transpecos morning-glory

Ipomoea hederacea Jacquin ivyleaf morning-glory

Jacquemontia pringlei A. Gray Pringle’s clustervine

Crassulaceae Crassula connata (Ruiz & Pavon) Berger sand pygmyweed

Dudleya arizonica Rose chalk dudleya

Graptopetalum rusbyi (Greene) Rose San Francisco River 

leatherpetal

Crossosomataceae Crossosoma bigelovii S. Watson ragged rockflower

Cucurbitaceae Brandegea bigelovii (S. Watson) Cogniaux desert starvine

Cucurbita digitata A. Gray fingerleaf gourd

Echinopepon wrightii (A. Gray) Watson wild balsam apple

Marah gilensis (Greene) Greene Gila manroot

Tumamoca macdougalii Rose Tumamoc globeberry

Cupressaceae Juniperus coahuilensis (Martinez) Gaussen ex R.P. Adams redberry juniper

Cyperaceae Cyperus laevigatus Linnaeus smooth flatsedge

Cyperus mutisii (Kunth) Andersson Mutis’ flatsedge

Cyperus odoratus Linnaeus fragrant flatsedge
30

Family Scientific name Common name

Cyperaceae Cyperus squarrosus Linnaeus bearded flatsedge

Eleocharis geniculata (Linnaeus) Roemer & Schultes Canada spikesedge

Eleocharis rostellata (Torrey) Torrey beaked spikerush

Scirpus americanus Persoon

Ephedraceae Ephedra aspera Engelmann ex S. Watson rough jointfir

Euphorbiaceae Acalypha californica Bentham California copperleaf

Croton sonorae Torrey Sonoran croton

Ditaxis adenophora (A. Gray) Pax & K. Hoffmann desert silverbush

Ditaxis lanceolata (Bentham) Pax & K. Hoffmann narrowleaf silverbush

Ditaxis neomexicana (Muller Argoviensis) A. Heller New Mexico silverbush

Euphorbia abramsiana Wheeler Abrams’ sandmat

Euphorbia albomarginata Torrey & A. Gray whitemargin sandmat

Euphorbia arizonica Engelmann Arizona sandmat

Euphorbia capitellata Engelmann head sandmat

Euphorbia eriantha Bentham beetle spurge

Euphorbia florida Engelmann Chiricahua Mountain sandmat

Euphorbia heterophylla Linnaeus Mexican fireplant

Euphorbia hyssopifolia Linnaeus hyssopleaf sandmat

Euphorbia melanadenia Torrey squaw sandmat

Euphorbia micromera Boissier Sonoran sandmat

Euphorbia pediculifera Engelmann var. pediculifera Carrizo Mountain sandmat

Euphorbia polycarpa Bentham smallseed sandmat

Euphorbia prostrata Aiton prostrate sandmat

Euphorbia setiloba (Engelmann ex Torrey) Millspaugh Yuma sandmat

Jatropha cardiophylla (Torrey) Muller Argoviensis sangre de cristo

Jatropha cinerea (Ortega) Muller Argoviensis Arizona nettlespurge

Jatropha cuneata Wiggins & Rollins physicnut

Sebastiana bilocularis S. Watson arrow poision plant

Stillingia linearifolia S. Watson queen’s-root

Tragia nepetifolia Cavanilles catnip noseburn

Fabaceae Acacia angustissima (Miller) Kuntze var. suffrutescens (Rose) Isely prairie acacia

Acacia constricta Bentham whitethorn acacia

Acacia greggii A. Gray catclaw acacia

Astragalus didymocarpus Hooker & Arnott var. dispermus (A. Gray) M.E. Jones dwarf white milkvetch

Astragalus lentiginosus var. australis Barneby freckled milkvetch

Astragalus lentiginosus var. yuccanus M.E. Jones yucca milkvetch

Astragalus nuttallianus de Candolle var. imperfectus (Rydberg) Barneby turkeypeas

Astragalus nuttallianus de Candolle var. austrinus (Small) R.C. Barneby smallflowered milkvetch

Calliandra eriophylla Bentham var. eriophylla fairyduster

Coursetia microphylla A. Grya rosary babybonnets

Dalea mollis Bentham hairy prairie clover

Dalea pogonathera A. Gray var. pogonathera bearded prairie clover

Dalea pringlei A. Gray var. pringlei Pringle’s prairie clover

Desmodium procumbens (Miller) A.S. Hitchcock var. procumbens western trailing ticktrefoil

Galactia wrightii A. Gray Wright’s milkpea

Lotus humistratus Greene foothill deervetch

Lotus rigidus (Bentham) Greene shrubby deervetch

Lotus salsuginosus Greene var. brevivexillus Ottley coastal bird’s-foot trefoil

Lotus strigosus (Nuttall) Greene var. tomentellus (Greene) Isely strigose bird’s-foot trefoil

Lupinus arizonicus (S. Watson) S. Watson Arizona lupine

Lupinus concinnus Agardh scarlet lupine

Lupinus sparsiflorus Bentham Mojave lupine
31

Family Scientific name Common name

Fabaceae Marina parryi (Torrey & A. Gray ex A. Gray) Barneby Parry’s false prairie-clover

Medicago polymorpha Linnaeus burclover

Melilotus indicus (Linnaeus) Allioni annual yellow sweetclover

Mimosa distachya Cavanilles var. laxiflora (Bentham) Barneby Arizona mimosa

Nissolia schottii (Torrey) A. Gray Schott’s yellowhood

Olneya tesota A. Gray desert ironwood

Parkinsonia aculeata Linnaeus Jerusalem thorn

Parkinsonia florida (Bentham ex A. Gray) S. Watson blue paloverde

Parkinsonia microphylla Torrey yellow paloverde

Phaseolus acutifolius A. Gray ssp. acutifolius tepary bean

Phaseolus filiformis Bentham slimjim bean

Prosopis glandulosa Torrey var. torreyana (L.D. Benson) M.C. Johnston western honey mesquite

Prosopis pubescens Bentham screwbean mesquite

Prosopis velutina Wooton velvet mesquite

Psorothamnus spinosus (A. Gray) Barneby smoketree

Rhynchosia senna Gillies ex Hooker & Arnott var. texana (Torrey & A. Gray) M.C. Johnston Texas snoutbean

Senna covesii (A. Gray) Barneby & Irwin Coves’ cassia

Tephrosia vicioides Schlechtendal

Trifolium wormskioldii Lehmann var. arizonicum (Greene) Barneby spinytooth clover

Vicia ludoviciana Nuttall var. ludoviciana Louisiana vetch

Fagaceae Quercus turbinella Greene Sonoran scrub oak

Fouqieriaceae Fouquieria splendens Engelmann ssp. splendens ocotillo

Gentianaceae Centaurium calycosum (Buckley) Fernald Arizona centaury

Eustoma exaltatum (Linnaeus) G. don forma albiflorum Benke catchfly prairie gentian

Geraniaceae Erodium cicutarium (Linnaeus) L’Heritier ex Aiton redstem stork’s bill

Erodium texanum A. Gray Texas stork’s bill

Geranium carolinianum Linnaeus Carolina geranium

Hydrophyllaceae Eucrypta chrysanthemifolia (Bentham) Greene var. bipinnatifida (Torrey) Constance spotted hideseed

Eucrypta micrantha (Torrey) A. Heller dainty desert hideseed

Nama hispidum A. Gray bristly nama

Phacelia affinis A. Gray limestone phacelia

Phacelia ambigua M.E. Jones purplestem phacelia

Phacelia caerulea Green skyblue phacelia

Phacelia distans Bentham distant phacelia

Phacelia neglecta M.E. Jones alkali phacelia

Phacelia pedicellata A. Gray pedicellate phacelia

Phacelia ramosissima Douglas ex Lehmann branching phacelia

Pholistoma auritum (Lindley) Lilja var. arizonicum (M.E. Jones) Constance Arizona fiestaflower

Iridaceae Sisyrinchium demissum Greene stiff blue-eyed grass

Juncaceae Juncus articus Willdenow var. mexicanus (Willdenow ex Roemer & Schultes) Balslev Mexican rush

Juncus bufonius Linnaeus toad rush

Juncus cooperi Engelmann Cooper’s rush

Krameriaceae Krameria erecta Willdenow ex Schultes littleleaf ratany

Krameria grayi Rose & Painter white ratany

Lamiaceae Hedeoma nanum (Torrey) Briquet var. macrocalyx W.S. Stewart dwarf false pennyroyal

Hyptis emoryi Torrey desert lavender

Monardella arizonica Epling Arizona monardella

Salazaria mexicana Torrey Mexican bladdersage

Salvia columbariae Bentham chia

Salvia pinguifolia (Fernald) Wooton & Standley rock sage

Teucrium cubense Jacquin ssp. depressum (Small) McClintock & Epling small coastal germander

Teucrium glandulosum Kellog common germander
32

Family Scientific name Common name

Liliaceae Allium macropetalum Rydberg largeflower onion

Calochortus kennedyi Porter desert mariposa lily

Dichelostemma capitatum (Bentham) Wood ssp. pauciflorum (Torrey) Keator bluedicks

Hesperocallis undulata A. Gray desert lily

Zephyranthes longifolia Hemsley copper zephyrlily

Linaceae Linum perenne Linnaeus ssp. lewisii (Pursh) Hulten prairie flax

Loasaceae Eucnide rupestris (Baillon) H.J. Thomson & W.R. Ernst rock nettle

Mentzelia affinis Greene yellowcomet

Mentzelia involucrata Watson whitebract blazingstar

Mentzelia isolata H.S. Gentry isolated blazingstar

Mentzelia multiflora (Nuttall) A. Gray Adonis blazingstar

Petalonyx linearis Greene narrowleaf sandpaper plant

Petalonyx thurberi Gray var. thurberi Thurber’s sandpaper plant

Malpighiaceae Janusia gracilis A. Gray slender janusia

Malvaceae Abutilon abutiloides (Jacquin) Garcke ex Britton & Wilson shrubby indian mallow

Abutilon incanum (Link) Sweet pelotazo

Abutilon malacum S. Watson yellow Indian mallow

Abutilon palmeri A. Gray Palmer’s Indian mallow

Anoda pentaschista A. Gray field anoda

Eremalche exilis (A. Gray) Greene white mallow

Herrisantia crispa (Linnaeus) Brizicky bladdermallow

Hibiscus biseptus S. Watson Arizona rosemallow

Hibiscus coulteri Harvey desert rosemallow

Hibiscus denudatus Bentham var. denudatus paleface

Horsfordia alata (S. Watson) A. Gray pink velvetmallow

Horsfordia newberryi (S. Watson) A. Gray Newberry’s velvetmallow

Malva parviflora Linnaeus cheeseweed mallow

Malvastrum bicuspidatum (S. Watson) Rose ssp. bicuspidatum shrubby false mallow

Rhynchosida physocalyx (A. Gray) Fryxell buffpetal

Sida abutifolia Miller spreading fanpetals

Sphaeralcea ambigua A. Gray ssp. ambigua apricot globemallow

Sphaeralcea coulteri (S. Watson) A. Gray Coulter’s globemallow

Sphaeralcea emoryi Torrey Emory’s globemallow

Sphaeralcea laxa Wooton & Standley caliche globemallow

Martyniaceae Proboscidea altheaefolia (Bentham) Decaisne desert unicorn-plant

Proboscidea parviflora (Wooton) Wooton & Standley ssp. parviflora doubleclaw

Molluginaceae Mollugo cerviana Seringe threadstem carpetweed

Moraceae Ficus carica Linnaeus edible fig

Morus microphylla Buckley Texas mulberry

Najadaceae Najas marina Linnaeus spiny naiad

Nolinaceae Nolina microcarpa S. Watson sacahuista

Nyctaginaceae Allionia incarnata Linnaeus trailing windmills

Boerhavia coccinea Miller scarlet spiderling

Boerhavia erecta Linnaeus erect spiderling

Boerhavia intermedia Linnaeus fivewing spiderling

Boerhavia megaptera Standley Tucson Mountain spiderling

Boerhavia pterocarpa S. Watson Apache Pass spiderling

Boerhavia spicata Choisy creeping spiderling

Boerhavia wrightii A. Gray largebract spiderling

Commicarpus scandens (Linnaeus) Standley climbing wartclub

Mirabilis laevis (Bentham) Curran var. villosa (Kellogg) Spellenberg wishbone-bush

Mirabilis multiflora (Torrey) A. Gray Colorado four o’clock
33

Family Scientific name Common name

Oleaceae Foresteria phillyreoides (Bentham) Torrey desert olive

Menodora scabra A. Gray rough menodora

Onagraceae Camissonia boothii (Douglas) P.H. Raven ssp. condensatus (Munz) P.H. Raven shredding suncup

Camissonia californica (Torrey & A. Gray) P.H. Raven California suncup

Camissonia chamaenerioides (A. Gray) P.H. Raven longcapsule suncup

Camissonia claviformis (Torrey & Fremont) P.H. Raven ssp. aurantiaca (Watson) Raven browneyes

Camissonia claviformis (Torrey & Fremont) P.H. Raven ssp. peeblesii (Munz) P.H. Raven Peebles’ browneyes

Camissonia claviformis (Torrey & Fremont) P.H. Raven ssp. rubescens (P.H. Raven) P.H. Raven browneyes

Camissonia claviformis (Torrey & Fremont) P.H. Raven ssp. rubescens (P.H. Raven) P.H. Raven browneyes

Epilobium canum (Greene) P.H. Raven ssp. latifolium (Hooker) P.H. Raven hummingbird trumpet

Gaura parvifolia Hooker velvetweed

Oenothera arizonica (Munz) W.L. Wagner California evening-primrose

Oenothera primiveris A. Gray desert evening-primrose

Orobanchaceae Orobanche cooperi (A. Gray) A. Heller desert broomrape

Orobanche fasciculata Nuttall clustered broomrape

Oxalidaceae Oxalis albicans Kunth radishroot woodsorrel

Papaveraceae Argemone gracilenta Greene Sonoran pricklypoppy

Argemone ochroleuca Sweet 

Eschscholtzia californica Chamisso ssp. mexicana (Greene) C. Clark California poppy

Eschscholzia minutiflora S. Watson pygmy poppy

Phytolaccaceae Plantago patagonica Jacquin woolly plantain

Rivina humilis Linnaeus rougeplant

Plantaginaceae Plantago ovata Forsskal desert Indianwheat

Plumbaginaceae Plumbago zeylanica Linnaeus wild leadwort

Poaceae Aristida adscensionis Linnaeus sixweeks threeawn

Aristida californica Thurberi var. glabrata Vasey Santa Rita threeawn

Aristida parishii Hitchcock Parish’s threeawn

Aristida purpurea Nuttall var. nealleyi (Vasey) Allred blue threeawn

Aristida purpurea Nuttall var. purpurea purple threeawn

Aristida ternipes Cavanilles var. gentilis (Henrard) Allred spidergrass

Aristida ternipes Cavanilles var. ternipes spidergrass

Avena fatua Linnaeus wild oat

Bothriochloa barbinodis (Lagasca) Herter cane bluestem

Bouteloua aristidoides (Kunth) Grisebach needle grama

Bouteloua barbata (Lagasca) Herter sixweeks grama

Bouteloua curtipendula (Michaux) Torrey sideoats grama

Bouteloua repens (Humboldt, Bonpland & Kunth) Scribner & Merrill slender grama

Bouteloua rothrockii Vasey Rothrock’s grama

Bouteloua trifida Thurber ex S. Watson red grama

Brachiaria arizonica (Scribner & Merrill) S.T. Blake Arizona signalgrass

Bromus carinatus Hooker & Arnott California brome

Bromus rubens Linnaeus red brome

Cenchrus echinatus Linnaeus southern sandbur

Chloris virgata Swartz feather fingergrass

Cottea pappophoroides Kunth cotta grass

Cynodon dactylon (Linnaeus) Persoon var. dactylon Bermudagrass

Dactyloctenium aegyptium (Linnaeus) Willdenow Egyptian grass

Dasyochloa pulchella (Kunth) Willdenow ex Rydberg low woollygrass

Digitaria californica (Bentham) Henrard Arizona cottontop

Distichlis spicata (Linnaeus) Greene inland saltgrass

Echinochloa colonum (Linnaeus) Link jungle rice
34

Family Scientific name Common name

Poaceae Elymus elymoides (Rafinesque) Swezey squirreltail

Enneapogon desvauxii P. Beauvois nineawn pappusgrass

Eragrostis cilianensis (Allioni) Vignolo ex Janchen stinkgrass

Eragrostis lehmanniana Nees Lehmann lovegrass

Eragrostis lugens Nees mourning lovegrass

Eriochloa acuminata (J. Presl) Kunth var. acuminata tapertip cupgrass

Eriochloa aristata Vasey bearded cupgrass

Festuca microstachys Nuttall plains bristlegrass

Festuca octoflora Rydberg sixweeks fescue

Heteropogon contortus (Linnaeus) P. Beauv ex Roemer & Schultes tanglehead

Hilaria belangeri (Steudel) Nash curly-mesquite

Hilaria rigida (Thurber) Bentham ex Scribner big galleta

Hordeum murinum Linnaeus ssp. glaucum (Steudel) Tzvelev smooth barley

Leptochloa dubia (Kunth) Nees green sprangletop

Leptochloa fusca (Linnaeus) Kunth ssp. uninervia (J. Presl) N. Snow Mexican sprangletop

Leptochloa panicea (Retzius) Ohwi ssp. brachiata (Steudel) N. Snow mucronate sprangeltop

Lycurus setosus (Nuttall) C. Reeder bristly wolfstail

Melica frutescens Scribner woody melicgrass

Muhlenbergia appressa C.O. Goodding Devils Canyon muhly

Muhlenbergia dumosa Scribner ex Vasey bamboo muhly

Muhlenbergia emersleyi Vasey bullgrass

Muhlenbergia fragilis Swallen delicate muhly

Muhlenbergia microsperma (de Candolle) Trinius littleseed muhly

Muhlenbergia porteri Scribner ex Beal bush muhly

Muhlenbergia rigens (Bentham) Hitchcock deergrass

Muhlenbergia tenuifolia (Kunth) Kunth slimflower muhly

Panicum antidotale Retzius blue panicum

Panicum hallii Vasey Hall’s panicgrass

Panicum hirticaule J. Presl var. hirticaule Mexican panicgrass

Panicum obtusum Kunth vine mesquite

Pennisetum ciliare (Linnaeus) Link buffelgrass

Pennisetum setaceum (Forsskal) Chiovenda crimson fountaingrass

Phalaris minor Retzius littleseed canarygrass

Phragmites australis (Cavanilles) Trinius ex Steudel common reed

Poa annua Linnaeus annual bluegrass

Poa bigelovii Vasey & Scribner Bigelow’s bluegrass

Polypogon monspeliensis (Linnaeus) Desfontaines annual rabbitsfoot grass

Polypogon viridis (Gouan) Breistroffer beardless rabbitsfoot grass

Schismus arabicus Nees Arabian schismus

Schismus barbatus (Loefling ex Linnaeus) Thellung common Mediterranean grass

Setaria grisebachii E. Fournier Grisebach’s bristlegrass

Setaria leibmannii E. Fournier Liebmann’s bristlegrass

Setaria macrostachya Humboldt, Bonpland & Kunth desert fescue

Sorghum halepense (Linnaeus) Persoon Johnsongrass

Sporobolus airoides (Torrey) Torrey alkali sacaton

Sporobolus cryptandrus (Torrey) Gray sand dropseed

Sporobolus flexuosus (Thurber ex Vasey) Rydberg mesa dropseed

Sporobolus pyramidatus (Lamarck) Hitchcock Madagascar dropseed

Stipa speciosa Trinius & Ruprecht var. speciosa desert needlegrass

Trichloris crinita (Lagascea) Parodi false Rhodes grass

Tridens eragrostoides (Vasey & Scribner) Nash lovegrass tridens
35

Family Scientific name Common name

Poaceae Tridens muticus (Torrey) A. Gray var. muticus slim tridens

Triticum aestivum L. common wheat

Polemoniaceae Eriastrum diffusum (A. Gray) Mason miniature woollystar

Eriastrum eremicum (Jepson) H. Mason desert woollystar

Gilia flavocincta A Nelson ssp. australis (A.D. & V.E. Grant) A.G. Day & V.E. Grant lesser yellowthroat gilia

Gilia stellata Heller star gilia

Ipomopsis multiflora (Nuttall) V. Grant manyflowered ipomopsis

Langloisia setosissima (Torrey & A. Gray) Greene Great Basin langloisia

Linanthus aureus (Nuttall) Greene golden linanthus

Linanthus bigelovii (A. Gray) Greene Bigelow’s linanthus

Linanthus demissus (A. Gray) Greene desertsnow

Phlox tenuifolia E. Nelson Santa Catalina Mountain phlox

Polygalaceae Polygala macradenia A. Gray glandleaf milkwort

Chorizanthe brevicornu Torrey brittle spineflower

Chorizanthe currugata (Torrey) Torrey & A. Gray wrinkled spineflower

Chorizanthe rigida (Torrey) Torrey & A. Gray devil’s spineflower

Eriogonum abertianum Torrey Abert’s buckwheat

Eriogonum deflexum Torrey flatcrown buckwheat

Eriogonum fasciculatum Bentham var. polifolium (Bentham) Torrey & A. Gray Eastern Mojave buckwheat

Eriogonum inflatum Torrey & Fremont desert trumpet

Eriogonum thomasii Torrey Thomas’ buckwheat

Eriogonum trichopes Torrey little deserttrumpet

Eriogonum wrightii Torrey ex Bentham var. nodosum (Small) Reveal bastardsage

Polygonum argyrocoleon Steudel ex Kunze silversheath knotweed

Pterostegia drymarioides Fischer & Meyer woodland pterostegia

Rumex hymenosepala Torrey canaigre dock

Portulacaceae Calandrinia ciliata (Ruiz & Pavon) de Candolle fringed redmaids

Cistanthe monandra (Nutall) Hershkovitz common pussypaws

Claytonia perfoliata (Donn ex Willdenow) ssp. mexicana (Rydberg) John M Miller 

& K.L. Chambers miner’s lettuce

Phemeranthus aurantiacus (Englemann) Kiger orange fameflower

Portulaca halimoides Linnaeus silkcotton purslane

Portulaca oleraceae Linnaeus little hogweed

Portulaca suffrutescens Engelmann shrubby purslane

Portulaca umbraticola Kunth ssp. lanceolata J.F. Matthews & Ketron wingpod purslane

Talinum paniculatum (Jacquin) Gaertner jewels of Opar

Potamogetonaceae Stuckenia pectinatus (Linnaeus) Borner sago pondweed

Primulaceae Anagallis arvensis L. scarlet pimpernel

Androsace occidentalis Pursh western rockjasmine

Pteridaceae Argyrochosma limitanae (Maxon) Windham ssp. limitanae southwestern false cloakfern

Astrolepis cochisensis (Goodding) D.M. Bentham & Windham ssp. cochisensis Cochise scaly cloakfern

Astrolepis sinuata (Lagasca ex Swartz) D.M. Benham & Windham ssp. sinuata wavy scaly cloakfern

Bommeria hispida (Kuhn) L. Underwood copper fern

Cheilanthes lindheimeri Hooker fairyswords

Cheilanthes parryi (D.C. Eaton) Domin Parry’s lipfern

Cheilanthes villosa Davenport ex Maxon villous lipfern

Cheilanthes wrightii Hooker Wright’s lipfern

Cheilanthes yavapensis T. Reeves ex Windham graceful lipfern

Notholaena californica D.C. Eaton ssp. californica California cloak fern

Notholaena standleyi Maxon star cloak fern

Pellaea truncata Goodding spiny cliffbrake

Pentagramma triangularis (Kaulfuss) Yatskievych, Windham & Wollenweber goldback fern
36

Family Scientific name Common name

Punicaceae Punica granatum Linnaeus pomegranate

Ranunculaceae Anemone tuberosa Rydberg tuber anemone

Clematis drummondii Torrey & A. Gray Drummond’s clematis

Delphinium scaposum Greene tall mountain larkspur

Myosurus cupulatus S. Watson Arizona mousetail

Myosurus minimus Linnaeus tiny mousetail

Resedaceae Oligomeris linifolia (Vahl) Macbride lineleaf whitepuff

Rhamnaceae Ziziphus obtusifolia (Hooker ex Torrey & Gray) Gray lotebush

Condalia globosa I.M. Johnston var. pubescens I.M. Johnston bitter snakewood

Rhamnus betulifolia Greene beechleaf frangula

Rhamnus ilicifolia Kellogg hollyleaf redberry

Rosaceae Vauquelinia californica (Torrey) Sargent ssp. sonorensis W.J. Hess & Henrickson Sonora rosewood

Rubiaceae Galium aparine L. stickywilly

Galium microphyllum A. Gray bracted bedstraw

Galium stellatum Kellog var. eremicum Hilend & Howell starry bedstraw

Ruppiaceae Ruppia cirrhosa (Petagna) Grande spiral ditchgrass

Rutaceae Ptelea trifoliata Linnaeus common hoptree

Salicaceae Populus fremontii S. Watson ssp. fremontii Fremont cottonwood

Salix gooddingii C.R. Ball Goodding’s willow

Sapindaceae Dodonaea viscosa Jacquin var. angustifolia (Linnaeus f.) Bentham Florida hopbush

Sapindus marginatus Willdenow wingleaf soapberry

Saururaceae Anemopsis californica (Nuttall) Hooker & Arnott yerba mansa

Saxifragaceae Ribes quercetorum Greene rock gooseberry

Scrophulariaceae Antirrhinum cyathiferum Bentham dog’s-mouth

Antirrhinum filipes A. Gray Filipes snapdragon

Antirrhinum nuttalianum Bentham ssp. subsessile (A. Gray) D. Thompson Texas toadflax

Antirrhinum watsonii Vasey & Rose Watson’s snapdragon

Castilleja exserta (A. Heller) Chuang & Heckard ssp. exserta exserted Indian paintbrush

Castilleja lanata Gray Sierra woolly Indian paintbrush

Keckiella antirrhinoides (Bentham) Straw ssp. microphylla (A. Gray) Straw snapdragon penstemon

Linaria canadensis (Linnaeus) Dumont de Courset var. texana (Scheele) Pennell lesser snapdragon

Maurandya antirrhiniflora Humboldt & Bonpland ex Willdenow ssp. antirrhiniflora roving sailor

Mimulus guttatus de Candolle seep monkeyflower

Mimulus rubellus A. Gray little redstem monkeyflower

Penstemon parryi A. Gray Parry’s beardtongue

Penstemon pseudospectabilis M.E. Jones var. pseudospectabilis desert beardtongue

Stemodia durantifolia (Linnaeus) Swartz whitewoolly twintip

Veronica peregrina Linnaeus var. xalapensis (Kunth) Pennell hairy purslane speedwell

Selaginellaceae Selaginella arizonica Maxon Arizona spikemoss

Selaginella eremophila Maxon desert spikemoss

Simaroubaceae Castela emoryi (A. Gray) Moran & Felger crucifixion thorn

Simmondsiaceae Simmondsia chinensis (Link) C.K. Schneider jojoba

Solanaceae Calibrachoa parviflora (Jussieu) D’Arcy seaside petunia

Capsicum annuum Linnaeus var. aviculare (Dierbach) D’Arcy & Eschbaugh cayenne pepper

Datura discolor Bernhardi desert thorn-apple

Lycium andersonii A. Gray var. andersonii water jacket

Lycium berlandieri Dunal var. longistylum C.L. Hitchcock Berlandier’s wolfberry

Lycium brevipes Benth Baja desert-thorn

Lycium californicum Nuttall ex A. Gray var. californicum A. Gray California desert-thorn

Lycium exsertum A. Gray Arizona desert-thorn

Lycium fremontii A. Gray var. fremontii Fremont’s desert-thorn

Lycium macrodon A. Gray var. macrodon desert wolfberry
37

Family Scientific name Common name

Solanaceae Lycium parishii A. Gray var. parishii Parish’s desert-thorn

Nicotiana clevelandii A. Gray Cleveland’s tobacco

Nicotiana obtusifolia M. Martens & Galeotti desert tobacco

Physalis acutifolia (Miers) Sandwith sharpleaf groundcherry

Physalis crassifolia Bentham var. versicolor (Rydberg) Waterfall yellow nightshade groundcherry

Physalis lobata Torrey Chinese lantern

Solanum americanum Miller American black nightshade

Solanum douglasii Dunal greenspot nightshade

Solanum hindsianum Bentham Hinds’ nightshade

Solanum xanti A. Gray chaparral nightshade

Sterculiaceae Ayenia filiformis S. Watson TransPecos ayenia

Ayenia microphylla A. Gray dense ayenia

Tamaricaceae Tamarix aphylla (Linnaeus) H. Karston Athel tamarisk

Tamarix ramosissima Ledebour saltcedar

Typhaceae Typha domingensis Persoon southern cattail

Ulmaceae Celtis pallida Torrey spiny hackberry

Celtis reticulata Torrey netleaf hackberry

Urticaceae Parietaria hespera Hinton var. hespera rillita pellitory

Verbenaceae Aloysia wrightii A. Heller ex Abrams Wright’s beebrush

Glandularia bipinnatifida (Nuttall) Nuttall var. bipinnatifida Dakota mock vervain

Glandularia gooddingii (Briquet) Solbrig southwestern mock vervain

Lantana camara Linnaeus lantana

Tetraclea coutleri Gray Coulter’s wrinklefruit

Verbena neomexicana (A. Gray) Small hillside vervain

Verbena officinalis Linnaeus ssp. halei (Small) S.C. Barber Texas vervain

Viscaceae Phoradendron californicum Nuttall mesquite mistletoe

Zanichelliaceae Zanichellia palustris Linnaeus horned pondweed

Zygophyllaceae Fagonia californica Bentham ssp. longipes (Standley) Felger & C.H. Lowe California fagonbush

Kallstroemia californica (S. Watson) Vail California caltrop

Kallstroemia grandiflora Torrey ex A. Gray Arizona poppy

Larrea divaricata Cavanilles ssp. tridentata (Sesse & Mocino ex DeCandolle) 

Felger & Lowe creosote bush
38

Order Family Scientific name Common name ESAa BLMb USFSc AZG&Fd

Anura Pelobatidae Scaphiopus couchii Couch’s spadefoot

Bufonidae Bufo alvarius Sonoran desert toad

Bufo punctatus red-spotted toad

Bufo cognatus Great Plains toad

Bufo retiformis Sonoran green toad

Testudines Kinosternidae Kinosternon sonoriense longifemorale Sonoran mud turtle C X

Testudinidae Gopherus agassizii desert tortoise SC X

Squamata Eublepharidae Coleonyx variegates western banded gecko

Iguanidae Dipsosaurus dorsalis desert iguana

Sauromalus obesus common chuckwalla SC X

Crotaphytidae Crotaphytus collaris eastern collared lizard

Gambelia wislizenii long-nosed leopard lizard

Phrynosomatidae Callisaurus draconoides zebra-tailed lizard

Sceloporus magister desert spiny lizard

Sceloporus clarkia Clark’s spiny lizard

Uta stansburiana common side-blotched lizard

Urosaurus graciosus long-tailed brush lizard

Urosaurus ornatus ornate tree lizard

Phrynosoma platyrhinos desert horned lizard

Phrynosoma solare regal horned lizard

Teiidae Cnemidophorus burti canyon spotted whiptail SC X X

Cnemidophorus tigris western whiptail (tiger whiptail)

Helodermatidae Heloderma suspectum Gila monster

Leptotyphlopidae Leptotyphlops humilis western blind snake

Boidae Charina trivirgata trivirgata rosy boa SC X

Colubridae Phyllorhynchus decurtatus spotted leaf-nosed snake

Phyllorhynchus browni saddled leaf-nosed snake

Masticophis flagellum coachwhip

Masticophis bilineatus Sonoran whipsnake

Salvadora hexalepis western patch-nosed snake

Pituophis catenifer gopher snake

Arizona elegans glossy snake

Lampropeltis getula common kingsnake

Rhinocheilus lecontei long-nosed snake

Thamnophis cyrtopsis black-necked garter snake

Sonora semiannulata western ground snake

Chionactis occipitalus western shovel-nosed snake

Chionactis palarostris Sonoran shovel-nosed snake X

Chilomeniscus cinctus variable sandsnake

Tantilla hobartsmithi southwestern black-headed snake

Trimorphodon biscutatus western lyre snake

Hypsiglena torquata night snake

Elapidae Micruroides euryxanthus Sonoran coral snake

Appendix B. Amphibian and reptile species recorded at Organ Pipe Cactus NM based on list by Rosen and Lowe (1996)

and voucher specimens (Appendix F).
a “SC” = “Species of Concern”; “C” = “Candidate Species” under the Endangered Species Act (HDMS 2004).

b “Sensitive” species; USDA Forest Service (HDMS 2004).

c “Sensitive” species; Bureau of Land Management (HDMS 2004).

d “Wildlife Species of Concern”; Arizona Game and Fish Department (HDMS 2004).

39

Order Family Scientific name Common name ESAa BLMb USFSc AZG&Fd

Viperidae Crotalus atrox western diamond-backed rattlesnake

Crotalus cerastes sidewinder

Crotalus mitchellii speckled rattlesnake

Crotalus molossus black-tailed rattlesnake

Crotalus tigris tiger rattlesnake

Crotalus scutulatus Mojave rattlesnake
40

Order

Family Scientific name Common name Gros T&D BE ESAa BLMb USFSc AZd APFe USFWSf

Anseriformes

Anatidae Chen caerulescens snow goose X

Branta canadensis Canada goose X

Aix sponsa wood duck X

Anas strepera gadwall X

Anas americana American wigeon X

Anas platyrhynchos mallard X

Anas discors blue-winged teal X

Anas cyanoptera cinnamon teal X

Anas clypeata northern shoveler X

Anas acuta northern pintail X

Anas crecca green-winged teal X

Aythya valisineria canvasback X

Aythya americana redhead X

Aythya collaris ring-necked duck X

Aythya affinis lesser scaup X

Bucephala albeola bufflehead X

Bucephala clangula common goldeneye X

Lophodytes cucullatus hooded merganser X

Mergus merganser common merganser X

Mergus serrator red-breasted merganser X

Oxyura jamaicensis ruddy duck X

Galliformes

Odontophoridae

Callipepla gambelii Gambel’s quail X

Gaviiformes

Gaviidae Gavia immer common loon X

Podicipediformes

Podicipedidae Tachybaptus dominicus least grebe X

Podilymbus podiceps pied-billed grebe X

Podiceps nigricollis eared grebe X

Aechmophorus occidentalis western grebe X

Pelecaniformes

Pelecanidae Pelecanus erythrorhynchos American white pelican X

Pelecanus occidentalis brown pelican X LE X

Phalacrocoracidae

Phalacrocorax auritus double-crested cormorant X

Ciconiiformes

Ardeidae Ixobrychus exilis least bittern X X

Ardea herodias great blue heron X

Ardea alba great egret X X

Egretta thula snowy egret X X

Bubulcus ibis cattle egret X

Butorides virescens green heron X

Nycticorax nycticorax black-crowned night-heron X

Threskiornithidae

Plegadis chihi white-faced Ibis X SC X

Platalea ajaja roseate spoonbill X

Appendix C. Bird species recorded at Organ Pipe Cactus NM based on lists by Groschupf et al. (1988; Gros), Tibbitts

and Dickson (2005; T&D), and Benson et al. (2001; BE). Species in bold-faced type are non-native. Underlined species are

neotropical migrants (Rappole 1995).
41

Order

Family Scientific name Common name Gros T&D BE ESAa BLMb USFSc AZd APFe USFWSf

Ciconiiformes

Ciconiidae Mycteria americana wood stork X LE

Cathartidae Coragyps atratus black vulture X

Cathartes aura turkey vulture X

Falconiformes

Accipitridae Pandion haliaetus osprey X X

Elanus leucurus white-tailed kite X

Circus cyaneus northern harrier X

Accipiter striatus sharp-shinned hawk X X

Accipiter cooperii Cooper’s hawk X

Buteogallus anthracinus common black-hawk X X X X

Parabuteo unicinctus Harris’s hawk X

Buteo swainsoni Swainson’s hawk X

Buteo albicaudatus white-tailed hawk X

Buteo albonotatus zone-tailed hawk X

Buteo jamaicensis red-tailed hawk X

Buteo regalis ferruginous hawk X SC X

Aquila chrysaetos golden eagle X

Falconidae Caracara cheriway crested caracara X X

Falco sparverius American kestrel X

Falco columbarius merlin X

Falco peregrinus peregrine falcon X SC X X

Falco mexicanus prairie falcon X

Gruiformes

Rallidae Laterallus jamaicensis black rail X SC X X

Rallus limicola limicola Virginia rail X

Porzana carolina sora X

Gallinula chloropus common moorhen X

Fulica americana American coot X

Gruidae Grus canadensis sandhill crane X

Charadriiformes

Charadriidae Charadrius semipalmatus semipalmated plover X

Charadrius vociferus killdeer X

Recurvirostridae

Himantopus mexicanus black-necked stilt X

Recurvirostra americana American avocet X

Scolopacidae Tringa melanoleuca greater yellowlegs X

Tringa flavipes lesser yellowlegs X

Tringa solitaria solitary sandpiper X

Catoptrophorus semipalmatus willet X

Actitis macularia spotted sandpiper X

Numenius americanus long-billed curlew X

Calidris mauri western sandpiper X

Calidris minutilla least sandpiper X

Calidris bairdii Baird’s sandpiper X

Calidris himantopus stilt sandpiper X

Limnodromus scolopaceus long-billed dowitcher X

Gallinago gallinago common snipe X

Phalaropus tricolor Wilson’s phalarope X

Phalaropus lobatus red-necked phalarope X

Phalaropus fulicarius red phalarope X
42

Order

Family Scientific name Common name Gros T&D BE ESAa BLMb USFSc AZd APFe USFWSf

Charadriiformes

Laridae Larus philadelphia Bonaparte’s gull X

Larus heermanni Heermann’s gull X

Larus delawarensis ring-billed gull X

Larus californicus California gull X

Larus argentatus herring gull X

Sterna hirundo common tern X

Sterna forsteri Forster’s tern X

Sterna antillarum least tern X

Chlidonias niger black tern X

Columbiformes

Columbidae Columba livia rock pigeon X

Patagioenas fasciata band-tailed pigeon X

Zenaida asiatica white-winged dove X

Zenaida macroura mourning dove X

Columbina inca Inca dove X

Columbina passerina common ground-dove X X

Cuculiformes

Cuculidae Geococcyx californianus greater roadrunner X

Strigiformes

Tytonidae Tyto alba barn owl X

Strigidae Megascops kennicottii western screech-owl X

Bubo virginianus great horned owl X

Glaucidium brasilianum cactus ferruginous X X LE X

cactorum pygmy-owl

Athene cunicularia hypugaea burrowing owl X SC X

Micrathene whitneyi elf owl X X X

Asio otus long-eared owl X

Aegolius acadicus northern saw-whet owl X

Caprimulgiformes

Caprimulgidae Chordeiles acutipennis lesser nighthawk X

Phalaenoptilus nuttallii common poorwill X X

Caprimulgus ridgwayi buff-collared nightjar X

Apodiformes

Apodidae Chaetura vauxi Vaux’s swift X

Aeronautes saxatalis white-throated swift X

Trochilidae Cynanthus latirostris broad-billed hummingbird X

Archilochus alexandri black-chinned hummingbird X

Calypte anna Anna’s hummingbird X

Calypte costae Costa’s hummingbird X X

Stellula calliope calliope hummingbird X

Selasphorus platycercus broad-tailed hummingbird X

Selasphorus rufus rufous hummingbird X

Selasphorus sasin Allen’s hummingbird X

Coraciiformes

Alcedinidae Ceryle alcyon belted kingfisher X X

Piciformes

Picidae Melanerpes lewis Lewis’s woodpecker X

Melanerpes formicivorus acorn woodpecker X

Melanerpes uropygialis Gila woodpecker X X X
43

Order

Family Scientific name Common name Gros T&D BE ESAa BLMb USFSc AZd APFe USFWSf

Piciformes

Picidae Sphyrapicus varius yellow-bellied sapsucker X

Sphyrapicus nuchalis red-naped sapsucker X

Sphyrapicus ruber red-breasted sapsucker X

Picoides scalaris ladder-backed woodpecker X

Colaptes auratus northern flicker X

Colaptes chrysoides gilded flicker X X X X

Passeriformes

Tyrannidae Camptostoma imberbe northern beardless-tyrannulet X

Contopus cooperi olive-sided flycatcher X SC

Contopus sordidulus western wood-pewee X

Empidonax traillii willow flycatcher X X X

Empidonax hammondii Hammond’s flycatcher X

Empidonax wrightii gray flycatcher X

Empidonax occidentalis cordilleran flycatcher X

Sayornis nigricans black phoebe X

Sayornis phoebe eastern phoebe X

Sayornis saya Say’s phoebe X

Pyrocephalus rubinus vermilion flycatcher X

Myiarchus cinerascens ash-throated flycatcher X X

Myiarchus nuttingi Nutting’s flycatcher X

Myiarchus tyrannulus brown-crested flycatcher X X

Tyrannus melancholicus tropical kingbird X X

Tyrannus vociferans Cassin’s kingbird X

Tyrannus crassirostris thick-billed kingbird X X

Tyrannus verticalis western kingbird X

Tyrannus forficatus scissor-tailed flycatcher X

Laniidae Lanius ludovicianus loggerhead shrike X SC X

Vireonidae Vireo bellii Bell’s vireo X X X X

Vireo vicinior gray vireo X

Vireo huttoni Hutton’s vireo X

Vireo gilvus warbling vireo X

Vireo olivaceus red-eyed vireo X

Corvidae Cyanocitta stelleri Steller’s jay X

Aphelocoma californica western scrub-jay X

Nucifraga columbiana Clark’s nutcracker X

Corvus corax common raven X

Alaudidae Eremophila alpestris horned lark X

Hirundinidae Progne subis purple martin X X

Tachycineta bicolor tree swallow X

Tachycineta thalassina violet-green swallow X

Stelgidopteryx serripennis northern rough-winged X

swallow 

Riparia riparia bank swallow X

Petrochelidon pyrrhonota cliff swallow X

Hirundo rustica barn swallow X

Remizidae Auriparus flaviceps verdin X X

Aegithalidae Psaltriparus minimus bushtit X

Sittidae Sitta canadensis red-breasted nuthatch X

Certhiidae Certhia americana brown creeper X

Troglodytidae Campylorhynchus cactus wren X X

brunneicapillus
44

Order

Family Scientific name Common name Gros T&D BE ESAa BLMb USFSc AZd APFe USFWSf

Passeriformes

Troglodytidae Salpinctes obsoletus rock wren X

Catherpes mexicanus canyon wren X X

Thryomanes bewickii Bewick’s wren X

Troglodytes aedon house wren X

Cistothorus palustris marsh wren X

Regulidae Regulus satrapa golden-crowned kinglet X

Regulus calendula ruby-crowned kinglet X

Sylviidae Polioptila caerulea blue-gray gnatcatcher X

Polioptila melanura black-tailed gnatcatcher X X

Turdidae Sialia mexicana western bluebird X

Sialia currucoides mountain bluebird X

Myadestes townsendi Townsend’s solitaire X

Catharus ustulatus Swainson’s thrush X X

Catharus guttatus hermit thrush X

Turdus migratorius American robin X

Ixoreus naevius varied thrush X

Mimidae Mimus polyglottos northern mockingbird X X

Oreoscoptes montanus sage thrasher X

Toxostoma rufum brown thrasher X

Toxostoma bendirei Bendire’s thrasher X

Toxostoma curvirostre curve-billed thrasher X X

Toxostoma crissale crissal thrasher X X X

Toxostoma lecontei Le Conte’s thrasher X

Sturnidae Sturnus vulgaris European starling X

Motacillidae Anthus rubescens American pipit X

Anthus sprageii Sprague’s pipit X X X

Bombycillidae Bombycilla cedrorum cedar waxwing X

Ptilogonatidae Phainopepla nitens phainopepla X X

Parulidae Vermivora chrysoptera golden-winged warbler X

Vermivora peregrina Tennessee warbler X

Vermivora celata orange-crowned warbler X

Vermivora ruficapilla Nashville warbler X

Vermivora virginiae Virginia’s warbler X

Vermivora luciae Lucy’s warbler X X X

Dendroica petechia yellow warbler X

Dendroica magnolia magnolia warbler X

Dendroica caerulescens black-throated blue warbler X

Dendroica coronata yellow-rumped warbler X

Dendroica nigrescens black-throated gray warbler X

Dendroica virens black-throated green warblerX

Dendroica townsendi Townsend’s warbler X

Dendroica occidentalis hermit warbler X

Dendroica graciae Grace’s warbler X

Dendroica striata blackpoll warbler X

Mniotilta varia black-and-white warbler X

Setophaga ruticilla American redstart X X

Seiurus aurocapilla ovenbird X

Seiurus noveboracensis northern waterthrush X

Oporornis tolmiei MacGillivray’s warbler X
45

Order

Family Scientific name Common name Gros T&D BE ESAa BLMb USFSc AZd APFe USFWSf

Passeriformes

Parulidae Geothlypis trichas common yellowthroat X

Wilsonia pusilla Wilson’s warbler X

Myioborus pictus painted redstart X

Icteria virens yellow-breasted chat X X

Thraupidae Piranga rubra summer tanager X

Piranga olivacea scarlet tanager X

Piranga ludoviciana western tanager X X

Emberizidae Pipilo chlorurus green-tailed towhee X X

Pipilo maculatus spotted towhee X

Pipilo fuscus canyon towhee X X

Pipilo aberti Abert’s towhee X

Aimophila carpalis rufous-winged sparrow X X X

Aimophila cassinii Cassin’s sparrow X

Aimophila ruficeps rufous-crowned sparrow X X

Spizella passerina chipping sparrow X

Spizella pallida clay-colored sparrow X

Spizella breweri Brewer’s sparrow X

Spizella atrogularis black-chinned sparrow X

Passerculus sandwichensis savannah sparrow X

Pooecetes gramineus vesper sparrow X

Melospiza lincolnii Lincoln’s sparrow X

Chondestes grammacus lark sparrow X

Melospiza georgiana swamp sparrow X

Amphispiza bilineata black-throated sparrow X X

Amphispiza belli sage sparrow X

Emberizidae Calamospiza melanocorys lark bunting X

Ammodramus savannarum grasshopper sparrow X

Passerella iliaca fox sparrow X

Melospiza melodia song sparrow X

Zonotrichia albicollis white-throated sparrow X

Zonotrichia leucophrys white-crowned sparrow X

Zonotrichia atricapilla golden-crowned sparrow X

Junco hyemalis dark-eyed junco X

Cardinalidae Cardinalis cardinalis northern cardinal X X

Cardinalis sinuatus pyrrhuloxia X X

Pheucticus ludovicianus rose-breasted grosbeak X

Pheucticus melanocephalus black-headed grosbeak X X

Passerina caerulea blue grosbeak X

Passerina amoena lazuli bunting X

Passerina cyanea indigo bunting X

Passerina versicolor varied bunting X X

Passerina ciris painted bunting X

Spiza americana dickcissel X

Icteridae Agelaius phoeniceus red-winged blackbird X

Sturnella magna lilianae eastern meadowlark X

Sturnella neglecta western meadowlark X

Xanthocephalus yellow-headed blackbird X

xanthocephalus

Euphagus cyanocephalus Brewer’s blackbird X
46

Order

Family Scientific name Common name Gros T&D BE ESAa BLMb USFSc AZd APFe USFWSf

Passeriformes

Icteridae Quiscalus mexicanus great-tailed grackle X

Molothrus aeneus bronzed cowbird X X

Molothrus ater brown-headed cowbird X X

Icterus cucullatus hooded oriole X X

Icterus bullockii Bullock’s oriole X X

Icterus parisorum Scott’s oriole X X

Fringillidae Carpodacus purpureus purple finch X

Carpodacus mexicanus house finch X X

Carduelis pinus pine siskin X

Carduelis psaltria lesser goldfinch X X

Carduelis lawrencei Lawrence’s goldfinch X

Carduelis tristis American goldfinch X

Coccothraustes vespertinus evening grosbeak X

Passeridae Passer domesticus house sparrow X

a “SC” = “Species of Concern”; “LE” = “Listed as Endangered” under the Endangered Species Act (HDMS 2004).

b “Sensitive” species; Bureau of Land Management (HDMS 2004). 

c “Sensitive” species; USDA Forest Service (HDMS 2004).

d “Wildlife Species of Concern”; Arizona Game and Fish Department (HDMS 2004).

e “Priority” species; Arizona Partners in Flight (Latta et al. 1999).

f “Bird of Conservation concern”; U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service (2002).
47

Order

Family Scientific name Common name ESAa BLMb USFSc AZG&Fd App G C&P EMP

Insectivora

Soricidae Notiosorex crawfordi Crawford’s desert shrew X X

Chiroptera

Phyllostomidae Macrotus californicus California leaf-nosed bat SC X X X X X

Choeronycteris mexicana Mexican long-tongued bat SC X X X

Leptonycteris curasoae Lesser (southern) long-nosed bat LE X X X X X

Vespertilionidae Myotis velifer cave myotis SC X X X X

Myotis californicus California myotis X X X

Pipistrellus hesperus western pipistrelle X X X

Eptesicus fuscus big brown bat X X X

Lasiurus cinereus hoary bat X X X

Corynorhinus townsendii Townsend’s big-eared bat SC X X X

Antrozous pallidus pallid bat X X X

Molossidae Tadarida brasiliensis Brazilian free-tailed bat X X

Nyctinomops femorosaccus pocketed free-tailed bat X X X X

Eumops perotis western bonneted bat SC X

Eumops underwoodi Underwood’s bonneted bat SC X X X X

Carnivora

Procyonidae Procyon lotor northern raccoon X

Bassariscus astutus ringtail X

Mustelidae Taxidea taxus American badger X X

Mephitidae Spilogale gracilis western spotted skunk X

Mephitis mephitis striped skunk X

Conepatus mesoleucus white-backed hog-nosed skunk X

Canidae Canis familiaris feral dog X

Canis latrans coyote X X

Vulpes macrotis kit fox X X

Urocyon cinereoargenteus common gray fox X X

Felidae Puma concolor mountian lion X

Lynx rufus bobcat X

Rodentia

Sciuridae Spermophilus variegatus rock squirrel X

Spermophilus tereticaudus round-tailed ground squirrel X X

Ammospermophilus harrisii Harris’ antelope squirrel X X

Geomyidae Thomomys bottae Botta’s pocket gopher X X

Heteromyidae Perognathus amplus Arizona pocket mouse X X X

Perognathus longimembris little pocket mouse X X

Chaetodipus penicillatus Sonoran Desert pocket mouse X X X

Chaetodipus intermedius rock pocket mouse SC X X X

Chaetodipus baileyi Bailey’s pocket mouse X X X

Dipodomys deserti desert kangaroo rat X X

Heteromyidae Dipodomys spectabilis banner-tailed kangaroo rat X X X

Dipodomys merriami Merriam’s kangaroo rat X X X

Muridae Peromyscus eremicus cactus mouse SC X X X X

Peromyscus merriami Merriam’s mouse X X

Peromyscus boylii brush mouse

Onychomys torridus southern grasshopper mouse X X

Appendix D. Mammal species recorded at Organ Pipe Cactus NM based on list by Cockrum and Petryszyn (1986; C&P),

the Organ Pipe Cactus National Monument Ecological Monitoring Program (NPS 1998a and b; EMP), and voucher

specimens (Appendix F). Species in bold-faced type is non-native.
48

Order

Family Scientific name Common name ESAa BLMb USFSc AZG&Fd App G C&P EMP

Rodentia

Muridae Neotoma albigula western white-throated woodrat X X X

Neotoma devia Arizona woodrat X

Sigmodon arizonae Arizona cotton rat X X

Lagomorpha

Leporidae Lepus alleni antelope jackrabbit X

Lepus californicus black-tailed jackrabbit X

Sylvilagus audubonii desert cottontail X

Artiodactyla

Bovidae Ovis canadensis desert bighorn sheep X X

Tayassuidae Pecari tajacu collared peccary X

Cervidae Odocoileus hemionus mule deer X

Odocoileus virginianus white-tailed deer X

Antilocapridae Antilocapra americana sonoriensis Sonoran pronghorn LE X

a “SC” = “Species of Concern”; “LE” = “Listed as Endangered” under the Endangered Species Act (HDMS 2004).

b “Sensitive” species; Bureau of Land Management (HDMS 2004). 

c “Sensitive” species; USDA Forest Service (HDMS 2004).

d “Wildlife Species of Concern”; Arizona Game and Fish Department (HDMS 2004).
49

Class Order Family Scientific name Common name

Amphibian Anura Hylidae Pternohyla fodiens northern casque-headed frog

Microhylidae Gastrophryne olivacea Great Plains narrow-mouthed toad

Reptile Squamata Xantusiidae Xantusia vigilis desert night lizard

Anguidae Elgaria kingii Madrean alligator lizard

Mammal Chiroptera Phyllostomidae Choeronycteris mexicana Mexican long-tongued bat

Vespertilionidae Myotis yumanensis Yuma myotis

Myotis thysanodes fringed myotis

Myotis leibii eastern small-footed myotis

Lasiurus borealis eastern red bat

Lasiurus ega southern yellow bat

Carnivora Ursidae Ursus americanus American black bear

Procyonidae Nasua narica white-nosed coati

Mephitidae Mephitis macroura hooded skunk

Felidae Panthera onca jaguar

Herpailurus yaguarondi jaguarundi

Rodentia Muridae Reithrodontomys megalotis western harvest mouse

Reithrodontomys fulvescens fulvous harvest mouse

Peromyscus maniculatus deer mouse

Peromyscus crinitus canyon mouse

Mus musculus house mouse

Appendix E. Amphibian, reptile, and mammal species that may occur at Organ Pipe Cactus NM based on Rosen and

Lowe (1996) and Cockrum and Petryszyn (1986).
50

Taxon

Common name Field collection number Collectiona Date(s) Primary collector(s)

Amphibian

Couch’s spadefoot 65853–60 UCB 08/25/55 J. D. Anderson

90702–03 NHMLAC

136423 UM 07/28/66 E. D. Brodie

Sonoran desert toad 91679 CAS 09/2/61 R. Bandar. D. Rentz

8547 INHS 06/22/57 P. W. Smith, D. M. Smith, 

A. A. Smith

65850–52 UCB 08/25/55 J. D. Anderson

87021, 87035 NHMLAC

021798 USNM E. A. Mearns

10768–69 UA 06/20/64 T. J. Cox

133459, 136394 UM 07/28/66 E. D. Brodie

red-spotted toad 52164 UCB 08/10/49 J. B. Gorman

26269–70, 88086–87 NHMLAC

13324–27 UTEP

12022, 13806–07, 14919, UA 03/20/52, 10/25/64, 03/31/66, C. H. Lowe., W. S. Creighton, 

47945–46, 50619 10/22/87, 09/03/90 W. C. Sherbrooke, R. L. Bezy, 

P. C. Rosen

Great Plains toad 91680–87, 93807 CAS 09/02/61 R. Bandar, D. Rentz

8550–51 INHS 06/21/57 P. W. Smith, D. M. Smith, 

A. A. Smith

52174–78, 65848–49 UCB 08/10/49, 08/25/55 J. B. Gorman, J. D. Anderson

42813, 47665–67 UA 06/11/52, 08/09/77 W. H. Woodin, J. K. Cross

136039 UM 07/28/66 E. D. Brodie

bullfrog 47960 UA 07/10/85 S. Julander

Reptile

western banded gecko 65696, 80186–87 UCB 08/25/55, 04/19/62, 03/25/64 J. D. Anderson, R. M. Gaffery

3236, 93440–42, 93445–47 NHMLAC 04/20/42

1145, 1155, 1159, 1162, UA 05/19/56, 04/27/51, 05/14/71, K. Justice, D. L. Braun, 

33797, 47861, 47907–08, 07/12/88, 05/10/88, 05/11/88, C. H. Lowe, P. C. Rosen, 

48619, 50733 05/18/89, 08/25/97 T. VanDevender

30277, 73805–07 UI 06/02/52, 05/29/51 D. M. Smith, P. W. Smith, F. A. 

Shannon, H. K. Gloyd, R. Abbuhl

desert banded gecko 5654, 5908, 5912–14 UI 03/29/49, 08/02/48, M. M. Hensley, W. L. Berger

(C. v. variegates) 08/10/48, 08/08/48

Sonoran mud turtle 27987, 27993, 27996 UA 05/14/67, 05/23/65, R. D. Krizman, T. J. Cox

04/10/65

desert iguana 115554 NHMLAC

021728, 061376 USNM 07/4/18 A. B. Howell, E. A. Mearns

50081 UA P. C. Rosen

common chuckwalla 39807, 48527 UA 06/4/53, 08/31/89 Woodin, Larson, P. C. Rosen

eastern collared lizard 76641 UCB 07/20/63 R. G. Crippen

3982–83, 125984 NHMLAC 04/21/42

1511, 35715, 39904–05, UA 08/13/60, 04/14/73, 06/04/53, G. O. Gates, A. Cecil, R. Johnson, 

47868, 48845–46 04/30/88, 04/07/90 Woodin, Larson, P. C. Rosen

5898–99 UI 08/04/48 Hensley, Burger

long-nosed leopard lizard 4016, 94703 NHMLAC 04/24/42

50080 UA 06/12/93 R. D. McCord

5655 UI 05/02/49 D. M. Smith, M. Hensley

Appendix F. Known vertebrate voucher specimens from Organ Pipe Cactus NM.
51

Taxon

Common name Field collection number Collectiona Date(s) Primary collector(s)

Reptile

zebra-tailed lizard 62598–00 Har

65684 UCB 08/20/55 J. D. Anderson

8787–89, 94043, NHMLAC 05/13/66

40, 66–67, 111, 137, 10470, UA 08/06/49, 05/10/56, 05/20/56, P. J. Lardner, R. C. Snyder, C. A. 

12665–66,28440–41, 04/30/55, 10/12/63, 10/25/64, Reed, W. C. Sherbrooke, R. L. 

37865–67, 40732, 40734, 04/12/68, 08/07/68, 04/27/75, Bezy, D. Mulford, R. Small, S.Hale,

42605, 47290, 47873–74, 07/19/77, 06/04/53, 04/30/88, J. K. Cross, W. H. Woodin, P. C. 

48620, 49077 07/02/89, 05/11/91 Rosen, C. H. Lowe, D. A.Parizek, 

K. E. Justice, R. E.Carpenter

5943, 35783–86, 35794, UI 07/30/48, 06/15/54, 08/05/48 D. M. Smith, H. M. Smith, 

35878, 74520–21 W. L. Burger, M. M. Hensley, 

W. L. Burger, F. A. Shannon, 

P. W. Smith, R. Abbuhl

16953–54, 32311 UC 07/28/60, 07/03/49 H. Beargie, K. Beargie, Wesselman

5656 UI 07/03/49 M. M. Hensley

desert spiny lizard 8892, 52935 NHMLAC 05/13/66

12668, 40706, 42614, UA 10/25/64, 06/03/53, 07/18/77, W. C. Sherbrooke, R. L. Bezy, 

47973, 49142 09/17/88, 04/13/91 Woodin, Larson, J. K. Cross, 

P. C. Rosen, K. McLarnan

35802 UI D. M. Smith, H. M. Smith, 

W. L. Burger, M. M. Hensley

Clark’s spiny lizard 44031 UC 04/01/67 R. L. Brown, R. Holland

80350, 198288 UCB 07/20/63, 06/24/73 B. K. Sullivan, R. R. Montancci, 

V. L. Vesterby

17378 NHMLAC

2267, 2272, 12646–47, UA 06/08/51, 04/30/55, 10/25/64, C. H. Lowe, D. Mulford, 

12669, 27151, 40702, 47872 10/25/64, 04/14/73, 06/04/53, W. C.Sherbrooke, R. L. Bezy, 

04/30/88 R. J. Johnson, Woodin, Larson, 

P. C.Rosen

35804–10 UI 08/4/48 D. M. Smith, H. M. Smith, 

W. L. Burger, M. M. Hensley

common side-blotched 16586, 76653 UCB 01/30/34, 07/20/63 L. Kellogg, R. G. Cripper

lizard

5526, 98174–75, 98182 NHMLAC 04/24/42

27091–92 TMNH 09/07/66 W. B. Rhoten

6893, 10467–68, 11415, UA 05/01/55, 10/12/63, 04/30/56, P. J. Lardner, C. H. Lowe, 

12580, 12658–61,40738, 04/14/63, 10/25/64, 04/27/75, J. Wright, W. C. Sherbrooke, 

41817–18, 48558 06/06/53, 06/11/52, 06/02/89 R. L. Bezy, W. H. Woodin, Larson, 

P. C. Larson, A. Thomas

32483–87 UC 06/19/64, 04/06/66 Beargie, Wesselman, N. Hadley

5657, 5937–39, 77880–81 UI 07/6/49, 07/30/48, 08/05/48, M. Hensley, W. L. Burger, D. M. 

06/15/54, 05/29/51 Smith, F. A. Shannon, P. W. Smith, 

R. Abbuhl, H. K. Gloyd

striped plateau lizard 166477–80 UM 07/12/73 A. E. Dunham

long-tailed brush lizard 49081, 49122 UA 05/11/91, 05/12/91 C. H. Lowe, P. C. Rosen
52

Taxon

Common name Field collection number Collectiona Date(s) Primary collector(s)

Reptile

ornate tree lizard NA FWMSH 04/01/64

16587, 56757 UCB 01/29/34, 04/30/52 M. M. Erickson, M. Larson

76325–27, 97942, 123402 NHMLAC

061398 USNM 07/03/18 A. B. Howell

3420, 3422, 3909, 3911, UA 10/25/64, 08/13/60, 04/30/55, W. C. Sherbrooke, R. L. Bezy, 

3942, 3972, 3993, 4011, 03/14/52, 04/17/75, 06/03/53, G. O. Gates, A. D. Cecil, 

4066, 12649–53, 40717, 06/06/53, 06/11/52 D. Mulford, C. H. Lowe, 

40979, 42038–41 W. S.Creighton, J. J. Reed, 

M. W. Larson, W. H. Woodin

50572–76 UC 06/19/64 Beargie, Wesselman

5915, 5917–22, 35800, UI 07/30/48, 08/04/48, 03/16/61 D. M. Smith, H. M. Smith, 

50699–01 W. L. Burger, M. M. Hensley, 

R. C. Schroeder

166482–509 UM 07/12/73 A. E. Dunham

desert horned lizard 4406, 101597 NHMLAC

2052, 40220, 40575, 47931, UA 04/28/51, 04/27/75, 10/03/87, C. H. Lowe, P. C. Rosen, E. B. Wirt

48771, 50082, 50148 03/25/89, 06/12/93, 04/21/93

regal horned lizard SH.4005–06 MSU 07/20/61, 07/21/61 R. G. Tuck

101798–850 NHMLAC

061381 USNM 07/02/18 A. B. Howell

40683, 42593, 47437, UA 06/10/52, 07/08/77, 09/13/87, W. H. Woodin, J. K. Cross, 

47822, 50202 06/18/88, 06/10/93 P. C. Rosen, R. D. McCord

canyon spotted whiptail 8586–87 INHS 06/21/57, 07/27/57 P. W. Smith, D. M. Smith, 

A. A. Smith, M. M. Hensley

57047–48, 76655, 76779–81 UCB 04/28/51, 06/09/51, 07/20/63 C. H. Lowe, R. C. Stebbins, 

R. G. Crippen

75844, 135450–51 NHMLAC

530, 5566–68, 5570–74, UA 04/28/55, 04/30/55, 06/09/51, W. C. Sherbrooke, R. L. Bezy, 

5576–80, 14110–11, 43687, 04/28/51, 07/04/51, 05/14/56, W. H. Woodin, E. B. Wirt, A. R. 

47302–03, 48344 06/24/62, 10/25/64, 10/25/64, Phillips, J. J. Reed, A. Thomas, 

06/11/52, 08/03/89 C. H. Lowe, K. E. Justice

14627–29, 14635 UC 07/27/60, 07/28/60 H. Beargie, K. Beargie

104330–31, 105426, 166481 UM 07/18/50, 06/09/51, 06/09/51, W. E. Duellman, C. H. Lowe

07/12/73

western whiptail 13635–36 CAS1 05/02/54 H. K. Gloyd

(tiger whiptail)

56746 UCB 04/30/52 M. Larson, L. Talbot

9027–30, 99979–82 NHMLAC 05/13/66

151–152, 509–510, 514–516, UA 08/06/49, 04/15/51, 04/28/51, P. J. Lardner, J. Wright, R. C. 

5689, 5781, 5786, 5825, 06/08/51, 05/19/56, 05/14/56, Snyder, C. A. Reed, R. Small, J. K.

5868,5885, 10469, 08/13/60, 05/01/55, 10/12/63, Cross, P. C. Rosen, R. D. McCord, 

12569–79, 28647, 24607, 04/14/63, 04/12/68, 07/20/77, C. H. Lowe, K. Justice, G. O. 

47821, 48556, 49393 06/17/88, 05/20/89, 04/13/91 Gates, A. D. Cecil, C. D. Belknap, 

J. J. Reed

14669–73, 36355, UC 07/28/60, 04/06/66, 05/24/71, H. Beargie, K. Beargie, N. Hadley,

45468–80, 55517–39 06/04/82, 06/05/82 D. M. Secoy, H. L. Taylor

43217 UI 06/27/58 D. M. Smith, K. Williams, 

J. P. Kelley

western skink 35788–90, 35792–93 UI 07/30/48, 08/01/48, 08/04/48 D. M. Smith, H. M. Smith, 

W. L. Burger, M. M. Hensley

Gila monster 75109, 93895 NHMLAC

72056 TCWC 06/18/86

47961, 50698, 50729 UA 05/16/87, 09/05/96, 08/25/97 K. Wisner, A. C. Pate, P. C. Rosen

4976 NHMLAC
53

Taxon

Common name Field collection number Collectiona Date(s) Primary collector(s)

Reptile

western blind snake 47815 UA 06/12/88 P. C. Rosen

5622 UI 07/2/49 D. M. Smith, M. Hensley

rosy boa 39554–55, 47398, UA 05/05/62, 11/29/52, 10/21/87, O. Bronson, J. Martin, 

49396-PSV 03/20/90 T. VanDevender, Baker, G. Ruffner,

R. Joh

5623, 6015 UI 04/11/49, 08/09/48 D. M. Smith, W. L. Burger, 

M. Hensley

western hog-nosed snake 4069, 4210–13 NHMLAC 04/24/42

spotted leaf-nosed snake CAS 91663 CAS 09/02/61 R. Bandar

8018–26 INHS 06/14/55, 07/27/57, 06/20/57 P. W. Smith, D. M. Smith

A. A. Smith, M. M. Hensley

64236, 102786–88 NHMLAC

33844, 40815, 42709, UA 05/14/71, 06/09/55, 07/09/77, T. VanDevender, Woodin, 

47814, 48544–45, 06/15/88, 05/21/89, 08/07/89, Koehler, J. K. Cross, P. C. Rosen, 

48569–70,49089–90, 49925, 06/26/89, 05/27/89, 05/24/90, J. B. Iverson, C. Wilson, S. Booth, 

50093–94, 50096, 50100, 05/23/91, 04/24/92, 06/13/93, D. A. Parize, C. H. Lowe

50180 06/10/93, 06/12/93, 06/14/93, 

05/31/92

5580–83, 5585–88, UI 04/24/49, 06/09/49, 06/14/49, D. M. Smith, M. M. Hensley, 

5967, 84054–55 06/16/49, 06/25/49, 06/26/49, W. L. Burger, F. A. Shannon,

07/28/48, 05/29/51 Supernaugh, R. Abbuhl, 

H. K. Gloyd

saddled leaf-nosed snake 41194 BYU 07/19/72 J. R. Ottley

7576, 8016–18 INHS 06/17/54, 06/14/55, 07/31/57 P. W. Smith, D. M. Smith, 

A. A. Smith, M. M. Hensley

62401 Har

53086–91, 102778 NHMLAC

193015, 292589–90 USNM 07/09/71 F. R. Gehlbach

25792, 25811, 33825–26, UA 04/30/56, 06/24/62, 05/14/71, C. H. Lowe, R. L. Bezy, 

39512, 40349, 41192, 41466, 06/11/53, 06/05/50, 06/09/52, T. VanDevender, W. H. Woodin, 

41478, 42594, 42613, 47811, 06/12/52, 06/10/52, 07/07/77, D. L. Braun, W. H. Woodin, 

48539, 48541–42, 48568, 07/19/77, 06/13/88, 07/02/89, J. K. Cross, P. C. Rosen, 

49088, 50088, 50090, 08/07/89, 05/25/89, 06/11/93, S. J. Booth, B. E.Martin, S. F. Hale,

50144–45, 50178 05/20/93, 06/11/93, 05/29/92 P. A. Holm, J. Howland

40915 UC 07/18/69 R. L. Holland

5568–71, 5573–77, 5579, UI 06/12/49, 06/13/49, 06/14/49, D. M. Smith, M. M. Hensley, 

5648, 5969–70, 83993 06/16/49, 06/17/49, 06/18/49, W. L. Burger, F. A. Shannon

06/09/49, 06/24/49, 07/11/49, 

07/20/49, 08/02/48, 09/09/48, 

06/15/57 

coachwhip HE.13566 MSU 04/18/49 M. M. Hensley

25600, 31757, 37822–23, UA 04/29/62, 09/22/69, 07/12/69, R. L. Bezy, T. Mulroy, S. Hale, 

48837–38 05/08/83, 05/06/89, 05/07/89 R. R. Johnson, P. C. Rosen

5610 UI 05/12/49 D. M. Smith, M. Hensley

Sonoran whipsnake 35512, 39722, 47370, UA 06/06/53, 05/06/72, 06/21/93, W. H. Woodin, Johnson, D. A.

50195, 50845-PSV 09/23/73, 06/04/53, 09/22/69 Parizek, B. E. Martin, Larson
Taxon

Common name Field collection number Collectiona Date(s) Primary collector(s)

Reptile

western patch-nosed snake 6502 INHS 06/02/52 P. W. Smith, D. M. Smith, 

A. A. Smith

HE.13607 MSU 05/28/49 M. M. Hensley

128211–12 UCB 06/22/76, 07/22/75 B. K. Sullivan, R. Garcia

26273, 30640, 40214, UA 04/30/56, 04/22/69, 05/24/50, C. H. Lowe, T. Mulroy, 

40562, 43007, 45094, 06/03/53, 07/06/78, 11/27/83, W. H. Woodin, Larson, 

47852, 47884,47886, 04/10/88, 05/21/88, 05/19/88, J. K. Cross, R. R. Johnson, 

47899–900, 47976–77, 05/17/88, 04/16/88, 10/15/86, P. C. Rosen, R. Irving, 

48530–31, 48611, 48691, 04/15/89, 05/13/89, 03/29/89, D. Anderson, E. B. Wirt, 

48765–66, 48839–41, 49281, 09/23/89, 03/28/89, 03/30/89, D. A. Parizek, T. R. Jones, 

50184–86, 50222, 50316, 05/08/89, 05/06/89, 05/12/91, C. W. Connor, C. Hedgcock, 

50591 03/24/93, 03/25/93, 10/07/92, B. E. Martin

05/03/95, 10/18/96

31167 UC 04/3/66 R. Holland

5561–67, 30330 UI 03/28/49, 04/04/49, 04/10/49, D. M. Smith, P.W. Smith, A. Smith,

04/23/49, 04/27/49, 05/12/49, M. M. Hensley

06/11/49, 06/02/49

gopher snake HE.13567 MSU 08/04/57 M. M. Hensley

102199, 102201 NHMLAC

28828, 47851, 47957, UA 06/24/68, 05/24/88, 09/17/88, P. Gegenheimer, P. C. Rosen, 

47962, 47975, 48560, 08/26/86, 10/05/88, 06/15/89, M. Brown, E. B. Wirt, S. Booth

48836 05/09/89

5595, 83892 UI 04/30/49, 06/15/57 D. M. Smith, F. A. Shannon, 

F. L. Humphrey, M. M. Hensley

135970 UM 07/28/66 E. D. Brodie

glossy snake 91674, 92463 CAS 09/02/61, 08/10/61 R. Bandar

8607 INHS 06/12/57 P.W. Smith, D.M. Smith, A.A. Smith

101977–78, 101982–84 NHMLAC

23989, 24035, 33853, UA 04/14/52, 06/24/62, 05/14/71, T. J. Walker, R. L. Bezy, 

41015, 47807–08, 47922–23, 06/15/88, 06/13/88, 09/13/87, T. VanDevender, L. Woodin, 

48529, 49082, 50196 08/20/87, 05/19/89, 05/22/90, P. C. Rosen, C. Connor, 

06/10/93 R. D. McCord

Arizona glossy snake 41019, 42592, 48561 UA 05/10/50, 07/09/77, 05/27/89 W. H. Woodin, J. K. Cross, 

(A. e. noctivaga) S. Booth

5590–93 UI 03/26/49, 05/12/49, 07/02/49, D. M. Smith, & M. Hensley

07/11/49

common kingsnake HE.13565 MSU 08/04/57 M. M. Hensley

40383, 45466–67, 47891, UA 05/18/75, 05/09/85, 05/08/88, Wallace, T. VanDevender, 

47920, 48767, 49085, 08/22/87, 08/19/88, 05/23/90, P. C. Rosen, E. B. Wirt, P. A. Holm

50745 04/13/85

long-nosed snake CAS 91673 CAS 09/02/61 R. Bandar

34936, 102599–602 NHMLAC

26090, 41406, 45524, UA 04/8/66, 06/10/52, 05/08/83, R. L. Bezy, W. H. Woodin, 

47853, 47892–94, 47896–98, 05/22/88, 05/11/88, 05/09/88, R. R. Johnson, P. C. Rosen, 

47901, 47918–19, 48532–37, 05/16/88, 05/11/88, 08/22/87, S. J. Booth, E. B. Wirt, V. Carrasco

48564–65, 48769–70, 08/23/87, 05/04/89, 04/21/89, 

50313–14 05/04/89, 04/21/89, 04/15/89, 

06/15/89, 05/27/89, 03/28/89,

03/29/89, 04/23/93, 09/11/91

5600, 5987 UI 04/21/49, 07/31/48 D. M. Smith, M. M. Hensley, 

W. L. Burger

black-necked garter snake 76321 NHMLAC

western ground snake 2702 NHMLAC J. C. Von Bleeker

54
Taxon

Common name Field collection number Collectiona Date(s) Primary collector(s)

Reptile

western shovel-nosed 52199, 64303 NHMLAC

snake 39835, 49094, 49183 UA 06/5/50, 05/11/91, 05/12/91 W. H. Woodin, P. C. Rosen, 

C. H. Lowe

Sonoran shovel-nosed HE.10735 MSU 06/11/49 M. M. Hensley

snake 34915, 52166–68, NHMLAC 05/30/58

67276,125992

20967, 39834, 39836, UA 06/9/51, 07/07/56, 05/09/85, C. H. Lowe, O. Bronson, 

45468–69, 47818–20, 06/16/88, 06/17/88, 06/18/88, R. B. Loomis, T. VanDevender, 

47854–58, 47887–89, 05/22/88, 05/23/88, 05/21/88, P. C. Rosen, S. J. Booth, 

47903–06, 48231, 48303, 05/20/88, 05/08/88, 05/07/88, E. B. Wirt, B. E. Martin, 

48548–55, 48574–75, 05/09/88, 05/06/88, 05/04/89, Y. Petryszyn, J. S. Parizek, 

49616–17, 48768, 48842, 05/21/89, 04/21/89, 05/15/89, D. A. Parizek, P. A. Holm, 

48874–75, 49097–102, 06/02/89, 07/01/89, 04/16/89, S. S. Sartorius, C. W. Connor

49331, 50103, 50151–54, 04/18/89, 06/09/89, 06/06/89, 

50172, 50199, 50734 04/11/89, 08/19/88, 05/06/89, 05/29/89, 

05/21/91, 05/21/90, 05/13/91, 05/23/90, 

05/19/90, 09/19/87, 05/26/93, 05/12/93, 

04/19/93, 05/20/93, 06/09/91, 06/16/93, 

07/02/96

5602–06, 5906 UI 06/19/49, 06/12/49, 06/17/49, 06/20/49, D. M. Smith, M. Hensley, 

08/02/48 W. L. Buger

variable sandsnake 42467, 24102, 47902, UA 06/01/52, 05/11/88, 04/21/89, Smith, Wallace, C. H. Lowe, 

48547, 48876, 49093, 05/29/89, 05/29/91, 04/26/92, P. C. Rosen, E. B. Wirt, D. 

49928, 50328 10/01/95 Mello, S. Julander, P. A. Holm

5608–09 UI 06/19/49, 07/11/49 D. M. Smith, M. Hensley

southwestern black- 48576–77 UA 03/29/90, 04/20/90 P. C. Rosen

headed snake

western lyre snake 91672 CAS 09/02/61 R. Bandar

39593, 47883–84, UA 05/17/50, 05/21/88, 05/19/90, W. H. Woodin, P. C. Rosen, 

49228, 49428 10/04/90 E. B. Wirt

5618–20 UI 07/02/49, 07/03/49 D. M. Smith, M. M. Hensley

night snake 8027 INHS 06/14/55 P.W. Smith and D.M. Smith

63455, 64308–09, NHMLAC

101826, 115799

27150, 39741, 40386, UA 04/14/73, 06/11/52, 05/18/75, R. J. Johnson, W. H. Woodin,

41223, 42596, 47817, 06/11/53, 07/07/77, 06/17/88, Wallace, Larson, J. K. Cross, 

47972, 48546, 48571 09/16/88, 07/01/89, 04/19/90 P. C. Rosen

5614–17, 47641–42 UI 05/13/49, 06/11/49, 06/12/49, D. M. Smith, M. M. Hensley, 

05/28/56 M. B. Mittleman

Sonoran coral snake 3197 NHMLAC

39674, 47959, 47965, UA 09/17/88, 09/02/86, 05/29/89, P. C. Rosen, B. Mack, S. J. 

48572–73, 48692, 05/27/89, 04/14/89, 05/17/91, Booth, E. B. Wirt

49086–87 05/23/90

western diamond-backed 92463 CAS 08/10/61 R. Bandar

rattlesnake

6513 INHS 06/2/52 W. Supernaugh

3014, 34945, NHMLAC 04/21/62

104368–72, 115981

33321 TCWC

061624 USNM 07/3/18 A. B. Howell

27313–14, 37320, UA 08/6/64, 05/06/65, 08/09/77, A. L. Gardner, T. J. Cox, 

42698, 47910–11, 09/18/87, 08/24/87, 06/13/89, J. K. Cross, P. C. Rosen, 

48562–63, 48610, 04/20/89, 09/23/89, 08/18/88, S. J. Booth, R. Johnson, K. 

48686–87, 48843, 50170 09/22/89, 07/29/89, 03/25/93 Hiett, E. B. Wirt, T. R. Jones

5624–25 UI 04/11/49, 07/04/49 D. M. Smith, M. Hensley

55
Taxon

Common name Field collection number Collectiona Date(s) Primary collector(s)

Reptile

sidewinder 52571, 64281, 104467–69 NHMLAC

33329 TCWC

134309 USNM 06/26/49 M. Hensley

27443–46, 27448–49, UA 10/08/60, 05/20/65, 09/17/88 W. G. Heath, T. J. Cox, 

27451, 27453, 27497, 27958 P. C. Rosen

5626, 5630, 5633, 53164, UI 05/01/49, 06/10/49, 03/28/63, D. M. Smith, R. Brown, M. Hensley,

84764, 84767 06/15/56 F. A. Shannon, R. Abbuhl, 

L. Humphrey

speckled rattlesnake 41780, 49434 UA 12/06/75, 04/07/90 T. VanDevender, P. C. Rosen

black-tailed rattlesnake 5634 UI 04/21/49 D. M. Smith, & M. Hensley

48764 UA 08/19/88 P.C. Rosen

tiger rattlesnake 27830, 47963, 48605, UA 09/05/60, 08/06/84, 04/23/89, J. Beatty, D. Anderson, 

48844, 50085 08/03/89, 06/10/93 P. C. Rosen

western rattlesnake 3119 NHMLAC

Mojave rattlesnake 13095 CAS1 05/10/51 H. K. Gloyd

6515, 8636, 8637 INHS 06/01/52, 07/27/57, 08/01/57 W. Supernaugh, P. W. Smith, 

M. M. Hensley

64282–84, 105062–64 NHMLAC

27727, 27759, 41103, UA 05/26/56, 03/31/66, 06/12/50, D. D. Koehler, C. H. Lowe, 

42597, 47890, 47913, 07/07/77, 05/19/88, 08/22/87, W. H. Woodin, J. K. Cross, 

47915, 47925–27, 47968, 09/27/87, 10/04/87, 08/23/87, P. C. Rosen, E. B. Wirt, M. Daniels,

48688, 50171 08/19/87, 09/16/88, 09/22/89, D. Parizek

04/12/93

5635–37, 6014, 84841 UI 04/18/49, 04/20/49, 08/04/48, D. M. Smith, M.M. Hensley, 

06/15/57 W. L. Burger, F. A. Shannon, 

F. L. Humphrey

Bird

Gambel’s quail 64361–62 UCB 01/26/34, 01/27/34 L. Kellogg, S. H. Bowles

1142 UA

rough-legged hawk 4881 UA

common tern 14621–22 UA

elf owl 10 TCWC 06/23/32 W. P. Taylor

common poorwill 15143, 16762 UA

red-naped sapsucker 64381 UCB 01/29/34 L. Kellogg

gilded flicker 64372, 64367–71 UCB 02/1/34, 01/26/34, 01/29/34, M. M. Erickson, L. Kellogg

01/31/34

Say’s phoebe 64392 UCB 02/2/34 M. M. Erickson

ash-throated flycatcher 64385 UCB 02/1/34 L. Kellogg

loggerhead shrike 64440–41 UCB 01/27/34, 02/02/34 M. M. Erickson

verdin 114 TCWC 06/23/32 W. P. Taylor

cactus wren 7503, 13108 UA

64408, 64425 UCB 01/29/34, 01/26/34 M. M. Erickson, L. Kellogg

canyon wren 64411–16 UCB 01/29/34, 01/30/34, 02/01/34 M. M. Erickson

black-tailed gnatcatcher 118 TCWC 06/22/32 W. P. Taylor

northern mockingbird 64419–20 UCB 01/27/34, 02/01/34 M. M. Erickson, L. Kellogg

sage thrasher 64409, 64423–24, 64426–27 UCB 01/30/34, 01/24/34, 01/26/34, M. M. Erickson, L. Kellogg

01/27/34

crissal thrasher 64421 UCB 02/2/19 L. Kellogg

golden-winged warbler 9371 UA

canyon towhee 64461 UCB M. M. Erickson

white-crowned sparrow 64469 UCB 01/27/34 L. Kellogg

northern cardinal 83 TCWC 06/23/19 W. P. Taylor

56
57

Taxon

Common name Field collection number Collectiona Date(s) Primary collector(s)

Mammal

Crawford’s desert shrew 24508, 24600, 25332 UA 07/5/83, 08/07/83, 04/19/87 Y. Petryszyn, W. E. Hall, 

C. A. Olsen

California leaf-nosed bat 23779, 23931–32 UA 07/8/79, 02/24/79 Y. Petryszyn, R. A. Gerhart

southern long-nosed bat 23780, 23778, 23899, UA 07/08/79, 07/09/79, 07/31/79, Y. Petryszyn, J. W. Steiger

23901, 24452, 26073 07/28/79, 04/24/82, 10/1/82

cave myotis 23784–85, 25973 UA 07/8/79, 09/08/93 Y. Petryszyn

California myotis 183586 UCB 01/26/45 D. G. Constantine

23745, 23776–77, 26220 UA 07/31/79, 07/08/79, 07/09/79, J. W. Steiger, Y. Petryszyn

07/12/89

western pipistrelle 61933 UCB 02/2/34 M. M. Erickson

23782–83, 24320, 24444, UA 07/8/79, 05/31/79, 10/26/81, Y. Petryszyn, L. L. Zaffino, 

24483, 25976, 26061 09/26/81, 04/23/82, 09/07/93, M. T. Brown

big brown bat 23746–48, 23900, 23902, UA 03/31/79, 07/28/79, 07/08/79, R. A. Gerhart, J. W. Steiger, 

23982, 24442, 24482 09/14/79, 09/26/81, 04/23/82 Y. Petryszyn, M. T. Brown

hoary bat 23981 UA 09/15/79 Y. Petryszyn

Townsend’s big-eared bat 183618 UCB 06/29/45 D. G. Constantine

pallid bat 23933–34, 24504 UA 03/31/79, 04/24/82 R. A. Gerhart, Y. Petryszyn

pocketed free-tailed bat 23979–80, 24443, 24453, UA 05/31/79, 09/14/79, 09/26/81, L. L. Zaffino, Y. Petryszyn, 

24594, 24608–09, 24612, 06/24/82, 09/27/81, 06/18/83, M. T. Brown, R. Agte, E. Bernstein,

24783–84 06/15/83 J. Pickrel

western bonneted bat 26209 UA 02/2/95 Y. Petryszyn

Underwood’s bonneted bat 23990, 24321–22, 24441, UA 09/14/79, 10/26/81, 06/24/82, J. W. Steiger, Y. Petryszyn

24454, 24593 01/07/83, 06/18/83

American badger 25508 UA 10/24/90 K. A. Jarik

feral dog 25359 UA 06/20/88 S. Russel, Y. Petryszyn

coyote 61949–51 UCB 02/01/34, 01/25/34, 01/26/34 L. Kellogg, M. M. Erickson

kit fox 25358 UA 09/23/88 S. Russel, Y. Petryszyn

common gray fox 61947–48 UCB 02/02/34, 01/26/34 A. M. Alexander

25357 UA 06/01/1983 R. Bowers

round-tailed ground squirrel 149819–23 UK 7/18/50, 07/19/50, 07/20/50 A. Schwartz

61953–60 UCB 01/28/34, 01/29/34 L. Kellogg, A. M. Alexander

29451–52 TCWC 06/24/32 W. P. Taylor

Harris’ antelope squirrel 149413–16 UK 07/19/50, 07/20/50 A. Schwartz

61975–77 UCB 01/30/34, 01/31/34, 01/25/34 L. Kellogg, M. M. Erickson

24582, 24948, 24994 UA 10/03/1981 G. Webb, A. May, D. Sutton

Botta’s pocket gopher 62142, 62148–53, 62157, UCB 01/30/34, 01/31/34, 02/01/34, 

62140–41, 62143–47, 01/29/34 M. M. Erickson, L. Kellogg

62154–56

Arizona pocket mouse 149349–51 UK 07/19/50, 08/23/54 A. Schwartz

17768, 24571, 24771, UA 07/29/68, 10/04/81, 10/03/82, J. M. Mondean, S. Seidler,

24827–28, 24854, 24855, 09/23/83, 10/02/82, 09/25/83, P. Holm, J. Morganflash, P. Casey, 

24858–60, 24962, 24995, 09/24/83, 09/22/84 A. Wigg, K. Blum, J. E. McKendy, 

26292 D. V. Smith, C. Bernstein, L. Kervin

little pocket mouse 24730–31 UA 10/07/83, 09/25/83 Y. Petryszyn, D. V. Smith
58

Taxon

Common name Field collection number Collectiona Date(s) Primary collector(s)

Mammal 

Sonoran Desert pocket 17769, 24484, 24644, UA 07/29/68, 09/26/81, 09/27/81, S. D. Koerner, S. M. Russell, 

mouse 24647–48, 24773, 24865–66, 09/25/82, 10/04/81, 10/03/81, K. Kingsley, G. Webb, G. Delfrate,

24919–20, 24956–59, 10/02/82, 10/03/82, 09/23/83, K. Blum, L. J. Risan, J. A. 

24991–93, 25014–17, 25030, 09/24/82, 09/25/83, 09/24/83, Mazzolini, K. E. Comstock, 

25034–35, 25138, 25143, 05/17/82, 09/23/84, 10/02/82, S. Seidler, A. J. Wigg, L. A. Weeks,

25217, 25232, 26310–11, 10/01/84 M. J. Hazlett, B. Standley, 

26404 K. Yamaguchi, J. E. McKendy, 

K. L. Madariaga, D. V. Smith, R. L. 

Moyer, C. H. Behrens, P. A. Holms,

K. J. Stenberg, M. Rome, 

D. Duncan, R. Agte

rock pocket mouse 62250–68 UCB 01/29/34, 01/31/34, 02/01/34, A. M. Alexander, L. Kellogg

02/02/34, 02/03/34

29444 TCWC 06/24/32 W. P. Taylor

24487, 24627–28, 24733, UA 04/23/82, 10/03/81, 09/25/81, Y. Petryszyn, P. Holm, E. Sterling,

24799–800, 24829, 24867, 10/03/82, 09/23/83, 09/24/83, K. Flanagan, D. Youkey, 

24903, 24918, 24987–90, 09/25/82, 10/04/81, 09/27/81, E. Moonga, P. Casey, L. J. 

25022–26, 25039, 25040–42, 10/01/82, 09/25/83, 09/26/81 Risan, A. Massolini, D. Stanley, 

25137, 25140–42, 25144 A. Wigg, J. Cole, L. A. Weeks, 

K. R. Blum, R. L. Moyer, D. J. 

Hansen, K. Yamaguchi, J. Hazam, 

C. H. Behrans, J. M. Herron

Bailey’s pocket mouse 24503, 24572–77, UA 09/26/81, 10/03/81, 09/27/81, C. Szuter, G. Delfrate, P. Raimondi,

24629–33, 24639–40, 24643, 08/26/81, 10/04/81, 09/25/81 G. Webb, R. Collins, P. S. Sutton, 

24769–70, 25031–33, L. A. Weeks, J. A. Mazzolini, S. J. 

25036–37, 25046–57, Fedorko, R. R. Jones, M. J. 

25059–60, 25064–69, Hazlett, K. E. Comstock, D. J. 

25116–36, 25156, 25158, Hansen, J. Cole, D. A. Stanley, 

26412 R. Day, C. H. Behrens, E. Thoms, 

P. A. McGrath, S. Kohnke, E. G. 

Morrow, J. Cooley, R. Byers, 

M. T. Brown, R. Agte

desert kangaroo rat 62382–83 UCB 1/30/34, 01/31/34 A. M. Alexander

24658, 24768 UA 09/24/83, 10/02/81 B. Standley, L. Weeks

banner-tailed kangaroo rat 149338–41 UK 07/17/50 A. Schwartz

Merriam’s kangaroo rat 149220–21, 149223–29 UK 07/18/50, 07/19/50 A. Schwartz

62363–68, 62372–77 UCB 01/30/34, 01/29/34, 02/03/34, M. M. Erickson, A. M. Alexander

01/26/34, 01/24/34

17767, 24564–68, UA 07/29/68, 10/03/81, 10/02/81, S. Black, S. Seidler, G. Delfrate, 

24615–17, 24620, 24624–26, 10/04/81, 09/27/81, 10/02/82, L. Weeks, C. Lindquist, J. Hazain,

24767, 24804–05, 24807, 09/25/82, 10/08/83, 10/03/82, J. Bates, A. May, D. Cralmer, 

24825–26, 24841, 24843–47, 10/01/82, 10/02/82, 09/26/82, P. Holm, E. A. Sterling, D. Hansen,

24852–53, 24923–37, 08/26/82, 09/24/82, 10/09/81, P. S. Sutton, S. J. Fedorko, 

24963–71, 24978, 24980, 11/21/82 R. Jones, J. E. McKendry, 

24997–002, 25004–13, N. Mays, D. Callison, M. J. Hazlett,

25018–20, 25043–45, G. W. Parry, S. A. Carroll, K. R. 

25077–84, 25086–115, Blum, A. J. Wigg, K. O. Moyers, 

25139, 25146–150, 25153, B. G. Nidetz, D. K. Duncan, 

25155, 25198, 25712, R. Byers, K. L. Madariaga, 

26091, 26143, 25153, E. Melink, M. J. Podborag, R. R. 

25155, 25198, 25712, Jones, K. M. Flanagan, D. Stejskal,

26091, 26143, 26145, 26146, J. Buchanan, M. Bernas, J. Herron,

26226, 26254–55, 26273, R. Buyers, J. Cole, G. Montgomery,

26290–91, 26321, 26370 J. Brown, L. J. Risen
59

Taxon

Common name Field collection number Collectiona Date(s) Primary collector(s)

Mammal 

cactus mouse 62491–508 UCB 01/29/34, 01/30/34, 01/31/34, L. Kellogg, A. M. Alexander, 

02/01/34, 02/03/34, 01/03/34, M. M. Erickson

01/24/24, 01/25/34

24445, 24484–86, 24492, UA 09/26/81, 04/23/82, 11/19/81, M. T. Brown, Y. Petryszyn, 

24809–11, 24943–47, 09/24/83, 09/25/83, 09/23/83, R. Collins, C. Bernstein, D. Youkey,

24996, 25145, 25157, 09/27/81, 10/04/81, 04/25/82, R. L. Moyer, K. E. Comstock, 

25789, 26289 05/14/82 J. Bates, R. R. Jones, P. McGrath, 

M. Hazlett, J. V. Salmon

black-eared mouse 24817 UA 10/28/83 B. Standley

Merriam’s mouse 25494 UA 12/7/88 Y. Petryszyn

western white-throated 62631–45, 182894 UCB 01/24/34, 01/25/34, 01/30/34, A. M. Alexander, L. Kellogg, 

woodrat 01/31/34 M. M. Erickson

24649–50, 24842, 24864, UA 09/27/81, 11/21/82, 09/25/82, G. Webb, G. Delfrate, A. May, 

24938–42, 24949–55, 04/25/82, 09/23/83, 09/24/83, R. K. Bowers, M. Hazlett, 

24972, 24981–86, 25038, 10/03/82, 10/01/82, 04/26/82, D. Youkey, B. Standley, J. Hazarn,

25070–76, 25151–52 10/04/81, 09/26/81, 10/03/81, J. McKendy, S. Seidler, R. R. 

09/25/81 Jones, J. M. Bates, M. T. Brown, 

R. L. Moyer, R. Day, P. McGrath, 

L. A. Weeks, D. A. Stanley, D. J. 

Stejskal, J. S. Buchanon, K. E. 

Comstock, D. J. Hansen

Arizona cotton rat 25871 UA 06/30/92 Y. Petryszyn

desert bighorn sheep 25528 UA 04/14/91 P. Fernandez, P. Rosen

a BYU = Brigham Young University; CAS = California Academy of Science; CAS1 = Chicago Academy of Sciences; 

FWMSH = Fort Worth Museum of Science and History; Har = Museum of Comparitive Zoology, Harvard University; 

INHS = Illinois Natural History Survey; MSU = Michigan State University; NHMLAC = Natural History Museum of Los Angeles County;

TCWC = Texas Cooperative Wildlife Collection; TMNH = Tulane Museum of Natural History; UC = University of Colorado Museum, 

UCB = Museum of Vertebrate Zoology, University of California, Berkeley; UI = University of Illinois, Museum of Natural History;

UK = Museum of Natural History, University of Kansas; UM = University of Michigan; USNM = U. S. National Museum; 

UTEP = University of Texas, El Paso.
60