FILED

October 10, 1997

Cecil W. Crowson

Appellate Court Clerk

IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF TENNESSEE

MIDDLE SECTION AT NASHVILLE

PAULA RENEE STEPHENS COONER, )

)

Plaintiff/Appellant, )

) Davidson Circuit

) No. 83D-265

VS. )

) Appeal No.

) 01A01-9701-CV-00021

GARY KENT COONER, )

)

Defendant/Appellee. )

DISSENTING OPINION

This appeal involves a conviction for criminal contempt arising from a

dispute over the custody of an adolescent child. After the Fourth Circuit Court for

Davidson County found the mother in willful criminal contempt for depriving the

father of the lawful custody of the child, the mother perfected this appeal

challenging the adequacy of the notice of the contempt proceeding and the

evidentiary foundation for the contempt petition.

I.

Paula Renee Stephens and Gary Kent Cooner were divorced in August 1983

in the Fourth Circuit Court for Davidson County. Ms. Stephens received custody

of their 21⁄2-year-old son, and Mr. Cooner was granted visitation and ordered to

pay child support. Ms. Stephens subsequently remarried and over the next ten

years returned to court on several occasions to obtain orders to require Mr. Cooner

to honor his child support obligation.

For reasons not apparent in this record, the parties transferred physical

possession of their son from Ms. Stephens to Mr. Cooner in November 1993.

They informed the trial court of this development during a December 1993

hearing on Ms. Stephens’s petition to hold Mr. Cooner in contempt for not paying

child support. In a February 1, 1994 order, the trial court noted that
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this present agreement is made with the understanding

that the parties transferred physical possession of the

minor child to the Respondent on November 8, 1993,

and will be filing an Order changing custody of the

minor child and setting an amount of current support for

[sic] and after that date. In the event the parties are not

able to agree upon an amount of current support, or

payment by the Respondent on these arrearages, the

parties will file a motion to have the matter set for

further hearing on these issues.

No order was ever entered formally changing custody from Ms. Stephens to Mr.

Cooner. 

Mr. Cooner filed a motion to set child support after the parties could not

agree on the amount of child support Ms. Stephens should pay. The trial court

entered an order on June 6, 1994 directing Ms. Stephens to begin paying child

support but offsetting Mr. Cooner’s arrearage against her obligation. In this order,

the trial court specifically found that “the child . . . is now in the custody of Gary

Kent Cooner.” 

The parties’ son apparently grew unhappy about living with Mr. Cooner,

and complained to Ms. Stephens that Mr. Cooner was absent from the home a

great deal of the time and that he was being supervised by Mr. Cooner’s live-in

girlfriend. He also had other complaints about Mr. Cooner’s use of drugs and

possession of intimate pictures of himself and his girlfriends. The child finally

told his mother during their scheduled visitation over the 1996 Labor Day holiday

that he wanted to move back in with her. Even though Mr. Cooner was apparently

out of town at the time, Ms. Stephens accompanied her son to Mr. Cooner’s house

and helped him remove his clothing and furnishings in his room. While in the

house, the boy showed Ms. Stephens drug paraphernalia and intimate pictures that

he had taken from Mr. Cooner’s room.

When he returned home, Mr. Cooner discovered that his son was gone. He

apparently telephoned Ms. Stephens and discovered that the boy was with her.

When they met later to discuss the situation, Ms. Stephens informed Mr. Cooner

of their son’s desire to move back in with her, and Mr. Cooner replied that they

should think about it for several weeks. On September 6, 1996, Mr. Cooner filed

a petition seeking to hold Ms. Stephens in civil and criminal contempt and also
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obtained an ex parte temporary restraining order to prevent Ms. Stephens from

continuing to deprive him of custody of his son. While the record does not show

when she received notice of the temporary restraining order, Ms. Stephens

returned the child and all his possessions to Mr. Cooner on September 7, 1996.

Ms. Stephens filed an answer to Mr. Cooner’s petition for contempt

admitting that Mr. Cooner had custody of the child but denying that she was in

contempt for assisting her son move out of Mr. Cooner’s house. She also

requested that custody be changed from Mr. Cooner to her.

The record contains no indication that the notice requirements of Tenn.

Crim. App. R. 42(b) were ever satisfied or that Mr. Cooner was ever required to

elect whether to proceed first with his criminal contempt charge or his civil

contempt charge. The transcript of the October 31, 1996 hearing, likewise,

contains no indication that the parties understood from the outset the precise

nature and purpose of the hearing. Accordingly, the only reasonable conclusion

to be drawn from this record is that both the criminal and the civil contempt

allegations were before the court simultaneously.

Very little evidence was actually taken during the October 31, 1996 hearing.

Ms. Stephens was the only witness. She admitted that she had entered Mr.

Cooner’s house with her son and that she had helped her son remove his clothes

and other belongings. She also explained that she “didn’t feel it was going to be

a problem” because she believed that Mr. Cooner would honor their son’s desire

to move “particularly given the incriminating things that were found there.” She

also stated that she returned the child to Mr. Cooner when she received the

temporary restraining order. The trial court found Ms. Stephens to be “in willful

criminal contempt of the Orders of this Court” and sentenced her to one night in

jail. The trial court explained “her actions are absolutely shocking to this Court.

Anybody that would go into a man’s house and take his furniture out – I mean, it’s

a wonder they didn’t get charged criminally. I cannot allow that.”

II.
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The court bases its decision to vacate the judgment for criminal contempt

on the “constitutional right of due process.” The concept of due process is such

an elastic term that I am compelled to point out two specific shortcomings in these

proceedings that require reversal of the judgment.

The first shortcoming is a substantive one. Criminal contempt proceedings

are intended to vindicate the authority of the courts by punishing persons who

willfully disobey lawful court orders. State ex rel. Agee v. Chapman, 922 S.W.2d

516, 519 (Tenn. Ct. App. 1995); Thigpen v. Thigpen, 874 S.W.2d 51, 53 (Tenn.

Ct. App. 1993). In order to warrant a judgment of criminal contempt, the conduct

must be specifically contrary to a court order, and the conduct must be willful or

intentional. This record contains no indication that an order had ever been entered

specifically directing Ms. Stephens not to accompany her son into Mr. Cooner’s

house without his presence or permission. Accordingly, notwithstanding how

inappropriate or unwise Ms. Stephens’s conduct might have been, it cannot

support a judgment of criminal contempt.

Ms. Stephens could conceivably have violated the trial court’s September

6, 1996 order directing her to return the parties’ son to Mr. Cooner and to refrain

from interfering with Mr. Cooner’s custody rights. However, it is unlikely that

this order could have been the basis for a petition for contempt filed

contemporaneously with the order itself. Thus, the trial court’s criminal contempt

judgment cannot stand if it was based on Ms. Stephens’s violation of the

September 6, 1996 order. Ms. Stephens received no notice that she was being

accused of violating the September 6, 1996 order, and of equal importance, Mr.

Cooner failed to prove beyond a reasonable doubt that Ms. Stephens did not

comply with this order.

The second shortcoming is procedural. Civil and criminal contempt

proceedings should not be tried simultaneously because of the significant

differences in the respective burdens of proof and procedural rights accorded to

the person accused of contempt. Proceedings for indirect criminal contempt

cannot be commenced without the notice required by Tenn. R. Crim. P. 42(b).

Giving this notice at an early stage eliminates any possible confusion concerning

the nature of the proceeding and better enables the alleged contemner to invoke
1Tenn. R. App. P. 13(b)(3) permits this court to consider issues not presented for review

in order to prevent prejudice to the judicial process.

2Tenn. R. App. P. 36(b) permits this court to grant relief from final judgments for errors

when an “error involving a substantial right more probably than not affected the judgment or

would result in prejudice to the judicial process.”

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his or her procedural rights. Jones v. Jones, App. No. 01A01-9607-CV-00346,

1997 WL 80029, at *3 (Tenn. Ct. App. Feb. 26, 1997) (No Tenn. R. App. P. 11

application filed). 

Appellate courts review the substance of contempt judgments using the

“abuse of discretion” standard of review. Hawk v. Hawk, 855 S.W.2d 573, 583

(Tenn. 1993). We are not so deferential about adherence to procedural

requirements because trial courts must comply strictly with the absolute

provisions of the law. Robinson v. Air Draulics Eng’g Co., 214 Tenn. 30, 37, 377

S.W.2d 908, 912 (1964). Strict oversight of the procedure employed by trial

courts is necessary to ensure that courts wield their broad contempt power in

accordance with the rule of law and the requirements of procedural fairness.

Sanders v. Sanders, App. No. 01A01-9601-GS-00021, 1997 WL 15228, at *3

(Tenn. Ct. App. Jan. 17. 1997) (No Tenn. R. App. P. 11 application filed). 

The procedure employed by the trial court in this case was fundamentally

flawed because of the lack of notice required by Tenn. R. Crim. P. 42(b) and

because the trial court was apparently attempting to consider Mr. Cooner’s

petitions for criminal contempt and for civil contempt simultaneously. Even

though Ms. Stephens did not frame the issue precisely in these terms, we should

take it up in order to prevent prejudice to the judicial process1 and because the

procedural oversight involved substantial rights and more likely than not affected

the outcome of the proceeding.2

The substantive and procedural flaws in this contempt proceeding cannot

be remedied by vacating the contempt judgment and remanding the case for

retrial. Thus, rather than taxing the parties and the trial court with additional,

pointless proceedings, I would reverse the judgment of contempt and remand the

case to the trial court with directions to dismiss Mr. Cooner’s petition to hold Ms.

Stephens in contempt.
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III.

The court has not dealt with the issue of whether Ms. Stephens should be

required to pay the legal expenses Mr. Cooner incurred in pursuing his contempt

petition. Trial courts may award attorneys fees in proceedings to enforce child

support decrees or in proceedings involving the custody or change of custody of

children. Tenn. Code Ann. § 36-5-103(c) (1996). However, this was not such a

proceeding. Criminal contempt proceedings, unlike civil contempt proceedings,

are for the benefit of the court not for the benefit of the parties. State ex rel. Agee

v. Chapman, 922 S.W.2d at 519. Accordingly, in the absence of a statute or rule

enabling prevailing parties in criminal contempt proceedings to recover their

attorney’s fees, I would hold that the trial court did not have authority to order Ms.

Stephens to pay Mr. Cooner for the legal expenses he incurred to pursue his

criminal contempt petition.

________________________________

WILLIAM C. KOCH, JR., JUDGE