Data from the

NATIONAL HEALTH SURVEY

Caloric and Selected Nutrient Values

for Persons 1-74 Years of Age:

First Health and Nutrition Examination Survey

UnitedStates,1971-1974

Presents findings of the Health and Nutrition Examination Survey

on the dietary intake of various nutrients in a probability sample of

the U.S. population, 1-74 years of age, by age, sex, race, and income

level, 1971-74.

DHEW Publication No. (PHS) 79-1657

Series 11

Number 209

U.S. DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH, EDUCATION, AND WELFARE

Public Health Service

Office of Health Research, Statistics, and Technology

National Center for Health Statistics

Hyattsville, Md. June 1979
NATIONAL CENTER FOIRHEALTH STATISTICS

DOIROTHY P. RICE, Director

ROBERT A. ISRAEL, Deputy Director

JACOB J. FELDMAN, Ph.D., Associute Director for Analysis

GAIL F. FISHER, Ph. D., Associate Director for the Cooperative Health S tatistics System

ROBERT A. ISRAEL, Acting Associate Director for Data Systems

JAMES T. BAIRD,JR., Ph.D., Associate Director for International Statistics

ROBERT C. HUBER, Associ,zte Director for Management

MONROE G. SIRKEN, Ph. D., Associate Director for Mathematical Statistics

PETER L. HURLEY, Associate Directorfor Operations

JAMES M. ROBEY, Ph.D., Associate Director for Program Development

PAUL E. LEAVERTON, Ph.D., .Associczte Director for Research

ALICE HAYWOOD, Information Officer

DIVISION OF HEALTH EXAMINATION STATISTICS

ROBERT S. MURPHY, Director

SIDNEY ABRAHAM, Chiej Nutritional Statistics Branch

KURT R. MAURER, Acting Chief, Survey Planning and Development Branch

COOPERATION OF THE U.S,, BUREAU OF THE CENSUS

Under the legislation establishing the National Health Survey, the Public Health Service is

authorized to use, insofar as possible, the services or facilities of other Federal, State, or private

agencies. In accordance with specifications established by the National Center for Health Statistics, the U.S. Bureau of the Census participated. in the design and selection of the sample and

carried out the household interview stage of the data collection and certain parts of the statistical processing.

Vital and Health Statistics-Series 1l-No. 209

DHEW Publication No. (PHS) 79-1657

Library of Congress Catalog Card Number 78-11728
Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data

Main entry under title:

Caloric and selected nutrient values of persons aged 1-74 years, United States, 1971-1974.

(Vital and health statistics : Series 11, Data from the National Health Survey ; no. 209)

(DHEW publication; no. (PHS) 79-1657)

Includes bibliographical references.

1. Nutrition surveys-United States. 1. Abraham, Sidney. II. Series : United States. National Center for Health Statistics. Vital znd health statistics : Series 11, Data from the National Health Survey, Data from the health examination survey ; no. 209. III. Sa-ies: United

States. Dept. of Health, Education, and Welfare. DHEW publication ; no. (PHS) 79-1657.

[DNLM: 1. Nutrition surveys-United States. W2 A N148vk no. 209]

RA407.3.A347 no. 209 [TX360.U6] 312’.0973s

[641.1’0973] 78-11728
CONTENTS

Introduction ...........................................................................................................................................

Health and Nutrition Examination Survey Program ..........................................................................

Measures of Nutritional Status ..........................................................................................................

Methods ...... ..........................................................................................................................................

Dietary Intake Collection Methods ...................................................................................................

Definition of Variables . ...................... ...............................................................................................

Dietary Fkdings ......................................................................................... ...........................................

Mean Caloric and Nutrient Intakes . ...................................................................................................

Mean Differences in Caloric and Nutrient Intakes .............................................................................

Caloric and Nutrient Intakes in Relation to the Standard .......................................................................

Caloric Intake . ..................................................................................................................................

Protein Intake ...................................................................................................................................

Calcium Intake .................................................................................................................................

Iron Intake ......................................................................... ...............................................................

Vitamin A Intake ............... ...............................................................................................................

Vitamin C Intake ..............................................................................................................................

Tbiarnine and Riboflavin Intakes . .....................................................................................................

Mean Intakes ..........................................................................................................................................

Mean Caloric and Nutrient Intakes per Kilogram of Body Weight . .......................... ..........................

Mean Nutrient Intakes per 1,000 Calories .........................................................................................

Discussion .................................................... ..........................................................................................

Dietary Intakes .................................................................................................................................

Income Lsvels ...................................................................................................................................

Race and Sex ....................................................................................................................................

Summary . ..............................................................................................................................................

References ............................................................................... ...............................................................

List of Detailed Tables . ..................................................... .....................................................................

Appendixes

I. Statistical Notes ........................................................................................................................

11. Demographic and Socioeconomic Terms . .................................................................................

III. Food Sources of Calories and Nutrients and Standards for Dietary Intakes ..............................

1

1

2

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75

85

87

LIST OF FIGURES

1. Mean caloric intake of persons aged 1-74 years, by age and sex: United States, 1971 -74 ............... 7

2. Mean protein intake of persons aged 1-74 years, by age and sex: United States, 1971 -74 .............. 7

3. Mean calcium intake of persons aged 1-74 years, by age and sex: United States, 1971 -74 .............. 8

4. Mean thiamine intake of persons aged 1-74 years, by age and sex: United States, 1971 -74 . ........... 8

5. Mean riboflavin intake of persons aged 1-74 years, by age and sex: United States, 1971 -74 ........... 9
6.

7.

8.

9.

10.

11.

12.

13.

14.

15.

16.

17.

18.

19.

20.

21.

22.

23.

24.

25.

26.

Average vitamin A intake of persons aged 1-74 years, by age and sex: United States, 1971 -74......

Mean vitamin C intake of persons aged 1-74 years, by age and sex: United States, 1971 -74 ...........

Mean iron intake of persons aged 1-74 years, by age and sex: United States, 1971 -74 ...................

Mean caforic intake of persons aged 1-74 years, by age, race, and sex: United States, 1971 -74......

Mean protein intake of persons aged 1-74 yearn, by age, race, and sex: United States, 1971 -74.....

Mean calcium intake of persons aged 1-74! years, by age, race, and sex: United States, 1971 -74....

Mean iron intake of persons aged 1-74 years, by age, race, and sex: United States, 1971 -74 . .........

Mean vitamin A intake of persons aged 1-74 years, by age, race, and sex: United States, 1971 -74.,...

Median vitamin A intake of persons aged 1-74 years, by age, race, and sex: United States,

1971-74 . ......................................................................................................................................

Mean vitamin C intake of persons aged 1-74 years, by age, race, and sex: United States, 1971 -74....

Mean thiamine intake of persons aged 1-74 years, by age, race, and sex: United States, 1971 -74...

Mean riboflavin intake of persons aged 1-74 years, by age, race, and sex: United States, 1971 -74....

Mean intake of calories and seIected nutrients as a percent below the standard for persons aged

1-74 years, by income level, sex, and age: United States, 1971-74 . ..............................................

Mean intake of calories and selected nutrients as a percent below the standard for males aged

1-74 years, by income level, race, and age: United States, 1971-74 .............................................

Mean intake of calories and selected nutrients as a percent below the standard for females aged

1-74 years, by income level, race, and age: United States, 1971-74 .............................................

Mean calcium intake as a percent of standard of females aged 1-74 years, by age and race for

income levels: United States, 1971-74 . ........................................................................................

Mean iron intake as a percent of standard of mafes aged 1-74 years, by age and race for income

leveIs: United States, 1971-74 .....................................................................................................

Mean iron intake as a percent of standard of females aged 1-74 years, by age and race for income

levels: United States, 1971-74 . ............. .......................................................................................

Mean crdoric and nutrient intakes per kilogram of body weight of males and females aged 1-74

years, by age: United States, 1971-74 ..........................................................................................

Mean caloric and nutrient intakes per kilogram of body weight of males aged 1-74 years, by race

and age: United States, 1971-74 ........... .......................................................................................

Mean caloric and nutrient intakes per kilogram of body weight of females aged 1-74 years, by

race and age: United States, 1971-74 . ...........................................................................................

SYMBOLS

Data not available---–-–—-———— ---

Category not applicable-———-- . . .

Quantity zero-—-—-—--—-————— -

Qunntity more than Obut less than 0.05— 0.0

Figure does not meet standards of

reliability or precision--———— *

10

1.0

lL

1,2

13

14

14

15

15

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17

21

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24

2fi

30

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45

—

iv
CALORIC AND SELECTED NUTRIENT VALUES

FOR PERSONS 1-74 YEARS OF AGE

Sidney Abraham, Margaret D. CarrolI, M.S.P.H., Clifford L. Johnson, M.S.P.H., and

Connie M. ViUa Dresser, R.D., Nutrition Statistics Branch, Division of Health Examination Statistics

INTRODUCTION

This report presents data on dietary intake

obtained to assess the nutritional status of the

U.S. population, aged 1-74 years. It is the second in a series of Vital and Health Stat&tics reports presenting data on dietary intake obtained

in the first Health and Nutrition Examination

Survey (HANES I). By means of text, charts,

and selected tables, analysis and discussion are

offered on data on calories and seIected nutrients by age, sex, race, and income groups. The

first reportl presented most of the tabular

material on which this report is based.

The third report will examine dietary data

for several specizd groups of the U.S. population:

Spanish-American persons, pregnant and lactating women, and persons indicating that they

are taking vitamins and minerals to supplement

their diets. The fourth report will analyze and

discuss data from the dietary frequency questionnaire, in which quantitative data are presented regarding the frequency of consumption

of selected foods and food groups during the 3

months preceding the dietary interview.

The first four reports are to be published in

Series 11 of the Vitai and Health Statistics

series. A fifth report, consisting of several hundred pages, will be published outside the Series

11 w-ports in Vital and Health Statistics as a

separate source document. It wilI present tables

of cumulative percent distributions of nutrient

intake by age, sex, race, and income groups.

Other tables will present for each nutrient the

mean intake, standard deviation, standard error

of the mean, and values for selected percentiles

of intake from the 5th through the 95th by similar variables. The percentile levels compared

with the recommended dietary aI1owzmces of

calories and selected nutrients will be shown

graphically by age for sex, race, and income

levels.

For the convenience of readers, subsequent

reports on other components of nutritional

status, such as biochemical measurements of nutrients in body fluids and tissues; body measurements in growth, development, and obesity; and

clinical signs of possible nutritional deficiency,

interpreting HANES data will contain some of

the discussion presented in this report. These reports on components of nutritional status from

HANES should not be regarded as independent

studies, but as parts of the analysis and discussion of data on the nutritional status of the U.S.

population aged 1-74 years.

Health and Nutrition Examination

Survey Program

, The HANES program was undertaken by the

National Center for Health Statistics in response

to a directive from the Secretary, Department of

Health, Education, and Welfare, to establish a

continuing national nutrition surveillance system

under the authority of the National Health Survey Act of 1956. The purpose of this system is

to measure the nutritional status of the U.S.

population and to monitor changes in this status

over time.
The HANES is the first program to collect

measures of nutritional status from a scientifically designed sample representative of the U.S.

civilian noninstitutionalized population in a

broad range of ages, 1-74 years. Earliernutrition

surveys, such as the Ten-State Nutrition Survey,z have had more limited objectives. The

probability sample design permits estimates to

be made for the total population, and it permits

more detailed analysis of data for certain groups

at high risk of malnutrition-the poor, preschool

children, women of childbearing ages, and the

elderly.3

This is made possible through use of differential sampling of these high-risk groups and

appropriate weighting of the data.

Data collection for the first HANES program

began in April 1971 and was completed inJune

1974.

A detailed description of the specific content and plan of operation, including the sample

design, has been published,4 and only the general characteristics We mentioned here. The U.S.

Bureau of the Census cooperated in the sample

dgsign and in the initial visits to, and interviewing at, selected eligible households in the 65

primary sampling units (PSU’S) throughout the

United States. Additional household visiting,

interviewing, history taking, and explaining the

examination portion of the program were performed by members of the field teams of the

Center. The teams that traveled to the various

survey locations included professional and paraprofessional medical and dental examiners

along with technicians, interviewers, and other

staff.. The selected sample persons for whom

appointments were made were brought into specially constructed Mobile Examination Centers

moved into a central location in each PSU area.

The findings in this report are based on the

examination of 20,749 persons, aged 1-74 years

in a total of 65 PSU’S. A sample of 28,043 persons was selected to be examined at the 6!5locations visited between April 1971 and June 1974.

These sample persons constituted a probability

sample of the total U.S. population. In the

course of the program, 98 percent of the total

sample were interviewed and 20,749 of them, or

94.0 percent of the total sample, were examined. This corresponds to an effective response

rate of 75 percent when adjustment is made for

ithe effect of oversarnpling among the poor, preschool chfidren, women of childbearing age, and

the elderly. Estimates in this report are based on

‘weighted observations; that is, the data obtained

for the examined persons are inflated to the

IIevelof the total population by using the appropriate weights to account for both sampling fractions and response results. The question of any

possible bias in the estimates resulting from

iissuming the nonexamined are like their examined counterparts is discussed in more detail in

the statistical appendix; we have concluded that

one may treat the weighted examined group as a

probability sample of the population, so that the

estimates may be regarded as representative of

the civilian noninstitutionalized population of

the United States.

Measures of Nutritional Status

Nutrition is a major factor in the environment affecting life and health. Adequate intake

of essential nutrients is a basic requirement for

good health. Utilization of these nutrients under

physiological conditions of work and rest

through ingestion, digestion, and metabolism is

another requirement. Undernutrition and overnutrition are both parts of malnutrition because

both adversely affect good health. Primary malnutrition is defined as the lack (or excess) of

food, and secondary malnutrition as the faulty

utilization of food. A combination of primary

and secondary malnutrition may occur. The

HANES is designed to provide data for popula+

tion groups on their relative average dietary

intake and the utilization of food under ordinary living conditions in relation to the health

status of the people.

The measurements used to assessnutritional

status ~ HANES were intended not only to detect overt signs and symptoms of malnutrition,

but also to measure levels of indicators of nutritional status which are considered outside of a

desirable range. The approach taken was the

usual one of obtaining four different kinds of

data, each of which measures a different aspect

of nutritional status. These are: (1) inforrnation
on the person’s dietary intake (kind and quantity of food consumed and its nutritional value),

(2) results of a variety of biochemiczd tests made

on samples of blood and urine to determine the

levels of various nutrients, (3) findings of cliniczd examinations by doctors and dentists alerted

to detect stigmata of malnutrition and. signs or

conditions indicative of nutritional problems,

and (4) various body measurements that would

permit detection of abnormal growth patterns

including obesity.

The four components of nutrition reflect the

conventiomd approach to assessment of nutritional status. Nutrition,. Iike health, is a multifaceted concept, which still requires examining

a number of separate indicators for its measurement. (The interrelationships of these various

measurements will be considered in a future

Vital and Health Statistics report.) The HANES

program has, as yet, no new measures, nor do we

have any way of synthesizing these separate indicators into a single index of nutritional status.

METHODS

Dietary Intake Collection Methods

Although various methods have been developed to estimate food intakes as part of nutritional or epidemiological studies, a number of

practiczd considerations influenced the selection

of the quantitative 24-hour recall and the 3-

month frequency recall for the dietary interview

over other methods for HANES. The main considerations were the data collection process, the

fact that data would be analyzed by groups and

not by individuals, the limitations of interviewing time, the availability of staff and training

facilities, and the recruitment potentiaI for interviewers.

A dietary interview was conducted with each

sample person to obtain information about his

total food and drink consumption during the

preceding 24 hours. This was followed,,by questions about the frequency of food intake for the

preceding 3 months (to be reported eIsewhere).5

The parent or other adult responsible for a

chiId’s feeding provided information about preschool children. Usually

child were interviewed

through 12 years.

both the parent and

for subjects aged 6

In-forrna-tion on food intake was obtained for

the day, midnight to midnight, preceding the

interview. Food recall included foods eaten on

Monday through Friday but generally excluded

%ods eaten on the weekend which very likely

are not typical of one’s usual @take.G

The dietary interview lasted approximately

20 minutes (maximum allowance, 30 minutes)

and usually was administered in the MobiIe

Examination Center. A small percent of the

interviews took pIace in the subject’s home.

Home visits were made for several reasons.

Some aged or iIl exarninees wished to spend Iess

time at the examination center. Some mothers

had several chiIdren who were examined, and it

was more convenient for the mothers to have

the children examined at home. Occasionally,

home visits were made to collect dietary information because the mother or baby sitter did

not accompany a child, or because translators

were needed when the examinee did not know

enough English to understand or answer the

interviewer.

Food portion models were used to assist

the respondent in estimating amounts of foods

consumed. The models deveIoped for another

surveyz were used with sIight modifications. A

computer program was used to determine nutrient values of foods consumed. The computer

program to process food recall data for nutrient

contents was adapted from one developed and

used in the Ten-State Nutrition Survey? and ww

based on a program developed origimdly at

Tulane University. The program uses the nutritive values of food items appearing in the U.S.

Department of Agriculture Handbook No. 8

(1963), table 1,8 as well as information from

other sources. Because of the constantly changing food supply, nutrient composition vahes for

new food products were added or updated continually according to information provided by

the U.S. Department of Agriculture, food processors, and manufacturers.

Dietary intake measurements considered in

this report are: calories, protein, calcium, iron,

vitamins A and C; thiamine in milligrams (mg)

3
and in milligrams per 1,000 calories (mg/1 ,000

cal); riboflavin in mg and in mg/1 ,000 cal; and

preformed niacin in mg and in mg/1 ,000 cal.

Vitamin A is measured in international units

(IU).

Thiamine and riboflavin in terms of mg/

1,000 cal and preformed niacin in mg/ 1,000 cal

for each sampled person are calculated by dividing each sample person’s value for the given nutrient by his caloric intake value and multiplying

the result by 1,000.

Data for niacin intake are presented but not

analyzed. Intake data for niacin, a B-complex

vitamin, are based on amounts of consumed preformed niacin in foods. A variety of protein

foods, practically devoid of nicotinic acid, can

supply all the niacin equivalents by converting

the amino acid, tryptophan, to the vitamin

niacin necessary for optimal health. Thus it

would be misleading to compare the niacin

values of the diet with a dietary standard.

Recognition of adequate or deficient dietary

intake of, specifically, nicotinic acid or tryptophan containing proteins can be determined by

urinalysis. For these reasons, no special discussion of niacin intake is included in the analysis

or discussion sections. Table V in appendix 111

shows food sources of selected nutrients, their

functions, and physiological problems associated

with nutrient deficiency.

Definition of Variables

Race was observed and recorded as “white,”

“black,” or “other.” White persons constituted

78.80 percent of the total sample size of 20,749

examined persons and black persons, 20.07 percent. There were few persons whose race was recorded as other, only 1.13 percent. Other races

are included only when the total subjects are

used but are not used in the white-black breakdowns.

The sample design focused special attention

on groups of people known to be at greater risk

of malnutrition by oversampling the following

groups: the poor, preschool children, women of

childbearing ages, and the elderly. The oversarnpling was directed first of all to the poor.

The design thus enabled us to obtain sufficient

numbers to analyze the nutritional status of

black persons and of poor white persons without

resorting to separate oversampling of racial or

ethnic groups. Thus although black persons

represent about 11 percent of the U.S. population, they make up one-fifth of the HANES

sample. Such large numbers were found because

the economically poor segments of the population include disproportionate numbers of b~ack

persons. These larger numbers yield more

reliable estimates for this group.

The poor have less money to spend for food

than have families with higher incomes, and

perhaps they are not as well informed about

what constitutes adequate diets; they are thus

especially vulnerable to nutritional deficiencies

or imbalances. The relatively high vulnerability

of children and pregnant and lactating women

results from increased need for calories and

essential nutrients, such as protein and calcium.

In children, this is because they are growing; in

pregnant and lactating women, because they

have to feed an additional being, first the fetus

in utero and, after birth, the newborn infant.

Nutrient requirements of the elderly, on the

other hand, usually are relatively low, because

of their reduced basal metabolism and physical

activity. Their greater vulnerability may result

from such factors as the effects of increised

physical infirmities and health problems on their

ability to utilize nutrients. It is also influenced

to a larger extent than in younger adults by

socioeconomic and psychological factors, including food shopping problems, such as transportation and degree of interest in food preparation.

The income status of each examined person

is expressed by the poverty income ratio (I?IR)

(see appendix H). Families and unrelated individuals are classified as being above or below the

low income or poverty level by using the poverty index adopted by a Federal interagency

committee in 1969. This index, in contrast to

total family income, reflects the different consumption requirements of families based on

their size and composition, on the sex and age

of the, family head, and on farm-nonfarm

residence.

For analysis, two groups of income levels

are presented: income below poverty level (a

ratio of less than 1), and income at and above

poverty level (a ratio of 1 or more). Of the totaI
persons examined, there were 723, or 3.5 percent, with unknown income information. These

persons were excluded from the two income

classification groups, but were included in the

total group.

The previously published volume of tablesl

included the estimated mean and median caloric

and selected nutrient intakes ingested on a

single day for various population subgroups. It

also presented certain relative measures of those

means (e.g., the percent they were of defined

standard). The present report examines some of

these same relationships graphically and in the

text, and it adds a new measure, namely the

proportion of the population in each of the subgroups represented by persons whose reported

dietary intake on the specific day feII below the

standard used for the evaluation of the particular nutrient. As a guideline to interpreting the

data, the standards for the evaluation of HANES

dietary data were developed with advice from an

ad hoc advisory group. The group considered

standards from the National Research Council

(NRC), Recommended Dietary Allowances

(1968)9; Interdepartmental Committee on

Nutrition for National Defense, Manual

(1963)10; Food and Agriculture Organization

and WorId Health Organization (FAO/WHO),

Calcium Requirements (1962)1 1 ; FAO/WHO,

Energy and Protein Requirements (1973)1 z;

FAO/WHO, Requirements of Vitamin A, Thiamine, Riboflavin, and Niacin (1967)18; and

FAO/WHO Requirements of Ascorbic Acid,

Vitamin D, B12, Folate, and Iron (1970)]4; and

those used in the Ten-State Nutrition Survey.

The recommended dietary allowances (RDA)

established by the Food and Nutrition Board of

the National Research Council in 1974 were not

used15 in the amdyses of &e HANES I ‘diet—~

data because the processing and analysis of

HANES I data were started before the release of

the 1974 Recommended Dietary Allowances. ~~

Calcium and vitamin A standards for

HANES are nearer the FAO/WHO standards,l 1J a but are Iower than those IeveIs based

on the RDA established by the Food and Nutrition Board of the National Research CounciI

(1968, 1974).g~ls The HANES standards for

vitamin A intake in older children and aduIts

are considerably lower than the 1968 RDA,

NRC standards and they are slightIy Iess than

the 1974 RDA, NRC standards for adult

females. The HANES standards for iron, thiamine, and riboflavin are the same as the 1968

RDA, NRC standards.g HANES standards for

thiamine and riboflavin are approximately the

same as the FAO/WHO requirementss and are

based on caloric intake, as contrasted with the

1968 and 1974 RDA, NRC standards, which are

independent of calories; however, their va.hes

are very sirdar. HANES standards for vitamin C

are higher than those of the FAO/WHO and

similar to the 1968 RDA, NRC standards. The

1974 RDA, NRC standards for vitamin C for

adults were reduced by 25 percent from the

1968 RDA, NRC standards. The HANES caloric

and protein standards in terms of czdories per

kilogram of body weight per day, and grams of

protein per kilogram of body weight per day,

respectively, are approximateIy the same as the

values presented in the 1968 and 1974 RDA,

NRC tabIes.

EIsewherel G are presented basic data on the

distribution of the totrd U.S. population with respect to various nutrient intakes. These should

aid in identifying areas in which reexamination

of standards may be necessary. Using the standards of other investigators, these cumulative

distributions can be used to estimate proportions of persons beIow the standards.

The mean caloric and nutrient intakes in

relation to the standard are a crude estimate of

desirable or expected nutrient intakes and prove

useful for comparisons of dietary intake data

between population subgroups. Percents of

standard below 100 do not, however, necessary

indicate inadequate nutrient intakes. The standards are designed to guide dietitians in formulating diets for the maintenance of good nutrition in healthy persons. They alIow for some

margin above what is really needed by most

individuals, with the objective of maintaining

good health in all.

Data are presented by nutrient intake per

kilogram of body weight, permitting comparisons between males and females and between

different age groups. This statistic accounts for

differences in total food consumption due to

differences in body weight, age, sex, and variations in growth rates. Data are zdso presented by

5
“mean nutrient intake per 1,000 calories. The

statistic indicates the extent to which the adequacy of the diet is either a function of total

caloric intake or dependent upon specific choice

of foods with high nutrient content (high

density).

Standards for assessing caloric and protein

allowances for adults are based on expected

median body weight for sex and height at ages

20-29 years. More specifically, an expected body

weight at ages 20-29 years was computed for

each individual adult based on height and sex.

The median of the distribution of expected

weight for each height and sex group was determined. Then for each individual 20 years and

over that median expected weight for height and

sex was multiplied by the nutrient allowance per

kilogram of body weight (table VI). The resultant product was then taken as that individual’s sex-height-adjusted standard. The reported

caloric or protein intake for each individual was

then divided by this standard to arrive at the

“percent of standard. ” Height-sex-specific

weight at ages 20-29 years was used because at

these ages it is thought to most closely approximate the body’s cell mass. Cell mass, the metabolically active part of the body, is the major

determinant of adult nutrient needs. Weight gain

after 20-29 years is usually fat, with no increase

of the body’s cell mass. Cell mass, rather, tends

to decrease with age even as weight increases,l T

which indicates that these standardized allowances tend to overstate the nutrient needs of

older people as compared with younger. This

bias is much less, however, than the presentation

of nutrient intake per kilogram of body weight.

Note that the foregoing procedure differs

from the use of an average weight for all members of each of the adult age groups, along with

the NRC recommended dietary allowance expressed in calories per kilogram. It also differs

from the procedure followed in the Ten-State

Nutrition Surveyz where the weight used was

the actual weight of the individual.

A similar method was used to obtain heightadjusted standards for assessing caloric and protein dietary intakes of children and of youth.

The expected median body weight for age, sex,

and height in those age groups was derived from

anthropometric data collected in HANES.

In testing for significance of caloric and

nutrient intakes between sex, race-sex, and ratesex-income subgroups within age an a level. of

0.05 is assumed. Verification of the results cited

can be obtained from the authors.

DIETARY FINDINGS

Mean Caloric and Nutrient Intakes

Sex and Age. –Figures 1-8 show the mean

caloric and seven nutrient intakes (protein, calcium, thiamine, riboflavin, iron, and vitamins A

and C) by age and sex. Mean protein, calcium,

thiamine, and riboflavin intakes of males and

females by age generally follow the same pattern

shown by mean caloric intake for sex and comparable age groups (figure 1). A similar pattern

is not evident for average iron and vitamins A

and C intakes of males and females by age (figures 6-8).

Mean caloric, protein, calcium, thiamine,

and riboflavin intakes of males increased rapidly

from age 1 to age group 6-7 years and then increased less rapidly to age group 15-17 years

(figures 1-5). The mean values for calories ahd

related nutrients peaked at age group 15-17

years and then declined thereafter. The meim

calcium and riboflavin intakes were exceptions

to this nutrient intake trend by age; mean c,alcium intake declined at age group 2-3 years frdm

age 1 and mean riboflavin intake remained fairly

constant at similar ages. The mean calcium

intake of children at age 1 was higher than that

at age group 2-3 years, possibly because of decreased milk consumption.

M~es had significantly higher mean caloric

and thiamine intakes than females of comparable age gToups 1-74 years had. Although

differences in mean intakes were large enough

to be statistically significant, they were too

small to be of nutritional importance. Mean

protein intake of males ages 2-74 was significantly higher than that of females of comparable

age groups; mean riboflavin intake of males ages

4 years and over was significantly higher than

intake of females of the same age group. The clifferences in mean calcium intake between sexes

for comparable age groups showed a less consist-
3,002-

2,860-

2,6W -

u 2,400-

Y

~

~ 2,200-

v

z

5 2,000-

~

z

$ 1,800-

z

1,6W2-

-------___, -

---

1,400

I

/J’-

1,200

/

—-----

---- Female

. ------

-.

1,000~

1 I t I * 1 1 m , 1 I t I 1

1 2.3 4.5 6.7 8.910.11 12.14 15.1718.19 20.24

I

25.34 3544 45.54 55.64 85

AGE IN YEARS and

over

Figure 1. Mean caloric intake of persons aged 1-74 years, by age and sex: United States, 1971-74

ent pattern. Here, results were significant for all youngest ages were also observed among feage groups except 1-3, 6-7, and 10-11. The mean mzdes. The mean values for calories and related

c~o~c &d nu-tnent values for females also nutrients peaked earlier for females than those

climbed rapidly from age 1 to age group 6-7 observed for males and then declined thereafter.

years and then increased less rapidly to age Figure 6 shows the mean and median vitagroup 10-11 years. The trend of mean nutrient min A intake by age and sex. The median values

intakes with age for calcium and even more so, were consistently Iower than those for mean

for riboflavin, observed among males in the values. Because of the skewness of the data, the

120r

110 -

100 -

z~

s

90 -

$

g *O -

g

:

g 70 -

0.

z -----------------------

.

------ -----

$ 60 -

-..

z

----

FmmIe ------z --m

40 .

/

30 -

I t I 1 t 1 * I I I I I 1 1 i

1 2.3 4.5 6.7 8.910.11 12.14 16.1716.19 20.24 2534 3544 45.54 55.64 65

AGE IN YEARS and

over

Figure 2. Mean protein intake of persons aged 1-74 years, by age and sex: United States, 1971-74
1,500 ~

1,400 -

1,300 -

1,200 -

G

: 1,100-

Y

<

~ 1,000-

z

3

G 900 -

.

$

z Boo -

<

: \

●. ‘~

700 - %

+----- !.- --

-------

600 -

------------------------ Female-m

AGE IN YEARS and

over

Figure 3. Mean calcium intake of persons aged 1-74 years, by age and sex: United States, 1971-74

-------------

-------- Female

----------

J I 1 I t 1 1 1 , 1 I t

1 2-3 4.5 6.7 a.9 1011 12.14 15.17 18.19 20.24

~ I \

354 45.54 55.64 65

AGE IN YEARS and

over

Figure 4. Mean thiamine intaka of persons agad 1-74 years, by age and sex: United States, 1971-74

8
1,2 I , , * , , # , , , , , , 1 t

1 2.3 4-5 6.7 8.910.1112.14 15-1718.19 20.24 25-34 354s 45.54 55-64 66

AGE IN YEARS

and

Ww

Figure 5. Mean riboflavin intake of persons aged 1-74 years, by age and sex: United States, 1971-74

median vrdues were used for analvsis. The 10QS at age group 10-11 years and declined to age

group 15-17 years. From here, there was a gradwd increase in value to age group 3544 years,

and the intake remained within a narrow range

,

of the mean values were used for tests of signi~-

cance.

Median vitamin A intake was higher among

males than among females at aI1 ages (figure 6).

The mean values were significantly higher for

males from ages 10 through 44 years. The

median intake of males remained fairly constant

from age 1 to age group 4-5 years. The peak

median intake of vitamin A occurred in the age

group 18-19 years and declined irregularly thereafter. Females showed a pattern similar to that

for maJes; there was a constant level in the

youngest ages and, subsequently, a less rapid

rate of increase with age than that for males.

The peak median intake of vitamin A occurred

of values, 2,918-2,983 IU at ages 45-54 years ~o

65 yearn and older.

Figure 7 shows the mean vitamin C intake

by age and sex. The mean values of males tended

to rise over the age range 1-18 years, after which

there was a general decline.

Mean vitamin C intake among females increased rapidIy from age 1 to age group 4-5

years and then remained constant untiI age

group 6-7 years, following which an increase in

intake with age was noted. Among females this

increase with age was more than that among

9
7,000-

---- ~ean for fema,e$

_ Mean for males

_ u-. Median for females

6,000-

......sssMedian for males

5

= moo

E

$

g

4

5 4,000-

z

:

s

.

2 ,*..,..*“’

: 3,000-

> .,,,,,,,,,,,,$+8 O“”\*

..

,---------- J-*-*-”-~-~ -------

< \

,-. -. O@-

\,*, -,4*-*” \

“\* *,H

..=. -.9. -,-, -.-”-’0’’-’-

*

2,000

t

I

1,000 I I , t I , r t , , , 1 I 1

1 2.3 4.5 6.7 8.9 10.1112.14 15.17 18.19 ZO.Z4 25.34 35.44 45.54 55.64

1

:5

and

AGE IN YEARS over

Figure6. Average vitamin Aintake ofpersons aged l-74 years, byage and sex: United States, 1971-74

m~es, so that at age group 8-9 years the mean 25-34 years and, subsequently, a more rapid invitamin C value exceeded that for males. From crease with age than that for males, so that the

ages 1 through 17 years, the peak value of vita- mean vitamin”C value for females exceeded that

min C occurred at age group 8-9 years, declined for males at the older ages. Because of the sk~wto a low at age group 15-17 years, and then ness of the distribution of vitamin C intake, the ‘

increased at age group 18-19 years. Females logs of the mean vitamin C intake were used for

showed a pattern similar to that of males: there tests of significance. The mean intake of vitamin

was a decrease in mean value until age group C among males was significantly higher than that

--------

,/

I

,o~- 1 1

1 2.3 4.5 6.7 8.910.11 12.14 15.17 16.19 20.24

A

36.44 45.54 65.64 65

and

I

AGE IN YEARS over

—

Figure 7. Mean vitamin C intake of persons aged 1-74 years, by age and sex: United States, 1971-74

10
among females aged 2-3, 15-17, and 20-34 years.

Figure 8 shows that the mean iron intake of

males increased rapidly to ages 6-7 years. Thereafter the mean vah.ie continued to increase rapidly to ages 15-17 years. Here, the rate of increase “plateaued,” and the mean value reached

a peak at ages 25-34 and then declined at age 65

years and older, a decrease of 27 percent. The

mean iron intake among males was consistently

higher than that among females in alI ages 1-74

years. The differences were statistically significant from age 2 on. The mean values among females were about the same at the youngest ages

of 1 and 2-3 years. They rose steadily at ages 2-3

years to ages 6-7 years. The rate of increase then

diminished, and the mean values reached a peak

at ages 12-14 years and declined slightly at ages

15-17 years. The mean iron intake generaIIy

remained stationary between the ages of 18-19

years to 45-54 years within a narrow range and

then declined to age 65 years and more.

The pattern of the decrease of mean caloric

intake after age group 10-11 years for girls and

the continuing increase in such intake for boys

may be explained, in part, by differences in the

growth pattern. The growth pattern of girIs follows a growth pattern different from that of

boys. GirIs mature 1?4-2 years earlier and decelerate more rapidly and completely. The rapid

acceleration of growth for girls occurs just before puberty at age group 10-12 years, decreases

rapidly, and then continues at a decreased rate.

The average growth spurt of boys starts after

age 1Y2,ends at about age 15, and continues at a

slightly lower rate to maturity at about age 20

years. GirIs, on the average, attain their peak

rate of growth in height about 1Y2years earlier

than boys do.lsJg

The picture of changes in body fatness from

6 through 17 years as represented by skinfoId

thickness shows that at every site–triceps, subscapukw, midaxillary, suprailiac, and medial

calf-girls display greater skinfold thickness than

do boys of the same age. In both boys and girls,

the skinfoIds of the trunk (subscapular, midaxilk.ry, suprailiac) increase in thickness with

age from 12 through 17 years. The patterns of

change in the triceps occur during the period of

rapid adolescent growth.

In girIs, the triceps skinfold, after leveling

off at ages 10-12 yeaxs, continues to increase

through age 17; in boys the triceps skinfold decreases steadily from 12 through 16 years of

age.20

The daily average intake of girls reached its

peak (average 2,023 calories) at about age group

10-11 years and then began to decline, reflecting

the reduction in the velocity of growth that

occurs after the onset of menarche. The caloric

intake of boys tended to parallel the adolescent

growth spurt increasing until age 15-17 years

and then declined. Genera.Uy, boys mature Iater

than girIs do so that the peak average daily

intake of 2,981 calories occurs later. Boys also

18-

16 -

14 -

12 -

10 -

.w~z.--..----=-- ”------ ”” ----------- -

----

----

-------------

8 -

Female

6 -

4

t 1 t 1 1 t 1 t , 1 , I I 1 t

1 2.3 4.5 &7 8.910.1112.14 151718.19 20.24 25.34 3544 45.54 5S64 66

AGE IN YEARS

and

over

Figure 8, Mean iron intake of persons aged 1-74 years, by age and sex: United States, 1971-74

11
have higher

because of

caloric requirements than girls have

their meater lean body mass; ~d

since they are usually more active, their caloric

needs are much greater for most of the adolescence.

Race, sex, and age. –The pattern of progression in average caloric and nutrient intake with

age shown previously for all males occurred

separately for white and black males (figures

9-1 7). The increase in mean caloric, calcium,

thiamine, and riboflavin intakes of white males

as they grew older leveled off after age group 15-

17 years; among black males, the increase in the

intake of these nutrients continued through age

group 25-34 years, with the exception of mean

calcium intake (figures 9, 11, 16, and 17). Here,

the mean calcium intake peaked at age group

6-7 years and then declined thereafter. A similar

examination of other nutrient values by age for

white males shows that mean protein, iron,

vitamin C, and median vitamin A intakes peaked

at age group 18-19 years (figures 10, 12, 14, and

15). The mean iron and protein intakes of black

males declined after age group 25-34 years. The

increase in mean vitamin C intake of black males

was quite irregular, proceeding upward to a peak

at age group 20-24 years, declining, and then

showing another peak at age group 55-64 years.

The median vitamin A intake peaked initially at

age group 6-7 years, declined irregularly to a low

of 1,672 IU at age group 18-19 years, and then

cIimbed to another peak of 3,361 KJ at ages

3544 years. From here, the median value after

a decline at ages 45-54 years rose quite rapidly

to exceed the median vitamin A intake of white

males and then declined at the oldest age group

65 years and over.

Findings for mean protein, calcium, thiamine, and riboflavin intakes shown previously

for the total female population paralleled the

findings for white and black females when they

were examined separately; the mean nutrient intakes leveled off after age group 10-11 years (figures 10, 11, 16, and 17). This pattern by age for

both female subgroups is not evident for the

average caloric, iron, and vitamins A and C intakes (figures 9, 12, 14, and 15). The mean iron

intake of white and black females peaked at age

group 10-11 years and then leveled off. The corresponding age group of black females for mean

3,200

r

.,” --

/’.0” -*~.**-- -.*

●**

2,400 4

*,

/’

+ ●***

#

+.

2,200 \

/ ●N*

4

+*

2,000 ,** S,,&<$’*.,,*

%.

\ ●(.J;+

●-*

\ .. -.%,

\ .,

\

1,800 +( \ ●, -..,

*,#*0*,,~*

y.-

---- -%-

.*t,,<l lI,. .!##,,,,,,,,, ------- ●****

1,600 )!*” %,,,,

--..--~-

-.,.,,

/.$ ‘%,,,,,

-Q..---

/# “%,,,,

-------

1,400

“--------_, --

8.*

J

%,,,, -..

.$’ -..

. . .

,,, ,,,,,,,,,, #,., !lltcll tc!d*ll lJt,,. #t<!,,, ,,,,,, ,,,,, ,,,, ,,, ,,, ,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,

1,200 - Ii●:

1,0001 1 I , , I , I 1 , I 1 1 * I

1 2.3 4.5 6-7 &9 10.11 12.14 15.17 18.19 20.24

1

25.34 35.44 45.64 55.64 65

AGE IN YEARS

and

over

Figure 9. Mean caloric intake of persons aged 1-74 years, by age, race, and sex: United States, 1971-74

12
120r — White male

..-. Black male

110 -

.--Q whi~ef~male

,,8,8]181Blinkfemale

100-

90 -

80 -

70 -

60 -

●.*

40

30

1 2.3 4.5 6.7 8.910.1112.14 15-17 18.19 20.24 25.34 35-44 45.54 55.64 65

AGE IN YEARS

and

over

I

Figure 10. Mean protein intake of parsons aged 1-74 years, by age, race, and sex: United States, 1971-74

caloric intake was at ages 12-14 years and of

white females was at ages 10-14 years.

Mean Differences in Caloric and

Nutrient 1ntakes

The reader will not be able to note observations regarding the mean differences from this

report. The figures showing the differences to

substantiate the statements regarding differences

in this section are too numerous to be included.

Such figures are avai.labIe upon request from the

National Center for Health Statistics.

Race, sex, and age. –White males tended to

have, on the average, higher mean caloric and

nutrient intakes than their black counterparts

had in ages 1-74 years. This observation heId

true consistently for protein, calcium, and riboflavin intakes in each of the 15 age comparisons.

The differences were statistically significant for

calcium intake in rdl age groups, except for ages

6-7 years, and for riboflavin in all age groups,

except for ages 6-9 and 65-74. However, the

differences were statistically significant for

protein intake at ages 4-24 and 65 years

and over. This direction was slightIy less evident for average caloric, iron, vitamins A and C,

and thiamine intakes. For iron, white males had,

on the average, higher intakes in 13 of 14 age

comparisons. At age group 2-3 years, the mean

iron intake of the two groups was eqwd. For

median vitamin A and mean thiamine intakes,

the pattern was 13 and 12, respectively, of the

15 age comparisons. The exceptions for thiamine occurred in the younger ages, 2-3, 4-5, and

8-9, and for vitamin A at ages 6-7 and 55-64

years. For vitamin C, these differences in the

direction of white maIes were observed in 11 of

the 15 age comparisons, with the exceptions dispersed throughout the age range of 1-74 years

without any cIear-cut pattern. For calories,

white maIes had significantly higher mean intake

than black males at ages 1, 10-17,20-24,45-54,

and 65 years and over. At ages 6-7, 15-17, 20-24,

45-54, and 65-74, the mean iron intake of white

males was significandy higher than that of black

males. For vitamin A, differences in mean intake

between white males and black males were significant for those aged 1, 15-17, and 55-64

years; for vitamin C, they were significant for

ages 2-3 and 10-1 1; and for thiamine, for ages

10-11, 15-17, and 65-74.

Differences in mean caloric, calcium, thiamine, and riboflavin intakes between white and

black males were Iargest at the age group 15-17

13
1,600 .

1,400 -

~,300 .

1,200 -

G 1,100

g

$

$ 1,000 -

~

: 900 -

g

<

0 Soo

2

~

s 700 -

6ca -

500 -

400 ‘-

— Whke male

.-.. Blackmale

“ -- wx,~e lerl)aia

,.mmm Bhk female

,A

\

,f **t i,

~h

\

\

\

/ )%*

, **4 ,“ %,

i ‘*-*-

$

,,.%,

.*ti* ● ,*** %,,, ●,*. ‘%,

,,,,

,,,, ***

*

,-,. %,,+ --- --z~. -*%-,

%,, --.-w- --::---

*u?g: . . ..- *..

-“%---------- 4,, ‘-.*,

--, -= ------

“1,1,,,8,,,,, -.m. -,m*

“%,,,,

“’’’’$ /,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,’,,,, ,,,,*,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,i,,,,,,,,,lst1ci1~~,,~~'''`''''''''''p'''''''''''''''`'''"

,.~- 1 I

1 2-3 4.6 6.7 8.910.1112.14 1S.17 18.19 20.24 3s-44 45.64 55,64 05

AGE IN YEARS

ilnd

0“,,

Figure 11. Mean calcium intake of persons aged 1-74 years, by age, race, and sex: United States, 1971-74

— whine male

..-,. aw mde

18 - ---- w~,~ f~male

..CIUU,. Bleckfemale

lb -

=

g

. . . . ..4.***..-~.

:

~ 12 - “+

~

%,*

z

g

~*e... -.. ---** --’---- O----”.

‘%4%

%%% ‘+

s

~ ,0 -

-*

*%

----- Z %,,,

%*,,,,, ----9-*-.

‘“%,,,fi,,,,,

,,,,,,*,,,,,s.* 8***~’*@*%,,,,

‘%,,,,,,

O“’*’’’’’#**t**,,,,*,,,,,,,,,,,

B -

..*’

61 , , t * t I I

1 2-3 4.5 6-7 8.910.11 !2.14 15.17 1S-19 20.24

, , * *

25.34 35.44 45.54 55.64 85

end

AGE IN YEARS over

Figure I z. Mean iron intake of personsaged 1-74 years, by a9e, race, and sex: united states, ~97~ ’74
8,0CO-

_ White male

aws w Blackmale

---- white female

7,000 -

,,,,,,,,, B[~~k fema,e ./**”\.

●/

\*

&

y:

;:

fi.m - -: ;:

::

::

:

;:

;

~

;

4,000-

2,00il I I I , , I I t , , 1 t

1 2.3 4.5 6-7 8.9 10.1112.14 15.1718.19 20.24 25.34 3544 45.54 (

55.64 65

AGE IN YEARS and

wer

Figure 13. Mean vitamin A intake of persons aged 1-74 years, by age, race, and sex: United States, 1971-74

7,00

6,00

5,00

T

I

[

: 4,0a

! 3,00r

1

2,0W

1,000

— White male

-, -,- B,ack~ale

---- whitefemale

,,,,,,,,,, Blackfemale h

j’ ‘i

/

i

i.

y“ %*

J

\*

. . ...---- ”-------

●.,,,,1-

,..”

v

I 1 1 1 I I I I 1 1 1 I 1 I

I 2-3 4.5 6.7 8.910.1112.14 15.17 1S-18 20.24 2S-34 3644 45s4 55-1

66

AGE IN YEARS and

over

Figure 14. Median vitamin A intake of parsons agad 1-74 years, by age, race, and sex: United States, 1971-74
1, # , ,

50 1 2.3 4-5 6.7 8.910.11 12.14 15.17 18.19 20.24

I

2534 35.44 45.54 55.64 65

and

AGE IN YEAR8 over

Figure 1s. Mean vitamin C intake of persons aged 1-74 years, by age, race, and sex: United States, 1971-74

2.00 r

I

_ White male

1,80

:3!!E: A

1.

--. -,

-.-,

+.-, %-i=,,,.*.- -?,;,,, ----- ----m. -

%,,

‘%,,,,,

----------------- --------

-----------

“%,,,,,

“’’’’%,,,,,,,,,,,,,,

,,,,,,“’’’’’’’’’’’’’’l.**,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, ,

,,.,,11$$

, ,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,11!1

0.80 I , , t , t , 1 1

1 23 4.5 6.7 8.9 10.11 12.14 15.17 la.19 20.24

1 , I I

2534 36.44 45.54 55.a4 65

AGE lN YEARS

and

over

Figure 16. Mean thiamine intake of persons aged 1-74 years, by age, race, and sex: United States, 1971-74

16
_ White male

3,2 r

-,-.Black male

.- .-.-,- .-, -,--- .- .-,--- .

-.

~.- --------- -’ ----------------------

...

------ -----------

----l''''''''k''''''''lllj#l##,,,,,,,l,,,, ##1#,,, tt##trc11191 Ii''

1.2-

‘%,,,,,, ,,,,,,,,,,,,,,.l to!’’’’.’r~

“~t*##,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,tt#11JsJ~19J’

1.0 * , 1 I # I 1 t 1 I I * 1 t

1 2.3 4.5 6.7 8.9 10.1112.14 15.17 18.19 20.24 2534 3544 45-54 55.64 65

AGE IN YEARS

and

over

Figure 17. Mean riboflavin intake ofpersons aged l.74years, byage, race, and sex: Uniteci States, 1971-74

years. From this age on, mean calcium intake

generally decreased ‘with increase in age. In contrast, differences in mean caloric, protein,

thiamine, and riboflavin intakes showed no

steady decline with increase in age.

The largest differences in average iron and

vitamin C and median vitamin A intakes between white and black males occurred at age

group 18-19 years. White males showed smaUer

differences in mean iron and protein and median

vitamin A intakes than black males did at the

youngest ages 1 and 2-3 years, in contrast with

the oIdest age group 65 years and over. The

opposite was true for mean vitamin C intake.

White females tended to have higher average

caloric, protein, calcium, and riboflavin intakes

than black females had in 13 or more of the 15

age comparisons (figures 9-11 and 17), particularly at ages Iess than age 25. For iron, vitamin

C, and thiamine intakes, white femrdes also generally showed larger average values than bIack

females did; however, fewer of the age groups

of white females exceeded those of black

females. Here, white females had average nutrient intakes that were Iarger in 9-11 of the 15 age

comparisons. White females had significantly

higher mean calcium intake than did black females of the same age group. This observation

held also for riboflavin for those ages 1, 4-11,

and 20 years and over. There were no significant

differences between the mean caloric, iron, protein, thiamine, vitamin A, and vitamin C intakes

of white females and black females within most

age groups. The exceptions were ages 8-9 and 35

years and over for calories; 8-9, 2544, and 55-

64 years for protein; 8-9 and 35-74 years for

iron; 4-5, 3544, and 55-64 years for thiamine;

8-11 for vitamin A; and 45-54 for vitamin C.

Differences in average nutrient intakes between white and black females for protein and

nboff avin were greatest at age group 8-9 years

and for caIcium at age group 10-11 years. These

were earlier ages than the ages for their male

counterparts. However, for calories and iron intakes, the greatest differences in average intakes

between white and bIack femzdes were at the age

group 3544 years and for vitamins A and C at

age groups 41-74 years.

Differences in mean caloric, iron, and thiamine intakes between white and black females

17
were greater at the oldest ages, 65 years and

over, in comparison with those at the youngest

age, 1 year. A similar pattern was not evident for

average protein, calcium, vitamins A and C, and

riboflavin intakes. Differences between females

in average intakes of these nutrients were greater

at the younger ages.

White males had significantly higher mean

caloric intake than white females of the same

age group had. For protein and iron this obsemation held for those 2 years and over. For riboflavin it held for those age 4 years and over; for

thiamine, it held for those ages 2-7 and 10 years

and over; and for ca.Icium, it heId for those ages

4-5, 8-9, and 12 years and over. White males had

higher mean vitamin A intake than white females had for ages 2-3 and for ages 10-44. Within

most age groups there was no significant difference between the mean vitamin C intake of

white males and that of white femzdes. The exceptions were found for those ages 2-3, 15-17,

and 20-34.

B1ack males showed a consistently higher intake pattern in all 15 age groups than black females did for caloric, protein, calcium, and iron

intakes. Black males had higher mean thiamine

and riboflavin intakes than black females had in

14 of the 15 age groups (excepting those aged

10-11 years for thiamine intake and those aged

2-3 years for riboflavin intake). This direction

was less pronounced for median vitamin A and

vitamin C intakes. Black males had higher

median vitamin A and average vitamin C intakes

than black females had in 13 and 10 of the 15

age comparisons, respectively.

There were no significant differences of

mean caloric, protein, calcium, iron, and riboflavin intakes between, black males and black females for those in the age group 1-5 years. With

the exception of ages 2-3, this observation held

also for thiamine. Black males in the older age

groups, on the other hand, generally had higher

mean intakes for calories and these five nutrients

than black femzdes of the same age group had.

For calories and protein this observation held

for those aged 15 years and over and, with the

exception of those aged 55-64, it also held for

calcium. For riboflavin it held for those aged 18

years and over and for thiamine and iron for

those aged 20 years and over. Black males aged

8-9 had higher mean intakes for calories, protein, iron, and thiamine than black females of

the same age group had, and black males aged

6-9 had higher mean calcium and riboflavin in-

●

takes than black females of the same age group

had. Black males aged 12-17 had higher mean

iron intake than black females of the same age

group had. There were no significant differences

between the mean vitamin C intake of black

males and that of black females of the same age

group and with the exception of ages 10-11 this

observation held also for mean vitamin A.

Race, sex, age, and income. –White males in

the income group above poverty level generally

had higher mean caloric and nutrient intakes

than white males of comparable ages in the income group below poverty level had. These differences in the direction of the upper income

group occurred in each of 15 age groups for

vitamin C intake. Differences also occurred in

most of the age groups for other nutrients,

ranging from 10 of 15 age groups in iron intak~

to 13 of 15 age groups in median vitamin A in:

take. The exceptions were generally in one or zih

of the age groups of 1-3 and 35-44 years far

caloric, protein, calcium, iron, and vitamin A intakes. The other exceptions were in ages 1-3 and

45-54 years for riboflavin intake, and in ages

2-3, 6-7, and 35-44 years for thiamine intake. In

general, differences in mean caloric and nutrient

intakes between white males aged 1-17 of the

lower income group and white males of the same

ages in the upper income group were not statistically significant. One exception was found in

riboflavin intake for ages 6-11. The other exceptions were found in caloric and iron intakes for

ages 12-17. In these instances, mean intakds

were higher for white males in the upper inconie

group.

White males age 18 years and over in the

upper income group have significantly higher

mean vitamin C intake than white males of the

same ages in the lower income group have. This

observation holds also for calories for ages 45-

64, for protein and vitamin A for ages 45 years

and over, and for calcium and riboflavin for ages

65 years and over. There were no significant dif18
ferences in mean thiamine intake of white maIes

in the lower income group and those of white

males of the same age in the upper income

“

group.

The differences in average calories and selected nutrients found for white males by income levels for comparable age groups were also

found for black mzdes. However, a Iess pronounced pattern is evident in comparing the two

income groups. Slightly more than haIf, 8 of the

15 age groups for black males in the upper income group, tended to have higher protein and

vitamin A “and C intakes than those “in the lower

income groups. The corresponding figures for

czdcium and riboflavin intakes are 9 of 15 age

groups; for caloric, iron, and thiamine intakes, it

ranged from 10 of 14 age groups to 12 of 15 age

groups. The consistent exceptions to the pattern .—

were m~st o-fien found in ages “l-3, 15-17, 18-

19, and 65-74 years. There were no significant

differences in mean caloric and nutrient intakes

between black males in the lower income group

and black males of the same ages in the upper

income group.

The findings for average caloric and selected

nutrient intakes for white and black females

paralleled the findings for their male counterparts in that females of the upper income group

had higher nutrient intakes than those of the

lower income group had. White females in the

upper income group had mean caloric, protein,

and calcium intakes that were larger in 9 of 15

age comparisons. Black females showed a similar

pattern for average calcium, median vitamin A,

and riboflavin intakes. The corresponding values

among white females for average iron, vitamins

A and C, and thiamine and among black females

for average calories, protein, iron, vitamin C, and ..—---- . . .

thiannne ranged from 10 to 13 of the 15 age

comparisons. Exceptions to the general picture

for white females were generally found in ages

less than age 10. In contrast, the exceptions for

black females were usually found in older ages

without any clear-cut pattern.

In general there were no significant differences in mean caloric and nutrient intakes between white females in the Iower income group

and white females of the same ages in the upper

income group. Most of the exceptions were

found in the older ages. Differences in mean intakes of these subgroups were significant for

protein for ages 18-74, for calcium for ages 12-

17, for thiamine and vitamin C for ages 45-74,

for iron for ages 1844 and 65-74, for vitamin A

for ages 1844, and for riboflavin for ages 1244

and 65-74.

There were no significant differences in

mean caloric and nutrient intakes between black

females in the Iower income group and black females of the same age in the upper income

group.

White maIes tended to have higher mean

caloric and nutrient intakes than black males

had, regardless of income level. There were some

exceptions to the general finding in comparing

the average vitamin A and C intakes between

white and black males by income. B1ack males in

the upper income group showed higher median

vitamin A intake than did white males in the

lower income group; black males in both income

groups also showed higher mean vitamin C intake than did white males in the lower income

group.

Results were significant for vitamin C only

for ages 6-11 and 45-74 when white males of the

lower income group were compared with black

males of the upper income group, and for ages

6-11 when white males of the upper income

group were compared with black males of the

lower income group.

For calories, protein, thiamine, and iron,

differences in mean intakes were generally significant for (at most) two age groups. Three exceptions were found. The first was the mean

caloric intake of white males aged 6-17 and 45-

64 with income above poverty level and of black

males of the same age groups with income below

poverty Ievel; the second was the mean protein

intake of white males aged 6-17 and 65-74 years

in the upper income group and of black males of

the same ages in the lower income group; and

the third was mean iron intakes of white males

ages 12-44 and 65-74 in the upper income

groups and of black males of the same ages and

income groups.

White males aged 144 years in the lower income group had significantly higher mean calcium intakes than black males of the same ages

19
and income groups had. White males aged 12-64

in the lower income group had significantly

higher mean calcium intake than had black

males of the same ages with income above poverty level. White males in the upper income

group, aged 6-74, had significantly higher mean

calcium intake than had black males of the same

ages and income groups; white males agec[ 1-74

of the upper income group had significantly

higher mean calcium intake than black males of

the same ages with income below poverty level

had.

Significant differences in mean riboflavin intake between white males of the lower income

group and black males of the same income group

occurred at ages 1-5 and 18-44, and significant

differences in mean riboflavin intake between

white males in the lower income group and

black males of the upper income group were

found for those aged 12-44. White males aged

1-74 in the upper income group had significantly

higher mean intake for this nutrient than black

mzdes of similar ages in the lower income group

had. This observation held also for white and

black mzdes in the upper income group, aged

6-64.

The findings for females by race for income

levels tended to parallel those for males. But

again results were significant only within certain

age groups.

Results were significant for calcium in most

subgroups. The exceptions were found in comparing white females aged 12-17 and 65-74

below poverty level and black females of the

same ages and income group, and at ages 12-17

when comparing white females of the lower income group with black females aged 12-17 of

the upper income group.

Results were also significant for riboflavin in

most subgroups. In comparing white females of

both income groups with black females of the

upper income groups, the exceptions were found

for ages 1-5 and 12-1 7; and in comparing white

females of the upper income group with black

females of the lower income group, the sole

exception was found for ages 12-17. White females aged 1-11 in the lower income group had

significantly higher mean riboflavin intake than

black females of the same Age and income group

had.

There was one other instance for which results were significant in more than two age

groups. White females aged 18-74 in the uppef

income group had higher mean thiamine intake

than black females of the same age and income

group had.

There were also other exceptions to these

findings in that white females tended to have

higher average nutrient intakes than black females had, regardless of income. Black females

in both income groups had higher mean vitamin

C intake than white females in the lower income

group had. Black females in the lower income

group generalIy showed higher mean thiamine

intake than white females in the similar income

group showed. The final exception was the comparison of iron intake between white females in

the lower income group and black femaIes in the

upper income group. Results were significant in

none of those instances.

CALORIC AND NUTRIENT INTAKES

IN RELATION TO THE STANDARD

Mean caloric and nutrient intakes were

evaluated in relation to dietary standards. Distr~-

bution of individuals by amounts of nutrients

were also examined. This made it possible to

show the proportion of individuals who had nutrient intakes that did not meet the standards.

Data from the 24-hour recall showed SOIIIP3

individuals with extremely low caloric values

whose usual intake would be higher; neverth(~-

l,ess, valid comparisons between subgroups can

be made. This statement is applicable to all of

the dietary intake data, not just to calories.

Of the examined persons, 1,396 or 7 percent

had caloric intake less than 800 calories. An intake of less than 800 calories was used as th~e

cutoff leveI because the majority of medically

prescribed therapeutic diets for weight reduction

purposes generally range from 1,000-1,800 calories, depending on age, sex, and weight status.

Most of the reasons for consuming less than 800

calories encompassed reasons such as: selfimposed diets, lack of appetite, and illness on

the day prior to the dietary interview. A more

detailed analysis of this group of subjects by age,

20
race, sex, and income will be reported in a Vital

and Health Statistics series 11 report.

Caloric Intake

Mean caloric intake of males in ages 1-11

and 1844 years approached (90-100 percent of

the standard) or exceeded the standards. In the

adolescent years 12-17 and in the older ages 45-

74 years, the mean caloric intake furnished less

than the standards, averaging about 20 percent

below the recommended amounts. The mean

caloric intake of females in ages less than 8 years

also approached or met the standards. The corresponding values in ages 8 through 74 years

failed to meet the standards, ranging from 11

percent in ages 10-11 years, to 31 percent in

ages 15-17 years beIow the standards (figure 18

and table 1).

The pattern of mean caloric intake with relation to standards previously described for all

males of the U.S. population was also evident

among white males. In contrast, black males had

mean values that approached or met the standards in ages 1-7 and in age group 25-34 years.

Mean values among bIack males in all other age

groups furnished Iess than the caloric standard;

the percents varied from 16 percent below the

standard in ages 18-19 years to 36 percent below

the standard in ages 65-74 years. Both white and

Figure 18. Mean intake of calories and selacted nutrients as a percent below the standard for persons aged 1-74 years, by income lwel, sex, a“d age: (Jnited

States, 1971-74

[ Based on l-day diet; 24-hour recall]

Sex and age

Male

1year .................................

2-3 years .............. ..... .........

4-5 years ...... ........ ..... .........

6-7 years ........ ..... ............. ..

8-9 yaars ..... ..................... ..

10-11 years .... ..... ........ ..... ..

12-14 years .... ..... ...............

15-17 years ... .................. ...

18-19 years .......... ..............

20-24 yaars ..... ..... ........ ..... .

25-34 years ............. ...........

35-44 yaars .. ........ ..... ........ .

45-54 yaars ......... ... ..... .......

55-84 yeara .... ............. .......

65 years and over ........ ..... ..

Famale

1year .................................

2-3 years ......... ... ..... ...........

4-5 yaars ......... ..... ... ...........

6-7 years .... ..... ........ ...........

8-9 years .... ..... ..... ... ..... ..... .

10-11 yearr .. ........ ..... ..... ....

12-14 years ............... ..... ....

15-17 years .. .................. ....

18-19 yaars ......... ........ .......

20-24 yaars . .......... ..... ........

25-34 yaars ... ..... ........ ..... ...

35-44 years ........ ............. ...

45-54 years ..... ... ............. ...

55-84 yaars ..... ..... ........ ..... .

65 vesrs and over., ......... ....

Calories Protain (gin) Calcium (mg) Iron (mg)

All

Below Above

All

Balow Abova

All

Balow Above Below Above

povarty poverty poveny

All

incoma income

poverty

lavell lavell incoma

poverty povarty poverty poverty

levell levell lava[l level 1

income levell level 1

Xxxx

KEY

Xxxx Xxxx

Xxxx Xxxx Xxxx

x x x

X = Below by 1-10 parcant

x x x XX = Below by 11-20 percent

x xxx x XXX = fielow by 21-29 percent

xx xxx xx XXXX = Below by 30 percent or

xx xxx xx

x x x

more

x xx x

x xxx x

x xx x

x xx x

x xx x

x x x

xx xxx xx

xx Xxxx xx x

xxx Xxxx xxx x x

Xxxx Xxxx Xxxx

Xxxx Xxxx Xxxx

x x

xx

x

xx xx

xxx xx

x

xxx

xx x

xx xx xx

x x

xxx xxx xxx

Xxxx Xxxx Xxxx

Xxxx Xxxx Xxxx x

Xxxx Xxxx

xx

Xxxx

xx xx xx

Xxxx Xxxx Xxxx

xxx xxx xxx

Xxxx Xxxx

x

Xxxx

xx xx xx

Xxxx Xxxx Xxxx

x x

xx xxx

Xxxx

xx x

Xxxx Xxxx

xx x

_ xx Xxxx Xxxx Xxxx.

. .

XIX II xxx I x;

xx x

xII xi:

x x x Xxxx

xx

Xxxx

x xx x

Xxxx

x x x x

I II I

.Xx x xx

xx

x

x

x xx x x xx x

lExcludes person with unknown income.

NOTE: There was no one observed below the standard for vitamins A and C, thiamine, and riboflavin.

21
black males had mean caloric values that consistently met the standards only in ages 1

through 7 years (figure 19 and table 3).

As presented in the data for all females in

the U.S. population, both white and black females had mean caloric intake that approached

or met the standards in ages 1-7 years (figure

20). The corresponding caloric intake of females

8 through 74 years furnished less than the standards with the exception of white females in age

group 10-11 years when the mean value approached the standard (90 percent).

White boys 1-9 years of age in both income

groups had mean caloric intake that approached

or exceeded the standards (figure 19). This was

also true for white girls and black boys aged

1-7 years (figures 19 and 20). For bIack girls,

however, the corresponding pattern was evident

only at ages 1-5 years for those in the lower

income group and at ages 1-7 years for those in

the upper income group (figure 20).

White males aged 10 through 74 years in the

lower income group generally had mean caloric

intake ranging from 13 to 30 percent below the

standards with the exception of males aged

35-44 years when the mean value approached

the stfidards. In the upper income group, this

observation was evident only at ages 12-17 and

45-74 years, averaging 14 and 20 percent below

the standard. At ages 8-11 and 18-44 years for

Figure 19. Mean intake of calorie$ and selected nutrients as a percent below the standard for males aWd 1-74 years, by income level, race, and age: United

States, 1971-74

[ Based on l-day diet; 24-hour recall]

I

Calorias I

Protein (gin)

Race and age

All

income

White mala

x

x

xx

xx

x

x

x

x

xx

xx

xxx

xx

xxx

xxx

xxx

xx

xx

x

xx

xxx

Xxxx

Xxxx

X = Below by 1-10 percent

XX = Below by 11-20 percent

XXX = Below by 21-29 percent

XXXX = Below by 30 percent or mora L

-Xx

-w

xx

x

T

x

x

xx 3xx

x

xx

xxx

xx

xx

xx

xx

x

xx

(xxx I FEEx

xxx xxx x

xx xxx

(xxx xx

(xxx xxx

<xxx xxx

xx xx

xxx xx

xx x

xx xx

<xxx xxx

(xxx xxx xx

(xxx Xxxx xx xx xx

lExcludes persons with unknown income.

NOTE: There was no one observed below the standard for thiamine and riboflavin,

22
those in the upper income ~oup, the mean

caloric intake approached the standard (figure

19 and table 3).

Black males and white females in all ages

from 8 through 74 years and in both income

groups had mean czdoric intakes below the

standards (figures 19 and 20). The mean values

for black males ranged from 13 to 43 percent

beIow the standards in the Iower income group

and from 15 to 36 percent in the upper income

group. The corresponding values for white &-

males were 11-34 percent in the lower income

group and 14-31 percent in the upper income

group. Black females in almost all ages from 8

through 74 years and in both income groups had

mean caloric intake beIow the standards; and the

percent in the lower income group ranged from

11 percent to 34 percent and in the upper income group, from 19 to 35 percent (figure 20

and table 5).

An analysis of the caloric distribution data

showed that a large percent of males and females

had intake below the caloric standards (table 7).

Females tended to have higher proportions of

persons who had caloric intake below the standards than males had; exceptions occurred at age

1 and in the age range 45-74 years. The highest

percents for females were in the age range 6-74

years in which ages the percents varied from 59

to 87 percent. The highest percents for males

Figure 19. Mean intake of calories and selected nutrients as a percent below the standard for males aged 1-74 years, by income Iwel, race, and age: United

States, 1971 -74-Con.

[Based on l-day diet; 24-hour recall]

Calcium (mg) Iron (mg) Vitamin A (IU) Vitamin C (mg)

Race and age

All

Below Above

All

Balow Abc’#e

All

Below Above

All

Below Above

income

poverty poverty income

poverty poverty

income

poverty poverty poverty povarty

lavell levell Ieval 1 level 1 levell lavell income level 1 levell

White mala KEY

1 year ... ... ........ ..... ... ........... Xxxx Xxxx Xxxx X = Balow by 1-10 percent

2-3 yaars .... ..... ... ........ ..... ... Xxxx Xxxx Xxxx XX = Balow by 11-20percent

4-5 yaars .... ................... ... .. x x x XXX = Balow by 21-29 percent

6-7 years . ........... ... ........ ... .. XXXX = Below by 30 percant or

8-9 years .... ........... ........ ..... more

10-11 years ... ........ ........... ..

12-14 years ... ........ ........... .. x x x

15-17 years ...... ........ .......... x xxx x

18-19 years ........... ...... ....... x xx x

20-24 years ... ........ ... ..........

25-34 years ...... ... ..... ... ....... xx

35-44 years . ........ ........ .......

45-54 years ... ... ... ........ ..... .. xx

55-64 years ......... .... .... ... ... .

65 years and over ... ..... ... .... x x

Black male

1 year .. ..... ... ..... ... ........ ...... . Xxxx Xxxx Xxxx

2-3 yaars ..... ........ ........ ... ... . Xxxx Xxxx Xxxx

4-5 years ..... ... ........ ........... . x xx x

6-7 years ........... ........ ......... x x

84 years ... .. ... ... ........ ... ......

10-11 years . ... ........... ... ...... x

12-14 years .... ... ..... ... ... ...... x x

15-17 yaars ....... ........... ...... xxx Xxxx xxx x

18-19 years .. ..... ... ........ ... ... xx x xxx

20-24 years .. ........ ... ..... ... ...

25-34 yaars .. ........ ....... .... ...

3544 years .......... ... ........ ...

45-!54 years .. ........ ... ...........

55-64 years ..... ........ ........ .. .

65 yaars and oar . .... ........ ..

l~xcludes perwns With unknown income.

NOTE: There was no one observed below the standard for thiamine and riboflavin.

23
Figure 20. Mean intake of calories and selected nutrients as a percent below the standard for females aged 1-74 years, by income level, race, and age: United

States, 1971-74

[ Based on 1-day diet; 24-hour recall]

Race and age

White female

Black female

were in the age range of 8-74 years when the

percents varied from 61 to 86 percent. More

than one-third of the males aged 1-7 years had

caloric intake below the standards; females in

similar age groups had percents that varied from

30 to 59 percent, averaging about 43 percent

(table 7).

White males had a lower proportion of pe~-

sons with caloric intake below the standards

than black males had in all of the 15 age comparisons. More than one-third of the white boys

had intake below the standards in ages 1-7 years

in comrmrison . with black bow who averaged

more than 40 ~ercent. The percents of mies

below the

through 74

st~dards were fiigher in ages 8

years, where values ranged from 59

All

income

x

xxx

x

xxx

Xxxx

xx

xxx

xx

xx

xx

xx

xxx

x

Xxxx

xxx

xxx

xxx

xx

xxx

xx

xxx

xxx

xxx

Xxxx

Calories I

Protein (gm )

-

KEY

X = Below by 1-10 percent

XX = Below by 11-20 percent

XXX = Below by 21-29 percent

XXXX = Below by 30 percent or more

x

xx xxx

x x

xxx xxx

Xxxx Xxxx x xx

xxx xx x

xxx xxx x

xx xx

xxx xx x

xx xx x

xxx xx xx

xxx xxx x xx

xx x

xxx Xxxx

xxx xx

xxx xxx

Xxxx xxx x x

xx xxx

xxx xxx x

—.

Above

poverty

levell —.

—.

—.

x

xx

x

x.x

xx —..

to 85 Percent for white males. The corresponding p.&-cents for black males in similar- ages

varied from 66 to 93 percent; the highest per’

cents were recorded at ages 65-74 years.

Although white women generally had a

lower proportion of persons with caloric intake

below the standard than black women had (11

of the 15 age comparisons), large percents of

females of both racial groups had caloric intake

.helow the standard (table 7). The lowest percents were in th& younger ages. More than onethird of the white girls aged 1-5 years had calorid

intake below the standards and more than 40

percent of the black girIs aged 1-5 years had

&.loric intake below tie standards. The

percents of females with caloric intake

higher

below

24
Figure 20. Mean intake of calories and selected nutrients as a percent below the stendard for femeles aged 1-74 yeara, by income level, race, and age: United

States, 1971 -74-COn.

[Based on l-day diet; 24-hour recall]

Calcium (me) I Iron (mg) I Vitamin A (IU) I Vitamin C (mg)

Race and age

m

White female

1 year ... ........ ........ ........... ...

2-3 years ... ........ ........ ... ......

4-5 yeara ..... ... ........ ........ ... .

6-7 years ..... ...... ..... ..... ... ....

B-9 years .. ................... .......

10-11 years ... ........ ..... ...... ..

12-14 years ..... ... ... ........ .....

15.17 yeara ..... ........... ........

18-19 years ..... ........ ........ ...

20-24 years . .... ........ ........ ...

25-34 years ....... ........... ... ...

35-44 yaars ....... ........ .........

#k

x

45-54 years ........................

55-S4 years ........................ x x

65 yeara and over............... x x x

Black female

1 year . ... ..... ........ ... ........ ... ..

2-3 years . ........ ........ ...........

4-5 yaars ...... ........ ... ...........

6-7 years . ..... ... ........ ... ..... ...

8-9 vears ... ... ........ ... ........... H-L

Xxxx

Xxxx

xx

x

x

x

Xxxx

Xxxx

xx

x

xx

lo-ii years ....... ........ ... ......

HI I Xxxx

12-14 years ....... ...... .. ... ...... Xxxx

15-17 vaars ....... ........... ...... x Xxxx

18-19 Vears . ........ ... ..... ... ... .

20-24 vears . ........ ........ .. ..... I-%-II Xxl ‘RR%

25-34 vears . ........... ... ..... .... I Xxxxll xxx I Xxxxl Xxxx

Mm 35-44 years .... ... ..... ... .........

45-54 years ... ... ........... .......

65-54 years

65 years and over ..... ... .......

I 11 1 m

lExcIudes pmsons with unknown income.

Below Above

All

Below Abova

All

Below Above

poverty poverty

income

poverty poverty poverty poverty

level 1 levell levell level 1

income Ieval 1 level 1

--u KEY

Xxxx Xxxx X = Below by 1-10 percent

L

x

Xxxx Xxxx XX = Below by 11-20 percent

xx xx XXX = Below by 21-29 percent

xx x XXXX = Below by 30 percent or

x more

xxx xxx

Xxxx Xxxx

Xxxx Xxxx x

Xxxx Xxxx x

Xxxx Xxxx xx

Xxxx Xxxx x

Xxxx Xxxx x

Xxxx Xxxx

xx x

xx x

%Ei-1-i14--

Xxxx I Xxxx I X11 Xxxi

Xxxx Xxxx

Xxxx Xxxx

Xxxx Xxxx

Xxxx Xxxx

Xxxx Xxxx

xxx xx

xxx xx

NOTE: There waenoone observed below thestandmd forthiamine andriboflatin,

the standards were aged 6-74 years. Here the

percents were generally higher than 70 percent

for both racial groups; the maximum was 88

percent recorded for white females aged 12-14

years and for black females aged 35-44 years.

Among white boys aged 1-7 years an average

of more than one-third in both income groups

had caloric intake below the standards (tabIe 7).

The corresponding data for black boys of simiIar ages for both income groups averaged about

40 percent. For white girls aged 1-5 years, in

both income groups, the averaged percent was

about 36 percent. For black girls of similar ages,

the averaged percent was more than 40 percent.

Among white and black males aged 8

through 74 years in both income groups, the

percents of those with low caloric intake ranged

from more than 50 percent to a high of 88 percent for white males and a high of 95 percent

for black maIes. A somewhat similar pattern was

noted for white and bIack femaIes aged 6-74

years in both income groups.

Protein Intake

Mean protein intake of males and females

approached or exceeded the standards for aIl

ages 1 through 74 yearn; such wdues were higher

for males than for females (figure 18). The protein consumed by white males and females of all

ages also approached or averaged more than the

standards (figures 19 and 20). The pattern was

25
similar for black males and females except for

black males aged 65-74 years whose mean protein intake was 15 percent below the standard

and black females aged 35-44 and 55-74 years

whose mean protein intake averaged 16 percent

below the standards (figures 19 and 20).

Mean protein intake for white males exceeded the standards for all income groups (figure 19). The mean values were double or more

than double the standards in ages 1 through 11

years, and such values decreased with age from

a high of 256 percent of the allowance in age

1 of the lower income group to a low of 92 percent at ages 65-74 years in the same income

group. White males of all ages tended to show

higher mean values in relation to standards than

black males did.

Black males aged 1-54 years in both income

groups also reported high protein intake in relation to the standards but at age group 55-64

years in the lower income and at ages 65 years

and more in both income groups, the mean protein intake averaged about 13 percent below the

standards. The mean values were more than

double the standards in ages 1 through 7 years,

and as observed for white males, the values decreased with age.

Mean protein intake for white females in

the income group above poverty level approached or exceeded the standards at all ages

(figure 20). Corresponding values for white

females in the lower income group were similar

except for those aged 15-17 and 55 years and

older, whose mean values averaged about 16 percent below the standards.

BIack females also had average protein intake above the standards in both income groups

except for those women aged 35-44 and 55

years and older in both income groups, whose

values averaged about 16 percent below the

standards.

The mean protein diets of white and black

females aged 1-7 years in both income groups

exceeded the standards by more than twice the

standards. This was also true for white females

aged 8-9 years in the lower income group, but

a similar pattern was not observed for black females aged 8-9 years in both income groups. As

with males, females tended to show a decrease

with age in the mean protein intake as a percent

c)f standard. White females in all ages tended to

show higher mean values in relation to the

standard than black females did.

Table 8 shows that females had higher proportions of persons with protein intake below

the standards than males had in 14 of the 15

age comparisons, except for those age 1 year

when the differences in proportions are so smal[l

a.s to be negligible. In the younger ages, 1

through 11 years, the proportions for males

ranged from 2 to 8 percent, in contrast with proportions for females whose values ranged from 2

to 13 percent.

Both males and females had higher propor+

tions of persons with protein intake below the

standards in the ages 12-74 years, ranging from

117 to 59 percent for males and from 41 to 67

percent for females.

Males and females showed smaller differences in proportion of persons with protein

intake less than the standards in ages less than

112 years; the values ranged from 0.2 to 6 percent. The differences in proportions between

sexes were larger in ages 12-74 years when the

percents varied from 8 percent at ages 65-74

years to 31 percent at ages 15-17 years,

Black mrdes had higher proportions of persons with protein intake below the standards

than white males of corresponding ages had ih

all 15 age comparisons (table 8). The proportions of black females with intake below the

standard were also generally higher than those c)f

their white counterparts except at ages 15-1 ‘7.

As with +e total population, the proportions

were higher in the ages 12-74 years in contras~t

with ages less than 12 years for both sex-race

groups.

The proportions of children with low protein intake in relation to the standard by income

were smallest in the younger ages 1 through 9

years. The percents for white and black bo:is

and white girls at these ages of both income

groups ranged from no prevalence to 13 percent

below the standard, and percents of black girls

of similar ages and income groups varied from 2

to 19 percent below the standards (tabIe 8).

Black females in both income groups and

white females of the lower income group aged

12-74 years showed percents that ranged from

43 to 76 percent. The corresponding percents

26
for white females in the upper income group

varied from 41 to 64 percent.

There was a wide range of percents for white

and black males aged 12-74 years of both

income groups; the percent of persons with protein intake below the standard for white and

black maIes in the lower income group ranged

from 18 to 70 percent. The findings for black

males in the upper income group were almost

similar, and the percents varied from 22 to 71

percent. The variation in percents with age for

white males in the upper income group was not

as marked, ranging from 14 to 56 percent.

Calcium Intake

Mean calcium intake of males in all age

groups 1-74 years exceeded the caIcium standards. Mean calcium intake of females in ages

less than 45 years of age also exceeded the

dietary standards. In the age range 45-74 years,

the mean caIcium diets approached the standards (figure 18). Males had higher mean calcium

intake that approached or exceeded the standards than females had in all comparable age

groups (table 1).

Mean calcium intake for both sexes in ages

less than 10 years were about do~ble the dietary

caIcium standards. Males generally showed a

similar pattern from ages 10 through 64 years,

but the pattern was not observed for females in

these ages. The mean calcium intake in relation

to the standard tended to decrease from a high

of 169 percent (more than 1-1/2 times the

dietary standard) at ages 10-11 to a low figure

of 95 percent at ages 65-74 years (table 1).

Race, sex, and age. –Mean intake of white

and black males aged 1-74 years exceeded the

dietary standards for calcium (figure 19 and

table 3). Corresponding values for white females

aged 1 through 54 years generalIy showed the

same picture (figure 20 and table 5). However,

the mean calcium intake of white females aged

55-74 years approached the dietary standards.

The pattern was slightly different for black females aged 1-19 years when the mean calcium

intake approached or exceeded the dietary

standards. However, in adult ages 20-74 years,

their diets furnished less than the dietary standard for calcium, ranging

below the standards.

from 13 to 32 percent

Mean calcium intake of white and black

males exceeded dietary standards in all ages and

income groups; white males in both income

groups had higher mean values than bIack males

(figure 19).

Mean calcium diets of white females aged

less than 25 years of both income groups fi_u--

nished more than the dietary standards, and the

higher values were found in the younger ages.

The mean values approached and were slightly

above the dietary standards in ages 25-74 years,

in contrast with those in the younger ages (figures 20, 21, and table 5).

BIack females aged less than 15 years of

both income groups had mean calcium intake

that met the dietary standard (figure 20). The

corresponding percents for black females in the

age group 15-17 years was 99 percent in the’

lower income group and 114 percent in the

upper income group. The mean calcium diet of

black femaIes aged 18 through 74 years of both

income groups (except for those aged 18-19

years of the lower income group) furnished less

than the dietary standards, ranging from 12 to

39 percent, on the average, below the standards

(figure 20 and table 5).

Females showed higher proportions of persons with crdcium intake beIow the standards

than males did. This direction was evident in

14 of the 15 age comparisons (table 9). The

higher proportions of low intake for women

were more noticeable in the ages 18-74 years;

the percents ranged from 48 percent in the age

~oup 18-19 years to 63 percent in the age

group 55-64 years. In contrast, the corresponding percents for men in comparable age ranges

were 18 percent in the age group 18-19 years to

28 percent in the age group 55-64 years.

Black females consistently showed a higher

proportion of persons with Iow calcium intake

than did white females in all 15 age comparisons (tabIe 9). The Iargest percents were for females aged 45-64 years-an average of 79 percent for black females and an average of about

60 percent for white females. Fifty-two percent

of white females aged 18-44 and 71 percent of

black females aged 18-44 had calcium intake

below the standard. Within age group 65-74

27
260

r

INCOME BELOW POVERTY LEVEL

240

220

200

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I

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z

180

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160

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140

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120

100

80

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.:,,.,., !&,

:::y;: ;~

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y,:;.:, $,$:~~ +:, w+

774 1 2.3 4.5 6.7 8.9 10.11 12.14 15.17 18.19 20.24 25.34 35.i4 45.54 5564 65

and

PLGE IN YEARS 0“.?r

Figure 21 Mean calcium intake as a percent of standard Of females aged 1-74 years, by age and race for income levels: Unitecl States,

1$171.74

years, the corresponding percents were 61 per- The difference in percent of low intake of

cent for white females and 72 percent for black calcium in the direction of females by race was

females. Within age group 12-17 years, the #so found for black and white males separately.

values were about a third, on the average, for Black males in all ages showed higher propor-’

white females and about 50 percent for black tions of persons with calcium intake below the

females. standards than white males did. On the average,

Similar data for children aged 1-5 years more than one-third of black males aged 18-44

showed that about one-third of the black girls

had calcium intake that failed to meet the standyears and of black adolescents aged 12-17 years

had calcium intake below the standards. The

ards. Among white girls, the average percent was corresponding percents for white males in the

about 13 percent. same age groups were 17 and 14 percent, re28
spectively. For black males aged 1-5 years, the

values were 27 percent and for white males of

similar ages, 12 percent.

A Iarge percent of low calcium intake was

observed for both white and black males aged

45-64 years; the proportion of black males

averaged more than 40 percent and of white

maIes, about 25 percent.

Females in both income groups showed a

large proportion of persons with low calcium

intake—an average of more than 71 percent of

the black females aged 18-44 years and an average of 52 percent of the white females of the

same ages. For females aged 45-64 years in both

income groups, the percent of persons below the

standards averaged 79 percent for black females

and 60 percent for white females. The proportions of white and black females aged 65-74

years in both income groups with Iow calcium

intake were 63 and 72 percent, respectively

(table 9).

The proportions were lower in the younger

ages but were still substantial. Black girls aged

1-5 years showed an average of about one-third

of persons in both income groups with calcium

intake below the standard of 450 mg. For white

girls, in both income groups, the averaged percent was about 11 percent, The findings were

higher for black and white girls aged 12-17

years, 50 and 38 percent, respectively.

The largest proportions of low calcium intake among males were recorded for black males

aged 45-74 years, an average of about 45 percent in both income groups; the average percent

was about 25 percent for white males of similar

ages in both income groups. The proportion of

black males, aged 1-5 years, with calcium intakes

below the standard was 33 percent in the low

income group and 22 percent in the upper income group. The corresponding percents of

white males averaged about 12 percent in both

income groups.

Iron Intake

Mean iron intake for females was generzdly

below the dietary standards; however, the exceptions occurred in the age groups 6-9 years and

55 years and older. Here, the mean iron intake

approached within 90 to 100 percent of the

dietary standards (figure 18).

A different pattern was observed for males.

In 13 of the 15 age groups, the mean iron intake

approached or exceeded the dietary standards

(91 to 167 percent of the dietary standard),

except among the youngest ages 1-3 years for

whom the intakes were about haIf of the value

for dietary standards, similar to those observed

for femaIes in comparable ages (figure 18 and

table 1).

The pattern in the relationship of mean iron

intake to dietary standards found for aU males

in the U.S. population was ako found for white

and black males separately (figure 19). The

mean values among both white and black males

generaIIy approached or met the iron standards

in ages 4 through 74 years. Two exceptions to

the general finding occurred among black maIes

in age groups 15-17 and 18-19 years, where the

mean values felI 20 and 25 percent below the

dietary standards. The corresponding values

were about half of the dietary iron standards in

ages 1-3 years (table 3).

White and black males in most age groups

for both income levels had mean iron intake that

either approached or exceeded the standard (figures 19, 22, and table 3). The exceptions were

among boys aged 1-3 years who had means consistently below the standards for a.11race and income groups (41-56 percent). White male

youths aged 15-19 years in the lower income

group had means that averaged 17 percent below

the standard. Black boys aged 4-5 years in the

lower income group had means 13 percent below the standard. Black male youths aged 15-17

years in the lower income group had means 30

percent below the standard, and those aged 15-

19 years in the group above poverty level had

means that averaged 26 percent below the

standard.

A similar picture was observed for white and

for black females when the corresponding figures were examined separately from the total

female population (figure 20 and table 5). However, in contrast with the data for males, the

mean iron intake was substantially below the

dietary standard. At ages 1 and 2-3 years and age

groups 10-54 years the percents below the

29
180

160

140

120

100

80

60

40

20

0

Figure 22. Mean iron intake as a percent of standard of males aged 1-74 years, by age and race for income levels: United States, 1971-74

standards ranged from 40 to 56 percent. At age

group 4-5 years, the values were 11 and 17 percent for black and white females, respectively.

Black females in age groups 8-9, 55-64, and

65 years and older had mean values that did not

meet the dietary standard. There were no age

groups that exceeded the standard, but there

were some age groups that approached the

standard (9 O-100 percent): white and black females aged 6-7 years; white females aged 8-9

years, 55-64 years, and 65 years and older.

White and black girls aged 1-3 years in both

income groups had mean iron intakes that were

42-68 percent below the standards. Adolescent

girls aged 12-17 years had means that were

35-55 percent beIow the standard; women of

childbearing ages, 18-44 years, had means that

were 41-53 percent below the standard (figures

20,23, and table 5).

White females aged 65-74 years in the upper

income group approached the standard (96 percent), and white females in similar ages in the

lower income group and black females in both

income groups had means ranging from 16 to

26 percent below the standard.

Although the mean iron intake of lmales

aged 4-74 years approached or exceeded the

standards, there were large proportions of ]males

whose iron intake was below the standards

(table 10). In ages 4-11 years, the percents

ranged from 36 to 68 percent; slightly less than

two-thirds of the mzdes aged 12-19 years had less

than the standards. The percents of low intake

in ages 20-74 years ranged from 15 percent in

30
120

100

n

:

z

80

$

w

L 60

:

i! 40

cc.

:

20

0 [

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r

INCOME ABOVE POVERTY LEVEL

h

❑ White

;,yj ❑ ,,,,,

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INCOME BELOW POVERTY LEVEL

AGE IN YEARS

and

we r

Figure 23. Mean iron intake as a percent of standard of females aged 1-74 years, by age and race for income levels: United States...

1971-74

age group 25-34 years to 40 percent in age group

65-74 years. The highest percent of low values

was in ages 1-3 years where the values averaged

about 95 percent.

In contrast with males, a larger proportion

of females had iron intake below the standards;

the percents for adolescent girls aged 12-17

years and women aged 18-54 years averaged

about 93 percent. Corresponding values for girls

aged 4-9 years and women aged 65-74 years

were 68 and 77 percent, respectively. At ages

1-3 years, as was shown previously for boys of

similar ages, the value averaged about 95

percent.

The daiIy iron standard for women aged 18-

54 years is 18 mg; for men of comparable ages,

10 mg is the daily standard. If the standard of

10 mg were used for women, the proportion of

women with iron intake below the standard

wotdd stilI be high, an average of more than 50

percent.

The proportion of persons with iron intake

below the standards observed previously for the

entire sample of U.S. population aged 1-74 years

was similar to that observed for white and black

persons separately. ChiIdren aged 1-3 years and

females aged 10-54 years showed an average of

95 and 93 percent, respectively, of individuals

whose iron intake values were less than the

standards. Corresponding values for white and

black females 65-74 years of age with iron intake below the standard averaged more than 70

percent (table 10).

Although alI males aged 4-74 years generaHy approached or exceeded the standards, there

were large proportions of these individual

whose iron intake values were below the standards: white males aged 45-64 and 65-74 years,

averaged more than 30 percent; black males

aged 4-7 years averaged more than 60 percent;

black males aged 12-19 years averaged about 77

percent; bIack males aged 55-74 years averaged

more than 50 percent.

GirIs aged 1-3 years and females 10-54 years

for both race and income groups, showed an

average of about 93 percent of individuals with

iron intake vahes below the standards. Corresponding values for women aged 65-74 years

averaged about 72 percent whose iron intake

fell below the standards.

31
About 95 percent of white and black boys

aged 1-3 years in both income groups had iron

intake below the standards. More than 60 percent of white and black males aged 4 through 19

years in the lower income group had iron intake below the standards, and more than 50

percent of all men in the two older groups had

iron intake below the standards. Corresponding

proportions in ages 20-54 years ranged from 11

to 42 percent, an average of 28 percent. The

percents for white and black males aged 65-74

years in the upper income group were 36 and

58 percent, respectively; males of both races in

the lower income group averaged more than 50

percent whose iron intake was below the standards (table 10).

Vitamin A Intake

Males had mean vitamin A intake at all ages

in both race and income groups which approached or exceeded the standards (figures 18

and 19). This was also true among females in

almost all age, race, and income groups (figure

2Q). The exceptions were found among white

females aged 20-24 years in the lower income

group whose means were 12 percent below the

standards; and among black females aged 12-14

years in the upper income group and those aged

15-17 years in the lower income group whose

means were 15 and 27 percent, respectively, below the standards (table 6).

Mean vitamin A intake values were much

larger than the median values and a comparison

of median vitamin A intake in relation to the

dietary standard presented another picture for

some population subgroups (table 2). Median

vitamin A intake of males aged 1-74 years approached or exceeded the standards (table 2).

Females aged less than 12 years had median

vitamin A intake above the standards but those

who were 12 years old had medians less than the

standard-values ranged from 13 percent below

the standards at ages 55-64 years to 37 percent

below at ages 15-17 years. Both males and females aged 1-11 years had median vitamin A

values above the standard; males had higher

values than females had.

Race, sex, and age. –The relationship between median vitamin A intake and the standards (discussed previously for the male po~ulation as a whole) held also for white males, but

a similar pattern was not always evident for

black males when the data were examined

separately (table 4). White males aged 1-74 years

had vitamin A intake that approached or exceeded the standards. Among black males, this

pattern was observed only for those aged[ 1-11

years. After age 11, the median values approached or were below the standard with the

exception of black males aged 55-64 years who

had a median value of 163 percent of the

standard.

White males in the upper income group of

all ages had median vitamin A intake that consistently approached or met the standards (table

40. This was also evident for white males in the

lower income group of ages less than 25 years

with the exception of ages 15-24 years, and 25

through 74 years with the exceptions of those

aged 45-54 and 65-74 years. The highest values

were found in the younger ages, particularly in

ages less than 15 years, of both income groups.

White males in the income group above plqverty

level in all ages generally had higher rdedian

vitamin A intake with relation to standards than

those in the income group below poverty level

for comparable ages had.

A similar comparison was made for black

males by age for income groups (table 4). Here,

income level did not consistently influence

vitamin A intake with relation to standards.

Median vitamin A intake of black males less than

age 12 years in both income levels approached

or exceeded the standards. This was also true

for black males aged 20-74 years in the ppper

income group with the exceptions of those aged

45-54 and 65-74 years. Other exceptions in the

upper income group were found for those aged

12-19 years. In the lower income group,, black

males aged 12-74 years had median values that

approached or met the standards only in age

groups 35-44 years.

White females aged 1 through 11 years of

both income groups ingested diets that met the

vitamin A standards (table 6). In similar age

ranges, the diets of black females failed to meet

the standards in age 1 year of the lower income

group and in ages 8-9 years of the upper income

group. The findings for both white and black

32
females were entirely reversed in the ages 12-74

years where income level genera.lIy had little

relationship to vitamin Aintake. The exceptions

were among black females aged 18-19 years in

the lower income group and those aged 55-64

years in both income groups, when the median

vitamin A values in these ages approached or

exceeded standards.

There were large proportions of individuals

with vitamin A intake below the standards and

females had a higher proportion of low vitamin

A intake than males had (table 11). The proportions of males aged 12-74 years whose vitamin A

intake fell below the standards ranged from 44

percent in age group 55-64 years to 53 percent

in age group 65-74 years. The proportions of

females in the 12-74-years age group, ranged

from 56 percent in the age group 55-64 years to

70 percent in the age group 15-17 years. The

same pattern was evident in the younger ages

where femaIes still showed higher proportions of

persons with vitamin A intake below the standards than maIes showed. The percent of boys

aged 1-5 and 6-11 years who had intake of

vitamin A below the standards averaged 29 and

31 percent, respectively; for girls of the same

ages, the averaged percents were 36 and 41 percent, respectively.

The proportions of males with low vitamin

A intake in relation to the standards found in

the United States as a whole were not found

for white and black males separately (table 11).

The proportions of low vitamin A wdues were

more apparent for black males than for white

males, particularly in the ages 8-19 years. In

these age groups, the averaged percent of low

values for white males was 38 percent compared with 59 percent for black males. In the

younger ages, 1 through 7 years, the differences

were still in the same direction but the magnitude of the differences were smalIer: white

males, 29 percent, as compared with the figure

for black males, 36 percent. Smaller differences

in percents of persons with Iow vitamin A intake

wdues were also noted in ages 20-74 years, an

average of 48 percent for white males and 54

percent for black males.

B1ack females aged 1 through 54 years genera.I1y had higher proportions of persons with

vitamin A intake below the standard than white

females

of Iow

had. However, substantial proportions

vitamin A intake were found in both

groups; the highest percents were found in ages

12-24 years. Here more than two-thirds of both

white and black females had vitamin A intake

below the standard. Corresponding percents of

females in younger ages 1-11 years ranged from

29 percent to 42 percent among white females,

as compared with 42-60 percent among black

femaIes. White females aged 55-74 years showed

higher proportions of persons with low vitamin

A intake than black females did. Although differences in percents with Iow values were small

only in the age group 65-74 years, the percents

of both groups aged 55 years and more averaged

more than 50 percent.

The proportion of white and black males

with Iow vitamin A intake in all ages 1-74 years

in the lower income group varied from 18 to 69

percent in the white group, and from 24 to 80

percent in the bIack. In the upper income group,

corresponding proportions for white males

ranged from 21 to 50 percent, and for black

males from 28 to 70 percent (table 11).

About 43 percent of white and black girls

aged 1-5 years in the low income group had

vitamin A intake below the standard. The corresponding value for white girls of the same ages

in the upper income group was 34 percent. The

average percent of black girls aged 1-5 years in

the lower income group was 48 percent in contrast with 43 percent for black girls in the upper

income group (table 11).

Larger proportions of white and black females had vitamin A intake falkg considerably

below the standards in the ages 12-74 years. The

percent of white females in the low income

group ranged from 60 to 74 percent. The percent of white females in the upper income group

ranged from 57 to 68 percent.

In the ages 12-74 years the percent of Negro

females in the low income group varied from 50

to 78 percent and the percent of those in the

upper income group ranged from 42 to 74

percent.

Vitamin C Intake

Mean vitamin C intake of males and females

were above the standards in all ages 1 through

33
74 years (figure 18). Males had higher values

than females had in 10 of the 15 age groups;

most exceptions to this were found in the older

ages 45 through 64 years (table 2).

Corresponding values for males by race followed the same pattern observed for all males

(table 4). White males had higher meam vitamin

C intake with regard to standards at ages less

than 25 years of age–the values ranged from

179 to 229 percent of the standards. The lower

figures were found at ages 25-74 years where

values ranged from 137 to 158 percent of the

standards. These patterns were also observed

among black males and the lower values were

also generally found in the older age groups.

White males generally had higher values above

the standards than black males had; the largest

differences in mean values above the standards

mainly were observed in ages less than 19 years

(table 4).

Mean vitamin C intake of females by race

paralleled the findings previously noted for

“males (table 6). Mean vitamin C intake was

above the standards for all age groups 1-74

years. White females of ages 15-74 years had

consistently higher mean vitamin C intake in

relation to the standards than black females

had.

The direction in values was reversed in ages

less than 15 years; here black females in most

ages generally showed higher values than white

females showed.

Mean vitamin C intake of black males was

above the standards regardless of age and income

group (figure 19). This observation did not hold

true for white males whose mean vitamin C

intake was 12 and 18 percent below the standards at ages 25-34 and 45-54, respectively, in

the lower income group. Another exception was

found in the age group 65-74 years where the

value approached the standard, 95 percent in the

same income group.

Mean vitamin C intake of white and black

females was above the standards in all age and

income groups with the exception of l-year-old

white females of the lower income group where

the value was 97 percent of the standard (figure 20 and table 6).

Although females had a generally higher proportion of vitamin C intake below the standard

than males in the age range 1-74 years had,’ the

differences in proportions were small and the

percent of females having vitamin C levels below

each of the cutoff points usually was not much

greater than were the corresponding percents of

males. The proportion of females in the entire

age range with vitamin C intake below the standard varied from 49 percent in the age grou]~ 12-

17 years to 54 percent in the age group 20-24

years. For males there was a low of 34 percent

in the age group 10-11 years and a high of 51

percent in ages 25-34 and 45-54 years (table 12).

Black females also generally showed higher

proportions of low vitamin C intake than white

females in the age span 1-74 years did, higher

percents of black females had low vitamin C intake in 8 of 15 age comparisons. The percents

for the two race groups were almost the same in

age groups 15-17 and 18-19 years. The largest

of these differences occurred in ages 65-74 years

(53 percent for black females and 39 percent for

white females). Although differences in percents

in the age range 1-14 years varied from 5 to 10

percent, the percents of females in both races

with low vitamin C intake was about the saime—

the percents for black females were 38 to 52

percent, as compared with 38 to 51 percent for

white females (table 12).

Black males showed higher proportions of

persons with vitamin C intake less than the

recommended allowances than white males in 13

of the 15 age comparisons did, especially at ages

10 through 24 years (table 12). The difference

in values was negligible at age 1. At ages 10

through 24 the percents of black males ranged

from 41 to 64 percent as compared Witl[: percents of white males of 32 to 43 percent. The

corresponding percents for ages 20-74 years

showed a small difference in percents between

males, yet the percents of persons with low

vitamin C intake in relation to the recommended

allowances were high for both groups-the average percent was more than 54 percent for black

males and it was 47 percent for white males.

White males aged 1-74 years in the lower income group had proportions of persons with low

vitamin C intake ranging from 40 to 75 percent;

proportions of white males in the same age range

in the upper income group ranged from 29 to 49

percent. Across the same age range the lowest

34
proportion of black males reporting low vitamin

C intake in the lower income group was 35 percent and the highest value was 65 percent. These

values compared with 25-71 percent for black

mzdes aged 1-74 years in the upper income group

(tabIe 12). Similar data for females supported

the previous findings for males.

The proportion of low vitamin C intake in

relation to standard was also high for females

in comparable ages. The proportions of white

females with low vitamin C values ranged from

36 to 72 percent in the low income group; the

range was from 36 to 54 percent in the upper

income group. The corresponding proportions

of black females in the lower income group was

41-63 percent; proportions in the upper income

group ranged from 31 to 58 percent (table 12).

Thiamine and Riboflavin Intakes

Mean thiamine and riboflavin intakes were

above the standards for all age, sex, race, and income groups (figures 18-20). Mean riboflavin

intake in relation to standards was generally

highest in the younger age groups; mean intake

was more than two times the standard, but the

values tended to decrease with age (table 2).

Males generaUy had higher proportions of

persons with thiamine intake that did not meet

the standards than females had, particularly in

the youngest ages (1-3 yearn) and in the age

range 12 through 74 years. The only exception

in the latter age group is for those in the age

group 18-19 years. Although in the entire age

range of 1-74 years males had higher proportion

of Iow thiamine than females in 10 of the 15 age

comparisons had, the magnitude of the difference between sexes in percent of persons with

Iow thiamine intake was small, ranging from

0.37 to 6.4 percent and an average percent

difference of 2 percent. The highest proportion

of persons below standard intake of thiamine for

mzdes were in the age range 20-54 years varying

from 12 to 15 percent; for females in the same

age range, the percents varied from 6 to 11

percent.

For both white and black males, the percent

of white maIes having thiamine levels below the

standards tended to be greater than the recorded

percent of black males. The percent of white

males was generally higher at ages 1 through 11

years and at ages 35-74 years than that of black

males. The values were highest for both groups

at ages 15-17 and 20-54 years, ranging from 9.5

through 20.1 percent (table 13).

The pattern found for males by race was

generally also found for white and bIack females

separately (tabIe 13). In 8 of the 15 age groups,

the percent of white females with low thiamine

intake in reIation to the standard was higher

than that of bIack females of the same age.

Again, as with the males, these values with the

slight exception of those of ages 8-9 were mainIy

located in ages 1-11 years.

The percent of persons with thiamine intake

below the standard varied from 3 to 14 percent

among white males and from 2 to 12 percent

among white females. The proportion of low intake among black males ranged from 1 to 20

percent and among bIack females from no

prewdence to 14 percent.

The differences in percents between races

were small; the largest differences between males

occurred in ages 20-24 and 25-34 years, 6 and 7

percent, respectively.

Differences between white and black females

were largest at ages 25-34 and 65-74 years, 7

and 5 percent, respective] y.

The pattern shown previously between males

and females for the thiamine data was not evident for the riboflavin data. Higher proportions

of females (in 9 of the 15 comparable age

groups) tended to have low riboflavin intake

than maIes did, especially in the ages 6-24 years.

However, the differences in percents in these 9

age groups between sexes were small, ranging

from 0.23 to 1.4 percent (table 14).

The highest proportions of persons with low

riboflavin intake for both sexes were found in

the age group 15 through 44 years. For females,

the percents ranged from 10 percent in age

group 15-17 years to 14 percent in age group

20-24 years, and for males the corresponding

percents in the same age groups ranged from 8

to 13 percent. Even in these age groups, the

differences in percents were smalI.

Black maIes generrdly had higher percents of

~ersons with riboflavin intake that fell below the .

standards

had. This

than white males of comparable ages

pattern is evident for bIack maIes in

35
13 of 14 age groups. The differences at ages 6-7

years were negligible and at ages 45-54 years the

percent of white males was higher than of black

males (table 14).

Similar patterns appeared when the differences between percents of white and black females were analyzed (table 14). Black females

had higher percents of persons with low riboflavin intake in 11 of the 15 age groups than

white females had. The exceptions at ages 1

year, 2-3 years, 6-7 years, and 65-74 years were

small-they ranged from 0.20 to 1.14 percent.

Less than 1-12 percent of the white males

had riboflavin intake below the standard as compared with .1-20 percent of black males who had

intake below the standard. The percents of persons with low riboflavin intake varied from 0.50

to 13 percent for white females and from O to

19 percent for black females.

A higher percent of white and blaclk males in

the upper income level had thiamine and riboflavin intakes below the standards than those in

the lower income group. This pattern was also

evident among white and black females for thiamine intake but not for riboflavin. White females in the lower income group had 9 of the 15

age groups with higher proportions of persons

with riboflavin intake below the standard than

those in the upper income group. Income level

was not a factor in differentiating between the

percents of black females whose riboflavin intake was below the standards.

Males and females of both race and income

groups throughout the age range 1-74 years generally had proportions of persons whose thiamine and riboflavin intakes were below the

standard of the magnitude of less than 15

percent.

The exceptions. to the riboflavin findings

were generally observed for white and black

females aged 1544 years in the lower income

group and black females aged 18-34 years in the

upper income group.

MEAN INTAKES

Mean Caloric and Nutrient Intakes

per Kilogram of Body Weight

Caloric and nutrient intakes per kilogram of

body weight declined with age for both sexes

(figure 24). Since caloric and nutrient needs

tend to parallel the growth rate, dietary intake

of children is higher in proportion to body

weight than intake of older persons. The caJoric

intake per kilogram of body weight at age 1 was

more than 6 times (for girls) and about 5 times

(for boys) that of adult females and males aged

65 years and more, respectively. The corresponding figures for calcium values were about 8

times for both sexes. For other nutrients, the

magnitude of the order was about 4 times and

more. The higher caloric and nutrient intakes of

children as compared with adults allows for

growth, development, and physical activity indicative of healthy children.

The decrease in mean caloric and nutrient

intakes per kiIogram of body weight with age

found for males and females was also found for

race-sex groups separately (figures 25 and 26).

Males generally showed higher mean caloric

and nutrient intakes than femaIes in all ages 1-74

years did, yet when the mean caloric and nutrient intakes were calculated in terms of per kilogram of body weight, the differences in such

values were diminished and males still exceeded

females in intakes. There were some minor exceptions to these findings in the younger and

adult ages for vitamin A and in the adult ages for

vitamin C. Differences in the corresponding

figures for mean thiamine and riboflavin between males and females were numerically small.

Small differences such as these could easily arise

through chance.

The pattern of differences in mean caloric

and nutrient intakes by age between race-sex

groups observed previously were generally kimilar to those observed in terms of per kilo,gram

of body weight (fi~res 25 and 26). White nm.les

and females had generally greater mean caloric

and nutrient intakes per kilogram of body

weight than their black counterparts had. White

and black persons of both sexes in the abovepoverty-level income group had higher values

than persons in the lower income group.1

Mean Nutrient Intakes per 1,000

Caloriesa

The mean calcium intake per 1,000 calories

for girls at age 1 year decreased from a high of

‘Data are available in tables 17-32 of refere~ce 1.

3fi
120 r

•1 Male

❑ Female

7

Figure 24. Mean caloric and nutriant intakes per kilogram of body weight of males and females aged 1-74 years, by age: United Statesr

1971-74

PROTEIN

n

AGE IN YEARS

and

““e,

37
90

80

Ic

c

1

CALCIUM

•1 Male

❑ Female

I RON

1

5.54 55.64 23 45 67 89 1011 1214 15.17 18.19 20.24 25.34

AGE IN YEARS

iaure 24. Mean caloric and nutrient intakes per kilogram of bc)dy weight of males and females aged 1-74 years, by aga: United States,

and

over

1971-74-Con.
350

300

250

200

150

m

50

0

6

5

4

3

2

1

0

23

-1

1

VITAMIN A

❑ Male

❑ mm,.

VITAMIN C

1

wi44 4554

AGE IN YEARS

and

river

lure 24. Mean caloric and nutrient intakes per kilogram of body weight of males and females aged 1-74 years, by age: United States,

1971-74–Con.

39
0.10

[

TN IAMINE

•1 Male

❑ FWllde

23

RIBOFLAVIN

6-7

,AGE IN YEARS

and

igure 24. Mean caloric and nutrient intakes per kilogram of body weight of males and females aged 1-74 years, by age: united States,

1971-74–Con.

40
170

,10 [ n CALORIE

❑ W,!,,

K! Black

5r

I

PROTEIN

n

1 2.3 4.5 6.7 8.9 10.11 12.14 1517 18-19 2B24 2534 3644 4E.E4 5564 65

AGE IN YEARS and

. . . .

Figure 25. Mean caloric and nutrient intakes per kilogram of body weight of males aged 1-74 years, by race and age: United States,

1971-74

41
‘CALCIUM

0.7

r

2.3 4.5

I RON

n11—

67 8.9 10.11 12.14 15.17 18.19 20.24 25.34 35.44 45.54 55.64 65

.. .

Figure 25. Mean caloric and nutrient intakes per kilogram ot body we!gm 01 males agea !-/+ years, DY raw aIIU age. UIIILWJ -LCILG.,

1971-74–Con.

42
❑ White

❑ 81ack

VITAMIN C

43
O OE

o

016

014

0.02

0

. .

THIAMINE

❑ White

❑ ,,,,,

L

2J 45 67 89 1011 1214 1517 18.19 20.24 25-34 3544 45.54 5564 65

and

AGE IN YEARS 0“ ,,

Figure 25. Mean caloric and nutrient intakes per kilogram of bodv Weight of males aged 1-74 years, by race and age: United States,

1971 -7i–con.

44
CALORIES

PROTEIN

h

AGE IN YEARS

❑ White

❑ Black

11m

and

aver

Figure 26. Mean caloric and nutrient intakes per kilogram of body weight of females aged 1-74 years, by race and age: United States,

7971-74

45
80

10

0

0,7r

1

c

1 23 45

O,c

0,1

CA LI:IUM

U White

❑ ,1,,,

IRON

.

111 12.14 15.17 18.18

AGE IN YEARS

2024 25.34 35.44 45.54 5564 65

aid

-. ovw

Fiaure 26. Mean caloric and nutrient intakes per kilogram of body weight of females aged 1-74 years, by race and age: United States,

1971 -74–Con.

46
1 23 45

VITAMIN A

❑ Mm,

❑ U3ck

1

VITAMIN C m

67 89 1011 1214 1517 1819 2024 2534 3?t.14

AGE IN YEARS h65

and

““,,

Figure 26. Mean caloric and nutrient intakes per kilogram of body weight of females aged 1-74 years, by race and age: United States,

1971-74–Con.

47
❑ White

❑ ,1,,,

0,16

0,14

[l

RIBOFLAVIN

n

~

: 0,12 —

3

&

0

m

k

s 0,10 -

<

.

g

J

Z

E

& 0.08

6

~

?

~

g 0.06 -

~

>

<

A

8

g

: 0.04

<

z

0.02

0 -

1 23 45 67 89 1011 1214 1517 18-19 2024 25.34 36.44 45.54 55.64 k5

and

AGE IN YEARS over

n n

Figure 26. Mean caloric and nutrient intakes per kilogram of body weight of females aged 1-74 years, by race and age: United States,

1971-74–Con.

48
755 mg per 1,000 calories to a low of an average

of about 385 mg per 1,000 calories at ages 35-54

years and then increased slightly at ages 55-74

years. A similar pattern occurred in calcium-toczdorie ratio for males. The highest value was

also at age 1 decreasing to a low at ages 35-54

and then increasing sIightIy in the oIder adult

ages.

The mean iron intake per 1,000 calories increased from a low of 5.1 mg for girls aged 2-3

years to a high of 7.1 mg for women aged 55-74

years. The corresponding ratio was a low of 5.2

mg per 1,000 calories for boys aged 4-5 years to

a high of 6.7 mg for men aged 65-74 years.

The protein-to-calorie ratios for both males

and females decreased at ages 2-3 from the

youngest age; hereafter there was an irregular increase with age to the older adult ages 45-64

years; the ratios declined slightly at ages 65-74

years.

This pattern of mean nutrient intake per

1,000 calories with age is a.ko observed for vitamins A and C, thiamine, and riboflavin intakes

with sIight exceptions occurring at ages 65-74

years.

The differences in mean nutrient intake per

1,000 calories by age found for males and females as a whole were generally also found for

males by race and income levels separately.

Mean caloric intake was consistently lower

for females than for males in all ages 1-74 years

(figure 1). The diets of females, though lower

in calories than those of males, were generally

of higher quality for protein, calcium, vitamins

A and C, thiamine, and riboflavin. The ratio of

these nutrient intakes to calories suggested that

these differences in nutrients between sexes

were more related to selection of specific food

sources of these nutrients than to total food

intake. The relatively small differences in the

ratio of iron to calories between sexes, with the

exception of ages 35-64 years, indicated that

food selected by females did not have more iron

sources, but that the differences were due to

higher caloric intake. At ages 35-64 years, the

mean iron intake per 1,000 caIories was higher

for females than for maIes, indicating a higher

iron-to-calorie ratio in the diets of females.

BIack males in all age groups except at ages

2-3 years had lower caloric intake than white

maJes had. However, in aduIt ages, the mean protein, vitamins A and C, and thiamine intakes per

1,000 calories were generalIy higher for black

than for white maIes. The variation in these nutrients between males was related to quality of

diet rather than to quantity of food consumed.

In the younger ages, the ratio of these nutrients

to calories were generzdly higher for white males

in contrast with black males, indicating that the

food selected by white males did not have more

nutrients than food selected by black males, but

that the differences were due to higher caloric

intake. A simiku- pattern was noted in comparing

differences in calcium and riboflavin ratio per

1,000 calories between males. The variation in

these nutrients between white and black males

was related to totzd caloric intake rather than to

choice of nutrient consumed.

Black males showed a higher iron-to-calorie

ratio than white males did in the younger and

older ages. However, the differences in ratios

between males are small. Such differences as

these could easfly arise through sample error

indicating that iron consumption was close] y

related to total caloric intake.

Mean caloric intake was also generally lower

for black females than for white females with

the exception of age groups 12-17 and 20-

24 years (figures 5 and 18). Yet the mean vitamin A intake per 1,000 caIories was generally

higher for black females than for white females

at ages less than 8 years and also at ages 18

through 65 years and older, suggesting that the

variation in vitamin A intake between females in

these age groups was reIated to choice of nutrients consumed rather than to total caloric

intake. A similar finding was noted in comparing

vitamin C-to-calorie ratios among black and

white females at ages less than 12 years and at

age groups 3544 and 55-64 years. This is consistent with the observation previously noted for

vitamin A intake-differences in vitamin C

intake per 1,000 calories between subgroups

were related to nutrient density rather than to

totaI food consumed, However, for most of the

age groups, the quality of the diet was not too

different among femaIes so that any differences

were more infhenced by totaJ caloric intake.

This pattern was also evident for ratios between

calories and protein , calcium, iron, thiamine,

and riboflavin.

Income was not a factor in evaluating the

quality of nutrient intake for white males and

females based on nutrient intake per 1,000 calo49
ries. This pattern was not observed for black

males. The quality of the diet in terms of protein, vitamin A, zmd riboflavin intakes of black

males in the lower income group was generally

different from that in the upper income group.

These differences were influenced more by nutrient dependence than by total caloric intake.

The differences in the direction of the lower

income group were found in more than half of

the age groups, and generally occurred in the

youngest children (ages 1 and 2-3) and in adults

(ages 20-64 years).

Iron-to-calorie and thiamine-to-calorie ratios

among black males in the lower income group

also generally exceeded such ratios in the upper

income groups for comparable ages. These

differences were dispersed throughout the age

range 1-74 years without any clear-cut pattern.

However, several of these differences were so

small as to be negligible. The quality of diets,

as far as iron and thiamine were concerned,

therefore, was not too different between income

groups for black males, indicating that these

nutrients were obtained from total caloric intake

not from a generally higher quality nutrient

intake.

The mean calcium intake per 1,000 calories

was fairly comparable between income groups,

with the exception of ages 1, 2-3, 20-24, and 45-

64 years, indicating that food selected by black

males of the low income group did not have

more calcium than that selected by black males

in the upper income group, but that most of the

differences were due to higher caloric intake.

The mean vitamin C intake per 1,000 calories was higher for black males of the lower

income group at ages 1-5, 15-17, and 35-64

years. This was consistent with the observation

previously made for calcium intake at specific

age group-differences in vitamin C intake between income groups were more related to nutrient density than to total food consumed.

Mean nutrient intakes per 1,000 calories

among black females showed little or no variation by income within most age groups, indicating that nutrient consumption was cIosely

related to total caloric intake. An exception was

found for vitamin A-to-calorie ratios. In slightly

less than half of the age groups, black females

in the lower income group had lower mean

caloric intake than did those of the

come group, yet based on vitamin

upper inA in~ake,

nutrien~ qu-dity for black females in age groups

4-7, 12-17, 25-34, and 45-64 years was higher.

There were small differences in nutrient-tocalorie ratios between race-sex groups by income

level, suggesting that for these subgroups, nutrient intakes regardless of income were related

more to caloric intake. There were some exceptions to these general findings: black males and

females tended to have higher vitamin A-tocalorie ratios than their white counterparts in

both income groups had, suggesting higher content of vitamin A consumed. This observation

also appIies to quality of vitamin C intake for

comparison of similar subgroups, with the exception of black females in the income group

above poverty level. Here the differences in

mean vitamin C intake per 1,000 calories between bIack and white females in the upper income group are comparable, indicating, that

differences in vitamin C intake were related to

total caloric intake.

The higher protein- and thiarnine-to-cklorie

ratios for black males in the lower income group

as contrasted with white males in comparable income group are also of interest. A higher ratio

for black males than for white males indicated

that the food they selected had a generally

higher nutrient content than that selected by

white males.

DISCUSSION

Dietary 1ntakes

This report provides dietary intake data for

nutritional assessment of the U.S. population

aged 1-74 years. The assessment of dietary

intake is an important component in the nutritional evaluation of the population. The’ measurement and description of the dietary component to assess nutritional status are presented

in relation to income and sociodemographic variables that can affect the nutrition of the population. These variables include ethnic group, age,

sex, and income level. Other variables such as

educational level, prevalence of diseases, pregnancy, growth and development, and laboratory

assessment of nutritional status are not included.

50
The report describes the dietary status of

the population, with specific reference to defined subgroups: the poor, preschool chiIdren,

women of childbezming age, and the elderly. This

approach permits a description of the distribution of calories and nutrients in subgroups of

the population and an estimate of the magnitude

of the dietary problem. The first Health and

Nutrition Examination Survey (HANES I) also

provided baseline data for a limited number of

nutrients of proven health significance: protein,

iron, vitamins A and C, and thiamine. Other conditions, such as deficiencies of calcium and riboflavin, may cause symptomatic disease, and

there is some belief that they may be of public

hea.Ith interest. The dietary intake of sodium,

cholesterol, and saturated fatty acids, which are

implicated in cardiovascular disease, will be presented in a forthcoming report since cardiovascukr disease, particularly coronary heart disease and hypertension, are of major public

health interest.

When the 2~-h&r-recaIl dietary data are

analyzed by comparing mean intakes of population groups with known demographic characteristics to dietary standards, the distributions of

means across population subgroups are useful in

identifying the association of diet with population characteristics. The presentation of dietary

intakes relative to standards chosen to reflect

different nutrient needs permits a comparison

across age, sex, race, and income groups with

varying dietary requirements. This method of

analysis does not examine for differences in the

distribution of nutrients. The mean has limited

value in light of the variability of some nutrient

distributions. High mean intakes can mask the

fact that a substantial proportion of individuals

within a group may have usual intakes that are

far below the dietary standards.

Because in HANES I only data on l-day

nutrient ingestions were coIlected, nothing can

be inferred from these data about the distribution of usual intake for individuals. Such inferences can be made, however, from the 3-month

food frequency intake data that were coIIected

during the survey and that will be presented

elsewhere.

The 24-hour-recall method was used to

estimate the population mean intake and the

proportions of persons with caloric and nutrient

intakes below the standards. The habitual intake

of individuals cannot of course be estimated

from the l-day intakes coIIected during HANES

L Single-day-intake data, in contrast with intake

data for Ionger periods of time, result in greater

variability of nutrient intakes and lead to a

higher proportion of persons with low intake

when specified intakes are compared with the

dietary standards.

There would be, therefore, a higher proportion of the population reported as having extreme values, whether high or low, when l-dayobservation data are used. Since a single day’s

Iow intake does not affect one’s heaIth, if

compensated for by higher intake the foIIowing

day, the data for persons with Iow intake based

on the 24-hour period will overstate the proportion of persons with low intake that may affect

health.

In spite of the limitations of the single-dayintake data to estimate individual habitual

intake, the distributions of the means and the

percent of individuals whose nutrients feI.Ibelow

the standards across the population subgroups

are useful in identifying influences on the diet

related to population characteristics. The presentation of such dietary intake data relative to

the dietary standards of nutrients permits a comparison across age and sex groups that have

different dietary requirements.

The dietary standards are used to interpret

the dietary data for the U.S. population. It is

assumed that, if a healthy person’s intake exceeds the standards, the person has an adequate

nutritional intake. The converse does not necessarily hold true because many persons who

consume less than the standards are nevertheless

adequately nourished, since the standards are

guidehnes for dietetic meaI planning to ensure

adequate nutrition, even for those whose dietary

requirements are higher than usual.

Another purpose of the dietary standards is

to set guidelines for nutritionists. To ensure an

adequate dietary intake for persons whose nutritional requirements are unknown, the dietary

standards are often set at higher levels than are

necessary for most of the population. Thus if a

population mean intake or the proportion of

persons with a nutrient intake is below the

51
standards, it does not necessarily follow that

individuals in the study population are deficient

in a specific nutrient because the high dietary

standard errs on the safe side to ensure an adequate dietary intake in the planning of meals.

The important comparisons to be made with

these data are those of the dietary intake with

socioeconomic and ethnic status. When there are

higher proportions of persons consuming Iess

than the dietary standard among the lower

income group than among the upper income

group, for example, there should be concern

about the adequacy of the diet among the lower

income group. Inference about the inadequacy

of the diet among the lower income group, however, must depend on whether performance,

health, and survival is adversely affected by an

inadequate nutritional intake. Information

about physiological indicators of. nutritional

status, which are more closely related to performance, health, and survival, has been collected on these same persons and will be anaIyzed in a Iater report.

In almost all population groups, most people

did not consume as much iron as the dietary

standards allows, which implies that most people

do not usually consume as much as recommended.

Higher density iron food sources are needed,

especially by women, if the dietary standards

for iron are to be attained. The desirability of

meeting these standards cannot be determined

from data presented in this report but must depend upon findings from the physiological and,

health-related evidence of inadequate iron nutrition in the population. The second Hezilth and

Nutrition Examination Survey (HANES II), now

being conducted, will provide additional data

relevant to making such a determination.

Most people in several population groups dicl

not consume as many calories as the standards

(which are similar to the recommended daily

allowance of the National Research Council)

allows. These findings do not correspond to the

distribution of lean and obese persons across

similar population subgroups. Various possible

explanations for this discrepancy range from

reporting biases in the 24-hour-recall method of

dietary interview to differences in physical activity which are not reflected in the dietary

standards.

i

Income Levels

Income generally appears to be associated

with the consumption of less than the standard

nutrient intakes for males regardless of race.’

White and black males consumed less than the

standard of caloric, calcium, iron, and vitamin A

intakes in the lower income group than in the

upper income group. This pattern was also evident for white males with regard to protein and

vitamin C intakes, but not for black males whose

consumption of these nutrient intakes below the

standard was associated with income above poverty level.

White and black males in the upper income

levels showed higher proportions of persons with

thiamine and riboflavin intakes below the standards than those in the lower income group did.

For females, race and income levels were not

important variables affecting the proportions of

persons with iron intake Iess than the standards.

Females, regardless of race and income levels,

tended to show higher proportions of pm-sons

whose iron intake fell below the standards. The

association of lower income level with higher

proportion of nutrient intakes below the standards previously noted for males was also ei~ident

for females, with some exceptions. Black females in the upper income group had higher

proportions of persons with caloric intake below

the standards than those in the lower income

group had. Another exception was that ‘white

and black females in the upper income group

also had higher proportions of persons with

thiamine intake below the standards than those

in the lower income group had.

A Iarge proportion of black males gefierally

showed caloric and nutrient intakes below the

standards than white males of comparable ages

did regardless of income level, with slight exceptions. White males in the lower income, group

had higher proportions of persons with low

vitamin C intake than black males in the lower

income group had. White and black rnalos aged

1-3 years showed similar high proportions of

those whose iron intake fell below the stapdards

without regard to income level. A similar pattern

was observed for females. Black females generally showed higher proportions of persons with

Cd-oric and report;d

standards than white

gard to income.

nutrients less than the

females did, without re52
The lack of association between income leveI

and nutrient intake was most evident for the

calcium intake of black males and females-in

almost aU age groups of both income levels,

higher proportions of black persons had Iow

caIcium intake in relation to the standard than

their white counterparts had.

Differences in caloric, calcium, and riboflavin intakes Iess than the standard between

income groups were generally more marked between black persons (males and females) and

their white counterparts. This pattern was reversed in proportions of persons with Iow

vitamin C intake. Another pattern was observed

in the consumption of Iow protein, vitamin A,

and thiamine intakes. Here the differences between income groups were generally more evident among white males than among black males

and among black females than among white

females.

Racial differences in the proportion of males

and females with Iow caloric and nutrient intakes in the low and high income levels showed

that there was generaIIy more evidence of differences between white and black males in the

upper income group than in the lower income

group as far as low intakes of calories and all

seIected nutrients. The sole exception to this

general finding was in the proportion of persons

with low thiamine intake.

The previous finding reported for males was

not evident for femzdes. With the exceptions of

proportion of persons with Iow protein and riboflavin intakes, there was more marked difference

between white and black females in the Iower income gToup than in the upper income group as

far as low intakes of calories and other nutrients.

A similar analysis was not done for the proportions of females with low iron intakes because

of the high proportions of persons, regardless of

race and income group, with low iron intake.

There is such a discrepancy between the patterns of nutrition adequacy of iron and calories

as measured by the proportion of persons with

low intake relative to the standards when compared with the much smaIIer extent of inadequacy as measured by physiologiczd measures,

that one must reserve judgment about the relationships of income, race, sex, and age to malnutrition untiI these measures are interpreted

together.

Race and Sex

Race, regardless of sex, appears to be associated with the consumption of nutrients Iess than

the standard. More bIack males in most age

groups showed this pattern with regard to

calories and nutrient intakes than white males

did, with the exception of thiamine intake. Here

white males generally consumed Iess thiamine

than the standard. A similar observation was

noted among females. Black females in most age

groups consumed calories and nutrients less than

the standard. Again, one exception was the thiamine intake of white females. Another exception was the iron intake of both white and black

females, which was considerably Iess than the

standard.

Sex was cIearIy an important variable affecting nutrient intake. More females in most ages

consumed less than the standard of calories and

nutrients than males did on the day previous to

the dietary interview. The soIe exception was

noted for thiamine intake—males in 10 of the 15

age groups tended to consume less than the

standard than females did.

Females tended to show lower mean caloric

intake than males did, yet the mean nutrient intakes per 1,000 czdories were generaIly higher

for females than males, indicating the seIection

of foods of higher nutrient content. This was

particularly evident for protein, calcium, vitamins A and C, thiamine, and riboflavin intakes,

but not so for iron intakes. FemaIes showed

higher iron-to-calorie ratios for most age groups

than ma.Ies did, but the differences in ratios

between the sexes were too small to be meaningful.

The higher mean nutrient per 1,000 czdories

for females suggested that the quality of diet

was different from that of males and that the

differences were more influenced by nutrient

density than by total food consumption. The

ratio of nutrient to calories for males, however,

suggested that the differences in nutrients were

more reIated to total caloric intake than to

nutrient densities of food consumed.

Mean calcium, iron, and riboflavin intakes

per 1,000 calories showed little or no variation

by race within most age groups, indicating that

consumption of these nutrients was cIoseIy

related to totaI caloric intake.

53
Mean protein, vitamins A and C, and thiamine intakes per 1,000 calories were higher for

black males than for white males mainly in the

adult ages and throughout the younger ages

without any clear-cut pattern in these ages.

Black males in these age groups had lower observed mean caloric intakes than white males

had, yet based on the previously identified intakes per 1,000 calories nutrient quality for

black males was greater.

There were suggestions of racial differences

in intakes of vitamins A and C per 1,000 calories. There were differences between white and

black persons without regard to income levels,

particularly in subgroups of females in the

youngest ages and in ages 25-74 years and of

males generally in the younger ages of the lower

income group and in the adult ages of both income groups. This would indicate that the

quality of diet was different and that cIifferences

were influenced by nutrient density rather than

by total food consumption. Further analysis of

food groups and types and amounts consumed

will be done in other reports when data on

frequency of food consumption as well as foods

reported in the 24-hour recall will be analyzed.

SUMMARY

Dietary intake findings among individuals

1-74 years of age in the civilian noninstitutionalized population of the United States collected during the Health and Nutrition Examination Survey of 1971-74 are presented and

analyzed in this report. Analysis of the data

for certain groups at high risk of malnutrition–

the poor, preschool children, women of childbearing ages, and the elderly are included. Age,

sex, race, and income level differences in dietary

intake are also analyzed.

These data, based on only dietary intake,

permit only limited general conclusions about

the nutritional status of the U.S. population.

There is evidence of a deficiency in the caloric

and iron intakes.” This dietary deficiency

occurred at all age levels and was not limited to

persons in the below-poverty-level group.

Comparisons among subgroups provide some

evidence of relative deficiencies of certain nutrients in particular age, sex, race, and income

groups. Some of the principal findings are ~ummarized as follows.

● The mean nutritive content of diets consumed by different age, sex, race, and

income groups was compared With the

standards for calories, protein, calcium,

iron, vitamins A and C, thiamine, and

riboflavin. Major findings included:

The analysis of the intake of some rmtrients, namely thiamine and riboflavin,

showed adequate or more than adequate

mean intake for all population subgroups

defined by two levels of income, race,

and sex for ages 1-74 years. The analysis

of other nutrients, namely protein, calcium, and vitamins A and C, revealed

that some, but not most, population subgroups had lower mean intakes than the

standard.

1.

2.

3.

Calcium mean intake was consistently lower than the standard only

for adult black women: those aged

20-74 years in the lower income

group with mean values 25 percent

below the standard, and those aged

18-74 years in the upper income

group with mean values 27 percent

below the standard.

Protein mean intake either approached (90-1 00 percent of the

standard) or was below the standard

for adolescent and adult womeh and

for older black men in the low income group. This pattern was also

observed for adult black fepmles

and black older men in the upper

income group.

Males had mean vitamin A intake at

all ages in both race and irlcome

groups that approached or exceeded

the recommended allowances. This

was also true for females in almost

all age, race, and income groups.

The exceptions were white females

20-24 years in the lower income

group and black females 12-14 years

in the upper income group and those

15-17 years in the lower income

group.

54
Median values were lower than mean

values and presented a different pattern of reIation to the standards.

Vitamin A, on the basis of median

value, was more often found below

the standards in subgroups except

for white maIes in the upper income

group.

4. The mean dietary intakes of calories

and iron were beIow the standards

for most population subgroups. Caloric intake was below the standards

for all except the younger chiId regardless of sex, race, and income

group. Iron intake was generally

below the standard for aII female income, race, and age groups and for

males of preschool ages 1-3 years and

adolescents.

. Distributions of individuals by the

amounts of nutrients in their diets were

obtained, making it possibIe to show the

proportions of individuals who had calories and nutrients that did not meet the

standards on the day preceding the interview. These data for calories and nutrients are:

1.

2.

3.

Approximately 95 percent of the

children of ages 1-3 years and about

93 percent of females of ages 10-17

and 18-54 years in both race and income groups had iron intake below

the standard.

About 38 percent of white male

adults and 59 percent of black male

aduIts aged 65 years and over had

iron intake below the standard. The

corresponding figures for white and

black females of the same ages were

65 and 77 percent, respectively.

There was a lower percent of white

individuals in all age groups without

regard to income IeveI who had calcium intake less than the standard in

comparison with black individuals of

comparable age, race, and income

group.

4. A higher percent of bIack males

tende~ to have low caloric, protein,

calcium, vitamins A and C, and riboflavin intakes below the standard

than white mzdes had regardless of

income Ievel. The exceptions were

white males in the Iow income IeveI

who had a higher proportion of persons reporting low vitamin C intake

than black maIes in the same income

group had, and white males in the

upper income Ievel who had a higher

proportion of low thiamine intake

than their bIack counterparts in the

upper income group had. White and

bIack males in the lower income

group tended to have higher percentages of low czdonc, calcium, iron,

and vitamin A intakes than those in

the upper income group. This observation is also evident for percent

of low protein and vitamin C intakes

for white males. On the other hand,

black males in the upper income

group had higher percents of individuals with protein and vitamin C

intakes that did not meet the standards than those in the lower income

group had.

5. ll~hite and bIack females in the Iow

income group tended to have a

higher proportion of persons reporting low protein, calcium, vitamins A

and C, and riboflavin intakes than

those in the upper income group

had. This pattern was also observed

for white females with regard to

caloric intake. The direction was reversed for low caloric intake of black

females and for low thiamine intake

of white and bIack females when the

higher proportion of persons with

intake less than the standard is noted

in the upper income group.

There is such a discrepancy between the patterns of nutrition in adequacy of calories and

iron when measured either by the mean intake

55
or by the percent of persons both relative to the

standards, as compared with the much smaller

extent of inadequacy when measured by physiological measures, that one must reserve judgment about the existence of inadequate nutrition and the relationship of income, race, sex,

and age to malnutrition until these measures

are interpreted together.

Although energy intake estimated from the

24-hour recall appears low compared with the

estimated requirements, actual energy stores in

the form of body fat belie these findings. The

nutritional problem is apparently opposite, in

that unhealthy overconsumption of energy evidenced by obesity affects a sizable proportion

of the population.

Differences in nutrients associated with sex

were more related to the selection of specific

food sources of protein, calcium, vitamins A and

C, thiamine, and riboflavin intakes than to total

food intake.

The mean vitamins A and C intakes per

1,000 calories were generally higher for the

black population than for the white population

without regard to income. Differences in intakes

of vitamins A and C between racial groups were

more related to nutrient density than to total

food consumed.

,.

000

56
REFERENCES

1National Center for Health Statistics: Dietary intake findings, United States, 1971-1974. Vital and Health

Statistics. Series 1l-No. 202. DHEW Pub. No. (HRA)

77-1647. Health Resources Administration. Washington.

U.S. Government Printing Office, July 1977.

2Center for Disease Control: Ten-state ~~~jtjon

Survey in the United States, 1968-1970. V. Dietary.

DHEW Pub. No. (HSM) 72-8133. Atlanta, Ga. Health

Services and Mental Health Administration, 1972.

3w’bite House Conference on Food, Nu~ition, ~d

Health: Final Report of Panel I-1, Washington, D.C.,

1969. p. 24.

4National Center for Health Statistics: Plan and operation of the Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys,

United States, 1971-1973. Vital and Health Statistics.

Series 1-Nos. 10a and 10b. DHEW Pub. No. (PHS) 79-

1310. PubIic Health Service. Washington. U.S. Government Printing Office, June 1979.

5National Center for Health Statistics: Food consumption profiles of white and black persons aged 1-74

years: United States, 1971-74, by C. M. Dresser, M. D.

Carroll, and S. Abraham. Vital and Health Statistics.

Series 1 l-No. 210. DHEIi7 Pub. No. (PHS) 79-1658.

Public HeaIth Service. Washington. U.S. Government

Printing Office, May 1979.

6Youkmd, D. M., and Engle, A.: Dietary data methodology in HANES. J. Am. Diet. Assoc. 68 (1): Jan.

1976.

7Tuiane Djetant: Listing of Dietant Identification

Data and Food Values per 100 Gram Edible Portion.

Computer printout. Nutrition Section, Biomedical

Computing System, Tulane University, New Orleans,

La., 1969.

8Watt, B. K., and Merrill, A. L.: Composition of

Foods–Raw, Processed, Prepared. Agriculture Handbook 8 (rev.) Washington. U.S, Department of Agriculture, 1963.

9Nation~ Academy of Sciences-National Research

Council: Recommended Dietary AUo wances. National

Research Council Pub. 1964, 7th ed. Washington.

National Academy of Sciences, 1968.

10Interdepartmental Committee on Nutrition for

National Defense: Manual for iVuti.tiorz Surveys, 2d. ed.

Bethesda, Md, National Institutes of Health, 1963.

11Food and Agriculture Organization/World Health

Organization: Calcium Requirements. Report of an

FAO/WHO expert group, Rome, Italy, May 23-30, 1961.

WHO Tech. Rep. Series No. 230 (FAO Nutrition Meetings Rep. Series No. 30), Geneva, 1962.

l~Food and Agriculture Organization/World

Organization: Energy and Protein Requirements.

Health

Report

of an FAO/WHO expert group, Ro-me, Italy, MM. 2-

Apr. 2, 1971. WHO Tech. Rep. Series No. 522 (FAO

Nutrition Meetings Rep. Series No. 52), Geneva, 1973.

13Food and Agriculture Organization/WorId Health

Organization: Requirements of Vitamin A, Thiamine,

Riboflavin, and .t iacin. Report of an FAO/WHO expert

gToup, Rome Iti.,y, Sept. 6-17, 1965. WHO Tech. Rep.

Series No. ~J2 , FAO Nutrition Meetings Rep. Series

No. 41), Gen~x,a, ‘967.

14Food an’ ‘.gricuhure Organization/World Health

Organization: Requirements of Ascorbic Acid, Vitamin

D, Vitamin B12, Folate, and Iron. Report of an FAO/

WHO expert group, Rome, Italy, 1970. WHO Tech. Rep.

Series No. 452 (FAO Nutrition Meetings Rep. Series

No. 47), Geneva, 1970.

15National Academy of Sciences-National Research

CounciI: Recommended Dietary Allowances. Nat!-.?al

Research Council, 8th rev. ed. Washington. N~$ior.-!

Academy of Sciences, 1974.

16Nationa1 Center for Health Statistics: Dietary Intake

Source Data, United States, 1971-74, PHS Pub. No. 79-

1221. Public Health Service Hyattsville, Md. In preparation.

I7Keys, A., and Grande, F.: Body weight, body

composition, and calorie status, in R. S. Goodhart

and M. E. Shils, eds., Modern Nutrition in Health and

Disease. Philadelphia. Lea and Febiger, 1973. p. 20.

18National Center for Health Statistics: Height and

weight of youths, 12- I 7 years, United States. Vital and

Health Statzktics. Series 1l-No. 124. DHEW Pub. No.

(HSM) 73-1606. HeaIth Services and Mental Health

Administration. Washington. U.S. Government Printing

Office, Jan. 1973.

19Tarmer, J. M.: Growth at Adolescence, 2d edition.

Oxford. Blackwell, 1962.

20Nation~ Center for He~th Statistics: Sktifo]d

thickness of youths 12-17 years, United States. Vital

and Health Statistics. Series I l-No. 132. DHEW Pub.

No. (HSM) 73-1614. Health Services and Mental Health

Administration. Washington. U.S. Government Printing

Office, Jan. 1974.

21Hegsted, D. M.: Problems in the Use and Interpretation of the Recommended Dietary Allowances in

Ecology of Food and Nuti.tion, Vol. 1. Ncw York.

57
Gordon and Breach Science Publishers Ltd., 1973.

pp. 255-265.

22Koch, G. G., Freeman, D. H., and Freema, J. L.:

Strategies in the multivariate analysis of data from complex surveys. Int. Stat. Rev. 43:59-78, 1975.

23Freeman, D. H., Freeman, J. L., Brock, Do B., and

Koch, G. G.: Strategies in the multivariate analysis of

data from complex surveys. II: An application to the

United States National Health Interview Survey. Znt.

Stat. Rev. 44:317-330, 1976.

24Scheffe, H.: The Analysis of Variance. New York.

John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 1959.

25Koch, G. G., F’reem~, D- H., and Freeman, J. L.:

Strategies in the multivariate analysis of data from complex surveys. ht. Stat. Rev. 43 (l): 59-78, 1975.

26Jo~son, W., and Koch, G.: Analysis of qualitative data: Linear functions. Health Serv. Res. 5 (4):

358-369, Winter 1970.

27WaId, A.: Tests of statistical hypothesis concerning several parameters when the number of observations

is large. Trans. Am. Math. Sot. 54:426, 1943.

28National Center for Heath Statistics: RePhcation, an approach to the analysis of data from complex

surveys, by P. J. McCarthy. Vital and Health Statistics.

PHS Pub. No. 1000-Series 2-No. 14. Public Health Service. Washington. U.S. Government Printing Office, Apr.

1966.

29Freemm, D. H., and Brock, D. B.: The role of

covariance matrix estimation in the analysis of complex

sample survey data, in N. K. Namboodi~ cd., Survey

Sampling and Measurement. New York. Academic Press,

1978. pp. 121-140.

30U.S. Bureau of the Census: Special studies. Current Population Reports. Series P-23, No. 28. Washington. U.S. Government Printing Office, Aug. 1Z!, 1969.

31Orshansky, M.: Counting the poor: Another look

at the poverty profile. Sot. Secur. Bull. 28 (1), Jan.

1965.

320rshansky, M.: Who’s who among the poor: A

demographic view of poverty. Sot. Secur. Bull. ~28 (7),

July 1965.

33U.5. Bureau of the Census: Consumer income.

Current Population Reports. Series P-60, No. 77. Washington. U.S. Government Printing Office, May 7, 1971.

34Circular No. A-46, Transmittal Memorandum

No. 9, Executive Office of the President, Bureau of the

Budget, Aug. 29, 1969, and Exhibit L (rev.).

58
LIST OF DETAILED TABLES

1. Mean caloric, protein, calcium, and iron intakes of parsons aged 1-74 years as a percent of standard for income levels, by

sex and age: United States, 1971-74 ............ .............................. ............ ..................................................................................

2. Mean and median vitamin A intake and mean vitamin C, thiamine, and riboflavin intakes of persons aged 1-74 years as a percent of standard for income levels, by sex and age: United States, 1971-74 ............................................................................

3. Mean caloric, protein, calcium, and iron intakes of males aged 1-74 years as a percent of standard for income levels, by race

and age: United States, 1971-74 ................................................................................................... ............................................

4. Mean and median vitamin A intake and mean vitamin C, thiamine, and riboflavin intakes of males aged 1-74 years as a percent of standard for income levels, by race and age United States, 1971-74 ........................................................ ....................

5. Mean caloric, protein, calcium, and iron intakes of females aged 1-74 years as a percent of standard for income levels, by race

and age: United Statas, 1971-74 ........................................ .................................... ...................................................................

6. Mean and median vitamin A intake and mean vitamin C, thiamine, and riboflavin intakes of females aged 1-74 years as a percent of standard for income levels, by race and age: United States, 1971-74 ............................................................................

7. Percent of persons aged 1-74 years with caloric intake below the standard for income levels, by race, sex, and age: United

States, 1971-74 .................................................................................................................... ...................................................

8. Percent of persons agad 1-74 years with protein intake below the standard for income levels, by race, sex, and age: United

States, 1971-74 ................................................................................................................. ......................................................

9. Percent of persons aged 1-74 years with calcium intake below the standard for income levels, by race, sex, and age: United

States, 1971-74 .........................................................................................................................................................................

10. Percent of persons aged 1-74 years with iron intake below the standard for income levels, by race, sex, and age: United

States, 1971-74 .................... ... ..................................................................................................................................................

11. Percent of persons aged 1-74 years with vitamin A intake below the standard for income levels, by race, sex, and age: United

States, 1971-74 ....... ..................................................................................................................................... ............................ .

12. Percent of persons aged 1-74 years with vitamin C intake below the standard for income levels, by race, sex, and age: United

Statas, 1971-74 .................................... ... .............................................................. ....................................................................

13. Percent of persons aged 1-74 years with thiamine intake below the standard for income levels, by race, sex, and age: United

States, 1971-74 ............................................................................................................................................. ...........................

14. Percent of persons aged 1-74 years with riboflavin intake below the standard for income levels, by r&e, sex, and age: United

States, 1971-74 .............................. .................................................................................................. ................................ .........

60

61

62

63

64

65

66

67

68

69

70

71

72

73

59
Table 1, Mean caloric, protein, calcium, and iron intakes of persons aged 1-74 years as a percent of standard for income levels, by sex and age: United States;

1971-74

Sex and age

Male

1year .... ............... ... .... .......

2-3 years ..................... .......

4-5 years ........ ......... ......... ..

6-7 years ............... .............

8.9years .......................... ..

10-11 years ........ . .......... .

12-14 years .................. ......

15-17 years ..... ...................

18-19 yaars ... .....................

20-24 years ..... .. ......... ........

25-34 yaars ..... ........... ........

35-44 vears ............ ............

45-54 years .......... ........... ...

55-84 years .......... .............

65 years and over .......... .....

Female

1year ................. ................

2-3 years ... .................. . ....

4-5 years .......... ..................

6-7 years .......... .......... .......

8-9 years ................... .........

10-11 years ...... ......... ........

12-14 years ...................... ..

15-17 years .. ........ .......... .

18-19 years ............. ...........

20-24 years ........................

25-34 years .. ...... . ........ ...

35.44 years .................... ....

45-54 years ....... .. ...............

55-S4 yaars ........................

65 vaars and over ....... ........

Calories Protein Calcium Iron

All

8e10w Above

All

8elow Above

All

8elow Above

All

8alow Abova

ncome

poverty poverty

income poverty poverty poverty poverty poverty

levell level 1 levell levell income income

poverty

levell levell level 1 levell

Percent of standard

124

125

119

113

94

92

82

85

92

94

91

90

84

80

74

124

118

110

97

77

89

73

69

83

78

83

83

86

80

77

127

129

116

120

95

79

75

74

83

84

81

94

75

68

70

120

114

116

97

81

88

74

67

82

76

81

77

82

73

71

124

124

120

112

93

95

83

87

93

95

92

90.

84

82

75

125

119

109

97

77

89

72

89

84

78

83

84

85

81

78

235

230

231

255

212

193

158

154

156

143

142

134

125

113

99

240

221

217

224

179

171

120

99

114

104

105

103

108

98

90

240

240

220

275

216

166

145

133

142

125

139

142

114

91

91

234

221

232

223

194

176

118

88

107

84

98

94

97

80

84

235

226

233

264

211

199

161

157

156

145

142

134

126

117

102

242

221

214

226

177

170

120

101

117

105

106

103

107

99

92

207

194

223

243

268

185

198

229

227

279

262

229

210

194

179

202

190

199

222

223

189

148

131

130

111

107

100

99

96

95

203

193

188

214

226

155

158

201

181

242

194

276

186

193

152

198

170

192

210

208

129

131

106

116

100

91

88

93

90

88

208

193

231

258

287

190

205

232

234

281

267

226

212

196

184

204

195

201

226

228

178

152

137

137

113

108

101

99

97

97

50

55

94

112

113

127

96

91

92

166

167

159

14s

137

121

48

48

84

96

97

58

58

53

56

56

57

68

59

97

92

47

54

90

114

113

114

99

74

88

143

172

184

126

111

113

37

48

88

89

106

64

61

46

53

53

54

51

52

81

80

51

56

95

111

112

129

97

::

168

167

159

147

14.1

123

51

48

83

98

96

57

57

54

57

58

58

58

59

!38

96

lExcludes persons with unknown income.

60
Table 2. Mean and median vitamin A intake and mean vitamin C, thiamine, and riboflavin intakes of persons wed 1.74 years as a percent of standard for income levels, by sex and

age United States, 1971-74

Vitamin A Vitamin C Thiamine Riboflavin

Mean Median (mean) {mean) (mean)

Sex and a$e 7

All Below Above All Below Above All Below Above All Below Above All Below Above

in- poverty poverty in- poverty poverty in- povwty poverty in. poverty poverty income levell level] levell lewll come

poverty poverty

come level1 [well come Ievell Iewll come level 1 levell

Male —

1 year ............................

2-3 years ........................

4-5 ymars........................

&7 years ........................

8.9 years ........................

10-11 years ....................

12-14 years ....................

15-17 years ....................

18-19 years ....................

20-24 years ....................

25-34 years ....................

35.44 years..,..,..............

45.54 years ....................

55.64 years ............ ........

65 years and over...........

Female

1 year ............................

2-3 years ........................

4-5 years ........................

6-7 years..,... ..................

8-9 years..,, ....................

10-11 years....................

12-14 y0W5 ...................

15-17 ym’s. ...................

18-19 years ....................

20-24 years ....................

25.34 years ....................

3544 years ....................

45-64 years ....................

55.64 years ....................

56 years and over, ..........

189

180

189

175

1S6

207

157

166

161

162

153

153

148

163

157

176

174

178

146

158

161

124

102

114

lffi

122

120

152

177

148 —

226

199

187

1B4

167

157

165

125

104

139

146

175

142

133

113

155

163

lB1

159

210

166

128

89

109

108

105

2%

142

126

182

176

189

171

191

210

154

172

166

150

151

149

149

166

167

182

175

176

143

150

162

123

108

118

:%

122

149

179

157

145

137

143

130

131

152

111

107

113

110

102

110

96

111

85

133

124

128

112

114

129

81

63

75

;;

:

87

85 —

168

132

112

132

107

118

99

89

48

80

92

132

63

93

73

112

130

125

116

117

123

76

58

78

64

56

64

53

74

76

136

139

149

130

138

157

114

103

115

174

103

108

l%

101

143

123

128

111

116

130

82

66

74

72

G

86

87

69

Percent of standard

175

209

214

206

186

223

185

195

212

180

160

138

140

160

f47

160

182

166

199

210

208

174

143

186

153

138

145

150

178

164

—

136

188

181

173

176

125

168

170

173

153

103

129

115

114

107

117

162

179

177

264

192

154

143

176

148

113

116

107

122

130

186

215

%

201

233

205

199

216

186

152

139

143

156

166

170

1s

203

206

202

213

177

146

187

154

140

149

163

183

174

175

173

170

163

150

165

158

152

147

150

153

147

155

165

172

193

173

165

163

166

158

160

158

157

165

163

163

170

180

185

.

165

178

175

165

147

170

170

160

153

157

165

160

157

163

170

186

175

170

158

175

170

165

140

160

163

153

180

163

170

182

178

170

168

163

152

163

150

152

145

147

160

147

167

165

172

198

170

165

166

163

152

180

163

157

163

163

166

170

lm

185

242

206

198

185

195

181

184

173

165

160

160

160

16S

171

17B

258

218

m

193

193

187

181

176

163

183

171

167

17a

193

193

—

245

205

182

176

175

161

185

171

154

167

15a

171

160

163

167

253

216

191

187

166

186

171

153

145

166

158

163

213

178

191

24o

204

202

202

200

193

184

173

167

156

156

158

163

171

180

258

218

202

195

185

191

184

181

170

165

173

167

176

194

184

lExcIudes perscmswith unknown income.

61
Table 3. Mean caloric, protein, calcium, and iron intakes of males aged 1-74 years as :1 percent of standard for income levels. by race and am: United States,

1971-74

Race and age

White maIe

1 year ..... ..... ................ .......

2-3 years .............. ..............

4-5 years ..... ....... ......... .......

6-7 years .......... ..................

8-9 years ........ ................ ....

1O-11 years ........... .............

12-14 years .. ......... ......... ....

i5-17 years .. ................ ......

18-19 years ....................... .

20-24 years ....................... .

25.34 years ................ ........

35.44 years ........................

45-54 years ..... ................ ...

55%4 years .......... ..............

65 years and over ...............

Black male

1 year .... ....... ......................

2-3 years ...... ..... .... .............

4-5 years ...................... ......

6-7 years ........... ......... ........

8-9 years .. .. .............. ....... ...

10-11 years ................... .. ... I

12-14 years ..... ....... ............

15-17 years ... ..........~ .. ....... I

18-19 years . ....... ..... .. .........

20-24 years ............. ...........

25-34 years .................... ....

35-44 years .... ....... .............

45-54 years .. ....... .. ............ .

55-84 years ................ ....... .

65 years and Over ............ ...

Calories

1

All IIBelow Above

income

poverty poverty

level 1 level 1

127

125

121

115

96

94

83

87

94

96

92

91

85

80

75

114

128

110

105

82

75

73

70

84

82

92

83

72

69

64

139

132

124

127

99

67

78

BO

81

66

80

98

82

70

71

115

126

103

107

B7

68

69

66

87

78

67

83

67

57

67

——

126

124

121

112

95

95

84

88

84

97

93

90

85

81

75

116

128

120

106

77

82

74

:;

84

E

75

78

54

Protein

r

All Below

poverty

income levell

239

230

235

271

21B

199

162

158

161

146

142

135

126

114

101

221

228

207

237

177

157

134

123

120

120

143

125

119

101

85

256

243

232

293

233

192

156

142

147

124

137

154

113

92

92

224

238

195

237

1B7

135

127

120

138

122

149

110

114

87

68

236

228

235

265

216

200

184

160

161

148

142

134

126

116

103

224

214

222

249

162

179

135

123

122

119

142

134

122

115

65

217

200

230

249

266

182

208

240

239

291

273

234

216

199,

183

166

160

175

216

201

136

135

149

158

187

169

172

15!

143

136

234

218

207

219

238

18s

181

250

209

236

210

331

207

204

155

174

160

152

204

205

115

120

139

148

247

157

146

161

134

140

213

196

234

259

275

192

211

239

242

294

276

228

217

198

186

J60

159

206

242

194

158

140

144

164

162

198

194

146

160

135

50

55

95

114

113

128

96

93

94

169

168

161

148

137

123

50

55

91

97

111

113

96

75

80

138

162

143

129

125

106

49

53

92

124

116

130

95

78

B8

143

174

174

128

111

113

44

68

87

94

107

94

106

70

95

132

174

136

123

108

112

51

56

95

112

112

128

97

95

94

171

168

160

748

140

125

59

52

97

145

771

133

90

77

71

140

159 ~

149

133

‘139

104

lExcludes persons with unknown incomes.

62
Table 4. Mean and median vitamin A intake and mean vitamin C, thiamine, and riboflavin intakes of males aged 1-74 years as a percmt of standard for iceome Ievek, by race and

Race and age

White male

1 year .............. ......... ....

2-3 years...,..., ................

4-5 years........................

6-7 VOOCS..,, . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

8-9 veals ........................

10.11 years....................

12-14 years....................

15-17 years....................

18.19 years....................

20.24 years....................

25-34 years....................

3544 years ...................

45-54 years....................

5554 years ....................

65 years and over...........

81ack male

1year ..................... ... ..

2-3 years........................

4.5 years. ......................

5-7 years ........................

8.9 years........................

10.11 years....................

12.14 years....................

15-17 years.., .................

18.19 years.., .................

20-24 years....................

25-34 years ...................

3544 years....................

45-54 years....................

55.64 years....................

65 years and over...........

ag= Unite

Vitamin A

Mean I Median

All 6.910w Above All Bekw Above

in- poverty pove

come level1

T ‘“” f’;;? ~~ level come

197

179

186

167

191

213

160

174

171

147

154

155

147

158

156

156

185

214

217

162

172

139

100

106

181

155

147

159

217

166

276

190

196

174

183

167

161

133

109

113

148

196

121

108

97

179

213

198

203

139

151

170

101

105

215

149

126

167

257

167

167

179

186

164

191

211

157

178

174

146

151

149

148

165

167

136

164

239

243

194

196

112

97

106

159

158

166

158

197

170

147

136

145

126

138

154

117

113

117

110

106

111

97

110

96

142

134

116

146

95

131

76

67

47

97

R

65

163

97

179

127

116

97

116

132

108

86

73

72

121

139

61

93

70

165

133

106

148

90

92

86

89

44

87

75

119

66

90

87

142

139

151

128

142

155

117

115

118

114

106

110

100

112

103

115

122

144

152

98

157

74

58

!%

80

97

63

180

69

8tatcs, 1971.74

I I

Vitamin C

I

Thiamine I

Riboflavin

[mean) (mean) [mean]

All 6elow Above All 6elow Abwe AH eelow Above

in- Poverty poverty in- p.avwty poverty in- pveriy p-avwty

coma [wall level1 come IWCI1 IWCI1 come levell leve[l

Percent of standard

181

216

217

203

199

229

195

199

224

179

152

137

139

156

149

152

162

198

219

178

149

196

160

123

175

132

150

139

I 78

135 —

108

195

173

158

183

133

163

156

170

147

86

115

82

112

95

163

177

184

203

165

118

175

190

151

138

107

164

156

122

146

191

zm

226

214

200

232

2ofJ

203

228

185

155

139

143

163

158

146

147

199

2543

211

160

247

130

lot

16?5

139

150

128

203

128

173

170

165

163

150

165

120

152

147

150

150

147

155

165

172

180

180

200

163

168

163

160

150

147

150

153

152

172

166

177

156

166

lsa

165

145

175

170

152

147

155

163

167

145

160

167

173

186

193

166

152

165

165

153

163

152

162

165

172

177

182

175

173

165

163

152

163

15Q

152

145

147

150

147

155

165

172

193

163

208

163

170

163

163

143

140

145

150

147

172

163

172

244

209

198

185

2W

195

167

176

169

162

162

160

163

173

178

229

164

183

193

167

176

167

147

138

142

142

143

156

162

183

256

215

185

169

161

196

184

185

173

167

162

181

162

lm

168

233

193

173

186

162

164

168

149

129

168

145

129

154

206

158

242

207

200

202

202

195

167

175

168

158

160

15a

163

173

176

222

176

216

139

175

167

145

142

145

132

140

153

156

154

2W

lExcludes personswith “nknc.wn income.

63
Table 5. Mean caloric, protein, calcium, and iron intakes of females aged 1-74 years as a percent of standard for income levels, by race and age: United States,

1971-74

Race and age

White female

1 year . .......................... .... ..

2-3 years ..... .... ...................

4-5years ... ................. ........

6-7 vears . . . . . . .

8-9 years . ... ................ . ...

10-11 Veals ........................

12-14 vears ............ ... .......

15-17 Vears ............ . . . .....

18-19 Veals .......... ..............

20-24 years ............ . . .......

25-34 years ............ ...........

35-44 vears .. ................... ...

45-54 Vears .... . . . .............

55-84 years .. .. . ..............

65 vears and over ............ ...

Black female

1 Veal..., .................. ...........

2-3 Vears ............... . . ........

4-5 Vears ... ....... ... . ..........

6-7 vears .......................... .

8-9 vears ........... .......... . . .

10-11 years . ................. .. ....

12-14 Vears ................ ........

15-17 vears . ............ .. .......

18-19 years . .......... ... .......

20-24 years ........................

25-34 vears .......... . ...........

3544 years ........................ .

45-54 years ........ . ............

55-84 vears .. ................... ...

65 vears and over ...............

Calories Protein Calcium Iron

All

Below Above

All

8e10w Above

All Below Above

All

Below Above

income

poverty povertv

income povertv povertv povertv poverty povertv povertv

level 1 level 1 levell level 1

income level 1 levell income levell Ievell

Percent of standard

125

119

111

99

79

90

72

69

B4

79

B3

64

67

61

77

119

113

107

90

69

78

75

71

80

79

80

71

74

71

69

126

116

124

104

87

94

75

66

79

78

81

78

B9

77

72

117

111

104

68

72

78

74

69

69

7B

81

74

71

66

66

125

119

109

98

7B

90

72

69

85

78

83

85

86

81

79

126

116

111

91

65

81

76

71

71

79

79

70

72

f4

71

246

222

218

226

183

174

120

99

114

104

106

104

110

100

91

218

214

207

202

152

154

118

99

113

100

96

87

98

81

84

254

232

247

243

214

185

126

85

99

95

100

97

98

85

83

217

203

206

197

164

161

110

93

124

92

94

8s

95

73

85

244

221

214

226

180

172

119

101

119

105

107

104

109

100

92

224

225

214

209

142

154

125

101

106

106

97

87

91

87

85

212

196

206

235

233

177

155

135

137

114

112

104

102

99

97

153

159

161

167

156

119

114

109

97

87

70

69

68

72

74

252

181

214

248

243

135

144

109

119

105

lW

98

104

102

91

134

152

157

163

155

119

118

88

112

8B

74

66

74

68

76

207

199

204

234

232

183

156

139

143

116

113

104

102

96

9B

182

162

166

172

164

124

108

114

79

85

89

72

61

76

72

49

47

83

96

99

58

57

52

56

56

58

59

60

100

93

44

52

89

94

85

59

59

56

53

57

53

48

51

80

79

32

49

86

B9

111

66

65

45

51

52

53

52

54

86

81

43

45

93

90

98

61

56

49

57

54

54

47

48

75

74

51

47

82

97

98

57

56

53

58

56

58

59

59

99

96

46

58

89

98

74

59

61

59

51

59

53

49

50

84

84

lExcludes persons with unknown income.

64
Table 6. Mean and median vitamin A intake and mean vitamin C, thiamine, and riboflavin intakes of females awd 1-74 years as a p+rcent of standard for income levels, by race and

Race and age

White female

1 year ............................

2-3 years........................

4-5 years., ......................

6-7 yews ........................

B-9 years........................

10-11 years....................

12-14 years....................

16-17 years..., ................

18-19 years..., ................

20-24 year~....................

25-34 ymrs,.. .................

3543 years ....................

45-54 years....................

55-64 years ....................

65 yews and over., .........

Black female

1 year ............................

2-3 years ........................

4.5 years ........................

6-7 years........................

8-9 yearn .......................

10-11 years....................

12-14 years....................

15-17 years....................

18-19 years....................

20-24 years....................

2&34 years....................

3544 years....................

45-54 years....................

55.64 years....................

66 years and over...........

ap United States, 1971-74

Vitamin A

i

Vitamin C

Mean I Median (mean)

4

All Below Above All 6E40W Above All Below Above

in- poverty poverty in- paveny poverty in- poverty poverty

came level1 level1 come [well level1 come levelI Ievell

Percent of standard

170

149

130

141

184

167

126

104

111

103

124

120

153

179

14B

213

330

166

156

121

130

109

96

130

115

109

123

137

163

150

138

144

167

146

2S8

1s4

126

85

94

!%

2%

136

125

181

195

171

176

138

138

129

73

139

134

121

101

142

164

12B

176

147

178

141

153

165

126

10s

117

106

127

121

150

180

157

266

454

160

153

108

129

65

108

126

103

104

133

141

170

160

139

126

129

113

119

134

82

64

76

71

74

30

85

66

86

89

111

116

103

85

101

74

53

W

67

56

67

61

104

76 —

124

134

126

136

128

123

73

60

77

62

61

67

62

72

77

88

107

124

92

102

125

79

46

92

70

46

55

44

110

75

146

124

130

111

120

134

82

67

76

72

:7

67

z

125

110

104

123

76

107

67

55

47

67

62

72

71

107

77

163

187

1BO

197

214

2Q5

173

145

192

155

138

146

153

180

165

1B5

151

230

207

183

220

lBo

137

151

139

132

133

117

167

146 —

97

167

153

166

275

178

137

149

181

151

107

111

107

124

130

139

152

220

190

223

215

170

127

164

138

123

727

106

123

132

161

169

19B

203

207

213

176

147

192

155

140

150

155

162

174

242

154

236

227

123

206

194

142

136

140

139

135

116

199

167

193

173

163

163

165

152

1s0

152

757

165

163

163

167

160

185

183

165

1B3

165

165

173

163

183

155

170

160

163

180

172

162

—

163

175

153

150

180

165

170

135

167

160

1H7

162

147

172

180

153

173

180

188

168

175

160

152

150

172

167

157

190

167

180

19B

173

163

163

163

15a

156

158

157

150

183

163

170

180

185

205

138

16s

163

165

173

165

196

163

170

155

1B5

170

177

170

264

215

196

19B

191

185

176

167

167

174

169

180

186

196

220

236

176

171

160

160

155

169

143

143

140

156

159

163

169

—

293

218

198

198

202

167

17B

15B

149

15B

162

178

222

191

194

2W

211

176

173

156

164

165

142

140

156

149

142

193

153

176

260

215

206

196

196

193

1B7

181

173

167

174

167

778

196

196

247

180

130

167

173

160

142

184

149

136

134

163

15s

171

165

lExcIudes personswith unknown income.

65
Table 7. Percent of persons aged 1-74 years with caloric intake below the standard for income levels, by race, sex, and age: United

States, 197’1-74

Sex and age

Female

1year . ...................................................................................................

2-3 years ................................................................................................

4-5 years ................................................................................................

6-7 years ................................................................................................

8-9 years ................................................................................................

10-11 years ............................................................................................

12-14 years.. ..........................................................................................

15-17 years ............................................................................................

18-19 years ............................................................................................

20-24 years ............................................ ................................................

25-34 years .........................................................................................!..

35-44 years ............................................................................................

45-54 years ..........................................................................................!.

55-64 years.. ..........................................................................................

65 years and over ............ ......................................................................

lTotal includes all races.

z~xcludes persons with unknown income.

All income IIBelow poverty

I

Above poverty

leva12 leve12

Totall White

I

Black White Black

Percent of persons

31.1

33.2

35.1

39.7

60.7

63.2

75.2

70.0

65.4

61.9

65.3

67.4

75.4

78.8

86.1

29.8

37.5

45.6

58.9

81.8

70.5

B6.5

B6.B

75.2

78.8

7B.2

77.9

73.7

78.4

82.4

29.9

32.2

32.9

38.8

59.0

60.8

73.4

67.6

63.6

60.0

B4.B

66.3

74.1

78.5

85.5

28.3

36.5

44.6

55.8

80.8

69.7

87.8

87.3

75.3

79.1

78.1

76.9

72.3

78.1

82.3

34.5

40.1

48.2

45.6

70.3

82.5

B5.4

B6. 1

72.8

72.0

66,0

78.8

B7.2

89.1

92.B

36.1

43.5

51.2

73.1

87.4

76.2

80.9

83.3

73.9

76.4

79.7

88.4

86.6

82.5

83.8

13.2

28.6

33.9

46.4

56.1

63.7

81.3

B6.3

67.1

66.4

79.8

54.3

74.3

B7.5

B6.3

26.1

49.8

30.8

54.0

74.0

50.7

BI .8

8B.3

76.6

80.0

81.0

83.6

73.5

82.2

87.5

27.9

36.2

54.8

41.6

64.6

88.1

82.1

90.4

80.4

73.9

73.3

78.1

91.7

90.7

88.5

31.9

47.8

46.8

74.8

84.2

76.9

78.4

87.B

54.6

73.0

82.4

79 .B

90.9

82.2

81.2

32.5

32.9

33.2

35.6

59.0

60.0

71.9

65.B

63.6

60.6

64.0

67.3

74.8

77.7

65.2

28.8

34.8

46.5

55.4

81.2

72.9

88.1

87.8

76.0

78.9

78.0

76.7

73.2

77.9

81.1

36.9

46,1

40.0

47.5

78,4

77:3

92.0

86.1

68.1

70.4

63.5

76.7

64.6

85.9

95.1

35.4

39.8

51.8

71.1

88.4

72.8

84.7

,81.2

92.2

78.9

7+.6

91.6

88.5

82.3

84.4

——

66
Table 8. Percent of persons aged 1-74 years with protein intake below the standard for income levels, by race, sex, and age: United

States, 1971-74

Sex and age

Male

1year ....................................................................................................

2-3 vears................................................................................................

4-5 years................................................................................................

6-7 years................................................................................................

8-9 years................................................................................................

10-11 years............................................................................................

12-14 years............................................................................................

15-17 years............................................................................................

18-19 years............................................................................................

20-24 yea~ ............................................................................................

25-34 years............................................................................................

35-44 years............................................................................................

45-54 years............................................................................................

55-64 years............................................................................................

65 years and over ..................................................................................

Female

1year ....................................................................................................

2-3 years................................................................................................

4-5 vears................................................................................................

6-7 years................................................................................................

8-9 years................................................................................................

10-11 years............................................................................................

12-14 years............................................................................................

15-17 years............................................................................................

18-19 years............................................................................................

20-24 years............................................................................................

25-34 years............................................................................................

35-44 years............................................................................................

45-54 years............................................................................................

55-64 years............................................................................................

65 years and ovar ..................................................................................

All income IIBelow poverty

I

Above poverty

Ieve12 leve12

Total 1 White Black White Black White Black

Percent of persons

3.6

5.0

3.9

2.7

2.3

8.1

18.7

26.8

22.9

29.3

27.4

29.6

33.8

41.5

58.6

3,4

5.6

5.5

4.3

8.2

13.1

40.9

57.9

53.6

54.2

53.0

56.0

52.5

60.2

67.0

2.7

5.0

2.9

2.6

0.78

7.0

15.2

24.9

20.9

27.3

26.6

29.4

32.4

40.4

57.3

2.7

5.2

5.2

3.4

7.1

12.2

40.4

58.3

44.2

53.7

52,4

64.7

50.4

58.9

66.4

5.6

5.6

10.7

3.2

10.1

15.1

26.5

42.7

25.9

45.4

28.7

35.5

44.9

59.2

71.6

7.3

8.2

7.1

8.5

16.2

19.0

46.7

64.0

50.8

58.4

68.0

68.1

72.2

71.1

72.4

0.0

5.6

1.8

8.1

2.4

23.2

18.0

37.9

40.0

33.9

27.5

30.8

31.2

62.8

65.8

0.0

13.2

4.2

4.0

7.1

17.4

43.2

64.7

52.8

54.1

61.7

57.8

55.9

68.5

75.8

0.0

5.1

10.5

0.0

8.9

22.8

31.0

42.6

30.1

41.4

18.3

58.7

59.4

66.0

69.5

9.6

9.6

10.9

3.5

18.8

16.6

45.B

66.2

42.0

63.8

67.6

62.2

71.9

70.8

72.0

3.1

4.9

3.0

1.2

0.0

5.4

14.2

23.7

39,4

26.8

26.2

29.3

32.7

3B.3

55.6

3.1

3.9

5.4

3.3

7.3

11.1

40.9

57.1

42.5

54.0

52.1

64.9

50.5

58.1

63.9

13.2

6.3

11.0

1.0

12.9

7.4

26.5

44.6

30.1

48.3

32.0

22.1

37.8

46.4

71.3

4.6

6.8

2.1

14.0

17.0

16.0

48.1

48.0

54.0

54.6

54.0

71.1

75.3

70.3

73.8

lTotal includes alI races.

2Excludes personswith unknown incOme67
Table 9. Percent of persons aged 1-74 years with calcium intake below the standard for income levels, by race, sex, and age: United

States, 1971-74

Sex and age

Male

1year ....................................................................................................

2-3 years ................................................................................................

4-5 years ........................................d.............t ..................... ....................

6-7 years ................................................................................................

8-9 years ................................................................................................

10-11 years ................................................. ...........................................

12-14 years ............................................................................................

15-17 years ............................................................................................

18-19 years .............................................................. ..............................

20-24 years ............................................................................................

25-34 years ............................................................................................

35-44 years ............................................................................................

45-54 years ............................................................................................

55-64 years ............................................................................................

65 years and over ..................................................................................

Female

1 year ....................................................................................................

2-3 years ................................................................................................

4-5 years ......c.........................................................................................

.6-7 years ................................................................................................

8-9 years ................................................................................................

10-11 years ...................................................................c........................

12-14 years ............................................................................................

15-17 years .................................c...........................c..............................

18-19 years ............................................................................................

20-24 years ............................................................................................

25-34 years ............................................................................................

.35-44 yaars ............................................................................................

45-54 years ..............c.............................................................................

55-64 years ............................................................................................

65 years and over ..................................................................................

lTotal includes all races.

2Excludes persons with unknown income.

All income IIBelow poverty I

Above poverty

leve12 leve12

Total 1 White Black White Black

Percent of persons

11.1

17.8

13.6

6.1

3.6

18.7

16.3

16.0

17.9

19.6

17.9

19.9

23.3

27.5

27.2

15.6

19.4

13.3

11.6

8.0

26.9

34.2

39.0

48.0

53.2

54.8

60.9

61.0

63.3

61.8

8.6

15.1

10.9

5.4

3.4

15.9

13.9

13.2

14.2

16.8

16.2

19.3

21.4

25.8

25.5

12.0

16.4

11.1

10.0

6.8

23.9

31.6

37.7

45.2

51.3

52.1

58.7

58.7

61.8

60.7

20.9

33.0

28.4

9.5

4.7

36.4

32.5

37.2

35.8

40.6

28.9

30.0

40.5

49.1

41.4

34.2

36.9

24.1

19.0

15.9

44.4

50.7

48.5

62.6

67.7

78.1

76.8

82.6

74.9

72.1

16.6

13.4

9.6

7.4

12.2

29.6

15.0

10.7

30.6

15.7

25.1

5.6

26.1

30.1

30.5

2.5

18.9

5.5

13.1

12.1

34.4

34.5

52.5

60.6

55.1

51.7

62.9

58.9

60.2

65.3

26.4

37.0

34.4

10.0

2.1

52.6

45.2

39.5

48.8

26.9

34.4

30.0

44.1

55.4

41.8

41,0

33.5

28.6

17.4

14.6

42.7

52.9

60.7

59.4

71.8

80.8

75.9

74.5

77.0

69.7

7.7

15.6

11.3

5.1

1.5

14.1

12.8

13.9

12.8

17.2

15.4

20.3

21.1

25.0

24.2

13.2

16.0

12.0

9.5

6.3

23.1

31.4

35.1

39.9

51.0

52.5

58.0

59,3

62.3

60.0

15.8

29.6

20.5

2.8

7.8

19.3

25.$

36.$

27.9

46.8

27.9

25.1

39.3

41.8

39.7

27.9

41.2

20.0

20.9

8.4

40.7

47,5

42.!5

68.5

66.5

76.1

76.3

88.7

72.9

73.7

68
Table 10. Percent of persons aged 1-74 years with iron intake below the standard for income levels, by race, sex, and age: United

States, 1971-74

Sex and age

Male

1year....................................................................................................

2-3 years ...............................................................................................

4-5 years ...............................................................................................

6-7 years ...............................................................................................

8-9 years ...............................................................................................

10-11 years ...........................................................................................

12-14 years ...........................................................................................

15-17 years ...........................................................................................

18-19 years ...........................................................................................

20-24 years ...........................................................................................

25-34 years ...........................................................................................

35-44 years ...........................................................................................

45-54 years ...........................................................................................

55-64 years ...........................................................................................

65 years and over..................................................................................

Female

1 year....................................................................................................

2-3 years ...............................................................................................

4-5 years .........................v.....................................................................

6-7 years ...............................................................................................

8-9 years ...............................................................................................

10-11 years ...........................................................................................

12-14 years ...........................................................................................

15-17 years ...........................................................................................

18-19 years ...........................................................................................

20-24 years ...........................................................................................

25-34 years ...........................................................................................

3544 years ...........................................................................................

45-54 years ...........................................................................................

55-64 years ...........................................................................................

65 yaars and over ..................................................................................

All income Below poverty Above poverty

Ievelz leve12

Total 1 White Black White Black White Black

95.0

94.3

68.0

48.1

46.5

36.2

63.7

64.1

62.6

18.4

14.6

16.7

20.8

30.6

40.1

92.3

96.8

73.7

68.7

61.0

92.4

93.1

92.7

92.4

93.6

93.0

92.8

92.3

59.2

66.2

95.0

94.2

67.8

45.3

46.2

33.1

62.2

61.2

59.5

16.1

13.3

15.7

19.3

28.3

38.1

91.3

96.9

76.0

69.9

59.3

92.1

93.9

92.7

92.4

94.0

93.0

92.5

92.1

57.7

65.1

Percent of per

94.8

94.2

67.7

62.9

38.1

56.5

71.2

82.7

78.4

37.0

21.2

27.3

33.1

48.5

58.9

96.8

96.3

63.3

63.7

70.0

93.3

90.7

92.8

92.2

91.3

94.2

97.3

93.7

72.1

77.3

93.8

92.0

66.7

42.8

38.4

45.9

67.8

75.2

61.0

23.4

11.3

19.0

42.0

40.4

51.8

100.0

91.4

70.9

74.5

47.3

BI .6

86.0

98.4

97.7

96.5

93.9

96.2

92.4

72.6

74.3

ms

96.2

93.4

75.5

64.1

41.9

78.6

71.8

B6.4

63.9

39.2

22.7

26.9

37.7

64.2

56.2

100.0

97.5

57.1

70.9

m.o

88.9

91.3

96.2

85.4

90.2

90.8

97.8

93.3

66.3

77.4

95.1

94.5

67.8

46.1

49.8

32.0

61.0

59.9

59.9

15.2

13.6

14.7

18.2

27.7

35.8

90.0

97.6

77.8

68.9

60.0

93.4

94.6

92.9

91.2

93.4

92.8

92.4

92.4

58.0

62.4

92.5

95.0

57.0

59.0

41.2

34.5

72.5

82.9

87.3

37.5

21.0

27.2

30.9

37.8

58.3

92.2

94.9

66.2

55.7

79.9

95.5

90.5

91.4

I00.0

92.0

96.1

96.9

84.4

73.5

75.8

lTotaI includes all races.

2Excludes persons with unknown kcoS’ne69
Table 11. Percent of persons aged 1-74 y*rswith vitamin Aintake balowthe standard forincome levels, byrace, sex, and age: United

States, 1971-74

Sex and age

Male

1 year ........................................................c...........................................

2-3 years................................................................................................

4-5 years................................................................................................

6-7 years................................................................................................

8-9 yaars................................................................................................

10-11 years............................................................................................

12-14 years............................................................................................

15-17 years............................................................................................

18-19 years............................................................................................

20-24 years............................................................................................

25-34 years............................................................................................

3544 years............................................................................................

45-54 years............................................................................................

55-64 years............................................................................................

65 years and over ..................................................................................

Female

1year ....................................................................................................

2-3 years................................................................................................

4-5 years................................................................................................

6-7 years................................................................................................

8-9 years................................................................................................

10-11 years............................................................................................

12-14 years............................................................................................

15-17 years............................................................................................

18-19 years.....................................................................!......................

20-24 years............................................................................................

25-34 years............................................................................................

35-44 years............................................................................................

45-54 years............................................................................................

55-64 years............................................................................................

65 years and over ..............................................................................!...

All income

Total 1 II White Black

22.4

32.6

31.2

34.5

33.5

25.9

51.8

46.8

44.8

46.6

49.6

46.3

51.9

43.9

52.7

32.6

37.8

37.1

43.0

43.6

37.1

63.1

69.9

67.0

66.1

63.8

61.1

59.4

56.3

58.4

20.4

31.3

29.7

35.7

29.7

23.5

49.5

44.9

40.4

46.6

47.8

45.5

50.9

44.4

52.0

29.0

37.5

36.0

41.6

40.9

34.0

62.6

69.6

66.8

66.5

62.9

60.1

58.3

57.2

58.4

Below poverty

leve12

White I Black

Percent of persons

32.1

43.7

39.2

29.3

54.5

42.0

66.5

63.2

67.2

52.3

60.0

51.1

60.8

41.3

58.0

51.7

42.3

43.5

49.0

59.8

52.9

68.3

71.0

67.5

66.4

72.5

66.4

69.8

47.2

57.2

18.3

42.1

45.9

51.8

39.7

34.1

55.3

56.0

55.0

63.6

42.5

36.2

69.0

55.7

66.2

35.5

37.8

38.9

35.7

35.7

37.2

60.5

74.8

67.5

70.8

69.9

70.3

66.9

65.3

61.3

23.5

42.5

45.0

28.8

58.7

55.0

68.9

55.6

79.7

55.0

73.7

45.5

56.9

51.1

55.3

57.8

48.0

39.0

55.5

49.0

49.8

63.6

77.8

63.3

64.3

72.9

70.4

76.6

49.6

60.7

White I Black

21.0

29.6

26.9

31.2

28.1

22.5

49.0

44.5

39.B

44.1

47.8

45.9

49.7

43.3

49.3

27.7

37.7

35.7

42.5

40.7

33.8

62.7

67.5

66.2

65.7

62.1

59.4

57.2

56.9

56.9

39.8

4&8

31.8

31.6

51.6

28.2

64.9

70.1

59.6

52.1

56.6

51.5

61.1

41.3

57.4

39.6

38.4

49.5

42.4

69.7

50.2

73.9

67.6

69.4

66.7

71.8

65.0

65.2

42.4

54.4

lTotal includes all races.

2Ex~lude~ persons With unknown income.

70
Table 12. Percent of persons aged 1-74 years with vitamin C intake below the standard for income levels, by race, sex, and age: United

States, 1971-74

Sex and age

Male

1year ....................................................................................................

2-3 years ................................................................................................

4-5 years ................................................................................................

6-7 years ................................................................................................

8-9 years ................................................................................................

10-11 years ............................................................................................

12-14 years .................................................................. ..........................

15-17 years ............................................................................................

18-19 years ............................................................................................

20-24 years ..................................................................... .......................

25-34 years ............................................................................................

3544 years .... ........................................................................................

45-54 years ............................................................................................

55-64 years ............................................................................................

65 yaars and over ..................................................................................

Female

1year ....................................................................................................

2-3 years .................................... ............................................................

4-5 years ................................................................................................

6-7 years ................................................................................................

8-9 years ................................................................................................

10-11 years ............................................................................................

12-14 yaars ............................................................................................

15-17 years ............................................................................................

18-19 years .................................. ..........................................................

20-24 yearn ............................................................................................

25-34 years ............................................................................................

35-44 years ............................................................................................

45-54 years ............................................................................................

55-64 years ............................................................................................

65 years and over ..................................................................................

All income

Below poverty Above poverty

Ievelz Ievelz

Totall White Black White Black White Black

Parcent of persons

50.0

39.9

36.1

35.2

42.3

34.4

38.2

41.9

43.4

44.9

50.5

49.2

50.7

42.6

45.6

49.1

44.1

45.9

42.5

42.6

38.9

46.5

50.5

42.0

53.6

52.8

49.9

45.0

40.1

39.9

49.5

39.3

33.8

35.7

41.5

32.1

37.7

41.0

41.7

43.1

49.9

46.0

50.1

43.3

44.9

50.7

43.4

47.8

43.8

41.8

37.5

46.2

50.5

42.2

54.1

52.6

49.1

44.0

40.2

38.7

50.4

45.9

49.1

32.5

46.7

53.6

40.9

50.1

58.0

63.9

53.9

58.9

56.9

37.4

50.4

42.5

46.5

38.3

37.8

50.0

46.8

52.3

49.5

42.0

50.9

56.4

57.9

54.0

37.0

52.5

70.7

47.2

51.3

49.2

52.3

69.1

49.0

60.1

40.1

51.7

66.1

62.2

75.4

55.3

65.4

64.7

46.0

60.1

60.1

35.8

38.7

67.8

54.5

51.7

60.5

71.7

63.5

63.3

63.7

50.8

41.0

41.3

42.2

34.6

52.1

65.3

40.9

52.4

57.2

47.2

52.8

50.0

50.1

65.2

54.9

52.0

51.1

41.1

41.4

44.3

41.0

54.2

51.4

63.3

56.0

56.6

60.0

59.8

46.8

50.4

46.7

37.5

30.2

32.0

40.7

29.0

35.9

39.5

42.0

42.0

49.0

47.1

46.4

42.7

41.9

46.5

43.1

45.7

40.7

42.4

35.9

44.6

49.5

40.4

54.1

50.8

48.1

43.3

39.6

36.2

60.8

52.9

58.5

24.6

33.2

42.6

32.9

51.1

58.4

71.0

54.3

62.9

63.1

30.3

49.2

33.1

44.5

38.1

34.4

58.4

52.1

49.4

46.5

50.7

47.8

55.8

56.7

55.3

30.6

53.4

1Total includes all races.

2Ex~ludes persons with unknown income.

71
Table 13. Percent of persons aged 1-74 years with thiamine intake belc$w the standard for income levels, by race, sex, and age: United

States, 1971-74

Sex and age

Male

1vear ....................................................................................................

8-9 tears ................................................................................................

10-11 years ............................................................................. ...............

12-14 years ............................................................................................

15-17 years ............................................................................................

18-19 years ............................................................................................

20-24 years ............................................................................................

25-34 years ....................................................................................... .....

35-44 years ........................................................................................)...

45-54 years ....................................................................C.......................

55-64 years ............................................................................................

65 years and over ............................................................. .....................

Female

1year ....................................................................................................

2-3 vears ................................................................................... .............

4-5 ~aars ................................................................................................

6-7 years ................................................................................................

8-9 years ................................................................................................

10-11 years ............................................................................................

12-14 years . ............................................................ ...............................

15-17 years ............................................................................................

18-19 years .............. ........................................................................ ......

20-24 years ............................................................................................

25-34 years ............................................................................................

3544 years ............................................................................................

45-54 years ..........................<c...)............................................................

55-64 years ............................................................................................

65 years and over ..................................................................................

Percent of persons

3.6

2.9

2.9

3.0

4.1

4.5

4.9

9.7

6.1

14.6

13.6

13.3

11.7

6.6

5.2

1.3

1.9

3.7

3.4

5.8

5.5

4.1

9.4

6.7

11.1

8.1

6.8

6.4

4.0

3.6

4.1

2.8

3.1

3.3

4.2

5.0

4.9

9.5

6.4

14.1

13.0

13.8

11.8

6.6

5.3

1.6

2.2

4.4

4.1

5.8

5.9

4.0

8.9

6.9

11.5

7.4

6.5

6.4

3.7

3.1

1.6

3.8

1.3

1,6

3.5

2.2

5.5

12.5

5.4

20.1

20.1

9.5

11.1

6.9

4.7

0.0

.68

.60

0.0

6.0

3.4

4.6

13.0

4.0

8.3

13.9

9.5

5.8

4.4

8.4

8.8

2.9

1.2

4.7

0.0

1.6

0.9

2,8

3.8

11.9

9.5

2.8

22.8

10.8

6.3

0.0

1.0

6.2

6.6

1.0

1.3

1.5

12.1

10.1

10.0

8.0

3.7

9.3

2.7

1.7

3.1

2.0

1.7

0.9

5.7

1.6

1.4

10.4

8.3

8.4

3.3

10,0

4.1

2.6

7.9

0,0

1.4

1.4

0.0

1.7

3.5

4.4

9.3

4.6

5.4

9.4

6.6

1,0

7.8

9.4

3.6

2.8

3.5

3.0

5.1

5.5

5.3

loco

6.8

13.9

12.9

14.3

10.9

5.9

5.0

1.8

2.4

4.1

3.7

6.0

6.7

4.5

8.3

5.7

11.7

7.3

6.6

6.5

4.1

3.3

0.0

6.1

0.8

2.7

2.1

2.9

11.0

15.0

3.6

24.8

24.2

Io.p

15.0

7.4

2.7

0.0

0,0

O.b

0.0

12.9

2.8

5.’0

15.2

3.9

1(348

16i;3

10.0

8.6

2!.5

8.7

lTotal includes all races.

z~xclude~ persons with unknown income I

72
Table 14. Percent of persons agad 1-74 years with ribof Iavin intake below the standard for income levels, by race, sex and age: United

States, 1971-74

Sex and age

Male

1year ....................................................................................................

2-3 yaars ............................................................... ................................

4-5 yeare ...............................................................................................

6-7 years ...............................................................................................

8-9 years ..................................................................................... ..........

10-11 years ...c.......................................................................................

12-14 years ...........................................................................................

15-17 years ............... ............................................................................

18-19 years ...........................................................................................

20-24 years ...........................................................................................

25-34 yaars ...........................................................................................

35-44 years ............................................................. ..............................

45-54 years ...........................................................................................

55-64 years ...........................................................................................

65 yaars and over ..................................................................................

Female

1 year ........................... .........................................................................

2-3 years ...............................................................................................

4-5 years .................... ...........................................................................

6-7 years ...............................................................................................

8-9 years ...............................................................................................

10-11 years ...........................................................................................

12-14 yaars ...........................................................................................

15-17 years ...........................................................................................

18-19 yeare ...........................................................................................

20-24 years ...........................................................................................

25-34 years ...........................................................................................

35-44 years ...........................................................................................

45-54 years ...........................................................................................

55-64 years ...........................................................................................

65 years and over ..................................................................................

All income IIBelow poverty

I

Above povarty

Ievelz Ievelz.

Totall II White

0.71

3.65

3.48

1.22

2.55

2.24

4.46

8.31

10.61

12.93

9.68

7.27

7.77

6.26

4.29

0.61

4.80

1.50

2.20

3.55

3.62

5.64

9.52

11.75

13.57

8.50

7.50

4.98

4.34

3.49

0.38

2.95

2.90

1.22

1.80

1.74

3.60

6.89

8.17

11.82

8.79

7.19

7.86

5.57

3.85

0.73

5.00

0.50

2.25

3.28

3.23

3.68

9.21

10.67

12.64

7.40

6.51

4.15

3.81

7.39

11 I

Black White Black

PerCant of persons

2.23

8.34

7.57

1.23

6.53

3.86

10.04

19.13

18.45

19.61

15.80

9.35

6.48

5.75

8.07

0.0

3.86

6.44

2.05

5.53

4.59

15.95

11.98

18.19

18.91

17.40

14.83

11.74

9.52

6.68

0.0

5.1

5.8

0.0

7.7

0.0

6.3

4.3

11.1

7.4

1.7

2.5

11.5

3.3

3.8

0.0

8.7

0.7

2.9

6.1

2.8

1.5

7.2

19.8

15.1

10,5

4.3

6.7

10.1

3.0

1.3

4.6

7.5

0.9

14.1

5.8

15.1

11.4

19.6

3.8

4.2

8.6

9.4

8.9

7.7

0.0

8.2

7.0

1.7

7.0

3.7

12.1

17.0

19.8

16.6

16.0

18.9

7.5

14.9

7.2

0.4

2.6

2.5

1.6

0.8

1.3

2.9

7.3

8.1

12.9

9.2

7.5

7.4

5.5

3.6

0.8

4.5

0.5

2.2

3.0

3.4

4.1

8.7

8.1

12.1

7.2

6.6

3.9

3.4

3.3

3.6

13.0

7.7

1.9

1.2

1.9

7.0

25.7

17.8

25.9

19.0

7.4

4.5

4.1

8.8

0.0

0.0

6.7

2.5

5.1

5.9

21.4

9.4

17.7

21.4

17.6

12.8

10.5

5.2

7.8

lTotal includes all races.

2Ex~l”des persOns with unknown income.

73
APPENDIXES

CONTENTS

L Statistical Notes ............................................................................................ ............... ..................

Survey Design ........................................................................ ....................................... ............

Nonresponse .................................................................................................... .........................

Missing Data .............................................................................................................................

Small Numbers ........................................................................................................ .................

Standard Errors ............................. ........................................................................ ....................

Vanance-Covzriance Matrix .................................................................. ....................................

Analytic Methodology ............................. .............................. .................. .................................

75

75

78

79

79

79

80

80

II. Demo=aphic and Socioeconomic Terms ........................................................................................ 85

III. Food Sources of Cdoties mdNutrienk mdSta(dmds for Dleta~htakes ........................ ............ 87

LIST OF APPE:NDIX TABLES

L Sample locations of the Health mdNutfition E]cdnation Sumcy, byre~on,c ounty,State,and

probabihty design ................................. .............................. .................. ...................................... 76

IL Smpfing mtesbyage.sex Woups .................................................................................................... 78

111. Percent distribution ofnonresponse adjustment factom, stands l-65, Hedthand Nutrition Emfination Survey: United States, 1971-74 ........................................................................................ 79

IV. Weighted average thresholdsat thelowincome levclin 1971, by farm-nonfarm residence, sex of

fzmily head, zndsize of family :United States,, 1971 ......................... ............... .......................... 86

V. Major functions, problems associated with deficiency, and major food sources of calories and

selected nutrients ........................................... ........................... .................................................. 87

VI. Standards forevaIuation of daily dietary intakes used in the Health and Nutrition Examination

Survey, by age, sex, and physiological state: United States, 1971-74 ........................................... 88

74
APPENDIX i

STATISTICAL NOTES

Survey Design

The sampling plan of the” HeaIth and Nutrition Examination Survey (HANES) followed a

highly stratified multistage probability desi~ in

which a sample of the civilian noninstitutionalized population of the coterminous United

States, 1-74 years of age, was selected. Excluded

from the selection process were those persons

confined to institutions or residing on any of the

reservation lands set aside for use by American

Indians. Successive elements dealt with in the

process of sampling are the primary sampling

unit (PSU), census enumeration district (ED),

segment (a cluster of households), household,

eligible person, and finally, sample person.

The starting points in the first stage of this

design were the 1960 decenniaI census lists of

addresses and the nearly 1,900 PSU’S into which

the coterminous United States was divided. Each

PSU is either a standard metropolitan statistical

area, a single county, or two or three contiguous

counties. The PSU’S were grouped into 357

strata for use in the Health Interview Survey and

subsequently collapsed into 40 superstrata for

the HeaIth and Nutrition Examination Survey.

Of the 40 superstrata, 15 contained a single

large metropolitan area of more than 2 million

population. These 15 Iarge metropolitan areas

were chosen for the sample with certainty. The

remaining 25 superstrata were formed by classifying the noncertainty strata into 4 population

density groups within each of 4 geographic

regions. Then using a modified Goodman-Kish

controlled-selection technique to assure proportionate representation of specified State groups

and rate-of-population-change classes, 2 PSU’S

were chosen from each of the 25 noncertainty

superstrata with the probability of selection of a

PSU proportionate to its 1960 population. In

this manner, a total first-stage sample of 65

PSU’S or “stands” included the areas within

which a sample of persons would be selected for

examination. The PSU’S were scheduled to be

sampled over a 3-year period with 300-600 persons to be examined per stand (table I).

Although the 1970 census data were used as

the frame for selecting the sample within the

PSU when they became available, the calendar

of operations required that the 1960 census data

be used for the first 44 locations in the HANES

sample. The 1970 census data were used for the

last 21 stands of the sample.

Beginning with the use of the 1970 census

data, the segment size was changed from an expected 6 households selected from compact

clusters of 18 households to an expected compact cluster of 8 households. The change was

made because of operational advantages, and

research by the U.S. Bureau of the Census indicated that precision of estimates would not be

appreciably affected by the change from noncompact clusters to compact clusters.

For ED’s not having usable addresses

(generally located in rural areas), area sampling

was employed and consequently some variation

in the segment size occurred. To make the sample representative of the current population of

the United States, the address or ED segments

were supplemented by a sample of housing units

that had been constructed since the 1960 and

1970 Decennizd Censuses.

Within each PSU, a systematic sample of segments was selected. The ED’s that fell into the

sample were coded into one of two economic

cktsses. The first class, identified as the “poverty

stratum,” was composed of “current poverty

areas” that had been identified by the Bureau of

75
the Census in 1970 (pre-1970 census), plus other

ED’s in the PSU with a mean family income of

less than $3,000 in 1959 (based on the 1960

census). The second economic class, the “nonpoverty stratum, “ included all ED’s not designated as belonging to the poverty stratum.

All sample segments classified as being in the

poverty stratum were retained in the sample.

For the first 42 stands, sample segments in nonpoverty-stratum ED’s were divided into 8

random subgroups and one of the subgroups was

chosen to remain in the HANES sample.

Research indicated that efficiency of estimates

could be increased by changing the ratio of

poverty to nonpoverty segments from 8:1 to

2:1. Therefore, in the later stands, the selected

segments in the nonpoverty-stratum ED’s were

clivided into two random subgroups and one of

the subgroups was chosen to remain in the

HANES sample. The differential sampling permits a separate analysis with adequate reliability

of those classified as being below the poverty

Table 1. Sample locations of the Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, by region, county, State, and probability design

Region, county,l and State

Northeast

Essex, Morris, Union, Somerset, Hudson, Middlesex, N.J. .............................................................................................-..• .. CI...

Nassaur Queens, Suffolk, N.Y. .............................................-................. .................................................... C.O.....-.....• ................

Bronx, N.Y. ........................................................................................... ....................................................... ............................

Kings, Richmond, N.Y. ....................................................................................................................................................C........

Westchester, Rockland, N. Y.: Bergen, Passaic, N.J. ..................................................................................................................

Bucks, Chester, Dalaware, Montgomery, Philadelphia, Pa. ........................................................................................................

Philadelphia, Pa.: Camden, Gloucester, Burlington, N.J. ...........................................................................................................

Essex, Middlesex, Norfolk, Plymouth, Suffolk, Maae. ................................................................................................................

Allegheny, Beaver, Washington, Westmoreland, Pa. ..............- ....-.................-. ................................................ C........• .OOO.............

Albany, Schenectady, Rensselaer, Saratoga, N.Y. .....................................................................................................................

Lackawanna, Pa. ............................................................ ...........................................=.........• ...............O....- .........................C......

Holyoke, Chicopee, Springfield, Mass. ......................................................................................................................................

Bristol, Newport, Providence, Kent, Washington, R.1. ..............................................................................................................

Hartford, Tolland, Corm. .......................................................... .................................................................... ............................

Chemung, Tioga, Tompkins, N.Y. ............................................................................................................................................ .

Mercer, Pa. ................................................................................................................ .............. ............................ ......................

Bedford. Fulton, Pa. .............................................................................................................................. ............................ ......

Midwest

Lake, Porter, Cook, Will, Kane, Ill. .............................................................................................................................. .............

Cook. DuPage, Kane, Lake, McHenry, Ill. ........................................... ......................................................................................

Macomb, Oakland, Wayne, Mich. ............................................................................................................................................ ..

Milwaukee, Waukesha, Wis. ............................................................................................................................................ ...........

Hennepin, Ramsey, Anoka, Dakota, Washington, Minn. ................ ...........................................................................................

Lake, Cuyahoga, Ohio ...................................................................................................................................................... ..........

Franklin. Ohio ............................................................................................................................................ ............................ ....

Buchanan, Mo. ............................................................................................................................................ ............................ ,.

Cass, N. Dak.: Clay, Minn. ........................................................................................................................................................

Jefferson, St. Charles, St. Louis, Me.: Madison, St. Clair, Ill. ....................................................................................................

Bay, Mich. .............................................................................................................................. ............................ .............. ........

DeKalb-Stueben, Ind.: Branch, Mich. .......................................................................................................................................

Cass, St. Joseph, Mich. ............................................................................................................................................ ..................

Fayette, Ross, Ohio ..................................................................................................................................... ...............................

LaPorte, Marshall, Starke, Ind. ............................................................ ................................................................................ .....

Boone, Greene, Iowa ............................................................................................................................................ .....................

Howard, Iowa: Fillmore, Minn. ........................................................................................................... ................................. ....

Probability

design

——

1-65

x

x

x

x

x

x

x

x

x

x

x

x

x

x

x

x

x

‘x

x

x

x

x

‘x

x

x

x

x

x

x

x

x

x

:

lcounty, pafih, or borough,

76
Table 1. Sample locations of the Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, by region, county, State, and probability design–Con.

Ragion, county,l and State

South

St. Bernard, Jefferson, Orleans, La. ..........................................................................................................................................

Washington, D. C.: Fairfax, Arlington, Vs.: Prince Georges, Montgomery, Md. .........................................................................

Richland, Lexington, S.C. ............................................................................................................................................ .............

Knox, Anderson, Blount, Term. ............................................................................................................................................ ....

Roanoke, Va. ................................................................ ............................................................................ ............................ ....

Chatham, Ga. .............................................................................................................................. ............................ ..................

Hillsborough, Pinellas, Fla, .............................................................................................................................. .........................

Palm Beach, Fla. ................................................................................................................................. ................................ ......

Natchitoches, La. ......................................................................................................................................................................

Lamar, Marion, Miss. ............................................................................................................................................ ....................

Cabarrus, Stanlay, Union, N.C. ............................................................................................................................................ .....

Hancock, Hamblen, Hawkins, Claiborne, Term. ........................................................................................ ................................

Barbour, Ala. ............................................................................................................................................ ............................ ....

Bullock, Jenkins, Ga. ............................................................................................................................................ .............. ......

Sussex, Del.: Worcester, Md. ...................................................................................... ...................................................... .........

Fayette, W. Va. .........................................................................................................................................................................

West

Orange, Los Angeles, Calif. ............................................................................................................................................ ...........

Los Angeles, Calif. ............................................................................................................................................ ........................

Alameda, Contra-Costa, San Mateo, San Francisco, Solano, Calif. ............................................................................................

Collin, Denton, Dallas, Ellis, Tex. ............................ ................................................................................................................ .

Bexar, Tex. ............................................................................................................................................ ............................ .......

Pima, Ariz . ............................................................................................................................................ ............................ ........

Douglas, Nebr.: Pottawattamie, Iowa .........................................................................................................................................

San Diego, Calif. ... ........................................................................................................ ................................. ...........................

Fresno, Calif. ............................................................................................................................................ ............................ ....

Monterey, Calif. ............................................................................................................................................. ...........................

Clallum, San Juan, Wash. ............................................................................................................................................ ..............

Grant, Wash. .............................................................................................................................................................................

Gila, Ariz. ............................................................................................................................................ ............................ .........

Avoyelles, La. ............................................................................................................................................ ............................ ...

Ottertail, Minn. .........................................................................................................................................................................

lcounty, parish, or borough.

Ievel and those classified as being above the

poverty level.

After identification of the sample segments,

a list of all current addresses within the segment

boundaries was made and the households were

interviewed to determine the age and sex of each

househoId member as well as other demographic

and socioeconomic information required for the

survey. If no one was at home after repeated

calls or if the household members refused to be

interviewed, the interviewer tried to determine

the household

neighbors.

composition from questioning

Probability

design

1-65

x

x

x

x

x

x

x

x

x

x

x

x

x

x

x

x

x

x

x

x

x

x

x

x

x

x

x

x

x

x

x

To select the persons in sample segments to

be examined in HANES and at the same time to

oversampIe certain groups at high risk of malnutrition, aII household members aged 1-74

years in each segment were first Iisted on a sam -

pIe seIection worksheet with each household in

the segment Iisted seriaHy. The number of

household members in each of the six age-sex

groups shown in table II were then listed on the

worksheet under the appropriate age-sex group

column. The sampIe selection worksheets were

next put in segment-number order and a systematic random sample of persons in each age77
Table 11. Sampling rates by age-sex groups

Age and sex Rate

1-5 years (male and female) ........................................... 112

6-19 years (male and female) ......................................... 1/4

20-44 years (male) ......................................................... 114

20-44 years (femala) ...................................................... 112

45-64 years (male and female) ....................................... 1/4

65-74 years (male and female) ....................................... 1

sex group was selected to be examined using the

sampling rates shown in table II.

The persons selected in the 65-stand sample

of HANES made up a representative sample of

the target population and included 28,043

sample persons 1-74 years of age of whom

20,749 or 74 percent were examined. When

adjustments were made for different sampling

for high-risk groups, the response rate became

75 percent.

All data presented in this report are based on

“weighted” observations. That is, data recorded

for each person are inflated to characterize the

subuniverse from which that sample person was

drawn. The weight for each examined person is a

product of the reciprocal of the probability of

selecting the person, an adjustment for nonresponse cases (i.e., persons not examined), and

poststratified ratio adjustment which increases

precision by bringing survey results into closer

alignment with known U.S. population figures

for 20 age, race, and sex groups as of November

1, 1972, the approximate midpoint of HANES.

A more detailed description of the survey

design and selection technique can be found in

“Plan and Operation of the Health and Nutrition

Examination Survey, United States, 1971 -73,”

Vital and Health Statistics, Series 1, No. 10a.4

Nonresponse

In any heaIth examination survey, after the

sample is identified and the sample persons are

requested to participate in the examination, the

survey meets one of its more severe problems,

namely that of nonresponse. Usually a sizable

NOTE: A list of references follows the text.

number of sample persons will not participate in.

the examination. A further potential for bias

results if the sample persons who do not partici.

pate differ from the sample persons examined

with respect to the characteristics under examination. Intensive efforts were made in HANES

t.o develop and implement procedures and

inducements that would reduce the number clf

nonrespondents and thereby reduce the

potential of bias due to nonresponse. These procedures and inducements are discussed. in “Plan

and Operation of the Health and Nutrition

Examination Survey, United States, 1971 -73,”

Series 1, No. 10a.4

Despite these intensive efforts, 25.0 percent

of the sample persons from 65 stands were not

examined. Consequently, the potential for a

sizable bias does exist in the estimates in this

publication. From what is known about the nonrespondents and the nature of nonresponse, it is

believed that the likelihood of sizable bias is

small. For instance, only a small proportion of

persons in the first 65 stands gave reasons for

nonparticipation which would lead to the belief

that they may differ from examined persons

with respect to the characteristics under examination.

An analysis of medical history data obtained

for nonexaminees as well as examinees indlcatks

there is no sizable bias due to nonresponse. No

large differences were found between the

examined group and nonexamined group for the

statistics compared. For example, 12 percent of

persons examined reported having an illness mrecondition that interferes with their eating as

compared to 10 percent of persons not

examined but who had completed a medical

history. The percent of persons examined

reporting ever being told by a doctor that they

had arthritis was 20 percent; the percent for

high blood pressure was 18 percent, and for

diabetes wa: 4 perce~~. The corresponding percents for nonexamined persons were: arthritis,

18 percent; high blood pressure, 22 percent; and

diabetes, 4 percent.

As was mentioned earlier, the data in this

report were based on weighted observations, and

one of the components of the weight assigned’ to

an examined person was an adjustment for nonresponse. A procedure was adopted which

multiplies the reciprocal of the probability’ of

78
selection of sample persons who were examined

by a factor that brings estimates based on

examined persons up to a level that would have

been achieved if all sample persons had been

examined. The nonresponse-adjustment factor

was calculated by dividing the sum of the

reciprocals of the probability of seIection for all

selected sample persons in each of five income

groups within each stand by the sum of the

reciprocals of the probability of selection for

examined sample persons in the same stand and

income group. The five income groups were:

under $3,000; $3,000-$6,999; $7,000-$9,999;

$10,000-$14,999; and $15,000 and over. For

sample weighting purposes, income group was

imputed for 5.6 percent of the sample persons

using educational level of the head of the household. To the extent that the income-withinstand classes were homogeneous with respect to

the health characteristics under study, the

adjustment procedure was effective in reducing

the potential of bias due to nonresponse. The

percent distribution of the nonresponse adjustment factors computed for the 65-stand sample

of HANES is shown in table III.

Missing Data

Examination surveys are subject to the 10SS

of information not only from the failure to

examine all sample persons, but also from the

failure to obtain and record all items of informaTable I I 1. Percent distribution of non response adjustment factors, stands 1-65, Health and Nutrition Examination Survey: United States, 1971-74

tion for examined persons. For the 24-hour

recall, number of missing data cases was

generally very low for all items over the entire

sample of examined persons, 70 or 0.3 percent

of the 20,749 persons examined. There were

also 479 persons with unsatisfactory interview

questionnaires.

Estimates in. this report for the 24-hour

recall include imputed values for all missing and

unsatisfactory dietary intake interviews. This

was done by randomly assigning a value for the

missing item from among simiIar examined persons with that item of information. This process

preserves both the expected values and the

distribution of values of the recorded

information.

After these subjects were imputed by randomly assigning nutrient vzdues of subjects of

the same age, race, sex, and region and

urbanization, it was found that 129 of these

subjects had body weights that differed from the

body weight of the corresponding subject from

which it had been imputed by more than 30

pounds. Since the nutrient intakes of subjects

whose weights differ by more than 30 pounds

are substantially different, these subjects were

then reimputed by finding when possible a subject in the same age-race-sex-region and urbanization category whose weight was within 30

pounds of the given subject. In 7 cases it was

necessary to go outside of region and urbanization categories in order to find a subject within

30 pounds of the given subject and in 7 cases it

was necessary to go outside of racial bounds to

achieve this end.

Size of factor

Total ..................................... ............................

1.00-1.24 .....................................................................

1.25-1.49 .....................................................................

1.50-1.74 .....................................................................

l.75.1.99 ................................................................f....

2.00-2.49 .....................................................................

2.50-2.99 .....................................................................

3.001 ...........................................................................

Percent

distribution

100.0

32.6

38.5

18.2

7.4

2.8

0.3

0.3

1A size of 3.00 was assigned for all factors greater than 3.IXS.

The final poststratified ratio adjustment corrects for this truncation.

Small Numbers

In some tabIes, magnitudes are shown for

cells for which the sample size is so small that

the standard error may be severaJ times as great

as the statistic itself. Obviously, in such

instances, the numbers if shown have been included to convey an impression of the overall

story of the table.

Standard Errors

The probability design of the survey makes

possible the estimation of standard errors corresponding to the weighted estimates presented.

79
The standard error is primarily a measure of

sampling variabilityy; that is, the variations might

occur by chance because only a sample of the

population is surveyed.

As calculated for this report, the standard

error also reflects part of the variation that arises

in the measurement process. It does not include

estimates of any biases that might lie in t!he data.

The chances are about 68 out of 100 that an

estimate from the sample would differ from a

complete census by less than the standard error.

The chances are about 95 out of 100 that the

difference would be less than twice the standard

error and about 99 out of 100 that it would be

less than 2% times as large.

Estimates of standard errors are obtained

from the sample data and are themselves subject

to sampling error when the number of cases in a

cell is small or, even occasionally, when the

number of cases is substantial.

Estimates of the standard errors for selected

statistics used in this report are presented in

tables 1-1 through 1-28 of reference 16. These

estimates have been prepared by a replication

technique that yields overall variability through

observation of variabflit y among random subsampIes of the total sampIe. Again, readers are

reminded that these estimated standard errors

do not reflect any residual bias that might still

be present after the attempted correction for

nonresponse.

Variance-Cwariance Matrix2 2‘2 9

The variance-covariance matrix of a random

vector

y’=(Y~, Y2, ..., Yn)

is a matrix of the form

V*=

“2

al 1

U12 . . . al ~’

~2 1

1+2 . . .

‘2 n

. .

1“Unl CJnz . . . u;~

where U; i is the variance of yj(i :1, . . . . n) and

uij is the covariance of Y; and Yj(s’ #j).

The variance of the random variable yi is a

measure of the extent to which yi is dispersed

about its mean and is estimated by the balanced

half-sample replication method which reflects

the sampling design.z 8

The covariance aij of Yi and Yj(i #j) is a

measure of the extent to which Yi and Yj vhry

together and is a function of the units of measurement. It too is estimated by the balanced

half-sample replication method. A discussion of

the importance of the estimation of the full covariance matrix is given by Freeman ~d

Brock.29

Analytic Methodology

In comparing the mean caloric and nutrient

intakes between males and females and those of

various race-sex subgroups (e.g., white males vs.

black males) for the 15 age groups, the categorical data analysis approach developed by Koch,

Freeman, and Freemanz z and Freeman, Freeman, Brock, and Kochzs was used.

Let

-.

Y’=(~IG1,~lG2)y2G1>y2G2,. . .) R5GJ15G2)

be a vector of 30 elements

F.G i=l ,. ... 15, j=l,2

j

where YiG ~ is the observed mean caloric or

nutrient intake of the Gj subgroup within the i

age group (e.g., G1 = males, G2 = females). We

assume that the ~jG. can be expressed as linear

combinations of the flnknown model parameters

&, @z,..., P30 plus error terms el,

e2, ..., e30, that is

~~Gj =~klPl + xh2/32 +. . .+xkso%o +ek

NOTE: A list of references follows the text. k=l 3...> 30

80
or, equivalently, in matrix notation

y= Xf3+e

where

rxl 1 X12 . . . xl 30 1

I

X21 X2* . . . X230

[

x= “ “

. . .

. . .

X301 X302 “ “ “ X3030

is called the design matrix

B’=(P1>..., P3I))

e’=”(el, . . ..eso).

(NOTE: $ ii a vector of unknown constants; e’

is a random vector with an asymptotic muhivariate normal distribution.)

In the cases under consideration, preliminary

examination showed that the differences

y-G ~ - y.~ ~ between subgroups within age

generally tended to increase as i increased (i.e.,

there was an increase with age), reached a maximum and then generally decreased, thus suggesting an interaction of age with sex and with

race-sex. With this consideration in mind, the

following form of X was proposed.

x.

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

10 . ...0

10 . ...0

01 . ...0

01 . ...0

00 . ...0

00 . ...0

. .

. .

. .

00 . ...1

00 ..,.1

00 . ...0

00 . ...0

15 columns

100 . . . . fj

000 . ...0

010 . ...0

000 . ...0

001. ..:0

000 . ...0

. . .

. . .

. . .

_ .1 000 . ...0

000 . ...0

000 . ...1

000 . ...0

15 columns

30

Ows

-. .. . . . .- .

The first column, contammg tlurty 1‘s, represents a baseline figure for the second subgroup

under consideration in the last age group. The

next 14 columns represent the age effects and

the Iast 15 columns represent the subgroup

effects within age.

We further assume that

E(e’) = (E(el ), . . .. E(e30))= (0....,0)

or equivalently

E(y)=~ ]XX’1+0 and ]VI*O (1)

where V denotes a valid and consistent estimate

for the variance-covariance matrix of y. (V is

symmetric, that is, V’ =“V.) The elements of V

are czdctdated by the balanced half-sample replication method (see McCarthyz 8). Then estimates bi of parameters ~i are calculated by

weighted least squaresas follows:

b = (x’v-1)()-IX’v-Iy (2)

b’=(bl,b2, . . ..~30)

Var(b)=(x’v-1x)-1 (3)

In our case when the model parameters have

been estimated we have

y.)(f)

or

ilo. ..o b,

110 . . . 0 62

101 . . . 0 b,

101 . . . 0 b4

100 . . . 0 b5

100 . . . 0 b6

. . . .

. . . . .

. . . . .

100 . . . 0 bl!

10 (J... o bl,

. . . . .

. . . . .

. . . . .

100 . . . 0 bz

100 . . . 0 bz,

100 . . . 1 bz!

100 . . . 0 b~,

81
where bl, ..., b ~~ represent estimates of age

effects, and bl fj, . . . , b 3 ~ represent estimates in

differences of subgroup effects within age.

In general, once the model parameters have

been estimated it is desirable to test the goodness of fit of the model. The statistic

Q=(y-xb)’v-I@-xb) (4)

is used for this purpose. In the comparisons

made, the sample sizes of each of the subgroups

considered were sufficiently large so that ~iG j

can be assumed to be approximately normally

distributed by the Central Limit Theorem and,

therefore, since V is a consistent estimate of the

population variance-covariance matrix, ~ has

an approximate X2 distribution with degrees of

freedom equal to the number of rows minus the

number of columns of X. If (& is nonsignificant, the model is assumed to fit.

However, in our case, X is a square matrix so

that the number of rows of X equals the number

of coIumns of X, and ~ is degenerate. We,

therefore, examine the total variation statistic

QT =y’v’ lY (5)

which as a consequence of the Central Limit

Theorem has X2 distribution with degrees of

freedom equal to the number of rows of y minus

1, or, in our case, 29.

If Q= is significant, there is significant variation in the data set and it is of interest to determine where the variation lies. This can be done

by constructing appropriate contrast matrices C

and testing hypotheses of the form

HO: C~=(O, . . .. O)’ (6)

The statistics used to test such hypotheses

have the form

Q=b’c’ [C(x’v-lx)-lc’]-l Cb.

These statistics have an approximate X2 distribution with degrees of freedom equal

number of rows of C when Ho is true.

82

to the

In this report, we are mainly interested in

assessing differences in mean caloric or nutrient

intakes for those in various age groups and sub-’

groups within age. This is accomplished by

noting that

P16=PIG1-P2G2

h7=~2G1- ~2G2,. ... &o

and the contrast matrix is of the form

[

o

0

c= “

o

0

0

0

15 columns

10 ...0

01 ...0

. .

.lI 1

. .

. .

00 ...1

.5 rows

15 columns

If ~ is found to be significant, that is,

not all

%G ~ = /-$’G2 ,

it is of interest to test

HO :Pi = o i=16, . . ..3O

for which the contrast matrix takes the

form

C= (o,.. Qo, . . ..o. l,o, o). ,o)

- —.

15 elements i- 1 ith 15-i

element
Although we are interested mainly in the

differences between subgroups within each

age group it may happen that when the

hypothesis

(a) HO:/316= /317 =.. .=#~O=(l

is tested, it will be accepted. However because the behavior of the differences in the

means between subgroups within age goups

suggests interaction of age with the subgroups under consideration, it is necessary to

test for this, that is,

(b) HO:@16 - (37 = 0, (316 - h8

= ()?. ..> &6 - hO

should be tested. If (b) is rejected and (a) is

accepted, the correct conclusion would be not

that there are no differences in means of subgroups but rather when effects of the differences

between subgroups are averaged over the levels

of age, no differences in these average effects of

subgroups over age would be demonstrated. In

other words, the effects of age and subgroup

characteristics are not additive. To test hypothesis (b), the appropriate contrast matrix would

be

~

0 ...0

0 ...0

c= “

0 ...0

15 columns

1 -10 ...0

10 -1...0

. . . 1

. . .

. . .

100 ...-1 _j

\

15 columns

14 rows

In our analysis we have consmucted a

model that is saturated and, therefore, necessarily fits the data. However, it is desirable

to seek a reduced model that fits the data

under consideration. This can be done once

it is determined where the variation in the

model exists by constricting contrast

matrices and testing the corresponding hypothesis just explained. If

that differences between

it is demonstrated

subgroups within a

subset of the age groups are nonsigni~lcant,

a new design matrix X can be constructed

by eliminating the columns that reflect this

difference. If each of the differences between subgroups is significant, we then look

for simikwities of differences between subgroups within the particular age groups. For

example, if we fiid that the differences

between subgroups for the 6th, 7th, and 8th

age groups are the same, the appropriate

hypothesis would be

Ho:&l = ~22>621 = ~21, 623 = B24

and the appropriate contrast matrix would

be

[ 1

0 ...01-100.. .0

C=o. ..ol lolo. ..0

0 . . . 0100-1... 0

~~

20 columns 10 columns

If Ho were accepted, the design matrix X

would be a 30 X 28 matrix of the following

form:

ahtcolumn

110...01...1. .-, 01

110...00...0. ..0’

101...00...0. ..o~

101...00...0. ..o~

. . . . .

. . . . .

. . . . .

; l!tk.fmylt () 100 ...00....

100.,.00...0. ..0

x= loo. ..olv. .l v’”- o

100 ...00...0.. .0

loo. ..0116 !h1?m*:?m*:’o

. . . . .

. . . . .

. . . . .

100 ...10...0.. .0

100...10...0. ..0

100...00...0. ..1

100...00...0. ..:

83
and Q defined in equation 4 would be calculated to determine if the model thus constructed fits the data.

Conclusions drawn on the basis of the

reduced models would be identical to those

obtained from the original model. The

reduced model is simply a more concise and

easily recognized representation of the variation that is actually shown by the data.

When comparisons were made for each

of the four race-sex groups (white males,

black males, white females, and black

females) with income below poverty level

and those of the same

income above poverty, it

race-sex group with

was found that the

o 0

differences in mean caloric and nutrient intakes within age (~iG ~ - ~iG ~) did not

follow the same pattern as those for sex

and race-sex within age. Therefore, anal>isis

was carried out using six broader age groups

1-5, 6-11, 12-17, 18-44, 45-64, and 65 yehrs

and over. Using these age groups we found

a similar pattern in (~iG ~ - ~iG ~) with increasing ages as for sex and race-sex. These

age groups were used also when comparing

white and black persons of the same sex

and income group. In these instances,

analysis was carried out on the logarithm of

the mean because of the skewness of the

distribution.

o

84
APPENDIX II

DEMOGRAPHIC AND SOCIOECONOMIC TERMS

The demographic and socioeconomic

characteristics of the population sampled are

defined as follows:

Age.–The age recorded for each

examinee was the age at last birthday on

the date of examination. The age criterion

for inclusion in the sample used in this survey was defined in terms of the examinee’s

age at time of census interview. Some of

those who were 74 years old at the time of

interview became 75 years old by the time

of the examination. There were 20 such

cases. In the adjustment and weighting procedures used to produce national estimates,

these persons were included in the 74-yearold fjTOUp.

Race. –For each individuzd, race was

recorded by observation as “white,” “black,”

or “other races. ” The last category included

American Indians, Chinese, Japanese, and all

races other than white or black. Mexican

persons were included with white urdess

definitely known to be American Indian or

of another race other than white. B1ack persons and persons of mixed black and other

parentage were recorded as “black.”

Family income. —The income recorded

was the total income reported during the

past 12 months by the head of the household and all other household members

related to the head by blood, marriage, or

adoption. This income was the total cash income (excluding pay in kind, as, meak,

living quarters, or supplies provided in place

of cash wages) except in the case of a

family with its own farm or business, in

which case net income was recorded. Also

included in the family income figure were

allotments and other money received by the

family from a member of the Armed Forces

whether he was living at home or not.

Poverty index. –Income status was determined by the poverty income ratio (PIR).

Poverty statistics published in the Census

Bureau reportss 0 were based on the poverty

index developed by the Social Security

Administration (SSA) in 1964. (For a

detailed discussion of the SSA poverty

standards, see references 31 and 32). Modifications in the definition of poverty were

adopted in 1969.s 3 The standard data series

in poverty for statistical use by all executive

departments and establishments has been

established.34

The two components of the PIR are the

total income of the household (numerator)

and a multiple of the total income necessary

to maintain a family with given characteristics on a nutritionally adequate food

pkmBq (denominator). The dohr value of

the denominator of the PIR is constructed

from a food pkm (economy plan) necessary

to maintain minimum recommended daily

nutritional requirements. The economy plan

is designated by the Department of Agriculture for “emergency or temporary use when

funds are low.”

For families of three or more persons,

the poverty level was set at three times the

cost of the economy food plan. For smaller

families and persons living alone, the cost of

the economy food plan was adjusted by the

relatively higher fixed expenses of these

smaller households.

NOTE: A list of references follows the text.

85
The denominator or poverty income cutoff adjusts the family poverty income

maintenance requirements by the family size,

the sex of the family head, the age of the

family head in families with one or two

members, and the place of residence (farm,

nonfarm). Annual revisions of the poverty

income cutoffs are based on the changes in

the average cost of living as reflected in the

Consumer Price Index.

As shown in table IV, the annual income considered to be the poverty level

increases as the family size increases. A

family with any combination of characteristics tid with the same income as shown

in the table has been designated as having a

PIR (or poverty level) of 1.0. The. same

family with twice the income found in the

table would have a PIR of 2.0. Ratios of

less than 1.0 can be described as “below

poverty$’ ratios greater than 1.0 as “above

poverty.”

Poverty thresholds are computed on a

national basis only. No attempt has been

made to adjust these thresholds for regional,

State, or other local variation in the cost of

living (except for the farm-nonfarm difference). None of the noncash public welfare

benefits such as food stamD bonuses or free

food commodities

come of the low

these benefits.

The threshold

combinations listed

Iv.

A

are included in the inincome families receiving

income values for the

above are shown in tatile

Table IV. Weighted average thresholds at the low income level in 1971, by farm-nonfarm residence, sex of family head, and size of

family: United States, 1971

Siza of family

All unrelated individuals .........................................................

Under 65 years ..................................................................

65 years and over ...............................................................

All families ..............................................................................

2 persons ...........................................................................

Head under 65 years ................. ....................................

Head 65 years and ovar ................................................

3 persons ...........................................................................

4 persons ...........................................................................

5 persons ...........................................................................

6 persons ...........................................................................

7 persons or more o..................................................... ........

lFor unrelated individuals, sex of the individual.

———-

Toml

$2,033

2,093

1,931

3,700

2,612

2,699

2,424

3,207

4,113

4,845

5,441

6,678

Nonfarm

Total II Male

headl

$2,040 $2,136

2,098 2,181

1,940 1,959

3,724 3,764

2,633 2,641

2,716 2,731

28446 2,450

3,229 3,246

4,137 4,139

4,880 4,684

5,486 5,492

6,751 6,771

Female

headl

$1,978

2,017

1,934

3,428

2,581

2,635

2,437

3,127

4,116

4,837

5,460

6,583

Total

$1,727

1,805

1,652

3,235

2,219

2,317

2,082

2,745

3,527

4,159

4,688

5,736

Farm

Male

headl

$1,783

1,853

1,666

3,242

2,224

2,322

2,081

2,749

3,528

4,159

4,689

5,749

Female

headl

——

$1,889

1,715

1,643

3,079

2,130

2;195

2,089

2,627

3,513

4,148

4~656

5,516

Source: U.S. Bureau of the Census: Characteristics of the low-income population, 1971, Current Population Reports, Series P-60, No. ~

86. U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, 1972.

——00(0

86
APPENDIX Ill

FOOD SOURCES OF CALORIES AND NUTRIENTS

AND STANDARDS FOR DIETARY INTAKES

Table V. Major functions, problems associated with deficiency, and major food sources of calories and selected nutrients

Calorie and

nutrient

Calorie ........................ .

Protein .........................

Vitamin A ....................

Vitamin C .... ................

Calcium .......................

Iron ............ ............ ... ..

Thiamine .....................

Riboflavin ...................

Niacin ..........................

Major function

Supplies energy for growth and

development, basal metabolism,

and physical activity

Essential for normal growth and

development; for maintenance

and repair of all body tissue

Essential for the maintenance of

healthy skin and mucous membranes, for normal night vision;

aids in maintaining resistance to

infections

Production of intercellular camenting substance; wound healing; plays a role in normal resistance to infections

Necessary for formation of bones

and teeth; plays a role in blood

coagulation and normal reactions of nerve and muscle tissue

Necessary for formation of hemoglobin, the oxygen-carrying pigment of red blood ceils

Essential for growth, normal

function of the nervous system,

and normal metabolism

Essential for utilization of protein

and is also involved in other

metabolic processes

Essential for normal digestion and

utilization of food

Problems associated with

deficiency

Inadequate caloric intake in children is evidenced by lack of

growth and energy, loss of

waight in all age groups

A severe or prolongad deficiency

results in retarded growth;

symptoms may include edema,

lassitude, and decreased resistance to infections

Deficiency signs: night blindness

and skin changes characterized

by dry, rough skin. Prolonged

deficiency can lead to permanent

blindness

Deficiency results in soft, spongy

gums, prolonged wound healing,

and in the advanced deficiency

state, the classical disease

scurvy

Deficiency in children may be

associated with rickets; in adults,

calcium may be lost from tha

bones (osteoporosis)

Weakness and fatigability; advanced deficiency leads to

anemia

Deficiency results in retarded

growth, edema, and changes in

the nervous system; advanced

deficiency can result in beriberi

Deficiency can result in skin

changes such as angular lesions,

tongue changes, and poor

growth

The classical deficiency state is

pellagra, characterized by diarrhea, dermatitis, dementia, and

death

Major food sources

All foods; starchy, sweet, and fat

foods are concentrated sources

Eggs, milk and milk products,

meats, fish, poultry, soybeans,

dried beans, peas, and nuts

Liver, whole milk and whole milk

products, and dark green leafy

and deep yellow vegetables

Citrus fruits, tomatoes, strawberries, centaloupa, raw cabbage,

and green peppers

Milk and milk products, certain

green leafy vegetables, oysters,

clams, and shrimp

Liver and other organ meats, dark

green leafy vegetables, dried

fruits, whole grain and enrichwf

cereals and cereal products, and

molasses

Liver, eggs, whole grain or enriched

cereals and ceraal products, and

lean meat

Dairy products are the major

source, but meats and green leafy

vegetables are other sources

Liver, meats, whole grain, and enriched cereals and cereal

products

87
Table V1. Standards for evaluation of dailv dietarv intakes used in the Health and Nutrition Examination Survev. bv aqe. sex. and

physiological state: United States, 1971-74

Age, sex, and physiological state

Age and sex

1-5 years:

12-23 months, male and female ........................... ...

24-47 months, male and female ...............................

48-71 months, male and female ...............................

6-7 years, male and female ............................................

8-9 years, male and female ............................................

10-12 years:

Male .........................................................................

Female .....................................................................

13-16 years:

Male .........................................................................

Female .....................................................................

17-19 years:

Male .........................................................................

Female .....................................................................

20-29 years:

Mala .........................................................................

Female .....................................................................

30-39 years:

Male .........................................................................

Female .....................................................................

40-49 years:

Male .........................................................................

Female .....................................................................

50-54 years:

Male .........................................................................

Femala .....................................................................

55-59 years:

Male .........................................................................

Female .....................................................................

60.69 years:

Male .........................................................................

Female .....................................................................

70 years and over:

Male .........................................................................

Female .....................................................................

Physiological state

Pregnancy (5th month and beyond], add to basic

standard ....................................................................

Lactating, add to basic standard ...................................

1Assumed 70 percent CarOk?tW, 30 percent ‘et ‘nO1.

2For all pregnancies.

Calories

(per kg)

90

86

82

82

82

68

84

60

48

44

35

40

35

38

33

37

31

36

30

36

30

34

29

34

29

200

1,000

Protein

(gm per

kg)

1.9

1.7

1.5

1.3

1.3

1.2

1.2

1.2

1.2

1.1

1.1

1.0

1.0

1.0

1.0

1.0

1.0

1.0

1.0

1.0

1.0

1.0

1.0

1.0

1.0

20

25

—

Calcium

(mg)

450

450

450

450

450

650

650

650

650

550

550

400

600

400

600

400

600

400

600

400

600

400

600

400

600

200

500

Iron

(mg)

15

15

10

10

10

10

18

18

18

18

18

10

18

10

18

10

18

10

18

10

10

10

10

10

10

Vitamin

Al

(Iu)

2,000

2,000

2,000

2,500

2,500

2,500

2,500

3,500

3,500

3,500

3,500

3,500

3,500

3,500

3,500

3,500

3,500

3,500

3,500

3,500

3,500

3,500

3,500

3,500

3,500

1,000

1,000

Vitamin

c

(mg)

40

40

40

40

40

40

40

50

50

55

50

60

55

60

55

60

55

60

55

60

55

60

55

60

55

.25

5

B vitamins

(all ages}

Thiaminer

0.4 mgf

1,000

calories

Ribof Iavin,

0.55 mgl

1,000

calories

Niacin,

6.6 mgl

1,000

calories

oc)o —

.U. S. .WESMNT PIWRNG OFFICE: 1979 2al-259/24

88
Stnies 1,

Series 2.

Series 3.

Series 4.

VITAL AND HEALTH STATISTICS Series

Programs and Collection Procedures. –Reports which describe the general programs of the National

Center for Health Statistics and its offices and divisions and data collection methods used and include

definitions and other material necessary for understanding the data.

Data Evaluation and Methods Research. –Studies of new statistical methodology including experimental tests of new survey methods, studies of vital statistics collection methods, new analytical

techniques, objective evaluations of reliability of collected data, and contributions to statistical theory.

Analytical Studies. –Reports presenting analytical or interpretive studies based on vital and health

statistics, carrying the analysis further than the expository types of reports in the other series.

Documents and Committee ReOorts. –Final reports of maior committees concerned with vital and

health statistics and documents” such as recommended model vital registration laws and revised birth

and death certificates.

Series 10. Data Fro m the Health Interview Sumey. –Statistics on iIIness, accidental injuries, disability, use of

hospital, medical, dental, and other services, and other health-related topics, all based on data collected

in a continuing national household interview survey.

.%rim 11. Data From the Health Examination Survey and the Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. –Data

from direct examination, testing, and measurement of national samples of the civilian noninstitutionalized population provide the basis for two types of reports: (1) estimates of the medicaIIy defined

prevalence of specific diseases in the United States and the distributions of the population with respect

to physical, physiological, and psychological characteristics and (2) analysis of relationships among the

various measurements without reference to an explicit finite universe of persons.

Series 12. Data Fro m the Institutionalized Population Surveys. –Discontinued effective 1975. Future reports from

these surveys will be in Series 13.

S’cries 13. Data on Health Resources Utilization. –Statistics on the utilization of heaIth manpower and facilities

providing long-term care, ambulatory care, hospital care, and famiIy planning services.

Sen”es 14. Data on Health Resources: Manpower and Facilities. –Statistics on the numbers, geographic distribution, and characteristics of health resources including physicians, dentists, nurses, other health

occupations, hospitals, nursing homes, and outpatient facilities.

Series 20. Data on Mortality. –Various statistics on mortality other than as included in regular annual or monthly

reports. Special analyses by cause of death, age, and other demographic variables; geographic and time

series analyses; and statistics on characteristics of deaths not available from the vital records based on

sample surveys of those records.

Series 21. Data on Natality, Marriage, and Divorce. –Various statistics on natality, marriage, and divorce other

than as included in regular annual or monthly reports. Special analyses by demographic variables;

geographic and time series analyses; studies of fertility; and statistics on characteristics of births not

available from the vital records based on sample surveys of those records.

Series 22. Data From the National Mortality and Natality Surveys. –Discontinued effective 1975. Future reports

from these sample surveys based on vital records will be included in Series 20 and 21, respectively.

Series 23. Data From the National Survey of Family Growth. –Statistics on fertility, family formation and dissolution, family planning, and related maternal and infant heaIth topics derived from a biennial survey

of a nationwide probability sample of ever-married women 15-44 years of age.

For a list of titles of reports published in these series, write to: Scientific and Technical Information Branch

National Center for HeaIth Statistics

Public Health Service

Hyattsville, Md. 20782
NCHS

U.S DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH, EDUCATION, ANO WELFARE

Publ,c Health SmIce

Of fnce of Health Research, Statlsl#cs, and Technology

Nammal Center for Health Slattsl,cs

3700 East West Htghway

Hvattsv!lle, Marvland 20782

OFFICIAL BUSINESS

PENALTY FOR PRIVATE USE, $300

POSTAGE AND FEES PAID

US DEPARTMENT OF HEW

HEW 396

(=

US.MAIL

THIRD CLA55