IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF THE STATE OF WASHINGTON

STATE OF WASHINGTON,

Respondent,

v.

THOMAS OSCAR CADY,

Appellant.

No. 85080-6-I

DIVISION ONE

UNPUBLISHED OPINION

FELDMAN, J. — Thomas Cady was charged with and convicted of second degree 

burglary after he broke into a used car dealership. On appeal, Cady argues we should 

reverse his conviction and remand for a new trial because the trial court (a) erroneously 

admitted physical evidence that the State did not disclose as trial exhibits and (b) violated 

his due process rights by consulting with other judges in determining whether to admit the 

evidence without allowing Cady to cross examine those other judges. We affirm. 

I

On the night of April 4, 2020, Natalie Wilde was watching the live video feed from

the surveillance cameras at a car dealership she owned and saw a man carrying a 

flashlight climb through a window and use a tool to break into a file cabinet in her office. 

Wilde called 911, and officers promptly arrived at the scene, where they encountered 

Cady. The officers apprehended Cady and found three car keys on his person as well as 
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a flashlight and crowbar on the ground where they first spotted him. The State charged

Cady with second degree burglary. 

Concerned about the likely amount and content of body cam footage from the 

responding officers, Cady filed a pretrial motion (designated Motion in Limine No. 5)

requesting the following relief:

The Defense seeks disclosure of specific exhibits sought to be 

introduced in order to limit objections which may prove unnecessary and to 

promote judicial efficiency during the trial by prior agreement of exhibits. 

The Defense seeks exclusion of any evidence which is irrelevant, 

cumulative or overly prejudicial as well as any potential demonstrative 

exhibits which may mischaracterize the law or the evidence under ER 401, 

402, and 403. Defense reserves the right to provide additional argument 

and objections upon notice of any intended exhibits.

At oral argument, Cady’s counsel confirmed that his “specific concern is largely the body 

cam video,” which he argued contained statements by the responding officers that were 

irrelevant and prejudicial. 

The State did not oppose Cady’s motion. The prosecutor confirmed that “[a]ny 

exhibits that we will be using would be in discovery” and then agreed, in response to 

defense counsel’s concerns, that the State would provide the specific portions of the body 

cam footage that would be used at trial to defense counsel prior to trial. After the parties 

and trial court agreed on a date by which the State would provide the video excerpts to 

Cady’s counsel, the trial court ruled, “that motion is granted with the specific instructions 

I’ve given.” 

On the second day of trial, after multiple officers had testified about recovering the 

car keys, flashlight, and crowbar from the crime scene, Cady’s counsel learned that the 

State intended to introduce these physical items into evidence. Cady’s counsel moved 

to exclude this evidence because “[t]he State did not disclose that they intended to 
No. 85080-6-I

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introduce any physical evidence that was recovered at the scene at trial.” The prosecutor

responded that the items had been “timely disclosed in discovery” in accordance with the 

trial court’s ruling granting Cady’s Motion in Limine No. 5. The prosecutor also 

emphasized that Cady’s motion did not directly apply to these items of evidence and 

instead “was catered towards knowing exactly what time frames would be elicited in the 

body-worn videos because of the extent of the evidence.” 

The trial court initially indicated it would grant Cady’s motion to exclude the car 

keys, flashlight, and crowbar. Following a recess, during which the trial court consulted 

with two other superior court judges, the court told the parties, “I want to gather a little 

more information before making a final decision.” In response to questioning from the 

court, the State confirmed that it sent discovery to Cady in May 2020 that included a police 

report stating the car keys, flashlight, and crowbar recovered from the crime scene were 

“admitted into the evidence locker,” and Cady’s lawyers admitted to receiving the 

discovery. 

The court then denied Cady’s motion to exclude the physical evidence. The court 

explained, “if the physical evidence has been disclosed in evidence, . . . unless there is 

something surprising or []new about it, that is considered to be sufficient disclosure.” 

Specifically addressing Cady’s argument regarding prejudice, the court also ruled: 

I don’t find that there has been prejudice here. I think -- consistent 

with what the practice of the criminal bar is in this regard, I think this was --

the existence of this physical evidence was disclosed. In that sense, it 

should not have been a surprise.

Lastly, the court added: “to the extent the prejudice is to your closing argument, as it

happens, you’re going to have additional time to work on revising that, so I am going to 

allow the evidence in.” 
No. 85080-6-I

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The State introduced the car keys, flashlight, and crowbar through its next witness, 

and the trial court admitted them over Cady’s prior objection. Cady was convicted as 

charged and sentenced to a low-end standard range sentence of 51 months. Cady 

appeals.

II

A. Admission of physical evidence

Cady argues the trial court erred by admitting the car keys, flashlight, and crowbar 

into evidence after concluding the State had not violated the pretrial ruling granting Cady’s 

Motion in Limine No. 5. We disagree. 

The interpretation of the terms of a court order is a question of law that we review 

de novo. In re Marriage of Thompson, 97 Wn. App. 873, 877-78, 988 P.2d 499 (1999). 

If the order is ambiguous, we “seek[] to ascertain the intention of the court that entered it 

by using the general rules of construction applicable to statutes and contracts.” Id. 

Further, we review a trial court’s rulings on a motion in limine or the admissibility of 

evidence for an abuse of discretion, which occurs when the trial court’s decision is 

manifestly unreasonable or based upon untenable grounds or reasons. State v. Powell, 

126 Wn.2d 244, 258, 893 P.2d 615 (1995). The record on appeal does not indicate that 

the trial court below issued a written order on Cady’s Motion in Limine No. 5. Thus, we 

must discern the meaning and effect of the trial court’s pretrial ruling from the language 

of the motion itself and the court’s oral ruling. See Copper Creek Homeowners Ass’n v. 

Kurtz, 1 Wn.3d 711, 724, 532 P.3d 601 (2023). 

As noted above, Cady’s motion requested an order requiring “disclosure of specific 

exhibits sought to be introduced.” “Disclose” means “to make known : open up to general 
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knowledge . . . to reveal in words.” WEBSTER’S THIRD NEW INTERNATIONAL DICTIONARY 645

(1981). In response to Cady’s motion, the State similarly stated, “Any exhibits that we will 

be using would be in discovery.” Then, after the parties agreed on a specific date to 

disclose excerpts of the body cam footage, the trial court granted Cady’s motion “with the 

specific instructions I’ve given.” Interpreting its pretrial ruling, the trial court correctly 

concluded “if the physical evidence has been disclosed in evidence . . . that is considered 

to be sufficient disclosure.” It is equally clear that the State complied with the trial court’s 

pretrial ruling by providing discovery that disclosed—and thus made known to Cady’s 

counsel—a police report stating the car keys, flashlight, and crowbar recovered from the 

crime scene were “admitted into the evidence locker.” On this record, the trial court did 

not abuse its discretion in admitting these items into evidence after concluding the State 

had not violated the court’s pretrial ruling.

Notwithstanding the foregoing analysis, Cady argues the trial court’s pretrial ruling 

required the State to supply Cady with a list of exhibits it would be seeking to introduce 

at trial and, as a result, prohibited the State from introducing evidence not included on

such a list. But Cady’s Motion in Limine No. 5 did not ask for an exhibit list, nor did the 

trial court’s ruling require the State to produce such a list. Rather, as discussed above, 

the motion and resulting ruling required only the “disclosure of specific exhibits sought to 

be introduced,” which occurred here. As noted, Cady also indicated at the pretrial hearing 

that his “specific concern is largely the body cam video.” If Cady wanted the trial court to 

order the State to provide a detailed exhibit list prior to trial that included all physical 

evidence (in addition to specific excerpts of body cam footage), his pretrial motion should 

have so stated. It did not.
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Cady also cites to cases that analyze whether a trial court’s ruling on a motion in 

limine conflicted with a rule of evidence or court rule, but this reliance is misplaced. See 

State v. Foxhoven, 161 Wn.2d 168, 179, 163 P.3d 786 (2007) (trial court abused its 

discretion in ruling that evidence was admissible under common scheme or plan 

exception to ER 404(b)); State v. Neal, 144 Wn.2d 600, 609, 30 P.3d 1255 (2001) (trial 

court abused its discretion in admitting a lab report without an accompanying certificate 

that strictly complied with CrR 6.13(b)(1)). Cady did not file a motion in limine to exclude 

the car keys, flashlight, and crowbar, nor has he identified any legal basis upon which this 

evidence should have been excluded other than the State’s alleged violation of Motion in 

Limine No. 5. Absent such evidentiary error, Foxhoven and Neal are inapposite. 

Lastly, even if the trial court’s decision to admit this evidence was erroneous, the 

error was harmless. Where, as here, the claimed evidentiary error is not of constitutional 

magnitude, we will reverse only if the defendant can show “within reasonable 

probabilities, the outcome of the trial would have been materially affected had the error 

not occurred.” State v. Bourgeois, 133 Wn.2d 389, 403, 945 P.2d 1120 (1997) (quoting 

State v. Tharp, 96 Wn.2d 591, 599, 637 P.2d 961 (1981)). The improper admission of 

evidence is harmless if it “is of minor significance in reference to the overall, overwhelming 

evidence as a whole.” Id. Here, the physical car keys, flashlight, and crowbar were of 

minor significance in reference to the overall, overwhelming evidence as a whole, which 

included extensive testimony regarding that evidence. As the trial court noted, the car 

keys, flashlight, and crowbar themselves had “limited probative value” given the other 

evidence already presented to the jury showing that Cady had possessed these items on 

the night of the burglary. Thus, even if Cady could establish that the trial court erroneously 
No. 85080-6-I

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admitted physical evidence that the State did not disclose as trial exhibits, he fails to 

show, as he must, that the outcome of the trial would have been different had the alleged 

error not occurred.

1

B. Due process violation

Cady also argues the trial court violated his due process rights by consulting with 

other trial court judges before denying his motion to exclude the car keys, flashlight, and 

crowbar because “the court relied on information from outside the record that was not 

subject to scrutiny by cross examination and for which [Cady] was not provided the 

opportunity to rebut.” In response, the State argues we should refuse to address this

argument because it was not raised below. We agree with the State.

Under RAP 2.5(a), we may refuse to review a claim of error which was not raised 

in the trial court. Cady did not raise his due process argument below, and he makes no 

attempt to argue on appeal that the alleged violation of his due process rights is “manifest 

error” such that we should review it under RAP 2.5(a)(3). Nor does Cady cite any 

authority supporting this supposed right to cross-examination, so we may properly 

 1 Moreover, even if the trial court somehow altered its pretrial ruling after consulting with other judges, we 

have previously recognized that pretrial orders on the admission of evidence are “interlocutory in character 

and will be modified or abandoned according to the demands of justice.” Jordan v. Berkey, 26 Wn. App. 

242, 244, 611 P.2d 1382 (1980); see also Morris v. Int’l Yogurt Co., 41 Wn. App. 226, 230-31, 703 P.2d 

318 (1985), aff’d in part, rev’d in part, 107 Wn.2d 314, 729 P.2d 33 (1986) (“Slavish obedience to the pretrial 

order is not required. It may be modified or abandoned as the interests of justice require.”). Although Cady 

claims he was prejudiced by the court’s decision to admit the physical evidence because his lawyers crafted 

their “defense strategy, including opening statements, cross examination of prosecution witnesses, and 

closing argument” based on their belief that the court’s pretrial ruling prohibited the State from introducing 

the car keys, flashlight, and crowbar into evidence, the record belies this assertion. Before the trial court 

overruled Cady’s objection, Cady had already cross examined two of the State’s witnesses regarding that 

physical evidence. Cady also was able to cross examine the witness through whom the State ultimately 

admitted the physical evidence and modify his closing argument to address the physical evidence and seek 

to undermine its evidentiary significance. Although Cady claims that the sudden introduction of this physical 

evidence “impacted whether [he] would testify, which he ultimately did not,” he fails to convincingly explain 

why he would change his mind about testifying after this evidence was admitted, particularly when multiple 

witnesses had already testified about the existence of the car keys, flashlight, and crowbar. 
No. 85080-6-I

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assume that no such case exists. See Seattle Bulk Shipping, Inc. v. Dep’t of Labor & 

Indus., 25 Wn. App. 2d 762, 778, 524 P.3d 733 (2023) (“Where no authorities are cited in 

support of a proposition, we are not required to search out authorities but may assume 

that counsel, after a diligent search, has found none.”).

2 There being no manifest error 

affecting a constitutional right, Cady’s due process argument is waived.

Affirmed.

WE CONCUR:

 2 Notably, the Washington Code of Judicial Conduct permits a judge to “consult with . . . other judges” about 

a pending matter provided that the judge “makes reasonable efforts to avoid receiving factual information 

that is not part of the record, and does not abrogate the responsibility personally to decide the matter.” CJC 

2.9(A)(3). Here, when the trial court explained its ruling that the physical evidence would be admitted, it 

provided Cady with an opportunity to rebut the court’s reasoning, which Cady attempted to do. On this 

record, Cady fails to establish a manifest error affecting a constitutional right.