United States Court of Appeals

For the Eighth Circuit 

___________________________

No. 22-2831

___________________________ 

Maria Murguia

 Plaintiff - Appellant

v.

Charisse Childers, Director, 

Division of Workforce Services, in her official capacity

 Defendant - Appellee

____________

Appeal from United States District Court 

for the Western District of Arkansas

____________ 

Submitted: June 14, 2023

Filed: August 24, 2023

____________ 

Before GRUENDER, KELLY, and GRASZ, Circuit Judges. 

____________

GRASZ, Circuit Judge.

María Murguía sued the Director of the Arkansas Division of Workforce 

Services (“DWS”) in her official capacity, alleging discrimination on the ground of 
-2- 

national origin under Title VI of the Civil Rights Act. The district court1 entered 

summary judgment in favor of the Director. We affirm.

I. Background

Murguía is an immigrant from Mexico who lives in Arkansas and speaks only 

Spanish. After Murguía lost her job because of COVID-19, she applied for 

unemployment insurance at a DWS office in April 2020. During her visit, Murguía’s 

daughter Alejandra—who speaks English and Spanish—helped her fill out and 

submit a paper application for unemployment insurance. Murguía and Alejandra 

were not offered an interpreter.

After Murguía submitted her paper application, a DWS employee converted 

the application to an electronic one. That electronic application erroneously listed 

Murguía’s last employer as Molly Maid. In fact, Murguía had quit her job at Molly 

Maid in November 2019 and began working for Holiday Inn thereafter. In part 

because Holiday Inn incorrectly recorded Murguía’s social security number, the

district court noted it is “unlikely” the error in the electronic application was 

Murguía’s fault. 

Murguía tried to correct the misunderstanding about her last employer, but her 

initial attempts were unsuccessful. In June 2020, for example, DWS issued a Notice 

of Agency Determination in which it disqualified Murguía from benefits based on 

the understanding that she quit her job with Molly Maid in November 2019.2

Murguía’s second visit to a DWS office was in late August 2020. Murguía

and Alejandra spoke with DWS employee Raymond Michaud, explaining Murguía’s

1

The Honorable Timothy L. Brooks, United States District Judge for the 

Western District of Arkansas.

2

As with other documents DWS sent to Murguía, the Notice of Agency 

Determination was in English.
-3- 

last employer was Holiday Inn—not Molly Maid. According to Murguía, Michaud 

had “a mad, mean look” and asked for supporting paystubs from Holiday Inn. The 

next day, Murguía and Alejandra returned with the requested paystubs and again 

interacted with Michaud. Michaud stated he no longer needed the paystubs and 

explained that Murguía needed to work somewhere for thirty days before she could 

be eligible for benefits. Alejandra was under the impression that Michaud was 

“annoyed” and “irritated” during the encounter. Michaud did not offer an 

interpreter. 

Interactions between Murguía and DWS continued, albeit not in person. At 

times, Murguía communicated with Corina Parra, a DWS employee that helps

claimants who possess limited English proficiency. Indeed, Parra helped Murguía

translate and often returned Murguía’s phone calls within a day. Alejandra also 

emailed Parra the requested Holiday Inn paystubs. 

In September 2020, DWS issued an amended Notice of Agency 

Determination in which it acknowledged its prior determination “was issued in error 

since [Molly Maid] was not [Murguía’s] correct last work.” Murguía later began 

receiving unemployment benefits, but her bureaucratic woes continued.

In April 2021, DWS sent Murguía notice that she had failed to properly report 

her earnings. To avoid a “fraud determination,” DWS asked Murguía to provide an 

explanation for the discrepancies. Later that same month, Murguía and Alejandra 

visited DWS to provide a copy of her identification and residency card. Murguía

asked for an interpreter, so DWS began looking for one. Murguía waited for less 

than twenty minutes before signing a document entitled “Waiver of Interpreter 

Services” and leaving so that she would not be late to work. Notably, this April 

2021 visit was the only time Murguía requested DWS provide an interpreter.

Murguía was unable to satisfy DWS’s request for supporting documentation, 

as evidenced by an August 2021 Notice of Agency Determination that Murguía did 

not correctly report her earnings. Murguía appealed the adverse agency 
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determination. At a corresponding telephonic hearing in January 2022, an 

interpreter was available for part, but not all, of the proceeding. Nonetheless, in

February 2022, the Arkansas Appeal Tribunal reversed the agency determination. 

While acknowledging Murguía incorrectly reported earnings between December 

2020 and March 2021, the Appeals Tribunal concluded the error was not willful 

because she “testified that she did not realize she was required to report her part time 

earnings, due to her inability to speak English.”

Based on these experiences and DWS’s failure to provide interpretation and 

translation services, Murguía filed this lawsuit against the Director of DWS in her 

official capacity. She asserts she was discriminated against on the ground of national 

origin in violation of Title VI. See 42 U.S.C. § 2000d. Following discovery, the 

district court entered summary judgment in favor of the Director after concluding 

there was no genuine dispute of material fact and Murguía’s claim failed as a matter 

of law. While the district court empathized with Murguía’s plight, it considered the 

pandemic’s effects on her bureaucratic obstacles and ultimately concluded she did 

“not produce sufficient evidence to support an inference of intentional 

discrimination as a matter of law.” Murguía timely appealed.

II. Analysis

A. National Origin Discrimination

Murguía argues the district court erred by concluding there is no genuine 

dispute of material fact on her Title VI claim. We review de novo a district court’s 

grant of summary judgment, viewing the facts in a light most favorable to the 

nonmovant. Mumid v. Abraham Lincoln High Sch., 618 F.3d 789, 793 (8th Cir. 

2010). A district “court shall grant summary judgment if the movant shows that 

there is no genuine dispute as to any material fact and the movant is entitled to 

judgment as a matter of law.” Fed. R. Civ. P. 56(a). “Where the record taken as a 

whole could not lead a rational trier of fact to find for the non-moving party, there is 
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no genuine issue for trial.” Ricci v. DeStefano, 557 U.S. 557, 586 (2009) (quoting 

Matsushita Elec. Indus. Co. v. Zenith Radio Corp., 475 U.S. 574, 587 (1986)). 

The parties agree with the district court that the analytical framework of

McDonnell Douglas Corp. v. Green, 411 U.S. 792 (1973), applies.

3

 McDonnell 

Douglas established a burden-shifting framework in which the plaintiff “must carry 

the initial burden under the statute of establishing a prima facie case of 

. . . discrimination.” 411 U.S. at 802. If the plaintiff establishes a prima facie case, 

the burden shifts to the defendant “to articulate some legitimate, nondiscriminatory 

reason for the [action].” Id. If the defendant articulates such a reason, the burden 

then shifts back to the plaintiff to show the defendant’s “stated reason for [the action] 

was in fact pretext.” Id. at 804.

 

Title VI includes an implied private right of action to enforce the statute’s 

prohibition against intentional discrimination. Alexander v. Sandoval, 532 U.S. 275, 

279–80 (2001). Under Title VI, “No person in the United States shall, on the ground 

of . . . national origin, be excluded from participation in, be denied the benefits of, 

or be subjected to discrimination under any program or activity receiving Federal 

financial assistance.” 42 U.S.C. § 2000d. The terms of the provision have been 

clarified by precedent. “To ‘discriminate’ against a person meant in 1964 what it 

means today: to ‘trea[t] that individual worse than others who are similarly 

situated.’” Students for Fair Admissions, Inc. v. President & Fellows of Harvard 

Coll., 143 S. Ct. 2141, 2208 (2023) (Gorsuch, J., concurring) (quoting Bostock v. 

Clayton Cnty., 140 S. Ct. 1731, 1740 (2020)). “On the ground of” means but-for 

3

Murguía implicitly concedes there is no direct evidence of discrimination. 

See Trans World Airlines, Inc. v. Thurston, 469 U.S. 111, 121 (1985) (explaining 

McDonnell Douglas “is inapplicable where the plaintiff presents direct evidence of 

discrimination”). 
-6- 

causation. Abdull v. Lovaas Inst. for Early Intervention Midwest, 819 F.3d 430, 433 

(8th Cir. 2016).4

Murguía does not present a prima facie case of intentional discrimination. 

Murguía’s prima facie case largely hinges on her position that this court must 

provide Chevron5 and Auer6 deference to regulations and agency guidance issued 

under Title VI and the Workforce Innovation and Opportunity Act. In her view, 

these regulations and agency guidance define “national origin” under Title VI, and 

DWS’s failure to comply with those “language access” regulations is therefore 

relevant to whether DWS discriminated against her on the ground of national origin. 

We struggle to see how such a view can be reconciled with Alexander v. Sandoval, 

where the Supreme Court held there is no freestanding private right of action to 

enforce regulations promulgated under 42 U.S.C. § 2000d-1—a statute that confers 

authority to promulgate certain regulations. 532 U.S. at 293.

But even if Murguía is correct that we can consider the regulations she relies 

upon, DWS’s violation of those regulations—by itself—is insufficient to 

demonstrate a prima facie case of intentional discrimination. Cf. Mumid, 618 F.3d 

at 795 (concluding “deficient programming in and of itself is not evidence of 

intentional discrimination based on national origin”); Gebser v. Lago Vista Indep. 

Sch. Dist., 524 U.S. 274, 291–92 (1998) (concluding failure to comply with a 

regulation “does not itself constitute ‘discrimination’ under Title IX”). And the 

other evidence Murguía points to runs headlong into our precedent that “language 

and national origin are not interchangeable.” Mumid, 618 F.3d at 795 (citing 

4

A “program or activity” is defined to include “all of the operations of . . . a 

department, agency, special purpose district, or other instrumentality of a State or of 

a local government . . . any part of which is extended Federal financial assistance.” 

42 U.S.C. § 2000d-4a. There is no dispute that DWS receives federal funding for 

Title VI purposes.

5

Chevron, U.S.A., Inc. v. Nat. Res. Def. Council, Inc., 467 U.S. 837 (1984).

6

Auer v. Robbins, 519 U.S. 452 (1997).
-7- 

Hannoon v. Fawn Eng’g Corp., 324 F.3d 1041, 1048 (8th Cir. 2003)). See also

Soberal-Perez v. Heckler, 717 F.2d 36, 41 (2d Cir. 1983); Garcia v. Gloor, 618 F.2d 

264, 268 (5th Cir. 1980).

For example, Murguía points to DWS continuing to provide her forms and 

services in English despite knowing she spoke Spanish. But the first and only time 

she requested an interpreter was during an April 2021 visit. During that visit, DWS 

began searching for an interpreter after Murguía requested one. She waited for less 

than twenty minutes before signing a “Waiver of Interpreter Services” and leaving 

so that she would not be late to work. In effect, Murguía argues there is evidence of 

national origin discrimination when a recipient of federal funding hears an individual 

speak a language other than English yet fails to sua sponte offer translation and 

interpretation services. But Title VI’s implied private right of action prohibits only 

intentional discrimination. Alexander, 532 U.S. at 280–81; cf. Mumid, 618 F.3d at 

794–95. There is simply insufficient material evidence to show DWS as an agency 

treated Murguía worse than others who are similarly situated. Because Murguía 

does not present a prima facie case of intentional discrimination, the district court 

did not err in awarding the Director summary judgment.

Further, even if Murguía presented a prima facie case, we would still affirm 

the district court. When a plaintiff puts forth a prima facie case under McDonnell 

Douglas, the burden shifts to the Director to offer a “legitimate, nondiscriminatory 

reason” for Murguía’s bureaucratic troubles. 411 U.S. at 802. The Director’s reason 

“must be clear and reasonably specific.” Tex. Dep’t of Cmty. Affs. v. Burdine, 450 

U.S. 248, 258 (1981). And it is a burden “of production, not persuasion; it ‘can 

involve no credibility assessment.’” Reeves v. Sanderson Plumbing Prods., Inc., 

530 U.S. 133, 142 (2000) (quoting St. Mary’s Honor Ctr. v. Hicks, 509 U.S. 502, 

509 (1993)).

As the Director’s reason for Murguía’s troubles collecting unemployment 

insurance, she offers the pandemic and its effect on DWS’s ability to adjudicate 

applications for unemployment insurance during the time period that Murguía
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interacted with its employees. We have previously acknowledged operational 

changes associated with the pandemic in its “early months” as a legitimate, 

nondiscriminatory reason under McDonnell Douglas. See Johnson v. Schulte Hosp. 

Grp., Inc., 66 F.4th 1110, 1114–15 (8th Cir. 2023). Consistent with this precedent, 

we next turn to pretext.

The district court concluded Murguía did not provide evidence of pretext. On 

appeal, Murguía argues the Director’s reason is pretextual because it is unconnected 

to her treatment and thus “is unworthy of credence.” The burden is on “the plaintiff 

to show that the offered reason is pretextual.” Lucke v. Solsvig, 912 F.3d 1084, 1088 

(8th Cir. 2019). A plaintiff can carry this burden under McDonnell Douglas by 

showing the “proffered explanation is unworthy of credence,” Burdine, 450 U.S. at 

256, “because it has no basis in fact.” Torgerson v. City of Rochester, 643 F.3d 

1031, 1047 (8th Cir. 2011) (en banc) (citation omitted).

Murguía filed her application for unemployment insurance within weeks of 

the March 2020 national COVID emergency. In the following months, 

unemployment skyrocketed. For example, DWS had about 1,000 claims “on 

adjudication” in February 2020. By April 2020, the number of claims ballooned to 

66,000. DWS began changing protocols, and many applicants had to wait in line for 

up to six hours. The unprecedented circumstances, in turn, drastically affected a 

core DWS responsibility: administering unemployment insurance. See Ark. Code 

§§ 11-10-501(b), 11-10-507. 

Considering these circumstances and the other evidence, we disagree with 

Murguía that DWS’s legitimate, nondiscriminatory reason for her troubles obtaining 

unemployment insurance is unworthy of credence. It is undisputed that Murguía’s 

April 2020 electronic application for unemployment insurance listed the incorrect 

last employer. In June—mere months after the start of the pandemic and amid a 

massive uptick in applications—DWS was still operating under the erroneous 

assumption that Murguía’s last employer was Molly Maid. When Murguía visited 

a DWS office twice in late August 2020, she tried to correct the misunderstanding 
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by providing paystubs. She later spoke with Parra, which culminated in DWS 

acknowledging the error about Murguía’s last employer. Murguía then began 

receiving unemployment insurance before DWS asked Murguía to explain a 

discrepancy in her earnings. In response, Murguía visited a DWS office and, for the 

first time, requested an interpreter before leaving because DWS could not provide

one in less than twenty minutes. DWS eventually determined Murguía did not 

correctly report her earnings, but it concluded she did not do so willfully in light of 

her language restrictions. 

Despite this, Murguía insists her prima facie case is strong enough to establish 

pretext. “It is possible for strong evidence of a prima facie case to establish pretext,” 

but, as we have explained, Murguía’s “prima facie case was far from strong.” Smith 

v. Allen Health Sys., Inc., 302 F.3d 827, 834 (8th Cir. 2002). So even if Murguía 

had presented a prima facie case of intentional discrimination, she has nonetheless 

failed to carry her burden under McDonnell Douglas of showing the reasons for her 

bureaucratic troubles were a pretext for intentional discrimination. See Johnson, 66 

F.4th at 1115; Bissada v. Ark. Children’s Hosp., 639 F.3d 825, 833 (8th Cir. 2011). 

In sum, the district court did not err by awarding the Director summary 

judgment.

B. Deliberate Indifference

Murguía also argues the district court erred by rejecting her alternative request 

to apply a deliberate indifference standard when analyzing her Title VI claim. In 

support, she relies upon Gebser v. Lago Vista Independent School District, 524 U.S. 

274 (1998), and Davis ex rel. LaShonda D. v. Monroe County Board of Education, 

526 U.S. 629 (1999). While Murguía acknowledges Gebser and Davis involve Title 

IX, 20 U.S.C. § 1681, she insists the similarities between Title IX and Title VI 

warrant extending the cases to this context. She also argues that, under this standard, 

a jury could infer intentional discrimination based on “indifference to language 

access denials and Michaud’s behavior.” We review de novo whether the district 
-10- 

court applied the correct legal standard. Karsjens v. Lourey, 988 F.3d 1047, 1050 

(8th Cir. 2021).

In Gebser, the Supreme Court considered when a school district can be held 

liable for damages under a Title IX implied private right of action for teacher-onstudent sexual harassment. 524 U.S. at 277. Given that Title IX has a “contractual 

nature” in which “Congress attaches conditions to the award of federal funds” via 

its spending power, the Supreme Court’s “central concern” was whether the funding 

recipient had notice of monetary liability. Id. at 287 (citing U.S. Const. art. I, § 8). 

Because Title IX has an administrative enforcement scheme that requires notice to 

an “appropriate person” and an opportunity to remedy a violation prior to an agency 

initiating enforcement proceedings, the Supreme Court reasoned it would be 

“unsound” to permit liability under the implied private right of action “without 

regard to the recipient’s knowledge or its corrective actions upon receiving notice.” 

Id. at 288–90. The Supreme Court then held a school district cannot be “liable in 

damages under Title IX for a teacher’s sexual harassment of a student absent notice 

and deliberate indifference.” Id. at 292–93. 

 

The Supreme Court answered a different question in Davis: “whether, and 

under what circumstances, a recipient of federal educational funds can be liable 

[under Title IX] in a private damages action arising from student-on-student sexual 

harassment[.]” 526 U.S. at 637. The Supreme Court first rejected the argument that 

the plaintiff sought to hold the school board liable for the student’s sexual 

harassment. Id. at 641. It reasoned the plaintiff instead sought “to hold the Board 

liable for its own decision to remain idle in the face of known student-on-student 

harassment in its schools.” Id. Characterizing deliberate indifference under Gebser

as a “high standard,” id. at 643, the Supreme Court then concluded liability in 

damages attaches under Title IX “only where [funding recipients] are deliberately 

indifferent to sexual harassment, of which they have actual knowledge, that is so 

severe, pervasive, and objectively offensive that it can be said to deprive the victims 

of access to the educational opportunities or benefits provided by the school.” Id. at 

650. 
-11- 

Gebser and Davis considered discrimination on the basis of sex under Title 

IX in the form of harassment in the school setting. Murguía advances neither a Title 

IX claim nor a harassment claim. We acknowledge the Supreme Court has in some 

ways “interpreted Title IX consistently with Title VI,” Barnes v. Gorman, 536 U.S. 

181, 185 (2002), at least in part because Congress “passed Title IX with the explicit 

understanding that it would be interpreted as Title VI was[.]” Fitzgerald v. 

Barnstable Sch. Comm., 555 U.S. 246, 258 (2009). The inverse, however, is not 

necessarily true. Cf. Alexander v. Choate, 469 U.S. 287, 293 n.7 (1985) (warning 

against a simplistic “assimilation of Title VI law to § 504”). And our review of 

Gebser, Davis, and the plain language of Title VI does not clearly demonstrate the 

deliberate indifference standard applies in this context. Indeed, our cases analyzing 

Title VI have instead applied McDonnell Douglas. See Rowles v. Curators of Univ. 

of Mo., 983 F.3d 345, 355 (8th Cir. 2020); Freeman v. Fahey, 374 F.3d 663, 666 

(8th Cir. 2004); Fuller v. Rayburn, 161 F.3d 516, 518 (8th Cir. 1998). 

But even assuming for the sake of argument that the deliberate indifference 

standard applies, in light of our conclusion under McDonnell Douglas, Murguía fails 

to raise a genuine issue of material fact under the “high standard” of deliberate 

indifference. See Davis, 526 U.S. at 643, 650; see also Doe v. Dardanelle Sch. Dist., 

928 F.3d 722, 725 (8th Cir. 2019) (“Deliberate indifference is a stringent standard 

of fault that cannot be predicated upon mere negligence.” (quoting Doe v. Flaherty, 

623 F.3d 577, 584 (8th Cir. 2010))). 

III. Conclusion

We affirm the judgment of the district court.

KELLY, Circuit Judge, dissenting. 

To prevail on her claim, Murguía is required to show that her “national origin 

motivated the defendant’s discriminatory conduct.” Rowles v. Curators of Univ. of 

Mo., 983 F.3d 345, 355 (8th Cir. 2020). To meet the “minimal” threshold of proof 
-12- 

necessary to establish her prima facie case, Young v. Warner-Jenkinson Co., 152 

F.3d 1018, 1022 (8th Cir. 1998), Murguía need only present evidence that would 

give rise to an inference of national origin discrimination.

7

 See Turner v. Gonzales, 

421 F.3d 688, 694 (8th Cir. 2005) (noting that a plaintiff may establish her prima 

facie case by showing “she was treated differently from similarly situated” 

individuals or by providing “some other evidence that would give rise to an inference 

of unlawful discrimination” (citations omitted)).

In April 2020, Murguía and her daughter, Alejandra, visited DWS to file a 

claim for Murguía to receive unemployment benefits. Alejandra helped Murguía 

complete an application—which was in English—for benefits. A DWS employee at 

the front desk interacted with them and watched as Alejandra interpreted and 

translated information for Murguía. At that point, under DWS’s own policy, the 

employee should have determined Murguía’s “language need” as a limited English 

proficiency (LEP) person and offered to provide her a free interpreter. The employee 

also should have indicated in Murguía’s file that she needed Spanish-language 

services and documents. The employee did neither.

 Murguía soon began to receive notices from DWS about her unemployment 

claim. These letters were only in English. Whenever Murguía received a letter from 

the agency, she had to call Alejandra to interpret or translate for her. Alejandra had 

no formal Spanish-language training beyond one year of Spanish classes in high 

school, and she testified that she “would read [a] letter and try [her] best to explain 

7

The court cites Mumid v. Abraham Lincoln High School to conclude that 

“language and national origin are not interchangeable.” 618 F.3d 789, 795 (8th Cir. 

2010). While this may be true as a general statement, there is no doubt that language 

may be a proxy for intentional discrimination based on national origin. See, e.g., 

Kikumura v. Turner, 28 F.3d 592, 600 (7th Cir. 1994) (“It may well be, for certain 

ethnic groups and in some communities, that proficiency in a particular language, 

like skin color, should be treated as a surrogate for race [or national origin] . . . .” 

(quoting Hernandez v. New York, 500 U.S. 352, 371 (1991)). And at this stage, a 

reasonable jury could find that Murguía has proffered enough evidence to show a 

connection between her language and national origin.
-13- 

it” to Murguía in Spanish. By August 2020, Murguía had received several letters 

from DWS containing “vital information” only in English.

On August 25, 2020, Murguía and Alejandra returned to the DWS office. 

Michaud, a DWS “front intake” employee, interacted with them and watched as 

Alejandra interpreted for Murguía. Like before, notwithstanding the agency’s 

policy, there was no effort to offer Murguía an interpreter. Michaud directed 

Murguía and Alejandra to come back the next day with certain documents. The two 

returned the following day, but Michaud refused to look at the documents he 

requested they bring, dismissively stating that he had “never asked for them.” What 

Michaud did, instead, was “run[] an immigration check” on Murguía. Murguía’s 

immigration status, however, was “not in doubt.” This “immigration check”—and 

Michaud’s failure to document that he even ran it—was undisputedly contrary to the 

agency’s policies and practices. 

The record included additional information about Michaud. There was a 

perception in the DWS office that Michaud did not “like Latins,” and that he 

generally spoke in a loud, angry voice when Latino or Hispanic unemployment 

claimants were in the office. Michaud, who had served in managerial positions at 

DWS, had once directed a bilingual Spanish-speaking DWS employee to stop 

assisting Spanish-speaking LEP claimants. He also sometimes directed DWS 

employees who spoke no Spanish to assist Spanish-speaking claimants. One 

subordinate testified that it “seemed pretty obvious” that Michaud did not want 

employees to call interpreters for Spanish-speaking claimants because he did not 

want the agency to pay for interpreters.

The Arkansas Legal Aid soon stepped in to assist Murguía, and on 

September 23, 2020, they informed the agency of Murguía’s language-access issues. 

Murguía was put in touch with Parra, the agency’s LEP coordinator for 

unemployment claims who was fluent in English and Spanish. Despite Parra’s 

involvement, little changed. The agency still failed to note that Murguía required 

Spanish-language services, so Murguía continued to receive vital documents from 
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the agency in English only. And Murguía was still left to rely on Alejandra to 

interpret or translate information about her claim. For example, after Murguía 

received two form documents from the agency in English on November 3, 2020, 

Alejandra emailed Parra asking her to help Murguía complete these forms, which 

were due by the following week. It took Parra about six weeks to respond to the 

email from Alejandra, and in the interim, Alejandra completed the forms for 

Murguía. Murguía also tried reaching Parra by phone when she needed assistance, 

as DWS did not have a separate telephone line for individuals who require 

interpretation services. Sometimes, Parra returned Murguía’s calls, but other times, 

she did not.

In March 2021, nearly a year after Murguía filed her unemployment claim, 

she began to receive benefits. But Murguía still lacked access to sufficient 

interpretation or translation services. In April and August 2021, the agency sent 

fraud notices to Murguía, alleging that she received benefits to which she was not 

entitled. These, too, were in English. Murguía contested the fraud allegations, and 

the agency held an appeal hearing where she received an interpreter for the first time. 

But even then, the interpreter’s “version of questions in Spanish did not make sense 

to [her] sometimes,” and in the middle of the hearing, the interpreter “stopped 

interpreting” and Murguía heard only English from then on. The agency later 

reversed its fraud determination based in part on the fact that Murguía “did not fully 

understand the unemployment laws due to her inability to speak English.” Notably, 

DWS has a handbook with the unemployment laws and program rules, but the 

agency never provided this to Murguía.

Murguía’s experiences with DWS were not isolated incidences. The record 

shows that DWS has struggled with systemic issues regarding access to its services 

by LEP claimants. In 2015, DWS was investigated by the Department of Labor 

(DOL) about deficiencies concerning access to the agency’s services by LEP 

persons. Relevant here, the investigation revealed that DWS generally failed to 

provide “adequate interpretation services in a timely manner to LEP individuals,” 

“adequate translation services in a timely manner,” or “provide[] LEP individuals 
-15- 

with appropriate notice of language assistance services.” The DOL concluded that 

DWS’s “policies, procedures, and practices were inadequate to meet its obligations 

under Title VI . . . and the implementing regulations for these statutes.” While DWS 

reached a settlement with the DOL in 2017, its shortcomings persisted. Between 

April 2020 and May 2021, other Spanish-speaking LEP claimants like Murguía had 

difficulties accessing DWS’s services, such as the inability to reach Parra, receiving 

letters in English that they could not understand, and DWS employees’ failure to 

find translators. English-speaking claimants, in contrast, did not experience the 

same obstacles to DWS’s services.

 In my view, a reasonable inference can easily be drawn that DWS’s actions 

were motivated, at least in part, by a discriminatory purpose. See Vill. of Arlington 

Heights v. Metro. Hous. Dev. Corp., 429 U.S. 252, 265–66 (1977); Pers. Adm’r of 

Mass. v. Feeney, 442 U.S. 256, 279 (1979). The agency does not dispute that in 

providing services to Murguía, it violated several of Title VI’s implementing 

regulations—many of which are incorporated into DWS’s Operations Manual. See, 

e.g., 29 C.F.R. § 38.9(h); id. § 38.9(g)(1); see Segal v. Metro. Council, 29 F.4th 399, 

405 (8th Cir. 2022) (explaining that evidence “regarding a violation of a statute or 

regulation” is one “factor to be weighed by the jury” in deciding whether the 

defendant engaged in unlawful discrimination). And the record shows that the 

agency consistently deprived Murguía of services that she was entitled to. 

Considering DWS’s “historical background” with respect to the provision of LEP 

services, the agency’s departures from its own policies and procedures, see

Arlington Heights, 429 U.S. at 267–68, and her own personal experiences with the 

agency, Murguía proffered sufficient evidence to allow a reasonable jury to infer 

that national origin motivated DWS’s discriminatory conduct. See Rowles, 983 F.3d 

at 355. 

DWS, however, explains away Murguía’s experiences at its office by pointing 

to the COVID-19 pandemic. The agency states that “[t]he pandemic forced [it] to 

change its protocol in multiple ways,” noting that it was “handling [a] historic 

number of unemployment cases,” DWS employees “often had minimal interaction 
-16- 

with claimants in the early days of COVID-19,” and that claimants had to “hand in 

paper applications” rather than “fill out their applications on computers inside local 

offices.” And the agency relies on its “out-of-date computer system” to excuse the 

fact that Murguía received English-only documents. 

But Murguía’s claims concerned the deprivation of language services at DWS, 

and the agency failed to articulate the relationship between Murguía’s claims and 

COVID-related changes. See Lucke v. Solsvig, 912 F.3d 1084, 1087 (8th Cir. 2019)

(“Legitimate, non-discriminatory reasons must be clear and reasonably specific.”

(cleaned up)). Nevertheless, Murguía showed that her experience at the DWS office 

was unrelated to the pandemic. For example, Murguía offered evidence suggesting 

that there was no on-site interpreter at the local DWS branch—both before and after 

the pandemic. And in fact, Parra testified that there was “no guarantee” that an 

interpreter would even be available if a claimant like Murguía needed one. 

Nor does DWS explain how an outdated computer system prevented it from 

providing Spanish-language translations. In fact, Parra testified that 

Spanish-language paper applications were available “at the local [DWS] office,” and 

if a claimant “file[d] an unemployment claim [in Spanish], the [computer] 

system . . . trigger[ed] a Spanish . . . form.” And to the extent DWS also relies on 

the pandemic here, there was no evidence to suggest that the pandemic prevented 

DWS from translating documents into Spanish. All told, Murguía has raised 

legitimate questions of fact regarding the validity of the reasons proffered by DWS. 

See Gibson v. Am. Greetings Corp., 670 F.3d 844, 854 (8th Cir. 2012) (noting that 

there are at least two routes for demonstrating a material question of fact as to 

pretext: showing the proffered explanation has no basis in fact or that a prohibited 

reason more likely motivated the defendant). 

In my view, Murguía has established a prima facie case of intentional national 

origin discrimination. See Lewis v. City of Union City, 934 F.3d 1169, 1185 (11th 

Cir. 2019) (“[A] plaintiff will always survive summary judgment if [s]he presents a 

convincing mosaic of circumstantial evidence that would allow a jury to infer 
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intentional discrimination.” (cleaned up)). And on this record, material questions of 

fact remain regarding pretext.

Respectfully, I dissent.

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