P. 1 

# PICK-UPDATE : 3/8/200 7
BO X 

# 10 O F 

# 10 Ste p 2 : FO R ASR C INTERNA L US E ONL Y 

### (PARTA o

f B)



# EP ADOCKE TID : 102RQ-R N

1 ) INDE X 3 ) 102RQ-RN-1- 2 5 ) 102RQ-RN-1- 4 7 ) 102RQ-RN-1- 6 9 ) 102RQ-RN-3- 1 11 ) 102RQ-RN-3- 3 13 ) 102RQ-RN-2-1- 2 15 ) 102RQ-RN-2-1- 4 17 ) 102RQ-RN-2-2- 1 19 ) 102RQ-RN-2-3- 1 21 ) 102RQ-RN-2-4- 2 23 ) 102RQ-RN-2-4- 4 25 ) 102RQ-RN-2-4- 6 27 ) 102RQ-RN-2-4- 8 29 ) 102RQ-RN-2-4-1 0 31 ) 102RQ-RN-4- 2 33 ) 102RQ-RN-4- 4 35 ) 102RQ-RN-4- 6 37 ) 102RQ-RN-4- 8 39 ) 102RQ-RN-5- 1 Ste p 3 : FO R ASR C INTERNA L US E ONL V 

### CD : OA : / 

# 2 ) 102RQ-RN-1- 1 4 ) 102RQ-RN-1- 3 6 ) 102RQ-RN-1- 5 8 ) ^K)2RQ-RN-l-7 > 10 ) 102RQ-RN-3- 2 12 ) 102RQ-RN-2-1- 1 14) 102RQ-RN-2-1- 3 16 ) 102RQ-RN-2-1- 5 18 ) 102RQ-RN-2-2- 2 20 ) 102RQ-RN-2-4- 1 22 ) 102RQ-RN-2-4- 3 24 ) 102RQ-RN-2-4- 5 26 ) 102RQ-RN-2-4- 7 28 ) 102RQ-RN-2-4- 9 30 ) 102RQ-RN-4- 1 32 ) 102RQ-RN-4- 3 34 ) 102RQ-RN-4- 5 36 ) 102RQ-RN-4- 7 38 ) 102RQ-RN-4- 9 40 ) 102RQ-RN-5- 2

/YES/ / Ste p 1 : FOR ASR

C INTERNA L US E ONL Y 

### Ar e ther e more document s fo r thi s Docke t i n anothe r box ? *FN I ou t Continuatio n Shee t an d g o t o Ste p 2 \_X

Interna l SFUN D Bo

x Numbe r 3 5 O F 28 3
Initials/Date : LD S /_3-8-200 7 N OP. 2 

# /W0.-tfA/-/ - ^

Wednesda y May 24 , 198 9



# Part I I 

# Environmenta l Protectio n Agenc

y
4 0 CF R Part s 30 2 an d 35 5 Reportabl e Quantity Adjustment— Radionuclides ; Fina l Rule sP. 3

2252 4 Federa l Registe r / Vol

. 54 , No

. 9 9 /

Wednesday , Ma y 24 , 198 9 / Rule s an dRegulation s
ENVIRONMENTA L PROTECTIO N AGENC Y
4 0 CF RPar t

30 2 [FHL-3352—6 ] Reportabl e Quantit y Adjustment — Radionuclide s AGENCY: U.S

. Environmenta l Protectio n Agenc y (EPA)

. flCTiOM: Fina l rule

. SUMMARY : Section s 103(a ) an d103(b ) o f th e Comprehensiv e Environmenta l Response , Compensation , an dLiabilit y Ac t o f 198 0 (CERCLA) , a s amended , requir e tha t

person s i n charg e of

vessel s o r facilitie s fro mwhic hahazardou s substanc e ha s bee n release dwithi n a 24-hou r perio di n aquantit y equa l t o o r greate r tha n it s reportabl e quantit y (RQ ) immediatel y notif

y th e Nationa l Respons e Cente r

o f th e release

. Sectio n 102(b ) o f CERCL A establishe s RQ s a t on e poun dfo r

release s o f

designate d hazardou s substances , excep t thos e substance s fo r

whic hRQ s hav e bee n establishe dpursuan t

t o sectio n 311(b)(4 ) o f th e Clea n Wate r

Ac t (CWA)

. Th e R Q fo r radionuclide s establishe db y CERCL A i s on e pound

. Sectio n 102(a ) authorize s th e Administrato r

o f th e U.S

. Environmenta l Protectio n Agenc y (EPA ) t o adjus t RQ s fo r hazardou s substance s an dt o designat e a s hazardou s substance s thos e substance s that , whe n release d int o th e environment , ma y presen t substantia l dange r

t o th e publi c healt h o r welfar e o r

th e environment

. EP A recognize s tha t

a n R Q o f

on e poun dfo r radionuclide s ma y no t

b e appropriat e becaus e release s o f

muc hles s tha n on e poun dof radionuclide s ma y presen t a substantia l threa t

t o publi c healt ho r welfar e o r

th e environment

. Thi s fina l rul e adjust s th e R Q fo r

radionuclide s establishe dunde r

sectio n 102(b ) an d administrativel y exempt s fro mreportin g certai n radionuclid e release s fo r whic h reportin g woul dserv e n o usefu l purpose
. Thi s R Q adjustmen t

i s intende dt o allo w EP A t o focu s it s resource s o n th e mos t seriou s release s an dt o protec t publi c healt han dwelfar e an dth e environmen t mor e effectively

. EFFECTIV EOATE : Jul y 24,1989

. ADDRESSES : Th e toll-fre e telephon e numbe r of th e Nationa l Respons e Cente r i s 1-800/424-8802 ; i n th e Washington , D C metropolita n are a1-202/267-2675

. Th e recor dsupportin g thi s rulemakin g i s availabl e fo r

publi c inspectio n a t

th e Superfun dDocke t

i n Roo m2427 , U.S

. Environmenta l Protectio n Agenc y (OS

240) , 40 1 M Street , SW , Washington , D C 2046 0 (Docke t

Number.l02RQ-RN)

. Th e docke t ma y b e inspecte dbetwee n 9 a.m
. an d4 p.m
. Monda y throug hFriday

. T o revie w docke t

materials , yo u ma y mak e a n appointmen t

b y callin g 1-202/382

- 3046

. Th e publi c ma y cop y amaximu m o f 5 0 page s fro man y regulator y docke t a l n o cost

. Additiona l copie s cos t $9.2 0 pe r page
. FO R FURTHE R INFORMATIO N CONTACT : Ms

. Pamel aHarris , Projec t Officer , Respons e Standard s an dCriteri a Branch , Emergenc y Respons e Divisio n (WH-548B) , U.S

. Environmenta l Protectio n Agency , 40 1 M Street , SW. , Washington , D C 20460 , o r th e RCRA / Superfun dHotline , 1-800/424-9346 ; i n th e Washington , D C metropolita n area , 1-202/382-3000

. SUPPLEMENTAR

Y INFORMATION : Th e content s o f

today' s preambl e ar e liste d i n th e followin g outline : I

. Introduction

. A

. Statutory Authority

. B

. Backgroun do

f thi s Rulemaking

. C

. Organizatio n o

f th e Final Rule

. II

. Coverage

. A

. Hazardou s Substance s Subjec t to thi s Fina l Rule

. B

. Release s Subjec t

to thi s Final Rule

. C

. Regulator

y Reportin g Exemptions

. D

. Duplicate Reporting/Regulatory Consistency

. III

. Discussio n o

f NPR M Methodology

. A

. General

. B

. Inhalatio n Pathway

. C

. Ingestio n Pathway

. D

. Direc t Exposure Pathway

. E

. Establishin g th e RQ

. F

. Alternativ e Approaches

. G

. Reportin g Requirement s fo r Mixture s o

f Radionuclide s Only

. H

. Reportin g Requirement s fo r Compound s an dMixture s o

f Radionuclide s an dOthe r Hazardou s Substances

. IV

. Summar

y o f Supportin g Analyses

. A

. Executiv e Orde r

No

. 12291

. B

. Regulator

y Flexibilit

y Act

. C

. Paperwor

k Reductio n Act

. I

. Introductio n A. Statutory Authority Th e Comprehensiv e Environmenta l Response , Compensation , an dLiabilit y Ac t (CERCL A o r

Superfund ) o f

198 0 (Pub

. L

. 96-510) , 4 2 U.S.C

. 960 1 e t seq. , a s amende db y th e Superfun d Amendment s an dReauthorizatio n Ac t (SARA ) o f

198 6 (Pub

. L

. 99-499) , establishe s broa dfedera l authorit y t o respon dt o release s o r

threat s o f release s o f

hazardou s substance s fro m vessel s an dfacilities

. Sectio n 101(14 ) o f CERCL A define s th e ter m"hazardou s substances " b y referenc e t o othe r environmenta l statutes

. Sectio n 10 2 o f CERCL A give s th e U.S

. Environmenta l Protectio n Agenc y (EPA ) authorit y t o designat e additiona l hazardou s substances

. Currentl y ther e ar e 71 9 CERCL A hazardou s substances

. Sectio n 10 3 of

CERCL A require s th e perso n i n charg e o f

avesse l o r

facilit y ' t o notif y th e Nationa l Respons e Cei\te r immediatel y whe n ther e i s areleas e b ? hazardou s substanc e i n a n amoun t equa l t o o r

greate r tha n th e reportabl e quantit y (RQ ) fo r

tha t substance

. A s establishe db y EP A in'a n earlie r R Q rulemakin g (5 0 F

R13463 , Apri l 4,1985) , a 24-hou r perio di s use dfo r

measurin g whethe r th e R Q o f

asubstanc e ha s bee n release d(i.e. , onl y release s o f a n R Q o r mor e withi n 24 hour s nee dt o b e reported)

. Sectio n 102(b ) o f CERCL A establishe s RQ s a t

on e poun dfo r release s o f

hazardou s substances , excep t fo r thos e substance s fo r

whic h RQ s wer e establishe dpursuan t t o sectio n 31 1 o f

th e Clea n Wate r

Ac t (CWA)

. Sectio n 102(a ) o f CERCL A authorize s EP A t o adjus t al l o f thes e RQ s b y regulation

. A majo r purpos e o f

th e sectio n 10 3 (a ) an d(b ) notificatio n requirement s i s t o aler t th e appropriat e governmen t official s t o release s o f

hazardou s substance s tha t

ma y requir e arespons e t o protec t

publi c healt ho r

welfar e o r

th e environment

. EP A emphasize s tha t a hazardou s substanc e R Q i s merel y a trigge r fo r informin g th e governmen t o f a releas e s o tha t

th e appropriat e governmen t

personne l ca n evaluat e th e nee dfo r arespons e actio n an dca n undertak e an y necessar y actio n i n a timel y fashion

. Federa l personne l wil l evaluat e al l reporte dreleases , bu t wil l no t necessaril y initiat e arespons e becaus e th e releas e of

a n R Q wil l no t necessaril y pos e ahazar di n al l circumstances

. Governmen t personne l wil l asses s eac hreporte dreleas e o n a case-by-cas e basi s t o determin e th e appropriat e respons e action , if any
. I n certai n limite dsituations.'-whe n direc t reportin g t o th e Nationa l Respons e Cente r i s impracticable , th e perso n i n

1 Fo r thi s fina l rul e o n radionuclides , i

t i s important t o consider

th e CERCL

A definitio n o

f "facility " in sectio n 101(9)

. A number o f consumer product s ma

y contai n (an da

t som e point release ) radionuclides

. Becaus e th e CERCL A definitio n o

f "facility " specifically exclude s an y consumer produc t i n consumer

use , any release s o

f radionuclide s fro

msuchproduct s when i

n consumei us e ar e no t

subjec t to th e notificatio n requirement s discusse di

n thi s fina l rule

. Example s o

f such consumer product s ar e smok

e detectors , rado n mitigatio n system s (fo

r reducin g indoo r

rado n level s i n homes) , an dhom

e wate r purificatio n system s use dto reduc e rado n level s irrdrinkin g water

. An y smok e detector , radon mitigatio n system , or hom e wate r purificatio n syste mcommercially purchase d an duse dby aconsumer

woul db e exclude dfro

m th e CERCL

A definitio n o

f "facility,"an dthu s radionuclid e release s fro

msuch , system s woul dno t b e subjec t t o thi s rule' s notification-requirements

.P. 4

Federa l Registe r

/ Vol

. 54 , No

. 9 9 /

Wednesday , Ma y 24 , 198 9 / Rule s an dRegulation s 2252 5
charg e ma y repor t

t o th e neares t

Coas t Guard

- o r

EPA-predesignate dOn-Scen e Coordinato r

(OSC)

. I f i t i s no t possibl e t o notif y th e Nationa l Respons e Cente r o r predesignate dOS C immediately , report s ma y b e mad e immediatel y t o th e neares t Coas t Guar dunit , provide dtha t ^th e perso n i n charg e o f th e facilit y jtifie s th e Nationa l Respons e Cente r a s soo n a s possibl e (4 0 CFR300.63(b ) an d 3 3 CFR153.203)

. Sectio n 103(b ) o f

CERCL A authorize s EP A t o see k

crimina l penaltie s fro m person s i n charg e o f

vessel s o r

facilitie s wh o knowingl y fai l t o repor t release s o f hazardou s substance s tha t equa l o r excee dRQs

. SAR A amende dsectio n 103(b ) o f CERCL A b y increasin g th e maximu mpenaltie s an dyear s of imprisonmen t

fo r failur e t o report

. An y perso n who , a s soo n a s h e o r sh e know s o f areportabl e release , fail s t o repor t th e releas e immediatel y pursuan t t o sectio n 103(b ) o r

wh o submit s i n suc ha notificatio n an y informatio n tha t sh e o r h e know s t o b e fals e o r misleading , shall , upo n conviction , b e finedi n accordanc e wit hth e applicabl e provision s o f

Titl e 18 , Unite dState s Code , o r imprisone dfo r

no t mor e tha n thre e year s (o r

no t mor e tha n five year s fo r secon dan dsubsequen t convictions) , o r both

. Notification s receive dunde r sectio n 103(b) , o r

informatio n obtaine d b y exploitatio n o f

suc hnotifications , canno t b e use dagains t

an y reportin g perso n i n an y crimina l case , excep t a prosecutio n fo r

perjur y o r

fo r givin g a fals e statement

. Sectio n 10 9 o f CERCL A authorize s EP A t o asses s civi l penaltie s fo r violation s o f

CERCL A sectio n 103(b) , enforce dthroug hadministrativ e o r judicia l civi l proceedings

. I n addition , sectio n 31 0 o f

CERCL A authorize s citize n suit s agains t

person s wh o violat e th e notificatio n requirement s o f sectio n 103(b)

. I n additio n t o th e reportin g requirement s establishe db y CERCLA , sectio n 304 o f

th e Emergenc y Plannin g an dCommunit y Right-To-Kno w Ac t of 198 6 (SAR A Titl e III ) require s th e owne r o r operato r o f certai n facilitie s t o repor t release s o f

CERCL A hazardou s substance s t o stat e an dloca l entities

. SAR A sectio n 304 notificatio n mus t b e give n a s soo n a s th e owne r o r operato r o f afacilit y ha s knowledg e o f areleas e o f a n R Q o r

mor e (on e poun do r

mor e if areportin g trigge r

i s no t establishe db y regulation)

. Th e notificatio n i s t o b e give n t o th e communit y emergenc y coordinato r

fo r eac hloca l emergenc y plannin g committe e fo r an y are alikel y t o b e affecte db y th e releas e an dt o th e stat e commissio n o f

an y stat e likel y t o b e affecte db y th e release

. Throug hthi s notification , stat e o r

loca l official s ca n asses s whethe r arespons e t o th e releas e i s appropriate , regardles s o f whethe r th e federa l governmen t

intend s t o respond

. SAR A sectio n 304 notificatio n requirement s appl y onl y t o release s tha t hav e th e potentia l fo r

off-sit e exposur e an dtha t ar e fro mfacilitie s tha t produce , use , o r stor e a"hazardou s chemical, " a s define db y regulation s promulgate d unde r th e Occupationa l Safet y an d Healt hAc t

o f 197 0 (2 9 CF R1910.1200(c) ) an db y sectio n 31 1 o f

SARA

. ' Sectio n 32 5 o f

SAR A authorize s EP A t o see k penalties , includin g crimina l penaltie s fo r

willfu l an dknowin g violations , agains t

facilit y owner s an d operator s wh o fai l t o repor t release s o f hazardou s substance s pursuan t t o sectio n 304

. I n addition , SAR A sectio n 32 6 authorize s citize n suit s agains t facilit y owner s an doperator s fo r failur e t o submi t

afollow-u p emergenc y notic e o f th e releas e pursuan t

t o SAR A sectio n 304(c)

. B. Background

of this Rulemaking O n Ma y 25,1983 , EP A propose darul e (4 8 F R23552 ) t o clarif

y procedure s fo r reportin g release s an dt o adjus t RQ s fo r 38 7 o f th e the n 69 6 CERCL A hazardou s substances

. Tha t

Notic e o f

Propose d Rulemakin g (NPRM ) als o listed , fo r th e firs t time , th e "hazardou s substances " designate db y sectio n 101(14 ) o f CERCLA

. Th e NPR M discusse di n detai l th e CERCL A notificatio n provisions , includin g th e person s require dt o notif y th e Nationa l Respons e Cente r o f a release , th e substance s fo r whic h notificatio n i s required , th e type s o f release s subjec t

t o th e notificatio n requirements , th e exemption s fro mthes e notificatio n requirements , th e methodolog y an dcriteri ause dt o adjus t th e R Q levels , an dth e adjustment s propose dunde r

sectio n 10 2 o f

CERCL A

" an dunde r

sectio n 31 1 o f

CWA

. .Thes e issue s wer e discusse dfurthe r i n th e preambl e t o arulemakin g finalizin g 34 0 o f th e 38 7 propose dRQs , publishe do n Apri l 4,198 5 (5 0 FR13456)

. The y wil l b e discusse dagai n i n thi s preambl e onl y t o th e exten t

tha t EP A need s t o provid e additiona l explanatio n o f thes e issue s i n th e specifi c contex t

o f adjustin g RQ s fo r release s o f

radionuclides

. O n Marc h16,1987 , EP A publishe da n NPR M concernin g th e adjustmen t o f RQ s fo r radionuclid e release s (5 2 FR 8172) , wit hth e commen t perio dendin g o n Ma y 15,1987

. A tota l o f 2 8 commen t letter s wer e received , fiv e o f whic hwer e afte r th e commen t

deadline , totalin g abou t 15 0 pages
. Th e comment s received , togethe r

wit hth e Agency' s responses , ar e containe di n th e Response s t o Comment s o n th e Notic e o f Propose dRulemakin g o n th e Adjustmen t

of Reportabl e Quantitie s fo r Radionuclide s (Response s t o Comments) , whic hi s availabl e fo r inspectio n i n th e Superfun dDocke t i n Roo m2427 , U.S

. Environmenta l Protectio n Agenc y (OS-240) , 40 1 M Street , SW. , Washington , D C 2046 0 (Docke t Numbe r 102RQ-RN)

. Today , th e Agenc y i s promulgatin g thi s final rul e t o adjus t

th e RQ s fo r

al l (approximatel y 1,500 ) radionuclides

. I n preparin g th e fina l rule , EP A ha s considere dcarefull y al l o f th e publi c comment s submitte do n th e proposal s mad e i n th e Marc h16,198 7 NPRM

. Sectio n I I o f

thi s preambl e describe s th e radionuclide s an dth e release s subjec t t o thi s fina l rule , whil e Sectio n III describe s th e NPR M methodolog y an d ho w tha t methodolog y ha s bee n altere d i n respons e t o comments

. Sectio n I V provide s asummar y o f th e analyse s supportin g th e rule

. I t shoul db e note dtha t

othe r provision s o f

CERCL A ma y appl y eve n wher e th e statut e doe s no t requir e notification

. Therefore , nothin g i n thi s rulemakin g shoul db e interprete da s reflectin g Agenc y polic y o r th e applicabl e la w wit hrespec t toother provision s o f

CERCLA

. Fo r

example , unles s specificall y exempte dunde r CERCLA , apart y responsibl e fo r a releas e i s liabl e fo r

th e cost s o f

cleanin g u p th e releas e an dfo r

an y natura l resourc e damage s cause db y th e release , eve n if th e releas e i s no t

subjec t t o th e notificatio n requirement s of section s 10 3 (a ) an d(b)

. Similarly , prope r reportin g o f areleas e i n accordanc e wit hsection s 10 3 (a ) an d(b ) doe s no t preclud e liabilit y fo r

cleanu p costs

. Th e fac t tha t areleas e o f

ahazardou s substanc e i s reporte dproperl y o r

tha t i t i s no t subjec t t o th e notificatio n requirement s o f section s 10 3 (a ) an d(b ) wil l no t preven t EP A o r othe r governmen t

agencie s fro m takin g respons e action s unde r sectio n 104 , seekin g reimbursemen t fro m responsibl e partie s unde r sectio n 107 , o r pursuin g a n enforcemen t actio n agains t responsibl e partie s unde r sectio n 106

. Not e als o tha t

thi s fina l rul e doe s no t affec t hazardou s substanc e reportin g requirement s impose db y othe r regulation s an dstatutes

. C. Organization of

the Final

Rule Today' s fina l rul e amend s 4 0 CF Rb y revisin g th e footnot e a t th e en do f

Tabl e 302. 4 referencin g radionuclides

. Thi s Tabl e 302. 4 footnot e no w wil l indicat e tha t th e adjuste dRQ s fo r

radionuclide s ar e liste di n Appendi x B t o th e table , whic hha s bee n adde db y thi s fina l rule

. Sectio n 302. 5 i s bein g amende dt o explai n whic hR Q t o us e whe n tw o RQ s ar e applicabl e t o asingl e hazardou s substance , on e base do n chemica l

### 2252 6 Federa l Registe r / Vol

. 54 , No

. 9 9 /

Wednesday , Ma y 24 , 198 9 / Rule s an dRegulation s P. 5



### toxicity an dth e othe r

base do n potential radiatio n hazards

. In addition , § 302. 6 i s bein g amende dt o revis e th e metho dfo r determinin g RQ s fo

r mixture s o

f hazardou s substance s an dto incorporat e th e notificatio n exemption s establishe din today' s rulemaking

. Finally , § 302. 6 als o i s bein g amende dto clarif y tha t release s o

f radionuclide s in quantitie s tha t

equal or excee dth e applicabl e RQ ar e reportabl e regardles s o f th e particl e siz e o

f th e release d radionuclide

. II

. Coverag e A. Hazardous Substances Subject, to this Final Rule Congres s incorporated , in th e definitio n o

f hazardou s substance s unde r sectio n 101(14

) o f CERCLA, si x list s o f substance s identifie dprimaril y unde r othe r environmenta l statutes

. Radionuclides , th e subjec t o f thi s fina l rule , ar e considere dahazardou s substanc e unde r

CERCL A becaus e EP

A designate dthe mgenericall y a s a hazardou s ai r

pollutan t pursuan t to sectio n 11 2 o

f th e Clean Air

Ac t (CAA)

. Eve n thoug hth e sourc e o

f thei r listin g i s th e CAA , release s o

f radionuclide s t o al l medi aar e covere dunde r

sectio n 103 o

f CERCL A an dth e provision s o

f thi s rule

. Ther e ar e approximatel y 1,50 0 different radionuclide s and , becaus e th e Agenc y ha s liste dradionuclide s genericall y a s a hazardou s ai r

pollutan t unde r th e CAA , al l 1,50 0 ar e considere daCERCL A hazardou s substance

. Th e fina l RQ s bein g adjuste di

n thi s rulemakin g ar e fo

r radionuclides , whic h ar e specie s of

atom s define db y thei r atomi c numbe r

an dmass
. Thes e RQ s ar e applicabl e t o al l chemical an d physica l form s in whic hth e radionuclide s may exist

. Th e radionuclid e RQ s als o ar e applicabl e t o al l particl e size s tha t

ma y b e release dt o th e air

. Th e particl e siz e o f arelease d substanc e i s acritica l facto r in determinin g th e potentia l fo r tha t substanc e t o caus e advers e health effect s throug hth e inhalatio n pathway

. Base di n part o n thi s fact , 40 CF

R302. 6 ha dspecifie dtha t

release s o

f a n RQ or mor e o f soli dparticle s o

f antimony , arsenic , cadmium , an dothe r element s wer e no t reportabl e i

f th e mea n diamete r o f th e particle s release di s large r tha n 10 0 micrometers

. However , becaus e radionuclide s in aparticl e siz e greate r tha n 10 0 micrometer s can caus e advers e healtheffect s throug hothe r exposur e pathway s (e.g. , direc t exposur e an dingestion) , § 302. 6 i s bein g amende d today to clarif

y tha t th e radionuclid e RQ s ar e applicabl e to a

U particl e sizes

. B. Releases Subject to This Final

Rule Congres s define dth e ter

m"release " to includ e withi n it s scop e virtuall y al l way s tha t substance s ma

y ente r th e environment : "release " means an

y spilling , leaking , pumping, pouring , emitting , emptying , discharging , injecting , escaping , leaching , dumping, o r disposin g int o th e environmen

t (includin g th e abandonmen

t o r discardin g o f barrels , containers , an

dothe r close d receptacle s containin

g an y hazardou s substanc e o

r pollutan t o r contaminant

) [sectio n 101(22 ) a s amende

db y sectio n 101(c ) o f SARA). 2 

### Several commenter s addresse dth e issu e o f when , unde r

th e abov e definition , radionuclide s ar e release d into th e environment

. On e commenter askedtha t

th e Agenc y clarif

y whethe r th e radiatio n emitte db y radionuclide s i s considere da"release " pe r se
. Th e emissio n o

f radiatio n fro

m radionuclides , apar t

fro mth e releas e o

f th e radionuclide s themselves , doe s no t constitut e areleas e unde r CERCLA

. Som e radionuclide s may b e emitte din a gaseou s form, however , an dthi s woul d constitut e arelease

. Th e emissio n o f a radionuclid e in agaseou s for mi s distinc t fro mth e emissio n o

f radiatio n fro maradionuclide ; th e latte r i s no t considere dareleas e unde r sectio n 103

. O n arelate dissue , thi s commenter , a s wel l a s severa l others , state dthe y wer e unclear whethe r th e stockpiling , outsid e abuilding , o

f material s containin g radionuclide s constitute s areleas e o f radionuclide s unde r

CERCLA , an dthus migh t b e subjec t

t o th e notificatio n requirements

. Th e Agenc y consider s th e stockpilin g o

f a n RQ o f ahazardou s substanc e to b e areleas e becaus e an y activity tha t

involve s th e placemen t

o f a hazardou s substanc e int o an y unenclose dcontainmen t

structur e wherei n th e hazardou s substanc e i s expose dt o th e environmen t i s considere darelease. 3 

### A

n unenclose d

s A releas e o

f aradionuclid e mus t

b e reporte d immediately t o th e National Respons e Center i f that radionuclid e ca n decay int o anothe r substanc e (i.e. , adaughter

product) i

n suchatim

e an damount

that a n R Q o r mor e o f the daughter

wouldb e release d withi n a24-hou

r perio dafte

r th e tim e o f releas e o f th e parent

. 3 Th e Agency wishe s to clarif y that , fo r th e purpos e o f thi s discussion , a

n unenclose d containment

structure mean s an y surfac e impoundment , lagoon , tank , or other holdin g devic e that ha s an ope n sid e wit

hth e containe dmaterial s directl y expose dto th e ambient environment

. A

n unenclose dcontainment

structure doe s not

includ e industrial tank s that

hav e vent s or

pipin g system s t o preven t over-pressurizatio n or

t o provid e fo

r material transfer

o r treatment

. 

### containmen t structur e ma

y allo w th e hazardou s substanc e t o emit , escape , or leac hint o th e air , water , o r soil

. Thus , th e placemen t

o f a n RQ o f ahazardou s substanc e in a n unenclose dstructur e woul dconstitut e a"release " regardles s o f whethe r an RQ o f th e substanc e actuall y volatilize s int o th e ai r o r "

. migrate s int o surroundin g wate r or soil

. ' Thi s sam e rul e applie s to th e placemen t o f materia l containin g radionuclide s i n tank s or othe r containmen t

structure s outsid e abuilding

. I

f th e tan k or containmen t

structur e i s no t

totall y seale dof f fro mth e environment , th e placemen t

int o th e containmen t structur e o

f a n amoun t

o f ahazardou s substanc e tha t

equals or exceed s an RQ constitute s areportabl e release

. Thi s sam e commente r

argue dthat

th e temporary placemen t

o f ra w material s or product s containin g radionuclide s in tank s or pile s a t amanufacturin g facilit

y i s no t spilling , leaking , dumping , o r disposin g the mint o th e environmen t becaus e it

i s a n intentiona l metho do f managin g th e substance s an dbecaus e th e substance s wil l b e used

. Whethe r th e materia l stockpile dor place din a tan k o r othe r containmen t

structur e i s intende dfo

r us e in a n industria l proces s i s irrelevan t

t o whethe r

tha t placemen t constitute s areportabl e release

. Under CERCLA, whethe r

th e hazardou s substance s ar e use dafter

areleas e i s no t relevan t fo r reportin g purposes , thoughit migh t b e highly relevan t

t o th e government' s evaluatio n o f whethe r it wil l respon dto th e release

. Th e purpos e o f th e CERCL

A reportin g requirement s unde r sectio n 103 i s t o infor

m governmen t

agencie s o

f th e releas e s o tha t the y may evaluat e whethe r governmental respons e i s appropriat e an dt o asses s th e respons e measure s take n b y other s (5 0 F

R13459 , Apri l 4 , 1985)

. On e commenter

argue dtha t radionuclide s ar e ahazardou s substanc e unde r

CERCL A onl y t o th e exten t tha t radionuclide s ar e a hazardou s ai r

pollutan t unde r th e CAA

. Thus , thi s commenter

argue dtha t

only radionuclid e release s t o th e air , an dno t to othe r media , woul db e subjec t

t o CERCL A requirements

. EP

A disagree s wit hthi s logic

. Ther e i s n o support in CERCL A fo r th e notio n tha t

anythin g designate da s aCERCL

A hazardou s substanc e du e t o it s listin g b y on e or more o f th e environmenta l statute s reference din CERCL

A sectio n 101(14

) i s .s o designate donl y fo

r release s occurrin g i n th e sam e medium addresse din th e reference dstatute. , I n fact , severa l CERCL

A provision s indicat e tha t

th e statutor y authority extend s t o al l medi at o whic haP. 6

Federa l Registe r/

Vol

. 54 , No

. 9 9 /

Wednesday , Ma y 24 , 198 9 / Rule s an dRegulation s 2252 7

hazardou s substanc e ca n b e released

. Fo r example , th e CERCL A releas e reportin g requiremen t

i n sectio n 102(a) , a s wel l a s th e definitio n o f "release " i n sectio n 101(22) , bot hconcer n hazardou s substance s release dint o th e "environment, " whic hi s define di n ectio n 101(8 ) t o constitut e al l media

. Furthermore , CERCL A sectio n 102(a ) state s tha t

th e EP A Administrato r "ma y determin e tha t

on e singl e quantit y shal l b e th e reportabl e quantit y fo r an y hazardou s substance , regardles s o f th e mediu mint o whic hth e substanc e i s
. released. " Thi s authorit y wa s reference d i n th e firs t

R Q rulemakin g (4 8 F

R23562 , Ma y 25,1983 ) an dal l subsequen t R Q rulemakings

. Severa l type s of

release s specificall y ar e exclude dfro mth e definitio n o f releas e i n CERCL A sectio n 101(22 ) an d thu s d o no t

nee dt o b e reporte dunde r sectio n 103

. On e exclusio n i s fo r release s o f

source , byproduct , o r

specia l nuclea r materia l 4 fro manuclea r inciden t

6 subjec t

t o requirement s of

th e Nuclea r Regulator y Commissio n fo r financia l protectio n unde r sectio n 17 0 of th e Atomi c Energ y Ac t

(AEA)

. Nuclea r reactor s ar e th e primar y typ e o f facilit y subjec t t o AE A sectio n 170

. I n addition , CERCL A contain s exemption s fro mth e notificatio n an d liabilit y requirement s fo r certai n release s o f

hazardou s substances

. Th e exemptio n mos t

likel y t o b e o f

greates t importanc e fo r

radionuclide s i s tha t

fo r federall y permitte drelease s a s define d i n sectio n 101(10)

. I n particular , sectio n 101(10)(K) exempt s fromreportin g "an y releas e o f

source , specia l nuclear , o r byproduc t

materia l * * * i n complianc e wit halegall y enforceabl e license , permit , regulation , o r

orde r issue d pursuan t t o th e * * * [AEA]

. " Unde r th e AEA , th e Nuclea r Regulator y Commissio n i s responsibl e fo r issuin g license s fo r

th e possessio n an dus e o f

source , byproduct , an d specia l nuclea r

material

. State s wh o

4 Sourc e material i s define da s (1 ) natura l uranium , thorium , or

an y combinatio n thereo f

or (2 ) ore s whichcontai n 0.0

5 percent o r mor e (by weight) o f uraniumo r

thorium(sectio n ll(z ) o

f th e Atomi c Energ y Act (AEA) , an dNuclea

r Regulator y Commission regulation s i

n 1 0 CF RPar t 40)

. Byproduct material i s (1 ) any material mad e radioactiv e by exposure t o radiatio n i n the proces s o f producin g or

usin g special nuclea

r material or

(2 ) th e waste s produce db

y the extractio n or concentratio n o

f uraniumor

thoriumfro

more (sectio n 11(e

) o f th e AEA)

. Specia

l nuclea r material i s define da s plutonium , or uraniumenriche di

n th e U-23 5 or U-23 3 isotop e (AE

A sectio n ll(aa))

. All o

f thes e material s ar e license dby th e Nuclea r Regulator y Commission an dit s Agreement States

. 6 A nuclea

r incident mean s an y occurrenc e o

f bodily injury , sickness , disease , death , los s o f o r damag e to property , or

los s o f us e o f propert y resultin g fro

mthe radioactive , toxic , explosive , or other hazardou s propertie s o

f source , special nuclear , or

byproduc t

material

. hav e entere dint o a n agreemen t wit hth e Nuclea r Regulator y Commissio n (i.e. , Agreemen t

States ) ar e als o authorize d unde r th e AE A t o issu e license s fo r th e possessio n an dus e o f

source , byproduct , o r

specia l nuclea r

material

. Release s o f

source , byproduct , o r

specia l nuclea r materia l i n complianc e wit h license s issue db y th e Nuclea r Regulator y Commissio n o r Agreemen t State s ar e federall y permitte drelease s unde r CERCL A sectio n 101(10)(K)

. Regulation s issue db y th e Nuclea r Regulator y Commissio n specificall y exemp t certai n facilitie s fro mth e Commission' s licensin g an dregulator y requirements

. Becaus e o f thes e specifi c regulator y exemptions , th e Agenc y doe s no t conside r

release s o f

source , byproduct , o r

specia l nuclea r

materia l fro mthes e exempte dfacilitie s t o b e "federall y permitted " unde r sectio n
. 101(10)(K) , unles s th e exemption s appl y t o operation s conducte db y th e Departmen t

of Defens e o r

Departmen t

o f Energ y (DOE ) a s explaine dbelow

. T o th e exten t

release s o f

source , byproduct , an dspecia l nuclea r materia l ar e i n accordanc e wit hlicenses , permits , orders , o r

regulation s issue dunde r th e AE A throug hprovision s no t administere db y th e Commissio n o r it s Agreemen t

States , the y als o woul db e considere dfederall y permitte dreleases

. Fo r example , DO Egovern s it s radiatio n protectio n activitie s unde r th e AE A b y a serie s o f interna l orders

. Whe n suc h order s ar e issue dunde r DOE' s AE A authorit y an drelease s o f source , byproduct , o r

specia l nuclea r

materia l ar e i n complianc e wit hth e applicabl e order(s) , thes e release s ar e federall y permitte dunde r

sectio n 101(10)(K)

. Th e Departmen t

o f Defens e issue s regulation s unde r

th e AE A governin g weapon s an dreactor s withi n it s jurisdictio n an dEP A ha s issue d regulation s unde r

th e AE A fo r

certai n operation s involvin g radioactiv e materia l (e.g. , 4 0 CFRPart s 190,191 , an d 192) ; release s o f

source , byproduct , o r specia l nuclea r

materia l i n complianc e wit hthes e regulation s ar e als o federall y permitte dunde r

sectio n 101(10)(K)

. An y releas e tha t

i s a n R Q o r

mor e abov e an y o f thes e federall y permitte dlevels , however , woul db e subjec t t o th e CERCL A notificatio n requirements

. CERCL A sectio n 101(10)(H ) define s federall y permitte drelease s t o includ e "an y emissio n int o th e ai r subjec t t o a permi t o r contro l regulatio n unde r * * * sectio n 11 2 * * * o f

th e Clea n Ai r

Act. " Pursuan t t o sectio n 11 2 o f

th e CAA , EP A ha s issue dfina l standard s fo r radionuclid e emission s t o th e ai r a s par t o f th e Nationa l Emissio n Standard s fo r Hazardou s Ai r

Pollutant s (NESHAPs) ; Thes e standard s currentl y appl y t o th e followin g sourc e categories : (1 ) DO E facilities ; (2 ) Nuclea r

Regulator y Commission-license dfacilitie s an dnon
DO Efedera l facilitie s (includin g facilitie s license db y Agreemen t States) ; (3 ) elementa l phosphoru s plants ; (4 ) undergroun duraniu mmines ; an d(5 ) license duraniu mmil l tailings

. An y releas e of

aradionuclid e t o th e ai r fro m thes e sources , if

th e releas e i s i n complianc e wit hNESHAPs , i s "federall y permitted " unde r

sectio n 101(10){H ) an d thu s exemp t

fro mCERCL A reporting

. I t i s importan t

t o clarif y tha t NESHAP s appl y onl y t o th e emissio n o f certai n (no t all ) radionuclides

. Specifically , th e NESHAP s currentl y d o no t appl y t o emission s o f

radon-220 , radon-222 , an d thei r respectiv e deca y product s fro mth e firs t tw o sourc e categorie s note dabove ; an dappl y onl y t o emission s o f polonium-21 0 fro melementa l phosphoru s plants. 8 A n airborn e releas e o f radionuclide s no t

covere dunde r NESHAP s i s no t

considere dfederall y permitte dunde r

sectio n 101(10)(H)

. Furthermore , severa l sourc e categorie s presentl y ar e exempte dfro mregulatio n unde r NESHAP s (e.g. , lo w energ y accelerator s no t

operate db y DOE , coal

fire dboilers , an dminera l extractio n industries)

. Radionuclid e emission s fro m thes e facilitie s exempte dunde r NESHAP s als o ar e no t

considere d federall y permitte dunde r sectio n 101(10)(H)

. Thi s issu e ma y b e relevan t t o a n NPR M o n federall y permitte d release s (5 3 F

R27268 , Jul y 19,1988)

. Th e Agenc y i s currentl y revisin g th e radionuclid e NESHAPs

. Unti l thes e ne w standard s ar e finalized , th e existin g radionuclid e NESHAP s a s describe d abov e shoul db e use di n determinin g whethe r airborn e emission s ar e federall y permitte dunde r CERCL A sectio n 101(10)(H)

. Th e NESHAP s limit s fo r radionuclide s ar e health-base dannua l limits , wherea s radionuclid e RQ s ar e reportin g trigger s base do n 24-hou r

releases

. Th e Agenc y wil l requir e arepor t

if a n R Q abov e an y annua l NESHAP s limi t

i s release di n a 24-hou r period

. Som e o f

th e NESHAP s limits , suc ha s thos e fo r DO Efacilitie s an dNuclea r

Regulator y Commissio n licensees , ar e annua l dose-equivalen t limit s (e.g. , 2 5 millirem/yea r t o th e whol e body)

. I n thes e cases , afte r i t i s know n tha t

a n individua l nea r

th e facilit y ha s receive dmor e tha n 2 5 millire mwithi n aone-yea r period , an y

• Th e NESHAPs fo

r undergroun duraniummine s an dlicense duraniu mmil

l tailing s d o no t

specif y emissio n limits , but

rathe r establis hwor

k practice s to limit th e emissio n o

f radon-22 2 fro

mthos e type s o f facilities

.P. 7



### 2252 8 Federa

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Rule s an dRegulation s

radionuclid e releas e tha t equal s o r exceed s a n R Q withi n 24 hour s mus t b e reporte dt o th e Nationa l Respons e Center

. Thi s issu e ma y als o b e relevan t t o a n NPR M o n federall y permitte d release s (5 3 FR27268 , Jul y 19,1988)

. Furthe r clarificatio n i s neede dfo r release s o f

naturall y occurrin g an d

. accelerator-produce dradioactiv e materia l (NARM ) an dth e definitio n o f federall y permitte drelease s unde r section s 101(10)(H ) an d101(10)(K)

. Onl y ai r release s o f

NAR M tha t

ar e i n complianc e wit hNESHAP s ar e considere dfederall y permitted

. Th e AE A give s DO Ebroa dauthorit y t o contro l it s radiation-relate dactivitie s an dt o protec t

publi c healt han dsafet y an dth e environment

. Thi s authorit y applie s t o activitie s involvin g NARM , a s wel l a s activitie s involvin g source , byproduct , an dspecia l nuclea r material

. However , becaus e sectio n 101(l0)(K ) refer s onl y t o release s o f source , byproduct , an dspecia l nuclea r material , th e onl y basi s fo r

exemptin g DOE' s NAR M release s fro mCERCLA' s reportin g an dliabilit y provision s i s sectio n 101(10)(H) , whic hi s limite donl y t o airborn e emission s i n complianc e wit hth e regulation s issue dpursuan t t o th e CAA

. Furthermore , althoug h Agreemen t

State s ma y regulat e NARM , thei r authorit y t o regulat e NAR M i s no t federall y derive d(unde r th e AEA , th e onl y authorit y tha t

ca n b e relinquishe d t o state s b y th e Nuclea r Regulator y Commissio n i s th e authorit y t o licens e source , byproduct , an dspecia l nuclea r material)

. A s aresult , th e onl y NAR M release s fro mAgreemen t Stat e licensee s tha t ar e considere dfederall y permitte d ar e thos e tha t

compl y wit hth e NESHAP s applicabl e t o tha t sourc e category

. EP A publishe da n NPR M o n federall y permitte drelease s (5 3 FR 27268 , Jul y 19,1988) ; thes e issues , an d an y comment s receive drelate dt o thes e issues , wil l b e addresse di n tha t rulemaking

. Althoug hth e preambl e t o th e propose drul e note dtha t EP A wa s plannin g t o clarif

y th e provision s o f CERCL A section s 101(10 ) i n aseparat e rulemaking , severa l commenter s sough t clarificatio n o r

reassuranc e concernin g th e applicabilit y t o som e radionuclid e release s o f

th e federall y permitte d releas e exemptions

. Tw o commenter s desire dreassuranc e tha t release s fro m commercia l nuclea r

reactor s an dpowe r plants , respectively , ar e federall y permitte drelease s an dthu s ar e exemp t fro mth e CERCL A notificatio n requirements

. EP A agree s tha t release s o f source , specia l nuclear , o r byproduc t materia l tha t

ar e i n complianc e wit h applicabl e federa l licenses , permits , regulations , o r order s issue dpursuan t t o th e AE A d o no t

nee dt o b e reporte dt o th e Nationa l Response s Center

. Additionally , release s tha t ar e no t i n compliance , an dthu s ar e no t federall y permitted , d o no t

nee dt o b e reporte d unles s the y excee dth e federall y permitte dleve l b y a n R Q o r more
. I n additio n t o th e statutor y

. exemption s fro mth e R Q notificatio n requirement s fo r

release s o f

hazardou s substances , sectio n 103(f)(2 ) o f CERCL A provide s areduce dreportin g requiremen t

fo r release s tha t

ar e "continuous " an d"stabl e i n quantit y an drate. " Suc hrelease s nee donl y b e reporte dannuall y an dwhe n ther e i s a statisticall y significan t

increas e i n th e quantit y o f

th e hazardou s substanc e released

. Release s o f

radionuclide s tha t ar e "continuous " an d"stabl e i n quantit y an drate " ma y qualif

y fo r thi s reduce d reportin g provision

. EP A ha s publishe d a n NPR M (5 3 F

R12868 , Apri l 19,1988 ) regardin g continuou s releases

. Tha t propose dregulation , rathe r tha n today' s rule , resolv e al l remainin g issue s pertainin g t o thi s provision

. On e commente r

state dtha t

th e definitio n o f

"release " di dno t

appea r t o encompas s alos t

seale dsource , eve n thoug hit s radioactivit y ma y b e hazardous

. Anothe r

commente r suggeste dtha t

radionuclide s i n certai n form s o r shippin g container s tha t ar e unlikel y t o resul t

i n release s shoul db e exempte dfro mth e R Q notificatio n requirements

. EP A wishe s t o clarif y tha t alos t seale dsourc e containin g radionuclide s i ha n amoun t equa l t o o r abov e a n R Q constitute s areleas e tha t mus t b e reporte dt o th e Nationa l Respons e Center

. Th e reportin g requirement s triggere db y th e releas e o f a n R Q ar e relevan t

if ahazardou s substanc e i s release dint o th e environment

. Under , th e CERCL A definition , radionuclide s ar e release d whe n the y ar e expose dt o th e environmen t

o r whe n the y ar e enclose d i n barrels , containers , o r othe r close d receptacle s tha t

ar e discarded , lost , o r

' abandoned

. Thus , i

f onl y th e container s ar e expose dt o th e environment , bu t no t th e radionuclide s tha t

the y contain , n o repor t unde r CERCL A i s necessary , unles s thos e container s hav e bee n lost , discarded , o r

abandoned

. Moreover , a s discusse dpreviousl y i n Sectio n II.A

. o f thi s preamble , th e radionuclid e RQ s ar e applicabl e t o al l chemica l an dphysica l form s i n whic hth e radionuclide s ma y exist

. Therefore , th e sam e R Q fb r a give n radionuclid e wil l appl y regardles s o f whethe r th e radionuclid e exist s i n a so-calle d"specia l form " (i.e. , th e radionuclid e i s asingl e soli dpiec e o r i s containe di n aseale dcapsul e wit ha t leas t on e dimensio n greate r tha n fiv e millimeters ) o r

a"norma l form " (i.e. , an y for mtha t ha s no t bee n demonstrate dt o qualif y a s aspecia l form)

. Finally , a s par t

o f th e propose drule , EP A sough t

comment s o n whethe r a concentratio n cutof

f (expresse di n curi a pe r gram) , belo w whic hth e RQ s fo r radionuclide s woul dno t apply , woul d b e appropriat e t o eliminat e unnecessar y an dexcessiv e reporting

. Suc hacutof f woul db e simila r

i n concep t

t o on e use d b y th e Departmen t

o f Transportation , whic hdefine s radioactiv e materia l a s materia l containin g greate r tha n 0.00 2 microcurie s pe r

gram
. Al l commenter s wh o addresse dthi s issu e (i.e. , slightl y ove r hal f o f al l commenters ) favore da concentratio n cutoff

. Th e commenter s state dtha t

suc hacutof

f woul d eliminat e th e nee dfo r

man y CERCL A report s involvin g release s tha t d o no t trul y pos e adange r

t o th e publi c o r

th e environment , particularl y release s o f rado n fro mnaturall y occurrin g material s i n larg e minin g operations , lan d holdings , irrigatio n systems , an dminera l stockpiles

. EP A considere dacutof f becaus e ther e ma y b e n o benefi t

i n requirin g report s o f release s o f

radioactiv e material s i n suc h lo w concentrations

. Afte r evaluatin g thi s issu e an dreviewin g th e public' s comments , however , EP A ha s decide d no t t o pursu e aconcentratio n cutof f throug hthi s rule

. Althoug hth e Agenc y realize s tha t

ther e i s som e concentratio n o f radionuclide s belo w whic hth e hazard s ar e s o lo w tha t agovernmen t respons e i s unnecessary , determinatio n o f tha t precis e leve l i s acomple x task

. EP A doe s no t

hav e asufficien t

basi s a t thi s tim e fo r

determinin g th e appropriat e concentratio n cutof

f leve l and , furthermore , doe s no t

believ e tha t

a n R Q adjustmen t

regulatio n i s a n appropriat e foru mi n whic ht o mak e suc hadetermination

. Th e Agenc y believe s tha t

arulemakin g designe dt o limi t publi c healt hrisk s cause db y radiatio n exposure , rathe r tha n releas e reportin g requirements , i s amor e appropriat e forum

. Th e Agenc y i s currentl y developin g tw o rule s relate dt o de fl.mm.is/exemption/below regulator y concer n level s an dresidua l radioactivit y criteri atha t ma y hav e a bearin g o n thi s issue

. I

f sufficien t informatio n i s provide di n th e futur e t o enabl e th e Agenc y t o mak e afindin g tha t acertai n radionuclid e concentratio n woul dpos e ahazar donl y rarel y an dunde r

circumstance s tha t woul dno t

likel y resul t

i n an y actio n bein g take n t o respon dt o th e hazard , the n th e Agenc y wil l conside r a concentratio n cutof

f a t tha t time

.P. 8



### C. Regulatory Reporting Exemptions In respons e t o numerou s comment s receive do n th e propose drule , th e Agenc y ha s decide dt o exemp t fro mth e CERCL A notificatio n requirement s fo r radionuclid e release s thre e releas e sources
. First , th e Agenc y i s exemptin g release s o f naturall y occurrin g radionuclide s from^arge , generall y undisturbe dlan dholdings , suc ha s gol f course s an dparks , alon g wit hthos e activitie s tha t

involv e th e disturbanc e o f larg e area s o

f land , suc ha s farmin g o r buildin g construction

. Second , th e Agenc y i s exemptin g th e dumpin g of coa l an dcoal ash , a s wel l a s radionuclid e release s t o al l medi afro m coa l an dcoa l as hpiles , a t utility an d industria l facilitie s withcoal-fire d boilers

. In grantin g thes e exemptions , th e Agenc y considere dth e risk s pose db y th e source s an dactivity withi n th e contex t o f th e purpose s o

f th e CERCL

A sectio n 103 reportin g requirements

. Thi s purpose , a s th e Agenc y ha s previousl y state do n numerou s occasions , i s t o requir e "notificatio n o

f release s s o tha t th e appropriat e federal personne l ca n evaluat e th e nee dfo

r afederal respons e actio n an dundertak e an y necessar y respons e (removal or

remedia l action ) i n atimel y fashion. " (5 0 F

R13456,13457 , Apri l 4,1985)

. Thu s i

f th e Agenc y determine s tha t

th e federal governmen t woul dnever , or

woul donly rarely , tak e arespons e actio n a s aconsequenc e o f th e harmpose db y th e releas e o r becaus e o f th e infeasibility o

f afederal response , abasi s fo

r a n exemptio n fro

m th e sectio n 103 reportin g requirement s -ma y exist

. Wit hrespec t to larg e undisturbe dlan d holdings , a s wel l a s th e disturbanc e o f larg e area s o

f land , some commenter s note dtha t thes e site s an dthi s activity woul dresul t

in th e releas e o

f a n RQ o r more o f some naturall y occurrin g radionuclide s (rado n in particular)

. Th e Agenc y conclude dtha t

release s fro

m suc hlan dholding s an dlan ddisturbanc e activitie s rarel y woul dpos e ahazar dt o publi c healthor

welfare o r

th e environmen t

becaus e release s woul db e disperse dwidel y i n th e environmen t a t level s no t muc h(i f a t all ) abov e natura l background

. Furthermore , th e Agenc y doe s no t believ e tha t

an y actio n realisticall y coul db e take n t o respon d t o suc hreleases

. Thu s report s o f radionuclid e release s fro

mgenerall y undisturbe dlan dholding s an dlan d disturbanc e activities coul ddivert Nationa l Respons e Cente r resource s unnecessarily , preventin g timely response s t o thos e release s tha t trul y warran t aresponse
. Release s o

f radionuclide s fro

mlan dholding s an d activities involvin g th e disturbanc e o f lan dfo r purpose s othe r

tha n mining , therefore , ar e exempte dfro mcomplyin g wit hth e RQ notificatio n requirements

. Facility owner s an doperator s stil l ar e subjec t to al l othe r

provision s unde r CERCLA, includin g al l liability provisions

. Th e Agenc y i s als o exemptin g radionuclid e release s resultin g fro mth e dumpin g o

f coal an dcoal ash , an d radionuclid e release s to al l medi afro m coa l an dcoal as hpiles , a t utility an d industria l facilitie s wit

hcoal-fire d boilers

. Lik

e th e exemptio n fo

r larg e undisturbe dlan dholding s an dlan d disturbin g activities , thi s exemptio n i s base dbothupo n th e risk s pose db y suc h release s an dth e appropriatenes s o f a federal respons e t o suc hrelease s unde r CERCLA

. Base dupo n informatio n supplie db y commenter s an dupo n othe r readil y availabl e information , th e EP A Office o

f Radiatio n Program s (ORP ) performe da ris k assessmen t

o f utility an dindustria l facilitie s withcoal-fire dboiler s t o determin e i

f atechnica l basi s exist s t o exemp t thes e facilitie s fro

mreportin g unde r CERCL A fo r radionuclid e release s fro mcoal an dcoal as hpiles

. Th e OR P ris k assessmen t

use dreasonabl y conservativ e model s t o estimat e th e radiatio n dose s an dresultin g health risk s to resident s an dworker s livin g or workin g near

o r o n coal an dcoal as h piles

. I n particular , fo

r nearb y residents , OR Pestimate ddose s an drisk s vi ath e followin g potentia l exposur e pathways : (1 ) Direc t radiation ; (2

) variou s pathway s o

f exposur e t o particulate s release dt o th e air , includin g inhalation , immersio n in a n airborn e plume , direc t radiatio n fro

mparticulate s deposite do n th e ground , an dingestio n o f crop s contaminate db y airborn e deposition ; (3 ) inhalatio n o

f radon ; (4) ingestio n o

f contaminate dgroun dwater , a s wel l a s ingestio n o

f crop s an dlivestoc k assume dt o b e contaminate db y th e groun dwater ; an d(5 ) ingestio n o f contaminate dsurfac e water , a s wel l a s ingestio n o

f crop s an dlivestoc k assume dto b e contaminate db y th e surfac e water

. Th e critica l exposur e pathwa y fo

r nearb y resident s (i.e. , th e on e yieldin g th e highes t

dos e an dris k estimates ) wa s foundt o b e th e inhalatio n o

f rado n fro mth e coal an d coal as hpiles

. For workers, OR

Pestimate dradiatio n dose s an dresultin g healthrisk s vi afou r potentia l exposur e pathways : (1 ) Direc t radiatio n whe n standin g nex t t o (i.e. , 1 0 meter s from

) acoal o r

as hpile ; (2

) direc t radiatio n whe n standin g o n acoa l or as hpile ; (3 ) variou s pathway s o f exposur e t o airborne particulates

. includin g inhalation , immersio n in an airborne plume , an ddirec t radiatio n fro mparticulate s deposite do n th e ground ; an d(4

) inhalatio n o

f radon

. Th e critica l exposur e pathwa y fo r worker s wa s foundt o b e direc t

radiation , especiall y whe n standin g o n acoa l or coal as hpile

. (Se e Technica l Backgroun dSupplemen t

in Suppor

t o f Rulemakin g Adjustment

Activitie s fo

r Reportabl e Quantitie s o

f Radionuclides , availabl e in th e Superfun dDocket , fo r more detai l o n th e modelin g assumption s use din thi s analysis. ) Accordin g t o th e analysi s complete d b y ORP , th e estimate dhealthrisk s pose db y th e radiatio n release s fro m coa l an dcoa l as hpile s ar e withi n th e rang e generall y acceptabl e unde r th e Superfun dprogram
. Th e estimate d healthris k

pose dt o nearb y resident s an dt o worker s ar e al l withi n th e genera l rang e o f 10 - 4 

### t o IO - 7 

### individua l lifetime exces s cance r

risk

. I n addition , th e Agenc y believe s tha t th e submissio n o

f individua l report s fro meac hindustria l an dutility facilit y withcoal an dcoa l as hpile s may no t b e consisten t wit hth e purpose s o

f th e sectio n 103 reportin g requirement

. In th e cas e o f radiatio n release s fro

mcoal an d coa l as hpiles , th e amoun t an drat e o

f radiatio n release di s extremel y similar acros s al l industria l an dutility facilitie s withcoal-fire dboilers

. For example , al l coa l an dcoal as hpile s wil l contai n th e sam e radionuclide s in lo w concentrations

. Th e radiatio n emitte d fro mthes e piles , therefore , wil l alway s b e emitte dcontinuousl y a t lo w level s • sprea dover

larg e areas—i t

neve r wil l b e emitte da t ahighrat e or

in a n unusuall y larg e amoun t

a s th e resul t

o f asudden , episodi c release

. EP

A i s alread y awar e o f th e amoun t

an dconcentratio n o

f thes e radiatio n releases

. Becaus e o f thes e tw o factors , submissio n o f individua l notification s o

f thes e release s i s no t necessar y fo

r th e governmen t

t o asses s whethe r

arespons e actio n i s neede dunde r

CERCLA

. Perhap s more importantly , however , a respons e actio n (i.e. , remova l o r remedia l action ) unde r

CERCL A doe s no t appea r t o b e th e mos t

appropriat e federal regulatory respons e t o radiatio n release s tha t

ar e (1 ) simila

r in amoun t an dconcentratio n acros s a n entir e secto r o f industry ; (2

) pos e acceptabl e exposur e risks ; an d(3 ) dispers e quickl y in th e environmen t

suc htha t arespons e i s no t necessar y to cleanu p th e accumulatio n o

f wha t ha s alread y bee n released

. Wherea s CERCL A i s designe d t o enabl e th e governmen t t o respon do n acase-by-cas e basi s wher e eac hsit e o r releas e pose s different

hazard s an d require s adifferent

typ e o f respons e

### 2253 0 Federa l Registe r/ Vol

. 54 , No

. 9 9 /

Wednesday , Ma y 24 , 198 9 / Rule s an d Regulation s P. 9



### othe r federal regulatory program s an d mechanism s ar e more appropriatel y designe dt

o addres s th e hazard s o

f release s tha t

uniformly occu r

acros s a n entir e industry

. I

n summary , becaus e th e healthrisk s fro

mradiatio n release s fro

m coal an dcoa l as hpile s fro mindustria l an dutilit y facilitie s wit

hcoal-fire d boiler s ar e generall y acceptabl e an d becaus e i t

i s extremel y unlikel y that th e Agenc y woul dtak e arespons e actio n t o suc hreleases , th e Agenc y i s exemptin g thes e release s fro

mth e CERCL

A Sectio n 103 reportin g requirements

. D. Duplicate Reporting/Regulatory Consistency Severa l federa l agencies , includin g th e Nuclea r Regulatory Commissio n an dth e Department s o

f Transportatio n an d, : 

### Energy , hav e existin g requirement s to report radionuclid e release s unde r certai n conditions

. EP

A als o ma y requir e reportin g unde r

th e Toxic , Substance s Contro l Act

. ..,. . , Nearl y hal f

o f al l commenter s stated , tha t th e CERCL

A notificatio n requirement s fo

r radionuclid e release s wer e .a n unnecessar y duplicatio n o r contradictio n p

f existin g reportin g requirements

. EP

A point s out , however , tha t th e statutor y languag e o

f CERCLA

. (sectio n 103(a) ) require s tha t afacility' s owne r or operato r immediatel y report

to th e Nationa l Respons e Cente r release s fro mth e facilit

y tha t equal or excee da n RQ

. On e exemptio n t o thi s reportin g requirement , however , i s fo r release s tha t constitut e anuclear

inciden t a s define db y sectio n .17

0 o f th e J^tbrhic. , Energ y Ac t

(se e CERCLA'sectio n 101(22))

. For

th e ihbs t hazardou s releases , therefore , notificatio n o f th e Nationa l Response.Centierisno t '

. required

. Th e statut e provide s n o othe r exceptions ' fo

r situation s i n whic hothe r governmen t

agencie s als o mus t

b e informe do

f radionuclid e release s pursuan t t o th e directive s o

f othe r statute s or

regulations. 7 

### CERCL

A notificatio n requirements , however , ar e no t intende dto superced e or supplan t notificatio n t o stat e an dloca l authoritie s in th e even t

o f arelease

. Thes e notification s ma

y occur a s the y hav e i n th e past ; th e requiremen t

to report immediatel y to th e Nationa l Respons e Cente r ma y b e interprete do n acase-by

cas e basis , dependin g o n th e exigencie s o f th e situation

.

1 Whil e th e authority to.respon dt o radiological release s outsid e abuildin g withi n afedera l facilit y ha s bee n delegate dby Executiv e Orde r No

. 12580, section s 2 (d) an d(e)(1) , to th e federa l agenc y wit

h custody o f o r jurisdictio n or

contro l ove

r tha t facility , suchrelease s stil l mus t b e reporte dto th e National Respons e Cente r i f th e releas e i s on e RQ

- pr mor e greatertha n th e permitte drelease. • •••• 

### Whil e EP A understand s tha t

Som e additiona l burde n woul db e impose d upo n facilit

y owner s an doperator s wh o woul dnee dt o file report s withmore tha n on e governmen t

agency , on e purpos e o f alertin g th e Nationa l Respons e Cente r

i s to ensur e a coordinate dfederal , state , an dloca l respons e t o th e release , i

f arespons e i s needed

. Additionally , a s note di n th e Economi c Impac t

Analysi s accompanyin g thi s rule , EP A expect s tha t only abou t

5 9 additiona l notification s o

f episodi c release s annuall y wil l resul t

fro mth e RQ adjustments

. Thus , th e incidenc e o f duplicativ e reportin g du e t o thi s rul e i s relativel y small

. Tw o commenter s als o questione dho w th e CERCL

A reportin g requiremen t coul db e reconcile dwithth e reportin g provision s o

f th e Federa l Radiological ' Emergenc y Respons e Plan (FRERP)

. Th e Agenc y note s tha t

th e FRER

Pitself / state s tha t

i t i s aframewor

k fo r coordinatin g federa l action s withi n • statutory o r

othe r authorities , rathe r tha n creatin g an y new : authoritie s itself

. On e suc hcontrollin g statutory.-authorit y i s GERCLA, withit s requiremen t fo r th e reportin g o

f release s t o th e Nationa l Respons e Center.

- Furthermore * th e FRER Pexpressl y allow s facilit

y owner s or operator s t o contac t

directl y an appropriat e federa l agenc y fo r assistance , whic hi n thi s cas e i s th e Nationa l Respons e Center

. Therefore , thi s rul e ha s n o bearin g o n th e FRERP

. Th e framewor

k fo r coordinatin g federal action s establishe db y th e FRER P remain s completel y i n place ; th e report s require db y thi s rul e simply wil l provid e adde dinformation

. III. Discussio n p

f NPR M Methodolog

y A. General. Althoughradionuclide s ar e potentia l carcinogens , ther e ar e severa l reason s wh y EP A coul dno t

adjus t th e radionuclid e RQ s usin g th e existin g methodolog y fo

r adjustin g RQ s o

f potential chemical carcinogen s (se e 5 2 F R8140 , Marc h16,198 7 fo

r adetaile d descriptio n o

f th e potentia l carcinoge n RQ adjustmen t

methodology)

. First , direc t applicatio n o

f th e potentia l carcinoge n RQ adjustmen t methodolog y woul dresul t

i n adjuste dRQ s fo

r radionuclide s o

f eithe r on e or te n pounds

. Eac hradionuclid e ha s a different "specifi c activity " (i.e. , a certai n numbe r

o f curie s pe r

gra mo f th e element ) an don e or

te n pound s equate s to adifferent

numbe r o f curie s o f eac h nuclide ; Neithe r

on e no r te n pound s i s appropriat e fo

r radionuclid e RQ s becaus e theyequat e t o alarg e numbe r o f curie s fo r mos t isotope s and , •'•'

- therefore , coul dpresen t an undu e " hazar di f released

. I

n fact , a s littl e a s one-billiont

ho f apoun do

f certai n radionuclide s coul dpos e athrea t t o publi c healthor

welfare or

th e environment

. Second , th e RQ s tha t woul db e calculate dfo

r radionuclide s usin g th e potentia l carcinoge n RQ adjustmen t

methodolog y (on e o r

te n pounds ) woul ddiffe

r b y onl y on e orde r o f magnitude

. EP

A believe s tha t

thi s variatio n woul dno t

b e appropriat e fo

r radionuclides , whic hpresen t level s o f hazar dtha t

diffe r b y man y order s o

f magnitude

. Finally , establishin g RQ s i n mas s unit s suc ha s pound s i s entirel y inappropriat e becaus e mos t radiatio n measurement s an dstandard s i n th e U.S

. ar e establishe di n term s o f curie s or dose-equivalen t

limit s (in unit s o

f rem)

. Th e approac htha t

EP A selecte dan d presente di n th e Marc h16,198 7 NPR M began withadecisio n t o establis han RQ i n term s o

f activity (measure din unit s o f curies ) for

individua l radionuclides

. T o develo p individua l RQ s i n unit s o

f curies , th e Agenc y relie d heavil y o n th e healthdat aan dhuman...

. intak e limit s publishe db y th e
. * Internationa l Commissio n o n Radiological Protectio n (ICRP) , particularl y a s reflecte di n it s Publicatio n 3 0 (Pergamo n 1982)

. Dat a wer e availabl e fo

r 757 radionuclides , an ds o analysi s o

f individua l radionuclide s wa s limite dt o thi s universe

. Althoug hthi s lis t i s no t comprehensiv e (ther e ar e more tha n 1,50 0 know n radionuclides),. ^ doe s
. . represen t al l radionuclide s for

whic h dat aneede db y EP

A t o develo p <•-.•• individual.radionuclid e RQ s ar e .-available

. Furthermore , th e remainin g radionuclide s ar e generall y rar e an d short-lived , an dmos t

ar e o f littl e practica l significance

. Thus , EP A today i s establishin g individua l RQ s fo r 757 radionuclides

. Becaus e o

f th e inadequac y o

f availabl e dat afo

r al l othe r radionuclides , the y ar e treate da s ageneri c clas s wit

hasingl e RQ fo

r th e entir e class

. Th e individua l RQ s wer e calculate d usin g th e Annua l Limit s o f Intak e (ALIs ) develope db y th e ICRP

. Th e ALIs :
ar e th e annua l intake s o f give n radionuclide s b y 'Referenc e Man ' whic hwoul dresul t i n eithe r (1 ) acommitte deffectiv e doBe

equivalen t

* o f 5 re mt c th e whol e bod y

8 A n effective dose-equivalent i s aweighte d averag e o f committe ddose-equivalent s fo r specifi c organs , wit

hth e weight s determine dfro mrisk factor s -associate dwit

hth e respectiv e organs
. I

t provide s ameasure o

f th e overal l (i.e.

. total body ]

. carcinogeni c an dgeneti c risk resultin g fro

ma radionuclid e exposure
. Th e ter m"committe ddose

equivalent " mean s thai thi s i s th e dos e that will*P.1 0



### Federa l Registe r/

Vol

. 54 , No

. 9 9 /

Wednesday , Ma y 24 , 198 9 / Rule s an dRegulation s 2253 1 (stochastic AU) , o

r (2 ) acommitte

ddose

equivalen t o f 5 0 re mt o an y orga n o r tissue (non-stochastic AU). 9 

### ICR Pha s presente dALI s fo

r bothora l ingestio n an dinhalation

. Th e ALIs , whic har e in unit s o

f becquerels , ar e considere dt o produc e harmcomparabl e t o that o f receivin g aunifor

mwhol e body dose-equivalen t

o f five rem
. It

i s importan t t o not e tha t

ALI s represen t quantitie s o

f radionuclide s take n int o th e body , no t

quantitie s release dt o th e environment

. Thes e curi e level s wer e adjuste db y EP

A t o reflec t

(1 ) th e differenc e betwee n intak e level s an d- releas e levels , an d(2

) alowe r whol e bod y dose-equivalen t

o f 50 0 millirem (0. 5 rem) , amore protectiv e limitation

. Fo r purpose s o

f thi s rulemaking , th e Agenc y use dconservativ e assumption s regardin g different

release s t o ai r

an d water , an danalyze dexposur e throug h inhalation , ingestion , an ddirec t exposure
. Th e Agenc y the n estimate d th e smalles t

numbe r o f curie s o f a radionuclide-that , i

f release dint o th e environmen t

over a24-hou r period , coul dresul t

in aperso n locate d3 0 meter s fro mth e releas e poin t

receivin g a n effectiv e dose-equivalen t o f 50 0 millirem

. Onl y tw o commenter s expresse da preferenc e fo

r a n alternativ e approac h fo r adjustin g th e radionuclid e RQs ; Bot h indicate dtha t

establishin g adose

equivalen t

leve l a s th e radionuclid e R Q woul db e desirabl e unde r certai n circumstances. On e commenter explaine dtha t

nuclear powe r plant s coul dus e site-specifi c dat at o calculat e potential exposure s fo

r arelease , thereb y enablin g appropriat e adjustment s in RQ s fo

r site-specifi c application

. EP

A believes , however , tha t fe w othe r individual s an dorganization s that handl e radionuclide s hav e thi s capability

. Additionally , th e Agenc y believe s tha t

i t i s th e government' s prope r role , an dno t

tha t o f aprivat e party , to evaluat e th e releas e t o determin e whethe r

governmen t interventio n i s required

. Th e Agenc y als o believe s tha t

developmen t

o f a specia l rul e t o cover

release s fro

m nuclear powe r plant s woul dserv e n o useful purpos e an dwoul db e more
. confusing an ddifficul

t t o implement

. Thi s i s particularl y tru e becaus e mos t release s fro

mnuclear powe r plant s woul db e exempte dfro

mth e CERCL

A notificatio n requirement s becaus e thes e release s ar e federall y permitte dunde r

accru e from on e yea ro f intak e o f

radionuclide s durin g th e remainin g lifetim e (6 0 years ) o f th e individual
. 8 Th e tota l dose-equivalen taverage d throughou ta singl e orga n o rtissu e (rathe rtha n th e whol e body ) i n th e 5 0 year s afte rIntak e o f aradionuclid e int o th e body . 

### CERCL A sectio n 101(10)(K

) o r ar e exclude dfro

mth e definitio n o

f CERCL A release s unde r

sectio n 101(22)(C)

. Th e othe r commenter

note dtha t radionuclid e transpor t

in some media , suc ha s groun dwater , i s s o slo w tha t ther e woul db e time fo

r facilit y owner s o r operator s t o estimat e th e dose

equivalen t

release dbefore publi c exposur e occurred

. Th e Agenc y notes , though , tha t

i t i s th e intentio n o

f CERCL A tha t th e governmen t

b e informe dimmediatel y o

f release s tha t may pos e ahazar dt o publi c healthor welfare or

th e environment

. Further , th e Agenc y ha s determine dtha t i t woul db e impractica l fro

ma n implementatio n standpoin t

t o provid e different

RQ s fo r release s t o different

media , and , i n som e medi a(e.g. , air] , transpor t o f th e releas e t o apoin t o f exposur e coul doccu r quickly , allowin g minimal time fo r a n evaluation

. Th e Agenc y i s convince d tha t activity-leve l RQ s wil l resul t i n th e mos t timel y reporting

. Tw o commenter s argue dtha t on e o f EPA' s objection s t o adose-equivalen t RQ , th e degre e o

f variabilit y i n estimatin g whol e bod y dose-equivalents , als o wa s applicabl e t o EPA' s selecte d approach

. EP

A disagrees , however , becaus e th e curi e i s aclearl y define d numbe r fo r an y give n radionuclide ; Unlike adose-equivalen t

RQ , wher e determinatio n o

f whethe r a n RQ has': , - bee n release dwoul db e base da t leas t partiall y o n th e exposur e scenari o associate dwithth e release , areleas e i n curie s coul db e measure do r estimate d irrespectiv e o

f th e exposur e conditions

. B y establishin g th e adjuste dRQ s i n unit s o f curies , th e Agenc y ha s mad e assumption s abou t

th e circumstance s surroundin g arelease , an dthereb y ha s reduce dth e numbe r

o f assumption s tha t woul db e require dt o b e mad e b y releaser s t o determin e if

th e releas e equals o r exceed s a n RQ

. EP

A believe s tha t it wil l b e assure do

f more timel y reportin g i

f th e metho dfo

r determinin g whethe r a n RQ ha s bee n release di s unambiguou s an dno t

ope n t o judgment ; measurin g o r

estimatin g th e numbe r

of curie s release di s generall y simpler an d les s ope n t o judgment

tha n estimatin g a resultin g dose-equivalent

. Th e Agenc y believe s tha t

b y makin g conservativ e assumption s abou t

releas e circumstance s t o deriv e activity leve l RQs , th e Agenc y wil l b e assure dtha t th e appropriat e governmen t

authoritie s wil l hav e a n opportunity t o evaluat e th e nee dfo r aresponse
. I n developin g th e propose dRQs , th e Agenc y di dno t

accoun t fo r radioactiv e deca y explicitl y i n it s models

. Afte r considerin g thi s issu e further an dafter reviewin g th e public' s comments , radioactiv e deca y ha s bee n incorporate dint o som e of th e model s use dt o determin e th e fina l RQ adjustments

. For

th e inhalatio n pathwa y mode l an dth e mode l use dt o evaluat e direc t exposur e du e t o submersio n in a n airborne cloud , th e Agenc y ha s decide d t o continu e t o ignore th e effect s o f radioactiv e decay

. Bot

ho f thes e pathwa y model s conside r exposure s t o a n airborne plume o

f radionuclides ; however , th e perio do

f releas e an d exposure , an dthus th e exten t o f radioactiv e deca y over

thes e periods , canno t b e defined

. Fo r

example , ashort

live dradionuclid e coul dunderg o significant deca y i f th e releas e an d exposur e period s wer e on e day , bu t deca y woul db e muc hles s if atim e perio do f on e hou r wa s considered

. Becaus e th e model s d o no t stipulat e th e releas e period s (excep t

t o assum e tha t the y d o no t

excee d2 4 hours) , th e Agenc y assume dconservativel y tha t n o deca y occur s ove r

thes e periods

. EP

A als o ignore ddeca y ove r

th e perio do

f j radionuclid e transpor t

t o th e poin t

o f - | inhalatio n o r

submersio n i n acloud

. 1 Thi s approac hwa s adopte dbecaus e j transpor t t o alocatio n 3 0 meter s fro m th e poin t o f releas e may occur

in a matte r o f seconds , an ddeca y woul db e negligibl e fo

r alarg e majorit

y o f radionuclides

. In th e mode l use dt o evaluat e exposur e b y th e ingestio n o f groun d water , th e releas e conservativel y i s assume dt o b e instantaneou s t o th e saturate dzone , an di t

i s assume dtha t n o deca y occur s ove r

th e perio do

f th e release

. Decay ove r

th e perio do

f transpor t an dperio do

f ingestion , however , ha s bee n incorporate dint o th e model

. Fo r

th e perio do

f transport , th e time tha t i t woul dtak e fo

r arelease d radionuclid e t o trave l t o adrinkin g wate r wel l i s firs t

determine dassumin g conservativ e transpor t

characteristic s tha t tak e int o accoun t

ground-wate r flow an dsorptio n in a n aquifer

. In orde r t o conside r

deca y ove r

th e perio do

f ingestion , i t

i s recognize dtha t

a n individua l woul dinges t

progressivel y smalle r quantitie s o

f radionuclide s a s th e radionuclide s deca y ove r th e perio d o f ingestion

. For

adetaile dexplanatio n o f th e mathematica l calculation s use dt o incorporat e radioactiv e deca y int o th e ground-wate r

ingestio n model , see th e j Technica l Backgroun dDocument t o i Support th e Final Rulemakin g Pursuan t t o Sectio n 10

2 o f CERCLA : i Radionuclide s (Technical Backgroun d' Document) , Chapte r

4 an dAppendi x B o f tha t report , availabl e in th e Superfun d Docket

. I n th e NPRM , ingestio n o

f vegetable s contaminate db y th e airborn e depositio nP.1 1



### 2253 2 Federa l Registe r / Vol

. 54 , No

. 9 9 /

Wednesday , Ma

y 24 , 1989 /

Rule s an dRegulation s

o f radionuclide s wa s considere da s anothe r exposur e pathway , bu t

i t wa s determine dtha t

i t wa s no t acritica l pathway , largel y becaus e radioactiv e deca y wa s ignored

. Wit

hth e incorporatio n o

f radioactiv e deca y int o th e exposur e models , th e result s o f th e vegetabl e ingestio n pathwa y mode l serv e a s th e basi s fo

r th e RQ s fo

r some radionuclides

. In th e mode l use dt o evaluat e th e ingestio n o

f vegetable s contaminate db y airborne deposition , i t i s no t possibl e to defin e th e perio do f releas e an ddeposition

. Followin g th e sam e approac huse din th e inhalatio n an dclou dsubmersio n models , therefore , deca y durin g releas e an ddepositio n i s ignored

. Similarly , deca y durin g airborn e transpor t

t o vegetatio n locate d 3 0 meter s fromth e poin t

o f releas e i s no t considere dbecaus e th e transpor t occur s over a30-secon dperio di n th e mode l an ddecay ove r

thi s perio dwoul dno t

b e significant fo r th e larg e majorit

y o f radionuclides

. Onc e th e initia l quantity o f radionuclide s i s deposite dupo n th e .vegetation , however , asignificant amoun t o f deca y may occur

before th e radionuclide s actuall y ar e consumed

. Deca y over th e perio do

f ingestion , therefore , i s take n int o accoun t in th e vegetabl e ingestio n model

. Finally , fo r direc t exposur e t o apoin t sourc e o f radionuclide , th e Agenc y ha s decide dto ignore deca y durin g th e perio do f releas e an dtransport

an dt o assum e instea dtha t

th e releas e occur s instantaneousl y an dtha t

aperso n i s expose dt o radiatio n immediatel y after th e radionuclid e i s released

. Radioactiv e deca y during.th e perio do f exposure , however , i s full

y accounte dfo

r in th e model

. Se e Chapte r

4 an dAppendi x D o

f th e Technica l Backgroun dDocument fo r adetaile ddiscussio n on th e method s fo r incorporatin g radioactiv e decay int o th e direc t exposur e pathwa y model

. I n summary , th e methodolog y t o adjus t th e final radionuclid e RQ s use s five separat e equation s t o deriv e releas e values , in curies , tha t

coul dresul t

in an individua l 3 0 meter s fro

mth e releas e poin t receivin g an effectiv e dose

equivalen t

o f 50 0 millirem

. Th e five equation s represen t

th e followin g route s o f exposure : inhalation , ground-wate r ingestion , vegetabl e ingestion , direc t exposur e t o apoin t

source , an ddirec t exposur e b y submersio n in aclou do f radioactiv e nobl e gas
. A sixt hpathwa y equation , whic hi s describe dlate r i n thi s preamble , i s fo

r th e ingestio n o

f surfac e water

. AlthoughEP

A calculate dreleas e value s fo r thi s exposur e pathway , the y wer e neve r

lowe r tha n thos e calculate d fo r th e othe r pathway s and , thus , neve r serve da s th e basi s fo

r RQs

. Slightly ove r hal f o f al l commenter s raise dconcern s abou t

th e appropriatenes s o

f certai n genera l assumption s use din th e models

. Four commenter s argue dtha t

th e 50 0 millirem whol e bod y dose-equivalen t wa s to o conservative

. EP

A disagrees , an dpoint s out tha t Federa l Radiatio n Protectio n Guidanc e recommend s 50 0 millire ma s a n uppe r boun do n exposur e t o individua l member s o

f th e genera l public

. RQ s d o no t

hav e t o b e se t

a t suc hlevel s tha t

report s woul db e receive donl y whe n ther e i s a substantia l dange r

t o th e publi c health or welfare or

th e environment

. RQ s ar e simply reportin g trigger s tha t allo w governmen t

authoritie s t o evaluat e a releas e t o determin e if

, base do n th e circumstance s o

f th e release , ther e i s a nee dfo r federal , state , o r

loca l action

. I n addition , alternativ e an deve n more conservativ e dose-equivalent s o f 25 an d 10 0 millirempe r

year wer e note di n th e NPR M a s bein g considere db y EP A fo r calculatin g radionuclid e RQs

. However , after further examinatio n an dafter reviewin g th e public' s comments , EP A ha s conclude dthat , fo

r th e time being , th e 50 0 milliremassumptio n i s sufficiently protectiv e o

f th e genera l publi c an dth e environment

. Furthermore , EP

A emphasize s that , du e to th e conservatis mo

f th e exposur e pathwa y model s note dabove , it i s likel y tha t th e releas e o

f a n RQ wil l resul t

in dose s tha t

ar e les s tha n 50

0 millirem

. However , i

f th e Federa l Radiatio n Protectio n Guidanc e recommendatio n fo r exposur e limit s fo

r th e genera l publi c change s fro

m50 0 millire mt o 10

0 millirem , o r

an y othe r

level , th e Agenc y wil l conside r

adjustin g th e radionuclid e RQ s accordingl y in afuture technica l update

. Anothe r commente r

state dtha t

ALI s wer e develope dto protec t worker s fro

m radiological hazards , an dtha t RQ s shoul db e protectiv e o

f criticall y expose dindividuals , suc ha s children , rathe r tha n workers

. Th e Agenc y agree s that RQ s ar e reportin g trigger s to protec t th e publi c healthan dwelfare an dth e environmen t

fro mth e hazard s associate dwit

hrelease s o

f hazardou s substances

. Th e ALI s use din th e exposur e models , therefore , ar e divide d b y afacto r

o f 1 0 t o reflec t

awhol e body dose-equivalen t

o f 50 0 millirem(0. 5 rem) , a s oppose dt o th e occupationa l exposur e limit

o f 5 rem
. Th e Agenc y doe s no t agree , however , tha t

th e mos t critical member

o f th e genera l publi c shoul db e use din determinin g RQs

. EP A believe s tha t

th e fina l RQ s adjuste d today ar e lo w enoug ht o assur e timely reportin g fo

r mos t releas e situations , bu t no t s o lo w a s t o resul t

in numerou s releas e report s to whic hth e governmen t

woul db e unlikel y t o respond

. I f th e Agenc y determines , however , tha t RQ s fo r particular

radionuclide s ar e inappropriate , thos e RQ s wil l b e adjuste din afutur

e technica l update

. Si x commenter s argue dtha t th e selectio n o

f a n exposur e poin t

3 0 meter s fromth e releas e wa s to o conservative

. Th e Agency , however , doe s no t agree
. Th e Agenc y develope dreleas e scenario s tha t i t believe s ar e conservativ e bu t reasonabl e representation s o f potentia l releas e events

. Becaus e th e model s deriv e RQ s applicabl e t o release s fro ma wid e variety o

f facilities , i t

i s likel y that th e model s d o no t

represen t accuratel y al l potentia l releas e events

. However , du e t o th e administrativ e complexity involve din developin g different RQ s fo r different type s o f facilities , th e Agenc y relie s firs t o n conservativ e model s an d the n o n th e appropriat e governmen t officia l t o evaluat e th e risk s an dth e nee dfo r arespons e onc e notificatio n occurs
. Althoug h3 0 meter s wa s selecte da s th e assume ddistanc e betwee n th e poin t o f releas e an dth e poin t

o f exposure , a longer or shorte r distance , i n reality , coul db e relevant

. Mos t

nuclear powe r plant s hav e restricte darea s aroun da facilit y muc hgreate r

tha n 3 0 meters ; man y facilities , suc ha s hospitals , hav e n o restricte dare aan d3 0 meter s arguabl y coul db e to o far

. Th e Departmen t

o f Transportation' s (DOT) Emergenc y Respons e Guideboo k recommend s arang e o

f isolatio n distance s fo

r release s o

f hazardou s chemical s (no t

radionuclides) , an d3 0 meter s i s withi n th e rang e o f recommende ddistances

. For smal l leak s o f hazardou s chemicals , th e DOT

recommende dinitia l isolatio n distance s rang e from 9 meter s to 180 meters , an d fo r larg e spill s th e recommende dinitial isolatio n distance s rang e from2 0 meter s to 380 meters

. Approximatel y 4 4 percen t o f th e initial isolatio n distance s recommende dfo

r release s o

f hazardou s chemical s i s in th e zero t o 30-meter range
. Th e 30-mete

r distanc e assume din th e exposur e models , therefore , doe s no t conflic t \vit hth e DOT Guideboo k

an di s no t unrealistic

. Tw o commenter s claime dtha t th e 24

- hour perio do f exposur e fo

r some model s i s to o conservativ e an dtha t release s ar e unlikel y to las t tha t long

. •EP A agree s tha t

it may b e unlikel y fo

r exposur e t o las t

2 4 hour s fo r som e pathways ; however , n o shorte r perio d coul db e determine dtha t

wa s show n t o b e sufficiently protective

. Th e releas e scenario s wer e develope dto ensur e that timely reportin g occurs ; withou t suc h reports , areleas e may continu eP.1 2

Federa l Registe r/

Vol . 54 , No

. 9 9 /

Wednesday , Ma y 24 , 198 9 / Rule s an dRegulation s m-W.mKm-U

"^l-^ r yr* , M ° B a f M *^"' m » * , , « " l ! " l l I I i I M liiMr*^* 1 *''*^*'^'*-^-''^-"'''-'' TM 

### 2253 3

unabate dfo r

a t leas t 24 hours , an da prope r respons e ma y no t

occur
. EP A point s ou t

tha t al l release s mus t

b e measure dove r

a24-hou r

perio dt o determin e if

th e R Q ha s bee n exceeded

. Release s ca n occu r

ove r ashorte r

perio d o f time ; howev-er , a s soo n a s a n R Q i s release d(withi n a24-hou r period) , th e releas e need s t o b e reporte dt o th e Nationa l Respons e Center

. B. Inhalation Pathway Th e inhalatio n equatio n derive s a releas e valu e fo r

eac hradionuclide

. Inhalatio n releas e value s ar e i n unit s o f curie s an drepresen t

th e activit y leve l o f eac hradionuclid e that , i f release dunde r th e assume dse t

of modelin g conditions , coul dresul t

i n a n expose dindividua l receivin g awhol e bod y dose-equivalen t o f 50 0 millire m(0. 5 rem)

. Critica l assumption s tha t

ar e buil t int o th e equatio n ar e tha t

th e releas e occur s fromapoin t

sourc e a t

groun dleve l an d tha t th e hypotheticall y expose d individua l i s 3 0 meter s downwin dfrom th e poin t o f release

. Th e releas e value s ar e derive db y dividin g th e AL I fo r inhalatio n presente di n ICR PPublicatio n 3 0 b y th e produc t

o f severa l factor s tha t accoun t fo r th e dispersio n i n air , th e fractio n o f

eac hradionuclid e tha t coul d becom e airborne , th e breathin g rat e o f man , an dothe r

factor s describe di n detai l i n th e Technica l Backgroun d Document , Chapte r

4

. Wher e mor e tha n on e inhalatio n AL I i s give n b y ICR Pfo r aparticula r

radionuclide , th e lowes t on e wa s used

. Thi s approac hassure s tha t th e possibl e releas e o f

th e mos t hazardou s chemica l for mi s take n int o consideration

. Th e inhalatio n mode l wa s no t use dfo r nobl e gase s othe r

tha n rado n (e.g. , argon , krypton , an dxenon)

. Accordin g t o ICR PPublicatio n 30 , th e effect s -o f inhalin g anobl e ga s ar e negligibl e compare dt o th e effect s of externa l irradiatio n fro maperso n bein g submerge di n aga s clou do f thes e radionuclides

. Thus , aseparat e model , describe dlater , wa s use dt o determin e th e direc t

exposur e releas e value s fo r nobl e ga s radionuclides

. Inhalatio n o f rado n wa s considere dbecaus e th e critica l healt heffec t

associate dwit h exposur e t o Tado n i s cause d-b y inhalatio n o f

radon' s short-live ddeca y products

. Fiv e commenter s expresse dconcern s tha t certai n aspect s o f

th e inhalatio n pathwa y mode l wer e unreasonable

. On e commente r

argue dthat , fo r radionuclide s wit hmultipl e ALIs , th e AL I o f th e specifi c chemica l for mshoul d b e used , Tathe r

tha n th e lowes t

AL I valu e fo r tha t radionuclide

. EP A doe s no t agre e wit hthi s commenter

. Usin g multipl e ALI s woul dresul t i n multipl e RQ s fo r eac hradionuclide ; EP A believe s tha t asingl e reportin g trigge r i s less " confusin g an dmor e likel y t o assur e timel y reporting

. Fou r commenter s argue dtha t th e assumptio n o f

apoin t sourc e releas e fo r unifor memission s ove r larg e area s wa s inapplicable , an dtw o othe r commenter s claime dtha t

th e assumptio n o f

a ground-leve l releas e wa s inapplicabl e fo r emission s fro mpile dmaterial s o r raise dstacks

. EP A realize s tha t an y singl e atmospheri c dispersio n mode l wil l no t b e applicabl e t o al l possibl e releas e scenarios

. Th e Agenc y believes , however , tha t

multipl e RQ s fo r

differen t releas e configuration s woul dad d significan t

complication s t o th e rul e an d i s unnecessar y give n th e purpos e o f RQs

. Eve n if

th e Agenc y use dman y differen t model s t o develo p RQ s fo r numerou s differen t

releas e scenarios , ther e woul dstil l b e countles s othe r scenario s fo r

whic hth e model s woul d no t b e full y applicable

. Fo r thes e reasons , th e Agenc y develope d exposur e model s t o simulat e releas e event s a t facilitie s tha t

coul dreleas e radionuclide s an dt o calculat e RQ s tha t ar e applicabl e broadly*

. Anothe r commente r

cite dseveral " aspect s o f

th e inhalatio n mode l a s overl y conservative

. Thi s commente r claime dtha t

th e releas e fraction s use d i n th e mode l wer e o f

questionabl e applicabilit y becaus e the y wer e develope dfo r

uraniu mfue l cycl e facilities ; th e dispersio n coefficient s wer e suspec t

becaus e the y wer e extrapolate dt o adistanc e shorte r tha n th e rang e o f

standar dreferences ; an d th e mode l faile dt o accoun t fo r vertica l dispersion , radioactiv e decay , plum e washout , groun ddeposition , o r groun d effect s o n dispersion

. First , th e Agenc y note s tha t

th e releas e fraction s wer e no t develope dstrictl y fo r

uraniu mfue l cycl e facilities , bu t

als o fo r avariet y o f

othe r radioactiv e materia l operations , an d the y ar e th e onl y know n attemp t t o quantif y i n aconsisten t

manne r airborn e releas e fractions fo r

numerou s radionuclides

. Second , whil e th e dispersio n coefficient s hav e bee n extrapolate dt o adistanc e shorte r tha n publishe dranges , th e result s appea r reasonabl e compare dt o -documente d value s fo r

distance s o f

10 0 meter s o r more
. Finally , dispersio n i n vertica l an d horizonta l direction s wa s talce n int o accoun t bu t dispersio n i n th e directio n o f flo w wa s ignore dbecause , relativ e t o th e chose n win dvelocit y o f on e mete r pe r second , i t

i s insignificant ; radioactiv e deca y wa s no t considere d fo r reason s explaine dearlie r i n thi s preamble ; plum e washou t wa s ignore d becaus e i t

i s unpredictabl e an dbecaus e mos t day s ar e rain-free ; an dgroun d depositio n wa s no t

considere dbecaus e radionuclide s o f

respirabl e diamete r

ar e unlikel y t o plat e ou t

o n th e groun d significantl y befor e reachin g arecepto r locate donl y 3 0 meter s away
. I t als o ha s com e t o EPA' s attentio n tha t th e releas e fraction use dfo r bromin e an dchlorin e isotope s i n th e inhalatio n mode l ma y b e to o low

. Th e Agenc y i s examinin g whethe r areleas e fractio n o f

0.5 , rathe r

tha n 0.01 , ma y b e mor e appropriat e fo r

thes e isotopes

. Suc hachang e i n Ih e releas e fractio n woul dresul t

i n alowe r

R Q fo r fou r isotopes : Chlorine-36—ne w R Q woul d b e 0. 1 Ci ; Bromine-77—ne w R Q woul d b e 1 0 Ci ; Bromine-80m—ne w R Q woul d b e 10 0 Ci ; an dBromine-83—ne w R Q woul db e 10 0 Ci

. Th e Agenc y wil l b e considerin g readjustin g thes e fou r RQ s i n afutur e rulemalung

. C. Ingestion Pathway 1

. Ground-Wate r

Ingestio n On e ingestio n equatio n use dfo r R Q developmen t

i s base do n areleas e o f a radionuclid e t o groun dwater

. Th e maximu mconcentratio n i n aplum e 3 0 meter s downgradien t

fro mapoin t sourc e releas e i s calculate dusin g ground-wate r

advection-dispersio n modelin g equation s tha t tak e int o accoun t sorptio n o f

th e radionuclide s i n th e aquifer , ground-wate r flo w velocitie s an dothe r

hydrogeologica l parameters , an dradioactiv e deca y durin g transpor t an ddurin g th e exposur e period

. Th e detail s o f

thi s mode l ar e discusse di n th e Technica l Backgroun dDocument , Chapte r 4

. Onl y tw o commenter s reference dth e ground-wate r

ingestio n model

. On e
. commente r

claime dtha t

th e model' s ground-wate r

velocit y wa s unrealisticali y slo w an dtha t th e mode l assume dtha t

radionuclide s woul d migrat e upgradient

. EP A obtaine dth e velocity , however , fro mpublishe d studie s tha t

substantiat e it s appropriateness

. Also , EP A emphasize s tha t onl y possibl e exposure s a t a downgradien t

locatio n wer e considered

. Th e othe r

commente r

argue dtha t

b y assumin g tha t

aperso n woul dinges t contaminate dgroun dwate r fo T a maximu mperio do f

onl y on e year , th e mode l result s i n release value s tha t ar e to o lo w fo r

certai n radionuclides

. Additionally , thi s commente r state d tha t th e us e o f

apoin t sourc e releas e i s inappropriat e whe n approximatin g th e releas e o f

aradionuclid e fro malarg e are aint o a n aquifer

. First , contrar y t o wha t th e commente r

states , th e on e yea r exposur e tim e result s i n highe r RQs , no t lowe r RQs

. Thi s i s becaus e th e mode l

### 2253 4 Federa l Registe r/ Vol

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Wednesday , Ma y 24 , 198 9 / Rule s an dRegulation s P.1 3



### assume s amaximu mperio do f exposur e of on e year , eve n thoug hi t

may take

. severa l year s fo

r aradionuclide , plume ' t o pas s adrinkin g wate r

wel l locate d3 0 meter s awa y ( alonger

exposure , perio d woul dresul t

i n agreate r

intak e o f radionuclide s fo

r agive n releas e amount)

. By limitin g th e exposur e perio d t o on e year , agreate r

numbe r o f curie s woul dnee dt o b e release dbefore a n expose dperso n receive s 50 0 millirem

. Additionally , th e on e yea r maximu m tim e perio di s appropriat e becaus e ALIs

. ar e annua l intak e limits

. Second , EP A agree s tha t

th e model' s us e o

f apoin t sourc e releas e yield s alowe r releas e valu e tha n i

f a n are asourc e wa s assumed , a s in th e commenter' s scenario

. However , EP

A prefer s t o us e a singl e ground-wate r

dispersio n mode l t o calculat e RQ s an dbelieve s tha t th e complication s adde db y havin g multipl e RQ s fo r different releas e configuration s woul doutweig hth e benefit s t o b e gaine db y suc ha n approach

. 2

. Vegetabl e Ingestio n In it s analyse s fo

r th e propose drule , th e Agenc y evaluate deac ho f th e 75 7 radionuclide s fo

r whic hICR

Pdevelope d ALI s an dcalculate dreleas e values fo r tw o ingestio n routes : ingestio n o f vegetable s contaminate db y airborn e depositio n an dingestio n o f contaminate dgroun dwater

. Fo r th e majorit y o f radionuclides , th e ground

wate r exposur e rout e resulte din lowe r releas e value s (i.e. , wa s amore critica l rout e o f exposure)

. Further , fo

r th e radionuclide s fo

r whic hth e vegetabl e ingestio n pathwa y produce dlowe r releas e values , th e Agenc y determine d tha t in th e vas t

majorit y o f case s eithe r inhalatio n or

direc t exposur e wa s eve n mor e critica l tha n vegetabl e ingestion

. Therefore , i n determinin g propose dRQs , th e Agenc y chos e t o procee dwith developmen t

o f areleas e valu e fo

r ingestio n base donly o n th e consumptio n o

f contaminate dgroun d water

. Decision s t o includ e th e effect s o f radioactiv e deca y i n model s o f othe r pathway s an dt o us e adifferent , more conservativ e mode l fo

r estimatin g th e transfe r o f radionuclide s fro

mai r t o vegetatio n ten dt o exaggerat e th e importanc e o

f th e vegetabl e ingestio n pathwa y relativ e t o othe r pathways

. Appendi x C o

f th e Technica l Backgroun dDocument

supportin g th e NPR M describe s th e tw o model s considere dfor

, estimatin g airborne depositio n o

f radionuclides , on e presente db y th e Nuclea

r Regulator

y Commissio n an dth e othe r presente db y th e Nationa l Counci l o n Radiatio n Protectio n an dMeasurement s (NCRP)

. Th e analysi s o

f the

. vegetabl e ingestio n rout e considere din support o f th e NPR M wa s base do n th e Nuclear Regulatory Commissio n model , whic hwa s determine dsubsequentl y tob e inappropriat e fo

r th e releas e configuration s an ddistance s considere d fo r th e developmen t

o f RQs

. Th e NCR

P model , whic hi s very conservativ e whe n couple dwithth e atmospheri c dispersio n facto r considere dfo

r th e inhalatio n pathway , wa s determine dt o b e th e mos t straightforwar dmetho dfo r determinin g RQ s fo r th e vegetabl e ingestio n pathway

. Appendi x C o

f th e Technica l Backgroun dDocument

supportin g thi s fina l rul e describe s in detai l th e NCR P model

. Th e equatio n tha t

EP A ha s adopte d fo r th e calculatio n o

f releas e values base do n consumptio n o

f contaminate d vegetable s divide s th e lowes t AL I fo r ingestio n b y factor s accountin g fo r dilutio n fro

mth e poin t

o f releas e to th e poin t o f vegetabl e ingestion , th e foo d consumptio n rat e o

f man , th e exposur e period , an dth e airborne releas e fraction. Th e dilutio n facto r represent s th e fractio n o

f an airborne releas e o

f radionuclide s tha t

woul db e deposite d in an do n vegetable s locate d3 0 meter s downwind

. Thi s facto r

wa s calculate d usin g th e sam e atmospheri c dispersio n facto r use din th e inhalatio n pathwa y equation , an dth e NCR

Pmode l whic h take s int o accoun t

radionuclid e depositio n fro

mth e air , radionuclid e los s du e t o weatherin g an dradioactiv e decay , an dradionuclid e buildu p i n an d uptak e fromsoil

. Th e Agenc y assume d tha t a n individua l ingest s contaminate d vegetable s ove r

th e entir e lengt

ho f th e

, growin g season , 60 days

. For more details , see th e Technica l Backgroun d Document , Chapte r

4 an dAppendi x C o

f tha t report

. 3

. Surfac e Wate r

Ingestio n V I n support o f th e NPRM , EP

A analyze dqualitativel y th e relativ e hazard s o f radionuclid e release s t o groun dwate r

an dsurfac e water

. I t

wa s conclude dtha t

th e mixin g in surfac e wate r i s more complete tha n in groun d wate r becaus e o

f th e higher

flow rat e an dturbulenc e o

f surfac e water

. Bot

ho f thes e factor s suggeste dthat , i n general , ther e wil l b e greate r

dilutio n i n surfac e wate r tha n i n groun dwater

. Base do n thi s analysis , th e Agenc y conclude dtha t exposure s vi ath e consumptio n o f groun dwate r

(under th e modelin g condition s assumed ) woul dlikel y b e more critica l tha n thos e throug hth e consumptio n o

f surfac e wate r

and , therefore , tha t

th e calculatio n o

f surfac e wate r ingestio n releas e value s fo r eac h radionuclid e wa s unnecessary
. Th e previou s analysi s i n th e NPR M wa s vali da s long a s radioactiv e deca y , wa s no t incorporate dint o th e variou s exposur e pathwa y equations ; Incorporatin g th e effect s o f deca y (a s explaine din th e Technical Backgroun d Document , Chapte r

4) , however , increase dth e relativ e importanc e o f th e surfac e wate r

ingestio n pathway

. I

n th e adjustmen t

o f fina l RQs , therefore , EP

A calculate dreleas e value s fo r th e ingestio n o

f surfac e wate r

base do n th e lowes t ingestio n AL

I fo r eac h radionuclide , agenerall y conservativ e strea mflo w rate , an dth e wate r consumptio n rat e fo

r standar dman
. Althoug hsome o

f th e surfac e wate r releas e value s calculate di n thi s wa y wer e lowe r

tha n thos e calculate dfo

r ground-wate r

ingestion , th e surfac e wate r releas e value s wer e neve r th e lowes t whe n compare dt o thos e calculate dfo

r th e othe r exposur e pathways

. Therefore , surfac e wate r ingestio n releas e value s wer e no t use d t o deriv e an y o

f th e fina l RQ adjustments

. D. Direct Exposure Pathway An equatio n wit

hth e sam e parameters—th e quantit y o f radiatio n intercepte db y "Referenc e Man " (ICR P Publicatio n 23 , Pergamon , 1975 ) a t a distanc e o

f 3 0 meter s from arelease , withth e exposur e limite dt o 50 0 millirem—als o wa s develope dt o calculat e avalu e fo

r athir drout e o

f exposure , direc t

exposur e t o apoin t sourc e o f radiation

. A separat e direc t exposur e equatio n wa s develope dfo r submersio n in aradioactiv e clou do f nobl e ga s becaus e submersio n i n a radioactiv e clou dresult s i n a n integrate ddos e fro

mal l direction s a t varyin g distance s fro

mth e body , unlike direc t exposur e t o apoin t

source. 1 0 

### Thes e equation s ar e discusse di n more detai l in th e Technical Backgroun d Document , Chapte r

4 an dAppendi x D o

f tha t report

. Four commenter s referre dt o th e direc t exposur e models

. Tw o o

f the mstresse d th e desirability o

f usin g gamm ara y constant s fo

r al l gamm aemittin g nuclides

. EP

A note s tha t

th e direc t exposur e pathwa y equatio n incorporate s a n accepte dequatio n fo r calculatin g gamm ara y constants

. Anothe r commenter

argue dtha t

it wa s implausible , in th e mode l fo r submersio n in aclou do

f nobl e gas , fo

r th e ga s concentratio n at

apoin t 3 0 meter s fro

m th e sourc e t o remai n constan t fo r 2 4

1 0 EP A recognize s that

aclou do f non-nobl e gase s can contribute to ados e throughth e submersion-in

a-clou dpathway , i

n th e same manner

a s nobl e gases
. However , i

t i s generall y recognize dthat , i n thi s situation , th e inhalatio n pathwa y i s controlling

. Therefore , direc t

exposure b y submersio n i n aclou d wa s analyze donly fo

r nobl e gases
.P.1 4



### Federa l Registe r

/ Vol

. 54 , No

. 9 9 /

Wednesday , Ma y 24 , 198 9 / Rule s an dRegulation s 2253 5
hour s an dfo

r an expose dindividua l t o remai n in tha t

positio n fo

r 2 4 hours

. EP

A agree s tha t

thes e assumption s ar e unlikely , bu t

RQ s ar e base do n release s occurrin g ove r

n o more tha n aday , s o th e maximumperio do

f exposur e in thi s instanc e als o i s on e day

. Th e Agenc y coul dno t determin e ashorte r

exposur e perio dtha t

i t wa s certai n woul db e sufficiently protective

. Th e final commenter

state dtha t

th e poin t sourc e releas e mode l i s unrepresentativ e o f are asource s an dtha t

releas e value s base do n apoin t

sourc e mode l may b e to o low

. EP

A agree s tha t

th e releas e model s ar e no t

perfec t representation s o f al l potential releas e situations , bu t th e Agenc y prefer s no t

t o develo p multipl e RQ s (or

correctio n factors ) t o tak e int o accoun t

man y different

releas e configuration s becaus e thi s woul dad d more complication s tha n benefit s t o th e rule

. Instead , EP

A ha s adopte dasingl e mode l t o calculat e direc t

exposur e releas e values tha t

i s applicabl e broadly

. E. Establishing the RQ For eac ho f th e 757 radionuclide s liste din ICR

PPublicatio n 30 , therefore , fou r releas e values wer e derived

. Th e Agenc y selecte dth e lowes t o f th e fou r values fo r eac hspecifi c radionuclide , wit hth e inten t

o f choosin g a n RQ tha t

i s th e mos t protectiv e o

f human healthan d welfare an dth e environment

. A detaile d explanatio n o

f th e methodolog y use dt o deriv e radionuclid e RQ s i s in Chapte r 4 o f th e Technica l Backgroun dDocument , availabl e i n th e Superfun dDocket

. To simplif y administratio n an d implementatio n o

f RQ reportin g fo

r th e 757 separat e radionuclides , EP A decide d to plac e eac hradionuclid e in on e o f seve n groups , wit

heac hgroup assigne d asingl e specifi c RQ

. Whil e th e RQ s fo r othe r CERCL A hazardou s substance s ar e divide dint o only five groups , th e Agenc y decide dt o us e seve n group s fo r radionuclide s s o tha t

th e assigne dRQ group s woul dno t

diffe r in magnitud e b y more tha n afacto r

o f ten , a s i s th e cas e fo r othe r hazardou s substanc e RQ groups
. Th e lowes t

releas e valu e fo

r eac hradionuclid e wa s use dt o determin e th e group t o whic hth e radionuclid e wa s assigned

. Th e RQ s fo r

. th e seve n radionuclid e group s ar e a s follows : Adjusted RQ(i n curies)

1 0 10 0 100 0 Lowes

t releas e valu e rang e (i n curies)

10-99.9 9 100-999.9 9 100 0 an d greate r Numbe r (an d percent) of radionu clides
22 0 (29% ) 235(31% ) 20 5 (27% )

Adjusted RQ(i n curies)

0.00 1 0.0 1 0. I 1 Lowes

t releas e valu e rang e (i n curies)

0.00 1 -6.009 9 0.01-0.09 9 0.1-0.9 9 1-9.9 9 Numbe r (an d percent ) o f radionu clides 7(1% ) 2 9 (4% ) 2 9 ( 4% ) 3 2 ( 4% ) 

### All radionuclide s no t liste db y ICR

P Publicatio n 3 0 hav e bee n assigne da final RQ o f on e Ci

. Availabl e informatio n o n thes e radionuclide s i s insufficient

t o develo p aspecifi c RQ fo r individual radionuclide s in thi s group
. An RQ o f on e Ci wa s selecte dbecaus e i t i s th e middl e RQ category , an dth e majorit y o f radionuclide s (9 1 percent ) examine dindividuall y hav e RQ s a t leas t a t thi s level

. Th e Agenc y believes , fo r tw o mai n reasons , tha t

a n RQ o f on e C i fo r thes e "remainin g radionuclides " i s sufficiently lo w t o assur e timel y reportin g for

mos t releas e situations

. First , mos t

o f th e radionuclide s tha t

fall int o thi s category ar e rare , bothi n term s o f frequenc y o

f us e an dquantitie s used

. Man y o f the.s e radionuclide s hav e bee n produce din onl y afew isolate dresearc h project s an dman y d o no t exis t in th e worl din quantitie s tha t

equa l o r excee d on e Ci

. Therefore , release s o f th e radionuclide s no t

liste db y ICR

P Publicatio n 3 0 ar e expecte dt o b e infrequent and , i f the y occur , ar e expecte dt o b e release dwithi n an y 24

- hour perio din quantitie s smalle r tha n on e Ci

. Second , man y of

th e remainin g radionuclide s hav e short

half-live s an d d o no t deca y int o othe r

radioactiv e isotopes

. Unde r

mos t realisti c releas e situations , thes e radionuclide s woul db e expecte dt o deca y an dvirtuall y disappea r before the y coul dreac h recepto r locations

. EP A ha s se t agroup RQ fo

r thes e remainin g radionuclide s a t aleve l tha t

it believe s i s sufficiently protectiv e o f publi c healthan dwelfare an dth e environment , withou t

posin g a n unreasonabl e burde n o n th e regulate d community

. Nevertheless , EP A recognize s tha t

a n RQ o f on e C i ma y no t necessaril y assur e timely reportin g fo r a smal l numbe r

o f remainin g radionuclides

. Also , a n R Q o f on e C i may resul t

i n unnecessar y reportin g o f release s o f some short-live d radionuclides

. For

example , more tha n on e C i o f nitrogen-1 3 an doxygen-1 5 can b e release dt o th e ai r

withi n 2 4 hour s fro mlo w energ y accelerators

. Suc ha release , however , may no t presen t a leve l o f hazar dworth y o

f areport becaus e nitrogen-1 3 an doxygen-1 5 hav e short half-live s (1 0 minute s an d2 minutes , respectively ) an dlikel y woul d underg o significant

deca y before reachin g a n exposur e point

. For thes e reasons , EP

A i s investigatin g alternat e methodologie s fo

r developin g RQ s fo

r th e radionuclide s no t

liste db y ICR

P Publicatio n 30

. Any necessar y revisio n t o th e on e C

i RQ promulgate dtoda y fo r thes e radionuclide s wil l b e mad e in a futur e technica l update

. Assignmen t

o f th e individuall y calculate dlowes t

releas e value s t o on e o f seve n group s an dplacemen t o f othe r radionuclide s in th e generi c RQ grou p shoul dno t

b e interprete dt o mean tha t al l radionuclide s i n an y give n group represen t th e sam e threa t

o r dange r to publi c healthan dwelfar e an dth e environment

. Tw o or

more radionuclide s wit hth e sam e RQ d o no t

reflec t a determinatio n tha t

areleas e o

f on e wil l b e a s hazardou s a s th e releas e o f another , o r

eve n tha t th e releas e o

f on e wil l b e hazardou s at

o r abov e th e RQ leve l an dno t

hazardou s belo w tha t level

. Th e actua l hazar dwil l vary wit h th e uniqu e circumstance s o f th e releas e an dth e characteristic s ofth e radionuclides , an dextensiv e scientifi c dat aan danalysi s woul db e necessar y t o determin e th e hazar dpresente db y eac h substanc e unde r

anumbe r

o f possibl e circumstances. Th e RQ s ar e designe dt o b e atrigger

fo r notificatio n an dthe y reflec t th e Agency' s judgment

tha t th e appropriat e governmen t

agencie s shoul d b e notifie do

f certai n release s t o whic ha respons e might

b e necessary
. Th e RQ s represen t adeterminatio n onl y o

f possibl e o r

potential harm , no t

tha t release s o f aparticular

amoun t o f a hazardou s substanc e necessaril y wil l b e harmful t o publi c healtho r welfare o r th e environment

. On e commenter

suggeste dtha t

th e RQ s shoul dno t

b e rounde dof

f int o th e seve n groups , a s thi s i s n o simpler tha n bein g se t at thei r specifi c calculate d releas e values

. EP

A disagrees , an d believe s tha t

seve n different

RQ s fo r 757 radionuclide s i s certainl y simple r tha n 757 RQ s fo

r 75 7 radionuclides

. Also , th e mode l calculation s ar e onl y approximate , an dsettin g individua l RQ s a t specifi c releas e value s implie s a n unjustifie dprecision

. Anothe r commente r

argue dfo

r adherenc e t o th e one-poun dR Q fo r radionuclide s no t

liste din ICR

P Publicatio n 3 0 unti l EP

A obtain s meaningful dat ao n them

. However , EP A ha s rejecte dmeasurin g radionuclid e RQ s in term s o

f pounds

. Usin g on e poun da s th e RQ migh

t ensur e reportin g o f very larg e releases , bu t

man y release s muchsmalle r

tha n thi s may represen t

a seriou s healthan denvironmenta l hazard

. Additionally , aone-poun dRQ doe s no t confor mt o commonly accepte d unit s o f measuremen t

fo r radionuclides

.

### 2253 6 " " .F-Btratsi-a i &agister' ' f

Voi. ' 54 , No

. 9 9 /

Wednesday , Ma y 24 , 198 9 / Rule s an dRegulation s
F. Alternative Approaches I n additio n t o describin g in th e NPR M th e metho dan dassumption s use dt o develo p th e propose dRQs , EP A solicite dcomment s o n othe r methodologie s fo

r developin g RQ s fo

r radionuclides

. Tw o commenter s offered alternativ e approache s t o th e methodolog y describe din th e NPRM

. On e commente r

suggeste dusin g EPA' s Protectiv e Actio n Guide s (PAGs) , o r a multipl e thereof

, a s th e basi s fo

r RQs

. PAG s ar e projecte ddose s t o individual s (rangin g fro

mon e t o fiv e rem) tha t

might warran t takin g protectiv e action

. EP A note s tha t th e final RQ s wer e calculate d base dc n 50 0 millirem , whic hi s 0. 5 time s th e lowes t

PAG

. Ther e ar e severa l reason s wh y EP A chos e ne t to us e th e PAG s directly , for

. adjustmen t

o f th e radionuclid e RQs.

. . First, , Ike PAG s ar e projecte ddos e levels ; the y d o no t

specif y (o r provid e guidanc e for

calculating ) quantitie s o

f -specific radionuclide s that , i f released , coul dcaus e dose s tha t

excee dth e PAGs

. A s discusse di n th e NPRM , EP A rejecte dth e optio n o

f usin g adose

equivalen t

leve l a s th e RQ fo

r radionuclides , mainl y becaus e i t i s , significantl y mor e complicate dt o estimat e ados e tha n aquantity released , an dbecaus e different releaser s coul destimat e dose s d n different ways
. Thi s coul dresul t

in untimel y an dinconsisten t reporting

. Second , th e PAG s an dRQ s differ i n thei r basi c purpose
. Th e PAG s ar e projecte ddos e level s tha t might warran t protectiv e action , whil e th e RQ s ar e simpl y reportin g trigger s designe dt o giv e th e governmentth e opportunity t o evaluat e th e releas e an dmoun t a respons e i

f necessary
. Give n thes e different purposes , EPA see s n o reaso n why the

. PAG s an dRQ s shoul db e base d o n th e sam e dos e level

. Finally , th e "protectiv e actions" , tha t

appear , t o b e contemplate db y th e PAG s ar e generall y large-scal e actions , suc ha s emergenc y respons e plannin g an devacuatio n o n a community-wid e level

. Th e government , however , ma y wis ht o tak e smaller^scal e actions , suc ha s cleanin g u p areleas e o r makin g ielephon e call s t o gathe r mor e informatio n o r

t o aler t othe r governmen t officials

. "Th

e SC O milliremleve l use dt o calculat e th e RQ s i s considere dlo w enoug ht o giv e th e governmen t th e opportunity t o carr y ou t

thes e small

scal e responses , a s wel l a s an y large

scal e response s tha t

might b e necessary
. Th e othe r commente r

recommende d usin g a s RQ s th e EO T A

2 values , whic h defin e th e conten t

limit s o f "normal form" ' radioactiv e materia l for Typ e A packages

. fiPA believes , however , tha t th e assumptions'an dmethodolog y use d in calculatin g suc hvalue s ar e no t applicabl e t o th e calculatio n o f RQ s becaus e the y assum e situation s an d condition s incompatibl e with determinin g th e siz e o

f release s that shoul dtrigger

anotificatio n to th e Nationa l Respons e Center

. Fo r example , th e A 2 value s wer e calculate dbase do n th e following assumptions : aperso n in th e vicinity o f

afaile dtransportatio n packag e receivin g th e annua l dos e limit fo r radiatio n worker s (fiv e rem) ; th e distanc e fro

mth e poin t

o f releas e t o poin t o f exposur e i s on e meter ; th e perio do f exposur e i s 3 0 minutes ; an d subjectiv e assumption s regardin g th e exten t o f packag e damag e an drelease s o f tiie package' s contents

. RQs , o n th e othe r hand , are : Applicabl e for al l type s o f releas e situation s (no t

jus t thos e involvin g adamage dpackage] ; base do n 50 0 millirem , th e Federa l Radiatio n Protectio n Guidanc e fo

r member s o

f th e geheralpublic ; based , in general , o n a longer exposure.period ; an dbase do ha longer distanc e t o poin t

of exposur e (3 0 meters ) becaus e the y ar e designe dt o assur e timel y reportin g i n th e even t of publi c exposures , no l occupationa l exposure s tha t

might occur'ia t adistanc e o f on e meter

. Furthermore , A 2 value s ar e only availabl e for

abou t "25 0 radionuclides

. ; 

### G. Reporting Requirements for Mixtures of Radionuclides Only 1

. Mixture s o

f Know n Compositio n Reportin g requirement s fo r release s involvin g mixture s o

f know n compositio n ca n b e obtaine ddirectl y " fro mth e RQ s fo r

individua l constituent s o f th e mixture ! I f

th e identity an d quantity (i n curies ) o f

each.'radionuclid e involve di n areleas e even t i s known , th e decisio n whethe r

t o report areleas e mus t b e mad e i n th e followin g manner ; fo r eac hradionuclid e i n th e mixture , determin e th e rati o between.th e quantity (release din curie s an dth e R Q fo r th e radionuclide

. I

f th e sumo

f th e ratio s fo r al l radionuclide s i s les s tha n one , th e releas e nee dno t

b e reported

. I

f th e su mi s equa l t o o r

greate r tha n one , th e releas e mus t

b e reporte dt o th e Nationa l Respons e Center

. 2

. Mixture s o

f Unknow n Compositio n Reportin g requirement afo r mixtures , wher e eithe r

th e amoun t

o r identit y of

th e individua l radionuclide s i n th e mixtur e i s unknown , canno t b e base do n th e determinatio n of

quantitie s released

. Ther e ar e thre e possibilities : (1 ) Th e identitie s o f

th e radionuclide s involve d ar e -known , bu t

th e amount 1 

### release do

f eac his'ra&nown ; (2 ) th e identitie s o f th e ' radionuclide s (o r

on e o f th e " '"•radionuclides

j i n th e mixtur e ar e •unknown , bu t th e amoun t

release di s lujow n in.tota l curie s pe r

uni t volum e or weight ; or (3 ) th e identitie s o

f th e radionuclide s involve dar e unknow n an dth e amoun t

of som e p f th e - radionuclide s release di n th e mixtur e i s unknow n (bu t

th e totel quantit y i s known)

. For

thes e cases , th e decisio n t o report areleas e shal l b e mad e a s follows : a
. Identity known, but

amount unknown

. .

. I f th e identit y o

f eac hradionuclide s th e mixtur e i s know n bu t

th e amoun t

o f on e o r more o f th e radionuclide s i s unknown , th e R Q for

th e mixtur e shal l b e th e lowes t

RQ o f an y radionuclid e i

n th e mixture

. On e commente r

suggeste dtha t

whe n comparin g th e RQ o

f th e unquantifie d isotop e t o th e tota l release , th e latte r shoul db e reduce db y th e know n (isotop e an dquantity ) releases , withth e remainde r

o f th e releas e the n assume d t o b e th e isotop e wit

hth e mos t restrictiv e RQ

. EP

A agree s that , i n • ' theory , i t woul db e sensibl e t o separat e th e release dquantit y int o th e know n • an dunknow n isotope s an dquantities

. However , EP

A believe s tha t

thi s Woul d ad dconsiderabl e complicatio n t o

. determinin g RQ s and , hence , coul d' '". preven t timel y reportin g o

f release s t o th e government

. Thi s commente r als o urge dtha t some de minimis leve l b e applie dt o th e determinatio n tha t a n isotop e i s know n t o b e present , t o preven t trac e quantitie s fro

mbein g considered

. However , EP

A disagree s tha t trac e quantitie s o

f radionuclides , i f know n t o th e person-in-charge , shoul d b e ignored'ft

i assessin g mixtures

. ' b

. Identity of

rddionuclidefs) in ihe release is vnkncnvn If th e identity of

aradionuclid e in a releas e i s uriknow n o r

i f th e identity o

f on e or more radionuclide s i n th e releas e o f amixtur e o f

radionuclide s i s unknown , th e releas e mus t b e reporte d t o tiie Nationa l Respons e Cente r if th e tota l releas e i s equa l t

dor greate r tha n on e Ci , o r i f th e tota l releas e i s equa l to or greate r tha n th e lowes t

R Q o f any know n radionuclid e i n th e mixture, , whicheve r

i s lower

. 3

. Common Radionuclid e Mixture s i n respons e t o comment s on th e NPRM , th e Agenc y toda y ha s calculate d RQ s fo r fou r commo n radionuclid e mixtures : radium-22 6 in secular equilibriu mwit hit s daughter s (a n RQ o f 0.05 3 Ci) , natura l uraniu m(a n RQ o f O. l Ci] , natural , uraniu mi n secular equilibriu mwit

hit s daughter s (an RQ o

f 0.05 2 Ci) , an dthoriu mi n secular equilibriu mwit

hit s daughter s (a

n RQ o f 0.01 1 Ci)

. Th e Agenc y ha s calculate dP.1 6



### Federa l Registe r/

Vol

. 54 , No

. 9 9 /

Wednesday , Ma y 24 , 198 9 /Rule s an dRegulation s 2253 7
thes e RQ s fo

r th e convenienc e o

f person s frequentl y handlin g thes e hazardou s substance s an dthes e RQ s ar e liste din afootnote in Appendi x B t o Tabl e 302.4

. Th e RQ s ar e develope d directl y fro

mth e mixture rul e discusse d above

. On e commenter

endorse da n RQ o

f 0. 1 C i fo r natura l uraniu ms o lon g a s i t wa s no t mean t t o appl y t o natura l uraniu mi n secular equilibriu mwithit s daughters

. Th e Agenc y toda y ha s clarifie dtha t th e 0. 1 C i RQ i s applicabl e t o natura l uraniu mno t

i n secular

equilibriu mwith it s daughters ; natura l uraniu mi n secular equilibriu mwithit s daughter s ha s a n RQ o f 0.05 2 Ci

. H. Reporting Requirements for Compounds and

Mixtures of Radionuclides and

Other Hazardous Substances On e commenter

note dtha t

th e RQ s o

f severa l radionuclide s (e.g. , Cd-113 , Be

10 , Cl-36 , In-115 , an dPb-205 ) shoul db e base dupo n chemical toxicity rathe r tha n radiological hazard

. EP A agree s tha t fo r some relativel y long-live dan d naturall y occurrin g radioactiv e materials , th e chemical toxicity may excee dth e radiotoxicity

. Tw o RQ s may appl y t o th e releas e o

f asubstanc e containin g radionuclides—on e R Q bein g base do n chemical toxicity an dth e othe r bein g base do n radiotqxicity

. In suc h situations , th e lowes t

applicabl e RQ for ; asubstanc e govern s whe n th e owner , o r operato r mus t report th e releas e t o di e , Nationa l Respons e Center

. In thi s way , th e RQ s reflec t

th e relativ e chemical toxicity an dradiatio n hazar do f a substance

. For example , naturall y occurrin g cadmiu mconsist s o

f roughly 1 2 percen t cadmium-113 , aradioactiv e isotope , an d severa l othe r

isotope s o

f cadmiu mtha t ar e no t radioactive

. Th e RQ fo

r cadmiu mbase do n potentia l carcinogenicity wil l b e finalize di n a futur e rulemaking ; th e RQ fo

r cadmium

113 , jus t on e component

o f naturall y occurrin g cadmium , i s finalize di n today' s rulemakin g at

0. 1 Ci

. A release r o f cadmiu mmetal i s require dt o report i f eithe r th e R Q o f th e meta l (i

f th e diameter s o

f th e particle s o

f th e release d meta l ar e les s tha n o r

equa l t o 10

0 micrometers ) o r

0. 1 C i o f cadmium-11 3 (regardles s o

f th e particl e siz e o

f th e cadmium-113 ) i s released

. Th e RQ fo r cadmiu mbase do n chemical toxicity may b e more limitin g tha n th e RQ base d o n radiotoxicity , however , fo r othe r materials , th e RQ base do n radiotoxicity may b e more limitin g tha n th e RQ base d o n chemical toxicity

. In bothsituations , th e lowes t

RQ applicabl e t o th e substanc e release dwoul db e th e reportin g trigger

. Urany l acetat e an durany l nitrat e ar e additiona l example s o

f substance s with tw o applicabl e RQs , on e base do n chemical toxicity an dth e othe r base do n radiatio n hazard

. Bot

hsubstance s ar e specificall y liste da s CERCL A hazardou s substance s becaus e the y ar e include dunde r

sectio n 31 1 o

f th e CWA ; however , the y bothconsis t o f abou t 60 percen t uranium-238 , aradionuclide

. Base do n thei r

chemical toxicity , urany l acetat e an durany l nitrat e hav e afina l adjuste dRQ o

f 10 0 pound s (5 1 F

R34534 , Septembe r

29,1986)

. Th e fina

l RQ fo r uranium-238 , base dupo n radiological hazard , i s 0. 1 Ci , whic hi s equivalen t t o roughl y 66

0 pound s o

f uranium-238

. Bot

h th e 0. 1 C i RQ fo r uranium-23 8 an dth e 10 0 poun dRQ ar e applicabl e t o release s o f urany l acetat e an durany l nitrate , bu t th e 100-poundR Q wil l alway s trigger reportin g first

becaus e i t

i s th e lower , more protectiv e level

. Th e RQ o f 10 0 pound s wil l assur e timel y reportin g o f release s o f urany l acetat e an durany l nitrat e fro mbotharadiologica l hazar d an dchemical toxicity standpoint

. IV

. Summar

y of Supportin g Analyse s A. Executive Order

No. 12291 Rulemakin g protoco l unde r Executiv e Orde r (E.O. ) No

. 1229 1 require s tha t regulation s b e classifie da s majo r o r non-majo r fo, r purpose s o

f revie w b y th e Office o f Managemen t

an dBudge t

. . (OMB)

. Accordin g t o E.O

. No

. 12291 , major rule s an dregulation s tha t ar e ' likel y tO'xesult.in:..

. (1 ) A n annua l effect

p n th e economy o f $10 0 millio n o r

more ; o r (2 ) A major increas e in cost s o r

price s fo r consumers , individua l industries , federal , state , o r

loca l governmen t agencies , o r

geographi c regions ; o r (3 ) Significant

advers e effect s o n competition , employment , investment , productivity , innovation , or o n th e ability o f Unite dStates-base d enterprise s t o compet e wit hforeign

base denterprise s in domesti c o r export markets

. Th e Economi c Impac t

Analysi s fo

r th e Final Reportabl e Quantity Adjustment s for Radionuclide s unde r

sectio n 102 o

f CERCL A (Economi c Impac t

Analysis ) i s availabl e fo

r inspectio n in th e Superfun d Docke t in Room2427 , U.S

. Environmental Protectio n Agenc y (OS

240) , 40 1 M Street , SW. , Washington , DC 20460

. Th e Economi c Impac t Analysi s show s tha t

today' s final regulatio n i s non-major , becaus e adoptio n o f th e rul e wil l resul t in a n estimate dtota l annua l cos t o f $1. 6 millio n t o th e governmen t an dth e regulate dcommunity , withth e latter' s shar e bein g abou t $1. 2 millio n annually

. O

f thes e costs , $256,00

0 woul d b e du e t o 5 9 additiona l episodi c release s expecte dt o b e reporte dannuall y t o th e government

. Th e remainin g $1. 4 millio n woul dresul t

fro mabou t 1,00 0 facilities , largel y i n th e minin g an dextractio n industries , tha t

woul dfile report s pursuan t t o th e reduce dreportin g requirement s fo

r continuou s release s allowe dunde r

CERCL A sectio n 103(f)(2)

. Non e o

f th e othe r characteristic s o

f majo r rule s ar e satisfie db y today' s rule

. B. Regulatory Flexibility Act Th e Regulator

y Flexibility Ac t

o f 1980 require s tha t

aRegulatory Flexibility

. Analysi s b e performe dfo r al l rule s tha t ar e likel y t o hav e a"significant impac t o n asubstantia l numbe r

o f smal l entities. " EP

A certifie s tha t

thi s regulatio n wil l no t

hav e asignificant impac t o n asubstantia l numbe r

o f smal l entities

. Se e Chapte r

6 o f th e Economi c Impac t Analysi s fo

r more informatio n concernin g thi s finding

. - C. Paperwork

Reduction Act Th e informatio n collectio n .-• ". requirement s containe di n thi s rul e have , bee n approve db y OM

B unde r th e * provision s o

f th e Paperwork

Reduction Act, 4 4 U.S.C

. 350 1 et

seq. an dhav e • bee n assigne dOM

B contro l numbe r

' 2050-0046

. Public.reportin g burde n fo r thi s -collectio n o

f informatio n i s estimate dt o averag e tw o hour s pe r

response , includin g time fo

r reviewin g instructions , searchin g existin g dat a sources , gatherin g an dmaintainin g th e dat aneeded , an dcompletin g an d reviewin g th e collectio n o f information

. Sen dcomment s regardin g th e burde n estimat e o r

an y othe r aspec t o f thi s collectio n o

f information , includin g suggestion s fo

r reducin g thi s burden , t o Chief , Infonnatio n Polic y Branch , PM

223 , U.S

. Environmental Protectio n Agency , 401

. M Street , SW. , Washington , DC 20460 ; an dt o th e Office o f Informatio n an dRegulator y Affairs , Office o f Managemen t

an dBudget , Washington , D C 20503 , marke d "Attention : Des k

Office r fo r EPA. " Lis t o f Subject s in 40 CF

RPart 302 Ai r pollutio n control , Chemicals , Hazardou s materials , Hazardou s material s transportation , Hazardou s substances , Hazardou s wastes , Intergovernmental relations , Mineral mining , Natura l resources , Radioactiv e materials , Radionuclide , Reportin g an d recordkeepin g requirements , Source , byproduc t an dspecia l nuclear

materials , Superfund , Wast e treatmen t an d disposal , Wate r

pollution-Control

.P.1 7



### 2253 8 Federa l Registe r/ Vol . 54 , No

. 9 9 /

Wednesday , Ma y 24 , 198 9 / Rule s an dRegulation s
Dated : Marc

h3 a1989

. Willia mK

. Reilly , Administrator. 

### For th e reason s se t

ou t in th e preamble , Titl e 40 o

f th e Cod e o

f Federa l Regulation s i s amende da s follows : PAR T302—DESIGNATION , REPORTABL E QUANTITIES , AN D NOTIFICATIO N 

### 1

. Th e authority citatio n fo r Part 30 2 continue s t o rea da s follows : Authority : Sec

. 10

2 ofthe Comprehensiv

e Environmenta

l Response , Compensation , an d Liabilit y Ac t o f 1980.4 2 U.S.C

. 9602; sees
. 31 1 an d501(a ) o f th e Federa l Wate r Pollutio n Contro l Act , 33 U.S.C

. 132 1 an

d1361

. 2

. Sectio n 302. 5 i s amende db y revisin g paragrap h(a ) to rea da s follows : § 302. 5 Determinatio n o f reportabl e quantities

. 

### (a) Listed hazardous substances. Th e quantity liste di n th e colum n "Final RQ"

- fo r eac hsubstanc e in Tabl e 302.4 , or in Appendi x B t o Tabl e 302.4 , i s th e reportabl e quantit y (RQ } fo r tha t substance

. Th e RQ s in Tabl e 302. 4 ar e in unit s o f pound s base do n chemical toxicity , whil e th e RQ s i n Appendi x B t o Tabl e 302. 4 ar e i n unit s o

f curie s base d on radiatio n hazard

. Wheneve r th e RQ s in Tabl e 302. 4 an dAppendi x B t o th e tabl e ar e i n conflict , th e lowes t R Q shal l apply

. **** * 

### 3

. Sectio n 302. 6 i s amende db y redesignatin g paragrap h(c ) a s (d ) an d b y revisin g paragrap h(b ) an dth e newl y designate d(d

) an db y addin g ane w paragrap h(c

j t o rea da s follows : § 302. 6 Notificatio n requirements

. **-** * 

### (b) Release s o

f mixture s o

r solution s o f (1 ) Hazardou s substances , excep t fo r radionuclides , ar e subjec t to thi s section' s notificatio n requirement s only wher e acomponen t

hazardou s substanc e of

th e mixture or

solutio n i s release di n aquantit y equal to or greate r tha n it s RQ

. (2 ) Radionuclide s ar e subjec t to thi s section' s notificatio n requirement s only in th e followin g circumstances : (i) I f th e identit y an dquantity (in curies ) of eac hradionuclid e i n a release dmixture or

solutio n i s known , th e rati o betwee n th e quantit y release d (in curies ) an dth e RQ fo

r th e radionuclid e mus t

b e determine dfo

r eac hradionuclide

. Th e onl y suc h release s subjec t

t o thi s section' s notificatio n requirement s ar e thos e i n whic hth e sumof

th e ratio s fo

r th e radionuclide s i n th e mixtur e o r solutio n release di s equa l t o o r

greate r tha n one
. (ii ) I f th e identit y o f

eac hradionuclid e i n arelease dmixtur e or

solutio n i s know n bu t

th e quantit y release d(i n curies ) o f on e o r more o f th e radionuclide s i s unknown , th e onl y suc h release s subjec t

t o thi s section' s notificatio n requirement s ar e thos e i n whic hth e tota l quantity (i n curies ) o f th e mixtur e o r

solutio n release di s equa l t o o r greate r tha n th e lowes t

RQ of an y individua l radionuclid e i n th e mixtur e or solution

. (iii ) I f th e identit y o

f on e or more radionuclide s in arelease dmixtur e or solutio n i s unknow n (o r

if th e identit y o

f aradionuclid e release db y itsel f i s unknown) , th e onl y suc hrelease s subjec t t o thi s section' s notificatio n requirement s ar e thos e i n whic hth e tota l quantit y (in curies ) release di s equa l t o O Tgreate r tha n eithe r

on e curie * or th e lowes t

R Q o f an y know n individua l radionuclid e i n th e mixtur e or solution , whicheve r

i s lower

. (c ) Th e Following categorie s o f release s ar e exemp t

fromth e notificatio n requirement s o f thi s section : (1 ) Release s o

f thos e radionuclide s tha t occur naturall y in th e soi l fro

mlan d holding s suc ha s parks , gol f courses , o r othe r larg e tract s of

land ; (2 ) release s o

f radionuclide s occurrin g naturall y fro m th e disturbanc e o

f lan dfo r purpose s othe r tha n mining , suc ha s fo

r agricultura l o r

construction activities ; (3 ) release s o f radionuclide s fro

mth e dumpin g o

f coa l an dcoal as ha t

utility an dindustria l facilitie s withcoal-fire d boilers ; an d(4 ) release s o f radionuclide s fro mcoa l an dcoa l as hpile s a t utility an dindustria l facilitie s withcoal-fire d boilers

. ' (d ) Excep t fo r release s of radionuclides , notificatio n o f th e releas e o f a n RQ o f soli dparticle s o

f antimony , arsenic , beryllium , cadmium , chromium , copper , lead , nickel , selenium , silver , thallium , o r

zin c i s no t

require di

f th e mea n diamete r

o f th e particle s release d i s large r tha n 100 micrometer s (0.00 4 inches)

. §302. 4 [Amended ] 

### 4

. I n Sectio n 302.4 , Tabl e 302. 4 i s amende db y revisin g th e entr y fo r "Radionuclides " unde r

th e "Final RQ " colum n fo r "Pound s (kg) " t o read : "§. " 5

. I n Sectio n 302.4 , Tabl e 302. 4 i s amende db y revisin g th e footnote at th e en do f th e tabl e explainin g "§ " t o read : "§—th e adjuste dRQ s fo

r radionuclide s ma y b e foun din Appendi x B to thi s table. " 6

. In Sectio n 302.4 , Tabl e 302. 4 i s amende db y addin g th e followin g tabl e a s Appendi x B : APPENDI X B—RADIONUCLIDE S

Radionuclid e

Radionuclides *

_ Actinium-22 5

. Actinhim-22 7
Alumimim-2 6 - Americium-23 7
.

Americium-24 0 Americium-24 1 J

Americium-24 4 Ameridum-24 5 „ _.. ;

Arrtimony-116..

_i Antimony-11 7 Antimony-118 m -,\ Arrtimony-12 0 (1 6 <riin) Antimony-12 0 i (5.7 6 day). - .. ; Antimony-122
—... . Antimony-125*

. . Antimony-12 6

_ . AnBmony-128 Antimony-12 8 (9.0 1 tu)

Argon-4 1

__

Areenic-7 2 Arsenic-73

_ Arsenic-74 Arsenic-76 —_ Arsenic-7 8 Astatine-20 7 AstaSne-21 1 Barium-12 8 Barium-13 1 „ Barium-133

. Barium-135 m , Barium-140

_. „.... , Barium-142 8erkelium-24 8 Berkelium-247

_ Berkelium-249 _. .

Bismuth-200 Bismuth-20 1 Bismuth-202 Bismuth-203 Atomi c Numbe r

8 9 89

. 8 9 8 9 8 9 1 3 9 5 9 5 3 5 9 5 9 5 9 5 9 5 9 5 9 5 9 5 9 5 9 5 9 5 5 1 5 1 5 1 5 1 5 1 5 1 5 1 ' 5 1 5 1 5 1 5 1 5 1 5 1 5 1 5 1 5 1 5 1 5 1 5 1 5 1 1 8 1 8 3 3 3 3 33 ' 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 8 5 8 5 5 6 5 6 5 6 5 6 5 6 5 6 5 6 5 6 5 6 5 6 5 6 9 7 9 7 9 7 9 7 9 7 4 4 8 3 8 3 8 3 8 3 Fina l flQ C i (Bq )

14(3.7E10 ) 100(3.7 E 12 ) 1 (3.7 E 10) 10(3.7 E 11 ) 0.00 1 {3.7 E 7 ) 10{3.7E11 ) 10(3.7 6 11 ) 1000(3.7E13 ) 100(3.7 E 12 ) 10 0 (3.7 E 12 ) 10<3.7E11 ) 0.0 1 <3.7 E 8 ) 0.0 1 r(3.7 E 8 ) 100(3.7 E 12 ) 0.0 1 (3.7 E 8 ) 100 0 (3.7 E 13 ) 10(3.7 E 11 ) 100 0 (3.7 E 13 ) 100 0 (3.7 E 13 ) 100 0 (3.7 E 13 ) 100 0 (3.7 E 13 ) 100(3.7 E 12 ) 1000<3.7 E 13 ) 100 0 (3.7 E 13 ) 10(3.7E11 ) 100 0 (3.7 E 13 ) 100 0 (3.7 E 13 ) 10(3.7 E 11 ) 10(3.7 E 11 ) 100 0 (3.7 E 13 ) 10<3.7 E 11 ) 10(3.7E11 ) 1O0 0 (3.7 E 13 ) 10(3.7E11 ) 10(3.7E11 ) 100 0 (3.7 E 13 ) 10(3.7 E 11 ) 100<3.7 E 12 ) 10 0 (3.7 E 12 ) 100 0 (3.7 E 13 ) 100 0 (3.7E-13 ) 10(3.7 E 11 ) 100 0 (3.7 E 13 ) 10 0 (3.7 E 12 ) 100(3.7 E 12 ) 10<3.7 E 11 ) 100<3.7 E 12 ) 10(3.7 E 11 ) 10 0 (3.7 E 12 ) 100 0 (3.7 E 13) 100(3.7 E 12 ) 100(3.7 E 12 ) 10 0 (3.7 E 12 ) 100 0 (3.7 E 13 ) 10<3.7 E 11 ) 100 0 (3.7 E 13 ) 10(3.7 E 11 ) 100(3.7 E 12 ) 10(3.7 E 11 ) 100 0 (3.7 E 13 ) 100 0 (3.7 E 13 ) 10<3.7 E 11 ) 100 0 (3.7 E 13 ) 100 0 (3.7 E 13 ) 100(3.7 E 12) 10(3.7 E 11 ) 0.0 1 (3.7 E 8 ) 1 (3.7 E 10

) 10 0 (3.7 E 12) 100(3.7E12 ) 1 (3.7 E 10 ) 1O0(3.7E12 ) 10 0 (3.7 E 12 ) 100 0 (3.7 E 13) 10(3.7 E 11 )P.1 8



### Federa l Registe r

/ Vol

. 54 , No

. 9 9 /

Wednesday , Ma

y 24 , 1989 /

Rule s an dRegulation s 2253 9 maiNr.xe.3X-- APPENDI X B—RADIONUCLIDES—

Continue d

. ,
Radionuclid e

Bismuth-20 5 Bismuth-20 6 Bismuth-20 7 Bismuth-210m...

. Bismuth-21 0 Bismuth-21 2 Bismuth-21 3 Bismuth-21 4 Bromine-74 m Bromine-7 4 Bromine-7 5 Bromine-7 6 Bromine-7 7 Bromine-80 m Bromine-8 0 Bromine-8 2

_ Bromine-8 3 Bromine-8 4 Cadmium-10 4 Cadmium-10 7 Cadmium-10 9 Cadmium-113m.

. Cadmium-11 3 Cadmium-115m.

. Cadmium-11 5 Cadmium-117m.

. Cadmium-11 7 Calcium-4 1 Calcium-4 5 Calcium-4 7 Californium-244.

. Californium-246.

. Californium-248.

. Californium-249.

. Califomium-250.

. Californium-251.

. Califomium-252.

. Californium-253.

. Californium-254.

. Carbon-1 1 Carbon-1 4 Cerium-13 4 Cerium-13 5 Cerium-137m.....

. Cerium-13 7 Cerium-13 9 Cerium-14 1 Cerium-14 3 Cerium-14 4 Cesium-125.

. Cesium-12 7 Cesium-12 9 Cesium-13 0 Cesium-13 1 Cesium-13 2 Cesium-134 m Cesium-13 4 Cesium-135 m Cesium-13 5 Cesium-13 6 Cesium-13 7 Cesium-13 8 Chlorine-3 6 Chlorine-3 8 Chlorine-3 9 Chromium-4 8 Chrominm-4 9 Chromium-5 1 Cobalt-5 5 Cobalt-5 6 Cobalt-5 7 Cobalt-58 m Cobalt-5 8 Cobalt-60 m Cobalt-6 0 Atomi c

Numbe r
8 3 8 3 8 3 8 3 8 3 8 3 8 3 8 3 3 5 3 5 3 5 3 5 3 5 3 5 3 5 3 5 3 5 3 5 4 8 4 8 4 8 4 8 4 8 4 8 4 8 4 8 4 8 2 0 2 0 2 0 9 8 9 8 9 8 9 8 9 8 9 8 9 8 9 8 9 8 6 6 5 8 5 8 5 8 5 8 5 8 5 8 5 8 5 8 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 1 7 1 7 1 7 2 4 2 4 2 4 2 7 2 7 2 7 2 7 2 7 2 7 2 7 Fina l R Q Ci (Bq )

1 0 (3.7 E 11 ) 10(3.7E11 ) 10(3.7 E 11 ) 0. 1 (3.7E 9 ) 10(3.7 E 11 ) 10 0 (3.7E 12 ) 10 0 (3.7E 12 ) 10 0 (3.7E 12 ) 10 0 (3.7E 12 ) 10 0 (3.7E 12 ) 10 0 (3.7E 12 ) 10(3.7 E 11 ) 10 0 (3.7E 12 ) 100 0 (3.7E 13 ) 100 0 (3.7E 13 ) 10(3.7E11 ) 100 0 (3.7E 13 ) 10 0 (3.7E 12 ) 100 0 (3.7E 13 ) 100 0 (3.7E 13 ) 1 (3.7E 10 ) 0. 1 (3.7E 9 ) 0. 1 (3.7E 9 ) 10(3.7 E 11 ) 10 0 (3.7E 12 ) 10(3.7 E 11 ) 10 0 (3.7E 12 ) 10(3.7 E 11 ) 10(3.7E11 ) 10(3.7E11 ) 100 0 (3.7E 13 ) 10(3.7 E 11 ) 0. 1 (3.7E 9 ) 0.0 1 (3.7E 8 ) 0.0 1 (3.7E 8 ) 0.0 1 (3.7E 8 ) 0. 1 (3.7E 9 ) 10(3.7E11 ) 0. 1 (3.7E 9 ) 100 0 (3.7E 13 ) 10(3.7E11 ) 10(3.7 E 11 ) 10(3.7 E 11 ) 10 0 (3.7E 12 ) 100 0 (3.7 E 13 ) 10 0 (3.7E 12 ) 10(3.7 E 11 ) 10 0 (3.7E 12 ) 1 (3.7E 10 ) 100 0 (3.7E 13 ) 10 0 (3.7E 12 ) 10 0 (3.7 E 12 ) 100 0 (3.7E 13 ) 100 0 (3.7E 13 ) 10(3.7 E 11 ) 100 0 (3.7E 13 ) 1 (3.7 E 10 ) 10 0 (3.7E 12 ) 10(3.7 E 11 ) 10(3.7E11 ) 1 (3.7E 10 ) 10 0 (3.7E 12 ) 10(3.7 E 11 ) 10 0 (3.7E 12 ) 10 0 (3.7E 12 ) 10 0 (3.7E 12 ) 100 0 (3.7E 13 ) '100 0 (3.7E 13 ) 10(3.7 E 11 ) 10(3.7 E 11 ) 10 0 (3.7E 12 ) 100 0 (3.7E 13 ) 10(3.7E11 ) 100 0 (3.7E 13 ) 1 0 (3.7 E 11 ) APPENDI X B—RADIONUCLIDES

Continue d

Radionuclid e
Cobalt-6 1

' / Cobalt-62 m Copper-6 0 Copper-6 1 Copper-6 4 Copper-6 7 Curkim-23 8
... . Curium-24 0 Curium-24 1 Curium-24 2 Curium-24 3 Curium-24 4 Curium-24 5 Curium-24 6 Curium-247 Curium-24 8 Curium-24 9 Dysprosium-155...

. Dysprosium-157...

. Dysprosium-159...

. Dysprosium-16 5 DysprosKim-16 6 Einsteinkim-25 0 Einsteinium-25 1 Einsteinium-25 3 Einsteinium-254m.

. Einsteinium-25 4 Erbium-16 1 Erblum-16 5 Erbium-16 9 Erbium-17 1 Erbium-17 2 Europium-14 5 Europium-14 6 Europium-14 7 Europium-14 8 Europium-14 9 Europium-15 0 (12. 6 hr ) Europium-15 0 (34. 2 yr ) Europium-152 m Europium-15 2 Europium-15 4 Europium-15 5 Europium-15 6 Europium-15 7 Europium-15 8 Fermium-25 2 Fermium-25 3 Fermium-25 4 Fermium-25 5 Fermium-25 7 Fluorine-1 8 Francium-22 2 Franctum-22 3 Gadolinium-14 5 Gadolinium-14 6 Gadolinium-14 7 Gadolinium-14 8 Gadolinium-14 9 Gadolinium-15 1 Gadolinium-15 2 Gadollnium-15 3 Gadolinium-15 9 Gallium-6 5 Gallium-6 6 Gallium-6 7 Gallium-6 8 Gallium-7 0 Gallium-7 2 Gallium-7 3 Gemianium-6 6 Germanium-6 7 Atomi c numbe r Fina

l R Q C i (Bq )

2 7 2 7 2 9 2 9 2 9 2 9 9 6 9 6 9 6 9 6 9 6 9 6 9 6 9 6 9 6 9 6 9 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 6 8 6 8 6 8 6 8 6 8 6 3 6 E 6 3 6 3 6 3

6 3 100 0 (3.7E 13 ) 100 0 (3.7E 13 ) 10 0 (3.7E 12 ) 10 0 (3.7E 12 ) 100 0 (3.7E 13 ) 10 0 (3.7E 12 ) 100 0 (3.7E 13 ) 1 (3.7E 10 ) 10(3.7E11 ) 1 (3.7E 10 ) 0.0 1 (3.7E 8 ) 0.0 1 (3.7E 8 ) 0.0 1 (3.7E 8 ) 0.0 1 (3.7E 8 ) 0.0 1 (3.7E 8 ) 0.00 1 (3.7E 7 ) 100 0 (3.7E 13 ) 10 0 (3.7 E 12 ) 100(3.7 E 12 ) 10 0 (3.7E 12 ) 100 0 (3.7E 13 ) 10(3.7 E 11 ) 10(3.7 E 11 ) 100 0 (3.7 E 13 ) 10(3.7 E 11 ) 1 (3.7E 10 ) 0. 1 (3.7E 9 ) 10O(3.7 E 12 ) 100 0 (3.7E 13 ) 10 0 (3.7E 12 ) 100(3.7 E 12 ) 10(3.7E11 ) 10(3.7 E 11 ) 10(3.7 E 11 ) 10(3.7 E 11 ) '10(3.7 E 11 ) 10 0 (3.7E 12 )
100 0 (3.7E 13 ) 6 3 6 3 6 3 6 3 6 3 6 3 6 3 6 3 10 0 10 0 10 0 10 0 10 0 9 8 7 8 7 6 4 6 4 6 4 6 4 6 4 6 4 6 « 6 4 6 4 3 1 3 1 3 1 3 1 3 1 3 1 3 1 3 2 3 2 10(3.7 E 11 ) 10 0 (3.7E 12 ) 10(3.7 E 11 ) 10(3.7 E 11 ) 10(3.7E11 ) 10(3.7 E 11 ) 10(3.7 E 11 ) 100 0 (3.7E 13 ) 10(3.7E11 ) 10(3.7E11 ) 10 0 (3.7E 12 ) 10 0 (3.7E 12 ) 1 (3.7E 10 ) 100 0 (3.7E 13 ) 1O0(3.7 E 12 ) 10 0 (3.7 E 12 ) 10 0 (3.7E 12 ) 10(3.7 E 11 ) 10(3.7 E 11 ) 0.00 1 (3.7E 7 ) 10 0 (3.7 E 12 ) 10 0 (3.7E 12 ) 0.00 1 (3.7E ) 10(3.7 E 11 ) 100 0 (3.7E 13 ) 100 0 (3.7E 13 ) 10(3.7 E 11 ) 100(3.7 E 12 ) 100 0 (3.7E 13 ) 100 0 (3.7E 13 ) 10(3.7 E 11 ) 10 0 (3.7E 12 ) 10 0 (3.7 E 12 ) 100 0 (3.7 E 13 ) APPENDI X B—RADIONUCLIDES

Continue d

Radionuclid e Atomi c

numbe r
Germanium-6 8 Germanium-6 9 Germanium-7 1 Germanium-7 5 Germanium-7 7 Germanium-7 8 Gold-19 3 Gold-19 4 Gold-19 5 Gold-198 m Gold-19 8 Gold-19 9 Gold-200 m Gold-20 0 Gold-20 1 Hafnium-17 0 Hafnium-17 2 Hafnium-17 3 Hatnium-17 5 Hafnium-177 m Hafnium-178 m Hafnium-179 m Hafnium-180 m Hafnium-18 1 Hamium-182 m Hafnium-18 2 Hafnium-18 3 Hafnium-18 4 Holmium-15 5 Holmium-15 7 Holmium-15 9 Holmium-16 1 Holmium-162 m Holmium-16 2 Holmium-164 m Holmium-16 4 Holmium-166 m Holmium-16 6 Holmium-16 7 ".

. Hydrogen- 3 lndiiim-10 9 lndium-11 0 (69. 1 min ) lndium-110(4.9hr ) lndium-11 1 lndium-11 2 Indium-113 m Indium-114 m Indium-115 m lndium-11 5 Indium-116 m Indium-117 m ,. . lndium-11 7 Indium-119 m Iodine-120 m lodine-12 0 lodine-12 1 lodine-12 3 lodine-12 4 lodine-12 5 lodine-12 6 lodine-12 8 lodine-12 9 lodtne-13 0 lodine-13 1 lodine-132 m lodine-13 2 lodine-13 3 lodine-13 4 lodine-13 5 lridium-18 2 lridium-18 4 3 2 3 2 3 2 3 2 3 2 3 2 7 9 7 9 7 9 7 9 7 9 7 9 7 9 7 9 7 9 7 2 7 2 7 2 7 2 7 2 7 2 7 2 7 2 7 2 7 2 7 2 7 2 7 2 6 7 6 7 6 7 6 7 6 7 6 7 6 7 6 7 6 7 6 7 6 7 1 4 9 4 9 4 9 4 9 4 9 4 9 4 9 4 9 4 9 4 9 4 9 4 9 4 9 5 3 5 3 5 3 5 3 5 3 5 3 5 3 5 3 5 3 5 3 5 3 5 3 5 3 5 3 5 3 5 3 7 7 7 7 Fina l R Q C l (Bq )

10(3.7 E 11 ) 10(3.7 E 11 ) 100 0 (3.7 E 13 ) 100 0 (3.7 E 13) 10(3.7E11 ) 100 0 (3.7 E 13 ) 100(3.7E12 ) 10(3.7E11 ) 100(3.7 E 12 ) 10(3.7E11 ) 100(3.7E12 ) 100(3.7E12 ) 10(3.7E11 ) 100 0 (3.7 E 13) 1000(3.7E13 ) 100(3.7 E 12 ) 1 (3.7 E 10 ) 100(3.7 E 12 ) 100(3.7 E 12 ) 100 0 (3.7 E 13 ) 0. 1 (3.7 E 9 ) 10 0 (3.7 E 12 ) 10 0 (3.7 E 12 ) 10(3.7 E 11 ) 10 0 (3.7 E 12 ) 0. 1 (3.7 E 9 ) 10 0 (3.7 E 12 ) 10 0 (3.7 E 12 ) 1000(3.7E13 ) 100 0 (3.7 E 13 ) 100 0 (3.7 E 13 ) 100 0 (3.7 E 13 ) 100 0 (3.7 E 13) 100 0 (3.7 E 13 ) 100 0 (3.7 E 13 ) 100 0 (3.7 E 13) 1 (3.7 E 10 ) 10 0 (3.7 E 12 ) 10 0 (3.7 E 12 ) 10 0 (3.7 E 12 ) 100(3.7E'12 ) 10 0 (3.7 E 12 ) 10(3.7 E 11 ) 10 0 (3.7 E 12 ) 100 0 (3.7 E 13) 100 0 (3.7 E 13) 10(3.7 E 11 ) 10 0 (3.7 E 12) 0. 1 (3.7 E 9 ) 10 0 (3.7 E 12 ) 10 0 (3.7 E 12 ) 100 0 (3.7 E 13 ) 100 0 (3.7 E 13 ) 10 0 (3.7 E 12 ) 10(3.7E11 ) 100(3.7E12 ) 10(3.7 E 11 ) 0. 1 (3.7 E 9 ) 0.0 1 (3.7 E 8 ) 0.0 1 (3.7 E 8 ) 100 0 (3.7 E 13 ) 0.00 1 (3.7 E 7 ) 1 (3.7 E 10) 0.0 1 (3.7 E 8 ) 10(3.7 E 11 ) 10(3.7 E 11 ) 0. 1 (3.7 E 9 ) 10 0 (3.7 E 12 ) 10(3.7 E 11 ) 100 0 (3.7 E 13) 10 0 (3.7 E 12 )P.1 9



### 2254 0 Federa

l Register/

Vol

. 54 , No

. 9 9 /

Wednesday , Ma

y 24 , 198 9 /

Rule s an dRegulation s
APPENDI X B—RADIONUCLIDE S

Radionuclid e Atomi c

numbe r
lridium-185 lridium-18 6 lridium-187 lridium-188 lridium-189 Iridium-190m lridium-19 0 Iridium-192 m lridium-192 Iridium-194 m lridiurtl-194 Iridium-195 m lridiiim-19 5

.. . lron-5 2 lron-5 5 lron-5 9 lron-6 0 .'
. Krypton-7

4 Krypton-76 .-

. Krypton-7

7
... . Krypton-79

.... . Krypton-8 1 Krypton-83m........

. Krypton-85m........

. Krypton-85 Krypton-8l 7 — Krypton-88 Lanthanum-131...

. Lanthanum-132...

. Lanthanum-135...

. Lanthanum-137...

. Lanthanum-138...

. Lanthanum-140...

. Lanthanum-141...

. Lanthanum-142...

.

. Lanthanum-143...

. Lead-I95 m Lead-198.'

. Lead-199.. — Lead-20 0 Lead-201. , Lead-202 m .. . Lead-202

_

:.. . Lead-20 3 .'..

. Lead-20 5 Lead-20 9 Lead-21 0 Lead-21 1 Lead-21 2 Lead-21 4 Lutetium-16 9 Lutetium-170 Lutetium-17 1 Lutetium-172 Lutetium-173 Lutetium-174 m Lutetium-174 Lutetium-176 m Lutetium-176.......

. Lutetium-177 m Lutetium-177 Lutetium-178 m Lutetium-178 Lutetium-179 Magnesium-2 8 Manganese-5 1 Manganese-52m.

. Manganese-5 2 Manganese-5 3 Manganese-5 4 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 2 6 2 6 2 6 2 6 3 6 3 6 3 6 3 6 3 6 3 6 3 6 3 6 3 6 3 6 5 7 5 7 5 7 5 7 5 7 57 5 7 5 7 5 7

. 6 2 8 2 8 2 8 2 8 2 8 2 8 2 8 2 8 2 8 2 8 2 8 2 8 2 6 2 7 1 7 1 7 1 7 1 7 1 7 1 7 1 7 1 7 1 7 1 7 1 7 1 7 1 7 1 1 2 2 5 2 5 2 5 2 5 2 5 Fina l R Q C i (Bq )

10 0 (3.7 E 12) 10(3.7 E 11 ) 10 0 (3.7 E 12) 10(3.7 E 11 ) 10 0 (3.7 E 12) 100 0 (3.7 E 13 ) 10(3.7E11 ) 100(3.7 E 12 ) 10(3.7 E 11 ) 10(3.7 E 11 ) 10 0 (3.7 E 12) 100(3.7 E 12) 100 0 (3.7 E 13) 10 0 (3.7 E 12 ) 10 0 (3.7 E 12 )

. 10(3.7E11 ) 0. 1 (3.7 E 9 ) 10(3.7 E 11 ) 10(3.7 E 11 ) 10(3.7 E 11 ) 10 0 (3.7 E 12 ) 100 0 (3.7 E 13 ) 100 0 (3.7 E 13 ) 10 0 (3.7 E 12 ) 100 0 (3.7 E 13) 10(3.7 E 11 ) 10(3.7E11 ) 100 0 (3.7 E 13 ) 10 0 (3.7 E 12 ) 100 0 (3.7 E 13 ) 10(3.7 E 11 ) 1 (3.7 E 10

) 10(3.7E11 ) 100 0 (3.7 E 13 ) 10 0 (3.7 E 12 ) 100 0 (3.7 E 13 ) 100 0 (3.7 E 13 ) 10 0 (3.7 E 12 ) 100(3.7E12 ) 10 0 (3.7 E 12) 10 0 (3.7 E 12 ) 10(3.7E11 ) 1 (3.7 E 10 ) 10 0 (3.7 E 12 ) 10 0 (3.7 E 12 ) 100 0 (3.7 E 13 ) 0.0 1 (3.7 E 8 ) 10 0 (3.7 E 12 ) 10(3.7 E 11 ) 10 0 (3.7 E 12 ) 10(3.7 E 11 ) 10(3.7E11 ) 10(3.7E11 ) 10(3.7E11 ) 10 0 (3.7 E 12 ) 10(3.7E11 ) 10(3.7E11 ) 100 0 (3.7 E 13 ) 1 (3.7 E 10) 10(3.7E11 ) 10 0 (3.7 E 12 ) 100 0 (3.7 E 13 ) 100 0 (3.7 E 13 ) 100 0 (3.7 E 13 )

- 10(3.7E11 ) 100 0 (3.7 E 13 ) 100 0 (3.7 E 13 ) 10(3.7 E 11 ) 100 0 (3.7 E 13 ) 10(3.7E-11 ) APPENDI X B-RADIONUCLIDES — Continue d

Radionuclid e
Manganese-5 6 Mendelevium-25 7
Mercury-193
Mercury-195

Mercury-203 Molybdenum-90

Neodymium-13 6 Neodymium-13 8 Neodymium-139 m Neodymium-13 9

Neptunium-23 3 Neptunium-23 4 Neptunium-23 5 Neptunium-23 6 (1. 2 E 5yr ) Neptunium-23 6 (22. 5 hr ) Neptuntum-237...

. .. . Neptunium-23 8 ; .. . Neptunium-23 9 : Neptunium-240 Nickel-56. „ Nicke(-5 7 Nickel-5 9 „ Nickel-6 3 Nickel-6 5 _.. . Nickel-6 6 Niobium-88 Niobium-89 (6 6 min)~..

. Niobium-89 (12 2 min).

. Niobium-90 Niobium-93 m Niobium-94 Nk)bium-95 m Mfobium-9

5 Niobium-96 Niobium-97 Niobium-98 Osmium-18 1 Osmium-182 Osmium-189 m „. . Osmium-19 1 Osmium-193 Palladium-10 0 Palladium-101...

. F'alladkim-lO S Palladium-107
.. „ Palladium-10 9 Atomi c numbe r
2 5 10 1 10 1 8 0 80 8 0 80 60 80 80 80 80 4 2 4 2 4 2 4 2 4 2 60 60 6 0 6 0 60 6 0 6 0 6 0 9 3 9 3 9 3 9 3

9 3 9 3

, 9 3 i 9 3 9 3 9 3 2 8 2 8 2 8 2 8 2 8 2 8 4 1 4 1 4 1 4 1 4 1 4 1 4 1 4 1 4 1 4 1 4 1 7 6 7 6 7 6 7 6 7 6 7 6 7 6 7 6 7 6 4 6 4 6

. 4 6 4 6 4 6 1 5 Fina l R Q C i (Bq )
100(3.7 E 12 ) 10 0 (3.7 E 12 ) 1 (3.7 E 10) 10J3.7 E 11 ) 10 0 (3.7 E 12 ) 0. 1 (3.7 E 9 ) 100(3.7 E 12 ) 10 0 (3.7 E 12 ) 100 0 (3.7 E 13 ) 100 0 (3.7 E 13 ) 100 0 (3.7 E 13 ) 10(3.7 E 11 ) 10 0 (3.7 E 12 ) 10(3.7E11 ) 10 0 (3.7 E 12 ) 10 0 (3.7 E 12 ) 100 0 (3.7 E 13 ) 100 0 (3.7 E 13 ) 100 0 (3.7 E 13 ) 10 0 (3.7 E 12 ) 100 0 (3.7 E 13 ) 100 0 (3.7 E 13 ) 1 0 (3.7 E 11 ) 10 0 (3.7 E 12 ) 100 0 (3.7 E 13 ) 100 0 (3.7 E 13 ) 100 0 (3.7 E 13 ) 10(3.7 E 11 ) 100 0 (3.7 E 13 ) 0. 1 (3.7 E 9 ) 10 0 (3.7 E 12 ) 0.0 1 (3.7 E 8 ) 10(3.7 E 11 ) 100(3.7 E 12 ) 10 0 (3.7 E 12 } 10(3.7 E 11 ) 1 0 (3.7 E 11 ) 10 0 (3.7 E 12 ) 40 0 (3.7 E 12 ) 10 0 (3.7 E 12 ) 10J3.7 E 11 ) 10 0 (3.7 E 12 ) 10 0 (3.7 E 12 ) 10 0 (3.7 E 12 ) 10J3.7 E 11 ) 10 0 (3.7 E 12 ) 10(3.7 E 11 ) 10 0 (3.7 E 12 ) 10(3.7 E 11 ) 1 0 (3.7 E 11 ) 10 0 (3.7 E 12 ) 100 0 (3.7 E 13 ) 100 0 (3.7 E 13 ) 10 0 (3.7 E 12 ) 10 0 (3.7 E 12 ) 10(3.7 E 11 ) 100 0 (3.7 E 13 ) 100 0 (3.7 E 13 ) 10 0 (3.7 E 12 ) 10 0 (3.7 E 12 ) 1 (3.7 E 10) 10 0 (3.7 E 12 ) 10 0 (3.7 E 12 ) 10 0 (3.7 E 12 ) 10 0 (3.7 E 12 ) 100 0 (3.7 E 13 ) 0. 1 (3.7 E 9 ) APPENDI X B—RADIONUCLIDES— Continue d

Radionuclid e
Phosphorus-33 Platinum-186 Platinum-18 8 Platinum-18 9 Platinum-19 1 Platinum-193 m Platinum-193 Platinum-195 m Platinum-197 Platinum-19 9 Platinum-20 0 Plutonium-234 Plutonium-235 Plutonium-23 6 Plutonium-237 Plutonium-23 8 Pk)tonium-23 9 Plutonium-240 Plutonium-24 1 Plutonium-242 Plutonium-243 Plutonium-244 Polonium-203 Polonium-205 Polonium-21 0 Potassium-40 „

Potassium-44 Potasstum-4

5 Praseodymium-13 6 Praseodymium-137 Prasepdymtum-J38frt...

. Praseodymium-139. : Praseodymium-142m...

. Praseodymium-142......

. Praseodymium-143 Praseodymium-144

. Praseodymkim-145 Promethium-14 1

Protactinium-22 7 Protactinium-22 8 Protactinium-23 0 Protactinium-23 1 Protactinium-232 Protactinium-23 3 _. . Protactinium-234 Radium-22 3

_ Radium-22 4 Radium-225....

. Radium-226<1 > Radium-22 7 Radium-22 8 Radbn-22 0 Radon-22 2

. Atomi c numbe r
1 5 7 8 7 8 7 8 7 8 7 8 7 8 7 8

. 7 8 7 8 7 8 7 8 9 4 9 4 9 4 9 4 9 4 9 4 9 4 9 4 9 4 9 4 9 4 9 4 8 4 8 4 8 4 8 4 1 9 1 9 1 9 1 9 1 9 5 9 5 9 5 9 •5 9 5 9 5 9 5 9 •5 9 5 9 5 9 6 1 6 1 6 1 6 1 6 1 6 1 6 1 6 1 6 1 6 1 6 1 9 1 9 1 9 1 9 1 9 1

. 9 1 9 1 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8
•8 8 8 8 8 6 8 6 Fina l R Q C i (Bq )

1 (3.7 E 10 ) 10 0 (3.7 E 12 ) 10 0 (3.7 E 12 ) 10 0 (3.7 E 12 ) 10 0 (3.7 E 12 ) 10 0 (3.7 E 12 ) 100 0 (3.7 E 13 ) 10 0 (3.7 E 12 ) 100 0 (3.7 E 13 ) 100 0 (3.7 E 13 ) 100 0 (3.7 E 13 ) 10 0 (3.7 E 12 ) 100 0 (3.7 E 13 ) 100 0 (3.7 E 13 ) 0. 1 (3.7 E 9 ) 100 0 (3.7 E 13 ) 0.0 1 (3.7 E 8 ) 0.0 1 (3.7 E 8 ) 0.0 1 (3.7 E 8 ) 1 (3.7 E 10 ) 0.0 1 (3.7 E 8 ) 100 0 (3.7 E 13 ) 0.0 1 (3.7 E 8 ) 10 0 (3.7 E 12 ) 10 0 (3.7 E 12 ) 10 0 (3.7 E 12 ) 10(3.7E11 ) 0.0 1 (3.7 E 8 ) 1 (3.7 E 10 ) 10 0 (3.7 E 12 ) 10(3.7 E 11 ) 10 0 (3.7 E 12 ) 100 0 (3.7 E 13 ) 100 0 (3.7 E 13 ) 100 0 (3.7 E 13 ) 10 0 (3.7 E 12 ) 100 0 (3.7 E 13 ) 100 0 (3.7 E 13 ) 10 0 (3.7 E 12 ) 10(3:7 E 11 ) 100 0 (3.7 E 13 ) 100 0 (3.7 E 13 ) 100 0 (3.7 E 13 ) 100 0 (3.7 E 13 ) 10 0 (3.7 E 12 ) 10(3.7 E 11 ) 10 0 (3.7 E 12 ) 10(3.7 E 11 ) 10(3.7 E 11 ) 10(3.7 E 11 ) 10(3.7 E 11 ) 10 0 (3.7 E 12 ) 10 0 (3.7 E 12 ) 10 0 (3.7 E 12 ) 10 0 (3.7 E 12 ) 10(3.7 E 11 ) 10(3.7 E 11 ) 0.0 1 (3.7 E 8 ) 10(3.7 E 11 )

- ' 10 0 (3.7 E 12 ) 10(3.7E11 ) 1 (3.7 E 10 ) 10(3.7E11 ) 1 (3.7E10 ) 0. 1 (3.7 E 9 ) 100 0 (3.7 E 13 ) 0: 1 (3.7 E 9 ) 0. 1 (3.7 E 9 ) 0.H3.7E9 )i n 

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### 2254 2 Federa

l Registe r/

Vol

. 54 , No

. 9 9 /

Wednesday , May 24 , 198 9 / Rule s an dRegulation s
APPENDI X B—RADIONUCLIDES—

Continue d

Radionuclid e

Xenon-12 2 Xenon-12 3 Xenon-12 5 Xenon-12 7 Xenon-129 m Xenon-131 m Xenon-133 m Xenon-13 3 Xenon-135 m Xenon-135.

_ Xenon-13 8 Ytterbium-16 2 Ytterbium-16 6 Ytterbium-16 7 Ytterbium-16 9 Ytterblum-175 Ytterbium-177 Ytterblum-17 8 Yttrium-86m Yttrium-8 6 Yttnum-87 Yttrium-8 8 Yttrium-90 m Yttrium-9 0 Yttrium-91 m Yttrium-9 1 Atomi c Numbe r

5 4 5 4 5 4 6 4 5 4 5 4 5 4 5 4 5 4 5 4 5 4 7 0 7 0 7 0 7 0 7 0 7 0 7 0 3 9 3 9 3 9 3 9 3 9 3 9 3 9 3 9 Fina l R Q Ci (Bq )

10 0 1 0 10 0 10 0 100 0 100 0 100 0 100 0 1 0 10 0 1 0 100 0 1 0 100 0 1 0 10 0 100 0 100 0 100 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 10 0 1 0 100 0 1 0 (3.7 E 12 1 (3.7 E 1 1 (3.7 E 12 ] (3.7 E 12 ] (3.7 E 13 ; (3.7 E 13 ; (3.7 E 13 ; (3.7 E 13 ] (3.7 E 1 1 (3.7 E 12 ; (3.7 E 1 1 (3.7 E 13 ; (3.7E1 1 (3.7 E 13 ; (37 E 1 1 (3.7 E 12 ; (3.7 E 13 ; (3.7 E 13 ; (3.7 E 13 ; (3.7 E 1 1 (3.7 E 1 1 (3.7 E 1 1 (3,7 E 12 ; (3.7E1 1 (3.7 E 13 ) (3.7 E 1 1 APPENDI X B—RADIONUCLIDES

Continue d

Radionuclid e

Yttrium-9 2 Yttrium-93 Yttrium-94 Yttrium-95 Zinc-6 2 Zinc-6 3 Zinc-6 5 Zinc-6 9 Zinc-7 2 Zirconhtm-86

_ Zirconium-89 Zirconium-93 Zirccnium-95 Atomi c Numbe r
3 9 3 9 3 9 3 9 30 3 0 30 3 0 30 30 3 0 40 40 4 0 40 4 0 40 Fina l R Q C i (Bq )

10 0 (3.7 E 12 ) 10 0 (3.7 E 12 ) 100 0 (3.7 E 13 ) 100 0 (3.7 E 13 ) 10 0 (3.7 E 12 ) 100 0 (3.7 E 13 ) 10(3.7E11 ) 10 0 (3.7 E 12 ) 100 0 (3.7 E 13 ) 10 0 (3.7 E 12 ) 10 0 (3.7 E 12 ) 10 0 (3.7 E 12 ) 10(3.7 E 11 ) 10 0 (3.7 E 12 ) 1 (3.7 E 10 ) 10(3.7E11 ) 10(3.7E11 ) Ci—Curie

. Th e curi e represents a rat e o t radioactiv e decay

. On e curi e i s th e quantit y o t an y radioactiv e nuclid e whic h undergoes 3.7 E 1 0 disintegration s pe r second

. Bq—Becquerel

. Th e becquere l represents a rate o f radioactiv

e decay

. On e becquere l i a th e quantit y o l an y radioactiv

e nuclid e whic h undergoes on e disintegratio n pe r second

. On e curi e i s equa l t o 3.7 E 1 0 becquerel

. «- —Fina l RQ s lo r al l radionuclide s appl y t o chemi ca l compound s containin g th e radionuclides an d ele menta l form s regardles s o l th e diamete r o l piece s o l soli d material

. A—Th e adjusted R Q o f on e curi e applies t o al l radionuclide

s no t otherwise listed

. Wheneve r th e RQ s i n Tabl e 302. 4 an d thi s appendi x t o th e tabl e are i n conflict th e lowes t R Q shal l apply

. Fo r exam ple , urany l acetat e an d urany l nitrate hav e adjuste d RQ s show n i n Tabl e 302. 4 of 10 0 pounds , equivalen t t o abou t one-tent h th e R Q leve l lo r uranium-23 8 listed i n thi s appendix

. E—Exponent t o th e base 10

. Fo r example , 1.3 E 2 i s equa l t o 13 0 whil e 1.3 E 3 i s equa l t o 1300

. m—Signifie

s a nuclea r isome r whic h i s a radionu clid e i n a highe r energ y metastabl e state relativ e t o th e paren t isotope

. <•*—Notificatio n requirements lo r release s o l mixture s o r solution s o l radionuclides ca n b e foun d i n Sectio n 302.6(b ) o l thi s rule

. Fina l RQ s lo r th e followin g lou r commo n radionuclid e mixture s ar e provided : radium-22 6 i n secula r equilibriu m wit h its daughter s (0.05 3 curie) ; natura l uraniu m (0. 1 curie) ; natura l uraniu m i n secula r equilibriu m wit h its daugh ters (0.05 2 curie) ; an d natura l thoriu m i n secula r equilibriu m wit h its daughter s (0.01 1 curie)

. [F RDoc . 89-841 6 File d 5-23-89 ; 8 1 5 am i BILUN Q COD E 6560-5 0

### Federa l Register/

Vol

. 54 , No

. 9 9 /

Wednesday , May 24 , 198 9 / Rule s an dRegulation s P.2 2

2254 3

ENVIRONMENTA L PROTECTIO N AGENC Y 4 0 CF R Part 35 5 [FRL-3574-2 ] Reportabl e Quantity Adjustment— Radionuclide s AGENCY : U. S Environmenta l Protectio n Agenc y (EPA)

. ACTION : Technica l amendment

. SUMMARY

: Section s 103(a ) an d103(b ) o f th e Comprehensiv e Environmenta l Response , Compensation , an dLiabilit y Ac t o f 198 0 (CERCLA) , a s amended , requir e tha t

person s i n charg e o f

vessel s o r facilitie s fro mwhic hahazardou s substanc e ha s bee n release dwithi n a 24-hou r perio di n aquantit y equa l t o o r greate r tha n it s reportabl e quantit y immediatel y notif

y th e Nationa l Respons e Cente r

o f th e release

. A s discusse delsewher e i n today' s Federa l Register , th e U.S

. Environmenta l Protectio n Agenc y (EPA ) ha s decide dt o exemp t fro mCERCL A notificatio n requirement s th e followin g fou r categorie s o f

release s o f

radionuclides : (1 ) Release s o f

radionuclide s tha t

occu r naturall y i n soi l fro mlan dholding s suc h a s parks , gol f

courses , o r

othe r larg e tract s o f land ; (2 ) release s o f radionuclide s occurrin g naturall y fro m
. th e disturbanc e o f

lan dfo r purpose s othe r tha n mining , suc ha s fo r agricultura l o r

constructio n activities ; (3 ) release s o f

radionuclide s fro mth e dumpin g o f

coa l an dcoa l as ha t

utilit y an dindustria l facilitie s wit hcoal-fire d boilers ; an d(4 ) release s o f radionuclide s fro mcoa l an dcoa l as hpile s a t utilit y an dindustria l facilitie s wit hcoal-fire d boilers

. Thes e release s als o ar e exemp t fro mth e reportin g requirement s o f sectio n 30 4 o f

th e Emergenc y Plannin g an dCommunit y Righ t

t o Kno w Ac t (EPCRA) , als o know n a s Titl e II I o f th e Superfun dAmendment s an d Reauthorizatio n Ac t

o f 198 6 (SARA)

. Unde r SAR A Sectio n 304(a)(3) , release s o f radionuclide s mus t

b e reporte dt o th e communit y emergenc y coordinato r fo r th e Loca l Emergenc y Plannin g '•• Committe e (LEPC ) an dt o th e Stat e Emergenc y Respons e Commissio n (SERC ) o f

an y Stat e tha t

i s likel y t o b e affecte db y th e release , i f th e releas e occur s a t afacilit y a t

whic hahazardou s chemica l i s produced , used , o r stored , ari dif notificatio n o f

th e releas e i s require dunde r

sectio n 103(a ) o f CERCLA

. Becaus e o f

today' s exemption s of

certai n radionuclid e release s fro mCERCL A notificatio n requirements , a s describe dabove , suc h exempte drelease s als o ar e exemp t fro m th e reportin g requirement s o f sectio n 304 o f SARA

. Thi s Technica l Amendmen t als o add s languag e t o 4 0 CFR355.40(a)(2 ) tha t wa s inadvertentl y delete di n publishin g th e fina l rul e adjustin g Threshol dPlannin g Quantitie s fo r

Extremel y Hazardou s Substance s (5 2 F

R13396 ; Apri l 22,1987)

. Thi s amendmen t

add s paragrap h 355.40(a ) (2 ) (iv ) tha t

provide s tha t release s exempte dfro mCERCL A sectio n 103(a ) reportin g b y CERCL A sectio n 103(e ) (whic happlie s t o th e application , handling , o r storag e o f

a pesticid e registere dunde r th e Federa l Insecticide , Fungicide , an dRodenticid e Act ) als o ar e exemp t

fro mreportin g unde r SAR A sectio n 304

. I n addition , thi s Technica l Amendmen t clarifie s th e languag e i n paragrap h(a)(2)(v)

. Sectio n 355.40(a ) (2 ) (v ) exempt s fro msectio n 304 reportin g an y occurrenc e no t meetin g th e definitio n of

releas e unde r

sectio n 101(22 ) o f

CERCLA

. Suc hoccurrence s ar e als o exemp t

fro mreportin g unde r CERCL A Sectio n 103(a)

. EFFECTIV

E DATE : Jul y 24,1989
. FO R FURTHE R INFORMATIO N CONTACT : Ms

. Pamel aHarris , Projec t Officer , Respons e Standard s an dCriteri a Branch , Emergenc y Respons e Divisio n (WH-548B) , U.S

. Environmenta l Protectio n Agency , 40 1 M Street , SW , Washington , D C 20460 , o r th e RCRA / Superfun dHotline , 1-800/424-9346 ; i n Washingto n D C metropolita n area , 1

- 202/382-3000

. Dated ; Ma

y 11,1989

. Jonathan Z

. Cannon , Acting Assistant

Administrator. Fo r th e reason s se t

fort habove , Titl e 4 0 o f th e Cod e of

Federa l Regulation s i s amende da s follows : PAR T355—EMERGENC YPLANNIN G AN D NOTIFICATIO N 1

. Th e authorit y citatio n fo r Par t 35 5 i s revise dt o rea da s follows : Authority : 4

2 U.S.C

. 1100

2 an d11048

. 2

. Sectio n 355.4 0 i s amende db y addin g paragraph s (a)(2)(v ) an d (a)(2)(vi) , an db y revisin g paragrap h (a)(2)(iv ) t o rea da s follow s ((a)(2 ) introductor y tex t

i s republished) : § 355.4 0 Emergenc y releas e notification

. (a ) Applicability

. (1) * * * (2 ) Thi s sectio n doe s no t appl y to : * * * (iv ) An y releas e o f

apesticid e produc t exemp t fro mCERCL A sectio n 103(a ) reportin g unde r

sectio n 103(e ) of CERCLA ; (v ) An y releas e no t

meetin g th e definitio n o f

releas e unde r

Sectio n 101(22 ) of

CERCLA , an dtherefor e exemp t fro mSectio n 103(a ) reporting ; an d (vi ) An y radionuclid e releas e whic h occur s (A ) naturall y i n soi l fro mlan d holding s suc ha s parks , gol f courses , o r othe r larg e tract s of

land ; (B ) naturall y fro mth e disturbanc e o f lan dfo r purpose s othe r

tha n mining , suc has , fo r agricultura l o r

constructio n activities ; (C ) fro mth e dumpin g o f coa l an dcoa l as ha t utilit y an dindustria l facilitie s wit hcoal-fire dboilers ; an d(D ) fro mcoa l an dcoa l as hpile s a t

utilit y an d industria l facilitie s wit hcoal-fire d boilers

. **** * [F RDoc . 89-1218 0 File d 5-23-89 ; 8:45 am ) BILLIN G CODE 6560-SO- MP.2 3



# Monda y/?/J ~> '' 7 Novembe r 30 , 199

2 '



# Part I V 

# Environmenta l Protectio n Agency
40 CFR Parts 30

2 an d 355 Administrativ

e Reportin g Exemption s fo r Certai n Radionuclid e Releases ; Proposed Rul eP.2 4

5672 6 Federa l Registe r / Vol

. 57 , No

. 23 0 / Monday , Novembe r 30 , 199 2 /

Propose dRule s
ENVIRONMENTA L PROTECTIO N AGENC Y
4 0 CF R Part s 30 2 an d 35 5 [FRL-4153-7 ] Administrativ e Reportin g Exemption s fo r Certai n Radionuclid e Release s AGENCY: Environmenta l Protectio n Agenc y (EPA)

. ACTION : Propose drule

. SUMMARY

: Thi s notic e o f

propose d rulemakin g provide s notic e of , an d request s comment s on , certai n administrativ e exemption s fro mth e notificatio n requirement s unde r sectio n 10 3 o f th e Comprehensiv e Environmenta l Response , Compensation , an dLiabilit y Ac t o f 198 0 (CERCLA) , a s amended , an dsectio n 304 of th e Emergenc y Plannin g an d Communit y Right-to-Kno w Ac t (EPCRA) , als o know n a s titl e II I of th e Superfun dAmendment s an d Reauthorizatio n Ac t

(SAR A titl e III)

. Th e administrativ e reportin g exemption s ar e propose dt o b e grante dfor : Release s o f naturall y occurrin g radionuclide s fro mlarg e generall y undisturbe dlan d holdings , suc ha s gol f

course s an dparks ; release s of

radionuclide s naturall y occurrin g fro mth e disturbanc e o f larg e area s o f lan dfo r purpose s othe r

tha n mining , suc ha s farmin g o r buildin g construction ; release s of radionuclide s fro mth e dumpin g o f

coa l an dcoa l as ha t utilit y an dindustria l facilitie s wit hcoal

fire dboilers ; an dradionuclid e release s t o al l medi afro mcoa l an dcoa l as hpile s a t utilit y an dindustria l facilitie s wit h coal-fire dboilers

. Th e Environmenta l Protectio n Agenc y (EPA ) ha doriginall y grante dthes e administrativ e reportin g exemption s i n a fina l rul e o n Ma y 24,198 9 (5 4 FR22524 ) becaus e EP A believe dtha t reportin g of radionuclid e release s fro mthes e fou r sourc e categorie s woul dserv e n o usefu l purpose
. Subsequen t

t o promulgatio n o f tha t fina l rule , th e Unite dState s Cour t o f Appeal s fo r

the-Distric t

of Columbi a hel di n The Fertilizer

Institute v
. United States Environmental

Protection Agency (93 5 F.2 d130 3 (D C Cir

. 1991) ) tha t th e administrativ e reportin g exemption s wer e no t properl y promulgate dbecaus e the y wer e issue dwithou t sufficien t notic e an dopportunit y fo r publi c comment

. Th e Court , however , allowe d th e exemption s t o remai n i n plac e whil e EP A provide s th e publi c wit hnotic e of , an dth e opportunit y t o commen t on , th e exemptions

. Thi s notic e o f propose d rulemakin g provide s suc hnotic e of , an d request s comment s on , th e fou r above

mentione dreportin g exemptions

. DATES : Comment s mus t b e submitte do n o r befor e Januar y 29,1993

. ADDRESSES : Comments: Comment s shoul db e submitte di n triplicat e to : Emergenc y Respons e Division , Attention : Superfun dDocke t Clerk , Docke t Numbe r 102RQ-RN-1 , Superfun d Docke t Roo mM2427 , U.S

. Environmenta l Protectio n Agency , Mai l Cod e OS-245 , 40 1 M Street , SW. , Washington , D C 20460

. Docket: Copie s o f

material s relevan t t o thi s rulemakin g ar e containe di n roo m M242 7 a t th e U.S

. Environmenta l Protectio n Agency , 40 1 M Street , SW. , Washington , D C 2046 0 (Docke t Numbe r 102RQ-RN-1)

. Th e docke t i s availabl e fo r inspectio n betwee n th e hour s o f 9 a.m
. an d4 p.m. , Monda y throug hFriday , excludin g Federa l holidays

. Appointment s t o revie w th e docke t ca n b e mad e b y callin g (202 ) 260-3046

. Th e publi c ma y cop y u p t o 26 7 page s fro m an y regulator y docke t

a t n o cost

. Fo r

26 8 page s o r more , th e firs t

10 0 copie s ar e fre e an dadditiona l copie s cos t $.1 5 pe r page
. FO R FURTHE R INFORMATIO N CONTACT : Ms

. Gerai n Perry , Actin g Chie f o f th e Respons e Regulation s Developmen t Section , Emergenc y Respons e Divisio n (5202G) , U.S

. Environmenta l Protectio n Agency , 40 1 M Street , SW. , Washington , D C 20460 ; o r

th e RCRA/Superfun d Hotlin e a t

(800 ) 424-934 6 (i n th e Washington , D C metropolita n area , contac t (703 ) 920-9810)

. Th e Telecommunication s Devic e fo r th e Dea f (TDD ) Hotlin e numbe r

i s (800 ) 553-767 2 (i n th e Washington , D C metropolita n area , contac t

(703 ) 486-3323)

. SUPPLEMENTAR

Y INFORMATION: Th e content s o f

today' s documen t

ar e liste d i n th e followin g outline : I

. Introductio n A

. Statutory Authority B

. Backgroun do

f thi s Rulemakin g II

. Regulator

y Reportin g Exemption s III

. Regulator

y Analyse s A

. Executiv e Orde r

1229 1 B

. Regulator

y Flexibilit

y Ac t C

. Paperwor

k Reductio n Ac t I

. Introductio n A. Statutory Authority Th e Comprehensiv e Environmenta l Response , Compensation , an dLiabilit y Ac t o f 198 0 (CERCLA ) (Pub

. L

. 96-510) , 4 2 U.S.C

. 960 1 e t

seq. , a s amende db y th e Superfun dAmendment s an d Reauthorizatio n Ac t

o f 198 6 (SARA ) (Pub

. L

. 99-499) , establishe s broa d Federa l authorit y t o respon dt o release s o r threat s o f

release s o f

hazardou s substance s fro mvessel s an dfacilities

. Sectio n 101(14 ) o f

CERCL A define s th e ter m"hazardou s substance " primaril y b y referenc e t o othe r

environmenta l statutes

. Sectio n 10 2 o f CERCL A give s th e U.S

. Environmenta l Protectio n Agenc y (EPA ) authorit y t o designat e additiona l hazardou s substances

. Currentl y ther e ar e 78 3 CERCL A hazardou s substances

. Sectio n 10 3 o f

CERCL A require s th e perso n i n charg e of

avesse l o r

facilit y t o notif y th e Nationa l Respons e Cente r immediatel y whe n h e ha s knowledg e tha t ther e i s areleas e o f

ahazardou s substanc e i n a n amoun t equa l t o o r greate r tha n th e reportabl e quantit y (RQ ) fo r tha t substance

. A s establishe d b y EP A i n a n earlie r

R Q adjustmen t rulemakin g (5 0 FR13463 , Apri l 4,1985) , a 24-hou r perio di s use dfo r

measurin g whethe r a n R Q o r

mor e o f ahazardou s substanc e ha s bee n release d(i.e. , onl y release s o f

a n R Q o r

mor e withi n 24 hour s nee dt o b e reported)

. Sectio n 102(b ) o f CERCL A establishe s RQ s a t on e poun dfo r

release s o f

hazardou s substances , excep t

fo r thos e substance s fo r whic hRQ s wer e establishe d pursuan t t o sectio n 311(b)(4 ) of

th e Clea n Wate r

Ac t (CWA)

. Sectio n 102(a ) o f CERCL A authorize s EP A t o adjus t th e RQ s fo r al l hazardou s substance s b y regulation

. CERCL A section s 102(a) , 103 , an d11 5 (th e genera l rulemakin g authorit y unde r CERCLA ) togethe r

provid e EP A wit h authorit y t o gran t

administrativ e reportin g exemptions

. Suc hexemption s ma y b e grante dfo r

release s o f hazardou s substance s whic hpos e littl e o r n o ris k o r t o whic haFedera l respons e i s infeasibl e o r inappropriate

. EP A ha s determine dtha t requirin g report s o f

suc hrelease s serve s littl e o r n o usefu l purpos e an dcould , instead , impos e asignifican t

burde n o n th e Federa l respons e syste man do n th e person s responsibl e fo r notifyin g th e Federa l governmen t

o f th e release

. Throug hsuc hreportin g exemptions , th e Federa l respons e syste mi s abl e t o mor e effectivel y focu s o n releas e report s tha t ar e mor e likel y t o pos e asignifican t hazar dt o huma n healt han dth e environment

. I n orde r

t o mor e effectivel y protec t

huma n health , welfare , an dth e environmen t an dt o implemen t

CERCL A mor e efficiently , therefore , EP A ma y gran t administrativ e exemption s fro mth e releas e notificatio n requirement s o f

CERCL A fo r

certai n release s o f

hazardou s substances

. I n additio n t o th e reportin g requirement s establishe dpursuan t t o CERCLA , sectio n 30 4 of th e Emergenc y Plannin g an dCommunit y Right-To

Kno w Ac t

of 198 6 (EPCR A o r

SAR A titl e III ) require s th e owne r

o r operato r

o f certai n facilitie s t o immediatel y repor t release s of

CERCL A hazardou s substance s a t

o r abov e thei r

R Q t o Stat eP.2 5

Federa l Registe r/

Vol

. 57 , No

. 23 0 /

Monday , Novembe r 30 , 199 2 /

Propose dRule s 5672 7

an dloca l entities

. Th e notificatio n i s t o b e give n t o th e communit y emergenc y coordinato r

fo r eac hloca l emergenc y plannin g committe e (LEPC ) fo r an y are a likel y t o b e affecte db y th e releas e an d t o th e Stat e emergenc y respons e commissio n (SERC ) o f

an y Stat e likel y t o b e affecte db y th e release

. Throug h thi s notification , Stat e an dloca l official s ca n asses s whethe r

arespons e t o th e releas e i s appropriate , regardles s o f whethe r th e Federa l governmen t intend s t o respond

. EPCR A sectio n 30 4 notificatio n requirement s appl y onl y t o release s tha t

hav e th e potentia l fo r

off

sit e exposur e an dtha t

ar e fro mfacilitie s tha t produce , use , o r

stor e a"hazardou s chemical, " a s define db y regulation s promulgate dunde r

th e Occupationa l Safet y an dHealt hAc t

o f 197 0 (2 9 CF R 1910.1200(c) ) an db y sectio n 31 1 o f EPCRA

. B. Background

of this Rulemaking A majo r purpos e of

th e sectio n 103(a ) notificatio n requirement s i s t o aler t th e appropriat e governmen t official s t o release s o f

hazardou s substance s tha t ma y requir e arespons e t o protec t publi c healt ho r welfar e o r

th e environment

. EP A emphasize s tha t

a n R Q i s merel y a trigge r fo r informin g th e governmen t of a releas e s o tha t

th e appropriat e governmen t

personne l ca n evaluat e th e nee dfo r arespons e actio n an dca n undertak e an y necessar y respons e actio n i n atimel y fashion

. Federa l personne l evaluat e al l reporte dreleases , bu t i n som e case s wil l no t initiat e a respons e becaus e th e releas e of a n R Q doe s no t pos e ahazar di n al l circumstances

. Governmen t personne l asses s eac hreporte dreleas e o n acase
by-cas e basi s t o determin e th e appropriat e respons e action , i f any
. Radionuclide s ar e CERCL A hazardou s substance s becaus e the y ar e hazardou s ai r pollutant s pursuan t

t o sectio n 11 2 of th e Clea n Ai r

Act

. Radionuclide s initiall y ha dastatutor y one-poun dR Q pursuan t t o CERCL A sectio n 102(b)

. EP A recognize dtha t

a n R Q o f

on e poun dfo r

radionuclide s wa s no t appropriat e becaus e radionuclide s ar e no t generall y measure di n unit s o f pounds , an drelease s of muc hles s tha n on e poun dof

radionuclide s ma y presen t asubstantia l threa t

t o publi c healt ho r welfar e o r

th e environment

. O n Marc h 16,1987 , EP A publishe daNotic e o f Propose dRulemakin g (NPRM ) concernin g th e adjustmen t o f RQ s fo r radionuclid e release s (5 2 FR8172)

. Th e commen t perio dende do n Ma y 15,1987

. A tota l o f

2 8 commen t

letters , totalin g abou t 15 0 pages , wer e received , fiv e o f whic hwer e receive dafte r th e commen t deadline

. Th e comment s received , togethe r wit hth e Agency' s responses , ar e containe di n "Response s t o Comment s o n th e Notic e o f Propose d Rulemakin g o n th e Adjustmen t of Reportabl e Quantitie s fo r Radionuclides " (Response s t o Comments) , whic hi s availabl e fo r inspectio n i n th e Superfun dDocke t i n roo mM2427 , U.S

. Environmenta l Protectio n Agenc y (OS-240) , 40 1 M Street , SW. , Washington , D C 2046 0 (Docke t Numbe r 102RQ-RN)

. Th e Agenc y promulgate dafina l rul e (5 4 F R22524 ; Ma y 24,1989 ) t o adjus t th e RQ s fo r al l (approximatel y 1,500) radionuclides

. I n preparin g th e fina l rule , EP A considere dcarefull y al l of th e publi c comment s submitte do n th e proposal s mad e i n th e Marc h16,198 7 NPRM

. A t

th e tim e o f

th e fina l rule , EP A grante dfou r

administrativ e exemption s fro mCERCL A sectio n 10 3 an dEPCR A sectio n 304 reportin g requirement s base do n thos e comments

. Th e Agenc y exempted : (1 ) Release s o f naturall y occurrin g radionuclide s fro mlarg e generall y undisturbe dlan dholdings , suc ha s gol f

course s an dparks ; (2 ) release s o f

radionuclide s naturall y occurrin g fro mth e disturbanc e of larg e area s o f lan dfo r purpose s othe r

tha n mining , suc ha s farmin g o r buildin g construction ; (3 ) release s o f radionuclide s fro mth e dumpin g o f coa l an dcoa l as ha t

utilit y an dindustria l facilitie s wit hcoal-fire dboilers ; an d(4 ) radionuclid e release s t o al l medi afro m coa l an dcoa l as hpile s a t utilit y an d industria l facilitie s wit hcoal-fire d boilers

. Subsequently , th e Unite dState s Cour t o f Appeal s fo r

th e Distric t

o f Columbi a rendere dadecisio n i n The Fertilizer Institute v
. United

States Environmental Protection Agency (93 5 F2 d1303)

. I n tha t case , th e Cour t

reviewe dth e promulgatio n o f

th e radionuclid e R Q adjustmen t

fina l rul e an dfoun dtha t administrativ e reportin g exemption s containe dtherei n wer e improperl y promulgate dbecaus e EP A faile dt o provid e adequat e notic e of , an d opportunit y fo r

publi c commen t

on , thos e exemptions

. However , th e Cour t lef t th e fou r exemption s i n plac e whil e th e Agenc y undertake s ane w roun dof notic e an dcommen t

rulemaking

. II

. Regulator y Reportin g Exemption s I n respons e t o numerou s comment s receive do n th e propose drul e adjustin g th e RQ s fo r

radionuclide s (5 2 FR8172) , EP A decide di n th e fina l rul e (5 4 F R 22524 ) t o exemp t

fro mth e CERCL A sectio n 10 3 an dEPCR A sectio n 30 4 notificatio n requirement s th e fou r above-mentione dreleas e source s fo r whic hreportin g woul dserv e n o usefu l purpose
. I n grantin g thes e exemptions , th e Agenc y considere dth e risk s pose d b y th e source s an dactivit y i n ligh t o f th e purpose s of

th e CERCL A sectio n 10 3 reportin g requirements

. A primar y purpos e of

th e reportin g requirement s unde r CERCL A i s t o provid e "notificatio n o f

release s s o tha t

th e appropriat e Federa l personne l ca n evaluat e th e nee dfo r

aFedera l respons e actio n an dundertak e an y necessar y response. " (5 0 FR13456,13457 , Apri l 4 , 1985)

. Therefore , if

th e Agenc y determine s tha t

th e Federa l governmen t woul dnever , o r

onl y rarely , undertak e remova l o r

remedia l actio n becaus e o f th e ris k posed , o r

th e infeasibilit y o r inappropriatenes s of

aFedera l response , abasi s fo r

a n exemptio n fro mth e sectio n 10 3 reportin g requirement s ma y exist

. I n th e fina l rul e adjustin g th e RQ s fo r radionuclide s (5 4 FR22524) , th e Agenc y foun dtha t

ther e wa s indee dsuc ha basi s fo r exemptio n fo r

th e fou r above

mentione dreleas e sources
. Thes e administrativ e reportin g exemption s ar e intende dt o allo w EP A t o focu s it s resource s o n th e mos t

seriou s release s an dt o protec t

publi c healt han dwelfar e an dth e environmen t

mor e effectively

. Wit hrespec t

t o larg e undisturbe dlan d sources , a s wel l a s disturbance s o f larg e area s o f land , th e releas e o f

a n R Q o r mor e o f naturall y occurrin g radionuclide s (rado n i n particular ) ma y occur , bu t

suc hareleas e woul di n al l likelihoo dno t

pos e ahazar dt o publi c health , welfare , o r

th e environmen t becaus e th e radionuclide s woul db e disperse dwidel y i n th e environmen t a t level s no t

muc h(if a t all ) abov e natura l background

. A s aresult , eve n if thes e release s wer e reported , i n al l likelihoo d th e Agenc y woul dno t

tak e an y respons e action

. Thus , suc hreportin g woul donl y diver t Federa l an dStat e respons e resource s unnecessarily , preventin g timel y response s t o thos e release s tha t trul y warran t

aresponse
. Th e Agenc y als o believe s tha t reportin g release s resultin g fro mth e dumpin g o f

coa l an dcoa l ash , a s wel l a s radionuclid e release s t o al l medi afro m coa l an dcoa l as hpiles , a t utilit y an d industria l facilitie s wit hcoal-fire d boiler s shoul db e exempted , base do n a ris k assessmen t

performe db y EP A usin g conservativ e fat e an dtranspor t model s an dsite-specifi c exposur e data

. Th e EP A ris k assessmen t

use dreasonabl y conservativ e model s t o estimat e th e radiatio n dose s an dresultin g healt h risk s t o resident s an dworker s livin g o r workin g nea r

o r o n coa l an dcoa l as h pile s a t utilit y o r

industria l facilities

. EP A estimate ddose s an drisk s t o nearb y resident s vi ath e followin g potentia l exposur e pathways : (1 ) Direc t radiation ; (2 ) variou s pathway s o fP.2 6

5672 8 Federa l Registe r/ Vol

. 57 , No

. 23 0 /

Monday , Novembe r 30 , 199 2 /

Propose dRule s

exposur e t o particulate s release dt o th e air , includin g inhalation , immersio n i n a n airborn e plume , direc t radiatio n fro m particulate s deposite do n th e ground , an dingestio n o f

crop s contaminate db y airborn e deposition ; (3 ) inhalatio n o f radon ; (4 ) ingestio n o f

contaminate d groun dwater , a s wel l a s ingestio n o f crop s an dlivestoc k

assume dt o b e contaminate db y th e groun dwater ; an d (5 ) ingestio n o f

contaminate dsurfac e water , a s wel l a s ingestio n o f crop s an d livestoc k assume dt o b e contaminate d b y th e surfac e water

. Th e critica l exposur e pathwa y fo r

nearb y resident s (i.e. , th e on e yieldin g th e highes t dos e an dris k estimates ) wa s foun dt o b e th e inhalatio n o f

rado n fro mth e coa l an d coa l as hpiles

. Fo r workers , EP A estimate dradiatio n dose s an dresultin g healt hrisk s vi afou r potentia l exposur e pathways : (1 ) Direc t radiatio n whe n standin g nex t t o (i.e. , 1 0 meter s from ) acoa l o r

as hpile ; (2 ) direc t radiatio n whe n standin g o n acoa l o r as hpile ; (3 ) variou s pathway s o f exposur e t o airborn e particulates , includin g inhalation , immersio n i n a n airborn e plume , an ddirec t radiatio n fro mparticulate s deposite do n th e ground ; an d(4 ) inhalatio n o f radon

. Th e critica l exposur e pathwa y fo r worker s wa s foun dt o b e direc t

radiation , especiall y whe n standin g o n acoa l o r coa l as hpile

. (Se e "Technica l Backgroun dSupplemen t i n Suppor t

o f Rulemakin g Adjustmen t Activitie s fo r Reportabl e Quantitie s o f Radionuclides, " i n th e Superfun dDocke t No

. 102RQ-RN-1)

. Th e EP A ris k

assessmen t

showe dtha t th e estimate dhealt hrisk s t o nearb y resident s an dt o worker s attributabl e t o radiatio n release s fro mcoa l an dcoa l as hpile s ar e al l withi n th e genera l rang e o f 10" 4 an d10" 7 individua l lifetim e exces s cance r

risk

. Suc haris k

rang e generall y represent s th e goa l o f a Superfun drespons e action , a s oppose d t o a n actio n leve l unde r Superfund

. Althoug hth e Agenc y coul dtak e a respons e actio n fo r

risk s withi n thi s range , i n al l likelihoo di t woul dno t

d o s o i n situation s involvin g ai r emission s a t th e assesse dlevel s whic hdisburs e widely

. I n addition , th e Agenc y believe s tha t th e submissio n o f

individua l report s fro meac hindustria l an dutilit y facilit y wit hcoa l an dcoa l as hpile s ma y no t b e consisten t

wit hth e purpose s of

th e sectio n 10 3 reportin g requirements

. I n th e cas e o f

radiatio n release s fro mcoa l an dcoa l as hpiles , th e amoun t an drat e o f radiatio n release di s extremel y simila r acros s al l industria l an dutilit y facilitie s wit hcoal-fire dboilers

. Fo r example , al l coa l an dcoa l as hpile s wil l contai n th e sam e radionuclide s i n lo w concentrations

. Th e radiatio n emitte d fro mthes e piles , therefore , wil l alway s b e emitte dcontinuousl y a t lo w level s sprea dove r

larg e areas—i t

neve r wil l b e emitte da t

ahig hrat e o r

i n a n unusuall y larg e amoun t

a s th e resul t

o f asudden , episodi c release

. EP A i s alread y awar e o f th e amoun t

an dconcentratio n o f thes e radiatio n releases

. Becaus e o f thes e tw o factors , submissio n o f individua l notification s o f thes e release s i s no t necessar y fo r

th e governmen t

t o asses s whethe r

arespons e actio n i s neede dunde r

CERCLA

. Perhap s mor e importantly , however , a respons e actio n (i.e. , remova l o r remedia l action ) unde r CERCL A doe s no t appea r t o b e th e mos t

appropriat e Federa l regulator y respons e t o radiatio n release s tha t

simultaneousl y (1 ) ar e simila r i n amoun t

an dconcentratio n acros s a n entir e secto r

o f industry ; (2 ) pos e individua l lifetim e exces s cance r risk s withi n th e genera l rang e of IO" 4
an d10" 7 ; an d(3 ) dispers e quickl y i n th e environmen t

suc htha t

arespons e i s no t likel y t o clea n u p th e accumulatio n o f wha t ha s alread y bee n released

. Wherea s CERCL A i s designe dt o enabl e th e governmen t

t o respon do n acase-by

cas e basi s wher e eac hsit e o r releas e pose s differen t

hazard s an drequire s a differen t typ e o f response , othe r

Federa l regulator y programs , suc ha s th e Nationa l Emissio n Standard s fo r Hazardou s Ai r

Pollutant s (NESHAPs ) o r th e Effluen t

Guideline s an dStandard s fo r discharge s o f

water , ar e mor e appropriatel y designe dt o addres s th e hazard s o f

release s tha t

uniforml y occu r acros s a n entir e industry

. I n sum , becaus e th e healt hrisk s fro mradiatio n release s fro mcoa l an dcoa l as hpile s fro mindustria l an dutilit y facilitie s wit h coal-fire dboiler s ar e suc htha t i t i s extremel y unlikel y tha t th e Agenc y woul dtak e arespons e actio n t o thes e releases , th e Agenc y i s proposin g t o exemp t thes e release s fro mth e CERCL A sectio n 10 3 an dEPCR A sectio n 30 4 notificatio n requirements

. Base do n thes e considerations , i n th e fina l rul e adjustin g RQ s fo r radionuclides , EP A grante dthes e fou r administrativ e reportin g exemptions

. Subsequen t

t o th e rule' s publicatio n i n th e Federa l Register , th e Unite dState s Cour t o f Appeal s fo r

th e Distric t

o f Columbi awa s aske dt o revie w th e rul e o n th e groun dtha t

th e Agenc y ha dno t provide dadequat e notic e of , an d requeste dcommen t

on , th e reportin g exemptions

. Th e Cour t agree dan d directe dEP A t o provid e opportunit y fo r notic e an dcommen t

o n th e fou r administrativ e reportin g exemptions

. T o minimiz e th e burde n o n th e Federa l an d Stat e respons e syste mand , i n particular , t o preven t

overwhelmin g th e Nationa l Respons e Cente r

wit hunnecessar y report s o f

radionuclid e release s fro m thes e fou r

sources , th e Cour t

allowe d th e administrativ e reportin g exemption s t o remai n i n place , pendin g completio n o f th e ne w roun do f

notic e an dcommen t rulemaking

. Today' s notic e o f

propose d rulemakin g provide s notic e of , an d request s commen t

on , thes e fou r exemption s fro mth e CERCL A sectio n 10 3 an dEPCR A sectio n 304 notificatio n requirements : (1 ) Release s o f naturall y occurrin g radionuclide s fro mlarge , generall y undisturbe dlan dholdings , suc ha s gol f

course s an dparks ; (2 ) release s o f

radionuclide s naturall y occurrin g fro mth e disturbanc e o f larg e area s o f lan dfo r purpose s othe r

tha n mining , suc ha s farmin g o r buildin g construction ; (3 ) release s of radionuclide s fro mth e dumpin g o f coa l an dcoa l as ha t

utilit y an dindustria l facilitie s wit hcoal-fire dboilers ; an d(4 ) radionuclid e release s t o al l medi afro m coa l an dcoa l as hpile s a t utilit y an d industria l facilitie s wit hcoal-fire d boilers

. EP A believe s tha t thes e ar e fou r releas e source s fo r

whic hreportin g woul dserv e n o usefu l purpos e an ds o request s comment s o n thei r exemptio n fro mth e reportin g requirement s fo r release s o f

radionuclide s unde r CERCL A sectio n 10 3 an dEPCR A sectio n 304

. Exemption s ar e fro mCERCL A sectio n 10 3 an dEPCR A sectio n 304 reportin g requirement s only , no t fro m CERCL A liabilit y provision s no r fro m an y othe r

applicabl e reportin g requirements

. III . Regulator y Analyse s A. Executive Order

12291 Executiv e Orde r

(E.O. ) No

. 1229 1 require s tha t

regulation s b e classifie da s majo r o r nonmajo r

fo r purpose s o f revie w b y th e Offic e o f Managemen t an dBudge t

(OMB)

. Accordin g t o E.O

. No

. 12291 , majo r

rule s ar e regulation s tha t ar e likel y t o resul t

in : (1 ) A n annua l effec t

o n th e econom y o f $10 0 millio n o r

more ; o r (2 ) A majo r

increas e i n cost s o r

price s fo r consumers , individua l industries , Federal , State , o r

loca l governmen t agencies , o r

geographi c regions ; o r (3 ) Significan t

advers e effect s o n competition , employment , investment , productivity , innovation , o r o n th e abilit y of Unite dStates-base d enterprise s t o compet e wit hforeign

base denterprise s i n domesti c o r expor t markets

. Th e Agenc y ha s determine dtha t thi s propose drul e i s nonmajo r becaus e th eP.2 7

Federa l Registe r/

Vol

. 57 , No

. 23 0 /

Monday , Novembe r 30 , 199 2 /

Propose dRule s 5672 9

rul e woul dmaintai n previousl y grante d administrativ e reportin g exemption s fo r certai n radionuclid e releases

. Thus , th e rul e woul dno t

impos e an y cost s o n society

. Moreover , th e rul e woul dno t caus e amajo r

increas e i n cost s o r

price s mentione di n (2 ) abov e o r caus e an y o f th e significan t

advers e effect s mentione di n (3 ) above

. Thi s propose drul e ha s bee n submitte dt o OM B fo r

review , a s require db y E.O

. No

. 12291

. B. Regulatory Flexibility Act Th e Regulator y Flexibilit y Ac t o f 198 0 require s tha t

aRegulator y Flexibilit y Analysi s b e performe dfo r al l rule s tha t ar e likel y t o hav e a"significan t impac t o n asubstantia l numbe r o f smal l entities. " Becaus e thi s propose drul e woul dgran t

reportin g relie f

t o certai n source s of

radionuclid e releases , th e rul e woul dno t

resul t i n asignifican t impac t o n asubstantia l numbe r o f smal l entities

. EP A certifie s tha t thi s propose d rul e i s no t

likel y t o hav e asignifican t impac t o n asubstantia l numbe r o f smal l entitie s and , therefore , tha t aRegulator y Flexibilit y Analysi s i s no t required

. C. Paperwork

Reduction Act Becaus e thi s rul e provide s a n exemptio n fro mCERCL A 103(a ) reportin g requirement s fo r certai n radionuclid e releases , ther e ar e n o uniqu e reportin g o r

recordkeepin g provision s tha t

requir e approva l fro m th e Offic e o f

Managemen t

an dBudge t (OMB ) unde r

sectio n 3504(h ) of

th e Paperwor k

Reductio n Ac t

o f 1980 , 4 4 U.S.C

. 350 1 et. seq. Approva l ha s previousl y bee n grante d b y OM B fo r

othe r releas e reportin g requirement s reference di n thi s rule : CERCL A sectio n 103(a ) release s o f a hazardou s substanc e equa l t o o r greate r tha n th e R Q (OM B contro l No

. 2050

-

0046)

. Lis to f Subject s 40CFR Part

302 Ai r pollutio n control , Chemicals , Hazardou s substances , Hazardou s waste , Intergovernmenta l relations , Natura l resources , Reportin g an d recordkeepin g requirements , Superfund , Wate r pollutio n control , Wate r supply

. 40CFR Part

355 Ai r pollutio n control , Chemicals , Disaste r assistance , Hazardou s substances , Hazardou s Waste , Intergovernmenta l relations , Natura l resources , Penalties , Reportin g an d recordkeepin g requirements , Superfund , Wate r pollutio n control , Wate r supply

. Dated : November

4,1992

. Willia mK

. Reilly , Administrator. Fo r th e reason s se t

ou t i n th e preamble , i t

i s propose dtha t

chapte r I o f titl e 4 0 p f

th e Cod e o f

Federa l Regulation s b e amende da s follows : PAR T302—DESIGNATION , REPORTABL E QUANTITIES , AN D NOTIFICATIO N 1

. Th e authorit y citatio n fo r par t 30 2 i s revise dt o rea da s follows : Authority : 4

2 U.S.C

. 9602 , 9603 , 9604 , an d 9615 ; 3 3 U.S.C

. 132 1 an d1361

. 2

. I n § 302. 6 Paragrap h(c ) continue s t o rea da s follows : § 302. 6 Notificatio n requirements

. **** * (c ) Th e followin g categorie s o f release s ar e exemp t

fro mth e notificatio n requirement s o f thi s section : (1 ) Release s o f

thos e radionuclide s tha t occu r naturall y i n th e soi l fro mlan d holding s suc ha s parks , gol f courses , o r othe r larg e track s o

f land ; (2 ) release s o f radionuclide s occurrin g naturall y fro m th e disturbanc e o f

lan dfo r purpose s othe r tha n mining , suc ha s fo r agricultura l o r

constructio n activities ; (3 ) release s o f

radionuclide s fro mth e dumpin g o f

coa l an dcoa l as ha t

utilit y an dindustria l facilitie s wit hcoal-fire d boilers ; an d(4 ) release s of radionuclide s fro mcoa l an dcoa l as hpile s a t utilit y an dindustria l facilitie s wit hcoal-fire d boilers

.

PAR T355—EMERGENC YPLANNIN G AN D NOTIFICATIO N 1

. Th e authorit y citatio n fo r par t 35 5 continue s t o rea da s follows : Authority : 42

. U.S.C

. 11002,11004 , an d 11048

. 2

. I n § 355.40 , paragrap h(a)(2)(vi ) continue s t o rea da s follows : § 355.4 0 Emergenc y releas e notification

. (a ) * * * (2 ) * * * (vi ) An y radionuclid e releas e whic h occur s (A ) naturall y i n soi l fro mlan d holding s suc ha s parks , gol f courses , o r othe r larg e tract s of

land ; (B ) naturall y fro mth e disturbanc e o f lan dfo r purpose s othe r

tha n mining , suc ha s fo r agricultura l o r

constructio n activities ; (C ) fro mth e dumpin g o f coa l an dcoa l as ha t utilit y an dindustria l facilitie s wit hcoal-fire dboilers ; an d(D ) fro mcoa l an dcoa l as hpile s a t

utilit y an d industria l facilitie s wit hcoal-fire d boilers

. **** * [F RDoc

. 92-2851 3 File d11-27-92 ; 8:4 5 am] BILLIN G COD E 6560-50- H