IN THE SUPREME COURT OF NORTH CAROLINA

2022-NCSC-106

No. 240PA21

Filed 4 November 2022

IN THE MATTER OF THE FORECLOSURE OF A LIEN BY EXECUTIVE 

OFFICE PARK OF DURHAM ASSOCIATION, INC. AGAINST MARTIN E. ROCK 

A/K/A MARTIN A. ROCK

On discretionary review pursuant to N.C.G.S. § 7A-31 of a unanimous decision 

of the Court of Appeals, 277 N.C. App. 444, 2021-NCCOA-211, vacating an order 

entered on 4 March 2019 by Judge John M. Dunlow in Superior Court, Durham 

County and remanding for dismissal. Heard in the Supreme Court on 

29 August 2022.

Jordan Price Wall Gray Jones & Carlton, PLLC, by J. Matthew Waters and 

Hope Derby Carmichael, for petitioner-appellant.

Mark Hayes for respondent-appellee.

Sellers, Ayers, Dortch & Lyons, PA, by Cynthia A. Jones, for Community 

Associations Institute, amicus curiae.

BARRINGER, Justice.

¶ 1 In this matter, we address whether a condominium formed prior to the 

enactment of the North Carolina Condominium Act in 1985 has the power of sale for 

foreclosure pursuant to section 3-116 of that Act for nonpayment of an assessment 
IN RE FORECLOSURE OF A LIEN BY EXEC. OFF. PARK OF DURHAM ASS’N AGAINST ROCK

2022-NCSC-106

Opinion of the Court

that occurred after 1 October 1986. For the reasons addressed herein, given the plain 

language of the statute addressing the applicability of the North Carolina 

Condominium Act and the plain language of the condominium’s declaration, we 

conclude that petitioner Executive Office Park of Durham Association, Inc. (Executive 

Office) has the power of sale for foreclosure pursuant to N.C.G.S. § 47C-3-116.

Therefore, we reverse the decision of the Court of Appeals, which vacated the trial 

court’s order authorizing sale, and remand to the Court of Appeals to address the 

argument of respondent Martin Rock (Rock) that the Court of Appeals declined to 

address.

I. Background

¶ 2 In 1982, Executive Office Park Developers, LP filed a declaration of unit 

ownership (Declaration) for a condominium development with Executive Office as the 

governing entity. As relevant to this matter, Executive Office filed a claim of lien on 

23 October 2018 against three units owned by Rock, alleging that assessments and 

other charges from 2018 remained unpaid for more than thirty days. Subsequently,

the substitute trustee initiated a power of sale foreclosure. The clerk of superior court 

entered an order authorizing sale, which Rock appealed. The trial court affirmed the 

order authorizing sale. Thereafter, Rock appealed to the Court of Appeals.

¶ 3 Before the Court of Appeals, Rock argued that Executive Office lacked the 

power of sale for foreclosure and that he was not in default. The Court of Appeals 
IN RE FORECLOSURE OF A LIEN BY EXEC. OFF. PARK OF DURHAM ASS’N AGAINST ROCK

2022-NCSC-106

Opinion of the Court

concluded that Executive Office lacked the power of sale for foreclosure because it is 

the governing entity for a condominium formed and governed by a declaration signed

in 1982 that was not amended to bring it within the provisions of the North Carolina 

Condominium Act. Foreclosure of a Lien by Exec. Off. Park of Durham Ass’n v. Rock, 

277 N.C. App. 444, 2021-NCCOA-211, ¶¶ 19–23. The Court of Appeals also indicated 

that Executive Office’s Declaration did not include the power of non-judicial 

foreclosure. Id. ¶ 21. The Court of Appeals, therefore, vacated the trial court’s order 

affirming the clerk of court’s order authorizing sale and remanded for dismissal. Id.

¶ 22. The Court of Appeals declined to address Rock’s remaining argument that he 

was not in default. Id.

¶ 4 Executive Office petitioned this Court for discretionary review pursuant to 

N.C.G.S. § 7A-31. This Court allowed the petition for discretionary review.

II. Analysis

¶ 5 On appeal to this Court, Executive Office argues that the Court of Appeals 

erred because the clear and express language of N.C.G.S. § 47C-1-102(a) provides 

that “[section] 47C-3-116 (Lien for Assessments) . . . appl[ies] to all condominiums 

created in this State on or before October 1, 1986, unless the declaration expressly 
IN RE FORECLOSURE OF A LIEN BY EXEC. OFF. PARK OF DURHAM ASS’N AGAINST ROCK

2022-NCSC-106

Opinion of the Court

provides to the contrary,” N.C.G.S. § 47C-1-102(a) (2021) (emphasis added),

1 and 

Executive Office’s Declaration does not expressly prohibit power of sale foreclosures.

¶ 6 We agree that the Court of Appeals erred. This Court reviews decisions by the 

Court of Appeals for error of law. N.C. R. App. P. 16(a). Questions of statutory 

interpretation are questions of law and are reviewed de novo. In re Summons Issued 

to Ernst & Young, LLP, 363 N.C. 612, 616 (2009).

¶ 7 In its entirety, N.C.G.S. § 47C-1-102(a) states:

This Chapter applies to all condominiums created within 

this State after October 1, 1986. G.S. 47C-1-105 (Separate 

Titles and Taxation), 47C-1-106 (Applicability of Local 

Ordinances, Regulations, and Building Codes), 47C-1-107 

(Eminent Domain), 47C-2-103 (Construction and Validity 

of Declaration and Bylaws), 47C-2-104 (Description of 

Units), 47C-2-121 (Merger or Consolidation of 

Condominiums), 47C-3-102(a)(1) through (6) and (11) 

through (16)(Powers of Unit Owners’ Association), 47C-3-

103 (Executive board members and officers), 47C-3-107.1 

(Procedures for fines and suspension of condominium 

privileges or services), 47C-3-108 (Meetings), 47C-3-111 

(Tort and Contract Liability), 47C-3-112 (Conveyance or 

Encumbrance of Common Elements), 47C-3-116 (Lien for 

Assessments), 47C-3-118 (Association Records), 47C-3-121 

(American and State flags and political sign displays), and 

47C-4-117 (Effect of Violation on Rights of Action; 

Attorney’s Fees) and G.S. 47C-1-103 (Definitions), to the 

extent necessary in construing any of these sections, apply 

to all condominiums created in this State on or before 

October 1, 1986, unless the declaration expressly provides 

to the contrary. Those sections apply only with respect to 

 

1 In June 2022, the General Assembly amended this subsection. Act of 29 June 2022, 

S.L. 2022-12, § 3.(a), https://www.ncleg.gov/Sessions/2021/Bills/Senate/PDF/S278v4.pdf. 

Executive Office has not argued that this amendment applies to this matter.
IN RE FORECLOSURE OF A LIEN BY EXEC. OFF. PARK OF DURHAM ASS’N AGAINST ROCK

2022-NCSC-106

Opinion of the Court

events and circumstances occurring after October 1, 1986, 

and do not invalidate existing provisions of the 

declarations, bylaws, or plats or plans of those 

condominiums.

N.C.G.S. § 47C-1-102(a) (emphasis added).

¶ 8 As relevant to this matter, the legislature provided in subsection 47C-3-116(f)

that:

Except as provided in subsection (h) of this section, the 

association, acting through the executive board, may 

foreclose a claim of lien in like manner as a mortgage or 

deed of trust on real estate under power of sale, as provided 

in Article 2A of Chapter 45 of the General Statutes, if the 

assessment remains unpaid for 90 days or more.

N.C.G.S. § 47C-3-116(f) (2021).

¶ 9 When construing statutes, courts first look “to the language of the statute 

itself.” Hieb v. Lowery, 344 N.C. 403, 409 (1996). “When the language of a statute is 

clear and without ambiguity,” courts must “give effect to the plain meaning of the 

statute.” Diaz v. Div. of Soc. Servs., 360 N.C. 384, 387 (2006). In these circumstances, 

“judicial construction of legislative intent is not required.” Id.

¶ 10 Here, the statute is clear: “unless the declaration expressly provides to the 

contrary,” the power of sale permitted by N.C.G.S. § 47C-3-116(f) “appl[ies] to all 

condominiums created in this State on or before October 1, 1986 . . . with respect to 

events and circumstances occurring after October 1, 1986.” N.C.G.S. § 47C-1-102(a).
IN RE FORECLOSURE OF A LIEN BY EXEC. OFF. PARK OF DURHAM ASS’N AGAINST ROCK

2022-NCSC-106

Opinion of the Court

¶ 11 Since it is undisputed that the condominium at issue was created in North 

Carolina before 1 October 1986 and the assessments and non-payment at issue in this 

case occurred after 1 October 1986, Executive Office possesses the power of sale 

permitted by N.C.G.S. § 47C-3-116(f) “unless the declaration expressly provides to 

the contrary.” N.C.G.S. § 47C-1-102(a).

¶ 12 In the Declaration, the declarant indicates its desire and intention “to submit” 

the property “to the provisions of the North Carolina Unit Ownership Act (Chapter 

47A, North Carolina General Statutes).”

¶ 13 Then, in paragraph 12 in the subparagraph entitled “Powers,” the Declaration 

states as follows:

The Association shall have all of the powers and duties set 

forth in the Unit Ownership Act, except as limited by this 

Declaration and the Bylaws, and all of the powers and 

duties reasonably necessary to operate the condominium 

as set forth in this Declaration and the Bylaws and as they 

may be amended from time to time.

¶ 14 Subsequently, in paragraph 15 entitled “Assessments,” it states:

Any sum assessed remaining unpaid for more than 

thirty (30) days shall constitute a lien upon the delinquent 

unit or units when filed of record in the Office of the Clerk 

of Superior Court of Durham County in the manner 

provided for by Article 8 of Chapter 44 of the General 

Statutes of North Carolina as amended. The lien for unpaid 

assessments shall also secure reasonable attorney’s fees 

incurred by the Manager or the Board of Directors incident 

to the collection of such assessment or the enforcement of 

such lien. In any foreclosure of a lien for assessments, the 

owner of the unit subject to the lien shall be required to pay 
IN RE FORECLOSURE OF A LIEN BY EXEC. OFF. PARK OF DURHAM ASS’N AGAINST ROCK

2022-NCSC-106

Opinion of the Court

a reasonable rental for the unit, and the Manager or Board 

of Directors shall be entitled to the appointment of a 

receiver to collect the same.

¶ 15 The foregoing language neither expressly excludes foreclosure by power of sale

nor limits Executive Office’s foreclosure authority to only judicial foreclosures.

2

Rather, the Declaration expressly allows for foreclosure of a claim of lien but does not 

elaborate further. In other words, no provision in the Declaration before us is 

“invalidated” by the application of N.C.G.S. § 47C-3-116(f), which permits the power 

of sale for foreclosure in certain circumstances. See N.C.G.S. § 47C-1-102(a) (“Those 

sections apply only with respect to events and circumstances occurring after October 

1, 1986, and do not invalidate existing provisions of the declarations . . . .”) (emphasis 

added)).

¶ 16 Rock argues that the declarant’s indication in the Declaration of its desire and 

intention “to submit” the property “to the provisions of the North Carolina Unit 

Ownership Act” bars Executive Office’s use of non-judicial foreclosure. However, the 

North Carolina Unit Ownership Act neither expressly excludes foreclosure by power 

of sale nor limits foreclosure authority to only judicial foreclosures. See N.C.G.S. 

§ 47A-22(b) (2021). Further, the North Carolina Unit Ownership Act in effect when 

the Declaration was filed required a declaration of intent by the owners to submit 

 

2 In fact, the paragraph on “Assessments” uses the term “any foreclosure,” and the 

subparagraph on “Powers” indicates that Executive Office “shall have . . . all of the powers 

and duties reasonably necessary to operate the condominium.”
IN RE FORECLOSURE OF A LIEN BY EXEC. OFF. PARK OF DURHAM ASS’N AGAINST ROCK

2022-NCSC-106

Opinion of the Court

their property to the Act to be filed with the register of deeds to create unit ownership. 

N.C.G.S. § 47A-2 (1981). Thus, this reference to the North Carolina Unit Ownership 

Act simply satisfies the requirement in N.C.G.S. § 47A-2. Rock’s reliance on this 

reference is therefore misplaced. Thus, we conclude that the Declaration does not 

expressly provide to the contrary.

III. Conclusion

¶ 17 The Court of Appeals erred by failing to reference and apply the plain language 

of N.C.G.S. § 47C-1-102(a) when addressing respondent Rock’s contention that the 

condominium association Executive Office lacked the power of sale for foreclosure. 

Having construed the statute according to its plain language and determined that 

Executive Office’s Declaration does not contain a provision “expressly to the contrary” 

of the power of sale for foreclosure permitted by N.C.G.S. § 47C-3-116(f), we reverse 

the Court of Appeals’ decision. We further remand this case to the Court of Appeals 

to address Rock’s remaining argument that he was not in default that the Court of 

Appeals did not reach and is not before this Court.

REVERSED AND REMANDED.