# Technical Support Document for the Final

**Rule on the Control of Emissions from New**

**Nonroad Spark-Ignition Engines:**

**Air Quality Modeling Analyses**

# 2 **EPA 454/R-08-005**

**May 2008**



# Technical Support Document for the Final Rule

**on the Control of Emissions from New Nonroad**

**Spark-Ignition Engines:**

**Air Quality Modeling Analyses**

**U.S. Environmental Protection Agency**

**Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards**

**Air Quality Assessment Division**

**Research Triangle Park, NC 27711**

**May 2008**

# 3



# I. Introduction

**This document describes the air quality modeling p erformed by EPA in support of the** 

**final rule to control emissions from new nonroad Sp ark-Ignition (SI) engines. A national scale** 

**air quality modeling analysis was performed to esti mate the effect of the rule on future 8-hour** 

**ozone concentrations, future annual fine particulat e matter (PM**  **2.5** 

# ) concentrations, and future

**visibility levels. The inclusion of PM 2.5**  

# and visibility impacts represents an improvement o **n the**

**modeling that was done for the proposed notice of r ulemaking**  **1** 

# which only considered the

**impacts on ozone 2** 



# .

**An additional change from the modeling done at pro posal was our use of the Community** 

**Multiscale Air Quality (CMAQ) model 3**  

# . The CMAQ model simulates the multiple physical a **nd**

**chemical processes involved in the formation, trans port, and destruction of fine particulate matter** 

**and ozone. The 2002 version of the CMAQ modeling p latform was used. A modeling platform** 

**is a structured system of connected modeling-relate d tools and data that provide a consistent and** 

**transparent basis for assessing the air quality res ponse to changes in emissions and/or** 

**meteorology. A platform typically consists of a sp ecific air quality model, base year and future** 

**year baseline emissions estimates, and a set of met eorological model inputs. The final** 

**Locomotive/Marine rule modeling analyses 4**  

# were also based on the 2002 CMAQ modeling

**platform.**



# II. CMAQ Model Version, Inputs and Configuration

A. Model version

**CMAQ is a non-proprietary computer model that simul ates the formation and fate of** 

**photochemical oxidants, including PM 2.5**  

# and ozone, for given input sets of meteorological

**conditions and emissions. This analysis employed a version of CMAQ based on the latest** 

**publicly-released version of CMAQ available at the time of the final SI engine rule modeling** 

**(i.e., version 4.6) 5**  

# . CMAQ version 4.6 reflects recent updates intende **d to improve the**

**underlying science from version 4.5. These model e nhancements include:** 

**1** 

# Federal Register, "Control of Emissions from Nonr **oad Spark-Ignition Engines and Equipment; Proposed Rule",** 

**May 2007, pp 28098-28393.**

**2** 

# U.S. Environmental Protection Agency; Technical Sup **port Document for the Proposed Small Spark Ignition (SI)** 

**and Marine SI Emissions Standards: Ozone Air Qualit y Modeling; Office of Air Quality Planning and Stan**  **dards;**

**EPA-454 / R-07-006, Research Triangle Park, NC; Apr il 2007; 18 pp.** 

**3** 

# Byun, D.W., and K. L. Schere, 2006: Review of the **Governing Equations, Computational Algorithms, and Other** 

**Components of the Models-3 Community Multiscale Air Quality (CMAQ) Modeling System. Applied Mechanics** 

**Reviews, Volume 59, Number 2 (March 2006), pp. 51-7 7.** 

**4** 

# U.S. Environmental Protection Agency; Technical Su **pport Document for the Final Locomotive/Marine Rule : Air** 

**Quality Modeling Analyses; Office of Air Quality Pl anning and Standards; EPA-454 / R-08-002; Research**  **Triangle**

**Park, NC; January 2008; 63 pp.**

**5** 

# CMAQ version 4.6 was released on September 30, 200 **6. It is available from the Community Modeling and**

**Analysis System (CMAS) at: http://www.cmascenter.or g .** 

# 4

**1) an updated Carbon Bond chemical mechanism (CB-05 ) and associated Euler** 

**Backward Iterative (EBI) solver was added;**

**2) an updated version of the ISORROPIA aerosol ther modynamics module was added;** 

**3) the heterogeneous N 2**  

# O **5** 

# reaction probability is temperature- and humidity- **dependent;**

**4) the gas-phase reactions involving N 2**  

# O **5** 

# and H **2** 

# O are now included; and

**5) an updated version of the vertical diffusion mod ule was added (ACM2).** 

**Additionally, there were a few minor changes made to the release version of CMAQ v4.6** 

**by the EPA model developers subsequent to its relea se. The relatively minor changes and new** 

**features of this internal version that was ultimate ly used in this analysis (version 4.6.1i) are** 

**described in a memorandum from EPA's Office of Rese arch and Development.**  **6**



# B. Model domain and grid resolution

**The CMAQ modeling analyses were performed for a dom ain covering the continental** 

**United States, as shown in Figure II-1. This domai n has a parent horizontal grid of 36 km with** 

**two finer-scale 12 km grids over portions of the ea stern and western U.S. The model extends** 

**vertically from the surface to 100 millibars using a sigma-pressure coordinate system. Air** 

**quality conditions at the outer boundary of the 36 km domain were taken from a global model** 

**and did not change over the simulations. In turn, the 36 km grid was only used to establish the** 

**incoming air quality concentrations along the bound aries of the 12 km grids. All of the modeling** 

**results assessing the emissions reductions from the small SI engine rule were taken from the 12** 

**km grids. Table II-1 provides some basic geographic information regarding the CMAQ domains.** 

Table II-1. Geographic elements of domains used in the small SI engine rule modeling.

CMAQ Modeling Configuration

National Grid Western U.S. Fine Grid Eastern U.S. F ine Grid

Map Projection **Lambert Conformal Projection**

Grid Resolution **36 km 12 km 12 km**

Coordinate Center **97 deg W, 40 deg N**

True Latitudes **33 deg N and 45 deg N**

Dimensions **148 x 112 x 14 213 x 192 x 14 279 x 240 x 14**

Vertical extent **14 Layers: Surface to 100 millibar level (see Table II-2)** 

**6** 

# The document is available from http://www.regulat **ions.gov with the document identification number: E PA-HQ** 

**OAR-2003-0190-0866.**

# 5

Figure II-1. Map of the CMAQ modeling domain. The black outer box denotes the 36 km

national modeling domain; the red inner box is the 12 km western U.S. fine grid; and the

blue inner box is the 12 km eastern U.S. fine grid.

C. Modeling Period / Ozone Episodes

**The 36 km and both 12 km CMAQ modeling domains wer e modeled for the entire year** 

**of 2002. 7**  

# All 365 model days were used in the calculations **of the impacts of the small SI engine**

**controls on annual average levels of PM 2.5**  

# . For the 8-hour ozone results, we only used the

**modeling results from the period between May 1 and September 30, 2002. This 153-day period** 

**generally conforms to the ozone season across most parts of the U.S. and contains the majority of** 

**days with observed high ozone concentrations in 200 2.** 

D. Model Inputs: Emissions, Meteorology and Bounda ry Conditions

1. Base Year and Future Baseline Emissions: **As noted in the introduction section, a**

**2002-based CMAQ platform was used for the final rul e modeling. The 2002-based platform** 

**7** 

# We also modeled 10 days at the end of December 20 **01 as a modeled "ramp up" period. These days are u sed to** 

**minimize the effects of initial conditions and are not considered as part of the output analyses.** 

# 6

**builds upon the general concepts, tools and emissio ns modeling data from the 2001-based** 

**Comprehensive Air Quality Model with Extensions (CA Mx) platform used at proposal, while** 

**updating and enhancing many of the emission inputs and tools. A summary of the emissions** 

**inventory development is described below. More det ailed documentation on the methods and** 

**data summaries of the 2002-based platform emissions for base and future years is also available** 

**separately. 8** 



# We used version 3 of the 2002-based platform which **takes emission inventories from the**

**2002 National Emissions Inventory (NEI) version 3.0 . These inventories, with the exception of** 

**California, include monthly onroad and nonroad emis sions generated from the National Mobile** 

**Inventory Model (NMIM) using versions of MOBILE6.0 and NONROAD2005 consistent with** 

**recent national rule analyses. 9,10,11**  

# The locomotive and marine inventories are based o **n national**

**level estimates developed for the recent locomotive and marine rule making.**  **12** 

# The 2002-based

**platform and its associated chemical mechanism (CB0 5) employs updated speciation profiles** 

**using data included in the SPECIATE4.0 database. 13**  

# In addition, the 2002-based platform

**incorporates several temporal profile updates for b oth mobile and stationary sources.** 

**The 2002-based platform includes emissions for a 2 002 base year model evaluation case,** 

**a 2002 base case and several projection years. The projection years include 2020 and 2030,** 

**which were used as the future years for the small S I rule analyses. The model evaluation case** 

**uses prescribed burning and wildfire emissions spec ific to 2002, which were developed and** 

**modeled as day-specific, location-specific emission s using an updated version of Sparse Matrix** 

**Operator Kernel Emissions (SMOKE) system, version 2 .3, which computes plume rise and** 

**vertically allocates the fire emissions. It also i ncludes continuous emissions monitoring (CEM)** 

**data for 2002 for electric generating units (EGUs) with CEMs. The 2002 and projection year** 

**baselines include an average fire sector and tempor ally averaged emissions (i.e., no CEM data)** 

**for EGUs. Projections from 2002 were developed to account for the expected impact of national** 

**8** 

# Technical Support Document: Preparation of Emiss **ions Inventories for the 2002-based Platform, Versi on 3.0,** 

**Criteria Air Pollutants, January 2008. The documen t is available from http://www.regulations.gov with**  **the**

**document identification number: EPA-HQ-OAR-2003-019 0-0850.** 

**9** 

# The California Air Resources Board submitted annua **l emissions for California. These were allocated t o monthly** 

**resolution prior to emissions modeling using data f rom the National Mobile Inventory Model (NMIM).** 

**10** 

# MOBILE6 version was used in the Mobile Source Air **Toxics Rule:** Regulatory Impact Analysis for Final Rule:

Control of Hazardous Air Pollutants from Mobile Sou rces **, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of**

**Transportation and Air Quality, Assessment and Stan dards Division, Ann Arbor, MI 48105, EPA420-R-07-00**  **2,**

**February 2007.**

**11** 

# NONROAD2005 version was used in the proposed rule **for small spark ignition (SI) and marine SI rule: Draft** 

**Regulatory Impact Analysis:** Control of Emissions from Marine SI and Small SI En gines, Vessels, and Equipment

**, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Tra**  **nsportation and Air Quality, Office of Transportati on and Air** 

**Quality, Assessment and Standards Division, Ann Arb or, MI, EPA420-D-07-004, April 2007.** 

**12** 

# U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Draft Regulat **ory Impact Analysis: Control of Emissions of Air**

**Pollution from Locomotive Engines and Marine Compre ssion-Ignition Engines Less than 30 Liters per** 

**Cylinder, EPA420-D-07-001, January 2007.**

**13** 

# See http://www.epa.gov/ttn/chief/software/speciate **/index.html for more details.**

# 7

**regulations, consent decrees or settlements, known plant closures, and, for some sectors, activity** 

**growth. For 2030, stationary sources used 2020 pro jections (i.e., no activity growth between** 

**2020 and 2030). The 2020 and 2030 control cases fr om the final Locomotive/Marine** 

**rulemaking were used as the future baselines for th e small SI engine analyses.** 

2. Meteorological Input Data: **The gridded meteorological input data for the ent ire year** 

**of 2002 were derived from simulations of the Pennsy lvania State University / National Center for** 

**Atmospheric Research Mesoscale Model. This model, commonly referred to as MM5, is a** 

**limited-area, nonhydrostatic, terrain-following sys tem that solves for the full set of physical and** 

**thermodynamic equations which govern atmospheric mo tions.**  **14** 

# Meteorological model input

**fields were prepared separately for each of the dom ains shown in Figure II-1. The MM5** 

**simulations were run on the same map projection as CMAQ. The 36 km national domain was** 

**modeled using MM5 v.3.6.0 using land-surface modifi cations that were added in v3.6.3. The 12** 

**km eastern U.S grid was modeled with MM5 v3.7.2. T hese two sets of meteorological inputs** 

**were developed by EPA. For the 12 km western U.S. domain, we utilized existing MM5** 

**meteorological model data prepared by the Western R egional Air Partnership (WRAP).**  **15**



# The three meteorological model runs used similar se **ts of physics options. All three**

**simulations used the Pleim-Xiu planetary boundary l ayer and vertical diffusion scheme, the** 

**RRTM longwave radiation scheme, and the Reisner 1 m icrophysics scheme. The EPA** 

**simulations used the Kain-Fritsch 2 subgrid convect ion scheme while the WRAP simulation used** 

**the Betts-Miller scheme for subgrid convection. In the EPA simulations, analysis nudging was** 

**utilized above the boundary layer for temperature a nd water vapor, and in all locations for the** 

**wind components using relatively weak nudging coeff icients. The WRAP runs employed similar** 

**four-dimensional data assimilation, but also includ ed observational nudging of surface winds.** 

**All three sets of model runs were conducted in 5.5 day segments with 12 hours of overlap for** 

**spin-up purposes. All three domains contained 34 v ertical layers with an approximately 38 m** 

**deep surface layer and a 100 millibar top. The MM5 and CMAQ vertical structures are shown in** 

**Table II-2 and do not vary by horizontal grid resol ution.** 

**14** 

# Grell, G., J. Dudhia, and D. Stauffer, 1994: A Des **cription of the Fifth-Generation Penn State/NCAR Me soscale** 

**Model (MM5), NCAR/TN-398+STR., 138 pp, National Cen ter for Atmospheric Research, Boulder CO.** 

**15** 

# Kemball-Cook, S., Y. Jia, C. Emery, R. Morris, Z. **Wang and G. Tonnesen. 2004. 2002 Annual MM5 Simul ation** 

**to Support WRAP CMAQ Visibility Modeling for the Se ction 308 SIP/TIP – MM5 Sensitivity Simulations to** 

**Identify a More Optimal MM5 Configuration for Simul ating Meteorology in the Western United States. We**  **stern**

**Regional Air Partnership, Regional Modeling Center. December 10.** 

**(http://pah.cert.ucr.edu/aqm/308/reports/mm5/MM5Sen sitivityRevRep_Dec_10_2004.pdf)** 

# 8

Table II-2. Vertical layer structure for MM5 and CM AQ (heights are layer top).

CMAQ Layers MM5 Layers Sigma P Approximate

Height (m) Approximate

Pressure (mb)

**0 0 1.000 0 1000**

**1 1 0.995 38 995**

**2 2 0.990 77 991**

**3 0.985 115 987 3**  **4 0.980 154 982**

**5 0.970 232 973 4**  **6 0.960 310 964**

**7 0.950 389 955 5**  **8 0.940 469 946**

**9 0.930 550 937**

**10 0.920 631 928 6** 

**11 0.910 712 919**

**12 0.900 794 910**

**13 0.880 961 892 7** 

**14 0.860 1,130 874**

**15 0.840 1,303 856**

**16 0.820 1,478 838 8** 

**17 0.800 1,657 820**

**18 0.770 1,930 793 9**  **19 0.740 2,212 766**

**20 0.700 2,600 730 10**  **21 0.650 3,108 685**

**22 0.600 3,644 640 11**  **23 0.550 4,212 595**

**24 0.500 4,816 550**

**25 0.450 5,461 505 12** 

**26 0.400 6,153 460**

**27 0.350 6,903 415**

**28 0.300 7,720 370**

**29 0.250 8,621 325 13** 

**30 0.200 9,625 280**

**31 0.150 10,764 235**

**32 0.100 12,085 190**

**33 0.050 13,670 145 14** 

**34 0.000 15,674 100**



# The meteorological outputs from all three MM5 sets **were processed to create model**

**ready inputs for CMAQ using the Meteorology-Chemist ry Interface Processor (MCIP), version** 

**3.1, to derive the specific inputs to CMAQ. 16** 



# Before initiating the air quality simulations, it i **s important to identify the biases and**

**errors associated with the meteorological modeling inputs. The 2002 MM5 model performance** 

**evaluations used an approach which included a combi nation of qualitative and quantitative** 

**analyses to assess the adequacy of the MM5 simulate d fields. The qualitative aspects involved** 

**comparisons of the model-estimated synoptic pattern s against observed patterns from historical** 

**16** 

# Byun, D.W., and Ching, J.K.S., Eds, 1999. Science **algorithms of EPA Models-3 Community Multiscale Air**

**Quality (CMAQ modeling system, EPA/600/R-99/030, Of fice of Research and Development).** 

# 9

**weather chart archives. Qualitatively, the model f ields closely matched the observed synoptic** 

**patterns, which is expected given the use of nudgin g. The operational evaluation included** 

**statistical comparisons of model/observed pairs (e. g., mean normalized bias, mean normalized** 

**error, index of agreement, root mean square errors, etc.) for multiple meteorological parameters.** 

**For this portion of the evaluation, four meteorolog ical parameters were investigated:** 

**temperature, humidity, wind speed, and wind directi on. The operational piece of the analyses** 

**focuses on surface parameters. The Atmospheric Mode l Evaluation Tool (AMET) was used to** 

**conduct the analyses as described in this report. 17**  

# The three individual MM5 evaluations are

**described elsewhere. 18,19,20**  

# It was ultimately determined that the bias and er **ror values associated**

**with all three sets of 2002 meteorological data wer e generally within the range of past** 

**meteorological modeling results that have been used for air quality applications.**  **21**



# 3. Initial and Boundary Conditions: **The lateral boundary and initial species**

**concentrations are provided by a three-dimensional global atmospheric chemistry model, the** 

**GEOS-CHEM model. 22**  

# The global GEOS-CHEM model simulates atmospheric **chemical and**

**physical processes driven by assimilated meteorolog ical observations from the NASA’s Goddard** 

**Earth Observing System (GEOS). This model was run for 2002 with a grid resolution of 2.0** 

**degree x 2.5 degree (latitude-longitude) and 20 ver tical layers. The predictions were used to** 

**provide one-way dynamic boundary conditions at thre e-hour intervals and an initial** 

**concentration field for the CMAQ simulations. More information about the GEOS-CHEM** 

**model and other air quality applications using this tool is available at the following address:** 

**http://www-as.harvard.edu/chemistry/trop/geos.**

E. CMAQ Base Case Model Performance Evaluation

**An operational model performance evaluation for oz one and PM**  **2.5** 

# and its related

**speciated components was conducted using 2002 State /local monitoring sites data in order to** 

**estimate the ability of the CMAQ modeling system to replicate the base year concentrations for** 

**17** 

# Gilliam, R. C., W. Appel, and S. Phillips. The Atm **ospheric Model Evaluation Tool (AMET): Meteorology**

**Module. Presented at 4th Annual CMAS Models-3 Users Conference, Chapel Hill, NC, September 26 - 28, 20**  **05.**

**18** 

# Brewer J., P. Dolwick, and R. Gilliam. Regional a **nd Local Scale Evaluation of MM5 Meteorological Fie lds for** 

**Various Air Quality Modeling Applications, Presente d at the 87th Annual American Meteorological Societ**  **y Annual**

**Meeting, San Antonio, TX, January 15-18, 2007.**

**19** 

# Dolwick, P, R. Gilliam, L. Reynolds, and A. Huffma **n. Regional and Local-scale Evaluation of 2002 MM5**

**Meteorological Fields for Various Air Quality Model ing Applications, Presented at 6th Annual CMAS Mode**  **ls-3**

**Users Conference, Chapel Hill, NC, October 1 - 3, 2 007.** 

**20** 

# Kemball-Cook, S., Y. Jia, C. Emery, R. Morris, Z. **Wang, and G. Tonnesen. Annual 2002 MM5 Meteorologi cal** 

**Modeling to Support Regional Haze Modeling of the W estern United States,** 

**Prepared for The Western Regional Air Partnership ( WRAP), 1515 Cleveland Place, Suite 200** 

**Denver, CO 80202, March 2005.**

**21** 

# Environ, Enhanced Meteorological Modeling and Perf **ormance Evaluation for Two Texas Episodes, August 2 001.** 

**22** 

# Yantosca, B., 2004. GEOS-CHEMv7-01-02 User’s Guide **, Atmospheric Chemistry Modeling**

**Group, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, October 1 5, 2004.** 

# 10

**the 12-km eastern and western domains. In summary, model performance statistics were** 

**calculated for observed-predicted pairs of daily, m onthly, seasonal, and annual concentrations.** 

**Statistics were generated for the following geograp hic groupings: the entire 12-km Eastern US** 

**domain (EUS), the entire 12-km Western US domain (W US), and five large subregions:** 

**Midwest, Northeast, Southeast, Central, and West U. S.**  **23** 

# The “acceptability” of model

**performance was judged by comparing our CMAQ 2002 p erformance results to the range of** 

**performance found in the 2001 CMAQ results used in the proposal, as well as recent regional** 

**ozone and PM 2.5**  

# model applications (e.g., Clean Air Interstate Rul **e, Final PM NAAQS Rule). 24** 



# These other modeling studies represent a wide range **of modeling analyses which cover various**

**models, model configurations, domains, years and/or episodes, chemical mechanisms, and** 

**aerosol modules.**

**There are various statistical metrics available an d used by the scientific community for** 

**model performance evaluation. The principal evalua tion statistics used to evaluate CMAQ** 

**performance were two bias metrics, normalized mean bias and fractional bias; and two error** 

**metrics, normalized mean error and fractional error . Normalized mean bias (NMB) is used as a** 

**normalization to facilitate a range of concentratio n magnitudes. This statistic averages the** 

**difference (model - observed) over the sum of obser ved values. NMB is a useful model** 

**performance indicator because it avoids over inflat ing the observed range of values, especially at** 

**low concentrations. Normalized mean bias is define d as:** 

**NMB =** 

# ( )

( ) P O

O n

n 

# − 

# ∑

∑ **1**

**1** 

# *100, where P = predicted concentrations and O = ob **served**

**Normalized mean error (NME) is also similar to NMB, where the performance statistic is used as** 

**a normalization of the mean error. NME calculates the absolute value of the difference (model -** 

**observed) over the sum of observed values. Normali zed mean error is defined as:** 

**NME =**



# ( )

P O

O n

n 

# − 

# ∑

∑ **1**

**1** 

# *100, where P = predicted concentrations and O = ob **served**

**23** 

# The subregions are defined by States where: Midwes **t is IL, IN, MI, OH, and WI; Northeast is CT, DE,**

**MA, MD, ME, NH, NJ, NY, PA, RI, and VT; Southeast i s AL, FL, GA, KY, MS, NC, SC, TN, VA, and** 

**WV; Central is AR, IA, KS, LA, MN, MO, NE, OK, and TX; West is CA, OR, WA, AZ, NM, CO, UT, WY, SD,** 

**ND, MT, ID, and NV.**

**24** 

# See: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency; Technic **al Support Document for the Final Clean Air Interst ate Rule:** 

**Air Quality Modeling; Office of Air Quality Plannin g and Standards; RTP, NC; March 2005 (CAIR Docket O**  **AR**

**2005-0053-2149); and U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2006. Technical Support Document for the Fi**  **nal PM**

**NAAQS Rule: Office of Air Quality Planning and Stan dards, Research Triangle Park, NC** 

# 11

**Fractional bias is defined as:**

**FB =** 

# ( )

( ) **1**

**2 1** 

**1** 

# n P O

P O n

n 

# −

+ 

  

  

     

     

# ∑

∑ ***100, where P = predicted concentrations and O = ob served** 

**FB is a useful model performance indicator because it has the advantage of equally weighting** 

**positive and negative bias estimates. The single l argest disadvantage in this estimate of model** 

**performance is that the estimated concentration (i. e., prediction, P) is found in both the** 

**numerator and denominator.**

**Fractional error (FE) is similar to fractional bias except the absolute value of the difference is** 

**used so that the error is always positive. Fractio nal error is defined as:** 

**FE =** 

# ( ) **1**

**2**

**1**

**1** 

# n P O

P O n

n 

# −

+ 

  

  

     

     

# ∑

∑ ***100, where P = predicted concentrations and O = ob served** 

**Overall, the bias and error statistics shown in Ta ble II-3 below indicate that the base case** 

**model ozone and PM 2.5**  

# concentrations are within the range or close to th **at found in recent EPA**

**applications. The CMAQ model performance results g ive us confidence that our applications of** 

**CMAQ using this 2002 modeling platform provide a sc ientifically credible approach for** 

**assessing ozone and PM 2.5**  

# concentrations for the purposes of the final small **SI engine rule. A**

**detailed summary of the CMAQ model performance eval uation is available.**  **25** 

# A summary of the

**PM 2.5**  

# and ozone evaluation is presented here.

1. PM 2.5 

# : **The PM 2.5**  

# evaluation focuses on PM **2.5** 

# total mass and its components including

**sulfate (SO 4**  

# ), nitrate (NO **3** 

# ), total nitrate (TNO **3** 

# =NO **3** 

# +HNO **3** 

# ), ammonium (NH **4** 

# ), elemental

**carbon (EC), and organic carbon (OC). The PM 2.5**  

# performance statistics were calculated for

**each month and season individually and for the enti re year, as a whole. Seasons were defined as:** 

**winter (December-January-February), spring (March-A pril-May), summer (June-July-August),** 

**and fall (September-October-November). PM 2.5**  

# ambient measurements for 2002 were obtained

**from the following networks for model evaluation:** S **peciation** T **rends** N **etwork (STN- 199**

**sites),** I **nteragency** M **onitoring of** PRO **tected** V **isual** E **nvironments (IMPROVE- 150 sites), and**

C **lean** A **ir** S **tatus and** T **rends** Net **work (CASTNet- 83 sites). For brevity, Table II-3 provides** 

**annual model performance statistics for PM 2.5**  

# and its component species for the 12-km Eastern

**domain, 12-km Western domain, and five subregions d efined above (Midwest, Northeast,** 

**Southeast, Central, and West U.S.).**

**25** 

# Technical Support Document: 2002 CMAQ Model Perfor **mance Evaluation for Ozone and Particulate Matter,**

**January 2008. This file is available at www.regula tions.gov. The document identification number for**  **this file is:**

**EPA-HQ-OAR-2003-0190-0851.**

# 12

Table II-3. Summary of 2002 CMAQ annual PM 2.5 

# species model performance statistics.

CMAQ 2002 Annual No. of Obs. NMB (%) NME (%) FB (%) FE (%)

**12-km EUS** 10307 10.8 42.8 5.4 42.6

**12-km WUS** 3000 -5.8 46.9 -3.1 45.0

**Northeast** 1516 14.9 35.6 13.2 34.4

**Midwest** 2780 20.5 48.2 16.6 42.6

**Southeast** 2554 -3.9 36.0 -10.0 39.7

**Central** 2738 14.5 49.1 6.0 49.4 **STN**

**West** 2487 -7.4 46.8 -4.5 44.8

**12-km EUS** 8436 -2.3 49.0 -5.7 51.4

**12-km WUS** 10123 -26.4 53.5 -26.3 57.5

**Northeast** 592 8.6 41.5 2.4 41.0

**Midwest** 2060 21.0 59.4 17.4 51.6

**Southeast** 1803 -13.1 41.2 -19.8 49.9

**Central** 1624 -13.1 49.4 -17.6 57.0 **PM 2.5** 



# Total Mass

**IMPROVE**

**West** 9543 -27.8 53.1 -27.1 57.2

**12-km EUS** 10157 -3.9 33.6 -9.7 38.4

**12-km WUS** 2926 -20.6 41.9 -12.2 43.5

**Northeast** 1487 3.6 34.9 -2.9 36.2

**Midwest** 2730 -4.3 29.1 -8.8 33.6

**Southeast** 2541 -7.6 33.4 -16.3 38.8

**Central** 2686 -3.2 39.2 -7.2 44.3 **STN**

**West** 2446 -26.1 44.9 -15.8 44.8

**12-km EUS** 8532 -10.8 33.0 -7.2 40.6

**12-km WUS** 10232 -7.5 42.4 7.6 45.7

**Northeast** 597 -4.9 29.9 -10.0 35.7

**Midwest** 2070 -12.3 30.1 -9.9 36.1

**Southeast** 1805 -9.5 32.9 -16.8 40.5

**Central** 1671 -16.1 35.0 -16.0 42.4 **IMPROVE**

**West** 9645 -5.5 43.5 8.6 45.9

**12-km EUS** 3173 -11.3 20.5 -16.3 26.1

**12-km WUS** 1158 -21.3 34.6 -11.2 35.9

**Northeast** 663 -8.3 19.3 -16.3 24.3

**Midwest** 839 -12.3 17.9 -15.6 21.6

**Southeast** 1085 -11.2 21.5 -17.8 27.2

**Central** 229 -20.7 27.3 -27.4 33.6 **Sulfate**

**CASTNet**

**West** 1118 -20.4 35.3 -10.7 36.1

**12-km EUS** 8770 18.3 65.9 -29.1 84.5 **Nitrate STN**

**12-km WUS** 2726 -45.0 63.1 -70.6 95.0

# 13 **Northeast** 1488 17.4 59.1 -5.0 67.3

**Midwest** 2731 32.7 70.4 -10.9 78.1

**Southeast** 2540 8.6 84.6 -64.7 107.5

**Central** 1298 12.7 52.5 -13.4 69.1

**West** 2446 -47.5 62.8 -73.8 95.4

**12-km EUS** 8514 48.4 106.8 -52.8 116.4

**12-km WUS** 10110 -34.8 80.67 -101.0 130.0

**Northeast** 597 43.0 86.0 -37.0 102.8

**Midwest** 2069 122.2 153.8 3.5 107.5

**Southeast** 1803 33.5 112.2 -78.5 130.8

**Central** 1672 18.1 81.0 -59.6 114.1 **IMPROVE**

**West** 9522 -39.6 81.1 -104.0 131.1

**12-km EUS** 3171 24.4 37.3 16.8 35.1

**12-km WUS** 1157 -19.5 44.2 -12.0 46.0

**Northeast** 662 20.5 29.4 16.3 25.3

**Midwest** 839 39.1 46.5 29.0 39.7

**Southeast** 1085 22.9 39.5 15.8 37.2

**Central** 229 6.2 35.6 0.6 36.2 **Total Nitrate**

**(NO 3**  

# +HNO **3** 

# ) **CASTNet**

**West** 1117 -20.4 45.8 -12.1 46.6

**12-km EUS** 10157 11.9 40.6 14.4 45.2

**12-km WUS** 2926 -23.6 55.7 7.2 58.1

**Northeast** 1488 16.0 39.6 21.8 42.8

**Midwest** 2731 12.3 38.4 19.2 42.4

**Southeast** 2540 7.3 38.4 6.0 41.8

**Central** 2685 15.0 46.6 14.3 52.1 **STN**

**West** 2446 -30.6 56.7 2.9 59.7

**12-km EUS** 3166 5.3 30.8 2.7 31.6

**12-km WUS** 1156 -16.8 42.5 -13.0 41.1

**Northeast** 661 15.3 27.6 13.6 25.2

**Midwest** 837 9.8 34.7 11.9 33.9

**Southeast** 1085 -7.7 30.1 -9.7 33.6

**Central** 229 7.4 33.1 3.0 35.6 **Ammonium**

**CASTNet**

**West** 1116 -21.1 43.5 -14.4 41.4

**12-km EUS** 10031 45.0 78.9 22.1 56.9

**12-km WUS** 2975 43.1 82.6 18.2 61.3

**Northeast** 1498 37.1 58.9 24.5 48.3

**Midwest** 2744 53.1 76.7 26.3 54.7

**Southeast** 2506 16.9 66.0 7.2 51.7

**Central** 2570 91.7 118.0 41.0 68.1 **STN**

**West** 2475 49.0 86.2 17.1 62.7

**12-km EUS** 8282 -15.0 49.2 -23.4 52.8 **Elemental**

**Carbon**

**IMPROVE**

**12-km WUS** 10069 -14.1 67.2 -29.5 62.1

# 14 **Northeast** 599 -22.6 37.5 -27.4 46.5

**Midwest** 2056 11.6 57.5 0.5 50.8

**Southeast** 1795 -32.4 44.6 -42.0 55.6

**Central** 1532 -24.3 47.6 -29.8 55.9

**West** 9493 -15.5 67.8 -31.3 62.7

**12-km EUS** 9726 -39.9 58.0 -41.1 70.5

**12-km WUS** 2903 -37.6 60.3 -40.4 69.3

**Northeast** 1447 -45.2 60.9 -41.6 73.1

**Midwest** 2641 -26.5 61.7 -19.7 67.6

**Southeast** 2474 -47.4 55.3 -53.7 70.7

**Central** 2504 -43.6 54.0 -51.3 69.7 **STN**

**West** 2408 -36.3 61.4 -37.9 70.2

**12-km EUS** 8287 -32.4 60.5 -37.1 67.9

**12-km WUS** 10082 -34.8 60.0 -31.2 63.0

**Northeast** 598 -42.4 54.8 -40.2 63.8

**Midwest** 2057 -6.4 68.2 -0.7 60.8

**Southeast** 1800 -46.1 58.4 -69.7 81.3

**Central** 1531 -47.9 61.6 -61.2 79.6 **Organic**

**Carbon**

**IMPROVE**

**West** 9508 -34.5 59.6 -29.7 61.9



# 2. Ozone: **The ozone evaluation focuses on the observed and p redicted hourly ozone** 

**concentrations and eight-hour daily maximum ozone c oncentrations using a observation** 

**threshold of 40 ppb (i.e., only data pairs in which the observed value was greater than or equal to** 

**40 ppb were considered). This ozone model performa nce was limited to the period used in the** 

**calculation of projected design values within the a nalysis: May, June, July, August, and** 

**September. Ozone ambient measurements for 2002 wer e obtained from the Air Quality System** 

**(AQS) Aerometric Information Retrieval System (AIRS ). A total of 1178 ozone measurement** 

**sites were included for evaluation. These ozone da ta were measured and reported on an hourly** 

**basis.**

**Table II-4 and II-5 provide hourly and eight-hour d aily maximum ozone model** 

**performance statistics, respectively, for the 12-km Eastern and Western U.S. domain and the five** 

**subregions. Generally, hourly and eight-hour ozone model performance are under-predicted in** 

**both the 12-km EUS and WUS when applying a threshol d of 40 ppb for the modeled ozone** 

**season (May-September). For the 12-km EUS and WUS domain, the bias and error statistics are** 

**comparable for the aggregate of the ozone season an d for each individual ozone month modeled.** 

# 15

Table II-4. Summary of CMAQ 2002 hourly ozone mode l performance statistics

CMAQ 2002 Hourly Ozone:

Threshold of 40 ppb No. of Obs. NMB (%) NME (%) FB (%) FE (%)

**12-km EUS** 241185 -0.7 15.9 -2.0 17.1

**12-km WUS** 124931 -3.7 15.9 -5.0 17.3

**Northeast** 51055 1.2 17.1 -0.3 18.2

**Midwest** 55859 3.3 16.2 2.4 16.9

**Southeast** 69073 -2.5 14.1 -3.1 14.8

**Central** 41728 -6.4 17.3 -9.2 20.3 May

**West** 111385 -3.9 16.1 -5.2 17.6

**12-km EUS** 256263 -7.5 16.8 -9.0 18.6

**12-km WUS** 125662 -8.4 17.7 -9.3 19.1

**Northeast** 61354 -8.5 17.3 -9.9 19.1

**Midwest** 54515 -7.2 17.9 -8.3 19.6

**Southeast** 67867 -7.2 15.3 -7.6 16.3

**Central** 46026 -10.0 17.5 -13.5 21.2 June

**West** 109157 -8.8 18.2 -9.9 19.7

**12-km EUS** 257076 -5.3 17.7 -6.6 19.2

**12-km WUS** 116785 -12.0 21.5 -14.9 24.3

**Northeast** 66774 -3.9 17.0 -4.8 18.0

**Midwest** 59360 -10.5 19.4 -12.3 21.7

**Southeast** 68619 -3.6 16.5 -3.9 17.2

**Central** 36021 -3.6 18.7 -6.3 21.1 July

**West** 104321 -13.6 21.8 -16.8 24.9

**12-km EUS** 235090 -8.7 17.8 -10.2 19.7

**12-km WUS** 125575 -7.9 20.1 -10.2 22.1

**Northeast** 53837 -6.4 16.7 -7.4 18.0

**Midwest** 54179 -10.8 19.1 -12.4 21.4

**Southeast** 62506 -9.4 17.3 -9.9 18.5

**Central** 41456 -9.3 18.7 -12.8 22.4 August

**West** 110225 -8.5 20.6 -11.1 22.8

**12-km EUS** 179156 -9.9 17.2 -11.8 19.5

**12-km WUS** 99710 -10.7 19.0 -12.7 21.1

**Northeast** 44678 -8.7 16.3 -10.6 18.4

**Midwest** 34285 -11.4 18.5 -12.9 20.4

**Southeast** 41627 -8.2 16.5 -9.0 17.8

**Central** 41549 -12.8 18.8 -16.6 22.8 September

**West** 83921 -11.7 20.0 -13.8 22.1

**12-km EUS** 1168770 -6.4 17.1 -7.7 18.8 Seasonal Aggregate

**12-km WUS** 592663 -8.4 18.8 -10.3 20.7

# 16

Table II-5. Summary of CMAQ 2002 eight-hour daily maximum ozone model

performance statistics.

CMAQ 2002 Eight-Hour Maximum Ozone:

Threshold of 40 ppb No. of Obs. NMB (%) NME (%) FB (%) FE (%)

**12-km EUS** 19172 3.9 12.7 4.3 12.6

**12-km WUS** 9223 0.2 12.6 0.6 12.8

**Northeast** 4255 6.7 14.3 6.8 14.2

**Midwest** 4198 7.8 13.7 8.2 13.5

**Southeast** 5470 0.6 10.9 1.1 11.0

**Central** 3379 0.3 12.3 0.7 12.4 May

**West** 8155 -0.1 12.8 0.3 12.9

**12-km EUS** 19462 -3.9 12.3 -3.3 12.4

**12-km WUS** 9029 -4.9 14.1 -4.2 14.2

**Northeast** 4608 -5.3 12.5 -4.7 12.7

**Midwest** 4104 -3.2 12.7 -2.2 12.8

**Southeast** 5110 -4.8 11.8 -4.1 11.9

**Central** 3603 -4.5 12.2 -4.4 12.7 June

**West** 7818 -5.3 14.5 -4.7 14.7

**12-km EUS** 20565 -1.6 13.5 -1.0 13.6

**12-km WUS** 8809 -7.4 17.1 -8.1 18.0

**Northeast** 5380 -0.7 13.0 -0.2 12.9

**Midwest** 4368 -6.5 14.2 -5.8 14.4

**Southeast** 5633 -0.9 13.0 -0.1 13.0

**Central** 3114 1.3 14.4 1.2 14.7 July

**West** 7784 -9.0 17.2 -9.9 18.2

**12-km EUS** 19260 -5.1 13.2 -4.4 13.4

**12-km WUS** 9551 -2.8 15.8 -3.1 16.1

**Northeast** 4667 -2.9 12.4 -2.2 12.4

**Midwest** 4012 -8.1 13.9 -7.5 14.2

**Southeast** 5067 -6.4 13.4 -5.4 13.4

**Central** 3543 -4.0 13.5 -3.9 14.1 August

**West** 8311 -3.2 16.1 -3.6 16.5

**12-km EUS** 15865 -6.2 12.6 -5.9 12.9

**12-km WUS** 8185 -6.7 15.0 -6.9 15.5

**Northeast** 4074 -6.0 11.8 -6.0 12.3

**Midwest** 3120 -7.2 13.3 -6.5 13.3

**Southeast** 3671 -4.5 12.6 -3.8 12.7

**Central** 3492 -8.5 13.8 -8.7 14.5 September

**West** 6911 -7.3 15.9 -7.6 16.4

**12-km EUS** 94324 -2.6 12.9 -1.9 13.0 Seasonal Aggregate

**12-km WUS** 44797 -4.3 14.9 -4.2 15.3

# 17

F. CMAQ Small Spark-Ignition Engine Modeling Scena rios

**The CMAQ modeling system was used to calculate annu al PM**  **2.5** 

# concentrations, daily 8-

**hour ozone concentrations, and visibility estimates for each of the following seven emissions** 

**scenarios:**

**1) 2002 base case**

**2) 2020 future baseline**

**3) 2020 future control case – small SI and marine S I controls** 

**4) 2020 future control case – marine SI controls on ly** 

**5) 2030 future baseline**

**6) 2030 future control case – small SI and marine S I controls** 

**7) 2030 future control case – marine SI controls on ly** 

**Appendix A identifies which source classification c odes (SCCs) are part of the small SI** 

**subsector and which SCCs are part of the marine SI subsector.** 

**Model predictions are used in a relative sense to e stimate scenario-specific, future-year** 

**design values of PM 2.5**  

# and ozone. This is done by calculating the simula **ted air quality ratios**

**between any particular future year simulation and t he 2002 base. These predicted change ratios** 

**are then applied to ambient base year design values . The design value projection methodology** 

**used in this analysis followed EPA guidance for suc h analyses.**  **26** 

# We used the 5-year weighted

**average 2000-2004 design values as the starting poi nt for the projections. Additionally, the raw** 

**model outputs are also used in a relative sense for creating inputs to the health and welfare** 

**impact functions of the benefits analysis.**



# III. CMAQ Model Results

**A** . Impacts of the Spark-Ignition Engine Rule on Fut ure 8-Hour Ozone Levels

**This section summarizes the results of our modeling of ozone air quality impacts in the** 

**future due to the reductions in small SI and marine SI emissions. Appendix B contains 8-hour** 

**ozone design values by county for each future-year modeling scenario. The modeling results** 

**indicate that the emissions reductions from this ru le will contribute appreciably to lower ambient** 

**8-hour ozone design values in future years. Tables III-1 and III-2 show the projected** 

**improvements in average 8-hour ozone design values, for various years as a result of the four SI** 

**control scenarios.**

**26** 

# U.S. EPA, Guidance on the Use of Models and Other **Analyses in Attainment Demonstrations for the 8-hou r** 

**Ozone NAAQS; EPA-454/R-05-002; Research Triangle Pa rk, NC; October 2005.** 

# 18

Table III-1. Model-projected change in average 8-h our ozone design values resulting from

the nonroad spark-ignition emissions reductions for several categories of counties. Units

are ppb.

Average change 2020

marine SI

controls

only 2020

small and

marine SI

controls 2030

marine SI

controls

only 2030

small and

marine SI

controls

**Average change in all counties -0.21 -0.47 -0.36 -0 .66** 

**Average change in counties whose base year**

**design value is above the NAAQS -0.28 -0.62 -0.47 -0.88** 

**Average change in counties whose base year**

**design value is within 10% of the NAAQS -0.20 -0.42 -0.34 -0.61** 

**Average change in counties whose projection year**

**design value is above the NAAQS -0.05 -0.13 -0.03 -0.10** 

**Average change in counties whose projection year**

**design value is within 10% of the NAAQS -0.38 -0.71 -0.64 -1.05** 



# Table III-2. Model-projected, population-weighted, change in average 8-hour ozone design

values resulting from the nonroad spark-ignition em issions reductions for several

categories of counties. Units are ppb.

Average change 2020

marine SI

controls

only 2020

small and

marine SI

controls 2030

marine SI

controls

only 2030

small and

marine SI

controls

**Average change in all counties -0.23 -0.57 -0.36 -0 .76** 

**Average change in counties whose base year**

**design value is above the NAAQS -0.25 -0.61 -0.38 -0.80** 

**Average change in counties whose base year**

**design value is within 10% of the NAAQS -0.24 -0.55 -0.41 -0.78** 

**Average change in counties whose projection year**

**design value is above the NAAQS -0.06 -0.17 -0.04 -0.13** 

**Average change in counties whose projection year**

**design value is within 10% of the NAAQS -0.25 -0.54 -0.43 -0.79** 



# The modeling projects that eight counties will have **design values greater than 0.08 ppm**

**in 2020 and 6 counties will exceed that level in 20 30. Based on this modeling, over 22 million** 

**people are projected to live in an ozone nonattainm ent county in 2020. While the controls from** 

**the SI engine rule are not enough to bring any of t hese counties into attainment by 2020 or 2030,** 

**they do result in lower baseline design values that will make it easier to attain the ozone** 

**standard.**

**As can be seen from Table III-1, the final spark-ig nition engine controls will lower ozone** 

**design values on average by 0.47 ppb in 2020 and by 0.66 ppb in 2030. Unlike past EPA rules** 

**controlling NOx emissions, there are no instances i n which the final nonroad SI engine rule** 

**controls are projected to increase ozone levels. T he largest decrease in a county-level 8-hour** 

**ozone design values occurs in the Boston area (Barn stable Co.) where the rule is projected to** 

**result in a decrease of 2.0 ppb in 2020 and 3.2 ppb in 2030. The modeling also indicated that** 

**both the small SI and marine SI components of the r ule improved air quality relatively equally.** 

# 19

**Figures III-1 through III-4 display the projected c ounty-level, 8-hour ozone design value** 

**changes expected from the final nonroad SI engine c ontrol scenarios. The largest impacts tend to** 

**be in areas near water, where marine SI source cont ributions can be large.** 

# 20

Figure III-1. Model-projected change in annual 8-h our ozone design values from the small

SI and marine SI control scenario in 2020. Units a re ppb.

Number of Counties

1

69

186

360

44

0 2020cc_bond impact 

# Legend

<= -2.0



# > -2.0 to -1.0

> -1.0 to -0.5

= 0.0

> 0.0 > -0.5 to -0.1



# Figure III-2. Model-projected change in annual 8-h our ozone design values from the

marine SI control scenario in 2020. Units are ppb.

Number of Counties

0

19

64

457

120

0 2020cc_bond_m impact 

# Legend

<= -2.0



# > -2.0 to -1.0

> -1.0 to -0.5

= 0.0

> 0.0 > -0.5 to -0.1

# 21

Figure III-3. Model-projected change in annual 8-h our ozone design values from the small

SI and marine SI control scenario in 2030. Units a re ppb.

Number of Counties

24

108

262

227

39

0 2030cc_bond impact 

# Legend

<= -2.0



# > -2.0 to -1.0

> -1.0 to -0.5

= 0.0

> 0.0 > -0.5 to -0.1



# Figure III-4. Model-projected change in annual 8-h our ozone design values from the

marine SI control scenario in 2030. Units are ppb.

Number of Counties

9

55

85

437

74

0 2030cc_bond_m impact 

# Legend

<= -2.0



# > -2.0 to -1.0

> -1.0 to -0.5

= 0.0

> 0.0 > -0.5 to -0.1

# 22

B. Impacts of the Spark-Ignition Engine Rule on Fu ture PM 2.5 

# Annual Averages

**This section summarizes the results of our modeling of PM**  **2.5** 

# air quality impacts in the

**future due to the reductions in small SI and marine SI emissions. Appendix C contains annual** 

**average PM 2.5**  

# design values by county for each future modeling s **cenario. The modeling results**

**indicate that the emissions reductions from this ru le will contribute to lower ambient PM**  **2.5** 

# levels

**in future years. Tables III-3 and III-4 show the p rojected improvements in average annual PM**  **2.5** 

# design values, for various years as a result of the **nonroad SI control scenarios discussed in**

**Section II.F.**

Table III-3. Model-projected change in annual aver age PM 2.5 

# design values resulting from

the nonroad spark-ignition emissions reductions for several categories of counties. Units

are μg/m 3



# .

Average change 2020

marine SI

controls

only 2020

small and

marine SI

controls 2030

marine SI

controls

only 2030

small and

marine SI

controls

**Average change in all counties -0.01 -0.02 -0.01 -0 .02** 

**Average change in counties whose base year**

**design value is above the NAAQS -0.01 -0.02 -0.01 -0.02** 

**Average change in counties whose base year**

**design value is within 10% of the NAAQS -0.01 -0.02 -0.01 -0.02** 

**Average change in counties whose projection year**

**design value is above the NAAQS -0.00 -0.01 -0.00 -0.01** 

**Average change in counties whose projection year**

**design value is within 10% of the NAAQS -0.01 -0.02 -0.01 -0.03** 



# Table III-4. Model-projected, population-weighted, change in annual average PM 2.5 

# design

values resulting from the nonroad spark-ignition em issions reductions for several

categories of counties. Units are μg/m 3



# .

Average change 2020

marine SI

controls

only 2020

small and

marine SI

controls 2030

marine SI

controls

only 2030

small and

marine SI

controls

**Average change in all counties -0.01 -0.02 -0.01 -0 .02** 

**Average change in counties whose base year**

**design value is above the NAAQS -0.01 -0.02 -0.01 -0.02** 

**Average change in counties whose base year**

**design value is within 10% of the NAAQS -0.01 -0.02 -0.01 -0.03** 

**Average change in counties whose projection year**

**design value is above the NAAQS -0.00 -0.01 -0.00 -0.01** 

**Average change in counties whose projection year**

**design value is within 10% of the NAAQS -0.01 -0.03 -0.02 -0.03** 

# 23

**The modeling projects that 11 counties will have de sign values greater than 15.0 μg/m**  **3** 

# in

**2020 and 10 counties will exceed that threshold in 2030. Over 24 million people are projected to** 

**live in a PM 2.5**  

# nonattainment county in the future. The small SI **and marine SI controls are not**

**enough to bring any of these counties into attainme nt in the future, but they do result in small** 

**improvements in PM 2.5**  

# concentrations. As can be seen from Table III-3, t **he final SI engine rule**

**controls will lower PM 2.5**  

# concentrations on average by 0.01 μg/m **3** 

# in 2020 and 0.02 μg/m **3** 

# in

**2030. These improvements in PM 2.5**  

# air quality are also projected in areas where pres **ent-day and**

**future-projected PM 2.5**  

# levels are above or near the NAAQS. For instance, **when considering**

**only those counties whose future year design values are projected to exceed the NAAQS, the** 

**average improvement resulting from this rule is 0.0 1 μg/m**  **3** 

# in 2020 and 0.02 μg/m **3** 

# in 2030.

**Additionally, as shown in Table III-4, the improvem ents resulting from the rule are larger when** 

**population-weighted. The greatest impacts from the final nonroad SI engine rule emissions** 

**reductions tend to occur in areas with high populat ions. The largest reduction in annual average** 

**PM 2.5**  

# occurs in Lake County IL (northern Chicago suburbs **) where the rule is projected to result**

**in a 0.06 μg/m 3**  

# improvement in 2020 and 0.08 μg/m **3** 

# in 2030. The largest reduction in an area

**that is projected to exceed the PM 2.5**  

# NAAQS in 2020 and 2030 is in the Pittsburgh region

**(Allegheny Co.) where the annual average PM 2.5**  

# design value is projected to drop from 16.04 to

**16.01 μg/m 3**  

# in 2020, and 15.99 to 15.95 μg/m **3** 

# in 2030 as a result of the final nonroad SI engine

**rule. The modeling indicated that both the small S I and marine SI components of the rule** 

**improved PM 2.5**  

# air quality relatively equally, although slightly **more improvement was**

**attributable to the marine portion of the rule.**

**Figures III-5 through III-8 display the projected c ounty-level, annual PM**  **2.5** 

# design value

**changes expected from various SI control scenarios and years associated with this rule. The** 

**largest impacts tend to be in areas near water, whe re marine source contributions (i.e., from** 

**pleasure craft) can be large.**

# 24

Figure III-5. Model-projected change in annual PM 2.5 

# design values from the small SI and

marine SI control scenario in 2020. Units are μg/m 3



# .

0

0

0

3

553

0 2020cc_bond impact Number of Counties



# > 0.0 >= -0.04 to 0.0 >= -0.09 to -0.05 >= -0.24 to -0.10 >= -0.49 to -0.25 <= -0.50 

# Legend



# Figure III-6. Model-projected change in annual PM 2.5 

# design values from the marine SI

control scenario in 2020. Units are μg/m 3



# .

0

0

0

0

556

0 2020cc_bond_m impact Number of Counties



# > 0.0 >= -0.04 to 0.0 >= -0.09 to -0.05 >= -0.24 to -0.10 >= -0.49 to -0.25 <= -0.50 

# Legend

# 25

Figure III-7. Model-projected change in annual PM 2.5 

# design values from the small SI and

marine SI control scenario in 2030. Units are μg/m 3



# .

0

0

0

23

533

0 2030cc_bond impact Number of Counties



# > 0.0 >= -0.04 to 0.0 >= -0.09 to -0.05 >= -0.24 to -0.10 >= -0.49 to -0.25 <= -0.50 

# Legend



# Figure III-8. Model-projected change in annual PM 2.5 

# design values from the marine SI

control scenario in 2030. Units are μg/m 3



# .

0

0

0

6

550

0 2030cc_bond_m impact Number of Counties



# > 0.0 >= -0.04 to 0.0 >= -0.09 to -0.05 >= -0.24 to -0.10 >= -0.49 to -0.25 <= -0.50 

# Legend

# 26

C. Impacts of the Small Spark-Ignition Engine Rule on Visibility

**The modeling conducted for the small SI and marine SI engine rule was also used to** 

**project the impacts of the reductions on visibility conditions over 133 mandatory class I federal** 

**areas across the U.S. in 2020 and 2030. The result s indicate that reductions in regional haze** 

**would occur in all 133 of these federal areas as a result of the rule. The model projects that** 

**average visibility on the 20% worst days would impr ove by 0.01 deciviews in 2020 and 0.02** 

**deciviews in 2030. 27**  

# The greatest visibility improvement due to this r **ule would occur at the**

**Brigantine Wilderness area in New Jersey where a 0. 14 deciview improvement is projected by** 

**2030 as a result of the spark-ignition engine contr ols in this rule. Appendix D contains the** 

**visibility projections from the final nonroad SI en gine rule over 133 Class 1 areas.** 

**27** 

# The level of visibility impairment in an area is b **ased on the light-extinction coefficient and a unit less visibility** 

**index, called a “deciview”, which is used in the va luation of visibility. The deciview metric provide**  **s a scale for**

**perceived visual changes over the entire range of c onditions, from clear to hazy. Under many scenic c**  **onditions, the**

**average person can generally perceive a change of o ne deciview. The higher the deciview value, the wo**  **rse the**

**visibility. Thus, an improvement in visibility is a decrease in deciview value.** 

# 27



# Appendix A: Source Classification Codes (SCCs) that comprise the Small SI

and Marine SI sectors.

SCC Subsector SCC Descriptor

**2282005010 Marine SI**  **Mobile Sources: Pleasure Craft: Gasoline 2-Stroke: Outboard** 

**2282005015 Marine SI**  **Mobile Sources: Pleasure Craft: Gasoline 2-Stroke: Personal Water Craft** 

**2282010005 Marine SI**  **Mobile Sources: Pleasure Craft: Gasoline 4-Stroke: Inboard/Sterndrive** 

**2260001060 Small SI**  **Mobile Sources: Off-highway Vehicle Gasoline, 2-Str oke: Recreational Equipment: Specialty** 

**Vehicles/Carts**

**2260002006 Small SI**  **Mobile Sources: Off-highway Vehicle Gasoline, 2-Str oke: Construction and Mining Equipment:** 

**Tampers/Rammers**

**2260002009 Small SI**  **Mobile Sources: Off-highway Vehicle Gasoline, 2-Str oke: Construction and Mining Equipment: Plate** 

**Compactors**

**2260002021 Small SI**  **Mobile Sources: Off-highway Vehicle Gasoline, 2-Str oke: Construction and Mining Equipment: Paving** 

**Equipment**

**2260002027 Small SI**  **Mobile Sources: Off-highway Vehicle Gasoline, 2-Str oke: Construction and Mining Equipment: Signal** 

**Boards/Light Plants**

**2260002039 Small SI**  **Mobile Sources: Off-highway Vehicle Gasoline, 2-Str oke: Construction and Mining Equipment:** 

**Concrete/Industrial Saws**

**2260002054 Small SI**  **Mobile Sources: Off-highway Vehicle Gasoline, 2-Str oke: Construction and Mining Equipment:** 

**Crushing/Processing Equipment**

**2260003030 Small SI**  **Mobile Sources: Off-highway Vehicle Gasoline, 2-Str oke: Industrial Equipment: Sweepers/Scrubbers** 

**2260003040 Small SI**  **Mobile Sources: Off-highway Vehicle Gasoline, 2-Str oke: Industrial Equipment: Other General** 

**Industrial Equipment**

**2260004015 Small SI**  **Mobile Sources: Off-highway Vehicle Gasoline, 2-Str oke: Lawn and Garden Equipment: Rotary Tillers** 

**< 6 HP (Residential)**

**2260004016 Small SI**  **Mobile Sources: Off-highway Vehicle Gasoline, 2-Str oke: Lawn and Garden Equipment: Rotary Tillers** 

**< 6 HP (Commercial)**

**2260004020 Small SI**  **Mobile Sources: Off-highway Vehicle Gasoline, 2-Str oke: Lawn and Garden Equipment: Chain Saws <** 

**6 HP (Residential)**

**2260004021 Small SI**  **Mobile Sources: Off-highway Vehicle Gasoline, 2-Str oke: Lawn and Garden Equipment: Chain Saws <** 

**6 HP (Commercial)**

**2260004025 Small SI**  **Mobile Sources: Off-highway Vehicle Gasoline, 2-Str oke: Lawn and Garden Equipment:** 

**Trimmers/Edgers/Brush Cutters (Residential)**

**2260004026 Small SI**  **Mobile Sources: Off-highway Vehicle Gasoline, 2-Str oke: Lawn and Garden Equipment:** 

**Trimmers/Edgers/Brush Cutters (Commercial)**

**2260004030 Small SI**  **Mobile Sources: Off-highway Vehicle Gasoline, 2-Str oke: Lawn and Garden Equipment:** 

**Leafblowers/Vacuums (Residential)**

**2260004031 Small SI**  **Mobile Sources: Off-highway Vehicle Gasoline, 2-Str oke: Lawn and Garden Equipment:** 

**Leafblowers/Vacuums (Commercial)**

**2260004035 Small SI**  **Mobile Sources: Off-highway Vehicle Gasoline, 2-Str oke: Lawn and Garden Equipment: Snowblowers** 

**(Residential)**

**2260004036 Small SI**  **Mobile Sources: Off-highway Vehicle Gasoline, 2-Str oke: Lawn and Garden Equipment: Snowblowers** 

**(Commercial)**

**2260004071 Small SI**  **Mobile Sources: Off-highway Vehicle Gasoline, 2-Str oke: Lawn and Garden Equipment: Turf** 

**Equipment (Commercial)**

**2260005035 Small SI**  **Mobile Sources: Off-highway Vehicle Gasoline, 2-Str oke: Agricultural Equipment: Sprayers** 

**2260005050 Small SI**  **Mobile Sources: Off-highway Vehicle Gasoline, 2-Str oke: Agricultural Equipment: Hydro-power Units** 

**2260006005 Small SI**  **Mobile Sources: Off-highway Vehicle Gasoline, 2-Str oke: Commercial Equipment: Generator Sets** 

**2260006010 Small SI**  **Mobile Sources: Off-highway Vehicle Gasoline, 2-Str oke: Commercial Equipment: Pumps** 

**2260006015 Small SI**  **Mobile Sources: Off-highway Vehicle Gasoline, 2-Str oke: Commercial Equipment: Air Compressors** 

**2260007005 Small SI**  **Mobile Sources: Off-highway Vehicle Gasoline, 2-Str oke: Logging Equipment: Chain Saws > 6 HP** 

**2265001050 Small SI**  **Mobile Sources: Off-highway Vehicle Gasoline, 4-Str oke: Recreational Equipment: Golf Carts** 

**2265001060 Small SI**  **Mobile Sources: Off-highway Vehicle Gasoline, 4-Str oke: Recreational Equipment: Specialty** 

**Vehicles/Carts**

**2265002003 Small SI**  **Mobile Sources: Off-highway Vehicle Gasoline, 4-Str oke: Construction and Mining Equipment: Pavers** 

**2265002006 Small SI**  **Mobile Sources: Off-highway Vehicle Gasoline, 4-Str oke: Construction and Mining Equipment:** 

**Tampers/Rammers**

**2265002009 Small SI**  **Mobile Sources: Off-highway Vehicle Gasoline, 4-Str oke: Construction and Mining Equipment: Plate** 

**Compactors**

# 28

**2265002015 Small SI**  **Mobile Sources: Off-highway Vehicle Gasoline, 4-Str oke: Construction and Mining Equipment: Rollers** 

**2265002021 Small SI**  **Mobile Sources: Off-highway Vehicle Gasoline, 4-Str oke: Construction and Mining Equipment: Paving** 

**Equipment**

**2265002024 Small SI**  **Mobile Sources: Off-highway Vehicle Gasoline, 4-Str oke: Construction and Mining Equipment:** 

**Surfacing Equipment**

**2265002027 Small SI**  **Mobile Sources: Off-highway Vehicle Gasoline, 4-Str oke: Construction and Mining Equipment: Signal** 

**Boards/Light Plants**

**2265002030 Small SI**  **Mobile Sources: Off-highway Vehicle Gasoline, 4-Str oke: Construction and Mining Equipment:** 

**Trenchers**

**2265002033 Small SI**  **Mobile Sources: Off-highway Vehicle Gasoline, 4-Str oke: Construction and Mining Equipment:** 

**Bore/Drill Rigs**

**2265002039 Small SI**  **Mobile Sources: Off-highway Vehicle Gasoline, 4-Str oke: Construction and Mining Equipment:** 

**Concrete/Industrial Saws**

**2265002042 Small SI**  **Mobile Sources: Off-highway Vehicle Gasoline, 4-Str oke: Construction and Mining Equipment:** 

**Cement and Mortar Mixers**

**2265002054 Small SI**  **Mobile Sources: Off-highway Vehicle Gasoline, 4-Str oke: Construction and Mining Equipment:** 

**Crushing/Processing Equipment**

**2265002066 Small SI**  **Mobile Sources: Off-highway Vehicle Gasoline, 4-Str oke: Construction and Mining Equipment:** 

**Tractors/Loaders/Backhoes**

**2265002072 Small SI**  **Mobile Sources: Off-highway Vehicle Gasoline, 4-Str oke: Construction and Mining Equipment: Skid** 

**Steer Loaders**

**2265002078 Small SI**  **Mobile Sources: Off-highway Vehicle Gasoline, 4-Str oke: Construction and Mining Equipment:** 

**Dumpers/Tenders**

**2265003030 Small SI**  **Mobile Sources: Off-highway Vehicle Gasoline, 4-Str oke: Industrial Equipment: Sweepers/Scrubbers** 

**2265003040 Small SI**  **Mobile Sources: Off-highway Vehicle Gasoline, 4-Str oke: Industrial Equipment: Other General** 

**Industrial Equipment**

**2265003050 Small SI**  **Mobile Sources: Off-highway Vehicle Gasoline, 4-Str oke: Industrial Equipment: Other Material** 

**Handling Equipment**

**2265003060 Small SI**  **Mobile Sources: Off-highway Vehicle Gasoline, 4-Str oke: Industrial Equipment: AC\Refrigeration** 

**2265004010 Small SI**  **Mobile Sources: Off-highway Vehicle Gasoline, 4-Str oke: Lawn and Garden Equipment: Lawn Mowers** 

**(Residential)**

**2265004011 Small SI**  **Mobile Sources: Off-highway Vehicle Gasoline, 4-Str oke: Lawn and Garden Equipment: Lawn Mowers** 

**(Commercial)**

**2265004015 Small SI**  **Mobile Sources: Off-highway Vehicle Gasoline, 4-Str oke: Lawn and Garden Equipment: Rotary Tillers** 

**< 6 HP (Residential)**

**2265004016 Small SI**  **Mobile Sources: Off-highway Vehicle Gasoline, 4-Str oke: Lawn and Garden Equipment: Rotary Tillers** 

**< 6 HP (Commercial)**

**2265004025 Small SI**  **Mobile Sources: Off-highway Vehicle Gasoline, 4-Str oke: Lawn and Garden Equipment:** 

**Trimmers/Edgers/Brush Cutters (Residential)**

**2265004026 Small SI**  **Mobile Sources: Off-highway Vehicle Gasoline, 4-Str oke: Lawn and Garden Equipment:** 

**Trimmers/Edgers/Brush Cutters (Commercial)**

**2265004030 Small SI**  **Mobile Sources: Off-highway Vehicle Gasoline, 4-Str oke: Lawn and Garden Equipment:** 

**Leafblowers/Vacuums (Residential)**

**2265004031 Small SI**  **Mobile Sources: Off-highway Vehicle Gasoline, 4-Str oke: Lawn and Garden Equipment:** 

**Leafblowers/Vacuums (Commercial)**

**2265004035 Small SI**  **Mobile Sources: Off-highway Vehicle Gasoline, 4-Str oke: Lawn and Garden Equipment: Snowblowers** 

**(Residential)**

**2265004036 Small SI**  **Mobile Sources: Off-highway Vehicle Gasoline, 4-Str oke: Lawn and Garden Equipment: Snowblowers** 

**(Commercial)**

**2265004040 Small SI**  **Mobile Sources: Off-highway Vehicle Gasoline, 4-Str oke: Lawn and Garden Equipment: Rear Engine** 

**Riding Mowers (Residential)**

**2265004041 Small SI**  **Mobile Sources: Off-highway Vehicle Gasoline, 4-Str oke: Lawn and Garden Equipment: Rear Engine** 

**Riding Mowers (Commercial)**

**2265004046 Small SI**  **Mobile Sources: Off-highway Vehicle Gasoline, 4-Str oke: Lawn and Garden Equipment: Front Mowers** 

**(Commercial)**

**2265004051 Small SI**  **Mobile Sources: Off-highway Vehicle Gasoline, 4-Str oke: Lawn and Garden Equipment: Shredders < 6** 

**HP (Commercial)**

**2265004055 Small SI**  **Mobile Sources: Off-highway Vehicle Gasoline, 4-Str oke: Lawn and Garden Equipment: Lawn and** 

**Garden Tractors (Residential)**

**2265004056 Small SI**  **Mobile Sources: Off-highway Vehicle Gasoline, 4-Str oke: Lawn and Garden Equipment: Lawn and** 

**Garden Tractors (Commercial)**

**2265004066 Small SI**  **Mobile Sources: Off-highway Vehicle Gasoline, 4-Str oke: Lawn and Garden Equipment:** 

**Chippers/Stump Grinders (Commercial)**

**2265004071 Small SI**  **Mobile Sources: Off-highway Vehicle Gasoline, 4-Str oke: Lawn and Garden Equipment: Turf** 

**Equipment (Commercial)**

**2265004075 Small SI**  **Mobile Sources: Off-highway Vehicle Gasoline, 4-Str oke: Lawn and Garden Equipment: Other Lawn** 

# 29 **and Garden Equipment (Residential)**

**2265004076 Small SI**  **Mobile Sources: Off-highway Vehicle Gasoline, 4-Str oke: Lawn and Garden Equipment: Other Lawn** 

**and Garden Equipment (Commercial)**

**2265005010 Small SI**  **Mobile Sources: Off-highway Vehicle Gasoline, 4-Str oke: Agricultural Equipment: 2-Wheel Tractors** 

**2265005015 Small SI**  **Mobile Sources: Off-highway Vehicle Gasoline, 4-Str oke: Agricultural Equipment: Agricultural** 

**Tractors**

**2265005030 Small SI**  **Mobile Sources: Off-highway Vehicle Gasoline, 4-Str oke: Agricultural Equipment: Agricultural** 

**Mowers**

**2265005035 Small SI**  **Mobile Sources: Off-highway Vehicle Gasoline, 4-Str oke: Agricultural Equipment: Sprayers** 

**2265005040 Small SI**  **Mobile Sources: Off-highway Vehicle Gasoline, 4-Str oke: Agricultural Equipment: Tillers > 6 HP** 

**2265005050 Small SI**  **Mobile Sources: Off-highway Vehicle Gasoline, 4-Str oke: Agricultural Equipment: Hydro-power Units** 

**2265006005 Small SI**  **Mobile Sources: Off-highway Vehicle Gasoline, 4-Str oke: Commercial Equipment: Generator Sets** 

**2265006010 Small SI**  **Mobile Sources: Off-highway Vehicle Gasoline, 4-Str oke: Commercial Equipment: Pumps** 

**2265006015 Small SI**  **Mobile Sources: Off-highway Vehicle Gasoline, 4-Str oke: Commercial Equipment: Air Compressors** 

**2265006025 Small SI**  **Mobile Sources: Off-highway Vehicle Gasoline, 4-Str oke: Commercial Equipment: Welders** 

**2265006030 Small SI**  **Mobile Sources: Off-highway Vehicle Gasoline, 4-Str oke: Commercial Equipment: Pressure Washers** 

**2265007010 Small SI**  **Mobile Sources: Off-highway Vehicle Gasoline, 4-Str oke: Logging Equipment: Shredders > 6 HP** 

**2265007015 Small SI**  **Mobile Sources: Off-highway Vehicle Gasoline, 4-Str oke: Logging Equipment: Forest Eqp -** 

**Feller/Bunch/Skidder**

**2265008005 Small SI**  **Mobile Sources: Off-highway Vehicle Gasoline, 4-Str oke: Airport Ground Support Equipment: Airport** 

**Ground Support Equipment**

**2265010010 Small SI**  **Mobile Sources: Off-highway Vehicle Gasoline, 4-Str oke: Industrial Equipment: Other Oil Field** 

**Equipment**

**2285004015 Small SI**  **Mobile Sources: Railroad Equipment: Gasoline, 4-Str oke: Railway Maintenance** **30**Appendix B: 8-Hour OzoneDesign Values for Small/Marine SI Engine Scenarios(units are ppb)State NameCounty NameBaselineDV2020 Base2020 Marine SI2020 Small &Marine SI2030 Base2030 Marine SI2030 Small &Marine SIAlabama Baldwin 78.065.7 65.1 64.965.9 65.0 64.8Alabama Clay 79.357.3 57.3 57.155.3 55.2 55.0Alabama Elmore 76.755.4 55.4 55.152.7 52.5 52.2Alabama Etowah 75.054.8 54.8 54.652.8 52.7 52.6Alabama Jefferson 83.760.3 60.2 60.057.5 57.4 57.1Alabama Lawrence 76.355.7 55.6 55.553.8 53.6 53.5Alabama Madison 79.758.3 58.2 58.055.7 55.5 55.3Alabama Mobile 79.066.2 65.6 65.466.5 65.6 65.4Alabama Montgomery 75.055.3 55.2 55.152.9 52.8 52.6Alabama Morgan 82.061.3 61.2 61.059.2 59.0 58.8Alabama Shelby 88.062.1 62.1 61.859.1 59.0 58.6Alabama Sumter 71.752.0 51.9 51.850.2 50.1 50.0Alabama Tuscaloosa 75.552.9 52.8 52.650.5 50.4 50.2Arizona Cochise 71.065.6 65.5 65.564.8 64.8 64.7Arizona Coconino 73.768.4 68.4 68.367.3 67.3 67.3Arizona Maricopa 85.771.6 71.5 70.968.6 68.6 67.9Arizona Navajo 66.059.0 59.0 59.058.1 58.0 58.0Arizona Pima 74.064.3 64.3 64.162.6 62.6 62.3Arizona Pinal 82.066.2 66.2 65.863.9 63.9 63.4Arizona Yavapai 78.767.3 67.3 67.364.9 64.9 64.8Arkansas Crittenden 91.069.7 69.6 69.367.4 67.2 66.8Arkansas Montgomery 67.052.0 51.9 51.850.6 50.4 50.2Arkansas Newton 77.360.8 60.7 60.659.3 59.1 59.0Arkansas Pulaski 81.762.5 62.3 62.159.6 59.3 59.0California Alameda 82.772.1 72.1 72.168.8 68.7 68.7California Amador 85.771.0 71.0 71.066.4 66.4 66.3California Butte 88.772.5 72.5 72.467.1 67.0 67.0California Calaveras 91.076.1 76.1 76.171.6 71.6 71.6California Colusa 73.361.1 61.1 61.157.5 57.5 57.5California Contra Costa 79.372.6 72.6 72.570.1 70.0 70.0California El Dorado 105.085.6 85.6 85.678.9 78.9 78.9California Fresno 110.095.6 95.5 95.591.0 91.0 91.0California Glenn 72.360.9 60.8 60.857.4 57.4 57.4California Imperial 86.074.3 74.2 74.271.5 71.5 71.4**31**California Inyo 80.771.1 71.1 71.168.6 68.6 68.6California Kern 114.3100.6 100.6 100.596.7 96.7 96.7California Kings 95.781.1 81.1 81.176.8 76.7 76.7California Lake 64.356.1 56.1 56.154.0 54.0 54.0California Los Angeles 121.3108.7 108.7 108.6104.4 104.4 104.4California Madera 91.079.0 79.0 79.075.3 75.3 75.3California Marin 48.042.1 42.1 42.140.8 40.7 40.7California Mariposa 89.775.7 75.7 75.771.7 71.6 71.6California Mendocino 56.747.7 47.7 47.645.0 45.0 45.0California Merced 101.784.4 84.4 84.379.2 79.2 79.1California Monterey 66.057.0 57.0 57.054.3 54.3 54.3California Napa 64.753.0 53.0 53.050.0 50.0 49.9California Nevada 97.779.7 79.7 79.673.8 73.8 73.8California Orange 85.379.3 79.3 79.381.8 81.8 81.8California Placer 98.380.2 80.1 80.173.9 73.9 73.8California Riverside 115.0103.5 103.4 103.4102.4 102.4 102.4California Sacramento 99.081.6 81.6 81.675.3 75.3 75.3California San Benito 81.069.3 69.3 69.365.8 65.8 65.7California San Bernardino 128.7125.1 125.1 125.1123.4 123.4 123.4California San Diego 92.380.1 80.1 80.176.9 76.9 76.9California San Francisco 46.045.9 45.9 45.945.7 45.7 45.7California San Joaquin 81.070.5 70.5 70.567.3 67.2 67.2California San Luis Obispo 73.362.8 62.8 62.859.8 59.8 59.8California San Mateo 56.752.4 52.4 52.451.0 51.0 51.0California Santa Barbara 82.770.9 70.9 70.965.9 65.9 65.8California Santa Clara 84.069.9 69.9 69.865.7 65.6 65.6California Santa Cruz 65.056.9 56.9 56.954.5 54.5 54.5California Shasta 72.360.4 60.4 60.456.6 56.5 56.5California Solano 70.359.6 59.6 59.657.2 57.1 57.1California Sonoma 62.050.5 50.5 50.547.1 47.1 47.1California Stanislaus 95.081.5 81.4 81.477.1 77.0 77.0California Sutter 87.371.8 71.7 71.767.0 67.0 66.9California Tehama 84.069.1 69.1 69.164.4 64.4 64.4California Tulare 105.788.4 88.4 88.383.4 83.4 83.3California Tuolumne 91.076.7 76.7 76.672.4 72.3 72.3California Ventura 94.780.8 80.8 80.776.7 76.7 76.6California Yolo 81.767.9 67.9 67.963.6 63.6 63.6Colorado Adams 65.357.6 57.6 57.156.7 56.7 56.1**32**Colorado Arapahoe 78.770.3 70.3 69.769.1 69.0 68.3Colorado Boulder 75.363.7 63.7 63.362.4 62.4 61.9Colorado Denver 74.065.3 65.3 64.764.3 64.3 63.6Colorado Douglas 83.073.7 73.6 73.072.3 72.3 71.5Colorado El Paso 72.363.0 63.0 62.862.1 62.1 61.8Colorado Jefferson 84.774.0 74.0 73.472.8 72.7 72.0Colorado La Plata 59.052.1 52.1 52.151.6 51.6 51.6Colorado Larimer 80.367.6 67.6 67.166.3 66.2 65.7Colorado Montezuma 68.062.9 62.9 62.862.3 62.3 62.2Colorado Weld 76.764.7 64.6 64.364.3 64.3 63.9Connecticut Fairfield 98.381.5 80.7 79.880.7 79.4 78.4Connecticut Hartford 88.067.5 67.1 66.565.7 65.1 64.3Connecticut Litchfield 86.066.2 65.8 65.165.1 64.4 63.6Connecticut Middlesex 95.775.2 74.7 73.973.8 72.9 72.0Connecticut New Haven 98.378.6 77.8 77.177.3 75.9 75.1Connecticut New London 90.070.5 69.2 68.669.3 67.1 66.5Connecticut Tolland 92.370.1 69.7 69.168.1 67.5 66.7Delaware Kent 88.371.2 70.6 70.470.2 69.1 68.8Delaware New Castle 92.771.9 71.7 71.470.5 70.1 69.7Delaware Sussex 90.071.5 71.1 70.870.4 69.6 69.2D.C. Washington 92.770.1 70.0 69.568.0 67.8 67.2Florida Alachua 73.057.0 56.9 56.855.6 55.4 55.2Florida Baker 71.355.2 55.1 55.053.6 53.5 53.3Florida Bay79.362.6 61.9 61.860.9 59.8 59.6Florida Brevard 72.752.5 51.8 51.550.9 49.7 49.4Florida Broward 67.355.5 55.4 54.854.3 54.2 53.5Florida Collier 68.057.1 57.0 56.955.8 55.7 55.5Florida Columbia 70.553.4 53.3 53.251.7 51.5 51.4Florida Duval 74.053.6 53.5 53.351.9 51.7 51.4Florida Escambia 81.066.2 65.2 65.165.4 63.8 63.7Florida Highlands 66.554.2 54.0 53.953.3 53.0 52.8Florida Hillsborough 78.766.9 66.4 65.965.7 64.9 64.3Florida Holmes 71.055.3 55.2 55.153.8 53.6 53.5Florida Lake 76.056.1 56.0 55.555.0 54.7 54.2Florida Lee69.056.9 56.6 56.455.7 55.2 55.0Florida Leon 71.055.6 55.5 55.353.6 53.5 53.3Florida Manatee 76.362.1 61.7 61.360.8 60.2 59.7Florida Marion 74.058.7 58.6 58.557.4 57.2 57.0**33**Florida Miami-Dade 67.054.3 54.1 53.353.1 52.9 51.9Florida Orange 76.357.4 57.2 56.856.1 55.9 55.3Florida Osceola 71.054.6 54.4 54.153.8 53.5 53.0Florida Palm Beach 68.055.8 55.7 55.154.7 54.5 53.8Florida Pasco 76.758.5 58.4 58.157.0 56.8 56.5Florida Pinellas 74.761.9 61.6 61.160.7 60.3 59.8Florida Polk 76.359.4 59.1 58.758.1 57.6 57.1Florida St Lucie 67.353.2 52.9 52.651.6 51.1 50.7Florida Santa Rosa 81.365.0 64.3 64.164.1 63.0 62.8Florida Sarasota 79.761.7 61.4 61.160.6 59.9 59.6Florida Seminole 77.558.1 57.9 57.556.7 56.4 55.9Florida Volusia 70.352.1 51.8 51.650.5 50.0 49.8Florida Wakulla 75.060.0 59.7 59.658.7 58.2 58.1Georgia Bibb 88.065.4 65.4 65.263.3 63.2 62.9Georgia Chatham 68.353.9 53.5 53.452.3 51.6 51.4Georgia Cherokee 78.054.4 54.4 54.051.3 51.2 50.7Georgia Clarke 78.054.8 54.7 54.351.8 51.7 51.3Georgia Cobb 91.064.7 64.6 64.061.0 60.9 60.1Georgia Coweta 88.766.1 66.0 65.763.6 63.5 63.2Georgia Dawson 80.057.1 57.0 56.754.3 54.2 53.8Georgia De Kalb 91.068.0 68.0 67.565.0 64.8 64.2Georgia Douglas 91.064.8 64.7 64.361.6 61.5 61.0Georgia Fayette 85.363.1 63.0 62.660.0 59.9 59.4Georgia Fulton 94.371.5 71.4 70.968.3 68.2 67.5Georgia Glynn 72.355.3 54.8 54.653.6 52.8 52.6Georgia Gwinnett 87.762.6 62.5 61.958.9 58.8 58.0Georgia Henry 91.765.6 65.5 65.162.3 62.2 61.7Georgia Murray 85.060.3 60.3 60.057.9 57.8 57.5Georgia Muscogee 75.054.6 54.5 54.352.4 52.3 52.1Georgia Paulding 88.061.1 61.0 60.658.4 58.2 57.7Georgia Richmond 84.365.0 64.9 64.762.6 62.4 62.1Georgia Rockdale 91.065.3 65.2 64.862.0 61.9 61.4Georgia Sumter 75.054.7 54.6 54.552.8 52.6 52.5Idaho Ada76.069.8 69.8 69.568.4 68.4 68.0Idaho Butte 67.065.4 65.4 65.465.2 65.2 65.1Idaho Canyon 68.059.5 59.5 59.357.8 57.7 57.5Idaho Elmore 66.060.5 60.5 60.359.4 59.4 59.2Illinois Adams 75.360.7 60.5 60.358.9 58.6 58.4**34**Illinois Champaign 75.059.3 59.2 59.157.6 57.4 57.2Illinois Clark 73.054.0 53.9 53.852.9 52.7 52.5Illinois Cook 85.375.1 74.6 74.074.5 73.7 73.1Illinois Du Page 71.762.8 62.3 61.961.9 61.1 60.5Illinois Effingham 74.757.9 57.8 57.756.3 56.1 56.0Illinois Hamilton 79.359.8 59.7 59.658.3 58.2 58.1Illinois Jersey 87.768.7 68.5 68.266.5 66.3 65.9Illinois Kane 77.064.7 64.1 63.663.2 62.0 61.4Illinois Lake 84.773.4 72.5 72.072.3 70.9 70.3Illinois McHenry 82.069.1 68.5 68.067.5 66.3 65.7Illinois McLean 76.058.9 58.7 58.557.1 56.8 56.6Illinois Macon 75.058.9 58.8 58.757.4 57.2 57.1Illinois Macoupin 78.058.1 58.0 57.856.3 56.1 55.9Illinois Madison 85.767.3 67.2 66.865.2 65.0 64.7Illinois Peoria 78.064.7 64.5 64.363.1 62.8 62.5Illinois Randolph 77.760.2 60.1 60.058.6 58.4 58.3Illinois Rock Island 68.755.8 55.6 55.453.8 53.5 53.3Illinois St Clair 83.067.0 66.9 66.664.9 64.8 64.3Illinois Sangamon 75.354.4 54.3 54.252.6 52.5 52.3Illinois Will78.363.4 63.2 62.961.8 61.3 61.0Illinois Winnebago 75.059.6 59.5 59.257.5 57.2 57.0Indiana Allen 87.068.1 67.9 67.665.8 65.3 65.0Indiana Boone 88.068.9 68.7 68.467.1 66.7 66.3Indiana Carroll 83.063.6 63.5 63.361.8 61.5 61.3Indiana Clark 90.069.5 69.4 69.267.8 67.6 67.3Indiana Delaware 85.565.6 65.4 65.263.5 63.1 62.8Indiana Elkhart 87.068.6 68.3 68.066.6 65.9 65.6Indiana Floyd 84.367.4 67.3 67.065.8 65.6 65.3Indiana Gibson 73.052.1 52.0 51.950.7 50.5 50.4Indiana Greene 87.063.3 63.2 63.161.6 61.4 61.3Indiana Hamilton 93.771.6 71.3 70.969.3 68.9 68.3Indiana Hancock 91.369.0 68.8 68.466.6 66.2 65.8Indiana Hendricks 84.766.4 66.2 65.864.2 63.8 63.4Indiana Huntington 83.365.2 65.0 64.863.1 62.7 62.5Indiana Jackson 83.363.4 63.3 63.161.7 61.5 61.3Indiana Johnson 85.365.9 65.7 65.464.1 63.6 63.3Indiana Lake 88.378.5 77.7 77.377.8 76.6 76.1Indiana La Porte 90.375.8 75.1 74.774.6 73.6 73.2**35**Indiana Madison 91.769.1 68.8 68.566.7 66.3 65.9Indiana Marion 90.070.3 70.1 69.668.1 67.6 67.1Indiana Morgan 85.067.0 66.7 66.565.1 64.7 64.4Indiana Porter 86.376.0 75.4 75.075.2 74.3 73.9Indiana Posey 84.062.6 62.5 62.460.7 60.5 60.3Indiana St Joseph 90.371.8 71.5 71.269.8 69.1 68.8Indiana Shelby 91.370.6 70.3 70.068.1 67.7 67.2Indiana Vanderburgh 82.761.2 61.1 60.959.4 59.2 59.0Indiana Vigo 85.067.5 67.4 67.265.9 65.7 65.5Indiana Warrick 84.064.9 64.8 64.763.6 63.4 63.2Iowa Bremer 69.359.4 59.2 59.157.8 57.5 57.4Iowa Clinton 76.363.6 63.3 63.162.0 61.5 61.3Iowa Harrison 75.763.1 63.0 62.861.7 61.5 61.3Iowa Linn 69.058.8 58.4 58.357.6 57.1 57.0Iowa Montgomery 67.056.7 56.6 56.555.4 55.3 55.2Iowa Palo Alto 63.754.5 54.3 54.253.1 52.9 52.8Iowa Polk 57.347.2 47.0 46.845.0 44.6 44.4Iowa Scott 77.762.4 62.2 62.060.4 60.0 59.8Iowa Story 60.749.3 49.1 48.947.0 46.7 46.5Iowa Van Buren 73.360.2 60.1 60.058.4 58.2 58.0Iowa Warren 60.049.6 49.5 49.448.2 48.0 47.9Kansas Linn 74.360.9 60.8 60.759.5 59.4 59.2Kansas Sedgwick 79.064.7 64.6 64.462.3 62.1 61.9Kansas Sumner 75.763.3 63.2 63.161.5 61.4 61.3Kansas Trego 63.055.8 55.8 55.755.0 54.9 54.8Kansas Wyandotte 79.063.7 63.6 63.361.7 61.6 61.2Kentucky Bell82.357.0 56.9 56.754.5 54.3 54.1Kentucky Boone 83.764.1 63.9 63.862.7 62.4 62.2Kentucky Boyd 88.372.2 72.0 71.971.4 71.2 71.0Kentucky Bullitt 81.062.6 62.5 62.360.9 60.8 60.5Kentucky Campbell 90.771.6 71.4 71.169.7 69.5 69.2Kentucky Carter 77.059.0 58.9 58.758.3 58.2 58.0Kentucky Christian 84.058.5 58.4 58.357.2 57.1 56.9Kentucky Daviess 75.359.5 59.4 59.358.3 58.1 58.0Kentucky Edmonson 80.359.9 59.8 59.758.2 58.0 57.9Kentucky Fayette 75.058.1 58.0 57.855.8 55.6 55.4Kentucky Graves 79.060.5 60.3 60.258.7 58.5 58.3Kentucky Greenup 81.366.3 66.2 66.165.8 65.6 65.4**36**Kentucky Hancock 81.764.2 64.1 64.063.0 62.9 62.7Kentucky Hardin 78.358.6 58.5 58.457.1 56.9 56.7Kentucky Henderson 79.361.2 61.1 61.059.9 59.7 59.6Kentucky Jefferson 82.765.8 65.7 65.464.2 64.0 63.7Kentucky Jessamine 76.358.1 58.1 57.956.1 55.9 55.7Kentucky Kenton 85.066.9 66.8 66.465.1 64.9 64.6Kentucky Livingston 82.762.5 62.3 62.261.0 60.7 60.6Kentucky McCracken 79.064.7 64.5 64.463.4 63.1 62.9Kentucky McLean 82.060.0 59.9 59.858.6 58.4 58.2Kentucky Oldham 85.364.2 64.1 63.962.5 62.3 62.1Kentucky Perry 75.756.2 56.1 56.054.7 54.6 54.4Kentucky Pike 73.355.6 55.4 55.354.1 53.8 53.6Kentucky Pulaski 77.359.4 59.4 59.257.7 57.6 57.4Kentucky Scott 68.751.3 51.2 51.049.9 49.8 49.6Kentucky Simpson 79.757.4 57.3 57.155.4 55.3 55.1Kentucky Trigg 73.053.8 53.0 53.052.3 51.0 50.9Kentucky Warren 82.060.8 60.7 60.659.1 58.9 58.8Louisiana Ascension 79.369.9 69.7 69.668.8 68.5 68.4Louisiana Beauregard 73.362.7 62.6 62.561.7 61.5 61.4Louisiana Bossier 79.761.6 61.6 61.459.5 59.3 59.1Louisiana Caddo 77.359.4 59.3 59.257.4 57.2 57.0Louisiana Calcasieu 78.767.3 67.1 67.066.4 65.9 65.8Louisiana East Baton Rouge 87.077.6 77.5 77.376.8 76.6 76.4Louisiana Grant 75.060.9 60.9 60.859.5 59.4 59.3Louisiana Iberville 84.374.0 73.8 73.772.9 72.6 72.5Louisiana Jefferson 83.071.5 70.1 69.970.6 68.3 68.1Louisiana Lafayette 79.366.9 66.8 66.766.0 65.8 65.6Louisiana Lafourche 78.066.5 66.3 66.265.5 65.3 65.2Louisiana Livingston 79.769.7 69.5 69.468.6 68.4 68.2Louisiana Orleans 69.759.5 58.3 58.158.7 56.9 56.7Louisiana Ouachita 77.762.0 61.9 61.860.2 60.0 59.9Louisiana Pointe Coupee 73.364.5 64.5 64.463.8 63.7 63.5Louisiana St Bernard 78.065.1 64.1 63.964.2 62.5 62.3Louisiana St Charles 78.768.4 67.0 66.867.7 65.4 65.3Louisiana St James 74.065.1 64.9 64.864.3 64.0 63.8Louisiana St John The Baptist 78.769.5 69.3 69.268.8 68.4 68.3Louisiana St Mary 74.762.5 62.4 62.361.4 61.2 61.1Louisiana West Baton Rouge 84.074.8 74.7 74.573.7 73.5 73.4**37**Maine Cumberland 84.364.9 64.5 64.163.3 62.7 62.2Maine Hancock 91.772.6 72.3 72.071.1 70.6 70.2Maine Kennebec 78.061.3 61.1 60.759.8 59.4 59.0Maine Knox 83.764.6 64.3 63.963.2 62.6 62.1Maine Oxford 60.750.6 50.5 50.349.7 49.4 49.2Maine Penobscot 79.065.2 65.0 64.763.9 63.6 63.3Maine Sagadahoc 79.060.9 60.6 60.259.6 59.0 58.5Maine York 88.368.1 67.7 67.266.5 65.8 65.1Maryland Anne Arundel 98.373.7 73.6 73.271.9 71.6 71.1Maryland Baltimore 91.372.1 71.7 71.370.7 70.1 69.6Maryland Carroll 88.766.3 66.2 65.864.4 64.2 63.8Maryland Cecil 97.772.7 72.5 72.270.9 70.5 70.1Maryland Charles 93.066.3 66.2 65.964.2 64.0 63.6Maryland Frederick 87.366.8 66.6 66.464.9 64.6 64.3Maryland Harford 100.378.5 78.0 77.677.0 76.2 75.7Maryland Kent 95.371.2 71.1 70.769.5 69.2 68.8Maryland Montgomery 86.765.5 65.3 64.963.6 63.4 62.9Maryland Prince Georges 94.070.7 70.6 70.168.4 68.2 67.7Maryland Washington 85.364.9 64.7 64.562.8 62.5 62.2Massachusetts Barnstable 92.073.2 71.8 71.272.2 69.7 69.0Massachusetts Berkshire 87.070.0 69.8 69.568.1 67.9 67.4Massachusetts Bristol 91.071.5 70.8 70.370.4 69.1 68.6Massachusetts Essex 90.072.5 71.4 70.871.4 69.7 68.9Massachusetts Hampden 92.069.9 69.6 69.068.0 67.4 66.7Massachusetts Hampshire 86.767.8 67.5 67.066.1 65.6 65.0Massachusetts Middlesex 85.766.1 65.8 65.464.2 63.8 63.3Massachusetts Norfolk 91.076.1 74.8 74.274.9 73.2 72.4Massachusetts Suffolk 88.771.4 70.1 69.570.4 68.7 67.9Massachusetts Worcester 85.566.5 66.3 65.864.9 64.5 64.0Michigan Allegan 94.076.5 76.0 75.674.5 73.5 73.1Michigan Benzie 85.769.2 68.6 68.267.5 66.4 66.1Michigan Berrien 88.073.6 72.5 72.272.4 70.4 70.0Michigan Cass 90.771.0 70.8 70.568.7 68.3 68.0Michigan Clinton 82.766.2 66.0 65.864.3 63.9 63.7Michigan Genesee 86.368.0 67.7 67.565.9 65.4 65.1Michigan Huron 83.070.5 69.8 69.569.6 68.3 68.0Michigan Ingham 82.365.5 65.3 65.163.5 63.2 62.9Michigan Kalamazoo 82.764.5 64.3 64.162.4 62.0 61.8**38**Michigan Kent 84.766.9 66.6 66.364.8 64.3 64.0Michigan Lenawee 85.069.0 68.4 68.267.4 66.5 66.2Michigan Macomb 92.376.3 76.2 75.774.8 74.3 73.7Michigan Mason 86.068.3 67.9 67.666.1 65.5 65.1Michigan Missaukee 78.363.5 63.2 63.061.9 61.3 61.1Michigan Muskegon 90.072.7 72.3 72.070.7 70.0 69.6Michigan Oakland 87.773.9 73.5 73.072.6 71.8 71.2Michigan Ottawa 86.068.7 68.4 68.166.7 66.2 65.9Michigan St Clair 88.072.1 71.3 71.070.6 69.2 68.7Michigan Schoolcraft 77.064.6 64.3 64.163.3 62.9 62.7Michigan Washtenaw 87.371.1 70.6 70.369.5 68.6 68.2Michigan Wayne 86.072.6 72.0 71.671.2 70.0 69.5Minnesota St Louis 64.559.5 59.3 59.258.7 58.4 58.3Mississippi Adams 77.761.7 61.6 61.560.2 60.0 59.9Mississippi Bolivar 75.058.2 58.1 58.056.3 56.2 56.0Mississippi De Soto 83.363.2 63.2 62.960.8 60.7 60.3Mississippi Hancock 81.065.1 64.4 64.363.5 62.3 62.1Mississippi Harrison 80.364.2 63.9 63.862.9 62.5 62.4Mississippi Hinds 72.751.4 51.3 51.148.3 48.2 47.9Mississippi Jackson 80.068.1 67.9 67.867.5 67.0 66.9Mississippi Lauderdale 73.351.8 51.8 51.649.8 49.7 49.5Mississippi Lee78.356.8 56.7 56.654.7 54.6 54.4Mississippi Madison 74.354.5 54.4 54.251.9 51.7 51.5Mississippi Warren 73.753.4 53.3 53.251.7 51.5 51.4Missouri Cass 77.761.5 61.4 61.259.7 59.6 59.3Missouri Cedar 79.764.2 64.1 64.062.3 62.0 61.9Missouri Clay 83.766.0 65.9 65.663.3 63.2 62.7Missouri Greene 74.559.3 59.2 59.057.4 57.3 57.0Missouri Jefferson 84.768.2 68.1 67.765.8 65.6 65.1Missouri Monroe 76.761.3 61.0 60.959.5 59.1 59.0Missouri Platte 80.364.5 64.4 64.162.6 62.5 62.1Missouri St Charles 90.072.4 72.2 71.869.9 69.7 69.2Missouri Ste Genevieve 82.766.1 66.0 65.964.4 64.2 64.0Missouri St Louis 88.371.8 71.7 71.269.4 69.2 68.6Missouri St Louis City 87.772.2 72.0 71.669.9 69.7 69.1Montana Flathead 53.752.9 52.9 52.952.7 52.7 52.7Nebraska Douglas 67.357.0 56.8 56.655.7 55.5 55.3Nebraska Lancaster 55.046.3 46.2 46.145.0 44.9 44.8**39**Nevada Clark 84.774.6 74.6 73.973.3 73.3 72.5Nevada Douglas 69.060.9 60.8 60.858.8 58.7 58.7Nevada Washoe 73.364.9 64.9 64.763.1 63.0 62.8Nevada White Pine 72.366.9 66.9 66.965.8 65.8 65.8Nevada Carson City 68.363.5 63.5 63.462.3 62.3 62.2New Hampshire Belknap 76.561.2 60.4 60.259.8 58.5 58.2New Hampshire Carroll 67.056.1 56.0 55.855.1 54.9 54.6New Hampshire Cheshire 74.358.1 57.9 57.556.8 56.4 55.9New Hampshire Grafton 70.758.6 58.5 58.357.5 57.3 57.1New Hampshire Hillsborough 85.366.3 66.2 65.864.7 64.3 63.8New Hampshire Merrimack 74.758.8 58.6 58.457.3 57.1 56.7New Hampshire Rockingham 83.565.5 64.7 64.264.3 62.9 62.2New Hampshire Strafford 78.560.8 60.5 60.159.4 58.8 58.4New Hampshire Sullivan 75.061.9 61.8 61.660.7 60.4 60.2New Jersey Atlantic 88.069.2 68.3 68.068.0 66.5 66.1New Jersey Bergen 91.375.9 75.5 74.774.9 74.3 73.2New Jersey Camden 99.778.9 78.6 78.277.4 77.0 76.5New Jersey Cumberland 94.073.0 72.8 72.571.7 71.3 70.9New Jersey Essex 67.054.0 53.7 53.253.1 52.7 52.1New Jersey Gloucester 98.077.4 77.1 76.876.1 75.7 75.3New Jersey Hudson 84.067.7 67.3 66.766.7 66.2 65.3New Jersey Hunterdon 94.773.0 72.8 72.271.1 70.8 70.1New Jersey Mercer 97.777.5 77.2 76.775.8 75.4 74.7New Jersey Middlesex 96.074.9 74.6 74.073.1 72.7 71.9New Jersey Monmouth 95.375.1 74.6 73.973.8 72.8 72.0New Jersey Morris 95.372.7 72.5 71.970.8 70.5 69.8New Jersey Ocean 105.781.3 81.1 80.679.3 78.9 78.3New Jersey Passaic 86.768.9 68.6 67.967.3 66.9 66.1New Mexico Bernalillo 76.366.1 66.1 65.863.7 63.6 63.3New Mexico Dona Ana 78.370.0 70.0 69.966.2 66.2 66.1New Mexico Eddy 70.063.6 63.6 63.663.2 63.2 63.2New Mexico Sandoval 74.064.6 64.6 64.362.3 62.3 61.9New Mexico San Juan 74.370.3 70.3 70.269.7 69.7 69.6New Mexico Valencia 67.557.7 57.7 57.555.7 55.7 55.4New York Albany 83.065.8 65.6 65.363.8 63.5 63.1New York Bronx 82.770.9 70.5 69.670.2 69.5 68.4New York Chautauqua 93.074.7 74.1 73.773.2 72.1 71.8New York Chemung 80.362.7 62.6 62.460.9 60.6 60.3**40**New York Dutchess 92.070.5 70.2 69.669.1 68.6 67.9New York Erie95.777.0 76.5 76.275.5 74.6 74.3New York Essex 89.070.2 70.1 69.968.6 68.3 68.0New York Hamilton 78.764.3 64.1 63.962.9 62.5 62.3New York Herkimer 74.059.9 59.8 59.658.6 58.3 58.1New York Jefferson 91.374.5 74.1 73.973.3 72.6 72.4New York Madison 79.763.3 63.1 62.961.6 61.3 61.0New York Monroe 84.068.5 67.9 67.566.7 65.7 65.2New York Niagara 91.776.8 76.2 76.075.9 74.7 74.5New York Oneida 79.764.1 63.8 63.662.6 62.1 61.8New York Onondaga 84.068.5 68.2 68.067.0 66.5 66.2New York Orange 84.765.2 65.0 64.563.4 63.1 62.6New York Oswego 68.054.8 54.4 54.253.6 52.8 52.6New York Putnam 91.372.9 72.5 71.771.7 71.1 70.1New York Queens 84.571.4 70.9 70.170.4 69.7 68.7New York Rensselaer 86.068.0 67.8 67.565.8 65.6 65.2New York Richmond 93.075.2 74.9 74.273.8 73.4 72.5New York Saratoga 87.068.4 68.2 67.966.1 65.8 65.5New York Schenectady 77.762.4 62.3 62.160.2 60.0 59.7New York Suffolk 97.082.0 81.4 80.581.3 80.3 79.3New York Ulster 81.364.8 64.7 64.363.3 63.0 62.6New York Wayne 84.067.1 66.6 66.265.4 64.4 63.9New York Westchester 91.376.0 75.5 74.674.9 74.2 73.0North Carolina Alexander 87.062.9 62.8 62.660.8 60.6 60.4North Carolina Avery 77.759.8 59.7 59.657.9 57.8 57.6North Carolina Buncombe 80.061.3 61.3 61.159.3 59.1 59.0North Carolina Caldwell 83.361.4 61.4 61.259.3 59.2 59.0North Carolina Caswell 87.761.7 61.6 61.459.3 59.2 59.0North Carolina Chatham 81.359.6 59.5 59.357.7 57.5 57.3North Carolina Cumberland 86.062.7 62.6 62.460.1 59.9 59.6North Carolina Davie 91.365.2 65.1 64.962.9 62.8 62.5North Carolina Duplin 80.060.3 60.2 60.058.3 58.2 58.0North Carolina Durham 88.762.5 62.4 62.259.8 59.7 59.3North Carolina Edgecombe 87.364.3 64.2 64.061.8 61.6 61.4North Carolina Forsyth 91.364.5 64.4 64.262.1 61.9 61.7North Carolina Franklin 89.764.3 64.2 64.061.4 61.2 60.8North Carolina Granville 92.365.5 65.4 65.263.3 63.1 62.8North Carolina Guilford 88.761.0 60.9 60.657.9 57.7 57.4**41**North Carolina Haywood 84.765.5 65.4 65.263.6 63.4 63.2North Carolina Jackson 86.064.5 64.4 64.262.5 62.2 62.0North Carolina Johnston 84.361.1 61.0 60.758.3 58.1 57.8North Carolina Lenoir 80.060.9 60.8 60.658.9 58.7 58.5North Carolina Lincoln 90.765.4 65.3 65.063.1 62.9 62.5North Carolina Martin 81.061.0 60.9 60.759.1 58.9 58.7North Carolina Mecklenburg 97.372.7 72.7 72.170.1 69.9 69.3North Carolina New Hanover 77.357.5 57.3 57.255.7 55.3 55.1North Carolina Northampton 84.062.9 62.7 62.661.0 60.8 60.6North Carolina Person 89.363.8 63.7 63.562.4 62.2 62.0North Carolina Pitt82.060.2 60.1 59.957.7 57.6 57.3North Carolina Randolph 83.558.6 58.5 58.255.9 55.8 55.5North Carolina Rockingham 88.362.7 62.6 62.560.9 60.8 60.6North Carolina Rowan 97.369.8 69.7 69.466.9 66.8 66.5North Carolina Swain 73.054.2 54.2 54.052.5 52.3 52.1North Carolina Union 87.063.2 63.1 62.860.3 60.1 59.7North Carolina Wake 92.565.5 65.4 65.062.1 61.9 61.4North Carolina Yancey 83.063.8 63.7 63.661.6 61.5 61.3North Dakota Billings 59.054.4 54.3 54.353.5 53.5 53.5North Dakota Cass 62.055.8 55.7 55.654.8 54.6 54.6North Dakota Dunn 59.054.3 54.3 54.253.4 53.4 53.4North Dakota McKenzie 63.058.3 58.3 58.357.5 57.5 57.5North Dakota Mercer 60.055.3 55.3 55.354.5 54.5 54.5North Dakota Oliver 56.051.1 51.1 51.150.3 50.3 50.3Ohio Allen 88.069.2 69.0 68.867.4 67.2 66.9Ohio Ashtabula 95.778.3 77.1 76.777.1 75.0 74.6Ohio Butler 89.769.3 69.2 68.967.3 67.2 66.8Ohio Clark 88.367.6 67.5 67.266.0 65.8 65.5Ohio Clermont 89.370.1 69.9 69.668.2 68.0 67.6Ohio Clinton 94.370.6 70.5 70.268.5 68.2 67.9Ohio Cuyahoga 88.070.1 68.9 68.569.2 67.5 67.0Ohio Delaware 89.067.9 67.7 67.365.6 65.3 64.8Ohio Franklin 93.070.2 70.0 69.667.5 67.2 66.7Ohio Geauga 99.078.9 77.9 77.477.0 75.4 74.8Ohio Greene 87.767.3 67.2 66.965.6 65.3 65.0Ohio Hamilton 90.370.5 70.4 70.068.4 68.2 67.8Ohio Jefferson 84.364.5 64.3 64.163.3 62.9 62.7Ohio Knox 87.066.0 65.8 65.463.8 63.5 63.0**42**Ohio Lake 92.775.0 73.7 73.274.1 72.1 71.6Ohio Lawrence 81.766.6 66.5 66.466.1 65.9 65.8Ohio Licking 88.066.7 66.5 66.164.3 63.9 63.4Ohio Lorain 87.069.6 68.2 67.968.7 66.7 66.3Ohio Lucas 90.072.5 71.0 70.771.1 68.9 68.5Ohio Madison 88.766.7 66.5 66.264.9 64.6 64.3Ohio Mahoning 87.066.5 66.3 65.964.5 64.0 63.6Ohio Medina 87.069.2 68.4 68.168.0 66.6 66.3Ohio Miami 87.066.0 65.9 65.663.9 63.8 63.5Ohio Montgomery 86.567.0 66.9 66.665.0 64.9 64.5Ohio Portage 91.070.4 69.9 69.468.3 67.3 66.8Ohio Preble 80.061.5 61.4 61.159.9 59.7 59.4Ohio Stark 88.367.3 67.1 66.765.2 64.7 64.3Ohio Summit 93.373.1 72.5 72.071.2 70.1 69.6Ohio Trumbull 92.070.2 70.0 69.668.0 67.7 67.2Ohio Warren 90.769.7 69.6 69.367.7 67.6 67.2Ohio Washington 85.762.5 62.4 62.261.3 61.1 60.9Ohio Wood 87.769.7 69.2 69.067.8 67.0 66.7Oklahoma Canadian 76.057.8 57.8 57.555.1 55.0 54.7Oklahoma Cleveland 75.360.9 60.9 60.759.4 59.3 59.0Oklahoma Comanche 77.362.0 62.0 61.860.8 60.7 60.6Oklahoma Dewey 71.059.0 58.9 58.858.1 58.0 57.9Oklahoma Kay75.061.2 61.2 61.160.1 60.0 59.9Oklahoma Mc Clain 77.062.6 62.5 62.461.3 61.2 61.0Oklahoma Oklahoma 80.362.1 62.0 61.758.9 58.8 58.4Oklahoma Ottawa 78.063.1 63.0 62.961.5 61.3 61.2Oklahoma Pittsburg 73.061.1 61.0 60.959.7 59.4 59.3Oklahoma Tulsa 83.067.4 67.3 67.064.8 64.7 64.3Oregon Clackamas 67.363.9 63.8 63.362.9 62.8 62.1Oregon Columbia 60.356.6 56.5 56.455.5 55.4 55.2Oregon Jackson 71.062.7 62.7 62.560.6 60.5 60.4Oregon Lane 70.061.0 61.0 60.859.0 58.9 58.7Oregon Marion 62.756.1 56.0 55.754.1 54.0 53.6Pennsylvania Adams 80.060.5 60.4 60.258.8 58.6 58.3Pennsylvania Allegheny 91.373.3 73.2 72.871.8 71.5 71.1Pennsylvania Armstrong 90.769.4 69.2 68.967.8 67.5 67.1Pennsylvania Beaver 91.372.3 72.1 71.971.0 70.6 70.3Pennsylvania Berks 88.767.0 66.8 66.565.1 64.9 64.6**43**Pennsylvania Blair 83.361.8 61.6 61.460.1 59.8 59.6Pennsylvania Bucks 99.080.0 79.7 79.178.4 77.9 77.3Pennsylvania Cambria 85.064.5 64.3 64.163.0 62.6 62.4Pennsylvania Centre 84.763.2 63.0 62.861.4 61.1 60.8Pennsylvania Chester 95.072.5 72.3 72.070.6 70.4 70.0Pennsylvania Clearfield 87.366.1 66.0 65.864.6 64.3 64.1Pennsylvania Dauphin 86.766.2 66.0 65.764.4 64.0 63.7Pennsylvania Delaware 91.772.2 72.0 71.771.1 70.7 70.3Pennsylvania Erie89.072.5 71.6 71.271.2 69.6 69.2Pennsylvania Franklin 90.768.2 68.1 67.866.0 65.7 65.4Pennsylvania Greene 87.764.8 64.7 64.563.7 63.5 63.3Pennsylvania Lackawanna 83.363.0 62.8 62.661.1 60.8 60.5Pennsylvania Lancaster 91.068.8 68.6 68.366.8 66.4 66.1Pennsylvania Lawrence 78.358.7 58.6 58.457.0 56.8 56.5Pennsylvania Lehigh 90.768.2 68.1 67.866.3 66.0 65.6Pennsylvania Luzerne 83.763.2 63.0 62.761.3 61.1 60.7Pennsylvania Lycoming 82.062.3 62.2 62.060.7 60.4 60.2Pennsylvania Mercer 91.369.4 69.2 68.967.3 67.0 66.6Pennsylvania Montgomery 92.372.9 72.7 72.271.6 71.1 70.6Pennsylvania Northampton 90.067.8 67.7 67.365.7 65.5 65.1Pennsylvania Perry 83.362.7 62.5 62.360.8 60.5 60.3Pennsylvania Philadelphia 96.779.0 78.7 78.277.6 77.1 76.4Pennsylvania Tioga 85.066.0 65.8 65.664.4 64.0 63.8Pennsylvania Washington 86.367.8 67.6 67.366.5 66.1 65.9Pennsylvania Westmoreland 88.070.1 69.9 69.668.5 68.2 67.7Pennsylvania York 89.068.1 67.9 67.666.3 66.0 65.6Rhode Island Kent 93.072.0 71.4 70.970.7 69.5 68.9Rhode Island Providence 92.071.4 70.8 70.370.0 68.9 68.4Rhode Island Washington 92.773.1 72.3 71.771.8 70.5 69.8South Carolina Abbeville 82.361.2 61.1 60.958.7 58.6 58.3South Carolina Aiken 82.762.3 62.3 62.160.1 59.9 59.7South Carolina Anderson 85.364.6 64.5 64.261.6 61.4 61.1South Carolina Barnwell 79.359.6 59.6 59.457.5 57.4 57.2South Carolina Berkeley 71.553.9 53.7 53.652.2 51.9 51.6South Carolina Charleston 72.555.7 55.4 55.254.0 53.3 53.1South Carolina Cherokee 83.762.0 61.9 61.759.8 59.7 59.5South Carolina Chester 82.760.3 60.2 59.958.2 58.0 57.6South Carolina Chesterfield 80.059.7 59.6 59.457.7 57.5 57.2**44**South Carolina Colleton 77.759.1 59.0 58.957.3 57.2 57.0South Carolina Darlington 82.762.2 62.1 61.960.1 59.9 59.7South Carolina Edgefield 79.760.0 59.9 59.757.9 57.7 57.5South Carolina Oconee 83.761.5 61.5 61.259.1 59.0 58.7South Carolina Pickens 83.060.8 60.7 60.558.1 58.0 57.8South Carolina Richland 89.367.5 67.4 67.164.4 64.2 63.8South Carolina Spartanburg 87.063.4 63.4 63.160.6 60.5 60.2South Carolina Union 79.759.6 59.5 59.357.3 57.2 56.9South Carolina Williamsburg 71.753.1 53.0 52.851.4 51.2 51.0South Carolina York 83.060.6 60.5 60.258.4 58.2 57.9South Dakota Pennington 68.062.2 62.2 62.261.3 61.3 61.2Tennessee Anderson 87.059.7 59.6 59.456.4 56.2 55.9Tennessee Blount 92.366.1 66.0 65.763.0 62.9 62.5Tennessee Davidson 77.757.6 57.5 57.255.4 55.2 54.8Tennessee Hamilton 88.363.1 63.0 62.859.6 59.5 59.2Tennessee Haywood 83.561.0 60.9 60.759.1 58.9 58.8Tennessee Jefferson 91.063.0 62.9 62.659.0 58.8 58.4Tennessee Knox 92.062.9 62.8 62.558.5 58.4 57.9Tennessee Lawrence 77.057.3 57.2 57.055.6 55.3 55.2Tennessee Meigs 89.062.3 62.2 62.159.5 59.3 59.1Tennessee Putnam 84.062.8 62.6 62.560.9 60.7 60.5Tennessee Rutherford 80.759.1 59.0 58.856.9 56.7 56.4Tennessee Sevier 92.367.5 67.3 67.165.0 64.7 64.5Tennessee Shelby 87.767.2 67.1 66.964.9 64.7 64.4Tennessee Sullivan 86.767.0 66.9 66.865.1 65.0 64.8Tennessee Sumner 85.763.0 62.9 62.660.6 60.4 60.0Tennessee Williamson 84.361.6 61.5 61.259.2 59.1 58.7Tennessee Wilson 82.061.2 61.1 60.959.1 59.0 58.7Texas Bexar 88.770.1 70.1 69.768.3 68.2 67.8Texas Brazoria 94.078.9 78.8 78.577.7 77.5 77.2Texas Brewster 62.055.0 55.0 54.954.3 54.3 54.2Texas Cameron 65.354.0 53.9 53.952.9 52.8 52.7Texas Collin 90.071.0 70.9 70.469.4 69.3 68.7Texas Dallas 90.070.2 70.1 69.668.8 68.7 68.1Texas Denton 97.375.9 75.8 75.474.5 74.4 74.0Texas Ellis85.064.1 64.0 63.862.5 62.4 62.1Texas El Paso 79.370.3 70.3 70.166.5 66.5 66.4Texas Galveston 89.776.4 76.2 76.075.5 75.2 75.0**45**Texas Gregg 84.368.6 68.5 68.467.2 67.0 66.9Texas Harris 102.092.3 92.1 91.891.6 91.4 91.0Texas Harrison 78.562.3 62.2 62.160.8 60.7 60.5Texas Hidalgo 73.363.6 63.5 63.462.7 62.6 62.5Texas Hood 83.059.2 59.2 58.857.1 57.0 56.6Texas Jefferson 91.077.2 77.0 76.976.0 75.6 75.4Texas Johnson 89.767.0 66.9 66.665.1 64.9 64.6Texas Kaufman 72.055.6 55.6 55.454.4 54.3 54.1Texas Montgomery 88.376.6 76.5 76.175.7 75.6 75.2Texas Nueces 80.367.8 67.5 67.466.7 66.2 66.1Texas Orange 81.068.4 68.3 68.267.2 66.9 66.8Texas Parker 87.064.5 64.4 64.162.8 62.7 62.2Texas Rockwall 82.062.9 62.8 62.561.3 61.2 60.7Texas Smith 82.064.7 64.6 64.563.0 62.9 62.8Texas Tarrant 98.776.7 76.6 76.275.4 75.3 74.7Texas Travis 84.765.2 65.1 64.863.3 63.2 62.8Texas Victoria 77.764.2 64.1 64.063.0 62.9 62.7Texas Webb 64.754.7 54.6 54.553.8 53.8 53.7Utah Box Elder 77.566.7 66.6 66.565.2 65.1 64.9Utah Cache 69.358.4 58.4 58.356.7 56.6 56.5Utah Davis 81.072.6 72.2 71.970.9 70.3 70.0Utah Salt Lake 79.772.4 71.4 71.371.2 69.6 69.4Utah San Juan 71.566.7 66.7 66.766.0 66.0 66.0Utah Utah 77.769.0 69.0 68.767.7 67.5 67.2Utah Weber 79.367.8 67.8 67.565.9 65.8 65.4Vermont Bennington 79.362.1 62.0 61.760.0 59.7 59.4Vermont Chittenden 77.064.2 64.0 63.863.0 62.7 62.5Virginia Arlington 96.773.8 73.7 73.271.6 71.4 70.8Virginia Caroline 82.360.3 60.2 60.058.5 58.3 58.0Virginia Charles City 89.369.9 69.9 69.668.4 68.3 68.0Virginia Chesterfield 84.767.4 67.2 67.066.0 65.7 65.4Virginia Fairfax 96.772.8 72.7 72.270.7 70.5 69.9Virginia Fauquier 79.359.3 59.2 58.957.7 57.6 57.3Virginia Frederick 82.762.8 62.7 62.561.0 60.8 60.5Virginia Hanover 92.070.9 70.8 70.669.2 69.1 68.8Virginia Henrico 88.368.6 68.6 68.367.0 66.9 66.6Virginia Loudoun 90.068.1 68.0 67.666.3 66.1 65.6Virginia Madison 84.763.9 63.7 63.562.4 62.1 61.9**46**Virginia Page 79.758.9 58.8 58.657.5 57.2 57.0Virginia Prince William 85.064.5 64.3 64.062.6 62.4 62.1Virginia Roanoke 83.762.8 62.7 62.560.5 60.4 60.2Virginia Rockbridge 76.757.7 57.6 57.556.1 56.0 55.8Virginia Stafford 86.064.2 63.9 63.562.1 61.5 61.1Virginia Wythe 79.761.1 61.0 60.859.5 59.4 59.2Virginia Alexandria City 90.067.8 67.7 67.265.8 65.6 65.1Virginia Hampton City 88.372.5 72.1 71.971.6 70.9 70.6Virginia Suffolk City 87.071.6 71.2 70.970.8 70.1 69.8Washington Clallam 43.341.1 41.1 41.040.3 40.3 40.3Washington Clark 61.062.3 62.2 61.761.5 61.3 60.6Washington King 70.765.5 65.3 64.863.0 62.7 62.1Washington Mason 58.051.6 51.5 51.251.1 50.9 50.6Washington Pierce 69.367.0 66.7 66.165.8 65.5 64.7Washington Skagit 49.745.8 45.6 45.445.1 44.7 44.6Washington Spokane 72.061.2 61.2 61.058.3 58.2 57.9Washington Thurston 62.360.5 60.2 59.758.7 58.3 57.6Washington Whatcom 53.751.6 51.6 51.651.1 51.0 51.0West Virginia Berkeley 83.063.2 63.1 62.961.2 61.0 60.7West Virginia Cabell 85.770.3 70.2 70.070.4 70.2 70.0West Virginia Greenbrier 78.761.0 60.9 60.759.5 59.3 59.1West Virginia Hancock 84.765.1 64.9 64.763.9 63.6 63.3West Virginia Kanawha 84.063.0 62.9 62.761.8 61.5 61.3West Virginia Monongalia 78.756.4 56.3 56.155.3 55.2 55.0West Virginia Ohio 83.364.1 63.9 63.763.0 62.7 62.5West Virginia Wood 85.763.1 63.0 62.962.0 61.9 61.7Wisconsin Brown 80.367.5 66.9 66.666.4 65.2 64.9Wisconsin Columbia 76.361.7 61.3 61.160.0 59.2 59.0Wisconsin Dane 76.062.2 61.9 61.660.5 59.9 59.6Wisconsin Dodge 79.365.3 64.7 64.464.0 62.9 62.5Wisconsin Door 91.074.4 73.9 73.672.9 72.0 71.5Wisconsin Florence 68.059.3 59.1 59.058.3 58.0 57.8Wisconsin Fond Du Lac 77.363.4 62.9 62.662.1 61.3 60.9Wisconsin Green 73.360.5 60.4 60.358.9 58.7 58.5Wisconsin Jefferson 80.064.6 64.2 64.062.9 62.2 61.9Wisconsin Kenosha 98.384.7 83.6 83.183.4 81.7 81.0Wisconsin Kewaunee 89.373.8 73.1 72.772.3 71.1 70.7Wisconsin Manitowoc 87.071.6 71.0 70.670.2 69.0 68.6**47**Wisconsin Marathon 71.760.2 60.0 59.958.9 58.4 58.3Wisconsin Milwaukee 91.076.8 76.1 75.575.4 74.2 73.6Wisconsin Oneida 68.058.1 57.9 57.856.8 56.5 56.4Wisconsin Outagamie 75.362.8 62.3 62.161.4 60.6 60.4Wisconsin Ozaukee 93.077.5 76.8 76.375.9 74.7 74.1Wisconsin Racine 91.777.7 76.8 76.376.4 74.9 74.3Wisconsin Rock 81.765.5 65.4 65.263.1 62.9 62.6Wisconsin St Croix 71.361.0 60.4 60.160.0 59.1 58.8Wisconsin Sauk 72.059.0 58.7 58.657.6 57.0 56.8Wisconsin Sheboygan 97.080.5 79.8 79.378.7 77.4 76.8Wisconsin Vernon 70.760.9 60.7 60.659.5 59.2 59.1Wisconsin Vilas 68.058.5 58.3 58.257.3 57.0 56.8Wisconsin Walworth 81.365.8 65.4 65.164.1 63.3 62.9Wisconsin Washington 80.367.0 66.3 66.065.9 64.6 64.2Wisconsin Waukesha 79.065.6 64.9 64.564.4 63.0 62.7Wisconsin Winnebago 80.067.2 66.8 66.665.7 65.1 64.8Wyoming Campbell 70.567.5 67.5 67.566.9 66.9 66.9Wyoming Teton 64.362.7 62.7 62.762.5 62.5 62.5Wisconsin Sheboygan 97.080.5 79.8 79.378.7 77.4 76.8Wisconsin Vernon 70.760.9 60.7 60.659.5 59.2 59.1Wisconsin Vilas 68.058.5 58.3 58.257.3 57.0 56.8Wisconsin Walworth 81.365.8 65.4 65.164.1 63.3 62.9Wisconsin Washington 80.367.0 66.3 66.065.9 64.6 64.2Wisconsin Waukesha 79.065.6 64.9 64.564.4 63.0 62.7Wisconsin Winnebago 80.067.2 66.8 66.665.7 65.1 64.8Wyoming Campbell 70.567.5 67.5 67.566.9 66.9 66.9Wyoming Teton 64.362.7 62.7 62.762.5 62.5 62.5**48**Appendix C: Annual Average PM2.5Design Values for Small/Marine SI Engine Scenarios(units are μg/m3)State NameCounty NameBaseline DV2020 Base2020 Marine SI2020 Small &Marine SI2030 Base2030 Marine SI2030 Small &Marine SIAlabama Baldwin Co 11.399.12 9.11 9.119.15 9.13 9.12Alabama Clay Co 13.5010.41 10.41 10.4010.39 10.38 10.37Alabama Colbert Co 13.0210.21 10.20 10.1910.20 10.18 10.18Alabama DeKalb Co 14.8711.18 11.17 11.1711.15 11.14 11.13Alabama Escambia Co 12.8310.46 10.45 10.4510.45 10.44 10.43Alabama Etowah Co 15.7011.99 11.98 11.9711.93 11.91 11.91Alabama Jefferson Co 18.3714.96 14.95 14.9414.88 14.87 14.86Alabama Madison Co 14.2010.73 10.72 10.7210.71 10.70 10.70Alabama Mobile Co 12.8010.57 10.55 10.5510.62 10.60 10.60Alabama Montgomery Co 14.5011.73 11.71 11.7111.69 11.68 11.67Alabama Morgan Co 13.3710.33 10.32 10.3110.31 10.29 10.29Alabama Russell Co 16.0513.13 13.12 13.1213.11 13.10 13.09Alabama Shelby Co 14.5111.33 11.32 11.3111.32 11.31 11.30Alabama Sumter Co 12.269.75 9.75 9.749.75 9.74 9.73Alabama Talladega Co 14.9611.44 11.43 11.4311.39 11.37 11.37Arizona Cochise Co 6.986.60 6.58 6.586.61 6.57 6.57Arizona Gila Co9.538.88 8.88 8.888.86 8.86 8.85Arizona Maricopa Co 11.4610.29 10.29 10.2810.29 10.29 10.27Arizona Pima Co6.756.13 6.13 6.126.10 6.10 6.09Arizona Pinal Co8.147.43 7.43 7.427.55 7.55 7.55Arizona Santa Cruz Co 11.7411.24 11.24 11.2311.27 11.27 11.26Arkansas Arkansas Co 12.1310.03 10.02 10.0210.00 9.99 9.99Arkansas Ashley Co 12.1410.25 10.24 10.2410.27 10.26 10.26Arkansas Crittenden Co 12.9110.56 10.55 10.5510.73 10.72 10.71Arkansas Faulkner Co 12.4010.29 10.28 10.2810.26 10.26 10.25Arkansas Mississippi Co 11.859.61 9.60 9.609.62 9.61 9.60Arkansas Phillips Co 12.1710.11 10.10 10.1010.17 10.16 10.16Arkansas Polk Co 11.089.00 9.00 9.008.99 8.98 8.98Arkansas Pope Co 12.2310.10 10.10 10.0910.06 10.05 10.05Arkansas Pulaski Co 14.1211.55 11.54 11.5411.47 11.46 11.45Arkansas Sebastian Co 12.3310.32 10.31 10.3110.29 10.28 10.28Arkansas Union Co 12.6410.98 10.98 10.9710.98 10.97 10.96Arkansas White Co 11.649.53 9.52 9.529.49 9.48 9.47California Alameda Co 11.7610.74 10.74 10.7310.60 10.60 10.60**49**California Butte Co 13.6911.81 11.81 11.8111.69 11.69 11.69California Calaveras Co 8.857.81 7.81 7.817.79 7.79 7.79California Colusa Co 9.448.77 8.77 8.778.72 8.72 8.72California Contra Costa Co 11.3310.49 10.49 10.4910.48 10.48 10.48California Fresno Co 20.0317.48 17.48 17.4716.98 16.98 16.97California Humboldt Co 8.487.33 7.33 7.337.34 7.33 7.33California Imperial Co 14.4513.87 13.87 13.8713.88 13.88 13.88California Inyo Co6.175.94 5.94 5.945.96 5.96 5.96California Kern Co 21.7719.21 19.21 19.2118.70 18.70 18.70California Kings Co 18.7716.77 16.77 16.7616.43 16.43 16.43California Lake Co5.034.73 4.73 4.734.72 4.72 4.72California Los Angeles Co 23.1720.62 20.62 20.6120.73 20.73 20.72California Mendocino Co 8.017.21 7.21 7.217.18 7.18 7.18California Merced Co 16.4815.11 15.11 15.1115.03 15.03 15.02California Monterey Co 8.247.73 7.73 7.737.73 7.73 7.73California Nevada Co 7.987.23 7.23 7.237.27 7.27 7.26California Orange Co 18.2715.59 15.59 15.5815.66 15.66 15.65California Placer Co 11.6510.17 10.17 10.179.97 9.97 9.97California Riverside Co 27.1522.48 22.48 22.4822.14 22.14 22.13California Sacramento Co 12.5611.44 11.44 11.4311.28 11.28 11.27California San Bernardino Co 24.6321.66 21.66 21.6621.72 21.72 21.71California San Diego Co 15.6514.61 14.61 14.6014.83 14.83 14.82California San Francisco Co 11.5810.94 10.94 10.9311.27 11.27 11.26California San Joaquin Co 14.8413.52 13.52 13.5113.41 13.41 13.41California San Luis Obispo Co 9.208.79 8.79 8.788.83 8.83 8.83California San Mateo Co 10.589.75 9.75 9.749.66 9.66 9.65California Santa Barbara Co 9.339.05 9.05 9.059.09 9.09 9.09California Santa Clara Co 11.3410.08 10.08 10.089.91 9.91 9.91California Santa Cruz Co 8.187.37 7.37 7.377.28 7.28 7.28California Shasta Co 9.017.73 7.73 7.737.74 7.74 7.74California Solano Co 12.0411.57 11.57 11.5711.75 11.74 11.74California Sonoma Co 9.919.21 9.21 9.219.20 9.20 9.20California Stanislaus Co 16.5014.51 14.50 14.5014.14 14.14 14.13California Sutter Co 11.3910.10 10.10 10.109.99 9.98 9.98California Tulare Co 21.3318.64 18.64 18.6318.07 18.07 18.07California Ventura Co 14.3512.45 12.45 12.4412.38 12.38 12.38California Yolo Co 10.059.09 9.09 9.088.92 8.92 8.92Colorado Adams Co 10.298.88 8.88 8.868.74 8.74 8.72**50**Colorado Arapahoe Co 8.717.74 7.74 7.727.76 7.76 7.73Colorado Archuleta Co 6.005.56 5.55 5.555.54 5.54 5.54Colorado Boulder Co 9.288.17 8.17 8.168.14 8.14 8.13Colorado Delta Co8.267.42 7.42 7.427.36 7.36 7.35Colorado Denver Co 10.599.19 9.19 9.179.06 9.06 9.04Colorado Elbert Co 4.343.91 3.91 3.913.95 3.95 3.95Colorado El Paso Co 7.867.14 7.14 7.137.10 7.10 7.09Colorado Gunnison Co 6.706.26 6.26 6.266.25 6.25 6.25Colorado Larimer Co 7.887.20 7.20 7.197.13 7.13 7.12Colorado Pueblo Co 7.797.14 7.14 7.137.11 7.11 7.11Colorado Routt Co 7.406.98 6.98 6.986.95 6.95 6.94Colorado San Miguel Co 5.335.00 4.99 4.994.98 4.98 4.98Colorado Weld Co9.338.10 8.10 8.098.08 8.08 8.07Connecticut Fairfield Co 12.8611.38 11.35 11.3311.52 11.47 11.45Connecticut Hartford Co 11.509.84 9.83 9.829.85 9.83 9.82Connecticut New Haven Co 13.7211.47 11.45 11.4411.48 11.45 11.44Connecticut New London Co 11.589.60 9.58 9.579.65 9.61 9.60Delaware Kent Co 12.829.52 9.51 9.509.56 9.54 9.53Delaware New Castle Co 15.9612.31 12.29 12.2812.42 12.40 12.38Delaware Sussex Co 13.6610.51 10.48 10.4810.50 10.47 10.46District ofColumbia District of Columbia 15.7611.70 11.69 11.6811.70 11.69 11.67Florida Alachua Co 10.137.71 7.71 7.707.69 7.69 7.68Florida Bay Co11.048.98 8.97 8.968.97 8.95 8.95Florida Brevard Co 7.885.65 5.64 5.645.65 5.64 5.63Florida Broward Co 8.306.23 6.23 6.226.26 6.26 6.25Florida Citrus Co 9.146.73 6.72 6.726.72 6.71 6.71Florida Duval Co 10.658.43 8.42 8.428.48 8.47 8.46Florida Escambia Co 11.579.62 9.61 9.619.61 9.59 9.59Florida Hillsborough Co 11.268.31 8.30 8.298.38 8.36 8.35Florida Lee Co8.426.11 6.09 6.096.08 6.06 6.06Florida Leon Co 12.6810.16 10.16 10.1510.08 10.07 10.06Florida Manatee Co 9.316.55 6.54 6.546.55 6.53 6.53Florida Marion Co 10.047.56 7.55 7.557.54 7.53 7.52Florida Miami-Dade Co 9.667.40 7.39 7.387.37 7.36 7.35Florida Orange Co 10.197.37 7.37 7.367.39 7.38 7.37Florida Palm Beach Co 7.545.75 5.75 5.745.79 5.79 5.78Florida Pinellas Co 10.467.83 7.82 7.817.83 7.81 7.80Florida Polk Co 10.377.49 7.48 7.487.51 7.50 7.49**51**Florida St. Lucie Co 8.616.26 6.25 6.256.26 6.25 6.24Florida Sarasota Co 9.296.70 6.69 6.696.68 6.67 6.66Florida Seminole Co 9.316.63 6.62 6.626.61 6.60 6.59Florida Volusia Co 9.286.73 6.73 6.726.72 6.71 6.70Georgia Bibb Co 15.6912.34 12.34 12.3312.29 12.28 12.27Georgia Chatham Co 13.8711.80 11.79 11.7811.80 11.79 11.78Georgia Clarke Co 15.7611.50 11.49 11.4911.43 11.42 11.41Georgia Clayton Co 16.4812.36 12.35 12.3412.31 12.30 12.28Georgia Cobb Co 16.3012.26 12.26 12.2412.21 12.20 12.18Georgia DeKalb Co 16.2212.42 12.42 12.4012.45 12.45 12.42Georgia Dougherty Co 14.2511.64 11.63 11.6311.59 11.58 11.57Georgia Floyd Co 15.7111.75 11.74 11.7311.71 11.69 11.69Georgia Fulton Co 18.2914.19 14.18 14.1614.21 14.20 14.18Georgia Glynn Co 11.909.62 9.61 9.609.60 9.58 9.57Georgia Gwinnett Co 16.2012.27 12.27 12.2512.18 12.17 12.15Georgia Hall Co15.1411.70 11.69 11.6811.68 11.67 11.66Georgia Houston Co 13.0410.13 10.13 10.1210.10 10.09 10.09Georgia Lowndes Co 12.149.83 9.83 9.829.79 9.78 9.77Georgia Muscogee Co 14.8712.14 12.13 12.1312.12 12.11 12.10Georgia Paulding Co 14.3010.46 10.45 10.4510.45 10.44 10.43Georgia Richmond Co 15.0512.12 12.11 12.1112.09 12.08 12.08Georgia Walker Co 15.4411.75 11.74 11.7311.71 11.70 11.69Georgia Washington Co 14.2211.07 11.06 11.0611.04 11.03 11.02Georgia Wilkinson Co 15.1511.75 11.75 11.7411.72 11.72 11.71Idaho Ada Co9.188.54 8.54 8.548.49 8.49 8.48Idaho Bannock Co 8.578.29 8.29 8.298.27 8.27 8.27Idaho Canyon Co 9.268.29 8.28 8.288.16 8.16 8.15Idaho Power Co 9.829.51 9.51 9.509.49 9.48 9.48Idaho Shoshone Co 12.7212.01 12.01 12.0111.96 11.95 11.95Illinois Adams Co 12.8810.55 10.53 10.5210.41 10.39 10.38Illinois Champaign Co 12.5710.21 10.21 10.2010.11 10.11 10.10Illinois Cook Co 17.0713.74 13.72 13.7013.58 13.55 13.53Illinois DuPage Co 14.3711.43 11.42 11.4011.28 11.27 11.25Illinois Kane Co 13.9411.19 11.18 11.1611.04 11.02 10.99Illinois Lake Co 12.5410.51 10.47 10.4610.48 10.41 10.39Illinois McHenry Co 12.7410.27 10.26 10.2410.17 10.14 10.13Illinois McLean Co 13.4110.74 10.74 10.7310.62 10.61 10.60Illinois Macon Co 13.8711.23 11.23 11.2211.12 11.11 11.10**52**Illinois Madison Co 17.2714.27 14.26 14.2514.27 14.26 14.25Illinois Peoria Co 13.8411.29 11.28 11.2711.15 11.14 11.13Illinois Randolph Co 12.429.72 9.71 9.719.65 9.64 9.64Illinois Rock Island Co 12.059.74 9.73 9.729.59 9.57 9.56Illinois St. Clair Co 16.2013.25 13.24 13.2313.25 13.24 13.23Illinois Sangamon Co 13.1410.60 10.59 10.5810.45 10.43 10.42Illinois Will Co14.5111.70 11.69 11.6711.63 11.61 11.59Illinois Winnebago Co 12.8710.51 10.50 10.4910.34 10.32 10.30Indiana Allen Co 14.2911.36 11.35 11.3311.24 11.22 11.21Indiana Clark Co 16.3312.91 12.91 12.9013.02 13.01 13.00Indiana Delaware Co 14.3411.03 11.02 11.0210.92 10.91 10.90Indiana Dubois Co 15.8512.42 12.41 12.4012.37 12.36 12.35Indiana Elkhart Co 15.0012.21 12.20 12.1912.08 12.07 12.05Indiana Floyd Co 14.9111.30 11.29 11.2911.34 11.33 11.33Indiana Henry Co 13.2610.04 10.04 10.039.96 9.94 9.94Indiana Howard Co 14.5511.45 11.44 11.4311.33 11.32 11.31Indiana Knox Co 13.7610.54 10.53 10.5310.47 10.45 10.44Indiana Lake Co 15.0112.76 12.74 12.7312.65 12.62 12.61Indiana La Porte Co 13.2510.80 10.78 10.7710.70 10.67 10.66Indiana Madison Co 14.5511.17 11.16 11.1511.05 11.04 11.03Indiana Marion Co 16.5512.97 12.96 12.9512.84 12.82 12.81Indiana Porter Co 13.7511.39 11.35 11.3411.34 11.28 11.27Indiana St. Joseph Co 14.0911.38 11.36 11.3511.26 11.25 11.23Indiana Spencer Co 14.0310.62 10.62 10.6110.60 10.59 10.58Indiana Vanderburgh Co 15.2911.97 11.95 11.9511.90 11.88 11.87Indiana Vigo Co 14.5211.44 11.43 11.4211.30 11.29 11.28Iowa Black Hawk Co 11.169.22 9.20 9.199.05 9.03 9.02Iowa Clinton Co 12.079.68 9.65 9.649.54 9.50 9.49Iowa Emmet Co 8.827.28 7.26 7.257.14 7.11 7.10Iowa Johnson Co 11.449.39 9.38 9.379.27 9.24 9.23Iowa Linn Co 11.019.09 9.08 9.078.93 8.92 8.91Iowa Muscatine Co 12.8110.50 10.47 10.4710.35 10.32 10.31Iowa Polk Co 10.528.57 8.56 8.558.38 8.37 8.36Iowa Pottawattamie Co 10.438.67 8.66 8.658.53 8.53 8.52Iowa Scott Co 12.339.94 9.93 9.929.78 9.77 9.76Iowa Van Buren Co 10.338.34 8.32 8.328.21 8.20 8.19Iowa Woodbury Co 10.078.42 8.40 8.408.29 8.27 8.26Kansas Johnson Co 11.549.54 9.54 9.539.41 9.40 9.39**53**Kansas Linn Co 10.678.86 8.86 8.858.78 8.77 8.77Kansas Sedgwick Co 11.069.56 9.56 9.559.47 9.47 9.46Kansas Shawnee Co 10.869.11 9.11 9.108.96 8.95 8.95Kansas Sumner Co 10.208.76 8.76 8.768.73 8.72 8.72Kansas Wyandotte Co 13.5611.33 11.32 11.3111.32 11.31 11.30Kentucky Bell Co14.6410.95 10.94 10.9410.92 10.91 10.90Kentucky Boyd Co 14.8911.32 11.31 11.3111.46 11.46 11.45Kentucky Bullitt Co 14.8911.39 11.39 11.3811.44 11.43 11.43Kentucky Campbell Co 14.0010.16 10.15 10.1410.15 10.14 10.14Kentucky Carter Co 12.188.81 8.80 8.808.82 8.81 8.81Kentucky Christian Co 13.4810.44 10.43 10.4310.43 10.42 10.41Kentucky Daviess Co 14.7111.48 11.47 11.4711.46 11.45 11.44Kentucky Fayette Co 15.6011.90 11.89 11.8811.64 11.64 11.63Kentucky Franklin Co 13.679.99 9.99 9.989.97 9.96 9.96Kentucky Hardin Co 13.9710.47 10.46 10.4610.46 10.45 10.44Kentucky Jefferson Co 16.5913.61 13.61 13.6013.85 13.84 13.83Kentucky Kenton Co 14.8810.96 10.95 10.9511.01 11.00 11.00Kentucky Laurel Co 12.208.86 8.85 8.858.82 8.81 8.80Kentucky McCracken Co 13.4010.58 10.57 10.5610.55 10.54 10.53Kentucky Madison Co 13.549.82 9.81 9.819.85 9.84 9.84Kentucky Perry Co 13.159.59 9.59 9.599.55 9.54 9.54Kentucky Pike Co 13.689.98 9.98 9.989.96 9.95 9.95Kentucky Warren Co 13.8210.53 10.53 10.5210.51 10.51 10.50Louisiana Caddo Parish 12.6410.74 10.73 10.7210.76 10.75 10.74Louisiana Calcasieu Parish 11.369.78 9.78 9.779.86 9.85 9.85Louisiana Concordia Parish 11.119.41 9.40 9.409.50 9.49 9.49Louisiana East Baton Rouge Parish 13.1211.71 11.71 11.7012.26 12.26 12.25Louisiana Iberville Parish 12.5511.20 11.19 11.1911.62 11.61 11.61Louisiana Jefferson Parish 12.1710.08 10.06 10.0610.36 10.34 10.33Louisiana Lafayette Parish 11.029.37 9.37 9.369.46 9.46 9.45Louisiana Orleans Parish 12.2310.02 10.01 10.0010.21 10.20 10.19Louisiana Ouachita Parish 11.479.77 9.76 9.769.78 9.77 9.77Louisiana St. Bernard Parish 10.698.66 8.63 8.638.75 8.71 8.71Louisiana Tangipahoa Parish 11.179.18 9.17 9.179.28 9.27 9.27Louisiana Terrebonne Parish 10.408.66 8.66 8.668.78 8.77 8.77Louisiana West Baton Rouge Parish 12.8211.45 11.45 11.4512.01 12.01 12.00Maine Androscoggin Co 10.749.41 9.40 9.399.38 9.37 9.36Maine Aroostook Co 11.2910.60 10.60 10.5910.59 10.59 10.59**54**Maine Cumberland Co 11.6010.21 10.19 10.1910.31 10.28 10.27Maine Hancock Co 6.255.37 5.36 5.365.38 5.37 5.37Maine Kennebec Co 10.509.12 9.11 9.119.10 9.09 9.08Maine Oxford Co 10.148.99 8.98 8.988.98 8.96 8.96Maine Penobscot Co 10.078.71 8.71 8.708.72 8.71 8.71Maryland Anne Arundel Co 15.3711.85 11.84 11.8311.92 11.90 11.89Maryland Baltimore Co 15.0211.12 11.11 11.1011.14 11.12 11.11Maryland Harford Co 13.029.65 9.63 9.639.66 9.64 9.63Maryland Montgomery Co 12.839.37 9.37 9.369.36 9.35 9.34Maryland Washington Co 14.2610.34 10.34 10.3310.29 10.29 10.28Maryland Baltimore city 16.6313.09 13.08 13.0713.22 13.21 13.20Massachusetts Berkshire Co 11.7210.44 10.43 10.4210.44 10.42 10.41Massachusetts Hampden Co 13.3111.59 11.57 11.5611.58 11.56 11.55Massachusetts Plymouth Co 10.869.01 9.01 9.009.10 9.09 9.08Massachusetts Suffolk Co 13.6911.77 11.75 11.7411.78 11.76 11.75Michigan Allegan Co 12.2910.10 10.08 10.0710.07 10.03 10.02Michigan Bay Co10.949.33 9.31 9.309.30 9.27 9.27Michigan Berrien Co 12.3510.03 10.00 9.999.96 9.91 9.90Michigan Chippewa Co 8.097.44 7.44 7.447.48 7.47 7.47Michigan Genesee Co 12.3710.27 10.24 10.2310.18 10.15 10.14Michigan Ingham Co 13.1410.73 10.72 10.7110.68 10.65 10.64Michigan Kalamazoo Co 14.3911.73 11.70 11.6911.60 11.56 11.55Michigan Kent Co 13.5510.91 10.89 10.8810.76 10.73 10.71Michigan Macomb Co 13.1410.66 10.64 10.6410.61 10.59 10.58Michigan Monroe Co 15.0011.65 11.63 11.6211.61 11.58 11.56Michigan Muskegon Co 11.9910.03 10.01 10.009.95 9.92 9.91Michigan Oakland Co 14.6411.70 11.69 11.6811.63 11.62 11.61Michigan Ottawa Co 13.1510.69 10.67 10.6610.59 10.56 10.55Michigan Saginaw Co 10.709.04 9.02 9.029.03 9.00 9.00Michigan St. Clair Co 13.7811.62 11.61 11.6111.62 11.60 11.59Michigan Washtenaw Co 14.4011.27 11.26 11.2511.22 11.20 11.18Michigan Wayne Co 19.3216.56 16.55 16.5416.49 16.48 16.47Minnesota Dakota Co 9.448.02 8.01 8.007.91 7.89 7.88Minnesota Hennepin Co 10.308.81 8.79 8.788.67 8.66 8.65Minnesota Mille Lacs Co 7.126.16 6.15 6.146.07 6.05 6.05Minnesota Olmsted Co 10.729.11 9.10 9.098.94 8.92 8.91Minnesota Ramsey Co 11.9110.11 10.09 10.0810.03 10.00 9.99Minnesota St. Louis Co 8.147.27 7.26 7.267.28 7.28 7.27**55**Minnesota Scott Co9.988.45 8.44 8.438.32 8.30 8.29Minnesota Stearns Co 9.227.89 7.88 7.877.77 7.76 7.75Mississippi Adams Co 11.219.28 9.28 9.289.38 9.36 9.36Mississippi Bolivar Co 12.5710.72 10.71 10.7010.74 10.72 10.72Mississippi DeSoto Co 12.6010.18 10.17 10.1710.25 10.24 10.23Mississippi Forrest Co 13.3811.00 11.00 10.9910.99 10.98 10.98Mississippi Hancock Co 10.358.31 8.30 8.308.36 8.35 8.35Mississippi Harrison Co 11.589.52 9.51 9.519.61 9.60 9.59Mississippi Hinds Co 13.3911.15 11.14 11.1411.14 11.13 11.13Mississippi Jackson Co 11.849.66 9.65 9.649.76 9.74 9.74Mississippi Jones Co 14.4911.78 11.77 11.7711.80 11.79 11.79Mississippi Lauderdale Co 13.1710.55 10.54 10.5410.54 10.54 10.53Mississippi Lee Co12.499.95 9.95 9.949.94 9.93 9.93Mississippi Lowndes Co 13.3610.73 10.72 10.7210.71 10.70 10.70Mississippi Pearl River Co 11.709.56 9.55 9.549.58 9.57 9.56Mississippi Rankin Co 13.1010.90 10.89 10.8910.89 10.88 10.88Mississippi Scott Co 11.829.52 9.52 9.529.53 9.52 9.52Mississippi Warren Co 12.2610.44 10.43 10.4310.61 10.59 10.59Missouri Cass Co 11.229.27 9.26 9.269.18 9.17 9.16Missouri Cedar Co 11.459.34 9.33 9.339.26 9.25 9.24Missouri Clay Co 11.739.68 9.67 9.669.58 9.56 9.55Missouri Greene Co 12.1110.04 10.04 10.039.97 9.96 9.95Missouri Jefferson Co 14.4411.85 11.85 11.8411.82 11.81 11.80Missouri Monroe Co 11.048.89 8.87 8.868.78 8.75 8.75Missouri St. Charles Co 14.0911.37 11.35 11.3411.31 11.29 11.28Missouri Ste. Genevieve Co 13.6610.86 10.85 10.8510.81 10.79 10.79Missouri St. Louis Co 14.0211.42 11.41 11.4011.35 11.35 11.33Missouri St. Louis city 15.1612.35 12.34 12.3312.34 12.33 12.32Montana Cascade Co 5.705.26 5.26 5.265.24 5.24 5.23Montana Flathead Co 10.019.32 9.32 9.329.25 9.25 9.24Montana Gallatin Co 8.407.96 7.96 7.967.94 7.94 7.93Montana Lake Co9.428.69 8.68 8.688.65 8.64 8.64Montana Lincoln Co 15.8514.55 14.55 14.5414.35 14.34 14.33Montana Missoula Co 10.219.39 9.39 9.389.36 9.36 9.35Montana Rosebud Co 6.796.54 6.54 6.546.52 6.52 6.51Montana Sanders Co 6.496.17 6.17 6.166.14 6.14 6.14Montana Silver Bow Co 8.307.61 7.61 7.617.59 7.58 7.58Montana Yellowstone Co 7.436.86 6.86 6.866.84 6.84 6.84**56**Nebraska Cass Co 10.268.56 8.55 8.558.47 8.47 8.46Nebraska Douglas Co 10.568.78 8.78 8.778.63 8.62 8.61Nebraska Lancaster Co 9.588.02 8.01 8.017.93 7.92 7.92Nebraska Lincoln Co 7.136.17 6.17 6.176.06 6.06 6.06Nebraska Sarpy Co 10.088.39 8.38 8.388.32 8.32 8.31Nebraska Scotts Bluff Co 5.965.34 5.34 5.345.25 5.25 5.25Nebraska Washington Co 9.718.10 8.10 8.098.00 7.99 7.98Nevada Clark Co9.528.73 8.73 8.718.66 8.66 8.64Nevada Washoe Co 8.868.30 8.30 8.298.23 8.22 8.21New Hampshire Belknap Co 7.155.96 5.95 5.955.96 5.95 5.94New Hampshire Cheshire Co 11.6810.07 10.06 10.0510.08 10.06 10.05New Hampshire Coos Co9.688.78 8.77 8.778.76 8.75 8.74New Hampshire Hillsborough Co 10.338.77 8.76 8.758.76 8.75 8.74New Hampshire Rockingham Co 9.498.03 8.02 8.018.08 8.06 8.05New Hampshire Sullivan Co 9.868.44 8.43 8.438.45 8.44 8.43New Jersey Atlantic Co 11.418.78 8.75 8.748.84 8.79 8.78New Jersey Bergen Co 13.6510.91 10.90 10.8810.94 10.92 10.90New Jersey Camden Co 14.3111.04 11.02 11.0111.15 11.13 11.11New Jersey Essex Co 13.6810.71 10.70 10.6810.75 10.73 10.71New Jersey Gloucester Co 13.6810.38 10.37 10.3610.56 10.54 10.53New Jersey Hudson Co 14.9312.32 12.30 12.2812.53 12.50 12.48New Jersey Mercer Co 13.9210.71 10.70 10.6910.82 10.80 10.79New Jersey Middlesex Co 12.469.51 9.50 9.499.55 9.53 9.52New Jersey Morris Co 12.389.51 9.50 9.499.56 9.54 9.53New Jersey Ocean Co 11.168.57 8.54 8.538.61 8.57 8.56New Jersey Passaic Co 13.0910.24 10.23 10.2110.25 10.23 10.21New Jersey Union Co 15.6612.30 12.29 12.2712.46 12.44 12.42New Jersey Warren Co 13.3710.02 10.01 10.0010.02 10.01 10.00New Mexico Bernalillo Co 6.566.03 6.03 6.026.01 6.01 6.01New Mexico Chaves Co 6.716.17 6.17 6.176.17 6.16 6.16New Mexico Dona Ana Co 11.3010.24 10.24 10.2310.06 10.06 10.06New Mexico Grant Co 6.145.84 5.84 5.845.84 5.84 5.84New Mexico Lea Co6.756.13 6.13 6.136.12 6.12 6.12New Mexico Sandoval Co 4.984.59 4.59 4.584.57 4.57 4.57New Mexico San Juan Co 6.496.14 6.14 6.146.14 6.13 6.13New Mexico Santa Fe Co 4.934.59 4.59 4.594.60 4.60 4.60New York Bronx Co 15.7912.98 12.97 12.9412.98 12.96 12.93New York Chautauqua Co 10.718.14 8.14 8.138.11 8.09 8.09**57**New York Erie Co13.9111.02 11.02 11.0110.89 10.87 10.87New York Essex Co 6.405.48 5.46 5.465.49 5.47 5.47New York Kings Co 14.6612.02 12.00 11.9812.11 12.09 12.07New York Nassau Co 12.229.84 9.83 9.829.96 9.94 9.92New York New York Co 17.1614.33 14.32 14.2914.31 14.30 14.26New York Niagara Co 12.039.84 9.83 9.839.90 9.89 9.88New York Onondaga Co 10.5610.11 10.10 10.1010.07 10.06 10.05New York Orange Co 11.519.94 9.92 9.9110.00 9.97 9.96New York Queens Co 13.2310.75 10.74 10.7210.93 10.92 10.90New York Richmond Co 12.1410.73 10.71 10.7010.82 10.79 10.78New York St. Lawrence Co 8.507.77 7.76 7.767.76 7.74 7.73New York Steuben Co 9.837.42 7.41 7.417.42 7.41 7.41New York Suffolk Co 12.1110.04 10.02 10.0110.62 10.60 10.58New York Westchester Co 12.3410.05 10.03 10.0110.28 10.25 10.23North Carolina Alamance Co 13.9310.14 10.13 10.1210.10 10.09 10.09North Carolina Buncombe Co 13.199.93 9.93 9.929.87 9.86 9.85North Carolina Cabarrus Co 14.6810.73 10.72 10.7210.72 10.72 10.71North Carolina Caswell Co 13.439.60 9.60 9.599.59 9.58 9.58North Carolina Catawba Co 15.6111.50 11.50 11.4911.44 11.43 11.42North Carolina Chatham Co 12.359.00 8.99 8.999.02 9.01 9.01North Carolina Cumberland Co 14.1710.79 10.79 10.7810.75 10.74 10.73North Carolina Davidson Co 15.9411.94 11.93 11.9311.98 11.97 11.96North Carolina Duplin Co 12.099.34 9.34 9.339.34 9.33 9.33North Carolina Durham Co 14.0910.44 10.43 10.4210.36 10.36 10.35North Carolina Forsyth Co 14.8010.95 10.95 10.9410.91 10.90 10.89North Carolina Gaston Co 14.2410.54 10.54 10.5310.52 10.51 10.51North Carolina Guilford Co 14.2810.24 10.24 10.2310.20 10.19 10.18North Carolina Haywood Co 13.4810.57 10.56 10.5610.56 10.54 10.54North Carolina Jackson Co 12.289.32 9.31 9.319.32 9.31 9.31North Carolina Lenoir Co 11.578.83 8.83 8.828.85 8.83 8.83North Carolina McDowell Co 14.4210.69 10.69 10.6810.66 10.65 10.64North Carolina Mecklenburg Co 15.1912.48 12.48 12.4712.88 12.87 12.86North Carolina Mitchell Co 13.5710.20 10.19 10.1810.18 10.17 10.16North Carolina Montgomery Co 12.419.07 9.07 9.079.07 9.06 9.06North Carolina Onslow Co 11.278.66 8.65 8.658.64 8.63 8.63North Carolina Orange Co 13.259.81 9.81 9.809.80 9.79 9.79North Carolina Pitt Co12.419.84 9.84 9.839.86 9.85 9.85North Carolina Robeson Co 12.7010.05 10.04 10.0410.03 10.02 10.02**58**North Carolina Swain Co 12.689.52 9.51 9.519.51 9.50 9.49North Carolina Wake Co 13.9610.85 10.84 10.8310.96 10.95 10.94North Carolina Watauga Co 11.568.29 8.29 8.298.28 8.27 8.27North Carolina Wayne Co 13.7610.82 10.82 10.8110.82 10.81 10.80North Dakota Billings Co 4.574.24 4.24 4.244.20 4.20 4.20North Dakota Burke Co 5.744.36 4.36 4.364.34 4.33 4.33North Dakota Burleigh Co 6.645.86 5.86 5.865.80 5.80 5.80North Dakota Cass Co7.786.62 6.61 6.616.49 6.48 6.48North Dakota McKenzie Co 5.274.82 4.82 4.824.80 4.79 4.79North Dakota Mercer Co 6.204.97 4.97 4.974.94 4.94 4.94Ohio Athens Co 12.318.67 8.67 8.678.68 8.67 8.67Ohio Butler Co 16.1212.63 12.62 12.6112.58 12.56 12.55Ohio Clark Co 14.6911.16 11.15 11.1511.13 11.12 11.11Ohio Cuyahoga Co 18.3714.40 14.37 14.3614.34 14.31 14.29Ohio Franklin Co 16.5312.44 12.43 12.4112.29 12.28 12.26Ohio Hamilton Co 17.7613.27 13.27 13.2513.22 13.21 13.19Ohio Jefferson Co 17.4813.31 13.30 13.2913.29 13.27 13.26Ohio Lake Co 13.2610.42 10.39 10.3810.41 10.36 10.35Ohio Lawrence Co 15.7112.43 12.42 12.4112.44 12.43 12.42Ohio Lorain Co 13.6010.36 10.34 10.3310.38 10.34 10.33Ohio Lucas Co 14.7411.37 11.35 11.3311.23 11.19 11.18Ohio Mahoning Co 15.1111.12 11.12 11.1111.06 11.05 11.04Ohio Montgomery Co 15.7312.05 12.04 12.0311.94 11.93 11.92Ohio Portage Co 14.1910.68 10.67 10.6610.64 10.63 10.62Ohio Preble Co 13.3410.04 10.03 10.0310.03 10.02 10.02Ohio Scioto Co 17.1212.98 12.97 12.9612.96 12.94 12.93Ohio Stark Co 17.2713.11 13.10 13.0913.01 13.00 12.98Ohio Summit Co 16.4312.57 12.56 12.5512.54 12.52 12.51Ohio Trumbull Co 14.9611.36 11.35 11.3511.31 11.30 11.29Oklahoma Caddo Co 8.807.29 7.29 7.287.29 7.28 7.28Oklahoma Canadian Co 8.977.44 7.43 7.437.44 7.44 7.43Oklahoma Carter Co 10.118.25 8.25 8.248.25 8.24 8.23Oklahoma Cherokee Co 11.579.63 9.62 9.629.61 9.60 9.60Oklahoma Garfield Co 9.868.56 8.55 8.558.51 8.51 8.51Oklahoma Kay Co10.659.41 9.40 9.409.39 9.38 9.38Oklahoma Lincoln Co 9.978.33 8.32 8.328.34 8.33 8.33Oklahoma Mayes Co 11.8710.08 10.08 10.0710.05 10.04 10.03Oklahoma Muskogee Co 12.0510.21 10.21 10.2010.18 10.16 10.16**59**Oklahoma Oklahoma Co 10.448.47 8.47 8.468.37 8.37 8.36Oklahoma Ottawa Co 11.739.63 9.62 9.629.58 9.57 9.57Oklahoma Pittsburg Co 11.389.52 9.51 9.519.50 9.49 9.48Oklahoma Seminole Co 9.658.03 8.03 8.028.03 8.03 8.03Oklahoma Tulsa Co 11.739.85 9.84 9.849.80 9.80 9.79Oregon Columbia Co 6.305.83 5.83 5.835.92 5.91 5.91Oregon Jackson Co 11.3910.68 10.68 10.6810.66 10.66 10.66Oregon Klamath Co 10.6910.07 10.07 10.0710.03 10.02 10.02Oregon Lane Co 13.2812.44 12.44 12.4312.29 12.29 12.28Oregon Linn Co8.247.90 7.90 7.907.89 7.89 7.89Oregon Multnomah Co 8.688.24 8.24 8.238.35 8.34 8.34Oregon Wasco Co 7.546.98 6.98 6.986.90 6.90 6.90Oregon Washington Co 7.787.37 7.37 7.377.39 7.39 7.39Pennsylvania Adams Co 13.319.35 9.34 9.339.32 9.31 9.30Pennsylvania Allegheny Co 21.0016.04 16.02 16.0115.99 15.97 15.95Pennsylvania Beaver Co 15.7911.91 11.90 11.8911.88 11.87 11.86Pennsylvania Berks Co 16.4212.21 12.20 12.1912.17 12.16 12.14Pennsylvania Bucks Co 14.1011.00 10.99 10.9811.25 11.24 11.22Pennsylvania Cambria Co 15.6311.43 11.41 11.4111.39 11.37 11.36Pennsylvania Centre Co 12.959.36 9.35 9.349.32 9.32 9.31Pennsylvania Chester Co 14.8110.71 10.69 10.6810.71 10.69 10.67Pennsylvania Cumberland Co 14.9310.85 10.84 10.8310.77 10.75 10.74Pennsylvania Dauphin Co 15.5811.12 11.11 11.1011.02 11.01 10.99Pennsylvania Delaware Co 15.3111.79 11.77 11.7612.00 11.97 11.96Pennsylvania Erie Co13.1410.13 10.12 10.1110.08 10.06 10.05Pennsylvania Lackawanna Co 12.339.16 9.15 9.149.11 9.10 9.09Pennsylvania Lancaster Co 16.9511.97 11.96 11.9411.89 11.88 11.86Pennsylvania Lehigh Co 14.2210.66 10.65 10.6410.61 10.60 10.58Pennsylvania Luzerne Co 12.719.44 9.44 9.439.40 9.39 9.38Pennsylvania Mercer Co 14.0010.44 10.44 10.4310.40 10.39 10.38Pennsylvania Montgomery Co 13.7510.33 10.33 10.3110.49 10.48 10.46Pennsylvania Northampton Co 14.3310.84 10.83 10.8210.79 10.78 10.76Pennsylvania Perry Co 12.849.43 9.42 9.419.40 9.39 9.38Pennsylvania Philadelphia Co 15.9812.62 12.60 12.5912.74 12.72 12.71Pennsylvania Washington Co 15.3711.08 11.07 11.0611.18 11.16 11.15Pennsylvania Westmoreland Co 15.3910.73 10.72 10.7110.68 10.68 10.67Pennsylvania York Co 16.9312.49 12.48 12.4712.42 12.41 12.39Rhode Island Kent Co8.636.98 6.96 6.967.02 7.00 6.99**60**Rhode Island Providence Co 12.6110.57 10.55 10.5410.60 10.57 10.56South Carolina Beaufort Co 10.928.51 8.49 8.488.51 8.47 8.47South Carolina Charleston Co 11.809.21 9.20 9.209.20 9.19 9.19South Carolina Chesterfield Co 12.379.33 9.32 9.329.31 9.30 9.30South Carolina Edgefield Co 12.719.56 9.55 9.559.54 9.53 9.52South Carolina Florence Co 12.6710.20 10.19 10.1910.16 10.15 10.15South Carolina Georgetown Co 12.7510.25 10.23 10.2310.24 10.22 10.21South Carolina Greenville Co 15.7311.93 11.92 11.9111.87 11.86 11.85South Carolina Greenwood Co 13.369.97 9.96 9.969.93 9.92 9.92South Carolina Horry Co 11.228.78 8.77 8.778.76 8.75 8.74South Carolina Lexington Co 13.8810.61 10.60 10.5910.54 10.53 10.52South Carolina Oconee Co 10.777.71 7.70 7.707.69 7.68 7.67South Carolina Richland Co 13.8610.64 10.63 10.6310.57 10.56 10.55South Carolina Spartanburg Co 13.8310.29 10.29 10.2810.26 10.26 10.25South Dakota Brookings Co 9.448.03 8.03 8.027.92 7.91 7.90South Dakota Brown Co 8.237.15 7.15 7.157.06 7.06 7.05South Dakota Jackson Co 5.455.05 5.05 5.055.03 5.03 5.03South Dakota Meade Co 6.285.87 5.87 5.875.84 5.84 5.84South Dakota Minnehaha Co 9.858.10 8.09 8.087.95 7.95 7.94South Dakota Pennington Co 7.567.05 7.05 7.057.02 7.02 7.02Tennessee Blount Co 14.3610.84 10.83 10.8310.88 10.87 10.86Tennessee Davidson Co 14.4411.21 11.20 11.1911.23 11.21 11.20Tennessee Dyer Co 12.059.73 9.72 9.729.73 9.72 9.72Tennessee Hamilton Co 16.3512.54 12.53 12.5212.50 12.49 12.48Tennessee Knox Co 16.6712.54 12.52 12.5112.43 12.41 12.40Tennessee Lawrence Co 11.949.11 9.10 9.109.13 9.11 9.11Tennessee McMinn Co 14.8510.86 10.86 10.8510.82 10.81 10.80Tennessee Maury Co 12.9010.77 10.77 10.7610.77 10.76 10.76Tennessee Montgomery Co 13.2210.38 10.37 10.3710.38 10.37 10.36Tennessee Putnam Co 13.439.99 9.98 9.979.95 9.94 9.94Tennessee Roane Co 14.3210.39 10.37 10.3710.37 10.35 10.34Tennessee Shelby Co 14.1211.56 11.55 11.5411.59 11.58 11.57Tennessee Sullivan Co 14.6012.10 12.10 12.0912.02 12.02 12.01Tennessee Sumner Co 13.5910.42 10.42 10.4110.42 10.41 10.40Texas Bowie Co 13.6811.56 11.55 11.5411.51 11.50 11.49Texas Brewster Co 4.984.51 4.51 4.514.51 4.51 4.51Texas Cameron Co 9.898.78 8.77 8.778.79 8.78 8.77Texas Dallas Co 13.6811.34 11.34 11.3311.41 11.40 11.39**61**Texas Ector Co7.676.76 6.76 6.766.77 6.76 6.76Texas Galveston Co 9.807.86 7.85 7.857.99 7.98 7.98Texas Gregg Co 12.3710.34 10.33 10.3310.36 10.35 10.35Texas Harris Co 14.2212.51 12.50 12.5012.81 12.80 12.80Texas Harrison Co 11.479.50 9.49 9.499.52 9.51 9.51Texas Hidalgo Co 10.819.67 9.66 9.669.65 9.64 9.64Texas Jefferson Co 11.209.73 9.73 9.729.96 9.96 9.95Texas Montgomery Co 11.249.68 9.68 9.689.80 9.80 9.79Texas Nueces Co 10.038.50 8.48 8.488.51 8.49 8.49Texas Orange Co 11.439.63 9.63 9.639.73 9.73 9.73Texas Potter Co 6.185.26 5.26 5.265.23 5.23 5.23Texas Tarrant Co 12.7310.60 10.60 10.5910.61 10.60 10.59Utah Box Elder Co 9.158.64 8.63 8.638.63 8.62 8.61Utah Cache Co 12.8311.89 11.88 11.8811.83 11.83 11.82Utah Salt Lake Co 12.8911.79 11.78 11.7611.55 11.54 11.51Utah Utah Co 10.899.78 9.78 9.769.81 9.80 9.78Utah Weber Co 12.8111.76 11.76 11.7411.78 11.78 11.75Vermont Chittenden Co 9.397.96 7.95 7.947.90 7.88 7.88Virginia Arlington Co 14.6210.71 10.70 10.6910.63 10.62 10.61Virginia Charles City Co 12.809.30 9.29 9.299.30 9.29 9.28Virginia Chesterfield Co 13.749.70 9.69 9.699.67 9.66 9.66Virginia Fairfax Co 14.1510.33 10.32 10.3110.34 10.33 10.32Virginia Henrico Co 13.8010.00 9.99 9.989.98 9.97 9.96Virginia Loudoun Co 13.649.69 9.68 9.679.71 9.70 9.69Virginia Page Co 12.969.23 9.22 9.229.24 9.23 9.23Virginia Bristol city 14.5110.96 10.96 10.9610.88 10.88 10.87Virginia Hampton city 12.529.72 9.71 9.709.76 9.74 9.73Virginia Norfolk city 12.9710.37 10.36 10.3510.43 10.41 10.40Virginia Roanoke city 14.3710.41 10.41 10.4010.30 10.30 10.29Virginia Salem city 14.7910.87 10.86 10.8610.80 10.79 10.78Virginia Virginia Beach city 12.599.96 9.94 9.939.98 9.95 9.94Washington Clark Co9.758.76 8.76 8.758.83 8.82 8.82Washington King Co 11.3710.71 10.70 10.6910.80 10.78 10.77Washington Pierce Co 10.9210.65 10.64 10.6310.69 10.68 10.67Washington Snohomish Co 11.2111.12 11.10 11.0911.16 11.12 11.11Washington Spokane Co 10.209.07 9.06 9.069.03 9.02 9.02Washington Yakima Co 10.389.07 9.07 9.079.05 9.04 9.03West Virginia Berkeley Co 16.2312.31 12.30 12.3012.26 12.25 12.24**62**West Virginia Brooke Co 16.6912.64 12.63 12.6212.61 12.60 12.59West Virginia Cabell Co 16.5413.01 13.00 13.0013.20 13.19 13.19West Virginia Hancock Co 17.3113.59 13.58 13.5813.57 13.55 13.54West Virginia Harrison Co 14.0010.27 10.27 10.2710.27 10.26 10.26West Virginia Kanawha Co 17.0813.28 13.27 13.2613.28 13.27 13.25West Virginia Marion Co 15.3311.24 11.23 11.2211.22 11.20 11.20West Virginia Marshall Co 15.6211.41 11.40 11.3911.41 11.40 11.39West Virginia Mercer Co 12.689.19 9.18 9.189.23 9.22 9.22West Virginia Monongalia Co 14.8210.42 10.41 10.4110.40 10.39 10.38West Virginia Ohio Co 15.0910.97 10.96 10.9610.94 10.93 10.92West Virginia Raleigh Co 13.069.54 9.53 9.539.53 9.52 9.52West Virginia Summers Co 10.107.17 7.17 7.177.16 7.16 7.15West Virginia Wood Co 16.0711.75 11.74 11.7411.76 11.75 11.74Wisconsin Brown Co 11.279.88 9.87 9.869.81 9.79 9.78Wisconsin Dane Co 12.3610.47 10.46 10.4510.36 10.34 10.33Wisconsin Dodge Co 11.129.20 9.18 9.189.11 9.09 9.08Wisconsin Grant Co 11.379.39 9.35 9.359.24 9.20 9.19Wisconsin Kenosha Co 11.519.49 9.47 9.469.48 9.44 9.42Wisconsin Manitowoc Co 9.818.23 8.21 8.208.17 8.15 8.14Wisconsin Milwaukee Co 13.1011.04 11.02 11.0111.00 10.98 10.96Wisconsin Outagamie Co 10.719.15 9.13 9.139.09 9.07 9.06Wisconsin Vilas Co6.405.61 5.59 5.595.57 5.54 5.54Wisconsin Waukesha Co 13.1210.97 10.96 10.9410.89 10.87 10.85Wyoming Campbell Co 6.306.07 6.07 6.076.04 6.04 6.04Wyoming Converse Co 3.673.49 3.49 3.493.47 3.47 3.47Wyoming Fremont Co 9.138.38 8.38 8.388.37 8.37 8.37Wyoming Laramie Co 4.964.53 4.53 4.534.50 4.50 4.50Wyoming Sheridan Co 10.509.80 9.79 9.799.70 9.69 9.69**63**Appendix D: Visibility Levels on 20% Worst Days forSmall/Marine SI Engine Scenario (units are deciviews)Class 1 Area StateBaselineVisibility2020 Base2020Small/MarineSI Engine2030 Base2030Small/MarineSI EngineNaturalBackgroundSipsey WildernessAL 29.03 23.73 23.72 23.66 23.64 10.99Caney Creek Wilderness AR 26.36 22.05 22.03 21.92 21.89 11.58Upper Buffalo Wilderness AR 26.27 22.35 22.33 22.1922.17 11.57Chiricahua NMAZ 13.43 13.09 13.09 13.09 13.09 7.21Chiricahua Wilderness AZ 13.43 13.09 13.09 13.09 13.09 7.21Galiuro WildernessAZ 13.43 13.07 13.06 13.09 13.09 7.21Grand Canyon NPAZ 11.66 11.09 11.09 11.08 11.08 7.14Mazatzal WildernessAZ 13.35 12.72 12.71 12.73 12.71 6.68Petrified Forest NPAZ 13.21 12.83 12.82 12.75 12.75 6.49Pine Mountain Wilderness AZ 13.35 12.58 12.56 12.5412.53 6.68Saguaro NMAZ 14.83 14.47 14.48 14.44 14.45 6.46Sierra Ancha Wilderness AZ 13.67 13.20 13.20 13.1513.14 6.59Sycamore Canyon Wilderness AZ 15.25 14.94 14.93 14.93 14.93 6.69Agua Tibia Wilderness CA 23.50 21.14 21.13 20.94 20.94 7.64Caribou WildernessCA 14.15 13.60 13.60 13.51 13.51 7.31Cucamonga Wilderness CA 19.94 17.36 17.38 17.10 17.10 7.06Desolation Wilderness CA 12.63 12.13 12.13 12.12 12.12 6.12Dome Land Wilderness CA 19.43 18.34 18.34 18.11 18.11 7.46Emigrant WildernessCA 17.63 17.21 17.20 17.19 17.19 7.64Hoover WildernessCA 12.87 12.72 12.72 12.74 12.74 7.91Joshua Tree NMCA 19.62 17.93 17.97 17.71 17.72 7.19Lassen Volcanic NPCA 14.15 13.54 13.54 13.43 13.43 7.31Lava Beds NMCA 15.05 14.42 14.42 14.32 14.32 7.86Mokelumne Wilderness CA 12.63 12.30 12.30 12.31 12.30 6.12Pinnacles NMCA 18.46 17.36 17.34 17.09 17.09 7.99Point Reyes NSCA 22.81 21.99 21.98 21.79 21.79 15.77Redwood NPCA 18.45 17.86 17.86 17.79 17.78 13.91San Gabriel Wilderness CA 19.94 17.25 17.25 16.93 16.93 7.06San Gorgonio Wilderness CA 22.17 20.22 20.24 19.7019.71 7.30San Jacinto Wilderness CA 22.17 19.87 19.90 19.55 19.52 7.30South Warner Wilderness CA 15.05 14.59 14.59 14.5214.52 7.86**64**Thousand Lakes Wilderness CA 14.15 13.52 13.52 13.4113.40 7.31Ventana WildernessCA 18.46 17.64 17.63 17.62 17.62 7.99Yosemite NPCA 17.63 17.14 17.14 17.11 17.11 7.64Black Canyon of the Gunnison NM CO 10.33 9.79 9.799.77 9.77 6.24Eagles Nest Wilderness CO 9.61 9.03 9.03 8.96 8.956.54Flat Tops WildernessCO 9.61 9.25 9.25 9.24 9.24 6.54Great Sand Dunes NM CO 12.78 12.35 12.35 12.34 12.34 6.66La Garita WildernessCO 10.33 9.89 9.89 9.88 9.87 6.24Maroon Bells-Snowmass Wilderness CO 9.61 9.21 9.219.20 9.20 6.54Mesa Verde NPCO 13.03 12.39 12.39 12.37 12.37 6.83Mount Zirkel Wilderness CO 10.52 10.05 10.05 10.04 10.03 6.44Rawah WildernessCO 10.52 10.04 10.03 10.04 10.02 6.44Rocky Mountain NPCO 13.83 13.08 13.06 13.01 12.99 7.24Weminuche Wilderness CO 10.33 9.85 9.85 9.85 9.84 6.24West Elk WildernessCO 9.61 9.15 9.15 9.14 9.14 6.54ChassahowitzkaFL 26.09 21.94 21.92 21.91 21.88 11.21Everglades NPFL 22.30 19.77 19.76 19.94 19.91 12.15St. MarksFL 26.03 21.82 21.81 21.83 21.81 11.53Cohutta WildernessGA 30.30 23.33 23.32 23.28 23.26 11.14OkefenokeeGA 27.13 23.42 23.41 23.40 23.39 11.44Wolf IslandGA 27.13 23.37 23.35 23.32 23.29 11.44Craters of the Moon NM ID 14.00 12.97 12.96 12.82 12.80 7.53Sawtooth WildernessID 13.78 13.63 13.63 13.63 13.63 6.43Mammoth Cave NPKY 31.37 25.48 25.47 25.44 25.42 11.08Acadia NPME 22.89 19.77 19.75 19.81 19.78 12.43MoosehornME 21.72 18.63 18.62 18.64 18.62 12.01Roosevelt Campobello International Park ME 21.72 18.45 18.44 18.47 18.45 12.01Isle Royale NPMI 20.74 19.10 19.08 19.04 19.01 12.37SeneyMI 24.16 21.72 21.70 21.66 21.63 12.65Voyageurs NPMN 19.27 17.58 17.56 17.43 17.41 12.06Hercules-Glades Wilderness MO 26.75 22.93 22.92 22.81 22.78 11.30Anaconda-Pintler Wilderness MT 13.41 13.14 13.13 13.11 13.11 7.43Bob Marshall Wilderness MT 14.48 14.13 14.12 14.0814.07 7.74Cabinet Mountains Wilderness MT 14.09 13.54 13.53 13.46 13.44 7.53Gates of the Mountains Wilderness MT 11.29 10.91 10.91 10.87 10.86 6.45Medicine LakeMT 17.72 16.19 16.19 16.09 16.09 7.90Mission Mountains Wilderness MT 14.48 14.04 14.04 13.99 13.99 7.74Scapegoat Wilderness MT 14.48 14.16 14.15 14.12 14.11 7.74**65**Selway-Bitterroot Wilderness MT 13.41 13.04 13.04 12.99 12.99 7.43UL BendMT 15.14 14.64 14.63 14.58 14.57 8.16Linville Gorge Wilderness NC 28.77 22.45 22.44 22.41 22.39 11.22SwanquarterNC 25.49 21.15 21.11 21.15 21.10 11.94LostwoodND 19.57 17.70 17.70 17.60 17.60 8.00Theodore Roosevelt NP ND 17.74 16.49 16.48 16.34 16.34 7.79Great Gulf Wilderness NH 22.82 19.45 19.43 19.46 19.43 11.99Presidential Range-Dry River Wilderness NH 22.82 19.45 19.43 19.46 19.43 11.99BrigantineNJ 29.01 24.85 24.75 24.91 24.77 12.24Bandelier NMNM 12.22 11.35 11.35 11.29 11.28 6.26Bosque del ApacheNM 13.80 12.85 12.85 12.73 12.73 6.73Gila WildernessNM 13.11 12.54 12.54 12.54 12.53 6.69Pecos WildernessNM 10.41 9.97 9.97 9.97 9.97 6.44Salt CreekNM 18.03 16.59 16.58 16.52 16.52 6.81San Pedro Parks Wilderness NM 10.17 9.43 9.43 9.409.40 6.08Wheeler Peak Wilderness NM 10.41 9.88 9.88 9.87 9.87 6.44White Mountain Wilderness NM 13.70 12.88 12.89 12.87 12.86 6.86Jarbidge WildernessNV 12.07 11.86 11.85 11.85 11.85 7.87Wichita MountainsOK 23.81 20.62 20.60 20.55 20.53 7.53Crater Lake NPOR 13.74 13.27 13.25 13.20 13.18 7.84Diamond Peak Wilderness OR 13.74 13.20 13.19 13.1213.11 7.84Eagle Cap Wilderness OR 18.57 17.83 17.82 17.71 17.70 8.92Gearhart Mountain Wilderness OR 13.74 13.37 13.37 13.33 13.33 7.84Hells Canyon Wilderness OR 18.55 17.20 17.19 17.0417.01 8.32Kalmiopsis Wilderness OR 15.51 14.98 14.97 14.93 14.92 9.44Mount Hood Wilderness OR 14.86 14.13 14.12 14.14 14.12 8.44Mount Jefferson Wilderness OR 15.33 14.77 14.76 14.76 14.75 8.79Mount Washington Wilderness OR 15.33 14.75 14.74 14.72 14.71 8.79Mountain Lakes Wilderness OR 13.74 13.24 13.23 13.17 13.16 7.84Strawberry Mountain Wilderness OR 18.57 17.73 17.7217.60 17.59 8.92Three Sisters Wilderness OR 15.33 14.82 14.81 14.7914.78 8.79Cape RomainSC 26.48 22.74 22.72 22.71 22.68 12.12Badlands NPSD 17.14 15.84 15.83 15.74 15.74 8.06Wind Cave NPSD 15.84 14.91 14.91 14.87 14.86 7.71Great Smoky Mountains NP TN 30.28 23.93 23.92 23.8623.85 11.24Joyce-Kilmer-Slickrock Wilderness TN 30.28 23.43 23.42 23.37 23.35 11.24Big Bend NPTX 17.30 16.13 16.13 16.15 16.14 7.16Carlsbad Caverns NP TX 17.19 15.89 15.89 15.87 15.876.68**66**Guadalupe Mountains NP TX 17.19 15.87 15.86 15.84 15.84 6.68Arches NPUT 11.24 11.11 11.11 11.03 11.01 6.43Bryce Canyon NPUT 11.65 11.34 11.34 11.31 11.31 6.86Canyonlands NPUT 11.24 10.81 10.81 10.82 10.85 6.43Zion NPUT 13.24 12.92 12.95 12.81 12.83 6.99James River Face Wilderness VA 29.12 23.34 23.31 23.26 23.23 11.13Shenandoah NPVA 29.31 22.80 22.78 22.76 22.73 11.35Lye Brook Wilderness VT 24.45 21.08 21.06 21.11 21.08 11.73Alpine Lake Wilderness WA 17.84 16.71 16.69 16.60 16.57 8.43Glacier Peak Wilderness WA 13.96 13.60 13.60 13.6713.66 8.01Goat Rocks Wilderness WA 12.76 12.05 12.03 12.03 12.02 8.36Mount Adams Wilderness WA 12.76 12.01 12.00 11.97 11.96 8.36Mount Rainier NPWA 18.24 17.24 17.23 17.21 17.18 8.55North Cascades NPWA 13.96 13.57 13.57 13.67 13.66 8.01Olympic NPWA 16.74 15.82 15.82 15.89 15.86 8.44Pasayten WildernessWA 15.23 14.84 14.84 14.81 14.81 8.26Dolly Sods Wilderness WV 29.04 22.35 22.34 22.33 22.31 10.39Otter Creek Wilderness WV 29.04 22.29 22.28 22.27 22.25 10.39Bridger WildernessWY 11.12 10.80 10.80 10.79 10.78 6.58Fitzpatrick Wilderness WY 11.12 10.85 10.85 10.84 10.84 6.58Grand Teton NPWY 11.76 11.35 11.35 11.31 11.31 6.51North Absaroka Wilderness WY 11.45 11.16 11.16 11.13 11.12 6.86Red Rock LakesWY 11.76 11.43 11.42 11.39 11.39 6.51Teton WildernessWY 11.76 11.40 11.39 11.36 11.36 6.51Washakie WildernessWY 11.45 11.17 11.16 11.14 11.14 6.86Yellowstone NPWY 11.76 11.38 11.37 11.34 11.33 6.51**67 United States** **Environmental Protection Agency** **Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards Air Quality Assessment Division** **Research Triangle Park, NC Publication No. EPA 454/R-08-005** **May 2008**