BUREAU OF THE CENSUS 

J. C. CAPT, Director 

PHILIP M. HA USER, Assistant Director 

Monms H. HANSEN, Statistical Assistant to the Dfrector 

A. Ross ECKLER, Chief Social Science Analyst 

HoWARD G; GRIEVES, Chief Economist 

RALPH E. GAJ,LOWAY, Executive Assistan.t to the Director 

Population-LEON E. TRUESDELL, Chief. 

HowARD G. BnUNSMAN, Assistant. Chief. 

General Population Statistics-Henry S. Shryock, Jr. 

Economic Statistics-John D. Durand. 

Housing Statistics-Robert C. Hamer. 

Mathematical Expert-Benjamin J. Tepping. 

Population Analyst-Joel Williams. 

Populat.ion Analyst-Robert J. Milliken. 

Tabulation Expert-Jame.s L. McPherson. 

Technical Operations-Regis W. Holmberg. 

'l'echnical Editing-·Bi·uce L. J enkil1son. 

Agriculture-Ray Hurley, Chief. 

Budget and Finance-John T. Moore, Chief. 

Business-William C. Truppner, Chief. 

Field-Robert Y. Phillips, Chief, 

Foreign Trade-J. Edward Ely, Chief, 

Geography-Clarence E. Batschelet, Geographe1·. 

Governments-Calvert L. Dedrick, Chief. 

Industry-Maxwell R. Conklin, Chief. 

Machine Tabulation-Carlyle F. Van Aken, Acting Chief. 

Personnel-Helen D. Almon, Chief. 

Publications-Frank R. Wilson, Chief. 

Vital Statlstlcs-Ifolbert L. Dunn, Chief. 

SIXTEENTH CENSUS OF THE ,UNITED STATES: 1940 

REPORTS ON POPULATION REPORTS ON HOUSING 

Volume Volume 

J Number of Inhabitnnts, by States. 

U Characteristics of the Population, by Statet->. 

III T.he Labor Force-Occupation, Industry, Em1iloyment, anct lt~comc, by Stat.es. 

IV Charncteristics by Age-Maritn! Status, Relationship, Education, und Citizenship, by States. 

I Datu for Small Areas, by States. 

Supplement: Block Statistics for Cities. 

II General CJrnmcteristics of Housing, by States. 

III Characteristics by Monthly Rent or Value, by States. 

IV Mortgages on Owner-Occupied Nonfarm II-Jomes, by 

States. 

SPECIAL REPORTS 

[Indlvldunl roports, grouped according to subject. Reports donated by an asterisk (•) nro based on sample statistics) 

Statistics for Census Tracts (Including Housing Data): 

A i·cport for each of 60 tractecl cities and suburbs. 

U.nincorpomted Communities. 

Institutional Population, 14 Years Old and Over, 

*Families (Including Housing Datu) : · General Characteristics. 

Tenure ancl Rent. 

Income and Rent, 

Characteristfos of Rural-Farm Families. 

Types of Families. · · Size of Family and Age of Heuci1 

Employment Stat.tis. ' 

Family Wage or Salary Income in 1939. 

*Differential Fertility, 1940 and 1910: 

Fertility for States and Large Cities. 

Stantlardized Fertility Rates and Reproduction Rates. 

Women by Number of Children Under 5 Years Old. 

Women by Number of Children Ever Born. 

State of Birth of the Native Population. Internal Migration, 1035 to 1940: 

Color und Sex of Migrants. Age of Mig_rants. 

II 

Economic Characteristics of Migrants. Social Characteristics of Migrants. 

Characteristics of the Nonwhite Population by Race. 

*N atlvity and Parentage of the White Population: General Chamctel'istics. 

Country of Origin of the Foreign Stock. 

Mother Tongue. *The Labor Force (Sample Statistics): 

Employment and Personal CharacterisUcs. 

Characteristics of Persons Not in the Labor Force. 

gmployment and Fumily Clrnmcteristics of Women. 

Wage or Salary Income in 1930. 

Education, Occupation, and Household Itelationship 

of Males 18 to 44 Years Old. 

Industrial Characteristics. 

Occupational Characteristics. 

Usuul Occupation. 

*Education: . Educational Attainment of Children by Re.ntal Value 

of Home. 

Comparative Occup'ation Statistics for the United States, 

1870 to 1940. 

Estimates of Labor Force, Employment, and Unemployment iu the United States, 19,10 and 1030. 

Housing-·Oharaeteristics by Type of Structure. 

Housing-Index of Reports.-

( 

~ 

' 

P

~· 

'[ 

,. 

I 

j 

I· 

~i 

I 
LETTER OF TRANSMITTAL 

SIR: 

DEPARTMENT OF COMMER.CE, 

BUREAU OF THE CENSUS, 

Washington, D. c., May 15, 1946. 

I transmit herewith a report on the internal migration of the population between 1935 and 1940 1 based on data from the Sixteenth Decennial 

Census of Population, whioh was taken in April, 1940. Practicallf all work 

on this subject was laid aside during the war because of shortage of manpower and pressure for other types of statistics required for war purposes. 

The tabulations have now been completed, and because of the wide interest 

in statistics pertaining to migration and repeated requests currently coming from many quarters the results are now being made available in this 

report. 

This is the fourth of a series of reports on migration within continental United States. This series represents the first census statistics on. 

this subject that have been ool~ected. In this report the statistics on 

internal migration are classified by nativity, citizenship, relationship to 

the head of the household, and education (years of school completed), The 

statistics presented here provide a basis for the analysis of selective migration and its effects upon the charac·teristics. of population in areas of 

out-migration and in areas of in-migration, 

This report was prepared by Joel Williams and Robert J. Milliken, 

Population Analysts, under the supervision of Dr. Leon E. Truesdeli, Chief, 

Population Division, Howar.d G. Brunsman, Assistant Chief, and Dr. Iienry S. 

Shryock, Jr., Chief of General Population Statistics. 

Respectfully, 

HON. HENRY A. WAμ,ACE, 

secretary of commerce. 

J. C • CAP!', , 

Director of the Census. 

III 
< 

MAP OF THE UNITED STATES SHOWING REGIONS> OIVISlONS, AND STATES 

! 

~--W 48}'f 

l ") . 

·-

i...._. -...-·-·---~ 

OflE<.iON 

·- ·-r-. _____________ _ 

j 

\ ."" 

i ( ... l 

fl.ONT. 

~ r--....__._ ... _9 __ .. _ ..IL'Alto '-·-·-'] 

, _________ \ ___ fl. 

. L . ..,_ . ..._, 

( """•./'. ____,,..--

N.DJl.i<.. ) 

i 

\ 

-·-·-·-·-·-] MINN. ., 

i I S.OAK. i 

~- -

\ 

>-·- f WYo. THE .i _______ _ 

. r---·-1 -·-·-·-·-. ........ ......... , ~ I . xi 

. TH£ i '-·- NORTH \ IOWA 

"'E\f_ · WEsr 1-·-·-·-· NEBR. CENTRAL I . ! Y-·----- 1 UTAft f ~---·-·---• .:..,. I . l . I COLO. -~ I . ·- I _/ ·--·-·-,-.i- KANS.AS MO. 

tJ .. -.----·-.. - .. _,......._ _____ ...,,. ! l • ·-·--"' ._ __ ...,. l i \ AA1~. I · o!<u. i 

!

. l'i. ME" L · ARK.. ~- ~, l 

·,_ i -...,..,.,.. ............. ....i.

1 

T H E 

................ i 

'---. .L_j-· 

- Region boundaries 

- Division boundaries 

---· State boundaries 

U.S. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE 

!. 

'·....,_ TEXAS \ t; .. 

\ . . ) 

\,_,/""'"'-...,\ (~~~ 

\ . \.. . 

1. 

\., 

'°"·.--. 

,.....-BUREAU OF THE CENSUS 
CONTENTS 

INTRODUCTION 

Page Qe:nere.l . . ' •• ~ ...... I •• I. I •••• I I • I ............... I • ~ •••••• , l 

Related reports •• •••••••••••.·.• •• •••••··••.••..... 1 

Availability or unpublished data................... 1 

Definitions o:f terms. and explanations •••••••• ,,,, ••••• ,· l 

Jdlgration status •.•••• •.· ......... • •• • •••••. ; •••• ,.. l 

Migrants ••.• '·' •••••• ·•·.• •• • •••••• • ••••••• ••..... l 

Nonm.igra.n ts . , •. , , ....•. , .••••• , ••.•.•... , ..... , , . 1 

Itranigran ts .. ..•••••.• • • • • • •... , ••.. • •••••.• • • • . • . • 1 

Areaa ••.••. ,, ... ... , ........ , .••.. , .•.•. , , ..••.. , • , , 1 

Urban and rural areas ••••••••••• , ••• , •• , , •••••• , • l 

Rural, no report on farm or nonfarni residence; no 

report on urban-rural residence ••••• ,,,,,,,,,,, 

Statistics for 1935 and 1940' for cities of 

100 ,ooo inhabi tents or more •••.••••••••••••••.• 

l 

l 

Definitions of terms and explanations--Con·Untte-d 

Type of migration •.•.•••••• ,., .••. ,. •••.•• ,.,,,, ••.• 

Migrants within a State .•••• ,,., •• , •• , •• ,., •••• ,. 

Migrants between contiguous States; migrants between noncontiguous States ••••••••••••.• ,,,,,,, 

Interregional, interdivisional, and urban-rural migration., .......• , ....... ,, ... , ...... , ......... . 

In-migrants and out-migrants .••••.•••••••.•••••..•• 

Net migration ••• , ••••••••••• ,, •.• ,."., ••••.••••.• ,. 

Nativity and citizenship •• , .... ,,., ............... . 

Relationship to head of household •.•..•••••• , •••.•. 

Years of school completed ...... ,, ....... , .......... 

MAP 

Page 

2 

2 

2 

2 

2 

2 

2 

2 

3 

4 

Page Jlap of the United States showing regions 1 divisions 1 and States, .. , • ,, ..... , .... , ............... ., ,, ,. .... , .. • .. .. .. • .. IV 

TEXT TABLES 

Table Page 

I.--Migration status oJ: the population and ty:pe of migration, by nativity and citizenship, for the United States: 

19'10 • 'I e • t' I I e 'I I•• I 'I• 'I e I '• I t I It 'I 1 I t t I I I I It• 'I• 1 t 'It I t 1' t I 'I 'I 'I It I 'I I• I 1 I I •• t 'I I I 'I' I 'It 1 t f 'I t 'I .. t 'I 1. t 1 1 I t If 'It. 1 1 'I 'Io t .. 1 1 I 1 •'I s 

n.--Migration status of the population and type of migration, by relationship to head of household, for the United 

States: 1940 ............................................................... ~ ....... , ............................. 4: 

III.--Migration status of the population 25 to 34 years old and type of migration, by years of school completed, for 

the United States: 1940.,,,,,,,.,.,,,.,.,,.,,,.,,,,, •• ,,,,,,,,,,,.,,,, •• , ••. ,., •. ,.,,,.,,., •• ,,.,,,,.,,,,,, •• , 4 

DETAILll:D TABLES 

Table 

!.--Migration status of the. population and type of migration, by nativity, citizenship, and se:x, f.;ir the.United 

S"t;.e;tes, urban and rural; 1940.···•········~··•••••······························································ 2,--Migration status of the population and residence, urban and rural, in 1935 and 1940 of migrants, by nativity, 

citizenehip, and sex, for the United States,, .. ,, ...... ,, ................................................... ,,,. 

3,--Typa of migration and residence, urban and rural, in 1935 and 1940 of migrants, by nativity, citizenship, and sex, 

for the United States .........•....•.......•..........••.•.................... · ......................... , .. , ....... . 

4.--Migration status of the population and type or migration, by relationship to head of household an~ sex, for the 

United States, urban and rural: 1940 .•.•... ~·••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••·•••••••••······ 5,--Migration status of the population and residence, urb.an and rural, in 1935 and 1940 of migrants, by relationship 

to head of household and sex, for the United States ........................ ., .................................. . 

6.--Type of migration and residence, urban end rural, in 1935 and 1940.of migrants, by relationship to head of house-

.h.old and sex, for the Uni'ted States ........... ,· .............•.•.......•...... : ........ ,,.,, ...................... . 

?.--Migration status of the population 25 to 34 years old and type of migration, by years of school completed and sex, 

for the United States, urban and rural: 1940 .................................... • .......................... •,, • 

8,--Migratlon status of the population 25 to 34 years old and reside'nce 1 urban and rural, in 1935 and 1940 of migrants, by years of school complete.a and sex, for the United States ........................................... .. 

9.--Type of migration and reaidenoe, urban and rural, in 1935 and 1940 of migrants 25 to 34 years old, by years of 

school completed and sex 1 for the United States,.,., •• , •• , •••••• , •••• • •• • •• • •• • • • • • • • ;· • • • • • • • • • • · • · • • • • • • • • • • · • • 10,--Migration status of the population and type of migration, by nativity, oitizenship, and ae:x, for regions, urban 

and rural: 1940 .• , •.. ,., ... , ....•.. ,,, ...• , ... , .. , ...• ........•.. , ....... · .......................................... . 

11,--Rasidence in 1940 by residence in 1935 1 for,all migrants, by nativity, citizenship, and sex, for the United 

States, by regions, u.rban and rural., . .... , ........................ , ............................................... . 

1B,--Jd1gration status of the population and type or migration, by relations~ip to head of household and se~, for re-

, gions, urba.na.ndrural: 1940 ...••••••.......•..........•. , ...•.. 1 ................................................. . 

13,--Residence in 1940 by residence in 1935, for all migrants, by relationship to head of household and eex, for the 

United States, by regions, urban and rural. ....................... •••""·•••• .. • .. ·•" .. • .. • ... ••••" .. ·•· .. •" 

14,--Migration status of the population 25 to 34 years old and type of migration, by years of school completed and sax, 

for regions, urban and rilral: 1940,, .•... , .. .............•........ , • , •.....• , ........... ,. ........................ •. • 

IB.--Residence in 1940 by residence in 1935 1 for all migrants .25 to 34 years old, by ~ears of school oomp~ete~ and sex, 

tor the United States• by regions, urban and rural., .•....... , • .... , .... , , ... , ..................... • ............ • • • 

16,--Migration status of the population and type of migration, by nativity, citizenship, and sex, for divisions, urban 

· and rural: .1940 .•....•...•.....•.....•..••..........•...•.. '••············~··············· .. , ...•. , .... , ...•...... l?,--Residence in 1940 by residence in 1935 1 for all migrants, by nativity, citizenship, and sex, for the United 

States, by divisiona .. -.................................................................................... ,, .......•. 

la,--Migration status of the population and type of migration, by relationship to head of household and sex, for divisions, \irban and rural: 1940 ... , ...•.......... , .•...•. ............. , ..... , ..... • ......•.•...... • · •. •. · · · ....• · • .. 

v 

Page 

5 

6 

7 

9 

10 

11 

13 

14 

16 

18 

22 

3.2 

36 

46 

52 

66 

'75 

'78 

11' I 

tl1 

L1 

1~ 

J1 

11· 

l~ 

I ' ' 

' ' 
! 

CONTENTS 

DETAILED TABLES~CON. 

Table Page 

19,--Residence in 1940 by residence in 1935 1 for all migrants, by relationship to head of household and sex, for the 

United States, by divisions •••••••••••••••••••.••••••••..••••••••••••••• , ••••••••••.•••••••.••.••••••••• , •• ,,,,, 87 

20,--Migration status of the population 25 to 34 yeers old and type of migration, by years of school completed and aex, 

tor di Visions, urban and rural: 1940 •.•.• , •••........ ....•............... , .............. , •.•.. , .•. , . , •• , , •. , .. , . 90 

21.--Residence .in 1940 by residence in 1935, for all migrants 25 to 34 years old, by years of school completed and sex, 

for the Uni tad States, by di visions •••••• ,.,, ••••••••••••••..••••••• , •••••••..•••••••••••••••.•• , ••• , ••• ,, •.• ,,, 102 

22.--In-migrants, out-migrants., and net migration, by nativity, citizenship, and years of school completed, for States: 

1940 I It It 1 I I I I I 1 It 1 1 I I I It I I 1 t I I• t I 1 I I It I I 11o 1 t I I I I· .... It I I I I I I I I I I I It I I I I I I I It It I I I I• It It I I I~ It t I t It I ft t.". t t t t t t I 1 105 

23,--Migration characteristics of the 1940 population and out-migrants, 1935 to 1940 1 by nativity, citizenship, relationship to head of household, years Of school completed, and sex, for States, urban and rural.,,.,,, ••••• ,., .. , 108 

24.--In-migrants, out-migrants, and net migration, by nativity, citizenship, ~nd years of school completed, for cities 

of 100,000 or more: 1940 ........................................................................................ 206 

25,--Migration characteristics of the 1940 population and out-migrants, 1935 to 1940, by nativity, citizenship, relationship to head of household, .years of school completed, and sex, for cities of 500 1000 or more, .... ,.......... 211 

26.--Migration characteristics of the 1940 population and out-migrants, 1935 to 1940, by nativity, citizenship> relationship to head of household, years of school comple,ted, and sex, for cities of 100,000 to 500,000,~ ........... 225 

VI 
r 

r 

SOOIAL CHARAC'mRISTI<S OF MICJUN'IS 

INmOOOCTION 

GENERAL 

This is the rourth or the series or reports on internal migration in the United States between.1935 and 1940, based on the 

replies to the question, "In what place did this person live on 

April 1, 1~3.5?", which formed a part or the Population schedule 

or tile 1940 census, taken as o{ Apr11 1, 1940. In this report 

the data on internal migration are classified by nativity, citizenship, household relationship, and education (years of school 

completed). Practically all or the data in this report are pres'ented separately tor males and remales; · 

The statistJ.ca presented here provide a basis ror the analysis or selective migration and its errects upon the cnaracter1st1ca or pcpUlation in areas or out-migration and in areas of 

in-migration. The data on educational attainments or migrants, 

When compared with correspondJng data for nonmigrants in the 

areas rrom which the migrants caine and in the areas to which 

tha·y went, are particularly valuable ror· this kind of analysis. 

In add1tioQ, the data on household relationship, nativity, and 

citizenship ot migrants are pertinent to problems or social adjustlll6nt and assimilation or migrants in the areas to which 

they moved. 

The migration data are·based on a cross-classification or 

place or residence ln 1935 with place of residence in 1940. The 

claasitication·yields direct 1n1ormation on in-migration and 

out-migration tor a given area, as well as the net gain or loss 

tn the popul11tion or the area, and the changes in its characterlstice, tnrough migration between 1935 and.1940, The data in 

this report do not, or course, indicate all the different moves 

that were made during the tive-year period nor the whole number 

Who moved into or out or an area during the period, since some 

or those who moved out may·have returned before the census date. 

or may have died or gone to foreign countries. 

Related reports.-In the !1rst report ot the .series on 

DErINITIONS OF TERMS AND EXPLANATIONS 

MIGRAT!ON STATUS 

Migration status is expressed in tenns or three major categories: Migrant, nonmigrant, and immigrant. These categories 

are based on the relation between the reported place of residence in 1935 and the residence !n 1940. A !.ourth, residual,. 

classit1cation 1 "Migration status not r(lported," includes the 

relatively small number of persons for whom place or residence 

.in 1935 was not reported. 

Mlgrants.--Migrants are those persons who lived 1n 1935 in 

a county (or quasi county) different from the one in which they 

were ~.iving in 1940. In this c:lassitication, a city which had 

100,000 inhabitants or more in 11130 is treated as one quasi 

county, and the remainder ot its county as another. Thus, migrants comprise: (a) Those living in one county in 1935 and in 

another county in 1940; (b) those living in 1940 in a city or 

100,(XJO or more but living elsewhere in the same county in 1935; 

and (cJ those living 1n 1935 in a city of ·100,000 or more but 

living elsewhere in the same' county in 1940.~ 

Nonmtgrants.--Nonmigrants are those persons who lived in 

the same county (or quasi county) in 1935 as in 1940, 

ID1111grants.- "Immigrants," as the term is used in theee 

migration reports, ·are persons living in continental United 

States in 1940 who reported that their plaoe of residence in 

1935 was outside this area, that is, in an outlying·territory 

or possession or the United States or in a foreign country, 

Immigrants ate thus distinguished from migrants, who are persons 

who moved.from one place (county) to another within continental 

united states. 

AREAS 

Internal migration, entitled, "Color and Sex ot Migrants,• a Urban and rural areas.-Urban populati·on, as defined by 

complete cross-classirication of migrants by place or residence the Bureau or the Census, is, in general, that residing in cities 

In 1940 in combination with place or residence in 1935 is pre- and other incorporated places having 2,500 inhabitants or more. 

eentad tor States, urban and rural parts or 'States, and cities The remainder of the population is classitied as rural and is 

or lo0,000 or more, Migrants from each area in 1935 to each subdivided ·into the rural-farm population, which comprises all 

ue.a .. in J.940 are . rurthe;r classitie~ by color and sex. The rural residents 11 ving on farms, without regard to occupation, 

second report· gives data by age, and .ihe third report gives data and the rural-nonfarm population, which comprises the remalnlng 

by emplo;yment status and occupation, similar to those presented rural population, 

here by nativity, citizenship, household relationship, and For residence in 11135, areas are classified as urban or 

education. rural in accordance with their classification in the 11130 census. 

Additional statistics on internal migration !or heads or For residence in 1940, they are classified in accordance with 

households are presented in the series or 1940 census reports their class1t1cation in the 1940 census. 

on characteristics or rami11es. Statistics on ·internal m1gra- Rural, no report on farm or nont'arm residence; no retlon in relation to tert1li ty tor women o! ch1ld-bear1ng age port on urban-rural res tdence.-There are,. two groups of 

are presented in the series or 1940 census publications on dif- persona tor whom sutt1cient intorma'.tion was returned to estabferentlal fertility. lish them as migrants but not enough to determine their exact 

AvaJlabll lty of unpubltahed data.- Because of the limi- class or residence 1n 1935. The group labeled "Rural, no report 

tat1one or space, it is not possible to present tor the social on tann or nontarm residence'' consists of migrants who reported 

characteristics given in ·this report the complete cross- rural residence in 1935, but did not ·apec11Y whether or not they 

clasa111catton of place of residence in 1940 with place of lived on a tarm on that date. The group labeled "No report on 

residence in 1935, The data were tabulated, however, tor all urban-rural residence" includes those persons :who did not live 

area combinations shollll in the first report on internal migra- in the same county in 1935 as in 1940 but tor whom information 

tton,and any specific combinations that are desired can be J!ISde was not sufficient to establish whether their 1935 residence 

available tor the cost of tranlfcr1bing or repr~ducing them. Re- was in an urban or a rural area. 

quests tor such unpublished stat1stics, addressed t.o the Director Statfetios for 1935 and 1940 for cities of 1001000 in• 

Of the Census, Washington 25, D. C., will receive a prompt reply habitants or more.-In the presentation of data on place Of 

which wlll 1nclu:le an estimate o.r the cost or preparing the data. residence 1n 1940, cities ot 100,000 inhabitants or more are 

1J6.lch ot t.h• lligratl.on to or trom citiH .ot 100,

000 or IOOre •• tr<>m or to the those which were of this size in 1940; but in the presentation nbwl>an ........ ~ th11• .. tropolitan center•. · ot data on place of residence in 1935, they are those which were 

1 

I I 
2 INTERNAL MIGRATION, 1935 TO 1940 

of this size in 1930. {This classification was nec'essary because at the ttme the ,migration. coctes were set up, the 11'.140 

population of cities was not known.) Hence, for El Paso, Texas, 

Evan1:1v1lle, Indtima, and Lynn, Massachusetts, data are prAsented 

In tables 24 and 25 only for out-mtgrants w110 WBre resident in 

these cities in 1935. Conversely, tor Charlotte, North Carolina, 

and Sacramento, CA1 iforn ta, data are shown only for In-migrants 

and for the population resident in these clties Jn 1940. 

TYPE OF MIGRATION 

"Type of migration" has been used in the ·tables of this report to denote a classification of migrants into three categories based on the geographic relationship between the State 

of residence in 1935 and the State of residence in 1940. These 

three categories are: (a) Migrants within a State, (b} migrants 

between contiguous States,and (c}migrants between noncontiguous 

States. The classification by type of migration is designed in 

part as a rough indicatibn of the distance traveled in the process of migration. In addition the distinction between interstate and intrastate migrants is important in connection with 

legal and other problems affecting persons who move across 

State lines. 

Migrants within a State.-The category "Migrants within 

a State" comprises migrants who moved from one county (or quasi 

county) to another within the same State. In the ·tables presenting statistics· ror cities of lCXJ,000 or more, migrants within 

a State are designated as migrants to or from the "balance of 

State." 

Migrants between contiguous States; migrants between 

nonconttguws States.- "Migrants between contiguous States" 

are, ·in ~eneral, migrants who crossed only one State line, that 

is, whose place of 1935 residence was in a State contiguous to 

their State of residence in 194.0. "Migrants between noncontiguous States, 11 on the other hand, moved across at least one intervening State, that is, across more than one State line. Tl1e 

place of residence in 1935 of migrants between noncontiguous 

States was in a State which was not contie;uous to their State 

ot residence in 1940. States have been defined as cont1!];uous 

1t their boundaries touch at any point. Table 23 shows, for 

each State, the number of in-migrants from and out-migrants to 

each contiguous State. 

Jll'fi'RR~GTONAJ,, Ill/l'E:RnIV!SIONAT,, l1ND IJRDAN-R1JRAT, MIGRATTON 

In tables 11, 13,and 15 a cross-classification of region of 

residence in 1940 by region of residence in 1935, by urban-rural 

residence, is presented tor .the population by nativity and citizenship, household relationship, and education. Tables 17, 19, 

and 21 present similar -information i'or di-vis tons but without an 

urban-rural class1t'1cat1on of residence. These tables may be 

read horizontally to obtain data on the 1935 residence of inmigrants to the areas of .HJ40 residence, or vertically to obtain 

data· on the 1940 residence of out-migrants from the areas of 

1935 residence. In those cases whe.re the area of residence in 

1935 is the same .. as the area of residence in 194·0, the number 

represents migrants from one point to another within the region 

or division. 

Similar classifications relating to migration between urban 

and rural areas and between farm and non!'arm areas are shown in 

the detrn1lll tables which present cross7 class1fications or 

urban-rural residence 1n 1935 and 194U. Thus the tables give 

information about the social charaoteristics 01• urban-rural and 

rural-urban migrants, and or _migrants from farm to nonfarm and 

from nonfarm to farm areas, not only for the United States as a 

whole but also as between the urban and rural subdivisions of 

each region and of each State. 

IN-1.nunAi."l'CS AND OUT·MIG!WITS 

The terms "in-migrants" and "out-migrants" are used in the 

reports on internal migration with rei'erence to migrants into 

or out of particular areas. In-migrants to an area are migrants 

who moved into that area · from elsewhere in the United States 

between 1935 and 1940 and.were still living there in 1940. The 

tBrm "in-mlr;:rants" should not be conrused with the term "l)lllll!· 

!];rants," previously defined. out-migrants from an area are migrants who were 11 ving in the area ln 1935 and moved out to 

some other place in the Uni tad States Where they were 11 vlng ln 

1940. In-mi1£rants and out-mti:ranto for any area exclude migrants 

within the area. Thus, in-migrants and out-migrants ror a particular region, division, or State do not include migrants who 

moved from one county (or lar.~er intermediate subdivision) to 

another within the spec11'ied area. In-migrants and out-migrants 

to or from a city or luo,uuu or more include migrants from or 

to the balance of the State in whlch the ci~y is located as 

well as migrants 1'rom or to other States. 

In table 23, which presents clat11 for States, urban and rur11l, 

statietlcs arfl shown separntfllY for migrants within the state, 

in-migrants from other States and out-migrants to other States, 

To obtal n the total number of 1n-rolgrants to or out-mtgrants 

from an urlmn or ·rural p11rt of it State, the flgures on migrants 

from or to other p"lrts of t.he same State shoultl tie added to the 

fte;ures on tn-mlr;rants or out-mit>r,mts fr'lm or to other States. 

•rne numbtir or out-ml;',rnnts rrorn cl ties of 100 ,ooo or more 

and from the urban parts of States ls undoubtedly o.veratated at 

the expense of the rural areas. This overstatement results from 

a tendency or mir.~rants tram the suburbs of an urban place or 

from res iden::o on RF'D routos out of the urban place to gl ve the 

urban place as their former residence. This is particularly 

true .of mt grants who had mOV\Jd long distances. Mi grants from 

SlllS-11 satellite citleio 01' a metropo11s·to an area distant from 

the metropolitan district often r;lve the metropolis as tha!r 

previous residence, since the name or their actual 1'ormer res!· 

dance would not usuttlly be ramlliar in thls new local! ty and 

might require further explanation. The number 01' out-migrants 

from rural areas, particularly from rural-nonrarm areas adjacent 

to cities, ts correspondln!~ly,understated becanse or the 1'actora 

mentioned above. A similar bias does not. occur in tho clasalt1· 

cation of 1n-migrantn by l\l4U pln.ce 01' residence since the l\J4\I 

place oi' residence is based on the classification of the place 

at which the person was enumerated. 

NET MIGRATION 

'rhe term "net mir;ratldn," like the terms "in-migration• and 

"out-migratton," ts usod· With reference to migration to or tro111 

particular areas. Net migration refers to the net gain or loss 

to an area through the balance of in-migration and out-migration. 

The data on in-migrants, out-migrants, and net migration, clas· 

su ted by sex, nativity, citizenship, and education, are pre· 

sented t'or· States in table 22 and for cities or iuo,uuu or more 

in table ll4. Corresponding data classified by relationsnlp to 

head of household.are not shown because the household relation· 

ship of a migrant before the time ot migr\J,tion may not hnve 

been the same as 1t was in lll4·U, on ·the date to which the classification by household relationship refers. Consequently, tile 

difference between the number of in-migrants in a given household relationship category and the number of out-migrants 1n 

that category does not represent a net increase or decrease 1n 

the number 01· persons in .that category for the area in question. 

In the tables, net in-migra"t;ion is ·distinguished by a plus 

(+) sign and net out-m1grat1on, by a minus (-) s1gn preceding 

the 1'1gure. The algebraic silin or net migration tor all States 

and the District of Columbia is equal to zero, since a loss In 

any one State must be compensated tor by a gain 1n other States 

and vice versa. 

Because of .the bias in reporting, discussed above, net tnmigra'tion to cities of 100,000 or more is understated and net 

out-migration 1s overstated. 

NATIVITY .AND CITIZENSHIP 

The data on ·ml gration are presented tor two nat1V1ty groups, 

native and foreign born. A person born in the United States or 

in any or its terr! tortes or possessions is counted as native. 

Likewise included as native is the small. group ·or parsons who, 

although born in a foreign country or at sea, were American 

citizens by birth because their parents were American citizens. 

For the foreign born, the data on mlgration are further 

classified by citfzenship into two groups: (a) Naturalized and 

(b) alien and not reported. Persons who had first· papers~t1Jat 
l 

INTRODUCTION 3 

ts, who had made fonnal declaration of intention to become 

citizens or the United states~as well as those with no citizenship papers, are class1!1ed as alien. The group or roreignborn persons ror whom no report on c~tizenship was obtained ls 

combined with the alien group because 1t ts likely that most of 

these persons were aliens. 

The classification by citizenship refers to the status of 

the individual at the time of the 1940 census. In most cases, 

the status in 1940 was the same as that in 1935, hut there are 

some exceptionR. For example, some of the migrants class11'ied 

as "naturalized" were.aliens at 0the time when they migrated. bn 

thei other hand, most ot the foreign-born immigrants (that is, 

persons living outside continentai United States on April l,1935) 

classified as "naturalized" were doubtless naturalized prior to 

1935, and had moved abroad temporarily attar naturalization, 

since a ll!lnlrnum or 5 years or continuous residence 1n the united 

States is usually required tor naturalization. The small group 

ot natives classltled as immigrants is made up partly or persons born in the united States who moved to rorelgn countries 

or to territories and possesslons or the· United States prlor to 

April 1, 1935 1 . and returned to the United States during the 

period April l, 1935, to April 1, 1940; and partly or persons 

born ln the terr! tortes and possessions who moved to continental 

lln1 tad States during th1S period, 

The data on nativity and citizenship or the population, 

o:i.ass1f1ed by migration status and type of migration, are summarized far the United States 1n table I. 

Table 1.-MIG-RATION STAiUS OF lHE l'OPULA.TION .AND TYl'E O:F MIGRATION, 

BY NATIVlTY A.ND OITIZENSHII', FOR THE UNITED STATES: 1940 

FOREIGN BORN 

Jll:GRATIOO STATUS 1\ND 

TYPE OF J.IIGRATION All olassaa Native Alien and Natural- Total ized not ro- portod 

Total population ••• • 131 669 276 120,074 379 11 594 896 7 280 266 4 314 631 

l!onaigr.111te .... •••••••·• 114,458,296 103. 996, 121 10,440,175 6,700,126 3, 740,060 

lli,gr-ants,. ~ . t t •••••••• , • 15, 754, 798 14,898,479 836,319 503,177 333,142 

\'/ithin a state •••••••• 9,239, 749 a, 76l1 20a 4BB,4S3 288,644 201,809 natween contiguoua 

Statos.,. + ...... •••••. 3,142,267 2,986, 7~4 165,493 93, .J4 61, 759 Between noncontiguous statos ....... .•....... 3,352, 792 3,160,419 l92,5n 122, 790 69,574 

Imdgrante (tran poo- 8it5 :dona or foreign 

cour..trias) ••.....•.•••. 359,499 152, 588 Migration at.atu:i not 226.,911 32,449 194,482 

rep.orted ••.•••••• • • • , .•• 1,136,&12 l,046,191 91,491 44,514 46,977' 

PERCmrr 

Total. population •• , • lCJO.O 91.2 s.s so< ... Normigranta, , , .......... 100.0 ~0.9 9.1 5.9 3,3 M.i£rant.s ••• , ..• , • ~ •••... 100·0 il4o7 s.s 3.2 2.1 w.t.thin a St.to •••• , ••• lw.o· 94.7 5.5 3.1 2.2 Bet,,..on contiguou• st.atea ••• .....••.•..• 100.o 96.l 4,9 3.0 2.0 .Bet."Ween noncont.iguous 

St.at.e.th•••.f•••••••,•• ioo.o 94,3 6.7 3,7 2.1 llmd.granto (fran po•-

8 -azudol'.! or rore1gn 

countr!oe), ... , ••..•..• loo.o 55.a 63·1 9.0 b4ol lligra.tion atatue not 

repart&d.·· •••• ••••••••• 100.0 92.0 a,o 3.9 4.1 

RELATIONSHIP TO HiilAJJ O:F HOUSEHOLD 

The data on household relat1onsh1p are based on a class1-

t1 cation at each 1ndiv1dual according to the type of household 

in which he lived, and his relationshlp to the head of the 

household, at the t1me or the census. Four categories are ·Shown 

in this report: (a) "Head ot private household;" (b) "Relatlve 

ot head," consisting or persons living 1n private househo;Lds 

wno were related by blood, marriage, or adoption to the head 01• 

the household; (c) "Not relative or head," cons1st1ng or persons 

11 ving in private househo.lds who were not related to the household head, such as· lodgers and servants; and (d)"Not 1n private 

househOld," consisting or persons living 1n hotels, boarding 

houses, inst1tut1ons,, etc. 

The statistics on mlgration status and type or migration by 

relationship to head or household are valuable primarily ror the 

purpose or studying the living arrangements or migrants at the 

time or the census and comparing their living arrangements with 

those or the nonmigrant pcp.tlation. These data have only limited 

value as indications or the number and composltton or migrant 

households or migrant tam111es. Their usefulness 1n the latter 

connection is limited, 1n the !lrst place, by the tact that the 

data are based on classiticat1ons or 1nd1Viduala· rather than on 

classi!ications or households or 1'am111es taken as groups, so 

that no information can be obtained as to the number or households or fam111es which could be presumed to have mlgrated as 

groups. For exwr.ple, a migrant class1!1ed, as the relative or 

the head or a private household may have been the only migrant 

in the household, as 1n the case or a nephew, grandson, or other 

relative who moved tram his former home to Join· the household 

or Which he was a member at the time ot the census. Furthermore, the household relationships or the migrants at the time 

or the census may not.have been the SWll6 as they were when the 

migration took place. For example, a migrant classified as head 

or a private household at the time or the census may have been 

a relative or a household head before he migrated, as 1n the 

case 01• a son formerly 11 ving w1 th his parents, who moved away 

to establish his own household. Consequently, the number of' 

migrants class1t1ed as heads or private households, as snown ln 

the tables in this report, should not be talcen as a measure of 

the number or migrant households or tam111es, and the number or 

~!grants class1!1ed as relatives or household heads should not 

be taken as a measure of the number of. members or migrant 

tamilies. 

The rour categories 01· relatl onshiP to head 01· household 

are defined more tully below: 

Head or private household.~A private household, as defined ror the 1940 census, consists or a· group or persona who 

live together in the same dwelling unit and share ,cqmmon 

Musekeeping arrangements. The household includes the re~ated 

family members and any lodgers, servants, or other unrelated 

persons who 11vo 1n· the same dwelling unit. A person living 

alone or a small 'group of unrelated persons sharing the same 

living quarters as partners is also counted as a private 

household. A family residing permanently or for an indefinite period 1n an apartment hotel 1s counted as a private 

housenold. one person in each priv~te household was designated as 

the head or the household, that is, the person regarded as 

the head by the members or the household. The head o:r a 

private household is usually a married 'man and the chief 

breadwinner or a tamily; but in some cases the head ls the 

parent ot the chief ,breadwinner, or he may be the only member, 

as in a one-person household. If both husband and wire were 

present 1n the household, the husband rather t.han the. wite 

was designated as the head or the household. 

Relative 01' head.-This category comprises all persons 

living in private households wno were related to the household head. by blood, marriage, or adoption. 

Not relative or head.-Thls category comprises all 

persons living in private households who were not related to 

the household head. It 1s made up chierly or lodgers, servants "living 1n," and hired hands, 

Not in private household.~This category consists or 

persons living in· quasi households and includes inmates and 

resident employees or institutions, residents . of boarding 

and lodging houses, the transient population or hotels, and 

persons living in schools, hospitals, labor camps, military 

and nava~ posts, monasteries and convents, 

The data on migration status and type or migration ror the 

population classtried bY relatlons11ip to head or hOusehOld are 

summarized ror the United States 1n table II. 
4 INTERNAL MIGRATION, 1935 TO 1940 

Table II. -lUGRATION STATUS OF THE J?Ol?Ulu\l'!ON AND TYP.: OF MIGRATION, 

BY RELATIONSHIP TO !IJ!AD OF HOUSEHOLD, FOR THE UNITllD STATES1 1940 

lll ,PRIVATE llOUSEHO!Jl Not in 

MIGRATIOtl STATUS AND TOtal private 

TYPE OF MIGRATION ~~~ea~! . I Relative 'Not rola .. houset1ve or hold household of head head 

Total population .••• ,.,,. 131 669 ll?5 34 948 666 87 982 025 5 495 378 3 242 206 

Nonmisrnnta •• •••....•••••. , •• 114,438,296 130,434,390 78 1 409 1 2?9 3 1995 1623 1,699,004 

Migrants, , • , , .... , , ..•••• , , , . 15,734,798 4, 155,8?8 B,891,371 l,426,103 l, 261, 446 

Within e State •• ,., ••.• ,, •• 91239,749 2,439,47e 5,349,071 752, 233 6%,967 

Batw(len contiguous States,. 3,142,25? 021, 241 1,794,661 306 I 777 219,578 

Between noncontiguo11s 

Stntea.,., •. , . •.••.••. ,, , . 3,352,792 e95,159 I l,?47,639 UG7, 093 342, 901 

Dum.igranta (from poesesatons 

or :foreign cou.ntriee) •••• ,,. 359,499 84, 963 177,949 56' 476 40,lll 

M.igrntion statua. not reported l,136,682 273,430 503,426 11a,1?6 241,645 

PERCENT !' 

i Total population •••••. ,., 1M n 2~ I'\. '6 8 A 2 2 " 

Nonmigronte •.•••••• ,, •. , •,,,. lOO.O 26,6 68.5 3.4 l.5 

Misr'luts •• ,,, •. , ••• , •..••. , .• loo.o 26.4 56.5 9.l e.o Within a State, •• ,.,, .. ,,., •• 100,0 26,4 57.9 8.l 7.6 

Be two on c.ontip;uoue Ste.tea,. 100.0 86.1 57.l 9.e ?.O 

Between noncontiguous 

Statoa., •••••••• , ••• , ..... , 100.0 26,7 52.l 10.9 10,2 

IllUl'ligrantB {f'rom passos11iane 

or foreign aountrieES),,.,,,, 100.0 2U.6 49.5 15.7 11.2 

Mb;re.tion statue not reported 100.0 24.l 44.3 10.4 21.2 

Y~ARS OF SCHOOL COMPL~Tlill) 

The data on years or school completed are basea on a question regarding the last tull grade that each person had co111-

pleted in the regular school system, by the time ot the 1940 

census. The "regular schOol system" includes public, private, 

and parochial schools, colleges, and universities. 

In this report, data on years or school completed are presented, in relation to the migration data, ror parsons in one 

age group only, 2b to 34 years old. The data are limited to one 

age group so as to penni t comparisons or the rormal educational 

attainments or migrants and nonmigrants and or· various categories 

or migrants-comparisons which are not seriously arracted by 

the dif:t'erences in age dlstri bution or persons· in the categories 

being compared. The age group 25 to 34 years was selectea because practically all of the persons in this age gronp had completed their formal educatio11, because the group was relatively 

homogeneous with respect to tho educational attainments of the 

persons in the various single years ot age included, and because 

a large proportion 01· the migrant population was in this age 

range. 

, A SUllUDSrY Of 

grat1on ror the 

years of schOol 

in table III. 

the data on migration status and type or mlpopulation 25 to 34 years old, class1r1sd by 

completed, .1s presented ror the United States 

Table III .-MJ;GRATION STATUS OP 'IHE l'Ol'ULllTION 25 ro 34 YEARS OLD AND TYPE OF MIGRATION, BY YEARS OF SOllOOL 0011.J?LETED, 

FOR THE UNITEU STATilS1 1940 

GRADE SCHOOL J!IO!I IJCl!OOL COI.LFJJF. 

MIGRATION STATllll AflD 'l'YPF. OF !.!IGRi\TIOtl Total Under 5 

years nnd 

not reported 

5 •nd 6 

years ? and 8 

years 

1 to 3 years 4: yenra l to 3 

ym;1ra 

4 or more yoe.ra 

·-----·--·---

Population• 25 to 34 yeBra or nge-, •• ••••••••••••• ....... , •••••• ~,026 l 566 108 l 669 414 6 006 216 4 553 338 4,701,980 1 5ti3 924 l 2(;& 045 

Nomnigrante •• •••..•••.. , , , . , •.. , , , , • , , •.• , ••• , ••.•.••• " • , , . , . , , , , , 16,905, 954 l,287,841 l,418,871 5,072, 761 3,694-,572 3,647 1.::!QO 1,072,237 "1~2,'472 

MiS,rant.o, •• •• •. •• ..... , •• , "'·'., .••. ,, ... , •.••• , ••• , , •••••• • • ,. , • , •••• 4,018,320 208, 913 226,659 655, 4?9 805,004 99J,949 459 ,065 459,~;1 

Within a state ••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• ~ I •••••••• I. 2,250,642 136;178 137' 739 499,226 464 ,592 512, 776 240, 569 229,553 

Jl,t.we.fln contiguous States . .. , . _.,, , , , •. , , ........ , ...... , , . , , , , • , •• , 827,896 44,on 50,275 1?9, 714 161,958 201,381 9.:J,35:8 94,lSl 

Batween noncantlguoue St"tes,.,,,, •...• ,, ••••••• ,.,.,, ,·,,,,,,, •' •. 939,?82 28,664 38,646 176,539 1?8 1454 246, 792 125,13~ 145 .tH~ 

I.m.migranta (:f'rorn poee"ea!onn or foreign countries) •. ••,.,, •.• ,,,., 9?,800 7,638 5, 74? 21, 722 16' 674 22, 776 0,939 14,SOI 

Migration otetue not reported, •••• , •.. , .. ,.,.,.•••.,,,~,,,.,,,,,,.,,. 286,962 61, 716 18,137 56,254 3? ,OBS 38,055 1a,so3 12,019 

PF.RGE!fl' 

POJ;lulntion, 25 to 34 years o:r nga, , , .• , • , , .•• , , •• , , ••.• , , ....• , . inn o ? 3 ? _A 28,:\,_. ___..ll-~ 22 0 1.a f.10 

No-nmigrnnta, •• , •••••• , •.•••.••...•.•.•..•••••••• , ...• , ••• •• -.1 •••• , 100,0 ?,6 8.4 29 .9 21.a 21.5 6,3 (,7 

}(igrante ....... ,. •., •••••.••..•• ,.,., •• , .. ,. •, ....... ,., •• ,,,,.,,, •. ,, 100.0 B.2 5.6 P.l.3 co.o P.4',7 ll.4 11.1 

Within a State •• , ....................... , •••••••.•.•.•..•.....•• , 100,0 6.1 G.l 22.2 20.G P.4,1 10.7 JP.1. 

Between aontiguauo StntaD ... ,,,, ••• , • •••••• .... , , ,,. •• •• •••, ••••• 100,0 5,3 6.1 Cl.7 19,S 21.? U,1 11.4 

Between noncontiguous Sta tee,,,,.,, .•• , .• ••, •• ,.,,,,.,,,.,,.,,.,, 100.0 3,1 1.1 10.8 10.0 !!6~3 la,J lf1,j 

Imigronto (from pcrrnosaiQns or foraif{n r.ountriee),,,,, •• ,.,.,, .• ,, l.OO.O 7.8 0.9 ~r.·,e 17.0 n3,.J 9.1 H,o 

lUgration ato.tue llOt reported, •• ,,.,, .............. , , , •• , • , •••. , , , • , , . 100.0 26.0 7.7 .3.7 15.7 16 .1 5,6 ~.l 

, .. 

I 

t