United States 

Departm ent of

Agriculture

Forest Service 

Forest

Products

Laboratory

R esearch

Paper

Solar Energy 

for Wood Drying 

Using Direct or 

FPL-R P-477 Indirect Collection 

with Supplemental 

Heating

A Computer Analysis 

J. L. Tschernitz 
A bstract C ontents

Application of solar energy is not always the best way to dry 

wood; however, increasing costs and potential shortages of

energy have generated widespread interest in the solar

drying of wood. Anyone considering using solar energy to 

dry wood should scrutinize the cost of solar energy 

collection, dry wood production rates, geographic location 

(including seasonal clim ate variations), and alternative 

energy sources and costs. In order to judge solar drying on 

a m ore quantitative basis, the Forest Products Laboratory 

has developed a com puter analysis for calculating the 

energy dem ands in the restricted cases of direct and indirect

solar wood dryers using supplem ental energy. Calculated 

energy balances are reported including percent fuel savings 

com pared to the net energy used in conventional dryer

operation. Six dryer sizes are considered. Seasonal variation 

of perform ance is noted for each of 12 m onths, in 96 locations throughout the United States. Also discussed is 

variation of cover therm al properties as these influence the 

effectiveness of operation. This report attem pts to organize 

these econom ic elem ents so that the reader can m ake 

reasonable choices for any wood-drying requirem ents. It can 

be used to m ake a first estim ate of the practicality of using 

these types of wood-drying solar kilns as a m eans for

reducing energy costs. No operational dryer design is 

presented.

Keywords: W ood drying, solar drying, energy, solar energy,

solar kiln, fuel, com puter analysis.

N om enclature

Collector D esigns 

R = Roof collector only

S = South wall collector only

EW = East and west wall collectors only

RS = Roof and south wall collectors

REW = Roof, east, and west wall collectors

SEW = South, east, and west wall collectors

RSEW = Roof and south, east and west wall collectors

C ity A bbreviations

PHO = Phoenix, AZ

HO N = Honolulu, HI

SAN = San Juan, PR

ATH = Athens, GA

JAC = Jacksonville, FL

M AD = M adison, WI

CAI = Cairo, IL

DEN = Denver, CO

BO S = Boston, MA

R egression Term s 

T = M ean m onthly tem perature (°F)

S = M ean m onthly solar isolation (Btu/ft

2

 · day, horizontal

surface)

H = M ean absolute hum idity (lb water/lb air)

L = Latitude (degrees)

Page

Introduction .................................... 1

The Com puter M odel ............................ 2

Solar Dryer Design Types ...................... 2

M aterial and Energy Balance ................... 4

Calculations .................................. 5

Regression Analysis ........................... 9

Selected Applications of the M odel ................ 15

Kiln Energy Dem ands, Nonsolar O peration ....... 15

Solar Collector Cover Properties ................ 15

Econom ic Considerations ........................ 20

Percent Fuel Savings .......................... 20

Break-even Criteria ............................ 20

Payback Period ............................... 23

Exam ple of Estim ating Solar Practicality ........... 26

Conclusions and Recom m endations ............... 27

Literature Cited ................................. 27

Appendix-M aps and Tables of Com puter Percent

Fuel Savings Plus Tables of M ean Clim atic

Data and Kiln Energy Dem and ................... 28

July 1986 

Tschernitz, J. L. Solar energy for w ood drying using direct or indirect

collection w ith supplem ental heating: A com puter analysis. R es. Pap.

FPL-RP-477. M adison, WI: U.S. D epartm ent of Agriculture, Forest

Service, Forest Products Laboratory; 1986. 81 p.

A lim ited num beroffree copies ofthis publication are available to the public 

from the ForestProducts Laboratory,O ne G ifford PinchotD rive,M adison,W I

53705-2398.Laboratory publications are sentto over1,000 libraries in the 

United States and elsewhere.

The Laboratory is m aintained in cooperation w ith the U niversity ofW isconsin.
Solar Energy 

for Wood Drying

Using Direct or 

Indirect Collection with 

Supplemental Heating 

A Computer Analysis

J. L. Tschernitz, Chem ical Engineer 

Forest Products Laboratory, M adison, WI

Introduction

Conventional wood drying in heated kilns consum es large 

quantities of energy, and in the past decade the world has 

experienced a dram atic rise in the cost of energy. W ood 

waste has to som e extent buffered the increased cost factor,

but other dem ands on wood waste are increasing. W hereas 

various forecasts of future energy costs and supply m ay 

differ, the probability of future reductions in fuel supply is 

alm ost universally accepted. Solar energy as applied to 

wood drying then becom es an attractive alternative in certain 

circum stances.

Solar drying results in better wood quality than air drying. As 

a low-tem perature operation, it can in certain instances 

result in better wood quality than conventional kiln drying. In 

solar applications, however, attention m ust be given to 

front-end and energy costs, plant location, production rates,

size of stock, and species, am ong other things.

This paper reports the results of a theoretical com puter

analysis of m any factors in the application of solar energy to 

the drying of wood. The analysis is restricted to the cases of

direct and indirect solar collection with supplem ental energy 

available for direct-fire gas heating. No one design or

m ethod of construction is prescribed for this analysis.

Instead, the effects on kiln (dryer) efficiency of various 

therm al properties of the solar collector surfaces and kiln 

walls are analyzed. Although the com puter program is not

presented in this report, figures and tables identified with 

various geographic locations within the United States show 

energy dem and and fuel savings for typical conditions of

wood drying. The results are organized to show the effect of

these design param eters on the suitability of solar drying 

for various locations, seasons, and dryer sizes. For any one 

dryer size and location the “efficiency” of supplem ental solar

drying is expressed as a percent fuel savings, based upon 

the net energy (total energy m inus electric fan power)

consum ed by a drying unit operating as a conventional

drying system .

O nly one wood species (com m ercial red oak) and thickness 

(4/4) for one drying schedule (28 days) is considered in this 

paper. This choice can be justified by the current resource 

volum e and m arketability of red oak. It is a species with a

well-described drying rate equation (Tschernitz and Sim pson 

1979), and it is a slow-drying wood. A fast-drying species 

such as hard m aple would be dried in a shorter tim e by this 

schedule; but because the drying energy per thousand 

board feet (m bf) would not be m aterially less and the solar

energy gain would depend upon the num ber of days (m ore 

days = m ore solar energy), the percent fuel savings would 

be even less than for the case of red oak, although the 

capital cost per m bf dried would be less for the faster drying 

species.

The energy dem and and fuel savings in this analysis are 

estim ates. In reviewing the assum ptions of the analysis it

should be pointed out that, for any given m onth in any one 

location, the actual percent fuel savings m ay vary 

considerably because of departures from the m ean of

tem perature, solar insolation, and hum idity. Considering a

10-year period, however, the averages generated becom e 

m eaningful; this tim efram e is com patible with that needed for

sound econom ic judgm ent.

W ithin the assum ptions of this analysis, certain seasons and 

locations are not satisfactory for solar drying. The reader

m ust m ake the final econom ic choice, balancing additional

construction costs, if any, for the particular solar system 

selected against the fuel cost savings suggested by this 

analysis.
The Computer Model 

It is the intent of this analysis to give som e insight into the 

effect on the perform ance of a solar lum ber dryer of certain 

operating param eters, nam ely, clim ate, season, latitude,

therm al properties of the collector and dryer, and dryer size.

The developed software (com puter program ) will not be 

listed, but the input variables will be described in general

term s.

Solar Dryer Design Types

Dryers can operate by direct collection (“greenhouse”) or

indirect collection of solar heat; they can operate using solar

energy only or solar with supplem ental energy. The four

solar dryer types are:

A. Direct collection (greenhouse or “passive”).

1. Solar only (wide diurnal and day-to-day changes in 

tem perature and relative hum idity).

2. Solar with supplem ental energy (scheduled drying,

large dark-hour loss).

B. Indirect collection (isolated collector).

3. Solar only (diurnal change in tem perature and 

relative hum idity can be reduced by energy 

storage).

4. Solar with supplem ental energy (scheduled drying,

no dark-hour loss through collector).

The analysis presented here treats only solar dryer with 

supplem ental energy (types 2 and 4 listed above).

No particular physical design is established other than the 

geom etry, size, and orientation of dryer. The generalized 

shape is rectangular; possible collector surfaces are wall(s)

oriented south (S), north (not considered), east (E), west

(W ), and/or the roof (R) which is horizontal. Six kiln sizes 

are considered (table 1) with two variations in structure,

schem atically shown in figure 1: solar collection is either

direct (figs. 1a and 1c) or indirect (figs. 1b and 1d) and the 

collector surface is either uninsulated (figs. 1a and 1b) or

insulated at night (figs. 1c and 1d).

Table 1 .— Dryer m odel specifications1

In the sim plest uninsulated form (fig. la), air flows on both 

sides of the absorber surfaces (Ab) and the drying cham ber

and collector surfaces are one unit (true greenhouse 

structure). A som ewhat im proved design (fig. 1b) isolates the 

collector surfaces (R and S) and the outer absorber surface 

(Ab) from the drying cham ber, and the energy absorbed on 

the absorber surface flows through the absorber to its inner

surface and is transferred to the circulating kiln air. Both 

these system s suffer large nighttim e heat losses.

For the insulated cases, two variations are noted. The 

sim pler of the two (fig. 1c) has airflow sim ilar to that in 

figure la exceptthatdiurnalinsulation (In)is affected by 

external m eans, such as shutters, blankets, or Venetian-type 

blinds. Figure 1d shows collector and absorber surfaces 

isolated, with the drying air acting as the heat transfer

m edium . W hen the dam pers (Da) are open, the air flows 

over the black absorber surface (Ab) and back into the dryer

cham ber. The absorber has an insulated back (In); and the 

nighttim e airflow is interrupted by dam pers (Da), thereby 

reducing nighttim e (and cloudy daytim e) heat losses.

D ryer

size

Package

height3

D im ension

Length W idth H eight

Collector area 

South East-or w est Roof,R w all, S w all, EW 

N um ber

of fans 

installed

Fan energy2

Pow er Total

per fan2 pow er

m bf ------------- ft -------------- ---------------- ft ---------------- 2 - - - - -hp ---------

1 1 10 10 10 100 100 100 1 0.5 0.5

4 1 20 15 10 300 200 150 4 .5 2

8 2 20 15 18 300 360 270 4 1 4

16 1 40 25 10 1,000 400 250 4 2 8

16

30

2

2

40

40 25

15 18

18

600

1,000

720

720

270

450

4

5

2 8

3 15

1

Unless otherwise stated the overall heat transfer coefficient, U, is assum ed to be 0.1 Btu/ft

2

/hr/°F for the opaque kiln walls, roof, and slab, and 

0.75 Btu/ft

2

/hr/°F for the transparent walls. The solar transm ission is assum ed to be 85 percent.

2

Fan energy = (total power)(0.746)(24)(3414)(28) = 0.86 x 106

 Btu/m bf in 28 days. m bf

3

1 is one package high; 2 is two packages high.

2
Figure 1.— G eneralized dryer designs:

a. Uninsulated, dryer and collector are one unit. Air flow m ixes both sides of absorber panel (Ab),

day and night.

b. Uninsulated, im proved design. Air flow m ixes within cham ber.

c. Insulated (In) externally. Air flow m ixes both sides of Ab, day and night.

d. Insulated (In) internally. Air flows over the front of the absorber panel (Ab) when dam per (Da) is 

open.

Transparent collectors: roof (R); south wall (S). (M L85 5484)

3
Material and Energy Balance 

For any given solar dryer size and shape, an accounting can 

be m ade of the weights of the m aterials entering and leaving 

the dryer system : wood, m oisture, and air. In addition, the 

energy gains and losses cab be calculated if the m ass 

changes with tim e and the therm al properties of all the 

com ponents of the system are known. Collectively such 

com putations are designated a m aterial and energy balance.

The m aterial and energy balance for the solar dryer system 

is m ade in a conventional m anner. The tim e interval is 1 day 

(24 hours).

To determ ine the energy balance, a m ass balance m ust be 

first established by calculating the drying rate and thereby 

the vent rate.

Material Balance 

M ass gains to the system are:

1. Dry weight of wood 

2. M oisture content of wood 

3.D ry w eightofventair,inflow 

4. M oisture content of vent air, inflow 

5. Direct-fire natural gas and com bustion air

For a batch-drying run, 1 and 2 above are fixed; 3, 4, and 5

are variable.

M ass losses from the system are:

1. M oisture loss from wood (vented as part of 3 below)

2. Dry weight of vent air, outflow (sam e as 3 above)

3. M oisture content of vent air, outflow (sam e as 4 above),

plus loss from wood (and com bustion water)

4. Nonwater com bustion products 

For a batch-drying run, 1 through 4 are variable.

Energy Balance 

Energy gains to the system are:

1. Solar insolation (net) through the collector

2. Supplem ental energy input

a. steam , indirect fire, or

b.gas,directfire 

3. Electric power dissipation from in-place air-circulating 

fans/m otors

Energy losses from the system are:

1. Heat loss through the roof, walls (and/or transparent

collector covers) and base 

2. Latent heat of evaporation of water from the wood, or

heats of desorption below 20 percent m oisture content

3. Heat losses in the vent air (enthalpy differences in the air

in/outflow from dryer)

4. Air leakage from the dryer (and/or overventing)

5. Sensible heat of wood and dryer structure above am bient

tem perature at end of drying cycle 

Additional Data

The input data for the m aterial and energy balance m ust

include kiln specifications, wood properties, and operational

and environm ental data.

Kiln specifications are:

1. Size: length, width, height

2. Num ber and horsepower of internal fans 

3. O verall heat transfer coefficients of dryer roof, walls, or

transparent collector cover, and slab base 

4. Transm ission coefficient of collector cover, where present

5. Heat capacity of building structure 

6. Leakage rate of kiln air

7. Boiler efficiency (steam fire)

W ood data include:

1. Drying rate coefficient of wood species (Tschernitz and 

Sim pson 1979)

2.Kiln capacity 

3. Board thickness 

4.Specific gravity 

5.Specific heat

O perational data include:

1. Drying schedule 

2. Initial m oisture content

3. Final m oisture content

4. Steam , indirect fire 

5.G as,directfire 

6. Solar with supplem ental energy 

Environm ental data include:

1. City location: latitude, altitude 

2. M onthly m ean clim atic conditions: high, low tem perature;

solar radiation; relative hum idity 

4
Calculations

A correlation of the drying rate of red oak as a function of

thickness, m oisture content (from the green), tem perature,

and relative hum idity has been established (Tschernitz and 

Sim pson 1979). With this correlation, the program calculates 

the drying rate on the basis of the input drying schedule,

wood thickness, and initial m oisture content. Because the 

m aterial and energy balance is m ade for each 24-hour

interval, a m ean daily clim atic condition (tem perature, solar

insolation, etc.) m ust be established from the m onthly 

m eans. In this case, this was done by a linear interpolation 

of m onthly m eans at the m idpoint of adjacent m onths based 

on a 28-day m onth (28 days was selected to accom m odate 

shortest m onth).

Daily heat loss from the kiln roof and walls for either

transparent or opaque construction can be calculated in a

conventional m anner (Perry and Chilton 1973):

- Q = U A(td – ta)(24) (1)

w here

Q = total heat loss (Btu/day)

U = overall heat transfer coefficient (Btu/ft

2

/hr/°F)

A = surface area (ft

2

)

td = dryer tem perature (°F)

ta = m ean daily am bient tem perature (°F)

The total daily solar heat gain through the collector surfaces 

is calculated from 

Q sr = 3.69(Lsr)(Ac)(Nc)(Fr) (2)

w here

Q sr = total solar gain (Btu/day)

Lsr = insolation on horizontal surface (Langleys/day 

(= cal/cm 2

/day))

Ac = collector area (ft

2

)

Nc = transm ittance, fraction 

Fr = collector orientation factor relative to Lsr

3.69 = conversion factor, cal/cm 2 to Btu/ft

2

The overall heat transfer coefficients (U) of the opaque walls 

and transparent collector covers have been assum ed 

consistent with that reported (W hillier 1963) for available 

m aterials (table 2).

Table 2.— Collector cover properties 

Collector UC

1 Transm ission

Btu/ft

2

/hr/°F Pct

Single glass 

Single Tedlar2 1.12

1.30

92

96

2 sheets glass .71 85

2 sheets Tedlar2 .87 92

G lass and Tedlar2 .84 88

3 sheets glass .52 78

G lass and 2 Tedlar2 .58 85

Single Kalwall

3

 (fiber glassreinforced polyester)

2 sheets Kalwall

3 .71

.46

85

77

O paque kiln wall (and floor)

4 .10

1

UC = overall heat transfer coefficient, cover m aterials (see eq. (1),

text) from W hillier (1963).

2

Tedler is a tradem ark of DuPont, Wilm ington, DE. The use of trade,

firm , or corporation nam es in this publication is for the inform ation 

and convenience of the reader. Such use does not constitute an 

official endorsem ent or approval by the U.S. Departm ent of

Agriculture of any product or service to the exclusion of others that

m ay be suitable.

3

Data from Kalwall Corp., M anchester, NH.

4

Typical construction m aterials (Am erican Society of Heating,

Refrigerating, and Air-Conditioning Engineers 1981).

The solar energy intercepted by the various orientations of

the collector surfaces for different latitudes and seasons has 

been obtained from calculated values (Institute of Heating.

and Ventilating Engineers 1970). These hourly data were 

integrated for 1 day (15th of m onth) to be the m onthly m ean 

and are represented as fractional values relative to a

horizontal surface (the usual orientation for which local solar

insolation data are reported). These values were introduced 

into the com puter program as data tables (by 5° latitude 

intervals and m onth), and a linear interpolation was m ade 

first for latitude and then by day from these m idm onthly 

m eans in the sam e m anner as the clim ate m eans were 

handled. These relative values, Fr, are given for various 

latitudes and m onths in table 3 for south (S) and 

east-and-west (EW ) collector orientation. The solar radiation 

incident on the nonhorizontal surface (e.g., south wall) is the 

product of the horizontal radiation (Lsr, see table A2) and the 

orientation factor (Fr, table 3, as shown in eq. (2)).

5
Table 3.— Reduced south, east, and w est collector effectiveness relative to a horizontal surface1

Latitude O rientation factor, Fr, by m onth 

Jan u ary F eb ru ary M arch A p ril M ay Ju n e Ju ly A u g u st S ep tem b er O cto b er N o vem b er D ecem b er 

°N

SO U TH C O LLEC TO R O R IENTATION 

0 0.648 0.525 0.326 0.165 0.168 0.171 0.171 0.169 0.166 0.231 0.459 0.623

5 .759 .619 .405 .219 .165 .167 .167 .166 .187 .313 .545 .730

10 .872 .714 .489 .262 .163 .164 .164 .163 .205 .386 .637 .835

15 .973 .821 .595 .327 .173 .162 .162 .167 .242 .484 .748 .937

20 1.111 .934 .685 .397 .212 .160 .160 .182 .306 .565 .852 1.067

25 1.269 1.065 .774 .480 .262 .183 .178 .221 .377 .656 .961 1.225

30 1.435 1.203 .908 .584 .342 .246 .230 .297 .469 .779 1.101 1.375

35 1.647 1.388 1.045 .675 .411 .302 .285 .360 .551 .894 1.270 1.583

40 1.905 1.583 1.193 .773 .479 .363 .344 .425 .633 1.022 1.448 1.818

45 2.454 1.922 1.356 .873 .564 .426 .405 .499 .731 1.149 1.711 2.304

50 2.682 2.370 1.562 1.006 .651 .496 .471 .578 .842 1.324 2.047 2.710

55 3.414 2.802 1.836 1.178 .749 .564 .537 .660 .979 1.556 2.414 3.326

60 4.017 3.442 2.395 1.374 .843 .632 .608 .738 1.125 1.930 3.082 3.931

EAST AN D W EST C O LLEC TO R O R IENTATION 

0 .494 .495 .492 .492 .495 .488 .491 .490 .496 .489 .494 .495

5 .513 .506 .491 .491 .492 .498 .493 .496 .489 .492 .498 .514

10 .524 .517 .506 .495 .497 .493 .490 .497 .496 .498 .514 .522

15 .517 .517 .518 .503 .498 .495 .489 .499 .500 .512 .520 .515

20 .545 .543 .538 .511 .500 .488 .488 .493 .508 .524 .546 .542

25 .581 .566 .545 .514 .503 .502 .507 .500 .510 .529 .561 .576

30 .590 .567 .560 .538 .512 .510 .508 .512 .523 .555 .565 .579

35 .586 .600 .594 .567 .537 .525 .524 .531 .553 .585 .600 .593

40 .637 .611 .619 .581 .559 .544 .540 .553 .572 .601 .622 .618

45 .753 .700 .635 .589 .583 .560 .551 .576 .590 .607 .677 .738

50 .713 .777 .680 .640 .601 .577 .570 .591 .622 .666 .733 .772

55 .871 .790 .737 .692 .636 .605 .602 .620 .668 .723 .768 .842

60 .683 .875 .869 .735 .685 .648 .639 .669 .715 .802 .897 .769

1

 From Institute of Heating and Ventilating Engineers (1970).

For solar dryer use, a m odified, low-tem perature,

low-degrade, 4/4 (1.12-in) red oak drying schedule was 

used. The low-tem perature and conventional schedules are 

listed in tables 4 and 5. The lower tem peratures reduced the 

dryer heat losses through the collector covers but increased 

the vent losses. The upper/lower lim its on schedule 

tem perature and relative hum idity were selected to perm it

efficient drying under average conditions even in the m ost

hum id sum m er m onths in the southeast of the United States.

(Note: This is im portant because the am ount of vent air

entering or leaving the system is inversely proportional to 

the difference between the absolute hum idities inside and 

outside the dryer. As this difference becom es sm aller (in 

conditions of low tem perature, low relative hum idity in dryer

along with high tem perature, high relative hum idity am bient)

the am ount of vent air needed approaches infinity; negative 

differences are a nonoperational condition. High vent rates 

cause low dryer therm al efficiencies.)

The m aterial and energy balance is m ade for any one dryer

design and location for each day of the m onth (26 days) and 

each m onth of the year. The daily energy dem and is then 

sum m arized for the m onth. Relative fractions of the daily 

energy dem and can be identified as vent losses, evaporative 

load, building losses, and sensible heat dem and (fig. 2). The 

standard of com parison selected is the percent fuel savings 

for any m onthly or yearly average com pared to the 

sam e-size dryer operated without solar input. To illustrate 

this, consider a 30-m bf dryer located in M adison, WI, in the 

m onth of June, with a conventional dem and of 4.75 x 106

Btu/m bf. Because the electric m otors for air circulation are 

within the dryer, this input is the sam e, solar or conventional,

0.86 x 106

 Btu/m bf (table 1) and is, therefore, subtracted 

from the total energy so that it does not include fan energy.

If the total m onthly energy dem and of solar operation is 

calculated to be 5.97 x 106

 Btu/m bf higher because of

increased losses through the collector covers (day and 

night) and the total solar insolation is 1.98 x 106

 Btu/m bf,

then the percent fuel savings is calculated in the following 

m anner:

6
------

1

2

3

4

5

6

------ -------

Table 4.— Low -tem perature drying schedule and rate for 

4/4 red oak 

Schedule D aily

D ay

Step M oisture Tem per- R elative M oisture M oisture 

range ature hum idity content loss

Pct °F Pct Pct-------

1 1 85-73 100 85 78.3 6.7

2 72.2 6.1

3 2 73-68 100 80 66.6 5.6

4 3 68-63 100 75 61.3 5.2

5 4 63-47 100 62 56.3 5.0

6 51.7 4.5

7 47.7 4.1

8 44.0 3.7

9 5 47-32 105 53 40.2 3.8

10 36.8 3.4

11 33.7 3.0

12 31.0 2.7

13 6 32-5 120 35 27.3 3.7

14 24.2 3.2

15 21.5 2.7

16 19.2 2.3

17 17.3 2.0

18 15.6 1.7

19 14.2 1.4

20 12.9 1.2

21 11.9 1.0

22 11.0 .9

23 10.3 .8

24 9.6 .6

25 9.1 .5

26 8.6 .5

27 8.2 .4

28 7.9 .3

Table 5.— Conventional drying schedule and rate for 

4/4 red oak 

Schedule D aily

D ay

Step M oisture Tem per- R elative M oisture M oisture 

range ature hum idity content loss

Pct °F Pct Pct

1 85-50 110 87 77.1 7.9

70.0 7.0

63.9 6.2

58.4 5.5

53.6 4.8

49.4 4.2

7 2 50-40 110 84 45.5 3.9

8 42.0 3.4

9 39.0 3.0

10 3 40-35 110 75 36.0 3.0

11 33.3 2.7

12 4 35-30 110 60 30.6 2.8

13 28.1 2.4

14 5 30-25 120 31 24.8 3.3

15 6 25-20 130 25 21.1 3.6

16 18.2 3.0

17 7 15.0 3.1

18 20-15 140 20 12.6 2.5

19 8 15-5 180 20 8.8 3.8

20 6.4 2.3

7
Figure 2.— Partition of daily energy dem and in M adison, WI, for a 30-m bf kiln (loads two packages 

high) during a 28-day drying schedule in April. (M L85 5487)

Fuel savings = (3)

w here

Q c = conventional dem and (4.75 x 106

 Btu/m bf), including 

Q p

Q p = electric power (0.86 x 106 Btu/m bf)

Q s = solar operation (5.97 x 106

 Btu/m bf), including Q p

Q sg = solar gain (1.98 x 106 Btu/m bf)

Q sn= netsolargain (orloss)= Qsg – (Q s – Qc)

That is,

Fuel savings = = 19.5 percent

Thus the basis of percent fuel savings refers only to 

conventional energy consum ption, direct gas fire, without

electric power.

6
A m ore rigorous analysis would com pute m aterial and 

energy balances on an hourly basis. This refinem ent would 

be m ore com plex to analyze and would require statistical

data on m eteorological events, which are not generally 

available. Hourly variation in diffuse radiation would be 

included as would reflection losses of the cover interfaces. It

follows that, in using 24 hours, one assum es that solar

energy input is available uniform ly over the whole 24-hour

period. The consequences-of this can be better illustrated 

graphically for the m onth of June in M adison (fig. 3).

Because the energy dem and of the drying process is 

greatest in the early stages of drying and continues to 

decrease as the m oisture level in the wood drops (fig. 2), the percentage supplem ental energy dem and will change 

each day. Noting the m axim al, minim al, and average daily 

dem and rates per hour (fig. 3, curve F), the solar energy 

input can be added within a 24-hour period in 4 ways:

(1) uniform over 24 hours (fig. 3, curve A); (2) uniform over

daylight hours (fig. 3, curve B); (3) as a bell curve having as 

a daily average the area under curve (fig. 3, curve C);

(4) instantaneous over daylight hours (fig. 3, curve D); these 

m ay be com pared with the m axim um solar energy available 

(fig. 3, curve E). No difference in actual operation of a real

kiln would occur for any real day D in the early days of

drying because all inputs would be under the m axim um 

hourly dem and line. In the last stages of drying, all four

inputs are above the m inim um dem and line. In the actual

operation of the passive solar kiln, the latter days of the 

drying schedule m ight find m idday tem peratures rising above 

the assum ed schedule control tem perature. This would.

increase the heat losses and drying rates. This effect would 

be exaggerated on clear days (above the average per day solar

insolation) and in regions of very high sum m er insolation (e.g.,

Arizona). Yet the sim plicity of the m odel used does not detract

from the usefulness of the analysis as a prelim inary evaluation 

of the gross econom ics of solar drying for various locations,

size ofkilns,and seasons ofthe year.

Regression Analysis 

For any one dryer design, conventional or solar, the 

calculated values for energy consum ption and percent fuel

savings are alm ost linear functions of the m ean tem perature,

solar insolation (horizontal surface), latitude, and absolute 

hum idity for any location. This can be expressed as follows:

Fuel savings (or energy as Q c – Qp) = f(T,S,H ,L)

or

Fuelsavings = a0 + a1 T + a2S + a3H + a4L (4)

w here

a0 – a4 = coefficients for any kiln size, type, operation, and 

m onth

T = m ean m onthly tem perature (°F)

S = m ean m onthly solar insolation (Btu/ft

2

 · day,

horizontal surface)

H = m ean absolute hum idity (lb water/lb air)

L = latitude (degrees)

Figure 3.— Schem atic of daily solar energy input.

Curves are as follows:

(A) Unifom , over 24 hours;

(B) Uniform over a solar day;

(C) Average solar day;

(D) Actual solar day;

(E) M axim um solar energy available.

(F) M axim um , minim um , and average daily energy

dem ands as calculated for a 28-day drying 

schedule. Does not include electrical energy.

(M L85 5485)

9
------ ----

Thus, for any given dryer type and m onth (or m ean m onthly 

data over 12 m onths), using coefficients a0 – a4, a value for

fuel savings can be calculated for locations having different

values ofT,S,H,and L.These coefficients have been 

established from the com puter outputs in the m anner to be 

described.

W hen this analysis was begun, nine cities were chosen to 

com pare the suitability of solar drying (table 6). They 

represented locations near Forest Service Experim ent

Stations, at that tim e (1967) considering or extending 

solar-drying experim entation. The choice of cities was 

biased by inclusion of tropical locations at San Juan, PR,

and Honolulu, HI, outside the continental United States, but,

rather than change the m ix after the initial selection,

calculations have continued for the sam e nine cities and 

have been m ade the basis of regression analyses. Figure 4

displays the variable clim atic factors (m onthly m eans of

tem perature, relative hum idity, and solar insulation) at these 

nine cities.

It was by m aking linear regression analyses on the com puter

that the five coefficients were established for selected dryers 

for each m onth of the year plus the m ean of the 12 m onths 

as shown in tables 7, 8, and 9. (Each com puter run supplies 

the required 13 sets of the 5 coefficients.) Table 7 shows 

such sets of coefficients calculated for six sizes of nonsolar

kiln, table 8 for the sam e six sizes of solar kiln without

insulation, and table 9 for the six sizes of solar kiln with 

nighttim e insulation. The typical “closeness of fit” of values 

from the com puter m odel and equation (4) is illustrated for

one design and one m onth (table 6) for com parison of the 

value com puted from the m odel and that calculated from the 

five coefficients. With these coefficients established for any 

m onth/design com bination, it is possible, knowing the four

clim atic factors, to estim ate energy consum ption and percent

fuel savings at any other site. The coefficients have no direct

physical significance and m ust be considered em pirical. As a

consequence, any variation in dryer design will require the 

generation of a new set of coefficients, sim ilar to those 

presented in tables 7-9, using the sam e com puter program .

Having established the sim ple correlation of param eters as 

linear variables for energy consum ption and percent fuel

savings in solar operation, it was possible to construct m aps 

and charts of com puted energy and percent fuel savings for

various locations in the United States where the necessary 

data on the four clim atic factors were available. A public file 

of m ean m onthly tem perature (T) and solar insolation (S) for

254 cities of specific latitude (Duffie 1978) was m odified to 

include longitude and was reduced to 96 locations (fig. Al)

as a m anageable num ber for m ap representation, with the 

inclusion of average m onthly relative hum idities (determ ined 

from the U.S. W eather Bureau) expressed as absolute 

hum idity (H ). The data for 96 cities were then&available in three files: m ean m onthly tem perature (°F) (table Al); m ean 

m onthly solar insolation (Btu horizontal/ft

2

 · day) (table A2);

and m ean m onthly absolute hum idities (lb water/lb dry air)

(table A3).

Table 6.— Typical com puter- and equation-generated fuel

savings and energy consum ption 

Abbre- Fuel savings1

Energy consum ption C ity viation Latitude

Com puter- Equation- Com puter- Equationgenerated generated generated generated

°N ------ Pct ---- 106

 Btu/m bf

Phoenix, A,? PHO 33.5 82.5 81.6 7.18 7.15

Honolulu, HI HON 21.3 59.0 60.0 5.91 5.91

San Juan, PR SAN 18.5 68.4 67.2 5.83 5.76

Athens, GA ATH 34.0 31.7 32.2 7.81 7.89

Jacksonville, FL JA C 30.3 48.4 48.5 7.04 7.12

M adison, WI M AD 43.0 3.9 3.4 9.38 9.31

C airo, IL CAI 37.0 33.4 34.7 8.17 8.16

Denver, CO DEN 39.8 34.9 35.7 8.50 8.58

Boston, M A BOS 42.3 3.1 1.9 8.63 8.57

1

From eq. (4); coefficients from tables 7-9.

Using the previously calculated coefficients for any given 

type of dryer (size, shape, m aterials of construction) and 

m onth, it was a sim ple m atter to calculate the conventional

energy dem and and percent fuel savings for these 

96 locations. It was then possible to represent these 

calculated values in m aps (figs. A2 and A3) or tables 

(tables A4-A21). To save space, m aps are presented only 

for one dryer (30 m bf) and two collector designs (with 

uninsulated (fig. A2) or insulated (fig. A3) collectors as roof

and south walls). They show percent fuel savings for

selected m onths-January, April, July, and O ctober-and 

for the m onthly average of 12 m onths. Representing data in 

this form gives a visual im pression of the overall geography 

of solar-drying suitability.

Tables A4-A9 show the com puted energy dem and of six 

different-sized dryers operated in a conventional m anner on 

a low-tem perature schedule (table 4). Tables A10-A15 and 

tables A16-A21, to be used with tables A4-A9, give percent

fuel savings for the sam e kiln sizes, but now operated as 

solar dryers, either uninsulated or nighttim e insulated.

Knowing the coefficients for all the dryer m odels considered 

(tables 7-9) along with the three necessary files 

(tables A1-A3) for the 96 cities, the sim ple calculation of

values not given in m aps or tables can be m ade, as shown 

in the exam ple for Little Rock, AR, in a later section,

10
Figure 4.— M onthly m ean clim ate data for nine cities. See table 6 for city abbreviations.

(M L85 5466)

11
------------------- ------------------- ------------------- -------------------

Table 7.— C oefficients to be used w ith equation (4) for calculating energy dem and for a direct-fired nonsolar kiln on the 

low -tem perature schedule show n in table 41

M onth a0 a1 a2 a3 a4 M onth a0 a1 a2 a3 a4

Btu/m bf Btu/m bf

1-m bf KILN 16-m bfKILN 

January 16.12 – 0.1129 – 0.00100 50.4 – 0.0515 January 8.98 – 0.0509 – 0.00082 46.6 – 0.0369 

February 15.65 – .1088 – .00070 23.4 – .0403 February 8.84 – .0484 – .00067 26.6 – .0313 

M arch 15.43 – .1062 – .00070 23.0 – .0304 M arch 8.89 – .0481 – .00064 22.4 – .0262 

April 13.96 – .0985 – .00048 32.1 – .0066 April 7.13 – .0402 – .00040 42.3 .0011

M ay

June

13.04

12.71

– .0880 – .00056

– .0923 – .00040 

39.6

62.4

.0046

.0048

M ay

June

7.36

6.43

– .0353 – .00057 

– .0368 – .00037 

30.5

65.0

– .0012 

.0047

July 13.01 – .0981 – .00044 84.9 .0007 July 6.88 – .0441 – .00042 89.1 – .0012 

August 13.61 – .1035 – .00054 100.0 – .0065 August 7.52 – .0473 – .00056 89.1 – .0009 

Septem ber 14.72 – .1020 – .00069 49.6 – .0217 Septem ber 8.71 – .0491 – .00066 51.3 – .0241 

O ctober 12.20 – .1002 – .00025 96.0 .0136 O ctober 6.18 – .0439 – .00027 90.3 .0089

Novem ber 12.98 – .0944 – .00081 89.8 .0003 Novem ber 7.29 – .0406 – .00073 73.0 – .0106 

Decem ber 15.38 – .1104 – .00082 54.5 – .0409 Decem ber 8.74 – .0495 – .00081 51.0 – .0350 

Annual 15.59 – .1034 – .00086 25.3 – .0301 Annual 8.73 – .0453 – .00076 34.7 – .0229 

4-m bfKILN 16-m bf KILN2

January 11.09 – 0.0692 – 0.00087 47.7 – 0.0412 January 8.87 – 0.0499 – 0.00082 46.5 – 0.0371 

February 10.85 – .0662 – .00068 25.6 – .0340 February 8.74 – .0474 – .00066 26.6 – .0312 

M arch 10.82 – .0653 – .00066 22.6 – .0275 M arch 8.78 – .0472 – .00064 22.4 – .0262 

April 9.15 – .0575 – .00043 39.3 – .0011 April 7.02 – .0393 – .00040 42.5 .0013

M ay

June

9.04

8.83 – .0509 – .00057 – .0532 – .00037 

33.2

64.2 .0005

.0047

M ay

June

7.27

6.33

– .0345 – .00057 

– .0359 – .00037 

30.4

65.0

– .0013 

.0047

July 8.69 – .0601 – .00043 87.9 – .0006 July 6.78 – .0433 – .00042 89.2 – .0012 

August 9.32 – .0639 – .00055 89.9 – .0082 August 7.42 – .0464 – .00056 89.0 – .0089 

Septem ber 10.49 – .0647 – .00067 50.8 – .0233 Septem ber 8.62 – .0482 – .00066 51.3 – .0241 

O ctober 7.96 – .0605 – .00026 92.0 .0103 O ctober 6.09 – .0430 – .00027 90.2 .0089

Novem ber 8.97 – .0565 – .00076 77.8 – .0074 Novem ber 7.20 – .0397 – .00073 72.7 – .0108 

Decem ber 10.70 – .0675 – .00082 52.1 – .0368 Decem ber 8.63 – .0485 – .00081 51.0 – .0349 

Annual 10.76 – .0625 – .00079 31.9 – .0250 Annual 8.62 – .0444 – .00075 34.8 – .0227 

8-m bf KILN2 30-m bf KILN2

January 9.44 – 0.0549 – 0.00083 46.8 – 0.0379 January 8.00 – 0.0423 – 0.00080 46.0 – 0.0349 

February 9.28 – .0523 – .00067 26.3 – .0319 February 7.91 – .0401 – .00066 27.0 – .0300 

M arch 9.31 – .0519 – .00064 22.4 – .0265 M arch 7.99 – .0401 – .00063 22.3 – .0257 

April 7.57 – .0440 – .00041 41.7 .0006 April 6.19 – .0322 – .00039 43.7 .0022

M ay

June

7.73

6.84

– .0387 

– .0404 

– .00057 

– .00037

31.1

64.8

– .0008 

.0047

M ay 6.58

June 5.57

– .0281 

– .0291 

– .00057 

– .00036 

29.3

65.4

– .0020 

.0047

July 7.28 – .0476 – .00043 88.8 – .0010 July 6.04 – .0367 – .00042 89.7 – .0014 

August 7.91 – .0509 – .00056 89.3 – .0088 August 6.68 – .0396 – .00056 88.7 – .0092 

Septem ber 9.10 – .0525 – .00066 51.2 – .0239 Septem ber 7.89 – .0418 – .00065 51.5 – .0244 

O ctober 6.57 – .0475 – .00026 90.6 .0092 O ctober 5.35 – .0381 – .00027 89.5 .0083

Novem ber 7.66 – .0440 – .00074 74.1 – .0099 N ovem ber 6.65 – .0332 – .00072 70.7 – .0121 

Decem ber 9.16 – .0534 – .00082 51.3 – .0354 Decem ber 7.82 – .0411 – .00081 50.6 – .0342 

Annual 9.17 – .0491 – .00076 34.1 – .0233 Annual 7.78 – .0373 – .00074 36.0 – .0219 

1

Calculated without fan energy (see table 1).

2

Arranged in stacks two packages high. See table 1 for dryer m odel specifications.

12
---------------- ---------------- ----------------

Table 8.— C oefficients to be used w ith equation (4) for calculating percent fuel savings for solar kiln w ith an uninsulated roof (R )

and south w all (S) collectors1

M onth a0 a1 a2 a3 a4

Pct fuel savings Pct fuel savings ----------------

1-m bfKILN 16-m bfKILN 

January -53.90 0.1690 0.07687 775.4 -0.7342 January -55.30 0.3426 0.05154 335.9 -0.4317

February -58.33 .3384 .07227 143.0 -.7934 February -56.16 .4346 .05032 9.2 -.4626

M arch -70.57 .8382 .06040 -1419.3 -.7195 M arch -51.37 .6902 .04510 -1214.5 -.6616

April -106.82 1.5854 .04498 -2543.1 -.2672 A p ril -53.54 1.1418 .03497 -2422.2 -.6854

M ay -203.07 2.2651 .04737 -1954.7 .6878 M ay -133.35 1.5999 .04207 -1781.3 .1848

June -276.41 3.0136 .05002 -2019.2 .9251 June -176.34 2.0821 .04375 -2045.4 .3649

July -357.44 3.7736 .05843 -2114.3 1.0449 July -232.70 2.5855 .05036 -2160.9 .5038

August -327.60 3.5435 .05878 -2715.7 1.1589 August -209.12 2.3594 .05077 -2454.5 .5595

Septem ber -291.24 2.6537 .06667 -1152.1 1.4425 Septem ber -191.33 1.8232 .05311 -1146.8 .0761

O ctober -218.58 1.7230 .07315 -358.6 1.2306 O ctober -145.81 1.2868 .05287 -634.3 .5918

Novem ber -216.58 1.0518 .08551 1796.3 2.0399 Novem ber -133.67 .8086 .05717 644.7 .9091

Decem ber -82.55 .3059 .08029 976.2 -.1782 Decem ber -65.86 .4297 .05252 368.0 -.2047

Annual -48.34 1.1612 .04663 -2264.3 -1.1774 Annual -49.15 .9724 .03882 -2007.2 -.7555

4-m bfKILN 16-m bfKILN2

January -59.53 0.3118 0.06453 462.9 -0.4895 January -77.58 0.4791 0.05573 -39.2 0.2130

February -63.22 .4353 .06167 23.8 -.5309 February -82.68 .5532 .05193 -225.3 .2400

M arch -64.30 .7901 .05329 -1368.2 -6447 M arch -78.13 .7443 04382 -1248.4 .0548

A pril -79.84 1.3699 .04032 -2548.0 -.4888 A p ril -90.39 1.0893 .03250 -1782.3 .1749

M ay -166.59 1.9188 .04530 -1904.7 .4136 M ay -135.57 1.3220 .03328 -1210.6 .6043

June -221.92 2.5090 .04730 -2081.8 .6140 June -162.58 1.6200 .03305 -1262.4 .6482

July -288.31 3.1136 .05476 -2188.7 .7444 July -199.90 1.9719 .03690 -1339.3 .7134

August -262.64 2.8859 .05533 -2606.7 .8316 August -192.91 1.9010 .03852 -1574.1 .8402

Septem ber -240.21 2.2140 .06045 -1147.3 1.1029 Septem ber -206.77 1.6030 .04710 -378.7 1.3199

O ctober -181.61 1.5202 .06284 -593.6 .8978 O ctober -147.80 1.2359 .04712 -810.0 .9027

Novem ber -170.07 .9353 .07085 1007.4 1.3678 Novem ber -117.74 .7365 .05531 -101.8 .8223

Decem ber -77.96 .4195 .06645 546.0 -.1467 Decem ber -82.78 .5358 .05622 -96.4 .2722

Annual -55.73 1.1005 .04375 -2294.4 -.8734 Annual -89.00 .9601 .03758 -1249.7 .0661

8-m bfKILN 30-m bf KILN2

January -69.15 0.4139 0.05267 20.8 0.1251 January -55.26 0.3673 0.03991 19.8 0.0409

February -73.90 .4907 .04908 -186.5 .1457 February -58.49 .4196 .03800 -124.6 .0508

M arch -71.25 .6904 .04132 -1163.1 .0007 M arch -52.66 .5558 .03317 -945.5 -.1334

April -84.80 1.0375 .03063 -1685.2 .1435 A p ril -55.58 .8174 .02521 -1550.3 -.1328

M ay

June

-129.44

-157.15

1.2783 .03140

1.5786 .03138

-1159.3

-1203.6

.5695

.6210

M ay

June

-98.39

-120.46

1.0339 .02803

1.2889 .02820

-1073.7

-1196.0

.3117

.3748

July -194.05 1.9259 .03520 -1274.6 .6832 July -152.35 1.5818 .03171 -1270.8 .4485

August -186.48 1.8534 .03664 -1514.1 .8009 August -143.06 1.4851 .03265 -1437.7 .5225

Septem ber -196.36 1.5451 .04454 -393.2 1.2326 Septem ber -147.57 1.2238 .03719 -492.2 .8177

O ctober -140.90 1.1706 .04500 -715.9 .8585 O ctober -107.46 .9346 .03635 -619.1 .5549

Novem ber -115.06 .6970 .05291 38.7 .8445 Novem ber -87.52 .5730 .04081 -14.0 .5400

Decem ber -75.76 .4720 .05337 -13.2 .2183 Decem ber -59.21 .4133 .04010 -21.2 .0892

Annual -79.31 .8965 .03507 -1241.6 -.0168 Annual -59.89 .7358 .02912 -1101.2 -.1128

1

Calculated without fan energy (see table 1).

2

Arranged in stacks two packages high. See table 1 for dryer m odel specifications.

13
---------------- ---------------- ---------------- ----------------

Table 9.— C oefficients to be used w ith equation (4) for calculating percent fuel savings for solar kiln w ith nighttim e insulation on the roof (R ) and south w all (S) collectors1

M onth a0 a1 a2 a3 a4 M onth a0 a1 a2 a3 a4

Pct fuel saving Pctfuelsaving 

1-m bf KILN 16-m bf KILN 

January -37.77 0.2229 0.08206 176.9 -0.0408 January -41.39 0.2964 0.05768 -207.0 0.1845

February -43.11 .4062 .07636 -340.1 -.1912 February -46.26 .4028 .05553 -394.2 .0932

M arch -35.87 .8369 .06307 -2254.3 -.5914 M arch -27.25 .6132 .04884 -1849.7 -.4740

April -83.67 1.6062 .04851 -3023.3 -.0736 A pril -31.80 1.0431 .03880 -2835.9 -.5450

M ay -187.97 2.2780 .05311 -2233.1 .8408 M ay -119.81 1.4970 .04777 -1958.8 .3200

June -258.05 3.0460 .05490 -2433.7 .9754 June -156.89 1.9840 .04820 -2386.0 .3995

July -339.05 3.7950 .06369 -2578.8 1.1234 July -213.05 2.4860 .05490 -2567.3 .5710

August -310.00 3.4950 .06576 -3674.6 1.3608 August -190.41 2.2050 .05670 -2775.5 .7207

Septem ber -296.86 2.6540 .07658 -1055.4 2.0494 Septem ber -193.30 1.7107 .06204 -1085.8 1.2594

O ctober -159.06 1.5900 .07379 -1450.9 1.0964 O ctober -94.35 1.0603 .05461 -1584.9 .4823

Novem ber -163.65 .9008 .08902 746.9 2.0600 Novem ber -94.78 .5955 .06226 -203.5 1.0438

D ecem ber -60.87 .3171 .08645 254.1 .4296 Decem ber -49.65 .3354 .06009 -258.0 .3603

Annual -51.15 1.2359 .05439 -2790.3 -.4775 Annual -49.57 .9140 .04667 -2132.0 -.1893

4-m bfKILN 16m bf KILN 2

January -46.05 0.3085 0.07056 -139.9 0.1989 January -66.24 0.4331 0.06161 -556.0 0.7995

February -51.40 .4461 .06665 -437.6 .0822 February -73.27 .5210 .05920 -608.9 .7694

M arch -35.04 .7404 .05676 -2122.9 -.4673 M arch -55.24 .6696 .04742 -1851.4 .2346

April -56.58 1.3126 .04421 -3014.8 -.3176 April -69.65 .9934 .03616 -2176.0 .3081

M ay -151.60 1.8513 .05132 -2435.3 .5633 M ay -122.69 1.2224 .03872 -1376.4 .7331

June -210.36 2.4477 .05216 -2475.0 .6558 June -144.03 1.5247 .03729 -1586.2 .6810

July -267.49 3.0457 .05981 -2646.8 .8195 July -181.17 1.8761 .04119 -1726.0 .7773

August -242.86 2.7547 .06207 -2966.9 1.0173 August -175.07 1.7522 .04423 -1879.6 .9935

Septem ber -243.39 2.1340 .07022 -1079.1 1.6694 Septem ber -208.61 1.4939 .05561 -320.4 1.7943

O ctober -124.34 1.3179 .06419 -1660.0 .7736 O ctober -98.78 1.0184 .04880 -1714.8 .7985

Novem ber -123.25 .7353 .07546 15.2 1.4551 Novem ber -80.84 .5322 .06020 -907.3 .9531

Decem ber -59.36 .3670 .07377 -163.8 .4692 Decem ber -67.55 .4439 .06347 -691.8 .8107

Annual -57.51 1.0904 .05200 -2427.8 -.2194 Annual -89.35 .9024 ,04507 -1368.7 .6044

8-m bf KILN2 30-m bf KILN2

January -58.63 0.3837 0.05793 -460.7 0.6723 January -46.18 0.3117 0.04483 -382.2 0.4957

February -65.47 .4727 .05352 -546.9 .6378 February -51.14 .3760 .04223 -418.9 .4636

M arch -49.41 .6300 .04448 -1736.4 .1605 M arch -35.51 .4840 .03625 -1398.0 .0176

April -65.76 .9610 .03394 -2053.4 .2713 April -38.95 .7239 .02823 -1854.8 .0000

M ay -117.46 1.1965 .03638 -1323.8 .6891 M ay -88.31 .9408 .03240 -1192.3 .4127

June -140.11 1.5009 .03530 -1508.7 .6522 June -105.69 1.2004 .03155 -1443.2 .3996

July -176.82 1.8459 .03920 -1636.3 .7428 July -137.48 1.4949 .03504 -1569.7 .4984

August -170.08 1.7242 .04196 -.1799.6 .9449 August -128.88 1.3574 .03709 -1674.0 .6402

Septem ber -198.28 1.4543 .05242 -339.9 1.6765 Septem ber -148.77 1.1247 .04391 -443.9 1.1854

O ctober -95.33 .9804 .04642 -1560.4 .7612 O ctober -69.04 .7469 .03788 -1321.9 .4739

Novem ber -79.84 .5161 .05719 724.4 .9498 Novem ber -59.99 .3998 .04505 -621.1 .6680

Decem ber -61.46 .4001 .05983 -571.6 .7164 Decem ber -47.37 .3206 .04620 -478.4 .5138

Annual -79.98 .8562 .04192 -1351.2 .4901 Annual -59.58 .6715 .03515 -1195.7 .2989

1

Calculated without fan energy (see table 1).

2

Arranged in stacks two packages high. See table 1 for dryer m odel specifications.

14
Selected Applications ofthe Model

Kiln Energy Demands, Nonsolar 

Operation

The com puter program was run to com pare the energy 

dem ands of a conventional schedule (20 days) and the 

longer low-tem perature schedule (28 days). These 

calculated values are sum m arized (table 10) for one location 

(M adison, WI) where little difference in energy dem and is 

noted. For this and all calculations, the supplem ental energy 

considered is direct gas-fire. (Note: These calculations are 

based upon the assum ption that for the kiln wall structure 

the overall heat transfer coefficient U = 0.1, R = 10.)

Effect of Kiln Size 

Two effects of kiln size on energy dem and can be observed 

by exam ination of table 10 and tables A4-A9. First, by 

increasing the size from sm all (1 m bf). to large (30 m bf), the 

difference between the 20-day and 28-day schedules in 

average yearly energy dem and as expressed as 106

 Btu/m bf

practically disappears (table 10). Second, the unit energy 

dem and of the sm aller kiln is twice as great as that of the 

larger kiln. This is caused by the higher surface (heat loss)

to volum e (capacity) ratio of the form er.

Effect of Dryer Location 

Two im portant factors that increase energy dem and derive 

from dryer location: lower am bient tem peratures and higher

absolute hum idities. Therefore, dryers operating in the warm 

and dry southwest United States use less energy than those 

in the m ore hum id southeast, which in turn use less than 

those in cooler northern regions (com pare the 96 cities 

shown in each of tables A4:A9). The effect of location on 

energy dem and is greater for 1-m bf dryers (table A4) than 

for 30-m bf dryers (table A9), again because of the greater

heat loss (area/volum e ratio) for sm all dryers (table 11).

Effect of Month of Year 

Because of the am bient tem perature changes with the 

seasons, those regions having the greatest sum m er/winter

clim ate shift, nam ely the northern zone, will have the 

greatest energy-dem and differences. This again is m ore 

im portant for the sm all dryer size (table 11 and 

tables A4-A9). Interestingly, the m onth of April seem s a

close approxim ation of the annual, or 12-m onth average,

energy requirem ent.

Solar Collector CoverProperties 

At northern latitudes in the tem perate zone, for all practical

purposes the north wall receives little solar radiation. Thus,

one can consider only three collector surfaces: roof (R),

south (S), and east-and-west (EW ). Seven com binations can 

then be considered: (1) RSEW , (2) R, (3) S, (4) EW , (5) RS,

(6) REW , and (7) SEW .

Transparent wall or roof solar collector covers m ay be m ade 

of glass or plastic sheets or com binations thereof. Initial

cost, ease of construction, service life, and transm ission 

properties all m ust be considered (tables 2 and 12). In this 

analysis, only two physical properties of covers are 

considered: solar energy transm ission and therm al heat loss 

(table 2).

Walls and Insulation 

W hen kiln size, cover properties, and night design have 

been fixed, the com puter program treats all seven collector

surface com binations noted above. in past Forest Service 

work, an experim ental dryer with collector surfaces RSEW 

has been studied (Chudnoff, M aldonado, and G oytia 1966;

Peck 1962; W engert 1968). O n the assum ption that a

transparent roof or wall is m ore expensive than a solid 

insulated one, a rational choice can be m ade as to the m ost

effective collector surface com bination. Again, collector

cover properties, latitude, kiln size, and season of the year

are variables to be taken into account. Considering all these 

factors, the com bination of collector surfaces on transparent

roof and south wall was shown to be the “optim um ” for the 

U n ite d S ta te s, 

15
------ ------ ---------------- ----------------

-------------- --------------

Table 10.— C om parison ofenergy dem and for tw o drying Table 12.— Cost of transparent cover m aterials schedules for drying 4/4 red oak from 85 percent to 8 percent

(M adison, WI) M aterial Service life C ost

Kiln Package Annual 1968 1980

size height1 average R ange Fan energy2

Yr $/ft

2

m bf 3

106 Btu/m bf

LO W -TEM PER ATU R E SC H ED U LE4

1 1 8.7 (6.2 - 11.2) 0.86

4 1 6.1 (4.6 - 7.5) .86

8 2 5.2 (4.0 - 6.3) .86

16 2 4.9 (3.9 - 5.9) .86

16 1 5.0 (3.9 -6.0) .86

30 2 4.4 (3.6 - 5.3) .86

CO NVENTIO N AL SC H ED U LE;

1 1 7.9 (6.1 - 9.6) .73

4 1 5.7 (4.6 - 6.7) .73

8 2 5.0 (4.1 - 5.8) .73

16 2 4.7 (3.9 -5.5) .73

16 1 4.8 (4.0 -5.5) .73

30 2 4.4 (3.7 -5.0) .73

1

1 is one package high; 2 is two packages high.

2

Plus electrical energy input from fans.

3

Assum e kiln wails, roof, and slab U = 0.1 Btu/ft

2

/hr.

4

28 days (table 4).

5

20 days (table 5).

Polyethylene

W eathered, 4 m il 1 0.15

O rdinary, 4 m il .3 .015 0.024

M ylar

W eathered, 3 m il 3-4 .11 .14

5 m il 3-4 .19 .21

Tedlar, 4 m il 10-15 .22 .15

Teflon, 1 m il – – –– .49

(inner coyer)

Polyester (G F), 40 m il

Kalwall, single 20 –– .96

Kalwall, double panel 20 –– 3.65

G lass, tem pered 

Single M any 1.00 1.15

Insulator door 3. –– 75

Uninstalled collector

(glass, double) –– –– 13.00

installed collector –– –– 30-40

Table 11 .— Energy dem ands using a low -tem perature drying 

schedule for 4/4 red oak in three regions of the United States1

K iln

size

Package Annual

height2 average January July Difference

m bf 106

B tu/m bf

SO UTHW EST (PHOENIX 175)3

1 1 5.93 7.92 3.88 (4.04)

30 2 4.06 4.06 2.45 (1.61)

SO UTHEAST (ATLAN TA 15)3

1 1 7.34 9.05 5.93 (3.12)

30 2 4.41 4.64 3.74 (0.90)

NO RTH C EN TR AL (INTERNATIO N AL FALLS 104)3

1 1 9.51 13.11 6.42 (6.69)

30 2 4.67 5.96 3.50 (2.46)

1

 Without fan energy.

2

1 is one package high; 2 is two packages high.

3 Num berin parentheses is the city code from figure Alin the appendix.

16
Nighttime Insulated Versus Uninsulated 

Using direct solar collection with supplem ental energy is

wasteful of energy because high heat loss without gain

occurs at night and on “cloudy” days. Use of supplem ental

energy is desirable to increase and m aintain reasonable

drying rates. If one can isolate or insulate the collector

surfaces at night and on cloudy days (fig. 1), the efficiency

of the unit is greatly enhanced; This m ay be seen by

com paring tables A10-A15 (showing fuel savings in 96 cities

for 6 types of uninsulated solar kilns) with the preceding set

of 6 tables (tables A4-A9, showing energy requirem ents in

96 cities for nonsolar kilns of the sam e 6 types) and with the

succeeding set of 6 tables (tables A16-A21, showing the fuel

savings in 96 cities for nighttim e-insulated solar kilns of the

6 types).

Calculations for the nighttim e-insulated case were perform ed

by assum ing a daytim e transparent U value of 0.75 and a

nighttim e value of U = 0.1. Along with the change in

day/night overall heat transfer coefficient U, there m ust be a

change in the tem perature difference between day and

night. As an approxim ation, the day/night tem perature

differences were calculated as:

If

then

the m ean for uninsulated daytim e and

the m ean for insulated nighttim e is 

Roof/South Wall Collector Combinations 

O ne dryer “design” with roof and south wall collectors (RS)

uninsulated at night was chosen in order to reduce the m any 

variables found in this analysis. It should be pointed out that

there is equivalency to RS in a south wall sloping at the 

latitude angle. A sloping wall was not considered for this 

analysis, for one reason because a sloping roof produces a

larger ratio of dryer volum e to wood capacity, which would 

increase heat losses and structure costs. (It is true that with 

the sloping wall design, the collector area per thousand 

board feet can be reduced for equivalent perform ance-an 

im portant consideration for high-priced cover m aterials.)

By the nature of this analysis, the net energy dem and for

any given dryer and operating conditions is a linear function 

of the overall heat transfer coefficient, U. The net energy 

dem and is defined as the supplem ental energy exclusive of

electric power that m ust be added to the solar kiln when 

drying 4/4 red oak in 28 days. Net energy dem and as a

linear function of U for the collector cover has been plotted 

in figures 5 and 6 for two cities (M adison, WI, and 

Jacksonville, FL), two kiln sizes (1 and 30 m bf), and two 

“designs” (uninsulated and insulated). In each of these 

annual plots, seven transparent collector surface 

com binations are plotted. Shown as a horizontal line is the 

energy dem and of each unit operated as a nonsolar,

insulated kiln with U = 0.1. In a conventional 1-m bf nonsolar

kiln as operated in M adison, the annual energy dem and 

would be 8.8 × 106

 Btu/m bf. Any collector surface 

com bination for a given U m ust lie below this energy value 

to realize. a reduction of energy dem and. For the uninsulated 

case (fig. 5, top left) using a collector cover with a U value 

of 0.75, one observes no com bination that on an annual

basis would reduce energy needs.

A review of all eight plots of figures 5 and 6 shows that, as 

U increases, the effectiveness of the solar operation is 

reduced or elim inated and that uninsulated roof and south 

wall collectors (RS) are virtually as effective as if east and 

west wall collectors were added (RSEW ). Thus, RS seem s a

fair com prom ise for collector surfaces with a heat transfer

coefficient of U = 0.75 (transm ission = 85 pct). The greater

supplem ental energy dem and of the 1-m bf kiln both at

M adison and Jacksonville is apparent by com paring it with 

the 30-m bf size (figs. 5, 6, right and left sides). The effect is 

m ore pronounced for M adison than Jacksonville. The 

percentage energy supplied by solar is greater for the 1-m bf

kiln; however, com paring the 1 m bf with the 30 m bf, one can 

see that the net energy dem and is greater per unit basis 

(m bf) for the sm aller kiln.

17
Figure 5.— Energy dem and versus overall heat transfer coefficient (U ) in M adison, WI. Kilns:

uninsulated or insulated; capacity = 1 m bf or 30 m bf. C ollectors: roof (R ), south wall (S), east and 

w est w all (EW ). Energy dem and is calculated on an annual basis, the average of 12 m onthly runs 

per year. Num bers in parentheses are areas in square feet. (M L85 5489)

18
Figure 6.— Energy dem and versus overall heat transfer coefficient (U ) in Jacksonville, FL. Kilns:

uninsulated or insulated; capacity = 1 m bf or 20 m bf. C ollectors: roof (R ), south wall (S), east and 

w est w all (EW ). Energy dem and is calculated on an annual basis, the average of 12 m onthly runs 

per year. Num bers in parentheses are areas in square feat. (M L85 5490)

19
-------

Economic Considerations 

Any solar energy drying system m ust show its econom ic 

value in term s of fuel savings. Although consideration should 

be given to governm ent subsidization in the form of tax 

credits and to possible future fuel cost increases, the first

criteria of technical and econom ic viability to establish are 

such quantities as percent fuel savings and the break-even 

balance between cost of fuel (table 13) and net collector

cover cost (table 12); where fuel savings are indicated, the 

payback period is of interest.

Percent Fuel Savings 

For the purpose of this analysis, the percent fuel savings are 

defined as the net solar gain (Q sn) from the collector divided 

by the heat dem and for the nonsolar case (Q c) minus 

electric power (Q p) (eq. (3)). The term “net”denotes the 

available solar insolation (gain) considering transm ission 

efficiency and the increased heat loss through the 

transparent cover, over and above that from the opaque,

wall. The nonsolar case is the 28-day, low-tem perature 

schedule with walls having a value of U = 0.1. Fan energy 

input is subtracted as a fixed value depending only on the 

num ber and horsepower rating of the fan m otors. The values 

of energy on a per-run basis (28 days) per m bf can be those 

of a given m onth or the annual 12-m onth average. Energy 

requirem ents are listed for 96 cities and 6 kiln sizes 

(tables A4-A9). Fuel savings are given for 96 cities using 

uninsulated solar kilns of the sam e 6 types (tables A10-A15)

and using nighttim e-insulated solar kilns of the 6 types 

(tables A16-A21).Com parison ofthe three tables foreach 

kiln type is instructive.

Table 13.— Fuel costs 

Industrial

Type 1

1967 2

1979 3

1982

$/106 Btu -------

Power (electric)4 $1.20-4.40 $ 1 1 .7 0 $17.56

Coal .16- .35 1.25 1.66

O ilNo.6 .25- .85 3.07-3.40 4.75- 5.50 

Naturalgas .18- .60 2.80-3.00 3.27- 5.21 

LP (propane) .33- .60 4.50 5

8.10-11.50

W ood waste (50 pct

M C wet basis)6 –– .50-2.00 .50- 2.00 

1

Data from Chem . W eek 101:83, 1967 (O ctober 28).

2

Data from M onthly Energy Review, DOE, February 1980.

3

Data from M onthly Energy Review, DOE, M arch 1982.

4

1967,0.4-1.5¢/kW h;

1979, 4¢/kW h;

1982, 5.99¢/kW h.

5

Local supplier (M adison, WI).

6

Forest Service, large local variation.

Break-even Criteria 

The break-even point in any process m odification is a

standard econom ic tool for evaluating the cost

consequences of various design alterations. Consideration 

here is lim ited to dryer location, size, and U values of the 

collector surface. These factors are com bined into the 

equation:

(5)

where

Cn = cost of fuel saved over am ortization period m inus net

cost of collector

Q sy = net solar gain (106 Btu/ft

2

/year) (for 12 runs)

A = area of collector cover (ft

2

)

CF = fuel cost ($/106 Btu) (for direct fire)

θ = tim e to am ortize solar installation (years)

CC = netcostincrease overthatofthe conventionalkiln 

roof and wall structure, and associated costs ($/ft

2

)

Also,

(6)

w here

Q O = conventional kiln (106

 Btu/yr) (m inus electric power)

and

Pn = netpercentfuelsavings considering am ortized costof

the solar collector

Therefore,

(7)

R earranging:

(8)

O ne can now define a break-even line in term s of the net

costofthe collectorand the costoffuel.IfPn ≥ 0,one 

obtains a reduction in energy costs. If Pn = 0, one can 

define a break-even line, from equation (8):

If

θ = 10-year am ortization, then 

CC= 10 × Q syCF

W here the slope of a break-even line is now:

slope = 10 × Q sy.

For this study, the break-even criteria are presented as 

straight line graphs assum ing 10-year am ortization (figs. 7

and 8)with axes designated as costofcollector,Cc,and 

cost of fuel, CF. Above each line, solar m odification of the 

kiln would entail econom ic loss; on the line, would break 

even; and below; would reduce costs.

20
Figure 7.— Break-even between fuel and collector costs for solar kilns in nine cities. C ollectors: roof

(R ), south wall (S); U = 0.75. See table 6 for city abbreviations. (M L85 5491)

21
Figure 8.— Break-even between fuel and collector costs for Jacksonville, FL (JAC). C ollectors: roof

(R ), south wall (S); U = 0.25-1.25 (table 2). (M L85 5492)

22
In figure 7, with constant overall heat transfer coefficient

U = 0.75, the break-even lines are shown for nine cities, for

each of four kiln “designs:“ two sizes of kiln (1 m bf and 

30 m bf) both with and without nighttim e insulation of roof

and south-wall collectors. In figure 8, the location is constant

(at Jacksonville, FL) and the U values are varied from 0.25 

to 1.25, for the sam e four kilns. To show how these figures 

can be read, we take, for exam ple, Jacksonville, FL, 30-m bf

kiln, with nighttim e collector insulation (fig. 7 or 8, right side,

bottom ).IfCF = $2/106 Btu and U = 0.75,then,to break 

even, the net cost for a collector m ust not exceed 

CC = $5.30/ft

2

. In figure 7, the range of break-even points is 

shown for nine cities, in figure 8 for five U values. If

CF = $2/106

 Btu, we see (fig. 8) that, when U = 1.25, the net

collector cost at break-even is no m ore than Cc = $3.8/ft

2

;

whereas when U = 0.5,itrises to CC= $6/ft

2

.

Payback Period 

The payback period is by definition the tim e in years that a

capital expenditure can be am ortized by the fuel savings 

effected.

Using equations (5) through (8), the payoff period can be 

defined by letting Pn = 0,and θPB = payback period (years):

(10)

The payback periods are shown in figure 9 for nine cities,

assum ing solar collectors an roof and south wall (RS), and a

heat transfer coefficient U = 0.75. In figure 10, payback 

periods are shown for sim ilar drying units in one city 

(Jacksonville, FL) with U values ranging from 0.25 to 1.25.

In these graphs the abscissa is the ratio CC/CF; thus, if

CC = 5 and CF = 2, CC/CF = 2.5. For exam ple, for

Jacksonville, with a 30-m bf kiln, uninsulated, and U = 0.75 

(fig. 9 or 10, top right), if CC/CF = 2.5, the payback period 

θPB is 18.5 years. Because this is greater than 10 years, the 

break-even curve occurs at a lower cost ratio, as seen from 

figure 7 or 8 where the relevant CC = 2.6 for CF = 2, or

CC/CF = 1.3. From table A15, we see that, for this drying 

unit in Jacksonville, only after 18.5 years would the fuel

savings be 16.1 percent, annual basis (12 runs per year).

If the ratio CC/CF = 0 (i.e., there is no net cost to provide for

transparent collector surfaces), then from equation (8):

(11)

or fuel savings as given in figure A2 and tables A10-A15 for

uninsulated solar kilns. Concerns rem ain as to whether the 

dryers would be structurally sound after the tim e involved,

whether new technology would m ake the units obsolete, or

whether there would be high m aintenance costs. No attem pt

has been m ade in this analysis to incorporate the estim ates 

of interest rates, tax credits, taxes, and inflation that any 

detailed econom ic analysis should contain. Because these 

item s have not been incorporated here, any num bers 

generated err on the optim istic side. Therefore, the reader

m ust be aware that before a final positive position is taken,

a m ore detailed econom ic assessm ent of a particular solar

design needs to be m ade. For exam ple, had the 30-m bf kiln 

in Jacksonville, FL, been insulated at night, the results would 

have been very different (fig. 10, bottom right), with double 

the fuel savings at 32.2 instead of 16.1 percent on annual

basis (fig. A3 and table A21 for insulated solar kilns) and 

payback in under 10 years.

23
Figure 9.— Payback period according to relative costs of fuel and collectors, for nine cities.

C ollectors: roof (R ), south wall (S); U = 0.75. See table 6 for city abbreviations. (M L85 5493)

24
Figure 10.— Payback period according to relative costs of fuel and collectors, for Jacksonville, FL 

(JAC). C ollectors: roof (R ), south wall (S); U = 0.25-1.25 (table 2). (M L85 5488)

25
Example of Estimating Solar 

Practicality

The calculations shown in figure 11 illustrate the m anner in 

which the data provided here can be used to estim ate the 

perform ance of a solar dryer with supplem ental energy.

For the case shown, the value of 5.24 × 106

 Btu/m bf and 

54.5 percent could be obtained directly from tables A5 and 

A17. For som e location other than one of the 96 cities, by 

knowing the fourparam eters T,S,H,and L,the sam e 

coefficients for a solar dryer-of this design could be used in a sim ilar m anner to calculate the energy and fuel savings.

W hile the m aps can be a useful m eans for interpolating 

between the 96 cities, local microclim ates, the result of

elevation change, and/or coastal zones, could negate using 

the m aps.

If one assum es:

then a payback period can be estim ated:

Fuel savings per year = 137 × 106

 Btu/yr

Costsavings = 137 × 106 × CF = $274/yr

C ollector cost = A(500 ft

2

)× CC = $2,500 

so

Payback Period = 2,500/274 = 9.1 yr

Location: Little Rock, AR

D ryer size: 4 m bf (red oak) (table 1)

C over: Roof and south wall, night insulation (fig. 1)

C over area: 500 ft

2

Double glass U = 0.75 (table 2)

Transm ission = 85 percent (table 2)

Drying tim e = low-tem perature schedule (table 4)

Annual percent fuel savings and energy savings can be

calculated from equation (4) using the energy coefficients from

table 7 and percent fuel saving coefficients from table 8; and

the payback period can be calculated from equation (10). For

this exam ple:

Energy Coefficients Percent Fuel Savings Coefficients 

a0 10.76 -57.51

a1 -0.0625 1.0904

a2 -0.00079 0.0520

a3 31.90 -2,427.80

a4 -0.025 -0.2194

C lim ate conditions for Little Rock, AR (location code 123) are:

M ean annual tem perature, T = 60.8° F (table A1)

M ean solar insolation, S = 1,404 Btu/ft

2

" day (table A2)

M ean absolute hum idity, H = 812 × 10–5 lb H2O /lb dry air

(table A3)

Latitude,L = 34.7° (table Al)

From equation (4):

Energy = 10.76 - 0.0625 (60.8) - 0.00079 (1,404)

+ 31.9 (812 × 10–5) - 0.025 (34.7)

= 10.76 - 3.80 - 1.11 + 0.26 - 0.87 

= 5.24 × 106 Btu/m bf (sam e as value in table A5)

Percent fuel savings = 57.51 + 1.0904 (60.8) + 0.052 (1,404)

- 2,427.8 (812 × 10–5) - 0.2194 (34.7)

= -5,751 + 66.30 + 73.01 - 19.71 

- 7.61 

= 54.5 percent (sam e as value in 

table Al 7)

The fuel savings in one year then is estim ated to be:

Fuel savings = 5.24 × 106 × 0.545 × 12

= 34.26 × 106

 Btu/m bf/yr

Total fuel savings/year = 34.26 × 106 × 4

= 137.03 × 106

 Btu This represents a total drying capacity of 48 m bf of red oak per annum.

Figure 11 .— C alculation of percent fuel savings and 

total energy savings of a solar dryer with 

supplem ental energy.

26
Conclusions and Recommendations Literature Cited 

This analysis has shown that a level of caution should be 

exercised in considering solar energy as a m eans of

lowering fuel costs; it is not a universal solution to energy 

econom y in wood drying. Therefore, it is recom m ended that

no one leap into investm ent in such technology without

careful consideration of engineering criteria as well as the 

overall operating econom ics.

For a “passive” solar kiln with supplem ental energy the 

following observations are m ade:

(1) The use of supplem ental energy is necessary to 

m aintain “rapid” consistent drying tim es for all seasons and 

all locations.

(2) The solar surfaces (even though essentially a

greenhouse in design) should be isolated from the dryer

during night hours and during periods of low solar influx.

(3) The proper choice of solar cover m aterial and kiln wall

insulation is critical for enhanced fuel savings.

(4) The winter m onths in the north (norm al conditions) are 

not practical for solar drying as defined in this analysis on 

any scale.

(5) The supplem ental energy could be direct-fire gas when 

available. W ood waste, while cheaper, might require greater

capitalization. Electrical energy would be too expensive 

under m ost circum stances, although capitalization would be 

low er.

(6) The choice of collector surfaces in practice is restricted 

to roof and south wall (or sloping roof only).

(7) The analysis did not consider Federal and State tax 

incentives that m ay be applicable under certain 

circum stances, but such subsidies are usually of short

duration.

(6) The solar kiln, operating as proposed in this report as a

scheduled dryer, requires that conditioning (Rasm ussen 

1961) for stress relief m ust be provided in som e m anner at

the end of the drying cycle.

(9) For noncom m ercial operators who require only lim ited 

quantities of dried wood, a sm all do-it-yourself unit (1-m bf

capacity) built with low-cost m aterials (e.g., discarded glass,

plastic, etc.) would be useful even in the northern tier of

states, for at least 9 m onths of the year, even without

supplem ental energy.

27
Appendix 

Maps and Tables of Computed 

Percent Fuel Savings Plus 

Tables of Mean Climatic Data 

and Kiln Energy Demand 

Values of percent fuel savings were calculated for 96 cities 

spanning the United States. For convience, these cities 

here have been num ber coded and indexed (fig. A1).

Percent fuel savings values are m apped here for those 

cities, for four selected m onths and an annual average, for

uninsulated (fig. A2) and insulated (fig. A3) kilns.

Tables A4-A9 show the com puted energy dem and of six different-sized kilns operated in a conventional m anner on a

low-tem perature schedule (table 4). Tables A10-A15 and 

tables A16-A21, to be used with tables A4-A9, give percent

fuel savings for the sam e kiln sizes but now operated as 

solar dryers either uninsulated or nighttim e insulated.

28
Figure A1.— M ap showing location/city index code (see m y appendix table).

29
Figure A2.— (a) Percent of fuel savings for an uninsulated kiln in January. For 96 cities; capacity = 30 m bf;

U = 0.7510.1; CC/C= 0. F

30
Figure A2--(b)Percentoffuelsavings foran uninsulated kiln in April,For96 cities;capacity = 30 m bf;

U = 0.75/0.1;CC /CF = 0.

31
Figure A2.__(c)Percentoffuelsavings foran uninsulated kiln in July.For96 cities;capacity = 30 m bf;

U = 0.75/0.1;C = 0 C/CF

32
Figure A2.--(d)Percentoffuelsavings foran uninsulated kiln in O ctober.for96 cities;capacity = 30 m bf;

U = 0.75/0.1;C = 0 C/CF 33
Figure A2.--(e)Annualpercentoffuelsavingsforan uninsulated kiln.For96 cities;capacity= 30 m bf;U = 0.75/0.1;CC/CF = 0.

34
Figure A3 --(a)Percentoffuelsavings foran insulated kiln in January.For96 cities;capacity = 30 m bf;

U = 0.75/0.1;C = 0. C/CF

35
Figure A3.— (b) Percent of fuel savings for an insulated kiln in April. For 96 cities; capacity = 30 m bf;

U = 0.75/0.1; CC/C= 0. F

36
Figure A3.— (c) Percent of fuel savings for an insulated kiln in July. For 96 cities; capacity = 30 m bf;

U = 0.75/0.1; CC/C= 0. F

37
Figure A3.--(d)Percentoffuelsavings foran insulated kiln in O ctober.For96 cities;capacity = 30 m bf;

U = 0.75/0.1;C = 0 C/CF

38
Figure A3.— (e)Annualpercentoffuelsavings foran insulated kiln.For96 cities;capacity = 30 m bf;U 5 0.75/0.1;CC/CF = 0.

39
Table A 1.— M onthly m ean tem perature (°F), for 96 selected cities 

LAT JA N FEB M AR APR M AY JU N JU L AUG SEP OCT NOV 

4 ALBUQUERQUE N M 35.1 3 3 .8 3 9 .2 4 4 .6 5 3 .6 6 2 .6 7 1 .6 7 7 .0 7 3 .4 6 8 .0 5 5 .4 4 2 .8 

6 A M A R IL L O TX 35.2 3 5 .6 3 9 .2 4 6 .4 5 7 .2 6 6 .2 7 5 .2 7 8 .8 7 7 .0 6 9 .8 5 9 .0 4 6 .4 

14 A S T O R IA OR 46.2 4 1 .0 4 2 .8 4 2 .8 4 6 .4 5 1 .8 5 5 .4 5 9 .0 5 9 .0 5 7 .2 5 1 .8 4 6 .4 

15 ATLANTA G A 33.7 4 2 .8 4 4 .6 5 1 .8 6 0 .8 6 8 .0 7 5 .2 7 7 .0 7 7 .0 7 1 .6 6 2 .6 5 1 .8 

2 2 BATON ROUGE LA 30.4 5 1 .8 5 3 .6 5 9 .0 6 8 .0 7 5 .2 8 0 .6 8 2 .4 8 2 .4 7 7 .0 b 8 .0 5 9 .0 

2 5 B IL L IN G S M T 45.8 2 1 .2 2 6 .6 3 2 .0 4 4 .6 5 3 .6 6 2 .6 7 1 .6 6 9 .8 5 9 .0 5 0 .0 3 5 .6 

2 7 B IR M IN G H A M A L 33.5 4 4 .9 4 6 .4 5 3 .6 6 2 .6 6 9 .8 7 7 .0 8 0 .6 7 8 .8 7 3 .4 6 2 .6 5 1 .8 

2 8 B ISM A R C K N D 46.8 8 .6 1 2 .2 2 6 .6 4 2 .8 5 3 .6 6 2 .6 6 9 .8 6 8 .0 5 7 .2 4 4 .6 3 0 .2 

3 0 B O IS E ID 43.6 3 0 .2 3 3 .8 4 1 .0 4 8 .2 5 7 .2 6 4 .4 7 3 .4 7 1 .6 6 2 .6 5 1 .8 3 9 .2 

31 BO STO N M A 42.4 3 0 .2 3 2 .0 3 7 .4 4 8 .2 5 9 .0 6 8 .0 7 3 .4 7 1 .6 6 4 .4 5 5 .4 4 4 .6 

3 3 B R O W N SV ILLE T X 25.9 5 9 .0 6 2 .6 6 8 .0 7 3 .4 7 8 .8 8 2 .4 8 2 .4 8 2 .4 8 0 .6 7 5 .2 6 6 .2 

3 6 BURNS O R 4 3 .6 2 4 .8 3 0 .2 3 5 .6 4 4 .6 5 1 .8 5 9 .0 6 8 .4 6 6 .2 5 9 .0 4 6 .4 3 5 .8 

3 7 CA PE H A TTERA S N C 35.3 4 6 .4 4 6 .4 5 0 .0 5 7 .2 6 6 .2 7 3 .4 7 7 .0 7 7 .0 7 3 .4 6 4 .4 5 5 .4 

38 C A R IB O U M E 4 6 .9 1 2 .2 1 4 .0 2 4 .8 3 7 .4 5 0 .0 5 9 .0 6 4 .4 6 2 .6 5 3 .6 4 4 .6 3 2 .0 

41 CH A RLESTO N SC 32.8 5 0 .0 5 0 .0 5 7 .2 6 4 .4 7 1 .6 7 7 .0 8 0 .6 7 8 .8 7 5 .2 6 6 .2 5 7 .2 

42 CH A RLESTO N W V 3 8 .3 3 3 .8 3 7 .4 4 4 .6 5 5 .4 6 4 .4 7 1 .6 7 5 .2 7 3 .4 6 8 .0 5 7 .2 4 4 .6 

43 CHARLOTTE N C 3 5 .2 4 2 .8 4 4 .6 5 0 .0 6 0 .8 6 8 .0 7 5 .2 7 8 .8 7 7 .0 7 1 .6 6 0 .8 5 1 .8 

45 C H ER R Y PO IN T N C 3 4 .9 4 4 .6 4 6 .4 5 0 .0 5 9 .0 6 6 .2 7 3 .4 7 8 .8 7 7 .0 7 3 .4 6 4 .4 5 5 .4 

44 CHATTANOOGA TN 35.0 4 1 .0 4 2 .8 5 0 .0 6 0 .8 6 8 .0 7 5 .2 7 8 .8 7 8 .8 7 1 .6 6 0 .8 4 8 .2 

48 CLEVELAND O H 4 1 .5 2 8 .4 3 0 .2 3 5 .6 4 8 .2 5 9 .0 6 8 .0 7 1 .6 6 9 .8 6 4 .4 5 3 .6 4 1 .0 

50 C O LU M B IA M O 39.0 3 0 .2 3 2 .0 4 2 .8 5 3 .6 6 4 .4 7 3 .4 7 7 .0 7 5 .2 6 8 .0 5 7 .2 4 2 .8 

52 COLUM BUS O H 40.0 3 0 .2 3 2 .0 3 9 .2 5 1 .8 6 0 .8 6 9 .8 7 3 .4 7 1 .6 6 4 .4 5 3 .6 4 1 .0 

53 CONCORD N H 4 3 .2 2 1 .2 2 3 .0 3 2 .0 4 4 .6 5 5 .4 6 4 .4 6 9 .8 6 8 .0 5 9 .0 5 0 .0 3 7 .4 

62 DENVER C O 39.7 3 0 .2 3 2 .0 3 7 .4 4 8 .2 5 7 .2 6 6 .2 7 3 .4 7 1 .6 6 2 .6 5 1 .8 3 9 .2 

66 D O D G E C ITY K A 37.7 3 0 .2 3 3 .8 4 1 .0 5 3 .6 6 2 .6 7 3 .4 7 8 .8 7 7 .0 6 8 .0 5 5 .4 4 1 .0 

72 EL PA SO T X 31.8 4 4 .6 4 8 .2 5 5 .4 6 2 .6 7 1 .6 8 0 .6 8 0 .6 7 8 .8 7 3 .4 6 4 .4 5 1 .8 

74 ELY N V 39.2 2 4 .8 2 8 .4 3 2 .0 4 1 .0 5 0 .0 5 7 .2 6 6 .2 6 4 .4 5 5 .4 4 4 .6 3 3 .8 

81 FO R T SM IT H A R 35.4 3 9 .2 4 2 .8 5 0 .0 6 2 .6 6 9 .8 7 8 .8 8 2 .4 8 0 .6 7 3 .4 6 2 .6 5 0 .0 

83 FO RT W O RTH T X 32.7 4 4 .6 4 8 .2 5 5 .4 6 4 .4 7 1 .6 8 0 .6 8 4 .2 8 4 .2 7 7 .0 6 6 .2 5 5 .4 

84 FRESN O CA 36.7 4 4 .6 5 0 .0 5 3 .6 6 0 .8 6 6 .2 7 3 .4 8 0 .6 7 8 .8 7 3 .4 6 4 .4 5 3 .6 

86 G LA SG O W M T 48.2 1 0 .4 1 7 .6 2 6 .6 4 2 .8 5 3 .6 6 2 .6 6 9 .8 6 9 .8 5 7 .2 4 6 .4 3 0 .2 

88 G R A N D JU N C TIO N CO 39.1 2 6 .6 3 2 .0 4 1 .0 5 1 .8 6 0 .8 7 1 .6 7 7 .0 7 5 .2 6 6 .2 5 3 .6 3 9 .2 

92 GREEN BAY W I 44.5 1 5 .8 1 7 .6 2 8 .4 4 4 .6 5 3 .6 6 4 .4 6 9 .8 6 8 .0 5 9 .0 5 0 .0 3 3 .8 

93 G REEN SBO RO N C 36.1 3 7 .4 3 9 .2 4 6 .4 5 7 .2 6 6 .2 7 3 .4 7 7 .0 7 5 .2 6 9 .8 5 7 .2 4 6 .4 

96 H A R R ISB U R G PA 40.3 3 0 .2 3 2 .0 4 1 .0 5 3 .6 6 2 .6 7 1 .6 7 5 .2 7 3 .4 6 6 .2 5 5 .4 4 4 .6 

101 H O U STO N T X 29.8 5 1 .8 5 5 .4 6 0 .8 6 9 .8 7 5 .2 8 0 .6 8 2 .4 8 4 .2 7 8 .8 7 1 .6 6 0 .8 

102 HURON SD 44.4 1 2 .2 1 7 .6 2 8 .4 4 6 .4 5 7 .2 6 6 .2 7 3 .4 7 1 .6 6 0 .8 5 0 .0 3 2 .0 

103 IN D IA N A PO L IS IN 3 9 .8 3 0 .2 3 2 .0 3 9 .2 5 1 .8 6 2 .6 7 1 .6 7 5 .2 7 3 .4 6 6 .2 5 5 .4 4 1 .0 

1 0 4 IN TR N TN A L FA LLS M N 4 8 .6 1 .4 6 .8 2 1 .2 3 7 .4 5 0 .0 6 0 .8 6 6 .2 6 2 .6 5 3 .6 4 2 .8 2 4 .8 

107 JA C K SO N M S 3 2 .3 4 6 .4 5 0 .0 5 5 .4 6 6 .2 7 3 .4 7 8 .8 8 2 .4 8 0 .6 7 5 .2 6 6 .2 5 5 .4 

108 JA C K S O N V ILLE FL 3 0 .3 5 3 .6 5 5 .4 6 0 .8 6 8 .0 7 3 .4 7 8 .8 8 0 .6 8 0 .6 7 7 .0 6 9 .8 6 0 .8 

115 LANDER W Y 4 2 .8 2 1 .2 2 6 .6 3 2 .0 4 2 .8 5 3 .6 6 0 .8 6 9 .8 6 9 .8 5 9 .0 4 6 .4 3 2 .0 

116 LA N SIN G M I 4 2 .7 2 3 .0 2 4 .8 3 3 .8 4 6 .4 5 7 .2 6 6 .2 7 1 .6 6 9 .8 6 0 .8 5 1 .8 3 9 .2 

118 LA S V EG A S N V 3 6 .2 4 2 .8 4 8 .2 5 3 .6 6 2 .6 7 3 .4 8 2 .4 8 7 .8 8 6 .0 7 8 .8 6 6 .2 5 1 .8 

123 L IT T L E R O C K A R 3 4 .7 3 9 .2 4 2 .8 5 0 .0 6 0 .8 6 9 .8 7 8 .8 8 0 .6 8 0 .6 7 3 .4 6 2 .6 5 0 .0 

125 LO S A N G ELES CA 34.1 5 3 .6 5 5 .4 5 5 .4 5 9 .0 6 0 .8 6 4 .4 6 8 .0 6 8 .0 6 8 .0 6 4 .4 5 9 .0 

126 L O U IS V IL L E K Y 3 8 .2 3 2 .0 3 5 .6 4 2 .8 5 5 .4 6 4 .4 7 1 .6 7 5 .2 7 5 .2 6 8 .0 5 7 .2 4 4 .6 132 M A D ISO N W I 43.1 1 9 .4 2 1 .2 3 2 .0 4 4 .6 5 5 .4 6 6 .2 6 9 .8 6 8 .0 5 9 .0 5 0 .0 3 3 .8 

40
41
Table A 2.— M ean horizontal solar insolation (B tu/ft2/day). for 96 selected cities 

LA T JA N FE B M AR APR M AY JU N JU L AUG SEP OCT NOV 

4 ALBUQUERQUE N M 3 5 .1 1016. 1341. 1767. 2228. 2538. 2678. 2488. 2290. 1971. 1546. 1133. 

6 A M A RILLO TX 3 5 .2 9 6 0 . 1243. 1630. 2019. 2211. 2393. 2280. 2103. 1760. 1403. 1032. 

14 A STO R IA OR 4 6 .2 314. 545. 865. 1253. 1608. 1625. 1746. 1498. 1183. 713. 387. 

1 5 ATLANTA G A 3 3 .7 7 1 7 . 968. 1303. 1686. 1853. 1913. 1812. 1708. 1421. 1199. 882. 

2 2 BATON ROUGE LA 3 0 .4 7 8 5 . 1054. 1379. 1681. 1871. 1926. 1745. 1676. 1464. 1301. 920. 

2 5 B IL L IN G S M T 4 5 .8 486. 763. 1189. 1526. 1912. 2173. 2383. 2022. 1470. 986. 561. 

2 7 B IR M IN G H A M AL 3 3 .5 706. 967. 1296. 1673. 1856. 1918. 1809. 1723. 1454. 1210. 857. 

2 8 B ISM A R C K N D 4 6 .8 466. 775. 1168. 1459. 1848. 2059. 2183. 1876. 1354. 907. 507. 

3 0 B O ISE ID 4 3 .6 485. 839. 1304. 1826. 2276. 2463. 2612. 2196. 1737. 1137. 628. 

3 1 BO STO N M A 4 2 .4 4 7 5 . 709. 1016. 1325. 1620. 1817. 1149. 1486. 1259. 889. 502. 

3 3 B R O W N SV ILLE TX 2 5 .9 912. 1135. 1457. 1737. 1927. 2115. 2212. 2027. 1693. 1438. 1054. 

36 BURNS O R 4 3 .6 490. 791. 1187. 1648. 2052. 2279. 2459. 2082. 1620. 1042. 593. 

37 CA PE M A TTERA S N C 3 5 .3 685. 952. 1326. 1773. 1961. 2035. 1920. 1705. 1470. 1136. 872. 

3 8 C A R IB O U M E 4 6 .9 425. 726. 1132. 1408. 1566. 1750. 1749. 1487. 1093. 681. 367. 

41 CH A RLESTO N S C 3 2 .8 744. 995. 1338. 1732. 1860. 1843. 1798. 1585. 1394. 1192. 934. 

4 2 CH A RLESTO N W V 3 8 .3 498. 706. 1009. 1355. 1639. 1775. 1682. 1514. 1272. 972. 613. 

4 3 CHARLOTTE N C 3 5 .2 719. 971. 1317. 1694. 1855. 1921. 1830. 1694. 1415. 1173. 865. 

4 5 CHERRY POINT N C 3 4 .9 756. 1025. 1386. 1793. 1924. 1938. 1829. 1634. 1427. 1169. 906. 

4 4 CHATTANOOGA TN 3 5 .0 630. 858. 1176. 1549. 1731. 1831. 1735. 1630. 1335. 1108. 772. 

4 8 CLEVELAND OH 4 1 .5 388. 601. 922. 1349. 1681. 1843. 1827. 1582. 1239. 866. 466. 

5 0 C O LU M B IA M O 3 9 .0 612. 874. 1178. 1525. 1879. 2089. 2116. 1877. 1450. 1100. 702. 

5 2 COLUM BUS O H 4 0 .0 459. 676. 979. 1352. 1646. 1812. 1754. 1640. 1281. 945. 537. 

5 3 CONCORD N H 4 3 .2 459. 686. 973. 1317. 1582. 1704. 1674. 1455. 1140. 817. 462. 

6 2 DENVER CO 3 9 .7 895. 1208. 1648. 2024. 2299. 2522. 2441. 2191. 1854. 1392. 941. 

6 6 DODGE CITY K A 3 7 .7 826. 1122. 1476. 1885. 2089. 2358. 2295. 2055. 1686. 1300. 893. 

72 EL PA SO TX 3 1 .8 1125. 1480. 1909. 2363. 2600. 2682. 2450. 2284. 1987. 1639. 1243. 

7 4 ELY N V 3 9 .2 819. 1140. 1606. 2008. 2310. 2512. 2447. 2230. 1935. 1407. 926. 

81 FO R T SM IT H A R 3 5 .4 743. 998. 1311. 1615. 1912. 2089. 2065. 1877. 1501. 1200. 851. 

8 3 FO RT W O RTH T X 3 2 .7 800. 1063. 1401. 1610. 1883. 2146. 2147. 1972. 1610. 1277. 927. 

8 4 FRESN O CA 3 6 .7 645. 999. 1525. 1967. 2309. 2530. 2525. 2274. 1872. 1355. 841. 

8 6 G LA SG O W M T 4 8 .2 387. 671. 1104. 1488. 1827. 2047. 2192. 1862. 1340. 877. 478. 

8 8 G R A N D JU N C TIO N CO 3 9 .1 791. 1118. 1553. 1986. 2379. 2598. 2465. 2181. 1834. 1344. 918. 

9 2 GREEN BAY W I 4 4 .5 451. 724. 1104. 1438. 1719. 1907. 1888. 1621. 1218. 820. 465. 

9 3 G REEN SBO RO N C 3 6 .1 715. 970. 1313. 1683. 1868. 1953. 1863. 1696. 1417. 1141. 839. 9 6 H A R R ISR U R G PA 4 0 .3 535. 770. 1083. 1410. 1652. 1804. 1763. 1550. 1266. 934. 578. 

101 H O U STO N TX 2 9 .8 772. 1034. 1297. 1522. 1774. 1898. 1828. 1686. 1470. 1275. 923. 

102 HURON S D 4 4 .4 488. 744. 1113. 1530. 1871. 2101. 2182. 1892. 1417. 988. 577. 

103 IN D IA N A PO L IS I N 3 9 .8 495. 746. 1037. 1398. 1688. 1868. 1806. 1643. 1324. 977. 579. 

104 IN T R N T N A L FA L L S M N 4 8 .6 355. 662. 1045. 1443. 1716. 1853. 1920. 1618. 1121. 703. 345. 

1 0 7 JA C K SO N M S 3 2 .3 753. 1026. 1369. 1708. 1940. 2024. 1908. 1780. 1509. 1271. 901. 

108 JA C K SO N V IL L E F L 3 0 .3 899. 1164. 1521. 1855. 1956. 1884. 1802. 1694. 1442. 1223. 995. 

115 LANDER W Y 4 2 .8 848. 1184. 1663. 2040. 2158. 2490. 2390. 2139. 1711. 1313. 874. 

1 1 6 LA N SIN G M I 4 2 .7 498. 785. 1136. 1320. 1840. 2040. 2006. 1774. 1390. 951. 516. 

118 L A S V E G A S N V 3 6 .2 977. 1339. 1823. 2318. 2646. 2777. 2588. 2354. 2037. 1539. 1085. 

1 2 3 L IT T L E R O C K A R 3 4 .7 731. 1002. 1312. 1610. 1929. 2106. 2032. 1860. 1518. 1228. 847. 

125 LO S A N G ELES C A 3 4 .l 926. 1214. 1618. 1950. 2059. 2119. 2307. 2079. 1681. 1316. 1003. 

1 2 6 L O U ISV IL L E K Y 3 8 .2 545. 789. 1101. 1466. 1719. 1903. 1837. 1680. 1361. 1042. 652. 

132 M A D ISO N W I 4 3 .1 515. 804. 1135. 1398. 1743. 1947. 1934. 1708. 1299. 910. 504. 

42
Table A 2.— M ean horizontal solar insolation (B tu/ft2/day), for 96 selected cities— con.

LAT JA N FEB M AR APR M AY JU N JU L AUG SEP OCT NOV 

1 3 5 M A SSEN A N V 4 4 .9 431. 692. 1095. 1501. 1810. 2007. 1988. 1688. 1268. 830. 448. 

1 3 7 M ED FO RD O R 4 2 .3 406. 737. 1132. 1638. 2033. 2277. 2475. 2120. 1588. 981. 504. 

1 3 8 M EM PH IS TN 3 5 .1 6 8 2 . 944. 1278. 1638. 1884. 2044. 1971. 1823. 1470. 1204. 816. 

1 4 0 M IA M I F L 2 5 .8 1057. 1313. 1603. 1859. 1843. 1707. 1763. 1629. 1456. 1302. 1118. 

141 M ID LA N D TX 3 2 .0 1081. 1382. 1838. 2192. 2430. 2562. 2389. 2210. 1843. 1521. 1176. 

1 4 4 M IN N -S T . P A U L M N 4 5 .0 464. 763. 1103. 1441. 1737. 1927. 1969. 1687. 1254. 859. 480. 

1 4 6 M ISSO U LA M T 4 6 .9 311. 574. 981. 1382. 1782. 1932. 2327. 1880. 1357. 812. 410. 

1 4 7 M O B ILE A L 3 0 .7 8 2 8 . 1099. 1407. 1721. 1872. 1868. 1715. 1641. 1449. 1298. 955. 

1 4 8 M O LIN E I L 4 1 .5 535. 811. 1118. 1459. 1753. 1969. 1938. 1714. 1357. 995. 594. 

1 4 9 M ONTGOM ERY A L 3 2 .4 751. 1012. 1340. 1728. 1897. 1972. 1840. 1745. 1467. 1261. 915. 150 M T . SH A ST A C A 4 1 .3 5 6 0 . 857. 1249. 1756. 2186. 2436. 2577. 2212. 1735. 1155. 659. 

1 5 2 N A SH V ILLE TN 3 6 .2 579. 823. 1129. 1543. 1824. 1963. 1891. 1736. 1397. 1113. 711. 

158 NEW YORK N Y 4 0 .7 500. 721. 1037. 1363. 1636. 1710. 1687. 1483. 1213. 895. 532. 

161 NORTH OM AHA N E 4 1 .4 633. 892. 1222. 1558. 1872. 2122. 2106. 1858. 1373. 1049. 644. 

163 OAKLAND CA 3 7 .8 707. 1017. 1456. 1922. 2211. 2350. 2322. 2052. 1701. 1212. 822. 

165 OKLAHOM A CITY OK 3 5 .5 800. 1054. 1400. 1725. 1918. 2143. 2128. 1950. 1554. 1232. 900. 

172 PEN D LETO N OR 4 5 .7 348. 613. 1043. 1502. 1925. 2144. 2395. 1994. 1502. 908. 438. 1 7 5 PH O EN IX A Z 3 3 .5 1021. 1374. 1814. 2354. 2676. 2739. 2486. 2292. 2015. 1576. 1150. 

1 7 8 PIT T SB U R G H P A 4 0 .4 582. 785. 1187. 1475. 1796. 2062. 2017. 1778. 1497. 1084. 678. 

179 PO CA TELLO ID 4 2 .9 539. 882. 1371. 1820. 2280. 2479. 2599, 2239. 1769. 1203. 688. 

182 PO RTLA N D M E 4 3 .6 450. 681. 969. 1303. 1567. 1711. 1659. 1460. 1157. 822. 459. 

187 PU EBLO C O 3 8 .2 894. 1171. 1563. 1955. 2162. 2434. 2311. 2101. 1779. 1360. 953, 1 9 2 R A PID C T Y S D 4 4 .1 542. 826. 1228. 1589. 1886. 2131. 2223. 1962. 1517. 1063. 646. 

194 RENO N V 3 9 .5 800. 1149. 1649. 2159. 2523. 2701. 2692. 2405. 1997. 1430. 912. 

196 R IC H M O N D V A 3 7 .5 631. 877. 1210. 1565. 1762. 1872. 1774. 1600. 1347. 1032. 733. 

198 ROANOKE V A 3 7 .3 6 6 0 . 899. 1236. 1581. 1763. 1881. 1796. 1620. 1358. 1080. 764. 

2 0 0 RO CH ESTER N Y 4 3 .2 364. 559. 903. 1339. 1606. 1816. 1780. 1518. 1159. 781. 403. 

2 0 6 SA LEM O R 4 4 .9 332. 588. 947. 1370. 1737. 1848. 2142. 1774. 1328. 769. 410. 

207 SA L T L A K E C IT Y U T 4 0 .8 639. 988. 1454. 1894. 2362. 2560. 2590. 2253. 1843. 1293. 787. 

209 SA N A N TO N IO TX 2 9 .4 895. 1154. 1450. 1612. 1894. 2069. 2121. 1947. 1637. 1350. 1008. 

2 1 0 SA N D IE G O CA 3 2 .7 975. 1266. 1631. 1936. 2002. 2062. 2186. 2057. 1717. 1373. 1062. 

214 SA V A N N A H G A 3 2 .1 907. 1158. 1486. 1907. 2076. 2043. 1977. 1848. 1486. 1283. 977. 

215 S A U L T S T . M A R IE MI 4 6 . 5 324. 603. 1028. 1383. 1688. 1810. 1835. 1522. 1049. 673. 331. 

217 SC O T T S B L U FF N E 4 1 .9 6 7 5 . 950. 1307. 1667. 1933. 2236. 2283. 1999. 1598. 1145. 723. 

218 SEA TTLE W A 4 7 .6 287. 501. 973. 1460. 1848. 1922. 2091. 1685. 1210. 697. 391. 

2 1 9 SH ER ID A N W V 4 4 .8 517. 788. 1204; 1537. 1882. 2156. 2329. 2006. 1501. 1005. 590. 

220 SH R EV EPO R T L A 3 2 .5 8 3 3 . 1029. 1394. 1722. 2021. 2006. 2073. 1918. 1530. 1313. 896. 

225 SPO K A N E W A 4 7 .7 315. 605. 1040. 1494. 1917. 2082. 2357. 1942. 1435. 840. 397. 

2 2 6 S P R IN G F IE L D I L 3 9 .8 5 8 4 . 860. 1143. 1515. 1865. 2096. 2058. 1805. 1453. 1068. 676. 227 S P R IN G F IE L D M O 3 7 .2 683. 925. 1235. 1604. 1881. 2075. 2063. 1873. 1480. 1143. 775. 

234 TA LLA H A SSEE F L 3 0 .4 8 7 6 . 1137. 1479. 1822. 1935. 1882. 1748. 1675. 1493. 1317. 1008. 

235 TA M PA F L 2 7 .9 1010. 1259. 1593. 1908. 1998. 1847. 1752. 1653. 1492. 1346. 1107. 

2 3 8 TO PEK A K A 3 9 .0 680. 940. 1256. 1641. 1915. 2126. 2127. 1909. 1516. 1146. 771. 

241 TU CSO N A Z 3 2 .2 1099. 1432. 1864. 2363. 2671. 2729. 2341. 2182. 1978. 1601. 1208. 

245 W A SH IN G TO N D C 3 8 .9 572. 815. 1125. 1458. 1718. 1900. 1817. 1617. 1340. 1003. 650. 

250 W INNEM UCCA N V 4 1 .0 690. 1027. 1472. 1967. 2361. 2569. 2677. 2347. 1907. 1322. 809. 

251 W IN SLO W A Z 3 5 .0 984. 1326. 1779. 2283. 2594. 2711. 2346. 2140. 1927. 1512. 1119. 

253 YUM A A Z 3 2 .7 1096. 1443. 1919. 2412. 2728. 2813. 2453. 2329. 2051. 1622. 1214. 

43
Table A 3.— M ean absolute hum idity (lb w ater/lb air × 105)

LA T JA N FE B M AR APR M AY JU N JU L AUG SEP OCT NOV 

4 A LBU Q U FRQ U E N M 3 5 .1 2 2 6 . 215. 240. 198. 274. 440. 826. 820. 666. 499. 282. 

6 A M A RILLO TX 3 5 .2 282. 235. 370. 394. 571. 872. 941. 1127. 928. 708. 383. 

14 A STO R IA OR 4 6 .2 441. 479. 485. 557. 667. 857. 857. 857. 794. 675. 550

15 ATLANTA G A 3 3 .7 433. 383. 535. 710. 975. 1345. 1491. 1532. 1223. 757. 503. 

2 2 BATON ROUGE LA 3 0 .4 625. 607. 761. 990. 1345. 1614. 1837. 1911. 1593. 1094. 793. 2 5 B IL L IN G S M T 4 5 .8 0 . 0 . 0 . 345. 520. 611. 738. 662. 558. 355. 260. 

2 7 B IR M IN G H A M AL 3 3 .5 464. 457. 581. 794. 1038. 1451. 1730. 1672. 1355. 855. 552. 

2 8 B ISM A R C K N D 4 6 .8 0 . 0 . 0 . 403. 581. 781. 912. 887. 603. 383. 0 . 

3 0 B O IS E ID 4 3 .6 0 . 246. 322. 346. 434. 510. 626. 506. 466. 437. 325. 3 1 BO STO N M A 4 2 .4 0 . 0 . 280. 425. 718. 1049. 1193. 1155. 950. 640. 457. 

3 3 B R O W N SV ILLE TX 2 5 .9 890. 842. 1109. 1319. 1606. 1763. 1763. 1665. 1637. 1403. 985. 

3 6 BURNS O R 4 3 .6 0 . 0 . 273. 333. 396. 548. 549. 393. 473. 363. 330

3 7 CA PE H A TTERA S N C 3 5 .3 544. 490. 585. 733. 1068. 1427. 1573. 1655. 1391. 963. 724. 

3 8 C A R IB O U M E 4 6 .9 0 . 0 . 0 . 392. 576. 916. 1109. 1013. 815. 503. 371. 

41 CH A RLESTO N SC 3 2 .8 554. 477. 683. 872. 1172. 1451. 1707. 1693. 1499. 1013. 703. 

4 2 CH A RLESTO N W V 3 8 .3 287. 303. 401. 509. 846. 1206. 1460. 1427. 1183. 723. 445. 

4 3 CHARLOTTE N C 3 5 .2 450. 395. 485. 675. 975. 1269. 1477. 1512. 1240. 767. 527. 

4 5 C H E R R Y PO IN T N C 3 4 .9 489. 490. 585. 782. 1068. 1427. 1672. 1655. 1391. 963. 715. 

4 4 CHATTANOOGA TN 3 5 .0 403. 386. 508. 732. 1079. 1403. 1563. 1715. 1358. 870. 510. 

4 8 CLEVELAND OH 4 1 .5 0 . 0 . 295. 439. 729. 1005. 1088. 1149. 937. 643. 420. 

5 0 C O LU M B IA M D 3 9 .0 0 . 0 . 398. 529. 937. 1301. 1228. 1422. 1109. 683. 415. 

5 2 COLUM BUS O H 4 0 .0 0 . 0 . 335. 494. 744. 1117. 1229. 1189. 911. 572. 398. 

5 3 CONCORD N M 4 3 .2 0 . 0 . 0 . 389. 649. 976. 1212. 1109. 847. 569. 369. 

6 2 DENVER CO 3 9 .7 0 . 0 . 275. 353. 434. 653. 855. 804. 611. 527. 310. 

6 6 D O D G E C ITY K A 3 7 .7 0 . 226. 360. 485. 648. 908. 962. 1187. 946. 649. 333. 

7 2 EL PA SO TX 3 1 .8 265. 233. 276. 262. 407. 551. 977. 920. 891. 652. 364. 7 4 ELY N V 3 9 .2 0 . 0. 0 . 252. 272. 335. 529. 484. 285. 333. 254. 

8 1 FO R T SM IT H A R 3 5 .4 361. 392. 500. 721. 1054. 1455. 1471. 1500. 1301. 891. 523. 

8 3 FO RT W O RTH TX 3 2 .7 476. 468. 649. 872. 1257. 1500. 1406. 1586. 1491. 971. 611. 

8 4 FRESN O CA 3 6 .7 526. 585. 616. 641. 584. 731. 886. 941. 802. 742. 651. 

8 6 G LA SG O W M T 4 8 .2 0 . 0 . 0 . 357. 546. 648. 787. 771. 513. 363. 0 

8 8 G R A N D JU N C TIO N CO 3 9 .1 0 . 0 . 268. 356. 291. 473. 687. 591. 488. 459. 310. 

9 2 GREEN BAY W I 4 4 .5 0 . 0 . 0 . 389. 581. 872. 1054. 1049. 761. 531. 315. 

9 3 G REEN SBO RO N C 3 6 .1 350. 310. 443. 623. 999. 1301. 1512. 1556. 1212. 713. 443. 

9 6 H A R R ISB U R G PA 4 0 .3 0 . 0 . 322. 494. 733. 1105. 1174. 1175. 985. 658. 414. 

101 H O U STO N T X 2 9 .8 667. 621. 870. 1164. 1136. 1614. 1739. 1924. 1693. 1324. 858. 

102 HURON SD 4 4 .4 0 . 0 . 0 . 450. 713. 916. 1033. 971. 653. 485. 0 . 

103 IN D IA N A PO L IS IN 3 9 .8 0 . 0 . 361. 527. 855. 1189. 1307. 1355. 1096. 696. 441. 

104 IN T R N T N A L FA L L S M N 4 8 .b 0 . 0 . 0 . 294. 485. 675. 860. 818. 616. 403. 0 . 

107 JA C K SO N M S 3 2 .3 530. 569. 686. 985. 1301. 1541. 1812. 1822. 1518. 1041. 705. 

108 JA C K SO N V IL L E FL 3 0 .3 695. 677. 824. 1049. 1301. 1606. 1776. 1892. 1655. 1212. 858. 

115 LANDER W Y 4 2 .8 0 . 0 . 0. 322. 398. 448. 631. 553. 473. 363. 0 . 

116 L A N SIN G M I 4 2 .7 0 . 0 . 275. 423. 673. 943. 1122. 1085. 835. 568. 386. 

118 LA S V EG A S N V 3 6 .2 288. 247. 302. 238. 276. 326. 724. 710. 394. 379. 291. 

123 L IT T L E R O C K A R 3 4 .7 396. 403. 554. 789. 1133. 1455. 1568. 1660. 1283. 867. 539. 

125 LO S A N G ELES C A 3 4 .1 634. 574. 724. 718. 835. 990; 1139. 1153. 1094. 937. 718. 

126 L O U ISV IL L E K Y 3 8 .2 0 . 269. 403. 555. 872. 1172. 1269. 1364. 1124. 703. 439. 

132 M A D ISO N W I 4 3 .1 0 . 0 . 0 . 389. 668. 957. 1054. 1049. 761. 539. 315. 

44
Table A 3.— M ean absolute hum idity (lb w ater/lb air x 105)— con.

LA T JA N FE B M AR APR M AY JU N JU L AUG SEP OCT N

1 3 5 M A SSEN A N Y 4 4 .9 0 . 0 . 0 . 363. 621. 872. 1085. 1035. 815. 518. 36

1 3 7 M ED FO RD OR 4 2 .3 3 6 4 . 436. 464. 531. 593. 703. 771. 693. 613. 529. 46

1 3 8 M EM PH IS TN 3 5 .1 414. 439. 576. 781. 1189. 1520; 1690. 1660. 1301. 806. 49

1 4 0 M IA M I FL 2 5 .8 1 0 1 3 . 916. 1085. 1122. 1349. 1637. 1707. 1739. 1753. 1430. 118141 M ID LA N D T X 3 2 .0 311. 310. 450. 466. 738. 899. 977. 1226. 1158. 859. 43

1 4 4 M IN N -S T . P A U L M N 4 5 .0 0 . 0 . 0 . 370. 663. 860. 988. 1038. 812. 531. 

1 4 6 M ISSO U LA M T 4 6 .9 0 . 0 . 291. 395. 503. 611. 749. 613. 565. 408. 

1 4 7 M O B ILE A L 3 0 .7 634. 590. 782. 1035. 1345. 1545. 1763. 1960. 1573. 1064. 78

1 4 8 M O LIN E IL 4 1 .5 0 . 0 . 304. 485. 767. 1122. 1212. 1301. 937. 590. 36

1 4 9 M ONTGOM ERY A L 3 2 .4 546. 516. 693. 885. 1223. 1585. 1753. 1869. 1479; 999. 64

1 5 0 M T . SH A ST A C A 4 1 .3 319. 369. 311. 370. 415. 607. 578. 571. 482. 421. 34

1 5 2 N A SH V ILLE TN 3 6 .2 364. 382. 489. 675. 1035. 1364. 1498. 1532. 1273. 801. 51

158 NEW YORK N Y 4 0 .7 0 . 242. 301. 462. 769. 1105. 1228. 1174. 961. 665. 46

161 NORTH OM AHA N E 4 1 .4 0 . 0 . 298. 432. 781. 1038. 1167. 1247. 971. 625. 36

163 OAKLAND C A 3 7 .8 589. 634. 669. 696. 868. 989. 1001. 1081. 963. 789. 71

165 OKLAHOM A CITY O K 3 5 .5 317. 305. 482. 643. 1005. 1309. 1226. 1339. 1229. 812. 46

172 PEN D LETO N O R 4 5 .7 0 . 371. 370. 439. 505. 584. 626. 523. 523. 429. 38

175 PH O EN IX AZ 3 3 .5 386. 295. 441. 284. 312. 420. 887. 668. 869. 688. 45

1 7 8 PIT T SB U R G H PA 4 0 .4 0 . 0 . 360. 462. 757. 1122. 1307. 1247. 985. 696. 47

179 PO CA TELLO ID 4 2 .9 0 . 0 . 264. 321. 406. 515. 671. 553. 420. 389. 29

182 PO RTLA N D M E 4 3 .6 0 . 0 . 0 . 392. 576. 916. 1109. 1013. 815. 503. 37

187 PU EBLO CO 3 8 .2 0 . 206. 240. 323. 426. 569. 846. 853. 639. 459. 28

1 9 2 R A PID C T Y SD 4 4 .1 0 . 0 . 0 . 376. 574. 703. 873. 788. 562. 409. 28

194 RENO N V 3 9 .5 0 . 238. 255. 290. 311. 460. 564. 516. 431. 401. 33

1 9 6 R IC H M O N D V A 3 7 .5 331. 325. 423. 593. 929. 1247. 1451. 1553. 1149. 750. 48

198 ROANOKE V A 3 7 .3 286. 275. 370. 518. 833. 1189. 1307. 1373. 1124. 643. 41

2 0 0 RO CH ESTER N V 4 3 .2 0 . 0 . 287. 403. 663. 929. 1206. 1164. 965. 617. 44

2 0 6 SA LEM O R 4 4 .9 391. 473. 451. 516. 630. 687. 805. 805. 696. 607. 51

2 0 7 SALT LAKE CITY U T 4 0 .8 0 . 262. 270. 393. 484. 502. 727. 553. 536. 478. 332 0 9 SA N A N TO N IO T X 2 9 .4 601. 529. 789. 946. 1345. 1500. 1519. 1617. 1520. 1117. 71

2 1 0 SA N D IE G O CA 3 2 .7 564. 537. 653. 633. 806. 924. 1049. 1133. 1085. 846. 66

2 1 4 SA V A N N A H G A 3 2 .1 577. 519. 673. 929. 1265. 1541. 1730. 1799. 1573. 1064. 72

215 S A U L T S T . M A R IE M I 4 6 .5 0 . 0 . 0 . 331. 482. 693. 903. 940. 752. 501. 

217 SCO TTS BLU FF N E 4 1 .9 0 . 0 . 260. 370. 513. 708. 891. 887. 607. 439. 284

218 SEA TTLE W A 4 7 .6 409. 457. 445. 554. 611. 698. 833. 872. 744. 678. 51

219 SH ER ID A N W Y 4 4 .8 0 . 0 . 0 . 351. 555. 664. 771. 615. 543. 403. 27

220 SH REV EPO RT LA 3 2 .5 517. 516. 703. 872. 1206. 1477. 1690. 1763. 1573. 1082. 69

225 SPO K A N E W A 4 7 .7 0 . 0 . 317. 430. 527. 539. 678. 564. 484. 439. 36

226 S P R IN G F IE L D IL 3 9 .8 0 . 0 . 361. 590. 879. 1301. 1155. 1403. 1109. 683. 42227 S P R IN G F IE L D M O 3 7 .2 291. 317. 439. 613. 924. 1247. 1268. 1451. 1196. 782. 44

234 TA LLA H A SSEE FL 3 0 .4 675. 590. 847. 957. 1265. 1541. 1730. 1845. 1553. 1079. 78

235 TAM PA F L 2 7 .9 881. 767. 1013. 1054. 1250. 1477. 1637. 1684. 1563. 1211. 92238 TO PEK A K A 3 9 .0 0 . 258. 355. 578. 898. 1283. 1240. 1309. 1020. 683. 42

2 4 1 TU CSO N A Z 3 2 .2 355. 274. 394. 305. 325. 440. 1139. 1060. 984. 564. 394

2 4 5 W A SH IN G TO N D C 3 8 .9 269. 261. 358. 546. 807. 1175. 1268. 1269. 1038. 686. 46

250 W IN N EM U CCA N V 4 1 .0 0 . 230. 233. 271. 293. 418. 490. 375. 283. 353. 31

251 W IN SLO W A Z 3 5 .0 0 . 280. 296. 285. 262. 325. 835. 721. 584. 464. 25

253 YUM A A Z 3 2 .7 406. 389. 515. 414. 548. 645. 1332. 1258. 1031. 759. 46

45
Table A 4.— E nergy requirem ents of a direct-fired 1-m bf kiln (com puted w ithout fan energy) for a low -tem perature 

schedule (106 B tu/m bf) 

JA N FEB M AR APR M AY JU N JU L AUG SEP OCT 

4 ALBUQUERQUE N M 9 .5 9 9 .0 8 8 .4 5 7 .4 4 6 .3 8 5 .4 8 5 .0 7 5 .3 7 6 .0 0 7 .2 3 8 

6 A M A R ILLO TX 9 .4 7 9 .1 4 8 .3 8 7 .2 5 6 .3 7 5 .5 3 5 .0 8 5 .4 0 6 .0 9 7 .1 0 8 

14 A ST O R IA O R 9 .0 2 8 .8 6 8 .9 9 8 .6 6 8 .0 6 7 .6 4 7 .2 0 7 .2 5 7 .4 7 8 .1 1 8 

1 5 ATLANTA G A 9 .0 5 8 .8 4 8 .1 2 7 .1 6 6 .5 6 6 .0 1 5 .9 3 6 .0 3 6 .3 2 6 .8 2 7 

2 2 BATON ROUGE LA 8 .2 3 7 .9 9 7 .4 5 6 .5 7 6 .0 5 5 .6 6 5 .7 2 5 .8 9 6 .0 0 6 .5 3 7 2 5 B IL L IN G S M T 1 0 .8 9 1 0 .3 7 9 .8 1 8 .6 4 7 .6 7 6 .6 7 5 .5 8 5 .6 6 6 .9 8 7 .9 1 9 

2 7 B IR M IN G H A M AL 8 .8 9 8 .6 7 7 .9 5 7 .0 2 6 .4 2 5 .9 1 5 .7 8 5 .9 8 6 .1 9 6 .9 1 7 

2 8 B ISM A R C K N D 1 2 .2 7 1 1 .8 9 1 0 .3 7 8 .8 6 7 .7 4 6 .8 3 5 .9 9 6 .1 4 7 .2 4 8 .5 1 9 

3 0 B O IS E IO 9 .9 8 9 .6 8 8 .9 1 8 .1 6 7 .1 1 6 .3 2 5 .2 0 5 .2 4 6 .4 3 7 .7 4 9 31 BO STO N M A 1 0 .0 6 9 .9 6 9 .5 3 8 .4 3 7 .4 2 6 .5 7 6 .0 7 6 .2 8 6 .8 4 7 .6 2 8 

3 3 B R O W N SV ILLE TX 7 .6 6 7 .1 9 6 .6 6 6 .1 5 5 .7 8 5 .4 9 5 .4 5 5 .4 8 5 .5 9 6 .0 1 6 

3 6 BURNS O R 1 0 .5 9 1 0 .0 5 9 .5 6 8 .5 9 7 .6 9 6 .9 1 5 .7 3 5 .7 4 6 .8 8 8 .2 4 9 

3 7 CA PE H A TTERA S N C 8 .6 5 8 .6 2 8 .2 6 7 .4 7 6 .7 0 6 .1 9 5 .9 5 6 .1 4 6 .1 5 6 .8 7 7 

3 8 C A R IB O U M E 1 1 .9 1 1 1 .7 2 1 0 .5 8 9 .4 2 8 .2 1 7 .3 7 6 .8 8 7 .0 4 7 .9 0 8 .6 9 1 0 

4 1 CH A RLESTO N SC 8 .3 2 8 .3 0 7 .5 8 6 .8 5 6 .3 1 5 .9 3 5 .7 7 6 .0 8 6 .1 3 6 .6 9 7 

4 2 CH A RLESTO N W V 9 .9 8 9 .6 1 8 .9 2 7 .7 6 6 .9 7 6 .3 3 6 .1 4 6 .3 7 6 .6 7 7 .4 5 8 

4 3 CHARLOTTE N C 8 .9 8 8 .7 8 8 .2 4 7 .1 4 6 .5 7 5 .9 7 5 .7 4 6 .0 1 6 .3 0 7 .0 4 7 

4 5 C H E R R Y PO IN T N C 8 .7 8 8 .5 9 8 .2 3 7 .3 1 6 .7 2 6 .2 2 5 .9 0 6 .1 9 6 .1 9 6 .8 6 7 

44 CHATTANOOGA T N 9 .2 6 9 .0 6 8 .3 5 7 .2 3 6 .6 8 6 .0 9 5 .8 5 6 .0 6 6 .4 2 7 .1 5 8 

4 0 CLEVELAND OH 1 0 .3 9 1 0 .2 7 9 .8 1 8 .4 3 7 .3 9 6 .5 3 6 .1 2 6 .4 1 6 .8 7 7 .8 0 9 

5 0 C O LU M B IA M D 1 0 .0 9 9 .9 8 8 .9 7 7 .8 6 6 .8 7 6 .1 0 5 .5 8 5 .9 8 6 .5 0 7 .3 9 8 

5 2 COLUM BUS O H 1 0 .2 0 1 0 .0 8 9 .4 5 8 .1 0 7 .2 5 6 .4 4 6 .0 9 6 .2 4 6 .8 6 7 .6 9 9 

5 3 CONCORD N Y 1 1 .0 4 1 0 .9 2 1 0 .0 4 8 .7 7 7 .7 4 6 .9 1 6 .4 7 6 .6 1 7 .4 1 8 .1 2 9 

6 2 DENVER CO 9 .7 7 9 .7 1 9 .1 6 8 .0 9 7 .0 8 6 .2 0 5 .4 7 5 .5 6 6 .5 1 7 .7 1 8 

6 6 D O D G E C IT Y K A 9 .9 4 9 .7 1 8 .9 8 7 .6 8 6 .7 9 5 .7 5 5 .0 9 5 .4 7 6 .2 8 7 .4 7 8 

7 2 EL PA SO TX 8 .4 6 8 .1 4 7 .3 1 6 .5 3 5 .5 9 4 .7 0 4 .8 6 4 .9 3 5 .6 3 6 .4 0 7 

7 4 ELY N V 1 0 .4 8 1 0 .1 7 9 .7 2 8 .7 8 7 .6 4 6 .8 3 5 .9 0 5 .9 7 7 .0 3 8 .2 4 9 

8 1 F O R T S M IT H A R 9 .3 1 8 .9 5 8 .2 4 7 .0 1 6 .4 1 5 .6 9 5 .2 7 5 .5 2 6 .0 9 6 .9 7 8 

8 3 FO RT W O RTH T X 8 .8 4 8 .4 4 7 .7 2 6 .9 1 6 .3 3 5 .5 1 5 .0 0 5 .2 0 5 .7 9 6 .6 3 7 

8 4 FRESN O CA 8 .8 1 8 .1 6 7 .7 0 6 .9 9 6 .3 2 5 .5 6 4 .7 5 4 .9 3 5 .5 5 6 .6 3 7 

8 6 G LA SG O W M T 1 2 .0 8 1 1 .3 2 1 0 .3 7 8 .8 2 7 .7 4 6 .7 5 5 .8 8 5 .8 4 7 .1 8 8 .3 4 9 

8 8 GRAND JUNCTION CO 1 0 .3 1 9 .8 0 8 .8 6 7 .7 6 6 .6 6 5 .5 5 4 .9 6 4 .9 9 6 .1 1 7 .4 7 8 

9 2 GREEN BAY W I 1 1 .6 0 1 1 .4 3 1 0 .2 9 8 .7 1 7 .8 0 6 .7 7 6 .2 4 6 .4 6 7 .2 8 8 .1 1 9 

9 3 G REEN SBO RO N C 9 .5 0 9 .3 2 8 .5 9 7 .4 8 6 .7 3 6 .1 4 5 .9 3 6 .2 3 6 .4 5 7 .3 6 8 

9 6 H A R R ISB U R G PA 1 0 .1 0 1 0 .0 0 9 .1 7 7 .8 9 7 .0 8 6 .2 7 5 .8 7 6 .0 9 6 .7 2 7 .6 0 8 

1 0 1 H O U STO N TX 8 .3 0 7 .8 4 7 .3 6 6 .5 3 6 .0 2 5 .6 7 5 .6 0 5 .7 2 5 .8 7 6 .3 9 7 

102 HURON SD 1 1 .9 7 1 1 .4 2 1 0 .2 9 8 .5 0 7 .4 5 6 .5 5 5 .7 4 5 .8 6 6 .9 1 8 .0 2 9 

103 IN D IA N A P O L IS IN 1 0 .1 7 1 0 .0 4 9 .4 2 8 .0 9 7 .1 1 6 .2 9 5 .9 6 6 .2 2 6 .7 4 7 .6 2 9 

104 IN T R N T N A L FA L L S M N 1 3 .1 1 1 2 .4 8 1 0 .9 7 9 .3 6 8 .1 0 7 .0 2 6 .4 2 6 .7 6 7 .7 4 8 .7 9 1 0 

107 JA C K SO N M S 8 .7 3 8 .3 2 7 .7 7 6 .7 2 6 .1 6 5 .7 5 5 .6 3 5 .9 2 6 .0 7 6 .6 9 7 

108 JA C K SO N V IL L E F L 7 .9 6 7 .7 4 7 .1 8 6 .5 1 6 .1 4 5 .8 4 5 .8 2 6 .0 5 6 .0 4 6 .4 8 7 

115 LANDER W Y 1 0 .6 7 1 0 .1 9 9 .5 7 8 .5 8 7 .4 7 6 .5 9 5 .6 6 5 .5 0 6 .8 4 8 .1 6 9 

116 L A N SIN G M I 1 0 .8 3 1 0 .6 7 9 .8 1 8 .6 1 7 .4 4 6 .5 8 6 .0 7 6 .2 3 7 .0 6 7 .9 0 9 

118 LA S V EG A S N V 8 .5 9 8 .0 6 7 .4 3 6 .5 1 5 .3 8 4 .3 8 3 .8 8 3 .9 1 4 .7 0 6 .0 4 7 

123 L IT T L E R O C K A R 9 .3 7 8 .9 8 8 .2 8 7 .2 2 6 .4 3 5 .6 8 5 .5 5 5 .7 0 6 .0 8 6 .9 3 8 

125 LO S A N G ELES CA 7 .7 1 7 .5 3 7 .5 5 7 .2 2 7 .0 3 6 .7 1 6 .3 0 6 .3 8 6 .4 4 6 .7 9 7 

126 L O U ISV IL L E K Y 9 .9 9 9 .7 4 9 .0 5 7 .7 2 6 .9 3 6 .2 6 5 .9 1 6 .0 3 6 .5 8 7 .4 1 8 

132 M A D ISO N W I 1 1 .2 0 1 1 .0 4 9 .9 3 8 .7 3 7 .6 5 6 .6 3 6 .2 2 6 .4 2 7 .2 6 8 .0 7 9 

46
Table A 4.— E nergy requirem ents of a direct-fired 1-m bf kiln (com puted w ithout fan energy) for a low -tem perature 

schedule (106 B tu/m bf)— con. 

JA N FEB M AR APR M AY JU N JU L AUG SEP OCT N

1 3 5 M A SSEN A N Y 1 1 .8 0 1 1 .6 3 l0 .2 8 8 .8 4 7 .7 6 6 .7 3 6 .2 2 6 .5 9 7 .2 7 8 .2 8 9 .

1 3 7 M ED FO RD O R 9 .5 0 9 .0 6 8 .7 2 8 .1 4 7 .3 0 6 .5 0 5 .5 6 5 .6 6 6 .4 5 7 .6 7 8 .

1 3 8 M EM PH IS TN 9 .2 1 8 .8 2 8 .1 0 7 .0 2 6 .3 2 5 .7 4 5 .5 0 5 .7 1 6 .1 1 6 .8 8 8 .

140 M IA M I FL 6 .7 7 6 .7 0 6 .3 6 6 .0 2 5 .8 9 5 .7 4 5 .7 8 5 .7 7 5 .8 1 5 .8 9 6 .1 4 1 M ID LA N D TX 8 .7 1 8 .4 1 7 .5 8 6 .6 8 5 .8 2 5 .1 3 4 .8 8 5 .0 9 5 .8 5 6 .6 3 7 .

144 M IN N -S T . P A U L M N 1 1 .9 6 1 1 .5 8 1 0 .2 8 8 .7 0 7 .5 0 6 .5 9 5 .9 7 6 .2 2 7 .0 9 8 .1 0 9 .

1 4 6 M ISSO U L A M T 1 1 .0 1 1 0 .4 6 9 .8 0 8 .7 2 7 .9 0 7 .1 0 6 .1 4 6 .2 4 7 .4 1 8 .5 6 9 .

1 4 7 M O B IL E AL 8 .1 8 7 .9 4 7 .4 3 6 .5 6 6 .0 5 5 .6 4 5 .6 7 5 .9 6 5 .9 9 6 .5 1 7 .

1 4 8 M O LIN E IL 1 1 .0 6 1 0 .7 1 9 .6 8 8 .2 1 7 .2 0 6 .2 2 5 .8 2 6 .1 2 6 .7 9 7 .7 2 9 .

149 M ONTGOM ERY AL 8 .5 3 8 .3 1 7 .6 0 6 .8 5 6 .3 1 5 .8 0 5 .7 9 5 .9 8 6 .0 8 6 .6 6 7 .

1 5 0 M T . S H A S T A CA 9 .7 8 9 .4 0 9 .0 2 8 .3 9 7 .4 6 6 .7 1 5 .7 0 5 .8 6 6 .6 7 7 .6 9 8 .

1 5 2 N A SH V IL L E T N 9 .6 4 9 .2 4 8 .5 4 7 .3 8 6 .6 1 6 .0 1 5 .7 3 6 .0 0 6 .3 1 7 .1 0 8 .

158 NEW YORK N Y 9 .9 1 9 .8 8 9 .1 8 8 .0 8 7 .1 1 6 .3 1 5 .7 7 5 .9 3 6 .5 5 7 .2 6 8 .161 NORTH OM AHA N E 1 0 .7 6 1 0 .4 6 9 .4 2 8 .1 5 6 .9 8 6 .1 0 5 .5 3 5 .9 9 6 .6 1 7 .7 4 9 .

163 OAKLAND C A 8 .3 2 7 .9 2 7 .7 3 7 .5 5 7 .1 3 6 .8 0 6 .7 0 8 .6 7 6 .6 5 7 .0 8 7 .

1 6 5 OKLAHOM A CITY O K 9 .6 3 9 .2 8 8 .3 7 7 .2 9 6 .5 4 5 .7 4 5 .2 1 5 .3 2 6 .0 1 7 .0 7 8 .

1 7 2 PEN D LETO N O R 9 .8 1 9 .2 0 8 .6 6 8 .1 5 7 .1 8 6 .3 3 5 .3 0 5 .3 5 6 .3 9 7 .8 2 9 .

1 7 5 PH O E N IX AZ 7 .9 2 7 .3 7 6 .9 8 6 .1 8 5 .2 0 4 .2 7 3 .8 8 3 .7 3 4 .6 4 5 .7 5 6 .

1 7 8 PIT T SB U R G H PA 9 .8 4 9 .9 8 9 .1 0 8 .0 3 7 .0 1 6 .1 8 5 .8 7 6 .0 4 6 .5 6 7 .6 0 8 .

179 PO CA TELLO ID 1 0 .5 8 9 .8 2 9 .4 5 8 .5 1 7 .4 1 6 .4 7 5 .4 2 5 .4 5 6 .7 7 8 .0 3 9 .

182 PO RTLA N D M E 1 0 .8 3 1 0 .7 1 1 0 .0 3 8 .9 5 8 .0 3 7 .0 3 6 .5 7 6 .7 0 7 .3 7 8 .2 5 9 .

187 PU EBLO CO 9 .8 5 9 .6 5 9 .0 7 7 .7 7 6 .8 3 5 .8 4 5 .1 7 5 .3 0 6 .2 4 7 .4 6 8 .

1 9 2 R A P ID C T Y SD 1 0 .7 1 1 0 .2 0 9 .8 3 8 .6 3 7 .5 4 6 .5 7 5 .5 8 5 .6 4 6 .8 0 7 .9 2 9 .194 RENO N V 9 .6 7 9 .4 3 8 .9 7 8 .1 8 7 .2 2 6 .5 0 5 .6 4 5 .7 2 6 .6 9 7 .7 6 8 .

1 9 6 R IC H M O N D V A 9 .5 0 9 .3 3 8 .6 1 7 .5 1 6 .7 7 6 .1 5 5 .9 2 6 .0 9 6 .4 4 7 .2 7 8 .

198 ROANOKE V A 9 .6 7 9 .5 1 8 .7 8 7 .6 6 6 .8 9 6 .2 8 5 .9 6 6 .2 7 6 .6 1 7 .3 3 8 .

2 0 0 RO CH ESTER N Y 1 0 .7 4 1 0 .8 1 9 .9 7 8 .5 9 7 .5 7 6 .6 7 6 .2 4 6 .4 5 7 .0 9 8 .0 0 9 .

206 SA LEM O R 9 .2 5 8 .8 7 8 .7 7 8 .2 4 7 .6 5 7 .0 1 6 .2 7 6 .3 1 6 .8 0 7 .8 4 8 .

207 S A L T L A K E C IT Y U T 9 .9 7 9 .6 9 9 .0 7 7 .9 8 6 .9 1 6 .0 9 4 .9 4 4 .9 0 6 .2 7 7 .7 1 8 .

209 SA N A N T O N IO T X 8 .1 6 7 .9 4 7 .2 5 6 .6 0 6 .0 3 5 .5 3 5 .2 9 5 .4 6 5 .6 8 6 .3 5 7 .

210 SA N D IE G O CA 7 .6 9 7 .5 4 7 .3 7 7 .2 0 6 .8 8 6 .6 8 6 .2 7 6 .1 9 6 .2 5 6 .6 7 7 .

214 SA V A N N A H G A 8 .2 1 8 .0 3 7 .5 0 6 .6 1 6 .0 7 5 .7 4 5 .7 1 5 .8 6 5 .9 4 6 .5 3 7 .

215 S A U L T S T . M A R IE M I 1 1 .6 2 1 1 .8 2 1 0 .6 7 9 .4 1 8 .2 6 7 .3 7 6 .8 4 6 .9 5 7 .7 2 8 .6 8 9 .

217 SCO TTS BLU FF N E 1 0 .4 9 1 0 .2 0 9 .5 2 8 .4 3 7 .3 2 6 .3 5 5 .5 7 5 .7 3 6 .8 2 7 .9 0 9 .

218 SEA TTLE W A 8 .9 6 8 .6 3 8 .6 7 8 .2 0 7 .5 9 7 .0 0 6 .4 9 6 .6 0 7 .0 3 7 .9 6 8 .

219 SH E R ID A N W Y 1 0 .9 0 1 0 .3 9 1 0 .0 2 8 .8 2 7 .7 0 6 .8 7 5 .8 0 5 .6 3 7 .1 6 8 .1 2 9 .

220 SH REV EPO RT LA 8 .6 3 8 .2 9 7 .5 6 6 .8 5 6 .2 4 5 .7 2 5 .4 5 5 .6 0 5 .9 0 6 .7 3 7 .

225 SPO K A N E W A 1 0 .3 5 9 .8 2 9 .3 6 8 .4 9 7 .5 2 6 .8 4 5 .7 2 5 .7 8 6 .9 3 8 .2 4 9 .

226 S P R IN G F IE L D IL 1 0 .4 8 1 0 .1 5 9 .3 4 7 .8 8 7 .0 2 6 .1 1 5 .7 2 6 .0 0 6 .4 8 7 .4 0 8 .

227 S P R IN G F IE L D M O 9 .8 5 9 .5 0 8 .8 0 7 .5 0 6 .8 6 6 .0 7 5 .6 3 5 .8 4 6 .3 7 7 .2 7 8 .

234 TA LLA H A SSEE FL 8 .1 7 7 .9 3 7 .2 1 6 .6 7 6 .1 4 5 .8 0 5 .8 1 6 .0 1 5 .9 6 6 .5 1 7 .

235 TA M PA FL 7 .2 5 7 .2 0 6 .6 7 6 .3 2 5 .9 3 5 .7 6 5 .7 3 5 .8 8 5 .8 3 6 .0 6 6 .

238 TO PEK A K A 1 0 .2 2 9 .7 9 9 .0 9 7 .6 4 6 .8 4 6 .0 8 5 .4 1 5 .6 6 6 .4 1 7 .3 7 8 .

241 TU CSO N AZ 7 .8 9 7 .7 7 7 .1 6 6 .3 6 5 .5 2 4 .6 2 4 .5 1 4 .7 5 5 .1 2 5 .9 7 6 .

245 W A SH IN G TO N D C 9 .6 6 9 .5 0 8 .8 1 7 .7 2 6 .9 1 6 .1 0 5 .7 4 5 .9 7 6 .3 6 7 .2 3 8 .

250 W IN N EM U CCA N V 1 0 .1 1 9 .6 5 9 .2 4 8 .4 4 7 .3 1 6 .3 7 5 .2 3 5 .4 1 6 .6 5 7 .9 4 9 .

251 W IN SLO W AZ 9 .7 2 9 .1 0 8 .4 5 7 .4 4 6 .3 5 5 .4 0 4 .9 6 5 .1 6 5 .8 1 7 .0 2 8 .

253 YUM A AZ 7 .4 9 6 .9 9 6 .5 6 5 .8 4 5 .1 1 4 .3 8 3 .9 2 3 .9 4 4 .3 5 5 .4 4 6 .5 

47
Table A 5.— E nergy requirem ents of a direct-fired 4-m bf kiln (com puted w ithout fan energy) for a low -tem perature 

schedule (106 B tu/m bf) 

JA N FE B M AR APR M AY JU N JU L AUG SEP OCT 

4 ALBUQUERQUE N M 6 .5 3 6 .2 1 5 .8 4 5 .1 6 4 .5 3 4 .4 6 3 .7 0 3 .8 1 4 .3 0 5 .0 2 

6 A M A R ILLO TX 6 .4 7 6 .2 8 5 .8 4 5 .1 2 4 .6 3 4 .6 6 3 .7 8 3 .9 6 4 .4 5 5 .0 4 

1 4 A ST O R IA OR 6 .2 9 6 .2 0 6 .3 0 6 .1 2 5 .7 4 5 .9 7 5 .1 2 5 .1 1 5 .3 3 5 .7 4 

1 5 ATLANTA G A 6 .3 2 6 .1 9 5 .7 8 5 .1 8 4 .8 7 5 .1 3 4 .5 7 4 .5 5 4 .7 4 4 .9 0 

2 2 BATON ROUGE L A 5 .8 6 5 .7 1 5 .4 0 4 .8 8 4 .6 2 5 .0 0 4 .5 8 4 .5 9 4 .6 3 4 .8 3 

2 5 B IL L IN G S M T 7 .3 1 7 .0 2 6 .6 9 6 .0 2 5 .4 3 5 .2 9 3 .9 8 3 .9 6 4 .9 1 5 .4 7 

2 7 B IR M IN G H A M A L 6 .2 3 6 .1 0 5 .6 8 5 .1 1 4 .8 0 5 .1 0 4 .5 7 4 .5 6 4 .6 8 4 .9 9 

2 8 B ISM A R C K N D 8 .1 6 7 .9 3 7 .0 3 6 .1 7 5 .4 9 5 .4 5 4 .3 3 4 .3 5 5 .1 0 5 .8 6 

3 0 B O IS E ID 6 .7 8 6 .6 2 6 .1 6 5 .6 9 5 .0 1 5 .0 1 3 .6 8 3 .6 2 4 .5 0 5 .3 8 

3 1 BO STO N M A 6 .8 4 6 .8 1 6 .6 1 5 .9 3 5 .3 8 5 .4 0 4 .5 5 4 .6 1 4 .9 8 5 .4 0 

3 3 B R O W N SV ILLE T X 5 .5 7 5 .2 7 4 .9 6 4 .6 8 4 .4 9 4 .9 1 4 .3 2 4 .2 1 4 .3 7 4 .5 9 

36 BURNS OR 7 .1 5 6 .8 3 6 .5 8 5 .9 7 5 .4 0 5 .3 9 4 .0 0 3 .9 3 4 .8 2 5 .6 6 

37 CA PE H A TTERA S N C 6 .0 9 6 .0 6 5 .8 5 5 .3 6 4 .9 4 5 .2 4 4 .6 0 4 .6 5 4 .6 4 5 .0 2 

3 8 C A R IB O U M E 7 .9 4 7 .8 4 7 .1 7 6 .5 0 5 .8 3 5 .8 4 5 .0 1 5 .0 2 5 .6 1 6 .0 3 

4 1 CH A RLESTO N SC 5 .8 9 5 .8 7 5 .4 6 5 .0 2 4 .7 5 5 .1 3 4 .5 5 4 .6 6 4 .6 9 4 .9 1 

4 2 CH A RLESTO N W V 6 .8 7 6 .6 7 6 .2 8 5 .5 4 5 .1 4 5 .3 1 4 .7 1 4 .7 6 4 .9 5 5 .3 0 

4 3 CHARLOTTE N C 6 .2 6 6 .1 4 5 .8 3 5 .1 6 4 .8 7 5 .0 9 4 .4 4 4 .5 3 4 .7 2 5 .0 4 4 5 C H E R R Y PO IN T N C 6 .1 4 6 .0 2 5 .8 2 5 .2 6 4 .9 6 5 .2 8 4 .6 2 4 .6 9 4 .6 8 5 .0 0 

4 4 CHATTANOOGA TN 6 .4 5 6 .3 4 5 .9 4 5 .2 4 4 .9 8 5 .2 1 4 .5 6 4 .6 3 4 .8 4 5 .1 5 4 8 CLEVELAND O H 7 .0 8 7 .0 3 6 .8 2 5 .9 3 5 .3 5 5 .3 6 4 .5 3 4 .6 7 5 .0 1 5 .5 1 

5 0 C O LU M B IA M O 6 .8 6 6 .8 1 6 .2 7 5 .5 8 5 .0 3 5 .1 6 4 .2 1 4 .4 3 4 .7 8 5 .2 4 

5 2 COLUM BUS OH 6 .9 5 6 .9 1 6 .6 0 5 .7 5 5 .2 8 5 .3 4 4 .5 8 4 .5 8 5 .0 0 5 .4 1 

5 3 CONCORD N H 7 .4 4 7 .3 9 6 .9 1 6 .1 3 5 .5 6 5 .5 9 4 .8 1 4 .8 1 5 .3 3 5 .6 9 

6 2 DENVER C O 6 .5 8 6 .5 6 6 .2 7 5 .6 1 4 .9 9 4 .9 7 3 .9 6 3 .9 3 4 .5 9 5 .3 6 

6 6 D O D G E C IT Y K A 6 .7 2 6 .6 3 6 .2 2 5 .4 1 4 .9 1 4 .8 0 3 .7 9 4 .0 2 4 .5 7 5 .2 5 

72 EL PA SO T X 5 .8 4 5 .6 4 5 .1 4 4 .6 1 4 .0 8 4 .0 4 3 .6 3 3 .5 8 4 .1 3 4 .5 6 

74 ELY N V 7 .0 4 6 .8 6 6 .6 0 5 .9 9 5 .3 0 5 .2 4 4 .1 0 4 .0 8 4 .8 4 5 .6 0 

8 1 F O R T S M IT H A R 6 .4 4 6 .2 4 5 .8 4 5 .1 1 4 .7 8 4 .9 5 4 .1 2 4 .1 9 4 .5 8 5 .0 4 

8 3 FO RT W O RTH TX 6 .1 8 5 .9 5 5 .5 3 5 .0 7 4 .7 7 4 .8 5 3 .9 2 4 .0 0 4 .4 3 4 .8 5 

8 4 FRESN O C A 6 .1 8 5 .7 6 5 .4 5 5 .0 3 4 .5 8 4 .6 2 3 .5 2 3 .5 7 4 .0 4 4 .7 7 

8 6 G LA SG O W M T 8 .0 5 7 .5 9 7 .0 4 6 .1 4 5 .4 9 5 .3 7 4 .2 2 4 .1 2 5 .0 3 5 .7 5 

8 8 G R A N D JU N C T IO N CO 6 .9 5 6 .6 5 6 .1 1 5 .4 2 4 .7 2 4 .5 3 3 .5 8 3 .5 1 4 .3 2 5 .1 9 

9 2 GREEN BAY W I 7 .7 7 7 .6 8 7 .0 2 6 .0 8 5 .5 6 5 .4 6 4 .5 8 4 .6 5 5 .2 1 5 .6 7 

9 3 G REEN SBO RO N C 6 .5 6 6 .4 5 6 .0 4 5 .3 5 4 .9 7 5 .2 0 4 .5 7 4 .6 8 4 .8 0 5 .2 3 

9 6 H A R R ISB U R G PA 6 .8 7 6 .8 4 6 .4 0 5 .6 2 5 .1 8 5 .2 4 4 .4 2 4 .4 9 4 .9 2 5 .3 8 

101 H O U STO N T X 5 .9 2 5 .6 3 5 .3 8 4 .9 1 4 .6 0 5 .0 1 4 .4 6 4 .4 9 4 .5 8 4 .8 2 

102 HURON SD 7 .9 9 7 .6 7 7 .0 2 5 .9 6 5 .3 3 5 .3 2 4 .2 2 4 .2 0 4 .9 1 5 .5 8 

103 IN D IA N A P O L IS IN 6 .9 3 6 .8 7 6 .5 7 5 .7 4 5 .2 0 5 .2 7 4 .5 2 4 .6 1 4 .9 5 5 .4 0 

104 IN TR N TN A L FA LLS M N 8 .6 8 8 .3 0 7 .4 2 6 .4 5 5 .7 1 5 .5 6 4 .6 1 4 .7 6 5 .4 5 6 .0 6 

107 JA C K SO N M S 6 .1 4 5 .8 9 5 .5 7 4 .9 7 4 .6 6 5 .0 2 4 .4 9 4 .5 5 4 .6 4 4 .9 1 

1 0 8 JA C K SO N V IL L E F L 5 .6 8 5 .5 4 5 .2 1 4 .8 3 4 .6 5 5 .1 0 4 .6 1 4 .6 8 4 .6 8 4 .8 4 

115 LANDER W Y 7 .1 2 6 .8 3 6 .4 6 5 .9 0 5 .2 5 5 .1 5 4 .0 0 3 .8 2 4 .7 7 5 .5 8 

1 1 6 L A N SIN G M I 7 .3 0 7 .2 2 6 .7 6 6 .0 4 5 .3 3 5 .3 5 4 .4 8 4 .5 0 5 .0 6 5 .5 4 

118 LA S V EG A S N V 5 .9 2 5 .5 9 5 .2 0 4 .6 2 3 .9 2 3 .7 8 2 .9 2 2 .8 6 3 .3 9 4 .2 7 

1 2 3 L IT T L E R O C K A R 6 .5 0 6 .2 6 5 .8 7 5 .2 4 4 .7 9 4 .9 5 4 .3 3 4 .3 4 4 .5 7 5 .0 1 

125 LO S A N G ELES C A 5 .4 7 5 .3 5 5 .3 7 5 .1 7 5 .0 8 5 .4 0 4 .5 9 4 .5 8 4 .7 3 4 .9 3 

120 L O U ISV IL L E K Y 6 .8 2 6 .7 3 6 .3 4 5 .5 2 5 .1 0 5 .2 4 4 .4 7 4 .4 9 4 .8 6 5 .2 7 

132 M A D ISO N W I 7 .5 2 7 .4 4 6 .8 0 6 .0 9 5 .4 8 5 .3 9 4 .5 6 4 .6 2 5 .1 9 5 .6 4 

48
Table A 5.— E nergy requirem ents of a direct-fired 4-m bf kiln (com puted w ithout fan energy) for a low -tem perature 

schedule (106 B tu/m bf)— con. 

JA N FEB M AR APR M AY JU N JU L AUG SEP OCT NOV 

135 M A SSEN A N Y 7 .8 9 7 .8 1 7 .0 1 6 .1 4 5 .5 2 5 .4 2 4 .5 7 4 .7 1 5 .1 9 5 .7 7 6 .5 

1 3 7 M ED FO RD O R 6 .5 8 6 .3 1 6 .1 1 5 .7 4 5 .2 0 5 .2 0 3 .9 7 3 .9 6 4 .5 9 5 .3 8 6 .2 

1 3 8 M EM PH IS TN 6 .4 1 6 .1 8 5 .7 6 5 .1 2 4 .7 4 5 .0 1 4 .3 5 4 .3 6 4 .6 0 4 .9 6 5 .6 

140 M IA M I FL 5 .0 1 4 .9 4 4 .7 5 4 .5 5 4 .5 4 5 .0 7 4 .5 7 4 .5 0 4 .5 9 4 .5 4 4 .8 

141 M ID LA N D TX 6 .0 1 5 .8 3 5 .3 4 4 .7 7 4 .2 8 4 .4 0 3 .6 6 3 .7 8 4 .3 5 4 .7 9 5 .2 

1 4 4 M IN N -S T . P A U L M N 7 .9 9 7 .7 6 7 .0 1 6 .0 7 5 .3 9 5 .3 5 4 .3 8 4 .4 9 5 .0 8 5 .6 6 6 .4 7 

1 4 6 M ISSO U LA M T 7 .4 2 7 .1 1 6 .7 5 6 .1 0 5 .5 9 5 .5 8 4 .3 4 4 .3 3 5 .1 9 5 .9 1 6 .5 1 

147 M O B ILE A L 5 .8 2 5 .6 7 5 .3 8 4 .8 8 4 .6 2 4 .9 8 4 .5 3 4 .6 5 4 .6 3 4 .8 0 5 .3 0 

148 M O LIN E IL 7 .4 5 7 .2 5 6 .6 9 5 .8 0 5 .2 3 5 .2 0 4 .3 8 4 .5 1 4 .9 3 5 .4 3 6 .2 8 

149 M ONTGOM ERY AL 6 .0 2 5 .8 9 5 .4 7 5 .0 2 4 .7 5 5 .0 7 4 .5 8 4 .6 2 4 .6 4 4 .8 8 5 .4 1 

1 5 0 M T. SHASTA C A 6 .7 1 6 .4 8 6 .2 6 5 .8 3 5 .2 4 5 .2 7 3 .9 8 4 .0 4 4 .6 8 5 .3 4 6 .1 

1 5 2 N A SH V IL L E T N 6 .6 8 6 .4 5 6 .0 5 5 .3 3 4 .9 1 5 .1 4 4 .4 4 4 .5 2 4 .7 3 5 .1 0 5 .8 4 

158 NEW YORK N Y 6 .7 6 6 .8 0 6 .4 1 5 .7 3 5 .2 1 5 .2 8 4 .3 9 4 .4 1 4 .8 2 5 .1 9 5 .9 1 

161 NORTH OM AHA M E 7 .2 4 7 .0 8 6 .5 1 5 .7 3 5 .0 8 5 .0 9 4 .1 6 4 .3 8 4 .8 2 5 .4 4 6 .2 5 

163 OAKLAND CA 5 .8 6 5 .6 1 5 .4 8 5 .3 8 5 .1 0 5 .4 3 4 .7 9 4 .7 3 4 .8 0 5 .0 8 5 .5 

1 6 5 OKLAHOM A CITY O K 6 .6 2 6 .4 1 5 .8 9 5 .2 4 4 .8 5 4 .9 4 3 .9 9 4 .0 0 4 .5 0 5 .0 7 5 .6 7 

172 PEN D LETO N OR 6 .6 9 6 .3 8 6 .0 5 5 .7 6 5 .1 4 5 .0 9 3 .7 7 3 .7 3 4 .5 2 5 .4 5 6 .2 8 

1 7 5 P H O E N IX AZ 5 .5 4 5 .1 9 4 .9 6 4 .4 2 3 .8 2 3 .7 5 3 .0 0 2 .7 6 3 .4 8 4 .1 9 4 .8 7 

178 PIT T SB U R G H P A 6 .7 0 6 .8 2 6 .3 3 5 .6 8 5 .1 1 5 .1 6 4 .4 3 4 .4 3 4 .7 7 5 .3 8 6 .0 1 179 PO CA TELLO ID 7 .1 4 6 .6 8 6 .4 8 5 .8 9 5 .1 8 5 .1 0 3 .8 3 3 .7 6 4 .7 1 5 .5 3 6 .3 5 

182 PO RTLA N D M E 7 .3 1 7 .2 6 6 .9 0 6 .2 4 5 .7 3 5 .6 5 4 .8 4 4 .8 3 5 .3 0 5 .7 4 6 .3 8 

187 PU EBLO CO 6 .6 4 6 .5 7 6 .2 4 5 .4 2 4 .8 9 4 .7 5 3 .7 9 3 .8 0 4 .4 5 5 .1 8 5 .8 7 

1 9 2 RAPID CTY SD 7 .2 1 6 .9 1 6 .7 1 6 .0 1 5 .3 7 5 .2 6 4 .0 6 4 .0 0 4 .8 0 5 .4 9 6 .3 7 194 RENO N V 6 .5 5 6 .4 3 6 .1 5 5 .6 3 5 .0 1 5 .0 6 3 .9 2 3 .8 9 4 .6 4 5 .3 4 6 .0 3 

1 9 6 R IC H M O N D V A 6 .5 6 6 .4 7 6 .0 6 5 .3 9 5 .0 0 5 .2 0 4 .5 5 4 .6 0 4 .7 8 5 .2 0 5 .8 0 

198 ROANOKE V A 6 .6 5 6 .5 7 6 .1 6 5 .4 5 5 .0 6 5 .2 5 4 .5 2 4 .6 6 4 .8 9 5 .1 9 5 .8 2 

2 0 0 RO CH ESTER N Y 7 .2 8 7 .3 6 6 .9 0 6 .0 2 5 .4 6 5 .4 3 4 .6 6 4 .7 1 5 .1 5 5 .6 3 6 .3 7 

2 0 6 SA LEM O R 6 .4 2 6 .2 1 6 .1 5 5 .8 4 5 .4 7 5 .5 5 4 .4 7 4 .4 6 4 .8 6 5 .5 4 6 .2 1 

207 S A L T L A K E C IT Y U T 6 .7 6 6 .6 2 6 .2 5 5 .5 8 4 .8 8 4 .8 6 3 .5 6 3 .4 3 4 .4 2 5 .3 5 6 .1 2 

209 S A N A N T O N IO T X 5 .8 0 5 .6 6 5 .2 7 4 .8 9 4 .6 0 4 .8 7 4 .1 4 4 .1 9 4 .3 9 4 .7 1 5 .2 2 

2 1 0 S A N D IE G O C A 5 .4 5 5 .3 5 5 .2 6 5 .1 5 5 .0 1 5 .3 8 4 .5 7 4 .4 7 4 .6 2 4 .8 2 5 .1 1 

214 SA V A N N A H G A 5 .7 9 5 .6 8 5 .3 8 4 .8 6 4 .5 7 5 .0 1 4 .5 0 4 .5 0 4 .5 7 4 .8 2 5 .3 3 

2 1 5 S A U L T S T . M A R IE M I 7 .8 0 7 .9 3 7 .2 5 6 .4 9 5 .8 2 5 .7 7 4 .9 0 4 .9 4 5 .5 0 6 .0 2 6 .5 7 

217 SCO TTS BLU FF N E 7 .0 6 6 .9 0 6 .5 5 5 .8 7 5 .2 3 5 .1 2 4 .0 6 4 .0 9 4 .8 2 5 .4 7 6 .2 2 

2 1 8 SEA TTLE W A 6 .2 4 6 .0 6 6 .0 6 5 .8 2 5 .4 0 5 .5 5 4 .6 2 4 .6 6 5 .0 2 5 .6 5 6 .1 0 

219 SH E R ID A N W Y 7 .3 3 7 .0 3 6 .8 3 6 .1 2 5 .4 6 5 .4 2 4 .1 4 3 .9 3 5 .0 2 5 .6 1 6 .5 0 

220 SH REV EPO RT LA 6 .0 6 5 .8 7 5 .4 4 5 .0 2 4 .6 7 4 .9 9 4 .3 1 4 .3 1 4 .5 3 4 .9 4 5 .4 7 225 SPO K A N E W A 7 .0 1 6 .7 0 6 .4 6 5 .9 6 5 .3 4 5 .3 8 4 .0 5 4 .0 1 4 .8 5 5 .7 2 6 .5 9 

226 S P R IN G F IE L D IL 7 .1 0 6 .9 1 6 .5 0 5 .6 1 5 .1 1 5 .1 6 4 .2 8 4 .4 5 4 .7 6 5 .2 6 6 .1 8 

227 S P R IN G F IE L D M D 6 .7 6 6 .5 6 6 .1 7 5 .3 8 5 .0 3 5 .1 2 4 .2 7 4 .3 6 4 .7 3 5 .1 9 5 .9 4 

234 TA LLA H A SSEE F L 5 .8 1 5 .6 5 5 .2 3 4 .9 1 4 .6 5 5 .0 6 4 .6 0 4 .6 5 4 .5 9 4 .8 1 5 .2 6 

235 TA M PA FL 5 .2 7 5 .2 2 4 .9 1 4 .7 1 4 .5 1 5 .0 2 4 .5 1 4 .5 4 4 .5 4 4 .5 7 4 .9 1 

238 TO PEK A K A 6 .9 2 6 .7 1 6 .3 3 5 .4 5 5 .0 0 5 .1 3 4 .1 1 4 .2 0 4 .6 9 5 .2 3 6 .0 1 

241 TU CSO N A Z 5 .5 1 5 .4 3 5 .0 7 4 .5 3 4 .0 1 3 .9 5 3 .5 0 3 .5 3 3 .8 2 4 .2 8 4 .9 0 

245 W A SH IN G TO N D C 6 .6 5 6 .5 7 6 .1 8 5 .5 1 5 .0 8 5 .1 5 4 .3 7 4 .4 4 4 .7 0 5 .1 6 5 .8 3 

250 W IN N EM U C C A N V 6 .8 3 6 .5 8 6 .3 4 5 .8 1 5 .1 0 5 .0 0 3 .6 4 3 .6 7 4 .5 9 5 .4 4 6 .1 9 

251 W IN SLO W AZ 6 .5 7 6 .2 4 5 .8 5 5 .1 7 4 .4 9 4 .3 8 3 .6 6 3 .6 9 4 .1 7 4 .8 9 5 .6 5 

253 YUM A AZ 5 .2 7 4 .9 5 4 .6 9 4 .2 4 3 .7 8 3 .8 6 3 .1 9 3 .0 5 3 .3 2 4 .0 2 4 .6 4 

49
Table A 6.— E nergy requirem ents of a direct-fired 8-m bf kiln (packages stacked tw o high) (com puted w ithout fan 

energy) for a low -tem perature schedule (106 B tu/m bf) 

JA N FEB M AR APR M AY JU N JU L AUG SEP OCT 

4 ALBUQUERQUE N M 5 .5 2 5 .2 7 4 .9 9 4 .4 1 3 .9 2 3 .4 1 3 .2 5 3 .3 2 3 .7 4 4 .3 0 

6 A M A R ILLO TX 5 .4 9 5 .3 4 5 .0 1 4 .4 2 4 .0 6 3 .6 5 3 .3 5 3 .5 1 3 .9 1 4 .3 6 

1 4 A ST O R IA OR 5 .3 9 5 .3 3 5 .4 2 5 .2 8 4 .9 8 4 .7 1 4 .4 4 4 .4 3 4 .6 2 4 .9 6 

1 5 ATLANTA G A 5 .4 2 5 .3 3 5 .0 1 4 .5 3 4 .3 2 4 .1 3 4 .1 3 4 .1 1 4 .2 3 4 .2 7 

2 2 BATON ROUGE LA 5 .0 9 4 .9 6 4 .7 3 4 .3 3 4 .1 5 4 .0 6 4 .2 1 4 .2 2 4 .1 8 4 .2 7 

2 5 B IL L IN G S M T 6 .1 4 5 .9 2 5 .6 7 5 .1 6 4 .6 9 4 .1 2 3 .4 6 3 .4 2 4 .2 3 4 .6 8 

2 7 B IR M IN G H A M AL 5 .3 6 5 .2 6 4 .9 4 4 .4 9 4 .2 7 4 .1 2 4 .1 7 4 .1 4 4 .1 8 4 .3 6 

2 8 B ISM A R C K N O 6 .8 1 6 .6 3 5 .9 4 5 .2 9 4 .7 5 4 .2 8 3 .7 9 3 .7 8 4 .4 0 4 .9 9 

3 0 B O IS E ID 5 .7 3 5 .6 3 5 .2 6 4 .8 8 4 .3 2 3 .8 7 3 .1 8 3 .1 1 3 .8 7 4 .6 1 

3 1 BO STO N M A 5 .7 9 5 .7 8 5 .6 6 5 .1 2 4 .7 1 4 .3 0 4 .0 5 4 .1 0 4 .3 7 4 .6 7 

3 3 B R O W N SV ILLE TX 4 .8 8 4 .6 4 4 .4 1 4 .2 0 4 .0 6 4 .0 0 3 .9 5 3 .8 4 3 .9 8 4 .1 3 

3 6 BURNS O R 6 .0 2 5 .7 8 5 .6 1 5 .1 1 4 .6 5 4 .1 8 3 .4 3 3 .3 5 4 .1 4 4 .8 2 

3 7 CA PE H A TTERA S N C 5 .2 5 5 .2 2 5 .0 6 4 .6 6 4 .3 6 4 .2 1 4 .1 5 4 .2 1 4 .1 5 4 .4 1 

3 8 C A R IB O U M E 6 .6 5 6 .5 7 6 .0 5 5 .5 5 5 .0 5 4 .6 3 4 .4 0 4 .3 9 4 .8 7 5 .1 6 

4 1 CH A RLESTO N SC 5 .1 0 5 .0 8 4 .7 7 4 .4 2 4 .2 4 4 .1 4 4 .1 6 4 .2 4 4 .2 2 4 .3 3 

4 2 CH A RLESTO N W V 5 .8 6 5 .7 1 5 .4 2 4 .8 2 4 .5 4 4 .2 5 4 .2 4 4 .2 7 4 .3 8 4 .6 0 

4 3 CHARLOTTE N C 5 .3 7 5 .2 8 5 .0 5 4 .5 1 4 .3 2 4 .0 8 4 .0 2 4 .0 9 4 .2 1 4 .3 9 

4 5 C H E R R Y PO IN T N C 5 .2 7 5 .1 9 5 .0 3 4 .5 9 4 .3 8 4 .2 5 4 .1 9 4 .2 5 4 .1 9 4 .3 9 

4 4 CHATTANOOGA TN 5 .5 3 5 .4 5 5 .1 5 4 .5 9 4 .4 2 4 .2 0 4 .1 4 4 .2 1 4 .3 2 4 .5 0 

4 8 CLEVELAND OH 5 .9 9 5 .9 8 5 .8 4 5 .1 1 4 .6 8 4 .2 6 4 .0 1 4 .1 4 4 .3 9 4 .7 6 

5 0 C O LU M B IA M O 5 .8 0 5 .7 8 5 .3 9 4 .8 4 4 .4 3 4 .1 3 3 .7 6 3 .9 6 4 .2 1 4 .5 4 

5 2 COLUM BUS OH 5 .8 9 5 .8 8 5 .6 6 4 .9 7 4 .6 4 4 .2 6 4 .0 9 4 .0 6 4 .3 9 4 .6 6 

5 3 CONCORD N H 6 .2 6 6 .2 4 5 .8 8 5 .2 6 4 .8 5 4 .4 5 4 .2 7 4 .2 5 4 .6 6 4 .8 9 

6 2 DENVER CO 5 .5 4 5 .5 3 5 .3 2 4 .8 0 4 .3 1 3 .8 5 3 .4 6 3 .4 1 3 .9 4 4 .5 8 

6 6 D O D G E C IT Y K A 5 .6 7 5 .6 2 5 .3 2 4 .6 7 4 .2 9 3 .7 7 3 .3 6 3 .5 7 4 .0 0 4 .5 3 

7 2 EL PA SO TX 4 .9 8 4 .8 2 4 .4 3 3 .9 8 3 .5 8 3 .1 0 3 .2 3 3 .1 7 3 .6 4 3 .9 6 

7 4 ELY N V 5 .9 1 5 .7 8 5 .5 8 5 .0 8 4 .5 3 4 .0 0 3 .5 1 3 .4 7 4 .1 3 4 .7 4 

8 1 F O R T S M IT H A R 5 .5 0 5 .3 5 5 .0 5 4 .4 8 4 .2 4 4 .0 0 3 .7 4 3 .7 9 4 .0 8 4 .4 1 

8 3 FO RT W O RTH T X 5 .3 1 5 .1 3 4 .8 1 4 .4 7 4 .2 5 3 .9 2 3 .5 7 3 .6 5 3 .9 8 4 .2 7 

8 4 FRESN O CA 5 .3 1 4 .9 8 4 .7 1 4 .3 9 4 .0 1 3 .5 9 3 .1 1 3 .1 5 3 .5 5 4 .1 6 

8 6 G LA SG O W M T 6 .7 3 6 .3 7 5 .9 4 5 .2 6 4 .7 5 4 .2 0 3 .6 7 3 .5 8 4 .3 3 4 .9 1 

8 8 G R A N D JU N C T IO N CO 5 .8 5 5 .6 1 5 .2 1 4 .6 6 4 .0 8 3 .4 8 3 .1 3 3 .0 5 3 .7 4 4 .4 4 

9 2 GREEN BAY W I 6 .5 2 6 .4 6 5 .9 5 5 .2 1 4 .8 2 4 .3 1 4 .0 4 4 .0 9 4 .5 3 4 .8 7 

9 3 G REEN SBO RO N C 5 .5 9 5 .5 1 5 .2 0 4 .6 5 4 .3 9 4 .1 7 4 .1 2 4 .2 1 4 .2 6 4 .5 3 

9 6 H A R R ISB U R G PA 5 .8 2 5 .8 1 5 .4 9 4 .8 7 4 .5 6 4 .1 9 3 .9 5 4 .0 0 4 .3 4 4 .6 6 

101 H O U STO N TX 5 .1 4 4 .9 1 4 .7 3 4 .3 8 4 .1 4 4 .0 7 4 .0 9 4 .1 4 4 .1 5 4 .3 0 

102 HURON SD 6 .6 9 6 .4 5 5 .9 5 5 .1 2 4 .6 4 4 .1 9 3 .7 2 3 .6 9 4 .2 5 4 .7 8 

103 IN D IA N A P O L IS IN 5 .8 7 5 .8 4 5 .6 4 4 .9 7 4 .5 8 4 .2 2 4 .0 5 4 .1 2 4 .3 7 4 .6 8 

104 INTRNTNAL FALLS M N 7 .2 3 6 .9 3 6 .2 5 5 .4 9 4 .9 3 4 .3 7 4 .0 2 4 .1 2 4 .7 0 5 .1 6 

107 JA C K SO N M S 5 .3 0 5 .1 0 4 .8 5 4 .3 9 4 .1 6 4 .0 6 4 .1 2 4 .1 6 4 .1 7 4 .3 3 

108 JA C K S O N V ILLE FL 4 .9 3 4 .8 2 4 .5 6 4 .2 8 4 .1 6 4 .1 5 4 .2 2 4 .2 8 4 .2 3 4 .3 1 

115 LANDER W Y 5 .9 5 5 .7 3 5 .4 5 5 .0 2 4 .5 2 3 .9 6 3 .4 5 3 .2 8 4 .1 0 4 .7 4 116 L A N SIN G M I 6 .1 5 6 .1 0 5 .7 6 5 .2 0 4 .6 4 4 .2 3 3 .9 7 3 .9 6 4 .4 0 4 .7 6 

118 LA S V EG A S N V 5 .0 5 4 .7 8 4 .4 7 4 .0 0 3 .4 4 2 .8 7 2 .6 0 2 .5 3 2 .9 6 3 .6 9 

123 L IT T L E R O C K A R 5 .5 5 5 .3 7 5 .0 8 4 .5 9 4 .2 6 3 .9 9 3 .9 3 3 .9 5 4 .0 8 4 .3 8 

125 LO S A N G ELES CA 4 .7 4 4 .6 4 4 .6 6 4 .5 0 4 .4 4 4 .2 6 4 .0 3 4 .0 2 4 .1 7 4 .3 2 

126 L O U ISV IL L E K Y 5 .7 9 5 .7 4 5 .4 6 4 .7 9 4 .5 0 4 .1 8 4 .0 0 4 .0 3 4 .3 0 4 .5 7 

132 M A D ISO N W I 6 .3 2 6 .2 6 5 .7 8 5 .2 3 4 .7 7 4 .2 7 4 .0 2 4 .0 5 4 .5 1 4 .8 4 

50
Table A 6.— E nergy requirem ents of a direct-fired 8-m bf kiln (packages stacked tw o high) (com puted w ithout fan 

energy) for a low -tem perature schedule (106 B tu/m bf)— con. 

JA N FEB M AR APR M AY JU N JU L AUG SEP OCT 

135 M A SSEN A N Y 6 .6 2 6 .5 6 5 .9 4 5 .2 6 4 .7 8 4 .2 7 4 .0 2 4 .1 3 4 .5 1 4 .9 4 

137 M ED FO RD OR 5 .6 2 5 .4 1 5 .2 5 4 .9 5 4 .5 1 4 .0 5 3 .4 6 3 .4 2 3 .9 8 4 .6 3 

1 3 8 M EM PH IS TN 5 .4 9 5 .3 1 5 .0 0 4 .5 0 4 .2 3 4 .0 5 3 .9 8 3 .9 6 4 .1 1 4 .3 3 

1 4 0 M IA M I F L 4 .4 3 4 .3 6 4 .2 2 4 .0 7 4 .1 0 4 .1 4 4 .1 8 4 .1 3 4 .1 9 4 .1 0 

141 M ID LA N D TX 5 .1 3 4 .9 9 4 .6 0 4 .1 4 3 .7 8 3 .4 5 3 .2 6 3 .3 9 3 .8 6 4 .1 8 

144 M IN N -S T . P A U L M N 6 .6 8 6 .5 1 5 .9 4 5 .2 1 4 .7 0 4 .2 2 3 .8 6 3 .9 5 4 .4 3 4 .8 6 

146 M ISSO U LA M T 6 .2 5 6 .0 1 5 .7 5 5 .2 4 4 .8 3 4 .3 6 3 .7 5 3 .7 2 4 .4 7 5 .0 4 

147 M O B ILE AL 5 .0 5 4 .9 2 4 .7 1 4 .3 3 4 .1 5 4 .0 4 4 .1 6 4 .2 8 4 .1 8 4 .2 4 

148 M O LIN E IL 6 .2 6 6 .1 2 5 .7 1 5 .0 1 4 .5 8 4 .1 4 3 .9 0 4 .0 1 4 .3 2 4 .6 8 

149 M ONTGOM ERY A L 5 .2 0 5 .0 9 4 .7 8 4 .4 2 4 .2 3 4 .1 1 4 .1 8 4 .2 2 4 .1 7 4 .2 9 

150 M T. SH A STA CA 5 .7 1 5 .5 3 5 .3 6 5 .0 0 4 .5 1 4 .0 7 3 .4 1 3 .4 5 4 .0 3 4 .5 6 1 5 2 N A SH V IL L E TN 5 .7 1 5 .5 3 5 .2 4 4 .6 5 4 .3 5 4 .1 3 4 .0 1 4 .0 7 4 .2 1 4 .4 4 

158 NEW YORK N V 5 .7 3 5 .8 0 5 .5 1 4 .9 6 4 .5 8 4 .2 2 3 .9 4 3 .9 5 4 .2 5 4 .5 1 

161 NORTH OM AHA N E 6 .0 9 5 .9 7 5 .5 5 4 .9 4 4 .4 5 4 .0 3 3 .7 1 3 .8 9 4 .2 3 4 .6 9 

163 OAKLAND CA 5 .0 5 4 .8 5 4 .7 4 4 .6 7 4 .4 3 4 .2 6 4 .1 6 4 .1 2 4 .1 9 4 .4 2 

165 O K LA H O M A C ITY O K 5 .6 3 5 .4 8 5 .0 8 4 .5 6 4 .2 9 3 .9 5 3 .5 9 3 .6 0 4 .0 1 4 .4 2 

172 PEN D LETO N OR 5 .6 7 5 .4 6 5 .2 0 4 .9 7 4 .4 7 3 .9 7 3 .2 7 3 .2 2 3 .9 1 4 .6 8 

175 PH O E N IX AZ 4 .7 6 4 .4 8 4 .3 0 3 .8 4 3 .3 7 2 .8 6 2 .7 1 2 .4 6 3 .1 0 3 .6 8 

178 PIT T SB U R G H PA 5 .6 7 5 .7 9 5 .4 3 4 .9 1 4 .4 9 4 .1 0 3 .9 6 3 .9 4 4 .1 8 4 .6 5 179 PO CA TELLO ID 6 .0 1 5 .6 5 5 .5 1 5 .0 3 4 .4 5 3 .9 3 3 .3 1 3 .2 2 4 .0 3 4 .7 1 

182 PO RTLA N D M E 6 .1 5 6 .1 4 5 .8 7 5 .3 5 4 .9 8 4 .4 8 4 .2 7 4 .2 5 4 .6 2 4 .9 2 

187 PU EBLO CO 5 .5 9 5 .5 7 5 .3 1 4 .6 6 4 .2 5 3 .6 7 3 .3 4 3 .3 4 3 .8 7 4 .4 3 

192 R A P ID C T Y SD 6 .0 6 5 .8 4 5 .6 9 5 .1 5 4 .6 6 4 .1 2 3 .5 7 3 .4 9 4 .1 5 4 .6 9 

194 RENO N V 5 .5 3 5 .4 5 5 .2 3 4 .8 0 4 .2 9 3 .8 7 3 .3 5 3 .3 1 3 .9 7 4 .5 4 

1 9 6 R IC H M O N D V A 5 .6 0 5 .5 3 5 .2 3 4 .6 9 4 .4 2 4 .1 7 4 .1 1 4 .1 5 4 .2 4 4 .5 2 

198 ROANOKE V A 5 .6 6 5 .6 1 5 .3 0 4 .7 3 4 .4 6 4 .2 0 4 .0 5 4 .1 7 4 .3 2 4 .4 9 

200 RO CH ESTER N Y 6 .1 5 6 .2 3 5 .9 0 5 .1 8 4 .7 7 4 .3 0 4 .1 4 4 .1 7 4 .5 2 4 .8 6 

206 SA LEM OR 5 .5 0 5 .3 4 5 .3 0 5 .0 6 4 .7 6 4 .3 6 3 .8 8 3 .8 7 4 .2 2 4 .7 8 207 SA L T L A K E C IT Y U T 5 .7 1 5 .6 2 5 .3 2 4 .7 9 4 .2 2 3 .7 4 3 .1 1 2 .9 6 3 .8 1 4 .5 7 

209 SA N A N T O N IO T X 5 .0 2 4 .9 1 4 .6 2 4 .3 4 4 .1 4 3 .9 3 3 .7 7 3 .8 1 3 .9 6 4 .1 8 

210 SA N D IE G O C A 4 .7 2 4 .6 4 4 .5 7 4 .4 7 4 .3 9 4 .2 3 4 .0 1 3 .9 3 4 .0 8 4 .2 1 

214 SA V A N N A H GA 5 .0 0 4 .9 1 4 .6 9 4 .2 9 4 .0 8 4 .0 5 4 .1 0 4 .1 0 4 .1 2 4 .2 6 

215 S A U L T S T . M A R IE M I 6 .5 5 6 .6 6 6 .1 3 5 .5 3 5 .0 2 4 .5 3 4 .2 7 4 .3 1 4 .7 8 5 .1 5 

217 SCO TTS BLU FF N E 5 .9 4 5 .8 3 5 .5 7 5 .0 3 4 .5 4 4 .0 0 3 .5 6 3 .5 7 4 .1 7 4 .6 7 

218 SEA TTLE W A 5 .3 4 5 .2 2 5 .2 1 5 .0 4 4 .6 9 4 .3 5 4 .0 1 4 .0 5 4 .3 6 4 .8 9 

219 SH E R ID A N W Y 6 .1 5 5 .9 3 5 .7 8 5 .2 4 4 .7 2 4 .2 3 3 .6 0 3 .3 9 4 .3 2 4 .7 9 

220 SH REV EPO RT LA 5 .2 1 5 .0 8 4 .7 4 4 .4 2 4 .1 6 4 .0 3 3 .9 4 3 .9 3 4 .0 8 4 .3 6 

225 SPO K A N E W A 5 .9 2 5 .6 8 5 .5 1 5 .1 3 4 .6 2 4 .1 9 3 .5 0 3 .4 5 4 .1 7 4 .0 9 

226 S P R IN G F IE L D IL 5 .9 9 5 .8 6 5 .5 7 4 .8 7 4 .4 9 4 .1 3 3 .8 0 3 .9 8 4 .1 9 4 .5 5 

227 S P R IN G F IE L D M O 5 .7 5 5 .6 0 5 .3 1 4 .6 8 4 .4 2 4 .0 9 3 .8 2 3 .9 1 4 .1 9 4 .5 2 

234 TA LLA H A SSEE F L 5 .0 3 4 .9 0 4 .5 9 4 .3 4 4 .1 6 4 .1 0 4 .2 0 4 .2 5 4 .1 4 4 .2 5 

235 TA M PA F L 4 .6 2 4 .5 7 4 .3 4 4 .1 8 4 .0 5 4 .0 6 4 .1 2 4 .1 4 4 .1 2 4 .0 8 

238 TO PEK A K A 5 .8 4 5 .7 1 5 .4 2 4 .7 3 4 .4 0 4 .1 1 3 .6 8 3 .7 5 4 .1 2 4 .5 3 

241 TU CSO N A Z 4 .7 3 4 .6 6 4 .3 8 3 .9 2 3 .5 2 3 .0 1 3 .1 6 3 .1 6 3 .4 0 3 .7 2 

245 W A SH IN G TO N D C 5 .6 7 5 .6 1 5 .3 2 4 .7 9 4 .4 8 4 .1 2 3 .9 2 3 .9 7 4 .1 6 4 .4 8 

250 W IN N EM U CCA N V 5 .7 6 5 .5 8 5 .3 9 4 .9 5 4 .3 7 3 .8 3 3 .1 2 3 .1 1 3 .9 2 4 .6 3 

251 W IN SLO W A Z 5 .5 4 5 .3 0 4 .9 9 4 .4 3 3 .8 9 3 .3 2 3 .2 3 3 .2 2 3 .6 3 4 .1 9 

253 YUM A AZ 4 .5 4 4 .2 9 4 .0 8 3 .7 1 3 .3 4 2 .9 7 2 .9 4 2 .7 9 2 .9 8 3 .5 6 

51
Table A 7.— E nergy requirem ents of a direct-fired 16-m bf kiln (com puted w ithout fan energy) for a low -tem perature 

schedule (106 B tu/m bf) 

JAN FEB M AR APR M AY JU N JU L AUG SEP OC

4 ALBUQUERQUE N M 5 .2 4 5 .0 1 4 .7 5 4 .2 0 3 .7 5 3 .2 7 3 .1 2 3 .4 6 3 .5 8 4 .1 

6 A M A R ILLO T X 5 .2 2 5 .0 8 4 .7 7 4 .2 2 3 .9 0 3 .5 2 3 .2 3 3 .6 7 3 .7 6 4 .1 

1 4 A ST O R IA O R 5 .1 4 5 .0 9 5 .1 7 5 .0 5 4 .7 7 4 .5 0 4 .2 5 4 .6 1 4 .4 3 4 .7 

1 5 ATLANTA G A 5 .1 7 5 .0 8 4 .8 0 4 .3 5 4 .1 7 4 .0 0 4 .0 0 4 .2 5 4 .0 8 4 .1 

2 2 BATON ROUGE LA 4 .8 7 4 .7 5 4 .5 4 4 .1 7 4 .0 2 3 .9 5 4 .1 1 4 .3 6 4 .0 6 4 .1 

2 5 B IL L IN G S M T 5 .8 2 5 .6 1 5 .3 9 4 .9 2 4 .4 9 3 .9 5 3 .3 2 3 .6 3 4 .0 4 4 .4 

2 7 B IR M IN G H A M A L 5 .1 1 5 .0 3 4 .7 3 4 .3 1 4 .1 2 4 .0 0 4 .0 6 4 .2 8 4 .0 5 4 .1 

2 8 B ISM A R C K N D 6 .4 3 6 .2 7 5 .6 3 5 .0 5 4 .5 4 4 .1 0 3 .6 3 4 .0 0 4 .2 0 4 .7 

3 0 B O IS E ID 5 .4 4 5 .3 5 5 .0 1 4 .6 5 4 .1 3 3 .7 0 3 .0 4 3 .3 1 3 .6 9 4 .3 

3 1 BO STO N M A 5 .4 9 5 .4 9 5 .3 9 4 .8 9 4 .5 3 4 .1 5 3 .9 1 4 .2 9 4 .2 0 4 .4 

3 3 B R O W N SV ILLE T X 4 .6 9 4 .4 7 4 .2 5 4 .0 7 3 .9 4 3 .8 9 3 .8 5 3 .9 4 3 .8 6 4 .0 

3 6 BURNS O R 5 .7 1 5 .4 9 5 .3 3 4 .8 6 4 .4 4 3 .9 9 3 .2 8 3 .5 3 3 .9 5 4 .5 

3 7 CA PE H A TTERA S N C 5 .0 1 4 .9 9 4 .8 4 4 .4 7 4 .1 9 4 .0 8 4 .0 3 4 .3 6 4 .0 1 4 .2 

3 8 C A R IB O U M E 6 .2 8 6 .2 1 5 .7 4 5 .2 8 4 .8 3 4 .4 4 4 .2 3 4 .5 8 4 .6 6 4 .9 

4 1 CH A RLESTO N SC 4 .8 8 4 .8 6 4 .5 7 4 .2 5 4 .1 0 4 .0 2 4 .0 4 4 .3 8 4 .0 9 4 .1 

4 2 CH A RLESTO N W V 5 .5 7 5 .4 4 5 .1 8 4 .6 2 4 .3 7 4 .1 1 4 .1 1 4 .4 3 4 .2 3 4 .4 

4 3 CHARLOTTE N C 5 .1 2 5 .0 4 4 .8 2 4 .3 3 4 .1 6 3 .9 5 3 .9 0 424 4 .0 6 4 .2 

4 5 C H E R R Y PO IN T N C 5 .0 3 4 .9 5 4 .8 1 4 .4 1 4 .2 2 4 .1 1 4 .0 8 4 .4 0 4 .0 5 4 .2 4 4 CHATTANOOGA T N 5 .2 7 5 .2 1 4 .9 2 4 .4 1 4 .2 6 4 .0 7 4 .0 2 4 .3 7 4 .1 8 4 .3 

4 8 CLEVELAND O H 5 .6 9 5 .6 8 5 .5 6 4 .8 8 4 .5 0 4 .1 0 3 .8 7 4 .3 2 4 .2 2 4 .5 

5 0 C O LU M B IA M O 5 .5 1 5 .4 9 5 .1 4 4 .6 3 4 .2 6 3 .9 9 3 .6 3 4 .1 4 4 .0 6 4 .3 

5 2 COLUM BUS OH 5 .5 9 5 .5 9 5 .4 0 4 .7 6 4 .4 6 4 .1 1 3 .9 5 4 .2 4 4 .2 2 4 .4 

5 3 CONCORD N H 5 .9 3 5 .9 2 5 .5 9 5 .0 2 4 .6 5 4 .2 8 4 .1 2 4 .4 3 4 .4 7 4 .6 

6 2 DENVER CO 5 .2 4 5 .2 4 5 .0 5 4 .5 7 4 .1 2 3 .6 8 3 .3 2 3 .5 8 3 .7 8 4 .3 

6 6 D O D G E C IT Y K A 5 .3 7 5 .3 4 5 .0 6 4 .4 6 4 .1 2 3 .6 3 3 .2 4 3 .7 5 3 .8 5 4 .3 

7 2 EL PA SO TX 4 .7 4 4 .5 9 4 .2 3 3 .8 1 3 .4 4 2 .9 9 3 .1 2 3 .3 0 3 .5 0 3 .7 

7 4 ELY N V 5 .6 0 5 .4 8 5 .2 9 4 .8 3 4 .3 2 3 .8 1 3 .3 5 3 .6 2 3 .9 3 4 .5 

8 1 F O R T S M IT H A R 5 .2 4 5 .1 0 4 .8 3 4 .3 1 4 .0 9 3 .8 8 3 .6 4 3 .9 6 3 .9 4 4 .2 

8 3 FO RT W O RTH TX 5 .0 7 4 .9 0 4 .6 1 4 .3 0 4 .1 1 3 .8 1 3 .4 7 3 .8 1 3 .8 6 4 .1 

8 4 FRESN O CA 5 .0 7 4 .7 6 4 .5 1 4 .2 1 3 .8 5 3 .4 5 3 .0 0 3 .3 2 3 .4 1 3 .9 

8 6 G LA SG O W M T 6 .3 6 6 .0 3 5 .6 4 5 .0 2 4 .5 4 4 .0 3 3 .5 2 3 .8 2 4 .1 3 4 .6 

8 8 G R A N D JU N C T IO N C O 5 .5 4 5 .3 3 4 .9 6 4 .4 4 3 .9 1 3 .3 4 3 .0 0 3 .2 3 3 .5 7 4 .2 

9 2 GREEN BAY W I 6 .1 7 6 .1 1 5 .6 5 4 .9 7 4 .6 2 4 .1 4 3 .8 9 4 .2 9 4 .3 4 4 .6 

9 3 G REEN SBO RO N C 5 .3 2 5 .2 5 4 .9 7 4 .4 6 4 .2 2 4 .0 3 4 .0 0 4 .3 6 4 .1 1 4 .3 

9 6 H A R R ISB U R G PA 5 .5 2 5 .5 2 5 .2 4 4 .6 6 4 .3 9 4 .0 4 3 .8 1 4 .1 9 4 .1 7 4 .4 

101 H O U STO N TX 4 .9 3 4 .7 1 4 .5 5 4 .2 4 4 .0 1 3 .9 6 3 .9 8 4 .2 8 4 .0 4 4 .1 

102 HURON SD 6 .3 2 6 .1 1 5 .6 5 4 .8 9 4 .4 4 4 .0 3 3 .5 9 3 .9 0 4 .0 7 4 .5 

103 IN D IA N A P O L IS IN 5 .5 7 5 .5 5 5 .3 8 4 .7 5 4 .4 1 4 .0 7 3 .9 2 4 .3 0 4 .2 0 4 .4 

104 IN T R N T N A L FA L L S M N 6 .8 3 6 .5 5 5 .9 2 5 .2 3 4 .7 1 4 .1 8 3 .8 6 4 .3 3 4 .5 0 4 .9 

107 JA C K SO N M S 5 .0 6 4 .8 8 4 .6 5 4 .2 3 4 .0 3 3 .9 4 4 .0 1 4 .3 0 4 .0 4 4 .1 

108 JA C K S O N V ILLE FL 4 .7 2 4 .6 2 4 .3 8 4 .1 3 4 .0 2 4 .0 3 4 .1 1 4 .4 1 4 .1 1 4 .1 115 LANDER W Y 5 .6 3 5 .4 3 5 .1 6 4 .7 7 4 .3 1 3 .7 8 3 .3 0 3 .4 7 3 .9 1 4 .5 

116 L A N SIN G M I 5 .8 3 5 .7 8 5 .4 8 4 .9 6 4 .4 5 4 .0 6 3 .8 2 4 .1 5 4 .2 2 4 .5 

118 LA S V EG A S N V 4 .8 0 4 .5 5 4 .2 6 3 .8 2 3 .3 1 2 .7 6 2 .5 1 2 .7 3 2 .8 4 3 .5 

123 L IT T L E R O C K A R 5 .2 9 5 .1 2 4 .8 6 4 .4 1 4 .1 1 3 .8 7 3 .8 2 4 .1 1 3 .9 4 4 .2 

125 LO S A N G ELES C A 4 .5 3 4 .4 4 4 .4 6 4 .3 2 4 .2 6 4 .0 9 3 .8 8 4 .1 3 4 .0 2 4 .1 

126 L O U ISV IL L E K Y 5 .5 0 5 .4 7 5 .2 1 4 .5 9 4 .3 3 4 .0 4 3 .8 7 4 .2 0 4 .1 4 4 .3 

132 M A D ISO N W I 5 .9 8 5 .9 3 5 .4 9 4 .9 9 4 .5 7 4 .1 1 3 .8 7 4 .2 4 4 .3 2 4 .6 

52
Table A 7.— E nergy requirem ents of a direct-fired 16-m bf kiln (com puted w ithout fan energy) for a low -tem perature 

schedule (106 B tu/m bf)— con. 

JA N FE B M AR APR M AY JU N JU L AUG SEP 

135 M A SSEN A N V 6 .2 6 6 .2 1 5 .6 4 5 .0 1 4 .5 8 4 .1 1 3 .8 7 4 .3 2 4 .3 2 

137 M ED FO RD O R 5 .3 5 5 .1 6 5 .0 1 4 .7 3 4 .3 2 3 .8 8 3 .3 1 3 .6 1 3 .8 1 

138 M EM PH IS TN 5 .2 3 5 .0 7 4 .7 9 4 .3 2 4 .0 8 3 .9 4 3 .8 7 4 .1 3 3 .9 7 

140 M IA M I FL 4 .2 7 4 .2 0 4 .0 7 3 .9 3 3 .9 8 4 .0 3 4 .0 7 4 .2 3 4 .0 8 

141 M ID LA N D T X 4 .8 8 4 .7 6 4 .4 0 3 .9 6 3 .6 4 3 .3 3 3 .1 4 3 .5 3 3 .7 3 

144 M IN N -S T . P A U L M N 6 .3 2 6 .1 6 5 .6 4 4 .9 7 4 .5 0 4 .0 6 3 .7 1 4 .1 5 4 .2 4 

146 M ISSO U LA M T 5 .9 2 5 .7 1 5 .4 7 5 .0 0 4 .6 2 4 .1 7 3 .5 9 3 .9 2 4 .2 7 

147 M O B ILE A L 4 .8 3 4 .7 1 4 .5 2 4 .1 8 4 .0 2 3 .9 3 4 .0 5 4 .4 2 4 .0 5 

148 M O LIN E IL 5 .9 3 5 .8 0 5 .4 4 4 .7 9 4 .4 0 4 .0 0 3 .7 7 4 .2 1 4 .1 5 

149 M ONTGOM ERY A L 4 .9 7 4 .8 7 4 .5 8 4 .2 6 4 .0 9 3 .9 9 4 .0 7 4 .3 6 4 .0 4 

150 M T . S H A S T A CA 5 .4 3 5 .2 7 5 .1 0 4 .7 6 4 .3 0 3 .8 9 3 .2 5 3 .6 2 3 .8 4 

152 N A SH V IL L E T N 5 .4 4 5 .2 8 5 .0 1 4 .4 6 4 .2 0 4 .0 0 3 .8 9 4 .2 3 4 .0 7 

158 NEW YORK N V 5 .4 4 5 .5 2 5 .2 5 4 .7 4 4 .4 1 4 .0 8 3 .8 1 4 .1 4 4 .0 9 

161 NORTH OM AHA N E 5 .7 7 5 .6 7 5 .2 9 4 .7 2 4 .2 8 3 .8 9 3 .5 8 4 .0 8 4 .0 7 

163 OAKLAND CA 4 .8 3 4 .6 4 4 .5 4 4 .4 7 4 .2 4 4 .0 9 3 .9 8 4 .2 5 4 .0 2 

165 O K LA H O M A C ITY O K 5 .3 5 5 .2 1 4 .8 5 4 .3 8 4 .1 4 3 .8 3 3 .4 7 3 .7 7 3 .8 7 

172 PEN D LETO N O R 5 .3 8 5 .2 0 4 .9 6 4 .7 5 4 .2 8 3 .8 1 3 .1 3 3 .4 4 3 .7 4 

175 PH O E N IX AZ 4 .5 5 4 .2 8 4 .1 1 3 .6 8 3 .2 4 2 .7 6 2 .6 2 2 .6 5 2 .9 9 

178 PIT T SB U R G H PA 5 .3 8 5 .5 0 5 .1 8 4 .7 0 4 .3 1 3 .9 6 3 .8 2 4 .1 2 4 .0 2 

179 PO CA TELLO ID 5 .7 0 5 .3 6 5 .2 3 4 .7 9 4 .2 5 3 .7 6 3 .1 7 3 .4 2 3 .8 4 

182 PO RTLA N D M E 5 .8 3 5 .8 2 5 .5 8 5 .1 0 4 .7 7 4 .3 0 4 .1 1 4 .4 3 4 .4 3 

187 PU EBLO CO 5 .3 0 5 .2 8 5 .0 5 4 .4 4 4 .0 7 3 .5 2 3 .2 1 3 .5 1 3 .7 1 192 R A P ID C T Y SD 5 .7 4 5 .5 4 5 .4 1 4 .9 1 4 .4 6 3 .9 5 3 .4 3 3 .6 9 3 .9 6 

194 RENO N V 5 .2 4 5 .1 8 4 .9 7 4 .5 6 4 .0 8 3 .6 9 3 .2 0 3 .4 6 3 .7 8 

196 R IC H M O N D V A 5 .3 3 5 .2 7 4 .9 9 4 .4 9 4 .2 6 4 .0 3 3 .9 8 4 .3 3 4 .0 9 

198 ROANOKE V A 5 .3 9 5 .3 4 5 .0 6 4 .5 3 4 .3 0 4 .0 6 3 .9 2 4 .3 3 4 .1 7 

200 RO CH ESTER N Y 5 .8 3 5 .9 2 5 .6 2 4 .9 5 4 .5 8 4 .1 4 3 .9 9 4 .3 6 4 .3 4 

206 SA LEM O R 5 .2 4 5 .1 0 5 .0 6 4 .8 4 4 .5 6 4 .1 8 3 .7 2 4 .0 7 4 .0 5 

207 SA L T L A K E C IT Y U T 5 .4 2 5 .3 4 5 .0 6 4 .5 7 4 .0 4 3 .5 8 2 .9 9 3 .1 5 3 .6 4 

209 SA N A N T O N IO T X 4 .8 1 4 .7 0 4 .4 4 4 .1 8 4 .0 1 3 .8 2 3 .6 6 3 .9 4 3 .8 4 210 SA N D IE G O CA 4 .5 1 4 .4 4 4 .3 8 4 .2 8 4 .2 2 4 .0 6 3 .8 5 4 .0 4 3 .9 3 

214 SA V A N N A H G A 4 .7 8 4 .7 0 4 .4 9 4 .1 3 3 .9 4 3 .9 4 3 .9 9 4 .2 4 4 .0 0 

215 S A U L T S T . M A R IE M I 6 .2 0 6 .3 1 5 .8 2 5 .2 6 4 .7 9 4 .3 3 4 .0 9 4 .5 0 4 .5 7 

217 SCO TTS BLU FF N E 5 .6 2 5 .5 2 5 .3 0 4 .8 0 4 .3 5 3 .8 3 3 .4 2 3 .7 6 3 .9 9 

218 SEA TTLE W A 5 .0 9 4 .9 8 4 .9 7 4 .8 2 4 .4 9 4 .1 7 3 .8 4 4 .2 6 4 .1 7 

219 SH E R ID A N W Y 5 .8 3 5 .6 3 5 .4 9 4 .9 9 4 .5 2 4 .0 5 3 .4 5 3 .6 0 4 .1 2 

220 SH REV EPO RT LA 4 .9 8 4 .8 6 4 .5 5 4 .2 5 4 .0 1 3 .9 1 3 .8 3 4 .0 9 3 .9 6 

225 SPO K A N E W A 5 .6 1 5 .4 0 5 .2 4 4 .9 0 4 .4 2 4 .0 1 3 .3 5 3 .6 7 3 .9 8 

226 S P R IN G F IE L D IL 5 .6 8 5 .5 6 5 .3 1 4 .6 6 4 .3 1 4 .0 0 3 .6 7 4 .1 6 4 .0 4 

227 S P R IN G F IE L D M O 5 .4 6 5 .3 3 5 .0 7 4 .4 9 4 .2 6 3 .9 6 3 .6 9 4 .0 9 4 .0 4 4 

234 TA LLA H A SSEE FL 4 .8 2 4 .6 9 4 .4 1 4 .1 7 4 .0 2 3 .9 9 4 .0 9 4 .3 8 4 .0 2 4 

235 TA M PA FL 4 .4 4 4 .3 9 4 .1 8 4 .0 3 3 .9 2 3 .9 5 4 .0 1 4 .2 5 4 .0 0 238 TO PEK A K A 5 .5 4 5 .4 3 5 .1 7 4 .5 3 4 .2 3 3 .9 7 3 .5 6 3 .9 4 3 .9 7 4 

241 TU CSO N A Z 4 .5 1 4 .4 5 4 .1 9 3 .7 6 3 .3 8 2 .9 0 3 .0 7 3 .3 1 3 .2 8 

245 W A SH IN G TO N D C 5 .3 9 5 .3 4 5 .0 8 4 .5 9 4 .3 1 3 .9 8 3 .8 0 4 .1 5 4 .0 1 4 

250 W IN N EM U CCA N V 5 .4 6 5 .3 0 5 .1 3 4 .7 1 4 .1 7 3 .6 5 2 .9 8 3 .2 8 3 .7 3 4 

251 W IN SLO W A Z 5 .2 5 5 .0 4 4 .7 5 4 .2 2 3 .7 2 3 .1 8 3 .1 1 3 .3 7 3 .4 8 4 

253 YUM A A Z 4 .3 4 4 .1 1 3 .9 1 3 .5 7 3 .2 2 2 .8 8 2 .8 8 2 .9 8 2 .8 9 

53
Table A 8.— E nergy requirem ents of a direct-fired 16-m bf kiln (packages stacked tw o high) (com puted w ithout fan 

energy) for a low -tem perature schedule, (106 B tu/m bf) 

JA N FE B M AR APR M AY JU N JU L AUG SEP 

4 ALBUQUERQUE N M 5 .1 6 4 .9 5 4 .6 9 4 .1 5 3 .7 1 3 .2 3 3 .0 9 3 .1 5 3 .5 4 4 

6 A M A R ILLO TX 5 .1 3 5 .0 1 4 .7 2 4 .1 8 3 .8 6 3 .4 9 3 .2 1 3 .3 6 3 .7 3 4 

1 4 A ST O R IA O R 5 .0 6 5 .0 3 5 .1 1 4 .9 9 4 .7 2 4 .4 6 4 .2 0 4 .1 9 4 .3 8 4 

1 5 ATLANTA G A 5 .1 0 5 .0 3 4 .7 4 4 .3 0 4 .1 3 3 .9 7 3 .9 7 3 .9 5 4 .0 5 4 

2 2 BATON ROUGE LA 4 .8 1 4 .7 0 4 .4 9 4 .1 4 3 .9 9 3 .9 3 4 .0 8 4 .0 9 4 .0 3 4 

2 5 B IL L IN G S M I 5 .7 2 5 .5 4 5 .3 2 4 .8 6 4 .4 4 3 .9 0 3 .2 8 3 .2 3 3 .9 9 4 

2 7 B IR M IN G H A M A L 5 .0 4 4 .9 7 4 .6 8 4 .2 7 4 .0 8 3 .9 7 4 .0 3 3 .9 9 4 .0 1 4 

2 8 B ISM A R C K N D 6 .3 2 6 .1 8 5 .5 6 4 .9 9 4 .4 9 4 .0 6 3 .6 0 3 .5 8 4 .1 5 4 

3 0 B O IS E ID 5 .3 5 5 .2 8 4 .9 5 4 .6 0 4 .0 8 3 .6 6 3 .0 1 2 .9 3 3 .6 5 4 

3 1 BO STO N M A 5 .4 0 5 .4 2 5 .3 3 4 .8 3 4 .4 8 4 .1 1 3 .8 8 3 .9 1 4 .1 5 4 

3 3 B R O W N SV ILLE T X 4 .6 3 4 .4 3 4 .2 2 4 .0 3 3 .9 2 3 .8 7 3 .8 2 3 .7 1 3 .8 4 3 

3 6 BURNS O R 5 .6 2 5 .4 2 5 .2 7 4 .8 1 4 .3 9 3 .9 4 3 .2 4 3 .1 4 3 .9 0 4 

3 7 CA PE H A TTERA S N C 4 .9 4 4 .9 3 4 .7 9 4 .4 2 4 .1 5 4 .0 5 4 .0 0 4 .0 5 3 .9 8 4 

3 8 C A R IB O U M E 6 .1 8 6 .1 3 5 .6 7 5 .2 1 4 .7 7 4 .3 9 4 .1 9 4 .1 6 4 .6 1 4 

4 1 C H A R LESTO N SC 4 .8 1 4 .8 1 4 .5 3 4 .2 1 4 .0 6 3 .9 9 4 .0 2 4 .0 9 4 .0 6 4 

4 2 CH A RLESTO N W V 5 .4 9 5 .3 8 5 .1 2 4 .5 7 4 .3 3 4 .0 8 4 .0 7 4 .0 9 4 .1 9 4 

4 3 CHARLOTTE N C 5 .0 5 4 .9 8 4 .7 7 4 .2 9 4 .1 2 3 .9 2 3 .8 7 3 .9 3 4 .0 3 4 

4 5 C H E R R Y PO IN T N C 4 .9 6 4 .8 9 4 .7 6 4 .3 6 4 .1 8 4 .0 8 4 .0 5 4 .0 9 4 .0 2 4 

4 4 CHATTANOOGA TN 5 .2 0 5 .1 4 4 .8 7 4 .3 7 4 .2 3 4 .0 4 3 .9 9 4 .0 6 4 .1 4 4 

4 8 CLEVELAND O H 5 .6 0 5 .6 1 5 .5 0 4 .8 3 4 .4 5 4 .0 6 3 .8 3 3 .9 5 4 .1 8 4 

5 0 C O LU M B IA M O 5 .4 2 5 .4 2 5 .0 8 4 .5 8 4 .2 2 3 .9 6 3 .6 0 3 .8 0 4 .0 2 4 

5 2 COLUM BUS O H 5 .5 1 5 .5 2 5 .3 4 4 .7 1 4 .4 2 4 .0 8 3 .9 1 3 .8 8 4 .1 8 4 

5 3 CONCORD N H 5 .8 4 5 .8 4 5 .5 2 4 .9 6 4 .6 1 4 .2 3 4 .0 8 4 .0 5 4 .4 2 4 

6 2 DENVER CO 5 .1 6 5 .1 7 4 .9 9 4 .5 2 4 .0 7 3 .6 4 3 .2 9 3 .2 3 3 .7 4 4 

6 6 D O D G E C IT Y K A 5 .2 9 5 .2 7 5 .0 0 4 .4 1 4 .0 8 3 .6 0 3 .2 1 3 .4 1 3 .8 1 4 

7 2 EL PA SO TX 4 .6 7 4 .5 4 4 .1 8 3 .7 7 3 .4 1 2 .9 6 3 .0 9 3 .0 2 5 .4 7 3 

7 4 ELY N V 5 .5 1 5 .4 1 5 .2 2 4 .7 6 4 .2 7 3 .7 6 3 .3 1 3 .2 6 3 .8 8 4 

8 1 F O R T S M IT H A R 5 .1 6 5 .0 4 4 .7 7 4 .2 7 4 .0 5 3 .8 5 3 .6 1 3 .6 5 3 .9 1 4 

8 3 FO RT W O RTH T X 5 .0 0 4 .8 5 4 .5 6 4 .2 6 4 .0 7 3 .7 8 3 .4 5 3 .5 3 3 .8 3 4 

8 4 FRESN O CA 5 .0 0 4 .7 1 4 .4 6 4 .1 6 3 .8 1 3 .4 2 2 .9 7 3 .0 0 3 .3 8 3 

8 6 G LA SG O W M T 6 .2 5 5 .9 5 5 .5 6 4 .9 6 4 .4 9 3 .9 8 3 .4 8 3 .3 9 4 .0 8 4 

8 8 G R A N D JU N C T IO N CO 5 .4 5 5 .2 6 4 .9 0 4 .3 9 3 .8 6 3 .3 0 2 .9 7 2 .8 9 3 .5 3 4 

9 2 GREEN BAY W I 6 .0 6 6 .0 3 5 .5 8 4 .9 2 4 .5 7 4 .1 0 3 .8 5 3 .8 9 4 .2 9 4 

9 3 G REEN SBO RO N C 5 .2 4 5 .1 9 4 .9 1 4 .4 1 4 .1 9 4 .0 0 3 .9 7 4 .0 4 4 .0 8 4 

9 6 H A R R ISB U R G PA 5 .4 3 5 .4 5 5 .1 8 4 .6 1 4 .3 5 4 .0 1 3 .7 8 3 .8 3 4 .1 3 4 

101 H O U STO N T X 4 .8 6 4 .6 6 4 .5 0 4 .2 0 3 .9 8 3 .9 3 3 .9 6 4 .0 1 4 .0 1 4 

102 H U RO N SD 6 .2 2 6 .0 2 5 .5 7 4 .8 3 4 .4 0 3 .9 9 3 .5 5 3 .5 1 4 .0 2 4 

103 IN D IA N A P O L IS IN 5 .4 8 5 .4 8 5 .3 1 4 .7 0 4 .3 6 4 .0 4 3 .8 8 3 .9 4 4 .1 6 4 104 IN TR N TN A L FA LLS M N 6 .7 1 6 .4 6 5 .8 5 5 .1 6 4 .6 6 4 .1 4 3 .8 1 3 .9 0 4 .4 4 4 

107 JA C K SO N M S 4 .9 9 4 .8 3 4 .6 0 4 .2 0 3 .9 9 3 .9 2 3 .9 9 4 .0 2 4 .0 0 4 

108 JA C K SO N V IL L E FL 4 .6 6 4 .5 7 4 .3 4 4 .0 9 3 .9 9 4 .0 0 4 .0 8 4 .1 4 4 .0 8 4 

115 LANDER W Y 5 .5 3 5 .3 5 5 .0 9 4 .7 1 4 .2 6 3 .7 3 3 .2 6 3 .0 9 3 .8 6 4 

116 L A N SIN G M I 5 .7 3 5 .7 0 5 .4 1 4 .9 0 4 .4 0 4 .0 2 3 .7 9 3 .7 7 4 .1 7 4 

118 LA S V EG A S N V 4 .7 3 4 .5 0 4 .2 1 3 .7 8 3 .2 8 2 .7 4 2 .4 9 2 .4 2 2 .8 1 3 

123 L IT T L E R O C K A R 5 .2 1 5 .0 6 4 .8 0 4 .3 7 4 .0 7 3 .8 4 3 .7 9 3 .8 0 3 .9 0 4 

125 LO S A N G ELES CA 4 .4 7 4 .3 9 4 .4 1 4 .2 7 4 .2 2 4 .0 5 3 .8 4 3 .8 2 3 .9 8 4 

126 L O U ISV IL L E K Y 5 .4 1 5 .4 0 5 .1 5 4 .5 4 4 .2 9 4 .0 1 3 .8 4 3 .8 6 4 .1 0 4 

132 M A D ISO N W I 5 .8 8 5 .8 5 5 .4 2 4 .9 3 4 .5 2 4 .0 7 3 .8 3 3 .8 6 4 .2 7 4 

54
Table A 8.— E nergy requirem ents of a direct-bred 16-m bf kiln (packages stacked tw o high) (com puted w ithout fan 

energy) for a low -tem perature schedule, (106 B tu/m bf)— con. 

JA N FEB M AR APR M AY JU N JU L AUG SEP OC

135 M A SSEN A N V 6 .1 5 6 .1 3 5 .5 7 4 .9 5 4 .5 3 4 .0 6 3 .8 4 3 .9 2 4 .2 8 4 .

137 M ED FO RD O R 5 .2 7 5 .1 0 4 .9 5 4 .6 8 4 .2 7 3 .8 4 3 .2 7 3 .2 3 3 .7 7 4 .3 

138 M EM PH IS TN 5 .1 6 5 .0 1 4 .7 3 4 .2 8 4 .0 5 3 .9 1 3 .8 5 3 .8 2 3 .9 4 4 .1 

140 M IA M I F L 4 .2 2 4 .1 6 4 .0 4 3 .9 0 3 .9 5 4 .0 0 4 .0 4 4 .0 0 4 .0 6 3 .9 

141 M ID LA N D IX 4 .8 1 4 .7 0 4 .3 5 3 .9 2 3 .6 1 3 .3 0 3 .1 2 3 .2 5 3 .6 9 3 .9 

144 M IN N -S T . P A U L M N 6 .2 1 6 .0 8 5 .5 6 4 .9 1 4 .4 6 4 .0 2 3 .6 8 3 .7 6 4 .2 0 4 .5 

146 M ISSO U LA M T 5 .8 2 5 .6 3 5 .4 0 4 .9 4 4 .5 7 4 .1 3 3 .5 5 3 .5 0 4 .2 2 4 .7 

147 M O B ILE A L 4 .7 7 4 .6 6 4 .4 7 4 .1 4 3 .9 9 3 .9 0 4 .0 3 4 .1 5 4 .0 2 4 .0 

148 M O LIN E IL 5 .8 4 5 .7 3 5 .3 7 4 .7 3 4 .3 6 3 .9 7 3 .7 4 3 .8 4 4 .1 0 4 .4 

149 M ONTGOM ERY AL 4 .9 0 4 .8 2 4 .5 4 4 .2 2 4 .0 6 3 .9 6 4 .0 4 4 .0 8 4 .0 1 4 .0 

150 M T . S H A S T A CA 5 .3 4 5 .2 0 5 .0 4 4 .7 0 4 .2 6 3 .8 5 3 .2 2 3 .2 5 3 .8 0 4 .3 

152 N A SH V IL L E TN 5 .3 6 5 .2 2 4 .9 5 4 .4 2 4 .1 6 3 .9 7 3 .8 7 3 .9 1 4 .0 3 4 .2 

158 NEW YORK N V 5 .3 6 5 .4 5 5 .1 9 4 .6 9 4 .3 7 4 .0 5 3 .7 8 3 .7 8 4 .0 6 4 .2 

161 NORTH OM AHA N E 5 .6 7 5 .5 9 5 .2 2 4 .6 7 4 .2 3 3 .8 5 3 .5 5 3 .7 1 4 .0 3 4 .4 

163 OAKLAND C A 4 .7 6 4 .5 9 4 .4 9 4 .4 2 4 .2 0 4 .0 5 3 .9 4 3 .9 1 3 .9 8 4 .1 

165 O K LA H O M A C ITY O K 5 .2 7 5 .1 5 4 .8 0 4 .3 3 4 .1 0 3 .8 0 3 .4 5 3 .4 6 3 .8 4 4 .1 

172 PEN D LETO N O K 5 .3 0 5 .1 4 4 .9 0 4 .7 0 4 .2 4 3 .7 7 3 .1 0 3 .0 4 3 .7 0 4 .4 

175 PH O EN IX A Z 4 .4 8 4 .2 3 4 .0 7 3 .6 4 3 .2 1 2 .7 4 2 .6 0 2 .3 6 2 .9 6 3 .5 

178 PIT T SB U R G H PA 5 .3 0 5 .4 3 5 .1 1 4 .6 4 4 .2 7 3 .9 3 3 .7 9 3 .7 7 3 .9 8 4 .4 179 PO CA TELLO ID 5 .6 0 5 .2 9 5 .1 7 4 .7 3 4 .2 0 3 .7 1 3 .1 3 3 .0 4 3 .8 0 4 .4 

182 PO RTLA N D M E 5 .7 4 5 .7 5 5 .5 1 5 .0 4 4 .7 2 4 .2 6 4 .0 8 4 .0 4 4 .3 8 4 .6 

187 PU EBLO CO 5 .2 1 5 .2 2 4 .9 9 4 .3 9 4 .0 3 3 .4 9 3 .1 8 3 .1 7 3 .6 7 4 .1 

192 R A P ID C T Y SD 5 .6 4 5 .4 6 5 .3 4 4 .8 5 4 .4 1 3 .9 0 3 .3 9 3 .3 1 3 .9 2 4 .4 

194 RENO N V 5 .1 5 5 .1 1 4 .9 1 4 .5 1 4 .0 3 3 .6 5 3 .1 6 3 .1 1 3 .7 3 4 .2 

196 R IC H M O N D V P 5 .2 5 5 .2 1 4 .9 3 4 .4 5 4 .2 2 4 .0 0 3 .9 5 4 .0 0 4 .0 5 4 .2 

198 ROANOKE V A 5 .3 1 5 .2 7 5 .0 0 4 .4 8 4 .2 6 4 .0 2 3 .8 9 4 .0 0 4 .1 3 4 .2 

200 RO CH ESTER N Y 5 .7 3 5 .8 4 5 .5 5 4 .8 9 4 .5 3 4 .1 0 3 .9 6 3 .9 8 4 .3 0 4 .5 

206 SA LEM O R 5 .1 6 5 .0 4 5 .0 0 4 .7 8 4 .5 1 4 .1 3 3 .6 8 3 .6 7 4 .0 0 4 .5 207 S A L T L A K E C IT Y U T 5 .3 3 5 .2 7 5 .0 0 4 .5 2 3 .9 9 3 .5 4 2 .9 5 2 .8 0 3 .6 0 4 .3 

209 SA N A N T O N IO T X 4 .7 4 4 .6 5 4 .4 0 4 .1 4 3 .9 7 3 .7 9 3 .6 4 3 .6 8 3 .8 2 3 .9 

210 SA N D IE G O CA 4 .4 5 4 .3 9 4 .3 3 4 .2 4 4 .1 8 4 .0 2 3 .8 1 3 .7 4 3 .9 0 4 .0 

214 SA V A N N A H G A 4 .7 1 4 .6 5 4 .4 5 4 .0 9 3 .9 1 3 .9 1 3 .9 6 3 .9 6 3 .9 7 4 .0 

215 S A U L T S T . M A R IE M I 6 .0 9 6 .2 2 5 .7 4 5 .2 0 4 .7 4 4 .2 9 4 .0 5 4 .0 8 4 .5 3 4 .8 

217 SCO TTS BLU FF N E 5 .5 3 5 .4 5 5 .2 3 4 .7 4 4 .3 0 3 .7 9 3 .3 9 3 .3 9 3 .9 4 4 .4 

218 SEA TTLE W A 5 .0 1 4 .9 2 4 .9 1 4 .7 7 4 .4 4 4 .1 2 3 .8 0 3 .8 4 4 .1 3 4 .6 

219 SH E R ID A N W Y 5 .7 3 5 .5 5 5 .4 2 4 .9 3 4 .4 7 4 .0 0 3 .4 1 3 .2 0 4 .0 8 4 .5 

220 SH REV EPO RT LA 4 .9 1 4 .8 0 4 .5 0 4 .2 1 3 .9 8 3 .8 8 3 .8 1 3 .8 0 3 .9 3 4 .1 

225 SPO K A N E W A 5 .5 2 5 .3 3 5 .1 8 4 .8 4 4 .3 7 3 .9 6 3 .3 1 3 .2 5 3 .9 3 4 .6 

226 S P R IN G F IE L D IL 5 .5 9 5 .4 9 5 .2 4 4 .6 1 4 .2 7 3 .9 6 3 .6 4 3 .8 1 4 .0 0 4 .3 

227 S P R IN G F IE L D M O 5 .3 8 5 .2 7 5 .0 2 4 .4 4 4 .2 2 3 .9 2 3 .6 6 3 .7 6 4 .0 0 4 .2 

234 TA LLA H A SSEE FL 4 .7 5 4 .6 4 4 .3 6 4 .1 4 3 .9 9 3 .9 6 4 .0 6 4 .1 1 3 .9 9 4 .0 

235 TA M PA F L 4 .3 8 4 .3 5 4 .1 4 4 .0 0 3 .8 9 3 .9 2 3 .9 8 4 .0 0 3 .9 7 3 .9 

238 TO PEK A K A 5 .4 5 5 .3 6 5 .1 1 4 .4 8 4 .1 9 3 .9 4 3 .5 3 3 .5 9 3 .9 3 4 .2 

241 TU CSO N A Z 4 .4 5 4 .3 9 4 .1 4 3 .7 1 3 .3 4 2 .8 8 3 .0 5 3 .0 3 3 .2 5 3 .5 

245 W A SH IN G TO N D C 5 .3 1 5 .2 8 5 .0 2 4 .5 4 4 .2 7 3 .9 5 3 .7 7 3 .8 1 3 .9 7 4 .2 

250 W IN N EM U CCA N V 5 .3 7 5 .2 3 5 .0 6 4 .6 5 4 .1 2 3 .6 1 2 .9 4 2 .9 2 3 .6 8 4 .3 

251 W IN SLO W A Z 5 .1 7 4 .9 8 4 .7 0 4 .1 7 3 .6 7 3 .1 5 3 .0 8 3 .0 6 3 .4 4 3 .9 

253 YUM A A Z 4 .2 7 4 .0 6 3 .8 7 3 .5 3 3 .1 9 2 .8 5 2 .8 6 2 .7 0 2 .8 7 3 .3 

55
Table A 9.— E nergy requirem ents of a direct-fired 30-m bf kiln (packages stacked tw o high) (com puted w ithout fan 

energy) for a low -tem perature schedule, (106 B tu/m bf) 

JA N FEB M AR APR M AY JU N JU L AUG SEP 

4 ALBUQUERQUE N M 4 .6 4 4 .4 5 4 .2 4 3 .7 6 3 .3 9 2 .9 7 2 .8 6 2 .8 9 3 .2 5 

6 A M A R ILLO T X 4 .6 3 4 .5 2 4 .2 8 3 .8 1 3 .5 6 3 .2 5 2 .9 8 3 .1 2 3 .4 4 

1 4 A ST O R IA OR 4 .6 0 4 .5 7 4 .6 5 4 .5 5 4 .3 2 4 .0 8 3 .8 4 3 .8 3 4 .0 1 1 5 ATLANTA G A 4 .6 4 4 .5 7 4 .3 4 3 .9 6 3 .8 4 3 .7 2 3 .7 4 3 .7 2 3 .7 8 

2 2 BATON ROUGE LA 4 .4 1 4 .3 1 4 .1 4 3 .8 4 3 .7 4 3 .7 2 3 .8 8 3 .8 9 3 .7 9 

2 5 B IL L IN G S M T 5 .1 2 4 .9 6 4 .7 8 4 .4 1 4 .0 5 3 .5 7 3 .0 0 2 .9 4 3 .6 3 

2 7 B IR M IN G H A M AL 4 .5 9 4 .5 2 4 .2 9 3 .9 4 3 .8 0 3 .7 4 3 .8 2 3 .7 6 3 .7 5 

2 8 B ISM A R C K N D 5 .6 3 5 .5 0 4 .9 8 4 .5 2 4 .1 0 3 .7 3 3 .3 1 3 .2 9 3 .7 8 

3 0 B O IS E ID 4 .8 1 4 .7 5 4 .4 7 4 .1 7 3 .7 2 3 .3 4 2 .7 4 2 .6 6 3 .3 1 

3 1 BO STO N M A 4 .8 6 4 .8 8 4 .8 2 4 .4 0 4 .1 3 3 .8 2 3 .6 2 3 .6 4 3 .8 3 

3 3 B R O W N SV ILLE TX 4 .2 8 4 .1 0 3 .9 2 3 .7 8 3 .6 9 3 .6 8 3 .6 3 3 .5 1 3 .6 3 

3 6 BURNS O R 5 .0 4 4 .8 6 4 .7 5 4 .3 5 3 .9 9 3 .5 9 2 .9 4 2 .8 3 3 .5 5 

3 7 CA PE H A TTERA S N C 4 .5 1 4 .4 9 4 .3 7 4 .0 5 3 .8 5 3 .7 9 3 .7 6 3 .8 1 3 .7 2 

3 8 C A R IB O U M E 5 .5 1 5 .4 6 5 .0 8 4 .7 1 4 .3 6 4 .0 4 3 .8 7 3 .8 3 4 .2 1 

4 1 CH A RLESTO N SC 4 .4 0 4 .3 9 4 .1 6 3 .8 9 3 .7 9 3 .7 6 3 .8 1 3 .8 7 3 .8 1 

4 2 CH A RLESTO N W V 4 .9 7 4 .8 7 4 .6 7 4 .1 8 4 .0 1 3 .8 1 3 .8 2 3 .8 3 3 .8 9 

4 3 CHARLOTTE N C 4 .5 9 4 .5 2 4 .3 5 3 .9 4 3 .8 3 3 .6 8 3 .6 5 3 .6 9 3 .7 5 

4 5 C H E R R Y PO IN T N C 4 .5 2 4 .4 5 4 .3 4 4 .0 1 3 .8 7 3 .8 3 3 .8 3 3 .8 6 3 .7 5 

4 4 CHATTANOOGA TN 4 .7 2 4 .6 7 4 .4 5 4 .0 2 3 .9 3 3 .8 0 3 .7 7 3 .8 4 3 .8 7 

4 8 CLEVELAND OH 5 .0 4 5 .0 5 4 .9 8 4 .3 9 4 .1 0 3 .7 7 3 .5 6 3 .6 6 3 .8 6 

5 0 C O LU M B IA M O 4 .8 7 4 .8 7 4 .6 2 4 .1 9 3 .9 0 3 .7 1 3 .3 7 3 .5 5 3 .7 2 

5 2 COLUM BUS O H 4 .9 6 4 .9 8 4 .8 5 4 .3 0 4 .0 8 3 .8 0 3 .6 5 3 .6 1 3 .8 6 

5 3 CONCORD N H 5 .2 3 5 .2 3 4 .9 8 4 .5 0 4 .2 3 3 .9 2 3 .8 0 3 .7 5 4 .0 6 

6 2 DENVER CO 4 .6 2 4 .6 3 4 .4 9 4 .0 9 3 .7 1 3 .3 4 3 .0 3 2 .9 6 3 .4 1 

6 6 D O D G E C IT Y K A 4 .7 5 4 .7 4 4 .5 2 4 .0 2 3 .7 5 3 .3 5 2 .9 9 3 .1 8 3 .5 1 

7 2 EL PA SO T X 4 .2 3 4 .1 0 3 .8 1 3 .4 3 3 .1 5 2 .7 6 2 .8 8 2 .8 0 3 .2 1 

7 4 ELY N V 4 .9 3 4 .8 3 4 .6 8 4 .2 8 3 .8 6 3 .4 0 3 .0 0 2 .9 4 3 .5 0 

8 1 F O R T S M IT H A R 4 .6 8 4 .5 7 4 .3 6 3 .9 4 3 .7 7 3 .6 4 3 .4 1 3 .4 4 3 .6 5 

8 3 FO RT W O RTH T X 4 .5 5 4 .4 1 4 .1 8 3 .9 4 3 .8 0 3 .5 8 3 .2 6 3 .3 4 3 .5 9 

8 4 FRESN O C A 4 .5 6 4 .3 0 4 .0 7 3 .8 2 3 .5 1 3 .1 7 2 .7 6 2 .7 8 3 .1 2 

8 6 G LA SG O W M T 5 .5 7 5 .3 1 4 .9 9 4 .4 9 4 .1 0 3 .6 6 3 .1 9 3 .1 1 3 .7 1 

8 8 G R A N D JU N C T IO N CO 4 .8 8 4 .7 1 4 .4 2 3 .9 9 3 .5 3 3 .0 4 2 .7 3 2 .6 4 3 .2 2 

9 2 GREEN BAY W I 5 .4 2 5 .3 8 5 .0 1 4 .4 6 4 .1 8 3 .7 8 3 .5 6 3 .5 9 3 .9 3 

9 3 G REEN SBO RO N C 4 .7 5 4 .6 9 4 .4 7 4 .0 4 3 .8 8 3 .7 4 3 .7 3 3 .8 0 3 .7 9 

9 6 H A R R ISB U R G PA 4 .8 9 4 .9 0 4 .7 0 4 .2 2 4 .0 2 3 .7 4 3 .5 3 3 .5 7 3 .8 2 

101 H O U STO N TX 4 .4 6 4 .2 8 4 .1 6 3 .9 2 3 .7 3 3 .7 3 3 .7 6 3 .8 3 3 .7 8 

102 HURON SD 5 .5 5 5 .3 8 5 .0 1 4 .3 9 4 .0 3 3 .6 9 3 .2 9 3 .2 3 3 .6 8 

103 IN D IA N A P O L IS IN 4 .9 4 4 .9 4 4 .8 2 4 .2 9 4 .0 3 3 .7 7 3 .6 3 3 .6 8 3 .8 5 

1 0 4 IN T R N T N A L FA L L S M N 5 .9 6 5 .7 4 5 .2 3 4 .6 6 4 .2 5 3 .8 0 3 .5 0 3 .5 7 4 .0 5 

1 0 7 JA C K SO N M S 4 .5 5 4 .4 1 4 .2 2 3 .8 9 3 .7 3 3 .7 0 3 .7 9 3 .8 1 3 .7 6 

108 JA C K S O N V ILLE FL 4 .2 8 4 .1 9 3 .9 9 3 .8 0 3 .7 3 3 .7 8 3 .8 7 3 .9 3 3 .8 4 

115 LANDER W Y 4 .9 3 4 .7 7 4 .5 6 4 .2 5 3 .8 8 3 .3 9 2 .9 8 2 .8 1 3 .5 0 

116 L A N SIN G M I 5 .1 4 5 .1 1 4 .8 8 4 .4 6 4 .0 4 3 .7 2 3 .5 1 3 .4 9 3 .8 3 

118 LA S V EG A S N V 4 .2 8 4 .0 7 3 .8 3 3 .4 5 3 .0 2 2 .5 5 2 .3 2 2 .2 5 2 .5 9 

123 L IT T L E R O C K A R 4 .7 3 4 .5 9 4 .3 9 4 .0 2 3 .7 9 3 .6 3 3 .5 8 3 .5 9 3 .6 4 

125 LO S A N G ELES C A 4 .1 0 4 .0 1 4 .0 3 3 .9 2 3 .8 8 3 .7 3 3 .5 4 3 .5 3 3 .6 8 

126 L O U ISV IL L E K Y 4 .8 8 4 .8 8 4 .6 8 4 .1 6 3 .9 7 3 .7 4 3 .5 9 3 .6 1 3 .8 0 

132 M A D ISO N W I 5 .2 7 5 .2 3 4 .8 8 4 .4 7 4 .1 4 3 .7 6 3 .5 5 3 .5 6 3 .9 2 

56
Table A 9.— E nergy requirem ents of a direct-fired 30-m bf kiln (packages stacked tw o high) (com puted w ithout fan 

energy) for a low -tem perature schedule, (106 B tu/m bf)— con. 

JA N FEB M AR APR M AY JU N JU L AUG SEP 

135 M A SSEN A N Y 5 .5 0 5 .4 7 5 .0 0 4 .4 8 4 .1 4 3 .7 5 3 .5 5 3 .6 1 3 .9 2 4 

137 M ED FO RD O R 4 .7 8 4 .6 2 4 .5 0 4 .2 7 3 .9 1 3 .5 3 3 .0 0 2 .9 5 3 .4 4 3 

138 M EM PH IS TN 4 .6 9 4 .5 6 4 .3 3 3 .9 5 3 .7 8 3 .6 9 3 .6 5 3 .6 1 3 .6 7 5 

140 M IA M I F L 3 .9 2 3 .8 6 3 .7 6 3 .6 5 3 .7 1 3 .7 9 3 .8 3 3 .8 1 3 .8 4 3 

141 M ID LA N D T X 4 .3 5 4 .2 6 3 .9 6 3 .5 9 3 .3 4 3 .0 8 2 .9 0 3 .0 4 3 .4 3 5 

144 M IN N -S T . P A U L M N 5 .5 4 5 .4 2 5 .0 0 4 .4 5 4 .0 9 3 .7 2 3 .4 0 3 .4 7 3 .8 5 4 

146 M ISSO U LA M T 5 .2 2 5 .0 5 4 .8 7 4 .4 9 4 .1 7 3 .7 7 3 .2 3 3 .1 8 3 .8 4 4 

147 M O B ILE AL 4 .3 7 4 .2 7 4 .1 2 3 .8 5 3 .7 4 3 .7 0 3 .8 3 3 .9 5 3 .7 9 3 

148 M O LIN E IL 5 .2 3 5 .1 3 4 .8 6 4 .3 1 4 .0 2 3 .7 0 3 .4 9 3 .5 8 3 .7 8 4 

149 M ONTGOM ERY A L 4 .4 8 4 .4 0 4 .1 7 3 .9 0 3 .7 9 3 .7 5 3 .8 3 3 .8 7 3 .7 6 3 

150 M T . S H A S T A C A 4 .8 3 4 .7 0 4 .5 6 4 .2 6 3 .8 7 3 .5 1 2 .9 2 2 .9 4 3 .4 6 3 

152 N A SH V IL L E TN 4 .8 6 4 .7 4 4 .5 2 4 .0 6 3 .8 7 3 .7 3 3 .6 4 3 .6 8 3 .7 6 3 158 NEW YORK N Y 4 .8 3 4 .9 2 4 .7 1 4 .2 8 4 .0 4 3 .7 8 3 .5 5 3 .5 3 3 .7 6 3 

161 NORTH OM AHA N E 5 .0 8 5 .0 1 4 .7 2 4 .2 5 3 .9 0 3 .5 9 3 .3 1 3 .4 5 3 .7 2 4 

163 OAKLAND C A 4 .3 5 4 .1 9 4 .1 0 4 .0 4 3 .8 5 3 .7 2 3 .6 1 3 .5 9 3 .6 6 3 

165 O K LA H O M A C ITY O K 4 .7 6 4 .6 5 4 .3 7 3 .9 8 3 .8 0 3 .5 7 3 .2 3 3 .2 5 3 .5 7 3 

172 PEN D LETO N O R 4 .7 7 4 .6 6 4 .4 5 4 .2 9 3 .8 9 3 .4 6 2 .8 3 2 .7 7 3 .3 7 4 

175 PH O E N IX AZ 4 .0 8 3 .8 5 3 .7 2 3 .3 4 2 .9 7 2 .5 6 2 .4 5 2 .2 0 2 .7 6 3 

178 PIT T SB U R G H PA 4 .7 7 4 .8 9 4 .6 4 4 .2 4 3 .9 4 3 .6 6 3 .5 4 3 .5 1 3 .6 7 4 

179 PO CA TELLO ID 5 .0 2 4 .7 5 4 .6 5 4 .2 8 3 .8 1 3 .3 9 2 .8 6 2 .7 5 3 .4 4 3 

182 PO RTLA N D M E 5 .1 4 5 .1 5 4 .9 7 4 .5 7 4 .3 2 3 .9 3 3 .7 8 3 .7 3 4 .0 2 4 

187 PU EBLO CO 4 .6 7 4 .6 8 4 .5 0 3 .9 8 3 .6 9 3 .2 1 2 .9 4 2 .9 2 3 .3 6 3 

192 R A P ID C T Y SD 5 .0 6 4 .9 0 4 .8 0 4 .3 9 4 .0 3 3 .5 9 3 .1 3 3 .0 3 3 .5 7 3 

194 RENO N V 4 .6 3 4 .6 0 4 .4 2 4 .0 7 3 .6 5 3 .3 1 2 .8 6 2 .8 0 3 .3 8 3 

196 R IC H M O N D V A 4 .7 6 4 .7 1 4 .4 9 4 .0 8 3 .9 2 3 .7 5 3 .7 1 3 .7 6 3 .7 7 3 

198 ROANOKE V A 4 .8 0 4 .7 7 4 .5 4 4 .1 0 3 .9 4 3 .7 6 3 .6 4 3 .7 4 3 .8 3 3 

200 RO CH ESTER N Y 5 .1 5 5 .2 5 5 .0 2 4 .4 4 4 .1 7 3 .7 9 3 .6 8 3 .7 0 3 .9 6 4 

206 SA LEM O R 4 .6 9 4 .5 8 4 .5 5 4 .3 7 4 .1 3 3 .7 9 3 .3 6 3 .3 6 3 .6 7 4 

207 SA L T L A K E C IT Y U T 4 .7 9 4 .7 4 4 .5 1 4 .1 0 3 .6 4 3 .2 3 2 .7 2 2 .5 5 5 .2 8 3 

209 SA N A N T O N IO TX 4 .3 4 4 .2 5 4 .0 5 3 .8 5 3 .7 3 3 .5 9 3 .4 4 3 .4 8 3 .5 9 3 

210 SA N D IE G O CA 4 .0 7 4 .0 1 3 .9 7 3 .8 8 3 .8 6 3 .7 0 3 .5 2 3 .4 6 3 .6 1 3 

214 SA V A N N A H G A 4 .3 1 4 .2 4 4 .0 8 3 .7 9 3 .6 5 3 .6 9 3 .7 5 3 .7 5 3 .7 3 3 

215 S A U L T S T . M A R IE M I 5 .4 5 5 .5 5 5 .1 5 4 .6 9 4 .3 2 3 .9 2 3 .7 1 3 .7 5 4 .1 4 4 

217 SCO TTS BLU FF N E 4 .9 5 4 .8 8 4 .7 2 4 .3 0 3 .9 4 3 .4 9 3 .1 2 3 .1 2 3 .6 0 3 

218 SEA TTLE W A 4 .5 6 4 .4 8 4 .4 6 4 .3 6 4 .0 6 3 .7 8 3 .4 7 3 .5 2 3 .7 8 4 

219 SH E R ID A N W Y 5 .1 3 4 .9 7 4 .8 7 4 .4 6 4 .0 8 3 .6 6 3 .1 2 2 .9 2 3 .7 1 4 

220 SH REV EPO RT LA 4 .4 8 4 .3 8 4 .1 4 3 .9 0 3 .7 1 3 .6 7 3 .6 1 3 .6 0 3 .6 9 3 

225 SPO K A N E W A 4 .9 6 4 .7 9 4 .6 8 4 .4 1 3 .9 9 3 .6 2 3 .0 2 2 .9 5 3 .5 7 4 

226 S P R IN G F IE L D IL 5 .0 2 4 .9 3 4 .7 5 4 .2 2 3 .9 4 3 .7 1 3 .3 9 3 .5 6 3 .7 0 3 

227 S P R IN G F IE L D M O 4 .8 6 4 .7 6 4 .5 6 4 .0 7 3 .9 0 3 .6 7 3 .4 3 3 .5 2 3 .7 1 3 

234 TA LLA H A SSEE FL 4 .3 6 4 .2 5 4 .0 2 3 .8 3 3 .7 3 3 .7 4 3 .8 5 3 .9 0 3 .7 5 3 

235 TA M PA F L 4 .0 5 4 .0 0 3 .8 4 3 .7 2 3 .6 4 3 .7 0 3 .7 7 3 .7 9 3 .7 5 3 

238 TO PEK A K A 4 .8 9 4 .8 3 4 .6 3 4 .1 0 3 .8 7 3 .6 8 3 .3 1 3 .3 6 3 .6 3 3 

241 TU CSO N A Z 4 .0 5 3 .9 9 3 .7 8 3 .4 0 3 .0 8 2 .6 7 2 .8 7 2 .8 3 3 .0 3 3 

245 W A SH IN G TO N D C 4 .8 0 4 .7 7 4 .5 7 4 .1 6 3 .9 5 3 .6 9 3 .5 3 3 .5 6 3 .6 8 3 

250 W IN N EM U CCA N V 4 .8 2 4 .7 0 4 .5 6 4 .1 9 3 .7 4 3 .2 8 2 .6 6 2 .6 2 3 .3 2 3 

251 W IN SLO W AZ 4 .6 4 4 .4 8 4 .2 4 3 .7 7 3 .3 5 2 .8 8 2 .8 6 2 .8 1 3 .1 6 3 253 YUM A A Z 3 .9 0 3 .7 1 3 .5 4 3 .2 5 2 .9 6 2 .6 7 2 .7 3 2 .5 7 2 .6 9 3 

57
Table A 10.— P ercent fuel savings for a direct-fired 1-m bf kiln w ith uninsulated nighttim e roof and south w all

collector surfaces (for use w ith table A 4) 

JA N FEB M AR APR M AY JU N JU L AUG SEP O CT 

4 ALBUQUERQUE N M 5 .9 2 4 .3 4 4 .9 6 4 .0 7 7 .7 9 6 .9 9 7 .7 8 5 .5 6 3 .6 3 1 .3 

6 A M A R ILLO T X 2 .2 1 7 .2 3 6 .7 5 5 .3 6 4 .7 8 4 .9 9 0 .0 7 9 .1 5 1 .4 2 6 .5 

1 4 A ST O R IA O R -5 3 .3 -4 0 .4 -2 2 .6 -3 .4 9 .2 -.6 -2 .6 -.2 -3 .1 -2 2 .7 

1 5 ATLANTA G A -1 3 .0 . 5 1 9 .7 3 8 .3 4 2 .9 5 0 .0 4 2 .7 4 3 .2 2 8 .1 1 5 .8 

2 2 BATON ROUGE LA -7 .5 1 2 .7 2 9 .5 4 3 .3 5 0 .5 5 8 .4 4 8 .4 4 6 .3 3 6 .3 2 7 .3 

2 5 B IL L IN G S M T -4 6 .6 -3 0 .5 -4 .9 1 1 .5 3 0 .2 5 0 .9 8 4 .2 7 3 .7 2 2 .9 -5 .3 

2 7 B IR M IN G H A M AL -1 3 .1 1 .3 2 0 .3 3 8 .5 4 5 .7 5 3 .3 5 0 .8 4 6 .3 3 3 .2 1 6 .0 

2 8 B ISM A R C K N D -5 1 .0 -3 5 .3 -1 1 .4 3 .9 2 6 .7 4 2 .8 6 3 .1 5 3 .8 1 1 .4 -1 9 .2 

3 0 B O IS E ID -4 3 .5 -2 0 .5 6 .6 3 1 .3 5 5 .8 7 0 .9 1 0 4 .5 9 2 .0 4 8 .2 5 .9 31 BO STO N M A -4 3 .4 -2 9 .9 -1 2 .3 7 .1 2 2 .4 3 7 .4 4 0 .8 3 1 .2 1 3 .8 -8 .3 

3 3 B R O W N SV ILLE T X 1 4 .0 2 5 .5 4 0 .0 4 7 .2 5 3 .1 6 6 .1 7 2 .6 6 8 .4 5 4 .1 4 3 .0 

3 6 BURNS O R -4 4 .0 -2 5 .5 -4 .3 1 7 .9 3 3 .7 4 4 .6 7 6 .8 6 9 .2 3 0 .8 -1 0 .1 

3 7 CA PE H A TTERA S N C -1 5 .1 -1 .1 1 7 .8 3 5 .6 4 3 .2 5 0 .4 4 8 .9 4 1 .4 3 6 .4 1 5 .4 

3 8 C A R IB O U M E -5 3 .6 -3 8 .3 -1 5 .1 -6 .7 5 .3 1 3 .8 1 3 .3 8 .4 -1 7 .9 -3 6 .0 

4 1 CH A RLESTO N SC -8 .0 5 .2 2 4 .9 4 2 .3 4 6 .8 4 8 .8 4 9 .9 3 6 .8 3 1 .2 1 9 .4 

4 2 CH A RLESTO N W V -3 5 .8 -2 4 .6 -5 .5 1 8 .8 3 0 .3 3 9 .3 3 3 .8 2 7 .2 1 5 .7 -4 .3 

4 3 CHARLOTTE N C -1 3 .8 -.4 1 8 .7 3 9 .2 4 4 .0 5 3 .3 5 2 .4 4 4 .6 2 9 .6 1 2 .6 

4 5 C H E R R Y PO IN T N C -1 0 .1 4 .5 2 1 .6 3 8 .2 4 1 .1 4 5 .2 4 7 .9 3 6 .8 3 3 .0 1 7 .4 

4 4 CHATTANOOGA T N -2 1 .1 -9 .1 9 .9 3 1 .3 3 6 .0 4 5 .9 4 4 .9 4 1 .5 2 2 .7 7 .2 

4 8 CLEVELAND O H -4 9 .7 -3 7 .6 -1 9 .1 8 .0 2 4 .5 3 8 .8 3 9 .8 2 9 .6 1 1 .3 -1 4 .1 

5 0 C O LU M B IA M O -3 0 .4 -1 5 .3 2 .8 2 2 .9 4 0 .3 5 9 .1 7 1 .5 5 5 .7 2 9 .3 5 .9 

5 2 COLUM BUS O H -4 2 .9 -3 0 .4 -1 2 .1 1 2 .9 2 5 .6 3 9 .0 3 7 .8 3 6 .5 1 2 .2 -1 0 .0 

5 3 CONCORD N H -4 6 .8 -3 5 .2 -1 6 .1 1 .7 1 4 .4 2 3 .2 2 3 .3 1 8 .8 -6 .1 -2 1 .5 

6 2 DENVER CO -9 .2 8 .3 2 7 .8 4 1 .0 5 4 .3 7 2 .8 8 5 .6 7 9 .1 4 8 .8 1 9 .5 

6 6 D O D G E C IT Y K A -1 3 .0 4 .6 2 0 .7 4 0 .5 5 1 .0 7 9 .3 9 3 .1 7 7 .6 4 5 .2 1 6 .1 

7 2 EL PA SO TX 1 8 .8 4 0 .1 6 4 .4 8 3 .6 9 6 .2 1 1 8 .9 1 0 2 .4 9 7 .7 7 1 .6 4 9 .0 

7 4 ELY N V -1 5 .6 2 .5 2 5 .0 3 1 .6 4 1 .3 5 1 .2 6 5 .2 6 4 .0 3 8 .1 8 .3 

8 1 F O R T S M IT H A R -1 3 .3 .8 1 8 .0 3 7 .3 4 9 .3 6 8 .9 8 0 .0 6 8 .6 3 9 .7 1 7 .4 

8 3 FO RT W O RTH T X -5 .2 9 .5 2 7 .7 3 6 .8 4 6 .3 7 3 .8 9 0 .2 8 1 .6 5 0 .5 2 5 .7 

8 4 FRESN O C A -1 9 .7 2 .5 3 1 .3 5 1 .9 7 0 .1 9 0 .6 1 1 3 .9 1 0 2 .3 7 2 .1 3 4 .0 

8 6 G LA SG O W M T -5 7 .8 -4 2 .1 -1 6 .3 6 .0 2 7 .4 4 6 .1 6 7 .8 6 4 .1 1 3 .5 -1 6 .5 

8 8 GRA N D JU N C T IO N CO -1 7 .3 2 .3 2 5 .7 4 5 .1 6 8 .5 9 5 .9 1 0 3 .5 9 6 .3 5 7 .4 1 8 .5 

9 2 GREEN BAY W I -4 9 .2 -3 5 .4 -1 2 .1 6 .8 1 9 .0 3 6 .6 4 0 .5 3 1 .7 2 .0 -1 9 .6 

9 3 G REEN SBO RO N C -1 6 .4 -3 .1 1 5 .4 3 4 .1 4 0 .7 4 9 .6 4 7 .7 3 8 .1 2 6 .5 5 .3 

9 6 H A R R ISB U R G PA -3 7 .2 -2 3 .8 -4 .3 1 8 .3 3 0 .3 4 4 .5 4 6 .6 3 8 .3 1 5 .6 -7 .6 

101 H O U STO N T X -2 .5 1 2 .4 2 5 .0 3 4 .8 4 9 .6 5 6 .4 5 4 .6 5 2 .1 3 9 .3 2 9 .9 

102 HURON SD -4 6 .9 -3 3 .8 -1 1 .5 1 2 .3 3 1 .7 5 0 .7 7 1 .5 6 2 .4 2 1 .0 -7 .3 

103 IN D IA N A P O L IS IN -3 9 .9 -2 5 .1 -8 .8 1 4 .2 2 9 .3 4 5 .6 4 5 .8 3 8 .4 1 7 .5 -5 .2 104 IN T R N T N A L FA L L S M N -6 2 .1 -4 6 .7 -2 4 .6 -3 .1 1 5 .4 3 0 .8 3 7 .2 2 3 .4 -1 1 .3 -3 5 .1 

107 JA C K SO N M S -7 .8 7 .9 2 5 .6 4 1 .3 5 1 .9 6 1 .1 6 0 .4 5 0 .6 3 8 .0 2 4 .5 

108 JA C K S O N V ILLE FL 7 .4 2 1 .4 3 8 .7 4 9 .7 5 1 .3 5 0 .9 4 6 .1 4 1 .3 3 3 .9 2 4 .1 

115 LANDER W Y -1 6 .6 2 .2 2 5 .9 3 3 .2 4 2 .2 6 2 .0 7 7 .0 8 0 .1 3 5 .8 8 .8 

116 L A N SIN G M I -4 3 .1 -2 7 .1 -8 .3 3 .9 2 9 .9 4 5 .6 5 0 .9 4 4 .1 1 4 .8 -9 .2 

118 LA S V EG A S N V 4 .1 2 6 .4 5 4 .2 8 1 .0 1 0 8 .0 1 3 7 .7 1 4 7 .6 1 3 8 .1 1 0 1 .3 5 1 .2 

123 L IT T L E R O C K A R -1 3 .5 1 .6 1 7 .7 3 2 .6 4 8 .2 6 9 .2 6 8 .6 6 2 .5 4 0 .1 1 8 .8 

125 LO S A N G ELES CA 6 .2 2 2 .0 3 8 .8 4 7 .1 3 9 .3 3 5 .2 4 5 .5 4 3 .7 3 7 .8 2 7 .2 

126 L O U ISV IL L E K Y -3 4 .7 -1 9 .2 -1 .4 2 2 .6 3 3 .5 4 6 .3 4 6 .8 4 4 .9 2 2 .2 .7 

132 M A D ISO N W I -4 2 .7 -2 7 .2 -6 .2 5 .4 2 1 .5 4 1 .0 4 1 .7 3 5 .2 5 .3 -1 4 .8 

58
Table A 10.— P ercent fuel savings for a direct-fired 1-m bf kiln w ith uninsulated nighttim e roof and south w all

collector surfaces (for use w ith table A 4)— con.

JA N FEB M AR APR M AY JU N JU L AUG SEP 

135 M A SSEN A N V -5 1 .4 -3 8 .6 -1 3 .0 7 .3 2 2 .8 4 2 .0 4 6 .1 3 0 .2 5 .3 -2 

137 M ED FO RD O R -4 4 .6 -2 4 .1 -1 .8 2 1 .3 4 0 .3 5 6 .5 8 5 .3 7 4 .6 3 9 .5 -

138 M EM PH IS TN -1 7 .1 -2 .3 1 6 .6 3 6 .9 4 9 .3 6 5 .1 6 9 .6 6 0 .8 3 7 .2 1 

140 M IA M I FL 2 7 .5 3 9 .8 5 0 .8 5 7 .8 5 0 .0 4 2 .7 4 0 .6 4 2 .8 3 6 .7 3 

141 M ID LA N D T X 1 5 .3 3 2 .3 5 6 .0 7 0 .6 8 1 .8 1 0 0 .7 9 9 .1 9 1 .7 5 9 .2 3 

144 M IN N -S T . P A U L M N -4 9 .2 -3 3 .5 -1 2 .5 7 .3 2 6 .8 4 3 .7 5 3 .9 4 2 .8 9 .2 -1 

146 M ISSO U L A M T -6 0 .8 -4 5 .0 -2 0 .8 3 .5 2 1 .1 2 9 .0 6 1 .5 4 8 .8 7 .3 -2 

147 M O B ILE A L .9 1 5 .7 3 0 .7 4 3 .9 5 0 .8 5 7 .1 4 8 .5 4 3 .2 3 5 .8 2 

148 M O LIN E IL -3 9 .7 -2 4 .3 -7 .4 1 4 .7 3 1 .2 5 3 .6 5 7 .3 4 6 .0 1 9 .2 -

149 M ONTGOM ERY A L -7 .6 6 .8 2 5 .2 4 1 .9 4 7 .3 5 7 .7 5 1 .0 4 7 .3 3 5 .8 2 

150 M T . S H A S T A CA -3 3 .0 -1 6 .0 5 .1 2 5 .3 4 2 .2 5 4 .6 8 0 .7 6 9 .4 3 9 .8 

152 N A SH V IL L E TN -2 6 .8 -1 3 .1 5 .1 2 9 .3 4 2 .0 5 4 .3 5 6 .5 4 7 .6 2 9 .4 

158 NEW YORK N Y -4 0 .0 -2 6 .7 -7 .1 1 4 .0 2 9 .2 4 0 .3 4 8 .3 4 1 .3 1 7 .7 -

161 NORTH OM AHA N E -3 1 .7 -1 7 .7 .6 2 0 .5 4 0 .6 6 2 .8 7 4 .7 5 5 .8 2 4 .5 

163 OAKLAND CA -1 4 .6 3 .6 2 5 .6 3 9 .7 4 4 .3 4 4 .8 3 2 .8 3 5 .7 3 6 .5 1 

165 O K LA H O M A C ITY O K -1 0 .0 3 .4 2 2 .0 3 8 .5 4 6 .6 6 9 .2 8 2 .2 7 7 .4 4 4 .2 1 

172 PEN D LETO N O R -5 5 .3 -3 6 .5 -8 .3 1 6 .6 4 3 .3 6 0 .8 9 4 .0 8 2 .1 3 9 .7 -

175 PH O E N IX A Z 1 1 .5 5 3 .6 5 8 .1 8 7 .9 1 1 0 .9 1 3 6 .8 1 4 2 .1 1 3 8 .9 1 0 0 .0 5 

178 PIT T SB U R G H PA -3 3 .4 -2 2 .9 1 .3 1 9 .1 3 6 .8 5 7 .3 5 8 .8 5 0 .0 3 1 .2 

179 PO CA TELLO ID -3 9 .8 -1 7 .8 7 .5 2 6 .1 4 7 .9 6 5 .5 9 5 .2 8 6 .0 4 0 .3 

182 PO RTLA N D M E -4 7 .5 -3 5 .4 -1 6 .6 -2 .0 7 .3 1 9 .7 1 8 .3 1 5 .9 -4 .0 -2 

187 PU EBLO CO -8 .2 7 .7 2 5 .8 4 4 .8 5 5 .0 7 9 .6 9 0 .2 8 3 .5 5 0 .8 1 192 R A P ID C T Y SD -4 0 .7 -2 4 .0 - 1 .3 1 4 .0 3 0 .9 5 0 .8 7 7 .0 7 1 .1 2 8 .4 -

194 RENO N V -1 6 .0 5 .7 2 9 .8 4 5 .9 5 9 .0 6 9 .2 8 5 .8 8 0 .1 5 0 .5 1 

196 R IC H M O N D V A -2 4 .1 -1 1 .0 8 .4 2 9 .2 3 8 .0 4 8 .0 4 5 .3 4 0 .6 2 4 .7 

198 ROANOKE V A -2 2 .3 -9 .9 9 .4 2 9 .0 3 5 .7 4 3 .9 4 2 .6 3 3 .6 2 0 .6 

200 RO CH ESTER N Y -5 3 .3 -4 3 .8 -2 2 .8 5 .2 1 9 .3 3 5 .1 3 6 .4 2 7 .4 3 .3 -2 

206 SA LEM O R -5 1 .7 -3 6 .3 -1 4 .7 8 .9 2 3 .3 2 7 .0 4 7 .5 4 1 .5 2 0 .2 -1 

207 SA L T L A K E C IT Y U T -2 9 .6 -7 .5 1 6 .9 3 6 .8 6 1 .0 7 8 .7 1 1 1 .7 1 0 3 .5 5 5 .2 1 

209 SA N A N T O N IO TX 6 .7 2 0 .6 3 5 .6 4 1 .6 5 0 .9 6 6 .9 7 6 .1 6 9 .0 5 1 .9 3 

210 SA N D IE G O CA 1 0 .5 2 6 .7 4 3 .1 4 9 .0 4 0 .3 3 2 .4 3 8 .9 4 7 .8 4 3 .1 3 

214 SA V A N N A H G A 5 .2 1 8 .2 3 4 .5 5 1 .7 5 8 .9 6 1 .8 5 9 .2 5 5 .0 4 0 .3 2 

215 S A U L T S T . M A R IE M I -6 0 .5 -4 8 .9 -2 1 .1 -6 .2 8 .6 1 5 .5 1 5 .5 1 2 .0 -1 5 .9 -3 

217 SCO TTS BLU FF N E -2 8 .6 -1 3 .3 4 .4 2 1 .1 3 6 .8 5 9 .4 7 7 .8 6 8 .0 3 0 .1 

218 SEA TTLE W A -5 6 .7 -4 4 .1 -1 5 .0 1 1 .3 3 0 .8 3 2 .9 3 9 .9 3 1 .1 1 0 .9 -1 

219 SH E R ID A N W Y -4 3 .5 -2 7 .9 -4 .8 9 .3 2 7 .5 4 2 .7 7 2 .5 7 2 .9 1 9 .0 -

220 SH REV EPO RT LA -1 .9 7 .9 2 8 .2 4 1 .9 5 3 .6 6 1 .7 7 2 .9 6 6 .9 4 3 .9 2 

225 SPO K A N E W A -6 0 .2 -4 1 .6 - 1 5 .2 1 0 .3 3 5 .7 4 4 .2 7 9 .1 6 7 .4 2 4 .2 -1 

226 S P R IN G F IE L D IL -3 3 .7 -1 7 .5 -2 .4 2 0 .7 3 7 .3 6 0 .2 6 3 .7 5 3 .0 3 0 .7 

227 S P R IN G F IE L D M O -2 0 .8 -7 .9 8 .4 3 0 .5 3 9 .0 5 7 .8 6 5 .8 5 9 .1 3 2 .6 

234 TA LLA H A SSEE F L 5 .1 1 8 .7 3 5 .8 4 7 .6 5 1 .1 5 2 .3 4 4 .1 4 1 .6 3 8 .7 2 

235 TA M PA F L 2 0 .3 3 2 .2 4 6 .6 5 5 .4 5 6 .7 4 9 .5 4 3 .7 4 1 .8 3 9 .7 3 

238 TO PEK A K A -2 5 .5 -9 .6 6 .5 2 9 .8 4 2 .8 6 1 .4 7 8 .8 6 7 .2 3 4 .9 

241 TU CSO N A Z 1 8 .1 3 7 .5 6 1 .2 8 5 .2 1 0 1 .4 1 2 3 .9 1 1 3 .5 1 0 1 .2 8 4 .9 5 

245 W A SH IN G TO N D C -3 0 .4 -1 7 .3 1 .7 2 2 .3 3 5 .2 5 2 .1 5 3 .1 4 4 .5 2 7 .5 

250 W IN N EM U CCA N V -2 6 .1 -4 .8 1 6 .9 3 4 .5 5 2 .6 7 0 .2 1 0 1 .6 8 8 .6 4 8 .3 1 

251 W IN SLO W A Z 1 .4 2 3 .4 4 4 .9 6 4 .2 8 0 .6 1 0 0 .8 9 5 .9 8 5 .7 6 6 .3 3 

253 YUM A A Z 1 8 .5 4 0 .5 6 7 .0 9 3 .1 1 1 2 .4 1 3 5 .3 1 4 3 .6 1 3 6 .9 1 0 9 .0 6 

59
Table A 11.— P ercent fuel savings for a direct-fired 4-m bf kiln w ith uninsulated nighttim e roof and south w all

collector surfaces (for use w ith table A 5) 

JA N FEB M AR APR M AY JU N JU L AUG SEP OCT 

4 ALBUQUERQUE N M . 5 1 8 .0 3 9 .2 6 1 .2 7 7 .8 9 6 .8 9 5 .7 8 3 .7 6 0 .5 2 8 .3 

6 A M A R ILLO T X -2 .4 1 1 .9 3 1 .5 5 2 .7 6 4 .3 8 3 .4 8 7 .5 7 5 .8 4 8 .9 2 3 .7 

1 4 A ST O R IA O R -8 7 .1 -3 5 .4 -2 0 .8 -2 .5 1 2 .0 6 .7 6 .6 6 .6 -.2 -2 0 .6 

1 5 ATLANTA GA -1 4 .4 -1 .9 1 7 .0 3 6 .8 4 3 .2 5 0 .0 4 3 .2 4 2 .2 2 7 .4 1 4 .7 

2 2 BATON ROUGE L A -4 .7 9 .1 2 5 .8 4 1 .0 4 9 .4 5 6 .5 4 6 .3 4 3 .4 3 4 .1 2 4 .4 

2 5 B IL L IN G S M T -4 4 .0 -2 8 .9 -5 .2 1 1 .6 3 1 .9 5 3 .3 8 3 .0 7 1 .5 2 3 .4 -4 .7 

2 7 B IR M IN G H A M A L -1 4 .3 -1 .1 1 7 .6 3 6 .8 4 5 .5 5 2 .4 4 8 .8 4 4 .4 3 1 .6 1 4 .6 

2 8 B ISM A R C K N D -4 9 .7 -3 5 .0 -1 1 .2 4 .5 2 8 .3 4 5 .0 6 3 .4 5 3 .2 1 3 .0 -1 7 .1 

3 0 B O IS E ID -4 0 .2 -1 9 .9 5 .1 2 9 .7 5 6 .0 7 2 .3 1 0 2 .0 8 8 .6 4 6 .1 5 .1 

3 1 BO STO N M A -4 0 .2 -2 8 .1 -1 1 .8 8 .1 2 3 .9 3 8 .8 4 1 .4 3 1 .3 1 4 .3 -7 .3 

3 3 B R O W N SV ILLE TX 9 .2 2 0 .5 3 5 .2 4 4 .5 5 2 .0 6 4 .1 7 0 .1 6 5 .5 5 0 .4 3 8 .0 

3 6 BURNS OR -4 1 .5 -2 4 .4 -4 .7 1 7 .9 3 6 .2 4 9 .3 7 8 .5 6 9 .6 3 1 .0 -8 .6 

3 7 CA PE H A TTERA S N C -1 5 .6 -2 .9 1 5 .1 3 4 .1 4 3 .5 5 0 .4 4 8 .4 4 0 .1 3 4 .1 1 3 .6 

3 8 C A R IB O U M E -5 1 .2 -3 7 .2 -1 4 .6 -4 .7 8 .7 1 8 .6 1 8 .6 1 2 .9 -1 3 .1 -3 1 .9 

4 1 CH A RLESTO N SC -9 .4 2 .6 2 1 .7 4 0 .0 4 6 .3 4 8 .4 4 8 .1 3 5 .6 2 9 .5 1 7 .3 

4 2 CH A RLESTO N W V -3 4 .3 -2 3 .7 -5 .5 1 9 .0 3 1 .0 4 0 .1 3 4 .5 2 7 .7 1 6 .0 -3 .4 

4 3 CHARLOTTE N C -1 4 .9 -2 .5 1 6 .0 3 7 .3 4 3 .9 5 2 .8 5 1 .1 4 3 .2 2 8 .5 1 1 .6 

4 5 C H E R R Y PO IN T N C -1 1 .7 1 .8 1 8 .6 3 6 .3 4 1 .7 4 5 .6 4 6 .6 3 5 .9 3 1 .1 1 5 .4 

4 4 CHATTANOOGA TN -2 1 .4 -1 0 .2 8 .3 3 0 .1 3 6 .2 4 5 .7 4 3 .9 3 9 .4 2 2 .1 6 .7 

4 8 CLEVELAND OH -4 5 .9 -3 5 .0 -1 7 .8 9 .1 2 6 .0 4 0 .4 4 1 .7 3 0 .9 1 2 .3 -1 2 .3 

5 0 C O LU M B IA M O -2 9 .7 -1 6 .1 1 .7 2 2 .6 4 0 .4 5 7 .9 6 9 .4 5 3 .6 2 8 .2 5 .4 

5 2 COLUM BUS OH -4 0 .1 -2 8 .8 -1 1 .5 1 3 .5 2 7 .0 4 0 .2 3 9 .1 3 7 .0 1 3 .4 -8 .3 

5 3 CONCORD N H -4 4 .4 -3 3 .8 -1 5 .0 3 .3 1 6 .9 2 6 .5 2 6 .3 2 1 .1 -2 .7 -1 8 .9 

6 2 DENVER CO -1 1 .8 4 .1 2 3 .7 3 9 .4 5 5 .5 7 4 .3 8 4 .8 7 7 .3 4 7 .3 1 7 .2 

6 6 D O D G E C IT Y K A -1 5 .3 .7 1 7 .5 3 8 .8 5 1 .4 7 8 .1 8 9 .8 7 3 .7 4 3 .0 1 4 .3 

7 2 EL PA SO TX 1 2 .7 3 2 .2 5 6 .9 7 9 .0 9 4 .0 1 1 5 .2 9 9 .1 9 3 .6 6 7 .2 4 3 .9 

7 4 ELY N V -1 8 .2 -1 .4 2 1 .3 3 1 .7 4 5 .0 5 7 .5 6 9 .5 6 6 .6 3 9 .4 7 .9 

8 1 F O R T S M IT H A R -1 5 .0 -1 .7 1 5 .4 3 5 .4 4 8 .5 6 6 .0 7 5 .5 6 4 .2 3 7 .1 1 5 .4 

8 3 FO RT W O RTH T X -7 .8 6 .0 2 4 .1 3 5 .1 4 5 .7 7 0 .7 8 5 .0 7 5 .4 4 6 .6 2 2 .9 

8 4 FRESN O C A -1 9 .5 .8 2 7 .2 4 8 .5 6 9 .1 8 9 .2 1 0 8 .9 9 6 .6 6 6 .8 3 0 .0 

8 6 G LA SG O W M T -5 4 .9 -3 9 .8 -1 5 .5 6 .1 2 8 .6 4 8 .1 6 7 .7 6 1 .8 1 4 .7 -1 4 .8 

8 8 G R A N D JU N C T IO N CO -1 9 .3 -1 .1 2 2 .0 4 3 .0 6 8 .5 9 4 .8 1 0 0 .5 9 2 .1 5 4 .7 lb .? 

9 2 GREEN BAY W I -4 7 .3 -3 4 .5 -1 1 .7 7 .6 2 1 .5 3 9 .0 4 2 .5 3 3 .0 4 .4 -1 7 .3 9 3 G REEN SBO RO N C -1 7 .8 -5 .4 1 3 .0 3 2 .9 4 0 .9 4 9 .7 4 7 .2 3 7 .7 2 5 .9 5 .2 

9 6 H A R R ISB U R G PA -3 5 .3 -2 3 .7 -4 .6 1 8 .2 3 1 .1 4 4 .8 4 6 .7 3 7 .8 1 6 .0 -6 .5 

101 H O U STO N T X -5 .0 9 .0 2 1 .8 3 2 .9 4 8 .7 5 4 .8 5 2 .4 4 8 .2 3 6 .5 2 6 .2 

102 HURON SO -4 5 .9 -3 3 .2 -1 1 .1 1 2 .3 3 2 .7 5 1 .7 7 0 .1 6 0 .3 2 1 .5 -6 .6 

103 IN D IA N A P O L IS IN -3 7 .4 -2 4 .4 -8 .6 1 4 .6 3 0 .2 4 5 .8 4 5 .7 3 7 .8 1 7 .7 -4 .4 

104 IN T R N T N A L FA L L S M Y -6 0 .0 -4 5 .2 -2 3 .2 -1 .7 1 7 .9 3 4 .1 4 0 .3 2 6 .6 -7 .2 -3 1 .1 

107 JA C K SO N M S -9 .8 4 .8 2 2 .2 3 8 .8 5 0 .7 5 9 .3 5 7 .1 4 7 .8 3 5 .7 2 1 .7 

108 JA C K SO N V IL L E F L 3 .6 1 6 .7 3 4 .0 4 6 .6 5 0 .6 5 0 .1 4 5 .0 3 9 .6 3 1 .9 2 1 .4 

115 LANDER W Y -1 9 .2 -1 .4 2 2 .0 3 1 .9 4 4 .2 6 5 .4 7 8 .0 7 8 .4 3 5 .7 7 .7 

116 L A N SIN G M I -4 1 .1 -2 6 .7 -8 .4 5 .3 3 1 .4 4 7 .3 5 1 .7 4 4 .2 1 6 .0 -8 .1 

118 LA S V EG A S N V . 5 2 1 .2 4 7 .7 7 5 .6 1 0 3 .8 1 3 1 .6 1 3 7 .9 1 2 7 .4 9 2 .8 4 6 .0 

123 L IT T L E R O C K A R -1 5 .3 -1 .1 1 5 .1 3 1 .3 4 7 .5 6 6 .5 6 5 .5 5 8 .5 3 7 .7 1 6 .8 

125 LOS ANGELES CA 3 .2 1 7 .8 3 3 .8 4 4 .7 4 1 .5 4 0 .2 5 0 .2 4 6 .9 3 7 .0 2 4 .0 

126 L O U ISV IL L E K Y -3 3 .1 -1 9 .3 -2 .0 2 2 .3 3 4 .1 4 6 .8 4 7 .1 4 3 .6 2 1 .9 1 .0 

132 M A D ISO N W I -6 1 .3 -2 7 .3 -6 .3 6 .7 2 3 .8 4 2 .8 4 3 .9 3 6 .6 7 .7 -1 2 .9 

60
Table A11 .—Percent fuel savings for a direct-fired 4-mbf kiln with uninsulated nighttime roof and south wall

collector surfaces (for use with table A5)—con.

JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUN JUL AUG SEP 

135 MASSENA NY - 49.3 - 37.5 - 12.5 8.1 25.0 44.0 47.6 32.2 7.3 - 

137 MEDFORD OR - 40.7 - 22.3 - 2.4 20.5 41.5 58.7 84.8 73.2 38.0 

138 MEMPHIS TN - 18.0 - 4.1 14.2 34.9 48.0 62.4 65.3 56.8 35.0 

140 MIAMI FL 21.0 -33.1 44.8 54.5 49.6 42.8 41.0 41.4 34.6 

141 MIDLAND TX 9.4 25.3 49.2 66.8 80.1 97.9 95.9 86.9 55.7 144 MINN- ST. PAUL MN - 47.8 - 33.2 - 12.1 7.9 27.8 45.0 59.3 42.5 10.5 - 

146 MISSOULA MT - 55.8 - 41.1 - 19.5 4.0 23.3 33.6 63.7 50.2 9.7 - 

147 MOBILE AL - 2.0 11.7 26.8 41.3 49.6 55.3 46.4 40.4 33.6 

148 MOLINE IL - 38.7 - 24.4 - 7.5 14.8 32.0 53.0 56.3 44.6 19.4 

149 MONTGOMERY AL - 9.4 3.9 21.9 39.7 46.8 56.0 49.1 44.7 33.7 

150 MT. SHASTA CA - 31.6 - 15.9 3.8 24.9 44.5 58.6 82.6 70.3 39.3 

152 NASHVILLE TN - 26.5 - 13.7 3.9 28.3 41.8 53.4 54.7 45.8 28.0 

158 NEW YORK NY - 37.2 - 25. 6 - 7.0 14.4 29.8 40.6 47.2 39.7 17.5 161 NORTH OMAHA NE - 31.8 - 18.6 - . 4 20.2 40.6 61.9 72.0 53.9 23.8 

163 OAKLAND CA - 14.7 2.1 22.1 37.3 45.9 48.9 40.0 40.0 35.8 

165 OKLAHOMA CITY OK - 12.7 . 1 18.9 36.8 46.3 67.2 78.8 72.5 41.3 

172 PENDLETON OR - 49.5 - 32.5 8.0 15.7 43.1 61.5 91.7 78.7 37.5 

175 PHOENIX AZ 7.4 27.9 51.4 82.2 106.8 130.7 132.3 128.0 91.0 

178 PITTSBURGH PA - 31.8 - 22.3 . 4 19.1 37.2 56.7 57.8 48.7 30.1 

179 POCATELLO ID - 38.0 - 17.7 5.6 25.5 49.5 68.0 94.2 83.9 39.8 

182 PORTLAND ME - 44.7 - 33.6 - 15.5 . 0 10.9 23.8 22.5 19.1 - . 9 - 2

187 PUEBLO CO - 11.1 3.5 22.0 43.0 55.7 80.0 87.9 80.2 48.7 

192 RAPID CTY SD - 33.0 - 23.3 - 2.0 14.2 32.4 52.9 75.7 68.7 28.3 

194 RENO NV - 17.3 2.2 25.6 44.1 61.0 73.1 87.9 80.9 49.8 

196 RICHMOND VA - 24.0 - 11.9 6.9 28.2 38.1 47.9 44.8 38.8 24.0 

198 ROANOKE VA - 22.8 - 11.2 7.7 28.4 36.4 44.8 43.3 34.0 20.6 

200 ROCHESTER NY - 49.4 - 40.9 - 71.2 6.3 21.1 37.2 37.8 28.3 5.0 - 

206 SALEM OR - 46.1 - 32.1 - 13.7 8.8 25.0 31.3 50.9 43.0 20.2 - 

207 SALT LAKE CITY UT - 28.6 - 9.2 l4.2 35.1 61.3 79.9 107.7 98.5 52.6 

209 SAN ANTONIO TX 2.8 15.8 31.2 39.8 50.1 65.0 73.1 65.2 48.2 

210 SAN DIEGO CA 6.7 21.7 37.8 46.9 42.4 38.4 44.5 50.3 41.7 

214 SAVANNAH GA 1.6 13.8 30.2 48.4 57.5 60.0 56.9 52.0 37.4 

215 SAULT ST. MARIE MI - 56.4 - 44.6 - 19.9 - 4.0 12.4 21.3 21.9 16.4 - 11.5 - 3

217 SCOTTS BLUFF NE - 28.7 - 14.5 2.9 21.0 36.3 60.9 76.9 66.3 30.2 

210 SEATTLE WA - 49.6 - 38.1 - 14.0 10.1 31.5 36.2 43.9 33.3 11.5 - 

219 SHERIDAN WY - 41.5 - 26.8 - 5.2 9.9 29.5 46.3 73.0 71.0 20.3 

220 SHREVEPORT LA - 4.8 4.9 24.6 39.7 52.8 59.9 69.0 62.4 40.6 

225 SPOKANE WA - 54.2 - 37.3 - 14.4 9.7 36.2 47.2 78.7 66.0 24.2 - 226 SPRINGFIELD IL - 33.0 - 18.2 - 3.0 20.2 37.7 58.7 62.9 50.8 29.3 

227 SPRINGFIELD MD - 21.8 -9.6 6.7 29.4 40.0 57.3 64.4 56.3 31.1 

234 TALLAHASSEE FL 1.4 14.2 31.3 45.0 50.4 51.4 43.2 39.9 36.3 

2 35 TAMPA FL 15.0 26.2 41.0 52.2 56.0 49.6 43.6 40.8 37.3 

238 TOPEKA KA - 25.9 - 11.2 5.0 28.5 42.8 60.1 75.5 63.6 33.3 

241 TUCSON AZ 12.9 30.6 54.1 80.1 98.9 120.0 106.7 95.1 78.1 

245 WASHINGTON DC - 29.3 - 17.3 . 9 21.9 35.5 51.5 52.1 43.1 26.3 

250 WINNEMUCCA NV - 26.2 - 6.9 14.1 33.6 54.6 73.1 101.0 87.8 47.6 

251 WINSLOW AZ - 3.2 17.1 33.1 61.3 80.5 100.7 93.3 83.1 62.7 2

253 YUMA AZ 13.8 34.2 59.3 86.5 107.8 129.1 131.4 124.4 98.4 5

61
Table A12.—Percent fuel savings for a direct-fired 8-mbf kiln (packages stacked two high) with uninsulated

nighttime roof and south wall collector surfaces (for use with table A6)

JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUN JUL AUG SEP OC

4 ALBUQUERQUE NM 2.8 15.9 29.8 40.8 47.1 56.4 55.3 49.1 37.1 20.

6 AMARILLO TX . 6 11.0 23.9 34.8 38.0 48.0 50.0 44.4 29.6 16.

1 4 ASTORIA OR - 29.8 - 20.3 - 11.6 - 1.0 5.8 .9 1.7 1.8 - 1.5 - 13.

1 5 ATLANTA GA - 9.4 - . 3 12.2 22.8 23.6 26.4 22.1 22.7 14.4 9.

2 2 BATON ROUGE LA - 2.4 7.4 17.6 24.9 27.2 30.0 23.5 23.1 19.1 15.

2 5 BILLINGS MT - 29.0 - 16.7 . 0 9.0 19.1 30.9 49.6 43.6 14.5 - 1.

2 7 BIRMINGHAM AL - 9.2 . 4 12.6 22.8 25.1 27.9 25.7 24.2 17.8 9.

2 6 BISMARCK ND - 35.2 - 23.1 - 4.6 4.2 17.0 26.0 37.6 32.4 7.7 - 10.

3 0 BOISE ID - 25.6 - 10.2 7.2 21.6 34.9 42.7 61.1 54.0 29.7 5.

3 1 BOSTON MA - 26.3 - 17.2 - 6.7 4.7 12.7 20.9 22.6 17.1 7.7 - 4.

3 3 BROWNSVILLE TX 6.7 14.7 23.0 26.0 27.9 34.2 37.7 36.1 29.1 24.

3 6 BURNS OR - 27.6 - 13.9 - . 8 12.6 21.4 28.0 46.2 41.5 18.8 - 4.

3 7 CAPE HATTERAS NC - 9.3 - . 2 11.3 21.6 24.5 27.3 25.9 21.9 20.5 9.

3 8 CARIBOU ME - 35.8 - 24.6 - 7.3 - 2.7 3.7 9.0 9.4 6.2 - 10.3 - 21.4 

4 1 CHARLESTON SC - 5.1 3.4 15.6 25.1 25.6 25.1 25.1 18.3 16.4 11.

4 2 CHARLESTON - 24.1 - 15.9 - 3.4 11.1 16.4 20.9 17.6 14.1 8.0 - 2.

4 3 CHARLOTTE NC - 9.1 . 0 12.1 23.8 24.5 28.4 27.4 23.6 15.8 7.4 5 CHERRY POINT NC - 6.4 3.3 13.8 23.2 23.1 24.0 24.6 19.0 18.2 10.4 4 CHATTANOOGA TN - 14.5 - 6.4 6.0 18.4 19.3 23.9 22.8 21.4 11.6 4.

4 8 CLEVELAND OH - 31.8 - 23.5 - 12.0 5.1 13.9 21.7 22.6 16.7 5.8 - 8.

5 0 COLUMBIA MO - 19.5 - 9.6 2.4 14.2 23.2 32.8 39.7 31.4 17.0 4.

5 2 COLUMBUS OH - 27.5 - 19.2 - 7.6 7.8 14.1 21.3 20.7 20.3 5.9 - 5.4 

5 3 CONCORD NH - 30.8 - 22.6 - 6.9 1.5 8.1 13.1 13.4 10.7 - 4.5 - 12.

6 2 DENVER CO - 4.5 6.9 19.5 27.0 33.5 43.3 49.5 46.2 29.5 12.

6 6 DODGE CITY KA - 8.4 2.8 13.9 25.8 30.2 45.2 52.0 43.8 26.6 10.

7 2 EL PASO TX 12.6 26.6 42.7 52.7 57.1 67.3 56.7 54.8 41.2 30.

7 4 ELY NV - 10.8 1.7 17.2 20.6 26.2 32.3 39.7 38.7 22.7 5.

8 1 FORT SMITH AR - 9.3 . 5 11.6 22.5 27.8 37.3 42.8 37.3 22.4 10.

8 3 FORT WORTH TX - 4.4 5 .8 17.4 21.3 25.3 39.7 48.1 44.1 28.8 15.

8 4 FRESNO CA - 12.0 3.9 21.6 33.0 41.8 52.1 63.9 58.1 42.6 21.

8 6 GLASGOW MI - 38.4 - 25.3 - 7.2 6.1 17.6 28.0 40.4 38.0 9.1 - 8.3 

8 8 GRAND JUNCTION CO CO - 11.6 2.4 18.1 29.4 41.9 56.0 58.9 55.2 33.9 12.

9 2 GREEN BAY WI - 33.3 - 23.2 - 6.0 5.4 11.7 21.5 23.8 18.7 . 9 - 11.

9 3 GREENSBORO NC - 11.4 - 2.4 9.9 20.8 22.8 26.8 25.2 20.4 14.3 3.9 6 HARRISBURG PA - 23.4 - 14.5 - 1.9 11.5 16.9 24.2 25.4 20.8 8.1 - 4.2 

101 HOUSTON TX - 3.2 7.2 14.2 18.9 26.2 28.7 27.2 26.1 20.9 16.

102 HURON SD - 32.8 - 22.3 - 5.6 9.0 19.4 29.8 41.3 36.4 12.8 - 3.3 

103 INDIANAPOLIS IN - 25.6 - 15.8 - 5.5 8.6 16.3 24.9 24.9 21.1 9.6 - 2.9 

104 INTERNATIONAL FALLS MN - 43.8 - 31.0 - 13.4 . 2 10.4 19.0 23.3 15.4 - 6.1 - 20.3 

107 JACKSON MS - 6.1 4.6 15.6 24.2 28.6 32.3 30.8 26.4 20.9 14.

108 JACKSONVILLE FL 4.3 13.6 24.0 29.2 28.0 25.9 22.7 20.6 17.7 13.

115 LANDER WY - 10.3 3.5 19.6 22.8 26.6 30.2 45.7 47.2 22.0 6.7 

116 LANSING MI - 28.1 - 17.0 - 4.1 2.8 18.0 26.6 29.3 25.7 8.9 - 4.9 

118 LAS VEGAS NV 4.6 20.3 37.6 52.3 64.9 78.6 81.6 77.4 59.2 34.

123 LITTLE ROCK AR - 10.0 . 6 11.1 19.3 27.0 37.4 36.5 33.8 22.5 11.

125 LOS ANGLES CA 6.2 16.8 25.5 28.9 22.6 20.2 26.9 25.6 21.3 16.

126 LOUISVILLE KY - 22.4 - 12.6 - . 9 13.7 18.5 25.2 25.4 24.4 12.1 . 

132 MADISON WI - 28.6 - 17 . 8 - 2.2 3.9 12.9 23.7 24.4 20.7 2.8 - 8.3 

62
Table A12.—Percent fuel savings for a direct-fired 8-mbf kiln (packages stacked two high) with uninsulated

nighttime roof and south wall collector surfaces (for use with table A6)—con.

JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUN JUL AUG SEP O

135 MASSENA N Y - 35.0 - 25.6 - 6.4 5.9 14.3 24.9 27.2 18.4 3.5 - 1

137 MEDFORD OR - 26.9 - 12.3 . 9 14.4 24.7 33.8 50.1 44.0 23.6 - 

138 MEMPHIS T N - 11.9 - 1.4 10.6 22.2 27.5 34.9 36.5 32.7 20.7 10

140 MIAMI F L 17.4 25.1 30.6 33.1 25.9 20.0 19.1 20.2 17.9 19

141 MIDLAND T X 9.6 20.8 36.5 44.0 48.1 56.7 54.7 50.9 34.0 24

144 MINN-ST. PAUL M N - 34.0 - 22.1 - 6.0 5.8 16.1 25.4 31.3 25.0 5.7 - 

146 MISSOULA M T - 38.1 - 25.8 - 10.7 3.9 13.6 18.4 37.8 30.0 5.2 - 1

147 MOBILE A L - .l 9.7 18.5 25.4 27.3 29.2 23.5 21.3 18.8 15

148 MOLINE I L - 27.0 - 15.9 - 4.0 9.5 18.1 29.9 31.9 25.9 11.1 - 

149 MONTGOMERY A L - 5.5 4.l 15.6 24.7 25.9 30.2 25. 7 24.5 19.3 14

150 MT. SHASTA C A - 20.4 - 8.2 5.1 16.8 26.4 33.6 48.5 41.7 23.9 4

152 NASHVILLE T N - 18.6 - 8.8 3.0 17.5 23.3 29.2 29.9 25.6 16.1 5

158 NEW YORK N Y - 24.5 - 16.4 - 3.6 8.7 16.2 21.5 25.8 22.1 9.1 - 

161 NORTH OMAHA N E - 21.1 - 11.0 1.6 13.5 23.9 35.7 41.8 31.9 14.3 

163 OAKLAND C A - 7.1 5.8 18.2 25.2 26.9 27.0 21.3 22.0 21.7 11

165 OKLAHOMA CITY OK - 7.8 1.7 14.3 23.5 26.3 37.9 44.7 42.5 25.2 10

172 PENDLETON O R - 31.9 - 18.6 - 1.6 12.2 26.6 36.0 54.8 48.0 24.3 - 

175 PHOENIX A Z 9.6 25.0 39.3 56.0 66.2 77.4 77.6 76.9 58.5 37

178 PITTSBURGH P A - 20.2 - 13.8 1.9 12.1 21.2 32.2 32.7 28.2 18.6 2

179 POCATELLO I D - 25.1 - 8.7 6.9 18.0 30.4 39.9 56.1 50.9 24.8 3

182 PORTLAND M E - 30.5 - 21.9 - 9.1 - . 8 4.2 11.4 11.0 9.3 - 3.1 - 1

187 PUEBLO C O - 4.8 5.3 17.6 28.9 33.0 46.3 50.9 47.6 29.8 12

192 RAPID CTY S D - 25.6 - 13.0 1.6 10.1 19.0 30.3 44.5 41.5 17.3 

194 RENO N V - 8.8 5.3 21.0 30.3 37.2 42.6 51.5 48.2 30.8 13

196 RICHMOND V A - 15.7 - 6.8 5.9 17.9 21.1 25.8 23.8 21.4 13.2 1

198 ROANOKE V A - 14.9 - 6.5 6.3 17.7 19.8 23.7 22.8 18.0 10.7 2

200 ROCHESTER N Y - 34.3 - 28.0 - 13.9 3.8 11.0 20.0 20.6 15.5 1.4 - 1

206 SALEM O R - 29.1 - 18.4 - 6.5 6.8 14.2 16.5 29.3 25.0 12.2 - 9

2 0 7 SALT LAKE CITY UT - 17.9 - 3.4 12.8 24.3 37.8 47.0 64.0 59.7 33.4 9

2 0 9 SAN ANTONIO TX 3.2 12.3 21.5 23.4 27.3 35.2 40.0 36.7 28.6 18

2 1 0 SAN DIEGO CA 8.6 19.2 28.1 29.7 22.7 18.4 22.8 27.3 24.0 18

2 1 4 SAVANNAH GA 3.5 12.1 21.8 31.2 33.2 32.7 30.6 29.1 22.2 16

2 1 5 SAULT ST. MARIE MI - 39.7 - 30.7 - 11.6 - 2.5 6.1 10.5 11.4 8.3 - 9.7 - 2

217 SCOTTS BLUFF N E - 18.1 - 7.2 4.3 14.2 22.3 35.0 44.9 39.6 18.0 2

218 SEATTLE WA - 31.0 - 21.3 - 5.4 9.3 19.4 20.3 25.5 19.5 7.2 - 1

219 SHERIDAN WY - 27.5 - 15.6 - .6 7.2 17.2 26.3 43.1 43.0 12.0 - 3

220 SHREVEPORT L A - 1.9 4.9 17.7 24.7 30.1 32.6 38.3 35.9 24.6 15

225 SPOKANE WA - 35.6 - 21.6 - 6.1 8.7 22.6 27.3 47.3 40.3 15.6 - 8226 SPRINGFIELD I L - 22.4 - 11.1 - 1.1 13.0 21.6 33.5 35.7 29.7 18.1 3

227 SPRINGFIELD MO - 14.5 - 5.3 5.5 18.7 22.4 31.9 36.1 32.7 18.6 6

234 TALLAHASSEE F L 2.4 11.5 22.0 27.9 27.8 26.7 21.5 20.7 20.5 16

235 TAMPA F L 12.9 20.4 28.5 32.3 30.8 24.8 21.1 20.4 20.2 20

238 TOPEKA K A - 16.7 - 6.0 4.9 18.9 24.8 34.2 43.5 37.6 20.4 6

2 41 TUCSON A Z 13.5 26.0 40.7 53.9 60.5 70.4 61.5 55.9 49.3 34

245 WASHINGTON D C - 19.4 - 10.4 1.9 13.7 19.6 28.4 28.6 24.1 15.0 1

250 WINNEMUCCA N V - 15.9 - 1.4 12.7 23.0 33.1 42.7 59.8 52.7 29.1 7

251 WINSLOW A Z .3 15.0 29.6 41.0 48.9 58.9 53.6 48.4 38.2 20

253 YUMA A Z 14.9 29.9 45.3 59.2 66.9 76.6 77.2 75.4 64.1 42

63
Table A13.—Percent fuel savings for a direct-fired 16-mbf kiln with uninsulated nighttime roof and south wall

collector surfaces (for use with table A7)

JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUN JUL AUG S

4 ALBUQUERQUE NM - 5.7 12.2 33.0 56.7 75.2 93.7 91.5 79.8 32

6 AMARILLO TX - 7.9 7.2 26.4 48.7 61.9 79.9 83.3 71.4 21

1 4 ASTORIA OR - 43.5 - 31.5 - 19.3 - 1.9 13.8 11.6 12.5 11.0 - 2

1 5 ATLANTA GA - 16.8 - 3.6 14.3 34.5 42.3 48.7 42.4 40.6 3

2 2 BATON ROUGE LA - 8.1 6.1 22.2 38.0. 47.3 53.8 43.9 40.5 10

2 5 BILLINGS MT - 42.7 - 27.4 - 5.9 11.0 32.0 53.3 79.5 67.6 - 

2 7 BIRMINGHAM AL - 16.5 - 2.8 14.8 34.2 44.1 50.4 46.3 42.0 6

2 8 BISMARCK ND - 48.5 - 33.5 - 11.3 4.5 28.5 45.2 61.6 51.0 - 1

3 0 BOISE I D - 38.8 - 19.4 3.0 27.1 54.2 71.0 97.1 83.3 13

3 1 BOSTON MA - 38.8 - 26.2 - 11.2 8.5 24.2 38.7 40.7 30.6 - 1

3 3 BROWNSVILLE TX 3.7 16.2 30.7 41.3 50.0 61.2 66.7 61.8 283 6 BURNS OR - 40.4 - 23.4 - 5.4 17.1 36.9 50.9 77.0 67.5 

3 7 CAPE HATTERAS NC - 17.5 - 4.4 12.5 31.8 42.6 49.2 46.9 38.2 7

3 6 CARIBOU ME - 49.4 - 35.2 - 14.2 - 3.2 10.9 21.4 21.5 15.4 - 4

4 1 CHARLESTON SC - 12.1 . 5 18.5 37.0 44.6 46.9 45.9 34.0 5

4 2 CHARLESTON WV - 33.6 - 22.1 - 5.3 18.5 30.7 39.7 34.2 27.4 - 1

4 3 CHARLOTTE NC - 17.3 - 4.2 13.3 34.6 42.6 51.2 49.0 41.2 2

4 5 CHERRY POINT NC - 14.5 - . 5 15.5 33.7 40.9 44.8 44.6 34.4 5

4 4 CHATTANOOGA TN - 22.5 - 10.6 6.8 28.3 35.5 44.4 42.3 37.1 - 

4 8 CLEVELAND OH - 43.5 -32.0 - 16.2 9.6 26.4 40.5 41.8 30.9 - 1

5 0 COLUMBIA MO - 30.2 - 16.3 . 7 21.5 39.2 55.5 66.0 50.5 - 

5 2 COLUMBUS OH - 38.5 - 26.7 - 10.7 13.5 27.3 40.0 39.0 36.3 - 1

5 3 CONCORD NH - 43.0 - 31.6 - 14.0 4.4 18.3 28.1 27.6 22.1 - 2

6 2 DENVER CO - 16.0 . 1 19.1 36.5 54.5 73.0 81.6 73.6 17

6 6 DODGE CITY KA - 18.7 - 2.5 14.1 36.0 50.1 74.9 84.8 68.9 14

7 2 EL PASO TX 5.1 24.6 48.6 72.5 89.2 109.1 94.0 88.0 40

7 4 ELY NV - 21.5 - 4.6 17.2 30.5 46.2 60.1 70.0 66.1 12

8 1 FORT SMITH AR - 17.6 - 3.7 12.8 32.7 46.5 62.3 70.4 59.3 10

8 3 FORT WORTH TX - 11.3 3.2 20.5 32.7 44.1 66.6 79.2 69.1 20

8 4 FRESNO CA - 20.9 - 1.1 22.6 44.0 66.1 85.6 102.2 89.7 35

8 6 GLASGOW MT - 52.6 - 37.0 - 15.1 5.7 28.5 47.9 65.4 58.1 - 18 8 GRAND JUNCTION CO - 22.3 - 4.1 17.9 39.7 66.0 91.0 95.4 86.4 24

9 2 GREEN BAY WI - 45.9 - 32.7 - 11.4 7.7 22.6 39.6 42.5 32.8 - 2

9 3 GREENSBORO NC - 20.0 - 7.0 10.6 30.8 40.0 48.5 45.7 36.4 

9 6 HARRISBURG PA - 34.8 - 22.1 - 4.8 17.4 30.7 43.8 45.4 36.4 - 1

101 HOUSTON TX - 8.4 6.2 18.8 30.8 46.9 52.4 49.8 44.6 13

102 HURON SD - 45.1 - 31.6 - 10.9 11.6 32.4 50.9 67.0 56.9 - 

103 INDIANAPOLIS IN - 36.6 - 23.1 - 8.2 14.5 29.9 44.7 44.5 36.5 - 

104 INTRNTNAL FALLS MN - 57.5 - 42.4 - 21.8 - . 8 19.2 35.2 41.1 27.8 - 3

107 JACKSON MS - 12.7 2.3 18.9 35.8 48.5 56.5 53.6 44.8 1

108 JACKSONVILLE FL - 1.4 12.5 29.1 42.8 48.8 48.4 43.3 37.6 9

115 LANDER W Y - 22.8 - 4.8 17.4 29.5 44.0 65.7 76.1 74.6 4

116 LANSING MI - 40.2 - 25.6 - 8.4 6.1 31.5 47.0 50.7 42.9 - 1

118 LAS VEGAS NV - 4.9 15.5 40.2 68.4 97.2 123.2 127.2 116.1 58

123 LITTLE ROCK AR - 17.9 - 3.2 12.6 29.3 45.7 62.8 61.7 54.2 1

125 LOS ANGELES CA - 1.8 13.3 28.5 41.3 42.0 42.6 51.8 47.6 12

126 LOUISVILLE KY - 32.8 - 18.7 - 2.4 21.3 33.5 46.0 46.1 41.5 - 

132 MADISON WI - 40. 7 - 26.4 - 6.6 7.3 24.7 42.8 44.1 36.4 - 2

64
Table A13.—Percent fuel savings for a direct-fired 16-mbf kiln with uninsulated nighttime roof and south wall

collector surfaces (for use with table A7)—con.

JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUN JUL AUG SEP 

135 MASSENA NY - 41.7 - 35.3 - 12.1 8.2 25.8 44.1 47.1 32.5 - 22.3 - 1

137 MEDFORD OR - 38.6 - 20.8 - 3.2 19.0 41.0 58.4 81.7 69.9 6.6 - 

138 MEMPHIS TN - 19.9 - 5.5 11.8 32.2 45.8 58.9 60.8 52.5 8.3 1

140 MIAMI FL 14.1 26.8 38.9 50.4 48.1 42.1 40.6 39.7 14.8 2

141 MIDLAND TX 2.3 18.8 41.4 61.4 76.2 93.1 91.0 81.1 29.5 3

144 MINN-ST. PAUL MN - 46.6 - 31.7 - 11.8 8.0 27.7 44.6 52.9 40.9 - 19.8 - 1

146 MISSOULA MT - 52.2 - 37.4 - 18.3 4.0 24.2 35.6 63.1 49.4 - 21.2 - 2

147 MOBILE AL - 6.0 8.3 23.0 38.2 47.4 52.8 44.1 37.7 10.3 2

148 MOLINE IL - 38.4 - 23.8 - 7.5 14.4 31.7 51.1 54.0 42.4 - 9.4 - 

149 MONTGOMERY AL - 12.2 1.6 18.7 36.8 45.2 53.4 46.8 41.9 9.2 1

150 MT. SHASTA CA - 31.6 - 15.9 2.1 23.6 44.6 59.5 81.2 68.5 9.3 

152 NASHVILLE TN - 27.0 - 13.6 2.9 26.7 40.4 51.4 52.1 43.3 1.6 7

158 NEW YORK NY - 36.1 - 24.0 - 6.9 14.2 29.5 39.8 45.3 37.6 - 10.9 - 

161 NORTH OHAHA NE - 32.6 - 18.8 - 1.4 19.2 39.3 59.4 68.1 50.9 - 5.7 -

163 OAKLAND CA - 16.7 . 1 18.1 34.2 45.6 50.4 43.5 41.6 8.3 1

165 OKLAHOMA CITY OK - 16.1 - 2.5 15.7 34.3 44.8 63.9 74.2 67.0 13.6 1

172 PENDLETON OR - 46.1 - 29.4 - 8.3 14.1 41.5 60.0 87.2 73.8 3.3 - 

175 PHOENIX AZ 1.3 21.6 43.7 74.6 100.2 122.4 121.8 116.7 58.5 45

178 PITTSBURGH PA - 31.8 - 21.5 -.7 18.3 36.4 54.8 55.4 46.4 . 7 2

179 POCATELLO ID - 37.5 - 17.7 3.5 23.9 49.0 67.6 90.4 79.7 8.6 2

182 PORTLAND ME - 43.1 - 31.3 - 14.5 1.5 13.3 26.0 24.7 20.8 - 28.3 - 1

187 PUEBLO CO - 15.4 -.2 18.0 39.9 54.4 77.8 83.8 75.9 19.4 1

192 RAPID CTY SD - 38.5 - 22.6 - 3.1 13.6 32.6 52.7 72.4 64.7 - 3.0 - 

194 RENO NV - 20.2 - 1.1 20.8 40.8 60.3 73.4 86.4 78.6 20.4 1

196 RICHMOND VA - 25.1 - 12.3 5.2 26.4 37.1 46.6 43.3 36.7 - 2.9 2

198 ROANOKE VA - 24.2 - 11.9 6.0 26.9 35.9 44.3 42.7 33.5 - 5.3 2

200 ROCHESTER NY - 46.7 - 37.2 - 19.4 6.9 21.9 37.7 37.7 28.2 - 23.4 - 1

206 SALEM OR - 42.8 - 28.7 - 13.1 8.2 25.4 33.4 51.6 42.5 - 11.2 - 1

207 SALT LAKE CITY UT - 29.6 - 10.6 11.0 32.3 59.3 78.1 101.6 91.9 20.9 1

209 SAN ANTONIO TX - 2.1 11.6 26.9 37.4 48.1 62.1 69.2 60.9 24.1 25

210 SAN DIEGO CA 1.1 16.5 32.1 43.8 42.7 41.0 47.0 50.5 17.2 23

214 SAVANNAH GA - 3.3 9.8 25.7 44.2 59.8 57.3 54.0 48.7 12.4 21

215 SAULT ST. MARIE MI - 53.3 - 41.2 - 18.7 - 2.4 14.8 24.7 25.5 18.8 - 39.7 - 2

217 SCOTTS BLUFF NE - 30.1 - 15.4 1.3 20.1 38.1 60.1 73.9 63.0 .6 

218 SEATTLE WA - 45.6 - 33.5 - 13.6 8.6 30.9 37.4 45.1 33.6 - 21.1 - 1

219 SHERIDAN WY - 40.7 - 25.7 - 5.9 9.9 30.0 47.3 71.0 67.4 - 10.1 - 

220 SHREVEPORT LA - 8.8 2.4 20.9 36.8 50.0 57.1 64.6 57.6 14.7 21

225 SPOKANE WA - 50.5 - 33.9 - 14.0 8.6 35.4 47.7 75.8 62.7 - 9.5 - 1

226 SPRINGFIELD IL - 33.3 - 18.2 - 3.5 19.1 37.0 56.1 60.5 47.8 . 1 3

227 SPRINGFIELD MO - 23.6 - 10.6 5.1 27.5 39.2 55.3 61.6 52.9 3.6 7

234 TALLAHASSEE FL - 3.3 10.3 26.9 41.7 48.6 49.7 41.7 37.8 12.9 22

235 TAMPA FL 8.5 26.8 35.4 48.2 53.9 48.5 42.6 39.3 15.8 28

238 TOPEKA KA - 27.4 - 12.2 3.4 26.4 41.5 57.5 71.0 59.2 4.4 7

241 TUCSON AZ 5.8 23.5 46.1 73.2 93.7 113.6 99.2 88.1 48.6 41

245 WASHINGTON DC - 29.5 - 16.9 . 1 20.8 34.8 49.8 50.1 41.0 - 1.8 1

250 WI NNEMUCC A NV - 27.7 - 8.7 10.9 31.5 54.1 72.8 97.3 84.2 17.4 8

251 WINSLOW AZ - 8.7 11.4 32.9 56.6 77.7 97.5 88.8 78.9 34.2 25

253 YUMA AZ 6.8 27.0 50.5 78.1 100.9 120.8 119.5 112.2 65.1 51

65
Table A14.—Percent fuel savings for a direct-fired 16-mbf kiln (packages stacked two high) with uninsulated

nighttime roof and south wall collector surfaces (for use with table A8)

JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUN JUL AUG SEP OCT 

4 ALBUQUERQUE NM 2.6 16.6 31.4 43.0 49.5 59.1 57.7 51.4 38.8 21.1 

6 AMARILLO TX . 4 11.5 25.1 36.7 39.9 50.1 52.1 46.3 31.0 17.3 

14 ASTORIA OR - 30.8 - 20.7 - 11.9 - 1.0 6.3 1.3 2.3 2.3 - 1.4 - 13.9 

15 ATLANTA GA - 10.1 -.5 12.7 23.9 24.6 27.4 22.9 23.5 14.9 10.4 

22 BATON ROUGE LA - 2.8 7.6 18.4 26.0 28.2 31.0 24.1 23.8 19.8 16.2 25 BILLINGS M T - 30.6 - 17.4 .3 9.6 20.3 32.6 52.0 45.7 15.3 - 1.

27 BIRMINGHAM AL - 9.9 .2 13.1 23.9 26.2 29.0 26.5 25.1 18.5 9.9 

28 BISMARCK ND - 37.5 - 24.5 - 4.6 4.7 18.0 27.4 39.5 34.0 8.2 - 10.8 

30 BOISE ID - 26.8 - 10.5 7.9 22.9 36.9 45.0 63.9 56.5 31.2 5.6 

31 BOSTON MA - 27.6 - 18.0 - 6.9 5.0 13.2 21.9 23.6 17.9 8.1 - 4.4 

33 BROWNSVILLE TX 6.7 15.2 23.9 27.0 29.0 35.4 39.1 37.4 30.2 24.9 36 BURNS OR - 29.1 - 14.4 - . 6 13.4 22.7 29.7 48.7 43.6 19.8 - 5.0 

37 CAPE HATTERAS NC - 9.9 - .2 11.8 22.6 25.6 28.4 26.9 22.7 21.4 9.4 

38 CARIBOU ME - 38.1 - 26.0 - 7.5 - 2.7 4.0 9.7 10.2 6.8 - 10.6 - 22.4 

41 CHARLESTON SC - 5.4 3.4 16.3 26.2 26.6 26.0 25.9 18.8 17.0 11.6 

42 CHARLESTON WV - 25.6 - 16.8 - 3.6 11.6 17.0 21.7 18.3 14.7 8.3 - 2.5 

43 CHARLOTTE NC - 9.7 -.0 12.7 25.0 25.5 29.5 28.4 24.5 16.4 8.2 

45 CHERRY POINT NC - 6.8 3.5 14.4 24.3 24.1 25.0 25.5 19.7 18.9 10.6 44 CHATTANOOGA TN - 15.5 - 6.9 6.2 19.3 20.0 24.8 23.6 22.1 12.0 4.1 

48 CLEVELAND OH - 33.5 - 24.8 - 12.6 5.4 14.6 22.7 23.7 17.5 6.0 - 8.5 

50 COLUMBIA MO - 20.7 - 10.2 2.5 14.9 24.3 34.2 41.4 32.7 17.8 4.4 

52 COLUMBUS OH - 29.0 - 20.3 - 8.0 8.2 14.7 22.2 21.6 21.2 6.1 - 5.6 

53 CONCORD NH - 32.6 - 24.0 - 9.3 1.6 8.6 13.7 14.1 11.2 - 4.7 - 13.1 

62 DENVER CO - 4.8 7.3 20.7 28.6 35.3 45.5 51.8 48.3 31.1 13.4 

66 DODGE CITY KA - 9.0 2.8 14.6 27.2 31.7 47.3 54.2 45.7 27.9 10.7 

72 EL PASO TX 13.1 27.9 45.1 55.5 59.9 70.3 59.0 57.1 43.0 32.4 

74 ELY NV - 11.7 1.7 18.2 21.9 27.8 34.3 41.8 40.8 23.9 6.4 81 FORT SMITH AR - 10.0 .4 12.2 23.6 29.0 38.7 44.3 38.7 23.4 10.8 

83 FORT WORTH TX - 4.8 6.0 18.2 22.3 26.3 41.2 49.9 45.7 30.1 15.9 

84 FRESNO CA - 12.6 4.4 22.9 34.8 43.9 54.5 66.5 60.5 44.5 22.8 

86 GLASGOW MT - 40.8 - 26.5 - 7.3 6.7 18.6 29.5 42.5 39.9 9.7 - 8.6 

88 GRAND JUNCTION CO - 12.4 2.5 19.2 31.1 44.1 58.6 61.6 57.6 35.5 13.3 

92 GREEN BAY WI - 35.4 - 24.7 - 6.2 5.8 12.4 22.6 25.0 19.7 1.0 - 11.

93 GREENSBORO NC - 12.3 - 2.7 10.4 21.8 23.8 27.8 26.2 21.2 14.9 3.5 

96 HARRISBURG PA - 24. 7 - 15.3 - 2.0 12.1 17.6 25.2 26.4 21.7 8.4 - 4.3 

101 HOUSTON TX - 3.7 7.4 14.7 19.6 27.1 29.6 28.0 26.8 21.7 16.9 

102 HURON SD - 35.1 - 23.7 -5.8 9.6 20.5 31.3 43.2 38.1 13.5 - 3.3 

103 INDIANAPOLIS IN - 27.1 - 16.7 - 5.8 9.0 17.0 25.9 25.9 22.0 10.1 - 3.0 104 INTRNTNAL FALLS MN - 46.8 - 32.9 - 13.9 . 5 11.1 20.1 24.6 16.4 - 6.2 - 21.2 

107 JACKSON MS - 6.7 4.7 16.3 25.3 29.8 33.5 31.8 27.3 21.7 14.6 

108 JACKSONVILLE FL 4.4 14.2 25.2 30.6 29.1 26.7 23.4 21.3 18.3 13.7 

115 LANDER WY - 11.0 3.8 20.9 24.3 28.2 40.3 48.0 49.5 23.1 7.1 

116 LANSING MI - 29.7 - 17.9 - 4.3 3.0 19.0 27.9 30.8 26.9 9.4 - 5.0 

118 LAS VEGAS NV 5.0 21.6 39.9 55.2 68.0 82.0 84.8 80.5 61.7 36.1 

123 LITTLE ROCK AR - 10.8 .5 11.6 20.2 28.2 38.8 37.8 35.0 23.4 11.8 

125 LOS ANGELES CA 6.7 17.9 26.8 30.4 23.8 21.4 28.4 26.9 22.2 17.0 

126 LOUISVILLE KY - 23.7 - 13.4 - 1.0 14.4 19.3 26.3 26.5 25.4 12.6 . 8 

132 MADISON WI - 30.4 - 18.9 - 2.2 4.2 13.6 24.8 25.7 21.8 3.0 - 8.6 

66
Table A14.—Percent fuel savings for a direct-fired 16-mbf kiln (packages stacked two high) with uninsulated

nighttime roof and south wall collector surfaces (for use with table A8)—con.

JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUN JUL AUG SEP OCT 

135 MASSENA NY - 37.3 - 27.2 - 6.5 6.4 15.2 26.2 28.6 19.4 3.7 - 12.8 

137 MEDFORD OR - 28.2 - 12.6 1.2 15.2 26.1 35.6 52.5 46.1 24.8 - 1.4 

138 MEMPHIS TN - 12.6 - 1.5 11.2 23.3 28.6 36.2 37.7 33.9 21.6 11.5 

140 MIAMI FL 18.1 26.2 31.9 34.5 26.8 20.5 19.6 20.8 18.4 20.4 

141 MIDLAND TX 9.9 21.7 38.4 46.3 50.0 59.1 56.9 53.0 35.5 25.4 

144 MINN-ST. PAUL MN - 36.3 - 23.5 - 6.2 6.3 17.0 26.6 32.8 26.2 6.1 - 9.2 

146 MISSOULA MT - 40.1 - 26.9 - 11.0 4.3 14.4 19.5 39.9 31.7 5.7 - 15.4 147 MOBILE AL - . 3 10.1 19.4 26.5 28.4 30.1 24.1 21.9 19.4 16.5 

148 MOLINE IL - 28.8 - 16.9 - 4.2 10.1 18.9 31.2 33.3 27.0 11.6 - 2.0 

149 MONTGOMERY AL - 6.0 4.1 16.3 25.8 27.0 31.2 26.6 25.3 20.0 14.6 

150 MT. SHASTA CA - 21.5 - 8.4 5.5 17.9 28.0 35.5 51.0 43.9 25.1 4.5 

152 NASHVILLE TN - 19.8 - 9.4 3.1 18.3 24.3 30.3 31.0 26.6 16.7 5.9 

158 NEW YORK NY - 25.7 - 17.3 - 3.7 9.2 16.9 22.4 26.8 22.9 9.5 - 1.3 

161 NORTH OMAHA NE - 22.5 - 11.7 1.8 14.2 25.0 37.3 43.5 33.3 14.9 . 2 

163 OAK L A NO CA - 7.3 6.4 19.3 26.6 28.3 28.5 22.8 23.3 22.8 12.2 

165 OKLAHOMA CITY OK - 8.5 1.6 15.0 24.7 27.4 39.5 46.5 44.2 26.3 10.9 

172 PENDLETON OR - 33.1 - 19.0 - 1.3 13.1 28.0 37.8 57.4 50.2 25.5 - 3.2 175 PHOENIX AZ 10.3 26.7 41.6 59.0 69.3 80.7 80.5 79.9 61.1 39.6 

178 PITTSBURGH PA - 21.2 - 14.5 2.1 12.8 22.2 33.6 34.2 29.5 19.5 2.6 

179 POCATELLO ID - 26.5 - 8.9 7.5 19.1 32.2 42.0 58.8 53.3 26.1 4.0 

182 PORTLAND ME - 32.2 - 23.1 - 9.5 -.8 4.5 12.1 11.7 9.9 - 3.2 - 14.2 

187 PUEBLO CO - 5.1 5.5 18.6 30.5 34.7 48.5 53.2 49.7 31.2 13.3 

192 RAPID CTY SD - 27.0 - 13.5 1.9 10.8 20.1 31.9 46.6 43.4 18.2 .6 

194 RENO NV - 9.2 5.6 22.3 32.1 39.4 45.0 54.2 50.7 32.4 13.8 

196 RICHMOND VA - 16.6 - 7.2 6.2 18.8 22.0 26.8 24.7 22.2 13.8 1.6 

196 ROANOKE VA - 15.9 - 7.0 6.7 18.6 20.7 24.7 23.7 18.7 11.1 2.2 

200 ROCHESTER NY - 36.2 - 29.6 - 14.6 4.0 11.5 20.9 21.6 16.2 1.5 - 13.0 

206 SALEM OR - 30.9 - 18.7 - 6.6 7.3 15.0 17.4 31.0 26.4 12.8 - 9.7 

207 SALT LAKE CITY UT - 18.8 - 3.5 13.6 25.8 39.8 49.4 66.9 62.4 35.1 10.1 

209 SAN ANTONIO TX 3.1 12.8 22.4 24.4 28.4 36.5 41.5 38.0 29.7 19.6 

210 SAN DIEGO CA 9 . 2 20.4 29.6 31.2 23.8 19.4 24.1 28.7 25.1 19.2 

214 SAVANNAH GA 3.5 12.6 22.9 32.8 34.6 33.9 31.7 30.1 23.0 17.0 

215 SAULT ST. MARIE MI - 42.1 - 32.5 - 12.1 - 2.5 6.6 11.3 12.3 9.0 - 10.0 - 23.1 

217 SCOTTS BLUFF NE - 19.2 - 7.6 4.7 15.1 23.5 36.8 47.0 41.4 18.9 2.2 

218 SEATTLE WA - 32.0 - 21.6 - 5.2 10.0 20.5 21.5 27.0 20.7 7.7 - 11.2 

219 SHERIDAN WY - 29.1 - 16.3 - . 4 7.8 18.3 27.8 45.3 45.0 12.7 - 3.7 

220 SHREVEPORT LA - 2.2 5.1 18.5 25.9 31.4 33.8 39.6 37.2 25.7 16.5 

225 SPOKANE WA - 37.1 - 22.1 - 6.1 9.4 23.9 28.8 49.6 42.3 16.5 - 9.2 

226 SPRINGFIELD IL - 23.8 - 11.8 - 1.2 13.7 22.7 35.0 37.2 30.9 19.0 3.6 

227 SPRINGFIELD MO - 15.5 - 5.7 5.7 19.6 23.5 33.3 37.6 34.1 19.4 6.2 

234 TALLAHASSEE FL 2.3 12.0 23.0 29.2 28.9 27.6 22.1 21.4 21.3 17.0 

235 TAMPA FL 13.4 21.3 29.8 33.8 32.1 25.6 21.7 21.0 20.8 21.8 238 TOPEKA KA - 17.8 - 6.4 5.1 19.9 26.0 35.7 45.2 39.2 21.3 6.6 

241 TUCSON AZ 14.3 27.5 43.0 56.8 63.5 73.5 63.8 58.2 51.5 36.2 

245 WASHINGTON DC - 20.5 - 10.9 2.0 14.4 20.5 29.5 29.7 25.0 15.6 1.9 

250 WINNEMUCCA NV - 16.8 - 1.3 13.6 24.5 35.1 45.0 62.7 55.3 30.6 8.2 

251 WINSLOW AZ . 0 15.6 31.3 43.2 51.5 61.6 55.9 50.5 39.9 22.0 

253 YUMA AZ 16.0 31.9 47.9 62.4 70.1 79.9 79.9 78.2 67.0 45.0 

67
Table A15.—Percent fuel savings for a direct-fired 30-mbf kiln (packages stacked two high) with uninsulated

nighttime roof and south wall collector surfaces (for use with table A9)

JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUN JUL AUG SEP OCT 

4 ALBUQUERQUE NM - . 8 19.4 23.8 36.7 45.5 55.2 53.6 47.3 34.4 16.9 

6 AMARILLO TX - 2 . 4 6 . 7 1 9 . 0 3 1 . 3 3 6 . 9 4 6 . 7 4 8 . 4 4 2 . 1 27.5 13.8 

14 ASTORIA OR - 75.7 - 18.1 - 10.9 - . 8 7.5 5.1 6.2 5.3 . 3 - 11.7 

15 ATLANTA GA - 9.5 - 1.8 9.8 21.1 23.9 27.0 23.1 22.7 14.5 8.7 

22 BATON ROUGE LA -3.5 4.8 14.6 23.0 26.9 29.9 23.6 22.5 18.2 13.5 25 BILLINGS MT - 26.2 - 16.0 - 1.5 7.9 19.3 31.4 47.6 41.0 14.0 - 1.7 

27 BIRMINGHAM AL - 9.2 - 1.1 10.2 21.0 25.1 28.1 25.6 23.7 17.1 8.3 

28 BISMARCK ND - 31.0 - 21.5 - 5.4 3.7 17.2 26.5 36.7 30.9 8.1 - 9.2 

30 BOISE ID - 23.0 - 10.5 4.5 18.7 33.5 42.3 58.2 50.5 27.0 3.8 

31 BOSTON MA - 23.5 - 16.0 - 6.5 5.0 13.5 21.8 23.1 17.3 8.0 - 3.8 

33 BROWNSVILLE TX 4 . 0 11.2 19.5 24.3 27.9 38.0 37.4 35.1 27.2 20.8 

36 BURNS OR - 24.8 - 13.5 - 1.9 11.5 22.0 29.6 45.8 40.3 18.2 - 4.3 

37 CAPE HATTERAS NC - 9.3 - 1.7 8.9 19.8 24.5 27.7 26.2 21.6 18.9 7.6 

38 CARIBOU ME - 31.9 - 22.6 - 7.6 - 1.8 5.6 11.6 11.9 8.4 - 7.0 - 18.1 

41 CHARLESTON SC - 5.8 1.4 12.7 22.9 25.4 25.7 25.2 18.5 15.7 9.6 

42 CHARLESTON WV - 21.3 - 14.4 - 3.5 10.9 17.0 21.8 18.6 14.9 8.5 - 1.9 

43 CHARLOTTE NC - 9.3 - 1.6 9.5 21.7 20.4 28.7 27.4 23.3 15.4 6.8 

45 CHERRY POINT NC - 7.2 1.1 10.9 21.1 23.4 24.8 24.7 19.1 17.0 8.6 

44 CHATTANOOGA TN - 13.5 - 6.6 4.7 17.2 19.8 24.5 23.2 20.8 11.7 3.7 48 CLEVELAND OH - 27.6 - 20.9 - 10.6 5.5 14.8 22.7 23.6 17.4 6.6 - 6.9 

50 COLUMBIA MO - 18.1 - 9.9 1.2 13.3 22.9 32.1 38.4 29.8 16.0 3.4 

52 COLUMBUS OH - 24.2 - 17.3 - 6.9 7.9 15.1 22.2 21.7 20.6 7.1 - 4.4 

53 CONCORD NH - 37.4 - 20.6 - 8.4 2.3 9.7 15.1 15.1 12.1 - 1.8 - 10.6 

62 DENVER CO - 6.8 2.9 14.9 24.1 32.9 43.1 48.1 44.0 27.5 10.3 

66 DODGE CITY KA - 9.7 - .0 10.6 23.2 29.7 43.9 49.8 41.0 24.6 8.5 

72 EL PASO TX 7 . 4 19.3 34.6 06.9 54.0 64.4 54.7 51.9 37.7 25.9 

74 ELY NV - 11.9 - 1.3 13.2 19.4 27.4 34.8 40.8 38.9 22.9 5.1 

81 FORT SMITH AR - 9.7 - 1.3 9.2 20.4 27.1 35.9 40.6 34.0 20.6 8.8 

83 FORT WORTH TX - 5.5 3.2 14.1 19.8 25.1 38.3 45.7 40.7 26.0 13.0 

84 FRESNO CA - 11.5 1.6 17.0 28.9 40.0 50.5 60.4 53.9 38.0 17.8 

86 GLASGOW MT - 34.0 - 23.2 - 7.7 5.0 17.9 24.3 39.2 35.5 9.2 - 7.7 

88 GRAND JUNCTION CO - 12.3 - .6 13.7 26.1 40.2 54.1 56.4 51.7 31.2 10.3 

92 GREEN BAY WI - 29.6 - 21.3 - 6.2 5.2 12.8 22.6 24.5 19.0 2.6 - 9.5 

95 GREENSBORO NC - 11.4 - 3.7 7.7 19.2 22.9 27.2 25.5 20.5 14.1 3.1 

96 HARRISBURG PA - 21.2 - 13.8 - 2.4 10.8 17.3 24.6 25.6 20.7 8.6 - 3.5 

101 HOUSTON TX - 4 . 1 4.8 12.0 17.8 26.2 28.8 27.2 24.9 19.5 14.1 

102 HURON SD - 29.5 - 20.6 - 5.9 8.1 19.4 29.8 39.7 34.3 12.6 - 3.2 

103 INDIANAPOLIS IN - 22.8 - 14.7 - 5.2 8.6 16.9 25.2 25.1 20.9 9.8 - 2.4 

104 INTRNTNAL FALLS MN - 38.6 - 28.0 - 12.7 .4 11.3 20.3 24.1 16.4 - 3.6 - 17.4 

107 JACKSON MS - 6.7 2.4 12.7 22.0 28.0 31.9 30.0 25.4 19.5 12.1 

108 JACKSONVILLE FL 1 . 7 9.7 19.7 26.5 27.8 26.4 23.3 20.6 16.9 11.6 

115 LANDER WY - 11.9 - .2 14.6 20.2 26.6 38.8 45.0 44.9 21.0 5.2 

116 LANSING MI - 25.2 -16.1 - 4.5 3.4 18.4 27.1 29.4 25.2 9.4 - 4.3 

118 LAS VEGAS NV 1 . 0 14.1 29.9 45.5 60.0 73.7 75.6 70.2 52.3 28.1 

123 LITTLE ROCK AR - 10.2 - 1.2 8.8 17.9 26.5 36.1 35.2 31.7 20.8 9.6 

125 LOS ANGELES CA 2 . 9 1 1 . 9 20.0 26.2 23.8 23.2 29.2 27.0 20.6 13.7 

126 LOUISVILLE KY - 20.2 - 12.0 - 1.3 13.0 18.9 25.8 25.9 23.8 12.0 . 7 

132 MADISON WI - 25.8 - 16.9 - 3.0 4.4 14.0 24.5 25.3 21.1 4.4 - 7.1 

68
Table A15.—Percent fuel savings for a direct-fired 30-mbf kiln (packages stacked two high) with uninsulated

nightime roof and south wall collector surfaces (for use with table A9)—con.

JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUN JUL AUG SEP OC

135 MASSENA NY - 31.1 - 23.3 - 6.6 5.7 15.1 25.6 27.5 19.0 4.5 - 10

137 MEDFORD OR - 23.5 - 11.7 - . 4 12.7 24.6 34.2 48.6 42.0 21.9 - 1

138 MEMPHIS TN - 11.5 - 2.7 8.4 20.1 26.6 33.7 34.8 30.6 19.2 9.

140 MIAMI FL 12.5 19.4 25.6 30.5 26.4 21.7 20.9 21.0 17.7 17.

141 MIDLAND TX 5.0 14.7 29.6 39.4 45.8 54.6 52.8 47.9 31.3 20.

144 MINN-ST. PAUL MN - 30.4 - 20.6 - 6.3 5.5 16.3 25.8 31.0 24.3 6.3 - 7.

146 MISSOULA MT - 33.1 - 23.1 - 10.3 3.4 14.3 20.3 37.7 29.6 6.2 - 12.

147 MOBILE AL - 1.8 6.6 15.3 23.3 27.0 29.1 23.7 20.7 17.9 13.

148 MOLINE IL - 24.4 - 15.2 - 4.2 9.0 18.3 29.5 31.3 24.9 11.0 - 1.

149 MONTGOMERY AL - 6.2 2.0 12.7 22.6 25.8 29.9 25.7 23.7 18.2 12.150 MT. SHASTA CA - 18.7 - 8.6 3.1 15.4 26.7 34.8 48.1 40.9 22.8 3.

152 NASHVILLE TN - 16.9 - 8.6 2.1 16.3 23.2 29.1 29.4 24.8 15.3 4.158 NEW YORK NY - 21.9 - 15.1 - 3.8 8.6 16.6 22.1 25.6 21.4 9.3 - 1.

161 NORTH OMAHA NE - 19.9 - 11.3 . 3 12.4 23.3 34.8 40.0 30.3 13.6 - . 1 

163 OAKLAND CA - 7.7 3.0 14.1 22.3 27.0 28.8 24.5 23.8 20.7 9.5 

165 OKLAHOMA CITY OK - 8.7 -.6 11.3 21.5 25.9 36.9 43.0 39.6 23.0 8.

172 PENDLETON OR - 27.7 - 16.9 - 2.9 10.3 25.4 35.5 52.2 44.7 21.9 - 3.

175 PHOENIX AZ 5.3 18.3 31.7 49.0 61.4 72.8 71.9 70.0 51.3 31.

178 PITTSBURGH PA - 18.6 - 13.2 . 7 11.4 21.1 31.7 32.1 27.2 17.3 1.

179 POCATELLO ID - 22.9 - 9.4 4.4 16.1 29.9 40.0 54.0 48.1 23.4 2.7 

182 PORTLAND ME - 27.1 - 20.0 - 8.6 . 4 6.5 13.9 13.3 11.2 -.7 - 11.

187 PUEBLO CO - 6.9 1.9 13.6 26.0 32.4 45.7 49.1 44.9 27.7 10.

192 RAPID CTY SD - 23.4 - 12.9 - . 0 9.3 19.3 30.8 42.9 39.0 16.5 -.2 

194 RENO NV - 10.0 1.8 16.1 27.0 36.7 43.4 51.1 47.0 29.1 10.

196 RICHMOND VA - 14.7 - 7.2 4.3 16.5 21.2 26.1 24.1 20.8 13.0 1.

190 ROANOKE VA - 14.3 - 7.1 4.7 16.6 20.3 24.6 23.7 18.6 11.1 2.0 

200 ROCHESTER NY - 29.9 - 24.6 - 12.4 4.1 12.1 21.1 21.4 16.0 2.7 - 10.

206 SALEM OR - 25.7 - 16.5 - 6.7 5.9 14.8 18.6 30.2 25.1 11.7 - 8.

207 SALT LAKE CITY UT - 17.0 - 5.0 9.4 21.5 36.3 46.3 60.6 55.5 30.5 7.6 209 SAN ANTONIO TX .8 8.7 17.8 22.1 27.2 34.9 39.1 35.0 26.3 16.

210 SAN DIEGO CA 4.8 13.9 22.7 27.3 24.0 21.9 25.9 28.6 23.1 15.

214 SAVANNAH GA .7 8.2 17.8 27.9 32.1 32.3 30.2 27.9 20.4 13.

215 SAULT ST. MARIE MI - 34.6 - 27.3 - 11.0 - 1.4 8.1 13.4 14.2 10.4 - 6.4 - 18.

217 SCOTTS BLUFF NE - 17.5 - 8.3 2.4 13.1 22.5 35.1 43.6 37.7 17.5 1.4 

218 SEATTLE WA - 26.7 - 18.9 - 6.2 7.2 19.0 21.6 26.6 19.9 7.1 - 9.

219 SHERIDAN WY - 25.0 -15.1 - 1.9 6.8 17.8 27.6 42.2 40.7 12.2 - 3.

220 SHREVEPORT LA - 3.5 2.6 14.4 22.6 29.5 32.2 36.8 33.6 22.4 13.

225 SPOKANE WA - 31.0 - 19.6 - 6.7 7 .0 21.8 28.0 45.6 38.1 14.6 - 8.

226 SPRINGFIELD IL - 20.6 - 11.1 - 1.7 12.0 21.6 32.6 35.0 28.2 16.8 2.7 

22 7 SPRINGFIELD MO - 14.0 - 6.1 4.0 17.2 22.4 31.7 35.4 31.0 17.4 5.0 

234 TALLAHASSEE FL .1 8.0 18.1 25.6 27.6 27.2 22.2 20.7 19.4 14.

2 35 TAMPA FL 8.7 15.3 23.7 29.5 30.7 26.0 22.4 21.0 19.5 18.

238 TOPEKA KA - 16.1 - 6.9 3.2 17.0 24.4 33.4 41.5 35.2 18.9 5.1 

241 TUCSON AZ 8.4 19.0 32.9 47.6 57.1 67.2 57.9 52.1 43.9 28.7 

245 WASHINGTON DC - 17.7 - 10.2 . 9 12.8 19.8 28.3 28.4 23.5 14.4 1.5 

250 WINNEMUCCA NV - 15.6 - 3.5 9.3 20.8 32.8 43.0 57.9 50.6 27.7 6.2 

251 WINSLOW AZ - 2.8 9.8 23.7 36.7 47.1 57.5 51.8 46.4 35.3 17.

253 YUMA AZ 9.6 22.3 36.5 51.5 62.0 71.9 70.6 67.7 55.6 35.2 

69
Table A16.—Percent fuel savings for a direct-fired 1-mbf kiln with insulated nighttime roof and south wall collector

surfaces (for use with table A4)

JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUN JUL AUG SEP OCT 

4 ALBUQUERQUE NM 52.1 67.8 86.7 101.9 112.8 130.6 129.7 119.7 99.4 74.3 

6 AMARILLO TX 48.0 60.2 76.6 91.6 97.1 115.5 120.5 110.7 85.5 66.6 

14 ASTORIA OR - 4.0 5.4 16.2 31.4 39.4 26.7 25.9 31.2 31.8 16.8 

15 ATLANTA GA 30.0 41.2 57.6 71.8 72.0 76.2 68.0 70.3 58.2 55.0 

22 BATON ROUGE LA 38.1 51.3 65.3 74.9 78.3 83.6 71.6 70.9 65.2 62.6 

25 BILLINGS MT 5.0 17.2 38.8 48.2 62.6 81.7 116.8 108.9 60.2 38.2 

27 BIRMINGHAM AL 29.6 41.6 57.8 71.6 74.6 79.2 75.1 72.9 63.7 54.1 

28 BISMARCK ND .5 12.1 32.4 40.2 58.7 72.3 93.9 87.5 48.2 24.5 

30 BOISE ID 7.0 25.5 47.6 68.7 90.2 103.5 138.7 128.4 86.8 48.7 

31 BOSTON MA 6.2 15.9 28.1 42.1 52.1 64.6 67.7 60.1 47.3 31.8 33 BROWNSVILLE TX 50.7 61.2 72.6 76.7 79.8 91.4 98.2 95.4 82.5 74.7 36 BURNS OR 6.2 21.2 36.9 54.6 66.8 76.0 110.4 105.5 68.1 34.1 

37 CAPE HATTERAS NC 28.3 40.0 55.6 69.5 72.8 76.9 74.5 68.4 68.1 51.9 

38 CARIBOU ME - 2.1 9.1 28.6 29.4 35.6 41.2 40.8 39.2 16.5 6.2 

41 CHARLESTON SC 34.1 45.3 61.6 75.0 75.3 74.3 74.1 62.2 60.8 55.4 

42 CHARLESTON WV 9.6 17.6 33.4 52.8 59.1 65.6 58.9 54.4 47.1 35.2 43 CHARLOTTE NC 30.1 41.1 57.3 73.2 73.3 79.9 78.0 72.0 60.6 51.7 

45 CHERRY POINT NC 33.6 45.7 59.6 71.9 70.5 71.2 72.6 63.2 64.1 53.9 

44 CHATTANOOGA TN 22.3 31.8 48.0 64.4 64.2 71.6 69.6 67.6 52.9 45.2 

48 CLEVELAND OH - 1.3 7.1 20.9 42.9 54.3 66.3 67.6 59.1 44.1 26.2 

50 COLUMBIA MO 17.6 29.2 42.2 57.5 70.4 86.6 100.0 85.6 62.8 45.9 

52 COLUMBUS OH 5.0 13.9 27.5 47.2 54.9 65.8 64.4 65.9 44.4 31.4 

53 CONCORD NH 2.9 10.4 26.7 36.9 44.1 50.1 49.7 48.0 26.6 19.8 

62 DENVER CO 40.8 54.5 69.7 78.3 88.2 104.9 117.6 113.7 86.3 62.0 

66 DODGE CITY KA 35.2 48.3 61.1 76.4 82.9 109.7 123.8 109.1 80.1 56.9 

72 EL PASO TX 63.7 82.6 105.9 121.3 130.8 152.3 133.3 130.5 105.8 89.6 

74 ELY NV 33.4 48.0 69.0 69.1 75.5 84.2 98.5 100.3 75.8 53.9 

81 FORT SMITH AR 31.1 42.4 56.5 70.8 78.8 95.8 107.0 97.2 71.7 54.9 83 FORT WORTH TX 37.3 49.8 64.9 69.1 74.6 100.7 117.8 109.8 82.2 62.2 

84 FRESNO CA 24.5 44.5 69.6 87.3 103.3 122.5 146.1 136.0 108.1 72.8 

86 GLASGOW MT - 5.7 6.1 27.5 42.9 59.5 76.3 99.3 98.3 50.9 27.0 

88 GRAND JUNCTION CO 31.5 47.8 67.2 82.2 103.2 129.3 136.3 131.2 94.2 61.5 

92 GREEN BAY WI .9 10.8 31.2 42.7 49.9 65.0 68.9 62.6 36.2 22.0 

93 GREENSBORO NC 28.4 38.9 54.4 68.4 70.1 76.3 73.4 65.6 58.1 45.3 

96 HARRISBURG PA 11.2 21.0 35.7 52.9 59.9 71.5 73.6 67.1 47.9 32.5 

101 HOUSTON TX 37.1 50.5 59.6 64.9 77.2 81.4 78.7 76.5 68.0 62.3 102 HURON so 3.2 12.4 31.9 48.2 63.1 79.9 101.7 95.2 57.0 34.9 

103 INDIANAPOLIS IN 8.0 19.3 30.7 48.5 58.6 72.5 72.3 67.0 50.2 39.6 

104 INTRNTNAL FALLS MN - 10.3 .9 19.0 33.9 47.1 59.9 66.9 56.2 24.3 8.3 

107 JACKSON MS 34.0 47.4 62.3 73.4 80.4 87.1 84.7 76.7 68.5 60.3 

108 JACKSONVILLE FL 47.9 60.2 74.4 81.6 79.6 75.9 69.9 66.2 62.6 57.8 

115 LANDER WY 34.8 49.9 70.5 71.1 75.9 94.7 109.9 115.9 73.6 53.3 

116 LANSING MI 6 . 5 18.7 32.6 39.0 61.0 74.3 79.5 75.4 49.7 32.1 

118 LAS VEGAS NV 51.0 71.0 95.8 119.5 144.0 172.7 180.9 172.8 138.2 93.9 

123 LITTLE ROCK AR 30.2 42.8 55.7 65.7 77.4 96.1 94.8 90.3 71.9 56.6 

125 LOS ANGELES CA 49.9 63.6 76.1 81.5 69.9 63.6 74.8 75.3 70.6 64.2 

126 LOUISVILLE KY 12.5 23.4 37.7 56.8 62.7 73.3 73.6 73.4 54.4 40.5 

132 MADISON WI 7.1 18.7 37.0 40.9 52.1 69.2 70.2 66.3 39.4 27.0 

70
Table A16.—Percent fuel savings for a direct-fired 1-mbf kiln with insulated nighttime roof and south wall collector

surfaces (for use with table A4)—con.

JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUN JUL AUG SEP OCT 

135 MASSENA NY - 1.1 7.6 30.4 43.6 54.2 70.9 74.9 61.7 40.3 20.6 

137 MEDFORD OR 2.8 20.2 37.4 56.9 72.6 87.3 118.0 109.6 75.9 37.3 

138 MEMPHIS TN 26.6 38.9 54.3 70.1 78.2 91.5 95.1 88.3 68.8 56.1 

140 MIAMI FL 64.5 76.0 83.9 88.6 76.9 66.5 64.0 66.7 62.9 67.0 

141 MIDLAND TX 59.7 74.1 95.8 106.8 114.6 132.0 129.7 122.9 92.4 78.2 

144 MINN-ST. PAUL MN 1.2 13.0 30.9 43.4 57.6 72.3 83.1 74.2 44.1 25.4 

146 MISSOULA MT - 9.4 2.6 20.0 39.6 52.8 58.6 93.7 83.6 44.2 17.2 

147 MOBILE AL 41.6 54.7 66.5 75.5 78.5 82.3 71.9 67.4 64.7 63.0 148 MOLINE IL 9.2 21.0 33.0 49.7 61.4 81.3 85.1 75.7 53.1 36.5 

149 MONTGOMERY AL 34.2 46.5 61.7 74.5 75.8 83.3 75.2 73.1 65.8 60.3 

150 MT. SHASTA CA 14.6 28.4 45.8 61.8 75.7 86.4 114.6 105.5 77.0 47.7 

152 NASHVILLE TN 17.2 28.2 43.3 62.9 71.1 80.9 82.4 75.4 60.8 47.8 

158 NEW YORK NY 8.7 11.1 33.0 48.7 58.6 66.7 74.7 69.7 49.8 35.8 

161 NORTH OMAHA NE 17.6 27.9 41.3 56.1 71.4 91.6 103.7 86.7 58.5 39.9 

163 OAKLAND CA 30.5 46.2 63.4 74.7 76.3 74.5 63.1 68.2 71.6 57.1 

165 OKLAHOMA CITY OK 34.9 45.5 60.9 72.7 76.2 96.9 110.6 107.1 76.7 55.7 

172 PENDLETON OR - 3.9 9.6 31.9 52.9 75.8 91.6 127.2 117.5 77.2 34.2 

175 PHOENIX AZ 56.5 76.9 98.2 125.8 146.6 171.2 174.0 172.6 135.5 97.8 

178 PITTSBURGH PA 15.5 22.1 41.3 54.1 67.1 85.4 86.5 80.1 66.0 43.3 

179 POCATELLO ID 10.2 29.0 49.1 63.4 82.2 98.0 129.1 122.5 78.6 47.7 

182 PORTLAND ME 2.5 10.6 26.2 33.2 37.1 46.9 45.1 45.6 29.2 18.8 187 PUEBLO CO 40.8 52.0 67.5 81.8 88.0 111.6 121.5 116.8 86.7 61.8 192 RAPID CTY SD 10.0 23.1 42.3 50.4 62.6 81.0 108.1 105.0 65.1 41.3 

194 RENO NV 33.4 50.7 71.8 83.9 94.4 102.8 120.3 117.4 89.1 63.5 

196 RICHMOND VA 21.4 31.5 47.5 63.4 67.2 74.6 70.9 67.7 56.4 41.2 

198 ROANOKE VA 23.3 32.7 49.0 63.6 65.1 70.7 68.9 61.6 52.1 43.1 

200 ROCHESTER NY - 4.1 1.4 17.4 40.5 49.1 62.8 63.4 56.7 36.3 19.3 

206 SALEM OR - 2.9 9.0 24.4 44.2 54.2 55.7 78.3 74.4 55.7 23.4 

207 SALT LAKE CITY UT 19.7 37.4 58.4 13.6 95.4 111.7 145.2 139.5 93.1 56.5 209 SAN ANTONIO TX 47.1 59.4 71.3 73.0 78.6 93.2 102.6 96.3 81.9 67.6 

210 SAN DIEGO CA 53.8 68.0 80.8 83.5 70.5 60.7 67.9 78.9 75.5 68.2 

214 SAVANNAH GA 47.5 58.5 71.6 84.7 88.7 87.9 84.2 81.6 70.4 63.5 215 SAULT ST. MARIE MI - 9.6 -.3 22.2 30.1 39.8 44.0 44.3 43.2 17.8 5.2 

217 SCOTTS BLUFF NE 21.4 33.0 45.7 57.5 68.7 90.0 109.0 101.4 66.3 44.5 

218 SEATTLE WA - 6.3 2.6 24.6 47.2 62.8 62.1 70.5 63.9 46.9 19.9 

219 SHE RID AN WY 7.5 19.3 38.8 45.7 59.4 73.1 104.6 107.9 56.0 35.0 

220 SHREVEPORT LA 40.5 47.8 64.8 74.6 82.9 87.9 98.6 94.2 74.7 63.0 

225 SPOKANE WA - 7.9 7.0 25.7 46.8 68.4 74.8 112.0 102.9 62.2 25.5 

226 SPRINGFIELD IL 14.5 27.2 37.3 55.2 67.5 87.8 92.3 82.5 64.7 44.4 

227 SPRINGFIELD MO 24.8 34.5 47.4 64.7 69.3 85.4 93.7 88.3 65.4 48.6 

234 TALLAHASSEE FL 45.6 57.7 71.2 79.9 79.4 77.5 67.7 66.6 67.8 64.0 

235 TAMPA FL 59.1 69.8 80.6 87.1 85.0 74.7 67.6 16.7 67.3 70.0 

238 TOPEKA KA 22.8 34.1 16.6 64.7 73.2 89.1 107.4 97.5 69.0 49.4 

241 TUCSON AZ 62.9 80.2 101.6 122.8 136.8 158.0 143.2 132.7 119.4 94.3 

245 WASHINGTON DC 16.0 26.0 41.3 56.7 64.7 79.2 79.9 73.1 59.8 41.4 

250 WINNEMUCCA NV 23.5 40.4 58.8 72.2 87.4 103.5 136.6 126.2 86.7 54.9 

251 WINSLOW AZ 48.7 66.4 86.3 102.0 116.0 135.1 127.2 119.0 101.6 75.1 

253 YUMA AZ 63.5 83.5 106.6 130.5 147.6 169.1 173.3 168.4 144.6 105.1 

71
Table A17.—Percent fuel savings for a direct-fired 4-mbf kiln with insulated nighttime roof and south wall collector

surfaces (for use with table A5)

JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUN JUL AUG SEP OCT 

4 ALBUQUERQUE NM 42.7 57.4 76.8 95.2 108.5 116.7 122.7 112.8 91.5 66.8 

6 AMARILLO TX 39.3 50.8 67.5 84.7 92.1 100.0 112.8 102.2 77.9 59.0 

14 ASTORIA OR - 2.7 5.7 13.9 28.3 38.6 21.7 31.8 34.2 30.3 14.2 

15 ATLANTA GA 23.9 34.1 50.1 65.6 67.6 62.3 63.6 64.2 52.3 48.7 

22 BATON ROUGE LA 30.5 42.6 56.5 67.5 72.1 67.4 64.2 62.4 57.4 54.2 

25 BILLINGS MT 3.9 15.1 34.8 44.5 60.4 71.1 111.1 101.8 56.1 34.4 

27 BIRMINGHAM AL 23.5 34.5 50.2 65.0 69.6 64.2 67.9 65.6 56.7 47.6 

28 BISMARCK ND - 1.2 9.5 29.1 37.1 56.4 61.6 89.9 82.2 45.4 22.5 

30 BOISE ID 6.2 22.1 42.1 63.1 86.4 91.7 131.5 120.0 79.9 43.4 

31 BOSTON MA 5.2 13.6 24.6 39.0 49.3 52.7 63.8 55.5 42.9 27.9 

33 BROWNSVILLE TX 40.4 50.6 62.4 68.6 73.5 75.0 90.3 86.9 73.1 63.8 36 BURNS OR 4.8 18.4 32.5 50.9 65.7 67.9 107.9 101.4 63.9 31.4 

37 CAPE HATTERAS NC 22.9 33.5 48.3 63.6 68.7 63.3 69.1 61.9 60.3 44.8 

38 CARIBOU ME - 3.0 7.1 25.7 28.1 35.4 33.4 42.3 39.5 17.2 6.1 

41 CHARLESTON SC 27.6 37.8 53.4 67.8 69.8 59.8 67.2 55.7 53.5 47.9 

42 CHARLESTON WV 6.7 14.2 28.8 48.5 55.3 52.8 54.9 50.0 42.3 31.1 

43 CHARLOTTE NC 24.3 34.4 50.0 66.6 68.5 65.6 71.7 65.4 54.2 45.6 

45 CHERRY POINT NC 27.3 38.3 51.9 65.5 66.6 58.0 66.2 57.1 56.7 46.6 44 CHATTANOOGA TN 17.5 26.1 41.6 58.5 59.8 57.5 63.6 60.2 47.0 39.6 48 CLEVELAND OH - 1.7 5.5 18.0 39.9 51.7 54.5 65.0 55.7 40.2 23.3 

50 COLUMBIA MO 14.2 24.3 36.9 52.9 66.0 71.6 93.0 78.3 56.6 40.5 

52 COLUMBUS OH 3.6 11.2 23.8 43.6 52.1 53.6 61.2 61.5 40.9 28.4 

53 CONCORD NH 1.5 8.1 23.7 34.7 42.6 40.3 48.5 45.8 25.5 18.0 

62 DENVER CO 34.3 46.7 61.8 72.9 85.4 93.1 112.0 107.0 80.1 55.3 

66 DODGE CITY KA 29.1 40.6 53.8 70.5 78.9 94.6 115.2 100.0 72.9 50.5 

72 EL PASO TX 53.0 70.3 93.6 112.1 123.6 134.0 124.7 121.0 96.2 79.5 

74 EL Y NV 27.2 40.5 61.5 65.9 75.8 78.1 98.7 98.5 73.2 49.6 

81 FORT SMITH AR 25.0 35.4 49.2 64.0 73.2 78.7 97.0 87.2 63.7 47.8 

83 FORT WORTH TX 30.0 41.6 56.4 62.4 69.2 83.2 107.0 97.8 72.6 54.1 

84 FRESNO CA 19.8 38.0 61.0 79.2 97.7 107.3 135.7 124.8 97.4 63.6 

86 GLASGOW MT - 5.9 5.1 24.8 39.3 56.9 65.2 94.9 91.2 47.7 24.4 

88 GRAND JUNCTION CO 25.7 40.6 59.5 76.1 98.8 114.3 128.3 121.9 86.6 55.2 

92 GREEN BAY WI -.5 8.4 27.9 39.7 48.5 54.4 66.6 59.2 34.1 19.8 

93 GREENSBORO NC 22.6 32.4 47.6 62.7 65.8 62.6 68.0 60.1 52.2 40.4 

96 HARRISBURG PA 9.0 17.5 31.1 48.4 56.1 58.0 68.9 61.6 43.4 28.8 

101 HOUSTON TX 29.4 42.0 51.2 57.8 71.2 65.5 71.2 66.9 59.4 52.9 

102 HURON SD 1.0 9.7 28.4 44.3 60.1 67.7 95.6 88.1 52.9 31.2 103 INDIANAPOLIS IN 6.1 15.9 26.6 44.7 55.1 59.0 67.6 61.6 45.4 30.6 

104 INTRNTNAL FALLS MN - 10.9 -.2 17.3 32.0 46.1 50.3 66.0 55.2 24.2 8.1 

107 JACKSON MS 27.1 39.5 54.0 65.9 74.3 71.1 76.1 68.5 60.6 52.2 

108 JACKSONVILLE FL 39.0 50.4 64.6 73.4 74.0 60.9 63.6 59.0 55.0 49.5 

115 LANDER WY 28.8 42.9 63.0 66.5 74.0 85.3 106.4 109.4 69.1 48.2 

116 LANSING MI 4.7 15.5 28.7 36.4 58.4 62.8 75.9 70.8 46.3 28.6 

118 LAS VEGAS NV 42.9 61.2 84.8 109.4 134.6 151.8 165.2 155.9 123.9 83.4 

123 LITTLE ROCK AR 24.0 35.6 48.5 59.6 72.0 79.1 86.5 80.7 64.0 49.5 

125 LOS ANGELES CA 41.7 54.5 66.5 74.6 68.0 55.6 75.4 73.9 64.8 55.8 126 LOUISVILLE KY 9.9 19.0 32.7 52.1 58.8 60.2 69.2 67.0 49.0 35.9 

132 MADISON WI 4.8 15.2 32.9 38.4 50.4 57.8 68.2 63.2 37.4 24.3 

72
Table A17.—Percent fuel savings for a direct-fired 4-mbf kiln with insulated nighttime roof and south wall collector

surfaces (for use with table A5)—con.

JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUN JUL AUG SEP OCT 

135 MASSENA NY - 2.4 5.5 27.1 40.7 52.6 59.8 72.1 59.3 37.8 18.6 

137 MEDFORD OR 2.0 17.6 32.6 52.0 69.8 76.4 112.9 103.5 69.6 33.2 

138 MEMPHIS TN 21.1 32.4 47.2 63.3 72.0 74.6 85.4 78.8 61.l 49.2 140 MIAMI FL 52.7 63.8 72.5 79.9 71.3 52.4 59.4 59.9 55.0 56.9 141 MIDLAND TX 49.4 62.7 84.5 98.3 107.9 114.9 121.2 112.5 83.6 68.7 

144 MINN-ST. PAUL MN - . 6 10.2 27.6 40.2 54.6 60.4 79.1 69.1 40.7 22.7 

146 MISSOULA MT -8.2 2.6 17.6 36.3 51.4 50.4 91.9 80.7 42.3 16.0 147 MOBILE AL 33.6 45.7 57.6 67.8 72.3 66.2 64.5 59.0 56.9 54.7 

148 MOL I NE IL 6.5 17.1 28.9 45.8 57.9 67.0 79.4 69.3 48.5 32.5 

149 MONTGOMERY AL 27.5 38.8 53.5 67.4 70.4 67.4 68.2 65.0 58.2 52.3 

150 MT. SHASTA CA 11.7 24.2 40.3 57.7 74.2 77.6 112.3 101.9 72.0 43.0 

152 NASHVILLE TN 13.0 23.0 37.5 57.2 66.2 66.1 75.6 68.3 54.1 41.9 

158 MEW YORK NY 7.2 14.0 28.8 44.8 54.8 53.4 68.8 62.9 44.5 31.3 

161 NORTH OMAHA NE 13.9 23.3 36.4 51.8 67.0 77.0 96.0 79.8 52.9 35.3 

163 OAKLAND CA 25.4 39.8 55.4 68.1 73.9 65.8 66.5 68.3 66.2 49.7 

165 OKLAHOMA CITY OK 28.0 37.9 53.3 66.5 71.3 80.8 101.9 96.6 68.4 48.8 

172 PENDLETON OR - 2.5 9.1 28.0 47.7 71.4 79.0 120.2 109.1 70.1 30.4 

175 PHOENIX AZ 47.5 66.4 86.6 115.2 137.1 150.2 158.0 155.5 120.4 85.6 

178 PITTSBURGH PA 12.9 18.5 36.2 49.9 63.1 71.2 80.7 73.8 59.9 38.0 

179 POCATELLO ID 8.2 25.2 43.5 59.1 80.1 87.5 123.4 115.6 73.8 43.1 

182 PORTLAND ME 1.5 8.6 23.3 31.5 37.0 38.1 45.3 44.5 27.8 17.4 

187 PUEBLO CO 34.0 44.0 59.7 76.0 84.4 98.4 114.2 108.3 79.7 55.6 

192 RAPID CTY SD 8.1 19.9 37.8 46.9 60.3 69.9 102.0 97.6 60.4 37.1 

194 RENO NV 28.1 43.3 63.7 78.5 92.7 93.9 118.1 113.7 84.1 57.3 

196 RICHMOND VA 17.0 26.2 41.5 57.9 62.7 60.7 65.5 60.7 50.4 36.3 

198 ROANOKE VA 18.5 27.1 42.9 58.6 61.3 58.0 64.9 57.1 47.2 38.5 

200 ROCHESTER NY - 4.1 . 5 15.0 37.7 46.9 51.7 60.5 53.0 33.2 17.2 

206 SALEM OR - 2.1 8.5 21.2 39.8 52.0 47.3 77.8 71.5 51.0 20.4 207 SALT LAKE CITY UT 16.5 31.7 51.7 68.0 91.5 99.5 136.1 129.2 85.7 50.5 

209 SAN ANTONIO TX 38.1 49.5 61.8 66.1 72.7 77.0 94.2 86.9 72.4 58.5 

210 SAN DIEGO CA 45.0 58.0 70.7 77.0 68.3 53.4 69.4 76.8 69.0 59.9 

214 SAVANNAH GA 38.9 49.3 62.4 76.4 81.9 72.0 76.7 73.1 61.9 54.8 

215 SAULT ST. MARIE MI - 9.1 - 1.1 19.9 28.9 40.2 37.9 47.1 43.5 18.0 5.3 

217 SCOTTS BLUFF NE 1 7 . 6 28.0 40.4 53.6 66.1 78.2 103.3 94.7 61.9 40.2 

218 SEATTLE WA - 4.3 3.8 21.5 41.8 59.6 52.7 70.7 61.7 42.8 16.6 

219 SHERIDAN WY 5.9 16.7 34.7 42.7 57.6 63.9 100.7 101.3 53.0 31.7 

220 SHREVEPORT LA 32.8 39.9 56.3 67.5 77.2 71.9 89.4 83.9 65.7 54.4 

225 SPOKANE WA - 6.1 7.1 22.7 42.3 64.9 65.0 107.2 96.8 57.6 22.7 

226 SPRINGFIELD IL 11.3 22.7 32.6 50.3 63.7 72.5 86.7 75.2 58.2 39.1 227 SPRINGFIELD MO 19.6 28.6 41.4 59.1 65.4 71.1 87.4 80.3 58.7 42.6 234 TALLAHASSEE FL 36.9 48.2 61.7 72.3 73.7 62.5 61.7 59.4 59.8 55.5 

235 TAMPA FL 48.3 58.6 69.8 78.7 79.2 60.6 62.4 60.2 59.3 60.3 

238 TOPEKA KA 1 8 . 5 28.4 40.8 59.0 68.7 74.1 98.9 88.6 62.4 43.5 

241 TUCSON AZ 5 2 . 8 68.6 89.7 113.0 129.2 139.5 130.7 120.9 106.8 83.6 

245 WASHINGTON DC 12.7 21.7 36.1 51.8 60.5 64.8 74.0 66.6 53.4 36.5 

250 WINNEMUCCA NV 19.5 34.5 52.1 67.7 85.6 93.4 131.3 120.7 81.8 49.9 

251 WINSLOW AZ 40.2 56.1 76.3 95.0 111.6 121.2 119.4 111.4 93.0 67.5 

253 YUMA A Z 53.8 72.1 94.0 118.8 137.7 148.0 154.6 149.4 127.7 91.6 

73
Table A18.—Percent fuel savings for a direct-fired 8-mbf kiln (packages stacked two high) with insulated nighttime

roof and south wall collector surfaces (for use with table A6)

JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUN JUL AUG SEP OCT 

4 ALBUQUERQUE NM 35.7 46.0 58.8 66.8 70.3 78.1 75.4 71.0 60.5 49.7 

6 AMARILLO TX 33.0 40.8 51.6 59.2 58.9 67.0 68.8 63.9 51.4 43.4 

14 ASTORIA OR 4.3 10.8 15.0 22.5 26.0 19.2 20.8 22.7 21.7 13.2 

15 ATLANTA GA 20.0 26.8 37.3 44.5 41.7 42.0 37.0 38.7 32.8 35.6 

22 BATON ROUGE LA 24.3 32.4 40.8 44.6 43.8 44.4 36.2 36.7 36.1 37.8 

25 BILLINGS MT 8.4 17.1 31.0 34.2 40.9 51.2 70.7 66.4 39.4 28.8 

27 BIRMINGHAM AL 19.8 27.1 37.3 44.0 42.9 43.1 39.5 39.7 36.3 34.4 

28 BISMARCK ND 3.1 11.6 26.8 29.3 38.5 45.3 57.4 54.1 32.3 20.1 

30 BOISE ID 10.4 21.9 35.8 47.3 58.1 64.2 83.2 77.6 55.3 34.6 

31 BOSTON MA 9.0 14.6 21.3 28.3 31.9 37.9 39.2 35.0 29.2 22.5 

33 BROWNSVILLE TX 30.2 36.8 43.1 43.7 43.5 48.5 52.4 51.6 45.6 43.0 

36 BURNS OR 8.6 18.9 28.1 38.0 44.0 49.0 68.5 65.5 43.9 26.0 

37 CAPE HATTERAS NC 20.1 27.2 36.6 43.9 43.3 43.4 41.0 37.8 39.9 32.4 

38 CARIBOU ME 2.2 9.9 24.1 22.6 24.0 27.0 27.3 26.3 12.8 7.8 

41 CHARLESTON SC 23.1 29.7 39.5 45.9 42.9 40.0 38.8 32.8 34.0 34.0 

42 CHARLESTON WV 7.6 12.8 22.8 33.4 34.5 36.8 32.5 30.6 27.6 23.8 

43 CHARLOTTE NC 21.0 27.9 37.9 45.9 42.8 44.4 42.4 39.8 34.9 33.6 

45 CHERRY P O I N T NC 23.5 30.9 39.2 45.2 41.7 39.7 38.9 34.4 37.1 33.6 

44 CHATTANOOGA TN 15.3 20.9 31.2 39.7 36.7 39.1 37.1 36.4 30.0 28.8 48 CLEVELAND OH 2.6 7.4 15.6 28.6 33.2 38.9 40.0 35.2 26.7 19.0 

50 COLUMBIA MO 14.6 21.3 29.3 37.2 42.4 49.6 57.1 49.6 38.2 30.8 52 COLUMBUS OH 6.4 11.3 19.4 30.6 32.9 37.8 37.0 38.5 26.4 22.6 

53 CONCORD NH 5.1 9.7 21.0 25.5 27.6 30.1 29.9 29.1 16.8 15.6 

62 DENVER CO 31.5 39.7 49.1 52.8 56.3 64.3 69.9 68.4 54.5 42.1 

66 DODGE CITY KA 26.2 33.4 41.9 50.0 50.9 64.2 70.9 63.2 49.1 37.9 

72 EL PASO TX 43.8 55.5 70.7 77.8 79.3 87.9 75.6 75.1 62.8 57.9 

74 ELY NV 24.7 34.0 48.5 47.3 49.9 55.0 61.8 62.9 48.6 38.4 

81 FORT SMITH AR 21.6 28.6 37.4 44.0 46.1 53.0 58.5 54.1 42.1 34.8 

83 FORT WORTH TX 24.7 32.5 41.8 41.7 42.6 55.3 64.1 60.2 47.9 38.6 

94 FRESNO CA 18.1 31.9 47.4 56.2 63.3 72.3 83.7 79.0 65.5 47.1 

86 GLASGOW MT . 2 9.5 24.2 31.6 39.1 47.8 60.9 60.1 34.2 21.9 

88 GRAND JUNCTION CO 23.7 34.4 47.1 54.7 64.9 77.4 79.7 77.4 58.0 42.2 92 GREEN BAY WI 3.5 10.0 24.7 30.0 32.2 39.7 41.9 38.4 23.4 17.3 93 GREENSBORO NC 19.8 26.3 36.3 43.3 41.3 42.9 40.4 36.8 33.9 30.0 

96 HARRISBURG PA 11.0 16.5 25.5 34.4 35.6 40.6 41.8 38.4 28.5 22.7 

101 HOUSTON TX 22.9 31.6 36.3 37.1 42.5 42.9 40.6 39.3 37.5 36.0 

102 HURON SD 4.1 11.0 25.1 33.6 40.2 48.5 60.3 57.2 36.6 25.7 

103 INDIANAPOLIS IN 8.4 14.9 21.5 31.4 34.9 41.3 40.9 38.6 30.4 23.7 

104 INTRNTNAL FALLS MN - 4.9 4.2 18.2 26.3 31.9 38.1 42.7 36.9 17.8 10.0 

107 JACKSON MS 22.1 30.6 39.7 44.4 46.0 47.4 44.4 41.3 39.2 36.9 

108 JACKSONVILLE FL 31.2 38.7 47.1 49.2 45.2 40.2 36.1 34.6 34.5 34.0 

115 LANDER WY 27.4 38.8 51.6 49.6 49.4 60.2 67.2 70.5 47.4 38.1 

116 LANSING MI 7.8 15.5 24.5 26.5 38.5 44.9 47.4 45.6 31.8 23.3 

118 LAS VEGAS NV 37.4 50.7 66.0 78.0 87.9 100.3 101.7 98.4 82.4 62.6 

123 LITTLE ROCK AR 20.3 28.3 36.4 40.5 45.2 53.2 51.8 49.9 41.9 36.0 

125 LOS ANGELES CA 35.6 44.3 50.4 51.6 42.6 38.6 45.8 45.8 42.1 40.2 126 LOUISVILLE KY 10.9 16.5 25.7 36.2 36.9 41.8 41.7 41.7 32.3 27.3 

132 MADISON WI 7.6 15.0 28.2 28.2 33.1 41.6 42.6 40.6 25.2 20.3 

74
Table A18.—Percent fuel savings for a direct-fired 8-mbf kiln (packages stacked two high) with insulated nighttime

roof and south wall collector surfaces (for use with table A6)—con.

JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUN JUL AUG SEP O

135 MASSENA NY 1.9 7.7 24.4 31.0 35.3 43.5 45.6 38.7 26.6 16

137 MEDFORD OR 6.0 18.0 27.8 38.5 46.3 53.9 71.2 66.7 47.5 26

138 MEMPHIS TN 18.3 26.1 35.7 43.5 45.2 50.3 51.0 48.7 40.0 36

140 MIAMI FL 40.7 47.5 51.2 51.8 41.6 33.2 32.3 33.4 32.5 37

141 MIDLAND TX 40.5 49.1 63.4 67.9 68.9 75.9 73.4 69.8 54.8 49

144 MINN-ST. PAUL MN 3.2 11.5 24.8 30.6 36.4 43.6 49.8 44.9 28.5 19

146 MISSOULA MT - 1.0 7.7 18.0 28.6 35.0 38.0 59.2 53.1 30.1 15147 MOBILE AL 26.9 35.0 41.7 45.1 44.0 43.5 36.5 34.6 35.8 38

148 MOLINE IL 8.4 16.1 24.1 33.1 37.5 47.0 49.0 44.2 32.9 25

149 MONTGOMERY AL 22.6 30.2 39.4 45.4 43.3 45.0 39.5 39.1 37.2 37

150 MT. SHASTA CA 13.1 22.4 33.2 42.0 49.2 54.9 71.0 65.6 48.7 33

152 NASHVILLE TN 11.9 18.9 28.5 39.3 41.5 45.1 45.1 42.1 35.4 31

158 NEW YORK NY 10.0 13.7 23.9 31.8 34.8 37.6 41.6 39.1 29.2 24

161 NORTH OMAHA NE 14.7 21.2 30.0 37.5 43.7 53.6 59.5 51.1 36.0 27

163 OAKLAND CA 23.5 34.1 43.6 48.7 48.1 46.5 41.5 43.3 44.7 37

165 OKLAHOMA CITY OK 23.8 30.4 40.6 45.9 44.8 54.5 61.7 60.1 45.3 35

172 PENDLETON OR 4.5 13.0 26.0 36.6 48.0 55.9 76.2 70.8 48.9 25

175 PHOENIX AZ 40.4 54.0 66.2 81.0 88.8 98.4 96.4 97.1 80.3 62

178 PITTSBURGH PA 14.5 17.5 29.5 35.6 40.6 49.6 49.7 46.8 40.9 29

179 POCATELLO ID 10.9 24.2 36.3 43.9 53.8 61.5 78.1 74.8 50.7 34

182 PORTLAND ME 5.6 10.5 20.9 23.4 24.0 28.9 28.0 28.3 18.6 15

187 PUEBLO CO 30.5 36.4 46.8 54.1 54.7 66.9 70.5 68.5 53.2 42

192 RAPID CTY SD 11.2 20.3 32.4 35.3 40.2 49.9 64.3 63.2 41.7 30

194 RENO NV 26.6 36.8 50.6 56.9 61.6 65.3 74.4 73.0 57.0 43

196 RICHMOND VA 16.0 22.2 32.3 40.3 39.4 41.8 39.0 37.3 32.9 27

198 ROANOKE VA 17.0 22.6 33.2 40.6 38.4 40.1 38.7 35.0 30.5 29

200 ROCHESTER NY 1.0 3.7 14.0 27.7 30.4 37.5 37.5 33.8 22.6 14

206 SALEM OR 4.1 12.3 20.2 30.4 34.6 35.3 49.6 46.5 35.4 17

207 SALT LAKE CITY UT 17.4 28.0 41.8 49.6 60.8 68.6 85.2 82.7 58.5 39

209 SAN ANTONIO TX 30.1 37.5 44.4 42.9 43.9 50.5 55.4 52.4 46.3 40

210 SAN DIEGO CA 37.8 46.4 53.1 52.5 42.1 36.7 41.5 47.1 44.4 43

214 SAVANNAH GA 32.0 38.6 46.2 52.2 51.3 48.0 45.0 44.4 40.0 38

215 SAULT ST. MARIE MI - 2.5 3.1 19.4 22.9 27.3 29.5 30.4 28.7 12.7 7

217 SCOTTS BLUFF NE 18.1 25.5 33.4 39.2 43.4 54.8 64.7 60.8 42.0 31

218 SEATTLE WA 3.8 10.3 21.9 33.4 40.8 39.5 45.8 40.9 30.8 15

219 SHERIDAN WY 9.6 17.8 30.4 32.5 38.7 46.5 64.0 65.7 36.9 26

220 SHREVEPORT LA 26.9 31.1 41.6 45.5 48.2 47.9 53.0 51.5 43.1 38

225 SPOKANE WA 1.9 12.4 22.6 33.6 44.4 47.6 68.7 63.5 41.0 20

226 SPRINGFIELD IL 12.2 20.2 26.2 35.8 41.1 50.4 53.3 47.7 39.7 30

227 SPRINGFIELD MO 17.6 23.7 32.0 41.2 41.5 48.8 53.1 50.3 39.2 31

234 TALLAHASSEE FL 29.4 36.9 44.9 48.3 45.0 41.2 34.8 34.7 37.7 38

235 TAMPA FL 37.9 44.3 50.1 52.0 47.9 39.3 34.6 34.4 36.1 41

238 TOPEKA KA 17.9 24.3 32.4 42.0 44.3 51.2 60.7 56.1 42.1 33

241 TUCSON AZ 44.2 54.7 67.9 78.8 83.3 91.6 79.0 74.9 70.7 61

245 WASHINGTON DC 13.1 19.2 28.8 36.3 38.2 44.8 44.7 41.3 35.1 28

250 WINNEMUCCA NV 19.8 30.3 42.2 49.4 56.9 64.9 82.7 77.6 55.2 39

251 WINSLOW AZ 34.2 44.8 58.3 66.9 72.5 81.0 73.0 69.5 61.0 50

253 YUMA AZ 45.6 58.4 71.7 83.6 89.2 97.2 93.9 93.5 85.7 66

75
Table A19.—Percent fuel savings for a direct-fired 16-mbf kiln with insulated nighttime roof and south wall collector

surfaces (for use with table A7)

JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUN JUL AUG SEP OCT 

4 ALBUQUERQUE NM 3 3 . 2 46.4 65.3 85.8 101.0 117.8 113.8 103.8 82.3 57.8 6 AMARILLO TX 3 0 . 4 40.9 57.3 75.8 85.0 100.9 104.0 92.7 69.6 50.6 

14 ASTORIA OR - 3.5 3.7 10.4 24.2 36.3 31.9 33.9 34.1 27.5 11.1 

15 ATLANTA GA 1 8 . 0 2 7 . 1 4 2 . 3 58.5 62.2 65.9 58.8 58.0 46.6 41.8 

22 BATON ROUGE LA 2 3 . 6 3 4 . 3 47.8 59.7 65.5 69.5 57.8 55.2 50.3 46.1 

25 BILLINGS MT 1 . 4 11.1 28.7 39.2 56.2 75.7 103.0 92.8 50.4 29.0 

27 BIRMINGHAM AL 1 7 . 8 2 7 . 4 4 2 . 3 57.6 63.7 67.1 61.4 58.8 50.0 40.7 28 BISMARCK ND - 3.3 6.1 23.9 32.5 52.3 66.6 83.6 75.0 41.0 19.0 

30 BOISE ID 3 . 6 17.0 34.9 55.7 80.0 94.8 121.6 109.4 71.4 36.8 

31 BOSTON MA 2 . 8 9.9 20.0 34.7 45.4 57.5 59.0 50.2 38.0 23.2 

33 BROWNSVILLE T X 31.6 41.1 52.8 60.6 67.0 76.8 82.8 78.7 64.5 54.2 

36 BURNS OR 2 . 3 13.9 26.8 45.5 61.9 74.3 101.8 94.1 57.9 27.0 

37 CAPE HATTERAS NC 1 7 . 3 26.6 40.6 56.6 63.3 66.9 63.5 55.5 52.8 37.7 

38 CARIBOU ME - 4.6 4.1 21.0 25.2 33.6 41.4 41.4 37.6 16.4 4.8 

41 CHARLESTON SC 2 1 . 2 30.3 45.0 60.0 63.8 63.2 60.9 49.8 46.8 40.7 

42 CHARLESTON WV 3 . 8 10.4 23.8 43.2 50.6 57.3 50.7 45.3 37.4 26.4 

43 CHARLOTTE NC 1 8 . 3 27.3 42.1 59.0 62.8 68.7 65.5 58.8 47.9 39.0 

45 CHERRY POINT NC 2 0 . 9 30.7 43.7 58.1 61.4 62.0 60.3 51.2 49.6 39.3 

44 CHATTANOOGA TN 12.7 20.4 34.8 51.9 54.8 61.1 58.0 53.4 41.4 33.7 

48 CLEVELAND OH - 2.9 3.1 14.5 35.8 47.9 59.4 61.0 51.2 35.8 19.6 

50 COLUMBIA MO 1 0 . 0 18.8 30.7 47.0 60.5 73.9 85.3 70.4 50.0 34.3 

52 COLUMBUS OH 1.4 7.9 19.5 38.9 48.0 58.2 57.0 56.3 36.8 24.3 

53 CONCORD NH - . 7 5.1 19.4 31.2 39.8 47.0 45.9 42.4 23.6 15.1 

62 DENVER CO 2 6 . 5 37.4 52.2 65.3 79.9 96.3 104.2 98.0 72.2 47.4 66 DODGE CITY KA 2 2 . 2 32.3 45.4 62.9 73.1 95.8 105.7 90.2 64.9 43.3 

72 EL PASO TX 4 2 . 0 57.4 79.8 100.4 113.8 131.8 114.9 110.2 85.9 68.4 

74 ELY NV 2 0 . 4 32.1 52.2 60.3 72.6 85.4 94.7 92.9 67.9 43.4 

81 FORT SMITH AR 1 8 . 9 28.2 41.4 56.4 66.7 79.6 87.6 77.6 55.8 40.5 

83 FORT WORTH TX 2 3 . 0 33.4 47.6 55.3 63.2 83.7 96.7 86.6 63.4 46.0 

84 FRESNO CA 1 4 . 7 30.5 51.3 69.7 89.9 107.9 124.2 112.6 86.0 53.9 86 GLASGOW MT - 7.1 2.6 20.1 34.2 52.4 69.8 88.1 82.4 42.8 20.2 

88 GRAND JUNCTION CO 1 9 . 3 32.4 50.3 67.9 91.7 1l4.7 118.4 110.8 77.6 47.4 

92 GREEN BAY WI - 2.5 5.2 23.0 35.2 45.4 59.8 62.5 54.4 31.0 16.5 

93 GREENSBORO NC 1 6 . 9 25.5 40.0 55.8 60.5 66.2 62.4 54.4 46.3 34.7 96 HARRISBURG PA 5 . 8 13.1 25.7 42.9 51.3 61.8 63.5 55.7 38.5 24.4 

101 HOUSTON TX 2 2 . 6 33.8 43.2 50.8 64.8 67.9 64.5 58.9 51.8 44.6 

102 HURON SC - 1.4 6.3 23.5 39.0 55.4 71.6 88.0 79.8 47.4 26.3 

103 INDIANAPOLIS IN 3 . 4 11.8 21.9 39.9 50.5 62.7 62.2 55.6 40.3 25.9 

104 INTRNTNAL FALLS MN - 11.5 - 2.2 13.7 28.4 43.1 56.4 62.6 51.7 22.5 6.5 

107 JACKSON MS 20.7 31.6 45.6 58.0 67.6 73.1 68.5 60.9 53.2 44.3 

108 JACKSONVILLE FL 50.5 40.8 54.7 64.8 67.7 64.1 58.0 52.7 48.1 41.9 

115 LANDER WY 21.7 34.2 53.3 59.5 69.4 90.2 99.9 100.3 62.6 41.5 

116 LANSING MI 2.0 11.3 23.6 32.5 54.2 67.3 70.7 64.8 41.7 24.1 

118 LAS VEGAS NV 3 3 . 7 49.9 71.9 97.0 122.6 147.1 149.4 139.0 109.2 71.3 

123 LITTLE ROCK AR 18.0 28.3 40.8 52.8 65.8 80.1 78.5 71.7 56.3 42.1 

125 LOS ANGELES CA 32.9 44.4 56.2 66.5 64.1 63.0 72.9 70.0 58.3 47.4 

126 LOUISVILLE KY 6.6 14.4 27.2 46.3 53.9 64.2 64.0 60.4 43.4 30.5 

132 MADISON WI 2.0 10.9 27.4 34.5 47.1 62.7 64.2 58.3 34.2 20.6 

76
Table A19.—Percent fuel savings for a direct-fired 16-mbf kiln with insulated nighttime roof and south wall collector

surfaces (for use with table A7)—con.

JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUN JUL AUG SEP 

135 MASSENA NY - 4.1 2.7 21.3 36.3 49.1 64.8 67.4 54.9 34.0 

137 MEDFORD OR . 2 13.4 26.7 45.8 64.9 80.8 105.2 95.0 62.0 

138 MEMPHIS TN 15.7 25.7 39.6 55.8 65.3 75.7 76.7 69.9 53.6 

140 MIAMI FL 41.9 52.1 61.5 71.0 65.3 56.5 55.0 54.0 48.3 

141 MIDLAND TX 38.9 50.9 71.9 87.9 99.2 114.3 111.7 101.7 74.3 

144 MINN-ST. PAUL MN -2.7 6.7 22.7 35.6 50.2 64.8 73.4 62.8 36.3 

146 MISSOULA MT -8.5 . 7 13.8 31.6 48.0 57.4 86.8 74.9 38.5 

147 MOBILE AL 26.1 36.9 48.6 59.8 65.7 68.4 58.2 52.0 49.9 

148 MOLINE IL 3.4 12.6 23.9 40.6 53.2 69.9 72.9 62.4 43.1 

149 MONTGOMERY AL 21.1 31.1 45.1 59.7 64.4 69.6 61.8 57.7 51.1 

150 MT. SHASTA CA 7.9 18.8 33.6 51.1 69.9 83.2 106.2 94.9 65.2 

152 NASHVILLE TN 9.0 17.8 31.3 50.8 60.4 68.8 68.9 61.3 47.6 

158 NEW YORK NY 4.4 10.2 23.7 39.8 50.0 57.5 62.7 56.2 39.1 

161 NORTH OMAHA NE 9.6 17.8 30.2 46.0 61.3 79.2 87.7 72.0 46.7 

163 OAKLAND CA 19.4 32.1 46.4 60.2 69.2 72.1 65.9 65.2 59.6 165 OKLAHOMA CITY OK 21.2 30.2 44.9 59.1 65.3 87.1 92.9 86.3 60.0 

172 PENDLETON OR - 3.4 6.4 22.5 41.3 65.2 82.1 110.9 98.9 61.9 

175 PHOENIX AZ 37.7 54.3 73.5 102.3 125.2 145.5 142.5 138.7 105.4 

178 PITTSBURGH PA 9.1 14.0 30.0 44.3 57.8 73.9 74.2 66.8 53.1 

179 POCATELLO ID 5.0 19.6 36.3 52.9 75.1 91.6 114.9 106.0 66.8 

182 PORTLAND ME - . 6 5.6 19.0 28.5 35.3 45.4 43.5 41.7 25.5 

187 PUEBLO CO 26.2 35.1 50.6 68.1 78.4 100.6 105.4 98.4 71.5 

192 RAPID CTY SD 4.8 15.2 31.5 41.7 56.1 74.4 94.2 88.6 54.2 

194 RENO NV 21.5 34.6 53.9 70.6 87.5 98.7 111.9 106.1 76.6 

196 RICHMOND VA 12.3 20.4 34.7 51.3 57.3 64.2 59.9 54.0 44.5 

198 ROANOKE VA 13.5 21.1 36.0 52.3 56.4 62.3 60.2 52.0 42.0 

200 ROCHESTER NY - 5.1 - 1.2 11.8 33.6 43.4 57.1 56.4 48.4 29.6 

206 SALEM OR - 3.1 6.0 16.7 34.4 48.1 54.4 74.1 66.2 45.2 

207 SALT LAKE CITY UT 11.9 25.0 43.5 60.5 84.9 102.1 125.2 117.2 76.7 

209 SAN ANTONIO TX 29.8 40.1 52.3 58.8 66.3 78.7 86.0 78.0 63.6 

210 SAN DIEGO CA 35.6 47.3 59.9 69.1 64.2 61.3 67.8 72.3 62.0 

214 SAVANNAH GA 30.5 39.9 52.7 67.4 74.7 74.0 69.8 65.3 53.9 

215 SAULT ST. MARIE MI - 9.4 - 2.8 16.1 26.1 38.4 45.9 46.7 41.3 16.9 

217 SCOTTS BLUFF NE 12.6 21.8 33.8 48.0 61.5 82.1 95.8 86.4 56.0 

218 SEATTLE WA - 4.8 2.2 16.8 35.3 54.7 58.7 67.6 57.2 37.6 

219 SHERIDAN WY 3.0 12.4 28.8 38.1 53.8 69.7 94.1 92.5 48.7 

220 SHREVEPORT LA 25.3 32.0 47.5 59.7 70.7 73.9 80.8 74.5 57.2 

225 SPOKANE WA - 6.5 4.7 18.0 36.4 59.6 70.3 99.7 88.3 51.4 

226 SPRINGFIELD IL 7.5 17.4 27.1 44.5 58.5 74.6 80.0 67.5 51.3 

227 SPRINGFIELD MO 14.3 22.4 34.6 52.4 60.3 73.9 80.3 72.1 51.8 234 TALLAHASSEE FL 28.7 39.0 52.2 64.2 67.5 65.6 56.5 53.0 52.5 

235 TAMPA FL 38.2 47.7 59.2 69.9 72.7 64.4 57.4 54.4 52.3 

238 TOPEKA KA 13.5 22.2 34.2 52.1 63.0 76.2 90.1 79.4 55.2 

241 TUCSON AZ 42.0 56.0 76.3 100.8 118.9 136.9 118.4 108.8 94.1 

245 WASHINGTON DC 8.8 16.7 30.0 45.9 55.3 67.8 67.8 59.9 46.9 250 WINNEMUCCA NV 14.4 27.3 43.8 61.0 80.6 97.5 122.7 111.7 74.5 

251 WINSLOW AZ 31.3 45.3 64.9 85.5 103.9 122.1 110.2 102.0 83.4 

253 YUMA AZ 42.9 59.1 79.8 105.9 125.5 143.4 137.8 131.8 111.1 

77
Table A20.—Percent fuel savings for a direct-fired 16-mbf kiln (packages stacked two high) with insulated nighttime

roof and south wall collector surfaces (for use with table A8)

JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUN JUL AUG SEP OCT 

4 ALBUQUERQUE NM 37.8 52.2 62.2 70.7 74.0 81.9 78.8 74.3 63.4 52.5 

6 AMARILLO TX 34.9 46.4 54.5 62.5 61.8 70.0 71.7 66.7 53.7 45.7 

14 ASTORIA OR 5.4 13.9 16.3 23.9 27.6 20.6 22.6 24.4 23.0 14.1 

15 ATLANTA GA 21.1 30.9 39.2 46.7 43.5 43.6 38.4 40.1 34.0 37.4 

22 BATON ROUGE LA 25.4 36.8 42.7 46.5 45.5 45.8 37.3 37.8 37.4 39.5 

25 BILLINGS MT 9.5 21.0 33.3 36.4 43.3 53.9 74.2 69.7 41.6 30.7 

27 BIRMINGHAM AL 20.8 31.2 39.2 46.1 44.8 44.7 40.7 41.1 37.7 36.1 

28 BISMARCK ND 3.6 15.0 28.9 31.3 40.7 47.7 60.3 56.9 34.2 21.7 

30 BOISE ID 11.6 26.1 38.3 50.2 61.4 67.6 87.2 81.3 58.3 36.8 

31 BOSTON MA 10.0 18.0 22.7 29.9 33.3 39.6 40.9 36.5 30.6 23.9 

33 BROWNSVILLE TX 31.3 41.4 44.9 45.4 45.1 50.2 54.3 53.4 47.2 44.6 

36 BURNS OR 9.5 22.8 30.1 40.4 46.6 51.9 72.1 68.9 46.3 27.9 

37 CAPE HATTERAS NC 21.2 31.4 38.6 46.2 45.3 45.1 42.6 39.2 41.6 33.9 

38 CARIBOU ME 2.7 13.1 26.0 24.3 25.5 28.6 29.0 27.9 13.7 8.7 

41 CHARLESTON SC 24.4 34.0 41.6 48.1 44.7 41.4 40.1 33.8 35.2 35.6 

42 CHARLESTON WV 8.1 15.7 24.0 35.1 36.0 38.3 33.8 31.8 28.7 25.1 43 CHARLOTTE NC 22.3 32.1 40.0 48.2 44.6 46.1 43.9 41.3 36.3 35.3 

45 CHERRY POINT NC 24.8 35.5 41.3 47.5 43.6 41.3 40.3 35.7 38.6 35.2 

44 CHATTANOOGA TN 16.1 24.4 32.8 41.6 38.3 40.5 38.4 37.7 31.1 30.3 

48 CLEVELAND OH 3.1 10.0 16.6 30.2 34.9 40.7 41.9 36.8 27.9 20.2 

50 COLUMBIA MO 15.7 25.1 31.1 39.2 44.4 51.7 59.5 51.7 40.0 32.6 

52 COLUMBUS OH 7.1 14.2 20.6 32.3 34.4 39.5 38.6 40.3 27.6 24.0 

53 CONCORD NH 5.8 12.6 22.5 27.1 29.0 31.6 31.4 30.5 17.7 16.7 

62 DENVER CO 33.8 45.5 52.2 56.0 59.8 67.7 73.2 71.7 57.4 44.6 

66 DODGE CITY KA 27.9 38.4 44.4 52.8 53.5 67.1 73.9 65.9 51.4 40.1 

72 EL PASO TX 46.3 62.5 74.7 82.1 83.2 91.8 78.8 78.3 65.7 61.0 

74 ELY NV 26.3 39.2 51.6 50.3 52.9 58.3 65.2 66.3 51.3 40.9 

81 FORT SMITH AR 22.8 33.0 39.5 46.1 48.1 55.0 60.6 56.1 43.8 36.5 

A3 FORT WORTH TX 25.9 37.1 44.0 43.7 44.4 57.4 66.4 62.4 49.9 40.5 

84 FRESNO CA 19.3 36.6 50.2 59.2 66.5 75.6 87.3 82.4 68.5 49.5 

86 GLASGOW MT . 6 12.7 26.2 33.8 41.9 50.3 64.0 63.0 36.2 23.5 

88 GRAND JUNCTION CO 25.3 39.6 50.1 57.9 68.4 81.1 83.3 80.9 60.8 44.7 

92 GREEN BAY WI 4.0 13.0 26.6 31.9 34.0 41.8 44.0 40.3 24.7 18.6 

93 GREENSBORO NC 20.9 30.4 38.4 45.6 43.2 44.6 42.0 38.3 35.3 31.7 

96 HARRISBURG PA 12.0 20.0 27.1 36.2 37.2 42.3 43.6 40.0 29.8 24.1 

101 HOUSTON TX 23.8 35.9 37.9 38.6 44.1 44.3 41.8 40.4 38.8 37.4 

102 HURON SD 4.6 14.1 27.0 35.6 42.4 50.9 63.1 59.9 38.5 27.5 

103 INDIANAPOLIS IN 9.1 18.2 22.8 33.1 36.6 43.0 42.7 40.3 31.8 25.1 

104 INTRNTNAL FALLS MN -4.9 6.9 19.9 28.3 33.8 40.2 45.1 39.1 19.0 11.0 

107 JACKSON MS 23.1 34.9 41.7 46.4 47.9 49.1 45.8 42.7 40.7 38.6 

108 JACKSONVILLE FL 32.7 43.7 49.5 51.5 47.1 41.5 37.2 35.7 35.7 35.4 

115 LANDER WY 29.4 43.6 55.1 52.8 52.3 63.6 70.6 74.0 50.0 40.5 

116 LANSING MI 8.6 19.0 26.2 28.1 40.5 47.1 49.6 47.8 33.5 24.8 

118 LAS VEGAS NV 39.8 57.4 70.0 82.3 92.2 104.6 105.8 102.3 86.0 66.1 

123 LITTLE ROCK AR 21.4 32.6 38.4 42.5 47.2 55.2 53.7 51.7 43.7 37.8 

125 LOS ANGELES CA 37.7 50.2 53.2 54.3 44.8 40.7 48.3 48.2 44.1 42.2 

126 LOUISVILLE KY 11.8 19.8 27.1 38.1 38.6 43.6 43.4 43.4 33.7 28.8 

132 MADISON WI 8.3 18.5 30.1 30.0 34.9 43.7 44.7 42.7 26.6 21.7 

78
Table A20.—Percent fuel savings for a direct-fired 16-mbf kiln (packages stacked two high) with insulated nighttime

roof and south wall collector surfaces (for use with table A8)—con.

JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUN JUL AUG SEP 

135 MASSENA NY 2.3 10.5 26.2 33.1 37.3 45.8 47.9 40.8 28.0 1

137 MEDFORD OR 6.8 21.6 29.6 40.7 48.8 56.7 74.7 70.0 49.9 2

138 MEMPHIS TN 19.3 30.2 37.6 45.6 47.2 52.1 52.7 50.5 41.7 3

140 MIAMI FL 42.5 53.2 53.5 54.0 43.1 34.1 33.2 34.3 33.4 3

141 MIDLAND TX 42.8 55.5 67.0 71.5 72.2 79.2 76.5 72.6 57.2 5

144 MINN-ST. PAUL MN 3.6 14.7 26.6 32.6 38.3 45.8 52.2 47.0 30.1 2

146 MISSOULA MT - . 4 10.6 19.5 30.5 37.1 40.2 62.4 56.0 31.9 1

147 MOBILE AL 28.2 39.7 43.7 47.1 45.7 44.9 37.5 35.5 37.0 4

148 MOLINE IL 9.1 19.6 25.7 35.0 39.4 49.0 51.1 46.1 34.5 2

149 MONTGOMERY AL 23.8 34.5 41.4 47.5 45.2 46.6 40.8 40.4 38.7 3

150 MT. SHASTA CA 14.2 26.5 35.4 44.6 52.0 58.0 74.7 69.1 51.3 3

152 NASHVILLE TN 12.5 22.3 30.0 41.2 43.3 46.8 46.8 43.8 36.8 3

158 NEW YORK NY 11.0 16.9 25.4 33.6 36.4 39.1 43.2 40.7 30.4 2

161 NORTH OMAHA NE 15.8 25.2 31.9 39.7 45.9 56.0 62.1 53.4 37.8 2

163 OAKLAND CA 2 5 . 2 39.2 46.2 51.4 50.8 49.1 44.0 45.8 46.9 3

165 OKLAHOMA CITY OK 25.1 35.0 42.8 48.3 46.9 56.7 64.1 62.5 47.2 3

172 PENDLETON OR 5.6 16.3 28.0 38.9 50.5 58.7 79.9 74.1 51.4 2

175 PHOENIX AZ 42.9 60.9 70.0 85.4 93.1 102.6 100.0 100.8 83.8 6

178 PITTSBURGH PA 15.8 21.0 31.3 37.5 42.6 51.8 51.9 48.9 42.9 3

179 POCATELLO ID 12.0 28.6 38.8 46.7 56.9 64.9 82.0 78.5 53.5 3

182 PORTLAND ME 6.3 13.6 22.4 24.9 25.4 30.4 29.5 29.8 19.6 1

187 PUEBLO CO 32.5 41.8 49.7 57.3 57.5 70.2 73.6 71.6 55.8 4

192 RAPID CTY SD 12.4 24.3 34.8 37.5 42.5 52.5 67.3 66.1 43.9 3194 RENO NV 28.5 42.3 53.8 60.4 65.2 69.0 78.3 76.9 60.1 4

196 RICHMOND VA 17.0 26.0 34.2 42.1 41.2 43.5 40.5 38.7 34.2 2

198 ROANOKE VA 18.1 26.4 35.1 42.8 40.1 41.8 40.3 36.4 31.8 3

200 ROCHESTER NY 1.4 6.0 15.0 29.4 31.9 39.3 39.2 35.4 23.7 1

206 SALEM OR 5.0 15.5 21.7 32.2 36.6 37.3 52.3 48.9 37.2 1

207 SALT LAKE CITY UT 18.8 32.6 44.5 52.5 64.1 72.2 89.1 86.5 61.5 4

209 SAN ANTONIO TX 31.5 42.4 46.5 44.7 45.6 52.3 57.4 54.3 48.1 4

210 SAN DIEGO CA 40.1 52.4 56.0 55.3 44.2 36.7 43.8 49.4 46.4 4

214 SAVANNAH GA 33.7 43.8 48.6 54.7 53.5 49.7 46.6 45.9 41.6 4

215 SAULT ST. MARIE MI - 2.3 5.5 21.0 24.6 29.0 31.3 32.4 30.5 13.5 

217 SCOTTS BLUFF NE 19.6 30.0 35.6 41.6 45.7 57.6 67.7 63.7 44.3 3

218 SEATTLE WA 5.0 13.5 23.7 35.4 43.1 41.7 48.4 43.2 32.5 1

219 SHERIDAN WY 10.6 21.7 32.6 34.6 40.9 49.0 67.2 68.9 39.0 2

220 SHREVEPORT LA 28.3 35.6 43.8 47.5 50.3 49.6 54.9 53.3 44.8 4

225 SPOKANE WA 2.8 15.9 24.4 35.8 46.9 50.2 72.2 66.7 43.3 2

226 SPRINGFIELD IL 13.1 24.0 27.9 37.8 43.1 52.5 55.7 49.7 41.6 3

227 SPRINGFIELD MO 18.6 27.7 33.8 43.3 43.4 50.8 55.3 52.4 40.9 3234 TALLAHASSEE FL 30.8 41.8 47.1 50.6 46.8 42.6 35.9 35.8 39.1 4

235 TAMPA FL 39.6 49.8 52.4 54.4 49.9 40.6 35.7 35.4 37.2 4

238 TOPEKA KA 19.2 28.5 34.4 44.3 46.4 53.4 63.2 58.5 44.1 3

241 TUCSON AZ 46.9 61.6 71.7 83.1 87.4 95.6 82.0 77.9 73.8 6

245 WASHINGTON DC 14.0 22.8 30.5 38.2 39.9 46.6 46.5 43.0 36.6 2

250 WINNEMUCCA NV 21.3 35.3 44.9 52.5 60.2 68.5 86.8 81.5 58.2 4

251 WINSLOW AZ 36.2 50.9 61.7 70.7 76.3 84.9 76.1 72.6 63.8 5

253 YUMA AZ 48.4 65.7 75.8 88.0 93.5 101.3 97.2 97.0 89.3 7

79
Table A21.—Percent fuel savings for a direct-fired 30-mbf kiln (packages stacked two high) with insulated nighttime

roof and south wall collector surfaces (for use with table A9)

JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUN JUL AUG SEP O

4 ALBUQUERQUE NM 26.4 35.6 47.4 59.1 64.0 72.4 69.3 64.4 52.9 40

6 AMARILLO TX 24.3 31.4 41.5 52.1 53.3 61.6 63.0 57.3 44.6 35

14 ASTORIA OR 1.9 7.4 10.6 19.7 23.6 19.7 21.5 27.0 18.7 9

15 ATLANTA GA 14.4 20.5 29.9 39.5 38.0 39.0 34.5 35.0 28.7 29

22 BATON ROUGE LA 17.9 25.1 32.9 39.4 39.6 40.7 33.2 32.6 31.1 31

25 BILLINGS MT 4.9 12.3 23.9 30.0 36.7 47.5 64.3 59.1 33.9 22

27 BIRMINGHAM AL 1 4 . 2 20.8 29.9 38.9 38.9 39.7 35.9 35.5 31.3 28

28 BISMARCK ND . 6 7.9 20.5 25.7 34.4 41.8 52.4 48.1 27.8 15

30 BOISE ID 6.6 16.2 27.9 41.1 52.1 59.4 75.7 69.2 47.5 27

31 BOSTON MA 5.5 10.5 16.3 25.5 28.6 35.0 35.9 31.2 25.0 17

33 BROWNSVILLE TX 22.5 28.8 35.2 38.8 39.8 44.9 48.5 46.9 39.7 35

36 BURNS OR 5.1 13.8 21.7 33.7 40.2 46.5 63.4 59.5 38.3 20

37 CAPE HATTERAS NC 14.4 20.8 29.2 38.9 39.3 40.1 37.8 33.8 34.0 26

38 CARIBOU ME - . 1 6.5 18.4 20.6 21.9 25.0 26.0 24.3 11.4 5

41 CHARLESTON SC 16.9 22.9 31.7 40.4 38.9 37.0 35.5 29.5 29.2 27

42 CHARLESTON WV 4.6 9.2 17.7 30.0 31.1 34.2 30.1 27.6 23.8 19

43 CHARLOTTE NC 15.1 21.3 30.3 40.4 38.7 40.9 38.8 35.7 30.1 27

45 CHERRY POINT NC 17.0 23.7 31.4 39.9 38.0 36.9 35.6 30.9 31.6 27

44 CHATTANOOGA TN 10.7 15.8 24.8 35.2 33.3 36.1 34.0 32.3 25.9 23

48 CLEVELAND OH . 6 4.8 11.8 25.9 30.1 36.1 37.2 31.9 23.1 15

50 COLUMBIA MO 10.0 15.9 23.0 33.1 38.1 45.1 51.9 44.0 32.7 24

52 COLUMBUS OH 3.6 8.0 15.0 27.6 29.8 35.1 34.3 34.8 23.2 18

53 CONCORD NH 2.4 6.5 16.0 23.3 25.2 28.5 28.0 26.5 15.1 12

62 DENVER CO 23.1 30.3 39.2 46.5 51.2 59.8 64.2 61.6 47.5 34

66 DODGE CITY MA 19.0 25.5 33.5 44.1 46.1 58.8 64.5 56.2 42.3 30

72 EL PASO TX 32.9 43.2 57.2 68.2 71.5 80.4 69.4 67.7 54.7 47

74 ELY NV 17.7 25.9 38.9 42.7 46.5 53.1 58.5 58.3 43.8 31

81 FORT SMITH A R 15.5 21.9 29.9 38.6 41.3 47.9 52.6 47.7 35.9 28

83 FORT WORTH TX 18.0 25.1 33.6 36.9 38.6 50.2 57.9 53.0 40.7 31

84 FRESNO CA 12.8 24.4 37.8 48.7 57.0 66.4 75.9 70.2 56.0 38

86 GLASGOW MT - 1.7 6.2 18.2 27.4 34.7 43.9 55.3 52.9 29.3 16

88 GRAND JUNCTION CO 16.9 26.2 37.6 48.0 58.6 71.0 72.7 69.2 50.4 34

92 GREEN BAY WI 1.0 6.7 19.0 26.7 29.2 37.0 38.7 34.5 20.5 13

93 GREENSBORO NC - 14.1 20.0 29.0 38.4 37.5 39.7 37.2 33.2 29.3 24

96 HARRISBURG PA 7.2 12.1 19.8 30.5 32.0 37.3 38.4 34.4 24.6 18

101 HOUSTON TX 16.8 24.5 29.3 33.0 38.6 39.5 37.3 34.8 32.2 29

102 HURON SD 1.5 7.5 19.4 29.5 35.9 44.6 54.6 50.6 31.5 20

103 INDIANAPOLIS IN 5.1 10.8 16.7 28.2 31.5 37.9 37.5 34.5 26.1 19

104 INTRNTNAL FALLS MN - 5.7 1.9 13.5 23.4 28.6 35.4 39.5 33.5 15.6 7

107 JACKSON MS 16.0 23.6 31.9 38.9 41.4 43.4 40.2 36.7 33.6 30

108 JACKSONVILLE FL 23.2 30.1 38.1 43.2 41.1 37.3 33.4 31.1 29.8 27

115 LANDER WY 19.7 28.7 41.0 43.7 45.0 56.5 62.1 63.4 41.4 30

116 LANSING MI 4.5 11.1 18.9 24.1 34.7 41.6 43.5 40.9 27.6 18

118 LAS VEGAS NV 27.8 39.3 52.9 67.4 78.1 90.6 91.1 86.4 70.4 50

123 LITTLE ROCK AR 14.5 21.7 29.1 35.9 40.7 48.2 46.9 44.0 35.9 29

125 LOS ANGELES CA 26.5 34.3 40.4 45.5 39.7 37.8 44.1 43.0 37.0 32

126 LOUISVILLE K Y 7.2 12.2 20.2 32.2 33.4 38.7 38.5 37.2 27.8 22

132 MADISON WI 4.3 10.8 21.9 25.6 30.1 38.6 39.6 36.8 22.3 16

80
Table A21.—Percent fuel savings for a direct-fired 30-mbf kiln (packages stacked two high) with insulated nighttime

roof and south wall collector surfaces (for use with table A9)—con.

JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUN JUL AUG SEP OCT 

135 MASSENA NY -.2 4.9 18.7 27.7 31.9 40.3 41.9 35.0 22.9 12.8 

137 MEDFORD OR 3.3 13.2 21.4 33.6 41.8 50.2 65.3 60.0 40.8 21.2 

138 MEMPHIS TN 13.0 19.9 28.5 38.1 40.4 45.5 45.7 42.9 34.2 29.3 

140 MIAMI FL 30.7 37.3 41.7 45.9 38.4 31.6 30.8 30.8 28.6 31.1 

141 MIDLAND TX 30.3 38.2 51.3 59.6 62.2 69.5 67.3 62.5 47.5 40.5 144 MINN - ST. PAUL MN . 7 7.9 19.0 27.2 32.4 40.1 45.5 39.9 24.4 15.1 

146 MISSOULA MT - 2.4 4.8 13.2 25.0 31.5 36.0 54.6 48.0 26.2 11.8 

147 MOBILE AL 19.9 27.2 33.7 39.7 39.7 40.0 33.4 30.7 30.8 31.4 

148 MOLINE IL 5.0 11.7 18.7 29.4 33.7 42.8 44.5 39.1 28.3 20.6 

149 MONTGOMERY AL 16.5 23.2 31.6 40.0 39.3 41.2 36.1 34.7 32.0 30.3 

150 MT. SHASTA CA 8.7 16.7 26.0 37.4 45.0 51.9 66.0 59.9 42.6 27.4 

152 NASHVILLE TN 8.0 14.2 22.6 34.8 37.3 41.3 41.1 37.5 30.3 25.1 

158 NEW YORK NY 6.4 9.9 18.4 28.5 31.2 34.5 37.8 34.6 25.0 19.4 

161 NORTH OMAHA NE 9.9 15.7 23.5 33.2 39.0 48.8 53.7 45.3 30.7 22.1 

163 OAKLAND CA 17.0 26.2 34.5 42.5 44.1 44.4 40.6 40.8 38.9 29.8 

165 OKLAHOMA CITY OK 17.2 23.3 32.5 40.5 40.5 49.6 56.0 53.2 38.6 29.1 172 PENDLETON OR 2.0 9.1 19.5 31.5 42.4 51.2 69.1 62.8 41.4 20.0 

175 PHOENIX AZ 30.3 42.0 53.2 70.2 79.2 89.1 86.3 85.6 68.2 50.9 

178 PITTSBURGH PA 9.9 12.8 23.0 31.6 36.4 45.3 45.3 41.7 35.0 23.4 

179 POCATELLO ID 7.0 18.0 28.5 38.8 48.8 57.4 71.5 67.1 44.2 27.7 

182 PORTLAND ME 2.8 7.2 15.9 21.5 22.3 27.7 26.7 26.1 16.5 12.1 

187 PUEBLO CO 22.3 27.9 37.4 47.7 49.6 62.0 64.4 61.3 46.3 34.6 

192 RAPID CTY SD 7.1 14.9 25.3 31.2 36.3 46.3 58.4 56.1 36.0 24.1 

194 RENO NV 19.2 28.1 40.4 50.2 56.5 61.7 69.3 66.9 50.2 35.9 

196 RICHMOND VA 11.1 16.7 25.6 35.6 35.5 38.5 35.7 33.0 28.3 22.0 

198 ROANOKE VA 11.9 17.0 26.4 36.2 34.8 37.3 35.9 31.7 26.5 23.8 

200 ROCHESTER NY -.7 1.8 10.3 25.0 27.4 34.9 34.5 30.3 19.4 11.5 

206 SALEM OR 1.7 8.6 14.9 26.4 31.1 33.6 46.3 42.1 30.1 13.4 

207 SALT LAKE CITY UT 12.1 21.1 33.1 43.4 54.8 63.6 77.3 73.6 50.5 31.6 

209 SAN ANTONIO TX 22.4 29.2 36.0 38.2 39.9 46.4 50.8 47.0 39.9 33.0 

210 SAN DIEGO CA 28.3 36.1 42.8 46.7 39.3 36.0 40.6 44.1 39.1 35.4 

214 SAVANNAH GA 23.8 29.9 37.2 45.6 46.2 43.9 41.1 39.5 34.1 31.5 

215 SAULT ST. MARIE MI - 3.7 1.1 14.6 21.0 25.2 28.6 29.4 26.6 11.4 5.2 

217 SCOTTS BLUFF NE 12.6 19.1 26.2 34.8 39.3 50.8 59.1 54.4 36.7 25.7 218 SEATTLE WA 1.5 6.9 16.0 28.2 36.0 36.9 42.7 36.9 25.9 11.0 

219 SHERIDAN WY 5.4 12.9 23.5 28.9 35.0 43.6 58.7 58.7 32.2 20.9 

220 SHREVEPORT LA 19.8 24.0 33.5 40.1 43.6 43.9 48.0 45.4 36.6 31.2 225 SPOKANE WA - . 1 8.5 16.7 28.8 39.3 44.2 62.6 56.5 35.0 15.6 

226 SPRINGFIELD IL 8.0 15.0 20.6 31.7 37.0 45.7 48.8 42.1 33.8 24.0 

227 SPRINGFIELD MO 12.3 17.9 25.4 36.4 37.6 44.8 48.6 44.7 33.5 25.6 

234 TALLAHASSEE FL 21.8 28.7 36.2 42.7 40.9 38.2 32.3 31.3 32.6 31.8 

235 TAMPA FL 28.5 34.6 40.6 45.9 43.8 37.0 32.6 31.5 31.6 34.0 

738 TOPEKA KA 12.5 18.3 25.6 36.8 39.7 46.6 54.9 49.5 36.0 26.6 

241 TUCSON AZ 33.3 42.6 54.8 68.7 75.0 83.7 71.3 66.8 60.5 50.2 

245 WASHINGTON DC 8.8 14.3 22.5 32.2 34.4 40.9 40.8 36.8 30.1 22.4 

250 WINNEMUCCA NV 13.9 23.0 33.4 43.8 52.0 60.8 76.1 70.4 48.6 31.8 251 WINSLOW AZ 25.3 34.7 47.0 59.0 66.0 75.1 66.9 62.9 53.3 41.4 

253 YUMA AZ 34.3 45.5 57.7 72.0 79.5 87.9 83.2 81.5 72.2 54.0 

¶ U .S.G O VERNM ENT PRINTING O FFIC E:1986/641 044/20042 #20625A 81