The Digestive 

Diseases Dictionary

The Digestive 

Diseases Dictionary 

National Digestive Diseases Information Clearinghouse 

NATIONAL INSTITUTES OF HEALTH 

U.S. Department 

of Health and 

Human Services National Digestive Diseases 

Information Clearinghouse

U.S. Department 


of Health and 


Human Services
 

The Digestive 

Diseases Dictionary 

Some terms listed have many meanings; only those meanings that relate to 

digestion or digestive diseases are included. Words that appear in bold italic 

are listed elsewhere in the dictionary. 

Information in this dictionary is not a substitute for a visit to your doctor. 

Talk with a health professional if you have a digestive problem. 

The U.S. Government does not endorse or favor any specific commercial 

product or company. Trade, proprietary, or company names appearing in 

this document are used only because they are considered necessary in the 

context of the information provided. If a product is not mentioned, the 

omission does not mean or imply that the product is unsatisfactory. 

National Digestive Diseases 

NATIONAL INSTITUTES OF HEALTH Information Clearinghouse 
o hot, cot 

oh coat, home 

oo food, rude 

or tore, soar, for 

oy soil, boy 

ou now, couch 

u put, foot 

uh about, sum, china 

ur hurt, alert 

yoo use 

yoor cure 

b bat, job 

ch chop, itch 

d dig, bed 

f fur, tough, calf 

g grape, big 

h happy 

j joke, nudge 

k kite, car, tack 

l lip, sell 

m move, jam 

n not, knee 

ng ring 

p play, hop 

r rain, fur 

s set, tips 

ss bus, guess, fence 

sh shy, fish 

t toy, boat 

th breath 

v vine, have 

w walk, where 

y yes 

z zip, jazz, has 

zh measure 

Pronunciation Guide 

This pronunciation guide uses letters and letter combinations, rather than 

phonetic symbols, to stand for the various sounds in the English language. 

Vowels 

a cat, bat 

ah father 

air pear, hair 

ar park 

ay say, came, weigh 

aw saw, bought 

e bet, set

 eh (used at the end of a syllable or when 

standing alone) 

examples: 

meadow (MEH-doh) 

enemy (EH-nuh-mee) 

but 

diet (DY-et) 

ee feet, neat 

i sit, igloo

 ih (used at the end of a syllable or when 

standing alone) 

examples: 

chicken (CHIH-ken) 

miracle (MIHR-ih-kuhl) 

but 

picnic (PIK-nik) 

ihr near, here 

y fire, idol

 eye (used at the beginning of a syllable or 

when standing alone) 

examples: 

iron (EYE-urn) 

chloride (KLOR-eyed) 

but 

silent (SY-luhnt) 

Consonants 
 

 

 

A
 abdomen (AB-doh-men): the area 

between the chest and the hips 

containing the stomach, small 

intestine, large intestine, liver, 

gallbladder, pancreas, and spleen. 

abdominal migraine (ab-DOMih-nuhl) (MY-grayn): sudden, 

repeated attacks of abdominal 

pain, nausea, and vomiting, 

usually in children who later 

develop migraine headaches. A 

headache may also be present. 

absorption (ab-SORP-shuhn): the 

way nutrients are taken up by the 

digestive system. 

achalasia (ak-uh-LAY-zee-uh): a 

rare disorder of the esophagus 

making it difficult to swallow 

food because the muscle at the 

end of the esophagus does not 

relax enough for the passage 

to open. 

Trapped food 

Esophagus 

Diaphragm 

Contracted muscle 

Achalasia. 

achlorhydria (ay-klor-HY-dree-uh): 

a lack of hydrochloric acid in the 

digestive juices of the stomach. 

activated charcoal (AK-tih-vayt-ed) 

(CHAR-kohl): a substance that 

may be used to treat accidental 

or intentional ingestion of toxic 

substances. 

acute (uh-KYOOT): refers to 

conditions that happen suddenly 

and last a short time. Acute is 

the opposite of chronic, or long 

lasting. 

adenovirus (AD-uh-noh-VY-ruhss): 

viruses that cause gastroenteritis 

and respiratory infection. 

Vomiting and diarrhea appear 

about 1 week after exposure. 

Infections occur all year round 

and most often in children less 

than 2 years old. 

aerophagia (AIR-oh-FAY-jee-uh): 

a condition that occurs when a 

person swallows too much air, 

causing gas and frequent belching. 

alactasia (ay-lak-TAY-zee-uh): an 

inherited condition causing a 

lack of the enzyme needed to 

digest milk sugar. 

1
 
 

 

 

A
 Alagille syndrome (ah-lah-ZHEEL) 

(SIN-drohm): a genetic 

condition causing multiple 

abnormalities in the body, 

including in the liver. A lower 

than normal number of bile ducts 

inside the liver reduces bile 

passage. 

alimentary canal (al-ih-MENtur-ee) (kuh-NAL): see 

gastrointestinal tract. 

alkaline reflux esophagitis (ALkuh-lyn) (REE-fluhks) (uh-sofuh-JY-tiss): the development 

of esophagitis due to prolonged 

contact of the esophagus with 

nonacidic gastric contents. 

allergy (AL-ur-jee): a condition in 

which the body’s immune system 

has an over-reaction to certain 

foods, animals, plants, or other 

substances. 

amebiasis (uh-mee-BY-uh-siss): 

an acute or chronic infection 

caused by amoebas, a type of 

parasite. Symptoms vary from 

mild diarrhea to frequent, watery 

diarrhea and loss of water 

and fluids in the body. See 

gastroenteritis. 

amino acids (uh-MEE-noh) 

(ASS-idz): the basic building 

blocks of proteins. The body 

produces many amino acids and 

others come from food, which 

the body breaks down for use by 

the cells. See protein. 

ampulla of Vater (am-PUL-luh) 

(uhv) (VAH-tur): the opening 

of the common bile duct and 

pancreatic duct into the 

duodenum. Also called papilla of 

Vater. 

anal fissure (AY-nuhl) (FISH-ur): 

a small tear in the anus that may 

cause itching, pain, or bleeding. 

Anus 

Anal 

fissure 

Anal fissure 

Anus 

Anal fissure. 

anal fistula (AY-nuhl) (FISS-tyooluh): a passage that develops 

between the anus and the skin. 

Most fistulas are the result of an 

abscess or infection that spreads 

to the skin. Fistulas are typical 

of Crohn’s disease. 

2
 
 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

A
 anastomosis (uh-NASS-toh-MOHsiss): a surgical connection of 

two body parts. An example is 

an operation in which part of 

the colon is removed and the two 

remaining ends are joined. 

anemia (uh-NEE-mee-uh): a 

condition caused when the 

body does not have enough 

red blood cells or hemoglobin. 

Hemoglobin is a protein in the 

blood that carries oxygen. 

angiodysplasia (AN-jee-oh-dissPLAY-zee-uh): abnormal or 

enlarged blood vessels in the 

gastrointestinal tract. 

angiography (AN-jee-OG-ruh-fee): 

an x ray that uses dye to detect 

blood vessels in organs. 

anorectal (AY-noh-REK-tuhl): 

related to, or involving, both 

the rectum and anus. 

anorectal abscess (AY-noh-REKtuhl) (AB-sess): a collection of 

pus in a cavity in the anorectal 

area. 

anorectal atresia (AY-noh-REKtuhl) (uh-TREE-zee-uh): the 

lack of a normal opening 

between the rectum and anus. 

anorectal function tests (AY-nohREK-tuhl) (FUHNK-shuhn) 

(tests): tests used to diagnose 

abnormal functioning of the anus 

or rectum and to evaluate anal 

sphincter muscle function. 

anoscopy (an-OSS-kuh-pee): a 

test to look for anal fissures, 

fistulas, hemorrhoids, or cancer. 

A special instrument called an 

anoscope is used to look into the 

anus. 

antacids (ant-ASS-idz): medicines 

that neutralize acids in 

the stomach. (Brand names: 

Maalox, Mylanta, Di-Gel.) 

antibiotic (AN-tee-by-OT-ik): a 

medicine that kills bacteria. 

Examples are cephalexin and 

amoxicillin. (Brand names: 

Keflex, Novamox.) 

anticholinergics (AN-tee-KOLih-NUR-jiks): medicines 

that are often used to treat 

muscle spasms in the intestine. 

Examples are dicyclomine and 

hyoscyamine. (Brand names: 

Bentyl, Levsin.) 

antidiarrheals (AN-tee-DY-uhREE-uhlz): medicines that help 

control diarrhea. An example 

is loperamide. (Brand name: 

Imodium.) 

3
 
 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

A
 antiemetics (AN-tee-uh-MET-iks): 

medicines used to treat nausea 

and vomiting. Examples are 

promethazine, prochlorperazine, 

and ondansetron. (Brand 

names: Compazine, Phenergan, 

Zofran.) 

antispasmodics (AN-tee-spazMOD-iks): medicines that 

help reduce muscle spasms in 

the intestines. Examples are 

dicyclomine and atropine. 

(Brand names: Bentyl, 

Donnatal.) 

antrectomy (an-TREK-toh-mee): 

an operation to remove the 

lower portion of the stomach, 

called the antrum. This 

operation helps reduce the 

amount of stomach acid. It is 

rarely used when a person has 

complications from ulcers. 

antrum (AN-truhm): the lower 

part of the stomach, which is 

lined with mucus and produces 

gastrin. 

anus (AY-nuhss): the opening 

at the end of the digestive tract 

where bowel contents leave the 

body. 

aorto-enteric fistula (ay-OR-toh-enTUR-ik) (FISS-tyoo-luh): a rare 

condition in which a prosthetic 

aortic graft causes an opening 

into the duodenum. 

appendectomy (AP-pen-DEK-tohmee): an operation to remove 

the appendix. 

appendicitis (uh-PEN-dih-SY-tiss): 

inflammation of the appendix. 

appendix (uh-PEN-diks): a 4-inch 

pouch attached to the cecum, the 

first part of the large intestine. 

The appendix’s function, if any, 

is unknown. 

ascending colon (uh-SEN-ding) 

(KOH-lon): the beginning part 

of the colon, usually on the right 

side of the abdomen. 

ascites (uh-SY-teez): a buildup 

of fluid in the abdomen usually 

caused by severe liver disease 

such as cirrhosis. 

astrovirus (ASS-troh-VY-ruhss): 

a virus that causes vomiting 

and diarrhea within 1 to 3 days 

of exposure and is most active 

during the winter months. It 

infects primarily infants, young 

children, and older adults. 

4
 
 

 

 

A–B
 asymptomatic (AY-simp-tohMAT-ik): the condition of 

having a disease but none of its 

symptoms. 

atonic colon (uh-TON-ik) (KOHlon): a lack of normal muscle 

tone or strength in the colon. 

It may result in chronic 

constipation. Also called lazy 

colon. 

atresia (uh-TREE-zee-uh): the 

lack of a normal opening in the 

esophagus, intestines, bile ducts, 

or anus. 

atrophic gastritis (uh-TROF-ik) 

(gass-TRY-tiss): chronic 

irritation of the stomach lining 

that causes loss of the stomach 

lining and glands. 

autoimmune hepatitis (AW-toh-ihMYOON) (HEP-uh-TY-tiss): a 

liver disease in which the body’s 

immune system damages liver 

cells for unknown reasons. 

barium (BA-ree-uhm): a chalky 

liquid used to coat the inside of 

organs so they will show up on 

an x ray. 

barium enema x ray (BA-ree-uhm) 

(EN-uh-muh) (eks) (ray): x ray 

of the rectum, colon, and lower 

part of the small intestine. A 

barium enema is given first. 

Barium coats the insides of 

organs so they will show up on 

the x ray. Also called lower GI 

series. 

barium meal (BA-ree-uhm) (meel): 

x rays of the esophagus, stomach, 

and duodenum. The patient 

swallows barium before x rays 

are taken. Barium makes the 

organs show up on x rays. Also 

called upper GI series. 

Barrett’s esophagus (BA-ruhts) 

(uh-SOF-uh-guhss): a condition 

in which the tissue lining the 

esophagus is replaced by tissue 

that is similar to the lining of the 

intestine. It is commonly found 

in people with gastroesophageal 

reflux disease (GERD). 

5
 
 

 

 

Liver 

Gallbladder 

Duodenum 

Hepatic ducts 

Cystic duct 

Pancreas 

Common bile duct 

Pancreatic duct 

B
 belching (BELCH-ing): see eructation. 

Bernstein test (BURN-steen) 

(test): a test used to find out if 

heartburn is caused by acid in 

the esophagus. The test involves 

dripping a mild acid, similar to 

stomach acid, through a tube 

placed in the esophagus. 

bezoar (BEE-zor): a ball of food, 

mucus, vegetable fiber, hair, or 

other material that cannot be 

digested in the stomach. Bezoars 

can cause blockage, ulcers, and 

bleeding. 

bile (byl): fluid made by the liver 

and stored in the gallbladder that 

helps break down fats and get rid 

of wastes in the body. 

bile acids (byl) (ASS-idz): acids 

made by the liver that work with 

bile to break down fats. 

bile ducts (byl) (duhkts): tubes that 

carry bile from the liver to the 

gallbladder for storage and to the 

small intestine for use in digestion. 

biliary atresia (BIL-ee-air-ee) 

(uh-TREE-zee-uh): a condition 

present from birth in which 

the bile ducts inside or outside 

the liver do not have normal 

openings. Bile becomes trapped 

in the liver, causing jaundice and 

cirrhosis. Without surgery the 

condition may cause death. 

biliary dyskinesia (BIL-ee-airee) (DISS-kih-NEE-zee-uh): 

refers to a group of functional 

disorders of the biliary system and 

gallbladder. 

biliary stricture (BIL-ee-air-ee) 

(STRIK-choor): a narrowing of 

the biliary tract from scar tissue 

that results from injury, disease, 

pancreatitis, infection, gallstones, 

or cancer. See stricture. 

biliary system (BIL-ee-air-ee) 

(SISS-tuhm): see biliary tract. 

biliary tract (BIL-ee-air-ee) (trakt): 

made up of the gallbladder and 

the bile ducts. Also called biliary 

system or biliary tree. 

Biliary tract. 

6
 
 

 

 

 

B
 biliary tree (BIL-ee-air-ee) (tree): 

see biliary tract. 

bilirubin (BIL-ih-ROO-bin): a 

reddish-yellow substance formed 

when hemoglobin breaks down. 

Bilirubin is found in bile and 

blood and is normally passed 

in stool. Too much bilirubin 

accumulating in the blood is the 

cause of jaundice. 

biofeedback (BY-oh-FEED-bak): a 

machine that measures physical 

responses. It is used to treat 

both physical and psychological 

problems, including motility 

disorders. 

biopsy (BY-op-see): a procedure 

in which a tiny piece of a body 

part, such as the colon or liver, 

is removed for examination with 

a microscope. 

bismuth subsalicylate (BIZ-muhth) 

(SUHB-suh-LISS-ih-layt): a 

nonprescription medicine used 

to treat diarrhea, heartburn, 

indigestion, and nausea. It can 

be part of the treatment for 

ulcers caused by the bacterium 

Helicobacter pylori. (Brand 

name: Pepto-Bismol.) 

bloating (BLOHT-ing): a fullness 

or swelling in the abdomen that 

often occurs after meals. 

blue rubber bleb nevus syndrome 

(bloo) (RUHB-ur) (bleb) (NEEvuhss) (SIN-drohm): a rare 

condition with painful lesions 

found in the small intestine, 

colon, and sometimes stomach 

and parts of the nervous system 

that may cause gastrointestinal 

bleeding. 

borborygmi (bor-boh-RIG-mee): 

rumbling sounds caused by gas 

moving through the intestines. 

Also known as stomach 

“growling.” 

bowel (boul): another word for the 

small and large intestines. 

bowel movement (boul) (MOOVment): body wastes passed 

through the rectum and anus. 

bowel obstruction (boul) 

(ob-STRUHK-shuhn): partial 

or complete blockage of the 

small or large intestine. 

bowel prep (boul) (prep): the 

process used to clean the 

colon with enemas or a special 

drink that causes frequent 

bowel movements. It is used 

before surgery of the colon, a 

colonoscopy, or a barium enema 

x ray. See lavage. 

7
 
 

 

B–C
 Brooke ileostomy (bruk) (IL-eeOSS-tuh-mee): a procedure 

in which one end of the small 

intestine is brought through an 

opening in the abdominal wall 

and sewn to the skin to create a 

stoma. It is performed when the 

entire colon must be removed or 

bypassed. 

Budd-Chiari syndrome (buhd-keeAH-ree) (SIN-drohm): a rare 

liver disease in which the veins 

that drain blood from the liver 

are blocked or narrowed. 

bulking agents (BUHLK-ing) (AYjents): laxatives that make bowel 

movements soft and easy to pass. 

burping: see eructation. 

calcivirus (KAL-see-VY-riss): a 

family of viruses divided into the 

noroviruses and the sapoviruses. 

They can infect people of all 

ages and are transmitted from 

person to person and through 

contaminated water or food— 

especially oysters from 

contaminated waters. 

calculi (KAL-kyoo-ly): stones or 

solid lumps such as gallstones. 

Campylobacter pylori (KAM-pih-lohBAK-tur) (py-LOR-eye): the 

original name for the bacterium 

that causes ulcers. The new 

name is Helicobacter pylori. 

candidiasis (KAN-dih-DY-uhsiss): an infection caused by 

the Candida fungus, which lives 

naturally in the gastrointestinal 

tract. 

carbohydrates (KAR-boh-HYdrayts): one of the three main 

classes of food and a source 

of energy. Carbohydrates are 

the sugars and starches found 

in breads, cereals, fruits, and 

vegetables. During digestion, 

carbohydrates are changed into 

simple sugars glucose, galactose, 

and fructose, which are stored in 

the liver until cells need them for 

energy. 

8
 
 

 

 

C
 Caroli’s disease (kah-ROH-leez) 

(dih-ZEEZ): a rare, inherited 

condition in which the bile ducts 

in the liver are enlarged and 

may cause irritation, infection, 

gallstones, or cancer. 

cathartics (kuh-THAR-tiks): see 

laxatives. 

catheter (KATH-uh-tur): a thin, 

flexible tube that carries fluids 

into or out of the body. 

C. difficile (see) (duh-FISS-uh-lee): 

see Clostridium difficile. 

cecostomy (see-KOSS-toh-mee): a 

tube that goes through the skin 

into the beginning of the large 

intestine to remove gas or feces. 

This procedure is a short-term 

way to protect part of the colon 

while it heals after surgery. 

cecum (SEE-kuhm): the beginning 

of the large intestine. The cecum 

is connected to the lower part 

of the small intestine, called the 

ileum. 

celiac disease (SEE-lee-ak) (dihZEEZ): an immune reaction 

to gluten, a protein found in 

wheat, rye, and barley. The 

disease causes damage to the 

lining of the small intestine and 

prevents absorption of nutrients. 

Also called celiac sprue, gluten 

intolerance, and nontropical sprue. 

celiac sprue (SEE-lee-ak) (sproo): 

see celiac disease. 

chloride channel activators 

(KLOR-eyed) (CHAN-uhl) 

(AK-tih-vay-torz): medication 

used to increase intestinal fluid 

and motility to help stool pass, 

thereby reducing the symptoms 

of constipation. An example is 

lubiprostone. (Brand name: 

Amitiza.) See laxatives. 

cholangiography (koh-LAN-jeeOG-ruh-fee): a series of x rays 

of the bile ducts. 

cholangitis (KOH-lan-JY-tiss): 

irritated or infected bile ducts. 

cholecystectomy (KOH-lee-sissTEK-toh-mee): an operation to 

remove the gallbladder. 

cholecystitis (KOH-lee-siss-TYtiss): an irritated gallbladder. 

cholecystogram, oral (KOH-leeSISS-toh-gram), (OR-uhl): 

an x ray of the gallbladder and 

bile ducts. The patient takes 

pills containing a special dye 

that makes the organs show 

up on x ray. Also called 

cholecystography, oral. 

cholecystography, oral (KOH-leesiss-TOG-ruh-fee), (OR-uhl): 

see cholecystogram, oral. 

9
 
 

 

 

 

 

C
 cholecystokinin (KOH-lee-siss-tohKY-nin): a hormone released 

in the small intestine that causes 

muscles in the gallbladder and 

the colon to tighten and relax. 

choledocholithiasis (koh-LED-ohkoh-lith-EYE-uh-siss): the 

presence of gallstones in the 

bile ducts. 

cholelithiasis (KOH-lee-lihTHY-uh-siss): the presence of 

gallstones in the gallbladder. 

cholestasis (koh-LESS-tuh-siss): 

reduced bile flow, which may be 

caused by drugs or liver diseases. 

cholesterol (koh-LESS-tur-ol): a 

fatlike substance in the body. 

The body makes and needs some 

cholesterol, which also comes 

from foods such as butter and 

egg yolks. Too much cholesterol 

may cause gallstones or a buildup 

of fat in the arteries that causes 

a disease called atherosclerosis 

that slows or stops blood flow. 

chronic (KRON-ik): refers to 

disorders that last a long time, 

often years. Chronic is the 

opposite of acute, or brief. 

chronic atrophic gastritis 

(KRON-ik) (uh-TROF-ik) 

(gass-TRY-tiss): end stage of 

chronic inflammation of the 

stomach, usually caused by 

H. pylori, resulting in reduced 

acid production. 

chronic idiopathic constipation 

(KRON-ik) (ID-ee-ohPATH-ik) (KON-stih-PAYshuhn): constipation caused 

by a disturbance of colonic or 

anorectal motor function of 

unknown cause. 

chyme (kym): a thick liquid made 

of partially digested food and 

stomach juices. This liquid is 

made in the stomach and moves 

into the small intestine for further 

digestion. 

cirrhosis (sur-ROH-siss): a chronic 

liver condition caused by scar 

tissue and cell damage, which 

makes it hard for the liver to 

remove poisons or toxins such as 

alcohol and drugs from the blood. 

These toxins build up in the blood 

and may impact brain function. 

Normal liver 

Cirrhotic liver 

Cirrhosis. 

10 
 

C
 Clostridium difficile (C. difficile) 

(kloss-TRID-ee-uhm) (duhFISS-uh-lee): a bacterium 

naturally present in the large 

intestine that can make a toxin 

that causes diarrhea. 

colectomy (koh-LEK-toh-mee): an 

operation to remove all or part 

of the colon. 

colic (KOL-ik): attacks of 

abdominal pain. Infant colic 

refers to extended crying of 

unknown cause in infants. 

colitis (koh-LY-tiss): irritation of 

the colon. 

collagenous colitis (ko-LAJ-uhnuhss) (koh-LY-tiss): a type of 

colitis having an abnormal band 

of collagen, which is a threadlike 

protein. 

colon (KOH-lon): the part of the 

large intestine extending from the 

cecum to, but not including, the 

rectum. See large intestine. 

Descending colon 

Transverse colon 

Ascending colon 

Sigmoid colon 

colonic conduit (ko-LON-ik) 

(KON-doo-it): a surgical 

procedure that uses a section of 

the large bowel, instead of the 

small intestine, to form a channel 

for urinary drainage. 

colonic inertia (ko-LON-ik) (inUR-shuh): a condition of the 

colon when the muscles do 

not work properly, causing 

constipation. 

Colon. 

11
 
 

 

C
 colonoscopic polypectomy (kohLON-oh-SKOP-ik) (POL-ihPEK-tuh-mee): the removal 

of tumorlike growths called 

polyps by using a device inserted 

through a colonoscope. 

colonoscopy (KOH-lon-OSS-kuhpee): a test to look into the 

rectum and colon that uses a long, 

flexible, narrow tube with a light 

and tiny camera on the end. The 

tube is called a colonoscope. 

colon polyps (KOH-lon) (POL-ips): 

small, fleshy, mushroom-shaped 

growths in the colon. 

coloproctectomy (KOH-lohprok-TEK-toh-mee): see 

proctocolectomy. 

colorectal cancer (KOH-loh-REKtuhl) (KAN-sur): cancer that 

starts in the colon (also called 

the large intestine) or the rectum 

(the end of the large intestine). 

Several digestive diseases may 

increase a person’s risk of 

colorectal cancer, including 

polyposis. 

colorectal transit study (KOHloh-REK-tuhl) (TRAN-zit) 

(STUHD-ee): a test that reveals 

how stool moves through the 

colon. The patient swallows 

capsules that contain small 

markers and an x ray tracks 

the movement of the capsules 

through the colon. 

colostomy (koh-LOSS-toh-mee): 

an operation that attaches 

the colon to an opening in the 

abdomen called a stoma. An 

ostomy pouch, attached to the 

stoma and worn outside the 

body, collects stool. A temporary 

colostomy may be created to 

allow the rectum to heal from 

injury or surgery. 

common bile duct (KOM-on) (byl) 

(duhkt): the tube that carries 

bile from the liver to the small 

intestine. 

common bile duct obstruction 

(KOM-on) (byl) (duhkt) (obSTRUHK-shuhn): a blockage 

of the common bile duct, often 

caused by gallstones or cancer. 

12
 
 

 

 

C
 computerized tomography (CT) 

scan (kom-PYOO-tur-eyezd) 

(toh-MOG-ruh-fee) (skan): an 

x ray that produces pictures 

of the body. Also called a 

computed axial tomography 

(CAT) scan or computed 

tomography (CT) scan. 

constipation (KON-stih-PAYshuhn): a condition in which a 

person usually has fewer than 

three bowel movements in a week. 

The bowel movements may 

be painful. 

continence (KON-tih-nenss): the 

ability to control the timing of 

urination or a bowel movement. 

continent ileostomy (KON-tihnent) (IL-ee-OSS-tuh-mee): an 

operation to create an internal 

pouch from part of the small 

intestine. Stool that collects 

in the pouch is removed by 

inserting a small tube through an 

opening made in the abdomen. 

See ileostomy. 

corticosteroids (KOR-tih-kohSTIHR-oydz): medicines such 

as cortisone and hydrocortisone. 

These medicines reduce 

irritation from Crohn’s disease 

and ulcerative colitis. They 

may be taken either by mouth 

or as suppositories. (Brand 

names: Cortone Acetate, 

Hydrocortone.) 

Crohn’s disease (krohnz) (dihZEEZ): a form of inflammatory 

bowel disease that causes 

irritation in the gastrointestinal 

(GI) tract. It usually affects 

the lower small intestine (also 

called the ileum) or the colon, 

but it can also affect any part 

of the GI tract. Also called 

regional enteritis and ileitis. See 

inflammatory bowel disease and 

granuloma. 

cryptosporidia (KRIP-toh-spohRID-ee-uh): a parasite that can 

cause gastrointestinal infection 

and diarrhea. See gastroenteritis. 

13
 
C–D
 CT scan: see computerized 

tomography scan. 

CVS (SEE-VEE-ESS): see cyclic 

vomiting syndrome. 

cyclic vomiting syndrome (CVS) 

(SIK-lik) (VOM-it-ing) (SINdrohm): sudden, repeated 

attacks of severe vomiting, 

nausea, and physical exhaustion 

with no apparent cause that 

occur in children and adults, but 

more often in children. Attacks 

can last from a few hours to 

10 days. The episodes begin and 

end suddenly. Loss of fluids 

and changes in body chemicals 

can require immediate medical 

attention. 

cystic duct (SISS-tik) (duhkt): the 

tube that carries bile from the 

gallbladder into the common 

bile duct. 

cystic duct obstruction (SISS-tik) 

(duhkt) (ob-STRUHK-shuhn): a 

blockage of the cystic duct, often 

caused by gallstones. 

defecation (DEF-uh-KAY-shuhn): 

the passage of bowel contents 

through the rectum and anus. 

defecography (DEF-uh-KOG-ruhfee): an x-ray test of the anus 

and rectum that shows how the 

muscles work to move stool. The 

patient sits on a toilet placed 

next to the x-ray machine. 

dehydration (DEE-hy-DRAYshuhn): loss of fluids from the 

body, sometimes caused by 

diarrhea. It may result in the loss 

of important salts and minerals. 

delayed gastric emptying (duhLAYD) (GASS-trik) (EMP-teeing): see gastroparesis. 

dermatitis herpetiformis (DURmuh-TY-tiss) (hur-PET-ihFOR-miss): a skin disorder 

associated with celiac disease and 

characterized by severe itching 

and blisters. 

descending colon (dee-SEND-ing) 

(KOH-lon): the part of the colon 

where stool is stored. It is usually 

located on the left side of the 

abdomen. 

diaphragm (DY-uh-fram): the 

muscle wall between the chest 

and the abdomen. It is the major 

muscle used for breathing. 

14
 
 

 

D
 diarrhea (DY-uh-REE-uh): 

frequent, loose, and watery 

bowel movements. Common 

causes include gastrointestinal 

infections, irritable bowel 

syndrome, medicines, and 

malabsorption. 

dietitian (dy-uh-TISH-uhn): a 

nutrition expert who helps 

people plan what and how 

much food to eat. 

Dieulafoy’s lesion (dyoo-lahFWAHZ) (LEE-zhuhn): a 

small erosion in the stomach 

that causes heavy gastrointestinal 

bleeding. 

diffuse esophageal spasm (dihFYOOZ) (uh-SOF-uh-JEE-uhl) 

(SPA-zum): uncoordinated 

contractions down the length 

of the esophagus that may cause 

pain or trouble swallowing. 

digestants (dy-JESS-tuhnts): 

medicines that aid or stimulate 

digestion. Examples are digestive 

enzymes for people with lactase 

deficiency or damage to the 

pancreas. (Brand names: 

Lactaid, Ultrase.) 

digestion (dy-JESS-chuhn): the 

process the body uses to 

break down food into simple 

substances for energy, growth, 

and cell repair. 

digestive system (dy-JESS-tiv) 

(SISS-tuhm): the organs in 

the body that break down and 

absorb food. Organs that make 

up the digestive system are the 

mouth, esophagus, stomach, small 

intestine, large intestine, rectum, 

and anus. Organs that help with 

digestion but are not part of the 

digestive tract are the tongue, 

salivary glands, pancreas, liver, 

and gallbladder. 

Esophagus 

Liver 

Gallbladder 

Duodenum 

Small 

intestine 

Colon 

(large 

intestine) 

Anus 

Mouth 

Salivary glands 

Stomach 

Pancreas 

Rectum 

Digestive system. 

digestive tract (dy-JESS-tiv) (trakt): 

see gastrointestinal tract. 

distention (diss-TEN-shuhn): 

bloating or swelling of the 

abdomen. 

15
 
 

 

 

Colon 

(large intestine) 

Diverticula 

D
 diverticula (DY-vur-TIK-yoo-luh): 

the plural form of diverticulum. 

See diverticulum. 

diverticulitis (DY-vur-TIK-yoo-LYtiss): a condition that occurs 

when small pouches in the 

colon called diverticula become 

inflamed. 

Diverticulosis. 

diverticulosis (DY-vur-TIK-yooLOH-siss): a condition that 

occurs when small pouches in 

the colon called diverticula push 

outward through weak spots. 

diverticulum (DY-vur-TIK-yooluhm): a small pouch in the 

colon. These pouches are not 

painful and harmful unless they 

become inflamed. 

dry mouth: see xerostomia. 

Dubin-Johnson syndrome (DOObin-JON-suhn) (SIN-drohm): a 

rare, inherited form of chronic 

jaundice. 

dumping syndrome (DUHMP-ing) 

(SIN-drohm): see rapid gastric 

emptying. 

duodenal ulcer (DOO-oh-DEEnuhl) (UHL-sur): an ulcer in 

the lining of the first part of the 

small intestine, also called the 

duodenum. 

duodenitis (DOO-od-uh-NY-tiss): 

an irritation of the first part of 

the small intestine, also called the 

duodenum. 

duodenum (doo-OD-uh-nuhm): 

the first part of the small 

intestine. 

16
 
 

 

 

 

D–E
 dysentery (DISS-en-tair-ee): an 

infectious disease of the colon. 

Symptoms include bloody, 

mucus-filled diarrhea; abdominal 

pain; fever; and loss of fluids 

from the body. 

dyspepsia (diss-PEP-see-uh): upper 

abdominal discomfort, often 

provoked by eating, that may 

be accompanied by fullness, 

bloating, nausea, or other 

gastrointestinal symptoms. Also 

called indigestion. 

dysphagia (diss-FAY-jee-uh): 

problems with swallowing 

food or liquid, usually caused 

by blockage or injury to the 

esophagus. 

E. coli (ee) (KOH-ly): see 

Escherichia coli. 

EGD (EE-JEE-DEE): see 

esophagogastroduodenoscopy. 

electrocoagulation (ee-LEK-trohkoh-AG-yoo-LAY-shuhn): a 

procedure that uses an electrical 

current passed through an 

instrument to stop bleeding. 

electrolytes (ee-LEK-troh-lyts): 

chemicals in the body fluids 

that are parts of salts, including 

sodium, potassium, magnesium, 

and chloride. 

ELISA (uh-LEE-suh): see enzymelinked immunosorbent assay. 

encopresis (en-koh-PREE-siss): 

accidental passage of a bowel 

movement. A common disorder 

in children. 

endoscope (EN-doh-skohp): a 

small, flexible tube with a light 

and a camera on the end that is 

used to look into the esophagus, 

stomach, duodenum, colon, or 

rectum. It can also be used 

to take tissue from the body 

for testing or to take color 

photographs of the inside of 

the body. Colonoscopes and 

sigmoidoscopes are types of 

endoscopes. 

17
 
 

 

 

 

 

E
 endoscopic papillotomy (endoh-SKOP-ik) (PAP-ih-LOTuh-mee): see endoscopic 

sphincterotomy. 

endoscopic retrograde 

cholangiopancreatography 

(ERCP) (en-doh-SKOP-ik) 

(RET-roh-grayd) (koh-LAN-jeeoh-PAN-kree-uh-TOG-ruh-fee): 

a test that uses an x ray to look 

into the bile and pancreatic ducts. 

The doctor inserts an endoscope 

through the mouth into the 

duodenum and bile ducts. Dye is 

sent through the tube into the 

ducts, which makes the ducts 

show up on an x ray. 

endoscopic sphincterotomy (endoh-SKOP-ik) (SFINGK-tur-OTuh-mee): an operation to cut 

the muscle between the common 

bile duct and the pancreatic duct. 

The operation uses a catheter 

and wire to remove gallstones 

or other blockages. Also called 

endoscopic papillotomy. 

endoscopy (en-DOSS-kuh-pee): a 

procedure that uses an endoscope 

to diagnose or treat a condition. 

enema (EN-uh-muh): a liquid put 

into the rectum to clear out the 

bowel or administer drugs. 

enteral nutrition (EN-tur-uhl) 

(noo-TRISH-uhn): a way to 

provide food through a tube 

placed in the nose, stomach, or 

small intestine. A tube in the 

nose is called a nasogastric or 

nasoenteral tube. A tube may 

be placed into the stomach or 

small intestine through a hole 

called a gastrostomy, percutaneous 

endoscopic gastrostomy (PEG), 

jejunostomy, or percutaneous 

endoscopic jejunostomy (PEJ). 

Also called tube feeding. 

enteritis (EN-tur-EYE-tiss): an 

irritation of the small intestine. 

enterocele (EN-tur-o-SEEL): a 

hernia in the intestines. See 

hernia. 

enterokinase deficiency (EN-tur-ohKY-nayss) (duh-FISH-en-see): 

a rare disorder of protein 

malabsorption. 

enteroscopy (EN-tur-OSS-kuhpee): an examination of the 

small intestine with an endoscope. 

The endoscope is inserted 

through the mouth and stomach 

into the small intestine. 

18
 
 

 

 

 

 

E
 enterostomal therapy (ET) nurse 

(EN-tur-oh-STOH-muhl) 

(THAIR-uh-pee) (nurss): a 

nurse who cares for patients who 

have an ostomy. 

enterostomy (EN-tur-OSS-tuhmee): an ostomy, or opening, 

into the intestines through the 

abdominal wall. 

enzyme (EN-zym): proteins in 

the body that control chemical 

reactions in the body, including 

energy production and 

metabolism. 

enzyme-linked immunosorbent 

assay (ELISA) (EN-zym-linkt) 

(IM-yoo-noh-SOR-bent) (ASSsay): a type of blood test usually 

used to measure antibodies. 

eosinophilic esophagitis (EE-ohsin-oh-FIL-ik) (uh-SOF-uhJY-tiss): a disease in which the 

lining of the esophagus becomes 

infiltrated with a type of white 

blood cell called an eosinophil. 

eosinophilic gastroenteritis (EEoh-sin-oh-FIL-ik) (GASS-trohen-tur-EYE-tiss): an irritation 

of the stomach, small intestine, or 

large intestine caused by a type 

of white blood cell called an 

eosinophil. 

epithelial cells (EP-ih-THEE-leeuhl) (selz): one of many kinds of 

cells that form the epithelium and 

absorb nutrients. 

epithelium (EP-ih-THEE-leeuhm): the inner and outer tissue 

covering digestive tract organs. 

ERCP (EE-AR-SEE-PEE): 

see endoscopic retrograde 

cholangiopancreatography. 

eructation (ee-ruhk-TAY-shuhn): 

a noisy release of gas from the 

stomach through the mouth. 

Also called belching or burping. 

erythema nodosum (AIR-ihTHEE-muh) (NOH-doh-suhm): 

swelling or red sores on the 

lower legs during flare-ups of 

Crohn’s disease and ulcerative 

colitis. These sores show that the 

disease is active and usually go 

away when the disease is treated. 

Escherichia coli (E. coli) (eshuh-RIK-ee-uh) (KOH-ly): a 

family of bacteria found in the 

gastrointestinal tract. Some forms 

may cause diarrhea. 

19
 
 

 

E
 esophageal atresia (uh-SOF-uhJEE-uhl) (uh-TREE-zee-uh): 

a birth defect in which the 

esophagus lacks the opening 

to allow food to pass into the 

stomach. 

Esophagus Trachea 

Normal esophageal development. 

Esophagus Trachea 

One form of esophageal atresia. 

esophageal manometry (uh-SOFuh-JEE-uhl) (muh-NOM-uhtree): a test to measure muscle 

contraction in the esophagus. 

esophageal perforation (uh-SOFuh-JEE-uhl) (PUR-foh-RAYshuhn): a hole in the esophagus, 

which may be caused by a 

disease or medical procedure. 

esophageal pH monitoring (uhSOF-uh-JEE-uhl) (PEE-AYCH) 

(MON-ih-tur-ing): a test to 

measure the amount of acid in 

the esophagus. 

esophageal reflux (uh-SOF-uhJEE-uhl) (REE-fluhks): see 

gastroesophageal reflux disease. 

esophageal spasms (uh-SOF-uhJEE-uhl) (SPA-zumz): muscle 

contractions in the esophagus 

that cause pain in the chest or 

trouble swallowing. 

esophageal stricture (uh-SOF-uhJEE-uhl) (STRIK-choor): a 

narrowing of the esophagus often 

caused by acid flowing back from 

the stomach or cancer. This 

condition may require surgery. 

esophageal ulcer (uh-SOF-uh-JEEuhl) (UHL-sur): a sore in the 

esophagus caused by long-term 

inflammation, infection, pills, or 

cancer. 

esophageal varices (uh-SOF-uhJEE-uhl) (VAIR-ih-seez): large 

veins in the esophagus that occur 

when the liver is not working 

properly. If the veins burst, the 

bleeding can cause death. 

20
 
 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

E–F
 esophagitis (uh-SOF-uh-JY-tiss): 

an irritation of the esophagus, 

usually caused by acid that flows 

up from the stomach. 

esophagogastroduodenoscopy 

(EGD) (uh-SOF-uh-goh-GASStroh-DOO-oh-den-OSS-kuhpee): an exam of the upper 

digestive tract using an endoscope. 

See endoscopy. 

esophagus (uh-SOF-uh-guhss): the 

organ that connects the mouth 

to the stomach. Also called the 

gullet. 

ESWL (EE-ESS-DUHB-uhl-YOOEL): see extracorporeal shock 

wave lithotripsy. 

ET nurse (EE-TEE) (nurss): see 

enterostomal therapy nurse. 

excrete (eks-KREET): when the 

body gets rid of waste. 

extracorporeal shock wave 

lithotripsy (ESWL) (EKStruh-kor-POH-ree-uhl) (shok) 

(wayv) (LITH-oh-TRIP-see): 

a method of breaking up bile 

stones, gallstones, and pancreatic 

and renal stones that uses a 

specialized tool and shock waves. 

extrahepatic biliary tree (EKS-truhheh-PAT-ik) (BIL-ee-air-ee) 

(tree): the bile ducts located 

outside the liver. 

failure to thrive (FAYL-yoor) (too) 

(thryv): a condition that occurs 

when a child grows at a slowerthan-normal rate. 

familial adenomatous polyposis 

(FAP) (fa-MIL-ee-uhl) (AD-uhNOH-muh-tuhss) (PAHL-eePOH-siss): an inherited disease 

characterized by the presence of 

100 or more polyps in the colon. 

The polyps lead to colorectal 

cancer if not treated. 

FAP (EF-AY-PEE): see familial 

adenomatous polyposis. 

fat: 1. one of the three main 

nutrients in food. Foods that 

provide fat are butter, margarine, 

salad dressing, oil, nuts, meat, 

poultry, fish, and some dairy 

products. 2. a greasy liquid or 

solid material found in the human 

body, animals, and some plants. 

In the body, excess calories are 

stored as fat, providing a reserve 

supply of energy. 

fatty liver (FAT-ee) (LIV-ur): see 

steatosis. 

fecal fat test (FEE-kuhl) (fat) 

(test): a test to measure the 

body’s ability to break down and 

absorb fat by examining stool 

for fat. 

fecal incontinence (FEE-kuhl) (inKON-tih-nenss): being unable 

to hold stool in the colon and 

rectum. 

21
 
 

F
 

fecal occult blood test (FOBT) 

(FEE-kuhl) (uh-KUHLT) 

(bluhd) (test): a test to see 

whether there is blood in the 

stool that is not visible to the 

naked eye. A sample of stool is 

placed on a chemical strip that 

changes color if blood is present. 

Hidden blood in the stool may 

be a sign of colorectal cancer. 

Stool 

sample 

Fecal occult blood test. 

feces (FEE-seez): the solid waste 

that passes through the rectum 

as a bowel movement. Feces 

are undigested food, bacteria, 

mucus, and dead cells. Also 

called stool. 

fermentation (FUR-men-TAYshuhn): the process of bacteria 

breaking down undigested food 

and releasing alcohols, acids, 

and gases. 

FHF (EF-AYCH-EF): see 

fulminant hepatic failure. 

fiber (FY-bur): a substance in 

foods that comes from plants. 

Fiber helps keep stool soft 

so that it moves smoothly 

through the colon. Soluble fiber 

dissolves in water and is found 

in beans, fruit, and oat products. 

Insoluble fiber does not dissolve 

in water and is found in wholegrain products and vegetables. 

fistula (FISS-tyoo-luh): an 

abnormal passage between two 

organs, or between an organ and 

the outside of the body, caused 

when damaged tissues come into 

contact and join together while 

healing. 

flatulence (FLAT-yoo-lenss): 

excessive gas in the stomach or 

intestine that can cause bloating 

and flatus. 

flatus (FLAY-tuhss): gas passed 

through the rectum. 

FOBT (EF-OH-BEE-TEE): see 

fecal occult blood test. 

foodborne illness (FOODborn) (IL-ness): an acute 

gastrointestinal infection caused 

by food that contains harmful 

bacteria or toxins. Symptoms 

include diarrhea, abdominal 

pain, fever, and chills. 

22
 
Gallbladder 

with stones 

Duodenum 

Hepatic ducts 

Cystic duct 

Pancreas 

Common bile duct 

Pancreatic duct 

Greater duodenal papilla 

(ampulla of Vater) 

F–G
 fulminant hepatic failure (FHF) 

(FUL-mih-nuhnt) (heh-PAT-ik) 

(FAYL-yoor): liver failure that 

occurs suddenly in a previously 

healthy person. The most 

common causes of FHF are 

acute hepatitis, acetaminophen 

overdose, and liver damage 

from prescription drugs. 

functional disorders (FUHNKshuhn-uhl) (diss-OR-durz): 

disorders such as irritable bowel 

syndrome that are of unknown 

cause. Symptoms such as gas, 

pain, constipation, and diarrhea 

come back repeatedly but 

without signs of disease or 

damage. Emotional stress can 

trigger symptoms. Also called 

motility disorders. 

fungus (FUHNG-guhss): a mold or 

yeast such as Candida that may 

cause infection. 

galactose (guh-LAK-tohss): a 

type of sugar in milk products 

and sugar beets. The body also 

makes galactose. 

galactosemia (guh-LAK-toh-SEEmee-uh): a buildup of galactose 

in the blood caused by the lack 

of one of the enzymes needed to 

break down galactose. 

gallbladder (GAWL-blad-ur): the 

organ that stores the bile made 

in the liver and that is connected 

to the liver by bile ducts. The 

gallbladder can store about 

2 tablespoons of bile. Eating 

signals the gallbladder to empty 

the bile through the bile ducts to 

help the body digest fats. 

gallstones (GAWL-stohnz): the 

solid masses or stones made of 

cholesterol or bilirubin that form 

in the gallbladder or bile ducts. 

Liver 

Gallstones. 

23 
 

 

 

 

 

 

G
 Gardner’s syndrome (GARD-nurz) 

SIN-drohm): a condition 

in which many polyps form 

throughout the digestive tract. 

Because these polyps are likely 

to become cancerous, the colon 

and rectum are often removed to 

prevent colorectal cancer. 

gas: air that results from the normal 

breakdown of food. The gases 

are passed out of the body 

through the rectum (flatus) or the 

mouth (burping). 

gastrectomy (gass-TREK-tuh-mee): 

an operation to remove all or part 

of the stomach. 

gastric (GASS-trik): related to the 

stomach. 

gastric hypersecretion (GASS-trik) 

(HY-pur-see-KREE-shuhn): 

the oversecretion of gastric acid 

and the hallmark symptom of 

Zollinger-Ellison syndrome. 

Some Causes of Gastroenteritis 

•	Bacteria	

– Escherichia coli 

– Salmonella 

– Shigella 

•	Viruses	

– Norwalk virus 

– Rotavirus 

•	Parasites	

– Cryptosporidia 

– Entamoeba histolytica 

– Giardia lamblia 

gastric juices (GASS-trik) (JOOsez): liquids produced in the 

stomach to help break down food 

and kill bacteria. 

gastric resection (GASS-trik) (reeSEK-shuhn): an operation to 

remove part or all of the stomach. 

gastric ulcer (GASS-trik) (UHLsur): an open sore in the lining 

of the stomach. Also called 

stomach ulcer. 

gastrin (GASS-trin): a hormone 

released after eating that causes 

the stomach to produce more acid. 

gastritis (gass-TRY-tiss): 

inflammation of the stomach lining. 

gastrocolic reflex (GASS-troh-KOLik) (REE-fleks): an increase 

of muscle movement in the 

gastrointestinal tract when food 

enters an empty stomach. It may 

cause the urge to have a bowel 

movement right after eating. 

gastroenteritis (GASS-troh-en-turEYE-tiss): an infection or irritation 

of the stomach and intestines, 

which may be caused by viruses 

or by bacteria or parasites from 

spoiled food or unclean water. 

Other causes include eating food 

that irritates the stomach lining 

and emotional upsets such as 

anger, fear, or stress. Symptoms 

include diarrhea, nausea, vomiting, 

and abdominal cramping. See 

infectious diarrhea and traveler’s 

diarrhea. 

24
 
 

 

G
 gastroenterologist (GASS-troh-ENtur-OL-uh-jist): a doctor who 

specializes in digestive diseases. 

gastroenterology (GASS-trohEN-tur-OL-uh-jee): the field 

of medicine focusing on the 

function and disorders of the 

digestive system. 

gastroesophageal reflux disease 

(GERD) (GASS-troh-uh-SOFuh-JEE-uhl) (REE-fluhks) 

(dih-ZEEZ): a condition in 

which stomach contents flow 

back up into the esophagus. 

GERD happens when the 

muscle between the esophagus 

and the stomach (the lower 

esophageal sphincter) is weak or 

relaxes when it should not. It 

may cause esophagitis. Also 

called esophageal reflux or reflux 

esophagitis. 

gastrointestinal (GI) (GASS-trohin-TESS-tin-uhl): related 

to the gastrointestinal tract. 

gastrointestinal duplications 

(GASS-troh-in-TESS-tin-uhl) 

(DOO-plih-KAY-shuhnz): rare, 

smooth cystic structures attached 

to the border of the intestines, 

which are most commonly seen 

in the ileum. 

gastrointestinal tract (GI tract) 

(GASS-troh-in-TESS-tin-uhl) 

(trakt): the large, muscular tube 

that extends from the mouth to 

the anus, where the movement of 

muscles, along with the release 

of hormones and enzymes, allows 

for the digestion of food. Also 

called the alimentary canal or 

digestive tract. 

gastroparesis (GASS-troh-puhREE-siss): nerve or muscle 

damage in the stomach that 

causes slow emptying, vomiting, 

nausea, or bloating. Also called 

delayed gastric emptying. 

gastrostomy (gass-TROSS-tuhmee): an artificial opening from 

the stomach to a hole (stoma) 

in the abdomen where a feeding 

tube is inserted. See enteral 

nutrition. 

GERD (gurd): see gastroesophageal 

reflux disease. 

GI (JEE-EYE): see gastrointestinal. 

giardiasis (JEE-ar-DY-uh-siss): an 

infection of the parasite Giardia 

lamblia caused by spoiled food 

or unclean water. It can cause 

diarrhea. See gastroenteritis. 

25
 
 

 

 

 

G
 Gilbert syndrome (zheel-BAIR) 

(SIN-drohm): a buildup of 

bilirubin in the blood caused by 

the lack of a liver enzyme needed 

to break it down. See bilirubin. 

GI tract (JEE-EYE) (trakt): see 

gastrointestinal tract. 

globus sensation (GLOH-buhss) 

(sen-SAY-shuhn): a constant 

feeling of a lump in the throat 

that is usually related to stress. 

glucose (GLOO-kohss): a simple 

sugar the body manufactures 

from carbohydrates in the 

diet. Glucose is the body’s 

main source of energy. See 

carbohydrates. 

gluten (GLOO-tuhn): a protein 

found in wheat, rye, and barley. 

In people with celiac disease, 

gluten damages the lining of the 

small intestine or causes sores on 

the skin. See celiac disease. 

gluten intolerance (GLOO-tuhn) 

(in-TOL-ur-uhnss): see celiac 

disease. 

gluten sensitive enteropathy 

(GLOO-tuhn) (SEN-sih-tiv) 

(EN-tur-OP-uh-thee): a general 

term that refers to celiac disease 

and dermatitis herpetiformis. 

glycogen (GLY-koh-jen): the stored 

form of sugar in the liver and 

muscles that releases glucose into 

the blood when cells need it for 

energy. Glycogen is the chief 

source of stored fuel in the body. 

glycogen storage diseases (GLYkoh-jen) (STOR-uhj) (dihZEEZ-iz): a group of birth 

defects that changes the way the 

liver breaks down glycogen. 

granuloma (GRAN-yoo-LOHmuh): a type of immune 

reaction seen in some diseases. 

granulomatous colitis (GRAN-yooLOM-uh-tuhss) (koh-LY-tiss): 

another name for Crohn’s disease 

of the colon. 

granulomatous enteritis (GRANyoo-LOM-uh-tuhss) (EN-turEYE-tiss): another name for 

Crohn’s disease of the small 

intestine. 

gullet (GUHL-uht): see esophagus. 

gut: see intestines. 

26
 
 

 

 

 

 

 

H
 H2 blockers (AYCH-TOO) (BLOKurz): medicines that reduce 

the amount of acid the stomach 

produces. Histamine2 (H2) 

signals the stomach to make 

acid. Examples of H2 blockers 

include cimetidine, famotidine, 

nizatidine, and ranitidine. 

(Brand names: Tagamet, 

Pepcid, Axid, Zantac.) They are 

used to treat ulcer symptoms. 

Nonprescription H2 blockers are 

Zantac 75, Axid AR, Pepcid-AC, 

and Tagamet-HB. 

HBIg (AYCH-BEE-EYE-JEE): see 

hepatitis B immunoglobulin. 

heartburn (HART-burn): a 

painful, burning feeling in the 

chest caused by stomach acid 

flowing back into the esophagus. 

Changing the diet and other 

lifestyle habits can help prevent 

heartburn. Heartburn may 

be a symptom of GERD. See 

gastroesophageal reflux disease. 

Tips to Control Heartburn 

•	Avoid	foods	and	beverages	that	

worsen symptoms or irritate 

the esophagus lining, such as 

fried, spicy, and acidic foods. 

•	Lose	weight	if	overweight.

•	Stop	smoking.

•	Elevate	the	head	of	the	bed	

6 inches. 

•	Avoid	lying	down	2	to	3	hours	

after eating. 

•	Take	an	antacid.

Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) 

(HEL-uh-koh-BAK-tur) (pyLOR-eye): a spiral-shaped 

bacterium found in the stomach. 

H. pylori damages the stomach 

and tissue in the first part of the 

small intestine, causing ulcers. 

Previously called Campylobacter 

pylori. 

hemochromatosis (HEE-mohKROH-muh-TOH-siss): a 

disease that occurs when 

the body absorbs too much 

iron or receives many blood 

transfusions. The body stores 

the excess iron in the liver, 

pancreas, and other organs and 

can cause cirrhosis. Also called 

iron overload disease. 

27
 
 

 

 

 

 

H
 hemorrhoidectomy (HEM-oh-royDEK-tuh-mee): an operation to 

remove hemorrhoids. 

hemorrhoids (HEM-uh-roydz): 

swollen blood vessels in and 

around the anus and lower 

rectum. Continual straining to 

have a bowel movement causes 

them to stretch and swell. 

They cause itching, pain, and 

sometimes bleeding. 

External 

hemorrhoid 

Internal 

hemorrhoid 

Rectum 

Anus 

Hemorrhoids. 

hepatic (heh-PAT-ik): related to 

the liver. 

hepatic coma (heh-PAT-ik) 

(KOH-muh): see hepatic 

encephalopathy. 

hepatic encephalopathy (heh-PATik) (en-SEF-uh-LAW-puh-thee): 

a condition that may cause loss 

of consciousness and coma. It 

is usually the result of advanced 

liver disease. Also called hepatic 

coma. 

hepatitis (HEP-uh-TY-tiss): an 

irritation of the liver that 

sometimes causes permanent 

damage. Hepatitis may be 

caused by viruses, medicines, 

or toxins. 

hepatitis A (HEP-uh-TY-tiss) 

(ay): a virus most often spread 

through unclean food and water. 

hepatitis B (HEP-uh-TY-tiss) 

(bee): a virus commonly spread 

through sexual intercourse, 

blood transfusion, sharing 

needles with infected people, or 

from mother to newborn at birth. 

Hepatitis B is more common and 

much more easily spread than 

the AIDS virus and may lead to 

cirrhosis and liver cancer. 

hepatitis B immunoglobulin (HBIg) 

(HEP-uh-TY-tiss) (bee) (IMyoo-noh-GLOB-yoo-lin): a 

vaccination that gives short-term 

protection against hepatitis B. 

hepatitis B vaccine (HEP-uh-TYtiss) (bee) (vak-SEEN): a 

vaccination to prevent hepatitis B. 

The vaccine leads the body to 

make its own protection 

(antibodies) against the virus. 

28
 
 

 

H
 hepatitis C (HEP-uh-TY-tiss) 

(see): a virus spread by blood 

transfusion (prior to July 

1992) and possibly by sexual 

intercourse or sharing needles 

with infected people. Hepatitis 

C can lead to cirrhosis and liver 

cancer. Hepatitis C used to be 

called non-A, non-B hepatitis. 

hepatitis D (HEP-uh-TY-tiss) (dee): 

a virus that occurs mostly in 

people who share needles with 

infected people. Only people 

who have hepatitis B can get 

hepatitis D. 

hepatitis E (HEP-uh-TY-tiss) (ee): 

a virus spread mostly through 

unclean water. This type 

of hepatitis is common in 

developing countries. It has not 

occurred in the United States. 

hepatologist (HEP-uh-TOL-uh-jist): 

a doctor who specializes 

in liver diseases. 

hepatology (HEP-uh-TOL-uh-jee): 

the field of medicine focusing on 

the functions and disorders of 

the liver. 

hepatorenal syndrome (HEP-uhtoh-REE-nuhl) (SIN-drohm): 

unexplained kidney failure seen 

in people with severe liver or 

biliary tract disease. 

hepatotoxicity (HEP-uh-toh-tokSISS-ih-tee): refers to damage 

a medicine or other substance 

does to the liver. 

hernia (HUR-nee-uh): the part of 

an internal organ that pushes 

through an opening in the 

organ’s wall. Most hernias occur 

in the abdominal area. For an 

example, see inguinal hernia. 

herniorrhaphy (HUR-nee-OR-uhfee): an operation to repair 

a hernia. 

hiatal hernia (hy-AY-tuhl) (HURnee-uh): an opening in the 

diaphragm that allows the upper 

part of the stomach to move up 

into the chest. It may cause 

heartburn from stomach acid 

flowing back up through the 

opening. See diaphragm. Also 

called hiatus hernia. 

Esophagus Hiatal hernia 

Diaphragm 

Stomach 

Hiatal hernia. 

29
 
 

 

 

H
 Hirschsprung disease (HURSHspruhng) (dih-ZEEZ): a birth 

defect in which some nerve cells 

are lacking in the large intestine, 

causing the intestine not to move 

stool and become blocked. It 

causes the abdomen to swell. See 

megacolon. 

hormone (HOR-mohn): a natural 

chemical produced in one part 

of the body and released into 

the blood to trigger or regulate 

particular functions of the body. 

The digestive system makes 

a large number of different 

hormones. 

H. pylori (aych) (py-LOR-eye): see 

Helicobacter pylori. 

hydrochloric acid (HY-drohKLOR-ik) (ASS-id): an acid 

made in the stomach that works 

with pepsin and other enzymes to 

break down proteins. 

hydrogen (HY-droh-jen): an 

odorless, colorless, flammable 

gas that combines chemically to 

form water. 

hydrogen breath test (HY-drohjen) (breth) (test): a test for 

lactose intolerance that measures 

breath samples for hydrogen 

levels. The body makes too 

much hydrogen when lactose is 

not broken down properly in the 

small intestine. 

hyperalimentation (HY-pur-AL-ihmen-TAY-shuhn): see parenteral 

nutrition. 

hyperbilirubinemia (HY-pur-BILih-roo-bih-NEE-mee-uh): the 

condition of having too much 

bilirubin in the blood, which 

occurs when the liver does not 

work normally or blood breaks 

down too quickly. Symptoms 

include jaundice. 

hyperchlorhydria (HY-pur-klorHY-dree-uh): having too much 

hydrochloric acid in the stomach. 

hyperplastic polyps (HY-purPLASS-tik) (POL-ips): the most 

common form of polyps, usually 

found in the sigmoid colon and 

rectum. These polyps are not 

thought to progress to cancer. 

hypoproteinemic hypertrophic 

gastritis (HY-poh-PROH-teenEE-mik) (HY-pur-TROF-ik) 

(gass-TRY-tiss): see Ménétrier 

disease. 

30
 
 

 

I

IBD (EYE-BEE-DEE): see 

inflammatory bowel disease. 

IBS (EYE-BEE-ESS): see irritable 

bowel syndrome. 

ileal (IL-ee-uhl): related to the 

ileum, the lowest end of the small 

intestine. 

ileal pouch (IL-ee-uhl) (pouch): 

see ileoanal reservoir. 

ileitis (IL-ee-EYE-tiss): see 

Crohn’s disease. 

ileoanal pouch anastomosis (ILee-oh-AY-nuhl) (pouch) (uhNASS-toh-MOH-siss): an 

operation to remove the colon 

and inner lining of the rectum. 

The outer muscle of the rectum 

is not removed. The bottom end 

of the small intestine (ileum) is 

pulled through the remaining 

rectum and joined to the anus, 

allowing stool to pass normally. 

Also called ileoanal pull-through 

intestine. 

ileoanal pull-through intestine (ILee-oh-AY-nuhl) (PUL-throo) 

(in-TESS-tin): see ileoanal pouch 

anastomosis. 

Ileal reservoir 

Rectal cuff 

Anal 

sphincter 

Ileum 

Anus 

Ileoanal pouch anastomosis. 

ileoanal reservoir (IL-ee-ohAY-nuhl) (REZ-ur-vwar): a 

colonlike pouch created from the 

last several inches of the ileum. 

The pouch allows stool to exit 

through the anus after the 

colon is removed. Also called 

a J-pouch or pelvic pouch. 

ileocecal valve (IL-ee-oh-SEEkuhl) (valv): one or more flaps 

of tissue between the lower part 

of the small intestine (ileum) 

and the upper part of the large 

intestine (cecum). 

ileocolitis (IL-ee-oh-koh-LY-tiss): 

irritation of the lower part of the 

small intestine (ileum) and the 

beginning part of the colon. 

31
 
 

 

 

 

I

ileostomy (IL-ee-OSS-tuh-mee): 

an operation that attaches the 

small intestine to an opening 

in the abdomen called a stoma. 

An ostomy pouch, attached to 

the stoma and worn outside the 

body, collects stool. 

ileum (IL-ee-uhm): the lower end 

of the small intestine. 

impaction (im-PAK-shuhn): when 

an object is trapped in a body 

passage. Examples are stones in 

the bile duct, hardened stool 

in the colon, or food in the 

esophagus. 

imperforate anus (im-PUR-fohrayt) (AY-nuhss): a birth defect 

in which the anal canal fails 

to develop. The condition is 

treated with an operation. 

indigestion (IN-dih-JESS-chuhn): 

see dyspepsia. 

infectious diarrhea (in-FEK-shuhss) 

(DY-uh-REE-uh): diarrhea 

caused by infection from 

bacteria, viruses, or parasites. 

See traveler’s diarrhea and 

gastroenteritis. 

infectious gastroenteritis (in-FEKshuhss) (GASS-troh-en-turEYE-tiss): see gastroenteritis. 

inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) 

(in-FLAM-uh-toh-ree) (boul) 

(dih-ZEEZ): long-lasting 

disorders that cause irritation 

and ulcers in the gastrointestinal 

tract. The most common 

disorders are ulcerative colitis 

and Crohn’s disease. 

inguinal hernia (ING-gwih-nuhl) 

(HUR-nee-uh): a condition in 

which intra-abdominal fat or 

part of the small intestine bulges 

through a weak area in the lower 

abdominal muscles. 

Internal 

inguinal ring 

External 

inguinal ring 

Spermatic 

cord 

Testes 

Small 

intestine 

Inguinal hernia. 

32
 
 

 

 

 

 

 

I

intestinal adhesions (in-TESS-tihnuhl) (ad-HEE-zhuhnz): bands 

of fibrous tissue that can connect 

the loops of the intestines to 

each other, to other abdominal 

organs, or to the abdominal wall. 

These bands can pull sections of 

the intestines out of place and 

may block the passage of food. 

intestinal flora (in-TESS-tih-nuhl) 

(FLOH-ruh): the bacteria, 

yeasts, and fungi that normally 

grow in the intestines and colon. 

intestinal mucosa (in-TESS-tihnuhl) (myoo-KOH-suh): the 

inner surface lining of the 

intestines where the cells absorb 

nutrients. 

intestinal pseudo-obstruction 

(in-TESS-tih-nuhl) (SOOdoh-ob-STRUHK-shuhn): a 

disorder that causes symptoms of 

blockage, but no actual blockage, 

such as constipation, vomiting, 

and pain. See obstruction. 

intestines (in-TESS-tinz): also 

called the gut. See large intestine 

and small intestine. 

intolerance (in-TOL-ur-uhnss): a 

reaction to a food, drug, or other 

substance. 

intussusception (IN-tuss-suhssSEP-shuhn): a disorder that 

causes part of the intestines to 

fold into another part, causing 

blockage. It is most common in 

infants and can be treated with 

an operation. 

iron overload disease (EYE-urn) 

(OH-vur-lohd) (dih-ZEEZ): see 

hemochromatosis. 

irrigation (IHR-ih-GAY-shuhn): 

cleansing of a cavity or tube with 

fluid. Example: when an enema 

is given through a colostomy 

stoma to cleanse the large bowel. 

irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) 

(IHR-ih-tuh-buhl) (boul) (SINdrohm): a disorder of unknown 

cause that is associated with 

abdominal pain, bloating, and 

altered bowel habits. Also called 

spastic colon or mucous colitis. 

ischemic colitis (iss-KEE-mik) 

(koh-LY-tiss): irritation of 

the colon caused by decreased 

blood flow. It may cause bloody 

diarrhea. 

33
 
 

J–K
 jaundice (JAWN-diss): a sign of 

many disorders. The skin and 

eyes turn yellow from too much 

bilirubin in the blood. See 

hyperbilirubinemia. 

jejunostomy (jeh-joo-NOSS-tuhmee): an operation to create an 

opening, called a stoma, between 

the jejunum and the abdomen. 

See enteral nutrition. 

jejunum (juh-JOO-nuhm): the 

middle section of the small 

intestine between the duodenum 

and ileum. 

J-pouch: see ileoanal reservoir. 

karaya (kuh-RY-uh): a plantderived adhesive used in ostomy 

appliances. 

Kupffer’s cells (KOOP-furz) (selz): 

cells that line the liver. These 

cells remove waste such as 

bacteria from the blood. 

34
 
 

 

L
 lactase (LAK-tayss): an enzyme 

in the small intestine needed to 

digest milk sugar (lactose). 

lactase deficiency (LAK-tayss) 

(duh-FISH-en-see): a lack of the 

lactase enzyme, causing lactose 

intolerance. 

lactose (LAK-tohss): the sugar 

found in milk. The body breaks 

lactose down into galactose and 

glucose. 

lactose intolerance (LAK-tohss) (inTOL-ur-uhnss): being unable to 

digest lactose, the sugar in milk. 

This condition occurs when the 

body cannot produce lactase. 

lactose tolerance test (LAK-tohss) 

(TOL-ur-uhnss) (test): a test for 

lactase deficiency. The patient 

drinks a liquid that contains milk 

sugar. Then the patient’s blood 

is tested to measure the amount 

of milk sugar in the blood. 

laparoscope (LAP-uh-roh-skohp): 

a thin tube with a tiny video 

camera attached that is used to 

look inside the body to view the 

surface of organs. See endoscope. 

laparoscopic cholecystectomy 

(LAP-uh-roh-SKOP-ik) (KOHlee-siss-TEK-toh-mee): an 

operation to remove the 

gallbladder. The doctor inserts 

a laparoscope and other surgical 

instruments through small holes 

made in the abdomen. The 

camera allows the doctor to see 

the gallbladder on a television 

screen. The doctor removes the 

gallbladder through the holes. 

Laparoscopic cholecystectomy. 

laparoscopy (LAP-uh-ROSS-kuhpee): a procedure that uses a 

laparoscope to look at and take 

tissue from the inside of the 

body. 

laparotomy (LAP-uh-ROT-ohmee): an operation that opens 

up the abdomen. 

35
 
 

 

 

L
 large intestine (larj) (in-TESS-tin): 

the part of the intestine that 

includes the appendix, cecum, 

colon, and rectum. The large 

intestine absorbs water from 

stool and changes it from a liquid 

to a solid form. The large 

intestine is 5 feet long. 

lavage (luh-VAHZH): a cleaning of 

the stomach and colon that uses 

a special drink and enemas. See 

bowel prep. 

laxatives (LAK-suh-tivz): 

medicines that relieve long-term 

constipation. Also called 

cathartics. 

lazy colon (LAY-zee) (KOH-lon): 

see atonic colon. 

levator syndrome (leh-VAY-tur) 

(SIN-drohm): a feeling of 

fullness in the anus and rectum 

with occasional pain caused by 

muscle spasms. 

liver (LIV-ur): the largest 

abdominal organ. The liver 

carries out many important 

functions, such as making 

important blood proteins and 

bile, changing food into energy, 

and cleaning alcohol and poisons 

from the blood. 

liver enzyme tests (LIV-ur) (ENzym) (tests): blood tests that 

may indicate abnormalities of 

the liver or biliary system. Also 

called liver function tests. 

liver function tests (LIV-ur) 

(FUHNK-shuhn) (tests): see 

liver enzyme tests. 

loop ileostomy (loop) (IL-ee-OSStuh-mee): a temporary ileostomy 

in which a loop of the small 

intestine is pulled through the 

abdominal wall to create a stoma. 

lower esophageal ring (LOH-wur) 

(uh-SOF-uh-JEE-uhl) (ring): 

an abnormal ring of tissue that 

may partially block the lower 

esophagus. Also called Schatzki’s 

ring. 

36
 
 

Lower 

Esophagus 

Stomach 

Small intestine 

esophageal 

sphincter 

Acid 

L
 lower esophageal sphincter 

(LOH-wur) (uh-SOF-uhJEE-uhl) (SFINGK-tur): the 

muscle between the esophagus 

and stomach. When a person 

swallows, this muscle relaxes to 

let food pass from the esophagus 

to the stomach. It stays closed 

at other times to keep stomach 

contents from flowing back into 

the esophagus. 

Lower esophageal sphincter. 

lower GI series (LOH-wur) (JEEEYE) (SIHR-eez): see barium 

enema x ray. 

lymphangiectasia (lim-FAN-jee-ekTAY-zee-uh): an obstruction of 

lymph drainage from the small 

intestine causing malabsorption. 

lymphocytic colitis (LIM-fohSIT-ik) (koh-LY-tiss): an 

inflammatory bowel disease that 

affects the large bowel. Also 

called microscopic colitis because 

there is no sign of inflammation 

on the surface of the colon 

during a colonoscopy. 

37
 
 

 

 

 

 

 

 

M
 magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) 

(mag-NET-ik) (REZ-oh-nuhnss) 

(IM-uhj-ing): a test that takes 

pictures of the body’s soft 

tissues. The pictures do not use 

x rays. 

Magnetic resonance imaging. 

malabsorption syndromes (MALab-SORP-shuhn) (SIN-drohmz): 

conditions that occur when the 

small intestine cannot absorb 

nutrients from foods. 

Mallory-Weiss tear (MAL-uhree-WYSS) (tair): a tear in 

the lower end of the esophagus 

caused by severe vomiting. 

malnutrition (MAL-noo-TRISHuhn): a condition caused by not 

eating enough food or not eating 

a balanced diet. 

malrotation (MAL-roh-TAYshuhn): when the bowel does 

not rotate completely during 

embryonic development. 

manometry (muh-NOM-uh-tree): 

tests that measure muscle 

pressure and movements in 

the gastrointestinal tract. See 

esophageal manometry and rectal 

manometry. 

Meckel’s diverticulum (MEK-uhlz) 

(DY-vur-TIK-yoo-luhm): a 

bulge in the small intestine that is 

a remnant of the umbilical cord 

that persists in about 2 percent 

of people. It can cause bleeding 

or obstruction. 

megacolon (MEG-uh-KOH-lon): 

a huge, swollen colon that 

results from several different 

conditions. In children, 

megacolon is more common in 

boys than girls. See Hirschsprung 

disease. 

melena (meh-LEE-nuh): blood in 

the stool. 

Ménétrier disease (MAYN-ay-treeAY) (dih-ZEEZ): a long-term 

disorder that causes large, coiled 

folds in the stomach. Also called 

hypoproteinemic hypertrophic 

gastritis. 

38
 
 

M
 metabolism (muh-TAB-oh-lizm): 

the way cells change food into 

energy after food is digested and 

absorbed into the blood. 

microvillus inclusion disease 

(my-kroh-VIL-uhss) (in-KLOOzhuhn) (dih-ZEEZ): a disease 

characterized by severe diarrhea 

beginning the first few days after 

birth. It is life threatening. 

motility (moh-TIL-ih-tee): the 

movement of food through the 

digestive tract. 

motility disorders (moh-TIL-ih-tee) 

(diss-OR-durz): see functional 

disorders. 

MRI (EM-AR-EYE): see magnetic 

resonance imaging. 

mucosal lining (myoo-KOHsuhl) (LYN-ing): the lining of 

gastrointestinal tract organs that 

absorb nutrients and fluid, form 

a barrier, and produce mucus.

 mucosal protective drugs (myooKOH-suhl) (proh-TEK-tiv) 

(druhgz): medicines that protect 

the stomach lining from acid. 

Examples are sucralfate and 

misoprostol. (Brand names: 

Carafate, Cytotec, Mylanta, 

Maalox.) 

mucous colitis (MYOO-kuhss) 

(koh-LY-tiss): see irritable bowel 

syndrome. 

mucus (MYOO-kuhss): a clear 

liquid made by the intestines that 

coats and protects tissues in the 

gastrointestinal tract. 

39
 
 

 

 

N
 NASH (nuhsh): see nonalcoholic 

steatohepatitis. 

nausea (NAW-zee-uh): the feeling 

of needing to throw up, or vomit. 

See vomiting. 

necrosis (nuh-KROH-siss): death 

of cells or tissues. 

necrotizing enterocolitis (NEHkruh-TY-zing) (EN-tur-oh-kohLY-tiss): a condition in which 

part of the tissue in the intestines 

is destroyed. It occurs mainly in 

underweight newborns. 

neonatal hepatitis (NEE-ohNAY-tuhl) (HEP-uh-TY-tiss): 

irritation of the liver with no 

known cause. It occurs in 

newborns and its symptoms 

include jaundice and liver cell 

changes. 

neoplasm (NEE-oh-plazm): 

new and abnormal growth of 

tissue that may or may not be 

cancerous. Also called a tumor. 

Nissen fundoplication (NISS-uhn) 

(FUN-doh-plih-KAY-shuhn): 

an operation to sew the top of 

the stomach (fundus) around 

the esophagus. It is used to stop 

stomach contents from flowing 

back into the esophagus (reflux) 

and to repair a hiatal hernia. 

(a) Before (b) Sutures (c) After 

Nissen fundoplication. 

nonalcoholic steatohepatitis 

(NASH) (NON-al-koh-HOL-ik) 

(STEE-uh-toh-HEP-uh-TY-tiss): 

a common, often “silent,” liver 

disease that resembles alcoholic 

liver disease but occurs in people 

who drink little or no alcohol. 

The major characteristic of 

NASH is fat in the liver, along 

with inflammation and damage. 

nontropical sprue (NON-TRAHpih-kuhl) (sproo): see celiac 

disease. 

40
 
 

 

 

N–O
 nonulcer dyspepsia (NON-UHLsur) (diss-PEP-see-uh): constant 

pain or discomfort in the upper 

gastrointestinal (GI) tract. 

Symptoms include burning, 

nausea, and bloating, but not 

ulcers. It is a functional disorder. 

Norwalk virus (NOR-wok) (VYruhss): a virus that may cause 

gastrointestinal infection and 

diarrhea. See gastroenteritis. 

nutcracker esophagus (nuhtKRAK-ur) (uh-SOF-uh-guhss): 

a condition in which the muscle 

contraction in the esophagus is 

too strong, causing chest pain or 

difficulty swallowing. 

obstruction (ob-STRUHK-shuhn): 

a blockage in the gastrointestinal 

tract that prevents the flow of 

liquids or solids. 

occult bleeding (uh-KUHLT) 

(BLEED-ing): blood in 

stool that is not visible to the 

naked eye. It may be a sign of 

inflammation or a disease such 

as colorectal cancer. 

oral dissolution therapy (ORuhl) (DIH-suh-LOO-shuhn) 

(THAIR-uh-pee): an 

infrequently used method of 

dissolving cholesterol gallstones. 

The patient takes the oral 

medications chenodiol and 

ursodiol. These medicines are 

most often used for people 

who cannot have an operation. 

(Brand names: Chenix, 

Actigall.) 

osmotics (oz-MOT-iks): drugs that 

draw fluid into the colon and 

soften stool, making it easier 

to pass. This class of drugs is 

useful for people with idiopathic 

constipation and includes 

lactulose and polyethylene 

glycol electrolyte solution. 

(Brand names: Cephulac, 

Miralax.) See laxatives. 

41
 
 

 

 

 

O–P
 ostomate (OSS-toh-mayt): a person 

who has an ostomy. Also called 

an ostomist in some countries. 

ostomy (OSS-tuh-mee): an 

operation that makes it possible 

for stool to leave the body 

through an opening made in 

the abdomen. An ostomy is 

necessary when part or all of 

the intestines are removed or 

blocked. Colostomy and ileostomy 

are types of ostomy. 

pancreas (PAN-kree-uhss): a gland 

that makes the hormone insulin 

and enzymes and fluids for 

digestion. 

pancreatitis (PAN-kree-uh-TY-tiss): 

an irritation of the pancreas that 

can cause it to stop working. It 

is most often caused by gallstones 

or alcohol abuse. 

papilla of Vater (puh-PIL-uh) (uhv) 

(VAH-tur): see ampulla of Vater. 

papillary stenosis (PAP-ihLAIR-ee) (steh-NOH-siss): a 

condition in which the openings 

of the bile ducts and pancreatic 

ducts narrow. 

parenteral nutrition (puh-RENtur-uhl) (noo-TRISH-uhn): 

a way to provide an intravenous 

liquid food mixture through a 

special tube in the chest. Also 

called hyperalimentation or total 

parenteral nutrition. 

parietal cells (puh-RY-uh-tuhl) 

(selz): cells in the stomach wall 

that make hydrochloric acid. 

pediatric gastroenterologist (PEEdee-AT-rik) (GASS-troh-EN-turOL-uh-jist): a doctor who treats 

children who have digestive 

diseases. 

pelvic pouch: see ileoanal reservoir. 

42
 
 

 

 

 

 

 

 

P
 pepsin (PEP-sin): an enzyme made 

in the stomach that breaks down 

proteins. 

peptic (PEP-tik): related to the 

stomach and the duodenum, 

where pepsin is present. 

peptic ulcer (PEP-tik) (UHL-sur): 

a sore in the lining of the 

esophagus, stomach, or duodenum, 

usually caused by the bacterium 

Helicobacter pylori. An ulcer in 

the stomach is a gastric ulcer; 

an ulcer in the duodenum is a 

duodenal ulcer. 

Duodenum 

Ulcers 

Stomach 

Esophagus 

Peptic ulcers. 

percutaneous (PUR-kyoo-TAYnee-uhss): the passage of an 

instrument through the skin to 

allow access to the organs. 

percutaneous transhepatic 

cholangiography (PURkyoo-TAY-nee-uhss) 

(TRANZ-heh-PAT-ik) (kohLAN-jee-OG-ruh-fee): an x ray 

of the gallbladder and bile ducts. 

A dye is injected through the 

abdomen and liver to make the 

organs show up on the x ray. 

perforated ulcer (PUR-foh-RAYTed) (UHL-sur): an ulcer that 

breaks through the wall of 

the stomach or the duodenum, 

causing stomach contents to leak 

into the abdominal cavity. 

perforation (PUR-foh-RAY-shuhn): 

a hole in the wall of an organ. 

perianal (PAIR-ee-AY-nuhl): the 

area around the anus. 

perineal (PAIR-ih-NEE-uhl): 

related to the perineum. 

perineum (PAIR-ih-NEE-uhm): 

the area between the anus and 

the sex organs. 

peristalsis (PAIR-ih-STAL-siss): 

a wavelike movement of muscles 

in the gastrointestinal (GI) tract. 

Peristalsis moves food and liquid 

through the GI tract. 

peritoneum (PAIR-ih-toh-NEEuhm): the lining of the 

abdominal cavity. 

43
 
 

 

P
 peritonitis (PAIR-ih-toh-NY-tiss): 

an infection of the peritoneum. 

pernicious anemia (pur-NISH-uhss) 

(uh-NEE-mee-uh): anemia 

caused by a lack of vitamin B12. 

The body needs B12 to make red 

blood cells and nerve cells. 

Peutz-Jeghers syndrome (PUTSJAY-gurz) (SIN-drohm): an 

inherited condition causing many 

polyps to grow in the intestine. 

It poses an increased risk of 

cancer. 

pharynx (FAIR-ingks): the space 

behind the mouth that serves 

as a passage for food from the 

mouth to the esophagus and for 

air from the nose and mouth to 

the larynx, or voice box. 

polyp (POL-ip): a growth on the 

surface of an organ. People 

who have polyps in the colon 

may have an increased risk of 

colorectal cancer. 

polypectomy (POL-ih-PEK-tuhmee): the surgical removal of 

a polyp. 

polyposis (POL-ih-POH-siss): the 

presence of many polyps. 

porphyria (por-FIHR-ee-uh): a 

group of rare, usually inherited 

disorders that affect the skin 

or nervous system and may 

cause abdominal pain. When 

a person has porphyria, cells 

fail to change porphyrins (body 

chemicals) into heme, the 

substance that gives blood its red 

color. Porphyrins then build up 

in the body and cause illness. 

portal hypertension (POR-tuhl) 

(HY-pur-TEN-shuhn): high 

blood pressure in the portal 

vein. This vein carries blood into 

the liver. Portal hypertension 

is a common complication 

of cirrhosis and may cause 

esophageal varices and ascites. 

portal vein (POR-tuhl) (vayn): 

the large vein that carries blood 

from the intestines and spleen to 

the liver. 

portosystemic shunt (POR-toh-sissTEM-ik): an operation to create 

an opening between the portal 

vein and other veins around 

the liver to treat portal 

hypertension. 

44
 
 

 

 

P
 postcholecystectomy syndrome 

(POST-koh-lee-siss-TEK-tohmee) (SIN-drohm): symptoms 

persisting after removal of the 

gallbladder or new symptoms 

caused by its removal. 

postgastrectomy syndrome 

(POST-gass-TREK-tuh-mee) 

(SIN-drohm): a condition that 

can occur after an operation 

to remove the stomach 

(gastrectomy). It causes food to 

empty too quickly. Also called 

dumping syndrome or rapid 

gastric emptying. 

postvagotomy stasis (POST-vayGOT-uh-mee) (STAY-siss): 

delayed stomach emptying, which 

can occur after surgery affecting 

the vagus nerve. 

pouch: 1. a special bag worn over a 

stoma to collect stool. Also called 

an ostomy appliance. 2. an 

internal, surgically constructed 

cavity. See ileoanal pouch 

anastomosis. 

primary biliary cirrhosis (PRYmair-ee) (BIL-ee-air-ee) (surROH-siss): a chronic liver 

disease that slowly destroys the 

bile ducts in the liver, preventing 

the release of bile. Long-term 

irritation of the liver may cause 

scarring and cirrhosis in later 

stages of the disease. 

primary sclerosing cholangitis 

(PRY-mair-ee) (sklehROHSS-ing) (KOH-lan-JYtiss): irritation, scarring, and 

narrowing of the bile ducts inside 

and outside the liver. Bile builds 

up in the liver and may damage 

its cells. Many people with this 

condition also have ulcerative 

colitis. 

proctalgia fugax (prok-TAL-jee-uh) 

(FYOO-gaks): short episodes of 

intense pain in the rectum. It is 

caused by muscle spasms around 

the anus. 

proctectomy (prok-TEK-tuh-mee): 

an operation to remove the 

rectum. 

proctitis (prok-TY-tiss): irritation 

of the rectum. 

proctocolectomy (PROK-toh-kohLEK-tuh-mee): an operation 

to remove the colon and rectum. 

Also called coloproctectomy. 

proctocolitis (PROK-toh-kohLY-tiss): irritation of the colon 

and rectum. 

45
 
 

P
 proctologist (prok-TOL-uh-jist): 

a doctor who specializes in 

disorders of the anus and rectum. 

proctoscope (PROK-toh-skohp): a 

short, rigid metal tube used to 

look into the rectum and anus. 

proctoscopy (prok-TOSS-kuh-pee): 

looking into the rectum and anus 

with a proctoscope. 

proctosigmoiditis (PROK-toh-SIGmoy-DY-tiss): irritation of the 

rectum and the sigmoid colon. 

proctosigmoidoscopy (PROK-tohSIG-moy-DOSS-kuh-pee): an 

endoscopic examination of the 

rectum and sigmoid colon. See 

endoscopy. 

prokinetic drugs (PROH-kihNET-ik) (druhgz): medicines 

that cause muscles in the 

gastrointestinal tract to move 

food. Examples are bethanechol 

and metoclopramide. (Brand 

names: Duvoid, Reglan.) 

prolapse (PROH-laps): a condition 

that occurs when a body part 

slips from its normal position. 

protein (PROH-teen): one of the 

three main nutrients in food. 

Foods that provide protein 

include meat, poultry, fish, 

cheese, milk, dairy products, 

eggs, and dried beans. Proteins 

are also used in the body for cell 

structure, fighting infection, and 

other functions. The stomach, 

small intestine, and pancreas 

break down proteins into amino 

acids. After the body’s cells 

use protein, it is broken down 

into waste products containing 

nitrogen that must be removed 

by the kidneys. The blood 

absorbs amino acids and uses 

them to build and mend cells. 

See amino acids. 

proton pump inhibitors (PROHton) (puhmp) (in-HIB-ih-turz): 

medicines that stop the stomach’s 

acid pump. Examples include 

omeprazole, lansoprazole, and 

esomeprazole. (Brand names: 

Prilosec, Prevacid, Nexium.) 

46
 
 

 

 

P–R
 pruritus ani (proo-RY-tuhss) (AYnee): itching around the anus. 

pseudomembranous colitis (SOOdoh-MEM-bruh-nuhss) (kohLY-tiss): severe irritation of 

the colon caused by Clostridium 

difficile bacterium. It occurs 

after taking oral antibiotics, 

which kill bacteria that normally 

live in the colon. 

pyloric sphincter (py-LOR-ik) 

(SFINGK-tur): the muscle 

between the stomach and the 

small intestine. 

pyloric stenosis (py-LOR-ik) (stehNOH-siss): a narrowing of the 

opening between the stomach 

and the small intestine. 

pyloroplasty (py-LOH-roh-PLASStee): an operation to widen the 

opening between the stomach 

and the small intestine, which 

allows stomach contents to pass 

more freely from the stomach. 

pylorus (py-LOH-ruhss): the 

opening from the stomach into 

the top of the small intestine 

(duodenum). 

radiation colitis (RAY-dee-AYshuhn) (koh-LY-tiss): damage to 

the colon from radiation therapy. 

radiation enteritis (RAY-deeAY-shuhn) (EN-tur-EYE-tiss): 

damage to the small intestine 

from radiation therapy. 

radionuclide bleeding scans 

(RAY-dee-oh-NOO-klyd) 

(BLEED-ing) (skanz): tests to 

find gastrointestinal bleeding. 

Radioactive material is injected 

in the body to highlight organs 

on a special camera. Also called 

scintigraphy. 

rapid gastric emptying (RA-pid) 

(GASS-trik) (EMP-tee-ing): a 

condition that occurs when food 

moves too fast from the stomach 

to the small intestine. Symptoms 

include nausea, pain, weakness, 

and sweating. This syndrome 

most often affects people who 

have had stomach operations. 

Also called dumping syndrome or 

postgastrectomy syndrome. 

47
 
 

 

R
 rectal manometry (REK-tuhl) 

(muh-NOM-uh-tree): a test 

that uses a thin tube and 

balloon to measure pressure 

and movements of the rectal 

and anal sphincter muscles. It 

is used most often to diagnose 

chronic constipation and fecal 

incontinence. 

rectal prolapse (REK-tuhl) (prohLAPS): a condition in which the 

rectum slips so that it protrudes 

from the anus. 

rectum (REK-tuhm): the lower end 

of the large intestine leading to 

the anus. 

reflux (REE-fluhks): a condition 

that occurs when gastric juices 

or small amounts of food from 

the stomach flow back into the 

esophagus and mouth. Also 

called regurgitation. 

reflux esophagitis (REE-fluhks) 

(uh-sof-uh-JY-tiss): irritation 

of the esophagus occurring 

when stomach contents flow 

back into the esophagus. See 

gastroesophageal reflux disease. 

regional enteritis (REE-juhn-uhl) 

(EN-tur-EYE-tiss): see Crohn’s 

disease. 

regurgitation (ree-GUR-jih-TAYshuhn): see reflux. 

resection (ree-SEK-shuhn): the 

surgical removal of an organ. 

retching (RECH-ing): dry vomiting. 

revision (ree-VIH-zhuhn): an 

operation to modify the effects 

of a previous operation. 

48
 
 

R–S
 rotavirus (ROH-tuh-VY-ruhss): 

the most common cause of 

infectious diarrhea in the 

United States, especially in 

children less than 2 years old. 

Children between the ages of 

6 to 32 weeks can be vaccinated 

against the virus. (Brand name: 

RotaTeq.) 

rupture (RUHP-chur): a break or 

tear in any organ or soft tissue. 

saliva (suh-LY-vuh): a mixture 

of water, protein, and salts 

produced in the mouth that 

makes food easy to swallow and 

begins the process of digestion. 

Salmonella (SAL-moh-NEL-uh): 

a bacterium that may cause 

intestinal infection and diarrhea. 

See gastroenteritis. 

sarcoidosis (SAR-koy-DOH-siss): a 

condition that causes granulomas 

in the liver, lungs, and spleen. 

Schatzki’s ring (SHAHT-skeez) 

(ring): see lower esophageal ring. 

scintigraphy (sin-TIG-ruh-fee): see 

radionuclide bleeding scans. 

sclerotherapy (SKLAIR-ohTHAIR-uh-pee): a method of 

stopping upper gastrointestinal 

bleeding. A needle is inserted 

through an endoscope to send 

hardening agents to the place 

that is bleeding. 

secretin (seh-KREE-tin): a 

hormone made in the duodenum 

that causes the stomach to make 

pepsin, the liver to make bile, and 

the pancreas to make digestive 

juices. 

49
 
 

S
 

segmentation (SEG-men-TAYshuhn): the process by which 

muscles in the intestines move 

food and wastes through the 

body. 

serotonin agonists (SAIR-ohTOH-nin) (AG-on-ists): these 

drugs help the muscles in the 

intestines work correctly when a 

slow-moving digestive system is 

caused by low levels of serotonin. 

Serotonin is a neurotransmitter 

found mostly in the digestive 

tract. See laxatives. 

shigellosis (SHIG-uh-LOH-siss): 

an infection with the bacterium 

Shigella, which usually causes a 

high fever, acute diarrhea, and 

dehydration. See gastroenteritis. 

short bowel syndrome (short) 

(boul) (SIN-drohm): problems 

related to absorbing nutrients 

after removal of part of the small 

intestine. Symptoms include 

diarrhea, weakness, and weight 

loss. Also called short gut 

syndrome. 

short gut syndrome (short) (guht) 

(SIN-drohm): see short bowel 

syndrome. 

short stature (short) (STACHyoor): a person who is 

significantly below the average 

height, possibly due to a disease 

or medical condition such as 

malnutrition. 

Shwachman’s syndrome 

(SHWAHK-muhnz) (SINdrohm): a digestive and 

respiratory disorder in children 

that causes a lack of certain 

digestive enzymes and few 

white blood cells. Symptoms 

may include diarrhea and short 

stature. 

sigmoid colon (SIG-moyd) (KOHlon): the lower part of the colon 

that empties into the rectum. 

sigmoidoscopy (SIG-moy-DOSSkuh-pee): looking into the 

sigmoid colon and rectum with 

a flexible or rigid tube called a 

sigmoidoscope. 

sitz bath (sits) (bath): a special 

plastic tub that allows a person 

to sit in a few inches of warm 

water to help relieve the 

discomfort of hemorrhoids or 

anal fissures. 

50
 
 

 

S
 small bowel enema (smal) (boul) 

(EN-uh-muh): x rays of the 

small intestine taken as barium 

liquid passes through the organ. 

Also called small bowel followthrough. See lower GI series. 

small bowel follow-through (smal) 

(boul) (FAH-loh-THROO): see 

small bowel enema. 

small intestine (smal) (in-TESStin): the organ where most 

digestion occurs. It measures 

about 20 feet and includes the 

duodenum, jejunum, and ileum. 

small intestine mucosal biopsy 

(smal) (in-TESS-tin) (myooKOH-suhl) (BY-op-see): the 

standard test for diagnosing 

celiac disease. 

solitary rectal ulcer (SAH-luhTAIR-ee) (REK-tuhl) (UHLsur): a rare type of ulcer in the 

rectum that can develop because 

of straining to have a bowel 

movement. 

somatostatin (SOH-muh-tohSTAT-in): a hormone in the 

pancreas that helps the body 

know when to make the 

hormones insulin, glucagon, 

gastrin, secretin, and renin. 

spasms (SPA-zumz): muscle 

movements, such as those in the 

colon, that cause pain, cramps, 

and diarrhea. 

spastic colon (SPASS-tik) (KOHlon): see irritable bowel 

syndrome. 

sphincter (SFINGK-tur): a ringlike 

band of muscle that opens 

and closes an opening in the 

body. An example is the muscle 

between the esophagus and the 

stomach known as the lower 

esophageal sphincter. 

sphincter of Oddi (SFINGK-tur) 

(uhv) (OD-ee): the muscle 

between the common bile duct 

and pancreatic ducts. 

spleen: the organ that cleans blood 

and makes white blood cells. 

White blood cells attack bacteria 

and other foreign cells. 

splenic flexure syndrome (SPLENik) (FLEK-shur) (SIN-drohm): 

a condition that occurs when air 

or gas collects in the upper parts 

of the colon and causes pain in 

the upper left abdomen. The 

pain often moves to the left chest 

and may be confused with heart 

problems. 

51
 
 

 

 

S
 

squamous epithelium (SKWAYmuhss) (EP-ih-THEE-lee-uhm): 

tissue in an organ such as the 

mouth or esophagus that consists 

of layers of flat cells. 

steatorrhea (STEE-uh-toh-REEuh): a condition in which the 

body cannot absorb fat. It causes 

a buildup of fat in the stool and 

loose, greasy, and foul-smelling 

bowel movements. 

steatosis (STEE-uh-TOH-siss): 

the buildup of fat in liver cells, 

commonly caused by alcoholism. 

Other causes include obesity, 

diabetes, and pregnancy. Also 

called fatty liver. 

stenosis (steh-NOH-siss): the 

abnormal narrowing of a normal 

opening in the esophagus, 

intestines, or anus. 

stimulant laxatives (STIM-yooluhnt) (LAK-suh-tivz): drugs 

that cause rhythmic muscle 

contractions in the intestines. 

(Brand names: Senokot, 

Correctol, Dulcolax.) See 

laxatives. 

stoma (STOH-muh): an opening in 

the abdomen that is created by an 

operation (ostomy). It is usually 

covered by an external pouch 

that collects stool. A pouch 

is not needed for a continent 

ileostomy. 

Stoma. 

stomach (STUHM-uhk): the organ 

between the esophagus and the 

small intestine. The stomach is 

where the digestion of protein 

begins. 

stomach ulcer (STUHM-uhk) 

(UHL-sur): see gastric ulcer. 

stool: see feces. 

stress ulcer (stress) (UHL-sur): 

an upper gastrointestinal ulcer 

resulting from physical injury 

such as surgery, major burns, or 

a critical head injury. 

52
 
 

 

 

 

S–T
 stricture (STRIK-choor): the 

abnormal narrowing of a body 

opening. Also called stenosis. 

See esophageal stricture and 

pyloric stenosis. 

Esophagus 

Stricture 

Stomach 

Stricture. 

submucosa (SUHB-myoo-KOHsuh): a layer of connective tissue 

underneath the mucosa, a layer 

of smooth muscle. 

TEF (TEE-EE-EF): see 

tracheoesophageal fistula. 

tenesmus (teh-NEZ-muhss): a 

feeling of a continuous need 

to have a bowel movement. It 

may be painful and associated 

with cramps and involuntary 

straining. It is common in 

conditions affecting the rectum, 

such as ulcerative colitis. 

total parenteral nutrition (TPN) 

(TOH-tuhl) (puh-REN-turuhl) (noo-TRISH-uhn): see 

parenteral nutrition. 

TPN (TEE-PEE-EN): see total 

parenteral nutrition. 

tracheoesophageal fistula (TEF) 

(TRAY-kee-oh-ee-SOF-uhJEE-uhl) (FISS-tyoo-luh): a 

condition that occurs when 

there is a connection between 

the esophagus and the trachea, 

or windpipe, causing food and 

saliva to enter the lungs. It is 

most often caused by cancer. 

transverse colon (tranz-VURSS) 

(KOH-lon): the part of the colon 

that goes across the abdomen 

from right to left. 

53
 
 

 

T–U
 traveler’s diarrhea (TRAV-lurz) 

(DY-uh-REE-uh): an infection 

caused by ingesting unclean food 

or drink. It often occurs during 

travel outside of one’s own 

country. See gastroenteritis. 

triple therapy (TRIH-puhl) 

(THAIR-uh-pee): a 

combination of three antibiotics 

used to treat Helicobacter pylori 

infection and ulcers. Drugs that 

stop the body from making acid 

are often added to the triple 

therapy to relieve symptoms. 

tropical sprue (TRAH-pih-kuhl) 

(sproo): a condition of unknown 

cause producing abnormalities 

in the lining of the small intestine 

that prevent the body from 

absorbing food normally. 

tube feeding: see enteral nutrition. 

ulcer (UHL-sur): a sore on the 

skin’s surface or on the stomach 

or intestinal lining. 

ulcerative colitis (UHL-sur-uh-tiv) 

(koh-LY-tiss): a disease that 

causes ulcers and irritation in 

the inner lining of the colon and 

rectum. See inflammatory bowel 

disease. 

ulcerative jejunoileitis (UHLsur-uh-tiv) (jeh-JOO-nohIL-ee-EYE-tiss): a severe 

complication of celiac disease 

causing ulcerations and strictures 

of the small intestine. 

upper GI endoscopy (UHP-pur) 

(JEE-EYE) (en-DOSS-kuhpee): looking into the esophagus, 

stomach, and duodenum with an 

endoscope. See endoscopy. 

upper GI series (UHP-pur) (JEEEYE) (SIHR-eez): see barium 

meal. 

urea breath test (yoo-REE-uh) 

(breth) (test): a test used to 

detect Helicobacter pylori (H. 

pylori) infection. The test 

detects the presence of urease, 

an enzyme made by H. pylori. 

54
 
V
 vagotomy (vay-GOT-uh-mee): 

an operation to cut the vagus 

nerve. This procedure causes the 

stomach to produce less acid but 

also to empty abnormally. 

vagus nerve (VAY-guhss) (nurv): 

the nerve in the stomach that 

controls the making of stomach 

acid and stomach emptying. 

valve: one or more flaps of tissue 

in the lining of an organ that 

controls the flow of fluid and 

prevents backflow. 

varices (VAIR-ih-seez): stretched 

veins such as those that form in 

the esophagus due to cirrhosis. 

VC (VEE-SEE): see virtual 

colonoscopy. 

villi (VIL-eye): tiny, fingerlike 

projections on the surface of 

the small intestine that help with 

nutrient absorption. 

Small intestine 

Villi 

Villi. 

viral gastroenteritis (VY-ruhl) 

(GASS-troh-en-tur-EYE-tiss): 

an intestinal infection caused by 

several viruses, which is highly 

contagious and causes millions 

of cases of diarrhea each year. 

55
 
 

V
 viral hepatitis (VY-ruhl) (HEP-uhTY-tiss): hepatitis caused by a 

virus. Five different viruses (A, 

B, C, D, and E) most commonly 

cause this form of hepatitis. 

Other rare viruses may also 

cause viral hepatitis. See 

hepatitis. 

Viral Hepatitis 

Type of 

Hepatitis 

Mode of 

Transmission 

hepatitis A •	contaminated	food	

and water 

hepatitis B •	sexual	intercourse

•	sharing	infected	

needles 

•	blood	transfusion

•	mother	to	newborn	

at birth 

hepatitis C •	sexual	intercourse

•	sharing	infected	

needles 

•	blood	transfusion

hepatitis D •	sharing	infected	

needles 

hepatitis E •	contaminated	water	

from poor sanitation 

virtual colonoscopy (VC) (VURchuh-wuhl) (KOH-lon-OSS-kuhpee): a procedure that uses 

x rays and computers to produce 

two- and three-dimensional 

images of the colon and displays 

them on a screen. A VC can 

be performed with computerized 

tomography (CT), also called 

a CT scan, or with magnetic 

resonance imaging (MRI). 

volvulus (VOL-vyoo-luhss): a 

twisting of the stomach or large 

intestine. It can be caused by 

the stomach being in the wrong 

position, a foreign substance, 

or abnormal joining of one part 

of the stomach or intestine to 

another. Volvulus can lead to 

blockage, perforation, peritonitis, 

and poor blood flow. 

Twisted 

intestine 

Volvulus. 

vomiting (VOM-it-ing): forceful 

release of stomach contents 

through the mouth. 

56
 
 

W
 wafer (WAY-fur): a molded plate 

that is part of an ostomy pouch 

system. 

watermelon stomach (WAH-turMEH-luhn) (STUHM-uhk): 

parallel red sores in the stomach 

that look like the stripes on a 

watermelon. 

webs: thin membranous structures 

within the lining of the esophagus 

that can narrow the esophageal 

lumen, or space in the interior of 

the esophagus. 

Wilson disease (WIL-suhn) (dihZEEZ): an inherited disorder in 

which too much copper builds up 

in the liver and is slowly released 

into other parts of the body. The 

overload can cause severe liver 

and brain damage if not treated 

with medication. 

Normal 

Webs 

Normal esophagus and 

esophagus with webs. 

57
 
 

 

X–Z
 xerostomia (ZEE-roh-STOH-meeuh): dry mouth. Xerostomia 

can be caused by a number of 

conditions, including rheumatoid 

arthritis, diabetes, kidney failure, 

infection with HIV (the virus 

that causes AIDS), drugs used to 

treat depression, and radiation 

treatment for mouth or throat 

cancer. 

Zenker’s diverticulum (ZENkurz) (DY-vur-TIK-yoo-luhm): 

pouches in the esophagus caused 

by increased pressure in and 

around the esophagus. 

Zollinger-Ellison syndrome 

(ZOL-in-jur-EL-ih-suhn) (SINdrohm): a group of symptoms 

that occur when a tumor called 

a gastrinoma forms. The tumor, 

which can be cancerous, releases 

large amounts of the hormone 

called gastrin. The gastrin causes 

too much acid in the duodenum, 

resulting in ulcers, bleeding, and 

perforation. 

58
 
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Information Clearinghouse 

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Phone: 1–800–891–5389 

TTY: 1–866–569–1162 

Fax: 703–738–4929 

Email: nddic@info.niddk.nih.gov 

Internet: www.digestive.niddk.nih.gov 

The National Digestive Diseases Information Clearinghouse (NDDIC) 

is a service of the National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and 

Kidney Diseases (NIDDK). The NIDDK is part of the National 

Institutes of Health of the U.S. Department of Health and Human 

Services. Established in 1980, the Clearinghouse provides information 

about digestive diseases to people with digestive disorders and to their 

families, health care professionals, and the public. The NDDIC answers 

inquiries, develops and distributes publications, and works closely with 

professional and patient organizations and Government agencies to 

coordinate resources about digestive diseases. 

Publications produced by the Clearinghouse are carefully reviewed by 

both NIDDK scientists and outside experts. 

This publication is not copyrighted. The Clearinghouse encourages 

users of this booklet to duplicate and distribute as many copies as 

desired. 

This booklet is also available at www.digestive.niddk.nih.gov. 

This publication may contain information about medications. When 

prepared, this publication included the most current information 

available. For updates or for questions about any medications, 

contact the U.S. Food and Drug Administration toll-free at 

1–888–INFO–FDA (463–6332) or visit www.fda.gov. Consult 

your doctor for more information. 
U.S. DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH 

AND HUMAN SERVICES 

National Institutes of Health 

NIH Publication No. 09–2750 

March 2009