Geologic Mapping and Mineral Resource 

Assessment of the Healy and Talkeetna 

Mountains Quadrangles, Alaska Using Minimal 

Cloud- and Snow-Cover ASTER Data

Bernard E. Hubbard, Lawrence C. Rowan, Cynthia Dusel-Bacon, and Robert G. Eppinger 

Open-File Report 2007–1046 

U.S. Department of the Interior 

U.S. Geological Survey 
U.S. Department of the Interior 

DIRK KEMPTHORNE, Secretary 

U.S. Geological Survey 

Mark D. Myers, Director 

U.S. Geological Survey, Reston, Virginia 2007 

Revised and reprinted: 2007 

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Suggested citation: 

Hubbard, B.E.., Rowan, L.C., Dusel-Bacon, C., and Eppinger, R.G., 2007, Geologic 

Mapping and Mineral Resource Assessment of the Healy and Talkeetna Mountains 

Quadrangles, Alaska Using Minimal Cloud- and Snow-Cover ASTER Data: U.S. 

Geological Survey Open-File Report 2007-1046. 

Any use of trade, product, or firm names is for descriptive purposes only and does 

not imply endorsement by the U.S. Government. 

Although this report is in the public domain, permission must be secured from the 

individual copyright owners to reproduce any copyrighted material contained within 

this report. 
Cover: Photograph of Red Mountain volcanogenic massive sulfide deposit, Bonnifield mining district, Healy quadrangle, Alaska. 

Photograph taken by Robert G. Eppinger, U.S. Geological Survey, Denver, Colorado, on the afternoon of July 24, 2003. The bedrock in 

the view is all Devonian to Mississippian Mystic Creek Member of the Totatlanika Schist. The lack of tundra vegetation on the right 

side of the photo is directly related to the highly acidic, metalliferous nature of the rock and soil being shed from Red Mountain.
Contents 

Abstract................................................................................................................................................................................1 

Introduction .........................................................................................................................................................................1

Geologic Setting .................................................................................................................................................................2 

Background, Methodology and Relevance ...................................................................................................................3

Results ..................................................................................................................................................................................4

Host-Rock Mapping Using ASTER TIR Data ..............................................................................................................4 

VNIR-SWIR Spectral Analysis......................................................................................................................................4 

Alteration Mineral Maps of Known and Undiscovered VMS and Porphyry Deposits.......................................4 

GIS Analysis and Assessment Comparison...............................................................................................................5 

Conclusions .........................................................................................................................................................................5 

References Cited ................................................................................................................................................................6

Figures 

1. Location map of the Healy and Talkeetna Mountains Quadrangles, Alaska. ...................................................10 

2. Litho-tectonic terrane boundaries superimposed on ASTER data swath. ........................................................11 

3. Metamorphic geologic map of ASTER swath coverage. ......................................................................................12 

4. Mineral deposit models for porphyry and VMS......................................................................................................13 

5. Lithologic mapping results and spectral analysis using ASTER five-band TIR spectra..................................14 

6. Comparison of nine-point ASTER VNIR-SWIR image spectra and spectral library data................................16 

7. Mineral mapping results showing selected VMS and porphry type hydrothermal alteration zones. ..........17 

8. Mapping results showing known and potential VMS deposits of the Healy and Talkeetna Mountains 

quads mapped using ASTER superimposed on permissive tract boundaries.........................................18
Geologic Mapping and Mineral Resource Assessment of 

the Healy and Talkeetna Mountains Quadrangles, 

Alaska Using Minimal Cloud- and Snow-Cover ASTER 

Data 

By Bernard E. Hubbard, Lawrence C. Rowan, Cynthia Dusel-Bacon, and Robert G. Eppinger 

Abstract 

On July 8, 2003, ASTER acquired satellite imagery of a 60 km-wide swath of parts of two 1:250,000 

Alaska quadrangles, under favorable conditions of minimal cloud- and snow-cover. Rocks from eight 

different lithotectonic terranes are exposed within the swath of data, several of which define permissive 

tracts for various mineral deposit types such as: volcanic-hosted massive sulfides (VMS) and porphyry 

copper and molybdenum. Representative rock samples collected from 13 different lithologic units from 

the Bonnifield mining district within the Yukon-Tanana terrane (YTT), plus hydrothermally altered 

VMS material from the Red Mountain prospect, were analyzed to produce a spectral library spanning 

the VNIR-SWIR (0.4 - 2.5 μm) through the TIR (8.1 - 11.7 μm). 

Comparison of the five-band ASTER TIR emissivity and decorrelation stretch data to available geologic 

maps indicates that rocks from the YTT display the greatest range and diversity of silica composition of 

the mapped terranes, ranging from mafic rocks to silicic quartzites. The nine-band ASTER VNIR-SWIR 

reflectance data and spectral matched-filter processing were used to map several lithologic sequences 

characterized by distinct suites of minerals that exhibit diagnostic spectral features (e.g. chlorite, 

epidote, amphibole and other ferrous-iron bearing minerals); other sequences were distinguished by

their weathering characteristics and associated hydroxyl- and ferric-iron minerals, such as illite, 

smectite, and hematite. 

Smectite, kaolinite, opaline silica, jarosite and/or other ferric iron minerals defined narrow (< 250 m 

diameter) zonal patterns around Red Mountain and other potential VMS targets. Using ASTER we 

identified some of the known mineral deposits in the region, as well as mineralogically similar targets 

that may represent potential undiscovered deposits. Some known deposits were not identified and may 

have been obscured by vegetation- or snow-cover, or were too small to be resolved. 

Introduction 

On July 8, 2003, the Advanced Spaceborne Thermal Emission and Reflection Radiometer (ASTER) 

sensor aboard the TERRA satellite acquired a 60-km-wide orbital swath of data covering parts of the 

1
Healy and Talkeetna Mountains 1:250,000 quadrangles (fig. 1) and areas beyond Anchorage and the 

populated Matanuska Valley. Figure 1 illustrates the extent of the ASTER data coverage used in this 

study, which was acquired under unusually low-cloud and -snow cover conditions. 

Mineral resources exploration throughout much of the state has been hampered by the large geographic 

distances, lack of roads and paucity of detailed geologic maps at 1:63,360 scale or less. This leaves a 

large part of the state with possible undiscovered, potential metallogenic resources. The purpose of this 

paper is to show the utility of ASTER for lithologic mapping which can be used to better constrain 

permissive tracts and for targeting hydrothermal alteration zones related to potential undiscovered 

mineral occurrences. The Healy and Talkeetna Mountains quadrangles are ideal places to develop a 

remote sensing methodology for mineral resource assessment because: 1) the area hosts a number of 

mining districts that have either presently or in the past produced such commodities as copper, zinc, 

silver, lead, gold and molybdenum; and 2) detailed geologic maps (< 1:63,360 scale) exist for a number 

of the 15' quadrangles covered by our swath of data (see labeled sub-quads in fig. 1). 

Geologic Setting 

Rocks from eight different lithotectonic terranes are covered within the swath of ASTER data (fig. 2). 

These terranes range in composition from oceanic crust affinity to island-arc and flysch sequences,

accreted during Mesozoic orogenic events (Foster et al., 1994; Nokleberg et al., 1994a), to 

parautochthonous continental margin metasedimentary and metaigneous rocks (Dusel-Bacon et al., 

2004). Most of the rocks have been regionally metamorphosed to grades ranging from prehnitepumpellyite to amphibolite (fig. 3), some of which contain characteristic minerals that can be mapped 

using spectroscopic remote sensing methods (e.g. chlorite, epidote, talc, biotite, amphiboles and 

serpentine minerals). Several important VMS deposits are located within the Yukon-Tanana (e.g. fig. 2 

- yellow-colored "mine" symbols), and their metallogenesis is discussed by Nokleberg et al. (1994b) and 

Newberry et al. (1997). 

The Healy and Talkeetna Mountains quads contain a variety of rocks ranging from mafic meta-volcanic 

rocks to felsic meta-volcanic rocks, with a range of intermediate compositions (Csejtey et al., 1978; 

1986; 1992 and references therein). Post- and syn-metamorphic plutonic rocks with a wide range of 

compositions (e.g. quartz-diorite, tonalite, granite, granodiorite, trondhjemite and adamellite) are also 

widespread. Sedimentary and meta-sedimentary rocks such as limestones, marbles, conglomerates, 

argillites, shales, siltstones, sandstones, phyllites, pelitic schists, quartzites and chert deposits are also 

exposed within the various accreted terranes shown in figure 2. 1:250,000 scale geologic maps 

compiled by Csejtey et al., (1978; 1986; 1992) include earlier, more detailed maps covering the labeled 

sub-quads shown in figure 1. 

Felsic meta-volcanic and meta-volcaniclastic rocks are important host rocks for Kuroko-type VMS

deposits (see fig. 4). Mafic meta-volcanic and meta-volcaniclastic rocks typically host Besshi-type

VMS deposits (Cox and Singer, 1986 -deposit model 24b), which are distinct from the Cyprus-type 

VMS deposits associated with ophiolites (Cox and Singer, 1986 - deposit model 24a). Differences in 

host rock composition and metamorphic grade lead to differences in the phyllosilicate mineral 

assemblages associated with VMS deposits, potentially providing a remote sensing basis for their 

discrimination. For example, several of the VMS deposits mapped using ASTER are associated with 

greenschist facies metamorphic host rocks (compare figs. 3 and 8 covering the same scale). Such rocks 

show enhanced crystallinity of clay minerals, both associated with hydrothermal alteration, and within 

2
the metamorphic rock groundmass (e.g. McLeod and Stanton, 1984; McLeod, 1985; 1987; McLeod et 

al., 1987). Higher metamorphic grades such as amphibolite will alter clay minerals such as kaolinite 

unless they are replenished by supergene alteration processes. 

Background, Methodology and Relevance 

Mineral resource assessments have traditionally been done in three-parts by (e.g. Singer, 1992): 1) 

delineating areas favorable and/or permissive for a deposit type(s) based on geologic map data, location 

of known occurrences, exploration information, geophysical and geochemical data; 2) using grade and 

tonnage models for estimating the size and production potential of each tract; and 3) estimating the 

number of undiscovered deposits for each deposit type assessed. In the case of the Healy and Talkeetna 

Mountains quads, earlier field-based mineral resource assessments either show the mapped distribution 

and locations of mines, prospects and sampled occurrences (including downstream placer deposits) (e.g. 

Cobb, 1972; Clark and Cobb, 1972; Csejtey and Miller, 1978) and/or permissive tracts delineated based 

on the 1:250,000 scale geologic maps for these two quads (e.g. Singer et al., 1978; Cox et al., 1989). In 

particular, Newberry et al., 1997 presents a comprehensive summary of VMS deposits in the area and 

their metallogenesis. 

Based on modeled mineral deposit characteristics such as size and scale (which also influences grade 

and tonnage), hydrothermal alteration patterns (fig. 4), host rock lithology, gangue minerals and 

weathering characteristics (e.g. Cox and Singer, 1986), we use ASTER mapping results to highlight 

known and potentially undiscovered VMS and porphyry deposits. The results are then used to illustrate 

how favorable and/or permissive tracts for VMS deposits can better be delineated when including such 

data. Figure 4 illustrates key differences in size and hydrothermal alteration patterns between VMS and 

porphyry deposit types, which can exploited using remote sensing data such as ASTER. 

ASTER measures reflected radiation in three bands between 0.520 and 0.860 μm (visible-near-infrared 

region – VNIR) and in six bands from 1.00 to 2.43 μm (short-wave infrared region – SWIR), with 15-m 

and 30-m spatial resolution, respectively (Fujisada, 1995). In addition, ASTER measures emitted 

thermal radiation in five bands in the 8.125- to 11.650-μm wavelength region (thermal-infrared region – 

TIR) at 90-m resolution (Fujisada, 1995). Both standard calibrated ASTER data products (VNIR-SWIR 

reflectance, TIR emissivity, and TIR decorrelation stretch) and/or their equivalents were used in this 

study (see Rowan et al., 2003; Rowan and Mars, 2003). Briefly, igneous rock types and alteration 

minerals were mapped based on image spectral endmembers derived through principal component

analysis (e.g. Green et al., 1988; Boardman et al., 1995) of the five TIR and nine VNIR-SWIR bands of 

ASTER, respectively. These spectral endmembers (e.g. figs. 5f, 6a and 6b) were used as reference 

spectra in subsequent matched-filter image classification procedures (Harsanyi and Chang, 1994). The 

standard decorrelation stretch image product (figs. 5a and b) shows ASTER TIR bands 10, 12, and 13 

displayed as blue, green and red respectively. Decorrelation stretch images are used to enhance the 

brightness variations between TIR bands related to compositional differences and emissivity, while 

suppressing correlated inter-channel brightness values dominated by radiant temperature (Gillespie et 

al., 1986). 

3
Results 

Host-Rock Mapping Using ASTER TIR Data

Within the Yukon-Tanana and Pingston terrane rocks, linear enhancement of the TIR-decorrelation 

stretch data shows a variety of lithologic compositions ranging from the mostly mafic (blue-colored, 

fig.5b subset), intermediate (purple and magenta shades, fig. 5b subset), and quartz-rich rocks such as 

granitic intrusions and/or quartzites (red-colored, fig. 5b subset). Several of these rock types are 

grouped together into formations at the 1:250,000 scale (e.g. Totatlanika Schist – Csejtey et al., 1992), 

but shown as distinct lithological members in the more detailed 1:63,360 geologic maps (e.g. from 

oldest to youngest: Moose Creek, California Creek, Chute Creek, Mystic Creek, and Sheep Creek

members – Wahrhaftig, 1970a; b; Gilbert, 1977). Generally, rocks of the YTT terrane, which lies north 

of the Hines Creek fault, and rocks from the Pingston terrane, which lies between the Hines Creek and 

McKinley faults, appear to be more silicic in composition than exposed rocks of the Wrangellia terrane, 

south of the McKinley fault (figs. 2 and 5a). 

Overall, YTT rocks display a much greater range and diversity of felsic and mafic mineral compositions

than rocks from the other terranes, which appear more subdued in the decorrelation stretch image of the 

larger swath (fig. 5a). An alternative possibility is that rocks from the other terranes south of the YTT, 

PN and MK (see also fig. 2) may be more vegetated and/or snow-covered. VNIR-SWIR and TIR 

spectral measurements were done on a diverse suite of 13 YTT rock samples collected from the 

Bonnifield mining district. TIR spectra of three of these samples are shown in figure 5d along with a 

quartzite spectrum extracted from a spectral library. There is good agreement in spectral shapes 

between spectra of representative field samples and corresponding image spectra from the same 

locations of rock units ranging from felsic to mafic (figs. 5d and e respectively). 

Because mixtures of snow (or vegetation) with rocks negatively affects the utility of TIR decorrelation 

stretch images, adequate discrimination of the intermediate-composition and silicic rocks of the 

Peninsular terrane from the mostly mafic rocks of the Wrangellia terrane, required use of spectral 

endmember and "unmixing-based" classification methods (fig. 5c and corresponding spectral 

endmembers shown in fig. 5f). A more detailed comparison between the ASTER mapping results and 

geologic maps at the 1:250,000 and 1:63,360 scales will be presented in a forthcoming publication. 

VNIR-SWIR Spectral Analysis 

Spectral analysis of fine-grained rock and soil samples collected at Red Mountain confirms the presence 

of kaolinite, illite-muscovite, smectite and goethite. Also, a variety of ferric-iron and aluminum oxyhydroxide and sulfate mineral precipitates are found in and around the streams draining the mountain, 

reflecting natural acid-rock drainage conditions within a pristine (unmined) VMS deposit (Eppinger et 

al., 2007). Generally, there is good agreement in spectral shapes between image endmembers used in 

the mapping results shown in fig. 7 and spectral library spectra representing pure mineral types (figs. 6a, 

b and figs. 6c, d and e respectively). 

Alteration Mineral Maps of Known and Undiscovered VMS and Porphyry Deposits 

Figure 7 shows the resulting mineral maps generated using 9-band ASTER VNIR-SWIR data and 

spectral matched-filtering methods (see fig. 6 for representative mineral endmembers). Large areas of 

the upper two scenes of the ASTER mosaic (fig. 7 – large top overview map) were classified as 

4
containing ferric-iron minerals, chlorite and/or epidote, and muscovite and/or illite. The chlorite and/or 

epidote are Fe,Mg-OH minerals that commonly occur in the predominantly greenschist and prehnitepumpellyite facies of metamorphic rocks throughout the area (see fig. 3 for corresponding metamorphic 

facies locations). Muscovite and/or illite can occur either as primary minerals in the groundmass of 

igneous and metamorphic rocks, sericitic hydrothermal alteration zones, or as the weathering product of 

K-rich rocks. 

Figures 7a-c show alteration mineral zones mapped at a scale of 1:25,000 for A) Red Mountain and 

WTF massive sulfide deposits, B) Anderson Mountain massive sulfide deposits, and C) area of possible 

alunite occurrence at Nenana Mountain in rocks mapped as Tertiary granites and Quaternary Yanert 

Glacier moraines. The Nenana Mountain and Yanert Glacier distribution could represent argillic and 

propylitic zones of a porphyry copper deposit as depicted in fig. 4a, which differs in scale and 

mineralogy from what is expected in hydrothermal alteration zones associated with VMS deposits (e.g. 

fig. 4b). 

GIS Analysis and Assessment Comparison 

Numerous (~192) potential VMS deposits were mapped using ASTER and their distribution is shown in 

figure 8. Their identification was based on small-scale (~100 - 200 m) mineral zoning patterns between 

hydrous silica, jarosite, kaolinite, and smectite, which graded into background rocks dominated by 

ferric-iron, chlorite and sericite (e.g. fig. 4b and 7). Other deposit types with discernable alteration 

mineral patterns such as porphyry, ferric-iron gossans, and propylitic alteration associated with 

epithermal- and polymetallic-veins are subject to further interpretation and thus were not included in the 

GIS analysis. In general, potential porphyry deposits defined by larger scale (> 1 km) argillic and 

propylitic alteration zones (see fig. 4a) were mapped in parts of the McKinley terrane and Wrangellia 

terrane related to Cretaceous and/or Tertiary plutons (see fig. 3). Epithermal- and polymetallic-vein 

deposits have alteration patterns similar to porphyry deposits (fig. 4a), but with argillic zones that are 

commonly too small (< 10 m) to be mapped by remote sensing. In some cases the detection of 

propylitic alteration zones along lineaments may aid in the recognition of polymetallic vein deposits 

(e.g. Mars and Rowan, 2006). 

Notably, several of the ASTER mapped deposits cluster along the edge of the scene (e.g. within the 

undelineated Kahiltna terrane rocks) or outside the boundaries of previously drawn permissive tracts. 

This suggests that remote sensing mapping using multispectral data such as ASTER can aid in future 

mineral resource assessments by improving how and where permissive and/or favorable occurrence 

tracts are drawn. In this case, the VMS permissive tracts shown in figure 8 are based on the most recent 

national assessment completed in 1998 (USGS, 2002). Known VMS mines, prospects and occurrences 

in the Healy and Talkeetna Mountains quads, were derived from Alaska Resource Data Files compiled 

by Stevens (2001) and Rogers and Schmidt (2003). However, these data files do not contain all of the 

mines, prospects and occurrences mapped during previous assessments (e.g. Cobb, 1972; Clark and 

Cobb, 1972; Csejtey and Miller, 1978; Singer et al., 1978; Cox et al., 1989). 

Conclusions 

In this study, we show the utility of ASTER as an exploration tool for mapping potential occurrences of 

VMS and porphyry deposit types based on the deposit model characteristics such as host rock lithology 

and weathering characteristics, deposit size and scale, and hydrothermal alteration zonation patterns as 

described in Cox and Singer (1986). Nearly 200 known and potentially undiscovered VMS deposits 

5
were mapped based on these deposit model criteria and image processing and spectral analysis of 

ASTER data. The results of this study show the utility of remote sensing, and in particular ASTER, for 

use in future mineral resource assessments. For example, such data is useful for the recognition of 

unknown deposits, definition of favorable and/or permissive tracts, and for providing basic rock 

composition data in geologically poorly known areas. Further research is needed to test the utility of 

such data in terranes covered to varying extents by vegetation. 

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