19-1279

Moreno-Godoy v. Kartagener 

1 IN THE

2 United States Court of Appeals

3 For the Second Circuit

4 ________

5 AUGUST TERM, 2020

6

7 ARGUED: JUNE 2, 2021

8 DECIDED: JULY 30, 2021

9

10 No. 19-1279

11

12 LUIS FELIPE MORENO-GODOY,

13 Plaintiff-Appellant,

14

15 v.

16

17 STEVEN R. KARTAGENER, ESQ.,

18 Defendant-Cross-Claimant-Appellee,

19

20 GALLET DREYER & BERKEY, LLP.,

21 Defendant-Counter-Defendant-Appellee,

22

23 ROGER L. STAVIS, ESQ.,

24 Defendant-Appellee,

25

26 ________

27

28 Appeal from the United States District Court

29 For the Southern District of New York.

30 14-CV-07082 – Paul Engelmayer, District Judge. 31

32 ________

33

34
19-1279

Moreno-Godoy v. Kartagener 

2

Before: CALABRESI, MENASHI, Circuit Judges, AND COTE, District Judge.1 1

2 ________

3

4 Luis Felipe Moreno-Godoy and Monzer Al Kassar retained attorney Roger 

5 L. Stavis of Gallet Dreyer & Berkey (“GDB”) for a flat fee of $125,000 to represent 

6 them in a criminal appeal. Seeking additional legal support, they also retained

7 attorney Steven Kartagener for a flat fee of $100,000. Al Kassar’s wife, Raghdaa 

8 Habbal, transferred both fees to the attorneys. Moreno-Godoy, Al Kassar, and 

9 Habbal all assert that the $100,000 transferred to Kartagener belonged to 

10 Moreno-Godoy. Then, when Kartagener was unable to work on the appeal, 

11 Moreno-Godoy asked for the money back. Instead, Kartagener transferred it to 

12 Stavis, who kept it. Moreno-Godoy subsequently initiated this action, alleging

13 breach of contract and quasi-contract claims. The district court granted summary 

14 judgment to all three defendants, GDB, Stavis, and Kartagener. 

15 We conclude that the district court erred in granting summary judgment to 

16 defendants on Moreno-Godoy’s breach-of-contract claim because, under New 

17 York law, Moreno-Godoy can maintain a breach-of-contract claim without any 

18 showing that the $100,000 belonged to him. Although Moreno-Godoy’s quasi19 contract claims against Stavis and GDB do require a showing that he owned the 

20 money, we further conclude that the district court erred in granting summary 

21 judgment to those defendants on those claims because there is sufficient evidence 

22 in the record from which a jury could conclude that the money indeed belonged 

23 to Moreno-Godoy. Finally, we hold that summary judgment for Stavis in his 

24 individual capacity was also inappropriate. 

25 We therefore VACATE the grants of summary judgment to GDB, Stavis, 

26 and Kartagener and REMAND for proceedings consistent with this opinion. 

27

1 Judge Denise Cote, of the United States District Court for the Southern District of New 

York, sitting by designation. 
19-1279

Moreno-Godoy v. Kartagener 

3

1

2 JOHN M. TANSKI, Axinn, Veltrop & Harkrider LLP (Drew A. Hiller, 

3 Craig M. Reiser, on the brief), in support of Plaintiff-Appellant.

4 DAVID A. ROBINSON, Esq., in support of Defendant-Appellee Steven R. 

5 Kartagener, Esq.

6 DAVID S. DOUGLAS, Gallet Dryer & Berkey LLP (Jared B. Foley, on the 

7 brief), in support of Defendants-Appellees Gallete Dreyer & Berkey, LLP 

8 and Roger L. Stavis, Esq. 

9

10

11 CALABRESI, Circuit Judge: 

12 After a jury convicted them of several federal crimes, Plaintiff-Appellant 

13 Felipe Moreno-Godoy and Monzer Al Kassar entered into two separate retainer 

14 agreements for appellate legal services. The first stipulated that the law firm 

15 Gallet Dreyer & Berkey LLP (“GDB”) would provide them both with “all post16 verdict legal services” for a flat fee of $125,000 (“GDB Agreement”). JA 217. All 

17 agree that the $125,000 paid to GDB belonged to Al Kassar. When Moreno18 Godoy expressed interest in adding an additional lawyer to their team, Moreno19 Godoy and Al Kassar brought on Steven R. Kartagener as additional counsel at 

20 the suggestion of GDB partner Roger L. Stavis. They signed a second retainer 

21 agreement (“Kartagener Agreement”) providing that Kartagener would 

22 represent both men in post-verdict legal proceedings for a flat fee of $100,000. 

23 Because both men were in prison, Al Kassar’s wife Raghdaa Habbal handled the 

24 payment to the respective attorneys. Moreno-Godoy, Al Kassar, and Habbal all 

25 assert that the $100,000 paid to Kartagener belonged to Moreno-Godoy.
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Moreno-Godoy v. Kartagener 

4

1 But Kartagener never provided any legal services. Nor did he return the

2 $100,000 fee, as Moreno-Godoy requested. Instead, he transferred it to Stavis, 

3 who in due course remitted them to GDB.

4 Moreno-Godoy brought this lawsuit. He alleged breach of contract against 

5 Stavis, GDB, and Kartagener, as well as quasi-contract claims for unjust 

6 enrichment, money had and received, and constructive trust against Stavis and 

7 GDB. The district court (Engelmayer, J.) believed that Moreno-Godoy’s claims all

8 turned on whether he could prove ownership of the $100,000, because otherwise, 

9 Moreno-Godoy could not prove that he was damaged by the defendants’ breach.

10 The district court did not find enough admissible evidence in the record for the 

11 question of Moreno-Godoy’s ownership of the money to reach a jury, and so 

12 granted summary judgment to defendants. 

13 We see things differently. To prove damages for his breach-of-contract 

14 claim, Moreno-Godoy did not need to make any showing that he owned the 

15 $100,000. See Markson v. Markson’s Furniture Stores, 195 N.E. 824, 826 (N.Y. 1935).

16 Rather, he was entitled to expectation damages, so long as he could “show a 

17 stable foundation for a reasonable estimate” of Kartagener’s services. Tractebel 

18 Energy Mktg., Inc. v. AEP Power Mktg., Inc., 487 F.3d 89, 110 (2d Cir. 2007); see also

19 Freund v. Washington Square Press, Inc., 34 N.Y.2d 379, 383 (1974) (articulating the 

20 “stable foundation for reasonable estimate” standard); Broadway Photoplay Co. v. 

21 World Film Corp., 225 N.Y. 104, 109 (1919) (requiring “some basis of computation” 

22 for expectation damages).

23 To prevail on his quasi-contract claims, however, Moreno-Godoy did need 

24 to prove that he owned the $100,000. On our de novo review of the record, we find 
19-1279

Moreno-Godoy v. Kartagener 

5

1 sufficient evidence for these claims to proceed. If Moreno-Godoy can convince a 

2 jury that he owned the funds paid to Kartagener, he may prevail on the quasi3 contract claims against Stavis and GDB, assuming, of course, that he can also

4 satisfy the other elements of those claims. 

5 Finally, the district court granted summary judgment to Stavis in his 

6 personal capacity on the grounds that New York Partnership Law § 26(a) shields 

7 him from personal liability. Based on the record before us, we believe a jury 

8 could find that Stavis committed a “wrongful act or misconduct” for which he 

9 could be held personally liable under New York Partnership Law § 26(b). 

10 We therefore VACATE the district court’s grants of summary judgment to 

11 GDP, Kartagener, and Stavis, and REMAND for proceedings consistent with this 

12 opinion.

13 BACKGROUND

14 A. Factual Background

15 In November of 2008, a federal jury convicted Felipe Moreno-Godoy and 

16 Monzer Al Kassar of several criminal charges, including conspiracy to kill 

17 officers and employees of the United States, and money laundering. They asked 

18 their trial counsel, Roger L. Stavis, Esq., of the firm Gallet Dreyer & Berkey 

19 (“GDB”) to represent both of them in all post-conviction proceedings. While 

20 incarcerated, Moreno-Godoy and Al Kassar signed a retainer agreement to that 

21 effect; it provided that GDB would represent both of them for a flat fee of 

22 $125,000 (“GDB Agreement”). Al Kassar’s family transferred the money to GDB 

23 without incident. 
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Moreno-Godoy v. Kartagener 

6

1 Around that time, Moreno-Godoy indicated that he wanted additional 

2 legal support for the appeal, so Stavis suggested that Moreno-Godoy also retain

3 Stavis’s friend, attorney Steven R. Kartagener. On that advice, Moreno-Godoy 

4 and Al Kassar signed a second retainer agreement with Kartagener, which 

5 provided that Kartagener, for a flat fee of $100,000, would represent both of them

6 in post-verdict legal proceedings (“Kartagener Agreement”). Raghdaa Habbal, 

7 Al Kassar’s wife, sent the money to Kartagener from her personal account at a 

8 bank in Beirut, Lebanon. 

9 Moreno-Godoy claims that the $100,000 fee for Kartagener’s services 

10 belonged to him. He says that it came out of his savings, and that Habbal 

11 transferred it to Kartagener on his behalf. Al Kassar and Habbal both testified 

12 that the money belonged to Moreno-Godoy, and no one else claims to have 

13 owned the money. 

14 Kartagener, unable to obtain a security clearance to review classified 

15 materials relevant to the case, did not provide the bargained-for appellate 

16 services. Before discussing it with his clients, Kartagener transferred $90,000 of 

17 his retainer to GDB. Moreno-Godoy requested that Kartagener return the 

18 retainer fee, but Kartagener did not respond. Instead, Kartagener transferred the 

19 remaining $10,000 to Stavis. 

20 Moreno-Godoy wrote to Stavis for an explanation. “I believe that there is 

21 an error,” wrote Moreno-Godoy, “because we signed a contract of agreement on 

22 December 9, 2008, where you were to represent us as primary counsel on our 

23 defense. On the subsequent month, I decided to have additional help and a 

24 different opinion of someone that would provide with new ideas. . . . 
19-1279

Moreno-Godoy v. Kartagener 

7

1 [U]ltimately, I accepted your suggestion to hire your friend Mr. Steven 

2 Kartagener on basis you continue to be primary counsel in the defense." JA 162-

3 163.

4 Stavis responded, “I always considered you my ‘client’ even if Steven 

5 Kartagener was coming in to work with me on your case.” JA 163. He told 

6 Moreno-Godoy, “Mr. Kartagener has refunded the retainer to me and I am using 

7 it to represent you on this appeal.” JA 163. When pressed further, Stavis and 

8 GDB expressly refused to return the $100,000 to Moreno-Godoy. 

9 For his part, Al Kassar repeatedly asked Stavis to return the money to 

10 Moreno-Godoy, visit Moreno-Godoy in prison, and establish a new contract with 

11 him in light of Kartagener’s inability to participate. Instead, Stavis never visited 

12 Moreno-Godoy or spoke to him by phone about the Kartagener fee. Neither 

13 party suggests that Stavis and Moreno-Godoy entered into a separate agreement 

14 which would entitle Stavis to an additional $100,000.

15 B. Procedural Background

16 Proceeding pro se, Moreno-Godoy initiated this action on August 4, 2014. 

17 He pled claims for breach of contract, breach of fiduciary duty, and malpractice.

18 After the district court granted Defendants’ motions to dismiss the fiduciary 

19 duty and malpractice claims—but not the breach-of-contract claim—Moreno20 Godoy obtained counsel and filed an amended complaint, pleading claims for

21 breach of contract against Stavis, GDB, and Kartagener, as well as quasi-contract 

22 claims for unjust enrichment, money had and received, and constructive trust 

23 against Stavis and GDB. 
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Moreno-Godoy v. Kartagener 

8

1 The parties cross-moved for summary judgment. Defendants argued that 

2 without proof of ownership, Moreno-Godoy could not prove damages and 

3 therefore could not proceed. In turn, Moreno-Godoy argued that it was not 

4 necessary for him to prove ownership, but alternatively, that he had proven 

5 ownership as a matter of law.

6 The court determined that in order to prevail on any of his claims, 

7 Moreno-Godoy would need to prove that he in fact owned the disputed money. 

8 The court understood Moreno-Godoy to be seeking only restitution damages, in 

9 other words, to have the $100,000 returned to him. On the district court’s theory, 

10 Moreno-Godoy could not seek restitution of money that was never his to begin 

11 with. To that end, it found that Moreno-Godoy and Al Kasser’s deposition 

12 testimony would be insufficient to establish Moreno-Godoy’s ownership because 

13 neither of them had been a percipient witness to the transfer. The court noted,

14 however, that Moreno-Godoy had also submitted a declaration from Habbal, 

15 who could potentially testify about the transfer from her personal knowledge, 

16 and thus provide a basis to find that the money did belong to Moreno-Godoy. 

17 With that possibility left open, the district court denied summary judgment to 

18 GDB, Kartagener, and Moreno-Godoy. 

19 At the same time, however, the district court granted summary judgment 

20 for defendant Stavis. Citing New York Partnership Law § 26(b), it found that 

21 Stavis was acting in his capacity as a GDB partner in a limited liability 

22 partnership when he requested and accepted the $100,000 from Kartagener, and

23 that he was therefore immune from liability in his personal capacity. 
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Moreno-Godoy v. Kartagener 

9

1 In the lead-up to trial, Moreno-Godoy sought leave for Habbal, who lives in 

2 Spain, to provide her trial testimony by a pretrial video deposition. The court 

3 granted the motion, and Habbal testified that she had sold Moreno-Godoy’s cars 

4 and “put the money for him.” JA 637. She, however, said that she eventually 

5 gave that money to Moreno-Godoy’s daughters and suggested that the money 

6 paid to Kartagener instead came out of savings Moreno-Godoy had accrued over 

7 years of working for Alkaport, Al Kassar’s company. Despite this possible 

8 inconsistency, Habbal emphasized her belief that the money belonged to 

9 Moreno-Godoy. She said that Al Kassar had called her to tell her “that this is 

10 money for Felipe, belong to Felipe.” JA 644. Later she spoke directly to Moreno11 Godoy, who “talked to me and said the name of the lawyer to transfer the money 

12 to him.” Id. 

13 In view of Habbal’s testimony, defendants moved in limine to exclude her 

14 testimony as to the ownership of the $100,000, and also moved for summary 

15 judgment a second time. They argued that Habbal’s testimony was inadmissible

16 hearsay because the only source of her knowledge regarding who owned the 

17 money was conversations with her husband. Moreno-Godoy countered that 

18 Habbal was competent to testify about the ownership of the funds, and that other 

19 admissible evidence supported his claim to it as well. The district court agreed 

20 with the defendants. It excluded Habbal’s testimony on the grounds that it

21 would be inadmissible if offered for its truth value. And, absent Habbal’s 

22 testimony, the court found that Moreno-Godoy could not maintain any of his 

23 claims. 
19-1279

Moreno-Godoy v. Kartagener 

10

1 The district court concluded that the remaining evidence in the record was 

2 insufficient to support Moreno-Godoy’s claim to the money. It noted that his 

3 theory of ownership had changed: Before Habbal’s deposition, Moreno-Godoy 

4 had maintained that he instructed members of the Al Kassar family to sell some 

5 valuable assets, like cars and watches, to pay for his legal defense. Al Kassar’s 

6 testimony and Habbal’s initial declaration advanced the same theory. After 

7 Habbal’s deposition, however, Moreno-Godoy’s ownership theory changed to 

8 suggest that Moreno-Godoy had earned the money as an Alkaport employee. 

9 As a result, the district court determined that the record contained 

10 insufficient admissible evidence to support Moreno-Godoy’s ownership claim. 

11 Without proof of ownership, the district court reasoned, Moreno-Godoy could 

12 not prove that defendants’ breach damaged him, and hence granted summary 

13 judgment to defendants on all of the remaining claims. 

14 On appeal, Moreno-Godoy argues that the district court erred in granting 

15 summary judgment to the defendants and in denying him summary judgment. 

16 He contends that New York law does not require him to prove ownership to 

17 maintain a breach-of-contract claim. In the alternative, he argues that even if 

18 proof of ownership were required, the record supports his claim that the money 

19 was his. Finally, he argues that Stavis should be reinstated as a defendant 

20 because he is personally and fully liable under New York Partnership law. 

21 Defendants do not here contest the underlying breach of contract. They 

22 instead mount a defense based on the purported necessity of determining whose 

23 $100,000 paid Kartagener’s fee. For the following reasons, we agree with 

24 Moreno-Godoy.
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Moreno-Godoy v. Kartagener 

11

1 DISCUSSION

2 It is tempting to boil this case down to one question: Who owns the 

3 $100,000 that Habbal paid to Kartagener? But that would be a mistake. Under 

4 New York law, Moreno-Godoy can maintain a breach-of-contract claim without 

5 any showing that he owned the $100,000. His additional quasi-contract claims for 

6 unjust enrichment, money had and received, and constructive trust, however, do 

7 require such proof. And we find that the record contains sufficient admissible 

8 evidence from which a jury could determine that Moreno-Godoy owned the 

9 funds, and hence that he may pursue these quasi-contract claims. We also find 

10 sufficient evidence in the record from which a jury could conclude that Stavis can 

11 be held personally liable for refusing to return funds that did not belong to him 

12 or to his firm.

13 We review a district court’s grant of summary judgment de novo. ING 

14 Bank N.V. v. M/V TEMARA, IMO No. 9333929, 892 F.3d 511, 518 (2d Cir. 2018).

15 “Summary judgment is properly granted when there is no genuine issue of 

16 material fact and one party is entitled to judgment as a matter of law.” Zalaski v. 

17 City Bridgeport Police Dep’t, 613 F.3d 336, 340 (2d Cir. 2010) (per curiam); see Fed. 

18 R. Civ. P. 56(a). A dispute about a “genuine issue” exists for summary judgment 

19 purposes where the evidence is such that a reasonable jury could decide in the 

20 nonmovant's favor. Beyer v. Cty. of Nassau, 524 F.3d 160, 163 (2d Cir. 2008). “[I]n 

21 assessing the record to determine whether there is a genuine issue to be tried as 

22 to any material fact, the court is required to resolve all ambiguities and draw all 

23 permissible factual inferences in favor of the party against whom summary 

24 judgment is sought.” Holcomb v. Iona College, 521 F.3d 130, 137 (2d Cir. 2008).
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Moreno-Godoy v. Kartagener 

12

1 A. Breach of Contract 

2 To prevail on a breach-of-contract claim in New York, a plaintiff must 

3 prove: “(1) the existence of a contract, (2) performance by the party seeking 

4 recovery, (3) nonperformance by the other party, and (4) damages attributable to 

5 the breach.” RCN Telecom Servs., Inc. v. 202 Ctr. St. Realty LLC., 156 F. App'x 349, 

6 350–51 (2d Cir. 2005); accord Riccio v. Genworth Fin., 124 N.Y.S.3d 370, 372 (App. 

7 Div. 2020). In this case, the only element in dispute is damages. The district court 

8 believed that Moreno-Godoy’s only path to proving damages was to show that 

9 he owned the $100,000. This was legal error.

10 Moreno-Godoy may pursue his breach-of-contract claim regardless of 

11 whether the funds belonged to him. Simply put, Moreno-Godoy and Al Kassar 

12 fulfilled their end of the bargain, but Kartagener did not. It follows that they may 

13 sue for breach of contract regardless of whether either of them owned the 

14 $100,000 consideration paid to Kartagener. See Markson v. Markson’s Furniture 

15 Stores, 195 N.E. 824, 826 (N.Y. 1935); see also 22 N.Y. Jur. 2d Contracts § 62; 3 

16 Williston on Contracts § 7:20 (4th ed.); Restatement (Second) of Contracts § 71(4).

17 Of course, Moreno-Godoy must still prove damages. In New York, it is 

18 well established that the non-breaching party may recover “general damages 

19 which are the natural and probable consequence of the breach.” Kenford Co. v.

20 Cty. of Erie, 73 N.Y.2d 312, 319 (N.Y. 1989). These direct damages are usually 

21 expectation damages, measured “by what it would take to put the non-breaching 

22 party in the same position that it would be in had the breaching party performed 

23 as promised under the contract.” Latham Land I, LLC v. TGI Friday’s, Inc., 948 

24 N.Y.S.2d 147, 151-52 (N.Y. App. Div. 2012) (citing J.R. Loftus, Inc. v. White, 85 
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Moreno-Godoy v. Kartagener 

13

1 N.Y.2d 874, 877 (N.Y. 1995); Simon v. Electrospace Corp., 28 N.Y.2d 136, 145 (N.Y. 

1971); Restatement [Second] of Contracts § 347). 2 2

3 The district court seemed to believe that Moreno-Godoy was not damaged 

4 by Kartagener’s breach because his merits appeal of his original conviction was 

5 unsuccessful. But even if Kartagener’s performance “would [not] have done” 

6 Moreno-Godoy “any good” in hindsight, that does not negate Moreno-Godoy’s

7 ability to demonstrate expectation damages.

8 In New York, “the general rule is that damages for breach of contract are 

9 computed at the time of breach.” J.M. Rodriguez & Co. v. Moore-McCormack Lines, 

10 Inc., 299 N.E.2d 243, 244 (N.Y. 1973). In other words, a party’s “breach and the 

11 loss caused [is] fixed and determined . . . [when] plaintiff’s cause of action 

12 accrued.” Simon v. Electrospace Corp., 269 N.E.2d 21, 26 (N.Y. 1971). And it is from 

13 that “time when the value to him of defendant’s performance [is] to be 

14 measured” because “[i]t was then that plaintiff was to be made whole.” Id. As we

15 have previously noted, New York courts reject damages awards calculated with 

2 Although Moreno-Godoy’s submissions placed a greater emphasis on a theory of restitution 

damages, he has also offered a theory of expectation damages throughout this litigation. In 

his pro se complaint, for example, he wrote that he “wanted an additional third attorney with 

a fresh set of eyes to work ... on [the] appeal.” JA 26 (alterations omitted). He then explained 

that the defendants’ decision not to return the $100,000 left him “no money to hire additional 

Counsel” and this “forced [him] to let Stavis solely represent him on appeal.” JA 32. Indeed, 

the district court initially understood Moreno-Godoy to be advancing a theory of expectation 

damages. When it denied the defendants’ motions to dismiss, it concluded that that MorenoGodoy had “adequately plead[ed]” that Stavis and GDB’s breach “damaged Godoy by 

costing him $100,000 and by impeding Godoy’s ability to use that money to choose and hire a 

different attorney.” JA 80 (emphasis added).
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Moreno-Godoy v. Kartagener 

14

1 the benefit of hindsight. See Lucente v. IBM Corp., 310 F.3d 243, 262 (2d Cir. 2002) 

2 (quoting Aroneck v. Atkin, 456 N.Y.S.2d 558, 559 (App. Div. 1982)).

3 In this case, Moreno-Godoy was deprived of Kartagener’s legal assistance, 

4 and he is entitled to damages for the value of those services if he can “show a 

5 stable foundation for a reasonable estimate” of that value. Tractebel Energy Mktg., 

6 Inc. v. AEP Power Mktg., Inc., 487 F.3d 89, 110 (2d Cir. 2007) (interpreting New 

7 York law). And this remains true even if we believe that Kartagener’s services 

8 would not have changed the outcome of Moreno-Godoy’s appeal. See

9 Chamberlain v. Parker, 45 N.Y. 569, 572 (1871) (providing that even when “it could 

10 be seen that performance would have not benefited” a party who contracted for 

11 construction services on his land, that party “would be entitled to recover the 

12 value of the work and labor which the defendant was to perform, although the 

thing to be produced had no marketable value”).3 13

14 While the bulk of our analysis focuses on Moreno-Godoy’s legal 

15 arguments, we pause to address Stavis and GDB’s implicit argument that they 

3 It is worth noting that New York law permits intended third-party beneficiaries to pursue 

breach-of-contract claims under certain circumstances. Hence, even if Moreno-Godoy was not a 

party to the Kartagener Agreement, which he is, and thus the money clearly had not come from 

him, Moreno-Godoy still would have an avenue to maintain breach of contract against these 

defendants. Under New York law, an intended third-party beneficiary is found where “reliance 

by the beneficiary [is] both reasonable and probable.” Fourth Ocean Putnam Corp. v. Interstate 

Wrecking Co., 66 N.Y.2d 38, 44, (N.Y. 1985). Intended third-party beneficiaries may sue for 

breach of contract where the contract “expressly contemplates that [the defendant] will 

undertake an obligation . . . on behalf of the [plaintiffs].” Bayerische Landesbank, New York Branch 

v. Aladdin Cap. Mgmt. LLC, 692 F.3d 42, 57 (2d Cir. 2012). Moreno-Godoy could pass this test. At 

oral argument, Moreno-Godoy understandably rejected any arguments based on third-party 

beneficiary status, asserting forcefully his rights as a party to this contract.
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Moreno-Godoy v. Kartagener 

15

1 earned the $100,000 through legal services rendered, and therefore are entitled to 

2 keep it. Contract law principles suggest otherwise. Stavis agreed to represent 

3 Moreno-Godoy and Al Kassar on all post-verdict matters in their criminal case 

4 for a flat fee of $125,000. No one disputes that the fee was paid in full, nor do 

5 Stavis or GDB argue that they entered into a binding modification of that 

6 agreement with Moreno-Godoy and Al Kassar. The existence of the Kartagener 

7 Agreement does not change the terms of the GDB Agreement, which required 

8 Stavis to litigate the case in the Second Circuit in exchange for $125,000, no more 

9 and no less. And New York regulations prohibit unilateral changes in 

10 representation agreements. New York Rule of Professional Conduct 1.5(b).

11 B. Quasi-Contract Claims

12 In order to prevail on his additional claims, Moreno-Godoy must, 

13 however, prove that he owned the $100,000. As the district court recognized, his 

14 claims for unjust enrichment, money had, and constructive trust all sound in 

15 quasi-contract, a theory that “rests upon the equitable principle that a person 

16 shall not be allowed to enrich himself unjustly at the expense of another.” State v. 

17 Barclays Bank of N.Y., 563 N.E.2d 11, 15 (N.Y. 1990). In fact, “money had”

18 explicitly requires that the defendant “received money belonging to the 

19 plaintiff.” Aaron Ferer & Sons Ltd. v. Chase Manhattan Bank, Nat. Ass'n, 731 F.2d 

20 112, 125 (2d Cir. 1984) (citing Miller v. Schloss, 218 N.Y. 400, 409 (N.Y. 1916)). If 

21 Moreno-Godoy did not own the money, neither Stavis nor GDB could have been 

22 enriched “at the expense of” Moreno-Godoy by retaining these funds, and the 

23 quasi-contract claims would fail. Barclays Bank, 563 N.E.2d at 14-15 (dismissing 

24 the plaintiff’s claim for unjust enrichment because it “never acquired a property 
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Moreno-Godoy v. Kartagener 

16

1 interest in [the funds] and cannot be said to have suffered a loss”); see also Nat’l 

2 Bank of Com. v. Manufacturers’ & Traders’ Bank, 25 N.E. 355, 356 (N.Y. 1890) (“The 

3 action cannot be sustained as in effect one for money had and received, as it does 

4 not appear that defendant received moneys belonging to the plaintiff, or to 

5 which it was entitled.”).

6 i. Evidence of Ownership

7 On our review of the record, we find the admissible evidence supporting 

8 Moreno-Godoy’s claim that he owned the funds to be sufficient for his quasi9 contract claims to reach a jury. The district court held that neither Moreno10 Godoy nor Al Kassar were “competent” to testify as to ownership because they 

11 were in prison at the time of the transfer and therefore lacked first-hand 

12 knowledge. But regardless of where they were at the time of the transfer, it does 

13 not follow that they could not offer admissible testimony that the jury could 

14 consider in determining where the funds originated. A rule to the contrary could

15 bar incarcerated people from providing valuable testimony based on their first16 hand knowledge simply because some subsequent events transpired outside 

17 prison walls. And of course there is no rule requiring any one witness to provide 

18 a complete universe of evidence supporting a party’s claim. 

19 Defendants make much of the fact that Moreno-Godoy submitted 

20 conflicting evidence about which of his assets generated the $100,000 transfer. It 

21 is certainly true that Moreno-Godoy at one time suggested that it came from 

22 money that Al Kassar’s family acquired by selling his property, and that he also 

23 suggested that he earned the money by working for Al Kassar, who simply held 
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Moreno-Godoy v. Kartagener 

17

1 it for him. Throughout this litigation, however, Moreno-Godoy has maintained

that the money was his and a reasonable jury could believe that it was.4 2

3 Moreno-Godoy provided various sworn statements that in different 

4 degrees support his direct ownership testimony. First, in his initial sworn 

5 deposition, he testified that he asked Al Kassar’s family and associates to sell 

6 some of his possessions in anticipation of future legal fees. Second, Al Kassar 

7 also testified that “the $100,000 came from the selling of property.” JA 499.

8 Third, Moreno-Godoy argued in his initial motion for summary judgment 

9 that the funds paid to Kartagener included both his “past earnings as an 

10 employee of Al Kassar’s company, Alkaport . . . and the proceeds of sales of his 

11 assets.” Mem. of Law in Supp. of Pl.’s Mot. for Summary Judgment 4, Dist. Ct.

12 Dkt. No. 124. In support of the former claim, Moreno-Godoy pointed to the 

13 portion of his deposition where he testified that after he entered into an

14 employment contract with Alkaport and Al-Kassar addressed his salary, 

15 Moreno-Godoy told Al-Kassar to “just keep it, if I need anything, I’ll ask for it.” 

16 JA 351.

17 Fourth, while Habbal testified that she transferred the money from the sale 

18 of Moreno-Godoy’s cars to his daughters, she further testified that Al Kassar told 

19 her that Moreno-Godoy’s money which was to be transferred to Kartagener

4 Moreover, this is not a case in which the only evidence for Moreno-Godoy’s ownership of the 

funds is Moreno-Godoy’s own shifting testimony. We have observed that when earlier 

“testimony is contradicted by evidence other than the deponent’s subsequent affidavit, . . . the 

concern that the proffered issue of fact is a mere ‘sham’ is alleviated.” Palazzo ex rel. Delmage v. 

Corio, 232 F.3d 38, 43-44 (2d Cir. 2000). 
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Moreno-Godoy v. Kartagener 

18

1 stemmed from his work for Alkaport. Finally, she at one point suggested that she 

2 had also spoken directly to Moreno-Godoy in prison, who also asked that she 

3 transfer the money. She recalled Moreno-Godoy saying “transfer my money to 

4 [Kartagener].” Id. Even if Habbal’s testimony is inadmissible to prove that 

5 Moreno-Godoy owned the funds, it might be admissible to show that the only 

6 person who ever claimed ownership of the funds transferred to Kartagener was 

7 Moreno-Godoy.

8 Fifth, Moreno-Godoy offered a sworn declaration from Juan Rodriguez 

9 Ocaña, a lawyer and former business associate of Alkaport who said he had

10 personal knowledge that “Mr. Moreno-Godoy worked for Alkaport for about ten 

11 years. During that time, he did not draw a salary; instead the money he earned 

12 was put in savings for him by the Al Kassar family.” JA 274. Moreno-Godoy 

13 supported this assertion that he worked for Alkaport with documentary 

14 evidence, including a business card and work authorization, as well as a work 

contract listing him as a “salaried” employee of Habbal’s.5 15

5 Moreno-Godoy did not place Ocana on his list of proposed witnesses in the parties’ Proposed 

Joint Preliminary Pre-Trial Order, which was submitted after the district court initially denied 

the defendants’ motions for summary judgment. That omission does not justify the district 

court’s failure to address this sworn declaration when granting the defendants’ motion for 

summary judgment. The declaration was discussed in Moreno-Godoy’s summary judgment 

submissions, and the declaration does not suggest that the testimony it contains would be 

inadmissible at trial. The district court could have determined that Moreno-Godoy was not 

planning to call Ocana to testify at the trial only because of the unusual procedural posture of 

the case, which involved a second round of summary judgment motions subsequent to the 

parties’ trial preparations.
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Moreno-Godoy v. Kartagener 

19

1 Taken together, we find this evidence sufficient to create a genuine

2 question of fact as to Moreno-Godoy’s ownership of the relevant funds. 

3 Accordingly, that question must be decided by a jury.

4 C. Stavis’s Personal Liability 

5 Finally, we are not persuaded that Stavis may not be held personally 

6 liable in this case. New York Partnership Law § 26(2) generally shields partners 

7 in limited liability partnerships (“LLP”) from personal liability for actions taken 

8 as part of the course of the LLP’s business. Subsection (c), however, provides the 

9 following exception:

10 [E]ach partner, employee or agent of a partnership which is a 

11 registered limited liability partnership shall be personally and fully 

12 liable and accountable for any negligent or wrongful act or 

13 misconduct committed by him or her . . . while rendering 

14 professional services on behalf of such registered limited liability 

15 partnership.

16 If Moreno-Godoy’s allegations are true, Stavis refused to return funds that 

17 did not belong to him or to his firm. He also failed to provide a written 

18 engagement letter entitling him to the $100,000 after Kartagener dropped out. 

19 This may constitute unilateral changes to the scope of the agreed-to

20 representation in contravention of New York regulations. New York Rule of 

21 Professional Conduct 1.5(b) (requiring attorneys to communicate to a client “the 

22 scope of the representation” and “any changes in the scope of the representation 

23 or the basis or rate of the fee or expenses”). Moreover, these actions could qualify

24 as a “wrongful act or misconduct” for which Stavis may be personally liable even 
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Moreno-Godoy v. Kartagener 

20

1 if the actions did violate a specific rule of professional conduct. See Schuman v. 

2 Gallet, Dreyer & Berkey, L.L.P., 689 N.Y.S.2d 628, 629 (Sup. Ct. 1999) (holding that 

3 a partner in an LLP may be held personally liable for his role in “wrongfully 

4 disburs[ing]” a client’s funds), aff’d 719 N.Y.S.2d 864 (App. Div. 2001) (holding 

5 that these allegations “sufficiently state claims against” that partner 

6 “individually”).

7 That Stavis disbursed these funds to GDB and not to his personal bank 

8 account or that the Bar Disciplinary Committee did not discipline Stavis for these 

9 actions does not preclude his personal liability. See Scarborough v. Napoli, Kaiser & 

10 Bern, LLP, 880 N.Y.S.2d 800, 801-02 (App. Div. 2009) (holding that lawyers in an 

11 LLP may be held personally liable for specific “wrongful” conduct without 

12 discussing allegations that the lawyers personally benefited from the conduct or 

13 were disciplined as a result); Connolly v. Napoli, Kaiser & Bern, LLP, 817 N.Y.S.2d 

14 872, 874-75, 879 (Sup. Ct. 2006) (same). Furthermore, the Bar Disciplinary 

15 Committee made no factual findings regarding Moreno-Godoy’s complaint. It 

16 merely “determined to take no further action and closed the file.” JA 299.

17 Accordingly, we find that summary judgment for Stavis was unwarranted.

18 D. Kartagener’s Alternative Arguments

19 Kartagener argues that we may affirm the district court’s decision to grant 

20 summary judgment in his favor for two additional reasons. First, Kartagener 

21 contends that, pursuant to the impossibility doctrine, he is not liable for breach of 

22 contract because he was unable to obtain a security clearance to review classified 

23 materials relevant to Moreno-Godoy’s and Al Kassar’s appeal and therefore 

24 could not represent them in the appeal. We agree with the district court that
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Moreno-Godoy v. Kartagener 

21

1 summary judgment was not warranted on this ground. Even if the impossibility 

2 doctrine could “excuse [Kartagener] performance,” it could not relieve him

3 “from the obligation of repayment of the amount received.” Sokoloff v. Nat'l City 

4 Bank of N.Y, 204 N.Y.S. 69, 71 (App. Div. 1924); accord Univ. of Minn. v. Agbo, 673 

5 N.Y.S.2d 812, 813 (App. Term 1998). 

6 Second, Kartagener claims that he should face no consequences for his 

7 failure to return his retainer fee to Moreno-Godoy because he gave the funds to 

8 Stavis in his capacity as a lawyer—and therefore an agent—for Moreno-Godoy. 

9 Again, the district court correctly declined to grant summary judgment to

10 Kartagener on this ground. Even if Kartagener’s agency theory were sound as a 

11 general matter, at this stage of the litigation the record does not indicate that 

12 Kartagener gave the funds to Stavis because he believed Stavis was acting as an 

13 agent for Moreno-Godoy. To the contrary, the record suggests that Kartagener

14 had no intention that the funds be handled in accordance with Moreno-Godoy’s 

15 wishes. The record lacks evidence that Kartagener attempted to contact Moreno16 Godoy, his client, before he transferred $90,000 of the $100,000 retainer fee to 

17 Stavis, and Kartagener even admitted that he transferred the last $10,000 to 

18 Stavis after Moreno-Godoy sent him a letter demanding that he not return the fee 

19 to Stavis. 

20 Accordingly, we find that summary judgment for Kartagener is 

21 unwarranted.

22 CONCLUSION

23 We VACATE the district court’s decision and REMAND for further 

24 proceedings consistent with this opinion.