ARCHEOLOGICAL INVESTIGATIONS AT THE 

SAVACOAL PROPERTY IN BOSTON VILLAGE, 

CUYAHOGA VALLEY NATIONAL PARK, SUMMIT 

COUNTY, OHIO

By

Ann C. Bauermeister

Technical Report No. 128

NATIONAL PARK SERVICE

Midwest Archeological Center
ARCHEOLOGICAL INVESTIGATIONS AT THE SAVACOAL 

PROPERTY IN BOSTON VILLAGE, CUYAHOGA VALLEY 

NATIONAL PARK, SUMMIT COUNTY, OHIO

By

Ann C. Bauermeister

Midwest Archeological Center

Technical Report No. 128

NATIONAL PARK SERVICE

Midwest Archeological Center

United States Department of the Interior

National Park Service

Midwest Archeological Center

Lincoln, Nebraska

2011
This report has been reviewed against the criteria contained in 43CFR Part 7, Subpart 

A, Section 7.18 (a) (1) and, upon recommendation of the Midwest Regional Office

and the Midwest Archeological Center, has been classified as

Available

Making the report available meets the criteria of 43CFR Part 7, Subpart A, Section 7.18 

(a) (1).
i

ABSTRACT

The Midwest Archeological Center (MWAC) conducted archeological inventory 

and evaluative testing efforts at the Savacoal property, in Cuyahoga Valley National 

Park (CUVA), during the 2001, 2002, and 2007 field seasons. The investigations resulted 

in the identification of two archeological sites, both located on land Tract 109-107 in 

Boston Village, Boston Township, Summit County, Ohio. Site 33SU419 is an historic 

artifact scatter associated with the Savacoal Barn on the east side of the parcel. A small 

prehistoric assemblage of two artifacts was also recovered from the site. Site 33SU423, 

the Hopkins House site, is a multicomponent prehistoric and historic site, with the latter 

assemblage attributed to the residential component on the west side of the lot. 

The archeological investigations were initiated in response to plans to 

rehabilitate and stabilize the barn (HS-487) and to adaptively restore the vacant house 

(HS-486). Data on the archeological resources of the property were collected for use 

in ongoing planning efforts. Project field methods consisted of close-interval shovel 

testing around the perimeter of the barn and across the grounds adjacent to the house, 

followed by limited evaluative testing. Additional and more intensive evaluative testing 

was accomplished at 33SU423 after specific undertakings associated with the Savacoal 

(aka Hopkins) House restoration were proposed by CUVA. The projects include: 

constructing an accessible walkway between the house and the barn; improving an 

existing gravel area to accommodate parking; and installing a cistern to provide water 

to the house. The new walkway would be positioned within the corridor of an existing 

walkway and would be constructed with fill above grade. Supplemental gravel will be 

added to the existing gravel pads on the south and west sides of the barn and would be 

limited to the footprint of the extant pads. The cistern installation is the only project that 

will require ground disturbance to accomplish and is the primary focus of this report.

As a point of clarification, the extant house on Tract 109-107 is known as both 

the Hopkins House and as the Savacoal House, though park planners prefer the latter 

historic designation. The archeological site was recorded as the Hopkins House site, but 

in this report the name Savacoal will be used when referring to the house. Also, the two 

sites designated on the property likely comprise a single site with multiple components, 

but since they were recorded separately and have received individual state site numbers, 

the individual designations will be retained.

This report documents the combined results of the inventory and evaluative 

testing that MWAC conducted at the Savacoal property between 2001 and 2007. The 

results indicate that site 33SU423 is a potentially significant archeological site with 

artifacts dating to the 1827-1927 period of significance for which Boston Village is 

recognized. The archeological site is considered potentially eligible for the National 

Register of Historic Places (NRHP) under criterion D because it has the potential to yield 

additional data about historic residential activities during and subsequent to the Canal 

era (1827-1913). Site deposits, however, have limited depositional integrity. They occur 

as a homogenous deposit of nineteenth- and twentieth-century artifacts in soils that 

have been heavily impacted from ground disturbing activities attributed to demolition 

of an earlier house, the construction of the extant house, as well as typical residential 

activities. Results from the archeological investigations indicate that the proposed 
ii

projects would not adversely impact any cultural resources eligible for the NRHP. The 

walkway and gravel parking improvements would occur within the same footprint as 

existing components, with supplemental material added only above existing grade. 

Further, investigations within these areas confirmed that the underlying soils are grossly 

disturbed. Following the process of Section 106 for preserving significant resources and 

avoiding the need to undertake data recovery, an area within the site boundary was also 

identified where the cistern could be installed without having an adverse effect.
iii

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

The Midwest Archeological Center (MWAC) and I would first like to thank 

Superintendent John Debo and staff at Cuyahoga Valley National Park (CUVA) for their 

continued support of the archeological program. I would like to personally thank Dee 

Strickland, Kim Norley, and Darlene Kelbach for their assistance as park paraprofessional 

archeologists with the projects at Savacoal, and Paulette Cossel for her assistance with 

this project. Special thanks are due to Pam Machuga for her contribution of leading the 

Junior Ranger participants in working with us on the archeological investigations in 

2002 and 2007. I would like to thank each and every Junior Ranger involved with this 

project for their assistance, their thoughtful questions, and their enthusiasm. 

I would also like to thank members of the MWAC field crews whose participation 

made these projects a success. The 2001 crew included Gary Akers, Robert James, Scott 

Brannan, Ricci Soto, and Monika Zsigmond. The crew in 2002 included Gary Akers, 

Robert James, Danielle Nordbrock, Richard Steward, and Monika Zsigmond; and, in 

2007, Amanda Landon, Ben Perry, Marcus Schulenburg, and Jennifer Williams made 

up the field team. I consider myself fortunate to have worked with such dedicated and 

skilled folks and know the Junior Rangers benefitted greatly from their instruction 

and interaction. 

Erin Dempsey undertook the analysis and identification of the artifact collection 

and compiled the tables, for which I am most appreciative. I would also like to thank 

Supervisory Archeologist Jeffrey Richner for his many contributions to this report and 

Allan Weber along with Jeff Larson for putting it all together.
iv
v

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Abstract.........................................................................................................................................i

Acknowledgments......................................................................................................................iii

Table of Contents ....................................................................................................................... v

List of Figures ............................................................................................................................ vii

List of Tables ...............................................................................................................................ix

1. Introduction........................................................................................................................... 1

2. Environmental Setting .......................................................................................................... 5

3. Culture History...................................................................................................................... 7

Paleoindian Tradition........................................................................................................ 7

Archaic Period.................................................................................................................... 8

Woodland Period............................................................................................................... 9

Late Prehistoric Period .................................................................................................... 11

History ............................................................................................................................... 13

Boston Village.................................................................................................................... 14

4. Previous Archeological Investigations and Archeological Sites 

Recorded in Boston Village...................................................................................................... 17

5. Goals and Methods .............................................................................................................. 23

Project Goals ..................................................................................................................... 23

Methods .................................................................................................................... 23

Project Conditions................................................................................................... 25

Laboratory Analysis ................................................................................................ 25

Storage ....................................................................................................................... 25

6. Results of Investigations ...................................................................................................... 27

Savacoal Barn (33SU419) ................................................................................................ 27

Phase I Investigations (2001).................................................................................. 27
vi

SAVACOAL

Savacoal House (33SU423) ............................................................................................. 28

Phase I Investigations (2002).................................................................................. 28

Phase II Investigations (2002)................................................................................. 30

Phase II Investigations (2007)................................................................................. 35

7. Conclusion and Recommendations................................................................................... 39

References Cited....................................................................................................................... 133

Appendix A: Ohio Archeological Inventory Forms..............................................................141
vii

LIST OF FIGURES

Figure 1. The project area. ...................................................................................................... 41

Figure 2. Portion of the 1994 Northfield (USGS 7.5’ topographic map) 

showing the project area within Boston Village.................................................................. 42

Figure 3. 1856 plat of Boston Village. .................................................................................... 43

Figure 4. Site map of the Savacoal property showing the area covered

by archeological investigations .............................................................................................. 44

Figure 5. Plan view of Feature 1. ............................................................................................ 45

Figure 6. Plan view of Feature 2............................................................................................. 45

Figure 7. Plan view of Features 3A and 3B. .......................................................................... 46

Figure 8. Areal image of Savacoal property showing proposed improvements............. 47

Figure 9. Overview of project area targeted during 2007 investigations.. ...................... 48

Figure 10. Project area targeted during 2007 investigations............................................. 48

Figure 11. Profile, east wall, TU 110-111N, 103-104E......................................................... 49

Figure 12. Photo of east wall profile, TU 110-111N, 103-104 E......................................... 49

Figure 13. Profile, south wall, TU 108-109N, 105-106E. .................................................... 50

Figure 14. Photo of south wall profile, TU 108-109N, 105-106E. ..................................... 50

Figure 15. Whiteware sherds with blue transfer print. ...................................................... 51

Figure 16. Whiteware sherds with mulberry transfer print.............................................. 53

Figure 17. Whiteware sherds bearing maker’s mark.......................................................... 54

Figure 18. Hand-painted and annular whiteware sherds.................................................. 54

Figure 19. Sponge-decorated whiteware sherd................................................................... 55

Figure 20. Blue edge-decorated whiteware.......................................................................... 55

Figure 21. Annular-decorated whiteware. ........................................................................... 56

Figure 22. Decalcomania-decorated whiteware sherd. ..................................................... 56

Figure 23. Glass objects........................................................................................................... 57

Figure 24. Personal objects ..................................................................................................... 57
viii

SAVACOAL

Figure 25. Whiteware sherds with blue transfer print ....................................................... 58

Figure 26. Whiteware sherds with mulberry transfer print.............................................. 58

Figure 27. Whiteware sherds bearing partial maker’s marks. .......................................... 59

Figure 28. Decorated whiteware sherds ............................................................................... 59

Figure 29. Tureen fragment with decalcomania decoration............................................. 60

Figure 30. Ceramics. ................................................................................................................ 60

Figure 31. Tobacco-pipe bowl with black paint:. ................................................................ 61

Figure 32. Buttons. ................................................................................................................... 61
ix

LIST OF TABLES

Table 1. Savacoal Barn (33SU419) Shovel Test Inventory.................................................... 63

Table 2. Artifacts from the Savacoal Barn Phase I 

Investigations (33SU419).......................................................................................................... 64

Table 3. Savacoal House (33SU423) Shovel Test Inventory................................................. 67

Table 4. Artifacts from Phase I and II Investigations at the 

Savacoal Property (33SU423). ................................................................................................. 69

Table 5. Prehistoric Artifacts from 33SU423........................................................................ 110

Table 6. Domestic Artifacts from 33SU423. ......................................................................... 111

Table 7. Decorated Ceramics from the Hopkins House (33SU423)................................. 114

Table 8. Structural Artifacts from 33SU423.......................................................................... 125

Table 9. Personal Artifacts from 33SU423............................................................................ 128

Table 10. Hardware Artifacts from 33SU423. ...................................................................... 130
x

SAVACOAL
1

1. INTRODUCTION

Archeological field investigations were undertaken by the National Park Service’s 

(NPS) Midwest Archeological Center (MWAC) at the Savacoal property, Tract 109-107, 

during the 2001, 2002, and 2007 field seasons at Cuyahoga Valley National Park (CUVA). 

The property is located within CUVA in Boston Village, Summit County, Ohio (Figure 

1). It is a corner lot situated on the northeast side of the Boston Mills Road and Stanford 

Road intersection (Figure 2). The property is included within the Boston Village Historic 

District (NR 92001490) listed on the National Register of Historic Places (NRHP) and 

has two contributing structures: the Savacoal House, HS-486, and the Savacoal Barn, 

HS-487. The Savacoal House was built in 1920, however earlier maps (Matthews and 

Taintor 1856) of Boston Village depict a structure on the lot as early as 1856 (Figure 3). 

The date for the removal of that building in not known. The construction date of the 

barn is also unknown, but it may have been present on the lot by 1891. The Boston Village 

Historic District is listed on the NRHP for its significance under the topic of community 

development, and for architectural significance. Several archeological sites associated 

with contributing structures have been identified within the Historic District boundary, 

but none is listed on, or has been nominated for, the NRHP.

Section 106 of the National Historic Preservation Act (NHPA) requires federal 

agencies to take into account the effects of undertakings on properties included in or 

eligible for the National Register of Historic Places. MWAC advises CUVA regarding 

archeological site management, interpretation, and research. All archeological 

investigations accomplished within CUVA are coordinated through MWAC, the results 

from which provide data to assist the park in complying with Section 106 of the NHPA.

The goal of archeological survey at the Savacoal property was to inventory the 

archeological resources that may be present and, if applicable, evaluate resources for 

significance and NRHP eligibility. Data on the distribution of subsurface resources 

could then be used to assist park planners when generating site specific plans so that any 

new developments or necessary upgrades could be positioned in a manner that would 

have the least impact on archeological resources. 

Initial fieldwork took place on July 2, 2001, in response to proposed rehabilitation 

and stabilization efforts for the Savacoal Barn. Ground disturbance would be minimal, 

if any, but as a precautionary measure the inventory was completed in advance of the 

undertaking to ensure that no significant resources would be inadvertently impacted. 

Shovel tests were placed around the perimeter of the barn at five-meter intervals (Figure 

4). A sparse scatter of historic materials was identified, comprising very fragmentary 

artifacts recovered from disturbed soils. A projectile point tip was recovered from the 

upper stratum of a shovel test situated in the gravel parking area between the road rightof-way and barn. The point was obviously not in primary depositional context since 

the soils in that level also contained a heavy amount of coal along with pieces of glass, 

whiteware, and metal. The soil profile exposed on all sides of the barn indicates the area 

has been previously disturbed as evidenced by mixed strata, compacted soils, gravel, and 

mottled clay inclusions.
2

SAVACOAL

A shovel test inventory targeting the Savacoal House grounds was completed on 

July 3, 2002, with subsequent evaluative testing conducted from July 8-12, 2002. This 

work was requested in anticipation of future rehabilitation and restoration actions 

necessary for adaptive reuse of the house. Specific plans had not been developed for 

the property at that time. Close-interval shovel testing was utilized, where feasible, to 

adequately sample the property (Figure 4). Excavation along the south façade and in 

the south yard was limited by a buried gas line, a row of hedges, and the road right-ofway. Most shovel tests were positive for historic materials, revealing a sheet midden 

of artifacts across the property, with greater artifact density noted on the north and 

east sides. A small prehistoric component was also identified, but lacked depositional 

integrity since it occurred within the same matrix as the historic deposit. 

To further evaluate the historic deposits, two 1-x-1-m test units were placed on 

the north side and one 1-x-1-m test unit was placed on the east side of the house. All of 

the units were later expanded to 1-x-2-m units. The test units yielded numerous historic 

artifacts, and three features were exposed. Feature 1 (Figure 5) is a rectilinear brick and 

sandstone feature discovered on the north side of the house just north of the existing 

concrete sidewalk parallel to the house. The feature was encountered 30 cm below 

ground surface in two of the 1-x-2-m test units. Feature 1 could be a former walkway 

associated with an occupation of the extant 1920-era house. Feature 2 (Figure 6) was 

revealed in the test unit adjacent to the same concrete walkway on the east side. It is likely 

a continuation of Feature 1. Features 3A and 3B were observed in a 1-x-2-m test unit in 

the east portion of the yard. The features were recognized in the floor of the unit as 

dark, circular stains full of organic-rich soil and some historic artifacts (Figure 7). They 

could be small trash middens, though the relatively low number of artifacts recovered 

from them is not typical of such features. It is more likely that the features represent 

former post holes, such as from a post, fence, or trellis, which were filled in with soil and 

domestic refuse subsequent to their removal.

Additional evaluative testing was conducted in the east yard of the Savacoal 

House from July 16-19, 2007, once more specific plans for the property had been 

developed (Figure 8). In particular, the 2007 excavations targeted an area where ground 

disturbance would be required for the installation of a cistern. MWAC archeologists 

were involved with determining the best location for the proposed cistern, based 

on feasibility from a utility installation perspective and also on the distribution 

of significant subsurface archeological resources. The proposed project location 

encompasses a relatively small area in the northeast portion of the yard between the 

house and the gravel drive along the west side of the barn (Figure 9). Three 1-x-1-m test 

units (Figure 10) were positioned to cover an area substantially greater than what would 

be required for the cistern installation (3m x 4m). A combined total of 1,799 artifacts 

was recovered from the test units. Artifact-bearing strata occur from 0 to 50 cm below 

surface (bs) as a single homogenized deposit lacking any internal stratification. Artifacts 

represented include those from domestic, structural, hardware, and personal groups. 

A small prehistoric assemblage comprising one chert flake, three pieces of fire-cracked 

rock, and one piece of quartz was identified, however, all of these artifacts were again 

found in mixed context with historic materials.
3

INTRODUCTION

Two other proposed grounds projects include constructing an accessible 

walkway between the house and the barn and improving an existing gravel area to 

accommodate parking. The new walkway would be positioned within the corridor of an 

existing walkway and constructed with fill above grade. Supplemental gravel would be 

added to the existing gravel pads on the south and west sides of the barn and would be 

limited to the footprint of the extant pads that currently serve the same purpose. Neither 

would involve ground disturbance and both occur within the corridor of existing site 

elements. Further, shovel testing verified that the underlying soils in the parking areas 

by the barn are grossly disturbed. No additional archeological work is recommended in 

advance of these projects.

Based on the results from the combined investigations at the Savacoal property, 

archeological site 33SU423 is a multi-component site that includes a small prehistoric 

component of indeterminate age with artifacts occurring in disturbed soils, and an 

undifferentiated historic component with artifacts spanning the entire 1827-1927 

period of significance for Boston Village. The density of artifacts is slightly greater in 

the northern and eastern portions of the yard with the majority of artifacts recovered 

between 10 and 40 cm bs. Artifacts were found that predate the 1920 construction date 

of the extant house, but the early historic materials that have been recovered were all 

found mixed with later materials and lack primary depositional context.

The artifact assemblage is attributed to residential activities associated with 

the earliest historic residence, which predates the extant house by at least 64 years, and 

also with subsequent occupations at the property. The artifacts occur as a sheet midden 

primarily within the top 40 cm of soil as a homogenized deposit of nineteenth- and 

twentieth-century materials. A buried brick and sandstone walkway was discovered 

along the north façade of the house, which could be associated with the early use of the 

1920 structure. The two circular features encountered in the southeast yard are more 

ambiguous, but likely represent historic or modern post holes. The historic component at 

site 33SU423 is considered potentially significant and eligible for the NRHP. It is directly 

associated with at least two historic occupations at the property that occurred within 

the period of significance for which the National Register Historic District is defined. 

Archeological evidence supports the map evidence for an earlier house that was present 

on the lot at least as early as 1856. The site is considered potentially significant because it 

has the potential to yield data on residential activities that spanned the entire period of 

significance for the historic Boston Village, including those related to the Ohio and Erie 

Canal (1827-1913) as well as the period that followed, but the compromised depositional 

integrity of the site does limit interpretive value. Research questions could address how 

the success and subsequent decline of the Ohio and Erie Canal affected residents of 

Boston as reflected by material culture. Specifically, data could inform on such topics as 

supply from distant locals and economic status. 

The proposed undertaking will require ground disturbance for the installation 

of a cistern. The area of potential effect for the cistern installation will be confined to a 

small 3-x-4-m area within the targeted project area. Following the process of Section 106 

of the NRHP, an area within the site was identified where the cistern could be installed 

without having an adverse effect on the characteristics of the archeological site that 

would qualify it for the NRHP. Intensive archeological investigations of this area in the 
4

SAVACOAL

northeast yard identified a sheet midden of historic artifacts that occur in mixed context 

as a non-stratified deposit. The deposit is not considered significant because it lacks 

vertical integrity and primary depositional context. Nonetheless, the excavations did 

produce a large sample of the sheet midden deposit that is highly representative of this 

site component. The artifacts in the sample, though derived from a mixed context, can 

still provide some information about the former residential occupations at this parcel. 

Additional excavations within this area are not warranted because any information 

to be gleaned from this particular segment of the site would merely be repetitive. It is 

possible that historic features, such as privies, wells, and trash middens, occur elsewhere 

on the property and those would have greater potential to provide additional unique 

data about the historic occupations. The amount of disturbance required for the cistern 

installation will be minimal in comparison to the rest of the site that has the potential to 

contain undiscovered cultural resources that may have better integrity.

Specific recommendations are provided in the recommendations section of this 

report. Additional documentary research focusing on tax records would be useful in 

understanding the history of ownership and site chronology at the property.
5

2. ENVIRONMENTAL SETTING

Cuyahoga Valley National Park is located in the northeast corner of Ohio, 

between the cities of Akron and Cleveland. The park covers 33,000 acres of a glacially 

sculpted landscape along the banks of the Cuyahoga River in an area that today is 

characterized by river floodplain, steep and gentle valley walls, tributaries and their 

ravines, and upland plateaus. 

CUVA is situated along the western edge of the glaciated Appalachian Plateau 

province in northeast Ohio, an area marked by relatively flat uplands with deeply 

entrenched drainage ravines and valleys established following the Wisconsinan glacial 

retreat about 14,000 years ago. This physiographic region is characterized by buried 

north-to-south trending Paleozoic river valleys that are largely covered by glacial 

deposits. The present glacial topography is comparatively smooth, but generally follows 

the contour of the underlying bedrock, which includes Devonian, Mississippian, and 

Pennsylvanian strata (Brose et al. 1981).

The major valley fill within CUVA consists of deposits from two pro-glacial 

lakes that occupied portions of the valley. Cuyahoga Lake was formed ca. 13,000 

B.P. from the Wabash Moraine, and covered the area north of Akron to the southern 

border of Cuyahoga County. Later and further north, Lake Independence was formed 

by the Defiance Moraine around 11,800 B.P. As the glaciers retreated from Cuyahoga 

Valley, subsequent drainage of the lakes and down cutting of the Wabash moraine 

created a gradient that permitted the northeasterly flow of the Cuyahoga River into 

Lake Erie. During the latter glacial developments, the Cuyahoga River cut through 

overlain deposits and into the underlying bedrock. Terraces in the park are the elevated, 

abandoned floodplain segments of the Cuyahoga River or its tributary streams and it is 

known that prehistoric archeological sites can be buried in such terraces. (Finney 2002). 

The project area is situated on the second terrace above the modern floodplain of the 

Cuyahoga River at 670 feet above mean sea level (amsl) and is 260 meters east of the river. 

The landform on which the site is situated is level and the parcel has served and/or been 

maintained as a residential parcel since at least 1856. 

The upland soils in the park consist of poorly drained clayey loam while the 

floodplain and terrace soils are highly fertile, well-drained sandy silt loams. The 

floodplain soils developed intermittently over the past 12,000 years and have always 

been considered prime agricultural land (Brose et al. 1981). The soils on the terrace that 

the project area occupies are classified as Fitchville silt loam and are part of the rough 

broken land association. The Fitchville series consists of nearly level to gently sloping, 

somewhat poorly drained soils that occur on stream terraces (USDA 1974). 

The middle Cuyahoga Valley has a mild continental interior climate with warm, 

humid summers and cold winters; a climate that has been relatively unchanged since the 

Little Ice Age that spanned from ca. A.D. 1350 to 1850 (Fagan 2000). Northwesterly to 

westerly winds blowing off Lake Erie affect temperatures in the project area by lowering 

them in the summer and raising them in winter. Located within the Lake Erie snowbelt, 

the area can be covered in snow between 60 and 80 days annually. The mean minimum 

temperature is 19 degrees Fahrenheit in January and the mean maximum temperature 
6

SAVACOAL

in July is 83 degrees. There is an average of 180-200 frost free days, which is adequate for 

most crops on most soils, and 36 inches of annual precipitation (USDA 1974).

The region is in the temperate deciduous forest biome that developed following 

deglaciation about 10,000 years ago (Shelford 1963). Maple and beech were the 

predominant species, while other varieties included hemlock, chestnut, hickory, red 

oak, and cherry. The forest environment provided habitat for a wide range of animals, 

including white-tailed deer as the dominant large mammal, elk, mountain lion, black 

bear, rabbits, opossum, beaver, raccoon, and muskrat. Avian fauna included wild turkey, 

quail, owls, hawks, and ducks; aquatic animal resources were plentiful with freshwater 

gar, pike, catfish, bass, drum, and other fishes available in rivers and lakes (Noble 1988). 

The natural forest was impacted heavily through deforestation that took place during 

the Euro-American settlement period. According to Brose et al. (1981:17), “...the present 

environmental setting of the region would have provided a large number of seasonally 

available resources for prehistoric and historic exploitation [and] the subsistence 

resources in the site region appear to have been more than adequate to maintain the 

aboriginal population.”
7

3. CULTURE HISTORY

Several very detailed reports have been prepared on the prehistory and history 

of Cuyahoga Valley. A brief discussion is provided in the following section. For more 

detailed discussions readers are directed to Brose et al. (1981) and Finney (2002). 

Paleoindian Tradition

The Paleoindian Tradition began when humans first settled in North America 

and extends to approximately 10,000 years ago. Human occupation of northeastern 

Ohio became possible once the ice sheets began retreating northward around 14,000 

B.C. As the glacial front moved out, the region’s pro-glacial lakes subsequently drained, 

and by about 12,000 B.C. the encroaching flora of the cool climate consisted of a mixed 

hardwood-conifer forest, which slowly changed to relatively modern flora by about 8000 

B.C. In the Ohio Valley, the most acceptable evidence for human presence is from this 

transitional period between 12,000 and 10,000 B.C. ( Brose et al. 1981:107-108).

Paleoindian groups were highly mobile hunters of large game, such as mammoth 

and bison, and their adaptation strategies included short-term use of camps, small group 

size, use of high-quality raw materials, and sophisticated stone-working techniques. 

Plant resources would also have been utilized, but not emphasized in the diet (Neusius 

and Gross 2007:127-128). The material culture is characterized by the large, fluted, 

lanceolate projectile points attributed to the early Paleoindian stage (e.g., Clovis, Folsom), 

though Paleoindian assemblages include a variety of other stone tools such as gravers, 

scrapers, knives, and biface blanks; and bone tools (Fagan 1995; Finney 2002; Neusius 

and Gross 2007). Several Early Paleoindian Tradition sequential fluted point types have 

been recognized in the Great Lakes region, which differ from the classic Clovis points 

found west on the Great Plains. These are recognized as representing distinct cultural 

complexes that include Gainey (9000-8600 B.C.), Parkhill (ca. 8600 B.C.), and Crowfield 

(post-8600 B.C.). The Great Lakes regional variant is the Gainy fluted point, described as 

having a Clovis-like morphology but made by a Folsom-like technique (Finney 2002:16 

citing Stoltman 1993). 

The Late Paleoindian period transition is thought to have begun around 

8,800–8,400 B.C. with changes in projectile technology and an increasing reliance 

on Pleistocene bison as well as modern species (Lepper 1999). The material culture is 

marked by a dramatic increase in projectile point variation, which Finney (2002:16-17) 

concludes could be evidence that populations were exploiting additional species within 

smaller territories, reflecting a greater role of collecting and gathering in the subsistence 

pattern. Examples of diagnostic Late Paleoindian, generally referred to as the Plano 

Tradition, point types are Agate Basin, Plainview, Eden, Hell Gap, and Scottsbluff 

(Justice 1987).

Paleoindian sites in Ohio occur most commonly in elevated locations along 

major river valleys, at upland bogs and wetlands, kettle lakes, gravel knolls, lake and 

stream margins, and in wide swampy floodplain bottoms (Finney 2002). These sites are 

characterized by small lithic scatters and isolated fluted projectile points. An exception is 
8

SAVACOAL

the Paleo Crossing site in Medina County (33ME274) where Early Paleoindian campsites 

have been identified. A particularly noteworthy discovery was a series of post molds 

representing a structure (Brose 1994). Early Paleoindian points have been recovered in 

limited numbers as isolated surface finds from Cuyahoga and Summit Counties, and a 

small number of sites with Paleoindian components have been recorded within CUVA, 

but not near the current project area in Boston Village. 

Archaic Period

The Archaic period is marked by the onset of the Boreal climatic episode, as 

deciduous forests continued to spread north, replacing the conifer-hardwood forest 

and bringing about a more temperate climate (Hunt 1986: citing Wedlund 1978:278). 

This re-establishment of the eastern hardwood forest occurred in northeastern Ohio 

between about 8500 and 8000 B.C., and by 3000 B.C. essentially modern deciduous 

forest conditions were in-place (Finney 2002). Another significant change brought 

about during this period that would impact humans was the disappearance of the 

Pleistocene megafauna. 

The Archaic Tradition in northeast Ohio is commonly considered in terms 

of three temporal subdivisions: the Early Archaic from 8000 to 6000 B.C., the Middle 

Archaic from 6000 to 4000 B.C., and the Late Archaic from 4000 to 1000 B.C. (Finney 

2002:18). Prufer has suggested viewing the Archaic Tradition more as a continuum, 

“...a cultural unit between [ca.] 7500 and 1000 B.C., during which the archaeological 

assemblages exhibit no more than gradual changes in artifact styles” (Prufer 2001:187).

Early Archaic populations adjusted to the changing environment by developing 

an increasingly diversified hunting and gathering economy characterized by small, 

mobile bands exploiting a wider variety of animal and plant resources within smaller 

areas. Subsistence activities became more seasonally oriented and focused on wellexploited territories. This change in subsistence was closely related to population 

growth, settlement organization and mobility strategies, and as the period progressed, 

populations continued to grow and become more sedentary (Hunt 1986:7; Neusius and 

Gross 2007:520). Such trends continued into the Late Archaic, which also witnessed long 

distance trade, ceremonialism, including mound architecture, utilization of cultigens, 

and increased regional specialization (Brose et al. 1981; Fagan 1995; Finney 2002). 

Archaic adaptive strategies correspond with a changing material cultural, from 

lanceolate spear points to smaller, more diversified notched and stemmed points, 

scrapers, knives, drills, and ovoid blades. Also present are woodworking and food 

preparation tools, such as axes, adzes, awls, celts, and grinding stones. The Middle 

Archaic is marked by the inclusion of ground and polished stone tools, and atlatl weights. 

Late Archaic stone tool assemblages are noted for the range of stylistic variations for 

functionally similar tool types, particularly illustrated by the diversity of projectile 

points (Brose et al. 1981). 

Archaic manifestations are common for the region and numerous archeological 

sites with Archaic components have been recorded in Cuyahoga Valley (Finney 2002: 
9

CULTURE HISTORY

Table 3). Locally and regionally available cherts, including those that occur in glacial 

till, were heavily utilized for tool manufacture. Exotic materials were also used, though 

there is more evidence of this in the earlier phase. Two types of settlements seem to be 

represented in Cuyahoga Valley: large base camps on high ground along the rivers and 

major streams, and small hunting camps in upland settings. Prufer has reconsidered 

this archeological distinction and concluded that all open sites appear to represent 

small, uniform, and probably repeated occupation on suitable high ground near water 

(Prufer 2001:188-189). Archaic hilltop sites are often initially recognized from sparse 

lithic scatters with few, if any artifacts; whereupon more intensive investigations yield 

additional artifacts with the majority belonging to the Archaic (Prufer and Long 

1986:11-12). 

Most Archaic site components within CUVA occur in upland settings as isolated 

finds at later Woodland and Late Prehistoric sites, and most have been recorded in 

Cuyahoga County. Within a kilometer of the project area, the Clayton Stanford House 

site, 33SU105, is the nearest archeological site with an Archaic component. Site 33SU105 

is situated on a 680’ amsl terrace located 635 meters north-northeast of the Savacoal 

property. The site also includes Woodland and nineteenth-century components. 

Woodland Period

The Woodland Tradition is also commonly divided into sub-periods including: 

Early Woodland (1000-100 B.C.), Middle Woodland (100 B.C.-A.D. 450), and Late 

Woodland (A.D. 450-1000). These developments are followed by the Late Prehistoric 

(A.D. 1000-1600) adaptation that shares elements of Woodland and Mississippian 

Traditions. The distinctions accommodate observed changes in material culture and 

cultural manifestations. Woodland cultural traditions arose from a culmination of longterm adaptive and cultural trends that had emerged during the Archaic. Three major 

hallmarks of the Woodland period are pottery manufacture, deliberate cultivation of 

native plants, and interment under earthen mounds (Fagan 1995:397). 

During the Early Woodland, Archaic trends in settlement and subsistence 

patterns continued as did general material culture elements. Notable additions include 

pottery, recognized as thick-walled and cordmarked, more finely worked bifacial tools, 

and new projectile point styles, including contracting-stemmed, square-stemmed, and 

side-notched varieties (Fagan 1995; Neusius and Gross 2007). Subsistence strategies 

focused on hunting, plant food collection, and fishing, supplemented by limited 

horticulture (Finney 2002:23). Sites in the region from this period occur on upland 

bluffs, floodplain terraces, and hilltops with a settlement pattern that appears to 

represent scattered, semi-permanent small villages that were occupied from late spring 

through fall by populations involved in a complex seasonal round of activities (Brose et 

al. 1981:133; Finney 2002:23). In CUVA, Early Woodland sites include possible villages, 

rockshelter camps, isolated caches on upland plateaus, and small artifact scatters that 

may represent temporary special function camps (Brose et al. 1981:133). Ceremonial 

sites consisting of small circular earthworks and burial mounds from this period have 

also been identified in the park (Hunt 1986:8). 
10

SAVACOAL

Nearly 20 sites with Early Woodland components have been identified in various 

settings throughout the park (Finney 2002: Table 3). One of the best known and welldocumented is at Stanford Knoll, site 33SU138, where excavations yielded the oldest type 

of ceramics in Ohio (Bauermeister 2003; Lee 1986). This site is 800 meters north of the 

project area on a terrace that has an elevation of 660’ amsl. In addition to the important 

Early Woodland deposit, the site is also recognized for significant Middle Woodland, 

early Late Woodland, and nineteenth-century deposits. Not far from Stanford Knoll, 

an Early Woodland pottery rimsherd was recovered from the Hines Hill site, 33SU417 

(Bauermeister 2002). The pottery closely resembles Leimbach Thick from the Leimbach 

Mound and Village site, 33LU9, in Lorain County. Site 33LU9 is the type site for the Early 

Woodland Leimbach Phase of northern Ohio (Shane 1967), which is contemporaneous 

with the Adena phase of the Scioto tradition in southern Ohio (Finney 1997). Site 

33SU417 is 500 meters south of 33SU138 and 300 meters north-northeast of the project 

area. It is situated on the second terrace above the Cuyahoga River on the east side of 

the river. It is within a formerly cultivated field on a level plateau with an elevation of 

730’ amsl.

Middle Woodland populations appear to have remained semi-sedentary, relying 

heavily on hunting and gathering, though settlements during this time may have been 

more nucleated and there is evidence that horticulture played an increasingly important 

role (Brose 1981:134). Pottery develops into distinctive wares with variable vessel shapes 

and decorative treatments, and a set of distinctive projectile point styles also emerges 

(Neusius and Gross 2007). The dominant manifestation in Ohio during this period was 

the Hopewell Culture, characterized by elaborate geometric earthworks associated with 

burial mounds and a diverse assemblage of exotic ceremonial artifacts. Such sites are 

most recognized further south in the Scioto River valley where Hopewell was defined, 

although the influence of Hopewell Culture extended across much of eastern North 

America (Finney 2002:24). The evidence for Hopewellian occupation in northern Ohio 

is more subtle, but certainly present, and several Hopewell sites have been recorded 

within CUVA. Middle Woodland diagnostic artifacts include projectile points, small 

prismatic blades, and pottery. Most sites occur within riverine environments and are 

characterized as generally small in size and associated with nearby mound locations 

(Volf 2000:35). 

South of Boston Village and the project area, a focal point of Middle Woodland 

activity in the valley was in the Everett Village area, in Summit County (Finney 2002; 

Volf 2000). The Everett Knoll Complex, 33SU14, is the best known of these sites. This 

significant Middle Woodland site, listed on the NRHP (NR 77000157), is interpreted 

as representing a Hopewellian ceremonial locus (Brose 1974; Richner and Volf 2000). 

Archeological investigations at several houses in Everett Village have identified intact 

subsurface Middle Woodland features and deposits attributed to the Everett Knoll 

Complex, of which the best represented are the Szalay Site, 33SU434, and the Swan 

House Site, 33SU133. The closest Middle Woodland Site to the current project area is the 

previously discussed Stanford Knoll Site, 33SU138. The Middle Woodland component 

has features and intact deposits radiocarbon dated to A.D. 170 +/-60 (Beta-15012) and 

A.D. 300 +/-60 (Beta-15011) (Finney 2002:226). 
11

CULTURE HISTORY

The beginning of the Late Woodland corresponds with the end of the Hopewell 

phenomena, when the exchange systems and mortuary ceremonialism of the former 

period declined substantially. Subsistence continued to be based upon hunting and 

gathering, while plant domestication appears to be fully established and increasingly 

emphasized; settlement is more fixed, and population increases (Noble 1988:13). 

Groups continue to make and use mounds, but not like the large earthwork complexes 

of the Middle Woodland. The settlement pattern involves limited seasonal movements 

between major river valleys and smaller interior drainages (Finney 2002:26). It appears 

that smaller groups dispersed in the interior valley hunting camps during the cold 

seasons and larger groups occupied summer villages with a mixed economy in the river 

valleys (Brose et al. 1981:135). Late Woodland material culture shows subtle variations 

in projectile point styles and pottery attributes. Pottery vessels tend to be plain, 

sometimes cordmarked, thinner-walled with grit temper, and could withstand higher 

cooking temperatures. Formal stone tools of exotic materials are replaced by more 

expedient tools made from local glacially derived cherts. Slate and shale woodworking 

tools are also reported as are numerous notched and un-notched triangular projectile 

points that coincide with the widespread adaptation of the bow and arrow (Neusius 

and Gross 2007:533-534; Finney 2002). The local manifestation of the Late Woodland 

in the region is the Hale Phase (ca. A.D. 500-900), characterized by the predominance 

of grit-tempered Cuyahoga Cordmarked ceramics and lithic artifacts subjected to late 

stage heat treatment (Brose et al. 1981:141). Within the park, many Late Woodland sites 

are recorded at locations interpreted to be villages, campsites, hunting camps, as well as 

rockshelters and burial mounds (Brose et al. 1981: Table 17). 

As previously discussed, there is evidence of an early Late Woodland occupation 

at the nearby Stanford Knoll, 33SU138. The associated artifact assemblage consists 

of two Raccoon Side-Notched points, bi-pitted stones, and chipped shale debitage 

(Finney 2002:226). 

Late Prehistoric Period

The Late Prehistoric period is marked by a continuation of the Late Woodland 

Tradition with significant changes in subsistence economies, as the previous 

hunter-gatherer or intensive collector strategies give way to lifeways that emphasize 

horticultural and agricultural activities (Hunt 1986:10; Finney 2002:27). Major trends 

from this period include: intensification of food production with corn agriculture; new 

technologies used in food production (e.g., shell-tempered pottery and bell-shaped 

storage pits); population growth; and distinct regional complexes. In northeastern 

Ohio the culture developed into a distinct cultural complex known as the Whittlesey 

Tradition. The Whittlesey Tradition has been divided into four phases, recently revised 

(see Finney 2002:29), based upon pottery and lithic tool analysis, including Riverview 

(A.D. 900-1250), Vaughn (A.D. 1250-1400), Tuttle Hill (A.D. 1400-1500), and South Park 

(A.D. 1550-1650) (Brose 1994:107). 

The Riverview Phase is characterized by grit-tempered wares dominated 

by Fairport Plain ceramics (Noble 1988:14). Chert obtained from bedrock sources 

appears to have been used more than it was formerly (Finney 2002:30). The settlementsubsistence system was similar to that known for the Late Woodland Hale Phase, with 
12

SAVACOAL

groups utilizing seasonally based small villages and large campsites (Hunt 1986:10). More 

than 20 sites have been identified within CUVA that have Riverview Phase components, 

including the well known South Park site, 33SU8, located in the northern part of the 

park in Independence Township (Finney 2002: Table 3). Near the project area in Boston 

Village, the Hines Hill Conference Center, 33SU99, has a Riverview Phase component. 

This site is located on a prominent plateau northeast of Boston Village by 300 meters. It 

is on the landform adjacent to and above the Hines Hill site, 33SU417, to the northwest. 

Investigations revealed intact deposits including a pit feature with cordmarked sherds. 

Charcoal from the feature yielded an uncorrected radiocarbon date of A.D. 1060 +/-40 

(Beta-96185). Additional artifacts attributed to the Whittlesey occupation include an 

anvil, a drill, and chert debitage (Richner 1998).

The Vaughn Phase marks the appearance of shell-tempered pottery in the region. 

They exhibit plain or smoothed treatments that largely replace the previous cordmarked 

varieties. During this phase there is a marked increase in the use of debitage for tools 

at villages (Finney 2002:31). The two types of occupations that occur are similar to 

those from earlier phases and include summer horticultural villages and winter hunting 

camps. The warm season villages were large and tended to be placed along secondary 

valleys and lake estuaries, a trend that indicates the emphasis on horticulture and also 

fishing activities (Finney 2002:30-31). Fourteen sites assigned to the Vaughn Phase have 

been recorded in CUVA, none of which are located within the immediate vicinity of 

Boston Village. Vaughn Village, site 33CU65, is a significant Whittlesey village site with 

components from the Vaughn and South Park phases that is listed on the NRHP (NR 

87001902). It is located 2.8 kilometers north of Boston in Jaite Village. This site occupies 

a 650’ amsl remnant terrace on the west side of the Cuyahoga River, parts of which 

were heavily impacted and/or destroyed during extensive topsoil stripping conducted 

commercially in the area from the 1950s through the 1970s. Fortunately, archeological 

investigations identified numerous cultural features preserved in an undisturbed 

primary context (Zalesky 1986). 

During the Tuttle Hill Phase, the pottery is similar to the preceding phase, 

however the lithic assemblages exhibit much greater variability between winter 

campsites and summer villages (Noble 1988:19). A greater number of projectile points, 

mostly triangular, are present in both settings and quarried chert appears to be favored 

over locally available glacial materials in chipped-stone technology. A continuing trend 

from the previous phase that is specific to summer villages is the use of debitage as tools 

(Finney 2002:31). Ten sites with Tuttle Hill Phase components are recorded in the park, 

although none are located near the project area in Boston (Finney 2002:Table 3). 

The South Park Phase is the terminal phase of the Whittlesey Tradition, and 

it lasted until the time of European contact around A.D. 1650. Sites from this period 

provide evidence for agricultural villages, typically palisaded and sometimes containing 

longhouses, that were occupied year-round, with smaller camps used during the 

spring and fall (Brose 1994). There is a decline in pottery variation and very few nonlocal pottery types are represented in the material cultural. There also appears to be 

an increase in the use of quarried Plum Run and Upper Mercer cherts, and triangular 

points continue to be the predominate point style (Finney 2002:32). It seems that the 

population was subjected to continued stress throughout this phase, and within CUVA 
13

CULTURE HISTORY

no European trade goods have been found as part of any Whittlesey artifact assemblage. 

There is no archeological evidence for any postcontact aboriginal occupation after 

the South Park Phase (Brose 1994; Hunt 1986:11). South Park components have been 

identified at 15 sites within CUVA, none of which are located near the project area 

(Finney 2002: Table 3). 

History

The following overview is merely a brief summary of the Historic period in 

the Cuyahoga Valley region. It focuses on some of the more significant changes that 

occurred during this 350 year period, with particular emphasis on the history of Boston 

Village. The summary follows Noble’s (1988) temporal sequences with information 

drawn primarily from Brose et al. (1981), Finney (2002), Hunt (1986), Noble (1988), and 

Richner (1996; 1997); readers are referred to these reports for more detailed reviews. 

The Colonial Period lasts from 1640 to 1796 when few Europeans visited 

northern Ohio or settled there. Cuyahoga Valley served primarily as a transportation 

route connection to the surrounding areas and it is not clear what Native groups 

inhabited the valley during this period. It seems likely that Iroquoian pressures from the 

East may have forced local aboriginal groups to vacate the entire southern shore of Lake 

Erie. French influences had reached this part of the country as exotic goods quickly 

replaced traditional material culture through trading middlemen, and while there were 

profound influences of French and British emigrants, they left little physical evidence 

within Cuyahoga (Noble 1988:15-16). Three eighteenth-century American Indian sites 

have been recorded within the park: Flood Fort, site 33CU60, Kurtz, site 33SU25, and 

Riverbank 1997-1, site 33SU431. Other sites from this period that are reported include: 

the Moravian Indian Village of Pilgerruh (1786-1787), Mingo Town (ca. 1743-1753), and 

two 1786 North West Company British trading posts. However, their precise locations 

have not been verified (Finney 2002). 

The Pioneer Period took place from 1796 to 1824 with the early settlement of the 

area that occurred following the Revolutionary War. The settlement pattern in northern 

Ohio tended to be dispersed, inhabited both by unauthorized squatters and legal resident 

landowners, with families living in relative isolation from one another (Brose et al. 1981; 

Finney 2002:43; Noble 1988:16). The local economy was depressed during this period 

and very slow to develop. Because of the scattered settlements, isolation from eastern 

markets, and poorly developed transportation and communication systems, this period 

could be characterized as a frontier settlement (MWAC 2007). An important event of 

the period was the initiation of a canal plan in 1820. A few years later the route of the 

Ohio and Erie Canal was selected and construction north of the Portage Summit began 

(Finney 2002:44). According to local lore, it has been reported that unmarked graves of 

canal workers are present in several cemeteries within CUVA. 

The Early Developmental Period begins in 1825 when construction started 

for the Cleveland to Akron segment of the Ohio and Erie Canal. Land speculation 

increased dramatically as people and money necessary for canal construction began 

to move into the region (Noble 1988:16). When this section of canal was completed in 

1827, the Cuyahoga River Valley benefited substantially from this marked improvement 
14

SAVACOAL

in transportation and communication. The canal brought people and goods into the 

valley and served to focus settlement and the local economy began to diversify and 

improve. Towns were established in proximity to the transportation routes and the 

former situation of isolated families and subsistence farming gave way to interdependent 

communities and commercial farming (ibid.). The canal meant that local products could 

readily be transported out of the valley and exotic goods imported in. It is a period of 

commercial and social transformation that resulted in the development of a capitalist 

economy and a highly stratified social system (Hunt 1986:13). 

The Late Developmental Period begins in 1861 with the onset of the American 

Civil War and ends in 1913 after the Ohio and Erie Canal is abandoned. The success of 

the canal began to diminish around 1840 and the introduction of railroad lines to the 

area in the 1850s contributed to the canal’s decline by drawing business away from it. A 

devastating flood in 1913 caused the already weakened canal system to be abandoned. 

During this period the railroad and other transportation improvements contributed 

to the growth of many small crossroad settlements; the railroad also provided a direct 

connection between the coal fields of east-central Ohio and Cleveland’s steel mills 

(Finney 2002:47). The state’s population also rose, and Ohio was increasingly integrated 

into the national scene through telegraphic communication (Noble 1988:17).

The Urban-Industrial Period began in 1914 and continues today. Large-scale 

industrialism was developed in the valley to meet the needs created by the advent 

of World War I. Cleveland became an increasingly important Great Lakes port and 

was a major center for iron and steel, oil refining, chemicals, automobiles, and other 

products, and Akron’s rubber manufacturers enjoyed great success as a result of the 

rising popularity of automobiles (Finney 2002:48; Noble 1988:18). This changed with the 

Great Depression. The effects to the region were similar to what the rest of the country 

was experiencing: slowed industrialism, a depressed economy, and high unemployment 

rates. The Civilian Conservation Corps (CCC) was established in 1933 as a work relief 

program for young men from unemployed families. Their efforts are well recognized 

in Cuyahoga Valley. Since their projects helped build the highway, bridges, buildings, 

and recreation facility infrastructure within the area that would become CUVA (Finney 

2002:49). World War II served to stimulate the economy by again creating industrial 

demands and the industries of Cleveland and Akron renewed high production levels. As 

a result, the Cuyahoga Valley was impacted by urban sprawl, industrial waste, interstate 

highways, and other intrusions (Noble 1988:18). In 1974 Congress created Cuyahoga 

Valley National Recreation Area as an urban unit of the National Park System, and in 

2000 the recreation area became a national park. The 33,000 acre park and all of its 

resources, both cultural and natural, are now protected and preserved under the park’s 

enabling legislation (Public Law 93-555).

Boston Village

Early in Western Reserve settlement history Boston served as a boat landing 

for settlers who traversed the Cuyahoga River (Richner 1992). Boston was surveyed by 

Alfred Wolcott in 1806. He and Samuel Ewart were the first settlers of Boston, which 

was organized as a Township on January 15, 1811. Other early settlers in Boston were 

James Stanford, Abner Robinson, and Adam and William Vance (Bierce 1854:27). Boston 
15

CULTURE HISTORY

existed as a small pioneer town during the early settlement period, where residents lived 

in modest cabins, transportation and communication systems were poorly developed, 

and the community was small and isolated. 

One of the first commercial endeavors at Boston occurred in 1821 when the 

Cuyahoga River was damned for a saw and grist mill, which was constructed on the east 

side of the river and opened in 1826 by Captain Watrous Mather. The next major milestone 

was the completion of the Akron-Cleveland section of the Ohio and Erie canal in 1827. 

This directly benefitted the area by fostering the development of agriculture, mining, 

commerce and manufacturing, and also influenced local life and culture. Boston’s 

Lock 32 and the associated canal boat turning basin known as “Stumpy Basin” became 

a focal point for settlement and commerce as was typical at canal locks (Quinn Evans 

Architects 1995). The Canal opened the Cuyahoga Valley to United States and European 

markets. Local products such as wheat, coal, flour, beef, and cheese, were shipped north 

on the canal, and general merchandise, salt, fish, and other goods were transported 

south (Richner 1992:6). The markedly improved transportation route increased traffic 

and visitation to Boston and in 1831 Capt. Mather built the “Commercial Hotel” on the 

south side of State Road (now Boston Mills Road) where the MD Garage is now located. 

In 1834 Mather had the village surveyed into lots and the following year the Boston 

Land and Manufacturing Company formed. Tax records from 1836 indicate the Boston 

General Store was present by then, although archeological investigations have provided 

evidence that supports an earlier construction date that could be contemporaneous with 

the 1825-1827 canal construction (Richner 1996, 1997).

More extensive development (stores, a boatyard, a brickyard, lumberyard, and 

other businesses) followed during the 1830s but by 1840 the success of the canal began to 

diminish. During the 1850s the occurrence of extensive regional rail development drew 

considerable business away from the canal and it fell into disrepair after the 1860s. The 

Valley Railway depot was constructed on the west side of the river in 1880. The railroad, 

which was built in 1873-1874 and 1878-1880, provided freight and passenger service 

between Cleveland and Akron and farmers in the valley used the railroad to send their 

produce and dairy products to the city (Finney 2002:47). With an essentially defunct 

canal system, Boston became a company town engaged in small-scale enterprises and 

between 1900 and 1923 the town experienced its greatest period of growth (Stefanik 

and Winstel 1991). In 1900 the Akron Bag Company built a plant on the west side of 

the river and in 1905 the Akron Bag Company Store was opened on the east side of the 

river and employed around 200 people. The population in Boston increased as Polish 

immigrants from Cleveland moved there to work in the mill and as a result company 

and private residences were constructed (ibid.). After the 1913 flooding event, the canal 

was abandoned, the dams were removed, and the local canal era formally ended. The 

company-town period of development lasted until 1923 when the Cleveland-Akron Bag 

Company closed. Many workers moved out of Boston and the village encountered the 

same conditions as the rest of the region during the Urban-Industrial Period.
16

SAVACOAL
17

4. PREVIOUS ARCHEOLOGICAL INVESTIGATIONS AND 

ARCHEOLOGICAL SITES RECORDED IN BOSTON VILLAGE

Fred Finney provides a very detailed synthesis on the history of archeological 

investigations throughout Cuyahoga Valley National Park in his overview and 

assessment report, to which readers are referred for additional information on all work 

accomplished in the park up until 2002 (Finney 2002:57-118). Several previous and rather 

extensive archeological investigations have been undertaken in Boston Village, though 

none included the project area at Savacoal. Results from those investigations contribute 

to interpreting site data at Savacoal and are discussed briefly in the following summary 

on the archeological investigations and sites recorded in Boston Village.

Boston Mills Bridge Replacement Survey, ASC Group 1995

A literature search for the proposed replacement of Boston Mills Bridge was 

completed in 1991 in advance of work to be undertaken by the Ohio Department of 

Transportation (ODOT) (Brose and Brose 1991). The investigators concluded that any 

prehistoric sites along the highway corridor would have been destroyed by the historic 

development of Boston Village, however, abundant historic archeological remains were 

expected (Finney 2002 citing Brose and Brose 1991). In 1995, ASC Group conducted a 

Phase I survey for the Boston Mills Bridge replacement project. The project corridor 

extended along Boston Mills Road from the existing bridge over the Cuyahoga River 

east to its intersection with Stanford Road. As a result, eight archeological sites related 

to the historic Boston Village were recorded; these are discussed individually in the 

following section.

Edson Gristmill and Sawmill Dam Ruins (33SU264) and Edson Gristmill and Sawmill 

Foundation and Retaining Wall (33SU265)

The Edson Gristmill and Sawmill Dam (33SUM-2013-4) was initially discussed 

in the literature search conducted by Brose and Brose (1991) for the ODOT Boston Mills 

Bridge Replacement project. Site 33SU264 consists of the structural ruins of this low 

dam across the Cuyahoga River on the north side of the Boston Mills Road Bridge. 

The mill is depicted in the 1856 map of Boston (Matthews and Taintor 1856). The 

dam was dynamited after the 1913 flood in an effort to lower the flood waters (ASC 

1995). The site was verified by ASC Group during their associated survey in 1995 

(Mustain et al. 1996). They concluded that the site possessed poor visibility and poor 

focus and therefore lacked integrity (Mustain et al. 1996:19). Site 33SU265 consists of 

an artifact assemblage associated with the subsurface remains of the Edson Gristmill 

and Sawmill (SUM-2014-4). According to the Ohio Historical Inventory Form (ASC 

1995), “The mill was built sometime in the nineteenth century and was bought in 

1892 or 1893 by the then-to-be incorporated Akron Stone Marble Company. There is 

no indication the venture was successful. The mill does not appear in an 1898 photo, 

but the wall does.” The investigators did not find any evidence supporting the mill’s 

use as a stone marble company, but did conclude from the artifact assemblage that 

site 33SU265 has good potential to yield additional data and should be considered 

significant (Mustain et al. 1996). 
18

SAVACOAL

Site 33SU266

Site 33SU266 was identified on a triangular lot on the south side of Boston Mills 

Road bounded by Riverview Road to the west and Valley Railway to the east. The site is 

a very small historic scatter of three artifacts. ASC Group identified and recorded the 

site in 1995 during their Boston Bridge Replacement Survey. The site is associated with 

the Valley Railway Historic District, but investigators concluded that the site does not 

possess integrity and is not significant (Mustain et al. 1996:23).

Site 33SU267

Site 33SU267 was initially identified by MWAC in 1993 (Richner 1997). It is 

situated in Boston on the south side of Boston Mills Road and west of the Boston Store. 

The site is a significant historic midden that was recorded along the road, extending from 

west to east, across Village Lots 63, 61, and 58 (Figure 3) (Richner 1997). The historic 

component is the result of mixed commercial buildings and neighboring households 

that were present on these lots (Finney 2002:240). Site 33SU267 components could be 

separated and redefined as a series of sites restricted to each individual property lot, 

which would assist with site interpretation and more specifically link archeological data 

to the historic record.

On lot 63, a structural foundation remnant and associated artifact midden with 

materials dated to ca. 1830 to ca. 1860 were recorded. This site is thought to represent 

a residence or inn/tavern (Richner 1997). The structure on lot 63 was no longer there 

by 1898. Lot 58 may have had a house by the late 1820s and there was a frame structure 

there by 1835, which is reported as a commercial establishment. That structure remained 

until at least 1913. On lot 61, the first known structure is an 1830s frame building that by 

1895 was no longer present. According to the 1856 map (Matthews and Taintor 1856), 

the Boston Hotel stood at this location. The cultural resources on all of the lots are 

considered significant resources that are potentially eligible for the NRHP. 

ASC Group conducted additional investigations in 1995 during the Bridge 

Replacement Survey, unaware of the previous 1993 investigations until after their work 

had concluded (Mustain et al. 1996). Their investigations revealed additional historic 

materials and findings consistent with those made by MWAC (Mustain et al. 1996:24-

27). Subsequent investigations by ODOT archeologists in 1996 deduced that site deposits 

in the existing county road right-of-way were highly disturbed (Aument 1996). 

 Wolschleger House/Jim Brown Store (33SU268)

MWAC completed the first inventory at this parcel (Tract 109-101) in 1991 in 

advance of the proposed removal of the non-historic Wolschleger House. The property 

is located on the north side of Boston Mills Road along the west side of the Ohio and 

Erie Canal towpath. Shovel testing revealed a late nineteenth-century artifact deposit 
19

PREVIOUS ARCHEOLOGICAL INVESTIGATIONS IN BOSTON

concentrated on the east side of the house that predated the modern structure (Noble 

1991). The deposit correlates with the location of a nineteenth-century building depicted 

in the southeast corner of Boston Village Lot 59 on the 1856 and 1874 maps of Boston, 

which could represent the Jim Brown Store. Additional investigations were undertaken 

by ASC Group in 1995 as part of their survey for the Boston Mills Bridge Replacement. 

They identified additional nineteenth- and twentieth-century artifacts in an apparently 

stratified midden deposit; they also discovered much of the site had been disturbed 

(Mustain et al. 1996). Additional investigations have been recommended to verify the 

presence of any intact deposits from the early historic structure (Finney 2002). 

Boodey House (33SU269)

The Boodey House is located on Boston Village Lot 60 (Tract 109-99) on the north 

side of Boston Mills Road and it is west of and adjacent to where 33SU268 is located. 

The house is depicted on the 1856 and 1874 maps of Boston and is believed to date to 

the 1830s (Finney 2002). ASC Group discovered the associated archeological site during 

their 1995 Bridge Replacement Survey (Mustain et al. 1996). The site was recorded on 

the north side of the house in the back yard. The site contains buried artifacts from the 

early to mid-nineteenth century and is considered significant as it relates to the period 

of significance for Boston. MWAC conducted additional investigations in 2007 that 

focused on a narrow strip of land in the east yard between the house and the driveway. 

The investigations included shovel testing and the excavation of one 1-x-1-m test unit 

and were initiated in response to a proposed cistern installation. A mix of historic 

and modern materials was encountered and the area was found to have been subject 

to previous disturbance. The disturbance could be attributed to the former cistern 

installation, or with other undocumented structural and/or site improvement activities 

undertaken at the property. It was recommended that the site boundary be expanded 

to include the area, however, this small portion of the site is not considered significant 

because the artifacts occur in such a diminished depositional context that data are 

compromised (Bauermeister 2007).

Boston Store (33SU270) 

The Boston Store (HS-430) is one of only two extant pre-Civil War buildings on 

Boston Mills Road between the canal and the river bridge; the other being the Boodey 

House with a construction date of ca. 1830. It is situated on Village Lots 55 and 56 on 

the south side of Boston Mills Road and along the west side of the Ohio and Erie Canal. 

It is listed on the NRHP as part of both the Ohio and Erie Canal Historic District and 

the Boston Mills Historic District. Tax records from 1836 indicate the store was present 

by then, although archeological investigations have provided evidence that supports 

an earlier construction date that could be contemporaneous with the 1825-1827 canal 

construction (Richner 1996, 1997). 

The grounds at the Boston Store were first investigated in 1985 by the Cleveland 

Museum of Natural History (CMNH). They conducted excavations around the 

perimeter of the structure in anticipation of future restoration activities. The project 

resulted in the identification of a significant archeological site (33SU270) associated 
20

SAVACOAL

with the store. Those findings were never reported, however, data from the CMNH 

investigations were later incorporated into subsequent analysis conducted and reported 

by MWAC (Richner 1996). In 1991, MWAC initiated their first year of excavations at 

site 33SU270 in support of proposed restoration activities. Significant historic deposits, 

including large numbers of domestic and architectural items, as well as numerous intact 

features, were recorded. Much of the site assemblage was found in primary depositional 

context and the site was considered to have excellent research potential, particularly 

regarding the occupants and proprietors of the Boston Store from 1836 through 1910 

to 1920 (Richner 1996:53). Additional investigations were undertaken at 33SU270 and at 

seven of the surrounding Boston Village lots by MWAC in 1993. Additional aspects of the 

Boston Store site and nineteenth-century Boston Village were documented as a result 

(Richner 1997). MWAC’s most recent project at the Boston Store was completed in 1995. 

These investigations focused on extensive testing around the sandstone foundation 

of the Boston Store and generated much data on historic porch construction and 

replacement activities. Abundant artifacts dating from 1820 to 1930 were also recovered, 

including extensive ceramic dish and pipe assemblages (Richner and Volf 2001). Also 

in 1995, NPS contracted for a Historic Structure Report on the Boston General Store 

(Quinn Evans Architects 1995). 

The building has since been restored and is currently used as a Visitor Center 

for NPS. Preservation of significant historic resources was accomplished as a result 

of the extensive archeological investigations. Additional recommendations for site 

preservation include protecting the extant archeological deposits at 33SU270 (Richner 

1996, 1997; Richner and Volf 2001). 

Cleveland Akron Paper Bag Company (33SU271)

Site 33SU271 is the archeological manifestation associated with the 1902-1932 

Cleveland Akron Paper Bay Company (OHI site 33SUM-549-4). This industry was 

an important business enterprise that contributed to a local population boom as 

immigrant Polish workers moved from Cleveland to Boston to work there (Finney 

2002). The site was identified through the literature search conducted for the Boston 

Bridge Replacement Survey (Brose and Brose 1991) and verified by ASC in 1995 during 

their corresponding investigations (Mustain et al. 1996). It is located on the north side 

of Boston Mills Road along the west side of the railroad tracks (Tracts 109-32/33). Most 

of the parcel was covered by a parking lot, which greatly limited excavations at that 

time, though all of the test units were positive for historic artifacts (ibid.). The following 

year, ASC Group conducted additional investigations at this location for the ODOT 

Riverview Road Realignment (Whitman et al. 1996). Deep testing was accomplished 

through mechanical excavation and revealed intact foundation remains thought to be 

from the Cleveland Akron Bag Company. In 2001, construction activities took place 

to the north for the Boston Mills Boarding Station and exposed a portion of a brick 

foundation. It is likely that the foundation is associated with the adjacent Cleveland 

Akron Bag Company site (Bauermeister 2001). The site is considered significant and 

retains high research potential. 
21

PREVIOUS ARCHEOLOGICAL INVESTIGATIONS IN BOSTON

33SU275 and 33SU276

Sites 33SU275 and 33SU276 were discovered by ASC Group in 1996 during the 

Riverview Road Realignment survey (Whitman et al. 1996). Site 33SU275 is located 

on the west side of the Valley Railway tracks, southeast of the current intersection of 

Riverview and Boston Mills Roads by approximately 60 meters. The historic component 

represents a residential site dating from ca. 1900 to 1963 (Whitman et al. 1996:53). 

The prehistoric component consists of a single chert flake of indeterminate age. The 

historic component was considered potentially eligible for the NRHP, while no further 

investigation was recommended for the minimal prehistoric component (ibid.). It should 

be noted that the site location provided by Finney (2002:247) for 33SU275 is incorrect. He 

indicates that the site is located immediately north-northeast of the intersection, when it 

is actually on the southeast side; the same is true regarding his location for site 33SU276. 

Site 33SU276 is located approximately 120 meters south-southeast of site 33SU275. It is 

a residential historic site dating from the mid to late 1800s and an industrial site with a 

later, but unknown date (Whitman et al. 1996:53). A cut sandstone foundation remnant 

was recorded in addition to associated buried historic materials. The site was considered 

to be significant, as it could contain information on the early settlement and economic 

development of Boston (ibid.). 

Broderick House (no site number)

The Broderick House is one of the early historic houses in Boston; it is located on 

the north side of Boston Mills Road to the east of Savacoal. Shovel testing by MWAC in 

1992 at the Broderick House grounds revealed a significant historic component behind 

the house with artifacts from the 1830s to 1900 (Richner 1992a). The archeological site 

does not have a state site number. 

Conger House (33SU412)

MWAC conducted investigations at the Conger House property in 2004 in 

advance of anticipated future restoration projects. This property is located immediately 

north of the Savacoal House. Shovel testing revealed a scatter of modern and historic 

artifacts across the entire property with slightly higher concentrations noted in the 

backyard toward the east end of the lot. Four 1-x-1-m test units were excavated in the east 

yard and all of the test units yielded additional historic materials, including domestic, 

personal, and architectural items. Additionally, three of the test units yielded a small 

amount of prehistoric material, including debitage and pottery (Bauermeister 2005). The 

site is considered significant with portions that are potentially eligible for the NRHP. To 

date, no specific restoration plans have been proposed for the property.

Nina Stanford House (33SU456)

Historic artifacts associated with the Nina Stanford House, also know as the 

Barnhart House, were uncovered during a utility line installation in 2006. The site, 

33SU456, is located approximately 215 meters north of Savacoal on Tract 109-103. The 

property is included within the National Register Historic District Boundary, and the 
22

SAVACOAL

house (HS-493), built in 1835, is a contributing structure. No formal excavations have 

been undertaken at this property, which was only very recently acquired by the NPS. 

Site significance should be evaluated through archeological investigations.
23

5. GOALS AND METHODS

Project Goals

2001 Project Goals

The primary goal of the 2001 archeological project at the Savacoal Barn was to 

conduct an inventory of the portion of the grounds surrounding the barn. This work 

was initiated in response to proposed stabilization work on the barn. The project was 

accomplished utilizing the compliance-related Phase I inventory methods.

2002 Project Goals

The three primary goals of the 2002 archeological project at the Savacoal House 

were: 1) conduct an inventory of all of the grounds adjacent to the extant house; 2) 

develop a preliminary evaluation of the condition, content, and potential significance 

of any archeological resources recorded through survey; and 3) provide data on the 

distribution of subsurface resources to park planners to assist them when generating sitespecific plans so that any new developments or necessary upgrades could be positioned 

in a manner that would have the least impact on archeological resources. The work was 

initiated in advance of anticipated, but non-specific future rehabilitation and restoration 

actions necessary for adaptive reuse of the house. These goals were accomplished using 

a combination of Phase I inventory and Phase II evaluation methods. 

2007 Project Goals

The goal of the 2007 archeological investigations at the Savacoal House, site 

33SU423, was to further evaluate site resources for potential significance and to ensure 

that proposed ground disturbing activities would not adversely impact significant site 

resources. This work was undertaken as a continuation of the Phase II evaluative testing 

efforts initiated in 2002 and in advance of proposed work at the property including, 

constructing a walkway, amending existing gravel parking spaces, and installing a 

cistern. This work was accomplished through Phase II evaluative testing. 

Methods

Phase I Inventory

The primary goal of Phase I inventory is to provide a description of the 

archaeological resources within the project area (OHPO 1994). A secondary goal is to 

gather sufficient data to make a preliminary assessment of any identified resource’s 

eligibility for inclusion in the NRHP. The methods of inventory employed at MWAC are 

based upon broad NPS standards defined in the NPS Cultural Resource Management 

Guidelines under Director’s Order 28, and the more specific procedures predicated in 

the MWAC Field Guide. In some cases the MWAC methods may vary somewhat from 

precise state of Ohio guidelines, however, the methods employed at MWAC typically 

meet or exceed state guidelines. The Ohio Archaeological Guidelines advises consultants 
24

SAVACOAL

to excavate 50-cm tests at a 15-m interval. Shovel test inventories conducted by MWAC 

at CUVA utilize a very close interval (3-5 m) for smaller project areas and a slightly 

longer 10-m interval at larger project areas; the size of the test units is 30-x-30-cm. Upon 

encountering a positive shovel test at the 10-m interval, additional radial shovel tests 

are excavated at 5-m intervals until the extent of the artifact concentration is defined. 

The total soil volume excavated by the latter approach allows for examination of a 

greater quantity of sediments. This sampling strategy has proven particularly effective 

in identifying, and ultimately evaluating, sites that might otherwise have been missed 

by using a wider interval. Shovel testing was used to determine the presence or absence 

of archeological materials at the Savacoal property. This was the preferred method of 

survey since ground surface visibility was limited to between 0-5 percent.

Shovel tests were excavated in 3-5 m intervals around the perimeter of the barn 

and across the grounds of the house where excavation was feasible. Limiting factors 

were various site improvements including, concrete walkways and gravel parking areas, 

vegetation cover, and buried utilities. The 2001 shovel tests associated with the barn 

were labeled numerically in the order in which they were excavated (ST 1, ST 2, etc.). 

A grid system was established and utilized during the 2002 shovel test inventory of the 

residential grounds. The grid was oriented to magnetic north and based on a datum 

(100N/100E) set at the southeast corner of the house. The location of each shovel test 

was recorded according its position within the grid and also by a numeric designation to 

correspond with the order of excavation.

Shovel tests were excavated into sterile subsoil with changes in strata measured 

and recorded as depths below surface. The provenience and content were recorded 

using standard shovel test forms. All sediments removed from the tests were screened 

through 1⁄4-inch hardware cloth to recover any artifacts. Photo documentation was 

completed and site maps were drawn showing the layout of the project areas and the 

locations of the shovel tests. The individual site maps for the 2001 and 2002 inventories 

were combined and are presented as a composite in this report (Figure 4). All materials 

were initially collected and bagged by individual shovel test. Materials that were then 

retained included all prehistoric artifacts and most all of the identifiable historic 

materials (e.g., ceramics, glass, hardware). Materials that were recorded but not retained 

include modern items (e.g., plastic and aluminum foil), brick fragments, coal, and cinder. 

Phase II Evaluative Testing

Phase II investigations are designed to sample the archeological resources 

identified during Phase I survey to make a determination of site significance, defined 

as eligibility of the site for listing in the NRHP (OHPO 1994). Evaluative testing was 

completed for the 2002 project through the excavation of formal 1-x-1-m test units located 

according to the distribution of positive shovel tests. Test units were labeled according 

to their position within the site grid. Each unit was excavated by hand in arbitrary 10-

cm levels until sterile subsoil was reached. Discrete level forms were completed for each 

unit that provide a detailed description of unit content including soil type and color, 

and artifact counts. Artifacts were collected and bagged by individual unit and level. 

The collection strategy was the same employed during the Phase I inventory. Upon 

encountering a feature, a supplemental feature form was completed along with photo 
25

GOALS AND METHODS

documentation and a scaled plan map. Unit profile maps were completed for at least one 

wall of each unit once the final depth was reached. The evaluative testing in 2007 

followed the same methods used in 2002, with excavations focused in the northeast 

portion of the yard. 

Project Conditions

Field conditions during all phases of the field investigations were good. The 

weather was typical for northeast Ohio in the summer. Temperatures were warm (80-

90 degrees) with occasional brief rain showers. The Savacoal property is maintained 

by NPS as a vacant residential structure within the historic district of Boston 

Village. Boston Village receives a high volume of visitors since it is a major focus of 

interpretation at CUVA. The Boston Store serves as a Visitor Center with interpretive 

displays and programs. The towpath from the Ohio and Erie Canal is now utilized 

as a trail for pedestrians and bicyclists, many of whom stop in Boston. The Savacoal 

property is not a focus for any of the interpretive programs nor is it a destination for 

visitors. Routine maintenance at the property consists of mowing and ensuring no 

safety hazards are present. 

Laboratory Analysis 

All items collected during the Phase I and Phase II investigations were taken 

to the MWAC laboratory in Lincoln, Nebraska, where artifacts were washed, sorted, 

analyzed, cataloged, and curated. The artifacts were initially sorted by provenience 

and then into the primary categories of prehistoric and historic artifacts. Modern 

twentieth-century items were not included in the analysis except to note when they are 

evidence of disturbance. Each primary category was further divided into subcategories 

based on specific criteria developed for each category such as object, type, material, and 

color. Historic artifacts were then sorted into groups that reflect functionally similar 

activities. The artifact groups used include: structural, domestic, hardware, personal, 

and miscellaneous. Additional object attributes were recorded and are varied according 

to the utility of the information they were capable of yielding. The information was 

compiled in tables that are provided in the back of this report (Tables 1-10). 

Storage

The artifacts and associated documentary records from the projects at sites 

33SU419 and 33SU423 are being stored at the Midwest Archeological Center, National 

Park Service, Lincoln, Nebraska. Curation facilities at MWAC meet all NPS standards 

for housing collections and museum property as defined in the Midwest Archeological 

Center’s Laboratory Manual (NPS 2002) and the Museum Handbook, Museum 

Records, Part II (NPS 1984). Collected materials are stored in accordance with the 

instructions on “Packaging and Storage of Collections, Handling of Archeological 

Collections, and Packaging Paper Archives and Photographs” (NPS 2002). Identifying 

information is recorded on acid free provenience cards and maintained with the 

artifacts. The collections have been cataloged in the ANCS+ and are stored in a facility 

that has controlled temperature and relative humidity. The collections were accessioned 
26

SAVACOAL

separately according to project year. The 2001, 2002, and 2007 collections were assigned 

corresponding MWAC accession numbers: 945, 1028, and 1188. All items related to the 

project remain the property of the United States Department of Interior, National Park 

Service, Cuyahoga Valley National Park. 
27

6. RESULTS OF INVESTIGATIONS

Savacoal Barn (33SU419) 

Phase I Investigations (2001)

In 2001, eleven shovel tests were excavated on the grounds adjacent to the 

Savacoal Barn. Shovel tests were located approximately one meter out from and around 

the perimeter of the barn in close intervals. Shovel tests were excavated where ground 

penetration was possible and where previous ground disturbance was not apparent 

(Figure 4). Shovel testing was precluded along much of the south façade due to the 

presence of the gravel parking area and the road right-of-way. The area behind the barn’s 

northern section was not subjected to testing due to obvious disturbance and an extant 

outbuilding. A gravel drive is also present along the west façade, although the gravel was 

sparse enough to allow excavation. 

The typical soil profile revealed through shovel testing consists of a top layer of 

dark brown sandy loam extending to an average depth of 37 cm bs underlain by yelloworange clay (Table 1). Evidence of previous disturbance was noted in all of the test units. 

The upper stratum in ST 1 contained a heavy amount of coal, and in STs 2-5 the upper 10-

34 cm contained a large amount of gravel. The lower soils in all of the tests were mottled 

with clay inclusions. All of the shovel tests were positive for cultural materials, yielding a 

total of 196 objects (Table 2). An ephemeral prehistoric component is represented by two 

artifacts. One projectile point tip made of glacially derived pebble chert was recovered 

from ST 1 and one chert flake was found in ST 3. Both of the artifacts were found in 

mixed context with historic and modern (one piece of plastic in ST 3) materials. 

The reminder of the artifacts relate to the historic component with the majority 

(n=113) attributed to domestic activities. The domestic artifact group includes: ceramics 

(whiteware, yellowware, redware, stoneware), curved glass (bottle fragments, chimney 

glass, milk glass), and bone (unidentified mammal and shell). Most of the artifacts are 

very fragmentary and lack temporally and functionally diagnostic landmarks. 

Within the whiteware assemblage, six types of decorated wares are represented. 

Nine transfer-printed sherds were identified with color being the only discernable 

trait. Five sherds have blue transfer prints (ST 1, 4, 8) and four sherds have red transfer 

prints (ST 8, 10). Transfer-printed whiteware ceramics were manufactured over a long 

period of time, beginning before 1780 and continuing until the present day; however, 

the period of greatest popularity of this decorative technique is from about 1795 to 

1860 (Coysh and Henrywood 1982). Colored transfer prints (red, black, green, brown) 

provide a general temporal indicator. Around 1829, these color varieties were introduced 

to the transfer printing process and quickly became popular by 1830 (Larsen 1975). The 

red transfer-print wares date circa 1830-1860 (ibid.) and the blue transfer-print wares 

date circa 1790 to present (Coysh and Henrywood 1982). Four sherds with an annular 

design were recovered from ST 3 (n=2) and ST 9 (n=2). Annular designs were used to 

decorate pearlware, whiteware, and yellowware, and were produced from about 1790 to 

1930 (MWAC n.d.). Hand-painted sherds were recovered from ST 1 (n=2) and ST 8 (n=2). 
28

SAVACOAL

Hand-painted designs are common throughout the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries 

and were often applied to cups and saucers (Richner 1992b). Hand-painted whiteware 

dates circa 1820 to present (Magid 1982). One piece of sponge-decorated ware and one 

edge-decorated sherd were recovered from ST 7. Sponged wares date circa 1840 to 1880 

(Magid 1982) and blue edge decoration was used on whiteware from about 1830 to 1860 

(Richner 1992b). 

The only other temporally diagnostic artifacts are two pieces of solarized glass 

recovered from ST 8. Glass that is sun altered (amethyst in color) would have been 

produced between 1880 and 1915 (Munsey 1970). The fragmentary nature of the rest 

of the curved glass assemblage, including bottle fragments, did not allow for definitive 

identification of vessel type, number, or age. The rest of the historic component at 

33SU419 consists of materials that are structural-related (n=63) including wire nails and 

flat glass, and corroded unidentified ferrous metal that is attributed to the hardware 

group (n=17). 

Site 33SU419 was identified as a result of the Phase I investigations completed 

at the Savacoal Barn. The site is multicomponent with a small prehistoric assemblage 

and a more substantial historic assemblage that is attributed to residential activities 

from multiple occupations. Mid-nineteenth century artifacts include decorated 

whitewares and solarized glass. The rest of the historic assemblage consists of artifacts 

that date from the mid-nineteenth century through modern times. The majority (59 

percent) of artifacts is typical domestic refuse. This material most likely was generated 

from the residential component located immediately west of the barn on the same 

lot and incorporated into the soils around the barn through various episodes of 

ground disturbance. The structural-related component (33 percent) is probably most 

representative of activities (construction, repair, maintenance) associated with the barn, 

but could also contain materials from the nearby residence. The same conclusion can be 

made about the corroded ferrous metal artifacts from the hardware group, which makes 

up the remaining eight percent of the historic component. All of the artifacts were 

recovered from the compromised context of previously disturbed soils and therefore 

lack depositional integrity. 

Savacoal House (33SU423) 

Phase I Investigations (2002)

Fifteen shovel tests were excavated on the grounds adjacent to the Savacoal House 

in 2002. Shovel tests were placed within the established north-oriented grid. The south 

yard was avoided due to a buried gas line, a row of hedges, and the road right-of-way. 

The shovel tests were dug to depths ranging from 31 to 79 cm with an average depth of 59 

cm bs. The typical soil profile revealed an upper layer of medium brown silty loam that 

ranged from 16 to 50 cm bs in depth underlain by yellowish-brown silty clay (Table 3). 

All but three (ST 7, 13, 15) of the tests contained a dense concentration of coal, cinders, 

and gravel within the upper stratum. In ST 7, a brick and sandstone concentration 

(Feature 1) was encountered at 26 cm bs, which was later identified as a former walkway. 

ST 13 lacked the coal and cinder layer and instead contained an obviously disturbed 
29

RESULTS OF INVESTIGATIONS

stratum (22-42 cm bs) of brown loam mottled with yellow clay. ST 15 was unknowingly 

positioned within the previously disturbed utility trench for the gas line. 

All of the shovel tests were positive for cultural material and yielded a combined 

total of 484 historic artifacts and 2 prehistoric artifacts (Tables 4-10). The prehistoric 

assemblage includes one chert projectile point and one possible groundstone object. 

The projectile point was recovered from ST 8 near the northeast corner of the house. 

It is a complete stemmed point similar to Gary contracting-stemmed points, which are 

diagnostic of the Early Woodland (Justice 1987:193). Both artifacts were found in mixed 

context with the latter historic materials and are not considered significant since they 

lack depositional integrity. Most of the historic artifacts are from the domestic group 

(n=282 or 58 percent) and the structural group (n=191 or 39 percent). Additional artifact 

groups represented include hardware (n=4), personal (n=6), and miscellaneous (1 

cartridge case). 

The majority of datable artifacts are decorated whitewares (Table 7). Ten sherds 

with blue transfer print were recovered from five of the shovel tests. Six of these sherds 

have the Sirius pattern that was produced from ca. 1839-1841 by maker James and Thomas 

Edwards (Williams 1978:164) (Figure 15g-h). All of these were recovered from ST 1. ST 8 

yielded one Castle Scenery sherd (Figure 15j). This pattern was made by Jacob Furnival 

after 1845 (Williams 1978:22). STs 3, 4, and 5 each yielded one piece of blue transfer-print 

ware with an unidentifiable pattern (Figure 15l) that date to circa 1790 to present (Coysh 

and Henrywood 1982). A single piece with an indeterminate flow blue transfer-print 

pattern was discovered in ST 13. This decorative technique had two distinct periods of 

popularity. The first was in the mid-1800s and the second at the turn of the twentieth 

century (Richner 1992b:53). Mulberry transfer-print sherds were recovered from STs 

4, 5, 8, and 15. The one sherd from ST 4 has an Anthony Shaw’s Peruvian Horse Hunt 

pattern that was manufactured circa 1853 (Williams 1978:516). The other four mulberry 

transfer-print sherds and one red transfer-print sherd from ST 7 all date to 1830-1860 

(Larsen 1975). Six annular-decorated whiteware sherds were recovered from STs 1,3, 

and 11, which date to 1790-1930 (MWAC n.d.). One sponge-decorated sherd, dating to 

1840-1880 (Magid 1982), one decal-decorated sherd (ca. 1860-present), and one piece 

of embossed whiteware were recovered from ST 6. Three hand-painted sherds were 

recovered; one from ST 1 and two from ST 4. Hand-painted wares date from 1820 to 

present (Magid 1982). Two pieces of edge-decorated pearlware were recovered from STs 

1 (n=1) and 14 (n=1) and these date to 1780-1830 (Richner 1992b).

Additional ceramics identified in the assemblage include undecorated whiteware 

(n=46), yellowware (n=16), stoneware (n=5), redware (n=11), and porcelain (n=4). 

Recovered domestic glass includes 109 curved, 3 pressed (Figures 23a-b), and 3 milk 

glass fragments; and the recovered bone consists of 47 unidentified mammal bone 

fragments. This artifact assemblage primarily represents food-related household items, 

including food service whitewares. The range of dates represented by decorated wares 

also provides evidence of multiple historic occupations, including a mid-nineteenth 

century component that predates the construction date of the extant 1920 house. 

Artifacts from the structural group are the next most common group in the 

artifact assemblage. Twelve of the 15 shovel tests yielded artifacts from this group, 
30

SAVACOAL

specifically nails and flat glass. Eight of the nails are cut nails and date to circa 1790s 

to 1890s (Gilleo et al. 1980); four are wire nails that date from circa 1890s to present, 

and 53 are corroded nail fragments that cannot be identified as either cut or wire. 

The flat glass is broken window glass, some of which could be attributed to windows 

from an earlier structure, but most is from the extant structure. Numerous windows 

were in damaged condition at the time of the investigations and glass was scattered 

about the property. 

Personal artifacts include two buttons (1 plastic, 1 ceramic), three tobacco-pipe 

fragments (1 stem, 2 bowls) (Figure 24e), and one metal bead. Two fragments of 

unidentified corroded ferrous metal and two unidentified non-ferrous metal fragments 

comprise the entire hardware group of artifacts. One cartridge case fragment was 

also found.

Results from the shovel test inventory led to several conclusions about the 

Savacoal property. First, the soil profile revealed that the parcel has been subjected to 

variable levels of ground disturbance, including relatively recent (residential, utility 

installation, road right-of-way) activities and former household activities (gardening, 

refuse deposition). Second, residue from a coal burning furnace occurs across the 

property as a thick layer of coal and cinders interspersed with artifacts of varying age. 

The deposit would have been generated from occupants of the 1920 house when coal 

burning furnaces were used instead of former wood burning stoves, and therefore, any 

late-nineteenth century or earlier historic artifacts occurring within this deposit are 

redeposited. Third, artifacts predating the 1920 construction date of the extant house 

supports the map evidence for an earlier house that was present on the lot by at least 

1856 (Figure 3). Last, domestic artifacts are the most numerous artifact class followed 

by structural artifacts with the former more concentrated in the north and east yards 

and the latter more concentrated in the west yard. All of but three (STs 5, 9, 13) of the 

tests contained artifacts from both the domestic and structural groups and of those that 

did, eight contained more domestic artifacts. The shovel tests that contained a greater 

amount of structural artifacts were concentrated along the west façade (STs 12, 14) and 

near the northwest (ST 10) and southwest (ST 15) corners. The majority of personal 

items (2 tobacco pipe fragments, 1 button) also was recovered from tests along the west 

façade, which is where the front porch is situated.

Phase II Investigations (2002)

Phase II evaluative testing was undertaken immediately following the conclusion 

of the Phase I shovel test inventory. Three formal tests units were established to further 

evaluate site resources for significance. 

TUs 109.85-111N/94.5-95.5E & 109.85-111N/93.5-94.5E

The first unit, TU 109.85-111N/94.5-95.5E, was positioned in the north yard, 

adjacent to an existing concrete walkway that runs parallel to the north façade. The 

unit was slightly larger than a standard 1-x-1-meter unit to accommodate for the north 

orientation of the unit and the angle of the walkway. The test unit was later expanded 

one meter west (TU 109.85N-111N/93.5-94.5E), with each half of the expanded 1.15-x-2-
31

RESULTS OF INVESTIGATIONS

meter unit excavated and recorded as a discrete unit. The results were combined for 

reporting purposes. 

The soil profile consists of a top layer (0-12 cm bs) of dark grayish-brown 

(10YR3/2) silty loam with heavy coal and cinder, followed by a layer (12-20 cm bs) 

of dark yellowish-brown (10YR4/4) silty sand, a layer (20-29 cm bs) of dark brown 

(10YR3/3) silty loam mottled with yellowish-brown (10YR5/6) sandy clay (12-20 cm bs), 

coal and cinders, and a layer (29-40 cm bs) of dark grayish-brown (10YR3/2) silty clay 

mottled with yellowish-brown (10YR5/6) clay loam. Feature 1 was exposed in the south 

half of the unit at 26 cm bs and it expands across the entire floor of the east unit and 

approximately 60 cm into the western unit. The feature is an east-west line of bricks and 

paving stones that likely represents a former walkway (Figure 5). 

Artifacts from this unit include those from the structural (n=161), domestic 

(n=168), hardware (n=15), and personal (n=10) groups (Tables 4, 6-10). Flat glass (n=109) 

is the major part of the structural assemblage, followed by corroded nail fragments 

(n=45), and wire nail fragments (n=6). Flat glass is particularly abundant (n=63) between 

20-34 cm bs. Within the domestic group, whiteware is the most abundant artifact class 

(n=23) with sherds recovered from the upper 40-cm of the unit. Four of the sherds are 

decorated with blue transfer print (Figures 15c, k) and they were recovered between 

20-34 cm bs. Two mulberry transfer-print sherds were found between 15-29 cm bs. One 

edge-decorated sherd was recovered from 29-40 cm bs. Other ceramic wares, including 

stoneware (n=14), redware (n=1), and porcelain (n=1) were also recovered throughout the 

entire 0-40 cms, along with curved glass (n=99). Additional domestic artifacts include 

pressed glass (n=4) (Figure 23d), milk glass (n=5), crown caps (n=2), and bone/shell 

(n=19). All of these items occur interspersed throughout the entire unit, although bone is 

absent from the upper 20 cm in the eastern half of the unit. 

Ten personal items were identified from these test units. These include one 

pendant (Figure 24a) and three cloth scraps from 0-12 cm bs; three ceramic tobaccopipe fragments (1 stem, 2 bowls) (Figure 24c) from 15-40 cm bs; one metal button from 

12-20 cm bs and one porcelain button from 25-34 cm bs; and a plastic bead. The pipe 

stem fragment (Figure 24d) was impressed with “MONTREAL”/ “HENDERSON” and is 

the product of the Montreal firm of James Henderson, which was in operation between 

1847 to 1876 (Wilson 1971:18). Fifteen pieces of unidentified metal were recovered from 

the 25-34 cm bs level and include 12 corroded ferrous fragments and 3 non-ferrous 

metal fragments. In addition to the plastic bead, modern materials consist of one piece 

of melted plastic, and one bottle cap with a plastic lining; all of these were recovered 

between 25-34 cm bs. Their occurrence deep in the profile confirms the extensive 

mixing of the artifact-bearing zone at the site.

TUs 109-110N/97.5-98.5E & 109-110N/98.5-99.5E

TU 109-110N/97.5-98.5E was also positioned in the north yard but on the east 

side of the same concrete walkway. It was also expanded into a 1-x-2-meter unit with a 

1-x-1-meter unit, TU 109-110N/98.5-99.5E, adjacent to the east. Their combined results 

are presented in the following summary. The soil profile consists of dark grayish-brown 

(10YR2/2) sandy loam with gravel from 0-9 cm bs, followed by the same brown sandy 
32

SAVACOAL

loam mottled with yellow clay (10YR5/6) from 9-20 cm bs, and very dark brown sandy 

clay loam from 20-40 cm bs with gravel noted from 30-40 cm bs. Coal and cinders were 

noted between 0-10 cm bs and fragmentary brick was noted throughout the soil profile. 

Feature 2 (Figure 6) was encountered in the west half of the western unit (TU 109-

110/97.5-98.5E). It is a horizontal plane of sandstone block and bricks that is very likely a 

continuation of the walkway (F.1) that was encountered in TUs 109.85-111N/93.5-94.5E 

and 109-85.111N/94.5-95.5E. The soils surrounding the features were mottled with 

orange clay. Recovered artifacts include 567 from the domestic group, 387 from the 

structural group, 98 from the hardware group, and 32 from the personal group. 

The ceramic assemblage in the domestic group includes 247 pieces of whiteware, 

59 pieces of yellowware, 16 pieces of stoneware, 9 pieces of redware, and 6 pieces of 

porcelain. Whiteware sherds were present throughout the entire unit with 50 percent 

occurring between 20-30 cm bs. Thirteen fragments with unidentified blue transfer 

prints (Figures 15a, i) were recovered from 0-30 cm bs. Three sherds, all from 20-30 cm 

bs, bear the Marino pattern (Figure 15d). These wares were manufactured by G. Phillips, 

T. Phillips, and T. Godwin post 1834 (Williams 1978:327). One additional sherd from the 

same 20-30 cm level has the Corinth pattern (Figure 15e) that was manufactured post 

1859 by James Edwards (Williams 1978:242). Thirty sherds with mulberry transfer print 

were recovered from between 0-30 cm bs, with most (n=22) occurring between 20-30 cm 

bs. Six of the sherds (Figures 16b-c) are decorated with Anthony Shaw’s ca. 1853 Peruvian 

Horse Hunt pattern (Williams 1978:516). The rest of the patterns are unidentifiable but 

the sherds would have been produced between 1830 and 1860 (Larsen 1975). One piece 

of annular ware was recovered from 10-20 cm bs (Figure 21d) and another sherd with 

cabling decoration (Figure 18b) was found in the 20-30 cm bs layer. Annular ware was 

manufactured from 1790 to 1930 (MWAC n.d.). Two sponge-decorated sherds were 

recovered from 10-20 cm bs (Figure 19). Edge-decorated wares were recovered from 

10-40 cm bs—one from 10-20, five from 20-30 (Figure 20), and two from 30-40. Nine 

hand-painted sherds were recovered from 0-40 cm bs, with most (n=7) from the top 

10 cm layer. One of the hand-painted sherds has an earthen polychrome floral design 

(Figure 18a) that dates to ca. 1830-1860 (Price 1979); it was found between 20-30 cm bs. 

Forty-three yellowware sherds with Rockingham glaze were found between 10-40 cm 

bs. This decorative technique was used between 1840 and 1900 (Leibowitz 1985).

A total of 136 curved glass fragments was recovered from 0-40 cm bs. Most 

(n=52) were recovered between 10-20 cm bs (n=52) and the least (n=4) were recovered 

from 30-40 cm bs. Both the 10-20 cm bs and 20-30 cm bs levels (n=51) each contained 

38 percent of the curved glass assemblage. Most of the glass is bottle glass, but the 

fragmentary condition of the artifacts prohibited much identification beyond general 

type and color. Additionally, 14 milk glass fragments were recovered between 0-40 cm 

bs and three pressed glass fragments and nine crown caps were recovered from 0-30 cm 

bs. Sixty-seven unidentified mammal bone fragments were found between 0-40 cm bs. 

The structural artifact assemblage includes flat glass (n=199), corroded nail 

fragments (n=182), bolts (n=2), a washer, a screw, a rivet, and a hinge. The screw, rivet 

and hinge were recovered from 0-10 cm bs, which also had the greatest density of nails. 

Fifty-three percent of the flat glass was recovered from the 20-30 cm bs layer, with the 

remainder distributed throughout the rest of the unit. 
33

RESULTS OF INVESTIGATIONS

Hardware consists of unidentified ferrous metal (n=89), unidentified nonferrous metal (n=3), metal lamp parts (n=4), and utilitarian porcelain fragments (n=2). 

The ferrous metal occurs throughout 0-30 cm bs and is most concentrated in the upper 

0-10 cm bs. The non-ferrous metal and lamp parts were recovered from 20-30 cm bs and 

the porcelain from 10-30 cm bs. 

Personal items include eight buttons (2 glass, 2 metal, 4 plastic), eight ceramic 

tobacco-pipe fragments (6 stem, 2 bowl), one clay marble, one porcelain doll hand (Figure 

24b), seven porcelain fragments from a child’s tea set, and seven zinc threaded closures 

(for squeeze tubes). The four plastic buttons and one metal button were recovered from 

0-10 cm bs and the other metal button was recovered from 10-20 cm bs. The two glass 

buttons were recovered from 20-30 cm bs along with the clay marble. The doll hand and 

the tea set fragments were found between 10-20 cm bs and the zinc closures were found 

between 0-30 cm bs. 

Four pieces of chert debitage were also found throughout the 0-40 cm bs unit. 

They occur in mixed context with the historic materials. 

TUs 99.5-100.5N/104-105E & 100.5-101.5N/104-105E

TU 99.5-100.5N/104-105E was positioned east from the southeast corner of 

the house. This unit was later expanded one meter to the north, with that unit labeled 

TU 100.5-101.5N/104-105E. The combined results from the two excavation units are 

provided in the following summary. 

The soil profile consists of 0-20 cm bs of dark brown (10YR3/3) silty loam with 

pea gravel, coal, cinders, and brick fragments. From 20-40 cm bs the soil is a very dark 

brown (10YR2/2) loam with coal, cinder, and brick fragments and the loam is also 

mottled with yellowish-brown (10YR5/4) clay. By 40 cm bs, the underlying yellow-brown 

clay (B Horizon) is exposed. Two features were encountered at the base of the 40 cm 

unit (Figure 7). Feature 3A was identified in the northern half of the unit (TU100.5-

101.5N/104-105E). It was observed in the floor as a circular dark stain measuring 37-cm 

in diameter. The feature was differentiated from the surrounding soils by its organicallyrich and gravel-free matrix. The deposit continued from 40-69 cm bs and yielded one 

piece of flat glass and a small amount of coal. Feature 3B was identified in the floor of the 

southern half of the unit (TU 99.5-100.5N/104-105E). It was a circular stain with squared 

off corners that measured approximately 48-x-48-cm and was 15 cm deep. Artifacts 

recovered Feature 3B include a large ferrous spike, five corroded nails, eleven pieces of 

glass (5 curved, 6 flat), four undecorated whiteware sherds, one cup fragment with a blue 

transfer-print willow pattern (Figure 15f), and a paint chip. Both features are attributed 

to former residential components, such as a fence post, trellis, or hitching post. Upon 

their removal, they would have filled in either naturally and/or intentionally with refuse 

and soil.

Artifacts recovered from the combined unit, not including those from Feature 3B, 

are 868 domestic, 708 structural, 51 hardware, 26 personal, and 5 miscellaneous items 

(Tables 4, 6-10). The structural assemblage includes corroded nail fragments (n=247), 

flat glass (n=459), one bolt, and one hinge. The nails and flat glass were recovered 
34

SAVACOAL

throughout the 0-40 cm bs unit, with 41 percent of the nails and 52 percent of the flat 

glass in the 10-20 cm bs level. The bolt and hinge were both recovered from 10-20 cm bs. 

Personal artifacts include ceramic tobacco-pipe fragments (13 bowls, 7 stems), 

glass buttons (n=4), one clothing fastener, and one eyelet. The pipe fragments were 

recovered across all levels of the unit, from 0-40 cm bs, with seven of the 20 found 

between 10-20 cm bs. The buttons were recovered from between 0-30 cm bs, and the 

clothing fastener and eyelet were found in the upper 0-10 cm bs level. 

Domestic artifacts include numerous sherds of various wares including 254 

whiteware, 27 yellowware, 1 earthenware, 12 stoneware, 13 redware, 8 porcelain, and 

4 pearlware. The whiteware is very evenly distributed throughout the levels from 0-40 

cm bs, with the most (n=70) recovered from 10-20 cm bs and the least amount (n=47) 

recovered from the upper 0-10 cm bs layer. Eight sherds with unidentified blue transferprint patterns were recovered from 0-30 cm bs. Three sherds have an Aurora pattern 

(Figure 15c) with a manufacturing date of post 1851 by Beech Hancock and Co. (Williams 

1978:97). They were recovered from 20-30 cm bs along with three flow blue sherds. Two 

sherds with red transfer print were found, one from 0-10 cm bs and one from 38-40 cm bs. 

Seven sherds with unidentified mulberry transfer print were recovered between 0-30 cm 

bs and one sherd bearing the “SHAW’S” maker’s mark (Figure 16a) for Anthony Shaw’s 

circa 1853 Peruvian Horse Hunt patterned wares (Williams 1978:516), was recovered 

from the 0-10 cm bs level. The 30-40 cm bs level yielded two edge-decorated sherds 

and nine sponge-decorated sherds. Eight annular-decorated sherds (Figures 21b-c) 

were found between 0-40 cm bs and one piece of decalcomania-decorated ware (Figure 

22) was found in the 10-20 cm bs layer. Decalcomania was a decoration technique that 

was developed circa 1860 but not produced in large numbers until about 1900 (MWAC 

n.d.). Two articulating whiteware sherds with a partial maker’s mark (Figure 17) were 

recovered from two different levels within the unit—one from 10-20 cm bs and one from 

30-40 cm bs. Five hand-painted sherds were recovered from between 0-40 cm bs; one 

from 10-20 cm bs and two from 30-40 cm bs have an earthen polychrome floral design 

(Figures 18c-e). One yellowware sherd with Rockingham glaze was recovered from 

0-10 cm bs. The glass assemblage consists of 480 pieces of curved glass (broken bottle 

glass) (Figure 23c), 12 pressed glass, and 12 milk glass fragments. Seventy-six percent 

(367 pieces) of the curved glass was concentrated between 10-30 cm bs. Forty-five 

unidentified mammal bone fragments were recovered from throughout the unit. 

Results from the Phase II investigations at the Savacoal property provide strong 

archeological evidence that the property served as a residence prior to the construction 

of the 1920 house. The artifact assemblage contains items dating from the early to midnineteenth century through the turn of the twentieth century that would most likely 

have been discarded prior to the construction of the extant house. Diagnostic artifacts 

include relatively early historic decorated ceramic wares, such as flow-blue transfer print, 

sponge decorated, edge decorated (on whiteware and pearlware), red, black, mulberry, 

and blue transfer prints, and Rockingham glaze; ceramic tobacco-pipe fragments; 

solarized glass; and cut nails. The overall assemblage is highly indicative of domestic 

rather than commercial activities. Most of the artifacts are associated with household 

activities, and more specifically, with food-related activities. Structural materials are 

the second most abundant artifacts at the site and this assemblage is dominated by 
35

RESULTS OF INVESTIGATIONS

flat glass and nails. The amount of structural debris, including fragmentary brick 

present throughout much of the soil matrix, could represent materials from the former 

structure or structures. The brick was most likely generated from the demolition of said 

structure, which may or may not have been constructed of brick, but almost certainly 

would have had a brick chimney. The regular occurrence and density of brick fragments 

in the deposit indicates the grounds were extensively disturbed during construction 

subsequent to the demolition. The buried brick and stone (Features 1 and 2) exposed 

along the north side of the house appears to be a former walkway associated with an 

occupation of the extant 1920 house. This could have been made using bricks recycled 

from the earlier structure.

The formal excavations also provided information about the depositional 

integrity of site components. The deposit occurs as an unconsolidated sheet midden of 

artifacts ranging in date from the early 1800s to present; several prehistoric artifacts 

of indeterminate age were also recovered from the same deposit. The sheet midden 

in the north and east yard extends from 0-40 cm bs and is a homogenous blend 

of nineteenth-century and twentieth-century materials. Residue from a coal burning 

stove attributed to a post-1920s occupation and initially noted during the shovel 

tests investigations, occurs as a thick deposit across the entire parcel and is mixed 

throughout the deposit. The distribution of artifacts suggests a pattern of domestic 

refuse deposition where artifacts were discarded and then buried and mixed through 

the course of residential activities. 

Phase II Investigations (2007) 

Three formal 1-x-1-meter test units were excavated in 2007. The test units were 

positioned in the northeast yard and targeted an area where ground disturbance would 

be required for the installation of a proposed cistern (Figures 4 and 8). The soil profile 

for this part of the property consists of an upper layer of very dark grayish-brown 

(10YR3/2) clay loam with gravel, brick, coal and cinders that extends to between 20 and 

35 cm bs, underlain by a 6-11 cm thick layer of the same clay loam but with less gravel 

and more charcoal flecking and coal, followed by the yellowish-brown (10YR3/4) silty 

clay B-horizon (Figures 11-12). The soil profile in TU 108-109N/105-106E (Figures 13-14) 

varied slightly from the other two units in that the top layer was about 10 cm shallower 

in this location and the B-horizon, correspondingly, was encountered by 31 cm bs 

compared to 40 cm bs. TU 110-111N/103-104E contained a particularly dense deposit 

of coal and cinders between 35-41 cm bs. Because the targeted area has the same overall 

stratigraphic profile, the results from the three excavation units were combined for 

analysis and are presented together in the following discussion.

A total of 1799 historic artifacts and 4 potentially prehistoric artifacts were 

recovered from the excavations (Tables 4-10). The prehistoric assemblage consists of one 

chert flake from 40-50 cm bs, two pieces of possible fire-cracked rock from 0-20 

cm bs, and one piece of quartz from 10-20 cm bs. All of these materials were found 

in mixed context with the historic materials and lack depositional integrity. The 

historic assemblage consists of 1178 domestic artifacts, 420 structural artifacts, 177 

hardware artifacts and 24 personal artifacts. Four non-historic miscellaneous items 

were also uncovered. 
36

SAVACOAL

Curved glass comprises the majority (37 percent) of the domestic group, with 

435 pieces recovered from between 0-55 cm bs and most of those (n=178) from between 

20-30 cm bs. Colorless, aqua, amber, and green glass fragments from broken bottles 

and jars are included. One solarized glass fragment dating to ca. 1880-1915 (Munsey 

1970) was found in the southernmost unit between 20-30 cm bs. Overall, the curved 

glass assemblage consists of very fragmentary pieces with only a few discernable, yet 

unidentifiable, bottle finishes (n=7) and bases (n=7) recovered from between 10-40 cm 

bs. Additional domestic glass includes four pieces of pressed glass from 10-30 cm bs and 

two pieces of milk glass from 10-40 cm bs. 

Whiteware is the second most abundant (26 percent) artifact class with 

307 sherds. Whiteware was present throughout the entire deposit but most heavily 

concentrated (91 percent) between 10 and 40 cm bs. Similar to previous investigations, 

the decorated whitewares provide the majority of temporally diagnostic artifacts from 

the assemblage. Twenty sherds with unidentified blue transfer print were recovered from 

10-50 cm bs (Figures 25b-c, e-f). One Castle Scenery sherd (Figure 25a) manufactured 

by Jacob Furnival from 1845-1870 (Williams 1978:222) was recovered from the 10-20 

cm bs level. A sherd bearing the name “Madras” (Figure 25d) was found in the 20-30 

cm bs level. Six flow-blue sherds (Figure 28b) were recovered from 10-40 cm bs, four 

of which were between 20-40 cm bs. Thirty-five mulberry transfer-print sherds were 

recovered throughout 0-50 cm bs with 80 percent from 10-40 cm bs. All but one have 

the circa 1853 Peruvian Horse Hunt pattern (Figures 26a-d) manufactured by Anthony 

Shaw (Williams 1978:516); the other pattern was unidentifiable. Additional transferprint decorated sherds include four with black transfer print from 0-30 cm bs; two 

with brown transfer print (Figure 28d) from 10-30 cm bs; and one with a black transfer 

print applied over brown glaze (Figure 28c) from 30-40 cm bs. All of these would have 

been manufactured between 1830 and 1860 (Larsen 1975) as would the six blue edgedecorated sherds recovered from between 0-40 cm bs. Two circa 1840-1860 spongedecorated sherds (Magid 1982) are included, one from 0-10 cm bs and one from 30-40 cm 

bs. Seven annularware sherds (Figure 28a) were recovered, all between 10-40 cm bs. Two 

hand-painted sherds were recovered from 10-40 cm bs in the southernmost unit only. 

Additional decorated wares with less specific temporal ranges include: green (n=5), blue 

(n=1), and yellow (n=1) glazed wares recovered from 10-40 cm bs; two mold-decorated 

sherds from 10-30 cm bs; one decalcomania-decorated sherd (Figure 29) from 20-30 cm 

bs; and one gilded handle fragment also from 20-30 cm bs. Two sherds with unidentified 

partial maker’s marks (Figure 27) were found between 30- 40 cm bs.

The remainder of the ceramics from the domestic artifact group consists of 64 

stoneware sherds (Figure 30a) from 0-50 cm bs; 40 terra cotta (flower pot) sherds from 

0-40 cm bs; 20 yellowware sherds and eight porcelain sherds from 10-40 cm bs; and two 

redware sherds (Figure 30c) from the 20-30 cm bs level. Thirteen of the yellowware 

sherds are decorated with Rockingham glaze (Figure 30b) and date to 1840-1900 

(Leibowitz 1985). 

Bone makes up 25 percent of the domestic artifact class with 298 fragments. The 

bone (all animal), was derived from throughout the 0-50 cm bs deposit and is attributed 

to meat consumption. The final artifact type represented in the domestic group is the 

crown cap. Four were recovered from 10-20 cm bs.
37

RESULTS OF INVESTIGATIONS

Structural artifacts include 221 cut nails, 77 wire nails, 120 pieces of flat glass, 

a screw and a rivet. The cut nails were recovered from 0-50 cm bs with the greatest 

concentration (94 percent) between 10-40 cm bs. Wire nails were found between 0-40 cm 

bs with most (92 percent) recovered from 10-30 cm bs. The flat glass was also recovered 

from throughout the deposit with the 20-30 cm bs level yielding the most (43 percent) 

when compared to the other levels. The screw and rivet were both from 10-20 cm bs.

Hardware consists of 170 pieces of unidentified ferrous metal (96 percent), 

3 pieces of unidentified non-ferrous metal, 2 metal hooks, 1 fishing-line sinker, and 

1 screen fragment. The ferrous metal is highly corroded and fragmentary. It occurs 

throughout the 0-50 cm deposit. All of the non-ferrous metal fragments were found 

between 0 and 40 cm bs. The screen fragment and one of the hooks were found 

between 10-20 cm bs and the fishing-line sinker and other hook were found in the 

20-30 cm bs level. 

Personal artifacts include nine buttons (4 porcelain, 2 glass, 1 plastic, 1 rubber, 

1 copper) (Figure 32), ten clay tobacco-pipe fragments (5 stems, 5 bowls), three clothing 

implements (2 snaps, 1 fastener), one clay marble, and one mirror fragment. In the 

0-10 cm bs level, one plastic button, one glass button, and one tobacco-pipe stem were 

recovered. From 10-20, the clay marble, three clothing implements, two porcelain 

buttons, and the glass and rubber buttons were recovered. The 20-30 cm bs level yielded 

one tobacco-pipe bowl and one porcelain button. The next level, 30-40 cm bs, yielded 

one mirror fragment, one porcelain button with metal, one copper button, three 

tobacco-pipe stems, and three tobacco-pipe bowls, one of which is painted black (Figure 

31). One tobacco-pipe stem and one tobacco-pipe bowl were recovered from the final 

40-50 cm bs. 

Miscellaneous objects include one plastic rod from 0-10 cm bs, one piece of 

leather from 10-20 cm bs, one cartridge case from 20-30 cm bs, and one battery from 

20-30 cm bs. 

Results from the 2007 Phase II investigations are consistent with those from the 

2002 fieldwork and support the interpretation that the site is residential in nature and 

associated with multiple occupations of two different structures. Of the 1799 historic 

artifacts in the 2007 assemblage, 65 percent are domestic, 23 percent are structural, 10 

percent are hardware, and the remainder is comprised of personal and miscellaneous 

items. This artifact assemblage, like that from 2002, contains additional items dating 

from the early to mid-nineteenth century through the turn of the twentieth century 

that would most likely have been discarded prior to the construction of the 1920 house. 

Similarly, decorated whitewares provide the most information for dating the periods of 

manufacture for the artifacts. Decorative techniques diagnostic of the relatively early 

historic period include flow blue transfer print, sponge decoration, edge decoration 

(on whiteware only), and blue, black, brown, and mulberry transfer prints. Additional 

artifacts dating to this period are yellowware with Rockingham glaze, ceramic tobaccopipe fragments, solarized glass, and cut nails. 

The 2007 excavation results also support the findings from 2002 regarding the 

poor depositional integrity of site components and show specifically that the deposit 
38

SAVACOAL

in the targeted project area has been impacted from previous ground disturbance. The 

cultural deposit is part of an unconsolidated sheet midden containing artifacts from the 

relatively early 1800s to the present with a small number of prehistoric artifacts mixed 

in. The cultural deposit within the project area extends to between 31 and 40 cm bs, with 

the difference in total depth attributed to the fact that the southernmost test unit had 10 

cm less of the upper stratum. The buried coal-burning stove residue, brick fragments, 

and gravel noted elsewhere on the property occur mixed throughout the deposit in this 

location as well. The presence of these post-1920 materials throughout the matrix are 

additional evidence for ground disturbance which has penetrated and subsequently 

mixed any temporally stratified, intact deposits that may have once been present.
39

7. CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS

The Savacoal property is a residential parcel included within the Boston Village 

Historic District listed on the National Register of Historic Places (NR 92001490) and 

it has two contributing structures: the Savacoal House, HS-486, and the Savacoal Barn, 

HS-487. Archeological investigations conducted in 2001, 2002, and 2007 confirmed 

that archeological resources are associated with the extant historic structures and also 

identified an historic component that predates the 1920 construction date of the extant 

house. A structure is depicted on an 1856 map of Boston (Matthews and Taintor 1856) in 

the same location as the Savacoal House, indicating that there was a different structure 

on the lot by 1856. While it is beyond the scope of this project, additional documentary 

research focusing on tax records, such as what was completed for the Boston Store 

(Quinn Evans Architects 1995; Richner 1996), would be useful in understanding the 

history of ownership and site chronology at the property. 

Two sites were identified as a result of the archeological investigations at 

the Savacoal property. Site 33SU419 is a multicomponent prehistoric and historic 

site associated with the barn and site 33SU423 is a multicomponent prehistoric and 

historic site associated with the residential component on the west side of the lot. All 

of the artifacts recovered from site 33SU419 were found in grossly disturbed soils with 

no depositional integrity; as such, the site is not considered significant. The historic 

component at site 33SU423 is a potentially significant archeological site with artifacts 

dating to the 1827-1927 period of significance for which Boston Village is recognized. 

The archeological site is considered potentially eligible for the National Register of 

Historic Places under criterion D because it has the potential to yield additional data 

about historic residential activities during and subsequent to the Canal era (1827-1913). 

Site deposits, however, have been seriously compromised and lack primary depositional 

integrity. They occur as a homogenous deposit of nineteenth- and twentieth-century 

artifacts in soils that have been heavily impacted from ground disturbing activities 

attributed to the demolition of the earlier house, construction of the extant house, as 

well as typical residential activities spanning 150+ years. The ephemeral prehistoric 

component is not considered significant since all of the artifacts were found in mixed 

context with historic materials and therefore lack any depositional integrity. 

The National Park Service has proposed the following actions on the grounds at 

the Savacoal property:

1) Installation of a cistern in the northeast yard; 

2) Construction of an accessible walkway between the house and the barn; and

3) Improvement of gravel parking areas near the barn.

In compliance with Section 106 of the NHPA, archeological investigations were 

undertaken in advance of the projects and the results indicate that the proposed projects 

would not adversely impact any cultural resources eligible for the NRHP. Neither the 

walkway nor gravel parking improvements will require any ground disturbance. Both 
40

SAVACOAL

would occur within the same footprint as existing components, with supplemental 

material added only above existing grade. Further, investigations within these areas 

confirmed that the underlying soils are grossly disturbed. No additional archeological 

work is recommended in advance of these projects.

The proposed cistern installation would require ground disturbance to 

accomplish. The area of potential effect for the cistern installation would be confined 

to a small 3-x-4-meter area within the targeted project area as depicted (Figure 4, in 

red). Following the process of Section 106 of the NRHP for preserving significant 

resources, an area within the site boundary was identified where the cistern could be 

installed without having an adverse effect on the characteristics of the archeological 

site that would qualify it for the NRHP. Intensive archeological investigations were 

completed within the project area in the northeast yard that included the excavation 

of one shovel test and three formal 1-x-1-m test units. The investigations identified the 

same sheet midden of nineteenth- and twentieth-century artifacts that occurs from 

0-40 cm bs as a non-stratified deposit across most of the property. The deposit is not 

considered significant because it lacks vertical integrity and primary depositional 

context. Nonetheless, the excavations did produce a large sample of the sheet midden 

deposit that is highly representative of this site component. The artifacts in the sample, 

though derived from a mixed context, can still provide some information about the 

former residential occupations at this parcel. Any additional excavations within this 

area, however, are not warranted because any information to be gained from this deposit 

would be merely repetitive of data already collected. It is possible that historic features, 

such as privies, wells, and undisturbed trash middens, occur elsewhere on the property 

and those would provide additional unique data about the historic occupations. While 

the level of previous and rather extensive disturbance noted at this relatively small 

parcel may have already seriously impacted any such intact deposits, until verified, 

the remainder of the site not already subjected to evaluative testing should be treated 

as a significant resource with ground disturbance prohibited. No further archeological 

investigations are recommended in advance of the cistern installation provided the 

following measures are adhered to:

1) The cistern should be installed within the designated 2007 project area as 

depicted on the map (Figure 4, in red). The precise location for the cistern and 

connecting waterline to the house will be marked with flags at the direction 

of MWAC by a CUVA paraprofessional archeologist familiar with the site and 

knowledgeable of the archeological investigations;

2) Ground disturbance should be kept to an absolute minimum. Vehicular traffic 

should be restricted to the existing gravel drive and parking area whenever 

feasible. If heavy equipment access is required, plywood sheeting should be laid 

down on the surface as a protective barrier; and

3) The excavation for the cistern installation and connecting waterline should be 

monitored under the direction of a qualified archeologist in the unlikely event 

that a buried feature is exposed. 
41

Figure 1. The project area.

SAVACOAL FIGURES
42

SAVOCOAL

Figure 2. Portion of the 1994 Northfield USGS 7.5’ topographic map showing the project area within 

Boston Village.
43

FIGURES

Figure 3. 1856 plat of Boston Village. 
44

SAVOCOAL

Figure 4. Site map of the Savacoal property showing the area covered by archeological investigations.
45

FIGURES

Figure 5. Plan view of Feature 1.

Figure 6. Plan view of Feature 2.
46

SAVOCOAL

Figure 7. Plan view of Features 3A and 3B.
47

FIGURESFigure 8. Areal image of Savacoal property showing proposed improvements.
48

SAVOCOAL

Figure 9. Overview of project area targeted during 2007 investigations. View is southeast.

Figure 10. Project area targeted during 2007 investigations. View is northwest.
49

FIGURES

Figure 11. Profile, east wall, TU 110-111N, 103-104E.

Figure 12. Photo of east wall profile, TU 110-111N, 103-104E.
50

SAVOCOAL

Figure 13. Profile, south wall, TU 108-109N, 105-106E.

Figure 14. Photo of south wall profile, TU 108-109N, 105-106E.
51

FIGURES

Figure 15. Whiteware sherds with blue transfer print.
52

SAVOCOAL

Figure 15. (concluded)

Object ANCS 

no.

Pattern Date Range and 

Reference

Provenience

a 22672 unidentified TU 109-110N, 98.5-99.5E 

10-20 cm bs

b 22776 Aurora post 1851, Williams 

1978:97

TU 99.5-100.5N, 104-105E

20-30 cm bs

c 22523 unidentified TU 109.85-111N, 93.5-94.5E

25-34 cm bs

d-e 22695 Corinth post 1859, Williams 

1978:242

TU 109-110N, 98.5-99.5E

20-30 cm bs

f 22720 Willow post ca. 1810, Gaston 

1990

TU 99.5-100.5N, 104-105E

40-56 cm bs, F. 3B

g-h 22451 Sirius ca. 1839-1841, Williams 

1978:164

ST 100N/105E

0-51 cm bs

i 22703 unidentified TU 109-110N, 98.5-99.5E

30-40 cm bs

j 22448 Castle Scenery post 1845, Williams 

1978:222

ST 110N/100E

0-78 cm bs

k 22559 unidentified TU 109.85-111N, 94.5-95.5E

20-29 cm bs

l 22500 unidentified ST 108N/110E

0-79 cm bs
53

FIGURES

Figure 16. Whiteware sherds with mulberry transfer print: a) ANCS no. 22745, bearing “SHAW’S” 

maker’s mark, from TU 99.5-100.5N, 104-105E, 0-10 cm bs; b) ANCS no. 22627, ca. 1853 Peruvian Horse 

Hunt pattern (Williams 1978:516), from TU 109-110N, 97.5-98.5E, 20-30 cm bs; c) ANCS no. 22666, ca. 

1853 Peruvian Horse Hunt pattern (ibid.), from TU 109-110N, 98.5-99.5E, 10-20 cm bs.
54

SAVOCOAL

Figure 17. Whiteware sherds bearing maker’s mark: a) ANCS no. 22819 from TU 100.5-101.5N, 104-

105E, 10-20 cm bs; b) ANCS no. 22792 from TU 99.5-100.5N, 104-105E, 30-40 cm bs.

Figure 18. Hand-painted and annular whiteware sherds: a) ANCS no. 22620, ca. 1830-1860 earthen 

polychrome floral design (Price 1979) from TU 109-110N, 97.5-98.5E, 20-30 cm bs; b) ANCS no. 22622, 

annularware with cording decoration (Sussman 1997) from TU 109-110N, 97.5-98.5E, 20-30 cm bs; c) 

ANCS no. 22762, ca. 1830-1860 earthen polychrome floral design (ibid.) from 99.5-100.5N, 104-105E, 

10-20 cm bs; d) ANCS no. 22794, ca. 1830-1860 earthen polychrome floral design (ibid.) from TU 99.5-

100.5N, 104-105E, 30-40 cm bs.
55

FIGURES

Figure 19. Sponge-decorated whiteware sherd: ANCS no. 22663 from 

TU 109-110N, 98.5-99.5E, 10-20 cm bs.

Figure 20. Blue edge-decorated whiteware: ANCS no. 22685 from TU 109-

110N, 98.5-99.5E, 20-30 cm bs.
56

SAVOCOAL

Figure 21. Annular-decorated whiteware: a) ANCS no. 22667 from TU 109-

110N, 98.5-99.5E, 10-20 cm bs; b-c) ANCS no. 22732 from TU 99.5-100.5N, 

104-105E, 0-10 cm bs; d;) ANCS no. 22456 from ST 100N/105E, 0-51 cm bs.

Figure 22. Decalcomania-decorated whiteware sherd: 

ANCS no. 22827 from TU 100.5-101.5N, 104-105E, 10-20 

cm bs.
57

FIGURES

Figure 23. Glass objects: a-b) ANCS no. 22391, pressed glass from ST 110N/86E, 0-58 cm bs; c) ANCS no. 22779, bottle finish from TU 99.5-100.5N, 104-105E, 20-30 cm bs; d) ANCS no. 22530, pressed glass from TU 109.85-111N, 93.5-94.5 E, 25-34 cm bs.

Figure 24. Personal objects: a) ANCS no. 22545, pendant from TU 109.85-111N, 94.5-95.5E, 0-12 cm bs; b) ANCS no. 22675, porcelain doll hand from TU 109-110N, 98.5-99.5E, 10-20 cm bs; c) ANCS no. 22539, tobacco-pipe bowl from TU 109.85-111N, 93.5-94.5E, 34-40 cm bs; d) ANCS no. 22634, tobacco-pipe stem from TU 109-110N, 97.5-98.5E, 20-30 cm bs; e) ANCS no. 22418, tobacco-pipe bowl from ST 99N/90E, 0-48 cm bs.
58

SAVOCOAL

Figure 25. Whiteware sherds with blue transfer print: a) ANCS no. 29933, post 1845 Castle Scenery (Williams 1978:222), from TU 110-111N, 103-104E, 10-20 cm bs; b-d) ANCS no. 30081, unidentified patterns, one bearing “MADRAS” maker’s mark, from TU 108-109N, 105-106E, 20-30 cm bs; e) ANCS no. 30003, unidentified pattern from TU 110-111N, 103-104E, 30-40 cm bs; f) ANCS no. 29960, unidentified pattern from TU 110-111N, 103-104E, 30-40 cm bs.

Figure 26 . Whiteware sherds with mulberry transfer print, ca. 

1853 Peruvian Horse Hunt pattern (Williams 1978:516): a) ANCS no. 30080 from TU 108-109N, 105-106E, 20-30 cm bs; b) ANCS no. 30161 from TU 113-114N, 103-104E, 10-20 cm bs; c) ANCS no. 30127 from TU 108-109N, 105-106E, 40-50 cm bs; d) ANCS no 30021 from TU 110-111N, 103-104E, 40-30 cm bs.
59

FIGURES

Figure 27. Whiteware sherds bearing partial maker’s marks: a) ANCS no. 

30115 from TU 108-109N, 105-106E, 30-40 cm bs; b) ANCS no. 30005 from 

TU 110-111N, 103-104E, 30-40 cm bs.

Figure 28. Decorated whiteware sherds: a) ANCS no. 30000, annular decoration from 

TU 110-111N, 103-104E, 30-40 cm bs; b) flow blue transfer print from TU 113-114N, 103-

104E, 30-40 cm bs; c) black transfer print and brown glaze from TU 113-114N, 103-104E, 

30-40 cm bs; d) brown transfer print from TU 108-109N, 105-106E, 20-30 cm bs.
60

SAVOCOAL

Figure 29. Tureen fragment with decalcomania 

decoration: ANCS no. 30086 from TU 108-109N, 105-

106E, 20-30 cm bs.

Figure 30. Ceramics: a) ANCS no. 29926, stoneware from TU 110-111N, 103-

104E, 20-30 cm bs; b) ANCS no. 29972, Rockingham glaze yellowware from TU 

110-111N, 103-104E, 20-30 cm bs; c) ANCS no. 30191, redware from TU 113-

114N, 103-104E, 20-30 cm bs.
61

FIGURES

Figure 31. Tobacco-pipe bowl with black paint: ANCS no. 29993 from TU 

110-111N, 103-104E, 30-40 cm bs.

Figure 32. Buttons: a) ANCS no. 29931, glass button from TU 110-111N, 103-104E, 

10-20 cm bs; b) ANCS no. 29930, porcelain button from TU 110-111N, 103-104E, 10-20 

cm bs; c) ANCS no. 29938, rubber button from TU 110-111N, 103-104E, 10-20 cm bs; d) 

ANCS no. 300140, glass button from TU 113-112N, 103-104E, 0-10 cm bs; e) ANCS no. 

30219, copper button from TU 113-114N, 103-104E, 30-40 cm bs.
62

SAVOCOAL
63

TEST # DEPTH (CM BS) SOIL CONTENT

ST 1 0-37 Brown loamy soil with heavy coal

37-55 Yellow-orange clay

ST 2 0-15 Dark brown sandy loam with heavy pea gravel

15-34 Dark brown loam with gravel

34-44 Yellow clay

ST 3 0-15 Dark brown loam with heavy gravel

15-53 Dark brown loam

53-60 Yellow-orange clay

ST 4 0-34 Dark brown loam with heavy gravel

34-50 Yellow-orange clay

ST 5 0-10 Dark brown silty loam with gravel

11-35 Dark brown loam

35-52 Yellow clay

ST 6 0-36 Dark brown loam

36-50 Yellow-orange clay

ST 7 0-28 Dark brown loam

28-48 Yellow-orange mottled clay

ST 8 0-32 Dark brown loam

32-46 Yellow-orange silty clay

ST 9 0-28 Dark brown loam

30-41 Dark brown loam mottled with yellow clay

41-50 Yellow clay

ST 10 0-37 Dark brown loam

37-48 Yellow-orange silty clay

ST 11 0-48 Dark brown loam

48-52 Yellow-orange clay

Table 1. Savacoal Barn (33SU419) Shovel Test Inventory: Soil Content

SAVACOAL TABLES
64

SAVACOAL Table 2. Artifacts from the Savacoal Barn Phase I Investigations (33SU419). Year Provenience cmbs Group n Object Description Date Range Reference

2001 ST 1 0-55 domestic 2 whiteware undecorated

1 whiteware blue transfer print ca. 

1790-present

Coysh and Henrywood 1982

2 whiteware handpainted 1820-present Magid 1982

2 curved glass colorless1 bone unidentified mammal

structural 10 nail wire 1890s-present Gilleo et al. 1980

2 flat glass aqua

prehistoric 1 projectile 

point tip

glacial chert

ST 2 0-43 domestic 2 whiteware undecorated

1 stoneware

structural 2 nail wire 1890s-present Gilleo et al. 1980

1 flat glass

ST 3 0-50 domestic 2 whiteware annular 1790-1930 MWAC n.d.

22 bone unidentified mammal

8 shell

structural 2 flat glasshardware 7 ferrous metal unidentified, corroded

1 battery core dry-cell battery 

carbon core

modern 1 plastic post 1950sprehistoric 1 debitage chert

ST 4 0-50 domestic 2 whiteware undecorated

2 whiteware blue transfer print ca. 

1790-present

Coysh and Henrywood 1982

1 milk glass1 curved glass colorless
65

TABLES

Table 2. Continued.

Year Provenience cmbs Group n Object Description Date Range Reference

1 curved glass aqua

hardware 4 ferrous metal unidentified

ST 5 0-50 domestic 5 whiteware undecorated

2 yellowware undecorated 1830-present Leibowitz 1985

1 curved glass olive, bottle fragment1 pressed glass1 bone unidentified mammal

structural 2 flat glass

17 nail wire 1890s-present Gilleo et al. 1980

ST 6 0-50 domestic 2 whiteware undecorated

1 yellowware undecorated 1830-present Leibowitz 1985

1 bone, burned unidentified mammal

structural 1 flat glass

hardware 3 ferrous metal unidentified

ST 7 0-48 domestic 2 whiteware undecorated

1 whiteware edge decorated 1830-1860 Richner 1992

1 whiteware sponge decorated 1840-1880 Magid 1982

1 yellowware undecorated 1830-present Leibowitz 1985

1 curved glass olive, bottle fragment1 curved glass colorless bottle finish 1 curved glass colorless

structural 3 flat glass

8 nail wire 1890s-present Gilleo et al. 1980

hardware 3 ferrous metal unidentified

ST 8 0-46 domestic 3 whiteware undecorated

2 whiteware handpainted 1820-present Magid 1982

2 whiteware blue transfer print ca. 

1790-present

Coysh and Henrywood 1982
66

SAVACOAL Table 2. Concluded. Year Provenience cmbs Group n Object Description Date Range Reference

2 whiteware red transfer print 1830-1860 Larsen 19751 curved glass colorless bottle 

fragment

2 curved glass chimney glass2 curved glass sun altered 1880-1915 Munsey 19701 curved glass red 3 bone unidentified mammal

structural 2 nail wire 1890s-present Gilleo et al. 1980

2 flat glass

ST 9 0-50 domestic 2 whiteware undecorated

1 whiteware annular 1790-1930 MWAC n.d.

1 redware3 bone unidentified mammal

structural 3 flat glass

ST 10 0-48 domestic 2 whiteware undecorated

2 whiteware red transfer print 1830-1860 Larsen 19751 curved glass aqua1 curved glass colorless

structural 2 nail wire 1890s-present Gilleo et al. 1980

4 flat glass

ST 11 0-52 domestic 3 whiteware undecorated, burned

2 milk glass jar lid inset fragments3 bone unidentified mammal2 shell

structural 2 flat glass
67

TABLES

Table 3. Savacoal House (33SU423) Shovel Test Inventory: Soil Content

COORDINATE TEST # DEPTH 

(CM BS)

SOIL CONTENT

100N/100E ST 1 0-36 Medium brown silty loam with heavy coal and 

cinders

36-51 Yellowish-brown mottled clay

100N/110E ST 2 0-34 Medium brown silty loam

34-50 Yellowish-brown silty clay

104N/105E ST 3 0-41 Medium brown silty loam with heavy coal, brick 

fragments and gravel inclusions

41-74 Yellowish-brown silty clay mottled with medium 

brown silty loam

74-49 Yellowish-brown clay loam

104N/110E ST 4 0-10 Medium brown loam

10-16 Gravel layer with coal and cinders

16-44 Brown clay loam mottled with yellow clay loam

108N/110E ST 5 0-27 Medium brown silty loam with gravel, cinder, and 

brick fragments

27-63 Medium brown silty loam mottled with yellowishbrown silty clay

63-70 Yellowish-brown silty clay

110N/105E ST 6 0-47 Medium brown silty loam with cinders, gravel and 

brick fragments

47-62 Yellowish-brown silty clay

110N/100E ST 7 0-26 Medium brown silty loam

26-31 Brown loam, exposed brick feature (F.1)

110N/100E ST 8 0-50 Dark brown loam with gravel and cinders

50-78 Yellow-brown silty clay mottled with brown loam; 

sandier than other units

110N/85E ST 9 0-12 Medium brown silty loam

12-22 Coal and clinker layer

22-48 Dark brown silty loam

48-61 Yellowish-brown silty clay

110N/90E ST 10 0-20 Medium brown silty loam with heavy coal and 

cinders

20-44 Medium brown silty loam

44-62 Yellowish-brown silty clay
68

SAVACOAL

Table 3. Concluded.

COORDINATE TEST # DEPTH 

(CM BS)

SOIL CONTENT

100N/86E ST 11 0-10 Medium brown silty loam with heavy coal and 

cinders

10-37 Medium brown silty loam

37-60 Yellowish-brown silty clay

105N/86E ST 12 0-34 Dark brown silty loam with cinders, coal, gravel, 

and brick fragments

34-58 Orange silty clay

107N/87E ST 13 0-22 Dark brown silty loam

22-42 Dark brown silty loam mottled with yellow clay

42-61 Yellowish-brown silty clay

103N/86E ST 14 0-35 Dark brown silty loam with cinders, gravel, and 

coal

35-54 Yellowish-brown silty clay

99N/90E ST 15 0-48 Dark brown silty loam; disturbed. Encountered 

buried gas line at 48 cm bs
69

TABLES

Table 4. Artifacts from Phase I and II Investigations at the Savacoal Property (33SU423).

Year Provenience cmbs Group n Object Description Date Range Reference2002 ST 1 (100N/105E) 0-51 domestic 6 whiteware blue transfer print, 

Sirius pattern

1839-1841 Williams 1978

4 whiteware undecorated

1 whiteware 1840-1900 1820-present Magid 1982

2 whiteware annular 1780-1840 MWAC n.d.

1 pearlware edge decorated 1780-1830 Richner 1992

2 redware2 yellowware undecorated

12 curved glass colorless

5 curved glass aqua

1 melted curved glass colorless

2 bone 

structural 1 flat glass colorless

3 flat glass aqua

3 nail

hardware 1 non-ferrous metal

personal 1 clay pipe bowl 

fragment

floral design on mold seam

ST 2 (100N/110E) 0-50 domestic 1 yellowware undecorated 1830-present Leibowitz 1985

1 stoneware2 curved glass aqua

2 curved glass colorless

1 bone unidentified 

mammal

structural 1 nail

1 flat glass colorless

ST 3 (104N/105E) 0-79 domestic 3 whiteware annular 1790-1930 MWAC n.d.

10 whiteware undecorated
70

SAVACOALReference

Coysh and Henrywood 1982

Magid 1982

Coysh and Henrywood 1982

Larsen 1975

oulouse 1971 T

Date Range

ca. 1790-present

1820-present

ca. 1790-present

1830-1860

ca. 1880-1915

Description

blue transfer print

brown slip, rim fragment

green 

colorless

aquaunidentified mammal

aqua

unidentfied fragment

handpainted

blue transfer print

mulberry transfer print

undecorated

aqua

amethyst

colorless

unidentified mammal

aqua

Object

whiteware

yellowware

redwarecurved glass

curved glass

curved glassbone 

flat glass

non-ferrous metal

groundstone ?

whiteware

whiteware

whiteware

whiteware

redwarecurved glass

curved glass

curved glass

bone, cut fragment

flat glass

n

1

2

24

3

2

12

3

2

1

2

1

1

2

12

1

3

1

1

Group

structural

hardware

prehistoric

domestic

structural

cmbs

0-65

Provenience

ST 4 (104N/110E)

earY

Table 4. Continued. 
71

TABLES

Table 4. Continued. 

Year Provenience cmbs Group n Object Description Date Range Reference

ST 5 (108N/110E) 0-79 domestic 1 whiteware mulberry transfer 

print

1830-1860 Larsen 1975

1 whiteware blue transfer print ca. 

1790-present

Coysh and Henrywood 1982

5 whiteware undecorated

1 yellowware Rockingham glaze 1840-1900 Leibowitz 1985

1 redware2 curved glass aqua

2 curved glass colorless

1 milk glass

ST 6 (110N/105E) 0-62 domestic 3 whiteware undecorated

1 whiteware embossed

1 whiteware decal decorated 1860-present MWAC n.d.

1 whiteware sponge decorated 1840-1880 Magid 1982

2 stoneware3 redware1 curved glass aqua

1 curved glass colorless

7 bone unidentified 

mammal

structural 4 wire nail 1890s-present Gilleo et al. 1980

5 nail4 flat glass aqua

ST 7 (110N/95E) 0-31 domestic 1 whiteware undecorated

1 whiteware red transfer print 1830-1860 Larsen 1975

1 curved glass amber

5 curved glass aqua

8 curved glass colorless
72

SAVACOAL Table 4. Continued. Year Provenience cmbs Group n Object Description Date Range Reference

3 bone unidentified 

mammal

1 porcelain

structural 5 nail

11 flat glass aqua

personal 1 bead, metal

ST 8 (110N/100E) 0-78 domestic 15 whiteware undecorated

1 whiteware blue transfer print ca. 

1790-present

Coysh and Henrywood 1982

2 whiteware mulberry transfer 

print

1830-1860 Larsen 1975

3 whiteware flow blue transfer 

print

1840-1860 Magid 1982

1 whiteware green glaze

3 yellowware annular 1820-1930 Leibowitz 1985

1 stoneware6 curved glass colorless

2 curved glass aqua

7 bone unidentified 

mammal

structural 1 flat glass colorless

14 flat glass aqua

4 cut nail ca. 1790s-1890s Gilleo et al. 1980

3 nail

prehistoric 1 projectile point

ST 9 (110N/85E) 0-61 domestic 1 whiteware undecorated

1 curved glass

ST 10 (110N/90E) 0-62 domestic 3 whiteware undecorated
73

TABLES

Table 4. Continued. 

Year Provenience cmbs Group n Object Description Date Range Reference

2 curved glass colorless

4 bone unidentified 

mammal

structural 1 flat glass colorless

10 flat glass aqua

4 nail

personal 1 button, ceramic

ST 11 (100N/86E) 0-60 domestic 1 whiteware annular

1 whiteware green glaze

17 curved glass aqua

2 curved glass colorless

structural 1 cut nail ca. 1790-1890s Gilleo et al. 1980

4 nail4 flat glass aqua

ST 12 (110N/86E) 0-58 domestic 1 porcelain undecorated

2 yellowware undecorated 1830-present Leibowitz 1985

1 stoneware3 pressed glass colorless

8 curved glass colorless

8 bone unidentified 

mammal

structural 9 nail

31 flat glass aqua

miscellaneous 1 cartridge case

ST 13 (107N/ 87E)

0-61 domestic 1 whiteware undecorated

1 whiteware flow blue transfer 

print

1840-1860 Magid 1982
74

SAVACOAL Table 4. Continued. Year Provenience cmbs Group n Object Description Date Range Reference

2 porcelain decal decorated

2 milk glass1 redware

personal 1 clay pipe stem

ST 14 (103N/86E) 0-54 domestic 1 whiteware undecorated

1 pearlware even edge scallop 

with bud design

1780-1840 Richner 1992

2 yellowware undecorated 1830-present Leibowitz 1985

1 jar rim aqua

1 curved glass aqua

5 curved glass colorless

1 bone unidentified 

mammal

structural 23 flat glass aqua

3 cut nail ca. 1790-1890s Gilleo et al. 1980

19 nail

personal 1 button plastic post 1950s

ST 15 (99N/90E) 0-48 domestic 1 whiteware edge decorated 1830-1860 Richner 1992

1 whiteware mulberry transfer 

print

1830-1860 Larsen 1975

3 yellowware Rockingham glaze 1840-1900 Leibowitz 1985

1 redware2 curved glass aqua

1 curved glass embossed

1 curved glass frosted

3 curved glass colorless

1 bone unidentified 

mammal
75

TABLES

Table 4. Continued. 

Year Provenience cmbs Group n Object Description Date Range Reference

structural 3 flat glass colorless

15 flat glass aqua

hardware 1 ferrous metal unidentified

personal 1 clay pipe bowl raised sailing ship 

decoration

TU 109.85-111N, 93.5-94.5E

15-25 domestic 1 whiteware undecorated

1 whiteware mulberry transfer 

print, Peruvian Horse Hunt

ca. 1853 Williams 1978:516

1 whiteware undecorated handle 

fragment

1 porcelain green glaze

1 stoneware2 curved glass green

3 curved glass aqua

16 curved glass colorless

9 bone unidentified 

mammal

structural 12 flat glass aqua

1 flat glass colorless

6 wire nail 1890s-present Gilleo et al. 1980

7 nail

personal 1 clay pipe stem fragment

modern 1 metal cap with 

plastic lining

post 1950s

25-34 domestic 5 whiteware undecorated
76

SAVACOAL Table 4. Continued. Year Provenience cmbs Group n Object Description Date Range Reference

1 whiteware undecorated handle 

fragment

3 whiteware blue transfer print ca. 

1790-present

Coysh and Henrywood 1982

6 stoneware2 milk glass1 curved glass blue

3 curved glass aqua

1 pressed glass colorless

1 glass melted

28 curved glass colorless

1 glass tumbler fragment, colorless

2 crown cap fragment1 bone 

structural 30 flat glass aqua

13 nail

1 metal screw

hardware 11 ferrous metal object unidentified 

fragment

2 non-ferrous metal unidentified 

fragment

personal 1 button, porcelain fragment

modern 1 plastic, melted post 1950s

modern 1 bead, plastic post 1950s

34-40 domestic 1 whiteware undecorated

1 redware7 curved glass colorless
77

TABLES

Table 4. Continued. 

Year Provenience cmbs Group n Object Description Date Range Reference

4 bone unidentified 

mammal

structural 8 flat glass aqua

5 nail

personal 1 clay pipe bowl fragment

1 clay pipe bowl frag., raised design

TU 109.85-111N, 94.5-95.5E

0-12 domestic 1 whiteware undecorated

1 stoneware3 curved glass colorless

structural 5 flat glass aqua

1 flat glass colorless

personal 2 cloth/yarn

1 metal pendant

12-20 domestic 3 whiteware undecorated

1 whiteware annular 1790-1930 MWAC n.d.

2 stoneware1 milk glass1 curved glass colorless

1 curved glass aqua

structural 1 flat glass colorless

2 flat glass aqua

5 nail

personal 1 button, metal

20-29 domestic 1 whiteware annular 1790-1930 MWAC n.d.

1 whiteware mulberry transfer 

print

1830-1860 Larsen 1975
78

SAVACOAL Table 4. Continued. Year Provenience cmbs Group n Object Description Date Range Reference

1 whiteware blue transfer print ca. 

1790-present

Coysh and Henrywood 1982

4 stoneware undecorated

1 pressed glass colorless

2 milk glass burned jar lid inset `

1 curved glass amber

7 curved glass aqua

11 curved glass colorless

2 bone unidentified 

mammal

structural 33 flat glass aqua

14 nail

personal 1 cloth

29-40 domestic 1 whiteware undecorated

1 whiteware edge decorated 1830-1860 Richner 1992

2 curved glass aqua

1 curved glass amber

10 curved glass colorless

2 pressed glass colorless

3 bone unidentified 

mammal

structural 16 flat glass aqua

1 nail

hardware 1 ferrous metal unidentified 

1 non-ferrous metal unidentified 

TU 109-110N, 97.5-98.5E

0-10 domestic 1 whiteware orange glaze

7 whiteware handpainted 1820-present Magid 1982
79

TABLES

Table 4. Continued. 

Year Provenience cmbs Group n Object Description Date Range Reference

2 whiteware blue transfer print ca. 

1790-present

Coysh and Henrywood 1982

1 whiteware mulberry transfer 

print

1830-1860 Larsen 1975

13 whiteware undecorated

1 whiteware, handle fragment, 

undecorated

5 yellowware Rockingham glaze 1840-1890 Leibowitz 1985

1 redware1 pearlware 1780-1840 MWAC n.d.

4 stoneware4 crown cap fragment1 curved glass, 

pressed

amber

1 curved glass green

6 curved glass aqua

13 curved glass colorless

1 melted glass5 bone unidentified 

mammal

structural 14 flat glass aqua

33 nail37 brick 

1 metal screw1 metal hinge and 

nail

hardware 41 ferrous metal object unidentified
80

SAVACOAL Table 4. Continued. Year Provenience cmbs Group n Object Description Date Range Reference

5 zinc threaded 

closure

prehistoric 2 debitage

10-20 domestic 13 whiteware undecorated

1 whiteware mulberry transfer 

print

1830-1860 Larsen 1975

2 yellowware 1830-present Leibowitz 1985

2 redware1 stoneware1 porcelain1 curved glass green

3 curved glass amber

3 curved glass aqua

21 curved glass colorless

8 milk glass2 crown cap fragment

structural 17 flat glass aqua

15 nail

hardware 17 ferrous metal unidentified

20-30 domestic 54 whiteware undecorated

1 whiteware annular, cording 

decoration

1 whiteware edge decorated 1830-1860 Richner 1992

1 whiteware handpainted 1820-present Magid 1982

2 whiteware blue transfer print ca. 

1790-present

Coysh and Henrywood 1982

17 whiteware mulberry transfer 

print

1830-1860 Larsen 1975
81

TABLES

Table 4. Continued. 

Year Provenience cmbs Group n Object Description Date Range Reference

12 yellowware 1830-present Leibowitz 1985

2 porcelain3 stoneware1 redware1 curved glass yellow

13 curved glass colorless

2 curved glass amber

19 curved glass aqua

2 pressed glass colorless

13 bone unidentified 

mammal

structural 58 flat glass aqua

26 nail

1 bolt1 washer

hardware 1 porcelain utilitarian

9 ferrous metal object4 metal lamp parts

personal 1 clay pipe fragment

1 clay pipe fragment raised design

1 clay pipe fragment “Henderson”/

Montreal”

1847-1876 Wilson 1971

2 button, glass

prehistoric 1 debitage

TU 109-110N, 98.5-99.5E

0-10 domestic 13 whiteware undecorated

1 whiteware blue transfer print ca. 

1790-present

Coysh and Henrywood 1982
82

SAVACOAL Table 4. Continued. Year Provenience cmbs Group n Object Description Date Range Reference

2 yellowware 1830-present Leibowitz 1985

3 stoneware3 redware2 milk glass7 curved glass colorless

1 curved glass amber

2 crown cap fragment8 bone unidentified 

mammal

structural 55 nail

16 brick 16 flat glass aqua

1 rivet

hardware 7 ferrous metal object unidentified

personal 1 button/snap

1 clay marble1 zinc threaded 

closure

modern 4 buttons, plastic post 1950s

10-20 domestic 26 whiteware undecorated

2 whiteware sponge decorated 1840-1880 Magid 1982

5 whiteware mulberry transfer 

print

1830-1860 Magid 1982

1 whiteware mulberry transfer 

print, Peruvian Horse Hunt

ca. 1853 Williams,1978:516

1 whiteware annular 1790-1930 MWAC n.d.

1 whiteware edge decorated 1830-1860 Richner 1992
83

TABLES

Table 4. Continued. 

Year Provenience cmbs Group n Object Description Date Range Reference

1 whiteware embossed

7 yellowware Rockingham glaze 1840-1900 Leibowitz 1985

1 stoneware1 curved glass green

6 curved glass aqua

17 curved glass colorless

2 milk glass8 bone unidentified 

mammal

structural 28 flat glass

13 nail

1 bolt

hardware 1 porcelain utilitarian

7 ferrous metal object unidentified 

personal 7 porcelain child’s tea set

1 porcelain doll hand doll hand

1 button, metal

20-30 domestic 31 whiteware undecorated

4 whiteware edge decorated 1830-1860 Richner 1992

1 whiteware handpainted 1820-present Magid 1982

5 whiteware mulberry transfer 

print, Peruvian Horse Hunt

ca. 1853 Williams 1978:516

3 whiteware blue transfer print ca. 

1790-present

Coysh and Henrywood 1982

1 whiteware blue transfer print, 

Corinth

post 1859 Williams 1978:242
84

SAVACOAL Table 4. Continued. Year Provenience cmbs Group n Object Description Date Range Reference

3 whiteware blue transfer print, 

Marino

post 1834 Williams 1978:327

25 yellowware Rockingham glaze 1840-1900 Leibowitz 1985

3 stoneware2 redware2 porcelain2 curved glass green

5 curved glass aqua

9 curved glass colorless

1 milk glass

24 bone unidentified 

mammal

1 bone, burned unidentified 

mammal

1 crown cap fragment

structural 48 flat glass aqua

32 nail25 brick 

hardware 8 ferrous metal object unidentified

3 non-ferrous metal

personal 1 zinc threaded 

closure

1 clay pipe stem fragment

1 clay pipe bowl fragment

30-40 domestic 25 whiteware undecorated

5 whiteware blue transfer print ca. 

1790-present

Coysh and Henrywood 1982

1 whiteware handpainted 1820-present Magid 1982
85

TABLES

Table 4. Continued. 

Year Provenience cmbs Group n Object Description Date Range Reference

2 whiteware edge decorated 1830-1860 Richner 1992

6 yellowware Rockingham glaze 1840-1900 Leibowitz 1985

1 stoneware1 porcelain1 curved glass green

1 curved glass frosted purple

2 curved glass colorless

1 milk glass8 bone unidentified 

mammal

structural 2 flat glass colorless

16 flat glass aqua

8 nail

personal 1 clay pipe bowl fragment

2 clay pipe stem fragment

prehistoric 1 debitage

TU 99.5-100.5N, 104-105E

F. 3B domestic 4 whiteware undecorated

1 whiteware blue transfer print ca. 

1790-present

Coysh and Henrywood 1982

3 curved glass colorless

2 curved glass aqua

structural 6 nail

6 flat glass

0-10 domestic 1 whiteware blue transfer print ca. 

1790-present

Coysh and Henrywood 1982

1 whiteware handpainted 1820-present Magid 1982
86

SAVACOAL Table 4. Continued. Year Provenience cmbs Group n Object Description Date Range Reference

1 whiteware mulberry transfer 

print

1830-1860 Larsen 1975

4 whiteware annular 1790-1930 MWAC n.d.

7 whiteware undecorated

1 whiteware red transfer print 1830-1860 Larsen 1975

1 whiteware blue transfer print ca. 

1790-present

Coysh and Henrywood 1982

1 whiteware mulberry transfer 

print, unid. maker’s mark

1830-1860 Larsen 1975

12 whiteware undecorated

2 yellowware 1830-present Leibowitz 1985

1 yellowware Rockingham glaze 1840-1900 Leibowitz 1985

1 stoneware1 porcelain1 redware2 milk glass2 pressed glass colorless

11 curved glass aqua43 curved glass colorless

4 curved glass aqua

1 curved glass aqua, lettered

6 bone unidentified 

mammal

1 calcined bone

structural 2 flat glass colorless

44 flat glass aqua37 nail
87

TABLES

Table 4. Continued. 

Year Provenience cmbs Group n Object Description Date Range Reference

1 washer

hardware 6 ferrous metal unidentified

personal 1 clay pipe stem fragment

1 clay pipe bowl fragment

1 button Goodyear patent

1 button, glass1 shoe eyelet copper

10-20 domestic 20 whiteware undecorated

1 whiteware handpainted 1820-present Magid 1982

3 yellowware 1830-present Leibowitz 1985

1 porcelain1 stoneware1 bone1 milk glass

55 curved glass colorless19 curved glass aqua

structural 9 flat glass colorless

61 flat glass aqua39 nail

hardware 1 porcelain utilitarian

personal 1 clay pipe stem fragment

miscellaneous 1 shotgun shell base

20-30 domestic 27 whiteware undecorated

2 whiteware blue transfer print ca. 

1790-present

Coysh and Henrywood 1982

1 whiteware blue transfer print, 

Aurora

post 1851 Williams 1978:97
88

SAVACOAL Table 4. Continued. Year Provenience cmbs Group n Object Description Date Range Reference

1 whiteware mulberry transfer 

print

1830-1860 Larsen 1975

1 whiteware flow blue transfer 

print

1840-1860 Magid 1982

2 whiteware annular 1790-1930 MWAC n.d.

2 pearlware3 yellowware 1830-present Leibowitz 1985

1 bottle neck and 

finish

11 curved glass aqua38 curved glass colorless

7 pressed glass colorless

1 milk glass1 calcined bone unidentified 

mammal

11 bone

structural 31 nail

1 flat glass colorless

25 flat glass aqua

30-40 domestic 20 whiteware undecorated

2 whiteware handpainted 1820-present Magid 1982

2 whiteware sponge decorated 1840-1880 Magid 1982

1 whiteware black transfer print 1830-1860 Larsen 1975

2 whiteware edge decorated

2 pearlware3 yellowware1 yellowware annular

1 earthenware
89

TABLES

Table 4. Continued. 

Year Provenience cmbs Group n Object Description Date Range Reference

1 porcelain1 curved glass aqua

7 curved glass aqua

7 bone unidentified 

mammal

1 calcined bone unidentified 

mammal

structural 33 nail

6 flat glass aqua

personal 2 clay pipe stem 

fragments

40-50 domestic 1 yellowware annular 1830-1930 MWAC n.d.

TU 100.5-101.5N, 104-105E

0-10 domestic 18 whiteware undecorated

4 yellowware 1830-present Leibowitz 1985

1 porcelain handle fragment

2 stoneware

20 curved glass colorless

5 curved glass aqua

1 curved glass green

1 curved glass amber

2 pressed glass colorless

8 bone unidentified 

mammal

structural 18 flat glass aqua

19 nail

personal 1 eyelet
90

SAVACOAL Table 4. Continued. Year Provenience cmbs Group n Object Description Date Range Reference

modern 6 plastic

10-20 domestic 39 whiteware undecorated

3 whiteware black transfer print, 

partial maker’s mark, unid.

1830-1860 Larsen 1975

1 whiteware mulberry transfer 

print

1830-1860 Larsen 1975

4 whiteware blue transfer print ca. 

1790-present

Coysh and Henrywood 1982

1 whiteware gilded

1 whiteware decal decorated 1860-present MWAC n.d.

5 yellowware 1830-present Leibowitz 1985

12 redware

2 porcelain gilded

7 stoneware1 milk glass jar lid liner

6 milk glass1 pressed glass colorless

111 curved glass colorless

2 curved glass amber

34 curved glass aqua

4 glass, melted9 bone unidentified 

mammal

structural 170 flat glass

64 nail

9 brick 1 bolt
91

TABLES

Table 4. Continued. 

Year Provenience cmbs Group n Object Description Date Range Reference

1 hinge

hardware 18 ferrous metal unidentified

1 non-ferrous metal unidentified

personal 6 clay pipe bowl fragment

1 button, glass

miscellaneous 2 ammunition casing

1 .36 caliber pistol 

ball

20-30 domestic 1 whiteware handpainted 1820-present Magid 1982

4 whiteware mulberry transfer 

print

1830-1860 Larsen 1975

2 whiteware blue transfer print ca. 

1790-present

Coysh and Henrywood 1982

2 whiteware flow blue transfer 1840-1860 Magid 1982

24 whiteware undecorated

1 whiteware black transfer print 1830-1860 Larsen 1975

2 yellowware 1830-present Leibowitz 1985

2 porcelain

21 curved glass aqua71 curved glass colorless

1 milk glass

structural 12 flat glass colorless

106 flat glass aqua

16 nail

hardware 23 ferrous metal unidentified

2 non-ferrous metal

personal 1 button, glass

1 clay pipe stem fragment
92

SAVACOAL Table 4. Continued. Year Provenience cmbs Group n Object Description Date Range Reference

3 clay pipe bowl fragment

30-40 domestic 26 whiteware undecorated

2 whiteware annular 1790-1930 MWAC glossary n.d.

7 whiteware sponge decorated 1840-1860 Magid 1982

2 yellowware 1830-present Leibowitz 1985

1 stoneware6 curved glass colorless

11 curved glass aqua

1 curved glass amber

structural 4 flat glass

8 nail

personal 2 clay pipe stem fragment

2 clay pipe bowl decorated fragment

1 clay pipe bowl fragment

38-40 domestic 3 whiteware undecorated

1 whiteware red transfer print 1830-1860 Larsen 1975

3 whiteware undecorated

1 curved glass colorless

structural 1 flat glass aqua

2007 TU 110-111N/ 

103-104E

0-10 domestic 1 bone burned

15 bone 

structural 12 flat glass colorless

2 cut nail ca. 1790s-1890s Gilleo et al. 1980

hardware 1 non ferrous metal unidentified

modern 1 aluminum foil

1 rod fragment, 

plastic

post 1950s
93

TABLES

Table 4. Continued. 

Year Provenience cmbs Group n Object Description Date Range Reference

personal 1 button, plastic

10-20 domestic 14 whiteware undecorated

1 whiteware blue transfer print, 

Castle Scenery print

1845-1870 Williams 1978:222

1 whiteware blue annular 1790-1930 MWAC n.d.

1 whiteware green glazed

4 yellowware 1830-present Leibowitz 1985

5 stoneware

13 terra cotta flower pot 

fragments

1 porcelain molded

1 lid liner fragment milkglass

1 pressed glass colorless

6 melted glass fused: 2 green, 1 

amber, 3 colorless

1 curved glass colorless, embossed

2 curved glass amber, 1 with patina

11 curved glass aqua, 1 with patina

8 curved glass colorless, 1 burned, 

1 with patina

1 curved glass aqua, embossed “V”

1 bottle base 

fragment

colorless

1 bottle finish 

fragment

colorless

1 crown cap ferrous metal

1 bone bird

19 bone burned
94

SAVACOAL Table 4. Continued. Year Provenience cmbs Group n Object Description Date Range Reference

2 bone, cut unidentified 

mammal

1 bone unid. large mammal 

long bone

30 bone unidentified 

mammal

3 bone unid. small mammal 

long bone

1 bone metapodial, unid. 

mammal

structural 34 wire nail 1890s-present Gilleo et al. 1980

49 cut nail ca. 1790s-1890s Gilleo et al. 1980

18 brick 1 red, 17 orange

1 screw ferrous metal

hardware 1 screen fragment

personal 1 clay marble 

fragment

1 button, vulcanized 

rubber

Novelty Rubber Co. manufacture

1 button, glass1 button, porcelain2 clothing snap ferrous metal, 

embossed with “MADE IN GERMANY”

prehistoric? 1 quartz

20-30 domestic 25 whiteware undecorated, 1 

burned
95

TABLES

Table 4. Continued. 

Year Provenience cmbs Group n Object Description Date Range Reference

3 whiteware blue transfer print ca. 

1790-present

Coysh and Henrywood 1982

2 whiteware mulberry transfer 

print, Peruvian Horse Hunt 

ca. 1853 Williams 1978

1 whiteware blue annular 1790-1930 MWAC glossary n.d.

1 whiteware black transfer print 1830-1860 Larsen 1975

1 whiteware flow blue 1840-1860 Magid 1982

1 whiteware blue glazed

1 whiteware blue edge decorated 1830-1860 Richner 1992

1 whiteware green glazed

2 whiteware gilded handle 

fragment

2 yellowware Rockingham glaze 1840-1900 Leibowitz 1985

2 yellowware brown slip post 1830s Leibowitz 1985

1 yellowware undecorated 1830-present Leibowitz 1985

1 porcelain7 terra cotta flower pot 

fragments

1 bottle neck 

fragment

colorless

1 panal bottle base 

fragment

amber

1 panal bottle 

fragment

aqua, with patina

1 bottle base 

fragment

blue
96

SAVACOAL Table 4. Continued. Year Provenience cmbs Group n Object Description Date Range Reference

2 bottle finish 

fragment

aqua

2 curved glass aqua, embossed 

1 curved glass colorless, embossed 

1 curved glass white

20 curved glass colorless19 curved glass aqua, with patina

3 pressed glass colorless

11 bone, burned unidentified 

mammal

2 tooth unidentified 

mammal

2 bone bird

1 bone unid. large mammal 

long bone

1 bone unid .mammal, 

unfused epiphysis

1 bone, cut large unid. mammal 

bone

26 bone unidentified 

mammal

structural 19 flat glass colorless

11 brick 4 red, 7 orange18 wire nail 1890s-present Gilleo et al. 1980

35 cut nail ca. 1790s-1980s Gilleo et al. 1980

hardware 33 ferrous metal unidentified

1 hook ferrous metal

1 ferrous metal fused onto rock
97

TABLES

Table 4. Continued. 

Year Provenience cmbs Group n Object Description Date Range Reference

1 sinker lead

miscellaneous 1 shotgun shell .22 gauge

1 band ferrous metal

30-40 domestic 64 whiteware undecorated

1 whiteware partial maker’s mark

3 whiteware blue annular 1790-1930 MWAC n.d.

6 whiteware mulberry transfer 

print, Peruvian Horse Hunt

ca. 1853 Williams 1978

1 whiteware green glazed

3 whiteware blue transfer print ca. 

1790-present

Coysh and Henrywood 1982

1 whiteware blue edge decorated 1830-1860 Richner 1992

1 whiteware black transfer print 

(probably a partial maker’s mark)

4 yellowware Rockingham glaze 1840-1900 Leibowitz 1985

10 stoneware

2 terra cotta2 porcelain annular and 

articulating

1790-1930 MWAC n.d.

1 bottle lip fragment aqua

3 curved glass aqua

3 curved glass aqua with patina

7 curved glass amber

1 curved glass green

22 curved glass colorless

2 heat altered glass colorless
98

SAVACOAL Table 4. Continued. Year Provenience cmbs Group n Object Description Date Range Reference

5 heat altered glass aqua

1 milk glass4 tooth includes 1 rodent 

jaw with teeth

22 bone unidentified 

mammal

2 bone, burned unidentified 

mammal

structural 23 cut nail ca. 1790s-1890s Gilleo et al. 1980

2 wire nail 1890s-present Gilleo et al. 1980

17 flat glass48 brick 3 red, 45 orange

hardware 9 ferrous metal object unidentified 

personal 1 clay pipe bowl and 

partial stem

black painted

2 clay pipe stem undecorated

1 clay pipe stem molded fragment

40-50 domestic 6 whiteware undecorated 

fragment

2 whiteware mulberry transfer 

print, Peruvian Horse Hunt

ca. 1853 Williams 1978

1 whiteware mulberry transfer 

print, partial mark’s mark or pattern name

1830-1860 Larsen 1975

1 whiteware mulberry transfer 

print

1830-1860 Larsen 1975

4 stoneware
99

TABLES

Table 4. Continued. 

Year Provenience cmbs Group n Object Description Date Range Reference

2 curved glass colorless

1 curved glass amber

1 curved glass green

2 curved glass amber

3 curved glass colorless

9 curved glass aqua, 2 heat altered

4 bone unidentified 

mammal

2 bone, burned unidentified 

mammal

structural 5 flat glass colorless

8 brick orange

1 cut nail ca. 1790s-1890s Gilleo et al. 1980

hardware 11 ferrous metal unidentifiedpersonal 1 clay pipe bowl undecorated

1 clay pipe stem undecorated

TU 108-109N/ 105-106E

0-10 domestic 2 whiteware undecorated

3 whiteware mulberry transfer 

print, Peruvian Horse Hunt articulating rim sherds, burned 

ca. 1853 Williams 1978

1 stoneware lead glaze

1 stoneware brown slip

2 bone unidentified 

mammal
100

SAVACOAL Table 4. Continued. Year Provenience cmbs Group n Object Description Date Range Reference

3 bone, cut unidentified 

mammal

structural 2 flat glass colorless

2 wire nail 1890s-present Gilleo et al. 1980

hardware 3 ferrous metal object unidentified

prehistoric 1 fire-cracked rock

10-20 domestic 21 whiteware undecorated

1 whiteware flow blue 1840-1860 Magid 1982

3 whiteware undecorated

1 whiteware blue transfer print ca. 

1790-present

Coysh and Henrywood 1982

1 whiteware brown transfer print 1830-1860 Larsen 1975

1 whiteware pink and green 

handpainted

1820-present Magid 1982

1 whiteware black transfer print 1830-1860 Larsen 1975

6 whiteware mulberry transfer 

print, Peruvian Horse Hunt

ca. 1853 Williams 1978:516

1 yellowware Rockingham glaze 1840-1900 Leibowitz 1985

1 stoneware red-brown slip

10 stoneware

1 porcelain undecorated

9 terra cotta flower pot 

fragments

1 bottle lip fragment aqua

1 bottle base 

fragment

aqua

30 curved glass colorless
101

TABLES

Table 4. Continued. 

Year Provenience cmbs Group n Object Description Date Range Reference

1 curved glass colorless, melted

4 curved glass amber

16 curved glass aqua, 11 with patina

3 curved glass colorless

1 curved glass amber

18 bone unidentified 

mammal

15 bone, burned unidentified 

mammal

1 jaw fragment with 

tooth

unidentified mammal

2 crown cap ferrous metal

structural 21 flat glass colorless

4 wire nail 1890s-present Gilleo et al. 1980

19 cut nail ca. 1790s-1890s Gilleo et al. 1980

9 brick orange

hardware 1 hook ferrous metal

15 ferrous metal unidentified

personal 1 leather

1 button, porcelain brown

prehistoric 1 fire-cracked rock

20-30 domestic 21 whiteware undecorated

4 whiteware blue transfer print ca. 

1790-present

Coysh and Henrywood 1982

1 whiteware blue transfer print, 

“Madras”
102

SAVACOAL Table 4. Continued. Year Provenience cmbs Group n Object Description Date Range Reference

4 whiteware mulberry transfer 

print, Peruvian Horse Hunt

ca. 1853 Williams 1978

1 whiteware yellow glazed

1 whiteware brown transfer print 1830-1860 Larsen 1975

1 whiteware molded

1 whiteware blue edgedecorated, rim sherd 1780-1830 Richner 1992

2 whiteware tureen 

fragment

1 undecorated, 1 green decal (rim sherd)

1 yellowware Rockingham glaze 1840-1900 Leibowitz 1985

14 stoneware

1 porcelain handle gilded

5 terra cotta1 bottle base 

fragment

blue

1 curved glass blue

1 bottle base 

fragment

amber

1 bottle finish 

fragment

colorless

1 curved glass purple-tinted, 

melted

ca. 1880-1915 Toulouse 1971

2 curved glass amber, with patina

37 curved glass colorless28 curved glass aqua, 11 with patina

1 curved glass yellow
103

TABLES

Table 4. Continued. 

Year Provenience cmbs Group n Object Description Date Range Reference

1 curved glass colorless, pressed

1 jar neck fragment aqua, with 

threading

10 bone

3 bone, cut4 bone, burned

structural 20 flat glass colorless

4 brick orange

2 wire nail 1890s-present Gilleo et al. 1980

hardware 1 cuprous metal unidentified

personal 1 clay pipe bowl molded? fragment

1 button porcelain, black

30-40 domestic 8 whiteware undecorated

3 whiteware blue transfer print ca. 

1790-present

Coysh and Henrywood 1982

1 whiteware handpainted 1820-present Magid 1982

1 whiteware sponge decorated 1840-1880 Magid 1982

5 whiteware mulberry transfer 

print; 1 foot rim (burned), Peruvian Horse Hunt

ca. 1853 Williams 1978:516

1 whiteware saucer 4” saucer fragment, 

partial maker’s mark

1 yellowware Rockingham glaze 1840-1900 Leibowitz 1985

7 stoneware6 curved glass aqua with patina

2 curved glass pressed, 1 rim sherd

11 curved glass amber, 1 with patina
104

SAVACOAL Table 4. Continued. Year Provenience cmbs Group n Object Description Date Range Reference

19 curved glass colorless10 bone unidentified 

mammal

15 bone burned

1 tooth unidentified 

mammal

structural 6 flat glass

20 cut nail ca. 1790s-1890s Gilleo et al. 1980

hardware 10 ferrous metal unidentified

1 cuprous metal

personal 1 button porcelain, black, and 

ferrous metal

1 clay pipe bowl fragment, molded

1 clay pipe stem fragment

40-50 domestic 2 whiteware mulberry transfer 

print, Peruvian Horse Hunt

ca. 1853 Williams 1978:516

1 whiteware blue transfer print ca. 

1790-present

Coysh and Henrywood 1982

1 curved glass cobalt

1 curved glass amber

2 curved glass colorless

1 curved glass colorless, pressed

3 bone unidentified 

mammal

1 tooth unidentified 

mammal

hardware 6 ferrous metal unidentified
105

TABLES

Table 4. Continued. 

Year Provenience cmbs Group n Object Description Date Range Reference

prehistoric 1 debitage chert

50-55 domestic 1 curved glass amber

TU 113-114N/ 103-104E

0-10 domestic 6 whiteware undecorated

1 whiteware blue edge-decorated 

rim sherd

1830-1860 Richner 1992

1 whiteware sponge decorated 1840-1880 Magid 1982

1 whiteware black transfer print 1830-1860 Larsen 1975

4 stoneware1 terra cotta flower pot rim

2 jar neck fragment colorless, threaded

6 curved glass white

1 curved glass blue

1 curved glass aqua

1 curved glass green

9 curved glass colorless

1 rim fragment (can) ferrous metal

2 bone unidentified 

mammal

structural 2 flat glass

7 cut nail ca. 1790s-1890 Gilleo et al. 1980

hardware 16 ferrous metal unidentifiedpersonal 1 button, glass colorless, trefoil 

shaped with center rhinestone

1 clay pipe stem fragment

10-20 domestic 10 whiteware undecorated, 1 

burned
106

SAVACOAL Table 4. Continued. Year Provenience cmbs Group n Object Description Date Range Reference

1 whiteware molded rim sherd

1 whiteware mulberry transfer 

print, Peruvian Horse Hunt

ca. 1853 Williams 1978:516

1 whiteware black transfer print 1830-1860 Larsen 1975

4 whiteware blue transfer print ca. 

1790-present

Coysh and Henrywood 1982

1 whiteware blue edge decorated 1830-1860 Richner 1992

1 porcelain undecorated

1 terra cotta flower pot 

fragments

22 curved glass colorless

2 curved glass aqua

2 curved glass amber

1 bowl fragment colorless glass rim 

and base with a chevron pattern

12 bone unidentified 

mammal

1 rim fragment (can) ferrous metal

1 crown cap

structural 1 brick orange

3 wire nail 1890s-present Gilleo et al. 1980

20 cut nail ca. 1790s-1890 Gilleo et al. 1980

31 ferrous metal unidentified

1 rivet

personal 1 clothing implement

modern 1 aluminum foil post 1950s
107

TABLES

Table 4. Continued. 

Year Provenience cmbs Group n Object Description Date Range Reference

20-30 domestic 14 whiteware undecorated

3 whiteware mulberry transfer 

print, Peruvian Horse Hunt

ca. 1853 Williams 1978:516

1 whiteware blue annular 1790-1930 MWAC n.d.

3 whiteware flow blue 1840-1860 Magid 1982

2 whiteware green glazed

3 yellowware Rockingham glaze 1840-1900 Leibowitz 1985

1 redware5 stoneware1 porcelain undecorated

2 terra cotta flower pot 

fragments

1 bottle finish colorless

1 bottle finish light green

1 bottle base amber

30 curved glass colorless

1 curved glass aqua

2 curved glass amber

7 curved glass light green 

8 heat altered glass

33 bone unidentified 

mammal

3 bone, cut unidentified 

mammal

structural 12 flat glass

2 brick orange

28 cut nail ca. 1790s-1890s Gilleo et al. 1980

10 wire nail 1890s-present Gilleo et al. 1980
108

SAVACOAL Table 4. Continued. Year Provenience cmbs Group n Object Description Date Range Reference

hardware 21 ferrous metal unidentified

miscellaneous 1 battery

modern 1 screw cap and liner post 1950s

30-40 domestic 8 whiteware undecorated

1 whiteware blue edge decorated 1830-1860 Richner 1992

1 whiteware flow blue 1840-1860 Magid 1982

1 whiteware blue transfer print ca. 

1790-present

Coysh and Henrywood 1982

1 whiteware blue annular 1790-1930 MWAC n.d.

1 whiteware black transfer print, 

brown glaze

1830-1860 Larsen 1975

1 whiteware mulberry transfer 

print

1830-1860 Larsen 1975

1 yellowware Rockingham glaze 1840-1900 Leibowitz 1985

1 redware2 stoneware 1 red-brown slip, 1 

brown lead glaze

1 curved glass amber

1 bottle finish colorless

7 curved glass colorless

5 curved glass aqua

11 bone unidentified 

mammal

structural 2 flat glass colorless

1 brick orange

2 wire nail 1890s-present Gilleo et al. 1980

13 cut nail ca. 1790s-1890 Gilleo et al. 1980

hardware 13 ferrous metal unidentified
109

TABLES

Table 4. Concluded. 

Year Provenience cmbs Group n Object Description Date Range Reference

personal 1 mirror fragment

1 button copper

40-50 domestic 1 curved glass colorless

structural 2 flat glass colorless

4 cut nail ca. 1790s-1890 Gilleo et al. 1980

hardware 1 ferrous metal unidentified
110

SAVACOAL Table 5. Prehistoric Artifacts from 33SU423. Year Provenience cmbs projectile point fire-cracked rock debitage quartz groundstone (?)

2002 ST 3 (104N/105E) 0-79 - - - - 1

ST 8 (110N/100E) 0-78 1 - - - -

TU 109-110N/97.5-98.5E 0-10 - - 2 - -

20-30 - - 1 - -

TU 109-110N/98.5-99.5E 30-40 - - 1 - -

2007 TU 110-111N, 103-104E 10-20 - - - 1 -

30-40 - 1 - - -

TU 108-109N, 106-106E 0-10 - 1 - - -

10-20 - 1 - - -

40-50 - - 1 - -
111

TABLES

Table 6. Domestic Artifacts from 33SU423.

Year Provenience cmbs ww yw ew sw rw pw por terra 

cotta

curved 

glass

pressed 

glass

milk 

glass

bone/

shell

crown cap

2002 ST 1 (100N/105E) 0-51 13 2 - - 2 1 - - 18 - - 2 -

ST 2 (100N/110E) 0-50 - 1 - 1 - - - - 4 - - 1 -

ST 3 (104N/105E) 0-79 14 2 - - 2 - - - 9 - - 12 -

ST 4 (104N/110E) 0-65 6 - - - 1 - - - 6 - - 1 -

ST 5 (108N/110E) 0-79 7 1 - - 1 - - - 4 - 1 - -

ST 6 (110N/105E) 0-62 6 - - 2 3 - - - 2 - - 7 -

ST 7 (110N/ 95E) 0-31 2 - - - - - 1 - 14 - - 3 -

ST 8 (110N/100E) 0-78 23 3 - 1 - - - - 8 - - 7 -

ST 9 (110N/85E) 0-61 1 - - - - - - - 1 - - - -

ST 10 (110N/90E) 0-62 3 - - - - - - - 2 - - 4 -

ST 11 (100N/86E) 0-60 2 - - - - - - - 19 - - - -ST 12 (110N/86E) 0-58 - 2 - 1 - - 1 - 8 3 - 8 -

ST 13 (107N/87E) 0-61 2 - - - 1 - 2 - - - 2 - -

ST 14 (103N/86E) 0-54 1 2 - - - 1 - - 7 - - 1 -

ST 15 (99N/90E) 0-48 2 3 - - 1 - - - 7 - - 1

TU 109.85-111N, 

93.5-94.5E

15-25 3 - - 1 - - 1 - 21 - - 9 -25-34 9 - - 6 - - - - 34 1 2 1 2

34-40 1 - - - 1 - - - 7 - - 4 -

TU 109.85-111N, 

94.5-95.5E

0-12 1 - - 1 - - - - 3 - - - -

12-20 4 - - 2 - - - - 2 - 1 - -

20-29 3 - - 4 - - - - 19 1 2 2 -

29-40 2 - - - - - - - 13 2 - 3 -
112

SAVACOAL Table 6. Continued. Year Provenience cmbs ww yw ew sw rw pw por terra cotta curved glass pressed glass milk glass bone/ shell crown cap

TU 109-110N, 97.5-

98.5E

0-10 25 5 - 4 1 1 - - 21 1 - 5 4

10-20 14 2 - 1 2 - 1 - 28 - 8 - 2

20-30 76 12 - 3 1 - 2 - 35 2 - 13 -

TU 109-110N, 98.5-

99.5E

0-10 14 2 - 3 3 - - - 8 - 2 8 2

10-20 37 7 - 1 - - 0 - 24 - 2 8 -

20-30 48 25 - 3 2 - 2 - 16 - 1 25 1

30-40 33 6 - 1 - - 1 - 4 - 1 8 -

TU 99.5-100.5N, 

104-105E

Feature 

3B

5 - - - - - - - 5 - - - -

0-10 29 3 - 1 1 - 1 - 59 2 2 7 -

10-20 21 3 - 1 - - 1 - 74 - 1 1 -20-30 34 3 - - - 2 - - 50 7 1 12 -

30-40 27 4 1 - - 2 1 - 8 - - 8 -

40-50 - 1 - - - - - - - - - - -

100.5-101.5N, 104-

105E

0-10 18 4 - 2 - - 1 - 27 2 - 8 -

10-20 49 5 - 7 12 - 2 - 151 1 7 9 -

20-30 34 2 - - - - 2 - 92 - 1 - -30-40 35 2 - 1 - - - - 18 - - - -

38-40 7 - - - - - - - 1 - - - -

2007 TU 110-111N, 103-

104E

0-10 - - - - - - - - - - - 16 -

10-20 17 4 - 5 - - 1 13 31 1 1 57 1
113

TABLES

Year Provenience cmbs ww yw ew sw rw pw por terra 

cotta

curved 

glass

pressed 

glass

milk 

glass

bone/

shell

crown cap

20-30 38 5 - - - 1 7 49 3 - 44 -

30-40 80 4 - 10 - - 2 2 44 3 0 28 -

40-50 10 - - 4 - - - - 18 - - 6 -

TU 108-109N, 105-

106E

0-10 5 - - 2 - - - - -- - - 5 -

10-20 35 1 - 11 - - 1 9 57 - - 34 2

20-30 36 1 - 14 - - 1 5 75 - - 17 -

30-40 19 1 - 7 - - - - 38 - - 26 -

40-50 3 - - - - - - - 5 - - 4 -

50-55 - - - - - - - - 1 - - - -

TU 113-114N, 103-

104E

0-10 9 - - 4 - - - 1 20 - - 2 -

10-20 18 - - -- - - 1 1 27 - - 12 1

20-30 23 3 - 5 1 - 1 2 51 - - 36 -

30-40 14 1 - 2 1 - - - 14 - - 11 -

40-50 - - - - - - - - 1 - - - -

Table 6. Concluded.

ww - whitewareyw - yellowwareew - earthenwaresw - stonewarerw - redwarepw - pearlwarepor - porcelain
114

SAVACOAL Table 7. Decorated Ceramics from the Hopkins House (33SU423). Year/Type Decoration Provenience cmbs n Vessel Form Pattern Maker Date of Operation Reference

2002Whiteware Transfer print, 

blue

ST 1 (100N/105E) 0-51 6 Sirius James and 

Thomas 

Edwards

c. 1839-

1841

Williams 1978:164

ST 3 (104N/105E) 0-79 1

ST 4 (104N/110E) 0-65 1

ST 5 (108N/110E) 0-79 1

ST 8 (110N/100E) 0-78 1 Castle 

Scenery

Jacob 

Furnival

post 1845 Williams 1978:222

TU 99.5-100.5N, 104-105E

0-10 1

1

TU 99.5-100.5N, 104-105E

20-30 3 Aurora Beech 

Hancock 

and Co.

post 1851 Williams 1978:97

TU 99.5-100.5N, 104-105E, Feat. 3B

40-56 1 cup Willow

TU 100.5-101.5N, 104-105E

10-20 420-30 2

TU 109-110N, 98.5-99.5E

20-30 3

1 Corinth James 

Edwards

post 1859 Williams 1978:242
115

TABLES

Table 7. Continued.

Year/Type Decoration Provenience cmbs n Vessel 

Form

Pattern Maker Date of 

Operation

Reference

3 Marino G. Phillips, 

T. Phillips, 

T. Godwin

post 1834 Williams 1978:327

TU 109-110N, 98.5-99.5E

30-40 5

TU 109-110N, 97.5-98.5E

0-10 2

20-30 2

TU 109.85-111N, 94.5-95.5E

20-29 1

TU 109.85-111N, 93.5-94.5E

25-34 3

Transfer print, mulberry

ST 4 (104N/110E) 0-65 1 Peruvian 

Horse 

Hunt

Anthony 

Shaw

ca. 1853 Williams 1978:516

ST 5 (108N/110E) 0-79 1

ST 8 (110N/100E) 0-78 2

ST 15 (99N/90E) 0-48 1

TU 99.5-100.5N, 104-105E

0-10 1 Peruvian 

Horse 

Hunt

Anthony 

Shaw

ca. 1853 Williams 1978:516

0-10 1

20-30 1

TU 100.5-101.5N, 104-105E

10-20 120-30 4
116

SAVACOAL Table 7. Continued. Year/Type Decoration Provenience cmbs n Vessel Form Pattern Maker Date of Operation Reference

TU 109-110N, 97.5-98.5E

0-10 1

10-20 120-30 17

TU 109-110N, 98.5-99.5E

10-20 510-20 1 Peruvian 

Horse 

Hunt

Anthony 

Shaw

ca. 1853 Williams 1978:516

20-30 5

TU 109.85-111N, 93.5-94.5E

15-25 1 Peruvian 

Horse 

Hunt

Anthony 

Shaw

ca. 1853 Williams 1978:516

TU 109.85-111N, 94.5-95.5E

20-29 1

Transfer print, black

TU 99.5-100.5N, 104-105E

30-40 1

TU 100.5-101.5N, 104-105E

10-20 320-30 1

Transfer print, red

ST 7 (110N/95E) 0-31 1

TU 99.5-100.5N, 104-105E

0-10 1

TU 100.5-101.5N, 104-105E

38-40 1
117

TABLES

Table 7. Continued.

Year/Type Decoration Provenience cmbs n Vessel 

Form

Pattern Maker Date of 

Operation

Reference

Transfer print, flow blue

ST 13 (107N/87E) 0-61 1

TU 99.5-100.5N, 104-105E

20-30 1

TU 100.5-101.5N, 104-105E

20-30 2

Annular ST 1 (100N/105E) 0-51 2 1790-1930 MWAC n.d.

ST 3 (104N/105E) 0-79 3

ST 11 (100N/86E) 0-60 1

TU 99.5-100.5N, 104-105E

0-10 3 hollow

10-20 1 hollow

20-30 2

TU 100.5-101.5N, 104-105E

30-40 2

TU 109-110N, 97.5-98.5E

20-30 1 cording

TU 109-110N, 98.5-99.5E

10-20 1

TU 109.85-111N, 94.5-95.5E

12-20 120-29 1

Sponge decorated

ST 6 (110N/105E) 0-62 1

TU 99.5-100.5N, 104-105E

30-40 2 hollow
118

SAVACOAL Table 7. Continued. Year/Type Decoration Provenience cmbs n Vessel Form Pattern Maker Date of Operation Reference

TU 100.5-101.5N, 104-105E

30-40 7

TU 109-110N, 98.5-99.5E

10-20 2 10 in. plate

Hand painted ST 1 (100N/105E) 0-51 1

ST 4 (104N/110E) 0-65 2

TU 99.5-100.5N, 104-105E

0-10 1

10-20 130-40 2 earthen 

polychrome 

floral

1830-1860 Price 1979

TU 100.5-101.5N, 104-105E

20-30 1

TU 109-110N, 97.5-98.5E

0-10 7

TU 109-110N, 98.5-99.5E

20-30 1 earthen 

polychrome 

floral

1830-1860 Price 1979

30-40 1

Decal ST 6 (110N/105E) 0-62 1

TU 100.5-101.5N, 104-105E

10-20 1 10 in. plate
119

TABLES

Table 7. Continued.

Year/Type Decoration Provenience cmbs n Vessel 

Form

Pattern Maker Date of 

Operation

Reference

Edge decorated ST 15 (99N/90E) 0-48 1

TU 99.5-100.5N, 104-105E

30-40 2

TU 109-110N, 97.5-98.5E

20-30 1

TU 109-110N, 98.5-99.5E

10-20 120-30 4 10 in. plate30-40 2

TU 109.85-111N, 94.5-95.5E

29-40 1

Glazed TU 109-110N, 97.5-

98.5E

0-10 1

Embossed TU 109-110N, 98.5-

99.5E

10-20 1

Yellowware Annular TU 99.5-100.5N, 104-

105E

30-40 140-50 1

Rockingham glazed

TU 99.5-100.5, 104-105E

0-10 1 1840-1900 Leibowitz 1985

TU 109-110N,97.5-98.5E

0-10 5 1840-1900 Leibowitz 1985

TU 109-110N, 98.5-99.5E

10-20 7 1840-1900 Leibowitz 198520-30 25 1840-1900 Leibowitz 198530-40 6 1840-1900 Leibowitz 1985
120

SAVACOAL Table 7. Continued. Year/Type Decoration Provenience cmbs n Vessel Form Pattern Maker Date of Operation Reference

Pearlware Edge decorated ST 1 (100N/105E) 0-51 1 1780-1840 Richner 1992

Edge decorated ST 14 (103N/86E) 0-54 1 Even 

edge 

scallop 

with bud 

design

1780-1840 Richner 1992

2007Whiteware Transfer print, 

blue

TU 110-111N, 103-104E

10-20 1 rim Castle 

Scenery

Jacob 

Furnival

1845-1870 Williams 1978:222

20-30 330-40 3

TU 108-109N, 105-106E

10-20 1 rim

20-30 5 Madras 

(printed 

on 1 

sherd)

30-40 3 rim (1)

40-50 1

TU 113-114N, 103-104E

10-20 430-40 1

Transfer print, mulberry

TU 108-109N, 105-106E

0-10 3 rim Peruvian 

Horse 

Hunt

Anthony 

Shaw

ca. 1853 Williams 1978:516
121

TABLES

Table 7. Continued.

Year/Type Decoration Provenience cmbs n Vessel 

Form

Pattern Maker Date of 

Operation

Reference

10-20 6 rim (1) Peruvian 

Horse 

Hunt

Anthony 

Shaw

ca. 1853 Williams 1978:516

20-30 4 5 in. plate 

(1)

Peruvian 

Horse 

Hunt

Anthony 

Shaw

ca. 1853 Williams 1978:516

30-40 5 foot rim 

(1)

Peruvian 

Horse 

Hunt

Anthony 

Shaw

ca. 1853 Williams 1978:516

40-50 2 rim (1) Peruvian 

Horse 

Hunt

Anthony 

Shaw

ca. 1853 Williams 1978:516

TU 110-111N, 103-104E

20-30 2 Peruvian 

Horse 

Hunt

Anthony 

Shaw

ca. 1853 Williams 1978:516

30-40 6 rim (1) Peruvian 

Horse 

Hunt

Anthony 

Shaw

ca. 1853 Williams 1978:516

40-50 2 rim (1, 2 

articulating)

Peruvian 

Horse 

Hunt

Anthony 

Shaw

ca. 1853 Williams 1978:516

TU 113-114N, 103-104E

10-20 1 Peruvian 

Horse 

Hunt

Anthony 

Shaw

ca. 1853 Williams 1978:516

20-30 3 Peruvian 

Horse 

Hunt

Anthony 

Shaw

ca. 1853 Williams 1978:516

30-40 1
122

SAVACOAL Table 7. Continued. Year/Type Decoration Provenience cmbs n Vessel Form Pattern Maker Date of Operation Reference

Transfer print, black

TU 108-109N, 105-106E

10-20 1 rim

TU 110-111N, 103-104E

20-30 1 rim

30-40 1 partial 

registry 

mark

1 unid. 

maker’s 

mark

TU 113-114N, 103-104E

0-10 1

10-20 1

Transfer print, brown

TU 108-109N, 105-106E

10-20 120-30 1

Black transfer print and brown glaze

TU 113-114N, 103-104E

30-40 1

Annular, blue TU 110-111N, 103-

104E

10-20 120-30 130-40 3

TU 113-114N, 103-104E

20-30 1 rim

30-40 1
123

TABLES

Table 7. Continued.

Year/Type Decoration Provenience cmbs n Vessel 

Form

Pattern Maker Date of 

Operation

Reference

Glazed, green TU 110-111N, 103-

104E

10-20 120-30 130-40 1

TU 113-114N, 103-104E

20-30 2

Glazed, blue TU 110-111N, 103-

104E

20-30 1

Glazed, yellow TU 108-109N, 105-

106E

20-30 1

Flow blue TU 108-109N, 105-

106E

10-20 1

TU 110-111N, 103-104E

20-30 1 rim

TU 113-114N, 103-104E

20-30 330-40 1

Edge decorated TU 108-109N, 105-

106E

20-30 1

TU 110-111N, 103-104E

20-30 1 rim

30-40 1 rim

TU 113-114N, 103-104E

0-10 1 rim

10-20 130-40 1
124

SAVACOAL Table 7. Concluded. Year/Type Decoration Provenience cmbs n Vessel Form Pattern Maker Date of Operation Reference

Gilded TU 110-111N, 103-

104E

20-30 1 handle 

fragment

Decal TU 108-109N, 105-

106E

20-30 1 rim

Hand painted TU 108-109N, 105-

106E

10-20 130-40 1

Sponge decorated

TU 108-109N, 105-106E

30-40 1

TU 113-114N, 103-104E

0-10 1

Molded TU 108-109N, 105-

106E

20-30 1

TU 113-114N, 103-104E

10-20 1 rim

Yellowware Rockingham 

glazed

TU 108-109N, 105-106E

10-20 1 1840-1900 Leibowitz20-30 130-40 1 rim

TU 110-111N, 103-104E

20-30 230-40 4

TU 113-114N, 103-104E

20-30 330-40 1
125

TABLES

Table 8. Structural Artifacts from 33SU423.

Year Provenience cmbs wire 

nails

cut nails misc. nails flat glass bolt screw washer rivet hinge

2002 ST 1 (100N/105E) 0-51 - - 3 4 - - - - -

ST 2 (100N/110E) 0-50 - - 1 1 - - - - -

ST 3 (104N/105E) 0-79 - - - 3 - - - - -

ST 4 (104N/110E) 0-65 - - - 1 - - - - -

ST 6 (110N/105E) 0-62 4 - 5 4 - - - - -

ST 7 (110N/95E) 0-31 - - 5 11 - - - - -

ST 8 (110N/100E) 0-78 - 4 3 15 - - - - -ST 10 (110N/90E) 0-62 - - 4 11 - - - - -

ST 11 (199N/86E) 0-60 - 1 4 4 - - - - -

ST 12 (110N/86E) 0-58 - - 9 31 - - - - -

ST 14 (103N/86E) 0-54 - 3 19 23 - - - - -

ST 15 (99N/90E) 0-48 - - - 18 - - - - -

2002 TU 109.85-111N, 93.5-94.5E 15-25 6 - 7 13 - - - - -

25-34 - - 13 30 - 1 - - -

34-40 - - 5 8 - - - - -

TU 109.85-111N, 94.5-95.5E 0-12 - - - 6 - - - - -

12-20 - - 5 3 - - - - -

20-29 - - 14 33 - - - - -

29-40 - - 1 16 - - - - -

TU 109-110N, 97.5-98.5E 0-10 - - 33 14 - 1 - - 1

10-20 - - 15 17 - - - - -20-30 - - 26 58 1 - 1 - -

TU 109-110N, 98.5-99.5E 0-10 - - 55 16 - - - 1 -

10-20 - - 13 28 1 - - - -
126

SAVACOAL Table 8. Continued. Year Provenience cmbs wire nails cut nails misc. nails flat glass bolt screw washer rivet hinge

20-30 - - 32 48 - - - - -

30-40 - - 8 18 - - - - -

TU 99.5-100.5N, 104-105E 0-10 - - 37 46 - - 1 - -

10-20 - - 39 70 - - - - -

20-30 - - 31 26 - - - - -

30-40 - - 33 6 - - - - -

Feat.3B 40-56 - - 6 6 - - - - -

TU 100.5-101.5N, 104-105E 0-10 - - 19 18 - - - - -

10-20 - - 64 170 1 - - - 1

20-30 - - 16 118 - - - - -

30-40 - - 8 4 - - - - -

38-40 - - 247 459 - - - - -

2007 TU 108-109N, 105-106 E 0-10 2 - - 2 - - - - -

10-20 4 19 - 21 - - - - -20-30 2 - - 20 - - - - -

30-40 - 20 - 6 - - - - -

TU 110-111N, 103-104E 0-10 - 2 - 12 - - - - -

10-20 34 49 - 0 - 1 - - -

20-30 18 35 - 19 - - - - -

30-40 2 23 - 17 - - - - -40-50 - 1 - 5 - - - - -

TU 113-114N, 103-104E 0-10 0 7 - 2 - - - - -

10-20 3 20 - - - - - 1 -

20-30 10 28 - 12 - - - - -
127

TABLES

Table 8. Concluded.

Year Provenience cmbs wire 

nails

cut nails misc. nails flat glass bolt screw washer rivet hinge

30-40 2 13 - 2 - - - - -40-50 - 4 - 2 - - - - -
128

SAVACOAL Table 9. Personal Artifacts from 33SU423. Year Provenience cmbs button clay 

pipe 

stem

clay 

pipe 

bowl

cloth/

yarn

pendant marble porcelain 

toy 

pieces

bead clothing 

implement

mirror 

fragment

zinc 

threaded 

closure

2002 ST1 (100N/105E) - - 1 - - - - - - - -

ST 7 (110N/95E) 0-31 - - - - - - - 1 - - -

ST 10 (110N/90E) 0-62 1 - - - - - - - - - -ST 13 (107N/87E) 0-61 - 1 - - - - - - - - -ST 14 (103N/86E) 0-54 1 - - - - - - - - - -ST 15 (99N/90E) 0-48 - - 1 - - - - - - - -

2002 TU 109.85-111N, 

93.5-94.5E

15-25 - 1 - - - - - - - - -25-34 1 - - - - - - 1 - - -34-40 - - 2 - - - - - - - -

TU 109.85-111N, 94.5-95.5E

0-12 - - - 2 1 - - - - - -

12-20 1 - - - - - - - - - -

20-29 - - - 1 - - - - - - -

TU 109-110N, 97.5-98.5E

0-10 - - - - - - - - - - 5

20-30 2 3 - - - - - - - - -

TU 109-110N, 98.5-99.5E

0-10 5 - - - - 1 - - - - 1

10-20 1 - - - - - 8 - - - 0

20-30 - 1 1 - - - - - - - 130-40 - 2 1 - - - - - - - -

TU 99.5-100.5N, 104-105E

0-10 2 1 1 - - - - - 1 - -
129

TABLES

Table 9. Concluded.

Year Provenience cmbs button clay 

pipe 

stem

clay 

pipe 

bowl

cloth/

yarn

pendant marble porcelain 

toy 

pieces

bead clothing 

implement

mirror 

fragment

zinc 

threaded 

closure

10-20 - 1 - - - - - - - - -

30-40 - 2 - - - - - - - - -

0-10 - - - - - - - - 1 - -

TU 100.5-101.5N, 104-105E

10-20 1 - 6 - - - - - - - -

20-30 1 1 3 - - - - - - - -30-40 4 7 13 - - - - - 2 - -

2007 TU 110-111N, 

103-104E

0-10 1 - - - - - - - - - -

10-20 3 - - - - 1 - - 2 - -

30-40 - 2 2 - - - - - - - -

40-50 - 1 1 - - - - - - - -

TU 108-109N, 105-106E

10-20 1 - - - - - - - - - -20-30 1 - 1 - - - - - - - -

30-40 1 1 1 - - - - - - - -

TU 113-114N, 103-104E

0-10 1 1 - - - - - - - - -

10-20 - - - - - - - - 1 - -

30-40 1 - - - - - - - - 1 -
130

SAVACOAL

Table 10. Hardware Artifacts from 33SU423.

Year Provenience cmbs ferrous

metal

nonferrous

metal

lamp 

parts

utilitarian 

porcelain

screen 

fragment

sinker hook

2002 ST 1 

(100N/105E)

0-51 1 - - - - - -

ST 3 

(104N/105E)

0-79 - 2 - - - - -

ST 15 

(99N/90E)

0-48 1 - - - - - -

2002 TU 109.85-

111N, 93.5-

94.5E

25-34 11 2 - - - - -

TU 109.85-

111N, 94.5-

95.5E

29-40 1 1 - - - - -

TU 109-

110N, 97.5-

98.5E

0-10 41 - - - - - -

10-20 17 - - - - - -

20-30 9 - 4 1 - - -

TU 109-

110N, 98.5-

99.5E

0-10 7 - - - - - -

10-20 7 - - 1 - - -

20-30 8 3 - - - - -

TU 99.5-

100.5N, 104-

105E

0-10 6 - - - - - -

10-20 - - - 1 - - -

TU 100.5-

101.5N, 104-

105E

10-20 18 1 - - - - -

20-30 47 3 - 1 - - -

2007 TU 110-

111N, 103-

104E

0-10 - 1 - - - - -

10-20 - - - - 1 - -

20-30 34 0 - - - 1 1

30-40 9 - - - - - -

40-50 11 - - - - - -

TU 108-

109N, 105-

106E

0-10 3 - - - - - -
131

TABLES

Table 10. Concluded.

Year Provenience cmbs ferrous

metal

nonferrous

metal

lamp 

parts

utilitarian 

porcelain

screen 

fragment

sinker hook

10-20 15 - - - - - 1

20-30 - 1 - - - - -

30-40 10 1 - - - - -

40-50 6 - - - - - -

TU 113-

114N, 103-

104E

0-10 16 - - - - - -

10-20 31 - - - - - -

20-30 21 - - - - - -

30-40 13 - - - - - -

40-50 1 - - - - - -
132

SAVACOAL
133

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APPENDIX A: OHIO ARCHEOLOGICAL INVENTORY FORMS
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