# Patent

## Title
Method and system of processing image sequences

## Abstract

A system or method for processing a variable bit rate representation of an image sequence can include segmenting a variable bit rate representation of an image sequence into a plurality of segments and creating a second representation of the image sequence where a block of information from a first segment of the plurality of segments is interlaced with blocks of information of a second segment of the plurality of segments. The second representation of the image sequence can include a fragment header indicating the block of information of the first segment of the plurality of segments interlaced with the blocks of information of the second segment of the plurality of segments.

## Background
CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATION(S)
The present application is a continuation of and claims priority to U.S. patent application Ser. No. 13/431,656, filed Mar. 27, 2012, which is a continuation of and claims priority to U.S. patent application Ser. No. 12/268,228, filed Nov. 10, 2008 (now U.S. Pat. No. 8,165,218), which is a continuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 11/208,078, filed Aug. 19, 2005 (now U.S. Pat. No. 7,450,644), which is a continuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 10/346,727, filed Jan. 16, 2003 (now U.S. Pat. No. 7,075,990), the entirety of each being hereby incorporated by reference. The present application is also a continuation in part of and claims priority to U.S. patent application Ser. No. 12/367,161, filed Feb. 6, 2009 (now U.S. Pat. No. 8,218,647), which is a continuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 11/394,753, filed Mar. 31, 2006 (now U.S. Pat. No. 7,539,249), which is a continuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 10/893,196, filed Jul. 16, 2004 (now U.S. Pat. No. 7,054,369), which is a Division of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 09/942,260 filed Aug. 28, 2001 (now U.S. Pat. No. 6,970,512).


FIELD OF THE DISCLOSURE
The present disclosure relates to methods and systems of processing image sequences.
BACKGROUND
Numerous compression schemes address the transport and reconstruction of motion images (e.g. video) for pseudo-real-time and non-real-time applications. Many of these schemes make use of buffers, especially at a receiving end of a communication network, for storing partial blocks of information which are pre-transmitted to the receiver. For pseudo-real-time applications, the buffer has a buffer length which is a function of a total amount of bits of information to be sent and a bandwidth available in the communication network. For non-real-time applications, part of the information, such as Discrete Cosine Transform (DCT) coefficients, is sent ahead of time, while the rest of the information is sent later and reconstructed in real time.
The Motion Pictures Experts Group 2 (MPEG2) compression standard makes use of motion compensation to reduce the data rate. Although the content is compressed at a certain bit rate, such as 1.5 Megabits per second (Mbps), the actual bandwidth used temporally varies. The temporal variation creates peaks and troughs in the bandwidth. For purposes of illustration and example, consider a hypothetical real-time transmission of compressed motion images which produces a bit rate versus time graph 10 shown in FIG. 1. The bit rate has an upper bound of 6.5 Mbps and is variable over time. In a DVD movie, for example, the bit rate may vary from 2.5 Mbps to 8 Mbps.



BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
The embodiments are pointed out with particularity in the appended claims. However, other features of the embodiments will become more apparent by referring to the following detailed description in conjunction with the accompanying drawings in which:
FIG. 1 is a graph of bit rate versus time for a hypothetical real-time transmission of compressed motion images;
FIG. 2 is a flow chart of an embodiment of a method of improving the transport of compressed video data;
FIG. 3 illustrates a transmission curve of a VBR representation;
FIG. 4 is an example of four VBR packets within a time window Δr;
FIG. 5 is an example of four reformatted packets based on the four VBR packets in FIG. 4;
FIG. 6 is a flow chart of an embodiment of a method performed at a receiver; and
FIG. 7 is a block diagram of an embodiment of a system to perform the herein-disclosed methods.



DETAILED DESCRIPTION
Disclosed herein are methods and systems that can improve, and optionally optimize, the video quality of live content on bandwidth-limited transmission links such as satellite links or other wireless links, and Asynchronous Digital Subscriber Line (ADSL) or other DSL links. By analyzing a time window of video content in advance of final coding, a constant bit rate (CBR) or a near-CBR type data stream can be constructed that encodes the time window of video content at a higher bit rate than existing coding schemes. While sending the CBR or near-CBR representation of the time window of video content, another time window of video content is analyzed to construct its CBR or near-CBR representation. By repeating this process for each time window of video content, a higher quality video delivery results on the same band-limited link.
FIG. 2 is a flow chart of an embodiment of a method of improving the transport of compressed video data. As indicated by block 20, the method comprises encoding an image sequence to provide a variable bit rate (VBR) representation thereof. The image sequence may be live, such as a live sporting event, a live concert, or another live entertainment event, or a live telephony event such as video conferencing video. Alternatively, the image sequence may be stored, such as a movie, a music video, or educational video, in a storage medium.
The encoding may be based upon a pre-selected peak bit rate which the VBR representation is not to exceed and/or an average bit rate. The image sequence may be encoded in accordance with an MPEG compression standard such as MPEG2, for example. The resulting VBR representation comprises a plurality of packets containing blocks of information.
For purposes of illustration and example, consider the resulting VBR representation having a transmission curve given in FIG. 3. FIG. 3 illustrates the transmission curve in terms of blocks of information that are sent per unit time. The transmission curve can be considered from an energy perspective, wherein the power over a time segment is based on an integral of the transmission curve over the time segment. Further, the instantaneous value varies based on the amplitude of the curve at a point in time. During complex scenes with significant motion, the number of blocks of information is relatively high. In contrast, during periods of little or no motion, the number of blocks of information is relatively low. In this example, the VBR representation has an average bit rate of 1.5 Mbps but an actual link bit rate which varies to 6.5 Mbps.
The VBR representation is segmented into time intervals which start at times t0, t1, t2, . . . , tf. The time intervals define time windows within which the VBR representation is processed to form a CBR or near-CBR representation. Each of the time intervals may have the same duration ΔT, or may have different durations. For example, as described later herein, a time interval having a peak or near-peak bit rate portion of the VBR representation (i.e. one having a complex scene and/or significant motion) may have a greater duration than other time intervals.
Referring back to FIG. 2, each time window is considered in sequence as indicated by block 21. For the presently-considered time window, an analysis of block coding statistics (indicated by blocks 22 and 24) is performed for the VBR representation within the time window. In particular, block 22 indicates an act of determining which packet(s), denoted by Pp, of the VBR representation within the presently-considered time window have a number of blocks of information per unit time greater than a baseline value. Block 24 indicates an act of determining which packet(s), denoted by Pn, of the VBR representation within the presently-considered time window have a number of blocks of information per unit time less than the baseline value.
FIG. 4 is an example of four VBR packets within a time window Δr. The baseline value is indicated by reference numeral 28. The baseline value 28 may be based on an average value for the entire curve in FIG. 3. The baseline value 28 represents the bit rate desired when the transmission rate has been chosen.
Within the time window ΔT, each of the first three packets (indicated by reference numerals 30, 32 and 34) has a number of blocks per unit time that is less than the baseline value 28, and thus are determined to be Pn packets. The last packet (indicated by reference numeral 36) has a number of blocks per unit time that is greater than the baseline value 28, and thus is determined to be a Pp packet.
In the context of this application, the variable Bp represents the equivalent block data that resides above the baseline value in a Pp packet. The variable Bn represents the equivalent block data that resides below the baseline value in a Pn packet. Block 37 in FIG. 2 indicates an act of calculating a sum of Bp and Bn information to ensure that ΣBn≧ΣBp for the presently considered time interval. Optionally, this act may include increasing the duration of the time interval to ensure that ΣBn≧ΣBp. For example, if ΣBn≧ΣBP in a time interval of length ΔT, the time interval may be extended to be 2 ΔT, or as many ΔT's needed to ensure that ΣBn≧ΣBP. As another option, the time window may have a duration such that ΣBn≧ΣBp, which provides an optimal condition for the present invention. Another act that may be performed if ΣBn≧ΣBp in the presently-considered time interval is to remove one or more frames from the image sequence so that ΣBn≧ΣBP.
An act of creating a second representation of the image sequence is performed as indicated by block 38. In the second representation, some blocks of information Bp are removed from the packets Pp, and time-advanced to be interlaced with blocks of information in the packets Pn to form reformatted packets. The reformatted packets have a reduced variation in a number of blocks of information per unit time from packet-to-packet. Preferably, the time-advanced Bp blocks are distributed into Pn packets so that the number of blocks of information per unit time in the second representation is about equal to the baseline value in all of the reformatted packets in the presently-considered time window. In an exemplary case, the second representation is a CBR representation in which the number of blocks of information per unit time in the second representation is equal to the baseline value in each of the reformatted packets in the presently-considered time window.
The acts described with reference to block 37 ensure that each of the reformatted packets has a size that is within an upper bound, and thus ensure that the CBR or near-CBR representation does not exceed a maximum bit rate.
As indicated by block 40, an act of determining buffer requirements needed at a receiver is performed. The buffer requirements are based on the maximum number of time-advanced blocks that need to be stored in the presently-considered time interval and a small overhead for headers. As indicated by block 42, an act of populating one or more headers in the second representation. The headers may include a packet header for each of the packets, and a fragment header for some or all of the Pn packets.
FIG. 5 is an example of four reformatted packets 50, 52, 54 and 56 based on the four VBR packets 30, 32, 34 and 36 in FIG. 4. Blocks of information are removed from the Pp packet 36 to form the reformatted packet 56. The blocks of information removed from the Pp packet 36 are interlaced with the Pn packets 30 and 32 to form the reformatted packets 50 and 52.
In one embodiment, each reformatted packet comprises all or part of an original VBR packet, and an associated packet header having block number data identifying the original VBR packet, length data indicating the length of the portion of the original VBR packet in the reformatted packet, and optional stuffing length data. Each reformatted packet having time-advanced blocks further comprises an associated fragment header having block number data identifying which original VBR packet is the source of the time-advanced blocks, fragment number data to identify the fragment, length data indicating the length of the time-advanced blocks in the reformatted packet, last fragment number data to indicate a sequence of the fragments, optional stuffing length data, and peak size data indicating how many time-advance bytes need to be buffered to reconstruct the VBR packets.
For example, the reformatted packet 50 comprises all of the original VBR packet 30, and an associated packet header having block number data identifying the original VBR packet 30, length data indicating that the length of the original VBR packet 30 is 600 bytes, and stuffing length data indicating a stuffing length of zero bytes. The reformatted packet 50 also comprises time-advanced blocks from a first portion of the original VBR packet 36, and an associated fragment header having block number data identifying the original VBR packet 36 as the source of the time-advanced blocks, fragment number data to identify this as a first fragment, length data indicating that the length of the time-advanced blocks is 370 bytes, last fragment number data to indicate that this is a first in a sequence of the fragments, stuffing length data indicating a stuffing length of zero, and peak size data indicating that 850 time-advance bytes need to be buffered. The reformatted packet 50 has a size of 1000 bytes (10 bytes in the packet header+600 VBR bytes+20 bytes in the fragment header+370 time-advanced bytes).
The reformatted packet 52 comprises all of the original VBR packet 32, and an associated packet header having block number data identifying the original VBR packet 32, length data indicating that the length of the original VBR packet 32 is 500 bytes, and stuffing length data indicating a stuffing length of zero bytes. The reformatted packet 52 also comprises time-advanced blocks from a second portion of the original VBR packet 36, and an associated fragment header having block number data identifying the original VBR packet 36 as the source of the time-advanced blocks, fragment number data to identify this as a second fragment, length data indicating that the length of the time-advanced blocks is 460 bytes, last fragment number data to indicate that this fragment is subsequent to the first fragment in the reformatted packet 50, stuffing length data indicating a stuffing length of 10 bytes, and peak size data of zero. The reformatted packet 52 has a size of 1000 bytes (10 bytes in the packet header+500 VBR bytes+20 bytes in the fragment header+460 time-advanced bytes+10 stuffing bytes).
The reformatted packet 54 comprises all of the original VBR packet 34, and an associated packet header having block number data identifying the original VBR packet 34, length data indicating that the length of the original VBR packet 34 is 975 bytes, and stuffing length data indicating a stuffing length of 15 bytes. The reformatted packet 54 is absent any time-advanced blocks. The reformatted packet 54 has a size of 1000 bytes (10 bytes in the packet header+975 VBR bytes+15 stuffing bytes).
The reformatted packet 56 comprises a third portion of the original VBR packet 36, and an associated packet header having block number data identifying the original VBR packet 36, length data indicating that the length of the third portion of the original VBR packet 36 is 990 bytes, and stuffing length data indicating a stuffing length of zero bytes. The reformatted packet 56 is absent any time-advanced blocks. The reformatted packet 54 has a size of 1000 bytes (10 bytes in the packet header+990 VBR bytes).
It is noted that the number of bytes assigned to each portion of the reformatted packets in the above example is given for purposes of illustration, and that different numbers of bytes may be used in practice.
As indicated by block 64 in FIG. 2, an act of streaming the second representation of the image sequence via a communication network is performed. Flow of the method returns back to block 21, wherein the next time window of the image sequence is considered to form a second representation. The result of sequentially considering the time windows is a data stream that provides a CBR or near-CBR representation of the image sequence. The resulting stream may be a CBR or near-CBR stream which conforms to the link rate of 1.5 Mbps, but in essence contains coded video at a higher rate, such as 2.0 Mbps for example.
It is noted some sequentially-depicted acts performed in FIG. 2 may be performed concurrently. For example, while streaming the CBR or near-CBR representation of the time window of video content, another time window of video content may be analyzed to construct its CBR or near-CBR representation.
FIG. 6 is a flow chart of an embodiment of a method performed at a receiver. As indicated by block 72, the method comprises receiving one or more packets in second representation of the image sequence via the communication network. As indicated by block 74, the buffer requirement data and other parameters are extracted from the header.
Frames of the image sequence are reconstructed concurrently with the second representation being received. For the packets Pn, a buffer is provided for storing Bp block information based on the buffer requirement data (block 76). Preferably, the buffer comprises a content addressable memory (CAM) type buffer. Further for the packets Pn, frames of the image sequence are reconstructed based on blocks of information received about in real time (block 77). Still further for the packets Pn, the blocks of information Bp which are received are stored in the buffer (block 78). For the packets Pp, frames of the image sequence are reconstructed based on the blocks of information Bp stored in the buffer and blocks of information received about in real time (block 79).
As used herein, the phrase “about in real time” contemplates any processing and/or storage delays which may result in a non-strict real time reconstruction of the frames. Thus, the frames of the image sequence are reconstructed concurrently with the reception of the second representation either strictly in real time or non-strictly in real time.
FIG. 7 is a block diagram of an embodiment of a system to perform the herein-disclosed methods. An encoder 80 encodes an image sequence 82 to provide a VBR representation 84. A processor 86 performs the block coding statistics analysis of the VBR representation 84 as described with reference to FIG. 2.
The processor 86 outputs a data stream 90 that contains a representation of the image sequence 82 in which some blocks of information Bp are removed from the packets Pp and time-advanced to be interlaced with blocks of information in the packets Pn to reduce a variation in a number of blocks of information per unit time between the packets Pp and Pn. A transmitter 94 transmits the data stream 90 via a communication network 96.
The system comprises a receiver 100 to receive the data stream 90 via the communication network 96. A processor 102 is responsive to the receiver 100 to reconstruct frames of the image sequence concurrently with the reception of the data stream 90. For the packets Pn, the processor 102 reconstructs frames of the image sequence based on blocks of information received about in real time. Further for the packets Pn, the processor 102 stores the blocks of information Bp in a buffer 104. For the packets Pp, the processor 102 reconstructs frames of the image sequence based on the blocks of information Bp stored in the buffer 104 and blocks of information received about in real time. Reconstructed frames of the image sequence are indicated by reference numeral 106.
The acts performed by the processor 86 may be directed by computer-readable program code stored by a computer-readable medium. Similarly, the acts performed by the processor 102 may be directed by computer-readable program code stored by a computer-readable medium.
The components at the transmitter end may be embodied by a video server, a general purpose personal computer, or a video telephony device, for example. The components at the receiving end may be embodied by a general purpose personal computer, a set-top box, a television receiver, or a video telephony device, for example.
Preferred embodiments of a method and system to improve the transport of compressed video data have been described herein. The embodiments disclosed herein facilitate higher bit rate content to be transmitted over the same band-limited transmission link. Making use of MPEG2 block structure and block sequence reduces the computational complexity of the scheme and is well suited to CAM-oriented silicon solutions.
The value of Δr may be selected with consideration to its resulting delay (which degrades as Δr increases) and its resulting ability to time-advance all Bp blocks (which improves as Δr increases). In some applications, ΔT may be selected to be about one or two seconds. In other applications, ΔT may be selected to be from ten to twenty seconds. For two-way video applications, such as two-way video/audio communications, ΔT should be relatively small. Frames can be skipped in time intervals in which the relatively small ΔT results in an inability to time-advance all Bp blocks. For video-on-demand applications, ΔT should be larger to ensure that all Bp blocks can be time-advanced, and thus to ensure that no frames need to be skipped. A locally-held message, such as “your movie is now being downloaded”, and/or an advertisement can be displayed in the period of time needed to process the first ΔT in video-on-demand applications.
It is noted that the herein-disclosed way that packets are segmented, combined with advanced packets, and the packet header format may be applied to embodiments for VBR-to-CBR or near-CBR conversion disclosed in application Ser. No. 09/942,260. With this combination, only a single time window that includes the entire image sequence is processed in accordance with the present application.
It will be apparent to those skilled in the art that the disclosed invention may be modified in numerous ways and may assume many embodiments other than the preferred form specifically set out and described above.
Accordingly, it is intended by the appended claims to cover all modifications of the invention which fall within the true spirit and scope of the invention
The Abstract of the Disclosure is provided with the understanding that it will not be used to interpret or limit the scope or meaning of the claims. In addition, in the foregoing Detailed Description, it can be seen that various features are grouped together in a single embodiment for the purpose of streamlining the disclosure. This method of disclosure is not to be interpreted as reflecting an intention that the claimed embodiments require more features than are expressly recited in each claim. Rather, as the following claims reflect, inventive subject matter lies in less than all features of a single disclosed embodiment. Thus the following claims are hereby incorporated into the Detailed Description, with each claim standing on its own as a separately claimed subject matter.

## Claims

1. A method, comprising:
segmenting, by a system comprising a processor, a variable bit rate representation of an image into a plurality of packets; and
interlacing, by the system, the plurality of packets, wherein the interlacing comprises:
removing blocks of information from a packet of the plurality of packets that comprises a number of blocks of information greater than a baseline value for the plurality of packets as a removed block of information;
forwarding the removed block of information to a next packet of the plurality of packets, wherein the next packet comprises a number of blocks of information less than the baseline value;
creating a second representation of the variable bit rate representation based on the removing and forwarding, wherein each packet of the second representation comprises reconstruction information to describe a reconstruction of the variable bit rate representation from the second representation; and
extending a size of each packet of the plurality of packets to cause each packet to have a size within an upper bound after creating the second representation,

wherein the reconstruction information comprises one of block number data identifying an original packet of the removed block, fragment number data to identify the removed block, length data indicating a length of the removed block, last fragment number data to indicate a sequence of the removed blocks, optional stuffing length data, peak size data indicating how many time-advance bytes are need to be buffered to reconstruct the variable bit representation, or any combination thereof.

2. The method of claim 1, wherein each packet of the plurality of packets spans a same time interval, and wherein each packet of the second representation comprises a header that includes the reconstruction information.

3. The method of claim 1, wherein, after creating the second representation, first and second packets of the plurality of packets comprise a same number of blocks of information.

4. The method of claim 1, further comprising:
streaming the second representation of the variable bit rate representation; and
reconstructing frames of the variable bit rate representation.

5. The method of claim 4, further comprising reconstructing frames of the variable bit rate representation based on reconstruction information and blocks of information received in real time.

6. A non-transitory, computer-readable storage medium, comprising a computer program, wherein responsive to executing the computer program, a processor performs operations comprising:
segmenting a variable bit rate representation of an image sequence into a plurality of packets;
interlacing the plurality of packets, wherein the interlacing comprises:
removing blocks of information from a packet of the plurality of packets that comprises a number of blocks of information greater than a baseline value for the plurality of packets as a removed block of information;
forwarding the removed block of information to a next packet of the plurality of packets, wherein the next packet comprises a number of blocks of information less than a baseline value, wherein the interlacing comprises creating a second representation of the image sequence, wherein each packet of the second representation comprises reconstruction information to describe a reconstruction of the variable bit rate representation from the second representation; and
extending a size of each packet of the plurality of packets to cause each packet to have a size within an upper bound after creating the second representation,

wherein the reconstruction information comprises one of block number data identifying an original packet of the removed block, fragment number data to identify the removed block, length data indicating a length of the removed block, last fragment number data to indicate a sequence of the removed blocks, optional stuffing length data, peak size data indicating how many time-advance bytes are need to be buffered to reconstruct the variable bit representation, or any combination thereof.

7. The non-transitory, computer-readable storage medium of claim 6, wherein each packet of the plurality of packets spans a same time interval.

8. The non-transitory, computer-readable storage medium of claim 6, wherein, after creating the second representation, first and second packets of the plurality of packets comprise a same number of blocks of information, and wherein each packet of the second representation comprises a header that includes the reconstruction information.

9. The non-transitory, computer-readable storage medium of claim 6, further comprising:
streaming the second representation of the image sequence via a communication network; and
reconstructing frames of the image sequence in real time.

10. The non-transitory, computer-readable storage medium of claim 9, wherein the operations further comprise reconstructing frames of the image sequence based on reconstruction information and blocks of information received in real time.

11. A system for processing a variable bit rate representation of an image sequence, the system comprising:
a computer readable medium storing a computer program; and
a processor coupled to the computer readable medium, wherein responsive to executing the computing program, the processor performs operations comprising:
segmenting the variable bit rate representation into a plurality of packets;
interlacing the plurality of packets, wherein the interlacing comprises:
removing blocks of information from a packet of the plurality of packets that comprises a number of blocks of information greater than a baseline value for the plurality of packets as a removed block of information; and
forwarding the removed block of information to a next packet of the plurality of packets, wherein the next packet comprises a number of blocks of information less than a baseline value,


wherein the interlacing comprises creating a second representation of the image sequence from a first representation, wherein the first representation comprises the plurality of packets, wherein each packet of the second representation comprises reconstruction information to reverse the removing and forwarding of packets,
wherein the reconstruction information comprises one of block number data identifying an original packet of the removed block, fragment number data to identify the removed block, length data indicating a length of the removed block, last fragment number data to indicate a sequence of the removed blocks, optional stuffing length data, and peak size data indicating how many time-advance bytes are need to be buffered to reconstruct the variable bit representation.

12. The system of claim 11, wherein each packet of the plurality of packets spans a same time interval.

13. The system of claim 11, wherein each packet of the second representation comprises a header that includes the reconstruction information, and further comprising:
streaming the second representation of the image sequence via a communication network; and
reconstructing frames of the image sequence.

14. The system of claim 13, wherein the operations further comprise reconstructing frames of the image sequence based on reconstruction information and blocks of information received in real time.