Data from the Series 11 

NATIONAL HEALTH SURVEY Number 144 

Decayed,Missing, 

and Filled Teeth 

AmongYouths 

12-17Years 

United States 

Estimates of decayed, missing, and filled (DMF) permanent teeth among youths, 

by age, race, sex, and selected demographic characteristics, with a brief 

discussion of prevailing trends. 

DHEW Publication No. (HRA) 75-1626 

U.S. DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH, EDUCATION, AND WELFARE 

Public Health Service 

Health Resources Administration 

National Center for Health Statistics 

Rockville, Md. October 1974 
Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data 

Kelly, James E. 

Decayed, missing, and filled teeth among youths 12-17 years. 

(National Center for Health Statistics. Data from the National Health Survey, series 11, 

no. 144) (DHEW publication No. (HBA) 751626) 

Supt. of Dots. No.: HE 20.2210: 1 l/143 

Bibliography: p. 

1. Dental caries-United States-Statistics. 2. Youth-United States-DiseasesStatistics. 3. United States-Statistics, Medical. I. Harvey, Clair, joint author. II. Title. III. 

Series: United States. National Center for Health Statistics. Vital and health statistics. Series 

11: Data from the National Health Survey. Data from the health examination survey, no. 

144. IV. Series: United States. Dept. of Health, Education, and Welfare. DHEW publication 

no. (HRA) 75-1626. [DNLM: 1. Dental health surveys-In adolescence-U.S. 2. DMF index. 

W2 A N148vk no. 1441 

RA407.3.A347 no. 144 312’.0973s [312’.3’047670973] ISBN O-8406-0022-4 74-10925 

For ~~18by the 8uperlntendmt of Documente, U.S. Qovemment Prlntlng OflIce, Washington, D.C. ZC4OZ- Price 8.5cents 
NATIONAL CENTER FOR HEALTH STATISTICS 

EDWARD B. PERRIN, Ph.D., Director 

PHILIP S. LAWRENCE, Sc.D., Deputy Director 

JACOB S. FELDMAN, Ph.D., Acting Associate Director for Analysis 

GAIL F. FISHER, Associate Director for the Cooperative Health Stafistics System 

ELIJAH L. WHITE, Associate Director for Data Systems 

IWAO M. MOKIYAMA, Ph.D., Associate Director for International Statistics 

EDWARD E. MINTY, Associate Director for Management 

ROBERT A. ISRAEL, Associate Director for Operations 

QUENTIN R. REMEIN, Associate Directorfor Program DeveZopment 

PAUL E. LEAVERTON, Acting Associate Director for Reseurch 

ALICE HAYWOOD, Information Officer 

DIVISION OF HEALTH EXAMINATION STATISTICS 

ARTHUR J. MCDOWELL, Director 

GARRIE J. LOSEE, Deputy Director 

HENRY W. MILLER, Chief, Operations and Quality Control Branch 

JEAN ROBERTS, Chief, Medical Statistics Branch 

JAMES E. KELLY, D.D.S., ChiefNCHS Dental Adviser 

LAWRENCE E. VAN KIRK, D.D.S., Dental Adviser 

Vital and Health StatisticsSeries II-No. 144 

DHEW Publication No. (HRA) 75-1626 

Library of Congress Catalog Card Number 7410925 
CONTENTS 

Introduction .................................. 

Findings .................................... 

The DMF Index and Its Components .................... 

Age .................................... 

Sex .................................... 

Race ................................... 

Other Demographic Variables ........................ 

DMF Teeth by Income and Education .................. 

DMF Components ............................ 

Region of Residence ........................... 

Correlation Analysis of DMF Teeth and Selected 

Demographic Characteristics ........................ 

Discussion ................................... 

Summary.. .................................. 

References ................................... 

List of Detailed Tables ............................. 

Appendix I. The Dental Examination and the Training of Examiners ..... 

The Examination .............................. 

The Examiners ............................... 

Appendix II. Demographic and Socioeconomic Terms ............ 

Appendix III. Statistical Notes ........................ 

The Survey Design .............................. 

Page 

1 

7 

8 

11 

11 

12 

28 

28 

28 

31 

32 

32 

Reliability ................................. - 32 

Sampling and Measurement Error ...................... 33 

Expected Values ............................... 33 

Small Numbers ............................... 34 

Tests of.Significance ............................. 34 

. . 

II, 
SYMBOLS 

Data not available ________________________________________ _ _ 

Category not applicable _______________________________ . . . 

Quantity Zero----------------------------------------------

Quantity more than 0 but less than 0.05----- 0.0 

Figure does not meet standards of 

reliability or precision ______________________________ * 
DECAYED, MISSING, AND FILLED TEETH 

AMONG YOUTHS 12-17 YEARS 

James E. KeIly, D.D.S., and Clair R. Harvey, Division of Health Examination Statistics 

INTRODUCTION 

During 1966-70, the Division of Health 

Examination Statistics conducted a survey that 

collected information about the health of the 

U.S. population aged 12-17 years. The survey 

was the third of the Health Examination Survey 

programs undertaken on a continuing basis to 

obtain statistical information about the health 

of specific segments of the U.S. population. The 

conduct and operation of the survey of youths 

were essentially the same as those of two 

preceding surveys, one of adults aged 18-79 and 

the other of children aged 6-l l.l-3 Physicians, 

dentists, psychologists, nurses, and technicians 

conducted the examinations in mobile 

examination centers, which visited 40 scientifically selected locations in 25 States. 

The universe, or target population, from 

which the sample of youths was drawn totaled 

approximately 22.7 million (table III, appendix 

III). It was defined as all noninstitutionalized 

youths aged 12-17 living in the United States 

(including Alaska and Hawaii) except those 

living on lands reserved for the use of American 

Indians. A probability sample of approximately 

7,500 youths was selected so that statistically 

valid estimates about the health of the Nation’s 

youth could be made. 

Each sample youth who participated in the 

survey received the same examination. As in the 

previous survey of children’s health, many of the 

tests and measurements made on youths focused 

on factors related to bioIogical and 

psychological aspects of growth and 

development. A pediatrician examined the nose, 

throat, ears, heart, and neuromuscular system of 

each youth. The teeth and their supporting 

structures were examined by a dentist; and tests 

of intellectual development, school achievement, 

and personality development were cbnducted by 

a psychologist. Other procedures included tests 

of vision, hearing, exercise tolerance, grip 

strength, and breathing capacity. Blood pressure 

levels and electrocardiograms were recorded, as 

well as height, weight, and other body measurements. 

Before sample youths were exammed, certam 

information was obtained from their parents. 

The information included demographic and socioeconomic data about household members as 

we11 as a medical history and behavioral data 

about the sample youths. 

The dental examination was conducted by 

seven dentists employed at various times during 

the survey. The examiners derived their findings 

on a uniform basis by following as closely as 

possible written, objective standards. The 

standards were guidelines that, in effect, 

narrowed the range of examiner variability by 

eliminating many borderline or questionable 

conditions that are persistent sources of 

examiner disagreement. To avoid procedures 

that might have introduced systematic bias, the 

examining dentists did not dry or isolate teeth, 

remove oral debris and calculus, or probe tooth 

surfaces that were not overtly decayed. 

Teeth were cIassified as sound, filled, decased, filled-defective, and nonfunctionaIcahous. The absence of permanent teeth was 

noted and classified under one of four headings: 

unerupted, extracted because of decay, lost 
because of accidential injury, and extracted 

because of crowding. .-The presence of artificial 

teeth and exposed root remnants was recorded. 

Radiographs of the teeth were not taken. An 

adjustable examining chair, a standard light 

source, and a mouth mirror and explorer were 

used during the examination, which usually 

lasted about 10 minutes. 

Definitions of dental conditions and the 

procedures for conducting the examinations 

were largely the same as those used during the 

earlier surveys of adults (1960-62) and children 

(1963-65)’ y2 The same two dentists who 

trained new examiners during both previous 

surveys also trained those for the survey of 

youths and periodically reviewed their findings. 

Appendix I contains the definitions and criteria 

used by the examiners and describes how the 

examiners were trained and how their procedures were reviewed. 

Interexaminer variability during the survey 

was sufficiently small that it would not 

significantly bias the dental findings on youths 

(appendix I). Because the examination procedure, the training of examiners, and the 

quality control measures were essentially the 

same during the surveys of adults, children, and 

youths, there is reason to believe that the 

findings of the three surveys are comparable. It 

should be realized, however, that the standardized examination procedure undoubtedly 

reduced the sensitivity of the examination. Thus 

when compared with findings that would be 

obtained by clinical evaluations, the survey 

findings are in some instances conservative. 

Specifically, counts of nonfunctional and 

decayed teeth are systematically underestimated 

from the clinical viewpoint, whereas complementary counts of sound and functional teeth 

are correspondingly overestimated. Estimates of 

the number of filled and missing teeth, on the 

other hand, are derived from more objective 

counts, which are highly comparable by most 

standards. 

At the close of the survey, 90.0 percent of 

7,514 sample youths had been examined. With 

respect to age, sex, race, geographic region, population density, and population growth in area 

of residence, the examined sample may be regarded as closely representative of the population from which it was drawn. It seems unlikely, 

therefore, that nonresponse appreciably biased 

estimates based on survey findings. 

This report contains national estimates of the 

number of decayed, missing, and filled (DMF) 

teeth among youths by age, sex, race, and other 

selected demographic characteristics. (Appendix 

II defines demographic and socioeconomic 

terms.) Similar estimates of the occurrence of 

decayed, missing, and filled teeth among U.S.’ 

adults and children are published in the V’tal 

and Health Statistics series.4t5 

In the text and tables that follow, the 

occurrence of decay among specified groups of 

youths is described by citing the mean number 

of decayed (D), missing (M), and filled (F) teeth 

per person found among them; and in several 

places, DMF findings on youths are compared 

with the earlier findings on adults and children. 

DMF teeth are defined as the total number of 

permanent teeth that are decayed, filled, and 

either missing or indicated for extraction 

(nonfunctional-carious). Youths aged 12-l 7 

years rarely lose teeth because of periodontal 

disease, but’ many frequently lose teeth because 

of neglected decay. Other youths sometimes lose 

teeth because of accidents or have them 

extracted ,because of crowding. Thus when the 

teeth lost by’ youths for reasons other than 

decay are excluded from the DMF counts, the 

DMF index accurately records the number of 

permanent teeth that have been attacked by 

decay at least once. 

The occurrence of decayed, missing, and filled 

primary teeth among youths is not described in 

this report. Relatively few youths 12-17 years 

have unshed primary teeth, and those who do 

usually have no more than one or two. For 

instance, 11-year-old children were found to 

average only about one decayed or filled 

primary tooth per child.5 

The number of decayed (untreated) teeth, the 

number of filled teeth, and the number of 

missing or nonfunctional teeth-the components 

of the DMF index-are also ,presented by 

specified demographic characteristics. Each 

component is an indicator of the relative 

adequacy or inadequacy of dental care received. 

A relatively large F component reflects favorably on the adequacy of previous care, whereas 

relatively large D and M components indicate 

lower levels of care. 

, 

2 
---- 

FINDINGS 

The DM F Index and Its Components 

Age.-The 22.7 million U.S. youths aged 

12-17 averaged an estimated 6.2 DMF teeth per 

person (table 1 and figure 1). The overall 

estimate comprises 1.7 decayed teeth, 0.7 

missing, and 3.8 filled. The average number of 

DMF teeth increases steadily with advancing age, 

rising from a low of 4.0 for 12-year-olds to a 

high of 8.7 for 17-year-olds. 

The twofold ‘increase in the number of DMF 

teeth per person among youths 12-17 years 

reflects corresponding increases in all three DMF 

components-decayed, missing, and filled teeth. 

Thus each component count is about twice as 

great for 17-year-olds as for 12-year-olds. The 

proportionate contribution of each component 

to the DMF index does not vary appreciably 

with age: between 20 and 30 percent of the 

average DMF per person for every given age are 

D teeth, about 10 percent are M teeth, and 

about 60 percent are F teeth. 

The number and the percent distribution of 

youths with specified numbers of DMF teeth are 

shown according to sex in table 2. Only about 

one-tenth of the youths do not have at least one 

tooth that had been attacked by decay. By 

contrast, about 57 percent have 5 DMF teeth or 

more, and about 7 percent have 15 or more. 

10.0 T 

Males -

Females 

o.ol’ 12 13 14 15 16 17 

AGE IN YEARS 

Figure 1. Average number of decayed, missing, and filled (DMF 

teeth per person among youths 12-17 years, by aga and sax: 

United States, 1966-70. 

Table 2 includes the number and the percent 

distribution of youths with specified numbers of 

decayed teeth, of missing teeth, and of filled 

teeth. Several estimates in the table indicate that 

most youths whose teeth decay visit their 

dentists in time to have the affected teeth 

restored. For instance, about two of every three 

youths have at least one filled tooth, and one of 

every three has as many as five filled teeth or 

more. In addition, about three of every four 

have less than three untreated decayed teeth, 

and one of every two has none at all. 

On the other hand, other estimates in the 

same table indicate that many youths fail either 

to receive dental care or to receive it as 

promptly as they should. In fact, evidence that 

dental neglect is not uncommon during ages 

12-17 appears in the distribution of each DMF 

component. First, about one of every four 

youths has at least three decayed teeth that are 

restorable, and 1 of every 12 has five or more. 

Next, about one-third of all youths have at least 

one tooth that is classified as missing because 

dental treatment had not been received 

promptly enough. Finally, although only about 

one-tenth of all youths have never had a decayed 

permanent tooth, about one-third of all have no 

filled teeth. Thus, about one out of every five 

youths has at least one tooth that needs filling 

or at least one that is classified as missing. 

The percent distribution of youths with specified numbers of DMF and D, M, and F teeth is 

presented according to sex and age in table 3. 

The percent with no DMF teeth decreases 

rapidly and consistently with advancing age, 

declining from a high of about 16 for those aged 

12 years to a low of about 6 percent for those 

aged 17. The increasing frequency of D, M, and 

F teeth that occurs with advancing age is also 

apparent. For example, the percent of youths 

with no F teeth falls steadily with age, declining 

from a high of about 41 for 12-year-olds to 

about 31 for 15year-olds and, finally, to about 

25 for 17-year-olds. From age 12 to age 17, the 

decline in the percent of youths with no D teeth 

and in the percent with no M teeth-about 20 

percent in both instances-is only about half as 

large as the decline in the percent of those with 

no F teeth. 

The preceding estimates reflect the relatively 

high frequency of tooth decay that characterizes 

3 
adolescence. The same age-related trends in the 

occurrence of DMF teeth among youths were 

found during the earlier survey of children. For 

instance, the percent of children with no DMF 

teeth fell abruptly from about 85 at age 6 to 

about 24 at age 11. In addition, average DMF 

counts per child rose from only a small fraction 

for the youngest children to about three for the 

oldest. It was pointed out. in the previous report 

that contained estimates of DMF teeth for 

children that the ,low DMF counts occurred 

j largely because many younger children have 

only a few permanent teeth and some have none 

at all.5 Further, because more than half of the 

permanent teeth erupt during ages’6-l 1 years, 

many teeth are exposed only briefly during 

childhood to the risk of decay. 

The increase in the incidence of decay that 

occurs with lengthening posteruptive exposure 

can be clearly seen in table 4. The number of 

DMF teeth per 100 erupted permanent teeth is 

about 15 for 12-year-olds of all races. The rate 

increases steadily with advancing age, rising to 

about 30 for 17-year-olds. With only a few 

exceptions, the rate for both white and Negro 

youths is higher at each successive year of age. 

The number of DMF teeth per 100 permanent 

teeth among U.S. children rose from about 4 for 

6-year-olds to about 12 for 1 I-year-olds. 

Sex.-The average number of DMF teeth per 

person differs according to the sex of youths 

(table 1 and figure 2). The overall indexes for 

males 12-17 years of all races and for white and 

Negro males of those ages are not significantly 

lower than those for comparable females. However, average counts for 12-, 13-, and 14-year-old 

males of all races are significantly lower than the 

corresponding counts for females. Moreover, 

both white and Negro males of every given age 

have lower, indexes than females of the same 

race and age. 

Differences associated with sex in the average 

number of DMF teeth per’ person were also 

consistently found among both U.S. adults and 

U.S. children.4s5 At each year of age except 

one, white boys 6-l 1 averaged fewer DMF teeth 

than white girls, a difference’not found among 

Negro children. Among adults 18-79 who had at 

least one natural tooth, both white men and 

Negro men, except for those 65-74 years among 

the latter, consistently had higher DMF indexes 

than comparable women. 

Males .---

[ ,t! ! ! I : ‘: k 12 13 14 15 16 17 

f.5 

Fz 2 10.0 -

Negro youths 

E+ 

,Q 

12 13 14 15 16 17 

AGE IN YEARS 

?gure 2. Average number of decayed, missing, and filled (DMF) 

teeth per person among youths 12-17 years, by age, sex, and 

race: United States, 1966-70. 

Among youths, the higher DMF counts for 

females reflect a difference in the number of 

filled teeth associated with sex (table 1). For 

instance, the average number of F teeth per 

youth is 4.5 for white females compared with 

3.8 for white males, and 1.4 for Negro females 

compared with 0.8 for Negro males. The average 

numbers of D and of M teeth per youth do not 

vary significantly by sex. 

The average number of DMF teeth per 100 

erupted permanent teeth is lower for males than 

it is for females (table 4). Although differences 

in the rate of tooth,decay associated with the 

sex of youths are not pronounced, they do 

4 
occur with remarkable consistency. Specifically, 

white males of every given age and Negro maIes 

of every given age except one have lower rates 

than comparable females. The same difference 

by sex was also consistently found among white 

children 6-11 years but not among Negro 

children of those ages. 

Estimates of the average number of erupted 

permanent teeth per youth are shown in table A 

by age, race, and sex. The overall average for 

youths of all ages is fractionally but significantly 

lower for white males (27.3) than for white 

females (27.6) and for Negro males (27.8) than 

for Negro females (28.2). The higher estimates 

for females result from differences in the number of erupted teeth in younger youths. Specifically, differences between the estimates for 

white males and females are statistically significant only at ages 12 and 13 and between those 

of Negro males and females only at ages 12 and 

14. 

Among children 6-l 1 years, boys a.Iso consistently had fewer erupted permanent teeth 

than girls of the same race and age. 

Race.-Differences in the average number of 

DMF teeth per youth also are consistently 

associated with race (table 1 and figure 3). 

Average DMF counts for white males, except 

those aged 12, and for white females of every 

given age are slightly higher than the corresponding counts for Negro youths of the same 

sex and age. 

Differences between estimates of the DMF 

components for white and Negro youths occur 

consistently and are statistically significant. The 

race difference observed for each component 

resulted largely because white youths had received substantially more dental treatment than 

Negro youths. The frequency of decay was only 

slightly higher among white youths than Negro 

youths, as noted above. However, the estimates 

in table 1 show that white youths have about 

Table A. Average number and standard error of the number of erupted permanent teeth among youths, by age, race, and sex: United 

States, 1966-70 

Total ’ White Negro 

Male Female Bott I . Male Female Both Male Female sexe! b sexes 

Average number of erupted teeth per youth 

1 27.4 27.3 1 27.6 

25.2 25.0 26.3 

26.9 26.8 27.4 

27.6 i-F&/ 27.7 27.4 27.6 27.7 ~ 

27.9 27.9 27.9 

28.1 28.0 28.1 

28.6 28.6 28.2 

Standard error 

11 0.05 0.04 (I 0.04 11 0.06 1 0.04 1 0.07 11 0.09 1 0.09 

Age Both 

sexes 

12-17years.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27.5 

12 years .......................... 25.8 

13 years .......................... 27.2 

14 years .......................... 27.7 

15 years .......................... 27.9 

16 years .......................... 28.2 

17 years .......................... 28.5 

12-17 years.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.03 

12 years .......................... 0.12 

13 years .......................... 0.05 

14 years .......................... 0.02 

15 years .......................... 0.03 

16years ........................... 0.03 

17 years .......................... 0.05 

1 includes data for “other races,” which are not shown 

0.20 

0.09 

0.05 

0.05 

0.04 

III 0.06 

separately. 

, 1 

0.11 0. 12 11 0.24 

0.05 0.06 0.10 

0.04 0.03 0.06 

0.04 0.03 0.05 

0.05 0.04 0.04 

0.09 0.05 0.06 

I 

0.12 0.24 0.45 0.22 

0.05 0.13 0.16 0.13 

0.M 0.08 0.09 0.09 

0.04 0.07 0.07 0.11 

0.05 0.06 0.07 0.16 

0.09 0.12 0.21 0.21 

NOTE.-Filled teeth include only teeth with satisfactory fillings. Decayed teeth include not bnly teeth with caries but also filled 

teeth with carious lesions or defective fillings. Missing teeth include both missing and nonfunctional teeth. DMF is the total of these 

three categories. . 

5 
DMF SCORE 

Males Females 

Teeth: -6.00-

I -7.50-

I .6.50-

I 6.0 -6.00-

I 

--1 -5.50-

White Negro White Negro 

Figure 3. Average number of decayed (D), missing (MI, and 

filled (F) teeth and average number of DMF components per 

person among youths 12-17 years, by sex and race: United 

States, 1966-70. 

four times as many filled teeth per person as 

Negro youths. Thus, the DMF indexes for Negro 

youths include about twice as many D teeth and 

twice as many M teeth as the corresponding 

indexes for white youths. The same differences 

in DMF components were also found in the 

previous surveys conducted among children and 

adults. 

At every given year of age, the rate of decay is 

slightly higher for white youths than for Negro 

youths (table 4). Yet the estimates in table A 

indicate that Negro youths consistently have 

slightly more erupted teeth per person than 

white youths. The two findings, taken together, 

suggest that white youths are somewhat more 

6 

susceptible to tooth decay than Negro youths 

are. Similar findings were also obtained during 

the survey of children’s health. 

Other Demographic Variables 

Because estimates of the average number of 

DMF teeth per youth increased with age, actual 

and expected (age-adjusted) estimates of the 

average number of DMF per youth are presented 

in the following section. The U.S. population 

12-17 years of age has been classified by family 

income, education of head of household, and 

geographic region, and any differences that 

appeared in the average DMF per youth among 

various groups ,were examined. For example, the 

estimates for white males 

was within one of five 

examined to determine 

DMF count for a given 

significantly from those 

addition, average scores 

whose family income 

income ranges were 

whether the average 

income group differed 

for other groups. In 

for all income groups 

were compared to determine whether the DMF 

index trended higher or lower with increasing 

income. The comparisons were made among 

youths of the same race and sex, and an 

adjustment was made for differences in the age 

distribution of the youths within each income 

and education group and within each geographic 

region by calculating age-adjusted values. 

Expected values were calculated by weighting 

the age-sex-race-specific average DMF per youth 

for the total U.S. population of youths 12-17 

years by the number of youths in that age-sexrace group within specified ranges of income or 

education. Actual and expected values may 

differ by chance. But, when the difference 

between them is statistically significant, one 

may conclude that the average DMF of a given 

sex-race-income group or of a sex-race-education 

group is excessively larger or smaller than the 

average of that sex-race group for the United 

States and that this excess is independent of age. 

Because of the relatively limited number of 

sample youths, sampling variability for specific 

age groups is usually quite large. It is for this 

reason that summary comparisons of actual and 

expected values were preferred to comparisons 

of mean age-specific values. 

DMF teeth by income and education.-The 

estimates in table 5 do not convincingly indicate 

that the number of DMF teeth among youths is 
associated with family income. The average 

number of DMF teeth per person for white 

females, except for those whose families earned 

$lO,OOO-$14,999 yearly, rises consistently with 

increasing income. However, the estimates for 

white males and for Negro youths of both sexes 

do not follow a trend with increasing income, 

nor does any estimate in table 5 differ significantly from any other estimate that it can 

validly be compared with. 

In the 1963-65 survey, average DMF counts 

for white boys and girls rose slightly but 

consistently with increasing family income, 

whereas counts for Negro children declined 

slightly. Estimates of DMF teeth previously 

reported for U.S. adults were directly and 

positively associated with levels of income. 

Estimates of the actual and expected average 

number of DMF teeth per youth according to 

the education of the parent or guardian 

designated “head of household” are presented 

by age and race in table 6. The prevalence of 

DMF teeth does not appear to be associated 

with the educational attainment of the youths’ 

parents. 

Estimates of DMF counts per person by 

family income and parent’s education continue 

to differ consistently by race and by the sex of 

the white youths. Within all given levels of 

income and all but one level of education, white 

females have higher counts than white males. 

The difference by race in average counts is more 

consistently associated with education than with 

income: Within all but two levels of education, 

white males have higher counts than Negro 

males, and within all but two levels, white 

females have higher counts than Negro females. 

DMF components.-Both family income and 

the education of parents are significantly associated with each DMF component (tables 5 and 

6). For example, the DMF index for youths of 

all races whose families earned less than $3,000 

yearly consists of 2.7 D teeth, 1.2 M teeth, and 

1.6 F teeth. The average number of both D and 

M teeth decreases with rising income, falling to a 

low of 0.8 and 0.2, respectively, for youths 

whose families earned $15,000 or more. By 

contrast, the number of F teeth increases 

steadily, rising to a high of 5.4 for youths whose 

families earned the highest incomes. The trend is 

more consistent among white youths than it is 

among -Negro youths. Many of the differences 

between actual and expected estimates of the 

components for both white and Negro youths 

are statistically significant. 

Differences in the occurrence of D, M, and F 

teeth among both U.S. children and adults were 

also highly associated with income and education, with the more advantaged averaging higher 

numbers of F teeth than expected and the less 

advantaged averaging higher numbers of both D 

and M teeth. 

Region ofresidence.-Estimates of the average 

number of DMF teeth per person by race, sex, 

and geographic region of residence (appendix II) 

are presented in table 7. Youths living in the 

Northeast Region have significantly higher DMF 

counts than those living elsewhere. The higher 

counts among youths of all races in the Northeast reflect the higher-than-expected counts 

found among both white males and females, not 

among Negro males and females. The average 

number of DMF teeth per person among white 

and Negro youths living in regions other than 

the Northeast does not differ significantly. 

The average numbers of D, M, and F teeth per 

youth are also presented in table 7. Several 

regional variations are to be noted. First, Negro 

youths in the Midwest and West have lower 

numbers of D teeth per person than expected. 

Both white and Negro youths living in the West 

and white females living in the Midwest have 

fewer M teeth per person than expected, 

whereas white youths living in the South have 

more than expected. Finally, white youths and 

Negro females in the Northeast have higher 

estimates of F teeth per person than expected, 

and white females ‘in the South have lower F 

estimates than expected. 

CORRELATION ANALYSIS OF DMF 

TEETH AND SELECTED DEMOGRAPHIC 

CHARACTERISTICS 

The relationship of the number of DMF teeth 

youths have with certain demographic characteristics can also be examined by correlation 

analysis. Simple correlation coefficients indicate 

whether or not two variables are statistically 

associated and, if so, whether the association is 

positive or negative. The simple coefficients and 

their corresponding errors in table B indicate 

that the number of DMF teeth is significantly 

7 
Table B. Correlation coefficients between the number of DMF 

teeth and selected demographic variables of youths 12-17 

years, with standard errors of the estimates: United States, 

1966-70 

Selected variable Simple Standard Icoefficients I error 

associated with age but not with family income, 

parent’s education, or size of place of residence. 

Variations in the average number of DMF 

teeth per youth by size of place of residence 

were also examined; but because the estimates 

do not vary significantly, they are not discussed 

in the text nor are they shown in the detailed 

tables. Partial coefficients are not included in 

table B because family income, parent’s education, and size of place of residence are not 

significantly associated with DMF teeth. 

DISCUSSION 

The estimates in this report together with 

those in two previous reports provide statistical 

information about the occurrence and distribution of decayed, missing, and filled teeth 

throughout the noninstitutionalized U.S. population of children 6-l 1 years, youths 12-17 

years, and adults 18-79 years. The three surveys 

on which the national estimates are based were 

conducted one after the other during a lo-year 

period. Essentially the same examination procedure was carefully followed throughout. In 

addition, the same two dentists trained and 

periodically retrained the 15 other dentists who 

collected most of the dental findings. Although 

it is notoriously difficult to control interexaminer variability, and it is especially important to do so whenever relatively few 

examiners are used, it is nevertheless believed 

that the quality control measures taken to 

obtain comparable findings were largely successful. 

The average number of DMF teeth per person 

for the U.S. population 6-44 years is plotted by 

age in figure 4. The counts increase rapidly from 

age 6 through age 25. The rising trend continues 

during ages 25-44, but the rate of increase is 

slower than it was before. With only one 

exception-the apparently higher-than-expected 

rise in the index for adults 18-21 years-the 

curve is relatively smooth. Estimates for adults 

45 +ea.rs or over are not shown because older 

adults have an increasingly large proportion of 

missing teeth that were extracted because of 

advanced periodontal disease. 

The DMF components are also plotted by age 

in figure 4. The number of decayed teeth rises 

rapidly during childhood and early adolescence. 

At about age 14, there is a leveling off of the 

trend which lasts through age 21. Thereafter the 

D counts slowly decline. 

Although M counts increase during childhood 

and adolescence, it will be noticed that 17-yearolds still have only about one missing tooth per 

person. There is then, during ages 18-21, a sharp 

upturn which marks a fourfold increase in the 

number of M teeth per person. That sudden 

jump is partly, perhaps largely, an artifact 

introduced by a difference between the examination procedures used during the surveys of 

adults and youths. In the survey of adults, the M 

component included third molars that were 

absent for any reason: they may not have 

erupted or they may have been extracted because of decay, crowding, or impaction. In the 

survey of youths, the M component contained 

only third molars that had been extracted 

because of decay. 

It was estimated previously that as a result of 

including unerupted third molars, the estimate 

of missing teeth per person for young adults 

18-24 is exaggerated at least by 0.4 and at most 

by 2.1.6 The smoothing of the break in the 

curve of M teeth that results from lowering the 

M count for young adults from 4.9 to 2.8 

suggests that the overestimate of M teeth is 

closer to 2.1 than to 0.4. But regardless of the 

magnitude of the overestimation, it is obvious 

that the number of missing teeth begins to rise 

steeply at about age 18. 

It is also noteworthy that a reduction of two 

teeth in the DMF index for adults aged 18-21 

would result in a smoother DMF curve. 

The curve plotting the F component also 

inclines sharply upward during childhood and 

8 
-- 

-- 

6 7 8 9 1011 13 12 14 1516 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 2425 26 27 28 29 30 3132 33 34 3536 37 38 39 40 4142 4344 

15 -

10 

5 

I., I 

6 7 8 9 10 1112 13 14 15 16 17 1819 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 2930 31 32 33 34 3536 3736 39 40 41 42 43 44 

'OT 

AGEINYEARS 

Figure 4. Average number of DMF, decayed (D). missing (MI, and filled (Fl teeth per person among children 6-l 1 (1963-65). youths 

12.17 (1966-701, and adults 18-44 11960-62). by age: United States. 

9 
adolescence. The uptrend slows at about age 2 1, 

and at age 35 or thereabouts the number of 

fiIled teeth per person begins to decline slowly. 

The apparent intersurvey continuity of the 

trends in DMF teeth suggests that the dental 

examinations were conducted on a largely uniform basis. In addition, the fact that many 

trends and differences in the occurrence of DMF 

teeth are associated with the same demographic 

characteristics throughout the population aged 

6-79 further suggests that the DMF estimates are 

.comparable. It must be added, however, that 

other DMF findings do not prevail consistently 

during childhood, adolescence, and adulthood. 

The correspondence or lack of correspondence 

between the findings presented here and those 

presented earlier is pointed out in the preceding 

iext. 

The import of the national estimates of 

decayed, missing, and filled teeth can be 

summed up as follows: Tooth decay is a lifelong 

threat to the dental health of Americans so long 

as, of course, they have any of their own teeth. 

Differences in the prevalence of tooth decay, 

measured by DMF teeth, and therefore differences in the need for dental care associated 

with various demographic characteristics except 

age are actually rather small, often having 

greater epidemiologic interest than practical 

significance. By contrast, the associations of 

filled teeth with increasing income and decayed 

and extracted teeth with decreasing income are 

meaningful delineators of levels of dental care 

throughout the population. The relationship of 

the dental health of U.S. youths with their 

family income is shown in figure 5. 

NUMBER OF TEETH 

-7-

FILLED DECAYED AND MISSING 

-6-

5.4 

3.6 

FAMILY INCOME 

Figure 5. Average number of filled and of decayed and missing permanent teeth per person among youths 12-17 years, by family 

income: United States, 1966-70. 

10 
SUMMARY 

U.S. youths 12-17 years of age have an 

estimated 6.2 decayed, missing, and filled teeth 

per person. The estimate comprises 1.7 D, 0.7 

M, and 3.8 F teeth. Reflecting increases with 

advancing age in each of its components, the 

DMF index rises from a low of 4.0 for 12-yearold youths to a high of 8.7 for 17-year-old 

youths. 

The estimates are based on examinations 

conducted during 1966-70 on 7,514 youths 

selected by probability sampling to represent the 

22.7 million composing the noninstitutionalized 

civilian population 12-17 years living in the 

United States at that time. 

The occurrence of decayed, missing, and filled 

teeth among youths differs according to their 

sex. At every given age, both white and Negro 

males have lower DMF counts per person than 

females of the same race. As a result, the DMF 

index for males of all races is 5.8, whereas that 

for comparable females is 6.5, the difference 

being due to the greater number of F teeth 

among the latter. 

The average number of decayed, missing, and 

filled teeth also differs by race. In every age-sex 

group except one, white youths have slightly 

higher DMF indexes than Negro youths, resulting in index values of 6.3 for white youths of 

both sexes and 5.6 for Negro youths of both 

sexes. In addition, white youths have about four 

times as many F teeth per person as Negro 

youths, 4.2 compared with 1.1, but only about 

half as many D (untreated) teeth and M teeth, 

1.5 and 0.6, respectively, compared with 3.2 and 

1.3. 

The number of DMF teeth is not associated 

with either family income or parent’s education. 

The index components, by contrast, are strongly 

associated with both variables. For example, the 

DMF index for youths of all races whose 

families earned less than $3,000 yearly consists 

of 2.7 D teeth, 1.2 M teeth, and 1.6 F teeth. The 

average numbers of D and M teeth decrease with 

rising income, falling to a low of 0.8 and 0.2, 

respectively, for youths whose families earned 

$15,000 or more. By contrast, the number of F 

teeth increases steadily, rising to a high of 5.4 

for youths whose families earned the highest 

incomes. The trend was more consistent among 

white youths than among Negro youths. 

Regional estimates indicate that white youths 

living in the Northeast have a higher DMF count 

than those living elsewhere. The average number 

of DMF teeth per person among youths living in 

the South, Midwest, and West does not differ 

significantly. The average numbers of D teeth, M 

teeth,,and F teeth per person also show several 

significant regional variations. 

REFERENCES 

lNational Center for Health Statistics: Plan and initial 

program of the Health Examination Survey. Vitai and Health 

Stat&tics, Series 1, No. 4. DHEW Pub. No. (HRA) 74-1038. 

Health Resources Administration. Washington. U.S. Government 

Printing Office, Nov. 1973. 

*National Center for Health Statistics: Plan, operation, and 

response results of a program of children’s examinations. Vital 

an@Health Statistics. PHS Pub. No. 1000Series I-No. 5. Public 

Health Service. Washington. U.S. Government Printing Office, 

Oct. 1967. 

3National Center for Health Statistics: Plan and operation of 

a health examination survey of U.S. youths 12-17 years of age. 

Vital and Health Statistics. PHS Pub. No. 1000~Series l-No. 8. 

Public Health Service. Washington. U.S. Government Printing 

Office, Sept. 1969. 

4National Center for Health Statistics: Decayed, missing, and 

ftied teeth in adults: United States, 1960-1962. Vitaf and Health 

Statistics. Series 11, No. 23. DHEW Pub. No. (HRA) 74-1278. 

Health Resources Administration. Washington. U.S. Government 

Printing Office, Aug. 1973. 

‘National Center for Health Statistics: Decayed, missing, and 

filled teeth among children: United States. Vital and Health 

Statistics. Series 11, No. 106. DHEW Pub. No. (HSM) 72-1003. 

Health Services and Mental Health Administration. Washington. 

U.S. Government PrintingOffice, Aug. 1971. 

6National Center for Health Statistics: Selected dental 

findings in adults by age, race, and sex: United States, 

1960-1962. Vital and Health Statistics. Series 11, No. 7. DHEW 

Pub. No. (HRA) 741274. Health Resources Administration. 

Washington. U.S. Government Printing Office, Aug. 1973. 

11 
LIST OF DETAILED TABLES 

Page 

Table 1. Average number of decayed (D), missing (Ml, and filled (F) teeth per person among youths 12-17 years, with standard 

errors of the estimates, by age, sex, and race: United States, 1966-70 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . _ . . . 13 

2. Number and percent distribution of youths 12-17 years, with standard error of the percent, by number of decayed 

(D), missing (MI, and filled (F) teeth, according to sex: United States, 1966-70 . . . . . . . . , . . . . . . . . . . 15 

3. Percent distribution of youths 12-17 years, with standard error of the percent, by number of decayed ID), missing 

(MI, and filled (F) teeth, according to sex and age: United States, 1966-70 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16 

4. Number of decayed, missing, and filled (DMF) teeth per 100 erupted permanent teeth among youths 12-17 years, 

with standard errors of the estimates, by age, sex, and race: United States, 1966-70 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16 

5. Differences between actual and expected DMF indexes and between actual and expected average numbers of decayed 

(D), missing (MI, and filled (F) teeth per person among youths 12-17 years, with standard errors of the estimates, by 

sex, race, and family income: United States, 1966-70 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19 

6. Differences between actual and expected DMF indexes and between actual and expected average numbers of decayed 

(D), missing (MI; and filled (F) teeth per person among youths 12-17 years, with standard errors of the estimates, by 

sex, race, and education of head of household: United States, 1966-70 . . . . . . . . . . . . . _ . . . . . . . . . . . 22 

7. Differences between actual and expected DMF indexes and between actual and expected average numbers of decayed 

(D), missing (MI, and filled (F) teeth per person among youths 12-17 years, with standard errors of the estimates, by 

sex, race, and region of residence: United States, 1966-70 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25 

12 
6.2 11 6.3 5.6 

3.7 

4.4 

5.6 

6.0 

7.2 

7.4 

5.2 

Table 1. Average number of decayed (D), missing (M), and filled (F) teeth per person among youths 12-17 years, with standard errors 

of the estimates, by age, sex, and race: United States, 1966-70 

All DMF teeth D teeth M teeth F teeth 

Age and sex 

Total’ White Negro Total ’ White Negro Total’ White Negro Total’ White Negro 

Both sexes Number of teeth 

12.17years . . 6.2 11 6.3 5.6 1.7 J 1.5 3.2 0.7 0.6 1.3 3.8 11 4.2 1.1 -

-

12 years ........ 4.0 4.0 3.7 1.2 2.3 0.4 0.4 0.7 0.7 

13 years ........ 4.7 4.8 4.4 1.5 2.6 0.5 0.4 1 .o 0.8 

14 years ........ 5.9 5.9 5.6 1.8 3.3 0.6 0.6 1.2 1.2 

15 years ........ 7.0 7.1 6.0 1.9 3.5 0.8 0.8 1.4 1.1 

16 years ........ 7-r 7.4 7.4 7.2 1.9 4.0 0.8 0.7 1.7 1.4 

17years ........ 7.4 2.0 3.8 1.1 1.0 1.9 1.7 

Male 

12-l 7 years. . 5.2 1.7 3.0 0.7 0.6 1.4 0.8 

12 years ........ 3.6 1.2 1.o 2.3 0.4 0.3 0.7 2.1 2.3 0.6 

13 years ........ 3.8 1.3 1.2 2.2 0.5 0.4 1.1 2.6 2.9 0.5 

14 years ........ 5.1 1.8 1.6 3.1 0.6 0.5 1.3 3.1 3.4 0.8 

15 years ........ 5.5 1.8 1.6 3.0 0.8 0.7 1.7 4.0 4.4 0.8 

16 years ........ 6.7 1.9 1.6 4.0 0.9 0.8 1.7 4.2 4.7 1.1 

17 years ........ 7.1 2.2 2.0 3.8 1.2 1 .l 1.8 5.2 5.7 1.4 

Female 

12-l 7 years. . 6.0 1.7 1.4 3.4 0.7 0.6 1.2 4.1 4.5 1.4 

12 years ........ 3.7 1.3 1.2 2.4 0.4 0.4 0.6 2.6 2.8 0.7 

13 years ........ 5.0 1.6 1.4 3.0 0.5 0.4 0.8 3.0 3.3 1.1 

14 years ........ 6.1 1.7 1.4 3.4 0.7 0.6 1 .o 3.8 4.2 1.6 

15 years ........ 6.6 2.0 1.7 4.0 0.9 0.8 1.2 4.5 5.0 1 A 

16 years ........ 7.6 1.8 1.5 4.1 0.8 0.7 1.7 5.1 5.6 1.7 

17 years ........ 7.7 1.8 1.4 3.8 1 .o 0.9 1.9 6.0 6.6 2.0 

See footnotes at end of table. 

13 
Table 1. Average number of decayed (D), missing (MI, and filled (Ff teeth per person among youths 12-17 years, with standard errors 

of the estimates, by age, sex, and race: United States, 1966-70-Con. 

All DMF teeth D teeth M teeth F teeth 

Age and sex 

Total’ White Negro Total ’ White Negro Total’ White Negro Total ’ White Negro 

Both sexes Standard error 

12-I 7 years . . 0.28 11 0.30 1 0.64 1 0.17 11 0.14 1 0.69 1 0.04 11 0.04 0.14 0.19ll 0.21 0.16 

12 years ........ 0.24 0.25 0.62 0.16 0.12 0.67 0.09 0.16 0.18 0.16 

13 years ........ 0.27 0.28 0.59 0.16 0.14 0.53 0.21 0.17 0.19 0.23 

14 years ........ 0.25 0.26 0.67 0.22 0.19 0.88 0.17 0.17 0.18 0.23 

15years ........ 0.36 0.38 0.83 0.17 0.15 0.77 0.17 l-r 0.28 0.32 0.20 

16 years ........ 0.36 0.38 0.87 0.22 0.19 0.80 0.20 0.30 

17 years ........ 0.38 0.41 0.82 0.20 0.18 0.72 0.23 0.35 

Male -

12-l 7 years . 0.28 0.29 0.67 0.18 0.16 0.68 0.16 0.14 ~ 

12 years ........ 0.22 0.21 0.75 0.15 0.11 0.75 0.11 0.13 0.22 

13 years ........ 0.26 0.26 0.74 0.15 0.14 0.50 0.38 0.17 0.15 

14 years ........ 0.27 0.27 0.74 0.24 0.20 0.90 0.22 0.22 0.20 

16years ........ 0.41 0.42 0.88 0.17 0.17 0.77 0.24 0.33 0.21 

16 years ........ 0.38 0.41 0.90 0.26 0.25 0.78 0.20 0.26 0.35 

17 years ........ 0.45 0.49 1 .oo 0.27 0.27 0.77 0.32 0.29 0.49 

Female 

12-l 7 years . 0.29 0.32 0.65 0.17 0.14 0.72 0.12 0.24 

12 years ........ 0.33 0.36 0.64 0.18 0.15 0.64 0.15 0.23 0.27 0.23 

13 years ........ 0.32 0.35 0.48 0.20 0.21 0.60 0.17 0.21 0.24 0.34 

14 years ........ 0.30 0.33 0.74 0.22 0.21 0.90 0.15 0.23 0.24 0.30 

15 years ........ 0.40 0.43 0.87 0.20 0.17 0.79 0.18 0.34 0.40 0.33 

16 years ........ 0.37 0.40 1.06 0.20 0.17 0.95 0.28 0.30 0.32 0.40 

17 years ........ 0.37 0.41 0.85 0.18 0.15 0.72 0.32 L0.36 0.41 0.41

1 Includes data for “other races,” which are not shown separately. 

NOTE.-Filled teeth include only teeth with satisfactory fillings. Decayed teeth include not only teeth with caries but also filled 

teeth with carious lesions or defective fillings. Missing teeth include both missing and nonfunctional teeth. DMF is the total of these 

three categories. 

14 
----- 

- ~. 

Tabk2. Number and percent dirtr~butmn of vouths 12-17 vears.withstandard error of the ~ercant.bv number of&caved IDI,m~sringlM),and filled (F) teeth,accordmgtosex: United 

states. 1966.70~ -

T Bothsexes Male T Female 

Number of affected teeth Number in dumber in PWCWIt Number in distnbu­ thousands :houssnds tion thousands 

Standarderror 

DMFteeth ............................ 22,692 100.0 11,203 100.0 

- -

0 ....................................... 2,369 10.4 1.369 f1.8 t.009 9.0 1.62 1.77 1.54 

,....................................... 1,348 5.9 723 6.3 625 5.6 0.57 0.67 0.60 

2 ....................................... 1,600 7.1 888 7.7 711 6.4 0.68 0.84 0.72 

3 ....................................... 1.700 7.5 923 8.0 776 6.9 0.40 0.51 0.51 

4 ....................................... 2.724 12.0 1,432 12.5 1,291 11.5 0.53 0.80 0.80 

5 ....................................... 1,943 8.6 1,003 a.7 941 a.4 0.34 048 0.44 

6 ....................................... 1.874 a.3 977 a.5 897 8.0 0.37 0.49 0.47 

7 ....................................... 1.598 7.0 814 7.1 785 7.0 0.44 0.54 0.57 

a....................: .................. 1.773 7.8 825 7.2 948 a.5 0.48 0.60 0.60 

9 ....................................... 

10 ...................................... 

11.. .................................... 

12 ...................................... 

13 ...................................... 

14 ...................................... 

15 ...................................... 

16 ...................................... 

17 ...................................... 

18 ...................................... 

,Q ...................................... 

20 ...................................... 

21ormae ................................ 

Dteeth .............................. 

0 ....................................... 

,....................................... 

2 ....................................... 

3 ....................................... 

4 ....................................... 

5 ....................................... 

6 ....................................... 

7 ....................................... 

8 ....................................... 

9 ....................................... 

10 ...................................... 

,I ...................................... 

12ormore ................................ 

Mteeth .............................. 

0 ....................................... 

1 ...................................... 

2 ........................................ 

3 ....................................... 

4. ..................................... 

5 .................................. 

6 ....................................... 

7ormore ................................ 

F teeth ............................ 

0 .................................... 

1.088 4.8 470 4.1 618 5.5 0.32 0.35 0.45 

998 4.4 381 3.3 617 5.5 0.51 0.43 0.66 

720

520 3.2 

2.3 

307 

237 

2.7 

2.1 

413 

283 

3.7 

2.5 

0.34 

0.25 

0.33 

0.24 

0.51 

0.40 

423 1.9 229 2.0 194 1.7 0.21 0.24 0.26 

408 1.8 183 1.4 245 2.2 0.21 0.26 0.30 

348 15 144 1.3 204 1.8 0.18 0.19 0.32 

308 f.4 162 1.4 146 1.3 0.19 0.29 0.20 

255 1.1 119 1 .o 136 1.2 0.19 0.26 0.19 

199 0.9 a1 0.7 119 1.1 0.12 0.13 0.21 

145 0.6 68 0.6 78 0.7 0.11 0.16 0.12 

94 0.4 46 0.4 48 0.4 0.05 0.07 0.08 

267 1.1 138 1.2 119 1.1 0.22 0.23 0.25 

22.692 100.0 11,469 100.0 11,203 loo.0 

11,077 5.666 49.3 5.411 46.3 2.08 2.18 2.17 

3,758 1.880 16.4 1.878 16.8 0.72 0.68 0.95 

2,430 1.261 10.9 1,179 10.6 0.46 0.53 0.68 

1,586 730 6.4 856 7.6 0.35 0.34 0.58 

1,072 529 4.6 543 4.8 0.42 0.39 0.52 

761 456 4.0 305 2.7 0.29 0.43 0.26 

590 270 2.4 320 2.9 0.37 0.38 0.44 

409 210 1.8 199 1.8 0.28 0.33 0.28 

247 125 1.1 122 1.1 0.25 0.25 0.31 

206 104 0.9 104 0.9 0.26 0.31 0.25 

147 62 0.5 85 0.8 0.15 0.16 0.16 

101 56 0.5 45 0.4 0.13 0.18 0.11 

308 150 1.3 156 1.4 0.50 0.50 0.54 

22.6Q2 11,469 100.0 11,203 100.0 

16.296 a.297 72.2 7,938 71.4 1 .13 1.15 1.32 

2,516 1.262 11.0 1,254 11.2 0.51 0.59 0.68 

1,771 912 7.9 859 7.7 0.42 0.53 0.53 

842 418 3.6 424 3.8 0.25 0.34 0.35 

557 275 2.4 282 2.5 0.23 0.42 0.26 

262 110 1.0 152 1.4 0.13 0.17 0.23 

177 62 0.5 116 1.0 0.12 0.09 0.22 

271 153 1.4 119 1 .o 0.19 0.23 0.21 

22,692 11.482 100.0 11.203 100.0 

7,631 4,105 35.7 3,526 31.5 2.37 2.49 2.60 

,.................. .................... 1,528 797 6.9 731 6.5 0.40 0.49 0.53 

2 ....................................... 1,729 1,003 8.7 726 6.5 0.46 0.52 0.59 

3 .................................. 1.763 943 a.2 820 7.3 0.31 0.57 0.49 

4 ...................................... 2,272 1,129 9.8 1,143 10.2 0.45 0.62 0.55 

5 .... ................................. 1.307 633 5.5 674 6.0 0.31 0.37 0.53 

6 ....................................... 1,270 660 5.7 610 5.4 0.38 0.46 0.42 

7 ....................................... 1,096 497 4.3 599 5.4 0.33 0.40 0.51 

a ...................................... 1,090 440 3.8 650 5.8 0.40 0.45 0.66 

9. ........... ..# ....................... 685 311 2.7 375 3.3 0.26 0.33 0.41 

10 ...................................... 518 191 1.7 326 2.9 0.27 0.26 0.37 

11.. .................................... 462 170 1.5 292 2.6 0.30 0.23 0.43 

12 ...................................... 324 121 1.1 203 1.8 0.19 0.20 0.30 

13 .................................... 243 117 1.0 125 1 .I 0.15 0.14 0.23 

14 ..................................... 242 117 1.0 124 1.1 0.14 0.15 0.23 

15 ..................................... 140 51 0.4 90 0.8 0.09 0.10 0.18 

16 .................................... 147 aa 0.8 60 0.5 0.14 0.22 0.13 

17ormore ................................ 245 116 1.0 127 1.1 0.19 0.28 0.18 - NOTE.-Filled teexh include only teeth with Wisfactory fillings. Decayed teeth Include not only feethwth cries but &of~lledteethwith carioustesionrordefectivefillingr.Mirsing 

teeth include both missing and nonlunctlonalteeth. DMF ikthetotal of these three categories. ‘b 

15 
-- 

- 8Oih sexes Male Female 

1

Y12 13 14 15 16 17 12 13 14 15 16 77 12 13 14 15 16 17 

'ears years years years years YearS years wars years years years ydars year5 wart years year5 years yeam 

Percent distribution 

ZZZZ Z===Z 

0 .............. 15.7 13.2 10.1 8.4 8.5 5.9 17.8 13.8 11.5 9.6 10.3 7.2 13.7 12.5 8.6 7.3 6.7 4.6 

1 .............. 7.8 8.2 6.6 5.3 4.3 3.0 8.8 8.9 7.4 4.6 4.3 3.1 6.8 7.4 5.8 6.0 4.2 2.9 

2 .............. 11.2 8.1 7.0 5.7 5.2 4.5 11.2 8.3 9.0 7.2 5.1 5.1 11.2 7.9 5.0 4.3 5.4 3.9 

3.. ............ 11.3 8.9 6.9 5.8 6.2 5.4 12.1 9.6 8.3 6.0 7.2 4.3 10.4 8.3 5.4 5.5 5.3 6.4 

4 .............. 20.1 17.0 11.7 8.8 6.6 6.5 20.2 17.8 12.3 9.5 6.8 6.9 20.1 16.2 11 .o 8.1 6.3 6.1 

5 .............. 9.7 10.3 8.8 8.1 8.2 5.9 9.5 10.6 7.2 10.0 7.9 6.8 9.9 10.0 10.4 6.0 8.6 5.0 

6 ,.,.._....._.. 7.6 8.7 9.8 8.3 8.6 6.5 7.4 9.9 10.0 7.3 9.3 7.0 7.7 7.4 9.6 9.4 7.8 5.9 

DMF teeth ... 00.0 100.0 W.0 -100.0 

-

100.0 N.0 II 100.0 100.0 00.0 00.0P 100.0

-

-

100.0 

- = 

00.0 = 00.0 

7 . . . . . 4.0 6.1 9.0 9.2 7.9 6.1 3.4 5.9 7.6 10.3 9.9 5.7 4.7 6.3 10.5 8.1 5.9 6.5 

8.. . .......... 4.2 6.4 8.4 9.3 9.0 10.1 3.1 5.1 7.4 9.2 8.4 10.6 5.2 7.8 9.4 9.5 9.6 9.5 

9.. ............ 2.6 2.9 4.8 5.2 6.1 1.5 2.0 2.3 4.2 5.1 5.5 5.8 3.2 3.6 5.5 5.3 6.7 9.3 

10 ............. 1.6 3.1 3.9 5.6 6.4 6.3 0.9 2.7 2.4 2.9 5.5 6.0 2.4 3.5 5.4 8.3 7.4 6.6 

11 ............. 1.5 1.3 2.8 5.0 5.0 3.8 1.6 0.8 2.6 4.8 3.5 2.9 1.5 1.7 3.0 5.1 6.5 4.8 

12 ............. 0.6 1.6 1.6 2.5 3.4 4.3 0.5 1.7 1.7 1.9 3.2 3.7 0.8 1.6 1.5 3.2 3.6 4.8 

13 ............. 0.1 1.1 1.5 2.1 2.2 4.5 0.1 0.5 2.0 2.6 2.3 4.8 0.1 1.6 1.1 1.6 2.1 4.3 

14 ............. 0.2 0.5 2.0 2.1 2.1 4.3 0.2 0.3 1.5 1.5 1.3 4.1 0.2 0.7 2.5 2.7 3.0 4.4 

15 ............. 0.5 0.4 1.8 2.0 1.7 3.1 0.3 1.7 1.4 1.9 2.5 0.7 0.7 1.9 2.6 1.5 3.7 

16 ............. 0.3 0.5 1.0 1.2 2.2 3.2 0.6 0.8 0.8 1.1 1.5 3.9 0.2 1.1 1.3 2.9 2.5 

17 ............ 0.3 0.7 0.3 1.5 1.9 2.1 0.3 0.4 1.4 1.9 2.4 0.5 1 .l 0.3 1.6 1 .s 1.9 

18 ............. 0.5 0.8 1.2 1.3 1.6 0.3 6.5 1.0 1.4 1.2 0.8 1.1 1.4 1.2 2.0 

19 ............. 0.3 0.2 0.6 0.8 1.0 1.1 0.1 0.7 0.8 0.6 1.3 0.5 0.3 0.4 0.7 1.3 0.9 

20.. ........... 0.1 0.2 0.6 0.7 1.0 0.5 0.6 0.5 0.9 0.2 0.5 0.8 1.2 

Zlormcm ....... 0.4 0.2 0.4 1.3 1.5 3.3 0.3 0.3 1.2 1.7 3.8 0.4 0.1 0.5 1.5 1.3 2.8 

00.0 

= - ZEI = = zz= 

0 .............. 54.7 50.1 47.5 46.6 47.6 45.7 54.9 52.9 47.9 47.4 47.1 44.7 54.5 47.2 47.1 45.9 48.0 46.7 

1 .............. 15.6 19.2 17.0 15.5 16.4 15.5 16.9 18.9 15.2 15.9 16.7 14.4 14.3 19.5 19.0 15.1 16.0 16.6 

2 .............. 12.1 10.0 10.1 10.7 10.0 11.5 12.8 9.3 10.8 10.8 10.3 11.4 11.4 10.7 9.3 10.6 9.6 11.5 

!J taeth 100.0 lW.0 -

100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 L 100.0 loo.0 00.0 00.0 1100.0 100.0 00.0 00.0 00.0 

3. ............. 6.8 6.3 6.2 7.4 6.8 8.5 5.4 6.0 6.1 6.7 5.7 8.4 8.3 6.7 6.4 8.0 8.0 8.6 

4 .............. 4.1 4.2 6.2 4.2 5.1 4.5, 3.9 3.3 6.0 4.0 5.4 5.2 4.4 5.2 6.4 4.4 4.8 3.8 5 .............. 1.8 2.8 4.0 4.7 3.7 3.3 2.5 3.7 4.3 5.0 4.6 4.c 1s 1.8 3.7 4.4 2.8 2.7 

6 .............. 1.8 2.8 2.2 3.5 2.1 3.2 i 1.1 2.7 2.8 3.1 1.7 2.6 2.5 3.0 1.5 3.8 2.5 3.9 

7.. ............ 1 .o 1.3 2.2 2.3 2.1 1.9 0.6 1.3 2.4 2.6 2.2 2.c 1.1 1.4 2.0 2.1 2.1 1.8 

8 .............. 0.5 1 .o 1.3 1.0 1.8 1 .o 0.5 0.4 1.2 0.9 2.1 1.5 0.4 1.6 1.5 1.1 1.5 0.5 

9 .............. 0.4 0.6 0.6 1.6 1 .o 1.4 0.3 0.4 0.7 1.6 1.3 1.1 0.5 0.B 0.5 1.5 0.7 1.6 

10 ............. 0.3 0.4 0.7 0.7 1.1 0.8 0.4 0.5 0.9 0.6 0.1 0.2 0.2 0.4 0.9 2.2 0.8 

11 ............. 0.3 0.2 0.4 0.4 0.8 0.7 0.2 0.5 0.5 1.1 0.8 0.5 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.5 0.6 

12ormore ....... 0.6 1.1 1.6 1.4 1.5 2.0 0.5 0.6 1.2 0.9 1.8 3.1 0.7 1.6 1.9 1.9 1.3 0.9 

M teeth ..... 100.0 100.0 1Io0.C -

100.0 loo.0 100.0 loo.0 00.0 100.0 100.0 0o.c 100.0 1 1w.c TOO.0 100.0 100.0 

= - - zzzzzZ 

0.. ............ 80.4 77.8 72.2 68.1 66.7 54.0 81.4 78.8 73.6 68.9 66.4 62.2 79.4 76.7 70.8 67.4 67.0 65.7 

1 .............. 8.8 10.6 11.6 10.3 13.0 12.6 8.7 10.3 12.7 9.c 13.1 12.4 8.E 10.9 10.5 11.6 12.8 12.9 

2 .............. 6.1 5.9 7.2 10.1 9.2 8.6 5.3 5.5 6.5 11.1 9.3 9.6 7.c 6.3 7.9 8.5 9.1 7.4 

3.. ............ 2.3 2.8 4.0 4.3 4.1 5.0 2.5 3.1 2.E 3.7 4.3 5.5 2.1 2.5 5.3 4.9 4.0 4.1 

4 .............. 1.3 1.5 2.6 3.2 2.8 3.4 1.2 1.2 2.4 3.; 3.0 3.c 1 .4 1.9 2.9 3.2 2.6 3.2 

5 .............. 0.5 0.6 1 .o 1.7 1.5 1.8 0.6 0.2 0.e 1 .4 1.2 1s 0.1 1 .o t.3 2.0 1.8 1.7 

6 .............. 0.1 0.3 0.6 1.2 1.2 1.6 0.2 0.3 1.1 1 .o 0.; 0.: 0.3 0.9 1.2 1.4 2.5 

7ormore ........ 0.5 0.5 0.8 1.1 1.5 3.0 0.3 0.1 1.1 1.C 1.7 3.4 0.f 04 0.4 1.2 1.3 2.5 

F teeth 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 1 w.0 00.0 1oo.c 1oo.c 1oo.c 100.0 1W.f 1 W.f loo.0 lW.0 100.0 100.0 __ __ - ZZIZ 1 __ __ - = 

0. ............. 41.3 37.9 34.7 31.2 29.8 25.3 43.2 37.4 38.1 33.2 32.3 28.: 39.1 38.5 31.3 28.4 27.3 22.3 

1 .............. 7.8 7.9 7.1 6.0 5.8 5.5 7.6 8.7 .8.i 4s 6.4 4.s 8.1 7.0 5.5 7.1 5.1 6.2 

2 .............. 9.8 8.6 7.9 8.a 5.5 5.5 1l.C 8.5 8.f 9.t 7.1 6.4 8.f 8.3 6.9 6.2 3.8 4.7 

3 .............. 10.4 9.3 7.9 7.4 6.8 4.4 11.2 11.1 8.7 6.E 5.9 4.; 9.: 7.4 7.0 7.9 7.6 4.2 

4.. ............ 13.6 12.7 11.2 7.2 7.5 7.1 13.1 13.2 8.f 6.Z 8.2 8.1 14.1 12.1 13.8 7.7 6.9 5.8 

5.. ............ 6.1 6.8 5.2 6.5 5.c 4.8 6.2 5.E 3.: 7.: 5.3 51 5.I 8.2 7.3 5.8 4.6 3.9 

6 .............. 3.1 4.8 6.1 6.2 7.a 6.7 2.? 5.i 6.: 5.5 7.5 7.r 3.1 3.9 6.0 6.6 6.4 6.1 

7 .............. 2.3 2.9 4.7 6.3 7.2 6.0 1.f 2.; 4.; 6.t 6.0 4.f 3.' 3.1 4.8 6.0 8.5 7.1 

8 .............. 2.8 3.e 4.E 5.E 5.E 6.6 1 .E 2.E 3.L 5.; 5.0 4.: 3.1 1.7 5.6 54 6.7 9.0 

9 .............. 0.7 1 .E 3.2 2.6 4.5 5.6 0.4 1.f 3.: 2.f 3.6 5.: 1 .f 1.6 3.1 2.6 6.2 6.0 

10 ............. 0.8 0.1 2.1 3.2 3s 4.2 0.: 0.f 1.; 1 .d 2.8 3.1 1.: 0.9 2.7 5.0 3.2 4.8 

11 ............ 0.5 1 I: 0.E 2.E 3.F 4.1 0.f 0.4 1 .: 2.8 4.: O.! 1.6 1.6 4.1 4.2 4.0 

12.. ........... 0.2 0.6 1.c 1.3 1.b 3.9 0.5 0.2. 0.L 1.4 2.L 0.4 0.6 2.3 2.3 5.8 

13.. ........... 0.2 0.6 0.5 1.3 1.5 2.6 0.3 1 6 1.2 2.7 1.0 0.4 1 .o 1.8 2.4 

14.. ........... 0.2 1.2 1.2 1.5 2.5 1.4 1.3 2.6 0.4 1.3 0.9 1.7 2.5 

15.. ........... 0.2 0.5 1.2 09 1.1 1 .o 0.8 0.6 0.4 0.7 1.3 1.0 1.6 

16 ............. 0.1 0.2 0.6 0.7 0.8 1.6 0.1 0.9 1 .o 1.9 0.1 0.7 0.6 0.7 1.2 ‘: 

17ormore ....... 0.3 0.2 0.6 1.5 1.7 2.5 0.1 1.8 1.4 I 2.5 0.4 0.7 l.i 2.0 2.4 

See footnoteatend of fable 

16 
T&k 3. Percent drstrrbutton 

- of youths 12-17 years. wth standard error of the percent, by number of decayed ID), missrw (MI, and filled IFI reefh. according to sex and ~gz: Unrted 

Number of teeth 12 Iyears 

13 

years 

14 

ye& 

15 

yean 

16 

years 

17 

years 

12 

years 

13 

“W,S 

14 

years 

15 

years 

16 

years 

17 

yea,* 

12 

years 

13 

“earD 

14 

year5 

15 

years 

16 

VZWS 

17 

“ears 

DMF teeth Standard e,,~, 

0 .............. 2.43 1.95 1.83 1.57 1.71 1.17 2.38 2.29 2.46 1.97 2.37 1.57 3.00 2.30 1 .40 2.03 1 66 1.16 

1.. ............ 0.98 1.05 0.89 0.95 0.76 0.56 1.13 1.26 1.55 0.86 1.31 0.72 1.13 1.14 1.06 1.36 0.84 0.95 

2 .............. 1.23 1.05 0.87 1 .Ol 0.69 0.97 1.31 1.24 1.08 1.51 0.75 1.31 1.45 1.39 1.62 1.02 1.31 1.00 

3 .............. 1.12 0.80 0.82 0.82 0.83 0.93 1.48 1.09 1.62 1.03 1.59 0.89 1.51 1 .Ol 0.86 1.32 1.05 1.36 

4.. ............ 1.75 1.31 1.07 0.83 0.62 0.80 2.26 2.21 1.22 1.17 0.85 1.17 1.78 1.59 1.58 1.23 0.94 1.25 

5 .............. 0.96 0.97 1.09 0.80 0.86 0.9 1 1.18 1.41 1.40 1.16 0.99 1 A3 1.63 1.12 1.38 1.15 1.27 1.16 

6 .............. 0.98 0.99 0.77 0.87 0.91 1.23 1.20 1.45 1.35 1.21 1.43 1.37 1.41 1.19 1.21 1.02 1 .21 1.52 

7.. ............ 0.78 0.86 1.12 1.17 0.62 0.93 0.79 1.08 1.44 1.56 1..27 0.97 1.37 1.24 1.77 1.22 1.11 1.39 

8.. ............ 0.92 0.65 0.77 1.28 0.91 0.87 0.74 0.91 1.04 1.71 1.16 1.44 1.46 1.31 1.15 1.68 1.25 1.24 

9 .............. 0.46 0.58 0.73 0.47 0.66 0.91 0.48 0.85 0.87 0.67 1.37 1.04 0.80 0.62 1.08 0.74 1.45 1.53 

10.. ........... 0.52 0.64 0.60 0.77 1.01 0.88 0.47 0.79 0.67 0.63 1 .Ol 0.94 0.93 0.85 0.98 1.28 1.32 1.35 

11 ............ 0.45 0.26 0.59 0.85 1.13 0.76 0.51 0.47 0.60 0.89 1.06 0.80 0.56 0.42 0.97 1.41 1.40 1.22 

12 ............. 0.30 0.46 0.39 0.52 0.66 0.85 0.26 0.62 0.58 0.41 0.99 0.76 0.49 0.58 0.58 0.80 0.68 1.20 

13 ............. 0.08 0.29 0.43 0.42 0.48 0.78 0.13 0.29 0.72 0.50 0.61 0.88 0.09 0.45 0.36 0.62 0.63 1.06 

14 ............. 0.18 0.22 0.39 0.52 0.55 0.88 0.18 0.22 0.39 0.62 0.50 1.40 0.20 0.38 0.74 0.53 0.78 1.07 

15.. ........... 0.26 0.25 0.36 0.38 0.40 0.63 0.25 0.32 0.45 0.74 0.64 0.37 0.51 0.65 0.56 0.52 0.98 

16 ............. 0.14 0.27 0.30 0.29 0.41 0.78 0.28 0.40 0.35 0.37 0.55 1.24 0.17 0.40 0.50 0.69 0.65 

17.. ........... 0.15 0.26 0.12 0.49 0.31 0.53 0.19 0.26 0.74 0.45 0.86 0.31 0.46 0.16 0.58 0.48 0.57 

18 ............ 0.18 0.25 0.43 0.49 0.50 0.03 0.26 0.48 0.62 0.55 0.38 0.48 0.68 0.66 0.87 

19 ............. 0.18 0.14 0.25 0.37 0.32 0.38 0.14 0.37 0.54 0.29 0.43 0.38 0.24 0.25 0.34 0.51 0.51 

20 ............. 0.08 0.14 0.24 0.19 0.31 0.28 0.38 0.28 0.42 - 0.17 0.17 0.38 0.47 

21 or more ....... 0.17 0.11 0.13 0.32 0.39 0.99 0.20 0.19 0.19 0.38 0.46 1.30 0.28 0.11 0.19 0.52 0.46 1.02 

state*. 1966-70-Can. 

Both sexes Male FEll?.3k 

0 .............. 2.64 2.21 2.67 2.17 2.54 2.54 2.49 2.44 3.22 3.23 2.78 3.35 3.66 3.34 2.66 2.27 3.22 2.89 

1 .............. 1.21 1.51 1.10 1.24 1.52 1.09 1.79 1.71 1.69 1.62 1 .76 1.64 1.64 2.19 1.60 1.55 2.09 2.17 

2 ............ 1.19 0.75 0.64 1.04 0.93 1.03 1.49 1.25 0.98 1.13 1.28 1.56 1.52 1.39 0.91 1.67 1.22 1.64 

3.. ............ 0.87 0.77 0.76 0.78 0.59 0.83 0.65 1.08 1.01 0.75 0.73 ~.z?l 1.63 1.21 1 .a4 1.46 1.17 1.08 

4 ............. 0.84 0.74 0.67 0.64 0.60 0.52 0.87 0.75 0.68 0.75 0.97 0.86 1.14 0.80 0.81 

5 ........... 0.45 0.53 0.67 0.78 0.56 0.90 0.73 0.83 1.04 1.19 0.97 1.40 0.74 0.55 0.93 

6 .............. 0.57 0.73 0.46 0.85 0.70 0.71 0.51 0.82 0.75 0.65 0.80 0.74 1.03 0.95 0.49 1.36 0.85 0.96 

7 .............. a.43 0.32 a.58 0.44 0.57 0.57 a.29 0.39 0.80 0.79 0.71 0.80 0.62 0.50 0.59 0.46 0.62 0.65 

8 ............. 0.24 0.32 0.47 0.27 0.61 0.27 0.29 0.26 0.53 0.39 0.95 0.49 0.27 0.62 0.59 0.44 0.63 0.28 

9 ............. 0.23 0.32 0.35 0.54 0.36 0.55 0.18 0.25 0.49 0.55 0.48 0.59 0.34 0.51 0.33 0.73 0.36 0.65 

10 ............. 0.21 0.22 0.25 0.25 0.37 0.32 0.36 0.38 0.34 0.23 0.53 0.23 0.21 0.21 0.37 0.75 0.38 

11 ............ 0.16 0.13 020 0.14 0.30 0.44 0.16 0.27 0.27 0.50 0.80 0.28 0.27 0.19 0.20 0.26 0.34 

12ormore ....... 0.17 0.50 0.80 0.66 0.64 0.65 0.35 0 51 0.65 0.55 0.79 0.80 0.34 0.66 1.07 0.86 0.56 0.71 

0 ............ 1.34 1 .m 1.43 1.83 2.28 1.92 1.84 1.93 2.07 2.28 2.07 2.53 1.92 2.08 1.89 2.71 3.19 2.48 

1 ............ 0.98 1.07 1.22 0.87 1.11 1.16 1.54 1.32 1.79 0.82 2.06 2.05 1.07 1.21 1.24 1.48 1.46 1.71 

2 ............. 0.76 0.78 0.76 0.91 0.85 0.97 0.91 1.10 1.15 1.34 0.85 1.19 1.19 0.94 0.96 1.08 1.40 1.52 

3.. ............ 0.25 0.45 0.70 0.65 0.88 0.71 0.79 0.57 0.84 0.55 1.19 1.27 0.90 0.59 1.07 1.11 0.74 1.01 

4.. ............ 0.34 0.29 0.49 0.42 0.45 0.75 0.57 0.45 0.90 0.60 0.82 0.91 0.42 0.43 0.46 0.70 0.60 0.92 

5 .............. 0.21 0.19 0.27 0.50 0.46 0.44 0.28 0.15 0.36 0.49 0.53 0.63 0.31 0.35 0.32 0.82 0.54 0.61 

6. ............. 0.09 0.16 0.19 0.31 0.30 0.47 0.25 0.03 0.38 0.43 0.36 0.19 0.20 0.39 0.44 0.57 0.80 

7 or more ........ 0.14 0.24 0.29 0.27 0.37 0.67 0.18 040 0.51 0.39 0.60 0.83 0.19 0.26 0.15 0.27 0.39 0.85 

Fteeth 

0 ............ 2.88 2.61 2.79 2.85 2.59 2.44 3.07 2.59 3.90 3.25 3.28 2.55 3.67 3 31 2.49 2.89 2.85 

1 ............. 0.77 0.83 0.86 1.08 0.43 0.73 0.86 1.14 1.38 0.90 1.11 1.01 1.21 0.94 0.98 0.91 1.21 

2.. .......... 0.87 0.76 0.65 0.89 0.75 0.95 1.10 1.19 1 13 1.31 1.46 1.44 1.47 1.11 1.20 1.02 1.04 

3 ........... 1.03 0.85 1.04 1.04 0.62 0.70 1.56 1.52 1.59 1.13 1 .Ol 1.02 0.93 0.96 1.22 1.29 1.14 

4 ............. 1.66 0.79 1.08 0.78 0.82 0.95 1.83 1.36 1.45 1.00 1.06 1.79 1.87 1.16 1.42 1.20 1.14 

5.. ........... 0.70 1.07 0.85 0.73 0.72 0.59 0.82 1.40 0.82 0.93 0.72 1.02 1.39 1.11 1.22 1.25 1.07 

6.. ............ 0.67 0.59 0.64 1.19 0.66 I .oa 0.57 0.90 0.70 1.19 1.11 1.43 1.08 0.90 1.05 1.02 130 

7.. ............ 0.40 0.62 0.86 0.63 0.85 0.93 0.37 0.73 1.17 0.74 1.27 1.40 0.61 0.81 1.01 1.56 1.50 

8 ............ 0.86 0.62 0.58 0.86 0.80 0.79 0.71 0.83 0.74 1.12 1.02 1.31 1.31 0.95 0.86 1.03 1.29 

9 .............. 0.22 0.42 0.44 0.61 0.67 0.86 0.24 0.55 0.75 0.63 0.68 1.28 0.30 0.84 0.64 1.22 1.32 

10.. ........... 0.20 0.19 0.48 0.57 0.53 0.78 0.22 0.26 0.53 0.39 0.77 0.93 0.65 0.68 1 .m 

11 ............. 0.25 0.28 0.23 0.50 1.01 0.95 0.30 0.25 0.35 1.01 1.29 0.48 1.14 0.89 

12.. ........... 0.08 0.35 0.26 0.36 0.32 0.57 0.50 0.23 0.40 0.68 0.32 0.71 1.10 

13.. ........... 0.13 0.24 0.18 0.36 0.42 0.21 0.27 0.39 0.62 0.75 0.25 0.59 0.82 

14 ............. 0.15 0.33 0.40 0.48 0.26 0.64 0.66 0.50 0.62 0.56 0.57 

15 ............ 0.13 0.19 0.36 0.22 0.20 0.38 0.34 0.33 0.30 0.42 0.46 

16 ............. 0.05 0.12 0.19 0.27 0.23 0.30 0.51 0.32 0.90 0.23 0.34 0.50 

17ormore ....... 0.17 0.12 0.14 0.44 0.40 0.28 0.61 0.55 1.01 0.28 0.53 0.81 i - - -

NOTE.-Ftlled teeth tinclude only teeth wth satnsfact#v ftllings. Decayed teeth Include not only feeth with caries but afs~ filled teeth wfh carmus lesiws o, defective fillings. Misstnr+ 

teeth ,nclude both m,ssinB and nonfunctional teeth. DMF 1s the total of rfwse three categw,es. 
Tablee. Number of decayed, missing, and filled (DMF) tee’th per 700 erupted permanent teeth among youths 12-17 years, with 

standard errors of the estimates, by age, sex and race: United States, 1966-70 

Total* White Negro 

Age Both Male Female Both Male Female Both Male Female sexes sexes sexes 

12-17 years .................. 

12years ........... .:. ........... 

13 years ......................... 

14 years ......................... 

15 years ......................... 

16 years ......................... 

17 years ......................... 

12-17 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 

12 years ......................... 

13 years ......................... 

14 years ......................... 

15 years ......................... 

16 years .......................... 

17years .......................... 

t Includes data for “other races,” which 

Number of DMF teeth 

23.6 1122.9 21.8 

14.5 

16.7 

20.1 

24.0 

25.1 

30.9 

Standard error 

1.04 11 1.05 1 I.0711 1.10 11 1.08 / 1.17 1 2.28 11 2.4t 1 2.31 

I, I II II 

2.30 2.77 2.36 

2.13 2.69 1.74 

2.40 2.64 2.62 

1.32 1.49 1.45 1.39 2.92 3.16 3.04 

1.30 2.40 1.33 1.40 3.07 3.18 3.71 

1.34 1.63 1.28 1.48 2.83 3.61 2.79 

are not shown sepamtety. 

NOTE.-Filled teeth inchrde only teeth with satisfactory fillings. Decayed teeth include not only teeth with caries but also filled 

teeth with carious lesions or defective fillings. Missing teeth include both missing and nonfunctional teeth. DMF is the total of these 

three categories. 

18 
Table 5. Differences between actual and expected DMF indexes and between actual and expected awrage numbers of decayed (D), missing (Ml, and filled IF1 teeth 

per person among youths 12-17 years, with 

-standard errors of the estimates, by sex, race, and family mcome. United States, 1966-70 

Family income and race IActual 

Both sexes 

Expected Difference Actual 

Males 

Expected Difference Actual 

Females 

Expected Difference 

T& DMF index 

Less than $3.000 ......................... 5.5 6.3 -0.8 5.3 6.0 -0.7 5.6 6.5 -0.9 

$3,000-$4,999 .......................... 5.9 6.1 -0.2 5.7 5.8 -0.1 6.1 6.4 -0.3 

$5,000-$6,999 .......................... 6.5 6.2 0.3 6.2 5.9 0.3 6.7 6.5 0.2’ 

$7,000-$9,999 .......................... 6.4 6.1 0.3 6.1 5.8 0.3 6.9 6.5 0.4 

$10,000$14,999 ........................ 6.2 6.2 0.0 5.8 5.8 0.0 6.6 6.6 0.0 

$15.000 or more ......................... 6.5 6.3 0.2 5.8 5.8 0.0 7.2 6.8 0.4 

Unknown ............................. 6.1 6.3 -0.2 5.8 6.0 -0.2 6.4 6.8 -0.4 

White 

Less than $3.000. ........................ 5.5 6.4 -0.9 5.4 6.2 -0.8 5.6 6.5 -0.9 

$3,000~$4,999 .......................... 5.9 6.2 -0.3 5.6 6.0 -0.4 6.2 6.4 -0.3 

$5,000-$6.999 .......................... 6.6 6.3 0.3 6.5 6.0 0.5 6.7 6.6 0.1 

$7,ooo$9,999 .......................... 6.5 6.2 0.3 6.2 5.9 0.3 6.8 6.6 0.2 

$10.ooo$14.999 ... *, ................... 6.3 6.3 0.0 5.8 5.9 -0.1 6.7 6.6 0.1 

$15,000 or more ......................... 6.5 6.4 0.1 5.8 5.9 -0.1 7.3 6.9 0.4 

Unknown ............................. 6.2 6.4 -0.2 6.0 6.0 0.0 6.4 6.9 -0.5 

Negro 

Less than $3,000 ......................... 5.4 5.7 -0.3 5.2 5.3 -0.1 5.6 6.1 -0.5 

$3.000-$4,999 .......................... 6.2 5.5 0.7 6.2 5.1 1.1 6.2 6.0 0.2 

$5.000$6,999 .......................... 5.7 5.6 0.1 4.8 5.1 -0.3 6.4 6.0 0.5 

$7.000-$9,999 .......................... 5.7 5.5 0.2 4.9 5.3 -0.4 6.8 5.8 0.9 

$10,000%$14.999 ........................ 4.5 6.0 -1.5 3.4 5.2 -1.B 5.2 6.5 --I.3 

$15,000 or more ......................... 5.6 5.8 -0.2 5.6 5.6 0.0 5.4 6.0 -0.6 

Unknown ............................. 5.5 5.8 -0.3 4.4 5.4 -1.0 6.5 6.1 0.4 

Total’ Average number of D teeth 

Less than $3,000 ......................... 2.7 1.7 1 .o 2.8 1.7 1.1 2.6 1.7 0.9 

$3,000-$4,999 .......................... 2.4 1.7 0.7 2.4 1.7 0.7 2.4 1.7 0.7 

§.5,000-$6,999 .......................... 2.0 1.7 0.3 2.0 1.7 0.3 2.0 1.7 0.3 

$7,ooo-.$9,999 .......................... 1 A 1.7 -0.3 1.4 1.7 -0.3 1.4 1.7 -0.3 

$lO,OaO-$14.999 ........................ 1.1 1.7 -0.6 1 .o 1.7 -0.7 1.2 1.7 -0.5 

$15,000 or more ......................... 0.8 1.7 -0.9 0.8 1.7 -0.9 0.8 1.7 -0.9 

Unknown ............................. 1 .B 1.7 0.1 1.8 1.7 0.1 1.7 1.7 0.0 

White 

Lessthen$3,alO ......................... 2.4 1.5 0.9 2.6 1.5 1.1 2.2 1.4 0.8 

$3,0@&$4,999 .......................... 2.0 1.5 0.5 2.0 1.5 0.5 1.9 1.4 0.5 

55.ooo-$6.999 .......................... 1.9 1.5 0.4 1.9 1.5 0.4 1.8 1 .4 0.4 

$7,000$9,999 .......................... 1.3 1.5 -0.2 1.4 1.5 -0.1 1.3 1.4 -0.1 

$10,000.$.14.999 ........................ 1.0 1.5 -0.5 0.9 1.5 -0.6 1.2 1.4 -0.2 

$15,OW or more ......................... 0.8 1.5 -0.7 0.8 1.5 -0.7 0.8 1.4 -0.6 

Unknown ............................ 1.6 1.5 0.1 1.8 1.5 0.3 1.3 1.4 -0.1 

Less than $3,COO ......................... 3.3 3.2 0.1 3.2 3.0 0.2 3.4 3.4 0.0 

$3,ooo-$4,999 .......................... 3.6 3.2 0.4 3.5 2.9 0.6 3.7 3.4 0.3 

$5,000~$6,999 .......................... 3.2 3.2 0.0 2.9 3.0 -0.1 3.5 3.4 0.1 

$7,000-$9,9a9 .......................... 2.8 32 -0.4 2.5 3.0 -0.5 3.3 3.4 -0.1 

$10,ooo-$14,999 ........................ 2.1 3.3 -1.2 1.7 3.0 -1.3 2.3 3.6 -1.3 

515.000 or more ......................... 2.5 3.3 -0.8 3.7 32 0.5 1 A 3.3 -1.9 

Unknown ............................. 3.0 3.3 -0.3 2.1 3.1 -1.0 3.7 3.4 0.3 

See footnotes at end of table. 

19 
Table 5. Differences between actual and expected DMF indexes and between actual and expected awrage numbers of decayed ID), missing (M), end filled iF1 teeth 

per person among youths 12-17 years, with standard errors of the estimates, by sex, race, and family income: United State?,, 1966-70-Con. -

Both sexes Males Females 

Family income and race 

I 4ctual Expected Difference ACtllal Expected Difference Actual Expected Difference 

Total’ Average number of M teeth 

Less than $3,000 ......................... f 1.2 0.7 0.5 1.1 0.7 0.4 1.1 0.7 6.4 

$3,000-$4,999 .......................... 1.2 0.7 0.5 1.2 0.7 0.5 1.1 0.7 0.4 

$5.000-56.999 .......................... 0.9 0.7 0.2 1 .o 0.7 0.3 0.9 0.7 0.2 

$7,000$9,999 .......................... 0.6 0.7 -0.1 0.6 0.7 -0.1 0.6 0.7 -0.1 

$10,000$14,999 ........................ 0.4 0.7 -0.3 0.3 0.7 -0.4 0.4 0.7 -0.3 

$15,000 or more ......................... 0.2 0.7 -0.5 0.1 0.7 -0.6 0.3 0.8 -0.5 

Unknown ...... ..i .................... 0.7 0.7 0.0 0.8 0.7 0.1 0.6 0.8 -0.2 

White 

Less than $3,000 ......................... 1.2 0.6 0.6 1.0 0.6 0.4 1.2 0.6 0.6 

$3,000-$4,899 .......................... 1.0 Q.6 0.4 1.0 0.6 0.4 1.1 0.6 0.5 

$5,000-$6,999 .......................... 0.8 0.6 0.2 0.9 0.6 0.3 0.7 0.6 0.1 

.$7,000$9,999 .......................... 0.5 0.6 -0.1 0.5 0.6 -0.1 0.6 0.6 0.0 

$10,000-$14,999 ........................ 0.4 0.6 -0.2 0.3 0.6 -0.3 0.4 0.6 -0.2 

$15,000 or more ......................... 0.2 0.6 -0.4 0.1 0.6 -0.5 0.2 0.7 -0.5 

Unknown ............................. 0.7 0.6 0.1 0.8 0.6 0.2 0.6 0.7 -0.1 

Negro 

Less than 53,000 ......................... 1 .I 1.3 -0.2 1.2 1.4 -0.2 1.0 1.2 -0.2 

$3,000$4,999 .......................... 1.6 1.2 0.4 1.9 1.3 0.6 1.2 1.2 0.0 

$5,000-56,999 .......................... 1.4 1.3 0.1 1.1 1.3 -0.2 1.6 1.2 0.4 

$7,000-$9,999 .......................... 1.5 1.3 0.2 1.6 1 A 0.2 1.4 1.1 0.3 

$10,000$14,999 ........................ 0.8 1 R -0.6 0.7 1.4 -0.7 0.9 1.4 -0.5 

515,000 or more ......................... 0.8 1.3 -0.5 0.3 1 A -1.1 1.3 1.2 0.1 

Unknown ............................. 1 .o 1.3 -0.3 0.8 1.4 -0.6 1.1 1.2 -0.1 

Total’ Average number of F teeth 

Less than $3,000 .......................... 1.6 3.8 -.2.2 1.4 3.6 -2.2 1.8 4.0 -2.2 

$3,000-$4,999 .......................... 2.4 3.7 -1.3 2.1 3.4 -1.3 2.6 4.0 -1.4 

$5,000$6,999 .......................... 3.5 3.8 -0.3 3.2 3.5 -0.3 3.8 4.1 -0.3 

$7,000-$9,999 .......................... 4.4 3.7 0.7 4.0 3.4 0.6 4.8 4.0 0.8 

$10,000-$14,999 ........................ 4.7 3.8 0.9 4.5 3.4 1.1 5.0 4.1 0.9 

$15,000 or more ......................... 5.4 3.9 1.5 4.8 3.4 1 A 6.1 4.3 1.8 

Unknown ............................. 3.6 3.9 -0.3 3.2 3.5 -0.3 4.1 4.3 -0.2 

White 

Less than $3,000 ... .,_ .................... 1 .9 4.2 -2.3 1.7 4.0 -23 2.1 4.4 -2.3 

$3.000-$4,999 .......................... 2.9 4.1 -1.2 2.6 3.9 -1.3 3.2 4.4 -1.2 

$5.000-56.999 .......................... 3.9 4.2 -0.3 3.6 3.9 -0.3 4.2 4.5 -0.3 

$7.000.$9.999 .......................... 4.6 4.1 0.5 4.3 3.8 0.5 5.0 4.5 0.5 

$10.000$14,999 ........................ 49 4.2 0.7 4.6 3.8 0.8 5.1 4.5 0.6 

$15,000 or more ......................... 5.5 4.3 1.2 4.9 3.8 1.1 6.2 4.6 1.4 

Unknown ............................. 3.9 4.3 -0.4 3.4 3.9 -0.5 4.6 4.8 -0.2 

Negro 

Less than $3,000 ................. _ ....... 1 .o 1.1 -0.1 0.8 0.9 -0.1 1.2 1.4 -0.2 

$3,000-$4,999 .......................... 1 .o 1.1 0.1 0.7 0.8 -0.1 1.2 1.4 -0.2 

$5,000.$6,999 .......................... 1.1 1.1 0.0 0.8 0.8 0.0 1.3 1.4 -0.1 

$7,000$9,999 .......................... 1.4 1.1 0.3 0.8 0.9 0.1 2.2 1.3 cl.9 

$10,000-514,999 ........................ 1.6 1.2 0.4 1 .o 0.8 0.2 20 1.5 0.5 

$15,000ormore.. ....................... 2.3 1.2 1.1 1.7 1.0 0.7 28 1.5 1.3 * Unknown ............................. 1.6 1.2 0.4 1 A 0.9 0.5 1.7 1.5 0.2 

See foomotes at end of table. 

20 
Table 5. Differences between actual and expected DMF indexesand between actual and expected average numberr of decayed (D), missing (Ml. and filled IF) teath 

per person among youths 12-17 years, with standard errors of the estimates, by sex, race,and family income: United States, 1964G70-b”. 

Family income and race Both sexes Male Female Both sexes Male Female 

Total’ 

Less than $3,000 ......................... 

53.000$4.999 .......................... 

%5.000$6,999 .......................... 

$7.000-$9,999 .......................... 

$10.000-$14,999 ........................ 

$15.000 or “lore ......................... 

Unknown ............................. 

White 

Less than $3,000 ......................... 

$3.000-54999 .......................... 

$5,000~$6,9QQ .......................... 

$7.ooo$9.999 .......................... 

$10.000$14,999 ........................ 

$15,000 or more ......................... 

Unknown ............................. 

Negro 

Lea than $3.000 ......................... 

$3,ooo-$4.999 .......................... 

$5,000.16.99?? .......................... 

57.oomQ.999 .......................... 

$10,000$14,999 ........................ 

$15,OQO or more ......................... 

Unknown ............................. 

Total’ 

Standard error Standard error 

DMF index M teeth 

0.58 0.61 0.60 0.11 0.12 0.13 

0.45 0.44 0.51 0.11 0.14 0.12 

0.40 0.44 0.42 0.09 0.14 0.12 

0.26 0.29 0.28 0.05 0.06 0.06 

0.28 0.30 0.29 0.03 0.04 0.03 

0.32 0.32 0.37 0.04 0.02 0.08 

0.41 0.52 0.42 0.13 0.21 0.11 

0.89 097 0.86 0.18 0.21 0.17 

0.57 0.51 0.66 0.11 0.09 0.15 

0.40 0.41 0.45 0.10 0.16 0.12 

0.28 0.32 0.29 0.05 0.06 0.06 

0.29 0.30 0.31 0.03 0.04 0.04 

0.33 0.33 0.40 0.04 0.02 0.08 

0.46 0.55 0.52 0.14 0.24 0.12 

0.71 0.77 0.79 0.12 0.16 0.18 

0.68 0.72 0.77 0.30 0.42 0.21 

1.31 1.60 1.18 0.23 0.31 0.20 

0.75 030 0.88 0.32 0.45 0.19 

0.54 0.60 081 0.11 0.12 0.19 

2.81 2.08 4.46 1.53 0.26 2.04 

0.44 0.53 0.53 0.28 0.43 0.30 

D teeth F teeth 

Less than $3,000 .......................... 0.45 0.50 0.44 0.26 

$3.000-$4,999 .......................... 

$5.000~$6,999 .......................... 

$7,ooo-$9,999 .......................... 

$10,000$14,999 ........................ 

$15,000 or more ......................... 

Unknown ............................. 

White 

Less than S3.m ......................... 

53.000.$4,999 .......................... 

15,000.$6,999 .......................... 

S7,00049,!399 .......................... 

$10,0@0$14,999 ........................ 

S15,OOOormore ......................... 

Unknown ............................. 

Less than $3,000 ......................... 

$3,OGG-$4,999 .......................... 

.$5,00066,9Q9 .......................... 

$7,000-$9,999 .......................... 

$10,000$14,999 ........................ 

$l5.OOOormore ......................... 

Unknown ............................. 

0.33 0.38 0.32 0.25 0.31 

0.26 0.27 0.28 0.24 0.24 

0.14 0.15 0.14 0.17 0.21 

0.14 0.14 0.16 0.22 0.26 

0.15 0.17 0.17 0.26 0.37 

0.19 0.21 0.27 0.31 0.34 

0.50 0.67 0.39 0.4: 0.46 0.47 

0.25 0.26 0.29 0.34 0.34 0.41 

0.22 0.22 0.25 0.2: 0.26 0.26 

0.14 0.17 0.12 0.1: 0.19 0.22 

0.14 0.14 0.17 0.2: 0.21 0.27 

0.15 0.17 0.17 OZ 0.25 0.33 

0.18 0.22 0.25 0.3: 0.34 0.43 

0.80 0.74 oa9 02 0.23 0.41 

0.82 0.93 0.75 . 0.2f 0.19 0.37 

1.06 1.27 0.92 02E 0.26 0.41 

0.38 0.35 083 0.45 0.31 0.90 

0.35 0.32 0.49 0.55 0.40 0.96 

0.86 2.42 1.41 1.4’ 1.54 1.24 

0.50 0.46 0.65 0.31 0.53 0.84 

I includes data for “other races,‘* which are not shown separately. 

NOTE.-Filled teeth include only teeth with setisfactory fillingr. Decayed teeth include not only teeth with caries but also filled teeth with carious lesions or 

defective fillings. Missing teeth include both missing and nonfunctional teeth. DMF is the total of these three categories. 

21 

0.32 
Table 6. Differences between actual and expected DMF indexes and between actual and expected average numbers of decayed ID), missing IM), and filled (F) teeth per 

person among youths 12-17 years, with standaird errors of the estimates, by sex, race, and education of head of household: United States, 1966-70 -

Both sexes Male Female 

Education and race 

Actual Expected Difference Actual Expected Difference ACNeI Expected Differerlce 

DMF index 

f 

Noneorlessthan5years ........................ 

57vears ................................... 

4.9 

6.3 

6.2 

6.2 -1.3 

0.1 

4.8 

6.2 

5.9 -1 .I 

6.0 0.2 

ayean.. .................................. 6.8 6.3 0.5 6.6 5.9 0.7 

9-11 years .......................... . ....... 6.4 6.2 0.2 6.0 5.9 0.1 

12years ............................. .:. ... 6.2 6.1 0.1 5.9 5.8 0.1 

13-16 years ................................. 5.8 6.2 -0.4 5.1 5.7 -0.6 

16years ................................... 6.1 6.1 0.0 5.4 5.4 0.0 

17yearsormore ............................. 6.0 6.1 -0.1 5.6 5.8 -0.2 

White 

Noneorlessthan5years ........................ 4.6 6.2 -1.6 4.5 6.1 -1.6 

57yean ................................... 6.4 6.3 0.1 6.4 6.2 0.2 

8vears.. .................................. 7.0 6.4 0.6 6.8 6.0 0.8 

9-11yean .................................. 6.6 6.3 0.3 6.3 6.0 0.3 

12 years ................................... 6.3 6.2 0.1 6.0 5.9 0.1 

,I%15 years ........................ . ........ 6.9 6.3 -0.4 5.2 5.8 -0.6 

16years.. ................................. 6.2 6.2 0.0 5.4 5.5 -0.1 

17 years or more ............................. 6.0 6.2 -0.2 5.6 5.9 -0.3 

Negro 

None or less than 5 yeari ........................ 5.6 5.7 -0.1 5.8 5.2 0.4 

57years ................................... 6.1 5.6 -0.6 5.8 5.2 0.6 

Syean.. .................................. 6.8 5.7 0.1 6.1 5.2 0.9 

9.llyean .................................. 5.5 5.6 -0.1 4.8 5.3 -0.5 

12years ................................... 5.4 5.5 -0.1 4.4 5.0 -0.6 

13.15years ................................. 4.8 5.8 -1.0 4.1 5.3 -1.2 

16years.. ................................. 39 4.6 -0.7 4.5 4.5 0.0 

17 years or “lore ............................. 6.3 5.4 0.9 6.3 5.7 0.6 

Total’ Average number of D teeih 

None or less than 5 years ........................ 2.8 1.7 1.1 3.0 1.6 1.4 

6-7years ................................... 2.7 1.i 1.0 2.6 1.7 0.9 

8years.. .................................. 2.1 1.7 0.7 2.2 1.6 0.6 

9~11wvs .................................. 1.9 1.7 0.2 1.8 1.6 0.2 

12years ................................... 1.4 1.7 -0.3 1.4 1.6 -0.2 

13-15ye.m ................................. 1.0 1.7 -0.7 1.0 1.6 -0.6 

16years .................................... 0.7 1.6 -0.9 0.7 1.6 -0.9 

17yearsormore ............................. 0.6 1.7 -1.1 0.6 1.6 -1.0 

White 

No”eorlesstha”5years ........................ 2.4 1.5 0.9 2.6 1.5 1.1 

5-7 years ................................... 2.3 1.6 0.8 2.3 1.6 0.8 

8years.. .................................. 1.9 1.5 0.4 2.0 1.4 0.6 

9.llyean .................................. 1.7 1.5 0.2 1.6 1 A 0.2 

12 years ..................... . ............. 1.3 1.4 -0.1 1.3 1.4 -0.1 

13-15 years ................................. 0.9 1 A -0.5 1 .o 1.4 -0.4 

16years.. . . ............................... 0.7 1.4 -0.7 0.7 1.4 -0.7 

17yearsormore .............................. 0.5 1.4 -0.9 0.5 1 A -0.9 

Negro 

Nbne or less than 5 years ........................ 3.7 3.2 0.5 3.8 3.0 0.8 

57 years ................................... 3.7 3.1 0.6 3.4 2.9 0.5 

8yean.. .................................. 3.7 3.2 0.5 3.6 3.0 0.8 

9-11 years .................................. 2.9 3.2 -0.3 2.6 3.1 0.5 

12 years ................................... 2.6 3.1 -0.5 2.4 2.9 0.5 

13-15years ................................. 2.0 3.2 -1.2 1.8 3.1 -1.3 

16vears.. ................................. 0.8 2.8 -2.0 0.4 2.7 -2.3 

17 years or more ............................. 3.3 3.1 0.2 2.8 3.2 -0.4 

See footnotes at end of table. 

22 

5.0 6.4 -1.4 

6.4 6.5 -0.1 

7.0 6.6 0.4 

6.8 6.5 0.3 

6.6 6.5 0.1 

6.5 6.8 -0.3 

6.8 6.7 0.1 

6.6 6.5 0.1 

4.6 6.4 -1.8 

6.4 6.5 Lo.1 

7.2 6.7 0.5 

6.9 6.6 0.3 

6.6 6.6 0.0 

6.6 6.8 0.2 

6.9 6.8 0.1 

6.7 6.7 0.0 

5.6 5.1 -0.5 

6.4 8.0 0.4 

5.6 6.2 -0.6 

6.1 5.9 0.2 

6.3 5.9 0.4 

5.4 6.1 -017 

2.7 4.8 -2.1 

6.2 4.4 1.8 

2.7 1.7 1.0 

2.8 1.7 1.1 

2.0 1.7 0.3 

2.0 1.7 0.3 

1 A 1.7 -0.3 

1.0 1.7 -0.7 

0.7 1.7 -1.0 

0.6 1.7 -1.1 

2.2 1 A 0.8 

2.3 1.4 0.9 

1.9 1.4 0.5 

1.7 1.4 0.3 

,1.2 1.4 -0.2 

0.9 1 A -0.5 

0.7 1.4 -0.7 

0.5 1.4 -0.9 

3.6 3.4 0.2 

4.1 3.4 0.7 

3.6 3.5 0.1 

3.2 3.3 -0.1 

2.8 3.4 -0.6 

2.2 3.4 -1.2 

1.3 3.0 -1.7 

4.5 2.6 1.9 
T&e& Differences between actual and expected DMF indexes and between actual and expected average runben 01 decayed IDI. mining GM), and filled (F) teeth per 

person among youths 12.17 years, wth standard errors of the estimates, by sex, race, and education of head of household: Untted State, 1966-70-Con. 

Both sexes Male Female 

Educatm” and race 

ACtUal Expected Difference Actual Expected Difference Actual Expected Difference 

Total’ Average number of M teeth 

Ncneorlessthan5yoan.. ...................... 1.0 0.7 0.3 1.0 0.7 0.3 1.0 0.7 

57years ................................... 1A 0.7 0.7 1.5 0.7 0.8 1.3 0.7 

Byean .................................... 1.0 0.7 0.3 1.0 0.7 0.3 1.0 0.7 

9.11yean .................................. 0.9 0.7 0.2 0.8 0.7 0.1 0.9 0.7 

12yean.. ................................. 0.5 0.7 -0.2 0.5 0.7 -0.2 0.6 0.7 

13.15years ................................. 0.2 0.7 -0.5 0.2 0.7 -0.5 0.2 0.7 

16 years ................................... 0.2 0.7 -0.5 0.2 0.6 -0.4 0.2 0.7 

17 years or more ............................. 0.2 0.7 -0.5 0.2 0.7 -0.5 0.1 0.7 

White 

Noneorlesrthen5years :. ...................... 0.9 0.6 0.3 0.9 0.6 0.3 0.9 0.6 

6-7yearr ................................... 1.4 0.6 0.8 1.5 0.6 0.9 1.2 0.6 

ayeam.. .................................. 1.0 0.6 0.4 1.0 0.6 0.4 1.0 0.6 

911 years .................................. 0.7 0.6 0.1 0.7 0.6 0.1 0.8 0.6 

12ye.w.. ................................. 0.5 0.6 -0.1 0.5 0.6 -0.1 0.6 0.6 

13.15years ................................. 0.2 0.6 -0.4 0.1 0.6 -0.5 0.2 0.6 

16 yearr ................................... 0.2 0.6 -0.4 0.1 0.5 -0.4 0.2 0.6 

17 years or “lore ............................. 0.1 0.6 -0.5 0.1 0.6 -0.5 0.1 0.6 

Negro 

None or less than 5yeart ........................ 1.1 1.3 -0.2 1.1 1 A -0.3 1.1 12 

~7years ................................... 1.6 1.3 0.3 1.6 1.4 0.2 1.5 1.2 

8yean.. .................................. 1.3 1.3 0.0 1.5 1.3 0.2 1.1 1.2 

SllYfws .................................. 1.4 1.3 0.1 1.5 1.4 0.1 1.2 1.1 

12years ................................... 0.9 1.2 -0.3 1.0 1.3 -0.3 0.8 1.1 

13.15 years ................................. 0.8 1.3 -0.5 0.8 1.4 -0.6 0.8 1.2 

ISyears.. ................................. 1.4 10 0.4 1.4 1.1 0.3 1.3 0.8 

17yearsormore ............................. 2.5 1.3 1.2 3.2 1.5 1.7 0.8 0.8 

Total’ Average number of F teem 

NoneorlersthanSyears ........................ 1.1 3.8 -2.7 0.8 3.6 -2.8 13 4.0 

57yearr ................................... 2.1 3.9 -1.8 2.0 3.6 -1.6 2.3 4.1 

Eyean .................................... 3.7 3.9 -0.2 3.5 3.6 -0.1 33 42 

9.11yean.. ................................ 3.6 3.8 -0.2 3.4 3.5 -0.1 33 42 

12yaars.. ................................. 4.3 3.8 0.5 4.0 3.5 0.5 4.6 4.1 

1515years ................................. 4.6 3.9 0.7 3.9 3.4 0.5 5.3 4.3 

16years .................................. 5.2 3.8 1.4 4.5 3.2 1.3 5.9 4.3 

17 years or more ............................. 5.2 3.8 1.4 4.7 3.5 12 5.9 4.1 

White -

No ”ewlesstha”5yearr ........................ 1.2 4.2 -3.0 0.9 4.0 -3.1 1.5 4.3 

57years ................................... 2.7 4.3 -1.6 2.5 4.1 -1.6 2.8 4.4 

8 years ................................... 4.1 4.3 -0.2 3.8 4.0 -0.2 4.2 4.6 

9-l 1 years ................................. .4.2 4.2 0.0 4.0 4.0 0.0 4.4 4.6 

12years.. ................................ 4.5 4.2 0.3 4.2 3.9 0.3 4.8 4.6 

13-15years ................................. 4.8 4.3 0.5 4.0 3.8 0.2 5.4 4.7 

16years.. ................................. 5.3 4.2 1.1 4.6 3.6 1 .o 6.0 4.7 

17yrarsormore ............................. 5.4 4.2 1.2 4.9 3.9 1 .o 6.0 4.6 

Negro 

Noneorlesrthan5yean ........................ 0.7 1.2 -0.5 0.7 OS -0.1 0.8 1.5 

57years ................................... 0.8 1.1 -0.3 0.8 0.8 0.0 0.8 1.5 

8yean.. .................................. 0.8 1.2 -0.4 0.8 0.9 -0.1 0.8 1.5 

9.11 years ................................. 1.2 1.2 0.0 0‘7 0.9 -0.2 1.6 1.5 

12years ................................... 1.9 1.1 0.8 1.0 0.8 0.2 2.8 1.4 

13.15yearr ................................. 1.9 1.2 0.7 1 A 0.9 0.5 2.3 1.5 

1fiyean.. ................................ 1.8 0.8 1.0 2.7 0.7 2.0 0.0 1.0 

17 years or more ............................. 0.5 1.0 -0.5 0.3 1 .o -0.7 03 1.0 

See footnotes at end of table. 

0.3 

0.6 

0.3 

0.2 

-0.1 

-0.5 

-0.5 

-0.6 

0.3 

0.6 

0.4 

0.2 

0.0 

-0.4 

-0.6 

-0.5 

-0.1 

0.3 

-0.1 

0.1 

-0.3 

-0.4 

0.5 

0.0 

-2.7 

-1.8 

-0.3 

-0.3 

0.5 

1.0 

1.6 

1.8 

-2.8 

-1.6 

-04 

-0.2 

il.3 

0.7 

1.3 

1.4 

-0.7 

-0.7 

-0.7 

0.1 

1.4 

0.8 

-1.0 

-0.1 

23 
. 

Tabls6. Differences between actual and expected DMF indexes and between actual and expected average numbers of decayed (01, missing (Ml, and filled (F) teeth per 

person among youths 12.17 years, with standard’errors of the estimates, by sex, race. and education of head of household: United States, 1966.70-&n. -

Education and race Both sexes Male Female Both sexes Male Female 

Standard error Standard error 

Total’ DMF index M.teeth 

None or less than 5 years . . . . . . . . . 0.84 0.86 0.86 0.16 0.15 0.21 

5-7 wars ........... . . . . . . . . . . 0.52 0.55 0.59 0.17 0.23 0.17 

a yean ............ . . . . . . . . 0.47 0.44 0.59 0.10 0.11 0.16 

9-11 years .......... . . . . . . . . . 0.34 0.40 0.34 0.08 0.09 0.09 

12 years ........... . . . . . . . . . . 0.25 0.26 0.29 0.06 0.06 0.08 

13.15 years ......... . . . . . . . . . . 0.28 0.30 0.36 0.03 0.03 0.05 

16 wars ........... . . . 0.24 0.26 0.29 0104 0.06 0.07 

17 years or more ...... . . . . . . 0.44 0.50 0.50 0.10 0.15 0.05 

White 

None or less than 5 y&n . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.22 1.17 ‘I .38 0.24 0.25 0.33 

5-7 years ........... . . . , . . . . 0.62 0.65 0.70 0.19 0.23 0.20 

8vean ............ . . . . . . . . 0.52 0.49 0.64 0.11 0.12 0.18 

9-11 years .......... . . . . . . . . . . 0.37 0.45 0.34 0.07 0.08 0.09 

12 wars ........... . . . . . . . , . . 0.25 0.27 0.29 0.06 0.06 0.09 

13-l 5 years ......... . . . . . . . . ... . 0.29 0.30 0.39 0.03 0.03 0.05 

16 years ........... . . . . . . . . . . 0.24 0.25 0.31 0.04 0.05 0.07 

17vearsormore ..... . . . . . . . . . . 0.43 0.46 0.50 0.04 0.05 0.04 

Negro

-

None or less than 5 years . . . . **. 0.89 0.87 0.99 0.15 0.15 I 0.21 

5-7 years ........... . . . 0.65 0.68 0.80 0.29 0.41 0.23 

a years ............ . . . . . . . 0.64 0.69 0.90 0.20 0.31 0.15 

9-11 years .......... . . . . . . . . . 0.96 0.98 1.05 0.26 0.32 0.25 

12 years ........... . . . . . . . . . . 0.53 0.62 0.44 0.15 0.24 0.12 

13-15 years ......... 

16 years ........... 

. . . . 

. . . . . . . . . . . * . . . , . 0.94 

0.87 

1.05 

1.48 

0.98 

0.67 

0.22 

0.80 

0.26 

0.99 

0.24 

0.92 

17 years or more ..... . . . . . . . . . 3.00 3.76 3.27 1 .a3 2.36 0.82 

Total’ D teeth F teeth 

None or less than 5 years . . . . . . . . . . 0.65 0.66 0.67 0.24 0.35 0.26 

57 wars . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.41 0.42 0.45 0.19 0.28 0.21 

a years . . . . . , . . . . , . . . . . . . . . 0.25 0.28 0.24 0.28 0.31 0.36 

9-11 years . . . . , . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.22 0.23 0.23 0.25 0.28 0.26 

12 years . , . , . . . . . . . . . . . 0.16 0.19 0.17 0.16 0.14 0.22 

13-15 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.13 0.10 0.18 0.21 0.27 0.30 

16 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.11 0.1 I 0.16 0.22 0.23 0.29 

I7 years or “lore . . . . . . . . . . 0.10 0.11 0.14 0.33 0.34 0.47 

White 

None or less than 5 years . . . . . . . . 0.79 0.86 0.76 0.44 0.51 0.57 

5-7 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.32 0.35 0.36 0.25 0.36 0.31 

8 years . . . . . . . . 0.24 0.27 0.23 0.32 0.35 0.41 

9-11 years . . . . . . . . . 0.16 0.16 0.18 0.29 0.33 0.30 

12 years . . . . . . . . . . 0.16 0.19 0.17 0.17 0.17 0.20 

13.15years . . . . . . . . . . 0.13 0.10 0.19 0.23 0.27 0.32 

I6 years . . . . . . . . . . 0.11 0.11 0.17 0.22 0.22 0.28 

17 years or rn,>l 1 . . . . . . 0.09 0.11 0.11 0.38 0.42 0.48 

Negro 

None or It% man 5 yez: ........................ 0.95 0.78 1.12 0.31 0.42 0.39 

57years .......................... 0.83 0.78 0.93 0.20 0.27 0.19 

8 years .............................. 0.70 0.79 0.74 0.27 0.34 0.32 

9-11 vex5 ........................ 0.80 0.87 0.78 0.24 0.22 0.32 

12years. ......... . ............... 0.53 0.52 0.62 0.44 0.21 0.88 

13.15 yea-- ................. 0.60 0.84 0.56 0.65 0.37 1 .Q3 

Iti yean, ...... 0.48 0.54 1 .I4 0.83 I .36 0.00 

I i pars QF ?v,r: ............... 1.42 1.73 2.41 0.32 0.23 0.72 _ ---_ ___~___ 

’ Includes data to. “ethw wzes,” which are not shown separately. 

NOTE -Filled teeth include only teeth with satisfactory fillings. Decayed teeth include not only teeth with caries and also filled teeth with carious lesions ordefectivs 

t iirngs ‘r?iwp: teeth ~cluw~ noth missing and nonfunctional teeth. DMF is the total of these three categories. 

? ! 
Table 7. Differences between actual and expected DMF indexes and between actual and expected average numbers of decayed ID), 

missing (M), and filled (F) teeth per person among youths 12-17 years, with standard errors of the estimates, by sex, race, and 

region of residence: United States, 1966-70 

Race and Both sexes II Male I Female 

geographic region Actual Expected Difference Actual Expected Difference Actual Expected Difference 

Total’ Number of DMF teeth 

Northeast .......... 7.6 6.1 1.5 6.9 5.8 1.1 8.2 6.5 1.7 

Midwest ........... 6.1 6.2 -0.1 5.9 5.8 0.1 6.4 6.5 -0.1 

South ............. 6.6 6.2 0.3 6.4 5.9 0.5 6.6 6.6 0.0 

west ............. 4.8 6.2 -1.4 4.4 5.9 -1.5 5.2 6.6 -1.4 

White 

Northeast .......... 7.8 6.2 1.6 7.2 5.9 1.3 8.3 6.6 1.7 

Midwest ........... 6.3 6.3 0.0 6.0 5.9 0.1 6.6 6.6 0.0 

South ............. 6.6 6.4 0.2 6.5 6.1 0.4 6.7 6.7 0.0 

West ............. 4.9 6.3 -1.4 4.5 6.0 -1.5 5.2 6.6 -1.4 

Negro 

Northeast .......... 6.2 5.6 0.6 4.9 5.1 -0.2 7.2 6.0 1.2 

Midwest ........... 4.8 5.7 -0.9 4.8 5.4 -0.6 4.8 6.0 -1.2 

South ............. 6.3 5.6 0.7 6.2 5.2 1 .o 6.4 ’ 6.1 0.3 

west ............. 3.4 5.6 -2.2 2.8 5.3 -2.5 4.1 6.0 1.9 

Total* Number of D teeth 

Northeast .......... 1.8 1.7 0.1 ‘1.8 1.7 0.1 1.8 1.7 0.1 

Midwest ........... 1.4 1.7 -0.3 1.3 1.7 -0.4 1.5 1.7 -0.2 

South ............. 2.6 1.7 0.9 2.6 ‘1.7 0.9 2.6 1.7 0.9 

west ............. 1.0 1.7 -0.7 1.1 1.7 -9.6 1.0 1.7 -0.7 

White 

Northeast .......... 1.7 1.6 0.2 1.8 1.5 0.3 1.6 1.4 0.2 

Midwest ........... 1.4 1.6 -0.1 1.3 1.5 -0.2 1.5 1.4 0.1 

South ............. 1.9 1.5 0.4 2.0 1.5 0.5 1.9 1.4 0.5 

West ............. 1 .o 1.6 -0.6 1.1 1.5 -0.4 1 .o 1.4 -0.4 

Negro 

Northeast .......... 2.9 3.2 -0.3 2.3 3.0 0.7 3.3 3.4 -0.1 * 

Mid-t ........... 1.9 3.3 -1.4 1.7 3.1 -1.4 2.0 3.4 -1.4 

South ............. 4.4 3.2 1.2 42 3.0 1.2 4.6 3.5 1.1 

West ............. 1.2 3.2 -2.0 1 A 3.0 -1.6 1.1 3.4 -2.3 

Sac footnotes at end of table. 
Table 7. Differences between actual and expected DMF indexes and between actual and expected average numbers of decayed (0). 

missing tfvl), and filled (Fj teeth per person among youths 12-17 years, with standard errors of the estimates, by sex, race, and 

region of residence: United States, 1966-70-Con. 

II I 

Both sexes Male Female Race and 

geographic region Actual Expected Difference Actual Expected Difference Actual Expected Difference 

Total’ Number of M teeth 

Northeast .......... 0.8 0.7 0.1 0.7 0.7 0.0 0.8 0.7 0.1 

Midwest ........... 0.6 0.7 -0.1 0.6 0.7 -0.1 0.5 0.7 -0.2 

South ............. 1.2 0.1 0.5 1.1 0.7 0.4 1.2 0.7 0.5 

West ............. 0.4 0.7 -0.3 0.4 0.7 -0.3 0.4 0.7 -0.3 

White 

Northeast .......... 0.7 0.6 0.1 0.1 0.6 0.1 0.8 0.6 0.2 

Midwest ........... 0.5 0.6 -0.1 0.6 0.6 0.0 0.4 0.6 -0.2 

South ............. 1.1 0.6 0.6 1 .o 0.6 0.4 1.2 0.6 0.6 

West ............. 0.3 0.6 -0.3 0.3 0.6 -0.3 0.3 0.6 -0.3 

Negro 

Northeast .......... 1.3 1.2 0.1 1.4 1.3 0.1 1.2 1.2 0.0 

Midwest ........... 1.5 1.3 0.2 1.6 1.4 0.2 1.5 1.2 0.3 

South ............. 1.4 1.3 0.1 1.5 1.4 0.1 1.3 1.2 0.1 

West ............. 0.7 1.3 -0.6 0.7 1.4 -0.7 0.6 1.2 -0.6 

Total’ Number of F teeth 

Northeast .......... 4.9 3.7 1.2 4.4 3.4 1 .o 5.5 4.1 1.4 

Midwest ........... 4.1 3.8 0.3 3.9 3.4 0.5 4.4 4.1 03 

South ............. 2.7 3.8 -1.1 2.7 3.5 -0.8 2.8 4.1 -13 

West ............. 3.4 3.8 -0.4 2.9 3.5 -0.6 3.8 4.1 -0.3 

White 

Northeast .......... 6.4 4.1 1.: 4.8 3.8 1 .o 6.0 4.5 1.5 

Midwest ........... 4.4 4.2 0.: 4.1 3.8 0.3 4.6 4.5 0.1 

South ............. 3.6 4.2 -0.E 3.5 3.9 -0.4 3.6 4.6 -1.0 

West ............. 3.5 4.2 -0.7 3.1 3.9 -0.5 3.9 4.5 -0.6 

Negro 

Northeast .......... 2.0 1.1 0.9 1.2 0.8 0.4 2.7 1.4 1.3 

Midwest ........... 1.4 1.1 0.3 1.5 0.9 0.6 1.3 1.4 -0.1 

South ............. 0.5 1 .l -0.6 0.5 0.8 -0.3 0.5 1.4 -0.9 

West ............. 1.5 1.1 0.4 0.8 0.9 -0.1 2.3 1.4 -0.9 

See footnotes at end of table. 

26 
Table 7. Differences between actual and expected DMF indexes and between actual and expected average numoers o cecayec /-,, 

missing (MI, and filled (F) teeth per person among youths 12-17 years, with standard errors of the estimates, by sex, race, and 

region of residence: United States, 1966-70-Con. 

Race and Both sexes Male Female Both sexes Male Female geographic region 

Standard error Standard error 

Total’ DMF teeth M teeth 

Northeast .......... 0.39 0.47 0.34 0.10 0.08 0.12 

Midwest ........... 0.54 0.61 0.49 0.08 0.09 0.08 

South ............. 0.46 0.46 0.47 0.10 0.10 0.13 

West ............. 0.81 0.64 0.99 0.05 0.04 0.08 

White 

Northeast .......... 0.42 0.48 0.36 0.11 0.09 0.14 

Midwest ........... 0.58 0.66 0.53 0.06 0.09 0.06 

South ............. 0.35 0.36 0.33 0.1 1 0.11 0.15 

West ............. 0.86 0.69 1.03 0.04 0.04 0.07 

Negro 

Northeast .......... 0.29 0.31 0.52 0.29 0.37 0.24 

Midwest ........... 0.22 0.40 0.56 0.42 0.51 0.34 

South ............. 1.07 1.02 1.15 0.18 0.19 0.17 

West ............. 1.09 1.78 1.49 0.17 0.27 0.22 

Total’ D teeth F teeth 

Northeast .......... 0.30 0.36 0.24 0.32 0.29 0.35 

Midwest ........... 0.34 0.35 0.33 0.32 0.35 0.32 

South ............. 0.56 0.56 0.56 0.35 0.34 0.37 

West .............. 0.14 0.13 0.14 0.65 0.51 0 .a0 

White 

Northeast .......... 0.33 0.39 0.30 0.31 0.26 0.31 

Midwest ........... 0.36 0.38 0.35 0.31 0.35 0.31 

South ............. 0.35 0.37 0.34 0.38 0.37 0.38 

West ............. 0.14 0.14 , 0.14 0.85 0.56 0.85 

Negro 

Northeast .......... 0.30 0.30 0.44 0.45 0.40 0.52 

Midwest ........... 0.37 0.45 0.31 0.09 0.42 0.48 

South ............. 1.22 1.16 1.30 0.22 0.19 0.26 

West ............. 0.38 0.73 0.78 1.01 L 

0.38 0.44 L / -L 

’ Includes data for “other races.” which are not shown separately. 

NOTE-Filled teeth include only teeth with satisfactory fillings. Decayed teeth include not only teeth with caries but also filled 

teeth with carious lesions or defective fillings. Missing teeth include both missing and nonfunctional teeth. DMF is the total of these 

three categories. 

27 
APPENDIX I 

THE DENTAL EXAMINATION AND THE TRAINING OF EXAMINERS 

The Examination Teeth with temporary fillings or crowns were 

also scored FD. 

Two forms were used to record dental Nonfunc tional-curious.-When decay had findings on sample youths examined during 

1966-70. The first one had diagrams of the penetrated the pump chamber of a tooth, the 

teeth, and the condition of each tooth was 

tooth was scored either under “XD” or, if 

noted in the tooth’s corresponding diagram, The only roots were remaining, under “XR.” 

initial form was replaced by a form that elimi- Carious teeth were nonfunctional when there 

nated the time-consuming tasks of coding and was visible evidence of 

keypunching (see figure I). The procedures and 1. Periapical abscess or pulpal exposure. 

findings of the examination were not affected 2. Extensive undermining of all enamel 

walls. by the change in forms. 

Instructions for determining the condition of Retuined deciduous tooth and roots.-When 

individual teeth and recording the information any portion of the succedaneous tooth could be 

in section 4, “Status of Tooth Spaces,” of the seen, it was given an appropriate score under 

new form were as follows: “Teeth Present” and the deciduous tooth was 

scored XP under “Primary Teeth” if any portion 

Primary tooth present. -Primary tooth pres- of the crown of the deciduous tooth was present 

ent coded under “P” in “Primary Teeth” sec- and XR under “Primary Teeth” if only roots 

tion, and status coded under “Teeth Present.” were remaining; 

Permanent tooth present.-Status coded only Missing tooth (unerupted, extracted, OY reunder “Teeth Present.” placed).-When neither a primary nor a perTeeth present.-In the section “Teeth Pres- manent tooth was present (tooth space may be 

ent,” the following codes were used: vacant or missing tooth may be replaced by a 

fixed or removable partial denture), a code was 

NomtaL-Unfilled teeth without carious le- recorded to indicate the reason the permanent _ 

sions were scored under “N.” tooth was missing. When appropriate, an additional code was recorded to indicate the status G&us.-Unfilled teeth with carious lesions of the tooth space. These codes were as follows: 

were marked under “D.” Initially each tooth “0” designates unerupted teeth. 

was examined visually for evidence of decay, “C” designates teeth extracted because of decalcified areas, opacity of marginal ridges, caries. and undermined enamel in pits and fissures. “S-X” designates teeth extracted Once observed, suspected lesions were con- @ Because of accident (tooth spaces 7, 8, sidered carious only when a break in the 9, 10,23,24,25,26). enamel could be demonstrated with an exl For orthodontic reasons (tooth spaces 4, plorer. 5, 12,13,20,21,28,29). 

Filled (including crown).-Teeth with satis- l Because of impaction (tooth spaces 1, 

factory fillings or crowns and no carious 16, 17, 32). 

lesions were scored under “F.” Filled or 

crowned teeth with new or recurrent carious The Examiners 

lesions were scored FD. (This required a mark 

under “F” and a mark under “D.“) Non- Each of the 6,757 sample youths who recarious filled teeth were indicated in like ceived dental examinations during 1966-70 was 

manner .when the restoration was loose or examined by one of five dentists. The dentists 

when it was fractured and the base or pulpal included two senior examiners, 1 and 2, who 

wall of the cavity preparation was exposed. trained and supervised the other dentists, 3-7. 
-

-

:: -

:: 

r -c 

L: 

r: 

4. ST A TUS OF TOOT i.PERIODOHTAL No :::: :: 

Prlmsry TIath INDEX ( P.I. 

Quadrant ; i z z E 

P XP XR I 2 6 6 

UPPER 

ARCH 

RIGHT 

-

UPPER 

ARCH 

LEFT 

P XP xr 

LOWER 

ARCH 

LEFT 

LOWER 

ARCH 

RIGHT 

Figure I. Dental examination-Health Examination Survey. 

29 
Sample youths were not assigned randomly or 

equally among the various examiners. At most 

survey locations children were examined by only 

one dentist-3, 4, 5, 6, or 7. At 14 of 40 

locations, however, a small subsample was 

examined by either 1 or 2 or, as occurred at two 

locations, by both 1 and 2. Thus the senior 

dentists examined relatively few sample youths. 

The number and percent of youths examined by 

each dentist were as follows: 

Number of Percent of 

sample youths sample youths 

examined examined 

7 dentists . . . . . . . . . 6,757 100.0 

1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 236 3.5 

2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 302 . 4.5 

3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,055 15.6 

4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 448 6.6 

5 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,689 25.0 

6 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,472 21.8 

7 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,555 23.0 

Most examinations completed by the senior 

dentists resulted from a planned series of replicate examinations. As a rule, the findings of the 

senior dentist were made part of the sample 

youth’s examination record, and the findings of 

the dentist with whom he was paired were kept 

separate. The primary aim of the replicate 

examinations was to correct any examiner divergence from the accepted examination procedures. .’ 

Throughout the replicate examinations, the 

senior dentist completed his examination first, 

dictating his findings to a trained recorder. After 

completing the examination, the senior dentist 

recorded the findings of the other dentist, who 

had previously been.absent from the examining 

room. Appreciable interexaminer differences as 

well as any procedure that diverged from the 

accepted one were discussed and, if indicated, 

either resolved or corrected while the sample 

youth was still present. However, the findings 

originally recorded were not altered. 

‘To indicate the level of agreement among’ 

examiners, the results of the replicate examina­

‘tions are shown in table I. The direction of the 

disagreements that occurred is shown by a plus 

or minus sign. A plus sign indicates that a 

finding of the senior dentist was higher than that 

of another dentist, and a minus sign indicates 

the opposite. 

Perfect agreement between the senior dentists 

and the examining dentists ranged from a low of 

about 57 percent on untreated decayed teeth to 

a high of 87 percent on missing teeth. Perfect 

agreement on DMF teeth occurred in about 

one-half of the examinations, whereas disagreements of more than one DMF tooth occurred in 

only about one-fourth of them: 

The results of the replicate examinations 

indicate that the level of examiner agreement 

was not as high during the survey of youths as it 

was during the survey of children.5 The lower 

level of agreement during the survey of youths is 

at least partly due to the fact that the variability 

of DMF counts among youths is greater than the 

variability of those among children. For instances about 54 percent of ,U.S. youths 12-17 

had DMF counts ranging from 5 to a high of 

about 21; only about 4 percent of U.S. children 

6-11 had counts ranging from 5 to a high of 13. 

Thus there is a greater probability of wider 

examiner disagreements occurring during examinations conducted on youths than during those 

conducted on children. 

Table I. Percent distribution of differences in dental findings between senior dentists and other dentists on 407 replicate 

examinations: Health Examination Survey, 1966-70 

II Differences observed in number of affected teeth 

Dental findings All replicate 

examinations -4 -3 -2 -1 0 4-l +2 +3 +4 

or more or more 

Percent distribution 

DMF teeth ....................... 100.0 1.2 1.7 7.4 15.5 47.9 12.5 8.1 2.5 3.2 

D teeth ......................... 100.0 2.0 2.4 4.9 12.3 56.8 11.8 5.2 2.2 2.4 

M teeth ......................... 100.0 .2 .2 1.5 3.9 87.0 5.2 1.2 .5 .3 

F teeth ......................... 100.0 .2 .3 3.T 8.1 73.7 8.9 3.2 1.7 .7 

30 

I 
APPENDIX II 

DEMOGRAPHIC AND SOCIOECONOMIC TERMS 

Age.-The age recorded for each youth was 

the age at last birthday on the date of examination. The age criterion for inclusion in the 

sample used in this survey was defined as age at 

time of interview. Since the examination usually 

took place 2-4 weeks after the interview, some 

of those who were 17 years old at the time of 

the interview became 18 years old by the time 

of the examination. There were 23 such cases. In 

the adjustment and weighting procedures used 

to produce national es&rates, these 23 were 

included in the 17-year-old group. 

Race.-The race classification recorded by 

observation was confirmed by comparison with 

the race classification on the youth’s birth 

certificate. Race was recorded as “white,” 

“Negro,” or “other races.” The last category 

included American Indian, Chinese, Japanese, 

and all races other than white or Negro. Mexican 

persons were included with “white” unless 

definitely known to be American Indian or of 

another race other than white. Negroes and 

persons of mixed Negro and other parentage 

were recorded as “Negro.‘* 

Family income.-The income recorded was 

the total income received during the past 12 

months by the head of the household and all 

other household members related to the head by 

blood, marriage, or adoption. This income was 

the gross cash income (excluding pay in kind, 

e.g., meals, living quarters, or supplies provided 

in place of cash wages) except in the case of a 

family with its own farm or business, in which 

case net income was recorded. Also included in 

the family income figure were allotments and 

other money received by the family from a 

member of the Armed Forces whether he was 

living at home or not. 

Education of head of household.-The highest 

grade that had been completed in school was 

recorded. The only grades counted were those 

that had been completed in a regular graded 

school where persons were given formal education-either public or private schoo1, either day 

or night school, and either full-time or part-time 

attendance A regular school is one that advances a person toward an elementary or high 

school diploma or a college, university, or 

professional school degree. Education in vocational, trade, or business schools outside the 

regular school system was not counted in determining the highest grade of school completed. 

Geographic region.-For purposes of stratification, the United States was divided as follows 

into four broad geographic regions of approximately equal population, which correspond 

closely to those used by the U.S. Bureau of the 

Census. 

Region States Included 

Northeast . . . * Maine, Vermont, New 

Hampshire, Massachusetts, 

Connecticut, Rhode Island, 

New York, New Jersey, and 

Pennsylvania 

South . . . . Delaware, Maryland, District of Columbia, West Virginia, Virginia, Kentucky, 

Tennessee, North Carolina, 

South Carolina, Georgia, 

Florida, Alabama, Mississippi, Louisiana, and Arkansas 

Midwest . . . . . . Ohio, Illinois, Indiana, 

Michigan, Wisconsin, Minnesota, Iowa, and Missouri 

West . . . . . . . . Washington, Oregon, Cali- , 

fornia, Nevada, New Mcxico, Arizona, Texas, Oklahoma, Kansas, Nebraska, 

North Dakota, South Dakota, Idaho, Utah, Colorado, 

R4ontana, Wyoming, Alaska, 

and Hawaii 

31 
APPENDIX III 

STATISTICAL NOTES 

The Survey Design 

The Health Examination Survey was designed 

as a highly stratified multistage sampling of the 

noninstitutional population aged 12-17 years of 

the United States including Alaska and Hawaii. 

Youths living on lands reserved for the use of 

American Indians were not included in the 

sample. The first stage of the plan was a sample 

of 40 primary sampling units (PSU’s) from 

nearly 2,000 PSU’s into which the United States 

has been divided. A PSU is a county, two or 

three contiguous counties, or a standard metropolitan statistical area. Later stages resulted in 

the random selection of clusters of about 10 

youths from a small neighborhood within the 

PSU. The total sample was composed of 7,514 

youths in the 40 PSU’s in 25 States. The 

structure of the design and conduct of the 

survey have been described in detail in a 

previous rep0rt.l 

Retiabitity 

The methodological strength of the survey 

derives especially from its use of scientific 

probability sampling techniques and highly 

standardized and closely controlled measurement processes. This does not imply that statistics from the survey are exact or without 

error, Data from the survey are imperfect for 

three major reasons: (1) results are subject to 

sampling error, (2) the actual conduct of a 

survey never agrees perfectly with the design, 

0 and (3) the measurement processes themselves 

are inexact even though standardized and controlled. 

Of the total of 7,514 sample youths, 6,768, 

or 90.0 percent, were examined. Analysis indicates that the examined persons are a highly 

representative sample of the noninstitutional 

U.S. population 12-17 years of age. Imputation 

for the nonrespondents w’as accomplished by 

attributing to nonexamined persons the characteristics of comparable examined persons. The 

specific procedure used consisted of inflating the 

sampling weight for each examined person to 

compensate for nonexamined sample persons at 

the ‘same survey location and in the same age-sex 

group.1 It is impossible, of course, to be certain 

that the average number of, for instance, DMF 

teeth per person is the same for the examined 

and the nonexamined groups. 

Only 11 examined sample youths did not 

receive a dental examination. Thus dental findings were recorded for the 6,757 youths classified in table II by age and sex; the estimated 

U.S. population aged 12-17 years is shown in 

table HI by age, race, and sex. 

No estimates of dental findings were made for 

the 11 youths who did not have the dental 

examination. In the national estimates of the 

findings among youths, it was assumed that the 

distribution of their dental findings would have 

been similar to those for the examined group of 

the same age, sex, and race. 

Table II. Number of sample youths who received a dental 

examination, by age and sex: Health Examination Survey, 

1966-70 

Age Male Female 

Number of 

sample youths 

12-17 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . : 3,538 I 3,219 

12 years ......................... 642 545 

13 years ...................... _ . 625 582 

14years ........................ 618 586 

15years ........................ 612 503 

16 years .................... _ ... 554 535 . 

17 years ........................ 487 468 

32 
Table III. Estimated number of noninstitutionalized youths aged 12-17 years, by age, race, and sex: United States, 

1966-70 

White Negro 

Age Total ’ 

Male Female Male Female 

Number in thousands 

12-17 years ..................... 22,692 9,929 9,623 1,496 1,527 

12 years ........................... 4,002 1,747 1,685 280 272 

13 years ........................... 3,952 1,729 1,667 262 275 

14yeat-s ........................... 3,852 1,686 1,633 256 266 

15 years ........................... 3,751 1,646 1,594 241 235 

16 years ........................... 3,625 1,594 1,542 231 243 

17 years ........................... 3,510 1,528 1,502 225 237 

’ Includes data for “other races,” which are not shown separately. 

Sampling and Measurement Error 

Several references have been made in this 

report to efforts to evaluate both the bias and 

the variability of the measurement techniques. 

The probability design of the survey makes 

possible the calculation of sampling errors. 

Traditionally, the role of the sampling error has 

been the determination of how imprecise the 

survey results may be because they come from a 

sample rather than from ail elements in the 

universe. 

The task of presenting sample errors for a 

study of the type of the Health Examination 

Survey is complicated by at least three factors: 

(1) measurement error and “pure” sampling 

error are confounded in the data-it is not easy 

to find a procedure that will either completely 

include both or treat one or the other 

separately, (2) the survey design and estimation 

procedure are complex and accordingly require 

computationally invoIved techniques for calculation of variances, and (3) thousands of statistics 

come from the survey, many for subclasses of 

the population for which there are small numbers of sample cases. Estimates of sampling error 

are obtained from the sample data and are 

themselves subject to sampling error, which may 

be large when the number of cases in a cell is 

small or even occasionally when the number of 

cases is substantial. 

Estimates of approximate sampling variability 

for selected statistics used in this report are 

included in the detailed tables. These estimates 

have been prepared by a replication technique 

that yields overall variability through observation of variability among random subsamples of 

the total sample. The method reflects both 

“pure” sampling variance and a part of the 

measurement variance. 

In accordance with usual practice, the interval 

estimate for any statistic may be considered the 

range within one standard error of the tabulated 

statistic with 68-percent confidence or the range 

within two standard errors of the tabulated 

statistic with 95-percent confidence. 

Expected Values 

In tables 5-7, the actual average number of 

DMF teeth per person for each of various 

demographic variables is compared with the 

expected average. The computation of expected 

rates was done as follows: 

Suppose it is estimated that in a subgroup 

there are Ni persons in the ith age group 

(i=l, 2... 7; sum of Nj = N). Suppose it is 

estimated that the average number of DMF 

teeth per person for the United States in the 

ith age-sex group is Xi. Then the expected 

33 
average number of DMF teeth for the subgroup is 

+ NJ, 2 

Comparison of an actual value for, say, a 

region with the expected value for that region is 

undertaken on the assumption that a meaningful 

statement can be made that holds, in some 

average way, for all persons in the region. This 

may or may not be true. The specified region 

may have higher values for younger youths and 

lower values for older youths than those found 

in other regions. In that case, an average 

comparison will obliterate one or both of these 

differentials. In arriving at the general conclusions expressed in the text, an effort was made 

to consider all the specific data, including data 

not presented in this report, but it must be 

recognized that balancing such evidence is a 

qualitative exercise rather than a quantitative 

one. The standard error of the difference between an actual and expected value may be 

approximated by the standard’ error of the 

actual value. 

Small Numbers 

In some tables, magnitudes are shown for cells 

for which sample size is so small that the 

sampling error may be several times as great as 

the statistic itself. Obviously in such instances 

the statistic has no meaning in itself; it merely 

indicates that the true quantity is small. Such 

numbers have sometimes been included to convey an impression of the overall story of the 

table. 

Tests of Significance 

Tests of significance for percent and mean 

statistics were performed in two ways. The first 

was to determine if the difference between two 

estimated averages was equal to or greater than 

two times the standard error of the difference. 

The test assumes, in accordance with usual 

practice, that a 68-percent confidence interval 

ranges within one standard error of the tabulated statistics and that a 95-percent confidence 

interval ranges within two standard errors. The 

latter is used as the level of significance in this 

report. An approximation of the standard error 

of the difference d = x - y of two statistics x 

and y is given by the formula S, = (Sz + S,“)” 

where S, and S, are standard errors, respectively, of x and y. 

For example, table 1 shows that the average 

DMF is 3.6 for white males aged 12 and 8.8 for 

white males aged 17; the corresponding standard 

errors are 0.21 and 0.49, respectively. The 

formula yields a standard error of the difference 

of s, = .5331. Since the observed difference 

(d = 5.2) is greater than twice the standard error 

of the difference, it can be concluded that the 

average DMF for white males aged 12 is significantly lower than that for white males aged 17. 

The second test was to determine if the 

difference between the estimated actual and 

expected values was at least two times the 

standard error of the actual value. For example, 

,for females from families with less than $3,000 

yearly income, the difference between the actual 

and expected average DMF scores is - 0.9 (table 

5), and the standard error of the actual value is 

0.6. Since the difference is less than twice the 

standard error, it is not statistically significant. 

The criterion for significance among geographical regions was more stringent than that 

for other demographic characteristics. To determine whether the difference between estimated 

averages for youths in any two of the four 

geographic regions was significant, the difference 

was required to be at least 2.5 times the 

standard error. 

34 
VITAL AND HEALTH STATISTICS PUBLICATION SERIES 

Formerly Public Health Service Publication No. 1000 

Series 1. Programs and collection procedures. -Reports which describe the general programs of the National 

Center for Health Statistics and its offices and divisions, data collection methods used, definitions, 

and other material necessary for understanding the data. 

Series 2. Data evaluation and methods research .-Studies of new statistical methodology including: experimental tests of new survey methods, studies of vital statistics collection methods, new analytical 

techniques, objective evaluations of reliability of collecteddata, contributions to statistical theory. 

Series 3. Analvtical studies.-Reports presenting analytical or interpretive studies basedon vital and health 

statistics, carrying the analysis further than the expository types of reports in the other series. 

Series 4. Documents and committee reports, -Final reports of major committees concerned with vital and 

health statistics, and documents such as recommended model vital registration laws and revised . birth and death certificates. 

Series 10. Data from the Health Interview Survev. -Statistics on illness, accidental injuries, disability, use 

of hospital, medical, dental, and other services, and other health-related topics, based on data 

collected in a continuing national household interview survey. 

Series 11. Data from the Health Examination Survey. -Data from direct examination, testing, and measurement of national samples of the civilian, noninstitutional population provide the basis for two types 

of reports: (1) estimates of the medically defined prevalence of specific diseases in the United 

States and the distributions of the population with respect to physical, physiological, and psychological characteristics; and (2) analysis of relationships among the various measurements without 

reference to an explicit finite universe of persons. 

Series 12. Data from the Institutional Population Surveys. -Statistics relating to the health characteristics of 

persons in institutions, and their medical, nursing, and personal care received, based on national 

samples of establishments providing these services and samples of the residents or patients. 

Series 13. Data from the Hospital Discharge Survey. -Statistics relating to di6cbarged patients in short-stay 

hospitals, based on a sample of patient records in a national sample of hospitals. 

Series 14. Data on health resources: manpower and facilities. -Statistics on the numbers, geographic distribution, and characteristics of health resources including physicians, dentists, nurses, other health 

occupations, hospitals, nursing homes, and outpatient facilities. 

Series 20. Data on mortality. -Various statistics on mortality other than as included in regular annual or 

monthly reports-special analyses by cause of death, age, and other demographic variables, also 

geographic and time series analyses. 

Series 21. Data on natality, marriage, and divorce. -Various statistics on natal&y, marriage, and divorce 

other than as included in regular annual or monthly reports-special analyses by demographic 

variables, also geographic and time series analyses, studies of fertility. 

Series 22. Data from the National Natality and Mortality Surveys.- Statistics on characteristics of births 

and deaths not available from the vital records, based on sample surveys stemming from these 

records, including such topics as mortality by socioeconomic class, hospital experience in the 

last year of life, medical care during pregnancy, health insurance coverage, etc. 

For a list of titles of reports published in these series, write to: Office of Information 

National Center for Health Statistics 

Public Health Service, HRA 

RockviIIe, Md. 20852