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COMMAND FILE 

WORLD WAR II 

U. s. tlAVAL OCTACHJ&:!,'T IN TURl'.ISH WATERS, 1919- 1924 

Dr~ Henry r,o Boers 

Under the Supervision of 

~ n. GGAlbion, Administrative Resea.-c~ Con~~~t 

Navy De;parbiio...<lt 

!:or .. R H Ba..'ltisr~ Chief ~ m.'....... eion of Navy Deparwent hTchivee 

He. ttonal A.rch.i Yef. 

';t.. Ct;o. _ E. J .. Leahy ~ D1rec~r ,.. ortic~ o~ Recorde ~dI!Un1f!tratlon 

Adl:1n1etrat t ve Office, Navy Oopart:nent. 

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~flce ~ i: ccot-:l£ A~"':_:~n ist.:-at1 c~ 

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- --,.. U.s. IlAVAL JlBTAOIJ.H!1If III fUlIIlEH WAT!lIS, 1919--1921a 

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Taz1ao7 entered the World War or 19l1i-1916 on til. oido ot the Centnl 

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,.".,." 111 tbe tall ot 1914, and .... the 1ut. nation to _'peace witll _ 

Alll... TIle deteat ot tho Turk'; by tho Br1tloh in ll.oopotoa1a, Arabia,

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Paloot1llo, and Syria and tho fIUZTIIndor at IIulgar1& on _ ""storn border'or . " Taz1ao7 t .orced her to 01"" an amistie. en buard the Br1tlah battloohip 

Apa!IIUIOll at tile 1o1and at I!udroo en October 30, 1918. Ao SCOD aa tho ..in. 

fields 1I\tra clsarod awa,y, Allied terce. occupied tho torts on _ IlI,rdoneU.o 

and tile Boopol'U8, and en Iiovocber 10 tho first Br1Ueb destroyer ......._ . 

ConetantinOple. TIu'ee day. leter a l&rie .quadran or Br1Ush, FrenclI, Italian, 

and Greek warshipo anchored ott that place. Thuo tho Allies ea.. into poo....ion 

at tbe StraHs be_en tbe Bleck Sea and the lIediterranean Sea, a higllRy which 

bad been a source o~ international rivalry and. wartare tor centuries. Rouncl1ng "->o( 

wt her spheres or intluence 1n tbe Ottanan kp1re, Great 1r1ta.1.n DOW' aarchecl 

I 	 into the lIo.ul oil field. in nortllom lloaopotaJaia _, otter tho collopoo ot 

tile Rueoiane on tho Coucaauo frontier, 1IIto Baku, told", over tho ro1lroad 

tna thot place to 8&_ en tho Black Sea. .. ~to stepe ..... tolcon to 

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•tract • II1l1tory occupation ot Anatollo, the cmlT porti~ ot tile old ot_

• Dap1ro lett 	to the Turk•• 

Th. AUi.. also .ecured control ot RuIIa1an ports on tho northern ohoro 

ot the Black Sea at the end of 1918. A£ter fichtin; unaucc.s.tullT on tbe 

side ot tbe Allie... Rus.ia bad succumbed to an intornal rnolution which 

I 	 placed the Bolshevik. in power in Nov...bel" 1917. Thlo ' .........em .... not 

recopised by th. Allio. nor by the United Statas. They negotiated a &oparato I 	 . 

treaty with 	tho viotorious Garman. at Broot-Litov.k in IIarcb 1916 by which I 

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........,.,. ' ...,,,,,,,1& wu depri_ or Ukra1nLa 1». SOlltb lIwIGa aDd the &run1an prorlnoe. 

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or Itano. Ardohan, ...s l1li_ 1n til. eaucuu•• F~ TUrlc1oh. til. A..enian 

p!'<W1ncao ........ occuPied by the '!'urn bolt ........ loet 1» _bel' 1916 to tile 


Brlti.h who __ out in tho toll<1W1nc 7..... 'lha anoietio. or """""'bel' ll, " 

"1918 bet••n the Alli•• _ ne....'V' pl'OYided to!' tile 1Iit/ldnnlal o.t 0enI." 

. " to...... tJCIII aU mack S.... po1'te, Following the occupation at Colllltmtinople, 

tile Allied neet eroaeed the Back S.. _ eeeu1'8d eontrol at tile Ru••l"" port., 

whioh ....... ueed .. _. at "".p,,17 tor AlUed aid to tile lIbito Rue.ian ar.Iii•• or 

Oeneral. Dm1k1n and lIrlllll:'ll in their ertort. to 0Ye1"tbr0w the Bol.heoiko• 

Tho A1l1eo ••t. ti>Maeln. "p in po.n at Constantinople to enforee the 

tenas ot the U'111bUce and Q win whAtenr econCD.1c advantuges they could tram 

their po.lt1on. Viea Aclaoirul A. S. Couch-Calthorpe. ""0 ... c_onder of tho 

A1l1ed neet in 'Ule easte;:"',) Mediterranean had negotiated the araist1ee ot udros.t 

became the Britioh Hleb C_i••iOlWr. taking up hi. residence at the Ilriti8h 

.t:aba.sy ~ V10e A.ckttral .\met "repros.ted tht! "ranch.. and other High Commise1ooen 

..~ appointed b}' the Italiano and O1'8ek.. Together the Allied ...pre••ntativ•• 

tomed tho I.lli~· 1i1ch ec-1e.lon. on which the United State. bad no _ber,. 

. Both the Br~ti"" and the French bad ..d.tent High CaIm1••1011..... Brtt1oh_ 

French g.narc. call1,,,.:ldad tile tn>ope prrtean1ng the tortification. 1» tn. 

IJIIrdonell•• and the Boeporue. conetmt1noplo ita.lf ... occupied by lIilitary 

torce. employee! Sf. alIbao"l' f:WIJ'de _ all a dapat tal' the Bo.poruo guri8one, 

Tbe old Twldoh goverment ....,0100<1 in .xi.tonce under the Sultan, but it took 

o':"iIere trcm tho Allied High C<UII1e.ion. pUtioularly !rom the BJ'1tioh in rag...-d. 

to conetMt1no:>le and the Strait.. In Asiatie Turk"l'. h"......r. t ho voice at 

tho Gmennen'v bad little effect aod d1soroer bocatle rampant. The san1te.ry 

~~ztratton ot Constantinople ftII taken over by t ho Allied High Camaiee:ion 
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attected _ 

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_ 	 hiprow__ 1%Icondl.t1o.. pr10r to 1ta ...uilqlli81 ..t 

of _trol to the TIu1d.8h IIatimal _ 1%1 _ 1922. 

Arter TUro ot war the /lear Eut ... 1%1 a deplonbla II1tuaUOII. TraDII­

,portation and ..-.an1cation hod broken _ or pn.otically _en _ ".1'7'Ihare. " 

rood arM! oiot.h1.ne are greatly 1%1 need In Tun:oy, Greeca, and in South _1&. 

Black _ad .,..poeed partJ.y of oawduet and .tra was beinc sold at'aolirl.tent 

prices 1%1 conetentinopl.. Oft in tho intorior the pauanta hod otorao of _t 

on haDd, but they would not .oU it becau•• _1 could DOt cat the clotllinc arM! 

.qui~ont they needed. The amiotice did' not brine peace to this reg!.on, for 

fighting went on throughout QOSt or the Uoar _t bet_ di!'toront factione or 

races or betweery the Allied forces and t.he people t.hey 1reI'W attera.ptinr. to subdue. 

Conditiona became ..rae before they got be~ter. Yet tho amistice ... not long 

signed before Americans began trending into the Lennt and Sooth Ru..io. 

Tho United State. hod no pert in the dereat and' ocoupation of Turkey, 1Ib1ch 

.... lU'iely • British allow, • tact wh!ch rsoulted in tho British ao81lming tho 

upper haDd in t;e Allied occupation of CoDotantinoplo. Upon the outbreak of 

..... ~_ the United States arM! GonIany 1n April 1917, Turkey W\dor GanI&n 

pres...... o..,.,rod diplomatic relations with the IJn1ted Stete., bUt war ... DOt 

declarad between tbe too COllDtri.S. The cona1derablo ilrreataont at Ar.>erioano 

in a1sai0n&r7, aducat1mal, philanthropic. and comoerc1al enterpriseo 1%1 'I'I1rkoy 

apparontJ.y influenced tho decia10n at tho United Stateo Oo...maent in tb1• 

connection. The U.. S. s. Scorpion, a converted yacht purcba8ed. tor usa durlng 

tho Spanish 'liar in 1898 which had bean tho American etotionnaire at Constantinople 

for "tllJDber ot years, .... int.rned 1n 1917. on No.....bar 9. 1918 the scorpion 

1Ia8 permitted to raile its flag and began to I"IIOnv, military equipment which 

had been rB&OYed by tne Turt:1. A reliar c..... arriTed on board the U. S. S. N_ 
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, _to.s. lIabbU~ 1ft ........ of the!!corp!.cll. , 


"!be _tim. of a IInlW S~\aa repre..n\atiYe at Ccmatant~o ... t.aDn 

lIP in lIubiJ>iltOn attar tile and8t1oa. It. ... decided DOt w reeet.ab118h d1p1 o­ , , . 

..tic Nlat,l.... with 'I'IIrIceJ •...;..u.t.alT, ao earl)' 10 _ I!r. Lewl.a 1Ieck~ 

tile t _ _ 811 Secretary of tile ~oan fillba88)' at. Conetant1oople, .. 

__ w return there .. IID1t.od st.atee CoEmiaa10n0r. The _ell Legat1cm

, ... w ccnt.1oII8 w lI&ndle """ d1p1.....t.lc aftaira. In practice l!r. Reel< _ed 

co _ch b\aa1oa.. by word of IIIOUth, tomal writ.t.en c........meations be1nc lI&ndled 

by tile s-<!' lib Lee_tim. Agreain& t.o tile delliro. or _ st.at.a 1lepartIoent., tile 

Sacret.ar,y ot the Ha~ directed AdzIiral "UU... S. Dena"", t.ba Chi.f of laval 

~ Operotl...... t.heD in LOndon t.o det.aU an oftioar of rani< from poreonnol obroad

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, w du.q- 10 Conatant1oople.......re a at.ation IIb1p ... t.o be maintainod. .... Rock 

',roachod tile city on tile Golden 110m on _r 27, 1918 and tOot lIP Ida qaart.ora 

in tile Jao_ -17. The naval ot1l.cer Mlact.od for t.bo poet at. CGaIrt.aatiDoplo 

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I by Am.tral. lIoDeon and Acloliral WIlU. 5. 5"-. Foroo (!cwqsndor of the O. S. laval 


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I ' ForOoe ~rat1oc 10 hropean t'at.ara. 811... ~ra ... a~ Loodon, ..-.. 


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1 Acloliral _ Labert BrUt.ol, a ftt.aron ot tIlirty-01x yoano' _oa in tile 

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I, iP7, Ilur10g t.bo war be bad aerwd on 001lYO)' My 10 ..-'''' of tile O. S.S. 

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, , , Ifortll carol1na ""tll placed 10 _ of !ian1 Bas. 27 at. PJ.,aouth. lDgland on , 

I october 24. 1918. lie la_ bad additional dut.y aa U. S. repn...t.at.1... on tile 


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Allled c.-1sllion 10 11041_ t.o antoroo naval \allIS of tile armlR!.. with Oeraan:r. 


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' I PurIn&ant. ~ orders of _bar )0, 1918, be proceeded t.o LoDdon and received 


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lnstnlcti.",. from AdIIliral Slas. In !'arlo a tn dII,ys lat.ar be conterred 1I1th I 

tile loII¢oan official. &as..bled t.bere tor the peace oocterollCe. 1Dcl~ 

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!<lUra]. lIonaan. Sacretuy of st.at.a Robert Lanaioa. Herbert IIoovwr of tile Food 

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·ldIolIIlt.+._"",. ·-.,s •• JImo1q of _ V. 'II. BI>1WiIIc _. 

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" , aDd Prul.dlont 

-. ' .. ""-.' ·'IIe ... told to r.preeen\ _ Un1W Stateo oaor........t in J....."' . 
 , . - . d'taI- _rlau in~ aDd to do. _ ..n,Ilt. On JAlftJU'T 8.1919 be ... 

.' .,.. , -...s to dI1t7 .. 5eD1or D.S. IIaql ota...... Tull<q in __ or 'the_tore 

. ..t·ot lmg1_ 21°, _ lncl·.... all ot. _. _pt COr'JU, aDd _ -. ' , 

. reg1an to the ...t. Proa Par1a .... -...u.cI via -.. to 'aranto. _ ....... 

_ the D. S. S. Scbl"l on "&nUU'7 2h tor the _. to Conatantlnapl•• 

The U. S.....al Dev_oint in ful1d.ah ratan ....,. into _.ta.- on 

"ormary 28 ""en /lear AdII1ral i!r1atol raiaed hi• .nag on _ Scorpion. Dllring 

_ n.r.t t .. ct.,yo 'fiaito of C8l'a1<l1V' ...... acbanged witil the II1cII ClcIIa1••ioaen 

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, ot Great Britain and ........,., end the c~ na"l'al otticera of tlloa. countri•• 

aDd Italy aDd Greece. B!iltol lOt the iepre.eion rr- Adlliral Colt.horpo that '--,~ 

i he _1_ bieMlt in the pOlltillll ot chief &1lthorit7 in tile occ:iapyinc torce•• 

! RalaU.... wit.b _ Allied otticialo and with _ of tuftO)' ..... thereatter 

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bandled II)' Acio1ral Bri.tol &0 Senior lIe_entoti... or the Daited Stateo. !he 

• D. S. '(lorw!aoi_. 'tlr. Heck. ... the ordinar7 dipl_tia _ oonaular ! 

I ..itorre. COrdial ralatiONl ...... ioIIlIediatal)' ..tAb~ be___.repn­ ! 

...tati_. the Acio1ral beiDc a _ older .... _'", the ..Inlor. _ , 

doopartad tor the United Stateo in Apr1l1919 aDd .. euccMded .. AaUng 

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c.-iaeio..... b)' Gabriel DIe R.mdal Il1o bod _tl)' ....- the -'or Coaeul I , 

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General 'IIb1ob he bald bofore1_ hroal<1Di of dlplcDatic relatione witb TUItO)'. I . 

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I , AdIIIlral Briotol c_bieaalf with cattore pertoin1Dg to the _otice.

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! a1lltar)' aDd na"l'al attain. relatiOllll __Un1W Statu aDd t'urlt0)' and 

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wit,!> the ...pre....tatl..... of all other countriee. 

!he __o<Iat.i1lll8 on board the Scorpion __ quito iJIed_ta for booineo. 

aDd ..teTta1noent __ ao it was noa..eor)' to estabUoh hoadquarten oc 

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...... _rit1 A.wtral Brietol_1Dto b _ .....bu"7, 


. ':_ 'u.. U.• S. CQwl..icmer ... alrud,y located and 1II>1ch ti80 prortded om... 


_ ... tor -.rd Helm, 'the ............,t.aU.. at the U. S. Pood A~IIl__t.ion. 


, AS "'-"'lcaU.... ·1>7 cable ... l1IItted and ~"., a _0 .t.eU........t
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III> 111 th.........y 1>7 ...... ot 1Ih1ch cont.l.auoue and ccnn.denUal _CaUon 

.. hod e1th the naru weael8 operating 111 the cCllD&Dl! and e1th Waab1ncton. 

The naru -'oatloll ottloe eened all ftllerican acUnU.. 111 tha area, 

1llcIud1nc reli.r orgalll..Uons &ad bWl1ne•• concerns. A .....paper contr.1ll1ng 

., 111tell1&ence recelved 1>7 radio was elietribute<! 111 1I1a~ tOni 8IlOIlg 

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Alleriaan orealllsati..,. and becane eo Il!Uch 111 d_ ....., aong tore1gDers thot 

the ecI1tion had to be enlarged. 

Other naval .ctinUe. at CoIlIOtant1nopIe were houeecl elaewllere. A naval 

tmPJll7 baI!e ....et.ohllehed 111 a laend l>II1ldine OIl the wat.er front. A cIontal 

ottlce ".. _oed 111 • 8Ilall true buUeling conat.ructed tor It.e ac_tion 

by the Brit.bh naval IlUthoriU... the port. ottlce ... locat.ed at f1:rat. on 

board the SOO:p1Dn and la~ 111 a buUcI1Ds occupied by other Allied port 

oftlce..... :••t.etion _p, ...,oU7 the Scorpion, .... el_ kept. 111 the 

BoIIporJ1a Il00_ to the _ end connect.ed .". t.elephone e1th the -"7. A 

_ for .t\iel oU atone_ .... rented traa the S_ard OU (!cwapa'll'. Good 

.< facWt1e. ftre ...&ilahle 111 printe eh1J>7a1'11. for the repair end onrb&U11ng .. 

at the ......ale 111 t.hs detocllDaot. the det.aclsent, b_er, ran an "!I&1......ring 

aa<:h1ne ahop. A aaval dispel1l!&t7 was _rated to c..... tor eh1pe' cren on .. lea... 111 eonetant1llcple. I!ed1cel cue. which conld DOt be _17 cared tor 

on board eh1p .ere take" to the !meri""" Hoepital, 'tIIIore speclel warde 118,.. 

attGnded by naval IlecI1cel ottlcero. Admiral Brietol """ larsel, ......pOna1bl. 

"-( tdr the cotobll.lIIIont or title hosptt.el. 

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"0 1a1ll " ..n.IIICtiYit.1e., Aclairal 8r1oto1 bod14 'lIP durinc 

bi. aret. J8u' tJi •• _t ot IlAT8l ora.......aCt. .or .... MIl r 

. det1D1t.a duti.. to 1*'foIa. Be """"",t -tth !a ... tha scblez L1eGt. CoIDdr. 

... 
 &meat V. St4obl>1m~ 0tIier om...... who IJTI:..d cI1lr1nc Pab1'uU7 and _ 


· !Dcl_ LlA1l\. CcItdra. Oeorce II. 'l'1a4a1e. and a-11ton Y. Bt7on. Lt. (j. g.) '. 

Robert. s. DonD. Lt••Ulloa •• Stnart, and BnIIipe _1 J. Patt.iom. and 

Cbarl... B. ciarroll. Bat be tOUDd it dlmcult. cIu1'1n& 1919 to obta1D all "'" 

bIlp be no._, be _04 &101\1 -..e that be ... 1lDt. -11& the 1IOI'Ic .. 

..u ... h. ehc!ul4. At tha bell1nnill& he .._ tha ottlcer aater1al that. 1IU on 

_, not lone otte.. bill azTlY8l be .~nted tho capta1n ot tha Soorploa, 

pon officer because it .... ne""aoary to hove tb1a poolt10a ruled 1medlotely 

too hondl. the oh1pe arrivi1l& h'aII the Unita4 Sta_ with ...11.t ca"BOlo. Early 

111 1920 hi descr1bed b1a otatr .. toll,,", 

4.' . '!'be Dtti..... ot tha Senior u. S.....al om..... Tul'kay are 

locata4 .1D tile _rican _ay. ru. office eont.a1na th. ·ton..... 1ng am...." and ...o.aaary...en, OperaUOIIJJ Otr1oar, nac Secretary, n.c Lin_, c-un1o&tl...., ID~ ""..nco. Op­

. ....U_ or f_. polloy ot ahlp _ta, A:-.-al tual oltuU,.. with tDtvo n...ta .... bandled b7 Operau_ om..... ru• _ ott1OOI' 10 1IDita4 Sta_ rIpJ'O.....t.atb.... the AMocry COoI 	 alt_ or thalHOClata4 _ IDI' the ieculat100 of Tnde 


111 !'c!1<87 and &lao ..alot.ant. to tha SenloJ' u.s. Na"al .Ott1cer, 


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I . 	 '1'w:'I<ay IDI' 5~pp1ng _ and l:orcbaIrt. atta1nJ. · R. 10 HnlDr &1de i

, ~ oa tho stott. '!'be nac SocJ'et.ary baa charp ot all 1I_J'al oec­ " 

J'etar1al eoz1< bOth IDI' NaY&l and rOJ' 111gb ec..1..loner duUea. He 

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. baa charp at orncer peraomel _ "",oJ'al ou;>erv1alon or tile CCIDaunlcat.l.oD clerical nCOJ'd aDd dlatribut.ioa II _11 .. Na"Y perIJCDDIl 111 all omcoo at. tho -117. 

!he P'lai 1.1..........,t. baa c:hIrp of t.ranopoJ't.aUoo b7 lutooobUeo. 

rail. o~ 0" _ •..,.,,1D cbarge or all ec-ntnI.cati,.. Voualo8l.... and recal'f1D& oyateao, baa cbarp or lIo.ena"'" autoacWea, geneJ'lll n.as Lieutenant duU••• 

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.&o1ac and 1DoGa1ns ._ni... _ '" 1Iandl.. !be t" . •• , ..... 

t1Oa 'om... witll 1I18 ·_'_·0iId..u..w ~wel -". aU ol1101a1 __ and abo aU lid _ . ...... Ian Ieli.r. _ 

·....",_U... '.4 0' 0I'C1Al -'t• . 1I1lltu7 ooo_t.te ol .tIIe ooaDto- .... 1WC1 ••1u.Md. tba, .......... c1ftD _ ottJ.alA1 ... 
 to opt. \IIr'OUcII" and ~-'t-FMt1oaU, Hopped...w. 

.. bepD banIl.ine 1t.. 

11M Intall.1p>ce _ ... 1e alt-,_t.nr7. Ita prtnc1pt1 ·· and _to Dportat. _ 18- _to ol __III. nport.1D& _ to~ 

. ; 111S _ poliUcal cID1np or WI" ,,11... wll .. tile 'lU'iou otIIer 

, ...t1.... in tile _ But. 

'!boo "'Hlan et_t1Oa abo bIIl.d8t1d.. 

..moe sing ·to tile .......e1\7 cit 1'01..... -t.ob1JII tile t.Nad ot 

IIohIwr1a with l'OCard to 1ta etteot. em tile pol1Uoal·_ tile _ 

ol1Dll1c _tiona ol tbi. 1111018 -.,.. . 

In addtt1on. to handle _UN and prort.tonao... wll .. pq ...c:owrt.o•• IIUJlPl7 om.,. had to be ..tabUoIwd.-... !hi. ot11e. aatntai.. prm1010M. clo~•••S.A••tom and __ _ 

pU.. tor t.he torce. AU S'aIIP17 Omo.r _ tor ah1pe without 

__ otn.o... 10 clone by t.h1. ol11... 1'01' -tfoJ.... .._aera. 

IIagle _ta and ahtpo wi_t _17 oI11e..... tId.a otn... MiDt.o1na • C&Dteen. clotMJII and ..u _", 1_.-. I'ItbUo bl11•• 

fIIal .~, fnNIh pron.lon coatracta, parchaa1na: or.t ..... 1&D ........ __""ell .... handled by tbi. ol11oe. 

!be stat1oMh1p tvmd'I .. Ih1p _t10118, bort.b1ns. k_ til. station _to. 1. radto tram. IIblP. u in ehu'p or &11_ 

personnel. bandl.. aU ahtp "Pelra _ ~. fuml- __ help _ MCI\an1oa _ ....ded _. in a-al. u FMt1oaU, • 

tander to tile otb4ir *1po. 

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" "'.11. S. ....., Port. omoer ..... 0 1. the c.....stac om.... or. 

._ U.S.S. SCIIIPlOl, u tile ·U. S. ropra__... ·at. _ ot 

tile AU1.efPort. otnoera-be t. plC.oat l.D ·an -....,. ~v . 

l and k_ the Senior U. S ....el omoer, ".". :lntDrud ol tile 

po1101. orclera aDd dNiru ot _ All1ed Port. ott1c1el. to pona1t 

our ...,. to _rato 1I1t11 __...... DOt • port.J to tile 

A_.Uoo 111th Turl<q. In com.ct1on 111til tile ~ort. Ot11oe u an 

orneor _ .. Ioftl TraMport. otn.... !b1o orn... hao to do 

with board1Dg United stot.es ioercbant ah1po. erranstIIi -.. olea!­ ...,., ~. a1cI1nc _ in -'7 poutble .._r __ upecI1tillS loadlnc and in caa,1unction 1I1t11 _tal t'ol.looo1ns up aork or .er10118 -eeota and, in tact" _ ptclanoo ot 

Senior U. S. lIaftl om..... '!IIrInIT be _ fIftl7tb1l1S poea1bl. to 

aid _r1oan Sh1pplJii: and AIlert....._ in obtalninc & !air 

dee) in tile Roar Rut 1Iherap:att.. pro11t.ur1ng. cI1acrlll1nat1cll 

and "0'7 Ienown hl.DCIrance to t.recIe 10 811_ to naurtllh 'CIDCheqI<ecI. ; 
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.~.....- . 

"'''j>. . ' - • ': ~ .­ .'tbB starr IIed1aal om..... at_ all of tho Inta-­ . . 'J -, . AU1..t Son1t.&ry Ccon'ao1... 1n an ~c1V and oooperateto 

witil th!.a ec...la.ton 1D ..,e17 ponible. !be IleIIta1 Sure-> 

tor _ r_ ball aD office on ebore __ "'... i. DO ahip that. I . .... a .......... '1_ 1'<>rhlo wotItl alao. ClIIIing to .all _t or ~ 

in tb1e port b7 deetl'O).... tho DoDtal Surpon. with h10 I ,­ portable CNt.t1t. make. t.ripa on _ to c&rl7 GUt dental work on 

thea• [ 

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, 

An officer on Bristol'. otart 01>00 ."pamaed a panw>ent .here patrol. 

1111100 ..... II&I.ntoinod 1n Constantinople to pollee the libe1't7 .... trao An.rican 

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, AO Senior U. S. SepresentatiTo 1n Turkq Admiral Bristol ftO tho h • ..t or 

all tho Amoriean aaenta in Constant1nople and perro....t duties 1111100 ....... c!1plomat1e in character. Agreeablo ""rking relaUone W8l"O ••tabli.bed with 1Ir. Beek 

and 1Ir. lloins, Adldral Bristol ba11l& constantly consulted in regArd to their 

probl..... Doc...ents ralaUn;; to American poliO)' 1D the Hear But were rarorred 

to him tor hi. opinion. For a t1ae, until the appointment 01' a director, 

Admiral Bristol repre.ented the U. S. ShIpp1ng-_ 1n connection with oparati.... 

01' it. ah1pe in thadi8trict., aDd aI'tarwarda be took up ..ttore tor it with the 

AUled authoriU... To ._.tIIll7 cQllbat the c""petittCJll 01' the I!oropean 

- nation.. Who bad tho .dvantag. of bo1ng on the All1..t High COIIIOl.ew1CJ1l. it .... 

realiMCl that • anoothly num1 ng aacb1ne wae neoen&l'7. 

The to.....o.t t.aok handled b7 the American otficialo in Con8tant1nop1o 1D 

1919-1920 """ the administration ot Aoerican relief. 'tb1. bad to be 1IO<IortohD 

bmediatoly, tor Mftl cargo .hipe bacon arriYinl in Febru&1'7 1919. The 

Aaorican Cor:mIttea tor Selief in tho Noar But, ..oro N wml.,. _ as the Boor , . ' 

East Seliat, origlnal).,. Ol'JaDi&ed in 1915 to allll'fiate the outter1n&. of the 

oppres.ed Anllmi""" and S¢ano. began pouring in euppliaa porehuod trao ,,-,.' 

contributiOftO tak1m up in tho United Stotsa• . Its .....ag1nc direct<>r. l:ajor 
ila'fi_ O. ArnOld, .... located at. ~.:',AII ~U_ of $lOO,ooo,ooo 


..... ._ by an act. ot CCngre.. _ed "......,., 211, 1919 'tor til_ nller of til• 


..... UMJIji 00lIl1_' of .bat. 'DOt IImlIllt1nc tile A-'_, s~, _e, 


i.IId _r CI!rlet.1an ad Iew1ahpc>pul&U... or Ada l'1nor. I/ader tile _ or . 


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UI1e act the I'rea~ appointed IleI1>U't. _r D1Nct.or 0-1 or tile Aaer1can 

,

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., JIal1.t AdmlDl.et.raU_ ad authorised 'the ~D)'II«It. or tile ,-- A&dn1etftUon 


! 	 0ra1n Corporeti,.. t.o pIlI'<Ih&o., t.ranaport., ad ditrt.rl.buw ~h ad MIppl,l.. I 

j 	 t.o coant.r1.. requ1r1:ng re11.r. 'the Cccet.antinople urn... _ _ coatrolled 

! 	 acth1.U'" or tile A. R. A. ill rurtcar, P.OUIIwa, Serbia, JIalPrta, _, ad 

the C&uc..... _ or agent.. ot theae orpntuUona bepn _l1li throoahout 

the lIear East and Soutb aued.. Th. Americac Red Cl'oe., a 1In\nch of 1IIl1ch had 

bean .'tabl1shed in Turkey in 1911, opened a headquartero tor IIOUtbeaotam 

I!uro". in Constantinople in J ...... &!')' 1920 and engaged ill r81iet acth1tiee amone 

Ruaa1an refugees in Constantinople, Dreaoe, 1I1I1&or1a, and Soutll au.lta. Prott, 

an island ot the Pr1Illd.po Il'OUI', ... ""ed b7 the Red eroeo ill tile aperatiODl 

carr1.ed en at ConItant1noplo. Lar;e _bare of _ ..... abli....riI. "0 

.... tllZ'll8cl t!> tbe ro!liOll afte7 tb...... worked witll __ -a-tao, ....1du cAn71lll 

on , , tbeir aieai"", and IChoole•. 

, , 'the "&'11 rendered .. art..... Idnd. or ...10_ t.o tile nl1et _i_. . , - , Admiral Bristol iwle all lWOell8U'1 with tile Allied aut.hclr1t1... 


lie designated DATal omoa... t.o oem .. port om....... at.~, ~tl.nopl., 

Der1ndje, and con.tan.., _.nla t.o baDdl. reU.t e&rIOGa. "e rar .. it .... 


."ailable, transportation ... turnichod t.o 1IIpl._ 01' tile aceaot.. t.o porta 


vieited by 'na1lal n.sel.. '!he _po aleo carrl.ed llail r(!r all AMri.,.., 


iIlW....ta and supplied redio CMOIuniaatton. ~S,OOO,OOO in ,old .......lnd traa 


~. " tile 1000emment or RulIar1a tor American fiour supplied b7 th. Grein Corporat.ion 


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__ do!»s1ted ... _ ........,... at. Cc!Det.ant.1nop aDd ta tile ran of 1919 
 - ~ . ... _ tile U. s. s. !:!!!! to ... tori<• 

• .!IIe _ ' ani8t.aMe .. st ..... to ____0 _ oparat.1nc ta 

•. ' tile !lear &Uf.. tI>a _ actin of _ .. _tl;r tile 8_01'11 au ccaPlllr 

of ... tori<. 1Ih1ob bid aD oft1oo ta CooIrt.aoUDaple aDIl __ ta !Iabt aDIl ' , 

., .'. tile Balan Stateo. __ other .....panI.ae aetab].sheo! oft1... att..r tile 

of tile rest.... to "...-1al. actinV. A naftl otti..... l"8pN8ated 

the United Stateo GO _ A_ated oo........mt.a· AdY18017 Tnde _t.teo. 

oeeHng to pronota fair caapet.lt.1ft praet.1eee -.g ~_. Gold _ to 

pq r"" procIuct.o _rt.od to the United Statos, pe!'t.ioQlal'lJ' tobacee. '"'" t.nu>aport.a:I in Dayal YOeoall, the -..de.... of 1IIlc1cb under the 1an aDd regulat.lone 

"" eDt.it.led to eoll.ct a ....n cooa1••1on far tbi. _ceo rr-.port.at.1on 

.... turn1abed to _ -plOJ'MO of .,........1al. _paobos at. the ....n cbal'ie of 

a1 a dq. 

I tI>a IIav7 Del*l" rt. .....1ftC1 ,.... both _ rell.f _1oe aDd _ bueineu 

coo___ let.t.ora of ~t.1oo tounh1 D& tho ___bT Adod.ral 

I 

1Ir1sto1,' b1e 1t.at1, aDd 'bil deet.roTer -*n. !lie cood w1ll _t. .. bQ1lt. I ap _ aDd bT __ ta _ .... &ut. .. retlectlW in _ at.t.1_ or I

, . ___to _ the United Btateo, 1Ih1ob .. v ...U,..ore 

: tllYOrable than tbat. .."" hited _ _ IIuropean C01IIIV1M. 

IJur1nc tile tint. part. of 1919 _ n&Yal detacI!MDt three COItrert.od 

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J .. J'&Chto, the SCOl']!ioo, the!!!,!!, aDd __, aDd 8Ubcbaa..... _. 62, 126, 129, 

I and 21,. ,..,. _ ........... act1"... in the beglnn1Dc ta Orec1ao _t.ora 11> COD­
 I '. 

- """Uon with reli.f ~t.1one, pert.ieW.arl,- at. I'1.neIlI, _ port. ot 1._. 

Alter tile arriYal ,ot fOU!' deet.'Vj8lil in IIaJ' the operat.1001 of the de_to 

,-.,. ....... _are _1Ye. !lieu arriYal .... """" tollnad bT _ det.oc_ of _ 

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.ad the 11_ and acae Dr tile BIlbc!>u...... 

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y. _

- Conecn> relt b;r t.he NSO)' De;>artaent &II to Rrilltol'. atatwo in Conetantlnople " 

'led to an ~t in hi. ooaition. At tile tae Dr hisapp<>1,,_ th..... .. 

doubt .. to tile mvioabUlty or ths designation of a flag orfioer, bot Sec....tuT .-.... 

or tile Navy Joeephuo n.n1ela .,..rruled Ben..... on tide palnt. ·ntere 1188 al.o • 

! quo-stlon 83 t-n what. the AdIU!'8l l a relatio-:t to the State Department repreaentat1Te, 

!fr. Heck, ",,\!lei he.. The exact capacit.:r of the latter """ c_lIIl1cated to h1a b.r 

the State Department on Januar:y 2'1, 1919 in a tel8j!..... 1Ih1cb direct.ocl that be 

"". to have no diplomati. relatiollB with the TllI'kisb coY......""t, that be Ihould 

mai!"Italn friendly r61ntlooe with Ute Allied representatt.." aDd cooperate witil 

ths!, th.t hi. chief mlaoloo ..... to '''''P the State Departaant informed about 

condition. in Turkey, and that Ad!:!iral llr1.tol on hi. arri"al .... to tab pre­

'--r 	 cedence over bil:l. Aa:.iral Benson contlnned to reel that _ ....pre.enta.tt.... 

....re unnec..sary and ...-1n Pebruar:y that AdIl1ral 8r10t0l he detached. 

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Barl:r in t~ B rollortng lIonth 5ecretar:y Dan1el., after a oollSUltaUon with Acting 

Secretar:y of stat. !>rank L. Polk, decided that 8r1.tol .ahould raaa1n in !", Conotant1nople. I!r. Heck ....turned to the United State. in April becaU8e or 

. ~ 

·ill bealth and was ....plaEed a aontb later b.r an ..tine _oner, v'r. G. B1e 

NaYlldal , the corurul ,,,,,,,rel. 

: ' Further clarification of the BituaUOIl foll_. In dealIng with tile 

repro.Mtoti"". or the Allt.. in Conatantil>ople Bristol toWld that be """ placed 

at a disadvantage bCJCAUse hill position as Senior U. S. RaprHeD.tat1n __ not 

.. CDltAd as that or High CcDrd.sloner 1Ih1cb was held b.r the. Through per8i.tenee Ad!Illrel Bristol oueceeded in largely <mn'CClIIing t.bla bindrallc", bet 

in Jul:r h. ~' c....unlcato~ tna ditt1cult:y to Admiral BeIlBOft and AcltJ1ral 

"-r--. 	 HetTy S. Knapp, who had succeeded. AdGiral Sias as Poree Coaaander, U. S. N.val 

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.' " , ;."..,.. 0perat1D& 1ft IuropNn wa-.. ~'ine the op1DioI> t.b&t it the State -. bod _the rigb\ th1n& b7 Ilia 1M oould haVe _pllobed ..,.... 

80th or _ ' ortioers ....- tbat IWI poeitiOD OUiIht to be clarI.tied. It 

. , ' also ...... ·apparent in "'asb1ngtoo that 'motion bod "'eloped between llr1.tol 

_ Ravndal __ or tIleir 1ll-det1ned relatione. _ .. in -moation .- .. I with the State Deportment In A_t. mel on the 12th • _emaa Rich ­

Cc:a:I1..t ...... ai&Ded by.-the Prea1c1ent ..... issued to Bri.tol. In c........toattng 


1 thu actien to the Admiral. secretary or State LanatJlii .tated t.b&t 1Ir. Ra'rnda1 ! 

mel Other omleular raprasentati"o. or the United ttataa would be diracted to 

...port to IWD mel place th.....l ... under hia jliraction. A. Hlgh c-daa1oner. 

Briatol 1fU resDOJlI!I1bl. to the State De?Utaent and was to rece1.. instruct,lona 

rr... It 1IIdch ......... to be _UDicated thrOUgh the Deportaent in o:rder to \coep
 .'--.­, it'proper~ _oed_ Aa 5_01' U. S. RanI Otficer PreBent. 1'Il1'k<I7 be oontinued. 

; 


_ the Porce or the U. 5. I/avall'orcea Operattne in \IIIropean 


j ..aten, who .... to be the '*"'. of cc.atmlcat1on betzun Briatol and tbe JrIny , 

I. 

""te~. 

Altbouih 1M bad bean perlDft1nc the duti.. bete.... tho otfict.l beatowl

• _ Bri.tol or ,tho rank or High C,.:u..,!oner enabled IWD in oon3Unct.!en with 

'\ -' ­ ~ , 	

hie nan1 ..-,meI to t\mction aono ertect1".~. Receipt ot tIM _iaa1on ... 

tollc,ud b7 an announc...ent to the .tract. that it MIl -. race1Yed. At th1a 

t1ao tho omlDect1on ot the Swedish Legation with _can .tr&l.... 08_. The 

appoin_t concent.r8ted in the Admiral tuU re.poIIIib1llV 'tor aat"6U"rdine 

- all laer1can interests. Since h. bed control' ot the ......h1ps ot tIM UniteeS 

Statee in tho•• waters. hie _ledge ot the polltical cODd!tiona _bled b1III 

to _10;. thee to the beat ..mmtage and to h...e _ in tho r1cI>t place at 

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l'IIrCoIghtile ber1aan cannlast~. ~. 1Ie1rat. 


.,.....11&1... _OWl. Aleppo, and SeInm, ....0 .... deetcaa_ b7 the State 


.. _ del_tea Or the IIicb ec-1H1_. and throuP _ 


' Aaer1_ - otric1al ard UDDNiclol - IltAt1Gn11C1 In or _11ne in tile reel.... 

lclodral I!ritrtol ... able to keep wll inr~ of occurnmoes in the lntaI'lor ­

1"ObIbl7 better lntblll8d thaD the other -... repnllMIIltaU.... 1Ibo had 1... 

,_ ...."""" of _cation. Aaer1cano paaotng tbrouib Conetantlncpl• 

..,.. ol1Rt¥ll1l8l_ at the !!a_To Where the AdIdral"- hilloolf _ ..lbie. 

olth<>\lglllt increaoed the probl_ on bi. benda. Subia_tiT a dol_te ... 

01'0 .taUoned ,at Angora (ADkara) j,MCb _ the .- capitol of TurIo:"7 under 

! 

the laUonall.te. , 

Arter b1a appotn_ AI RI.£b c-J.H1oner, Aclodral Brlotol aalntalned 

_ a dlplGaatlc and a nnal .tatt in the Aaerican !!abeoS)'. To the rMftral aecretartu, a __01 attache, and a clllt&r7 at._ ...... attached. , ' , 

A counnllor ... later _ to thi. otatt. /lepu'at.o ruea ....... kapt tor the 

_ ,.taffe. 80 that in _ the Aclodral obould be rel18ftd ot hi. d1p1aaat.tc 

poet lID dlrtlcultT would be _rl_ard the -"7 ruee 'coald be lett - , 


int.act.. In 1920 the consular _1011 or the IIicb r....l ..icn .........ed traa 


the -887. aucb t.c th. reliot or the _1Ider or the otatt Ib1cb had _ 

crowded. 

'!'be lnfto_t. in Ada1ral Brl,toJ. ot • dual "lIpOD8ibilit.y increlNd hie , lIOrIc ard cauHd hill to roque." in t.be .priJIg ot 1920 autborit.7 to dootcnate 

0118 or the ottic..... operatl.Di _ bi. c_as cbl.t ot .tatt to _. 

the c!et.a.U.. ot adII1n1et.or1ng the nnal .....el.. !hi. requ..t "lUI dollied in 

, 

that. year. but. en AprlllS. 1921 C4pt.. LJIIIAD A. Cotten reported tor dutT .. 


chiet or otatf. Eao_t le.. tbac.)'ear _ be .... oucceeded b7 


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-lSRopIIarD, will' l'IIta1aed VIe _t imtU it. ... d1••ont.ll111t1d 'in 

" 

VIe Ir,>rlftg of 1924. The chlet or .t.att took Oft!' t.be cluU•• ot p1ann1ng VIe 

.... ot ...s leauin& __ol'Clel'll.1nepect1ng ...s ~i.nnc _. 

8dJoeUnc d1tt1cu1U.. int;o 1Ib1ch MUon cot. 1Ib1ch aoual17 cau.ed oon~e...,. 

with tore1cn repl'll8ent.ett..... and ""lob requl.l'8CI an ofticer ot rank t;o 8t.I'8tctot.en 

-out.. and Iw>dl' "i co""",po__mine 1'C1lt.1De ...t.t.e1'8 with the lia7 

The ..t.tl..ant with 'l'url<ey ..... token Ill' by the Allled peace eonteronce 

at i'ari. in 1919-1920, lntt. it got DOIIhere beca\lee or event.a in Tu:rIcey, which 

ftre partl.J' the result of 'the, action or the oontcrence. Secret agree::renta 

made during t.h~ war along the Allies proY1ded !or the part,1t,lon1nc of the 

_no of the old Ot,-..n ~lre. Imr1ng a temporary wiUlcIrawal of VIa 

Itsll.&no tun the peace oon!el'Cnee the Greek. preo.ed a cla1III t;o Asia ;;inor, ' 

and with the authorhatlon of the Auted Suproee COuncil they prepal'8CI to 

r.yma. 1'0..- lIrl.t1ah, !'rench, Italian, and Greek 1IU'8h1p11 

oeoup!ed the Iluilor forts on 14; _ ..... later t.Ul"Iled Oft!' to VIal 

Greek., who occupied the c1~ on the follOlr1og dq. II)' ordM of Pre.Ldent 

lIilaon, who ... a ........ of t.be Allted SUprame COUDCll, the United Stetee 


battle.hip ~rhona,Cept. J. R. Jlqt.on CCDlandlng, and tho deot"'1'"rs !!l!!:, 

0regory, Luce, and Malllez reached .... 11. Rear AAIII1ral lIrl.ot;ol 

bed roached th.... VIe cIq befo... an VIe retum a trip to Beirut 1n the 

Nahma. fhe captain end the _1ral conferred, and on the 12th, pureUAlllt 

to ordara Vice Adlliral lIDapp, Rrloto1 ._ed a~ for ConIIt.autinop1. 

acoClllplln1ed - by the Luce, VIe GrellOry and the strtb11", 1Ih1ch, had -.. at 

, on opec1el dut)'. At _ tloo of 1.110 oecuplltlon of the Art.one 

landed • legation cuard ot """'ty ...... 1Ib1.h ......tned on aboro uutll I!~ 28. 

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.~ TIW Arhona ...oort.ed 'by the !!amez and the _1_ lAoft em "- 9 

j 

, 

tor ConatIInt1nople, ...... it r-al.necI o~ • '.bon t.lae befl>re ret.um1D& to 

) , the' Unit.ed St.at..... 'Ado1tal l!r1.tol raeardeel the Dreek ,"",-Um .. llIIpol1Uc 

,

I, 

, aad ........,. lind reported that ....rlean particIpatIon, llaIt.ed tbough it. 

• 

, _, hod • effeet on Our Inn_ ;nth the Tu_. L... 1I1111ng17 

, the Allie. rtna11), con"""ted in _ 1920 to the 0.... occupation or ....to"" I 

I Thraoe . Th. honsll "othod. employed by the Greek. led to the _10_ 1n 

August 1919 ot an Internati.ona.l. Commission or Inquiry 1nto the Oreal: Occupation 

or 5e>TI\a or llhich Adlnlrel Bristol _. Unit.od State......ber and praoidont, but 

nothing was done Wtt~ itt!: reoort. In d1epatch88 to the United States the 

AdmIral advised against the dim..beno..,t or TurkO)' .. thi. ",,\lld create a 

new Balkan 11tuation; 1nsteBd be believed the eolntion or the Ne.'lr F.ut problem 

in the development of good covemaent tor all races, treeclaa ot rel1(ion, 

and uni.eraal education. He was friendly to tbe Nationalist. 'becauee he 

believed the)' ""old provide tho•• th1nc1. The 1I1thdrawal of the, Unit.ed rt.atos 

trcoo the peaee canterenee, in llhich 1'ra.1dent. Wllaon hod .....c_eeI ,in cetUng 

recognition at tho _te f'J'1nc1plo, 1RUI the 81CNl 'or the, Burope&n coun!.ries 

to attempt the executiOl'J ot their aecret agreet.en.t.a. Accord.iaely 'rench forces 

replocecl the Rr1ti.h in S ,ria and nortlnreat thereot in CUicia 1n til. tall or 

1919. The Treat)' of s..res ot Auguat 10, 1920 red:lC8d Turkoy to tho lir.lit. 

ot Anatolia. 

WhUe the Allies lm1'"8 d1..sposlng of the aftain of Tuncey at. ;'ar1s, the 

t'urk....... .erfectuating their own plan.. 1.eeI by an -=7 officer, "ustapha 

Kaal, the nationalist! held rneet.1nga at &neran and fivaa 1n the 1M'Il",er of 

1919 and ..cured control or ~,e Par11aoent which met .t r.onatantinople 1n the

• 

'" "'ntor o! 1919~1920. Tho farl1...en~ adopted a nat~onal pact declarini for 

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tile indep.....,.. and of!az1oq. !lie _asl of b A111_ to th18 . . ... to _. UIe !loIU... to d1uolft b Pvl1_ont, to oc.uPT COnatanUDople 

'wltb II1l1tarT' tarcu 0Il1~ 15,1.920, and to &Ift8~ ..; _ 'attonallot 

' ,' 	 1......... could lie fDaDd. ,!Id. opportwQ"'" nI.Md by _ IIatlonal1eu 

to ..t up tlleir -. .......!Meat _ f.utapha leal at ADcora tn _tol1&. 

1\1 ....17 "UIIZ' IatlonaUIIt ....1... ""... ln _ field to drift _ G""""e bGI1 

11IIJm&. _ Pre_ rr... CU1c1a, and UIe Itr1ttah froa laid. TIle nattonal 

pect. and tbe Treat)' of &eYre...... qalu op_ed 111 tan:o. TIle~. chooe 

..... to outD1oo1oo. 

A fUrtbor probl_ 111 the har Eaetem 01tuattoo ... ,tbe qa...tl00 ot 

Armenia, _ •• people bad lIMn oppreesed by tile Turk. tor _ yean. Tben! 

... cone1darable _",""lit 111 _ United Ste~ tor tile ..tabllah:oeDt ot an

y 1Dde~ Amenia. A<U1ral lIr1.tol ret...- rr... a trip to _ C&ucuue 

I ....1)' 111 UIe __ ot 1919 conv1nood tbet the npubl1ca 1IIll.ch bad

!­

! -. aet up t.bon dur1.ng tbe .... ilhoold raoaI.u part at Turlr8)' and that b'CII 

I 

I the aattanal po1llt of 91_ tbIrre ...' 1M> __ tII1IIc .. ANWI1a. An ....noan I _ o~oar. Colaael _ell, ... _iDtod AWed II1&h __ to 

Aruenl.a tbIIt _er. !Ida .... aD ..ter1ng Wedge, ""Uned the AclII1ral, for , an AIler1can.-au ....... A_a, 1IIll.ch W<nld pt. the 1In1tod Stetea 1molftd 

.'< - po11t1call,y 111 til. o1_tt"" 111 _ lear _. TO kMp __nleat1on 

wlth Colonel _ell, a radio tntf1. ahip ... oUttonod at Ila_ on _

1--:' 

eastern _ ot the Black sea. !lie acm.n..' at theBolob8rlka torood tile 

" 

..._ttoo of _ pereomel ot \boo II1gIl ea.i._ aad _ lIear East Reu.r 

tIaa- A....ni.. and _ C&ucaeu 111 l!q 1m. !his ... eftected by the- U. S. s_ 

P1ttsbouJh, n.pbip of Vice Admiral I1arIy S. IMW, then an a crube 111 tbe 

~ Black See, and _ dostro)'el' Cole • • Pollaow1ng aD ..... _t 91th t.he Boll_1ko, 

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the TuJb in tbetall ot 1920 reoccapted A....... 

On the nortbem Ibol"e ot the Black Sea the ItruQle _6GJ1 the llb1te 

Ru8a1M>.a and the Bolalww1IaI _ OIl until the _ or 1920.Atter tile deteat 

ot tile tOl'l!leJ' under Gswral DIn1Idn .t the _ ot 1919 and b18 t.l1gbt to 

Ccln8t8ntinop1.e, the _nd .... taken 0'f8J' by Genenl _rangel. ApporentlT at 

the euggestion ot Admiral Bristol, _ A_nl IIewton A. l!.oCull7, U. S. II. 

i and a party ot otfi....... and enl1eted ..en or the U. 8. 1IaYy, includiDg Lt.. Ccmdr.


, 

R. Ii. Koehler, """" eent into Soutll Ruen. earl:y in 1920 on • epec1a1 mo_ 

tor t.bo State lJepertment tor t.bo pUrpose ot keeping the _tiotomecl or 

claval_to in that region. Transportation 1IU tum1BhIld tile al..lon by ...ssell 

of BriBtol1S detachment. and a deatra,rar was et.ationed OIl the coast ot South 

Ruesl4 to asslst it. Nail and radio _cation wu conti_IT aalnta1ped 

with Adm1rallloCull7. Lt. Ccadr. lIaIIIllton V. BrJan wu deteched by Admiral 

l!r1atol to _ a. lIoCull7'. agent at 0deNa; he _ alllO to keep Ilrietol 

ir,!'onr:oo or bappen1nce. "lIIten Ge!>eral "rauc:el' e cMteat threatened. in the crtaa 

in 110_ 1920, the u. S. S. Overton was at 5eftatGpo1. Upoa _wing • 

&aesage !rOIl IoCullT, Ach1nl I!r1stol ...t the destro.!"'rI "Dim D. Icboarde, . , 

!!u!IphreTo, Fax, and 1!I!1ppl.! troa otller placee in til. Black S .. to tile Cr:Iaea 

tor po8s1ble aae in evacuation. !hese ...sae1e aDd the St. LcQie aDd the 

. 5, lIhich were sent. upon rece1v1ng ...... ot tile contimued _anoe ot the 

Bolah9vilco, t.ook pert. witll tile American ete_ehipe '&!'!bT and .....ahoe in the 

evacuation ot ~l Aaer1carus authorised by '!cCully. rrc. Odessa. SeYaatopol. 

aDd Novoroeelok ...ra evacuated, be.idee l:cCull:y's partT, tile bler1can conenle, 

and tIIoir <Irohivos; representat.ive. ot the American Reel creee aDd tile 

Y. II. C. A'I reliet workers; American c1tie.no; aDd _an refugeee. Large 

L nbere ot Rnss1 ..., eoldiere and c1v1l1an refu&eee, who could expect no ""'roT 

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hal _ ..~, ...... __ Oft JlusIliaD ......1,.. aDd _ 8b1pe. . . 

Follow1ne ioh..........Uon, the V. S. 1IaYT- the ilzecll..te oupenia1on ot
 . . 

Lt. c..dr. lIr7a .. in cariDc tor ...... 100,000 _daD ...r.g.... on 

.-..I e1&bt.7 eb1pII in tile ~I' at Coaat.Imt.inop1e. 111 tile end of 

the T"'~ of _ .. pitiabla _ls· bad __pol'Wd to the ....... 

cl1mate ot 81aerte, TImi•• 1IhttnI the .....h1pe 1Ih1cb .... part; ot the old 

htperlal _sian Nav,- 1I8re leld up tor TH". 

rz- ita bue in Conot.ant.1nople _ 'NSBBla ot tile detaclw:>ent were dispatched tbI'oughout _ statioo to cope with _ cond1t1ano 1Ih1ch deftloped 

Ml<>t>lng _ andatica and tile occupat\on of Tun<8)'. Arter June 1919, when 

the detachment ·had been 1ncreaaad to • Itrenj:th 8b1ch penaltted _ e.tehl1ob­

..ant ot ragular patrolling, destro7"1'8 ........ diatributed on tile coasta of 

STria and Pal...t1ne (l.'....ina and Beirut), !:Duth JlusI1a (S-topol), Caucasus 

(Ba_), the nortll OOQ.t of Aaio Hinor (s.."",,), 1Ih1le IUb-c:IIasInI oovored 

the Qult ot laa1d aDd _ 8OUtllcoast of the See ot ranooro (! udan1a). 

Anotller deotro7Bl' _ u1nte1nod at eoa.taDlIa or Yamo on the "".ten> COAat 

of the Blac'< Sol ao a radio rela7 oh1p to ....._eate with Iuro". and _ 

Unlted States and with the "seels operatinc in the Ulac'<~. 'ftIaee ""aaal. 

wre 1'811_ per1ad1eal17 h7 tile dirtorent obipa abaDg1ng ateUOM, a pracUce 

oh1ch IIlT8 the ...... an oPportunltT to dalt .... pi-. and tINs kept up _11' 

DOI'ala. A Ninto.........t oonalotlnK of the de.tro78l'l Il!!poa!:, Tattnall, Cole, 

end 1l1ddle reached eoa.tant1nople in Aucuat 1919. 'ftIe ...eels u.ignad to 

the de_ant rsaa1ned with it onl7 a to "0_ when tb.,- _re onlered to 

....s 1>t.her station· accordinc to the 8)'8tao then tollowM b)' the fta..,. Depor1aent. 

In the """"'... of 1920 tile naTal force in the near Baat ... 1_led to a 

total ot WelTe de.troT..... Prs..nt in OCtober .... ioh. Chat_ga, scorpion, 
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_ -\ro71In, MIl _ .ub-cI>aaere, 1Ib1le the 5\. Loa1a MIl _ ..... 

.daa\roJel'll ....... an _ w,y to Coaa\aDUaapla • .!M st.i,q.'. arri_ on 

October 19 MIl • ...- wl.th'tba _\tor ~\ • ,.., -:IT Mlf of 

11>10 par1oc1 ...-. the _m at ~. lInl'. I). t.aIIr. IIIrlT in 1921 aftar 

tba bad ~l1qodda_,tba IIh1ta JIQMl.... ina _ 

_1& tha "&'IT anted to..-.- the ....1 _ in tile .... _t., 

bot. the Stata Departllent. did DOt tMl it .. tba pa1"bOlcc1oa1 _ !II... 

l'8daoUan .1Doa OODdiUCIIl.th.......... at.W oantuad MIl tba sup.- CouDeU 


of the All1ea ..... __ to _t.• . 

In _ tall ot 1921 ",,8801. ot the d._ont .....-rioit.. to .R_ian 

Blaek Sea port.o WIlen the _can Reller ' .....d atrat.1oo -cain 10IIItt to tile 

ua1.tMDe of etan1ng ~"""• . .l ...... drougbt. l'ldnacl tho _ in tile 

Volp region and in tho cI1et.I'1cta to tho ...t, .....oing. d1Metrou ~ 

'IIh1ch f1nall,y torced tho Sort.t. to _1 tor belp ·trca MIl tile 1In1_ 

st.ata.. Accord1nc to an""" .ant. of A~ 20, 1921 bet £In tba ~_ 

.......,_ MIl .the _coo BeUef Ada1n1Iot.nIt.1C11l, tho cI1et.I'1bot.1nD of tho 


fbodot.utto' MII other al1ar auppl,1ao .. to be boncDed b.J tho A. It. A., 80 

200 aertcans .ere ·placed in charge ot diet.r1ct.e into 1Ih1ob tho taiDe __ 

.. di~ COlonel .1111)1... II. IIulcell ... placed at tho beed ot tho organiaat10n 1Ih1cb diet.r1_ 1n all ftii3,OOO,OOO _ ot relief -.pplt... la 111 

the par1oc1 'm,t'atalT fon-tng the war, the uo1&_ ot Ye8aole ot tha 

__t ~t1ng under AdID1ral Br1atol """ eff'lmkld tor t.ranoport.atton, 

..n, MIl ....w ....lcatiOll pca_. Bee."" the UnI._ Saw _ oct. 1'IJC0811itha Sort.t ~nt, tho Sate J)apartaent. opI.ned that "* • &-.1 rul. 

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Ae.rl.... naval naaela aboolcl oct. &1>_ in Sortet port.o, bot. __that 

111 c.... of ntraordillU')' eoS1'&"1lCT reliet worItve coold be '"'-Ported 111 
'" " 

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'.,',. 

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....YIIl _oel... In Sept-her _ u. s. s. QUa.. DIIn'1ed A. R. A. work.... to 

_oro..i8k to tmMt1gate hcU1t1eo tbal'w tor MMl'''' reliet wuppli..., 

eDd ...u ... 1Dft8t1pUona ... _ at Odeaaa, ~1e, __pol. 

, , !be oubeo<!u<Int arrlYlll of _ fl....t rellot ......0 was ncmnd bT' tbe Sorleto 

witb -.liV. 1Iellot ~te bepD lete in 1921, naohed a peak in 

1922 _ pw\lIaUy clecll_ tl>e1'eat\er. Tbroucbout tble p..-locl ~ 

ot tbo dete_t __ reculer t.onre of _ BlecII: Sao, toucbing at Varna, 

ConataDoa, Odeaoa, tlleocloei., I....,roeelalc, Sa_,'l'reblooocl, _ 5_. In 

tbo .....17 part. ot _ yeu: tbo ......81e -"" 00 tide duty 1nc1_ tbo 

CbUda, !!!!,Ooerton, SturteYant., _ WUU-ooo, eDd otter July _ Bulaer, 

~, ll.">i, Lawrence, Lltclltleld, Parrott, _ Slapeon. In _ caucaau tbe 

supplie. were diatrl.blJtecI bT _ lIear Xut l!el1ot wbicb .... etUl actin 1Ji 

tb&t region. 'I'be A. R. A. _ 1to operat1ana in Septaber _ in 00".... 

1933 did _ United Stet... u .... relaUona witb t ... IJnlcm at 8met SooJoliat 

1!epobl1C11,tolloortnc _ ~atioD of tbo t1I'IIt D_ocratic ,..,..i_ liMe 

_ ....ld.ar. 

!be _ ","",potioo at resulted in a tnll 0CIIl...... bo_ 

Greeoe eDd _ey in 1Ib1cb _ tora... eucc..ded ciurlJlc 1920-1921 in .......,...saa 

• cC>nll1.derobl. part. ot ADIltol1a. 'aUillil in tba1r at.t.pt to capture AIlpra 

in tIM .._r at 1921, tb. Ore...o ..... tberea!'ter 11>1_ to ...treat ~ 

to til. oout. Not. 1_ ottenoarda _ P'nmch, ft817 ot _i", • dlttlcalt ..... 

_ jea1OW1 at _ lIrlUah, _ a eeparfLte __ty with _ turko, 

witb_ f!'CID CUi.ia and """",ad tbe northern border ot Syri. in _ at 

. Turk.y. In AJlgDllt. 1922 tbo Turke undertook an ortenal..... aaaiDSt the 0......., 


rooted tbeo, _. _ intO tbo Ha. and captured tbo .....t. 

. :22·..... . 

",- . 

.... 'lftie _t.ft>,.... 'NI'IiJII ,_ I.cIa1ra1 Brlatol ..... bpt .. _up1ecI 


duri.IIg _ ot 1922 ill OOtliWCUon 1d.th ·a.81.aD nl1et IICtJ.<r1Uee _ <r181t11 
 , 

i: .-ld be _ onlT .t. 1Jftcular 1!Iternl8 t.o IIed1twn_ portio. ~ :

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,: octIICt.e at. -.. and _to and rr... _ .......... the Apt _ 	 ,. 

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; 

ot the prup a.. ot the Oreoo-TIIft1ob..... _ .... warob1pe ..... 1SDt. YialU. 

: . Ora. portio _110.. a!nee the UDl_ StII__ not """"""..., the -... ot 

nne Constantine to ._ tlU:Obe ot Greece. Dnt_ M<r1eloo )9, .....prl81. 

tM Bulaer, Jdaall, L..rence, Litch.tield., S'!cLe1 eh, Parrott, and SbIp!cm, 

ruebad the Btat.loo at _ """ of JaM, peI'II1W!1s ·the ..turn to the UDlte4 

States in 0: tbe adld.B, ~, IIchrlaDd, Onrton, BeabID ~, S-ad., 

StUl"teYant, and WnJ1pmwm. - Apprised ot the llkel1bood or a eerl.oua eltuatioo cIe'nlop1na at. &I;yma 


-. 1Zh1ch Greek aold1el'll """ retupea ...... tlee1Dil. Adoo1ral. Brietol 


oz!dered. the Llt.cbt1ald and tlleSI."..,.. to that. port. ....17 in 1922 


and obortly att.erzzard8 the Larenoa nth ral.let _e, hjIpU_, _ IsU 


cIb1.r ot atIItr, c.p_ ~ban1; OIl _ • •!IzroucI> _ Acb1ral' • .rtart.e 


• di8Aatar .ral.1et _t._ ... to.- br.r _ ..... nl1et and ~ 

ilIat1tlltiOlUl ill CooatISDt.1Dople,_ a ~t1"' nth a Md100zl ..it.. 


_ to Sa).-. Aaer1can aaUOI'II ...... landed at. Sa)i... 011 6 to 
 .. 

,. prot.ect. .ber1..... 11.... and properl;J. !be TIIft1eh ___ the <liV OD 

_ 9th, and t.II1'aucI> _t Bristol reg...- as iDlNtnc1oet. policislg al1caed 

.. a dlaaati'CDo ti... to beg:1n OD Septeber 13. Under tho.. •... or c.pt.a1n 

! 	 IIepbum the IIftC1l&tioo of le.r1...... froII the ot.r1Ckea clV'" IIOdertakeD .., 

the na'f&l t6rcea. !he7 ...... iWZOaad to Ath ..... an _ tho M!JI!"'! and a 

Shlpp1nc Board """osl. 

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'there __ tile tromeadoua job of ..."uat.l.Jlc 2SO,OOO 0'- nrae-. , " 

1Il1o dur1Dc t.be ........ or the t1re _re bomIed onto th. _ lIT AMrtcan 

""01'11. !be"~ could not . -lett there. tor,their _bod_ 

clellt.n>1*l "" ..._ting 0'- ecld1ere and the !'uriI:. _ th....t. UtII' 

, coat_.... "" lllieel "..,~ officere _ ....t. 1Ditiltecl "" Ilaptain IIoopbum. 

( ~ ';­ , it .... cIec1decI tllet the aclntion ...........tien. Tbrough ne,otiItlOD11 

"" Ilapto1D Hepbum. 'lbo ee lID _can Da't'al officer ... lae 1IIIPC>I>Ill&r with 

tile 'I'uz1ao tIwl tile naTal otficers of the J!:uropGan powen who ...re alec on 

_ to .....Oft _ .. nationals. aJ'I'IIn_to were ..... with 'l'urldeb authol'ltl88 

to.. tbe evacuation ot the n!'upea. and pemiaaion was obtained to.. u.ing 

Oreelc ....eel. wbicb ...... _lable at DeII'bT loland porte tOl' th10 purpoH. 

'!heee ..... ope .... tecI UDder tile direction of AIIIe1'1can "..,al 01ti00l'0. _01' of 

_ &!tel' 5eptem«r 16 ..... Cooodr'. Hal""7 "owU ot the Ed,.., 1. III eeldi tim v N ,I 

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to the deatl'oyal'o olI'oad;y DllDUonecI, the I!doell. P.......tt. """ ~aLelllh ebancI 

,

i the task of _tion. guanI1ng _can lnatltuticmll. AlII u1nte1D1n1 a 

eben patrol. !bel.. actiYlti88 atIrIdod to Other' porto of Jala 1111101' in 

.-d.ch.1'e1Ui- ....... aloo czvoodod """ conti_ foI' _. !be IOlpoattoa ot 

t.be 0l'Mke and lftenI.anII trco> Jala lI1nor as ...,. ot t.be __ tolk _ ; 

.ent. in tile warlcI'. b1.etol7. !be euo_ ot 8I'I81'al I_eel tbou&and 

, people 'Ibn. ct<MCIod in porto aalting t.nnepoI'tation to 0...... """ tb.....rte.. 

i 

.,.-: until they could be abeort>ed into the lUe of tllet coointrT pn....tecI a nUet _ 

probloa 1Ib1ch wee pu-tlclpatecl in 1>7 the Neal' I!Ut Reliet. the American Rolle! I, A~tl'It1on. tile _..., Red CI'o1Io. aDd the U. S. 114"7. ,

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! SpuITed lIT the1l' Ylctol'le•• tile '!'urk. 118!'Cbed CD ConIItllDtinople witb, tile 

object ot' ....""ennc eeeteI'n 1'I1J'&Ce trco> the aJ'88ke. De.pito the toot thet 

~ tbq ...... .-.tanding Ilone. the III'lUeb bI'o1Ieht in lorp ...1nto.....enta IIDd 

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; ..........011 the1r!.nt.ent.1... to cIe_ the lI_ta. 1Ibl.cbbad 

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I _ ....lared • 


,nntral' ..... in the Allied ,proclMaUon ot """trelit)" or .. 1921. , Paaoetul 


,.-thOde _aUoid, be....... and aD ...uti"" .... a11J*1 at '1Iudan1a GIl 


", . , ,! OCtober ll, 1922, tollaoo1Dc 1IIdcb t'br.e ... re._ to the !IJI'b .. tar .. ,• 

'thellar1taa Riftr. -.4 a oall ... 1_ tor • oonfe••_ to lie bald at I_.. .. ! , , .. ". I " 

to take Gftr Thrace. otoppecl in ccmatonUDople Oft the W&7. rea1Md • lIOiItb. 

and toolc over ita C<mI"- han the A111ea. 'n1e Sultan .... ''''''..Mltatel>' 


dapoeecI, and • _ later TurIte7 bee-. • republlc with IIwrtaplla 1-.1 .. 


the tirot prealdeDt. 


Attar the tall ot tile _,."can naval detaclll8nt in Tvldeh _tare . i ... _tl:r etrengttlenedl A_rel Brietol bad __ tear that. ••1mlui y I

- aataatrophe might. happen at ccmatontlnopla, and rec_ retnrOJ'OlOl..ta. 

Deetroyer Divie10n bot CCIft81et1"l! ot the Ba1nbr1c1g!. !2!, Gilloar. Bat.1'lAld, 

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1!op!c1na, and loDe. and Dirtalon ill, COD81at.1ni 'of the !IaJTT. !!l!!!, '!!!!i. 

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Jlcll'arland, Onrton, and S~, laft lload. on Go-.. 2 and 

i nacNid~tant1nopla on the 22nd. ,., deetI'D7W .....,..re. __ Jridp -.4 I 

i the Denebola, tolland. Iflth twnt)- deetrOtare in the de_eat Acb1rel 

< !, 

Palaat.1ne, the ''rurId.ah IIl&dI: Saa porta. and P1rac8, G_. :i 

At li the ~OD or VIe Stata Depar' It. A*,lrel Brlat.cl at._ the f! 

I nrat _on of VIe lA_ coot_Me rr.. 26. 1922 to !"ebnar:r 4. !! 

19231 bie' OCIlleagu........... Richard W. Child, Alllbuaador to ~. and Joeepb C. r, I 

" Grww, II1n1etar to Sw1toarland. Al~ the:r were onl7 ·o_re." the:r Ii 

'resul&r vi81ta _ at the IIed1tarranun porta or 'nat.ol1a, S:rr1&, _ 

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/ I, toOk a pl"Ollinant. port in the proce.dinge. During t.ho ,.airel-. abaeIIce rna 

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.. ;"N~' _ .~, .• "," ~~,__,>-.>->"""" ",,. ~", ,- _., ,, "''''''~$<_':' '''''' v,,,,,,,,~: ,,,~, ,~ 

. -c;i 

- 2$­

Conatant1nople, !'rtd.rie R. Dolb6are, I'i...~ .....:ret.ar;y or \be bertean lIIobuoy 3 ~ " 

, .et Berlin, acted u H4th Comcdaa11);.\or.. while C&pta1n HfJpbtam took CCMIlAnd 'or 

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I .. oS tha U. S.. NAval l"orce8, Europe in August, ar.r1.Ted At Constantinople on
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i 	 tJw !:~I! bOron Bristolf ~ depart.UTe and rema1ned stationed at. that place 

4"):f.n lr~=, 192::" All. t ne destroyers then under h1a cCl8W¥l wore serving in 

t.tv; Nr,').t" £sst g t1u::tel"O'tlS fOlo.sign "'1~h1pt1 were al.so moored 10 the Bosporus, 

~: h&2~!: ecnccrn1nc Il&ttern 8r.f&ct1~.g Atner1can int.9roste" 


'r'J<t: ':. r caty 0: La,UP-871rnl o.t Jcl.l" 24, 1923 find eupplementary C<ft!.vtmtioll!'l 


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6 ""nfimat.1on of the Syr!.ao ~yier upon llitb rnnce in 1921. 

l!81j: -'t:'O t..am.,~a -(Iraq), Arabia,. Syria, and Pal••tine wera recoinb.ed as 1ndeP8::-tdCl1t of 1\~rkey.. whUe Libya, Egypt I the Suda:~, and Cyprus we...-e renounoed~ 

M c:J".cballgG of popul£.1.ions WB.8 agreed upon ~t.ween Gre~ a:xl Turkey by which -j 0 

. 

I 	 t:1.(1 r: hj"'JCt c of t.ho ono 1." the other were to be I'61M)Yed.. The Onited State., 

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'Ol!.e not it P_'lrt.y t,..1 t":-.is tNaty because it. had not bMn at war with 1'uriceys I 

I 

1. ..... > 	 cd;. c.~l" its negot:.ntion it could do 1'1Ot.b1T1ft exeept make • tre.a.ty an the " i' ,I 

6 &>n02' ~ftl";1 .) ,. Mfilllne ir.'3tr .JC:t.1on~ trom Seeret&r} ot State Hugbtia, who 

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Chilt ot ....al Operati.... polDt.ec1 COl', \he uinteDanoe ot eo ...., \here was 

I eer101111 .t.ra1n .., the ruo<Il'CeII ot \he _ !leet. K...ert.hel..., tile 

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di.e....tion of tile etr1cer 10 _ 
 or _ notion and the opWon or tile

Stete Depo..-t ... allowd to tbe .10. or the torel, .. 10 pnrioo. . , 


JUrII. ldldral ·!.on& reported the 8i_\ioo 1t1ll-dalicate at tile and ot
 _bet" 1922 ...,. to be _ eerioua if a bl'..k Ihoold ooeur 10 the 

eentarence .t Laoeanne. The eonterence did ~ak up at tile begim10g ot 

F.bruaI7• ...,. AdIIIiral Brietol returned to COnatant.1nople, bot neeotiatlcne 

1I8no ..... UI08d at Lausanne 10 April, the ldll1ral not nturn1nc. With_ I 

&pproYal of the State Depal'tllent ell< de.tl'O)'8!'8 1nclud1D& the B&1nbridge. I 

I 

!!Opk:1ns ., !'.!!!!, McFarland, On.Tton, And. Sturte"f"ant were 80nt haDe in HI.)'", and 

anot.he.J' group of au cca.pria1ng the Barrz, ~, Gi.laer, ~, Batt1eld, and 

!!!!!i departed 10 July. In the fom.....onth tbe Pittsbura,h aleo lett to 'ri.lt 

other European perte. R_lning thereatter .... I1cht 4o.tro,....... the 


soorp!on, the Brit!e. and \be IlaMbole. Sinoe tbe Turcc>-AMriean treaty 

.... _till bell11l negotiated ...,. 810ca the llli.. had not yot .ncuated 

COnIItantlnoplo. _ "....10 ....... uin....* em the otatioa for a while 


- l longer. 

con.tant1oople was to be ...._ to Tul1<ey, the Straits were to be 

da1l1ter1Md and 01**1 to all nat!'""', accordl.nc to tbe t_...... con­

""ntiona. 1'be SftCuat10n of Conotantlnoplo boilon on lueut b. 192). ' the 

ell\)' tollowing !.he ....cel.pt of the .-.. or the ratlf1'Caticn ot the Treaty or 

Laueame bJ the Tul1<isb Grand Rational Aeeeobl¥ at AII£OI"&, ...,. ........pl.tod 

without dllturbanoo on October 2 _ the departure of Geheral Rarrillilton, 

tho Allled c_dor-1n-chiet. and the last .of the Allled \rOOPS. !lefore 

/ tile ....pl.tion ot the Allied w1thd!'&wal. Dr. Adnan Bey. th. re~.entsthe 
- ,2'7­

III of the TlIrIIUII __or ,.,...1p· atta1ro, l.nd1cate4 to . 

I 

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.tdodral III'lnal _, U ... ___tile AMri..... D&ftl _Mla ~ 

"" .et. 0.;,. ' " __ of _ &lll.. OOCI-""" aalT "'" SCOI]!1a!!• 

... .. _ ..__. Llt.cllt1eld. and ·1Hiwi*_ .... at ~,_ 0_ -.. _ ...t CI'I11etnc 111 \be Aegean 111 _ to a....1d _ ... ',, ' 

..~t. UIe1r preoenoo 1I1&1>t _ ca_. On October 4, 1010 da,re 

berore _ 'l'IlriE...... to enter the c1t7. the 148t or the ft8.8~ ..... 01"de.... 

_. "'" 1010 _~ .be1:og eent to report to the CcIImander. JIaftl ,"orce•• 

1!Urope. 

Th......n.o... out or ....opect tor thefe.li.... of the 'l'IlriE., our .....81 

activiti.. at Constantinople ....... ereatlT ,,"""oed. Following a ....__ 

dation ~cat-' b7 Admiral 1Ir1atol __ the .." or October thet. tNt .. 

uae of the nayal ban at CcmItentinople be c!I..con~. a cont_.. ocourrec! 

__ rapn....tatiTe8 or the ....,. Depo.rta&t and the st..ta Deportaent in 

1Ih1ch it _ dec1"-' tNtt. deta.....t oralS -troot-. a _I'. and

the SCorp!.OIi -.lei bio _tinn-' in the rec1on ... the U. 8. II&ftl Deta_. 

I!a8tern Ilac!l.ternIMeIl. ,_ thet the 01__ ..-old "" ftvi_ III .iz IIOnthe. 

In cIe81ring the .....unum- or naYal ....eel. in the eutarn al-'1terreJ-. • 

the Stata IIoIparment .... 1ntl_ b7 _t1oM III _. fc7pt. and the 

JIIIlId4ted tarr1tor1... The U. S .....81 De_. ilUtIrn _tarraneen , 

" wae 81tabl~ ....cb OIl 11"'- 6. The D&ftl IIUPl>lT _ at Conetant1nople 

_ c!l.acoat.1Ja>ed. the Ir\U'Plna iIto.... be1ni tren8portad to the Unit-' stat.. 

en the Bridge and tI'.. Denebola. The ba1l~ .. I'Wt!Il_. t.ow..... tnr 

et.orl.rI& """" perta 'balnag1nc to 'the &corpion. 1Ih1ch ... to "" retal.nec! for 

the WI. or the Adodral. for , ...... _. for the __t poe~ o~. 

and for offi•• euppl1.... ' a:Y the oprtnc of 1924 polit1cal canc!l.t10ne 1n the 
0 

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.. 

_ ·BUt boil ,4u1eW _, _ ' ... the ,,",io'._.....>II ....,tlOll of the dat.ocl lilt 

-.sar, the ..-1nlnc·deat.ro7Ve,' conlliat.iaa of the &iI-r, 1eI••U, 

'QJ.e!eIo, MoConIick, hrrntt, _ 6lloofl!O'!' __ tnonatorrad to tile c-ander, 

1IaYIl' Porcu, Iwopit .... .,.., 6•. AQo1ral Brlat.ol'. naval statf .. reduced 

baton long to _ aidee. .!l&Pt&1n Hapbana bad rac&DtlJ been dat.aoIoed .. 

the chief ot statt, and the ·aaa1atant chief of ltatt, Lt. C<adr. !!Kaas C. 

Ilnkaid, _ o~ 1IIltU the ._. 

For OYer _ , J8&ft 10_ AQo1ral Br1stol .....,Md at Cooetantlnople 

.. U.S. Riel> c.-l.sllioner, per!onnng dlplaoaUc duUu. Had til. treatT 

ntll "turl<e7 ot 1923 been ratltled, I.e 1IOIll.d baTe bee> repl._ 117 an .bui 

_r. In Doc_or 1923 the Acb1rel Ml\Ot1eted an ...._t ntll 'r1IrIter 

tor tile aettl....,t ot c1alea. In 1925 tile Stoat. Dopartolent .. nlling to 

. part ntll h1a _cu, but Prellident Coolidge requested hlIl to contlnue, 

bel.lmng _t hi_ inn""".. and aperl..... 1IDUld be belptal to AIIurlean 

interests. Lator _t rear be _bil·OIIl7 Yillit to the United Stat.. while 

·eerrinc it in Conetantinaple. ViOl AcIolralJlDpr.WeUa during a Yieit to 

tllat pla<:e in 1926 found Aclolral Br1stol to be popular _ both the t~ 

....pt_tatln. and the 'r1IrItUh ottlc1&l•._ ......l.ing .one til. lettor ... 

lnfluence _ to Deme. In ,_t 1926 Lt. eo.dr. Webb!l' · 0]1, 111M be 

been ... aide to the Adm1rel for Wo J8&ft, .. ase1cned to h1a d1plcaatlc 

.tart as naval attacbe to 'r1IrItey, lIDlgarla, __ma. Under lnatruct.loDa 

trw. the State Dopa_t A..iral Bristol """""Bed in Pabruar)" 1927 tor the 

exchange ot aotas prov1dlnc for the establ1n It ot d1plaoatlc relatl_ 

be_ the Wo COIIDt.r1e.. At last.be .....ral1_ trca bie poat. at 

Cooetant1noplo in t.be tollonng _til _ all, ad to _lete hi. aaYll 

, 

career in an appropriate _r. Tioe aaat_t _ he bad _ted to 

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tmdurI tor only a few Ilontha bad -.longth_ bT CODdit1cma in the Near 

Eaat to a period ot over eight years. R18 IUcce••or in Turkey .... bbasoador 

Jo.eph C. Grew" 

Bristol'. subeequent career in tile Navy included two iIIportant ..sign­

••nts. P'l'<lIiI 1927 to 1929 be ..... COIIIIUIItder-in-ch1et of the U. S. Aliattc 

neet with the rank of admiral and the PitteburJll! as flagohip. 'or the next 

three yean he dealt 111th higher naval probl..... as a .....ber and cha1l'1U1l 

, . 

of th<> General lJoal'd. Atter hi. retirement in 1932 he engaged 1n private 

0-08ioo.' in WaShington untll his death in 19)9. 

or Admiral Brie:tolls eervicee Secretary" of Stato, C~lel!l Evane: Hughes, 

In'''.;)te: "Tha success and a.chievement!! or Aclniral Bri~tol in representinB 

",,"~ioan int,.reste in Tur),ey tbrouc,h & long and difficult period have been 

.1gnal and i ~ 1•• pl....ure for me to cont1rm what llUot already be ....11 

1m""" to your Department, lJSI:lell" that the di.t1ngu1.hed naval officer bas 

••rved "" a cH,plocat wit.h equal distinction.· 

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--..l me. ' 111 tI>1II ftle ....... _ oh1efl7 of iM tollowlDa ro.. r.... iM 1M"' 191&-1926. of _.__............. _N. _ diopa__• _ of1lb1ch or1a1JIaW in A&dft.l1lr1eto1'. beedquarten. 

7024 _1& '. 

288$6 

82Sl! 

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s. IIaftl ro...,.. OperatlDc in b"opeeD ..terti. 1nclwliD& 

aater1al _nd trooa Ad81ritl Br1atol. . !be .oat .1p1t1cant papero __tile tontcolDc til_ .... iM 

fo11OlllD&, 

Br1ato1. llark L. Brief aen.. ot llaval loU'I1t.1_ ...... tb1. c-ond. '0 S••r.tazo:y ot tile,Bu;-. OOt. 6. 1920. 9 p. SO ru. 288!i6-6l1u). 

u. 	5. !laval Detac_t in turk1ah W.tera. c:-nder. Amual Report to 

Camoander•••val Forces. Europa, 'lli. 21. 192). 11 p. SO me 288$6­ 724. ' , . Bristol. IIark L. Pero0llAl1.tter to 8ecrataJ)" ot the 1Iny. KdJr1n Donb7• • av. 22.192). 10 p. SO me 82Sl!-lSS.7. 

o. 	S. 11..,81 Deta_.nt. Iaatem 1l1Od1-". &..-l JWport to 

Cc>Dmo....r. lIaval r........ 1Uropa. Jal;r 16. 1924. 7 p. SO ru. 288$6­

7)). 

Ottice ot ..val _ aDd Libnz7. 

5ubject me ft--,. 1918-1927. 'l'bio t1le 1& OMpOMCI chien7 ot papero 

t.akwn ....... trooa tile row of iM beadquarten of tile U. S. IIaval Detao_ in TlUidah waters _ ot otber aater1al _W trooa tile (!oneral me of 

the Office ot iM Secretar7 ot iM 1IaT7. '!'be papero ... n.u... 1ft __ 

to, those in tile o-al ru. of iM omce ot tile 8eaftteI7 ot iM 11ft)'

-'-....17 deec:ribedl 0DDt01"'.... _.er. __teI'ial-DOt cIIlplicaW in 

that t1le. SI¢ticeDt papero tOl1Dll in thl. t1le 1JJDl_ iM tol1ow1.... 

Br1etol. IIari: L. Letter to A&dft.l _Oft. Jal;r U. 1919. 6 p. atRL. 

lIT-IIr1etol Rear A&dft.l-l'ereoDal Corroi~. 

Bri.tol. IIark L. '!'be Oparat.1oD. ot tile U. S. IIaftl r_ OparatlDc in 

-.. IluterD wateral \I~ to of tile ,I •.,.. hb. 20. 1920. 

9 p. atRL. ft..oparat.10D0 ot U. S. IIaftl '-in IIetir Iaatem Waters. 

Ur1etol. llark L. Letter to Aclodrol SIIuJ. '1Iq S. 192O. 7 P. caL. ftBriatol. Rear 1&dft.l lark L.-PeroOllAl CW...~_. 

Ur1etol. _ L. Letter to Se_tarT of 11ft)' Oft -7 pertoraed b7 Rear 

Adoiral Mark L. IIr1etol. O. 8. 1"'7 aiDoe (»talDlDc Pre_t Rank. 

Jal;r 18. 1920. S p. 0lIIIL. ft-llrletol. Rear Aclodrol IIark L.-1'artIoDal 

CorroapoIld...,.. . 

"iIr1Btol.• _ L. '!'be Situation A-I Loot_ Dal1yarec1 at. tile IIaftl 

War College....port. R. I •••"". 20. 1925o 33 p. atRL. ft-War 

Diary, Jul7--Dec. 1925. . 
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, 

ilI1tOn, J. B. Capt. Senior JIaftl Om...... Preeent, V. S. laftl _', 

U.S. S. Arisono.. s.;,n.a, Uia l!1nor. ·Greek ~t1... ot .... 

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Aria II1no1'-reJ>Oi't of-to date. IIq 16, 1919. 6 p. OIIIL, 1I'fi 

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liai1rnI~t1oDa iD. 

Hepburn, A. J. capt. upon s.;,n.a to (!cwnander, 11. S. ·laftl ~._t iD !'IIn1Ih .atAre, Sept. 2;, 1922. L6 p. OIIJU" IITIiai1rnI ~, Sept. 1922. 

liar 1liarT, March 192O-Doio. 1925. . ..crorua oopi.. .....,-tl.T ­ bf t/Ia 1a17 Depu _~. 

IIH1dy IIepol'U. Feb. 1919-V1¥ 1924­

llicrofila copie. recentlT .ada bf tile 11&17 ~. 

i Bureau of Naval Personnel. 

t 

i 

Log book. of the Ariscna. _. St. Louie, sc~on, 1919-1920. 

OfIicer" Record ot IIiiiIC L. Brl.tOl. me 110.~. 

Orr~e.,. ' . Record of I,yaan A. Cotten. File 110. 2022. 

i orIi... of the Judge Ad90cate Oenoral. 

RIYal _Ding Bo&i'd beord of Marie L. Br1atol. 

t 

! Reel<, Lewis. Jur'" 9. 1943. 

Interv:l..... 

I!r. Heck ..... Turkish Secretar)" at tile AIIerican 

Kmb&sey in Constantinople betore .the war, na·1ned tb.ere during tbe 1IU 

until Janua1')' 1, 1918, aod .......od as U. s. c-l.n........ b<a Dec. 1918 

to April 1919. During 1920-1923 .he traYallod llUeb 1D the ..ar Iaat, 

part.l¥ on gerican da.~ repre-t.1Dc an _can lIIlaiDe.. concem, .

II)' 

aod 

the 

m.. 

eollt 

1923-1933 

and _tic 

... _ape! 

5uney. 

1D lIIlIiDea. 

1Ir. Reel< 

1D 

reod 

~.

the-.er1pt. 

, Re 1.... ~ 

Lamtt, Arthur B. __ 7 ancI 9, 1943. 1Ir. w.rttt .. , ..11_ TUrIr:1Ih 

Secretory at: Conatant1bople prior to the war aod ... taPgod 

iD bUa1nea. ntll a Br1Ulb concarc there. lie 1..... CIIi.f of the Di_ 

ot Cor:merce ~t Archt.••, tile llational An>h1..... 1Ir. x.o.rttt reod 

the .....uacript. 

_rican I!U1tary Million to An>en1a. 	 IIltport 

	 ~tb7.T:.W~~~ .....,_to _tll.liirboard, 266.

p. Serial 

AJanrican 	.ational Rod Croaa. ADDU&l Report, 1919/1920-1921,/192S. ffi.~h1ngtoo, 1920-1926.!7•. AAarican Relier Aa.1n1otration. 

SerialM0rY. Helen. Tho Rusa1a that I Inn, OdeB.. 189S-1930. LondGll, 19)2. 

B6chhoter, C. E. In DOii11dJii e RUB!!!:! ana the 5Ue&aus, 1919-1920.. London, 19210 , 

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. _,If. LM. ~81noe 1911.. •• t., 1932. , _, K. &."SiWii~a&l LlaUOIUI with Sowiet _1&," M1Clldpn 

, XXII (1Iorcb 1924), Jal..IIJ6. , 

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coa_, Z. J. _ IntMnrlt.1aD sa ...-.., Ul8-1m. 

1917-19))1 on Interpreta~ion," 

IIVIII (JUDe 19)4), )67-409. 

AMri.... roretp s..-n.. Journal, , (March 19)5) J.;J-L.>U, :L66-,l~, 1111="118. 

Hodgson, J. I!. 

Horton.. 

B1&~~, IIVII (Feb. 1Ialter. ,~~~~~i~~;Aa~8~r1=oan;;IIa~n1:~Dli~'" CurreD~ Hbtory, 

;

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; 

1IJde, Cbarl". CHDe7. "Cl>arlM _ 1I1oj:be., _ary at Saa, IIan:h h, 1921 ~ IIareh L, 1m," (1!Itt MoIr1con _art... o~ Saa, m. I, ed. b.f ':;.us1 F. 1IIIIla). I. Y., 1929. p. zu:Ii6). 

B_, R. I. 1!Itt ParUt.ton at !u:!c!z. • Dlpl_Uc Rl!torz, 1913-192). 

IoDlllll, 19)1. Lanc-, Walter C. N. Y. , 19)5 • 

Lyb.far, Albert B. bc:or<I in 'lUrk.,.," CIJrNn\ Rl!torz 

1Il (reb. 1924), 8ai!-6lo. 

~: bl1ot. ~~=i=Ser1al 

192). 

_____• I!ej>ort ~ CoI>crua 1924. ft. Y., 1925. La p. 
the 

tl, . Ui:!:pal.-tment or 

'='l!r.etro, 1934-1938. ­ \1, . '''Y DepArtment.. !!:;v-liDirectorz. 1919-l921• • aah1natoD.1919-1927. 

U. :!. Shipping lk>ard. Anr.u. !!eport8, 1919=192G. llaab1ngton, 1919-1924. 

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