UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS for the Fifth Circuit

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No. 94-60058

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W.H. AVITTS, ET AL., Plaintiffs-Appellees,

VERSUS AMOCO PRODUCTION CO., ET AL, Defendants, AMOCO PRODUCTION CO., Defendant-Appellant.

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LAVERNE LANG, ET AL., Plaintiffs-Appellees,

VERSUS AMOCO PRODUCTION CO., ET AL, Defendants, AMOCO PRODUCTION CO., Defendant-Appellant.

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EDWARD J. LUBOJACKY, ET AL, Plaintiffs-Appellees,
VERSUS AMOCO PRODUCTION CO., ET AL, Defendants, AMOCO PRODUCTION CO., Defendant-Appellant. ******************************************2 VERNON A. SMITH, ET AL, Plaintiffs-Appellees,

VERSUS AMOCO PRODUCTION CO., ET AL, Defendants, AMOCO PRODUCTION CO., Defendant-Appellant.

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TETSU TINDEL, Plaintiff-Appellee,
VERSUS AMOCO PRODUCTION CO., ET AL, Defendants, AMOCO PRODUCTION CO., Defendant-Appellant.

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O.F. WESTINGHOUSE, ET AL., Plaintiffs-Appellees,
VERSUS AMOCO PRODUCTION CO., ET AL, Defendants, AMOCO PRODUCTION CO., Defendant-Appellant.

******************************************3 JOSEPH E. DURSO, ET AL., Plaintiffs-Appellees,

VERSUS AMOCO PRODUCTION CO., ET AL, Defendants, AMOCO PRODUCTION CO., Defendant-Appellant.

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GERALDINE LOUDEN, Plaintiff-Appellee,
VERSUS AMOCO PRODUCTION CO., ET AL, Defendants, AMOCO PRODUCTION CO., Defendant-Appellant.

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O.L. SURFACE, ET AL., Plaintiffs-Appellees,

VERSUS AMOCO PRODUCTION CO., ET AL, Defendants, AMOCO PRODUCTION CO., Defendant-Appellant.

******************************************4 PATTY ANN WALKER, Plaintiff-Appellee,
VERSUS AMOCO PRODUCTION CO., ET AL, Defendants, AMOCO PRODUCTION CO., Defendant-Appellant.

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STEVE TOWNSEND, ET AL., Plaintiffs-Appellees,

VERSUS AMOCO PRODUCTION CO., ET AL, Defendants, AMOCO PRODUCTION CO., Defendant-Appellant.

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MELVIN CARPENTER, ET AL., Plaintiffs-Appellees,
VERSUS AMOCO PRODUCTION CO., ET AL, Defendants, AMOCO PRODUCTION CO., Defendant-Appellant.

******************************************5 JOSEPH A. DURSO, ET AL., Plaintiffs-Appellees,

VERSUS AMOCO PRODUCTION CO., ET AL, Defendants, AMOCO PRODUCTION CO., Defendant-Appellant.

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MARGARET L. DURSO, Plaintiff-Appellee,
VERSUS AMOCO PRODUCTION CO., ET AL, Defendants, AMOCO PRODUCTION CO., Defendant-Appellant.

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JIMMY DEAN LONG, ET AL., Plaintiffs-Appellees,

VERSUS AMOCO PRODUCTION CO., ET AL, Defendants, AMOCO PRODUCTION CO., Defendant-Appellant.

******************************************1 Circuit Judge of the Eighth Circuit sitting by designation.
6 JOHN W. COLLINS, ET AL., Plaintiffs-Appellees,

VERSUS AMOCO PRODUCTION CO., ET AL, Defendants, AMOCO PRODUCTION CO., Defendant-Appellant.

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No. 94-60059

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W.H. AVITTS, ET AL., Plaintiffs-Appellees,

VERSUS AMOCO PRODUCTION CO., ET AL, Defendants, APACHE CORPORATION, MW PETROLEUM CORPORATION

and AMOCO PRODUCTION COMPANY, Defendants-Appellants.

______________________________________________________ Appeals from the United States District Court for the Southern District of Texas

______________________________________________________ (May 22, 1995) Before DUHÉ, DeMOSS and LAY, 1 Circuit Judges.
PER CURIAM:2 The court awarded $328,266 in attorney's fees and $315,875.99

in expenses. A vitts v. Amoco Production Co. , 840 F. Supp. 11 16, 1124 (S.D. Tex. 1994).
7 This matter comes before the Court on a con solidated appeal
from interim orders entered by the district court. In 94-60058, Appellants appeal from the entry of a preliminary inj unction requiring them to complete a "phase II" environmental study. In 94-60059, Appellants appe al from an order requiring them to pay approximately $650,000 2 in i nterim costs and attorney's fees. We find that the district court lacks subject matter jurisdiction over this action, and therefore vacate the orders of the district court and remand with instructions to remand this action to the state court from which it was removed.
I. BACKGROUND Appellees originally filed suit in Texas state district court
to recover monetary damages for alleged injuries to their property caused by the defendants' oil and gas operations in the West Hastings Field. The matter was removed to the Southern District of Texas on the basis that Appellees' complaint stated,

It is expected that the evidence will reflect that the damages caused by the Defendants are in violation of not only State law but also Federal law

. (emphasis supplied). Despite the nebulous referral to "federal law," the complaint stated no cause of action which could be read

to confer federal question jurisdiction on the district court. In fact, in concert with their notice of removal Appellants filed a Fed. R. Civ. P. 12(e) motion for a more definite statement, which inter alia stated,3 Plaintiff's last complaint, the seventh amended complaint,

contains state law causes of action for "nuisance," "trespass," "negligence, "breach of contract" and "fraud and misrepresentation" and prays for actual damages in the amount of ten million dollars and exemplary damages in the amount of one hundred million dollars.
8 Plaintiffs claim Defendants violated "State law" and "Federal law" in allegedly causing these spills. However, Plaintiffs fail to speci fy which State of Federal laws Defendant allegedly violated. Consequently, Defendants cannot possibly formulate a response or know what defenses may apply. Although the district court summarily denied Appellants' motion for

a more defin ite statement, Appellees subsequently filed a first
amended complaint, this time omitting all reference to federal law.
Alt hough the Appellees' complaint has been amended several times during the pendency of this litigation, no federal question has
ever been stated. 3

II. DISCUSSION "Any civil action brought in a State court of which the district courts of the United States have original juri sdiction,

may be removed by the defendant or the defendants, to the district court of the place where such action is pending." 28 U.S.C. § 1441(a). Original jurisdiction over the subject matter is mandatory for the maintenance of an action in federal court. Subject matter jurisdiction may not be waived, and the district

court "shall dismiss the action" whenever "it appears by suggestion
of the parties or otherwise that the court lacks jurisdiction of the subject matter." Fed. R. Civ. P. 12(h)(3). Original jurisdiction, in non-maritime claims, lies where the conditions of 28 U.S.C. §§ 1331 or 1332 are satisfied. In the9

present action, the court claims original jurisdiction pursuant to § 1331, also known as federal question jurisdiction. There is no dispute that original jurisdiction does not lie under § 1332, diversity of citiz e nship, because complete diversity does not exist. Under 28 U.S.C. § 1331, "[t]he district courts shall have original jurisdiction of all civil actions arising un der the Constitution, laws, or treaties of the United States." Plaintiff is generally considered the master of his complaint,
and "whether a case arising...under a law of the United States is
removable or not...is to be determined by the allegations of the complaint or petition and that if the case is not then removable it

cannot be made removable by any statement in the petition for
removal or in subsequent pleading s by the defendant." G reat Northern Ry., Co. v. Alexander , 246 U.S. 276, 281, 38 S.Ct. 237,
239 (1918); see also American Fire & Casualty Co. v. Finn , 341 U.S. 6, 14, 71 S.Ct. 534, 540 (1951). Of course, this does not mean
that a plaintiff can avoid federal jurisdiction by simply "artfully

p leading" a federal cause of action in state law term s. See Federated Dept. Stores, Inc. v. Moitie , 452 U.S. 394, 397 n.2, 101 S.Ct. 2424, 2427 n.2 (1981). However, it is also plain that when
both federal and state remedies are available, plaintiff's election

to proceed exclusively under state law does not give rise to federal jurisdiction.

In the present case, there is no doubt that Appellees have
chosen to pursue only state law causes of action. The only mention
of federal law in any of Appellees' complaints was the above10

mentioned oblique reference to Appellants' violation of unspecified federal laws. No federal cause of action has ever been asserted,

a nd it is plain that removal jurisdiction under 28 U.S.C. § 1441 simply did not exist. The district court had no jurisdiction over
the subject matter of the complaint, and the action should have been immediately remanded to state court. Despite the obvious lack of original jurisdiction under § 1331, two grounds for maintaining federal jurisdictio n have been
forwarded. First, in a motion to dismiss filed by Appellants, the

court was asserted to have maintained jurisdiction under 28 U.S.C. § 1367(c) which provides in part,
The district courts may decline to exercise supplemental jurisdiction over a claim under subsection (a) if-- M M M M (3) the district court has dismissed all claims over which it has original jurisdiction. This pr ovision is plainly inapplicable because, by its terms, it

presupposes that the district court obtained supplemental jurisdiction ov er the state law claims via original jurisdiction

over federal claims arising from the same case or controversy. As stated above, the district court has never had original jurisdiction over any of the claims in this action because no federal claims have ever been asserted. Second, subject matter jurisdiction was supposedly achieved through Appellees' reference to CERCLA and the Oil Pollution Act of
1990 (OPA) in the Joint Pretrial Order (PTO). Notwithstanding the highly questionable applicability of either of these statutes to11

the facts and circumstances of this case, adoption of this argument would require us to rewrite the PTO. Under the PTO's plain terms,
CERCLA and OPA are offered only as a means to calculate the

"Measure of Damages" owed to the Appellees. Appellees never
asserted a cause of action under either statute, and subject matter jurisdiction cannot be created by simple reference to federal law. Subject matter jurisdiction can be created only by pleading a cause of action within the district court's original jurisd iction. No

s uch cause of action has ever been plead in this matt er, and therefore subject matter jurisdiction is plainly absent.
III. CONCLUSION
The district court lacked subject matter jurisdicti on over this action and was therefore wit hout authority to enter its
orders. The orders of the district court are vacated, and this

matter is remanded t o the district court with instructions to
remand this action to the state court from which it was removed in accordance with 28 U.S.C. § 1447(c).
VACATED and REMANDED.