SUMMARY OF BIOLOGICAL INVESTIGATIONS 

RELATING TO WATER QUALITY IN THE 

WESTERN LAKE MICHIGAN DRAINAGES, 

WISCONSIN AND MICHIGAN

By Barbara C. Scudder, Daniel J. Sullivan, Stephen J. Rheaume, 

Scott R. Parsons, and Bernard N. Lenz

U.S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY 

Water-Resources Investigations Report 96-4263

NATIONAL WATER-QUALITY ASSESSMENT PROGRAM

Madison, Wisconsin 

1996
U.S. DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR 

BRUCE BABBITT, Secretary

U.S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY 

Gordon P. Eaton, Director

For additional information write to:

District Chief 

U.S. Geological Survey 

6417 Normandy Lane 

Madison, Wl 53719

Copies of this report can be purchased from:

U.S. Geolog cal Survey

Branch of Information Services

Box25286

Denver, CO 60225-0286
FOREWORD

The mission of the U.S. Geological Survey 

(USGS) is to assess the quantity and quality of the 

earth resources of the Nation and to provide information that will assist resource managers and policymakers at Federal, State, and local levels in making sound 

decisions. Assessment of water-quality conditions and 

trends is an important part of this overall mission.

One of the greatest challenges faced by waterresources scientists is acquiring reliable information 

that will guide the use and protection of the Nation's 

water resources. That challenge is being addressed by 

Federal, State, interstate, and local water-resource 

agencies and by many academic institutions. These 

organizations are collecting water-quality data for a 

host of purposes that include: compliance with permits 

and water-supply standards; development of remediation plans for specific contamination problems; operational decisions on industrial, wastewater, or watersupply facilities; and research on factors that affect 

water quality. An additional need for water-quality 

information is to provide a basis on which regionaland national-level policy decisions can be based. Wise 

decisions must be based on sound information. As a 

society we need to know whether certain types of 

water-quality problems are isolated or ubiquitous, 

whether there are significant differences in conditions 

among regions, whether the conditions are changing 

over time, and why these conditions change from 

place to place and over time. The information can be 

used to help determine the efficacy of existing waterquality policies and to help analysts determine the 

need for and likely consequences of new policies.

To address these needs, the U.S. Congress appropriated funds in 1986 for the USGS to begin a pilot program in seven project areas to develop and refine the 

National Water-Quality Assessment (NAWQA) Program. In 1991, the USGS began full implementation of 

the program. The NAWQA Program builds upon an 

existing base of water-quality studies of the USGS, as 

well as those of other Federal, State, and local agencies. 

The objectives of the NAWQA Program are to:

 Describe current water-quality conditions for a 

large part of the Nation's freshwater streams, 

rivers, and aquifers.

 Describe how water quality is changing over 

time.

 Improve understanding of the primary natural 

and human factors that affect water-quality 

conditions.

This information will help support the development 

and evaluation of management, regulatory, and monitoring decisions by other Federal, State, and local 

agencies to protect, use, and enhance water resources.

The goals of the NAWQA Program are being 

achieved through ongoing and proposed investigations 

of 60 of the Nation's most important river basins and 

aquifer systems, which are referred to as study units. 

These study units are distributed throughout the 

Nation and cover a diversity of hydrogeologic settings. 

More than two-thirds of the Nation's freshwater use 

occurs within the 60 study units and more than twothirds of the people served by public water-supply systems live within their boundaries.

National synthesis of data analysis, based on 

aggregation of comparable information obtained from 

the study units, is a major component of the program. 

This effort focuses on selected water-quality topics 

using nationally consistent information. Comparative 

studies will explain differences and similarities in 

observed water-quality conditions among study areas 

and will identify changes and trends and their causes. 

The first topics addressed by the national synthesis are 

pesticides, nutrients, volatile organic compounds, and 

aquatic biology. Discussions on these and other waterquality topics will be published in periodic summaries 

of the quality of the Nation's ground and surface water 

as the information becomes available.

This report is an element of the comprehensive 

body of information developed as part of the NAWQA 

Program. The program depends heavily on the advice, 

cooperation, and information from many Federal, 

State, interstate, Tribal, and local agencies and the 

public. The assistance and suggestions of all are 

greatly appreciated.

Robert M. Hirsch 

Chief Hydrologist

FOREWORD III

CONTENTS

Abstract ........................................................................ 1

Introduction............................................................................................^ 1

Purpose and scope....................................................................................................................................................... 2

Western Lake Michigan Drainages study area............................................................................................................ 2

Historical water-quality and biological conditions ..................................................................................................... 4

Aquatic communities in the Western Lake Michigan Drainages................................................................................ 5

Biota as water-quality indicators................................................................................................................................. 7

Summary of biological investigations relating to water quality............................................................................................ 10

Populations and community structure of aquatic biota............................................................................................... 10

Health of aquatic biota................................................................................................................................................ 15

Chemical concentrations in tissues of aquatic biota.................................................................................................... 16

Toxicity to aquatic biota.............................................................................................................................................. 20

Conclusions......................................................................................................^^ 22

References cited .............................................................................................................................^^ 23

Appendix A. Aquatic biota of the Western Lake Michigan Drainages study area............................................................ 62

Al. Aquatic macrophytes of Wisconsin and the Upper Peninsula of Michigan ................................................ 63

A2. Aquatic invertebrates of the Western Lake Michigan Drainages study area............................................... 70

A3. Amphibians and aquatic-associated reptiles of the Western Lake Michigan Drainages study area............ 75

A4. Fishes of streams of the Western Lake Michigan Drainages study area...................................................... 77

A5. Aquatic birds of the Western Lake Michigan Drainages study area............................................................ 82

A6. Federal-listed endangered and threatened aquatic biota of the Western Lake Michigan

Drainages study area................................................................................................................................ 85

A7. State-listed endangered and threatened aquatic biota of the Western Lake Michigan

Drainages study area................................................................................................................................ 86

FIGURES

1. Map showing the five subbasins of the Western Lake Michigan Drainages study area:

(1) Ford/Escanaba Subbasin, (2) Menominee/Oconto/Peshtigo Subbasin, (3) Fox/Wolf Subbasin,

(4) Sheboygan/Manitowoc/Twin Subbasin, and (5) Milwaukee Subbasin........................................................ 3

2-6. Graphs showing:

2. Number of studies according to subbasin for populations and community structure of aquatic biota, 

health of aquatic biota, chemical concentrations in tissues of aquatic biota, and toxicity to 

aquatic biota................................................................................................................................................ 11

3. Number of studies of populations and community structure of aquatic biota from the Western Lake

Michigan Drainages study area according to spatial scale, all subbasins .................................................. 12

4. Number of studies of the health of aquatic biota from the Western Lake Michigan Drainages study area

according to spatial scale, all subbasins ..................................................................................................... 17

5. Number of studies of chemical concentrations in tissues of aquatic biota from the Western Lake

Michigan Drainages study area according to spatial scale, all subbasins .................................................. 18

6. Number of studies of toxicity to aquatic biota from the Western Lake Michigan Drainages study area

according to spatial scale, all subbasins ..................................................................................................... 21

TABLES

1. Studies of populations and community structure of aquatic biota in the Western Lake Michigan

Drainages study area.............................................................................................................................................. 42

2. Studies of the health of aquatic biota from the Western Lake Michigan Drainages study area................................ 55

3. Studies of chemical concentrations in tissues of aquatic biota from the Western Lake Michigan Drainages

study area................................................................................................................................................................ 56

4. Studies of toxicity to aquatic biota from the Western Lake Michigan Drainages study area................................... 59

CONTENTS V
CONVERSION FACTORS

Multiply

inch (in)

foot (ft)

mile (mi)

square foot (ft2)

square mile (mi2)

acre

gallon (gal)

foot per second (ft/s)

cubic foot per second (ft3/s)

Temperature, in degrees Fahrenheit (°

By To Obtain

25.4 millimeter

0.3048

1.609

0.09294

2.590

0.0040485

3.785

0.3048

0.02832

F) can be converted to degrees Cels

°F=1.8x°C + 32.

meter

kilometer

square meter

square kilometer

square kilometer

liter

meter per second

cubic meter per second

us (°C) by use of the following equation:

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

Technical Support

Elise M. Peterson, Student Trainee (Geography), U.S. Geological Survey, Madison, Wis.

Technical Reviewers

James L. Carter, Research Hydrologist, U.S. Geological Survey, Menlo Park, Calif. 

Hallett J. Harris, Professor, University of Wisconsin-Green Bay, Green Bay, Wis. 

Charles A. Peters, Supervisory Hydrologist, U.S. Geological Survey, Madison, Wis.

Editorial and Graphics

Ross E. Bag well, Office Automation Clerk, U.S. Geological Surve^, Madison, Wis.

Michael Eberle, Technical Publications Editor, U.S. Geological Survey, Columbus, Ohio.

Michelle M. Greenwood, Cartographer, U.S. Geological Survey, Madison, Wis.

Susan Ziegler Jones, Editorial Assistant, U.S. Geological Survey, N adison, Wis.

Betty B. Palcsak, Technical Publications Editor, U.S. Geological Survey, Columbus, Ohio.

Heather E. Whitman, Physical Science Aid, U.S. Geological Surve) , Madison, Wis.

Approving Official

Stephen K. Sorenson, Regional Biologist, U.S. Geological Survey, Reston, Va.

VI CONVERSION FACTORS AND ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
Summary of Biological Investigations Relating to Water 

Quality in the Western Lake Michigan Drainages, 

Wisconsin and Michigan

By Barbara C. Scudder, Daniel J. Sullivan, Stephen J. Rheaume, Scott R. Parsons, and 

Bernard N. Lenz

Abstract

This report summarizes aquatic biological 

studies relevant to water-quality assessment that 

have been done in the Western Lake Michigan 

Drainages from 1891 to 1996. The objective of the 

summary was to compile sources of biological 

data for the U.S. Geological Survey's National 

Water-Quality Assessment Program. The studies 

are divided into four categories: (1) populations 

and community structure of aquatic biota, (2) 

health of aquatic biota, (3) chemical concentrations in tissues of aquatic biota, and (4) toxicity 

tests by use of aquatic biota. Studies are further 

categorized by subbasin, spatial scale (regional or 

local), types of biota, and, if applicable, effect or 

contaminant investigated. For the purposes of this 

report, the study area is divided into five subbasins. The subbasins, from north to south, are (1) 

the Ford/Escanaba Subbasin in Michigan's Upper 

Peninsula, and in Wisconsin, (2) the Menominee/ 

Oconto/Peshtigo Subbasin, (3) the Fox/Wolf Subbasin, (4) the Sheboygan/Manitowoc/Twin Subbasin, and (5) the Milwaukee Subbasin.

Most biological studies related to waterquality conditions in the Western Lake Michigan 

Drainages have focused on populations and community structure of aquatic biota. Chemical concentrations in tissues of aquatic biota have been 

the next most common area of research. Our 

review suggests a paucity of data related to the 

health of all types of aquatic biota, especially 

amphibians, invertebrates, and reptiles; toxicity 

studies also were relatively uncommon. Overall, 

organisms primarily studied have been fish and 

invertebrates, although birds are most frequently 

examined in studies of organism health. The Fox/

Wolf Subbasin has been the focus of many more 

studies than the other subbasins, most likely 

because of the greater extent and severity of 

known water-quality problems in the Lower Fox 

River/Green Bay area over the past several 

decades and because it is the largest subbasin. 

Studies in the other subbasins are needed to adequately assess the water quality of these areas.

INTRODUCTION

Biological data are a critical component of 

water-quality assessments because biota can be sensitive indicators of environmental status and change. 

Biota respond to various natural and anthropogenic 

stressors, and they can integrate temporal changes in 

water quality. These responses may occur at several 

levels of biological organization: ecosystem, community, population, and organism. At the ecosystem and 

community levels, the variety of organisms, or biodiversity, may be altered as a result of adverse environmental changes. Populations of some organisms may 

be reduced to the point where certain species are 

endangered, threatened, or of special concern, while 

other organisms may thrive and dominate. Organisms 

may react to environmental stressors by changes in 

their physiology, morphology, reproduction, and (or) 

behavior. Some contaminants may become concentrated in aquatic organisms and may reach levels that 

could affect the health of predator organisms as well as 

humans. Studies of biota are thus vital indicators of 

water quality and can provide important information 

for the protection of aquatic resources.

The National Water-Quality Assessment 

(NAWQA) Program of the U.S. Geological Survey was 

designed to "(1) provide a nationally consistent 

description of current water-quality conditions for a 

large part of the Nation's water resources, (2) define 

long-term trends (or lack of trends) in water quality,

Abstract
and (3) identify, describe, and explain, as possible, the 

major factors that affect observed water-quality conditions and trends" (Hirsch and others, 1988). The 

NAWQA Program is an integrated assessment of water 

quality that includes multiple lines of evidence from 

physical, chemical, and biological data. Biological 

investigations of interest to NAWQA include studies of 

aquatic habitat, community structure of aquatic biota, 

and the occurrence and spatial distribution of contaminants in target species of biota. The Western Lake 

Michigan Drainages Study Unit is one of 20 study units 

across the nation in which work began in 1991.

Purpose and Scope

The purpose of this summary is to identify the 

sources of biological data in the Western Lake Michigan Drainages study area and to evaluate their relevance to water-quality assessment. This effort provides 

retrospective biological data for the NAWQA Program. 

Although some useful but unpublished biological 

information also is available, the authors have chosen 

to restrict the scope of this report to published material 

and data available from Federal, state, or local programs. Four categories of studies of aquatic biota are 

discussed: (1) populations and community structure, 

(2) health of aquatic biota, (3) chemical concentrations 

in tissues, and (4) toxicity tests. Studies are further categorized according to subbasin, spatial scale (regional 

or local), types of biota and, if applicable, the effect or 

contaminant investigated. Studies on biota that are in 

the aquatic environment during all or part of their life 

cycle are included, with the exception of bacteria, 

fungi, and mammals. Publications and programs from 

the earliest available years through present (1891 to 

1996) are categorized and evaluated with respect to 

their utility for water-quality assessment. Common 

trends in water quality indicated by the studies are discussed. Comparability among studies and length of 

studies were not examined but would provide valuable 

information for planning future research in the study 

area.

Researchers from Federal, state, local, and academic organizations investigate aquatic biology in the 

study area. Reports cited in this study were obtained 

through contacts with researchers, searches of bibliographic data bases, and manual searches of literature. 

Numerous graduate student theses on biological topics 

were obtained. Bibliographies of selected topics also

were reviewed for pertinent reports (Harris and 

Pletcher, 1992; Watermolen, 1992c). An inventory of 

nearly 700 research projects in the Great Lakes area 

was published by the International Joint Commission 

(1992). The covered projects are from various institutions and agencies in the U.S. and Canada. This inventory also is available in electronic form. Project FIRST 

(Field Invo vement Research by Science Teachers) 

of the WiscDnsin Academy of Sciences, Arts, and Letters supports a number of aquatic biological studies by 

elementary school teachers and students in Wisconsin 

through funding by the National Science Foundation 

(Lake, 199*!)- Most of the data and publications summarized in ihis report are from studies by researchers 

from the Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources 

(WDNR), tie Michigan Department of Natural 

Resources (MDNRy, the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service (USFWS), the U.S. Environmental Protection 

Agency (USEPA), the University of Wisconsin, the 

University of Michigan, and Michigan State University.

Western Lake Michigan Drainages Study Area

The Western Lake Michigan Drainages study 

area drains approximately 51,000 square kilometers in 

eastern Wisconsin and the Upper Peninsula of Michigan (fig. 1). For this report, the study area is divided 

into five subbasins. In Michigan's Upper Peninsula, the 

Ford/Escanaba Subbasin (Subbasin 1) drains forests 

and forested wetland south to Green Bay. The Menominee/Oconto/Peshtigo Subbasin (Subbasin 2) drains 

mostly forested lands to Green Bay. The Fox/Wolf 

Subbasin (Subbasin 3), the largest system in the study 

area, extends west into the central agricultural region 

and north into an area of lakes and forests. It includes 

Lake Winnebago, the pulpmills and papermills along 

the lower F]ox River, and the metropolitan Green Bay 

area, where! the mouth of the Fox River empties into the 

southern end of Green Bay. The Sheboygan/Manitowoc/Twin Subbasin (Subbasin 4) lies east of Lake Winnebago and includes the Door Peninsula. This mainly 

agricultural region drains directly into Lake Michigan. 

The Milwaukee Subbasin (Subbasin 5) is composed of 

agricultural land and the Milwaukee urban area.

'in 199(5, the Michigan Department of Environmental Quality (MDEQ) vVas established; This agency now manages the surface water-quality assessment duties that had been performed by 

the MDNR.

2 Summary of Biological Investigations Relating to Water Quality in the Western Lake Michigan Drainages, Wisconsin and 

Michigan
EXPLANATION 

Subbasin number

Figure 1. The five subbasins of the Western Lake Michigan Drainages study area: (1) Ford/Escanaba Subbasin, (2) Menominee/ 

Oconto/Peshtigo Subbasin, (3) Fox/Wolf Subbasin, (4) Sheboygan/Manitowoc/Twin Subbasin, and (5) Milwaukee Subbasin.

INTRODUCTION 3
The bedrock of the study area consists of igneous 

and metamorphic rocks in the northwest, mostly carbonate rocks in the east, and sandstone in the southwest 

(Robertson and Saad, 1995). Surficial deposits consist 

primarily of unconsolidated glacial, fluvial, and eolian 

materials. The texture of these deposits is classified as 

predominantly sand or sand and gravel in the north and 

west and as clay in the southeast. Loam covers some 

north and central areas, and small peat deposits are 

found in the Michigan part of the study area (Robertson 

and Saad, 1995).

The ecoregions in the study area, as delineated 

by Omernik and Gallant (1988), are the Northern Lakes 

and Forests, North Central Hardwood Forests, Southeastern Wisconsin Till Plains, and Central Corn Belt 

Plains. Ecoregions are areas of relatively homogeneous 

land use, potential natural vegetation, soils, and landsurface form. These areas were delineated by Omernik 

and Gallant (1988) as a means of summarizing important factors affecting ecosystems.

Overall, wetland covers approximately 15 percent of the land in the study area. Eighty-nine percent 

of this wetland is forested, and it is mainly in the northern part of the study area. Most of the unforested wetland is along the upper Fox River, the lower end of the 

Wolf River, and the middle reaches of the Escanaba 

River (David Saad, U.S. Geological Survey, Madison, 

Wis., written commun. 1993). According to an inventory of data compiled by the State of Wisconsin, 

roughly 30 percent, or 6,500 square kilometers, of the 

State's remaining wetland is in the study area (Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources, 1994). In Delta 

and Menominee Counties of the Upper Peninsula of 

Michigan, there are 43 square kilometers of coastal 

wetland along Lake Michigan. No other specific data 

were provided on wetland area in the Michigan region 

of the study area in Michigan's 1994 Report to Congress (Michigan Department of Natural Resources, 

1994b).

Historical Water-Quality and Biological 

Conditions

In general, water quality of rivers and lakes in the 

northern forested region of the study area (Subbasins 1 

ancj 2, and northern areas of Subbasin 3) shows little 

effect of human activity, and aquatic communities in 

these water bodies are more representative of unaltered 

cor ditions than are those of more southern streams,

which may be significantly altered by human activity. 

Large areas of wetland, especially forested wetland, are 

found in this northern region. Water-quality problems 

are mostly related to nonpoint pollution or habitat modification (Michigan Department of Natural Resources, 

1994b). Mining, septic systems, and landfills are some 

problem sources. Extensive areas of the northern forested region have been logged. Clearcut logging and 

creation of inadequate buffer strips along streams contribute to increased runoff and siltation.

| Land use in the southern part of the study area 

(Subbasins 4 and 5, and the southern areas of Subbasin 

3) is primarily agriculture. Habitat modification, excessive application of nutrients on soil, herbicide and pesticide use, increased soil erosion and runoff, vegetation 

removal, livestock grazing, and channelization have 

resulted in degraded water quality in many areas. As in 

the northern forested region, creation of inadequate 

buffer strips along streams contributes to increased 

runoff and siltation. Specific land-use-management 

practices, known as Best Management Practices, have 

been implemented in some agricultural basins in an 

effort to reduce nonpoint pollution and improve water 

quality (Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources, 

1994; Stunfebeck, 1995).

| Streams in the urban and industrial parts of the 

study area generally are known to have degraded water 

quality and low diversity of aquatic biota. Urban runoff 

and industrial contamination have led to poor water 

quality in rnany areas. In the study area, the International Joint Commission has named four Great Lakes 

Areas of Concern, areas identified as severely degraded 

because of urban and (or) industrial contamination 

(Hartig and Law, 1994). The Areas of Concern are: 

Menominee River at the mouth, Lower Fox River/ 

southern Green Bay, Sheboygan River at the mouth, 

and Milwaukee Estuary. Contamination of water and 

sediment at these locations have been associated with 

detrimental effects on the aquatic biota. Papermills 

have discharged into the lower Fox River for decades 

and have contributed to elevated levels of contaminants 

in biota and sediments found there. Water quality in the 

lower Fox (River has improved since the 1970's as a 

result of installation of new sewage-treatment plants 

and various cleanup efforts (Leung and Sell, 1982; 

Harris and others, 1982, 1988).

Summary of Biological Investigations Relating to Water Quality in the Western Lake Michigan Drainages, Wisconsin and 

Michigan
Aquatic Communities in the Western Lake 

Michigan Drainages

Composition of aquatic communities in the study 

area reflects the large range in latitude from the northern to the southern parts, the variety of current and historical land uses, and other environmental influences. 

Introductions of exotic species also affect communities 

in the study area because these species prey on and 

compete with native species for space and food. The 

following section is a general description of plants, 

invertebrates, and vertebrates that make up the aquatic 

communities of the study area.

Macrophytes. Large aquatic plants, referred to 

as "macrophytes," include vascular plants, mosses, liverworts, large algae, and other plants that are visible to 

the unaided eye (Sculthorpe, 1967). Growth forms of 

macrophytes range from submersed to emergent to 

floating, depending on the species and maturity of the 

plant. About 51 families of macrophytes are represented in Wisconsin and the Upper Peninsula of Michigan (table Al), many of which are found in streams of 

the study area. The pondweed family Potamogetonaceae is represented by the largest number of submersed species (25) and a wide variety of growth 

forms. Several introduced macrophytes, such as eurasian watermilfoil (Myriophyllum spicatwri), have 

become dominant members of some aquatic communities in the study area (Sabol, 1983; Welsch, 1988). Purple loosestrife (Lythrum salicaria), an introduced 

emergent with tall purple "spike" flowers, has invaded 

many lakeshores and wetland in the study area by outcompeting native species. Excessive growth of purple 

loosestrife can impede water flow as well as replace 

native plants that are of greater benefit to other organisms (Welsch, 1988; Wisconsin Department of Natural 

Resources, 1990; Walters, 1992).

Aquatic Invertebrates. At least 150 families 

and several thousand species of aquatic invertebrates 

live in the study area (Edmondson, 1959; Pennak, 

1989; Hilsenhoff, 1981; Thorp and Covich, 1991; 

Detwiler and others, 1991). Of the many taxa of invertebrates found in the study area (table A2), the four 

groups most commonly assessed in water-quality studies are insects, crustaceans, mollusks, and worms. 

Many of these invertebrates live in or on streambed 

sediments where contaminants tend to concentrate; 

thus, the chance the organisms may react to toxic substances is increased.

Insects, by far the most diverse aquatic invertebrates in the study area, represent 10 orders. Stoneflies 

(Order Plecoptera) are represented by nine families 

(about 70 species) in the study area. Most stonefly 

nymphs are intolerant of pollution and are found in 

stream areas where concentrations of dissolved oxygen 

are fairly high. These characteristics may account for 

their absence in most streams in agricultural areas of 

southern Wisconsin. Fourteen families (about 150 species) of mayflies (Order Ephemeroptera) are present. 

Nymphs of most mayfly species also require high concentrations of dissolved oxygen, but many are more 

tolerant of low dissolved oxygen concentrations than 

are Stoneflies. Dragonflies and damselflies (Order Odonata), represented by at least eight families (130 species), are found primarily in ponds, marshes, and lake 

margins, but some species are present in streams. 

Approximately six aquatic families (75 species) and 

five semiaquatic families (30 species) of true bugs 

(Order Hemiptera) are present, including water striders, water bugs, treaders, water boatmen, water scorpions, and backswimmers. About 16 families (290 

species) of caddisflies (Order Trichoptera) are distributed throughout the study area. Most caddisfly larvae 

and pupae inhabit streams, but some are found in other 

aquatic habitats. Some species of caddisflies are fairly 

tolerant of organic pollution. Larvae of fishflies and 

alderflies (Order Megaloptera) are common in both 

streams and lake habitats and are represented by two 

families (20 species). One family (five species) of 

spongilla fly larvae (Sisyridae, Order Neuroptera) is 

likely to be found in streams and lakes where the host 

sponge species is present. One family of aquatic moths 

(Pyralidae, Order Lepidoptera) is fairly common (15 

species) in some lakes and streams. Twelve aquatic 

families (more than 350 species) of beetles (Order 

Coleoptera) are found in the study area, most in the 

families Dytiscidae, Gyrinidae, Haliplidae, Elmidae, 

Curculionidae, and Hydrophilidae. Approximately 20 

families (more than 400 species) of aquatic flies and 

midges (Order Diptera) are found in the area's streams 

and lakes. Because the taxonomy of larvae in the 

numerous species of aquatic insects is poorly known, 

species lists are fairly tentative.

Some aquatic mollusks can live for ten or more 

years and may reflect long-term water-quality changes 

over comparable periods. In the study area, mollusks 

are divided into two classes: freshwater gastropods and 

freshwater bivalves (Burch, 1991). The gastropods are 

represented by the orders Mesogastropoda (6 families,

INTRODUCTION
24 species) and Limnophila (4 families, 66 species). 

The bivalves are represented by the orders Veneroida 

(2 families, 31 species) and Unionoida (1 family, 46 

species). An exotic bivalve, the zebra mussel (Dreissena polymorphd), was first reported in the United 

States in 1988 in Lake St. Clair near Detroit, and it has 

since invaded other waters, including Lake Michigan. 

The zebra mussel has been found in several harbors 

along the shoreline of the study area, including Green 

Bay, Kenosha, Manitowoc, Marinette, Milwaukee, 

Port Washington, Racine, Sheboygan, and Sturgeon 

Bay (University of Wisconsin Sea Grant Institute, 

1996). This prolific freshwater mollusk has had a substantial economic impact in the Great Lakes region 

because it can rapidly colonize hard underwater surfaces including water intake pipes, boat hulls, buoys, 

and pilings. Many of the observed ecological effects of 

zebra mussels have been detrimental, including competition with and infestation of native invertebrates.

Crustaceans are an ecologically important group 

of aquatic invertebrates, and they are found in almost 

all environmental settings. They are an important food 

source for fish, making them an important organism in 

toxic bioaccumulation studies (Crawford and Luoma, 

1993). Common aquatic crustaceans in the study area 

include the orders Isopoda (sow bugs; one family, five 

species), Anostraca and Conchostraca (fairy and clam 

shrimps; two families, five species), Decapoda (prawns 

and crayfish; two families, eight species), and 

Amphipoda (scuds; three families, eight species).

The Annelida (segmented worms) is the most 

often studied phylum of worms. Most freshwater annelids are related to earthworms (Oligochaeta) and 

leeches (Hirudinea). Four families (about 15 species) 

of Oligochaeta are found in the lakes and streams of the 

study area. Changes in their density and distribution in 

response to different kinds of pollution and toxic substances make them useful as water-quality indicators. 

Pout families of Hirudinea (43 species) are found in the 

study area.

Amphibians and Reptiles. Amphibians and 

aquatic-associated reptiles are represented by relatively few species in the study area compared to other 

groups of biota (table A3). Eleven species of frogs and 

toads (Order Anura), and eight species of aquatic-associated salamanders (Order Caudata) are found in the 

study area. Most breed in ponds, lakes, wetlands, and 

wet areas along streams. The northern leopard frog 

(Rana pipiens) has the widest distribution, and members of this genus represent six of the ten species of

frogs. Leopard frog populations appeared to decline in 

the 1970's but may now be stable (Watermolen, 

1996a). Only one toad species, the American Toad 

(Bufo americanus), is found in the study area. Concerns over declines in amphibian populations in the 

study area have reflected apparent worldwide declines 

of these organisms. Aquatic-associated reptiles in the 

study area £re represented by seven species of snakes 

(Order Squamata) and seven species of turtles (Order 

Testudines).

Fish. The streams in the study area are inhabited 

by a wide variety of fish species and communities 

(table A4). Coldwater streams are dominated by salmonids, cottid», certain cyprinids, and a few other species, 

whereas Wtirmwater streams are dominated by a generally more c iverse group of fishes including many cyprinids, catostomids, ictalurids, centrarchids, and 

percids (Lyons, 1996). A few species, such as the white 

sucker (Caostomus commersoni), tolerate a wide variety of temperature and water-quality conditions and 

thus are distributed throughout the study area. Coldwater fisheries are common in the northern and western 

parts of the study area. Some headwater streams in the 

southeastern part support coldwater species for short 

reaches, particularly if the stream is spring fed; however, most ooldwater streams in the study area become 

coolwater or warmwater fisheries downstream as 

drainage area and stream order increase.

According to distribution maps and descriptions 

in Becker (1983) and Fago (1984, 1985, 1992), representatives from 24 families of fish (112 species) are 

known to inhabit the inland streams of the study area. 

The largest families, in terms of numbers of species, 

are minnows and carps (Cyprinidae; 35 species), followed by perches (Percidae; 14 species), suckers 

(Catostomidae; 11 species), and sunfishes (Centrarchidae; 10 species).

Birds. Birds in the study area are represented by 

18 families (table A5) and 106 species. Many species 

are migrate >ry, spending only part of the year in the 

study area. The family with the most species (30) is that 

which includes swans, geese, and ducks (Family 

Anatidae). A survey of breeding birds in Lakes 

Poygan, Winneconne, and Butte des Morts listed 87 

species of birds (Mossman and others, 1984). The survey determined that at least 77 species of birds may 

nest around these lakes, including several state-listed 

endangerec, threatened, and watch species. Forster's 

terns (Sterna forsteri) nesting by these three lakes 

account for a large part of Wisconsin's total nesting

Summary of Biological Investigations Relating to Water Quality in the Western Lake Michigan Drainages, Wisconsin and 

Michigan
population (Mossman and others, 1984). In recent 

years, the double-crested cormorant (Phalacrocorax 

auritus), sandhill crane (Grus canadensis), bald eagle 

(Haliaeetus leucocephalus), and other species have 

made substantial recoveries in abundance in the study 

area (Scharf and Schugart, 1981; Mossman and others, 

1984; Matteson, 1985; Postupalsky, 1989; Michigan 

Department of Natural Resources, 1995; Giesy and 

others, 1995; Hilsenhoff, 1995).

Endangered and Threatened Aquatic Biota. 

Seven species of aquatic biota on the Federal endangered or threatened species list are found in the study 

area (table A6). These species are the bald eagle (Haliaeetus leucocephalus), peregrine falcon (Falco peregrinus), dwarf lake iris (7m lacustris), eastern prairie 

fringed orchid (Platanthera leucophaed), Fassett's 

locoweed (Oxytropis campestris), Houghton's goldenrod (Solidago houghtonii), and Pitcher's thistle (Cirsiumpitcheri).

Many state-listed species considered to be 

endangered, threatened, or of special concern are found 

in the study area (table A7), many more than are on the 

Federal list. Species may be endangered or threatened 

within a state or region but common elsewhere in the 

United States; thus, they appear on state lists but not on 

the Federal list.

Biota as Water-Quality Indicators

Information on background or baseline conditions of biota and biotic communities is necessary to 

evaluate whether changes in biota have resulted from 

changes in water quality. Large-scale regional studies 

of biotic communities include studies of algae (Prescott, 1962), macrophytes (Modlin, 1970; Nichols, 

1988; Nichols and Martin, 1990), insects (Hilsenhoff, 

1975, 1981), mollusks (Mathiak, 1979), amphibians 

(Casper, 1996), fish (Becker, 1983; Fago, 1992), and 

birds (Gromme, 1963; Robbins, 1971, 1977, 1982; 

Temple and Gary, 1987; Granlund and others, 1994; 

Hilsenhoff, 1995). Several local-scale studies have 

addressed conditions in nearly pristine watersheds with 

respect to one or more types of biota (Smith, 1978; U.S. 

Geological Survey, 1995; Rheaume and others, 1996).

Information on changes in species composition 

and abundance of algae is often valuable for use as an 

indicator of water quality. Phytoplankton, such as some 

blue-green and green algae, may increase greatly in 

number in polluted or nutrient-rich waters. Marsh

(1903) observed large blooms of several blue-green 

algae followed by a bloom of the green algae Cladophora during summers in Lake Winnebago. Algal 

blooms in the lower Fox River were common for 

decades as a result of elevated nutrient concentrations 

(Harris and others, 1988).

A diverse community of macrophytes is generally associated with good water quality. Smith (1978) 

observed 50 species of submerged, emergent, and floating macrophytes in streams and lakes of the Pine and 

Popple River watersheds in 1967 and 1968. This 

diverse assemblage reflected the relatively pristine 

nature of these watersheds in the northern forested 

region of the study area. Modlin (1970) did a survey of 

23 lakes and ponds in the Milwaukee Subbasin and 

found that Long Lake and Big Cedar Lake, with 34 and 

30 species of macrophytes, respectively, had the greatest species diversity. By the late 1960's, historically 

diverse and abundant growths of emergent and submerged macrophytes had mostly disappeared from 

Lakes Poygan, Winneconne, and Butte des Morts in the 

Fox/Wolf Subbasin. Populations of birds, dependent on 

the macrophytes, also eventually declined. Kahl (1993) 

suggested that high water levels and low water clarity 

in these lakes between 1975 to 1982 were the most 

important factors limiting growth of macrophytes in 

these lakes. Several recent studies have examined factors that influence light attenuation and the effects of 

these factors on re-establishment of submergent macrophytes in Green Bay (McAllister, 1991; Sager and 

others, 1996).

Profuse growths of single species of submerged 

macrophytes may result because of eutrophication and 

(or) biological factors. Coontail (Ceratophyllum demersurri) and the nonnative eurasian watermilfoil 

(Myriophyllum spicaturn) have become abundant in 

lakes in the southern half of the study area (Sabol, 

1983; Welsch, 1988). Mechanical removal of plant 

beds has been used as a control method when densities 

of macrophytes have resulted in decreased recreational 

use of lakes (for example, see Sabol, 1983). Bumby 

(1977) documented the increasing eutrophication of 

Green Lake (Fox River watershed) by comparing current conditions to conditions 50 years earlier, as noted 

in a study by Rickett (1924).

Insect populations have long been used to evaluate spatial and temporal patterns of water quality (for 

example, see Hilsenhoff, 1977, 1982, 1987, 1988a,b; 

Michigan Department of Natural Resources, 199la, 

1994b; Summers, 1991). In 1977, Hilsenhoff (UniverINTRODUCTION
sity of Wisconsin-Madison) created the Hilsenhoff 

Biotic Index of water quality (HBI) which assigns pollution-tolerance values to many aquatic insects, thus 

allowing for the evaluation of organic and nutrient 

stream pollution (Hilsenhoff, 1977,1982,1987). Water 

quality of sampled sites on Armstrong Creek, Chemical Creek, Lawrence Creek, Mecan River, Mullet 

River, Onion River, Peshtigo River, and Sidney Creek 

was "very good" to "excellent" in 1977 and 1978 on the 

basis of HBI values (Hilsenhoff, 1982). The site sampled on the Sheboygan River received an HBI value 

that indicated only "fair" water quality. Ankley, Lodge, 

and others (1992) observed a low diversity of benthic 

invertebrates in the lower Fox River compared to that 

for a reference location on the East River. High ammonia concentrations were postulated as one possible factor that has adversely affected this community.

Although amphibians and reptiles have been 

examined in the study area for many years, their relationship to water quality has only recently begun to be 

explored extensively. Amphibians and many reptiles 

rely on water bodies for all or part of their life cycle. 

Many species are sensitive to water-quality degradation and, in many cases, may be the first aquatic life 

forms to show the effects of degraded water quality 

(Mossman and Hine, 1985). Scientists are now becoming aware that declines in populations of these biota 

can be early warning signs of water-quality degradation (Evers, 1992). The WDNR Frog and Toad Survey 

(Mossman and others, 1991) indicates that populations 

of several species have declined statewide, possibly as 

a result of habitat loss and water-quality problems. 

Hine and others (1981) did a statewide investigation of 

leopard frog (Rana pipiens) ecology and suggested that 

high mortality, low reproduction, disease, and various 

internal and external abnormalities were contributing 

to the apparent decline of this species in Wisconsin. 

Jung and others (1996) found decreased diversity and 

abundance of amphibians along the lower Fox River 

compared to wetland sites near Green Bay. Leopard 

frogs and green frogs (Rana clamitans) showed 

reduced hatching success, and the hatching success of 

leopard frogs was negatively correlated with sediment 

PCB concentrations.

The long-term decline of many birds in the study 

area is thought to be a function of the loss of aquatic 

vegetation used for nesting habitat. The disappearance 

of once extensive areas of emergent and submergent 

macrophytes from the Fox River/Green Bay area began 

in the mid-1800's when water levels were raised by the

Fox River 4ams. A rapid decline in macrophyte abundance in the mid-1970's was followed by declines in 

fish and birds (Harris and others, 1988; Kahl, 1993). 

Cormorants have historically been at odds with commercial fisheries in the Great Lakes region and elsewhere due to cormorant predation on fish trapped in 

nets (Matte^on, 1983). Dramatic declines in their populations we(re observed in the late 1950's through the 

early 1970% and these declines were attributed to 

human conljrol methods, habitat loss, and bioaccumulation of contaminants such as DDT and PCB's (Anderson and Hammerstrom, 1967; Matteson, 1983, 1985; 

Ludwig, 1984). Protection measures such as artificial 

nesting platforms have resulted in great increases in the 

Michigan and Wisconsin populations in recent years. 

Techlow and Mossman (1985) found marked declines 

in numbers of nesting individuals for Forster's tern, 

herring gul s, and ring-billed gulls in the upriver lakes 

of the Winnebago Pool from 1984 to 1985. During this 

period they also observed a dramatic decline in the 

number of common tern (Sterna hirundo) nests, and 

noted poor fledging of Forster's terns at one island colony in Rush Lake. These researchers attributed the 

declines to habitat loss.

Wetland ecosystems provide a habitat for a high 

percentage of flora and fauna in the United States, 

especially for large numbers of endangered and threatened species. Wetland also plays a critical role in mitigating flooc s, decreasing erosion, and improving water 

quality. Wei land has proven to be a sink for organic and 

inorganic nutrients and toxic materials that flow 

through it and may also be an effective site for wastewater treatment (Tiner, 1984; Sager and others, 1984; 

Mitsch and Gosselink, 1986). However, the values of 

wetland have often been considered secondary to those 

of urbanization, agriculture, and logging. Statistics 

compiled by the WDNR and MDNR showed an 

approximate 50 percent loss of wetland area in Wisconsin and Michigan since pre-European settlement (Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources, 1994; 

Michigan Department of Natural Resources, 1994b) 

and Tiner (1984) reported that rates of wetland loss in 

Wisconsin ;md Michigan were 81 and 26 square kilometers per year respectively. On the west shore of 

Green Bay, Bosley (1978) listed conversion to agricultural land, water pollution, dredge spoil disposal, cottage settlement, and timber harvesting as apparent 

causes of wetland loss. The WDNR and MDNR either 

have establ ished or have plans to protect wetland and 

develop water-quality standards for wetland in order to

8 Summary of Biological Investigations Relating to Water Quality in the Western Lake Michigan Drainages, Wisconsin and 

Michigan
preserve their integrity (Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources, 1994; Michigan Department of Natural 

Resources, 1994b).

Studies of the health of aquatic biota in the study 

area underscore the prevalence of contamination in the 

Great Lakes region, and several studies have found 

increased tumor incidence in fish from Great Lakes 

tributaries (Black, 1983; Harshbarger and others, 1983; 

Baumann and others, 1987, 1991). Increased tumor 

incidence may be associated with elevated carcinogen 

concentrations in sediments, possibly PAH's. Baumann 

and others (1991), however, found no liver tumors in 

brown bullheads from the Fox and Menominee Rivers, 

even though tissues of these fish contained fairly high 

concentrations of polychlorinated aromatics. External 

tumors were observed in bullheads from the Fox (4 of 

52 fish), and a liver tumor was observed in 1 of 40 walleye sampled from the river. Ankley, Lodge, and others 

(1992) found no tumors or liver lesions in their study of 

brown, black, and yellow bullheads from the lower Fox 

River.

Fish kills may result from low concentrations of 

dissolved oxygen, chemical spills, disease, or other 

factors that may not be known. Fish kills are generally 

reported to the WDNR or MDNR/MDEQ but may be 

underestimated because of elapsed time between 

occurrence and reporting and investigation. Officially 

reported fish kills are listed in the yearly water-quality 

reports to Congress (Michigan Department of Natural 

Resources, 1994b; Wisconsin Department of Natural 

Resoures, 1994). Six fish kills were officially recorded 

in the Wisconsin part of the study area from October 

1991 through September 1993 in the Menomonee 

River, Honey Creek, Buffalo Lake, Menominee River, 

and two in Green Bay (Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources, 1994). Historical fish kills in the lower 

Fox River occurred as early as 1924. These fish kills 

were thought to be due to high biological oxygen 

demand (BOD) and the resultant anaerobic conditions 

that plagued this river for decades (Balcer and others, 

1986). Fish kills were common on the lower Oconto 

River before remediation efforts (Rost, 1983). No fish 

kills were reported in the Michigan part of the study 

unit in the most recent water-quality report to Congress 

(Michigan Department of Natural Resources, 1994b).

Several studies have found reproductive impairment and malformations in birds from the lower Fox/ 

Green Bay area (Trick, 1982; Kubiak and others, 1989; 

Fox, Collins, and others, 1991; Ankley, Lodge, and 

others, 1992; Harris and others, 1993; Hoffman and

others, 1993; see also Harris, 1988). The frequency of 

malformations in birds may be a sensitive indicator of 

the presence of developmental toxins in the food chain 

in the area (Fox, Collins, and others, 1991). In the late 

1970's, concerns about possible declines in Wisconsin 

populations of Forster's terns led to a study by Harris 

and Trick (1979) of the status and nesting ecology of 

this species. Kubiak and others (1989) found several 

signs of reproductive impairment (poor hatching and 

fledging success, nest abandonment) as well as malformations in Forster's terns nesting in the lower Fox 

River area that may have been related to high concentrations of PCB's and other organic contaminants. In a 

followup study, Harris and others (1993) found that the 

increase in reproductive success of Forster's terns in 

1988 was associated with a marked decrease in the 

PCB content of the eggs. Wasting syndrome, however, 

was still observed in late chick development. Fox, Collins, and others (1991), in a study lasting from 1979 

through 1987, found that the incidence of bill malformations, such as crossed or deflected bills, was 10 to 32 

times greater in double-crested cormorants from colonies in the Fox River/Green Bay area than in reference 

areas away from the Great Lakes. Also found were 

higher numbers of malformed chicks than in all other 

areas examined in the Great Lakes region. The authors 

suggested that this high rate of malformation may be 

related to concentrations of PAH's and PCB's in the 

region. A data base on congenital defects in wild birds 

was created as part of the study by Fox, Collins, and 

others (1991). Hoffman and others (1996) provide a 

review of studies of the effects of PCB's and dioxins in 

tissues of birds, including several studies from the 

Green Bay area.

Health advisories have been issued for consumption of certain fish species from Wisconsin and Michigan waters of the study area. These advisories are 

based on concentrations of PCB's, pesticides, and mercury in fish-tissue samples collected by the States. The 

Fox River, East and West Twin Rivers, Manitowoc 

River, Sheboygan River, Milwaukee River, Pike River, 

Cedar Creek, and Big Green Lake have fish-consumption advisories for PCB's and pesticides. The Menominee River has an advisory for mercury and dioxins. 

Results of an MDNR study of caged channel catfish at 

the mouths of the Menominee and Escanaba Rivers, 

however, found no detectable PCB uptake (Taft, 1989c; 

Michigan Department of Natural Resources, 1994b). 

Mercury advisories have been issued for sport fish in 

numerous streams and lakes of the study area, primaINTRODUCTION
rily for walleye, smallmouth and largemouth bass, and 

northern pike. Grieb and others (1990) studied mercury 

concentrations in lakes in the Upper Peninsula of 

Michigan and found a statistically significant negative 

correlation between dissolved organic carbon (DOC) 

in the water column and mercury concentrations in fish 

inhabiting seepage lakes. This relation indicates that 

high concentrations of DOC reduce the bioavailability 

of mercury to aquatic biota in these lakes. These 

authors also determined that 99 percent of the mercury 

in fish muscle tissue in their study was in the form of 

methylmercury, the most bioavailable form of mercury.

Toxicity tests on aquatic biota of the study area 

confirm that contaminants are of great concern in several areas, especially in the lower Fox River and the 

Menominee River. Ankley, Lodge, and others (1992) 

found that two major factors probably contribute to 

water quality problems in the Lower Fox River/Green 

Bay area: eutrophication, which has contributed to 

anaerobic conditions and high ammonia concentrations 

in the sediments, and PCB's, which are ubiquitous in 

sediments and biota at significant concentrations. Ecological risk assessment has led to the identification of 

several stressors that significantly affect the water quality and environmental quality of the Green Bay ecosystem: wetland and shoreland filling, exotic invasions, 

persistent toxic organic contaminants, nutrient loading, 

and sediment loading (Harris and others, 1994). 

Hokanson and Lien (1985) found that walleye ova collected from the Fox River produced offspring with 

reduced post-larval (Post-Larvae I) survival in laboratory-rearing experiments when compared to walleye 

ova from uncontaminated sites. This finding indicates 

that contaminants may be affecting development of 

waljeye in this area. Auer and Auer (1990) assessed 

site substrate suitability for walleye spawning in the 

low^r Fox River. They determined that optimal sites

rare and that 75 percent of the suboptimal subes were chemically unsuitable for development of mation on s

:ggs on the basis of criteria established for accept- quality effects, whereas chemical measurements of

wer 

strai 

the i

able! concentrations of dissolved oxygen, free NH3 , or 

H2S. Their data indicated that successful natural reproduction of walleyes was limited by the reduced availability of suitable substrate in the section of the Fox 

River from the DePere Dam to the mouth (approximately 12 kilometers of river). Fabacher and others 

(1991) examined the laboratory toxicity of PCB's in 

sediment extracts from five rivers, including the Fox 

and Menominee, to the Japanese medaka (Oryzias latipes). They found that the incidence of non-neoplastic 

liver abnormalities and caudal or pectoral fin erosion 

was significantly greater after exposure to sediment 

extracts from the Fox and Menominee Rivers than after 

exposure to experimental controls. The co-occurrence 

of caudal apd pectoral fin erosion increased significantly afterj exposure to sediment extracts from the 

Menomine^ River.

SUMMARY OF BIOLOGICAL 

INVESTIGATIONS RELATING TO WATER 

QUALITY

A total of 470 biological investigations were 

found that relate to water quality in the Western Lake 

Michigan Drainages. Every effort was made to locate 

all investigations in the study area but no doubt some 

were missed. The studies of aquatic biota are summarized in four categories: (1) populations and community structure, (2) health of aquatic biota, (3) chemical 

concentrations in tissues, and (4) toxicity tests (tables 1 

through 4). Approximately 8 percent of the studies 

span more than one category, so these studies are listed 

in more thaft one table. No evaluations of the quality of 

the research are attempted. Selected studies and programs are c iscussed below.

Populations and Community Structure of 

Aquatic Biota

Infor nation on populations and community 

structure ol aquatic biota can be used in conjunction 

with water-quality data to develop an understanding of 

water-quality trends and relations of aquatic biota to 

water quali :y. Populations and community structure of 

aquatic biota are influenced by current and historical 

water-quality conditions and biogeography. Community measures can provide temporally-integrated inforwater quali 

sampling. 

Table}

:y indicate conditions only at the time of

aquatic bio

tream or lake characteristics and water1 and figures 2 and 3 summarize 356

reports on populations and community structure of

a in the study area. Most published studies

were from the 1980's [96] and 1990's [178]. Published 

studies in the 1950's and earlier [21] were generally

difficult to obtain once identified. Three publications

by Marsh, on plankton and Crustacea, were the only

10 Summary of Biological Investigations Relating to Water Quality in the Western 

Michigan

Lake Michigan Drainages, Wisconsin and
300

250

200

150

100

CO

g 50

13

co 0

O

DC

uu 

co

50

45

40

35

30

25

20

15

10

5

POPULATIONS AND COMMUNITY STRUCTURE

CHEMICAL CONCENTRATIONS IN TISSUES

1 2345 

SUBBASIN NUMBER

2345 

SUBBASIN NUMBER

Figure 2. Number of studies according to subbasin for populations and community structure of aquatic biota, health of aquatic 

biota, chemical concentrations in tissues of aquatic biota, and toxicity to aquatic biota. Single studies may include more than 

one basin.

available published studies from around the turn of the 

century (Marsh 1891a, 1891b, 1903).

Numerous reports from regional studies cover 

most or all of the subbasins with regard to algae, macrophytes, invertebrates, amphibians and reptiles, fish, 

birds, wetland and flood plain vegetation, and endangered or threatened species. Numbers of studies were 

about equally divided among Subbasins 4 [162] and 5 

[175], whereas the studies of Subbasin 3, the Fox/Wolf 

Subbasin, were more numerous than those of the other 

subbasins [243], although Subbasin 2 also was commonly studied [202]. Subbasin 1 had the fewest number of studies [66]. Studies were more regional [224] 

than local [134] in scale.

Most studies dealt with one type of biota. Fish 

and aquatic insects were the most commonly studied 

organisms; 124 studies of fish and 109 studies of invertebrates. Invertebrates studied were generally aquatic

insects. Wetland and flood plain vegetation [64], birds 

[56], and amphibians and reptiles [54] were the next 

most frequently used biota in studies of populations 

and community structure, followed by endangered species [42] and macrophytes [40]. Published studies on 

communities of algae [27] were few.

Algae. Research on algae in the study area has 

focused mostly on species abundance in relation to 

eutrophication of lakes. Many phytoplankton studies 

have been done, including several in the Winnebago 

Pool lakes (Marsh, 1903; Rickett, 1924; Juday, 1943). 

Extensive work on phytoplankton populations along 

the water-quality gradient between the lower Fox River 

and Green Bay have been conducted from the 1980's to 

present by Paul Sager and coworkers (Richman and 

others, 1984; Sager and others, 1984, 1988; Richman 

and Sager, 1990; Sager and Richman, 1991; Rhew, 

1992). Smith (1920,1924) describes an extensive study

SUMMARY OF BIOLOGICAL INVESTIGATIONS RELATING TO WATER QUALITY 11
BIOTA INVESTIGATED

Figure 3. Number of studies of populations and community structure of aquatic biota from the Western Lake Michigan Drainages study area according to spatial scale, all subbasins.

of the phytoplankton of the inland lakes of Wisconsin. 

Prescott (1962) provides an extensive key to the algal 

species of the Great Lakes area except for the desmids 

and diatoms, for which he gives an illustrated key to the 

genera. The USGS collected data on phytoplankton 

species and abundances for its National Stream-Quality Accounting Network (NASQAN) from 1974 

through 1981 at sites on the Menominee River, Fox 

River, Manitowoc River, Milwaukee River, and Cedar 

Lake. Determination of populations and community 

structure of periphyton in streams and rivers of the 

study area is currently being done as part of the 

NAWQA Program (Gurtz, 1994).

Macrophytes. Research on macrophytes in the 

study area has been oriented primarily toward lakes, 

probably because of concerns with abundant growths 

of various macrophytes in many Wisconsin lakes (for 

example, see Sabol, 1983 ). A Wisconsin Lake Plant 

Database, developed by Nichols and Martin (1990),

contains information from historical and recent surveys 

and a large bibliography on macrophyte studies in Wisconsin. The data base is managed by the WDNR for use 

in research and management. The MDNR includes surveys of macrophyte communities to assess streamwater 

quality, especially for water-quality problem evaluations, identification of point- and nonpoint-source contamination, and NPDES permits (Michigan 

Department of Natural Resources, 1994b).

Aquatic Invertebrates. Aquatic-invertebrate 

research in the study area has focused primarily on 

insects, although the importance of other groups has 

not been overlooked. Species abundances and distributions of aquatic insects are described in detail by 

Hilsenhoff (1975, 1981). A large aquatic invertebrate 

data base representing 1984 to the present is housed at 

the University of Wisconsin-Stevens Point, College of 

Natural Resources (Szczytko, 1989). The data base, 

which is updated and populated primarily with data

12 Summary of Biological Investigations Relating to Water Quality in the Western Lake Michigan Drainages, Wisconsin and 

Michigan
collected by the WDNR, is used for watershed monitoring and assessment of agricultural Best Management Practices. Data collection for the data base is 

done in a rapid-assessment style similar to the Rapid 

Bioassessment Protocols of the USEPA (Plafkin and 

others, 1989) and is designed for quick retrieval of 

information on abundance and distribution of the invertebrate populations (Wisconsin Department of Natural 

Resources, 1994). The data base also includes qualitative estimates of habitat and water quality (Szczytko, 

1989). The MDNR uses invertebrate biotic-index values in water-quality assessments and reports some of 

this information in their water-quality assessment 

reports to Congress (Michigan Department of Natural 

Resources, 1990, 1994b). Determination of populations and community structure of aquatic invertebrates 

in streams of the study area is currently being done as 

part of the NAWQA Program (Cuffney and others, 

1993).

Mollusk research in the study area has historically involved censuses of a diverse array of native 

mussels and, more recently, potential threats to their 

populations such as from the introduced zebra mussel. 

The Milwaukee Public Museum has an extensive collection of mollusk specimens collected from Wisconsin 

and elsewhere since the late 1800's. The museum also 

maintains a data base of the collection. The collection 

includes approximately 18,000 mollusk specimens 

from Wisconsin (Jass, 1995). Mathiak (1979) did an 

extensive survey of the unionid mussels of Wisconsin 

from 1973 to 1977. The Wisconsin Zebra Mussel 

Watch project of the University of Wisconsin Sea 

Grant Institute began in 1990. The project is designed 

to determine zebra mussel presence and rate of colonization in Wisconsin, distribute information to the public, and develop and test methods for zebra mussel 

detection in early-life stages of development (University of Wisconsin Sea Grant Institute, 1996). The Michigan Sea Grant Program has a similar mission with 

regard to zebra mussels as part of the Great Lakes Sea 

Grant Network (Michigan Sea Grant Program, Ann 

Arbor, Mich., written commun., 1995). The University 

of Michigan maintains a list of Michigan molluscan 

fauna detailing their distribution and rare and endangered status in Michigan (Detwiler and others, 1991). 

The National Oceanographic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) has conducted the Mussel Watch 

program since 1984 and has sites in Green Bay and 

Milwaukee Bay (Turgeon and Robertson, 1995).

Amphibians and Reptiles. Historical reports of 

amphibians and reptiles focused on identifying new 

species and determining the distribution of these organisms. More recent reports have emphasized the effects 

of water quality on these organisms. These studies 

include regional and selected watershed surveys that 

identify community structure and function and changes 

in populations with time. Some extensive surveys in 

the study area include a long-term frog and toad monitoring program, an endangered species watch, and a 

regional community profile. Frog and toad surveys 

started in 1984 as a volunteer program coordinated by 

the WDNR and became a long-term monitoring program (Mossman and Hine, 1985). The Milwaukee Public Museum became a cooperator in the project in 1986 

(Casper, 1987a), and it has developed a data base and 

published reports with the following objectives: (1) to 

determine the distribution of all amphibians and reptiles in Wisconsin, (2) to assess abundance and population trends, and (3) to identify research, conservation, 

and management needs. Results of later frog and toad 

surveys have been published in reports from both institutions (Mossman and others, 1991; Casper, 1996). 

Casper (1995) describes the progress of the Wisconsin 

Herpetological Atlas Project of the Milwaukee Public 

Museum. The MDNR will begin a statewide frog and 

toad survey in 1996 (Michigan Department of Natural 

Resources, 1995). Other notable publications include a 

bibliography of herpetological research in Wisconsin 

by Dlutkowski and others (1987) and its update (Watermolen, 1992c), a book on the geographic distributions 

of the amphibians and reptiles of Wisconsin (Casper, 

1996), and a series of three field guides on Michigan 

amphibians and reptiles (Harding and Holman, 1990, 

1992; Holman and others, 1993).

Fish. Extensive research has been done on populations and community structure of fishes in the study 

area. Hubbs and Lagler (1941) compiled a detailed 

accounting of fishes in the Great Lakes region. Becker 

(1983) presents a comprehensive compilation of fishes 

found in Wisconsin by various collectors; information 

is also provided on identification offish as well as their 

known distribution, status, habitat, and biology. A 

statewide survey of fish communities of the inland 

waters of Wisconsin was begun in 1974 by the Bureau 

of Research, WDNR (Fago, 1992). Surveys of the 

Root, Milwaukee, Sheboygan, Manitowoc, and Twin 

River Basins in the study area are complete, and most 

of the surveys in other subbasins in the study area are 

partially completed. Several local studies have been

SUMMARY OF BIOLOGICAL INVESTIGATIONS RELATING TO WATER QUALITY 13
done, concentrating on one stream or watershed. Some 

are referenced herein, but many are no doubt unpublished. In particular, fish managers from the WDNR 

and MDNR generally do not publish results of routine 

data-collection efforts; these data are usually available 

in paper copy upon request. Results of MDNR invertebrate and fish-community surveys for water bodies that 

do not meet Federal Clean Water Act guidelines, 

termed "non-attainment" waterbodies, are published in 

the Michigan water-quality assessment report to Congress (Michigan Department of Natural Resources, 

1994b).

Birds. The population status of several birds is of 

concern in the Great Lakes region, and research in the 

study area has generally focused on endangered and 

threatened species. Gromme (1963) and Granlund and 

others (1994) describe the birds of Wisconsin and 

Michigan, respectively. Benyus and others (1992) give 

an extensive listing of birds and their habitats in the 

upper part of the study area in the Nicolet and Hiawatha 

National Forests. The Wisconsin results of the U.S. 

Fish and Wildlife Service (USFWS) Breeding Bird

ry

Survey were published as 5-, 10-, and 15-year summaries (Robbins, 1971, 1977, 1982). Temple and Gary 

(1987) published results of the Wisconsin Checklist 

Project, a 5-year program (1982-1986) that used 

weekly bird counts from volunteer observers. The Wisconsin Society for Ornithology also does an annual 

Christmas Bird Count (Hilsenhoff, 1995). In addition, 

a Wisconsin Breeding Bird Atlas was started in 1995 as 

a joint project between the Wisconsin Society for Ornithology, the WDNR, The Nature Conservancy, and the 

USFWS (Ken Stromborg, U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Green Bay, Wis., oral commun., 1995; Weise and 

others, 1995). The MDNR has a cooperative program 

with the USFS and USFWS to inventory populations of 

nesting bald eagles statewide each year. The surveys 

began in the 1960's (T. Weise, Michigan Department of 

Natural Resources, Natural Heritage Division, Lansing, Mich., written commun., 1994). The WDNR and 

MDNR also have programs to inventory populations of 

the common loon and other nongame species in their 

States.

Wetland Vegetation. Wetland vegetation has 

also been the subject of past and ongoing research in

2The Breeding Bird Survey is now managed by the Biological Resources Divison of the U.S. Geological Survey (LaRoe and 

others, 1995; Thomas A. Muir, U.S. Geological Survey, Reston, 

Va., personal commun., 1996).

the study area. The Wisconsin Wetland Inventory completed its initial survey of the State's wetland in 1985. 

The digital update of this survey is due to be completed 

in 1996. Curtis (1971), Eggers and Reed (1987), and 

Reed (1988) reported on regional studies that characterize, list, and illustrate wetland vegetation of the 

study area. In the south, the University of WisconsinMilwaukee (UWM) Field Station has produced an 

extensive body of research on taxonomy, wetland vegetation, and wetland restoration at Ozaukee County 

sites; namely, the Cedarburg and Sapa Bogs (Grittinger, 1971; Kroeger, 1986; Kline, 1990a, 1990b, 

1991;Reinartz, 1990,1994;ReinartzandWarne, 1990, 

1993; Bowers and Kline, 1991; Redmond and others, 

1993; Yencfia, 1993; Leithoff, 1994; Thompson, 1995). 

In the north, research has focused on evaluating the 

extent of wetland loss and characterizing wetland vegetation along the shores of Green Bay and the Door 

Peninsula (lHarris and others, 1977; Bosley, 1978; 

Keough, 1986). Yencha (1993) described the fauna and 

vegetation of recently restored wetland in the Green 

Bay area and Manitowoc. Comparably few studies 

have been done on inland wetland in the north.

1 Endangered and Threatened Aquatic Biota.

Wisconsin and Michigan have natural heritage programs for conservation of species and biodiversity. The 

Bureau of Ijindangered Resources of the WDNR established the Natural Heritage Inventory Program in 1985 

in order to (1) identify rare or unique plants, animals, 

and communities, (2) determine their endangered status and ranking, and (3) map their distributions. The 

computerized inventory system was established in 

cooperation with The Nature Conservancy and is compiled from several sources. The WDNR is able to provide electronic copies of such data to its users, and this 

data also is available in a Geographic Information System (GIS) format. An endangered-species report by 

Brynildson (1980) describes endangered species of 

fish, mollusks, and reptiles and their habitats in the 

Wisconsin part of the study area, with a goal of increasing awareness of endangered biota in the state. The 

MDNR's Wildlife Division has a Natural Heritage Program that w,as established in 1983 to locate, protect and 

restore native plants and animals, natural areas, and 

other natural features. This program's data base is also 

computerized as the Michigan Natural Features Inventory (MNFT) Biological Conservation Database (Michigan Department of Natural Resources, Natural 

Heritage Program, Endangered Species Office, Lan14 Summary of Biological Investigations Relating to Water Quality in the Western Lake Michigan Drainages, Wisconsin and 

Michigan
sing, Midi., written communication, 1992, 1993; Herman, 1994). Benyus and others (1992) did a regional 

study on endangered species of wildlife in the Upper 

Great Lakes region in parts of Minnesota, Wisconsin, 

and Michigan (see also Benyus, 1989). Their report 

contains wildlife-habitat trend information on about 

389 species of amphibians, reptiles, birds, and mammals with their associated habitats and describes a data 

base, called NORTHWOODS, that includes the information. The report and data base were designed to be 

used by land managers when making land-use decisions that affect the region's wildlife; and the data base 

is maintained by and available from the USDA Forest 

Service-North Central Forest Experiment Station in St. 

Paul, Minn.

Combined Biota. Studies by state and Federal 

agencies that combine investigations of several types 

of biotic communities in water-quality assessments of 

the study area include those by the WDNR, MDNR, 

MDEQ, USFWS, and USGS, as well as the USDA Forest Service, Federal Energy Regulatory Commission 

(FERC), and Department of Defense. For example, the 

MDNR Great Lakes and Environmental Assessment 

Section (GLEAS) of the Surface Water Quality Section 

developed a series of protocols to address the increasing demand for a more rigorous and standardized evaluation of nonpoint-source effects on water quality. 

GLEAS protocols were developed for assessment of 

stream habitat and invertebrate and fish communities 

(Michigan Department of Natural Resources, 199la).

The USDA Forest Service is developing aquatic 

ecological classification units for national forests 

including the Nicolet National Forest in Wisconsin 

(Maxwell and others, 1995). The classification units 

are being developed to assess the current ecological 

status and potential of stream reaches, identify natural 

disturbance patterns, and develop and monitor forestmanagement strategies. Data-collection efforts in the 

Nicolet National Forest have included information on 

habitat characteristics, water quality, and abundance 

and distribution of fish, mollusks, and macroinvertebrates (Dale Higgins, USDA Forest Service, Rhinelander, Wis., written commun., 1994; Sue Reinecke, 

USDA Forest Service, Park Falls, Wis., written commun., 1996).

Construction and relicensing of hydroelectric 

projects that are regulated by FERC require an evaluation of the potential environmental impacts of the 

project (Mecozzi and others, 1991). Data are collected

on water quality, fish and wildlife habitat, and other 

river resources such as communities of macrophytes, 

invertebrates, amphibians, fish, and birds. The data are 

available from FERC for many hydroelectric projects 

as published draft and final environmental impact statements (see Federal Energy Regulatory Commission, 

1995). Licenses may be granted for up to 50 years for 

projects, and many of the 23 FERC-regulated dams in 

the Wisconsin part of the study unit are currently being 

relicensed.

Michigan State University researchers have collected 13 years (1983 to present) of algal, invertebrate, 

and fish data on the Ford River of Michigan's Upper 

Peninsula to monitor the effects of low-level, longterm electromagnetic radiation from the U.S. Navy's 

Extremely Low Frequency (ELF) submarine communication system (Burton and others, 1991).

The Marsh Monitoring Program is a cooperative 

project between the Long Point Bird Observatory, 

Environment Canada, and the U.S. Great Lakes Protection Fund. It is designed to assess marsh health in the 

Great Lakes region by monitoring species abundances 

of marsh birds and amphibians during the breeding season. Sites are primarily at the Great Lakes Areas of 

Concern (Chabot, 1996).

Health of Aquatic Biota

Studies of the health of aquatic biota can be 

highly informative from a water-quality standpoint 

because they measure the overall response of individuals to their environment. Effects of contaminants on the 

health of aquatic biota may range from sublethal 

chronic effects over a period of months to years to 

acute effects within minutes to weeks. These effects 

may be observed at varying levels of contaminants, 

depending on a complex interaction of environmental 

and biological factors. Some contaminant-induced 

health effects can be evaluated visually, thus minimally 

disturbing endangered or threatened species. The disadvantage of these visual evaluations is that relating 

the observed effects to specific contaminants is generally difficult. Single or multiple contaminants may produce a combination of behavioral, morphological, 

physiological, and reproductive effects. Minor 

responses at the individual level may manifest themselves at the population level as major threats to species 

survival (Rand and Petrocelli, 1985).

SUMMARY OF BIOLOGICAL INVESTIGATIONS RELATING TO WATER QUALITY 15
j Only 30 studies were located that dealt with 

health of aquatic biota in the study area (table 2 and fig. 

2). With the exception of Amin and others (1973), all 

studies of the health of aquatic biota in the Western 

Lake Michigan Drainages were from the 1980's [10] 

and 1990's [19]. The Fox/Wolf Subbasin, especially 

along the lower Fox River near Green Bay, was the 

most commonly studied subbasin and was included in 

22 of 30 studies [Subbasin 1=3 studies; Subbasin 2 = 

10 studies; Subbasin 4 = 6 studies; Subbasin 5 = 4 studies]. Half of the studies were regional in scale 

[regional, 15; local, 15] (fig. 4a).

Only three studies examined the health of more 

than one type of biota (Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources and Michigan Department of Natural 

Resources, 1990; Ankley, Lodge, and others, 1992; 

Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources, 1993b). 

Most studies of the health of aquatic biota examined 

bircjs [21] or fish [9]. Birds and fish have been shown to 

be extremely sensitive monitors of environmental degradation, and research has recorded a variety of sublethal effects. The use of amphibians and reptiles as 

water-quality monitors is just starting to be explored 

more extensively and only two studies were found. 

(Hine and others, 1981; Jung and others, 1996). Two 

studies of invertebrate health also were found (Klemm, 

1991; Ankley, Lodge, and others, 1992).

The most studied health effects on aquatic biota 

are reproductive impairment [21] and malformations 

[13] (fig. 4b). Many studies focus on one or two types 

of effects (for example see Harris, 1988; Custer and 

othets, 1995); however, Ankley, Lodge, and others 

(1992) reported on lesions and tumors in addition to 

malformations and reproductive impairment in birds 

and fish from the Lower Fox River/Green Bay area. 

The WDNR (1993b) and WDNR and MDNR (1990) 

examined tumors in fish in addition to two other 

effe9ts. Tumors and liver lesions are sometimes a result 

of exposure to carcinogenic or mutagenic contaminants 

but these effects are not commonly examined in reports 

found. The "other" category [9] included effects such 

as feeding success, parasitism, and physiological-stress 

measures. The incidence of parasites in fish may 

increase as a result of contaminant-related stress; this 

possibility was investigated by Amin and others (1973) 

in fish from the Root River near Milwaukee. A study by 

Rattner and others (1993) of cytochrome P450 activity 

and associated proteins in embryos of black-crowned 

night herons from the Fox River/Green Bay area indicates that this physiological indicator of health may be 

useful in assessment of PCB exposure.

Chemical Concentrations in Tissues of 

Aquatic Biota

|l Numerous water-quality issues can be addressed 

by knowing the concentration of contaminants in the 

tissues of aquatic organisms. For example, human 

health risks associated with the consumption of wildlife may be evaluated. Interpretation of the concentration of a specific contaminant in tissues of an organism 

is needed to assess the significance of the contaminant 

concentration to the health of that aquatic organism. 

Concentrations may be compared to various organism 

health characteristics and to levels found by prior 

research to^e harmful. The bioavailability of contaminants to biota is a function of the contaminant concentration in the environment and other physical, chemical 

and biological processes. The uptake of contaminants 

by biota may involve: (1) direct absorption from the 

water, (2) assimilation through food, sediment and 

detritus anc} (3) adsorption into the outside of the 

organism with or without subsequent absorption. The 

study of the concentration of contaminants in tissues 

ultimately helps researchers to better understand the 

transport and fate of contaminants in ecosystems.

Out of a total of 69 studies on chemical concentrations in tissues of aquatic biota, only 3 were found 

that were d(j>ne before 1980 (table 3 and fig. 5). The relative recencty of the studies may reflect the literaturesearch methods or perhaps a lack of well-developed 

laboratory methods before that time.The Fox/Wolf 

Subbasin was the most common subbasin location of 

the studies [39], and the mouth of the Fox River in 

Green Bay was the most common location within the 

subbasin [Subbasin 1 = 15 studies; Subbasin 2 = 28 

studies; Subbasin 4 = 24 studies; Subbasin 5 = 17] (fig. 

2). Studies were more regional than local in scale 

[regional, 4£; local, 27], particularly for fishes.

Ten studies examined more than one type of 

biota. Fish were the dominant organism analyzed for 

chemical concentrations in the tissues [50 studies]; 20 

studies analyzed birds. Only 13 studies were identified 

that analyzed invertebrate tissues for contaminants. 

Two studies! examined amphibians or aquatic-associated reptiles. Tissues of various species of macrophytes 

have been used in several water-quality studies outside 

the study area because of the ability of macrophytes to

16 Summary of Biological Investigations Relating to Water Quality in the Western Lake Michigan Drainages, Wisconsin and 

Michigan
LLJ 

CD

14

12 

O

10

O 2

LOCAL 

REGIONAL

INVERTEBRATES AMPHIBIANS FISH 

AND REPTILES

BIOTA INVESTIGATED

BIRDS

LOCAL 

REGIONAL

DISEASE LESIONS MALFORMATIONS REPRODUCTIVE TUMORS

IMPAIRMENT

EFFECT INVESTIGATED

OTHER

Figure 4. Number of studies of the health of aquatic biota from the Western Lake Michigan Drainages study area according to 

spatial scale, all subbasins.

SUMMARY OF BIOLOGICAL INVESTIGATIONS RELATING TO WATER QUALITY 17
35

UJ 30

CO

u_£

UJ ffl

I

25

20

15

10

LOCAL 

REGIONAL

INVERTEBRATES AMPHIBIANS 

AND REPTILES

FISH

I

BIRDS

BIOTA INVESTIGATED

LOCAL 

REGIONAL

INORGANICS ORGANICS PCB'S DIOXINS OTHER

CONTAMINANT INVESTIGATED

Figure 5. Number of studies of chemical concentrations in tissues of aquatic bipta from the Western Lake Michigan Drainages 

study area according to spatial scale, all subbasins.

18 Summary of Biological Investigations Relating to Water Quality in the Western Lake Michigan Drainages, Wisconsin and 

Michigan
accumulate many inorganic and some organic contaminants; however, no published reports were found on 

macrophyte-tissue work in the study area. The Western 

Lake Michigan Drainages study unit of the NAWQA 

program is analyzing tissues of macrophytes for trace 

elements, but reports have not yet been published.

Organic contaminants were more commonly 

investigated than were inorganic contaminants 

[organic, 56; inorganic, 41]. Approximately half of the 

studies of organics were regional and half were local, 

whereas studies of inorganics tended to be more 

regional. The primary organic contaminants studied 

have been PCB's. Few dioxin-related studies were 

located [15], despite the presence of dioxins in several 

urban areas as indicated by available water or sediment 

data. The high expense of dioxin analyses may be a 

deterrent to their inclusion in many studies. Some studies used "dioxin equivalents" to estimate dioxin concentrations in tissues and were included in the dioxin 

category (for example, see Tillitt and others, 1993). At 

present, the USEPA, WDNR, MDNR, and MDEQ are 

the major sources of data on concentrations of dioxins 

in biota from the study area (Michigan Department of 

Natural Resources, 1991b; U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 1992a and b; Wisconsin Department of 

Natural Resources, 1994; Michigan Department of 

Environmental Quality, 1995).

Most tissue-contaminant research in the study 

area has been done by Federal and state agencies or has 

been agency sponsored. Several programs are studying 

the long-term fate and transport of pollutants through 

the food chain of the Great Lakes. The USEPA Guidance for State Water Monitoring and Wasteload Allocation Programs (1985) recommends that all states 

analyze fish and other tissue to detect potential humanhealth or environmental problems. The WDNR and 

MDNR/MDEQ analyze fish for contaminants, as do 

the USEPA, USFWS, and USGS.

The WDNR does tissue-contaminant studies on 

various wildlife associated with aquatic systems, 

including sport fish, waterfowl, turtles, and aquatic 

mammals.The WDNR operates a fish-tissue monitoring program that processes and analyzes an average of 

1,500 samples per year on a statewide basis. Samples 

from inland lakes and streams, as well as the Great 

Lakes, are analyzed for substances including PCB's, 

mercury, chlorinated pesticides, and other metals and 

priority pollutants. Eagles and loons are monitored as 

sentinel species for contaminants. The WDNR issues 

fish- and waterfowl-consumption advisories when contaminant concentrations in tissues are found to exceed 

levels of concern (Wisconsin Department of Natural 

Resources, 1994). In addition, tissue monitoring is 

used to assess the effects of point and nonpoint sources 

of pollution, as well as the effects of contaminated sediments. Most WDNR sampling efforts are concentrated 

in areas where contamination problems are most likely. 

The criteria used for site selection include sites of 

industrial discharge or other suspected sources of contamination, areas of nonpoint-source loadings, lakes 

with large game-fish populations, and water bodies 

used by large numbers of anglers (Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources, 1992).

The MDNR and MDEQ cooperatively run the 

Fish Contaminant Monitoring Program (FCMP) to 

monitor the concentrations of mercury and selected 

industrial chemicals and synthetic organic contaminants in fish in Michigan (MDNR, 199la, 1994a; Taft, 

199Id; MDEQ, 1995). The program began in 1986. 

The data are used by MDEQ managers and others to (1) 

identify trends in surface-water quality with respect to 

persistent, bioaccumulative chemicals, (2) determine 

whether fish-contamination problems exist in specific 

surface waters, (3) evaluate the effectiveness of pollution-control programs, and (4) provide data for the 

establishment or removal of fish-consumption advisories. The FCMP is designed to test contaminant concentrations against current fish-consumption advisory 

levels that the Michigan Department of Public Health 

has defined for eight chemicals: chlordane, DOT, dieldrin, heptachlor, mercury, mirex, PCB, and toxaphene. 

Many monitoring sites have been established on inland 

lakes; only a few sites are within the study area and 

these are concentrated mostly on the Escanaba, 

Menominee, and Michigamme Rivers (Michigan 

Department of Natural Resources, 1991b, 1994a).

The USEPA National Study of Chemical Residues in Fish (NSCRF) began in 1986 as an outgrowth 

of the USEPA National Dioxin Study (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 1992a and b). The concern 

that fish were bioaccumulating toxic contaminants in 

addition to dioxins was the primary reason for initiating the NSCRF. Tissue samples collected as part of the 

NSCRF are analyzed for dioxins and furans, PCBs, 

pesticides, mercury, biphenyl, and other organic compounds. Nine monitoring sites are in the study area; 

they include sites on the Upper Fox River, the lower 

Fox River, near the mouths of the Manitowoc, Milwaukee, and Sheboygan Rivers, and in the Peshtigo River 

harbor.

SUMMARY OF BIOLOGICAL INVESTIGATIONS RELATING TO WATER QUALITY 19
In 1964, the USFWS began a program called the 

National Pesticide Monitoring Program. This program 

was expanded to monitor concentrations of organochlorine pesticides, industrial chemicals, and trace 

elements in fish and wildlife. It was renamed the 

National Contaminant Biomonitoring Program 

(NCBP) (Jacknow and others, 1986). The NCBP had 

only one site near the study area, which was in Lake 

Michigan at Sheboygan, Wisconsin. The NCBP ended 

in the mid-1980's. Data from this program are available 

in several publications (May and McKinney, 1981; 

Schmitt and others, 1981, 1983, 1985, 1990; Schmitt, 

1990; Schmitt and Brumbaugh, 1990).

The USGS began sampling tissues of biota in the 

study area in 1992 as part of its nationwide NAWQA 

program (Crawford and Luoma, 1993; Gurtz, 1994; 

Gilliom and others, 1995). Aquatic biota and fine streambed sediments were sampled from 18 sites in 1992, 

8 sites in 1994, and 6 sites in 1995 for determination of 

inorganic contaminants, specifically trace elements. 

Biota sampled consisted primarily of whole caddisfly 

larvae (Family Hydropsychidae) but other insects, fish, 

and macrophytes also have been collected. Samples 

were collected and analyzed for a suite of organic contaminants at 18 sites in 1992 and at 6 sites in 1995 . Whole fish, primarily white sucker (Catostomus commersoni), were collected for determination of organic 

contaminants. Data are currently available in computerized form, and preliminary results are given in Scudder and others (1995) and in the newsletter of the 

Western Lake Michigan Drainage study unit (U.S. 

Geological Survey, 1995). A cooperative effort 

between the USGS NAWQA program and the National 

Biological Service (NBS) surveyed carp from two 

streams of the study area for effects of endocrine-disrupting contaminants (U.S. Geological Survey, 1995).

Toxicity to Aquatic Biota

The toxicity of a contaminant to an organism is 

related to contaminant concentration, the duration of 

exposure, and other environmental and biological (life 

history) factors that may act synergistically or antagonistically. Toxicity tests are often done in the laboratory 

with single contaminants and single species, although 

methods for laboratory tests using multiple contaminant exposure are becoming more established. Laboratory testing allows for standardized, reproducible 

conditions by minimizing the number of confounding

factors. Fie d-based toxicity tests have the advantage of

producing results that are potentially more comparable 

to real-wor d conditions, but results may be difficult to 

interpret because of uncontrollable variables. Toxicity 

tests may b^ acute or chronic. Acute toxicity tests measure severe^ short-term responses, such as survival or 

mortality. Lethal and (or) sublethal responses produced 

by repeated or long-term exposure to contaminants are 

generally measured by chronic toxicity tests. Changes 

in behavior (for example, swimming), physiology (for 

example, g rowth, reproduction, and development), 

biochemistry (for example, enzyme levels), and histology (for example, liver lesions) are commonly used to 

measure chronic toxicity (Rand and Petrocelli, 1985). 

Only 34 publications on toxicity to aquatic biota 

were locate d from the study area. More publications 

were from the 1990's [24] than the 1980's [10] (table 4 

and fig. 6), and none were found before 1980. As was 

suggested for studies of chemical concentrations in tissues, the lask of studies before 1980 may be related to 

the state of the science, in that the field of aquatic toxicology is relatively new. Although toxicity testing on 

aquatic biota has been done nationwide since World 

War II, the greatest increase in method development 

has been since the late 1960's. Nationwide standards 

for laboratory toxicity testing were not established until 

1975 (Committee on Methods for Acute Toxicity Tests

with Aquai 

and Petroc

Mos

ic Organisms, 1975; Parrish, 1985; Rand

;lli, 1985).

: toxicity studies are local in scale [20], and

all subbasi is are represented (fig. 2). Most studies, 

however, have been done in the Fox Wolf Subbasin 

[25]. Subbasin 2 is the next most frequently studied 

[Subbasin 1 = 4 studies; Subbasin 2=11 studies; Subbasin 4 = 3 studies; Subbasin 5 = 5 studies].

Fish [20] and invertebrates [15] are the most 

commonly examined organisms in studies of toxicity to 

aquatic biota in the study area. Established test species 

that were used in these studies primarily included the 

fathead minnow (Pimephales promelas) and the water 

flea (Daphnia magna and Ceriodaphnia dubia). Ten 

studies of >irds were located. Few studies of algae [3] 

were located, and two toxicity studies of amphibians 

and reptiles were found. No studies of macrophytes 

were located.

Use of multiple-species tests recognizes that various types of organisms in an ecosystem may respond 

differently to environmental stressors. Twelve studies 

combined toxicity tests of fish with one or more other 

organisms^ generally invertebrates. Ankley and others

20 Summary of Biological Investigations Relating to Water Quality in the Western Lake Michigan Drainages, Wisconsin and 

Michigan
LJJ

U. O 

tr

UJ 

QQ

LOCAL 

REGIONAL

30

Si 25 

Q

Z)

j» 20

O

cc

UJ 15 

QQ

"Z. 10

ALGAE INVERTEBRATES AMPHIBIANS 

AND REPTILES

FISH BIRDS

BIOTA INVESTIGATED

LOCAL 

REGIONAL

CARCINOGENICITY GROWTH MUTAGENICITY REPRODUCTION SURVIVAL

TOXICITY ASSESSED

OTHER

Figure 6. Number of studies of toxicity to aquatic biota from the Western Lake Michigan Drainages study area according to 

spatial scale, all subbasins.

SUMMARY OF BIOLOGICAL INVESTIGATIONS RELATING TO WATER QUALITY 21
(1990) did laboratory toxicity tests with sediment pore 

water from the lower Fox River near the mouth and 

DePere Dam and from the East River. Sediment pore 

water induced acute or chronic responses in three of 

four established test species of algae, invertebrates, and 

fish; however, no toxicity was observed for the bacteria 

tested. Toxic responses were similar for the invertebrate and fish, and toxicity-identification techniques 

indicated that these biota were responding primarily to 

high ammonia concentrations. The work by Ankley, 

Lodge, and others (1992) was a summary of several 

combined research efforts on algae, bacteria, invertebrates, fish, birds, and toxicity tests from the Lower 

Fox River/Green Bay area. This integrated approach 

was designed to address the total ecosystem by considering the microbial, benthic, and pelagic communities 

affected by sediment contamination more adequately 

than single-species testing could have done.

Michigan and Wisconsin both use toxicity tests 

in their water-quality asssessments. The MDNR/ 

MDEQ periodically uses caged channel catfish (Ictalurus punctatus) at 19 Great Lakes tributary sites, including two sites in the Upper Peninsula part of the study 

area (Michigan Department of Natural Resources, 

1994b). The Aquatic Toxicity Testing Program of the 

MDNR was established for compliance biomonitoring 

of discharges, and this program uses laboratory/field 

and acute/chronic toxicity tests with invertebrates and 

fish. Toxicity tests involving sediment are not currently 

part of their assessment program. The WDNR uses 

acute/chronic toxicity tests with invertebrates and fish 

for monitoring of discharges and sediment quality, and 

caged fathead minnows (Pimephales promelas) are 

used for field tests of bioaccumulation (Campbell and 

Talbot, 1993; Wisconsin Department of Natural 

Resources, 1994).

Slightly more studies used laboratory tests alone 

[12] than field tests alone [7]; and in 15 studies, laboratory and field tests were both used. Virtually all [31] 

toxicity studies assessed survival (fig. 6b). Effects on 

growth [15] and reproduction [18] also were commonly measured. Few studies examined carcinogenicity [2] or mutagenicity [3]. The "other" category [7] 

included various types of physiological markers. For 

example, Tillitt and others (1993) used a rat hepatoma 

cell bioassay to determine tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin 

equivalents (TCDD-EQ) in Forster's tern eggs from 

Green Bay and Lake Poygan. Enzyme, DNA, RNA, 

and protein concentrations in livers were used by Hoffman and others (1993) as biomarkers of contaminant

effects in embryos and chicks from Green Bay colonies 

of common terns and black-crowned night herons 

(Nycticorar, nycticorax). Eight studies measured three 

or more toxic effects and investigated growth, survival, 

reproduction, and one or more other effects (Balcer and 

others, 1986; Lien and others, 1986; Hoffman and others, 1987; Ankley and others, 1990, Ankley, Lodge, 

and others, 1992; Ingersoll and others, 1991; Hoffman

and others, 

Resources,

population

1993; Michigan Department of Natural 

1994b).

CONCLUSIONS

Our examination and categorization of 470 studies of aquat ic biota indicate that most biological studies 

that relate ta water quality in the study area focus on

or community structure [356]. The next

most common topic is chemical concentrations in tissues of aquatic biota [69]. Overall, most of the publications that vvfe located are from the 1980's and 1990's, 

and about Half the studies are regional and half are 

local. Fish and invertebrates generally are the primary 

study organisms, although birds were the dominant 

organism in studies of the health of aquatic biota.

Our findings indicate that the health of all types 

of aquatic biota in the study area especially amphibians, aquatic-associated reptiles, and invertebrates is 

the least studied of the major categories of investigation. Few siudies have been done on populations and 

communities of algae (especially periphyton in 

streams). Toxicity studies were rarely done using 

water, sediment, or biota from subbasins other than the 

Fox/Wolf Subbasin, and algae and amphibians/reptiles 

were rarely examined in the toxicity studies that were 

done. Suble:thal effects such as carcinogenicity, 

mutagenicky and other physiological changes have 

generally not been addressed. The Fox/Wolf Subbasin

has been th

four subbasins, most likely because of the extent and

severity of water-quality problems in the Lower Fox

River/Gree i Bay area and because it is the largest subbasin. Stud

The£

data for the

focus of far more studies than the other

es in the other subbasins are needed if the

water quali ty of these areas is also to be adequately 

assessed.

.dequacy of the studies for determining spatial or temporal trends with respect to length of studies 

or data comparability among studies was not examined 

in this summary. This summary provides retrospective

Western Lake Michigan Drainages

NAWQA program of the U.S. Geological Survey. The

22 Summary of Biological Investigations Relating to Water Quality in the Western Lake Michigan Drainages, Wisconsin and 

Michigan
NAWQA program was designed to provide a longterm 

(decades) data set for populations and community 

structure of aquatic biota and chemical concentrations 

in tissues of aquatic biota using methods that are 

nationally consistent.

Aquatic biota from many of the rivers, lakes, and 

wetland in the Western Lake Michigan Drainages are 

affected by water-quality problems. In addition to contaminant exposure, much aquatic habitat especially 

wetland is modified or lost each year to urban and 

suburban development, agriculture, and logging activities. Populations of several species of biota appear to 

be in decline in certain areas. Although water quality in 

the Fox River/Green Bay area has improved in the past 

several decades, studies of aquatic biota have found 

declines in populations of some species, health problems among various organisms, and high contaminant 

concentrations in plant and animal tissues. Results of 

these studies indicate a need for continued remediation 

in the Fox River/Green Bay area. In contrast, water 

quality of rivers and lakes in the northern forested 

region of the study area (Subbasins 1 and 2, and northern areas of Subbasin 3) generally shows less effect of 

human activity, and aquatic communities in these water 

bodies are more representative of unaltered conditions 

than are those of more southern streams, which may be 

significantly altered by human activity. These current 

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Report, 5 p.

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Delta County, Michigan, August 25 - September 22, 

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SWQ-89/066, 4 p.

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38 Summary of Biological Investigations Relating to Water Quality in the Western Lake Michigan Drainages, Wisconsin and 

Michigan
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Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources Research 

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P-

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Wis., University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee Field Station 

Annual Report, p. 36.

40 Summary of Biological Investigations Relating to Water Quality in the Western Lake Michigan Drainages, Wisconsin and 

Michigan
TABLES 1-4

TABLES 1-4 41
Table 1. Studies of populations and community structure of aquatic biota in the Western Lake Michigan Drainages study 

area

[Subbasins: 1, Ford/Escanaba; 2, Menominee/Oconto/Peshtigo; 3, Fox/Wolf; 4, Sheboygan/M initowoc/Twin; 5, Milwaukee]

Literature citation

Albert (1995)

Amin(1981)

Amin and others (1973)

Amin and others (1993)

Anderson and Hamerstrom (1967)

Anderson(1978)

Ankley and others (1990)

Ankley, Lodge and others (1992)

Arndt(1996)

Auer(1982)

Avery and others (1995)

Baker (1928a)

Baker (1928b)

Balcer and others (1986)

Ball (1982)

Ball and Marshall (1978)

Barnes and Wagner (1981)

Becker(1964)

Becker(1983)

Becker and Johnson (1970)

Benyus (1989)

Benyus and others (1992)

Berry (1943)

Beule(1979)

Blake and others (1991)

Blake and others (1994)

Blasczyk and Barbeau (1994)

Blasczyk and others (1992)

Subbasins

All

5

5

4

2-5

3

3

3

3

All

3

2-5

2-5

3

2-5

2-3

1-2

3

2-5

2-5

All

All

1-2

3

1-2

1-2

3

3

Study 

scale

Regional

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

s 5

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

Biota investigated

0)

a

O>

<

X

Macrophytes

X

X

X

Invertebrates

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

Amphibians & reptiles

X

X

X

OT

il

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

OT 

TJ

m

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

plain Wetland floodvegetation & 

X

X

X

X

Endangered & threatened species

X

X

X

42 Summary of Biological Investigations Relating to Water Quality in the Western Lake Michigan Drainages, Wisconsin and 

Michigan
Table 1. Studies of populations and community structure of aquatic biota in the Western Lake Michigan Drainages study 

area Continued

Literature citation

Blum (1993)

Bosley (1978)

Bowers and Kline (1991)

Brazner and Magnuson (1994)

Brosseau (1983)

Bruch (1993)

Brynildson (1980)

Bumby (1977)

Burch (1991)

Burghardt and others (1995)

Burton and others (1991)

Call and others (1991)

Casper (1985)

Casper (1987a)

Casper (1987b)

Casper (1987c)

Casper (1989)

Casper (1992a)

Casper (1992b)

Casper (1993)

Casper (1995)

Casper (1996)

Chabot (1996)

Coberly and Horrall (1980)

Cochran (1989)

Cochran (1992)

Cochran (1994a)

Cochran (1994b)

Subbasins

2

2

5

1-3

3

3

2-5

3

1-2

5

1

3

2-5

5

5

2-5

5

5

5

2-5

2-5

2-5

2-5

2-5

2

3-4

4

3

Study 

scale

"5 

'5> o

o> 

cc

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

s

5

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

Biota investigated

o

01 

0)

<

X

X

Macrophytes

X

Invertebrates

X

X

X

X

Amphibians reptiles & 

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

£ 

CO

iZ

X

X

X

X

X

X

0) g 

m

X

Wetland floodplain & vegetation

X

X

Endangered & threatened species

X

X

X

TABLES 1-4 43
Table 1. Studies of populations and community structure of aquatic biota 

area Continued

Literature citation

Cochran and Hesse (1994)

Cochran and others (1990)

Cochran and others (1993)

Cook (1991)

Crandon Mining Company (1995)

Craven and others (1986)

Cummings and Mayer (1992)

Curtis (1971)

Czajkowski (1993)

Czajkowski and others (1996)

Darlington (1964)

Detwiler and others (1991)

Dlutkowski and others (1987)

Drought (1987a)

Drought (1987b)

Drought (1987c)

DuVall(1983)

Edgren(1949a)

Edgren(1949b)

Eggers and Reed (1987)

Ehlinger(1994)

Eichhorst (1985)

Engemann and Flanagan (1991)

Epstein and others (1996)

Erickson and Mahan (1982)

Evers(1992)

Fago (1984)

Fago (1985)

Subbasins

3

4

4

1-2

2

3^

All

2-5

3

3

1-2

1-2

2-5

5

5

5

3

3

5

2-5

5

3

1-2

3

2

1-2

5

4

Study 

scale

Regional

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

1

J3

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

0) 

(0 

O)

<

X

in the Western Lake Michigan Drainages study

Biota investigated

Macrophytes

X

X

Invertebrates

X

X

X

X

X

X

Amphibians & reptiles

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

(0

il

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

(0"E 

m

X

X

Wetland &floodplain vegetation

X

X

Endangered & threatened species

X

X

X

X

X

44 Summary of Biological Investigations Relating to Water Quality in the Western Lake Michigan Drainages, Wisconsin and 

Michigan
Table 1. Studies of populations and community structure of aquatic biota in the Western Lake Michigan Drainages study 

area Continued

Literature citation

Fago (1992)

Fassett (1957)

Fassett (1976)

FERC (1995)

Fewless (1986)

Finley (1976)

Flowers (1975)

Frelich (1979)

Fruth and others (1988)

Garrison and Knauer (1983)

Gates (1970)

Gerber(1994a)

Gerber(1994b)

Gerber and Les (1994)

Gilbertson and Watermolen (1996)

Goedde and Coble (1981)

Goodrich (1932)

Granlund and others (1994)

Grittinger(1971)

Gromme (1963)

Hanrahan(1974)

Harding and Holman (1990)

Harding and Holman (1992)

Harris (1988)

Harris and others (1977)

Harris and others (1983)

Harris and others (1988)

Harris and others (1993)

Subbasins

2-5

All

2-5

2

3

2-5

2-5

4

2-5

3

3

All

All

All

2-5

3

1-2

1-2

5

2-5

3

1-2

1-2

All

2

2

All

3

Study 

scale

Regional

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

CO

8

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

Biota investigated

0) 

(D 

O)

<

X

X

Macrophytes

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

Invertebrates

X

X

X

X

X

Amphibians reptiles & 

X

X

X

X

(0

IT

X

X

X

X

X

M 

TJ

m

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

Wetland floodplain vegetation & 

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

Endangered threatened species & 

X

X

X

X

TABLES 1-4 45
Table 1. Studies of populations and community structure of aquatic biota ir 

area Continued

Literature citation

Harris and Trick (1979)

Hart (1990)

Hatleli and others (1995)

Havlik (1993)

Heard and Burch ( 1966)

Heath (1992)

Herman (1988)

Hewett and Simonson (1995)

Hilliker and others (1994)

Hilsenhoff(1975)

Hilsenhoff(1977)

Hilsenhoff(1981)

Hilsenhoff(1982)

Hilsenhoff(1987)

Hilsenhoff(1988a)

Hilsenhoff(1988b)

Hilsenhoff(1993a)

Hilsenhoff(1993b)

Hilsenhoff(1994)

Hilsenhoff(1995)

Hilsenhoff and Billmyer (1973)

Hilsenhoff and Schmude (1992)

Hilsenhoff and others (1972)

Hine and others (1981)

Hobbs and Jass (1988)

Hoffman (1987)

Hoffman(1994)

Hoffman and others (1996)

Subbasins

2-5

4

3

2-5

1-2

2

2

3

5

2-5

2-4

2-5

All

2-5

2-5

2-5

2-5

2-5

2-5

2-5

2-4

2-5

2

2-5

2-5

2-5

3

3

Study 

scale

Regional

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

s 

a

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

fl> CO D)

<

i the Western Lake Michigan Drainages study

Biota investigated

Macrophytes Invertebrates

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

Amphibians & reptiles

X

X

(0

il

X

X

X

X

<n o

m

X

X

X

Wetland floodplain & vegetation

X

X

Endangered threatened &species

X

X

X

X

X

46 Summary of Biological Investigations Relating to Water Quality in the Western Lake Michigan Drainages, Wisconsin and 

Michigan
Table 1. Studies of populations and community structure of aquatic biota in the Western Lake Michigan Drainages study 

area Continued

Literature citation

Holman and others (1993)

Holtan (1990a)

Holtan (1990b)

Holtan (1990c)

Holtan (1991)

Hooper (1993)

Howmiller and Beeton (1971)

Hubbs and Lagler( 1941)

Hunt and Jahn ( 1966)

Hunt (1966)

Hunt (1968)

Hunt (1971)

Hunt (1974)

Hunt (1982)

Hunt (1988)

Hurley and Garrison (1993)

Institute of Paper Chemistry (1973)

Jackson (1927)

Jass (1995)

Jass and Klausmeier (1990a)

Jass and Klausmeier (1990b)

Jass and Klausmeier (1995 a)

Jass and Klausmeier (1995b)

Jesien and Coble (1979)

Johnson (1996)

Johnson and Becker (1970)

Juday(1943)

Jung and others (1996)

Subbasins

1-2

2-5

2-5

2-5

2-5

3

2-4

All

3

3

3

3

3

3

2-5

3

3

4

2-5

All

2-5

3-5

2-5

3

1-2

2-5

3

3

Study 

scale

Regional

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

n> u 

o

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

Biota investigated

0) 

(0 

O)

<

X

X

X

Macrophytes Invertebrates

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

Amphibians reptiles & 

X

X

X

£ 

(0

E

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

(0 o 

m

X

X

flood Wetland &plain vegetation

X

Endangered & threatened species

TABLES 1-4 47
Table 1. Studies of populations and community structure of aquatic biota in 

area Continued

Literature citation

Kahl(1993)

Kassulke (1994)

Keough(1986)

Kleinert(1970)

Klemm(1991)

Kline (1990a)

Kline (1990b)

Kline (1991)

Knudsen(1962)

Kocik and others (1991)

Koutnik and Padilla (1994)

Kraft(1995)

Kraft and others (1995)

Kroeger(1986)

Kubiak and others (1989)

Lagler and Lagler (1943)

Langhurst and Schoenike (1990)

Legler and others (1995)

Leithoff(1994)

Leitner and others (1991)

Lenz and Rheaume (1995)

Leonard and Leonard (1962)

Lillie (1995)

Lillie and others (1993)

Loftus and Waldon (1992)

Ludwig(1984)

Lund (1994)

Lyons (1989)

Subbasins

3

5

4

2-5

All

5

5

5

2-3

1

2-5

2-5

3

5

3

1-2

3

2-5

5

4-5

2-5

1-2

2-3

2-5

All

All

1-2

2-5

Study 

scale

Regional

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

COo 

o

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

0>§>

<

X

the Western Lake Michigan Drainages study

Biota investigated

Macrophytes

X

Invertebrates

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

Amphibians reptiles & 

X

X

£ 

0>

il

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

V) o 

m

X

X

X

X

X

X

plain Wetland floodvegetation & 

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

Endangered threatened species & 

X

X

X

48 Summary of Biological Investigations Relating to Water Quality in the Western 

Michigan

Lake Michigan Drainages, Wisconsin and
Table 1. Studies of populations and community structure of aquatic biota in the Western Lake Michigan Drainages study 

area Continued

Literature citation

Lyons (1990)

Lyons (1991)

Lyons (1992a)

Lyons (1992b)

Lyons (1996)

Lyons and Kanehl (1993)

Lyons and Kempinger (1992)

Lyons and others (1996)

Mandrak (1989)

Marinac(1976)

Markert(1981)

Marsh (189 la)

Marsh (1 89 Ib)

Marsh (1903)

Mason and Wegner (1970)

Master son and Bannerman (1994)

Mathiak (1979)

Matteson(1983)

Matteson (1985)

Matteson (1986)

Matteson (1988)

McAllister(1991)

McRae and Edwards (1994)

Mecozzi (1988)

Mecozzi (1989a)

Mecozzi (1989b)

Mecozzi (1989c)

Mecozzi (1989d)

Subbasins

All

2-5

1,3

2-5

3

2-5

3

2-5

All

2

3

3

3

3

2

5

2-5

2-5

2-5

2-5

2-5

2

2

2-3

2-5

2-3

2-5

2-5

Study 

scale

Regional

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

CO

o

5

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

Biota investigated

o> a

O)

<

X

Macrophytes

X

Invertebrates

X

X

X

X

X

X

Amphibians reptiles & 

CO

il

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

CO o 

m

X

X

X

X

flood Wetland vegetation & plain Endangered & threatened species

X

X

X

X

TABLES 1-4 49
Table 1. Studies of populations and community structure of aquatic biota in 

area Continued

the Western Lake Michigan Drainages study

Literature citation

Mecozzi (1995)

Meyers and others (1992)

Michigan DNR (1992)

Michigan DNR(1994b)

Michigan DNR (1995)

Modlin(1970)

Moody (1989)

Moore and Lychwick (1980)

Mossman (1988)

Mossman and Mine (1985)

Mossman and others (1984)

Mossman and others (1991)

Nichols (1988)

Nichols (1990)

Nichols (1992)

Nichols and Martin (1990)

Nichols and Vennie (1991)

Novitzki (1979)

Omernik and Gallant (1988)

Ortmann and Walker (1922)

Otis (1988)

Otis and Staggs (1988)

Otis and Weber (1982)

Paruch (1979)

Peterson(1991)

Porter (1991)

Postupalsky(1989)

Prescott(1962)

Subbasins

2-5

2

1-2

1-2

1-2

5

3

2,4

2-5

2-5

3

3

2-3

2-5

2-4

2-5

2-5

2-5

All

1-2

3

3

3

2

2-5

1-2

1-2

All

Study 

scale

Regional

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

s 5

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

0)

n o>

<

X

X

X

X

X

Biota investigated

Macrophytes

X

X

X

X

X

X

Summary of Biological Investigations Relating to Water Quality in the Weste 

Michigan

Invertebrates

X

X

X

X

X

Amphibians reptiles & 

X

X

X

0)

E

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

0) o 

m

X

X

X

X

X

flood Wetland &plain vegetation

X

X

X

X

X

X

Endangered species & threatened 

X

X

X

X

50 rn Lake Michigan Drainages, Wisconsin and
Table 1. Studies of populations and community structure of aquatic biota in the Western Lake Michigan Drainages study 

area Continued

Literature citation

Priegel (1967)

Priegel (1969)

Priegel (1970)

Priegel (1971)

Priegel (1973)

Priegel and Wirth (1975)

Priegel and Wirth (1978)

Quinlan(1989)

Read (1976)

Redmond and others (1993)

Reed (1988)

Reed and Lang (1992)

Reinartz (1990)

Reinartz(1994)

Reinartz and Warne (1990)

Reinartz and Warne (1993)

Reinartz and others (1994)

Rheaume and others (1996)

Rhew (1992)

Rickett (1924)

Robbins (1971)

Robbins (1977)

Robbins (1982)

Robinson (1996)

Rostand others (1989)

Sabol (1983)

Sager and others (1996)

Scharf and Shugart (1981)

Subbasins

3

3

3

3

1-2

3

3

3

2-5

5

2-5

3

5

5

5

5

5

3-5

3

3

2-5

2-5

2-5

3

2

3

3

2-5

Study 

scale

Regional

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

a

8

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

Biota investigated

0)

a

0)

<

X

X

X

X

Macrophytes

X

X

X

X

X

X

Invertebrates

X

X

X

Amphibians reptiles & 

X

£

m 

il

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

m "E 

m

X

X

X

X

flood Wetland &plain vegetation

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

Endangered & threatened species

X

TABLES 1-4 51
Table 1. Studies of populations and community structure of aquatic biota irj the Western Lake Michigan Drainages study 

area Continued I

Literature citation

Scheirer(1988)

Schimpff(1993)

Schmidt(1995)

Schmude and Hilsenhoff (1986)

Simonich(1992)

Simonson and Lyons (1995)

Simonson and others (1994)

Smith (1920)

Smith (1924)

Smith (1978)

Smith, Tom (1993)

Smith, W. A. (1993)

Snider (1991)

Sontag (1995)

Stern (1990)

Strassburg(1991)

Summers (1991)

Swindale and Curtis (1957)

Szczytko (1989)

Szczytko(1995)

Taft(1989a)

Taft(1989b)

Taft(1991a)

Taft(1991b)

Taft(1991c)

Taft(1991e)

Taft(1994)

Techlow and Mossman (1985)

Subbasins

3

5

3

2-5

2-5

3

2-5

2-5

2-5

2

2-5

2-5

1-2

5

2-5

2-5

All

3-5

2-5

3

1

2

1

1

1

1

1

3

Study 

scale

Regional

3

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

CO

o

a

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

£o»

<

X

X

X

Biota investigated

Macrophytes

X

X

Summary of Biological Investigations Relating to Water Quality in the Weste 

Michigan

Invertebrates

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

Amphibians reptiles & 

X

to 

il

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

to o

ffl

X

X

vegetation Wetland floodplain & 

X

X

X

X

species Endangered threatened &

X

X

X

52 rn Lake Michigan Drainages, Wisconsin and
Table 1. Studies of populations and community structure of aquatic biota in the Western Lake Michigan Drainages study 

area Continued

Literature citation

Temple and Gary (1987)

The Nature Conservancy (1988)

Thompson (1995)

Threinen(1958)

Threinen and Poff (1963)

Thuemler(1985)

Torke(1976)

Trick (1982)

U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (1991)

U.S. Geological Survey (1995)

University of Wisconsin 

Sea Grant Institute (1996)

Vogt(1981)

Vondracek (1977)

Voss (1972)

Voss (1985)

Walter and Burch (1957)

Walters (1992)

Wang and others (1995)

Watermolen(1989)

Watermolen(1992a)

Watermolen(1992b)

Watermolen(1992c)

Watermolen(1995)

Watermolen (1996a)

Watermolen(1996b)

Watermolen and Casper (1993)

Watermolen and Chandler (1993)

Subbasins

2-5

3-5

5

2-5

2-5

2

2-5

2-3

3

All

2-5

2-5

2,4

1-2

1-2

1-2

2-5

3-5

4

4

3

2-5

2-5

2-5

2-5

4

2-5

Study 

scale

Regional

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

n

3

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

Biota investigated

0)

n

O>

<

X

Macrophytes

X

X

X

X

Invertebrates

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

Amphibians reptiles & 

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

£ 

CO

il

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

CO "E 

ffl

X

X

X

Wetland floodplain vegetation & 

X

X

X

X

X

X

Endangered species & threatened 

X

X

X

X

TABLES 1-4 53
Table 1. Studies of populations and community structure of aquatic biota in the Western Lake Michigan Drainages study 

area Continued

Literature citation

Watermolen and Gilbertson (1996)

Watermolen and Haen (1994)

Weber (1976)

Weber and Les ( 1982)

Weber and Otis ( 1984)

Weise and others (1995)

Welsch (1988)

Wenger and others (1990)

Wheeler and Hunt (1994)

Wheeler and March (1979)

Wheeler and others (1984)

Williams and others (1993)

Wilson (1991)

Wisconsin DOA ( 1995)

Wisconsin DNR( 1990)

Wisconsin DNR(1991b)

Wisconsin DNR (1993b)

Wisconsin DNR (1994)

Wisconsin/Michigan DNR (1990)

Yencha(1993)

Yoder(1994)

TOTAL NUMBER OF STUDIES

Subbasins

2-5

2-5

3

3

3

2-5

2-5

4

3

3

3

All

1-2

2-5

2-5

5

3

2-5

2

4

3

356

Study 

scale

Regional

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

224

CO O

3

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

134

£

O)

<

X

X

X

27

Biota investigated

Macrophytes

X

X

X

X

X

40

Invertebrates

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

109

Amphibians reptiles & 

X

X

X

54

£ 

(0

il

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

124

a> 

TJ

ffl

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

56

Wetland flood&plain vegetation

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

64

Endangered threatened species & 

X

X

X

42

54 Summary of Biological Investigations Relating to Water Quality in the Western Lake Michigan Drainages, Wisconsin and 

Michigan
Table 2. Studies of the health of aquatic biota from the Western Lake Michigan Drainages study area

[Subbasins: 1, Ford/Escanaba; 2, Menominee/Oconto/Peshtigo; 3, Fox/Wolf; 4, Sheboygan/Manitowoc/Twin; 5, Milwaukee]

Literature citation

Amin and others (1973)

Ankley, Lodge, and others (1992)

Baumann and others (1991)

Crandon Mining Company (1995)

Custer and others (1995)

DeVore and Eaton (1983)

Dykstra and others (1995)

Fox, Collins, and others (1991)

Fox, Weseloh, and others (1991)

Giesy and others (1995)

Harris (1988)

Harris and others (1993)

Hine and others (1981)

Hoffman and others (1987)

Hoffman and others (1993)

Jung and others (1996)

Klemm(1991)

Kubiak and others (1989)

Larson and others (1996)

Matteson (1985)

Meyer and others (1996)

Mossman and others (1984)

Rattner and others (1993)

Rost (1983)

Scheirer and Coble (1991)

Techlow and Mossman (1985)

Tillitt and others (1992)

Trick (1982)

Wisconsin DNR(1993b)

Wisconsin/Michigan DNR (1990)

TOTAL NUMBER OF STUDIES

Subbasins

5

3

2-3

2

3

2

3

3

3

2

All

3

3-4

3

3

3

1

3

4

All

2-5

3

3

2

3

3-4

3

2-3

3

2

30

Study 

scale

Regional

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

15

(0 

O 

O

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

15

Biota investigated

Invertebrates

X

X

2

Amphibians & reptiles

X

X

2

£ 

0)

il

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

9

0) ^

m

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

21

Effect investigated

Disease

X

X

X

3

Lesions

X

X

2

Malformations

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

13

Reproductive Impairment

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

21

Tumors

X

X

X

X

4

0>

5

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

9

TABLES 1-4 55
Table 3. Studies of chemical concentrations in tissues of aquatic biota frofn the Western Lake Michigan Drainages study

area

[Subbasins: 1, Ford/Escanaba; 2, Menominee/Oconto/Peshtigo; 3, Fox/Wolf; 4, Sheboygan/Manitowoc/Twin; 5, Milwaukee]

56

Literature citation

Ankley, Cook, and others (1992)

Ankley and others (1993)

Call and others (1991)

Campbell and Talbot (1993)

Clark and others (1984)

Crandon Mining Company (1995)

Custer and others (1995)

Custer and Custer (1995)

DeVault(1985)

DeVita and Crunkilton (1994)

DuVall (1983)

Dykstra and others (1995)

Giesy and others (1994)

Giesy and others (1995)

Grieb and others (1990)

Harris and others (1993)

Hesselberg and others (1991)

Hoffman and others (1987)

Hoffman and others (1993)

Jones and others (1993)

Jung and others (1996)

Kleinert and Degurse (1972)

Kleinert and others (1968)

Kleinert and others (1974)

Klemm(1991)

Kubiak and others (1989)

Larson and others (1996)

Lathrop and others (1989)

Lathrop and others (1991)

Lowe and others (1985)

Subbasins

3

3

3

2

All

2

3

3

3-5

5

3

3

2

2

1

3

All

3

3

3

3

1-3

2-5

1-3

1

3

4

2-4

2-5

4

Study 

scale

Regional

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

so

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

Biota investigated

Invertebrates

X

X

X

X

X

Amphibians Reptiles & 

X

Summary of Biological Investigations Relating to Water Quality in the Westc 

Michigan

CO

iZ

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

CO o 

m

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

Contaminant investigated

Inorganics

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

Organ ics

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

CO

m 

o

Q.

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

Dioxins

X

X

X

X

X

X

2

I O

X

X

X

X

rn Lake Michigan Drainages, Wisconsin and
Table 3. Studies of chemical concentrations in tissues of aquatic biota from the Western Lake Michigan Drainages study 

area Continued

Literature citation

Mac and others (1985)

Masterson and Bannerman (1994)

May and McKinney (1981)

Meyer and others (1996)

Michigan DEQ (1995)

Michigan DNR (1991b)

Michigan DNR (1992)

Michigan DNR (1994a)

Michigan DNR (1994b)

Pariso and others (1984)

Peterman and Delfino (1990)

Phillipson and Puma (1980)

Rattner and others (1993)

Rost and others (1989)

Schmitt(1990)

Schmitt and Brumbaugh (1990)

Schmitt and others (1981)

Schmitt and others (1983)

Schmitt and others (1985)

Schmitt and others (1990)

Scudder and others (1995)

Sullivan and Delfino (1982)

Sullivan and others (1983)

Taft (1989c)

Taft (199 Id)

Tillitt and others (1991)

Tillitt and others (1992)

Tillit and others (1993)

Turgeon and Robertson (1995)

U.S. EPA (1992a and b)

U.S. Geological Survey (1995)

Subbasins

3

5

4

2-5

1

2

1-2

1-2

1-2

All

3

4

3

2

4

4

4

4

4

4

All

3

3

1

2

2

3

3

3,5

All

All

Study 

scale

Regional

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

s

5

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

Biota investigated

Invertebrates

X

X

X

X

X

X

Amphibians & Reptiles

£ 

CO

E

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

(0 o 

m

X

X

X

X

X

Contaminant investigated

Inorganics

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

Organics

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

(0

m

£

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

Dioxins

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

(0 

0>

6

X

TABLES 1-4 57
Table 3. Studies of chemical concentrations in tissues of aquatic biota from the Western Lake Michigan Drainages study 

area Continued

Literature citation

Veith and others (1981)

Wisconsin DNR (199 la)

Wisconsin DNR (1991b)

Wisconsin DNR (1993a)

Wisconsin DNR (1993b)

Wisconsin DNR (1994)

Wisconsin DNR (1995)

Wisconsin/Michigan DNR (1990)

TOTAL NUMBER OF STUDIES

(0

c

(0

(0

3

C/)

3

2

5

2-5

3

2-5

2-5

2

69

Study 

scale

75

c

o

0> DC

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

42

o

0

X

27

Biota investigated

(0

^

.0

c

X

X

13

(0

0)

"

Q.

tr

00

CO

c

*

£

Q.

E

X

2

(0

u.

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

50

(0 o

m

X

X

X

20

Contaminant investigated

(0

(0

0

j=

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

41

«>

.y

CQ

D)

6

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

56

m

Cj £L

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

53

0)

><

o

O

X

X

15

0>

5

58 Summary of Biological Investigations Relating to Water Quality in the Westorn Lake Michigan Drainages, Wisconsin and 

Michigan
Table 4. Studies of toxicity to aquatic biota from the Western Lake Michigan Drainages study area

[Subbasins: 1, Ford/Escanaba; 2, Menominee/Oconto/Peshtigo; 3, Fox/Wolf; 4, Sheboygan/Manitowoc/Twin; 5, Milwaukee; Test Type L = Lab, F = Field, 

L/F = Both Lab and Field]

Literature citation

Ankley and others (1990)

Ankley, Lodge, and others (1992)

Auer and Auer( 1987)

Auer and Auer( 1990)

Avery and others (1995)

Balcer and others (1986)

Call and others (1991)

Campbell and Talbot (1993)

Custer and others (1995)

Davenport and Spacie (1991)

Delfino (1985)

Fabacher and others (1991)

Giesy and others (1995)

Harris and others (1993)

Hine and others (1981)

Hoffman and others (1987)

Hoffman and others (1993)

Hokanson and Lien (1985)

Ingersoll and others (1991)

Jung and others (1996)

Klemm(1991)

Kubiak and others (1989)

Lien and others (1986)

Mac and others (1985)

Michigan DNR (1992)

Michigan DNR (1994b)

Ramcheck(1995)

Rostand others (1989)

Tillitt and others (1991)

Tillitt and others (1992)

Tillitt and others (1993)

Wisconsin DNR (1993b)

Wisconsin DNR (1994)

Wisconsin/Michigan DNR (1990)

TOTAL NUMBER OF STUDIES

Subbasins

3

3

3

3

3

3

3

3

3

All

3

2-3

2

3

2-5

3

3

3

5

3

1

3

3

3

1-2

1-2

5

2

2

3

2-3

3

2-5

2

34

Study 

scale

Regional

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

14

(0

o

5

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

20

Biota investigated

0) (0 

0)

<

X

X

X

3

Invertebrates

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

15

Amphibians & reptiles

X

X

2

£ 

CO

il

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

20

CO o 

m

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

10

Test type

L

L/F

L/F

F

L/F

F

L/F

L/F

L/F

L

F

L

F

F

F

L

L/F

L/F

L

L/F

L/F

F

L

L/F

L

L/F

L/F

L

L

L

L

L

L/F

L/F

12L; 

7F; 

15L/F

Toxicity assessed

Carcinogenicity

X

X

2

Growth

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

15

Mutagenicity

X

X

X

3

Reproduction

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

18

Survival

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

31

0)

6

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

7

TABLES 1-4 59

APPENDIX A

APPENDIX A 61
APPENDIX A. AQUATIC BIOTA OF THE WESTERN LAKE MICHIGAN DRAINAGES STUDY 

AREA

Tables in this section list the aquatic biota found in the study area by scientific name, common name, and 

other characteristics available from literature sources. Included are the following:

TABLES

Al. Aquatic macrophytes of Wisconsin and the Upper Peninsula of Michigan

A2. Aquatic invertebrates of streams of the Western Lake Michigan

A3. Amphibians and aquatic-associated reptiles of the Western

A4. Fishes of streams of the Western Lake Michigan Drainages

A5. Aquatic birds of the Western Lake Michigan Drainages

A6. Federal-listed endangered and threatened aquatic

A7. State-listed endangered and threatened aquatic biota of the

Drainages study area 

Lake Michigan Drainages study area 

study area

area

 Vestern Lake Michigan Drainages study area 

Western Lake Michigan Drainages study area

62 Summary of Biological Investigations Relating to Water Quality in the Western Lake Michigan Drainages, Wisconsin and 

Michigan
Table A1. Aquatic macrophytes of Wisconsin and the Upper Peninsula of Michigan

[Compiled from Bumby, 1977; Curtis, 1971; Engel, 1985; Fassett, 1957; Fassett, 1976; Gerber, 1994b; Hotchkiss, 1972; Kahl, 1993; Kline, 1991;

Modlin, 1970; Nichols and Martin, 1990; Smith, 1978; Welsch, 1988; Nomenclature according to Gleason and Cronquist, 1991]

Scientific name Common name Growth habit

Class: Equisetopsida 

Order: Equisetales

Family: Equisetaceae (horsetails)

Equisetum fluviatile 

Class : Isoetopsida 

Order: Isoetales

Family: Isoetaceae (quillworts)

Isoetes echinospora

Isoetes macrospora 

Class : Liliopsida (Monocots) 

Order: Alismatales

Family: Alismataceae (water-plaintains)

Alisma gramineum

Alisma triviale

Sagittaria cuneata

Sagittaria graminea

Sagittaria latifolia

Sagittaria rigida 

Order: A rales

Family: Acoraceae (sweet flags)

Acorus calamus 

Family: Araceae (arums)

Calla palustris 

Order: Cyperales

Family: Cyperaceae (sedges)

Carex spp.

Cyperus spp.

Dulichium arundinaceum

Eleocharis acicularis

Eleocharis equisetoides

Eleocharis palustris

Eleocharis quadrangulata

Eleocharis robbinsii

Eleocharis tenuis

Scirpus acutus

Scirpus americanus

Scirpus atrovirens

Scirpus cyperinus

Scirpus fluviatilis

Scirpus heterochaetus

Scirpus validus

Horsetail

Spiny-spore quillwort 

Lake quillwort

Water plaintain 

Water plaintain 

Arrowhead/duck potato 

Arrowhead/duck potato 

Arrowhead/duck potato 

Stiff arrowhead

Sweet flag 

Calla lily

Sedge

Sedge

Three-way sedge

Needle rush/slender spikerush

Northern jointed spikerush

Creeping spikerush

Squarestem spikerush

Triangle spikerush

Spikerush

Hard roundstem bulrush

Three-square bulrush

Bulrush

Wool grass

River bulrush

Slender bulrush

Soft roundstem bulrush

Emergent

Submersed 

Submersed

Emergent 

Emergent 

Emergent 

Emergent 

Emergent 

Emergent

Emergent 

Emergent

Emergent 

Emergent 

Emergent 

Emergent 

Emergent 

Emergent 

Emergent 

Emergent 

Emergent 

Emergent 

Emergent 

Emergent 

Emergent 

Emergent 

Emergent 

Emergent

APPENDIX A 63
Table A1. Aquatic macrophytes of Wisconsin and the Upper Peninsula of Michigan Continued

Scientific name

Family: Poaceae (grasses)

Calamagrostis canadensis

Leersia oryzoides

Glyceria striata

Phalaris arundinacea

Phragmites australis

Zizania aquatica

Common name

Bluejoint grass

Rice cut-grass

Manna grass

Reed canary g

Common reec

Wild rice

;rass

Growth habit

Emergent

Emergent

Emergent

Emergent

Emergent

Emergent

Order: Eriocaulales

Family: Eriocaulaceae (pipeworts)

Eriocaulon aquaticwn 

Order: Hydrocharitales

Family: Hydrocharitaceae (frogbits)

Elodea canadensis

Elodea nuttalli

Vallisneria americana 

Order: Juncales

Family: Juncaceae (rushes)

Juncus spp. 

Order: Liliales

Family: Iridaceae (irises)

Iris lacustris

Iris pseudacorus

Iris versicolor

Iris virginica 

Family: Pontederiaceae (water hyacinths)

Pontederia cordata

Zosterella dubia 

Order: Najadales

Family: Lemnaceae (duckweeds)

Lemna minor

Lemna perpusilla

Lemna trisulca

Spirodela polyrhiza

Wolffia columbiana

Wolffia punctata 

Family: Najadaceae (water-nymphs)

Najasflexilis

Najas gracillima

Najas guadalupensis

Najas marina

Pipewort

Waterweed 

Waterweed 

Wild celery/tape grass

Rush

Dwarf lake iris 

Water flag 

Blue flag 

Iris

Pickerelweed 

Water stargrass

Lesser duckweed 

Least duckweed 

Starduckweei 

Big duckweed

Common wat irmeal

Dotted watenbeal

Slender naiad/bushy pondweed 

Bushy pondweed 

Southern naiad 

Spiny naiad

Submersed

Submersed 

Submersed 

Submersed

Emergent

Emergent 

Emergent 

Emergent 

Emergent

Emergent 

Submersed

Floating 

Floating 

Floating 

Floating 

Floating 

Floating

Submersed 

Submersed 

Submersed 

Submersed

64 Summary of Biological Investigations Relating to Water Quality in the Western Lake Michigan Drainages, Wisconsin and 

Michigan
Table A1. Aquatic macrophytes of Wisconsin and the Upper Peninsula of Michigan Continued

Scientific name

Family: Potamogetonaceae (pondweeds)

Potamogeton alpinus

Potamogeton amplifolius

Potamogeton confervoides

Potamogeton crispus

Potamogeton diversifolius

Potamogeton epihydrus

Potamogeton filiformis

Potamogeton foliosus

Potamogeton friesii

Potamogeton gramineus

Potamogeton illinoensis

Potamogeton natans

Potamogeton nodosus

Potamogeton oakensianus

Potamogeton obtusifolius

Potamogeton pectinatus

Potamogeton praelongus

Potamogeton pusillus

Potamogeton richardsonii

Potamogeton robbinsii

Potamogeton spirillus

Potamogeton strictifolus

Potamogeton vaginatus

Potamogeton vaseyi

Potamogeton zosteriformis

Family: Ruppiaceae (ditch-grasses)

Ruppia maritima

Family: Zannichelliaceae (horned pondweeds)

Zannichellia palustris

Order: Typhales

Family: Sparganiaceae (bur reeds)

Sparganium americanum

Sparganium angustifolium

Sparganium chlorocarpum

Sparganium eurycarpum

Sparganium fluctuans

Family: Typhaceae (cattails)

Typha angustifolia

Typha latifolia

Common name

Red pondweed

Large-leaf pondweed

Alga pondweed

Curly-leaf pondweed

Water-thread pondweed

Leafy pondweed

Thread-lead pondweed

Leafy pondweed

Frie's pondweed

Variable pondweed

Pondweed

Floating-leaf pondweed

American pondweed

Pondweed

Pondweed

Sago pondweed

Whitestem pondweed

Slender pondweed

Richardson pondweed

Robbin's pondweed

Spiral-fruited pondweed

Pondweed

Swift-water pondweed

Vasey's pondweed

Flat-stemmed pondweed

Wigeon grass/ditch grass

Horned pondweed

Bur reed

Narrow-leaf bur reed

Bur reed

Bur reed

Floating-leaf bur reed

Common cattail/broadleaf cattail

Narrow-leaf cattail

Growth habit

Submersed

Submersed

Submersed

Submersed

Submersed

Submersed

Submersed

Submersed

Submersed

Submersed

Submersed

Submersed

Submersed

Submersed

Submersed

Submersed

Submersed

Submersed

Submersed

Submersed

Submersed

Submersed

Submersed

Submersed

Submersed

Submersed

Submersed

Emergent

Emergent

Emergent

Emergent

Emergent

Emergent

Emergent

APPENDIX A 65
Table A1. Aquatic macrophytes of Wisconsin and the Upper Peninsula of Michigan Continued

Scientific name Common name Growth habit

Class: Magnoliopsida (Dicots) 

Order: Araliales

Family: Apiaceae (carrots) 

Siwn suave 

Cicuta bulberifera 

Cicuta maculata 

Order: Asterales

Family: Asteraceae (asters) 

Bidens beckii 

Bidens cernua 

Bidens connata 

Eupatorium maculatum 

Eupatoriwn perfoliatum 

Eupatorium rugosum 

Order: Callitrichales

Family: Callitrichaceae (water-starworts) 

Callitriche hermaphroditica 

Callitriche stagnalis 

Callitriche pallustris 

Family: Hippuridaceae (mare's tails)

Hippuris vulgaris 

Order: Campanulales

Family: Campanulaceae (bellflowers)

Campanula aparinoides 

Family: Lobeliaceae (lobelias)

Lobelia dortmanna 

Order: Capparales

Family: Brassicaceae (mustards) 

Armoracia lacustris 

Cardamine pensylvanica 

Cardamine pratensis 

Cardamine rhomboidea 

Rorippa nasturtium-aquaticum 

Order: Cornales

Family: Cornaceae (dogwoods)

Comus sericea 

Order: Ericales

Family: Ericaceae (heaths)

Chamaedaphne calyculata 

Order: Gentianales

Family: Asclepiadaceae (milkweeds) 

Asclepias incarnata

Water-parsnip 

Bulbiliferous water-hemlock 

Common water-hemlock

Water marigold 

Beggar ticks 

Beggar ticks 

Joe-pye weed 

Boneset 

Snakeroot

Water starwort 

Water starwort 

Water starwort

Mare's tail

Bellflower

water-lobelia

Lake-cress

Pennsylvania bitter-cress 

Cuckoo-flower 

Spring-cress 

Water-cress

Red-osier dogwood

Leather leaf

Swamp milkweed

Emergent 

Emergent 

Emergent

EmergentEmergent 

Emergent 

Emergent 

Emergent 

Emergent

Submersed 

Submersed 

Submersed

Submersed

Emergent

Submersed

Emergent 

Emergent 

Emergent 

Emergent 

Submersed

Emergent

Emergent

Emergent

66 Summary of Biological Investigations Relating to Water Quality in the Western Lake Michigan Drainages, Wisconsin and 

Michigan
Table A1. Aquatic macrophytes of Wisconsin and the Upper Peninsula of Michigan Continued

Scientific name Common name Growth habit

Order: Haloragales

Family: Haloragaceae (water-milfoils)

Myriophyllum alterniflorum

Myriophyllum aquaticum

Myriophyllum farwellii

Myriophyllum heterophyllum

Myriophyllum humile

Myriophyllum sibiricum

Myriophyllum spicatum

Myriophyllum tenellum

Myriophyllum verticillatum 

Order: Lamiales

Family: Lamiaceae (mints)

Lycopus uniflorus

Scutellaria galericulata 

Order: Myrtales

Family: Lythraceae (loosestrifes)

Decodon verticillatus

Lythrum alatum

Lythrum salicaria

Didiplis diandra 

Family: Onograceae (evening primroses)

Ludwigia palustris 

Order: Plantaginales

Family: Plantaginaceae (plaintains)

Littorella uniflora 

Order: Polygonales

Family: Polygonaceae (smartweeds)

Polygonum amphibium

Polygonum careyi

Polygonum punctatum 

Order: Primulales

Family: Primulaceae (primroses)

Lysimachia terrestris

Lysimachia thrysiflora 

Order: Nymphaeales

Family: Cabombaceae (water-shields)

Brasenia schreberi

Little water-milfoil 

Parrot's-feather 

Farwell's water-milfoil 

Various-leaved water-milfoil 

Water-milfoil 

Common water-milfoil 

Eurasian water-milfoil 

Dwarf water-milfoil 

Green milfoil

Northern water-horehound 

Marsh skullcap

Swamp loosestrife 

Winged loosestrife 

Purple loosestrife 

Water-purslane

Common water-primrose

Plaintain shoreweed

Water smartweed 

Carey's smartweed 

Dotted smartweed

Bulbil-loosestrife 

S wamp-loosestrife

Water-shield

Submersed 

Submersed 

Submersed 

Submersed 

Submersed 

Submersed 

Submersed 

Submersed 

Submersed

Emergent 

Emergent

Emergent 

Emergent 

Emergent 

Submersed

Emergent

Submersed

Submersed 

Emergent 

Submersed

Emergent 

Emergent

Submersed

APPENDIX A 67
Table A1 . Aquatic macrophytes of Wisconsin and the Upper Peninsula of

Scientific name

Family: Ceratophyllaceae (hornwarts) 

Ceratophyllum demersum 

Ceratophyllum echinatum

Comm

Michigan Continued

on name

Coontail/Hornwart 

Spiny hornwajt

Growth habit

Submersed 

Submersed

Family: Nelumbonaceae (lotus-lilies)

Nelumbo lutea 

Family: Nymphaeaceae (water-lilies)

Nuphar advena

Nuphar microphylla

Nuphar variegata

Nymphaea odorata 

Order: Ranunculales

Family: Ranunculaceae (buttercups)

Caltha palustris

Ranunculus flabellaris

Ranunculus longirostris

Ranunculus flammula

Ranunculus sceleratus

Ranunculus trichophyllus 

Order: Rosales

Family: Saxifragaceae (saxifrages)

Penthorum sedoides 

Family: Rosaceae (roses)

Potentilla palustris 

Order: Salicales

Family: Salicaceae (willows)

Salix spp. 

Order: Scrophulariales

Family: Lentibulariaceae (bladderworts)

Utricularia geminiscapa

Utricularia gibba

Utricularia intermedia

Utricularia minor

Utricularia purpurea

Utricularia resupinata

Utricularia vulgaris 

Family: Scrophylariaceae (figworts)

Chelone glabra

Gratiola aurea

Veronica anagallis-aquatica

American lotqs-lily

Yellow water 

Yellow water 

Yellow water 

Fragrant wate

ily 

ily 

ily 

lily

Marsh marigold 

Yellow water-crowfoot 

White water-cjrowfoot 

Creeping speatwort 

Cursed crowfoot 

White water-crowfoot

Ditch stonecrop

Marsh cinquefoil/Marsh-potentilla

Willow

Hidden-flower bladderwort 

Humped/cree Ding bladderwort 

Flat-leaf/northern bladderwort 

Lesser bladderwort 

Purple/spotted bladderwort 

Lavender/resupinate bladderwort 

Common bladderwort

White turtlehfead

Yellow hedgel-hyssop/Goldenpert

Water-speedwell

Emergent

Emergent 

Emergent 

Emergent 

Emergent

Emergent 

Emergent 

Submersed 

Submersed 

Submersed 

Submersed

Emergent 

Emergent

Emergent

Submersed 

Submersed 

Submersed 

Submersed 

Submersed 

Submersed 

Submersed

Emergent 

Emergent 

Emergent

68 | Summary of Biological Investigations Relating to Water Quality in the Western Lake Michigan Drainages, Wisconsin and 

Michigan
Table A1. Aquatic macrophytes of Wisconsin and the Upper Peninsula of Michigan Continued

Scientific name Common name Growth habit 

Order: Solanales

Family: Solanaceae (nightshades)

Solarium dulcamara Nightshade/bittersweet Emergent 

Order: Theales

Family: Elatinaceae (waterworts)

Elatine minima Waterwort Emergent 

Class : Bryopsida/Musci (mosses) 

Order: Bryales

Fontinalis spp. Water moss Submersed 

Class : Hepaticopsida 

Order: Marchantiales (thallose liverworts)

Ricciafluitans Slender riccia Submersed 

Class : Charophyceae 

Order: Charales

Family: Characeae (Stoneworts)

Chara sp. or spp. Muskgrass Submersed 

Nitella sp. or spp. Stonewort Submersed

APPENDIX A 69
Table A2. Aquatic invertebrates of the Western Lake Michigan Drainages study area

[Compiled from Burch, 199 l;Detweiler and others, 1991;Edmondson, 1959;EngemannandFlanagan, 1991;Hilsenhoff, 1981;Klemm, 1991;Porter, 

1991; Snider, 1991; Nomenclature according to Pennak, 1989 (protozoa to mollusks); Menitt and Cummins, 1996 (insects)]

Scientific name Common name

Level of identification 

commonly used

Phylum: Sarcomastigjgophora 

Phylum: Ciliophora 

Phylum: Porifera 

Class: Demospongea 

Order: Haplosclerina 

Family: Spongillidae 

Phylum: Coelenterata 

Class: Hydrozoa 

Order: Hydroida

Family: Hydridae 

Phylum: Platyhelminthes

Class: Turbellaria 

Phylum: Nemertea 

Phylum: Gastrotricha 

Phylum: Rotifera 

Phylum: Nematoda 

Phylum: Nematomorpha 

Order: Gordioidea 

Family: Gordiidae 

Family: Chordodidae 

Phylum: Tardigrada 

Phylum: Bryozoa

Class: Phylactolaemata 

Phylum: Entoprocta 

Phylum: Annelida 

Class: Oligochaeta 

Order: Haplotaxida 

Family: Haplotaxidae 

Family: Naididae 

Family Tubificidae 

Order: Lumbriculida

Family: Lumbriculidae 

Class: Hirudinea 

Order: Gnathobdellida

Family: Hirudinidae 

Order: Pharyngobdellida 

Family: Erpobdellidae

Protozoa 

Protozoa 

Sponges

Freshwater sponges 

Hydroids and jellyfish 

Hydras

Flatworms

i

Proboscis worms

Gastrotrichs

Rotifers

Roundworms

Horsehair worms/gordian worms

Water bears 

Moss animalcules

Aquatic earthworms

Leeches

Genus 

Genus

Species

Genus

Class

Order/Genus

Order

Order/Genus

Order/Genus

Genus 

Genus 

Genus/species

Species 

Species

Species 

Species 

Species

Species

Species 

Species

70 Summary of Biological Investigations Relating to Water Quality in the Western Lake Michigan Drainages, Wisconsin and 

Michigan
Table A2. Aquatic invertebrates of the Western Lake Michigan Drainages study area Continued

Scientific name Common name

Level of identification 

commonly used

Order: Rhynchobellida

Family: Glossiphoniidae 

Family: Piscicolidae 

Phylum: Arthropoda 

Class: Crustacea 

Order: Anostraca 

Order: Cladocera 

Order: Conchostraca 

Order: Branchiura 

Order: Eucopepoda 

Order: Ostracoda 

Order: Isopoda

Family: Asellidae 

Order: Amphipoda 

Family: Crangonyctidae 

Family: Gammaridae 

Family: Talitridae 

Order: Decapoda 

Family: Cambaridae 

Family: Palaemonidae 

Class: Arachnoidea 

Order: Acari 

Class: Entognatha 

Order: Collembola 

Class: Insecta/Hexapoda 

Order: Ephemeroptera 

Family: Ametropodidae 

Family: Baetidae 

Family: Baetiscidae 

Family: Caenidae 

Family: Ephemeridae 

Family: Ephemerellidae 

Family: Heptageniidae 

Family: Leptophlebiidae 

Family: Metretopodidae 

Family: Oligoneuriidae 

Family: Polymitarcyidae 

Family: Potamanthidae 

Family: Siphlonuridae 

Family: Tricorythidae

Fairy shrimps 

Water fleas 

Clam shrimps 

Copepods 

Copepods 

Seed shrimps 

Aquatic sow bugs

Scuds/sides wimmers

Crayfishes 

Prawns

Water mites

Springtails

Mayflies

Species 

Species

Genus

Species

Genus

Species

Species

Species

Genus

Genus/Species 

Genus/Species 

Genus/Species

Genus/Species 

Genus/Species

Genus 

Family

Genus

Genus/Species

Species

Genus

Genus

Species

Genus/Species

Genus

Genus

Genus

Species

Genus

Genus

Genus

APPENDIX A 71
Table A2. Aquatic invertebrates of the Western Lake Michigan Drainages study area Continued

Scientific name Common name

Level of identification 

commonly used

Order: Odonata

Family: Aeshnidae 

Family: Calopterygidae 

Family: Coenagrionidae 

Family: Cordulegastridae 

Family: Corduliidae 

Family: Gomphidae 

Family: Lestidae 

Family: Libellulidae

Order: Plecoptera 

Family: Capniidae 

Family: Chloroperlidae 

Family: Leuctridae 

Family: Nemouridae 

Family: Perlidae 

Family: Perlodidae 

Family: Peltoperlidae 

Family: Pteronarcyidae 

Family: Taeniopterygidae

Order: Hemiptera 

Family: Belostomatidae 

Family: Corixidae 

Family: Gerridae 

Family: Hebridae 

Family: Hydrometridae 

Family: Mesoveliidae 

Family: Naucoridae 

Family: Nepidae 

Family: Notonectidae 

Family: Pleidae 

Family: Veliidae

Order: Megaloptera 

Family: Corydalidae 

Family: Sialidae

Order: Neuroptera 

Family: Sisyridae

Order: Tricoptera

Family: Brachycentridae 

Family: Glossosomatidae 

Family: Helicopsychidae 

Family: Hydropsychidae

Dragonflies and damselflies

Stoneflies

True bugs

Giant water bugs

water boatmen

Water striders

Velvet water bugs

Water measurers

Water treaders

Creeping water bugs

Water scorpions

Back swimmers

Pygmy back swimmers

Broad-shouldered water stridfers

Fishflies/Dobsonflies 

Alderflies 

Spongilla flies

Caddisflies

Species

Genus

Family/Genus

Species

Species

Species

Species

Species

Genus

Genus

Genus

Genus/Species

Species

Species

Genus

Genus/Species

Genus

Genus 

Genus 

Genus 

Genus 

Genus 

Genus 

Genus 

Genus 

Genus 

Genus 

Genus

Species

Genus

Genus

Genus 

Genus 

Species 

Species

72 Summary of Biological Investigations Relating to Water Quality in the Western Lake Michigan Drainages, Wisconsin and 

Michigan
Table A2. Aquatic invertebrates of the Western Lake Michigan Drainages study area Continued

Scientific name

Order: Tricoptera Continued

Family: Hydroptilidae

Family: Lepidostomatidae

Family: Leptoceridae

Family: Limnephilidae

Family: Molannidae

Family: Odontoceridae

Family: Philopotamidae

Family: Phryganeidae

Family: Polycentropodidae

Family: Psychomyiidae

Family: Rhyacophilidae

Family: Sericostomatidae

Order: Lepidoptera

Family: Pyralidae

Order: Coleoptera

Family: Chrysomelidae

Family: Curculionidae

Family: Dryopida

Family: Dytiscidae

Family: Elmidae

Family: Gyrinidae

Family: Haliplidae

Family: Hydraenidae

Family: Hydrophilidae

Family: Noteridae

Family: Psephenidae

Family: Scirtidae

Order: Diptera

Family: Athericidae

Family: Blephariceridae

Family: Ceratopogonidae

Family: Chaoboridae

Family: Chironomidae

Family: Culicidae

Family: Dixidae

Family: Dolichopodidae

Family: Empididae

Family: Ephydridae

Family: Muscidae

Family: Psychodidae

Common name

Caddisflies

Aquatic moths

Aquatic beetles

Leaf beetles

Weevils

Long-toes water beetles

Predaceous diving beetles

Riffle beetles

Whirligig beetles

Crawling water beetles

Minute moss beetles

Water scavenger beetle

Burrowing water beetles

Water Pennies

Marsh beetles

Snipe flies

Net- winged midges

No-see-ums/biting midges

Phantom midges

Midges

Mosquitoes

Dixid midges

Lone-legged flies

Dance fly

Shore and Brine flies

House flies

Moth flies

Level of identification 

commonly used

Genus/Species

Genus

Genus/Species

Genus

Genus

Genus

Genus/Species

Genus

Genus

Species

Genus/Species

Genus

Genus

Family

Family

Genus

Genus

Genus/Species

Genus

Genus

Genus

Genus

Genus

Species

Family

Species

Genus/Species

Family/Genus/Species

Genus

Genus/Species

Genus

Genus

Family

Family/Genus

Family/Genus

Species

Genus

APPENDIX A 73
(able A2. Aquatic invertebrates of the Western Lake Michigan Drainages study area Continued

Scientific name Common name

Level of identification 

commonly used

Order: Diptera Continued

Family: Ptychopteridae 

Family: Sciomyzidae 

Family: Simuliidae 

Family: Stratiomyidae 

Family: Syrphidae 

Family: Tabanidae 

Family: Tanyderidae 

Family: Tipulidae 

Phylum: Mollusca

Class: Gastropoda

Order: Mesogastropoda 

Family: Bithyniidae 

Family: Hydrobiidae 

Family: Pomatiopsidae 

Family: Pleuroceridae 

Family: Valvatidae 

Family: Viviparidae

Order: Limnophila 

Family: Ancylidae 

Family: Lymnaeidae 

Family: Physidae 

Family: Planorbidae

Class: Pelecypoda

Order: Veneroida 

Family: Dreisseniidae 

Family: Sphaeriidae

Order: Unionoida 

Family: Unionidae

Phantom crane flies 

Marsh flies 

Black flies 

Soldier flies

Flower fly/rattail maggots 

Horse and Deer flies 

Primitive crane flies 

Crane flies

Snails and limpets

River snails 

Round-mouth snails 

Beaded snails

Limpets 

Pond snails 

Left-handed snails 

Wheel/orb snails 

Clams and mussels

Fingernail clams

Mussels

Genus

Family/Genus

Genus/Species

Genus

Family/Genus

Genus/Species

Genus/Species

Genus/Species

Genus/Species

Genus/Species

Genus/Species

Genus/Species

Family/Genus/Species

Family/Genus/Species

Family/Genus/Species 

Family/Genus/Species 

Family/Genus/Species 

Family/Genus/Species

Fami ly/Genus/Speci es 

Family/Genus/Species

Family/Genus/Species

74 Summary of Biological Investigations Relating to Water Quality in the Western Lake Michigan Drainages, Wisconsin and 

Michigan
Table A3. Amphibians and aquatic-associated reptiles of the Western Lake Michigan Drainages study area

[Compiled from Hine and others, 1981; Vogt, 1981; Conant and Collins, 1991; Benyus and others, 1992; Casper, 1996]

Scientific name Common name General Area of Aquatic Occurrence

Order: Anura (Frogs and Toads)

Family: Bufonidae (TrueToads)

Bufo americanus 

Family: Hylidae (Treefrogs)

Acris crepitans blanchardi

Hyla versicolor

Pseudacris crucifer

Pseudacris triseriata 

Family: Ranidae (True Frogs)

Rana catesbeiana

Rana clamitans

Rana palustris

Rana pipiens

Rana septentrionalis

Rana sylvatica 

Order: Caudata (Salamanders) 

Family: Ambystomatidae (Mole Salamanders)

Eastern American toad

Blanchard's cricket frog 

Gray treefrog 

Spring peeper 

Chorus frog

Bullfrog 

Green frog 

Pickerel frog 

Leopard frog 

Mink frog 

Wood frog

Ambystoma jeffersonianum

Ambystoma later ale

Ambystoma maculatum

Ambystoma tigrinum

Ambystoma tremblayi 

Family: Plethodontidae (Lungless salamanders)

Hemidactylium scutatum Four-toed salamander 

Family: Proteidae (Waterdogs and mudpuppies)

Mudpuppy

Jefferson salamander 

Blue-spotted salamander 

Spotted salamander 

Tiger salamander 

Tremblay's salamander

Necturus maculosus 

Family: Salamandridae (Newts)

Notophthalmus viridescens 

Order: Squamata (Snakes) 

Family: Colubridae

Elaphe vulpina

Nerodia sipedon

Regina septemvittata

Storeria dekayi

Storeria occipitomaculata

Thamnophis sauritus

Thamnophis sirtalis 

Order: Testudines (Turtles) 

Family: Chelydridae (Snapping Turtles)

Chelydra serpentina Snapping turtle

Central/Eastern newt

Fox snake

Northern water snake 

Queen snake 

Brown snake 

Redbelly snake 

Northern ribbon snake 

Common garter snake

Sedge meadow, marsh, swamp, pond

Sedge meadow, marsh, swamp, pond 

Sedge meadow, marsh, swamp, pond, stream 

Sedge meadow, marsh, swamp, pond, lake 

Sedge meadow, marsh, pond

Marsh, pond, lake, stream

Marsh, pond, lake, stream

Sedge meadow, marsh, swamp, pond, lake, stream

Sedge meadow, marsh, swamp, pond, lake, stream

Marsh, swamp, pond, lake, stream

Marsh, pond

Marsh, pond, lake

Marsh, pond

Pond

Sedge meadow, swamp, marsh, pond

Pond

Bog, pond 

Pond, lake, stream 

Marsh, pond, lake, stream

Sedge meadow, swamp

Marsh, swamp, bog, pond, lake, stream

Pond, stream

Marsh, swamp, bog

Swamp, bog

Bog

Sedge meadow, marsh, along streams

Marsh, pond, lake, stream

APPENDIX A 75
Table A3. Amphibians and aquatic-associated reptiles of the Western Lake Michigan Drainages study area Continued

Scientific name Common name General Area of Aquatic Occurrence

Family: Kinosternidae (Musk and Mud Turtles) 

Stenotherus odoratus Musk turtle/Stinkpot

Family: Emydidae (Water and Box Turtles)

Chrysemys picta Painted turtle 

Clemmys insculpta Wood turtle 

Emydoidea blandingii Blanding's turtle 

Graptemys geographica Map turtle

Family: Trionychidae (Softshell Turtles) 

Apalone spinifera Spiny softshell

Pond, lake, stream

Marsh, pond, lake, stream 

Sedge meadow, marsh, pond, stream 

Marsh, pond, lake, stream 

Lake, s :ream

Pond, like, stream

76 Summary of Biological Investigations Relating to Water Quality in the Western Lake Michigan Drainages, Wisconsin and 

Michigan
Table A4. Fishes of streams of the Western Lake Michigan Drainages study area

[Nomenclature according to American Fisheries Society, 1991; Explanation of abbreviations: a, abundant, species taken frequently and in large 

numbers; c, common, species taken frequently and in moderate numbers; u, uncommon, species taken infrequently and in very small numbers; r, rare, 

species taken at highly infrequent intervals with one or two specimens per collection (Becker, 1983); E, species endangered; T, species is threatened; W, 

species on watched list in Wisconsin (Fago, 1992). A (P) signifies that the species is on the protected fishes list for Michigan (Michigan Department of 

Natural Resources, East Lansing, Mich., written commun., 1993).]

Scientific name Common name General area of occurrence

Relative 

abundance

Class: Cephalaspidomorphi (Lampreys) 

Order: Petromyzontiformes

Family: Petromyzontiformes (Lampreys) 

Ichthyomyzon unicuspis Silver lamprey

Ichthyomyzon fossor 

Ichthyomyzon castaneus 

Lampetra appendix

Petromyzon marinus

Northern brook lamprey 

Chestnut lamprey 

American brook lamprey

Sea lamprey

Upper Fox and Wolf River basins, Menominee 

River

Menominee, Peshtigo, and lower Wolf River 

Upper Fox River basin

Tomorrow, East Twin, and Wausaukee Rivers, 

Three Mile Creek, and Cedar River

(Lake Michigan and Green Bay tributaries)

Class: Osteichthyes (Bony Fishes) 

Order: Amiiformes

Family: Amiidae (bowfins) 

Amia calva Bowfin 

Order: Anguilliformes

Family: Anguillidae (freshwater eels) 

Anguilla rostrata American eel 

Order: Ascipenseriformes

Family: Acipenseridae (sturgeons) 

Acipenserfulvescens Lake sturgeon 

Order: Atheriniformes

Family: Atherinidae (silversides) 

Labidesthes sicculus Brook silverside

Family: Cyprinodontidae (killifishes) 

Fundulus diaphanus Banded killifish

Fundulus notatus Blackstripe topminnow 

Order: Clupeiformes

Family: Clupeidae (herrings) 

Alosa pseudoharengus Alewife 

Dorosoma cepedianum Gizzard shad 

Order: Cypriniformes

Family: Catastomidae (suckers) 

Carpoides cyprinus Quillback 

Catostomus commersoni White sucker

Fox and Wolf River Basins

Lake Michigan and Green Bay tributaries W

Menominee River, and Wolf and Fox River Basins W, T (MI)

(Sparsely scattered in the southwestern part of the 

study unit)

(Scattered across the study unit except in the 

extreme northwestern part)

Upper Fox and Milwaukee Rivers

Lake Michigan and Green Bay tributary mouths c 

Fox River system a

Fox and Wolf Rivers c

(Most widespread fish in Wisconsin, present in the a 

entire study area)

APPENDIX A 77
Table A4. Fishes of streams of the Western Lake Michigan Drainages study area Continued

Scientific name Common name

Family: Catastomidae (suckers) Continued 

Erimyzon sucetta Lake chubsucker 

Hypentelium nigricans Northern hog sucker

\ctiobus cyprinellus

Minytrema melanops

Moxostoma anisurum

Moxostoma carinatum

Bigmouth buffalo

Spotted sucker

Silver redhorse

River redhorse

General area of occurrence . 'v abundance

Fox and Wolf Rive

Upper Fox, Wolf, ? 

systems

Fox and Wolf Rive

Wolf River system

Fox, Wolf, Manito\ 

Rivers

Wolf River system

rs W 

/lenominee, and Cedar River c

r Basins unknown

c

voc, Ahnapee, and Menominee c-u

T (MI.WI)

Moxostoma erythrurum Golden redhorse 

Moxostoma macrolepidotum Shorthead redhorse 

Moxostoma valenciennesi Greater redhorse

Family: Cyprinidae (minnows and carps) 

Campostoma anomalum Central stoneroller

Campostoma oligolepis

Carassius auratus 

Clinostomus elongatus 

Couesius plwnbeus

Cyprinella spiloptera 

Cyprinus carpio 

Hybognathus hankinsoni

Luxilus cornutus 

Luxilus chrysocephalus 

Lythrurus umbratilis 

Margariscus margarita

Nocomis biguttatus

Notemigonus crysoleucas 

Notropis anogenus 

Notropis atherinoides

Notropis chalybaeus 

Notropis dorsalis

Largescale stoneroller

Goldfish 

Redside dace 

Lake chub

Spotfin shiner 

Common carp 

Brassy minnow

Common shiner 

Striped shiner 

Redfin shiner 

Pearl dace

Hornyhead chub

Golden shiner 

Pugnose shiner 

Emerald shiner

Ironcolor shiner 

Bigmouth shiner

Wolf and Milwaukee Rivers 

(Larger rivers across the study unit) 

(A few medium to (large rivers)

Tomorrow River (and a few streams in the southern part of the study unit)

(Medium-sized, swpift-flowing streams in the central part of the study unit)

(Extreme southeastern part of the study unit) 

(Disjunct populations in small headwater streams)

(Mouths of Lake Michigan and Green Bay tributaries)

Fox and Wolf River systems, Milwaukee River, 

tributaries to southern Green Bay

(Many waters in tho study unit, especially the 

southern half)

(Small, slow-moving streams, especially in the 

western and northern parts of the study unit)

(Found throughout the study unit)

(Southeastern part 

(Southeastern part

)f the study unit) 

)f the study unit)

(Small streams, especially in the northern part of 

the study unit)

(Clear-water, medium-sized streams throughout 

the southern 3/4 of the study unit)

(Weedy waters in the entire study unit) 

(A couple of disjunct populations)

Wolf and Fox River Basins (and streams in the 

southeast part of the study unit)

(Found twice in Wolf and Fox River Basins, probably extirpated in the study unit)

Fox, Wolf, Pike, and Root Rivers

c 

T(WI)

c 

W(P)

a-c

a

E(WI) 

T(WI)

a-c

T(WI) 

a-c

unknown

78 ! Summary of Biological Investigations Relating to Water Quality in the Western Lake Michigan Drainages, Wisconsin and 

Michigan
Table A4. Fishes of streams of the Western Lake Michigan Drainages study area Continued

Scientific name Common name General area of occurrence

Relative 

abundance

Family: Cyprinidae (minnows and carps) Continued 

Notropis heterodon Blackchin shiner 

Notropis heterolepis Blacknose shiner

Notropis hudsonius 

Notropis rubellus

Notropis stramineus 

Notropis texanus 

Notropis volucellus 

Opsopoeodus emiliae 

Phoxinus eos 

Phoxinus erythrogaster 

Phoxinus neogaeus

Pimephales notatus

Pimephales promelas 

Pimephales vigilax 

Rhinichthys atratulus

Rhinichthys cataractae 

Semotilus atromaculatus

Order: Gadiformes

Family: Gadidae (cods) 

Lota lota

Spottail shiner 

Rosyface shiner

Sand shiner 

Weed shiner 

Mimic shiner 

Pugnose minnow 

Northern redbelly dace 

Southern redbelly dace 

Finescale dace

Bluntnose minnow

Fathead minnow 

Bullhead minnow 

Blacknose dace

Longnose dace 

Creek chub

Burbot

Order: Gasterosteiformes

Family: Gasterostidae (sticklebacks) 

Culaea inconstans Brook stickleback 

Pungitius pungitius Ninespine stickleback

Order: Lepisosteiformes

Family: Lepisosteidae (gars) 

Lepisosteus osseus Longnose gar 

Lepisosteus platostomus Shortnose gar 

Order: Osteoglossiformes

Family: Hiodontidae (mooneyes) 

Hiodon tergisus Mooneye

(Streams near lakes, most of in the study unit) c-u

(Clear, vegetated waters over most of the study c 

unit)

Fox and Wolf River systems, Milwaukee River c

(Medium-sized, clear, swift streams except a-u 

extreme northwestern part of the study unit)

(Scattered over most of the study unit) c-u

Wolf, upper Fox, Peshtigo Rivers W

(Scattered over most of the study unit) c-u

Fox and Wolf River systems W

(Entire study unit, especially the northern half) a

(Southern half of the study unit) u-r

Upper Wolf, upper Fox, and Menominee River c-u 

Basins, and Escanaba, Cedar, and Rapid Rivers

(Entire study unit, most successful a 

fish species in Wisconsin)

(Widely distributed over the study unit) a-c 

Upper Fox River unknown

(Small, cool, headwater streams; less common in a-c 

clear, medium-sized streams)

(Fast water in medium-sized streams in the north- a 

ern part of the study unit)

(Entire study unit-small to medium-sized a 

streams)

(Scattered throughout most of the study unit, especially the Fox and Wolf River systems

(Many headwater streams in the study unit) c

(Occassionally in Lake Michigan tributary u 

mouths)

Wolf and Fox River basins c 

Lower Wolf and lower Fox Rivers c

Lower Fox, Wolf, Embarrass Rivers c-u

APPENDIX A 79
Table A4. Fishes of streams of the Western Lake Michigan Drainages stud]

Scientific name

Order: Perciformes

Common name General

f area Continued

area of occurrence

Relative 

abundance

Family: Centrarchidae (sunfishes)

Ambloplites rupestris

Lepomis cyanellus

Lepomis gibbosus

Lepomis gulosus

Lepomis macrochirus

Lepomis megalotis

Micropterus dolomieu

^Aicropterus salmoides

Pomoxis annularis

Pomoxis nigromaculatus

Rock bass

Green sunfish

Pumpkinseed

Warmouth

Bluegill

Longear sunfish

Smallmouth bass

Largemouth bass

White crappie

Black crappie

(Entire study unit)

(Scattered over the < 

southern part)

(Entire study unit)

(Widely scattered ai 

headwaters)

(Entire study unit)

:ntire study unit, especially the

eas of the Fox and Wolf River

Milwaukee River system, southern Green Bay 

tributaries

(Medium to large st

(Medium to large ri

Fox, Wolf, and Roo

(Entire study unit)

Family: Percichthyidae (temperate basses)

Morone chrysops

Morone mississippiensis

Family: Percidae (perches)

Ammocrypta clara

Etheostoma caeruleum

Etheostoma exile

Etheostoma flabellare

Etheostoma microperca

Etheostoma nigrum

Etheostoma zonale

Perca flavescens

Percina caprodes

Percina maculata

Percina phoxocephala

Percina shumardi

Stizostedion canadense

Stizostedion vitreum

White bass

Yellow bass

Western sand darter

Rainbow darter

Iowa darter

Fantail darter

Least darter

Johnny darter

Banded darter

Yellow perch

Logperch

Blackside darter

Slenderhead darter

River darter

Sauger

Walleye

reams in the entire study unit)

vers in the entire study unit)

t Rivers

Fox and Wolf Rivet systems

(Primarily a lake fif 

streams in the so

Wolf River

Upper Fox, Tomon 

Little Wolf Rivers

h, occassionally found in 

athern half of the study unit)

Dw-Waupaca, and

(Most of the study <mit, in medium-sized streams)

(Small, warm streai 

parts of the stud)

Wolf and upper Fo; 

the southeast)

(Entire study unit)

(Central-western pi

(Entire study unit)

(Most of the study 

ers)

(Most of the study

Embarrass and Litt

Lower Wolf and Fc

Lower Wolf, Fox, £

(Most of the study

tns in the southern and eastern 

r unit)

t River systems (and rivers in

it of the study unit)

unit in medium and large rivunit except the northwest)

e Wolf Rivers

x River systems

md Menominee River systems

Unit)

c

c-u

c

u-r

a-c

T(WI)

c

a

c-u

c

a-c

u

W

c

c-u

a

W

a-c

c-u

a-c

c

c

u

r

a-u

c-u

Family: Sciaenidae (drums) 

Aplodinotus grunniens Freshwater drum (Lower Wolf and Fox River systems) c-u

80 Summary of Biological Investigations Relating to Water Quality in the Western Lake Michigan Drainages, Wisconsin and 

Michigan
Table A4. Fishes of streams of the Western Lake Michigan Drainages study area Continued

Scientific name Common name General area of occurrence

Relative 

abundance

Order: Percopsiformes

Family: Aphredoderidae (pirate perches) 

Aphredoderus sayanus Pirate perch

Family: Percopsidae (trout-perches) 

Percopsis omiscomaycus Trout-perch 

Order: Salmoniformes

Family: Esocidae (pikes) 

Esox lucius Northern pike 

Esox masquinongy Muskellunge

Family: Salmonidae (trouts) 

Coregonus clupeaformis Lake whitefish

Oncorhynchus gorbuscha 

Oncorhynchus kisutch 

Oncorhynchus mykiss 

Oncorhynchus tshawytscha 

Salmo trutta 

Salvelinus fontinalis

Pink salmon 

Coho salmon 

Rainbow trout 

Chinook salmon 

Brown trout 

Brook trout

Family: Umbridae (mudminnows) 

Umbra limi Central mudminnow 

Order: Scorpaeniformes

Family: Cottidae (sculpins) 

Cottus bairdi Mottled sculpin

Order: Siluriformes

Family: Ictaluridae (bullhead catfishes) 

Ameiurus melas Black bullhead 

Ameiurus natalis Yellow bullhead

Ameiurus nebulosus

Ictalurus punctatus

Noturusflavus 

Noturus gyrinus 

Pylodictis olivaris

Brown bullhead

Channel catfish

Stonecat 

Tadpole madtom 

Flathead catfish

Embarrass River W

(Lake Michigan and Green Bay tributary mouths)

(Sluggish areas of many rivers in the study unit) c

(Scattered throughout medium to large rivers in u 

the study unit)

Brule and Menominee Rivers and tributaries unknown

Peshtigo and Ford Rivers r

(Lake Michigan and Green Bay tributaries) a-c 

(Fast, whitewater sections of coldwater streams) c

(Lake Michigan tributaries) a-c

(Many coldwater streams in the study unit) c

(Cold, clear headwater streams, especially in c (north)

northern parts of the study unit) u (south)

(Many marshes, ditches, and streams) a-c

(Headwater streams, especially in the northern 

part)

(Most of the study unit) a

(Many clear, medium-sized streams of the south- c-u 

ern 3/4 of the study unit)

(Widely scattered distribution in sluggish streams u 

except in the southeastern part of the study 

unit)

(Larger streams in the southern half of the study c-u 

unit)

Wolf and Milwaukee River systems c-u

(Many medium to large streams in the study unit) c

Fox and Wolf Rivers c-u

APPENDIX A 81
Table A5. Aquatic birds of the Western Lake Michigan Drainages study arsa

[Compiled from Hilsenhoff, 1995; Mossman and others, 1984; National Geographic Societj , 1983; Robbins, 1982; Temple and Cary, 1987]

Scientific name Common name General Area of Aquatic Occurrence

Order: Anseriformes

Family: Anatidae (Swans, Geese, Ducks)

Aix sponsa

Anas acuta

Anas americana

Anas clypeata

Anas crecca

Anas discors

Anas platyrhynchos

Anas rubripes

Anas strepera

Aythya affinis

Aythya americana

Aythya collaris

Aythya marila

Aythya valisineria

Branta canadensis

Bucephala albeola

Bucephala clangula

Bucephala islandica

Chen caerulescens

Clangula hyemalis

Cygnus columbianus

Cygnus olor

Histrionicus histrionicus

Lophodytes cucullatus

Melanitta fusca

Melanitta nigra

Melanitta perspicillata

Mergus merganser

Mergus serrator

Oxyura jamaicensis 

Order: Ciconiiformes 

Family: Ardeidae (Herons and Egrets)

Ardea herodias

Botaurus lentiginosus

Bubulcus ibis

Butorides striatus

Casmerodius albus

Ixobrychus exilis

Nycticorax nycticorax

Nycticorax violaceus

Wood duck 

Northern pintail 

American wigeon 

Northern shoveler 

Green-winged teal 

Blue-winged teal 

Mallard

American black duck 

Gadwall 

Lesser scaup 

Redhead

Ring-necked duck 

Greater scaup 

Canvasback 

Canada goose 

Bufflehead 

Common goldeneye 

Barrow's goldeneye 

Snow goose 

Oldsquaw 

Tundra swan 

Mute swan 

Harlequin duck 

Hooded merganser 

White-winged scoter 

Black scoter 

Surf scoter 

Common merganser 

Red-breasted merganser 

Ruddy duck

Great blue heron 

American bittern 

Cattle egret 

Green-backed heron 

Great egret 

Least bittern

Black-crowned night heron 

Yellow-crowned night heron

Open woodlands near ponds and rivers 

Marshes, ponds, lakes 

Marshes, ponds, shallow lakes 

Marshes, ponds, bays 

Marshes, ponds, lakes 

Marshes, ponds, lakes 

Marshes, ponds, shallow lakes 

Marshes, woodland lakes and streams marshes 

Marshes, ponds, lakes 

Marshes, ponds, lakes, sheltered bays 

Marshes, ponds, lakes 

Marshes, woodland ponds, small lakes 

Large open lakes, bays 

Open lakes, marshes

Wetlands, open or forested areas near water 

Woodlands near ponds and small lakes, bays 

Lakes, rivers, sheltered coastal areas 

Ponds, lakes, woodlands near water, rivers 

Marshes, ponds, lakes 

Coasts

Marshes, ponds, lakes 

Marshes, ponds, lakes 

Along swift streams, coasts 

Woodland ponds, rivers, sheltered waters 

Inland lakes, rivers, coasts 

Woodland lakes, rivers, ponds 

Woodlands near water, coasts 

Woodland lakes and rivers 

Woodland lakes and rivers, coasts 

Marshes, lakes, ponds, shallow bays

'onds, 

Ponds, 

Ponds, 

Ponds, 

Ponds, 

Ponds, 

Ponds, 

Ponds,

lakes, 

lakes, 

lakes, 

lakes, 

lakes, 

lakes, 

lakes, 

lakes,

marshes 

streams, 

streams, 

streams, 

streams, 

streams, 

streams, 

streams,

marshes

marshe

marshes

marshes

marshes

marshes

marshes

82 Summary of Biological Investigations Relating to Water Quality in the Western Lake Michigan Drainages, Wisconsin and 

Michigan
Table A5. Aquatic birds of the Western Lake Michigan Drainages study area Continued

Scientific name Common name General Area of Aquatic Occurrence

Order: Charadriiformes

Family: Charadriidae (Plovers)

Charadrius vociferus Killdeer 

Family: Laridae (Skuas, Jaegers, Gulls, and Terns)

Chlidonias niger

Larus argentatus

Lams delawarensis

Larus hyperboreus

Larus marinus

Larus Philadelphia

Larus thayeri

Sterna forsteri

Sterna hirundo

Sterna caspia 

Family: Scolopacidae (Sandpipers)

Actitus macularia

Arenaria interpres

Calidris alba

Calidris alpina

Calidris bairdii

Calidris fuscicollis

Calidris melanotos

Calidris minutilla

Calidris pusilla

Catoptrophorus semipalmatus

Charadrius vociferus

Gallinago gallinago

Limnodromus griseus

Limnodromus scolopaceus

Limosa haemastica

Phalaropus tricolor

Scolopax minor

Tringa solitaria

Tringa flavipes

Tringa melanoleuca 

Order: Coraciiformes

Family: Alcedinidae (Kingfishers)

Ceryle alcyon 

Order: Falconiformes 

Family: Accipitridae (Kites, Hawks, Eagles)

Black tern 

Herring gull 

Ring-billed gull 

Glaucous gull 

Greater black-backed gull 

Bonaparte's gull 

Thayer's gull 

Forster's tern 

Common tern 

Caspian tern

Spotted sandpiper 

Ruddy turnstone 

Sanderling 

Dunlin

Baird's sandpiper 

White-rumped sandpiper 

Pectoral sandpiper 

Least sandpiper 

Semipalmated sandpiper 

Willet 

Killdeer 

Common snipe 

Short-billed dowitcher 

Long-billed dowitcher 

Hudsonian godwit 

Wilson's phalarope 

American woodcock 

Solitary sandpiper 

Lesser yellowlegs 

Greater yellowlegs

Belted kingfisher

Accipiter cooperi 

Buteo lineatus

Cooper's hawk 

Red-shouldered hawk

Riverbanks, open marshes

Marshes 

Islands, marshes 

Islands, marshes 

Great Lakes lakeshores 

Great Lakes lakeshores 

Great Lakes lakeshores 

Great Lakes lakeshores 

Islands, marshes 

Islands, marshes 

Marshes, rivers, lakes

Sheltered streams, ponds, lakes, or marshes

Great Lakes lakeshores and bays

Great Lakes lakeshores and bays

Great Lakes lakeshores and bays

Marshes, mudflats, lakeshores

Marshes, mudflats, lakeshores

Marshes, ponds

Marshes, shores of rivers and bays

Marshes, wetlands, ponds, lakes

Mud flats, marshes, lakeshores

Lakeshores, riverbanks

Marshes, bogs, riverbanks

Great Lakes lakeshores and bays

Great Lakes lakeshores and bays

Mud flats, marshes, lakeshores

Marshes, ponds, shallow lakes, reservoirs

Swamps, moist woodlands

Shallow backwaters, ponds, bays

Mud flats, marshes, inland lakeshores

Mud flats, marshes, inland lakeshores

Woodland ponds, rivers, lakes, bays

Woodlands near streams 

Moist woodlands near streams

APPENDIX A 83
Table A5. Aquatic birds of the Western Lake Michigan Drainages study area Continued

Scientific name Common name General Area of Aquatic Occurrence

Family: Accipitridae (Kites, Hawks, Eagles) Continued

Circus cyaneus

Falco peregrinus

Haliaeetus leucocephalus

Pandion haliaetus 

Order: Gaviiformes 

Family: Gaviidae (Loons)

Gavia immer

Gavia stellata 

Order: Gruiformes 

Family: Gruidae (Cranes)

Grus canadensis 

Family: Rallidae (Rails, Gallinules, Coots)

Fulica americana

Gallinula chloropus

Porzana Carolina

Rallus elegans

Rallus limicola 

Order: Passeriformes 

Family: Certhiidae (Creepers)

Certhia americana

Northern harrier 

Peregrine falcon 

Bald eagle 

Osprey

Common Loon 

Red-throated Loon

Sandhill crane

i

American coot 

Common moorhen 

Sora 

King rail 

Virginia rail

Brown creeper

Family: Emberizidae (Warblers and Sparrows)

Agelaius phoeniceus

Dendroica cerulea

Euphagus carolinus

Melospiza georgiana

Pheucticus ludovicianus

Pipilo erythrophthalmus

Seiurus noveboracensis

Xanthocephalus xanthocephalus 

Family: Muscicapidae (Thrushes)

Catharus fuscescens

Catharus ustulatus

Hylocichla mustelina 

Family: Troglodytidae (Wrens)

Cistothorus palustris

Cistothorus platensis 

Family: Tyrannidae (Tyrant flycatchers)

Empidonax alnorum

Empidonax traillii

Empidonax virescens

Red-winged blackbird 

Cerulean warbler 

Rusty blackbird 

Swamp sparrow 

Rose-breasted grosbeak 

Rufous-sided towhee 

Northern waterthrush 

Yellow-headed blackbird

Veery thrush 

Swainson's thrush 

Wood thrush

Marsh wren 

Sedge wren

Alder flycatcher 

Willow flycatcher 

Acadian flycatcher

Wetlands, marshes 

River, lakes 

Rivers, lakes 

Rivers, lakes

Lakes 

Lakes

[Marshes, streams, ponds

[Marshes, wetlands, ponds, lakes 

Marshes, ponds, calm rivers 

JMarshes, wetlands 

Marshes, wetlands 

Marshes, wetlands

Swampy forests, mixed forests near water

Marshes, sloughs

Lowlands, swamps, mixed forests near water

Wet woodlands, bogs, swamps

Marshes, swamps, streams

Streamside thickets

Streamside thickets

Lowland hardwood forest

Marshes, lakeshores

Moist woodlands, Streamside thickets 

Moist woodlands, swamps 

Moist woodlands, swamps

Reedy marshes, cattail swamps 

Marshes

Bogs, ponds, alder thickets

Alongside streams

Lowland hardwood forests, swamps

84 Summary of Biological Investigations Relating to Water Quality in the Western Lake Michigan Drainages, Wisconsin and 

Michigan
Table A5. Aquatic birds of the Western Lake Michigan Drainages study area Continued

Scientific name Common name General Area of Aquatic Occurrence

Order: Pelicaniformes

Family: Phalacrocoracidae (Cormorants)

Phalacrocorax auritus 

Order: Podicipediformes

Family: Podicipedidae (Grebes)

Podiceps auritus

Podiceps grisegena

Podilymbus podiceps 

Order: Strigiformes

Family: Strigidae (Typical Owls)

Strix varia

Double-crested cormorant

Horned grebe 

Red-necked grebe 

Pied-billed grebe

Barred owl

Great Lakes lakeshores and bays

Sheltered lakes, ponds 

Shallow lakes 

Marshy ponds, sloughs

Woodlands near riverbottoms, swamps

Table A6. Federal-listed endangered and threatened aquatic biota of the Western Lake Michigan Drainages study area

[Data from U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Green Bay, Wis., written communication, 1993; Status codes are E, endangered, and T, threatened]

Scientific Name

Cirsium pitcheri 

Falco peregrinus

Common Name

Pitcher's thistle 

Peregrine falcon

Habitat

Open sandy lakeshores, 

stable dunes and 

blowout areas

Marshes, shores of lakes

Counties

Door and Sheboygan (WI); 

Delta (MI)

Door, Kenosha, Milwaukee,

Status

T 

E

Haliaeetus

leucocephalus

Iris lacustris

Bald eagle

and rivers

Shores of lakes and 

rivers

Dwarf lake iris Partially shaded sandygravelly soils on 

lakeshores

Racine, and Sheboygan 

(WI); Alger, Delta, and Marquette (MI)

Calumet, Door, Florence, Forest, Langlade, Marinette, 

Menominee, Oconto, Outagamie, Shawano, Waupaca, 

and Winnebago (WI); Alger, 

Baraga, Delta, Dickinson, 

Iron, Marquette, and 

Menominee (MI)

Brown and Door (WI); Delta 

and Menominee (MI)

Oxytropis 

campestris

Platanthera 

leucophaea

Solidago houghtonii

Fassett's locoweed

Eastern prairie fringed 

orchid

Houghton's goldenrod

Open sandy lakeshores

Wet grasslands

Moist sand beach flats, 

and between dune 

ridges

Waushara (WI)

Kenosha, Ozaukee, Waushara, 

and Winnebago (WI)

Delta (MI)

T

T

T

APPENDIX A 85
Table A7. State-listed endangered and threatened aquatic biota of the Western Lake Michigan Drainages study area

[Data from Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources, Bureau of Endangered Resources, Madison, Wis., written communication, 1996, and 

Michigan Department of Natural Resources, East Lansing, Mich., written communication, 1994; status codes are E, endangered; T, threatened]

Scientific Name

Amerorchis rotundifolia

Arenaria macrophylla

Armoracia lacustris

1 Asplenium viride

Calamagrostis lacustris

Calypso bulbosa

Carex assiniboinensis

Carex atratiformis

Carex concinna

Carex crus-corvi 

Carex exilis

Carex formosa 

Carex garberi

Carex lenticularis

Carex lupuliformis

Carex scirpoidea

Catabrosa aquatica 

Conioselinwn chinense

Cypripedium candidwn

Drosera linearis

Eleocharis quadrangulata

Eleocharis rostellata

Fuirena pumila

Geocaulon lividum

Iris lacustris

Juncus stygius

Juncus vaysei

Myriophyllum farwellii

Nuphar pumila

Oryzopsis canadensis

Parnassia palustris

Parnassia parviflora

Petasites sagittatus

Common Name

Round-leaved orchis

Big-leaf sandwort

Lake cress

Green spleenwort

Northern reedgrass

Calypso/Fairy-slipper

Assiniboia sedge

Sedge

Beautiful sedge

Crow-spur sedge 

Coast sedge

Handsome sedge 

Elk/Garber's sedge

Shore sedge

False Hop sedge

Bulrush sedge

Brook grass 

Hemlock parsley

Small white lady's-slipper

Slenderleaf sundew

Square-stem spikerush

Beaked spikerush

Dwarf umbrella sedge

Northern comandra

Dwarf lake iris

Moor rush

Vasey's rush

Harwell's water-milfoil

Small yellow pond-lily

Canada rice-grass

Marsh grass-of-parnassus

Small-flowered 

grass-of-parnassus

Sweet coltsfoot

Type

Plant

Plant

Plant

Plant

Plant

Plant

Plant

Plant

Plant

Plant 

Plant

Plant 

Plant

Plant

Plant

Plant

Plant 

Plant

Plant

Plant

Plant

Plant

Plant

Plant

Plant

Plant

Plant

Plant

Plant

Plant

Plant

Plant

Plant

Counties

MI:E 

WI:1

Ozau

MI: I

MI:!

Greer

MI:!

MI:!

MI: I 

WI:I

Manil

MI: I

MI: I

WI:I

WI:! 

WI:I

WI:I

Ozaul 

WI:I

WI:!

WI:I

MI: I

WI:/ 

WI^

WI:F

Kenos 

Outag

WI:E

WI:/

WI:1

WI:»

WI:E

MI:E 

WI:B

MI:L

MI: ft

MI:!»

MI:>

)elta, Dickinson, Marquette; 

Horence, Forest , Oconto, 

cee, Sheboygan

Marquette

Marquette; WI: Brown, 

Lake, Marinette, Winnebago

/larquette; WI: Door, Florence

Marquette

)elta, Marquette, Menominee; 

)oor, Forest, Langlade, 

owoc, Oconto

)ickinson, Iron, Menominee

Marquette

)oor

Milwaukee 

)oor

5rown, Milwaukee, Outagamie, 

cee

)oor, Racine

lanitowoc

lenosha, Milwaukee, Racine

)elta

idams 

lilwaukee

bnd du Lac, Green Lake, 

ha, Marquette, Milwaukee, 

amie, Racine, Winnebago

)oor, Ozaukee

idams, Shawano

lenosha, Racine

larquette

>oor

telta, Menominee; 

irown, Door, Milwaukee

 elta, Marquette; WI: Florence

lenominee

larquette

larquette

MI: Baraga, Marquette

MI: Menominee

WI: Door

MI: Menominee; WI: Forest

Status

E (MI); 

T(WI)

T(MI)

T (MI); 

E(WI)

T (MI); 

E(WI)

T(MI)

T (MI, WI)

T(MI)

T(MI)

T(WI)

E(WI)

T(WI)

T(WI) 

T(WI)

T(WI)

E(WI)

T(MI)

T(WI) 

E(WI)

T(WI)

T(WI)

E(WI)

T(WI)

E(WI)

E(WI)

T (MI, WI)

T (MI); 

E(WI)

T(MI)

T(MI)

T(MI)

T(MI)

T(MI)

E(WI)

T (MI, WI)

86 Summary of Biological Investigations Relating to Water Quality in the Westein Lake Michigan Drainages, Wisconsin and 

Michigan
Table A7. State-listed endangered and threatened aquatic biota of the Western Lake Michigan Drainages study areaContinued

Scientific Name

Plantago cordata

Platanthera flava

Platanthera leucophaea

Poa paludigena

Polygonum careyi

Potamogeton confervoides

Potamogeton vaginatus

Psilocarya scirpoides

Ranunculus cymbalaria

Ranunculus gmellinii

Ranunculus lapponicus

Scirpus cespitosus

Scirpus clintonii

Scutellaria parvula

Thalictrum revolutum

Thalictrum venulosum

Tofieldia glutinosa

Valeriana sitchensis

Calephelis mutica

Ophiogomphus howei

Alasmidonta viridis

Hendersonia occulta

Epioblasma triquetra

Planorbella multivolvis

Simpsonaias ambigua

Tritogonia verrucosa

Venustaconcha ellipsiformis

Acris crepitans blanchardi

Common Name

Heart-leaved plantain

Pale-green orchid

Prairie white-fringed 

orchid

Bog bluegrass

Carey's smart weed

Algae-like pondweed

Sheathed pondweed/ 

Swift-water pondweed

Long-beaked rush

Seaside crowfoot

Small yellow water 

crowfoot

Lapland buttercup

Tussock bulrush

Clinton's bulrush

Small skullcap

Waxy meadow-rue

Veiny meadow-rue

Sticky false-asphodel

Marsh valerian

Swamp metalmark

Pygmy snaketail

Slippershell

Cherrystone drop

Snuffbox

Acorn rams-horn

Salamander mussel

Buckhorn

Ellipse

Blanchard's cricket frog

Type

Plant

Plant

Plant

Plant

Plant

Plant

Plant

Plant

Plant

Plant

Plant

Plant

Plant

Plant

Plant

Plant

Plant

Plant

Insect

Insect

Mollusk

Mollusk

Mollusk

Mollusk

Mollusk

Mollusk

Mollusk

Frog

Counties

WI: Brown, Kenosha, Milwaukee, 

Outagamie, Ozaukee, Racine

WI: Adams, Brown, Door, 

Green Lake, Marquette, Milwaukee, 

Oconto, Portage, Waushara

WI: Kenosha, Milwaukee, Ozaukee, 

Racine, Sheboygan, Winnebago

WI: Adams, Brown, Fond du Lac, 

Manitowoc, Marquette, Milwaukee, 

Oconto, Winnebago

MI: Iron

WI: Forest, Langlade

WI: Langlade, Menominee

WI: Marquette, Waupaca, Waushara

WI: Brown, Kenosha, Manitowoc, 

Milwaukee, Racine, Sheboygan

WI: Door, Langlade, Marinette

MI: Delta

WI: Door, Kenosha, Racine

MI: Marquette

MI: Menominee; WI: Sheboygan

MI: Delta, Marquette, Menominee

MI: Delta, Marquette, Menominee

WI: Door, Green Lake, Kenosha, 

Manitowoc, Marquette, Milwaukee, 

Racine, Waushara

WI: Florence, Marinette, Outagamie, 

Portage, Sheboygan, Waupaca

WI: Fond du Lac, Marinette, 

Ozaukee, Washington

WI: Florence, Forest, Langlade, 

Marinette, Menominee, Oconto

WI: Langlade, Menominee, Oconto, 

Shawano, Sheboygan

MI: Delta; WI: Brown, Door

WI: Outagamie, Shawano, Waupaca

MI: Marquette

WI: Langlade, Outagamie, 

Shawano, Waupaca

WI: Langlade, Outagamie, Shawano, 

Waupaca, Winnebago

WI: Fond du Lac, Manitowoc, 

Sheboygan, Washington

WI: Brown, Calumet, Door, 

Marquette, Ozaukee, Washington, 

Waupaca, Waushara

Status

E(WI)

T(WI)

E(WI)

T(WI)

T(MI)

T(WI)

T(WI)

T(WI)

E(WI)

E(WI)

T(MI)

E(WI)

T(MI)

T (MI); 

E(WI)

T(MI)

T(MI)

T(WI)

T(WI)

T(WI)

E(WI)

T(WI)

T (MI, WI)

E(WI)

E(MI)

T(WI)

T(WI)

T(WI)

E(WI)

APPENDIX A 87
Table A7. State-listed endangered and threatened aquatic biota of the Western Lake Michigan Drainages study areaContinued

Scientific Name Common Name Type Counties Status

Clemmys insculpta

Emydoidea blandingii

Regina septemvittata

Sistrurus catenates 

Thamnophis proximus

Thamnophis sauritus

Acipenser fulvescens 

Lepomis megalotis

Lythrurus umbratilis

Notropis anogenus

Noturus exilis 

Polyodon spathula 

Buteo lineatus

Wood turtle

Blanding's turtle

Queen snake

Eastern massasauga 

Western ribbon snake

Northern ribbon snake

Lake sturgeon 

Longear sunfish

Turtle

Turtle

Luxilus chrysocephalus Striped shiner

Redfin shiner

Moxostoma carinatum River redhorse 

Moxostoma valenciennesi Greater redhorse

Snake

Snake 

Snake

Snake

Fish 

Fish

Fish 

Fish

Fish 

Fish

Pugnose Shiner

Slender madtom 

Paddlefish 

Red-shouldered hawk

Fish

Fish 

Fish 

Bird

WI: Brown, Florence, Langlade, 

Marinette, Menominee, Oconto, 

Outagamie, Portage, Racine, 

Shawano, Waupaca, Winnebago

WI: \dams, Brown, Florence,

Fond du Lac, Green Lake, Kenosha, 

Mariiette, Marquette, Oconto, 

Racine, Shawano, Washington, 

Wau] >aca, Waushara, Winnebago

WI: 3reen Lake, Milwaukee,

WI: 

WI:

WI:

Ozau cee, Racine, Sheboygan, 

Wash ington

'ortage, Racine

Door, Kenosha, Milwaukee,

Ocon to, Racine

)oor, Marinette, Racine,

Sheb jygan, Washington

MI: ] Saraga, Delta, Menominee

WI: Brown, Fond du Lac, Kenosha, 

Kewaunee, Milwaukee, Oconto, 

Ozaukee, Racine, Shawano, 

Washington, Waushara

WI: Door, Kenosha, Milwaukee, 

Ozau Icee, Racine, Sheboygan, 

Washington, Winnebago

WI: Brown, Fond du Lac, Kenosha, 

Manitowoc, Milwaukee, Oconto, 

Ozauikee, Portage, Racine, Shawano, 

Washington, Waupaca, Waushara

WI: Kenosha, Racine, Shawano, 

Waupaca

WI: Brown, Calumet, Fond du Lac,

Manitowoc, Marinette, Milwaukee, 

Ocor to, Ozaukee, Sheboygan, 

Washington, Waupaca, Waushara, 

Winnebago

WI: Fond du Lac, Kenosha,

WI: 

WI:

Kewnunee, Marquette, Racine, 

Shawano, Sheboygan, Washington, 

Waupaca, Waushara, Winnebago

Washington 

Adams, Oconto

MI: )elta, Iron; WI: Adams, Door, 

Florence, Forest, Green Lake, 

Lang lade, Manitowoc, Marinette, 

Marquette, Menominee, Milwaukee, 

Oconto, Ozaukee, Portage, Racine, 

Shawano, Sheboygan, Washington, 

Waupaca

T(WI)

T(WI)

E(WI)

E(WI) 

E(WI)

E(WI)

T(MI) 

T(WI)

E(WI) 

T(WI)

T (MI, WI)

T(WI)

T(WI)

E(WI) 

T(WI) 

T (MI, WI)

88 Summary of Biological Investigations Relating to Water Quality in the Western Lake Michigan Drainages, Wisconsin and 

Michigan
Table A7. State-listed endangered and threatened aquatic biota of the Western Lake Michigan Drainages study area 

Continued

Scientific Name

Casmerodius albus

Charadrius melodus

Dendroica cerulea

Empidonax virescens

Falco peregrinus

Gavia immer

Haliaeetus leucocephalus

Pandion haliaetus

Podiceps grisegena

Rallus elegans

Sterna caspia

Sterna forsteri

Sterna hirundo

Common Name

Great egret

Piping plover

Cerulean warbler

Acadian flycatcher

Peregrine falcon

Common loon

Bald eagle

Osprey

Red-necked grebe

King rail

Caspian tern

Forster's tern

Common tern

Type

Bird

Bird

Bird

Bird

Bird

Bird

Bird

Bird

Bird

Bird

Bird

Bird

Bird

Counties

WI: Fond du Lac, Green Lake, 

Kenosha, Manitowoc, Outagamie, 

Portage, Shawano, Sheboygan, 

Washington, Waupaca, Waushara, 

Winnebago

WI: Door, Kenosha, Manitowoc, 

Oconto, Sheboygan

WI: Door, Forest, Green Lake, 

Manitowoc, Marinette, Washington

WI: Green Lake, Manitowoc, 

Washington

MI: Delta, Marquette; WI: Brown, 

Door, Green Lake, Manitowoc, Milwaukee, Ozaukee, Waupaca

MI: Baraga, Delta, Dickinson, Iron, 

Marquette

MI: Baraga, Delta, Dickinson, Iron, 

Marquette, Menominee; WI: Adams, 

Florence, Forest, Langlade, 

Marinette, Menominee, Oconto, 

Outagamie, Portage, Shawano

MI: Baraga, Delta, Dickinson, Iron, 

Marquette; WI: Adams, Forest, 

Green Lake, Langlade, Manitowoc, 

Marinette, Portage

WI: Fond du Lac, Oconto, Winnebago

MI: Marquette

MI: Delta; WI: Brown, Oconto, 

Winnebago

WI: Adams, Brown, Green Lake, 

Kenosha, Manitowoc, Marinette, 

Marquette, Oconto, Winnebago

MI: Delta; WI: Brown, Fond du Lac, 

Manitowoc, Marinette, Oconto, 

Winnebago

Status

T(WI)

E(WI)

T(WI)

T(WI)

E (MI, WI)

T(MI)

T (MI, WI)

T (MI, WI)

E(WI)

T(MI)

T(MI) 

E(WI)

E(WI)

T(MI) 

E(WI)

APPENDIX A 89