99–010 

Calendar No. 150 

112TH CONGRESS REPORT " ! SENATE 1st Session 112–70 

ADVANCED VEHICLE TECHNOLOGY ACT 

SEPTEMBER 6, 2011.—Ordered to be printed 

Mr. BINGAMAN, from the Committee on Energy and Natural 

Resources, submitted the following 

R E P O R T 

[To accompany S. 734] 

The Committee on Energy and Natural Resources, to which was 

referred the bill (S. 734) to provide for a program of research, development, demonstration, and commercial application in vehicle 

technologies at the Department of Energy, having considered the 

same, reports favorably thereon with an amendment and recommends that the bill, as amended, do pass. 

The amendment is as follows: 

Strike out all after the enacting clause and insert in lieu thereof 

the following: 

SECTION 1. SHORT TITLE; TABLE OF CONTENTS. 

(a) SHORT TITLE.—This Act may be cited as the ‘‘Advanced Vehicle Technology Act 

of 2011’’. 

(b) TABLE OF CONTENTS.—The table of contents of this Act is as follows: 

Sec. 1. Short title; table of contents. 

Sec. 2. Objectives. 

Sec. 3. Definitions. 

Sec. 4. Coordination and nonduplication. 

TITLE I—VEHICLE RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT 

Sec. 101. Program. 

Sec. 102. Sensing and communications technologies. 

Sec. 103. Manufacturing. 

Sec. 104. Reporting. 

TITLE II—MEDIUM AND HEAVY DUTY COMMERCIAL AND TRANSIT VEHICLES 

Sec. 201. Program. 

Sec. 202. Class 8 truck and trailer systems demonstration. 

Sec. 203. Technology testing and metrics. 

Sec. 204. Nonroad systems pilot program. 

SEC. 2. OBJECTIVES. 

The objectives of this Act are— 

(1) to reform and reorient the vehicle technologies programs of the Department; 


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(2) to establish a clear and consistent authority for vehicle technologies programs of the Department; 

(3) to develop United States technologies and practices that— 

(A) improve the fuel efficiency and emissions of all vehicles produced in 

the United States; and 

(B) reduce vehicle reliance on petroleum-based fuels; 

(4) to support domestic research, development, engineering, demonstration, 

and commercial application and manufacturing of advanced vehicles, engines, 

and components; 

(5) to enable vehicles to move larger volumes of goods and more passengers 

with less energy and emissions; 

(6) to develop cost-effective advanced technologies for wide-scale utilization 

throughout the passenger, commercial, government, and transit vehicle sectors; 

(7) to allow for greater consumer choice of vehicle technologies and fuels; 

(8) to shorten technology development and integration cycles in the vehicle industry; 

(9) to ensure a proper balance and diversity of Federal investment in vehicle 

technologies and among vehicle classes; and 

(10) to strengthen partnerships between Federal and State governmental 

agencies and the private and academic sectors. 

SEC. 3. DEFINITIONS. 

In this Act: 

(1) DEPARTMENT.—The term ‘‘Department’’ means the Department of Energy. 

(2) SECRETARY.—The term ‘‘Secretary’’ means the Secretary of Energy. 

SEC. 4. COORDINATION AND NONDUPLICATION. 

(a) COORDINATION.—The Secretary shall ensure that activities authorized by this 

Act do not duplicate activities of other programs within the Department or other 

relevant agencies. 

(b) COST-SHARING REQUIREMENT.—The activities carried out under this Act shall 

be subject to the cost-sharing requirements of section 988 of the Energy Policy Act 

of 2005 (42 U.S.C. 16352). 

TITLE I—VEHICLE RESEARCH AND 

DEVELOPMENT 

SEC. 101. PROGRAM. 

(a) ACTIVITIES.—The Secretary shall conduct a program of basic and applied research, development, engineering, demonstration, and commercial application activities on materials, technologies, and processes with the potential to substantially reduce or eliminate petroleum use and the emissions of the Nation’s passenger and 

commercial vehicles, including activities in the areas of— 

(1) hybridization or full electrification of vehicle systems; 

(2) batteries, ultracapacitors, and other energy storage devices; 

(3) power electronics; 

(4) vehicle, component, and subsystem manufacturing technologies and processes; 

(5) engine efficiency and combustion optimization; 

(6) waste heat recovery; 

(7) transmission and drivetrains; 

(8) hydrogen vehicle technologies, including fuel cells and internal combustion 

engines, and hydrogen infrastructure; 

(9) compressed natural gas and liquefied petroleum gas vehicle technologies; 

(10) aerodynamics, rolling resistance, and accessory power loads of vehicles 

and associated equipment; 

(11) vehicle weight reduction, including lightweighting materials; 

(12) friction and wear reduction; 

(13) engine and component durability; 

(14) innovative propulsion systems; 

(15) advanced boosting systems; 

(16) hydraulic hybrid technologies; 

(17) engine compatibility with and optimization for a variety of transportation 

fuels including natural gas and other liquid and gaseous fuels; 

(18) predictive engineering, modeling, and simulation of vehicle and transportation systems; 


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(19) refueling and charging infrastructure for alternative fueled and electric 

or plug-in electric hybrid vehicles, including the unique challenges facing rural 

areas; 

(20) gaseous fuels storage systems and system integration and optimization; 

(21) sensing, communications, and actuation technologies for vehicle, electrical grid, and infrastructure; 

(22) efficient use, substitution, and recycling of potentially critical materials 

in vehicles, including rare earth elements and precious metals, at risk of supply 

disruption; 

(23) aftertreatment technologies; 

(24) thermal management of battery systems; 

(25) retrofitting advanced vehicle technologies to existing vehicles; 

(26) development of common standards, specifications, and architectures for 

both transportation and stationary battery applications; 

(27) advanced internal combustion engines; and 

(28) other research areas as determined by the Secretary. 

(b) TRANSFORMATIONAL TECHNOLOGY.—The Secretary shall ensure that the Department continues to support research, development, engineering, demonstration, 

and commercial application activities and maintains competency in mid- to longterm transformational vehicle technologies with potential to achieve deep reductions 

in petroleum use and emissions, including activities in the areas of— 

(1) hydrogen vehicle technologies, including fuel cells, internal combustion engines, hydrogen storage, infrastructure, and activities in hydrogen technology 

validation and safety codes and standards; 

(2) multiple battery chemistries and novel energy storage devices, including 

nonchemical batteries, ultracapacitors and electromechanical storage technologies such as hydraulics, flywheels, and compressed air storage; 

(3) communication, connectivity, and power flow among vehicles, infrastructure, and the electrical grid; and 

(4) other innovative technologies research and development, as determined by 

the Secretary. 

(c) INDUSTRY PARTICIPATION.—To the maximum extent practicable, activities 

under this Act shall be carried out in partnership or collaboration with automotive 

manufacturers, heavy commercial, vocational, and transit vehicle manufacturers, 

qualified plug-in electric vehicle manufacturers, compressed natural gas and liquefied petroleum gas vehicle manufacturers, vehicle and engine equipment and component manufacturers, manufacturing equipment manufacturers, advanced vehicle 

service providers, fuel producers and energy suppliers, electric utilities, universities, 

national laboratories, and independent research laboratories. In carrying out this 

Act the Secretary shall— 

(1) determine whether a wide range of companies that manufacture or assemble vehicles or components in the United States are represented in ongoing public private partnership activities, including firms that have not traditionally 

participated in federally sponsored research and development activities, and 

where possible, partner with such firms that conduct significant and relevant 

research and development activities in the United States; 

(2) leverage the capabilities and resources of, and formalize partnerships 

with, industry-led stakeholder organizations, nonprofit organizations, industry 

consortia, and trade associations with expertise in the research and development of, and education and outreach activities in, advanced automotive and 

commercial vehicle technologies; 

(3) develop more efficient processes for transferring research findings and 

technologies to industry; 

(4) give consideration to conversion of existing or former vehicle technology 

development or manufacturing facilities for the purposes of this Act; 

(5) establish and support public-private partnerships, dedicated to overcoming 

barriers in commercial application of transformational vehicle technologies, that 

utilize such industry-led technology development facilities of entities with demonstrated expertise in successfully designing and engineering pre-commercial 

generations of such transformational technology; and 

(6) promote efforts to ensure that technology research, development, engineering, and commercial application activities funded under this Act are carried out 

in the United States. 

(d) INTERAGENCY AND INTRAAGENCY COORDINATION.—To the maximum extent 

practicable, the Secretary shall coordinate research, development, demonstration, 

and commercial application activities among— 

(1) relevant programs within the Department, including— 

(A) the Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy; 

(B) the Office of Science; 


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(C) the Office of Electricity Delivery and Energy Reliability; 

(D) the Office of Fossil Energy; 

(E) the Advanced Research Projects Agency—Energy; and 

(F) other offices as determined by the Secretary; and 

(2) relevant technology research and development programs within the Department of Transportation and other Federal agencies, as determined by the 

Secretary. 

(e) FEDERAL DEMONSTRATION OF TECHNOLOGIES.—The Secretary shall make information available to procurement programs of Federal agencies regarding the potential to demonstrate technologies resulting from activities funded through programs 

under this Act. 

(f) INTERGOVERNMENTAL COORDINATION.—The Secretary shall seek opportunities 

to leverage resources and support initiatives of State and local governments in developing and promoting advanced vehicle technologies, manufacturing, and infrastructure. 

(g) CRITERIA.—When awarding cost-shared grants under this program, the Secretary shall give priority to those technologies (either individually or as part of a 

system) that— 

(1) provide the greatest aggregate fuel savings based on the reasonable projected sales volumes of the technology; and 

(2) provide the greatest increase in United States employment. 

SEC. 102. SENSING AND COMMUNICATIONS TECHNOLOGIES. 

(a) IN GENERAL.—The Secretary, in coordination with the Secretary of Transportation and the relevant research programs of other Federal agencies, shall conduct 

research, development, engineering, and demonstration activities on connectivity of 

vehicle and transportation systems, including on sensing, computation, communication, and actuation technologies that allow for reduced fuel use, optimized traffic 

flow, and vehicle electrification, including technologies for— 

(1) onboard vehicle, engine, and component sensing and actuation; 

(2) vehicle-to-vehicle sensing and communication; 

(3) vehicle-to-infrastructure sensing and communication; and 

(4) vehicle integration with the electrical grid, including communications to 

provide grid services. 

(b) COORDINATION.—The activities carried out under this section shall supplement 

(and not supplant) activities under the intelligent transportation system research 

program of the Department of Transportation. 

SEC. 103. MANUFACTURING. 

The Secretary shall carry out a research, development, engineering, demonstration, and commercial application program of advanced vehicle manufacturing technologies and practices, including innovative processes to— 

(1) increase the production rate and decrease the cost of advanced battery 

manufacturing; 

(2) vary the capability of individual manufacturing facilities to accommodate 

different battery chemistries and configurations; 

(3) reduce waste streams, emissions, and energy-intensity of vehicle, engine, 

advanced battery and component manufacturing processes; 

(4) recycle and remanufacture used batteries and other vehicle components for 

reuse in vehicles or stationary applications; 

(5) produce cost-effective lightweight materials such as advanced metal alloys, 

polymeric composites, and carbon fiber; 

(6) produce lightweight high pressure storage systems for gaseous fuels; 

(7) design and manufacture purpose-built hydrogen and fuel cell vehicles and 

components; 

(8) improve the calendar life and cycle life of advanced batteries; and 

(9) produce permanent magnets for advanced vehicles. 

SEC. 104. REPORTING. 

(a) TECHNOLOGIES DEVELOPED.—Not later than 18 months after the date of enactment of this Act and annually thereafter through 2017, the Secretary of Energy 

shall transmit to Congress a report regarding the technologies developed as a result 

of the activities authorized by this title, with a particular emphasis on whether the 

technologies were successfully adopted for commercial applications, and if so, whether products relying on those technologies are manufactured in the United States. 

(b) ADDITIONAL MATTERS.—At the end of each fiscal year through 2017 the Secretary shall submit to the relevant Congressional committees of jurisdiction an annual report describing activities undertaken in the previous year under this title, 

active industry participants, efforts to recruit new participants committed to design, 

engineering, and manufacturing of advanced vehicle technologies in the United 


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States, progress of the program in meeting goals and timelines, and a strategic plan 

for funding of activities across agencies. 

TITLE II—MEDIUM AND HEAVY DUTY 

COMMERCIAL AND TRANSIT VEHICLES 

SEC. 201. PROGRAM. 

(a) IN GENERAL.—The Secretary, in partnership with relevant research and development programs in other Federal agencies, and a range of appropriate industry 

stakeholders, shall carry out a program of cooperative research, development, demonstration, and commercial application activities on advanced technologies for 

medium- to heavy-duty commercial, vocational, recreational, and transit vehicles, including activities in the areas of— 

(1) engine efficiency and combustion research; 

(2) onboard storage technologies for compressed natural gas and liquefied petroleum gas; 

(3) development and integration of engine technologies designed for compressed natural gas and liquefied petroleum gas operation of a variety of vehicle 

platforms; 

(4) waste heat recovery and conversion; 

(5) improved aerodynamics and tire rolling resistance; 

(6) energy and space-efficient emissions control systems; 

(7) heavy hybrid, hybrid hydraulic, plug-in hybrid, and electric platforms, and 

energy storage technologies; 

(8) drivetrain optimization; 

(9) friction and wear reduction; 

(10) engine idle and parasitic energy loss reduction; 

(11) electrification of accessory loads; 

(12) onboard sensing and communications technologies; 

(13) advanced lightweighting materials and vehicle designs; 

(14) increasing load capacity per vehicle; 

(15) thermal management of battery systems; 

(16) recharging infrastructure; 

(17) compressed natural gas and liquefied petroleum gas infrastructure; 

(18) advanced internal combustion engines; 

(19) complete vehicle modeling and simulation; 

(20) hydrogen vehicle technologies, including fuel cells and internal combustion engines, and hydrogen infrastructure; 

(21) retrofitting advanced technologies onto existing truck fleets; and 

(22) integration of these and other advanced systems onto a single truck and 

trailer platform. 

(b) LEADERSHIP.—The Secretary shall appoint a full-time Director to coordinate 

research, development, demonstration, and commercial application activities in 

medium- to heavy-duty commercial, recreational, and transit vehicle technologies. 

Responsibilities of the Director shall be to— 

(1) improve coordination and develop consensus between government agency 

and industry partners, and propose new processes for program management 

and priority setting to better align activities and budgets among partners; 

(2) regularly convene workshops, site visits, demonstrations, conferences, investor forums, and other events in which information and research findings are 

shared among program participants and interested stakeholders; 

(3) develop a budget for the Department’s activities with regard to the interagency program, and provide consultation and guidance on vehicle technology 

funding priorities across agencies; 

(4) determine a process for reviewing program technical goals, targets, and 

timetables and, where applicable, aided by life-cycle impact and cost analysis, 

propose revisions or elimination based on program progress, available funding, 

and rate of technology adoption; 

(5) evaluate ongoing activities of the program and recommend project modifications, including the termination of projects, where applicable; 

(6) recruit new industry participants to the interagency program, including 

truck, trailer, and component manufacturers who have not traditionally participated in federally sponsored research and technology development activities; 

and 

(7) other responsibilities as determined by the Secretary, in consultation with 

interagency and industry partners. 


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(c) REPORTING.—At the end of each fiscal year, the Secretary shall submit to the 

Congress an annual report describing activities undertaken in the previous year, active industry participants, efforts to recruit new participants, progress of the program in meeting goals and timelines, and a strategic plan for funding of activities 

across agencies. 

SEC. 202. CLASS 8 TRUCK AND TRAILER SYSTEMS DEMONSTRATION. 

The Secretary shall conduct a competitive grant program to demonstrate the integration of multiple advanced technologies on Class 8 truck and trailer platforms 

with a goal of improving overall freight efficiency, as measured in tons and volume 

of freight hauled or other work performance-based metrics, by 50 percent, including 

a combination of technologies listed in section 201(a). Applicant teams may be comprised of truck and trailer manufacturers, engine and component manufacturers, 

fleet customers, university researchers, and other applicants as appropriate for the 

development and demonstration of integrated Class 8 truck and trailer systems. 

SEC. 203. TECHNOLOGY TESTING AND METRICS. 

The Secretary, in coordination with the partners of the interagency research program described in section 201(a)— 

(1) shall develop standard testing procedures and technologies for evaluating 

the performance of advanced heavy vehicle technologies under a range of representative duty cycles and operating conditions, including for heavy hybrid propulsion systems; 

(2) shall evaluate heavy vehicle performance using work performance-based 

metrics other than those based on miles per gallon, including those based on 

units of volume and weight transported for freight applications, and appropriate 

metrics based on the work performed by nonroad systems; and 

(3) may construct heavy duty truck and bus testing facilities. 

SEC. 204. NONROAD SYSTEMS PILOT PROGRAM. 

The Secretary shall undertake a pilot program of research, development, demonstration, and commercial applications of technologies to improve total machine or 

system efficiency for nonroad mobile equipment including agricultural and construction equipment, and shall seek opportunities to transfer relevant research findings 

and technologies between the nonroad and on-highway equipment and vehicle sectors. 

SEC. 205. REPEAL OF EXISTING AUTHORITIES. 

(a) IN GENERAL.—Sections 706, 711, 712, and 933 of the Energy Policy Act of 2005 

(42 U.S.C. 16051, 16061, 16062, 16233) are repealed. 

(b) ENERGY EFFICIENCY.—Section 911 of the Energy Policy Act of 2005 (42 U.S.C. 

16191) is amended— 

(1) in subsection (a)— 

(A) in paragraph (1)(A), by striking ‘‘vehicles, buildings,’’ and inserting 

‘‘buildings’’; and 

(B) in paragraph (2)— 

(i) by striking subparagraph (A); and 

(ii) by redesignating subparagraphs (B) through (E) as subparagraphs (A) through (D), respectively; and 

(2) in subsection (c)— 

(A) by striking paragraph (3); 

(B) by redesignating paragraph (4) as paragraph (3); and 

(C) in paragraph (3) (as so redesignated), by striking ‘‘(a)(2)(D)’’ and inserting ‘‘(a)(2)(C)’’. 

(c) ENERGY STORAGE COMPETITIVENESS.—Section 641 of the Energy Independence 

and Security Act of 2007 (42 U.S.C. 17231) is amended— 

(1) by striking subsection (j); 

(2) by redesignating subsections (k) through (p) as subsections (j) through (o), 

respectively; and 

(3) in subsection (o) (as so redesignated)— 

(A) in paragraph (2), by striking ‘‘and;’’ after the semicolon at the end; 

(B) in paragraph (4), by inserting ‘‘and’’ after the semicolon at the end; 

(C) by striking paragraph (5); 

(D) by redesignating paragraph (6) as paragraph (5); and 

(E) in paragraph (5) (as so redesignated), by striking ‘‘subsection (k)’’ and 

inserting ‘‘subsection (j)’’. 


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PURPOSE OF THE MEASURE

The purposes of S. 734 are— 

(1) to reform and reorient the vehicle technologies programs of 

the Department of Energy; 

(2) to establish a clear and consistent authority for vehicle technologies programs of the Department; 

(3) to develop United States technologies and practices that improve the fuel efficiency and emissions of all vehicles produced in 

the United States, and reduce vehicle reliance on petroleum based 

fuels; 

(4) to support domestic research, development, engineering, demonstration, and commercial application and manufacturing of advanced vehicles, engines, and components; 

(5) to enable vehicles to move larger volumes of goods and more 

passengers with less energy and emissions; 

(6) to develop cost-effective advanced technologies for wide-scale 

utilization throughout the passenger, commercial, government, and 

transit vehicle sectors; 

(7) to allow for greater consumer choice of vehicle technologies 

and fuels; 

(8) to shorten technology development and integration cycles in 

the vehicle industry; 

(9) to ensure a proper balance and diversity of Federal investment in vehicle technologies and among vehicle classes; and 

(10) to strengthen partnerships between Federal and State governmental agencies and the private and academic sectors. 

BACKGROUND AND NEED

Over the last two decades, federal research priorities in vehicle 

technology have shifted between passenger and heavy duty vehicles, as well as diesel-hybrids, hydrogen-fueled, and battery-powered drive systems. The variation in priority and funding may be 

one reason for unsteady progress in advancing any one technology. 

The Department of Energy’s Vehicle Technologies Program, a division within the Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy 

(EERE), currently conducts cooperative research with private industry and academia in a number of areas including combustion efficiency, lightweight materials, alternative fuels, and technology integration. This research relies on various general research and 

grant authorizations in past energy laws, as well as the Department of Energy Organization Act of 1977. 

Although this program has generally focused on technologies that 

reduce demand for oil-derived fuel, the specific programs and 

points of emphasis have shifted from Administration to Administration. Cooperative efforts with industry such as the FreedomCAR 

and Fuel Partnership and the 21st Century Truck Partnership 

have provided some of the research focus and helped determine objectives, but there is no overarching statutory authority structure 

for the Vehicle Technologies Program. 

This illustrates the need for a comprehensive strategy and consistent funding in a broad range of areas, from near-commercial 

technologies to exploratory research on a variety of systems, and 

across vehicle size classes. S. 734 lays out a comprehensive research, development, demonstration, and commercial application 


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program, including several subprograms, in order to support a domestic vehicle manufacturing industry that retains international 

competitiveness in advanced vehicle technologies. 

LEGISLATIVE HISTORY

Senator Stabenow introduced similar legislation in the 111th 

Congress (S. 2843) on December 7, 2009. The Subcommittee on Energy held a legislative hearing on the House companion bill, H.R. 

3246, on December 8, 2009 (S. Hrg. 111–330). The Committee on 

Energy and Natural Resources considered S. 2843 and ordered it 

reported favorably with an amendment in the nature of a substitute on July 21, 2010. The bill did not receive floor consideration 

in the 111th Congress. 

Senator Stabenow introduced S. 734 on April 6, 2011. It is cosponsored by Senators Levin and Wyden. The full Committee conducted a hearing on the bill on May 19, 2011 (S. Hrg. 112–38). 

The Committee marked up the bill in open business meeting on 

July 14, 2011, and adopted an amendment in the nature of a substitute, as amended by an amendment by Senator Coats, and ordered the legislation, as amended, favorably reported. 

COMMITTEE RECOMMENDATION

The Senate Committee on Energy and Natural Resources, in 

open business session on July 14, by majority voice vote of a 

quorum present, recommends that the Senate pass the bill, if 

amended as described herein. 

COMMITTEE AMENDMENT

During its consideration of S. 734, the Committee adopted an 

amendment in the nature of a substitute. The substitute amendment adds a table of contents in section 1(b), omits the findings in 

section 2 of the bill as introduced, provides additional objectives in 

section 2 of the substitute, adds a new section 4 relating to program coordination, nonduplication, and cost sharing, adds a new 

section 102(b) relating to program coordination, omits section 104 

of the bill as introduced relating to user testing facilities, adds a 

new section 205 to repeal certain existing authorities, and makes 

various conforming changes. 

SECTION-BY-SECTION ANALYSIS

Section 1 provides a short title. 

Section 2 describes the objectives of the bill. 

Section 3 defines the terms used in the bill. 

Section 4 instructs the Secretary to ensure activities carried out 

under the bill are not duplicative of other programs conducted at 

the Department or other relevant agencies. This section also establishes the cost sharing requirements of authorized programs. 

TITLE I—VEHICLE RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT

Section 101 instructs the Secretary of Energy to carry out a program of basic and applied research, development, engineering, 

demonstration, and commercial application activities in a range of 

areas with the potential to substantially reduce or eliminate petroVerDate Mar 15 2010 06:40 Sep 08, 2011 Jkt 099010 PO 00000 Frm 00008 Fmt 6659 Sfmt 6602 E:\HR\OC\SR070.XXX SR070

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leum use. Subsection (a) includes a non-exclusive list of examples 

of technologies and activities. Subsection (b) directs the Secretary 

to ensure activities supporting ‘‘transformational technologies,’’ 

such as using hydrogen as a fuel source, energy storage devices and 

alternative battery chemistries, and communication and 

connectivity among vehicles continue to be supported. Subsection 

(c) requires, to the maximum extent practicable, that the Secretary 

carry out activities under the Act in partnership or collaboration 

with manufacturers, service providers, electric utilities, and laboratories. Subsection (d) directs the Secretary to coordinate research, 

development, engineering, demonstration, and commercial application activities with related interagency groups to avoid duplication 

of work. Subsections (e) and (f) direct the Secretary to seek opportunities to demonstrate technologies, both by providing necessary 

information to federal procurement offices, and by working with 

state and local governments to enhance vehicle technology, manufacturing, and infrastructure incentives. Subsection (g) directs the 

Secretary, in awarding grants to give priority to technologies that 

save the greatest amount of fuel and create the most jobs. 

Section 102 directs the Secretary to work with other relevant federal agencies (e.g., the Department of Transportation, which runs 

the Intelligent Transportation Systems Joint Program Office) to improve vehicle component sensing and communications capabilities. 

Section 103 directs the Secretary to carry out a research, development, engineering, demonstration, and commercial application 

program in manufacturing technology and processes to produce advanced vehicle technologies and components. 

Section 104 requires the Secretary to submit a report to Congress 

not later than 18 months after the enactment of this bill, and every 

year thereafter through 2017. Subsection (a) requires the report to 

outline the technologies developed under title I, particularly technologies that have exceeded the commercial stage and are manufactured domestically. Subsection (b) requires the report to detail active industry participants, efforts to recruit industry participants, 

program progress, and funding strategies. 

TITLE II—MEDIUM AND HEAVY DUTY COMMERCIAL AND TRANSIT

VEHICLES

Section 201 instructs the Secretary to conduct, in partnership 

with other Federal agencies and stakeholders a program of cooperative research, development, demonstration, and commercial application activities for advanced technologies in medium and heavy 

duty vehicles, including commercial, vocational, recreational, and 

transit vehicles. Subsection (b) requires the Secretary to appoint a 

full-time director to coordinate the program. It requires the Director to improve coordination between related agencies and industry 

partners to better align priorities and budgets, and to evaluate the 

program’s productivity and recommend modifications as needed. 

Subsection (c) requires the Secretary to submit an annual report 

that describes the active industry participants, program successes, 

and funding priorities. 

Section 202 establishes a competitive grant program for the purpose of integrating Class 8 trucks and trailers with advanced vehicle technologies and improved freight efficiency. Applicant teams 


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may be made up of truck, trailer, and engine manufacturers, fleet 

customers, higher education institutions, and other applicants. 

Section 203 directs the Secretary to work with the participants 

outlined in section 201 to develop testing and evaluation capabilities to measure performance of technologies developed pursuant to 

this title. 

Section 204 requires the Secretary to undertake a pilot program 

to improve total machine or system efficiency for non-road mobile 

equipment, including agriculture and construction equipment and 

to share the findings with nonroad and on-highway vehicle sectors. 

Section 205 repeals a number of existing authorities that are considered duplicative of the programs authorized by this bill. 

COST AND BUDGETARY CONSIDERATIONS

The following estimate of costs of this measure has been provided 

by the Congressional Budget Office: 

S. 734—Advanced Vehicle Technology Act of 2011 

Summary: S. 734 would direct the Secretary of Energy to expand 

existing activities aimed at developing alternative vehicles with the 

potential to significantly reduce or eliminate petroleum use and 

carbon emissions. Assuming appropriation of the necessary 

amounts, CBO estimates that implementing S. 734 would have a 

net discretionary cost of nearly $1.3 billion over the 2012–2016 period. Enacting S. 734 would not affect direct spending or revenues; 

therefore, pay-as-you-go procedures do not apply. 

S. 734 contains no intergovernmental or private-sector mandates 

as defined in the Unfunded Mandates Reform Act (UMRA). 

Estimated cost to the Federal Government: The estimated budgetary impact of S. 734 is shown in the following table. The costs 

of this legislation fall within budget function 270 (energy). 

By fiscal year, in millions of dollars— 

2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2012– 

2016 

CHANGES IN SPENDING SUBJECT TO APPROPRIATION 

Spending for Advanced Vehicle Technologies 

Estimated Authorization Level ....................................................... 400 406 412 419 428 2,065 

Estimated Outlays ......................................................................... 120 240 297 338 373 1,368 

Reduced Authorizations 

Authorization Level ........................................................................ ¥30 ¥30 ¥30 ¥30 ¥30 ¥150 

Estimated Outlays ......................................................................... ¥4 ¥17 ¥26 ¥30 ¥30 ¥107 

Total Proposed Changes: 

Estimated Authorization Level .............................................. 370 376 382 389 398 1,915 

Estimated Outlays ................................................................ 116 223 271 308 343 1,261 

Basis of estimate: S. 734 would authorize a variety of activities 

to promote advanced vehicle technology. The bill also would repeal 

and modify certain provisions of the Energy Policy Act of 2005 

(EPAct) and EISA 2007 that authorize similar activities. Taken as 

a whole, CBO estimates that implementing S. 734 would result in 

a net increase in discretionary spending of $1.3 billion over the 

2012–2016 period. 

Spending for advanced vehicle technologies 

S. 734 would direct the Secretary of Energy to carry out, in collaboration with vehicle manufacturers and other nonfederal entiVerDate Mar 15 2010 06:40 Sep 08, 2011 Jkt 099010 PO 00000 Frm 00010 Fmt 6659 Sfmt 6602 E:\HR\OC\SR070.XXX SR070

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ties, activities to promote the development of vehicles with the potential to significantly reduce petroleum use and carbon emissions. 

The bill would authorize the Department of Energy (DOE) to expand existing research and development activities related to alternative vehicles. In addition, the bill would require the agency to establish new initiatives, particularly related to medium- and heavyduty vehicles and mass transit vehicles. 

S. 734 would not specify particular targets or goals for DOE to 

achieve related to advanced vehicle technologies. Research and development activities inherently involve trial and error, and the 

pace of incremental progress is directly related to the variety of experiments attempted and other factors. For this estimate, CBO assumes that the agency would increase its level of effort by expanding existing programs, launching new initiatives, and increasing 

the number of technologies tested in order to achieve appreciable 

progress in research areas addressed by S. 734. Based on information from the agency, CBO estimates that realizing recognizable 

gains from such efforts would require appropriations totaling $400 

million in 2012. That amount is roughly double the average level 

of annual funding provided to DOE for vehicle technology development over the 2000–2010 period and includes: • $200 million to expand general research and development 

efforts related to alternative passenger and light-duty commercial vehicles; • $130 million to expand and establish research and development related to alternative medium- and heavy-duty commercial vehicles and mass transit vehicles; • $40 million to improve the energy efficiency of manufacturing processes related to alternative vehicles; and • $30 million to expand programs to develop vehicle-sensing 

and communication technologies. 

Assuming that future annual appropriations would remain at 

that estimated 2012 level, adjusted for anticipated inflation, CBO 

estimates that fully funding S. 734 would require appropriations 

totaling $2.1 billion over the 2012–2016 period. Resulting outlays 

over that period would total about $1.4 billion, with nearly $0.7 billion of additional spending occurring in later years. CBO expects 

DOE would use those amounts to fund a wider variety of research 

activities aimed at achieving technical milestones. CBO estimates 

that significantly accelerating the time frame in which new technologies could become market ready would require even larger increases in funding. 

Reduced Authorizations 

To offset a portion of increased discretionary spending, S. 734 

would amend and repeal certain provisions of EPAct that authorize 

a variety of activities related to vehicle technologies. In particular, 

S. 734 would eliminate an existing authorization to appropriate 

$30 million a year through 2018 to support collaborative efforts to 

develop and demonstrate novel and advanced energy storage systems for use in electric drive vehicles. Assuming future appropriations are reduced accordingly, CBO estimates that implementing 

that provision would result in $107 million less in discretionary 

spending over the 2012–2016 period and additional savings after 

2016. CBO also estimates that repealing and modifying other proviVerDate Mar 15 2010 06:40 Sep 08, 2011 Jkt 099010 PO 00000 Frm 00011 Fmt 6659 Sfmt 6602 E:\HR\OC\SR070.XXX SR070

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sions of EPAct specified in the bill would not significantly affect 

discretionary spending. 

Pay-As-You-Go considerations: None. 

Intergovernmental and private-sector impact: S. 734 contains no 

intergovernmental or private-sector mandates as defined in UMRA 

and would impose no costs on state, local, or tribal governments. 

Estimate prepared by: Federal Costs: Megan Carroll; Impact on 

State, Local, and Tribal Governments: Ryan Miller; Impact on the 

Private Sector: Amy Petz. 

Estimate approved by: Theresa Gullo, Deputy Assistant Director 

for Budget Analysis. 

REGULATORY IMPACT EVALUATION

In compliance with paragraph 11(b) of rule XXVI of the Standing 

Rules of the Senate, the Committee makes the following evaluation 

of the regulatory impact which would be incurred in carrying out 

S. 734. 

The bill is not a regulatory measure in the sense of imposing 

Government established standards or significant economic responsibilities on private individuals and businesses, but rather providing grants to private industry that may be voluntarily applied 

for. 

No personal information would be collected in administering programs authorized under the bill. Therefore, there would be no impact on personal privacy. 

While an applicant to the grant programs authorized in the 

measure will have to submit paperwork through the application 

process, little if any additional paperwork would be required of any 

entity or person that is not an applicant to a program. 

CONGRESSIONALLY DIRECTED SPENDING

The bill, as reported, does not contain any congressionally directed spending items, limited tax benefits, or limited tariff benefits as defined in rule XLIV of the Standing Rules of the Senate. 

EXECUTIVE COMMUNICATIONS

The testimony provided by the Department of Energy on May 19, 

2011 follows: 

STATEMENT OF MR. PATRICK DAVIS, PROGRAM DIRECTOR, 

VEHICLE TECHNOLOGIES PROGRAM, OFFICE OF ENERGY

EFFICIENCY AND RENEWABLE ENERGY, DEPARTMENT OF

ENERGY

Chairman Bingaman, Ranking Member Murkowski and 

Members of the Committee, thank you for the opportunity 

to discuss the Department’s advanced vehicles technology 

programs. The Administration is still reviewing S. 734 the 

Advanced Vehicles Technology Act and S. 948 Promoting 

Electric Vehicles Act of 2011 and does not have a position 

on either bill at this time and so this statement will provide only general DOE comments. 

The transportation sector accounts for approximately 

two-thirds of the United States’ oil consumption and conVerDate Mar 15 2010 06:40 Sep 08, 2011 Jkt 099010 PO 00000 Frm 00012 Fmt 6659 Sfmt 6969 E:\HR\OC\SR070.XXX SR070

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1http://wwwl.eere.energy.go/vehiclesandfuels/pdfs/vehicles_fs.pdf 2http://www.bls.gov/news.release/cesan.nr0.htm 

3http://www.whitehouse.gov/sites/default/files/blueprint_secure_energy_future.pdf 

tributes to one-third of the Nation’s greenhouse gas (GHG) 

emissions.1 After housing, transportation is the second biggest monthly expense for most American families.2 As the 

President said in his recent energy speech, ‘‘In an economy 

that relies so heavily on oil, rising prices at the pump affect everybody.’’ Emphasizing that ‘‘there are no quick 

fixes,’’ the President outlined a portfolio of actions which, 

taken together, could cut U.S. oil imports by a third by 

2025. These include programs that would put one million 

electric vehicles on the road by 2015. 

The Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy’s 

(EERE’s) Vehicle Technologies Program (VTP) develops 

and promotes energy-efficient, environmentally friendly 

transportation technologies that will reduce petroleum consumption and lower GHG emissions while meeting drivers’ 

expectations of vehicle performance. VTP’s activities promote energy security, environmental, and economic benefits in both the near- and long-term. 

Few technologies hold greater promise for reducing our 

dependence on oil than electric vehicles. In his 2011 State 

of the Union address, the President spoke of his goal to 

have the United States become the first country with a 

million electric vehicles on the road by 2015. Meeting this 

goal will help the United States become a leader in the 

clean energy economy, while capitalizing on the ingenuity 

of American industry. Manufacturing products needed for 

the clean energy economy will generate long term economic strength in the U.S., creating jobs across the country while reducing air pollution and greenhouse gas emissions. 

EERE investments past, present, and future are critical 

to achieving this goal. In 2009, the U.S. had only two, relatively small, factories manufacturing advanced vehicle 

batteries, and produced less than two percent of the 

world’s hybrid vehicle batteries.3 But over the next few 

years, thanks to investments from the American Recovery 

and Reinvestment Act of 2009 (Recovery Act) in battery 

and electric drive component manufacturing, and electric 

drive demonstration and infrastructure, the U.S. will be 

able to produce enough batteries and components to support 500,000 plug-in and electric vehicles per year. High 

volume manufacturing, coupled with battery technology 

advances, design optimization, and material cost reductions, could lead to a drop in battery costs of 50 percent 

by 2013 compared to 2009, which will lower the cost of 

electric vehicles, making them accessible to more consumers. 

Further policies and research are needed to build on the 

work under the Recovery Act. That is why the President’s 

FY 2012 Budget proposes a new effort to support electric 

vehicle manufacturing and adoption in the United States 

through new consumer rebates, investments in R&D, and 


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competitive programs to encourage communities that invest in electric vehicle infrastructure and regulatory 

streamlining. Specifically, the Budget proposes to: transform the existing $7500 tax credit for electric vehicles into 

a rebate that will be available to all consumers immediately at the point of sale; advance innovative technologies through new R&D investments, building on Recovery Act investments, by investing $588 million for vehicle technologies at DOE; and reward communities that invest in electric vehicle infrastructure through a $200 million program which provides an incentive for communities 

to invest in electric vehicle infrastructure and remove regulatory barriers. 

GENERAL COMMENTS ON S. 948, THE PROMOTING ELECTRIC

VEHICLES ACT OF 2011

The investments that we have made through the Recovery Act as well as those in the Budget align with many of 

the priorities that are reflected in the Promoting Electric 

Vehicles Act of 2011—though we do not take a position on 

the bill itself. Below, I will discuss some of the priorities 

included in this bill: 

One of the main elements of the Promoting Electric Vehicles Act is a deployment program in which communities 

would be chosen on a competitive basis to receive grants 

that would be used to support integration of electric vehicles through means such as installing charging infrastructure, updating building codes. The Administration is supportive of this concept, which is why the President’s Budget includes $200 million to reward communities for leadership in reducing regulatory barriers and developing comprehensive electric vehicle-friendly infrastructure. 

Specifically, this funding will support a competitive program within the Department of Energy to help communities across the country become early adopters of electric 

vehicles through regulatory streamlining, infrastructure 

investments, vehicle fleet conversions, deployment of EV 

incentives (e.g., parking, HOV access) partnerships with 

major employers/retailers, and workforce training. The FY 

2012 Budget includes a proposal that would allow up to 30 

communities across the country to receive grants of up to 

$10 million each on the basis of their ability to demonstrate concrete reforms and to use the funds to help 

catalyze electric vehicle deployment. This approach builds 

on bi-partisan proposals and ideas including some developed by the sponsors of this bill. 

The Promoting Electric Vehicles Act of 2011 includes 

provisions to promote near-term deployment of plug-in 

electric drive vehicles, many of which may complement 

and supplement the Department’s ongoing activities, funded both through the Recovery Act and annual appropriations. However, as stated previously, the Administration is 

continuing to review this extensive bill and does not have 

a position on it at this time. 


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S. 948 includes provisions which would support technical 

assistance, workforce training, and a targeted communities 

program to facilitate the rapid deployment of plug-in vehicles. The bill’s targeted deployment program would offer 

communities of different sizes in various parts of the country an opportunity to execute various deployment approaches and develop best practices that can be shared nationwide to address critical questions about planning and 

managing vehicle and charging infrastructure deployment. 

The Department notes that the community selection criteria includes an emphasis on diversity of climate and type 

of electric utility. Such diversity in pilot programs, particularly across electricity-generation sources, would be crucial 

for estimating the environmental impacts of expanded 

adoption of plug-in electric drive vehicles. 

DOE is already examining ways to work more closely 

with communities on vehicle electrification and infrastructure deployment, particularly in connection with our Clean 

Cities Program. The coalitions that comprise the Clean 

Cities network bring together state and local governments, 

early adopter fleets, local utilities, infrastructure developers, and other key stakeholders in a community to advance the deployment of alternative fuel vehicles. These 

public private partnerships are proven and effective resources for sharing information at the local level and are 

primed to support the rollout of electric drive vehicles and 

infrastructure. Our goal is to better understand how the 

Department can support local community efforts to deploy 

EVs and infrastructure. 

To maximize the effectiveness of the targeted communities program, the Department would seek to coordinate 

this effort with related ongoing projects to deploy electric 

drive vehicles and infrastructure. Our Recovery Act 

projects for transportation electrification are building critical expertise through large-scale vehicle and infrastructure deployment, collecting data on vehicle-grid interaction 

and producing valuable lessons learned that can support 

and help to accelerate future deployments in other communities. We note that the deployment community selection 

criteria as outlined in the legislation, is crafted to help ensure that the selected communities stand up as models for 

deployment across the country. 

We also believe that technical assistance is vital to the 

successful rollout of any proposed national deployment program for electric drive vehicles. The Department is well 

positioned to disseminate information and provide training 

and technical assistance to communities seeking to accelerate EV deployment. As an example, and as noted earlier, 

the Clean Cities network is primed to share best practices 

and lessons learned about permitting and inspection processes, as well as other local ordinances and opportunities 

for code official and first responder training. I would like 

to note, however, that the Department plays a supporting 

role in the development of model codes and standards. In 

regard to this provision, we can bring value to the process 


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because of our extensive experience working with code development organizations (CDOs) and standards development organizations (SDOs) to facilitate consensus around 

the development and adoption of vehicle- and infrastructure-related codes and standards. We are also working to 

enable the harmonization of codes and standards at an 

international level collaborating with the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) and the Department of Transportation, as well as with the private sector. 

Standards and codes for electric vehicles must be consistent with the broader Smart Grid Interoperability Panel 

(SGIP) effort led by NIST. 

The Promoting Electric Vehicles Act includes several 

other significant provisions in addition to the National 

Plug-in Electric Drive Deployment Program; I will briefly 

comment on several of them here. 

• The bill authorizes a R&D program focused on advanced batteries, electric drive components, and other 

technologies supporting the manufacture and deployment 

of electric drive vehicles and charging infrastructure. 

These priorities are aligned closely with ongoing activities 

in the Vehicle Technologies Program—specifically, our Batteries and Electric Drive Technology subprogram, which 

includes advanced battery R&D and advanced power electronics and electric machines, as well as our Vehicle and 

Systems Simulation and Testing subprogram, which includes work to examine vehicle and infrastructure interface issues through testing and evaluation. Notably, the 

President’s FY 2012 Budget request will significantly 

broaden R&D investments in technologies like batteries 

and electric drives—including an over 30 per cent increase 

in support for vehicle technology R&D and a new Energy 

Innovation Hub devoted to improving batteries and energy 

storage for vehicles and beyond. 

• The bill focuses on Federal electric vehicle upgrades. 

I note that the Administration shares your commitment to 

upgrading the federal fleet and is finalizing the procurement of 100 electric vehicles. 

• The bill also discusses partnership with the private 

sector surrounding vehicle upgrades, an area where Administration policies are strong. Specifically, we recently 

announced the Clean Fleets partnership. This program is 

focused on working with private sector partnerships to 

help them become leaders in deploying advance vehicles— 

including electric vehicles—and technical assistance is a 

critical component of the program. In fact, DOE has developed a wide range of technical tools to help partner companies to navigate the world of alternative fuels and advanced vehicles. A diverse collection of cost calculators, 

interactive maps, customizable database searches, and mobile applications puts vital information and analysis at 

fleets’ finger tips. This is just one example of our activities 

in this area—and shows how important we think it is to 

offer technical assistance. 


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• We also understand and appreciate the Committee’s 

interest in a technical advisory committee focused on plugin hybrid vehicles. We place great value in independent reviews and external input to our program. You may be 

aware that the National Academy of Sciences National Research Council conducts independent biennial reviews of 

both our light-duty and heavy-duty vehicle research programs. 

• With respect to the new loan guarantee authorities included in the bill, we are continuing to evaluate these proposals. At a minimum, we would want any credit assistance to be the most efficient and effective means of achieving policy goals, and therefore any new authorities should 

comply with Federal credit policies to mitigate cost and 

risk to the taxpayer. 

COMMENTS ON S. 734 THE ADVANCED VEHICLE TECHNOLOGY

ACT OF 2011

While the Administration is still reviewing S. 734 and 

has no position on the bill at this time, it appears that the 

program authorized by the bill could complement several 

of the Department’s current activities focused on increasing vehicle energy efficiency. The Vehicle Technologies 

Program is meeting the transportation challenge with an 

integrated portfolio of advanced vehicle and fuel research, 

development, demonstration, and deployment activities. 

We are accomplishing this work in collaboration with industry leaders, national laboratories, universities, state 

and local governments, and other stakeholders. S. 734 

could further support the widespread commercialization of 

advanced vehicle and fuel technologies to reduce U.S. oil 

consumption, strengthen our economy, and reduce air pollution and greenhouse gas emissions. That being said, we 

suggest that the Director of the program be appointed by 

the Secretary within the Office of Vehicle Technologies 

itself to facilitate better coordination across activities with 

similar goals and work. 

Further, it also appears that Section 102 ‘‘Sensing and 

Communications Technologies,’’ would unnecessarily duplicate the existing research, development, and demonstration efforts of the Department of Transportation’s National 

Intelligent Transportation Systems Program. We recommend against such duplicative Federal programs. 

In sum, the Department’s transportation portfolio will 

save consumers money, reduce our dependence on oil, 

lower our environmental impact, and keep America on the 

cutting edge of clean energy technologies, enabling us to 

build a 21st century clean energy economy. Thank you 

again for the opportunity to discuss these issues, and I 

welcome any questions you may have. 

CHANGES IN EXISTING LAW

In compliance with paragraph 12 of rule XXVI of the Standing 

Rules of the Senate, changes in existing law made by the bill S. 


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734, as ordered reported, are shown as follows (existing law proposed to be omitted is enclosed in black brackets, new matter is 

printed in italic, existing law in which no change is proposed is 

shown in roman): 

ENERGY POLICY ACT OF 2005 

Public Law 109–58, as amended 

AN ACT To ensure jobs for our future with secure, affordable, and reliable energy. 

* * * * * * * 

TITLE VII—VEHICLES AND FUELS 

Subtitle A—Existing Programs 

* * * * * * * 

øSEC. 706. JOINT FLEXIBLE FUEL/HYBRID VEHICLE COMMERCIALIZATION INITIATIVE. 

ø(a) DEFINITIONS.—In this section: 

ø(1) ELIGIBLE ENTITY.—The term ‘‘eligible entity’’ means— 

ø(A) a for profit corporation; 

ø(B) a nonprofit corporation; or 

ø(C) an institution of higher education. 

ø(2) PROGRAM.—The term ‘‘program’’ means a program established under subsection (b). 

ø(b) ESTABLISHMENT.—The Secretary shall establish a program 

to improve technologies for the commercialization of— 

ø(1) a combination hybrid/flexible fuel vehicle; or 

ø(2) a plug-in hybrid/flexible fuel vehicle. 

ø(c) GRANTS.—In carrying out the program, the Secretary shall 

provide grants that give preference to proposals that— 

ø(1) achieve the greatest reduction in miles per gallon of petroleum fuel consumption; 

ø(2) achieve not less than 250 miles per gallon of petroleum 

fuel consumption; and 

ø(3) have the greatest potential of commercialization to the 

general public within 5 years. 

ø(d) VERIFICATION.—Not later than 90 days after the date of enactment of this Act, the Secretary shall publish in the Federal Register procedures to verify— 

ø(1) the hybrid/flexible fuel vehicle technologies to be demonstrated; and 

ø(2) that grants are administered in accordance with this 

section. 

ø(e) REPORT.—Not later than 260 days after the date of enactment of this Act, and annually thereafter, the Secretary shall submit to Congress a report that— 

ø(1) identifies the grant recipients; 

ø(2) describes the technologies to be funded under the program; 

ø(3) assesses the feasibility of the technologies described in 

paragraph (2) in meeting the goals described in subsection (c); 

ø(4) identifies applications submitted for the program that 

were not funded; and 


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ø(5) makes recommendations for Federal legislation to 

achieve commercialization of the technology demonstrated. 

ø(f) AUTHORIZATION OF APPROPRIATIONS.—There are authorized 

to be appropriated to carry out this section, to remain available 

until expended— 

ø(1) $3,000,000 for fiscal year 2006; 

ø(2) $7,000,000 for fiscal year 2007; 

ø(3) $10,000,000 for fiscal year 2008; and 

ø(4) $20,000,000 for fiscal year 2009.¿ 

* * * * * * * 

* 

Subtitle B—Hybrid Vehicles, Advanced Vehicles, and Fuel 

Cell Buses 

PART I—HYBRID VEHICLES 

øSEC. 711. HYBRID VEHICLES. 

øThe Secretary shall accelerate efforts directed toward the improvement of batteries and other rechargeable energy storage systems, power electronics, hybrid systems integration, and other technologies for use in hybrid vehicles.¿ 

øSEC. 712. EFFICIENT HYBRID AND ADVANCED DIESEL VEHICLES. 

ø(a) PROGRAM.— 

ø(1) IN GENERAL.—The Secretary shall establish a program to 

encourage domestic production and sales of efficient hybrid and 

advanced diesel vehicles and components of those vehicles. 

ø(2) INCLUSIONS.—The program shall include grants to automobile manufacturers and suppliers and hybrid component manufacturers to encourage domestic production of efficient hybrid, plugin electric hybrid, plug-in electric drive, and advanced diesel vehicles. 

ø(3) PRIORITY.—Priority shall be given to the refurbishment or 

retooling of manufacturing facilities that have recently ceased operation or will cease operation in the near future. 

ø(b) COOPERATION WITH STATE AND LOCAL PROGRAMS.—The Secretary may coordinate implementation of this section with State 

and local programs designed to accomplish similar goals, including 

the retention and retraining of skilled workers from the manufacturing facilities, including by establishing matching grant arrangements. 

ø(c) AUTHORIZATION OF APPROPRIATIONS.—There are authorized 

to be appropriated to the Secretary for carrying out this section 

such sums as may be necessary to carry out this section.¿ 

* * * * * * * 

TITLE IX—RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT 

* * * * * * * 

Subtitle A—Energy Efficiency 

* * * * * * * 

SEC. 911. ENERGY EFFICIENCY. 

(a) IN GENERAL.— 


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(1) OBJECTIVES.—The Secretary shall conduct programs of 

energy efficiency research, development, demonstration, and 

commercial application, including activities described in this 

part. Such programs shall take into consideration the following 

objectives: 

(A) Increasing the energy efficiency of øvehicles,¿buildings, and industrial processes. 

(B) Reducing the demand of the United States for energy, especially energy from foreign sources. 

(C) Reducing the cost of energy and making the economy 

more efficient and competitive. 

(D) Improving the energy security of the United States. 

(E) Reducing the environmental impact of energy-related 

activities. 

(2) PROGRAMS.—Programs under this subtitle shall include 

research, development, demonstration, and commercial application of— 

ø(A) advanced, cost-effective technologies to improve the 

energy efficiency and environmental performance of vehicles, including— 

ø(i) hybrid and electric propulsion systems; 

ø(ii) plug-in hybrid systems; 

ø(iii) advanced combustion engines; 

ø(iv) weight and drag reduction technologies; 

ø(v) whole-vehicle design optimization; and 

ø(vi) advanced drive trains;¿ 

ø(B)¿(A) cost-effective technologies, for new construction 

and retrofit, to improve the energy efficiency and environmental performance of buildings, using a whole-buildings 

approach, including onsite renewable energy generation; 

ø(C)¿(B) advanced technologies to improve the energy efficiency, environmental performance, and process efficiency 

of energy-intensive and waste-intensive industries; 

ø(D)¿(C) advanced control devices to improve the energy 

efficiency of electric motors, including those used in industrial processes, heating, ventilation, and cooling; and 

ø(E)¿(D) technologies to improve the energy efficiency of 

appliances and mechanical systems for buildings in cold 

climates, including combined heat and power units and increased use of renewable resources, including fuel. 

* * * * * * * 

(c) ALLOCATIONS.—From amounts authorized under subsection 

(b), the following sums are authorized: 

(1) For activities under section 16192 of this title, 

$50,000,000 for each of fiscal years 2007 through 2009. 

(2) For activities under section 16195 of this title, $7,000,000 

for each of fiscal years 2007 through 2009. 

ø(3) For activities under subsection (A)(2)(A)— 

ø(A) $200,000,000 for fiscal year 2007; 

ø(B) $270,000,000 for fiscal year 2008; and 

ø(C) $310,000,000 for fiscal year 2009.¿ 

ø(4)¿ (3) For activities under subsection ø(a)(2)(D)¿ (a)(2)(C), 

$2,000,000 for each of fiscal years 2007 and 2008. 

* * * * * * * 


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Subtitle C—Renewable Energy 

* * * * * * * 

øSEC. 933. LOW-COST RENEWABLE HYDROGEN AND INFRASTRUCTURE 

FOR VEHICLE PROPULSION. 

øThe Secretary shall— 

ø(1) establish a research, development, and demonstration 

program to determine the feasibility of using hydrogen propulsion in light-weight vehicles and the integration of the associated hydrogen production infrastructure using off-the-shelf 

components; and 

ø(2) identify universities and institutions that— 

ø(A) have expertise in researching and testing vehicles 

fueled by hydrogen, methane, and other fuels; 

ø(B) have expertise in integrating off-the-shelf components to minimize cost; and 

ø(C) within 2 years can test a vehicle based on an existing commercially available platform with a curb weight of 

not less than 2,000 pounds before modifications, that— 

ø(i) operates solely on hydrogen; 

ø(ii) qualifies as a light-duty passenger vehicle; and 

ø(iii) uses hydrogen produced from water using only 

solar energy.¿ 

* * * * * * * 

ENERGY INDEPENDENCE AND SECURITY ACT OF 2007 

Public Law 110–140, as amended 

AN ACT To move the United States toward greater energy independence and security, to increase the production of clean renewable fuels, to protect consumers, to 

increase the efficiency of products, buildings, and vehicles, to promote research on 

and deploy greenhouse gas capture and storage options, and to improve the energy performance of the Federal Government, and for other purposes. 

* * * * * * * 

TITLE VI—ACCELERATED RESEARCH AND 

DEVELOPMENT 

* * * * * * * 

Subtitle D—Energy Storage for Transportation and Electric 

Power 

* * * * * * * 

SEC. 641. ENERGY STORAGE COMPETITIVENESS. 

* * * * * * * 

ø(j) VEHICLE ENERGY STORAGE DEMONSTRATION.— 

ø(1) IN GENERAL.—The Secretary shall carry out a program 

of electric drive vehicle energy storage technology demonstrations. 

ø(2) CONSORTIA.—The technology demonstrations shall be 

conducted through consortia, which may include— 

ø(A) energy storage systems manufacturers and suppliers of the manufacturers; 

ø(B) electric drive vehicle manufacturers; 


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ø(C) rural electric cooperatives; 

ø(D) investor owned utilities; 

ø(E) municipal and rural electric utilities; 

ø(F) State and local governments; 

ø(G) metropolitan transportation authorities; and 

ø(H) institutions of higher education.¿ 

ø(k)¿ (j) SECONDARY APPLICATIONS AND DISPOSAL OF ELECTRIC

DRIVE VEHICLE BATTERIES.—The Secretary shall carry out a program of research, development, and demonstration of— 

(1) secondary applications of energy storage devices following 

service in electric drive vehicles; and 

(2) technologies and processes for final recycling and disposal 

of the devices. 

ø(l)¿ (k) COST SHARING.—The Secretary shall carry out the programs established under this section in accordance with section 

16352 of this title. 

ø(m)¿ (l) MERIT REVIEW OF PROPOSALS.—The Secretary shall 

carry out the programs established under subsections (i), (j), and 

(k) in accordance with section 16353 of this title. 

ø(n)¿ (m) COORDINATION AND NONDUPLICATION.—To the maximum extent practicable, the Secretary shall coordinate activities 

under this section with other programs and laboratories of the Department and other Federal research programs. 

ø(o)¿ (n) REVIEW BY NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.—On the 

business day that is 5 years after the date of enactment of this Act, 

the Secretary shall offer to enter into an arrangement with the National Academy of Sciences to assess the performance of the Department in carrying out this section. 

ø(p)¿ (o) AUTHORIZATION OF APPROPRIATIONS.—There are authorized to be appropriated to carry out— 

(1) the basic research program under subsection (f) 

$50,000,000 for each of fiscal years 2009 through 2018; 

(2) the applied research program under subsection (g) 

$80,000,000 for each of fiscal years 2009 through 2018; øand;¿ 

(3) the energy storage research center program under subsection (h) $100,000,000 for each of fiscal years 2009 through 

2018; 

(4) the energy storage systems demonstration program under 

subsection (i) $30,000,000 for each of fiscal years 2009 through 

2018; and 

ø(5) the vehicle energy storage demonstration program under 

subsection (j) $30,000,000 for each of fiscal years 2009 through 

2018; and¿ 

ø(6)¿ (5) the secondary applications and disposal of electric 

drive vehicle batteries program under øsubsection (k)¿ subsection (j) $5,000,000 for each of fiscal years 2009 through 

2018. 

* * * * * * * 

Æ 


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