NOT FOR PUBLICATION

UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS

 FOR THE NINTH CIRCUIT

ANGELA CRUZ; et al.,

Plaintiffs-Appellants,

 v.

MM 879, INC., a corporation,

Defendant,

 and

THE SERVICEMASTER COMPANY,

LLC; et al.,

Defendants-Appellees.

No. 21-15974

D.C. No. 

1:15-cv-01563-TLN-EPG

MEMORANDUM*

Appeal from the United States District Court

for the Eastern District of California

Troy L. Nunley, District Judge, Presiding

Argued and Submitted May 12, 2022

San Francisco, California

Before: WALLACE, W. FLETCHER, and SANCHEZ, Circuit Judges.

FILED

JUN 2 2022

MOLLY C. DWYER, CLERK

U.S. COURT OF APPEALS

* This disposition is not appropriate for publication and is not precedent

except as provided by Ninth Circuit Rule 36-3.
Angela Cruz, Maria Madrigal, Lourdes Baiz, and Christie Goodman

(collectively, “Plaintiffs”) appeal from the district court’s orders granting summary

judgment to two sets of defendants: (1) the group consisting of The ServiceMaster

Company, LLC; Merry Maids, LP; and MM Maids, LLC (collectively, “Merry

Maids Defendants”); and (2) Barrett Business Services, Inc. (“BBSI”). 

Plaintiffs were formerly employed as home cleaners by MM 879, Inc. (“MM

879”). According to the Merry Maids Defendants’ undisputed statement of facts,

MM 879 is “an independently owned . . . Merry Maids franchisee based in Fresno

and Lodi, California pursuant to a written Franchise Agreement with Merry

Maids[,] LP.” MM 879 contracted with BBSI, “a professional employment

organization,” to manage its employees’ payroll, benefits, human resources, and

more. 

In a putative class action suit, Plaintiffs alleged that MM 879’s wage and

hour practices violated California law. Plaintiffs also alleged that they were jointly

employed by both the Merry Maids Defendants and BBSI, as well as by MM 879. 

The district court first granted summary judgment to the Merry Maids Defendants. 

It denied Plaintiffs’ motion for reconsideration of that order. In a subsequent

order, the district court then granted summary judgment to BBSI. The district

court held that there was no triable issue of fact as to whether either the Merry

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Maids Defendants or BBSI was a joint employer of Plaintiffs. Further, the district

court held as a matter of law that the ostensible agency theory did not apply to

California Wage Order 5-2001. 

We have jurisdiction pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 1291. “We review a grant of

summary judgment de novo.” Grenning v. Miller-Stout, 739 F.3d 1235, 1238 (9th

Cir. 2014). We affirm the district court’s grant of summary judgment to the Merry

Maids Defendants, but we reverse the district court’s grant of summary judgment

to BBSI. We remand for further proceedings. 

1. Under California law, a defendant is a joint employer if it “(a) . . .

exercise[s] control over the wages, hours[,] or working conditions [of employees;]

or (b) . . . suffer[s] or permit[s employees] to work[;] or (c) . . . engage[s]

[employees], thereby creating a common law employment relationship.” Martinez

v. Combs, 231 P.3d 259, 278 (Cal. 2010). Plaintiffs have not established a genuine

dispute of material fact whether the Merry Maids Defendants qualified as an

employer under any of these three prongs of Martinez v. Combs, 231 P.3d 259.

There is no genuine dispute about whether the Merry Maids Defendants

exercised, or had the right to exercise, control over Plaintiffs’ wages, hours, or

working conditions. That the Franchise Agreement directed MM 879 to conduct

its business in accordance with written materials provided by the Merry Maids

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Defendants is insufficient to create such a dispute. Further, MM 879's co-owner

testified that he was solely responsible for implementing MM 879's wage and hour

practices, and that he was not required to comply with the Merry Maids

Defendants’ suggested procedures. Similarly, the Merry Maids Defendants did not

establish a common law employment relationship with Plaintiffs. As franchisors,

they did not satisfy the “principal test of an employment relationship” under the

common law: “whether the person to whom service is rendered has the right to

control the manner and means of accomplishing the result desired.” S.G. Borello

& Sons, Inc. v. Dep’t of Indus. Rels., 769 P.2d 399, 404 (Cal. 1989).

2. The district court erred in concluding as a matter of law that BBSI is not a

joint employer under Martinez. To evaluate the third Martinez test for joint

employment—whether a common law employment relationship was

established—we apply the California Supreme Court’s analysis in Ayala v.

Antelope Valley Newspapers, 327 P.3d 165 (Cal. 2014).1 That Court wrote:

“Perhaps the strongest evidence of the right to control is whether the hirer can

1

 The district court concluded that Ayala is irrelevant to the instant case

because “Ayala involved a dispute over whether newspaper carriers were

independent contractors or employees” and “did not discuss joint employment or

the Martinez test.” See Ayala, 327 P.3d at 170–71. But Martinez incorporated the

common law employment relationship as one of the tests for whether a defendant

is a joint employer. Martinez, 231 P.3d at 278. Because Ayala explains the

principal test of an employment relationship under common law, it is clearly

relevant to the issue here. See 327 P.3d at 171.

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discharge the worker without cause, because ‘[t]he power of the principal to

terminate the services of the agent gives him the means of controlling the agent’s

activities.’” Id. at 171 (alteration in original) (quoting Malloy v. Fong, 232 P.3d

241, 249 (Cal. 1951)). “[W]hat matters under the common law is not how much

control a hirer exercises, but how much control the hirer retains the right to

exercise.” Id. at 172. Other factors, including those recited in Futrell v. Payday

California, Inc., 119 Cal. Rptr. 3d 513, 526 (Cal. Ct. App 2010), upon which the

district court relied, are “secondary indicia.” Ayala, 327 P.3d at 171.

Plaintiffs have presented evidence that BBSI retained the right to terminate

MM 879 employees with or without cause, even if it did not exercise that right. 

For example, the Application for Co-Employment for MM 879 employees stated:

“Employment at your Worksite Employer and Barrett Business Services, Inc.

(BBSI) is ‘AT-WILL.’ The employment relationship may be terminated for any

reason with or without cause or notice at any time by you or either Company.”

(Emphasis added.) Further, BBSI’s Person Most Knowledgeable testified that

BBSI retained “the right . . . to terminate the employment, with or without cause,

of a worker for a Merry Maids franchise in California.” Similarly, the Agreement

for Employer and Staffing Services between BBSI and MM 879 stated that BBSI

“shall have the right to hire, discipline, and terminate [e]mployees.” The

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Application for Co-Employment described several offenses that could merit

discipline or termination by BBSI. Finally, in the Employee Handbook for MM

879 employees, BBSI is unambiguously characterized as a joint employer. Such

characterization, standing alone, is not necessarily enough to create an employment

relationship, but it is evidence of such a relationship.

Under Ayala, the district court therefore erred in concluding as a matter of

law that BBSI did not establish a common law employment relationship with

Plaintiffs. We reverse the district court’s grant of summary judgment to BBSI. 

3. We decline to certify to the California Supreme Court the question

whether the ostensible agency theory applies to the definition of employer in

California Wage Order 5-2001. 

AFFIRMED in part, REVERSED in part, and REMANDED. 

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