r 

116TH CONGRESS 

1st Session 

SENATE 

(U)REPORT 

OF THE 

REPORT 

116-XX 

SELECT COMMITTEE ON INTELLIGENCE 

UNITED STATES SENATE 

ON 

RUSSIAN ACTIVE MEASURES CAMPAIGNS AND INTERFERENCE 

IN THE 2016 U.S. ELECTION 

VOLUME 5: COUNTERINTELLIGENCE THREATS AND 

VULNERABILITIES 
CONTENTS 

I. (U) FINDINGS ·········································································································· ......... V 

II. (U) METHODOLOGY ....................................................................................................... 1 

A. (U) The Committee's Authority and Focus ..................................................................... 1 

1. (U) The Committee's Power to Investigate .................................................................... 1 

2. (U) The Committee's Counterintelligence Focus ........................................................... 4 

B. (U) A Bipartisan Investigation ......................................................... ; .............................. 5 

C. (U) Legal Issues Encountered ........................................ '.. ............................................... 7 

1. (U) Executive Privilege ........... .' ....................................................................................... 8 

2. (U) A Claimed Transition Privilege ................. : .............................................................. 9 

3. (U) Obstruction, Attorney-Client Privilege, and the Joint Defense Agreement.. ......... 14 

4. (U) Fifth Amendment and Immunity ............................................................................ 17 

5. (U) Extraterritoriality .................................................................................................... 20 

6. (U) Committee Access to Electronic Communications Data ....................................... 21 

7. (U) Other Issues: First Amendment and Spousal Privilege .......................................... 23 

8. (U) Transcript Review .............. , ................................................................................... 23 

D. (U) Working With and Around the Executive Branch .................................................. 24 

1. (U) DOJ, FBI, and SCO ................................................................................................ 24 

2. (U) Access to and Use of Classified Materials in the Report ....................................... 26 

III. 

A. 

1. 

2. 

3. 

4. 

5. 

6. 

7. 

8. 

B. 

1. 

2. 

3. 

4. 

5. 

6. 

7. 

C. 

1. 

2. 

(U) COUNTERINTELLIGENCE CONCERNS .................. : ........................................... 27 

(U) Paul Manafort ......................................................................................................... 27 

(U) Introduction and Findings ...................................................................................... 27 

(U) Limitations on the Committee's Investigation ........................................ : .............. 30 

(U) Background on Manafort's Foreign Activities ....................................................... 32 

(U) Manafort's Activities from 2014 until )oining the Trump Campaign .................... 47 

(U) Manafort' s Activities While Serving on the Trump Campaign ............................. 53 

(U) Manafort' s Activities For the Remainder of the Campaign ................ ; .................. 92 

(U) Manafort's Activities After the Election ................................................................ 96 

(U) Manafort's Associates' Ties to Russian Intelligence Services ............................. 137 

(U) Hack and Leak ...................................................................................................... 170 

(U) Introduction and Findings .................................................................................... 170 

(U) Limitations on the Committee's Investigation ..................................................... 173 

(U) Background on GRU Hacking Activities ...... '. ...................................................... 174 

(U) The GRU Plans and Executes the Theft of Sensitive Political Documents ......... 178 

(U) Russia "Weaponizes" Stolen Information with Fake Personas ............................ 182 

(U) Russia and WikiLeaks Coordinate On Interference in the U.S. Election ............. 199 

(U) Efforts to Capitalize on WikiLeaks, Gain Advance Information on Releases ..... 221 

(U) The Agalarovs and the June 9, 2016 Trump Tower Meeting ............................... 259 

(U) Introduction and Findings .................................................................................... 259 

(U) Background on the Agalarovs .............................................................................. 261 

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3. (U) Origins of the Trump-Agalarov Relationship ...... : ............................................... 268 

4. (U) The Trump-Agalarov Relationship During the 2016 Presidential Campaign ...... 311 

5. (U) The June 9, 2016 Trump Tower Meeting ............................................................. 322 

6. (U) Subsequent Events and Communications ............................................................. 373 

7. (U) Artem Klyushin, Konstantin Rykov, and Associates ...................................... _ ..... 395 

D. (U) Trump Tower Moscow ....................................... , ................................................. 407 

1. (U) Introduction and Findings .................................................................................... 407 

2. (U) Past Efforts to Conduct a Real Estate Deal in Russia with Felix Sater ................ 408 

3. (U) Trump Tower Moscow Projects During the 2016 Presidential Campaign .......... 419 

4. (U) Efforts to Mislead the Public and Congress about Trump Tower Moscow ......... 461 

E. (U) George Papadopoulos ........................................................... , .. .-............................. 464 

1. (U) Introduction and Findings ...................................................... : ............................. 464 

2. (U) Limitations on the Committee's Investigation .......................................... : .......... 467 

3. (U) Joseph Mifsud and Other Central Figures ............................................................ 468 

4. (U) Papadopoulos Engages with Foreign Governments, Inflating Campaign Role ... 470 

5. (U) Counterintelligence Concerns about Papadopoulos' s Interactions ...................... 524 

F. (U) Carter Page ....................................................................... : ..................................... 527 

1. (U) Introduction and Findings .................................................................................... 527 

2. (U) Background on Page and Limitations on the Committee's Investigation ............ 528 

3. (U) Page and U.S. and Russian Intelligence Services ..... : .......................................... 530 

4. (U) Page and the Trump Campaign ............................................................................ 533 

5. (U) Page Returns to Russia, December 2016 .............. : ............................................... 555 

6. (U) Page During the Transition ................................................................................... 557 

7. (U) _Page in the "Steele Dossier" ................................................................................. 558 

G. (U) Trump's Foreign Policy Speech at the Mayflower Hotel.. ................................... 560 

1. (U) Introduction and Findings .................................................................................... 560 

2. (U) The Mayflower Speech ........... : ............................................................................ 561 

H. (U) Maria Butina and Alexander Torshin ................................................................... 568 

1. (U) Introduction and Findings .................................................................................... 568 

2. (U) Background on Maria Butina and Alexander Torshin ......................................... 570 

3. (U) Torshin and Butina Establish Relations with the NRA ........................................ 580 

4. (U) Torshin and Butina Leverage NRA Relationships ............................................... 586 

5. (U) Torshin and Butina Pursue Political Contacts with Russian Approval.. .............. 608 

6. (U) 2016 NRA Convention and Efforts to Pursue Contact with Trump ..................... 614 

7. (U) Efforts to Establish a U.S.-Russia Communications Channel.. ............................ 625 

8. (U) After the Election and the 2017 National Prayer Breakfast ................................. 630 

I. (U) Allegations, and Potential Misinformation, About Compromising Information .. 636 

1. (U) Introduction and Findings ................................................................. , .................. 636 

2. (U) Threat Posed by Russian Intelligence Services' Collection of Kompromat ... : .... 639 

3. (U) David Geovanis and Potential Counterintelligence Concerns ............................. 641 

4. (U) Trump's Travel to Moscow in 1996 ..................................................................... 647 

5. (U) Trump's Travel to Moscow in 2013 ..................................................................... 655 

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J. (U) Influence for Hire ................................................................................................. 663 

1. (U) Introduction and Findings .................................................................................... 663 

2. (U) SCL and Cambridge Analytica ............................................................................. 664 

3. (U) Psy Group ................................. : ........................................................................... 679 

4. (U) Colt Ventures and VizSense ................................................................................. 694 

K. (U) Transition ........................................... ; ............................................................. ~ .... 702 

1. (U) Introduction and Findings ................................... : ................... , ............................ 702 

2. (U) Trump Transition Holds Meetings and Calls with Russian Officials .................. 703 

3. (U) Kirill Dmitriev Pursues Inroads to the Transition Team ...................................... 718 

4. (U) Robert Foresman .................................................................................................. 735 

5. (U) Michael Flynn ..................................•............................... , .................................... 752 

L. (U) Other Incidents and Persons oflnterest.. .............................................................. 777 

1. (U) Peter W. Smith ................................................ : .................................................... 777 

2. (U) The Alfa Bank Server Story ................................................................................. 787 

3. (U) Changes to the RNC's Platform ........................................................................... 792 

4. (U) Russia's Efforts to Support Third Party Candidates ............................................ 802 

IV. (U) EXECUTIVE BRANCH INVESTIGATIONS ........................................................ 811 

A. (U) The DNC Hack and FBI' s Response .................................................................... 815 

1. (U) Introduction and Findings ...................................................... : ............................. 815 

2. (U) FBI's Role Responding to Nation-State Cyber Attacks on Private Entities ........ 816 

3. (U) FBI's Role: The Victim-Driven Response ........................................................... 817 

4. (U) Private Cybersecurity Vendors .......................................................... .' .................. 819 

5. (U) Summary of Events ......................................... , .................................................... 821 

6. (U) Detailed Timeline ............................................................................................... · .. 822 

7. (U) .Conclusions .......................................................................................................... 842 

B. (U) The Steele Dossier: Its Origins and Handling ...................................................... 846 

1. (U) Introduction and Findings .: .....................................................................•..........•. 846 

2. (U) Examining the Steele Dossier's Creation and Sourcing ....................................... 853 

3. (U} The Dossier's Origins ................................................................................ : .......... 856 

4. (U) Examining the Dossier's Sources and Tradecraft ................................................ 865 

5. (U) FBI's Handling of the Dossier .............................................................................. 893 

6. (U) Other Recipients of the Dossier ............................................................................ 908 

V. (U) RECOMMENDATIONS ......................................................................................... 931 

VI. (U) ANNEX A ................ , ............................................................................................... 938 

VII. (U) ANNEX B ................................................................................................................ 939 

VIII. (U) ANNEX C ........... · ..................................................................................................... 940 

Additional Views of Senators Risch, Rubio, Blunt, Cotton, Cornyn, and Sasse ........................ 941 

Additional Views of Senators Heinrich, Feinstein, Wyden, Harris, and Bennet.. ...................... 943 

Additional Views of Senator Wyden .......................................................................................... 949 

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I. (U) FINDINGS 

(U) The Committee found that the Russian government engaged in an aggressive, multifaceted effort to influence, or attempt to influence, the outcome of the 2016 presidential election. 

Parts of this effort are outlined in the Committee's earlier volumes on election security, social 

media, the Obama Administration's response to the threat, and the January 2017 Intelligence 

Community Assessment (ICA). 

(U) The fifth and final volume focuses on the counterintelligence threat, outlining a wide 

range of Russian efforts to influence the Trump Campaign and the 2016 election. In this volume 

the Committee lays out its findings in detail by looking at many aspects of the 

counterintelligence threat posed by the Russian influence operation. For example, the 

Committee examined Paul Manafort' s connections to Russian influence actors and the FBI' s 

treatment of reporting produced by Christopher Steele. While the Committee does not describe 

the final result as a complete picture, this volume provides the most comprehensive description 

to date of Russia's activities and the threat they posed. This volume presents this information in 

topical sections in order to address coherently and in detail the wide variety of Russian actions. 

The events explained in these sections in many cases overlap, and references in each section will 

direct the reader to those overlapping parts of the volume. Immediately below is a summary of 

key findings from several sections. 

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Paul Manafort , 

(U) Paul Manafort's connections to Russia and Ukraine began in approximately late 

2004 with the start of his work for Oleg Deripaska and other Russia-aligned oligarchs in 

Ukraine. The Committee found that Deripaska conducts influence operations, frequently in 

countries where he has a significant economic interest. The Russian government coordinates 

with and directs Deripaska on many of his influence operations. 

(U) From approximately 2004 to 2009, Manafort implemented these influence operations 

on behalf ofDeripaska, including a broad, multi-million dollar political influence campaign 

directed at numerous countries of interest to Deripaska and the Russian government. ProRussian Ukrainian oligarchs with deep economic ties to Russia also paid Manafort tens of 

millions of dollars and formed strong ties with Manafort independent of Deripaska. 

(U) Manafort hired and worked increasingly closely with a Russian national, Konstantin 

Kilimnik. Kilimnik is a Russian intelligence officer. Kilimnik became an integral part of 

Manafort's operations in Ukraine and Russia, serving as Manafort's primary liaison to Deripaska 

and eventually managing Manafort's office in Kyiv. Kilimnik and Manafort formed a close and 

lasting relationship that endured to the 2016 U.S. elections. and beyond. 

(U) Prior to joining the Trump Campaign in March 2016 and continuing throughout his 

time 6n the Campaign, Manafort directly and indirectly communicated with Kilimnik, Deripaska, 

and the pro-Russian oligarchs in Ukraine. On numerous occasions, Manafort sought to secretly 

share internal Campaign information with Kilimnik. The Committee was unable to reliably 

determine why Manafort shared sensitive internal polling data or Campaign strategy with 

Kilimnik or with whom Kilimnik further shared that information. The Committee had limited 

insight into Kilimnik's communications with Manafort and into Kilimnik's communications with 

other individuals connected to Russian influence operations, all of whom used communications 

security practices. The Committee obtained some information suggesting Kilimnik may have 

been connected to the GRU's hack and leak operation targeting the 2016 U.S. election. 

until 

Beginning while he was Campaign chairman and continuing 

sed with Kilimnik a eace lan for eastern Ukraine that 

After the election, Manafort continued to coordinate with 

Russian persons, particularly Kilimnik and other individuals close to Deripaska, in an effort to 

undertake activities on their behalf. Manafort worked with Kilimnik starting in 2016 on 

narratives that sou ht to undermine evidence that Russia interfered in .the 2016 U.S. 

election. 

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(U) The Committee found that Manafort's presence on the Campaign at;td proximity to 

Trump created opportunities for Russian intelligence services to exert influence over, and 

acquire confidential information on, the Trump Campaign. Taken as a whole, Manafort's highlevel access and willingness to share information with individuals closely affiliated with the 

Russian intelligence services, particularly Kilimnik and associates of Oleg Deripaska, 

represented a grave counterintelligence threat. 

Hack and Leak 

(U) The Committee found that Russian President Vladimir Putin ordered the Russian 

effort to hack computer networks and accounts affiliated with the Democratic Party and leak 

information damaging to Hillary Clinton and her campaign for president. Moscow's intent was 

to harm the Clinton Campaign, tarnish an expected Clinton presidential administration, help the 

Trump Campaign after Trump became the presumptive Republican nominee, and undermine the 

U.S. democratic process. 

-WikiLeaks actively sought, and played, a key role in the Russian 

influen~ery likely knew it was assistin a Russian intelli ence influence 

effort. The Committee found si nificant indications tha 

At the time of the 

first WikiLeaks releases, the U.S. Government had not yet declared WikiLeaks a hostile 

organization and many treated itas a journalistic entity. 

(U) While the GRU and WikiLeaks were releasing hacked documents, the Trump 

Campaign sought to maximize the impact of those leaks to aid Trump's electoral 

prospects. Staff on the Trump Campaign sought advance notice about WikiLeaks releases, 

created messaging strategies to promote and share the materials in anticipation of and following 

thdr release, and encouraged further leaks. The Trump Campaign publicly undermined the 

attribution of the hack-and-leak campaign to Russia and was indifferent to whether it and 

WikiLeaks were furthering a Russian election interference effort. The Committee found no 

evidence that Campaign officials received an authoritative government notification that the hack 

was perpetrated by the Russian government before October 7, 2016, when the ODNI and DHS 

issued a joint statement to that effect. However, the Campaign was aware of the extensive media 

reporting and other private sector attribution of the hack to Russian actors prior to that point. 

(U) Trump and senior Campaign offici.als sought to obtain advance information about 

WikiLeaks's planned releases through Roger Stone. At their direction, Stone took action to gain 

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inside knowledge for the Campaign and shared his purported knowledge directly with Trump 

and senior Campaign offictals on multiple occasions. Trump and the Campaign believed that 

Stone had inside information and expressed satisfaction that Stone's information suggested more 

releases would be forthcoming. The Committee could not reliably determine the extent.of 

authentic, non-public knowledge about WikiLeaks that Stone obtained and shared with the 

Campaign. 

The Agalarovs and the June 9, 2016 Trump Tower Meeting 

(U) The Committee found that the connection between Trump and the Agalarovs began 

in 2013 with planning for the Miss Universe Moscow pageant. Aras Agalarov is a prominent 

oligarch in Russia, and his son, Emin Agalarov, is a musician and businessman in Moscow. The 

connection evolved in 2014 and focused on an effort to build a Trump Tower in Moscow that 

never came to fruition. During that time communications further extended to Agalarov 

associates and family members and to Trump associates and family members. The relationship 

with the Agalarovs, which continued through the 2016 U.S. election, included business and 

personal communications, in person meetings, and gifts. 

(U) The Committee found that Aras Agalarov was personally involved in pushing for 

both the June 9, 2016 meeting between NataliaVeselnitskaya and senior m~mbers of the 

Campaign and for a second meeting following the election, also with Veselnitskaya, that did not 

take plac·e. Agalarov likely did this on behalf of individuals affiliated with the Russian 

government, judging from his ties with Russian officials who have pursued a repeal of the U.S. 

sanctions under the Magnitsky Act. · · 

(U) The Committe~ found evidence suggesting that it was the 'i~tent of the Campaign 

· participants in the June 9, 2016 meeting, particularly Dortald Trump Jr., to receive derogatory 

information that would be of benefit to the Campaign from a soui:ce known, at least by Trump 

Jr.,. to have connections to the Russian government. The Committee found no reliable evidence 

that information of benefit to the Campaign was transmitted at the meeting, or that thencandidate Trump had foreknowledge of the meeting. Participants on both 0

sides of the meeting 

were ultimately disappointed with how it transpired. 

(U) The information that Natalia. Veselnitskaya, the Russian lawyer, offered during the 

June 9, 2016 meeting and planned to offer again at the follow up meeting requested by Aras . 

Agalarov was part of a broader influence operation targeting the United States that was 

coordinated, at least in part, with elements of the Russian government. That Russian effort was 

focused on U.S. sanctions against Russia under the Magnitsky Act. The Committee assesses that 

some of the same information used by Veselnitskaya at the June 9, 2016 meeting was also used 

in an influence operation earlier in 2016 by individuals in Moscow who have ties to Russian 

intelligence and to Putin. The Committee found no evidence that the meeting participants from 

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the Campaign were aware of this Russian influence operation when accepting the meeting or 

participating in it. 

(U) The Committee assesses that at least two participants in the June 9, 2016 meeting, 

Veselnitskaya and Rinat Akhmetshin, have significant connections to the Russian government, 

including the Russian intelligence services. The connections the Committee uncovered, 

particularly regarding Veselnitskaya, were far more extensive and concerning than what had 

been publicly known, and neither Veselnitskaya nor Akhmetshin were forthcoming with the 

Committee regarding those connections. Both Veselnitskaya and Akhmetshin may have sought, 

in some cases, to obfuscate the true intent of their work in the United States. 

Trump Tower Moscow 

(U) During the 2016 U.S. presidential election cycle, Donald °Trump and the Trump 

Organization pursued a business deal in Russia. Michael Cohen, then an executive vice 

president at the Trump Organization and personal attorney to Trump, primarily handled and 

advanced these efforts. In September 2015, Trump authorized Cohen to pursue a deal in Russia 

through Felix Sater, a longtime business associate of Trump. By early November 2015, Trump 

and a Russia-based developer signed a Letter of Intent laying out the main terms of a licensing 

deal that promised to provide the Trump Organization millions of dollars upon the signing of a 

deal, and hundreds of millions of dollars if the project advanced to completion. 

(U) Cohen kept Trump updated on the progress of the deal. While these negotiations 

were ongoing, Trump made positive public comments about Putin in connection with his 

presidential campaign. Cohen and Sater sought to leverage Trump's comments, and subsequent 

comments about Trump by Putin, to advance the deal. 

(U) Sater told Cohen about high-level outreach to Russian businessmen and officials that 

Sater claimed to have undertaken related to the deal. While Sater almost certainly inflated some 

of these claims, the Committee found that Sater did, in fact, have significant senior-level ties to a 

number of Russian businessmen and former government officials, and was in a position, through 

intermediaries, to reach individuals close to Putin. 

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(U) By the end of 2015, Cohen reached out to the Kremlin directly to solicit the Russian 

government's assistance. Cohen made contact in January 2016 with a Russian Presidential 

Administration aide to Dmitri Peskov, a senior Kremlin official and key advisor to Putin. Cohen 

discussed the project in detail and reported to Trump that he had done so. As a result of this 

direct outreach to the Russian Presidential Administration and Sater' s separate efforts to conduct 

outreach to individuals in Russia, the Committee found that senior Russian government officials 

(including, almost certainly, President Vladimir Putin) were aware of the deal by January 2016. ' " 

(U) Cohen and Sater continued negotiations through the spring of 2016. Their 

conversations largely focused on efforts to travel to Russia to advance the deal, but the 

Committee found no evidence of other concrete steps to advance the deal during this time. On 

June 14, 2016, Cohen and Sater met in person in Trump Tower, and Cohen likely relayed that he 

would not be able to travel to Russia at that time. During the summer, attempts to advance the 

deal stopped. 

George Papadopoulos 

(U) George Papadopoulos joined the Trump Campaign as part of a foreign policy 

advisory team created to blunt criticism that the Campaign lacked foreign policy advisors. 

Although Papadopoulos had limited-if any-influence on the Campaign's policies, he parlayed . 

his association with the Trump Campaign to attempt to establish ties with foreign capitals as well 

as advance his personal goals of having increased influence in foreign energy circles. Despite 

efforts by certain individuals to remove him from the Campaign, Papadopoulos continued to 

assert his affiliation with the Campaign and remained in contact with senior staff such as Stephen 

Bannon and Michael Flynn. 

(U) The Committee found George. Papadopoulos used multiple avenues to pursue a faceto-face meeting between Trump and President Putin. Papadopoulos believed that he was 

operating with the approval-or at least not the explicit disapproval-of Campaign leadership, 

who he kept apprised of his efforts. Papadopoulos never successfully scheduled a meeting 

between Putin and Trump. 

(U) The Committee further found that Papadopoulos' s efforts introduced him to several 

individuals that raise counterintelligence concerns, due to their associations with individ4als 

from hostile foreign governments as well as actions these individuals undertook. The Committee 

assesses that Papadopoulos was not a witting cooptee of the Russian intelligence services, but 

nonetheless presented a prime intelligence target and potential vector for malign Russian 

influence. 

(U) The Committee found evidence that Papadopoulos likely learned about the Russian 

active measures campaign as early as April 2016 from Joseph Mifsud, a Maltese academic with 

longstanding Russia ties, well before any public awareness of the Russian effort. The Committee 

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further found Papadopoulos communicated the information he learned from Mifsud to a~ least 

two separate foreign governments. The Committee could not determine if Papadopoulos 

informed anyone on the Trump Campaign of the information, though the Committee finds it 

implausible that Papadopoulos did not do so. 

Carter Page 

(U) Carter Page was likely a subject of interest to Russian officials during the 2016, 

election, given that he was the only member of the Trump Campaign's foreign policy advisory 

team publicly identified as a Russia expert. Page ,had previously lived in Russia and had worked 

on Russia policy and energy issues. Russian intelligence officers pad in previous years 

interacted with Page. 

(U) The Committee found no evidence that Page made any substantive contribution to 

the Campaign or ever met Trump. Prior to Page being added to the Campaign's advisory 

committee, he indicated to senior Campaign officials that he was in contact with individuals who 

were close to the Kremlin and were· interested in arranging a meeting between Trump and Putin. 

Page later repeated the suggestion of a Trump-Putin meeting to senior Campaign staff. The 

Committee was not able to corroborate Page's claimed contacts, and fourtd no indication that the 

Campaign took action on Page's offers. 

(U) In the summer of 2016, Page was invited to make two addresses in Russia, including 

an address during the commencement ceremonies at Moscow's New Economic School (NES). 

This invitation was extended because of the Russian sponsors' perception of his role in the 

Trump Campaign. Page returned to Moscow and NES in December 2016, after his role with the 

Campaign had ended, but while he was seeking a position with1the new administration. During 

these visits, Page met briefly with a figure about whom the Intelligence Community has 

counterintelligence concerns, and the Committee was unable to obtain a.complete picture from 

Page or his document production about his itinerary-in Moscow. Page did not explain to the 

Committee, for example, how he spent the bulk of several days. Many allegations in the media 

regarding Page's activities in Russia in 2016 as well as almost all assertions about Page in the 

"Steele Dossier" remain unverified. In addition, P~ge's claims to the Campaign regarding his 

activities and influence in Moscow remain unsubstantiated. 

Trump's Foreign Policy Speech at the Mayflower Hotel 

(U) The Committee found no evidence that anyone associated with the Trump Campaign 

had any substantive private conversations with Russian Ambassador Sergey Kislyak during the 

April 27, 2016, Trump speech held at the Mayflower J-iotel. Although Kislyak did meet Trump 

and other senior officials associated with the Campaign, these short interactions consisted of 

general statements about improved relations with Russia. As the first major foreign policy 

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speech by the candidate, the event drew wide but typical attention, including' by the Russian 

ambassador. 

Maria Butina and Alexander Torshin 

(U) Starting in 2013, and continuing over a several year period, Maria Butina, founder of 

a Russian gun rights organization who attended graduate school in the United States, and 

Alexander Torshin, a high ranking Russian banker, government official, and politician with 

Kremlin ties, established a broad network of relationships with the leaders of the National Rifle 

Association (NRA), conservative political operatives, Republican government officials, and 

individuals connected to the Trump Campaign. They took steps to establish informal 

communications channels to influence the U.S. Government's policy towards Russia. The 

Committee did not find that either Butina or Torshin was able to establish consistent contact with 

Trump Campaign officials or senior staff. 

Influence for Hire 

(U) The Committee found that highly evolved tools used to shape popular sentiment 

were utilized in support of the Trump Campaign during the 2016 election season, and Russia has 

made use of such tools in its influence operations, but a link between Russian efforts and the 

Campaign's use of these tools was not established. These commercially available servicesmany of which are based overseas-rely on an array of personal information to build targeted 

messaging profiles. Russia applied these same ·technologies and methodologies to its influence· 

campaign during the 2016 election and, in doing so, conducted foreign influence operations 

against the United States with a speed, precision, and scale not previously seen. The 

commoditization of these influence capabilities by for-profit firms working in the political and 

particularly electoral space, coupled with deeply concerning foreign government and intelligence 

service ties to some organizations, were troubling enough to warrant additional Committee 

scrutiny. 

Transition 

(U) Russia took advantage of members of the Transition Team's relative inexperience in 

government, opposition to Obama Administration policies, arid Trump's desire to deepen ties 

with Russia to pursue unofficial channels through which Russia could conduct 

diplomacy. Russia was not alone in these efforts-U .S. allies and adversaries also sought 

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inroads with the Transition. The existence of a cadre of informal advisors to the Transition 

Team with varying levels of access to the President-elect and varying awareness of foreign 

affairs presented attractive targets for foreign influence, creating notable counterintelligence 

vulnerabilities. The lack of vetting of foreign interactions by Transition officials left the 

Transition open to influence and manipulation by foreign intelligence services, government 

officials, and co-opted business executives. 

(U) The Transition Team repeatedly took actions that had the potential, and sometimes 

the effect, of interfering in the Obama Administration's diplomatic efforts. This created 

confusion among U.S. allies and other world leaders, most notably surrounding negotiations over 

a UN Security Council Resolution on Israel. Russia may have deferred response to the sanctions 

the Obama Administration put in place in late December because of Flynn's intervention and 

promise of a new relationship with the Trump administration. 

(U) Also during the transition, several Russian actors not formally associated with the 

Russian Government attempted to establish contact with senior members of the Transition Team. 

In mid-December, Sergey Gorkov, the head of a U.S. sanctioned Russian bank, met with Jared 

Kushner and discussed diplomatic relations. Kirill Dmitriev, the CEO ofU.S.-sanctioned 

Russian Direct Investment Fund, used multiple business contacts to try to make inroads with 

Transition Team officials. One such contact was Rick Gerson, a hedge fund manager and friend 

of Kushner's. Gerson and Dmitriev constructed a five-point plan on how to improve relations 

between Russia and the U.S. and presented it to the Transition Team and the Kremlin, 

respectively. Dmitriev also made contact with Erik Prince, who passed on the contents of the 

discussions to Steve Bannon. Separately, Bob Foresman, an American businessman living in 

Moscow who sought a position in the Trump Administration, conveyed brief messages between 

the Trump Campaign and several Kremlin-linked individuals, including Putin confidant Matthias 

Wamig, and provided other information relating to the U.S.-Russia relationship during the 

Transition. 

Executive Branch Investigations 

(U) The Committee found that certain FBI procedures and actions in response to the 

Russian threat to the 2016 elections were flawed, in particular its interactions with the DNC 

about the hacking operation and its treatment of the set of memos referred to as the Steele 

Dossier. 

(U) The Committee found the FBI lacked a formal or considered process for escalating 

its warnings about the DNC hack within the organization of the DNC. Additionally, the FBI's 

"victim-driven" response paradigm, whereby hacked entities and organizations are treated as 

victims and the FBI relies on their cooperation to access and navigate targeted computer systems, 

hindered FBI' s ability to investigate the cyberattack with appropriate urgency. The Committee 

understands that the FBI operates with limited resources and currently follows this victim-driven \ 

xiii 

COMMITTEE SENSITIVE-RUSSIA INVESTIGATION ONLY 
COMMITTEE SENSITIVE - RUSSIA INVESTIGATION ONLY 

model when responding to cyber threats. However, the Committee found that the FBI could 

have, and should have, escalated its communications to the DNC much sooner than it did, but 

also that the DNC interlocutors did not assign appropriate weight to the FBI's warnings. To this 

point, the Committee found that communication on both sides was inadequate, further confusing 

an already complex situation. 

(U) Regarding the Steele Dossier, FBI gave Steele's allegations unjustified credence, 

based on an incomplete understanding of Steele's past reporting record. FBI used the Dossier in 

a FISA application and renewals and advocated for it to be included in the ICA before taking the 

necessary steps to validate assumptions about Steele's credibility. Further, FBI did not 

effectively adjust its approach to Steele's reporting once one of Steele's subsources provided 

information that raised serious concerns about the source descriptions in the Steele Dossier. The 

Corhinittee further found that Steele's reporting lacked rigor and transparency about the quality 

of the sourcing. 

(U) The Russian attack on the 2016 U.S. elections presented a new, quickly-evolving, 

and complex set of circumstances for the FBI. However, the Committee found that FBI overly 

adhered to the letter of its procedures in dealings with the DNC, rather than recognizing the gap 

between those procedures and effective the pursuit ofits mission, and did not follow its 

procedures closely enough in the handling of Christopher Steele. During both of these matters, 

FBI did not quickly identify the problem and adjust course when it became clear its actions were 

ineffective. 

xiv 
II. (U) METHODOLOGY 

A. (U) The Committee's Authority and Focus 

(U) On January 24, 2017, the Committee formally initiated its inquiry into Russian 

active measures in the 2016 elections and the Intelligence Community Assessment (ICA) relating 

to Russian involvement in the 2016 elections. The Terms of Reference designated a Russian 

Active Measures Working Group from Committee staff to conduct the inquiry on behalf of the 

Committee. The five volumes of the Committee's Report capture the results of three years of 

investigative activity, hundreds of witness interviews and engagements, millions of pages of 

document review, and open and closed hearings. This Report presents the Committee's findings 

and recommendations as a result of its investigation. 

1. (U) The Committee's Power to Investigate 

(U) The. Committee's power to investigate Russian interference in the 2016 U.S. 

elections derives from its jurisdiction over the Intelligence Community(IC) and Congress's 

broad investigative powers. The Supreme Court has recognized that Congress has broad power 

to investigate, because investigation is "inherent in the legislative process."1 Congress's "power 

of inquiry ... i~ as penetrating and far-reaching as the potential power to enact and appropriate 

under the Constitution."2 Congress also plays a long-established "informing function" that the 

Supreme Court has described as "indispensable."3 

(U) The Senate created the Select Committee on Intelligence in 1976 to "provide vigilant 

legislative oversight over the intelligence activities of the United States" and to ensure that 

intelligence activities were "in conformity with the Constitution and laws of the United States."4 

The Committee is tasked with oversight of the IC, which includes 17 different intelligence 

elements and numerous intelligence programs. An assessment of the IC's response to the foreign 

intelligence threat from Russia, and by necessity the nature of that threat, fell within the 

Committee's jurisdiction. The Report's five volumes-covering topics of election security, 

social media, policy response, the ICA, and counterintelligence concems5 surrounding the 2016 

1 (U) Watkinsv. United States, 354 U.S.178, 187 (1957). 2 (U) Eastland v. United States Serviceman's Fund, 421 U.S. 491, 504 (1975) (citing Barenblatt v. United States, 

360 U.S. 109, 111 (1959)). See generally Garvey, Todd and Oleszek, Walter J., "Congressional Oversight and 

Investigations," Congressional Research Service, December 1, 2014. 3 (U) Watkins, 354 U.S. at 200; United States v. Rumely, 345 U.S. 41, 43 (1953). See, e.g., Final Report of the 

Select Committee on Presidential Campaign Activities, Report No. 93-981, 96th Cong., 2d Sess., June 1974, p. 

XXIV. 

4 (U) S. Res. 400, 94th Cong. (1976). 5 (U) Executive Order No. 12333, as amended, defines counterintelligence as "information gathered and activities 

conducted to identify, deceive, exploit, disrupt, or protect against espionage, other intelligence activities, sabotage, 

1 

COMMITTEE SENSITIVE - RUSSIA INVESTIGATION ONLY 
elections-address areas of oversight and poteptial legislative action for the Committee or 

Congress. The Committee has already taken legislative action based on its investigation. 

(U) The Committee understood obstruction of its investigation to also be within its 

investigative purview, as efforts to obstruct the Committee could potentially stem from 

additional counterintelligence concerns, interfere with its oversight responsibilities, or form the 

basis of additional legislative action. ·. 

(U) The Committee reviewed relevant intelligence products, conducted voluntary 

witness interviews, and compelled both testimony and the production of documents when 

necessary. The Committee's investigative power was bounded by the tools available to the 

Legislative Branch and the statute governing the enforcement of Senate subpoenas, both of 

which informed the Committee's approach to obtain voluntary cooperation wherever possible.6 

If a witness refused to comply with a subpoena without asserting ~my valid legal privilege, the 

Committee could choose to pursue either criminal or civil contempt. 

(U) As the Supreme Court has recognized, the power to compel testimony and evidence 

is a necessary component to Congress's ability to fulfill its constitutional role.7 However, 

holding a witness in contempt of Congress is a multi-step, time-consuming process, requiring 

action both within Congress and the courts. To pursue civil contempt, the Committee would 

begin by issuing a valid subpoena to a witness and providing the witness an opportunity to assert 

legitimate privileges, along with legal authorities and rationale for any privilege assertions. 

After a ruling by the Chairman and Vice Chairman that the witness had failed to comply or to 

assert a valid legal privilege, the Committee could override the objection and direct the witness 

to comply. If the witness failed to comply, the Committee could then vote to report a resolution 

to the Senate, accompanied by a report explaining the facts at issue, and the reasons the 

Committee was pursuing civil contempt as opposed to criminal contempt. Reporting a resolution 

to the Senate is considered a privileged motion, and would trigger a vote of the full chamber. If 

the Senate agreed to the enforcement resolution, the Senate would direct Senate Legal Counsel to 

represent the Committee before a federal court, seeking an order directing the witness to appear, 

produce documents, or to answer specific questions. The federal court could then decide to 

direct the witness to answer, and the court could impose sanctions to further compel compliance 

if it determined them to be necessary. 8 

or assassinations conducted for or on behalf of foreign powers, organizations, or persons, or their agents, or 

international terrorist organizations or activities." In this Report, the Committee has, at times, also used 

"counterintelligence" to represent the broad range of threats presented by foreign powers, including intelligence 

services and their agents, to U.S. elections, campaigns, .and national assets that are critical to the democratic process. 6 (U) See 28 U.S.C. § 1365. 7 (U) McGrain v. Daugherty, 273 U.S. 135 (1927). 8 (U) For criminal contempt, the Committee would vote to report to the Senate ( or the President Pro Tempore if the 

Senate is not in session) a resolution referring the witness for criminal prosecution, which the Senate (or President 

2 

COMMITT~E SENSITIVE - RUSSIA INVESTIGATION ONLY 
(U) Title 28, United States Code§ 1365 gives the U.S. District Court for the District of 

Columbia original jurisdiction over civil enforcement of Senate subpoenas.9 However, § 1365 

does not apply-and the court would not have jurisdiction under the statute to consider an 

enforcement action-if the subpoena is to "an officer or employee of the executive branch of the 

Federal Government" and the refusal to comply is "based on a governmental privilege or 

objection the assertion of which has been authorized by the executive branch of the Federal 

Government." 10 

(U) This limitation had important.practical implications for the Committee's 

investigation. During the Committee's investigation, if a subpoenaed witness was a government 

official and asserted a claim of executive privilege, no matter how specious that claim appeared, 

the Committee was effectively foreclosed from pursuing civil contempt under§ 1365.11 The 

Committee interviewed several witnesses who refused to answer questions based on potential 

claims of executive privilege during the presidential Transition, involving the White House 

counsel's office (WHCO), which further complicated the potential for enforcement. For more on 

the Trump Administration's novel theories of executive privilege during the Transition, see infra 

Vol. 5, Sec. II.C.2. 

(U) In some cases, the Committee's ability to obtain voluntary document productionincluding vast amounts of electronic communications, some of which would have been 

encrypted-appeared to outstrip the tools of law enforcement. But in other cases, it was clear 

that the limited tools available to the Legislative Branch hindered a more thorough effort. For 

example, the Committee spent months trying to obtain email communications hosted on a 

domain related to one of Paul Manafort's businesses, DMP International, LLC. Despite 

subpoenas issued to individuals and corporate entities, including DMP International LLC and 

Pro Tempore) concurred would be referred to the U.S. Attorney's Office in Washington, D.C., "whose duty it shall 

be to bring the matter before the grand jury for its action:" See 2 U.S.C. § 194. Despite this mandatory language, 

the U.S. Attorney's Office regards its duty as discretionary and is not likely to prosecute an Executive Branch 

official asserting privileges. · 9 (U) 28 U.S.C. § 1365(a). 10 (U) Ibid. 11 (U) Since the statute's enactment in 1978, the Senate has exclusively relied on 28 U.S.C. § 1365 in seeking civil 

enforcement ofits subpoenas, although use of 28 U.S.C. § 1331 is not foreclosed. The House of Representatives, 

which is not covered by § 1365, has been successful in relying on the general federal question jurisdictional grant 

found in 28 U.S.C. § 1331 in two recent district court cases seeking subpoena enforcement in the face of executive 

privilege or immunity claims. See Comm. on the Judiciary of the U.S. House of Representatives v. Miers, 558 F. 

Supp. 2d 53 '(D.D.C. 2008); Comm. on Oversight & Government Reform of the U.S. House of Representatives v. 

Holder, 979 F. Supp. 2d 1 (D.D.C. 2013). At the time of this writing, the issue of a court's role iri ruling on 

information disputes between Congress and the executive branch is pending before an en bane U.S. Court of 

Appeals for the D.C. Circuit. See Order, Comm. on the Judiciary of the U.S. House of Representatives v. McGahn, 

No. 19-5331 (D.C. Cir. March 13, 2020). 

3 
Rackspace (which hosted the DMP email server during the relevant time frame), the Committee 

failed to obtain the email communications. Conversely, law enforcement would have been able 

to-and did-use its criminal investigative authorities to access the content of those email 

communications directly and without delay. 12 

(U) Locating witnesses also proved to be complicated in some cases. Witnesses were 

spread across the globe, and often used diffei;:ent names, or changed lawyers in a manner that 

made engagement with them increasingly challenging. The Committee is grateful to the U.S. 

Marshals Service for its assistance in locating and serving several witnesses throughout-the 

investigation. 

2. (U) The Committee's Counterintelligence Focus 

(U) The Committee's investigation focused on the counterintelligence threat posed by 

the Russian intelligence services and whether the IC was appropriately positioned to meet that 

threat during the 2016 election cycle. The Committee's years of work on Russian active 

measures, including its open and closed hearings, illustrate its focus on counterintelligence 

concerns. In presenting the factual record, the Committee did not apply the standard of proof 

applicable to criminal trials, that of beyond a reasonable doubt, but rather, endeavored to convey 

a detailed accounting of relevant events, and sometimes included conflicting information that the 

Committee could not reliably resolve. 13 

(U) By comparison, the report by the Special Counsel's Office (SCO), "Report On The 

Investigation Into Russian Interference In The 2016 Presidential Election" (hereinafter "SCO 

Report"), was focused oil criminal activity: to "explain[] the prosecution or declination decisions 

reached."14 As then-Acting Attorney General for the Special Counsel Rod Rosenstein stated in a 

June 27, 2018 letter about the Special Counsel's appointment and authority: "Special Counsel 

Mueller is authorized to investigate potential criminal offenses. Counterintelligence 

investigations involving any current or future Russian election interference are not the Special 

Counsel's responsibility."15 

(U) When witnesses presented both counterintelligence and criminal concerns, the 

Committee's priority was the counterintelligen_ce threat. 16 Where counterintelligence concerns 

12 (U) For more on the Committee's approach to obtaining electronic communications metadata from providers, see 

irifra Vol. 5, Sec. Il.C.6. 13 (U) This approach is in keeping with prior congressional reports. See, e.g., Final Report of the Select Committee 

on Presidential Campaign Activities, Report No. 93-981, 96th Cong., 2d Sess., June 1974, pp. XXIII-XXV. 

14 (tr) 28 C.F.R. § 600.8(c). 15 (U) Letter, Rosenstein to Grassley, June 27, 2018. 16 (U) For example, the Committee's work with respect to Michael Cohen centered on whether Cohen was a vector 

for Russian influence ' rather than whether Cohen properly reported all of his taxable income. 

4 

COMMITTEE SENSITIVE - RUSSIA INVESTIGATION ONLY 
and criminal activity overlapped, the Committee worked with law enforcement stakeholders to 

find an appropriate way forward that would best serve the Committee's investigative purpose 

without jeopardizing ongoing investigations or prosecutions. Where the two goals were in 

conflict, the Committee accommodated law enforcement imperatives. 

i. (U) Referrals 

(U) The Committee did not specifically seek to investigate crime or facilitate the· 

apprehension of criminals: if the Committee became aware of information related to potential 

criminal activity during the course of its investigation, that information was referred to the 

appropriate law enforcement entity for whatever action it deemed appropriate, to include further 

investigation. In its referrals, the Committee expressed the view that crimes may have been 

committed and that further investigation might be warranted. The referral did ·not require law 1 

enforcement authorities to undertake any further action-a decision left solely to their discretion. 

(U) The Committee made referrals for potential criminal activity uncovered during the· · 

course· of the investigation. A list of these referrals is provided in Annex A to this Report.17 

B. (U) A Bipartisan Investigation 

(U) To conduct the investigation, the Committee assigned a subset of its professional 

staff members and counsel to an investigative team. Staff were assigned from the majm:ity and 

the minority. Investigative decisions were made by the Chairman and Vice Chairman. Staff 

jointly reviewed the information obtained in the course of the investigation, drafted document 

requests, questioned witnesses, and drafted the Report. All of these practices helped to maintain 

the bipartisan nature of the investigation, one focused on the goal stated by the Chairman and 

Vice Chairman: delivering a factual record to the American people about Russian interference in 

the 2016 U.S. elections. 

(U) The Committee's practice was to initially seek witness testimony and document 

production voluntarily, and some witnesses were immediately willing to cooperate with the 

Committee. However, other witnesses were hesitant to cooperate and required extensive 

assurances about a range of topics before they would agree to appear. These negotiations often 

took weeks or months, and sometimes resulted in a witness not appearing until many months 

after the request, which prolonged the investigation. In addition, on several occasions, witnesses 

developed excuses for delaying or cancelling interviews. It was the Committee's practice not to 

discuss witness engagements publicly and to ask witnesses to keep engagements confidential. 

17 (U) See infra Vol. 5, Sec. VI. 

5 

COMMITTEE SENSITIVE - RUSSIA INVESTIGATION ONLY 
.. 

COMMITTEE SENSITIVE-: RUSSIA INVESTIGATION ONLY 

However, the Committee was unable to prevent witnesses from disclosing their own information 

or engagements to the media either before, during, or after their interviews. 

(U) When credible safety issues were raised by a witness, proffers and in camera review 

were considered as an alternative. In limited circumstances, either due to witness security 

concerns, to conduct minimal follow-ups, or because of the limited nature of the Committee's 

focus, written questions were used in lieu of in-person testimony. Generally, written questions 

proved to be a poor substitute for a live interview. Responses were frequently cursory and left 

out pertinent information; answers were channeled through counsel for additional edits rather 

than coming directly from the witness; and the Committee was unable to ask follow-up questions 

to challenge or probe the witness's responses. 

(U) The Committee generally requested documents to be produced within 14 days of a 

request, but provided reasonable extensions of that deadline. Even so, witness counsel often 

prolonged document production for months by engaging in delay tactics. Because the 

investigation was focused on sometimes sensitive counterintelligence concerns, some document 

requests were deliberately phrased in broad language to capture all relevant materials. At times 

this created the need to negotiate over the scope of witness productions to avoid overproduction 

of irrelevant documents. Voluminous productions-which were not uncommon-arrived on a 

rolling basis, but only after continuing pressure from the Committee. Some productions arrived 

on the eve of witness interviews, in hard copy, which made it difficult to use the information 

effectively during the engagement. 

(U) The Committee's document processing presented its own challenges, in part due to 

the varied nature of materials that Were produced, and because of the Committee's dedication to 

maintaining documents in a restricted system to the extent possible. The most common manner 

of producti~n consisted of emails or documents in PDF format. However, files were also 

sometimes produced in native format, including Microsoft Excel spreadsheets and Outlook Data 

Files (i.e., .pst files). On some occasions, the Committee received an image copy of the 

witness's hard drive. In addition, several witnesses produced documents through their attorneys 

using e-discovery piatforms to which the Committee did not have access. The Committee 

encountered messages and emails in foreign languages, mobile phone screenshots of 

communications, and proprietary data productions from companies. Government records 

presented additional complications. Intake of these materials with appropriate technical 

restrictions involved a significant, ongoing effort by administrative and technical staff. 

Eventually, for review and drafting purposes, the Committee obtained licenses for analytical 

software to help synthesize and cull out relevant information from the voluminous investigative 

fik. ' 

(U) Staff prepared for interviews using all available sources of information, including 

witness document productions, government records, and publicly available information. Most 

interviews were held in a closed setting, either in the Committee conference room or in its closed 

6 

COMMITTEE SENSITIVE - RUSSIA INVESTIGATION ONLY 
COMMITT EN ITIVE - RUSSI INVE TI TION ONLY ( 

hearing room. In some cases, the interviews were classified. · On other occasions, staff traveled 

to accommodate the witness and conducted interviews off site, including locations outside of the 

United States. Outlines and exhibits were prepared and agreed upon ahead of time to guide the 

interview. Staffdid not identify by political party during the interview, and questioning was 

done in a conversational manner, with multiple staff participating. Nearly all interviews were 

transcribed.18 The Committee gave all witnesses the opportunity to consult with counsel, or 

respond to questions off the record. Following tl:ie interviews, witnesses were unable to identify 

which staff worked for the majority and which worked for the minority. Although Committee 

Members were gener~lly not present, transcripts and documents from all witness interviews were 

made available for Members to review. 

(U) The Committee conducted follow-up interviews with five witnesses: Michael Cohen, 

Jared Kushner, Donald Trump Jr., John Podesta, and Jonathan Winer. The Committee held the 

follow-up interviews with Cohen, Kushner, and Trump Jr. in the Committee's closed hearing 

room with Members present. At the Chairman's direction, investigative counsel asked questions 

that had been prepared in advance and agreed upon by staff; Members also submitted questions 

for witnesses to be asked by counsel. These three witnesses had been interviewed early in the 

Committee's efforts, and the Committee developed additional information since the initial 

interview that required clarification from the witnesses. All three of these follow-up interviews 

occurred only after extensive negotiation between the Committee and the respective parties. In 

the case of both Cohen and Trump Jr., the Committee issued a subpoena to secure this secon.d 

day of testimony. Cohen appeared pursuant to the subpoena. Trump Jr. did not initially appear 

in _response to the subpoena, but later changed his position and appeared when it became clear 

that the Committee was considering a contempt resolution. 

(U) When witnesses declined voluntary cooperation and an interview was essential to the 

investigation;the Committee exercised its subpoena authority to compel testimony and document 

· production. Subpoenas were usually served electronically, when agreed to by witness counsel. 

On several occasions, however,_the Committee relied.on the assistance of the U.S. Marshals 

Service to serve subpoenas on Some witnesses. Although the Chairman and Vice Chairman were 

granted.authority by the Committee to jointly issue subpoenas for witnesses on which they 

agreed; the whole Committee considered and authorized several subpoenas that were issued to 

sensitive witnesses who it believed might resist compliance. The Committee experienced some 

additional limits to its authority, as discussed below. 

C. (U) Legal Issues Encountered 

18 (U) For example, the Committee's interviews with former Secretary of State John Kerry and former FBI 

employee Randy Coleman were not transcribed, due to the constraints of the spaces in which the interviews took 

place and prior negotiation with witness counsel. 

7 
(U) Throughout the course of its investigation, the Committee encountered a spectrum of 

cooperation: some witnesses testified voluntarily and provided useful document production in a 

timely manner, and-some witnesses stalled, forced the Committee to compel their appearances, 

and then asserted.privileges in response to sqme of the Committee's questions. Witnesses 

claimed several common law and Constitutional privileges, including-traditional claims of 

executive privilege; potential claims of executive privilege during the presidential Transition; 

attorney-client privilege; First Amendment privileges (related to both freedom of the press and 

freedom of association); and spousal privilege. The Committee was also confronted with certain 

statutory limitations in its requests to communications service providers for digital evidence. 

The Committee's strategies in navigating these .issues are detailed below but were generally 

driven by its priorities to get the most information possible, to respect Committee and Senate 

equities, and to move forward without engaging in time-consuming litigation. 

1. (U) Executive Privilege 

(U) The time period for the Committee's document requests and interview questions for 

government officials generally did not go beyond noon on January 20;2017, in part to anticipate 

and minimize any potential claims of executive privilege. The concept of executive privilegewhich is not written anywhere in the Constitution, but de~ives from Constitutional 

considerations 19-is itself amorphous, encompassing several varieties of potentially legitimate 

governmental interests: the confidentiality of a president's communications and those of the 

president's senior advisors; sensitive military, diplomatic, or national security information; 

sensitive law enforcement techniques or ongoing investigations; and internal deliberative 

processes. There is considerable disagreement between Congress and the Executive Branch as to 

the. nature of the privilege and when it may be claimed, and scant case law on the particulars of 

its application to congressional requests. Importantly, in whatever form it may take, the 

privilege is not absolute.20 It gives way to a legitimate overriding need from Congress; it can be 

waived; and it may not be used to withhold evidence of wrongdoing.or criminal behavior within 

the Executive Branch. 

(U) Executive privilege is the President's alone to assert. Accordingly-from the 

Executive Branch's perspective-in order to withhold information on the basis of a valid claim 

of executive privilege, a witness will frequently refuse to answer a question or produce 

documents on the grounds that it could implicate the privilege, thereby preserving the 

opportunity to assert the privilege for the President. Following notification from a witness that a 

request has raised a "substantial 'question of executive privilege," the White House's approach in 

19 (U) See United States v. Nixon, 418 U.S. 683, 708 (1974). 20 (U) Ibid., 713. 

8 
theory adheres to the procedures outlined in a_l982 memorandum from then-President Reagan.21 

Traditionally, the White House will seek an opinion from Department of Justice's (DOJ) Office 

of Legal Counsel (OLC) substantiating its position that the privilege exists as related to the 

specific subject matter in the question or document. If that determination is made, Congress and 

the Executive Branch may engage in an "accommodations" process to resolve the dispute 

through a proffer of the information or in camera review in lieu of spe~ific testimony or 

document production. If, however, the process does not satisfy Congress's legitimate needs, 

then Congress may contest the claim. 

(U) .. The Committee anticipated that it could face ~xecutive privile~e claims from Obama 

Administration officials who testified about actions they took as part of the National Security 

Council or conversations they had with President Obama about Russian interference. In practice, 

though, Obama Administration officials freely shared their conversations with then-President 

Obama· and each other rel~ted to the Russia threat. The. Committee heard testimony about 

Principal's Committees (PCs) and Deputy's Committees (DCs) from Susan Rice, Denis 

McDonough, Michael Daniel, Celeste Wallander, Jeh Johnson, Ben Rhodes, Samantha Power, 

Loretta Lynch, Sally Yates, and Lisa Monaco, among others. This testimony provided useful 

insights intq the history of interactions between the Obama Administration and the Russian 

government, which informed the Committee's report. · 

2. (U) A Claimed Transition Privilege 

(U) The Committee did not anticipate, however, the multitude of novel and 

unprecedented potential executive privilege claims from the WHCO on behalf of members of 

President-elect Trump's Transition Team and the Transition itself, for communications before 

Trump took office. The Committee was surprised by these assertions because they were made 

inconsistently and because they have no basis in law. The Committee's experience demonstrated 

the potential for abuse of executive privilege, particularly as it relates, to impeding a 

Congressional inquiry. 

i. (U) Executive Privilege for the Trump Administration Began at Noon on 

January 20, 2017 

(U) The Committee's position is that executive privilege for President Trump began 

when he assumed Constitutional office, at noon on January 20, 2017. During the 2016-2017 

Presidential Transition, President Obama was the person holding the Constitutional office of the 

President, and therefore the only person who could assert a Constitutional privilege for that 

period. When pressed for any legal precedent or any opinion from OLC that supported the 

21 (U) Memorandum, President Reagan to the Heads of Executive Departments and Agencies on Procedures 

Governing Responses to Congressional Requests for Information,'November 4, 1992. 

9 

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existence of executive privilege during the Transition, WHCO continually and solely relied on a 

letter from then-White House Counsel Don McGahn to then-House Permanent Select Committee 

on Intelligence (HPSCI) Chairman Devin Nunes.22 McGahn's letter cites important principles of 

executive privilege pertaining to the President's communications with close advisers, mostly 

found in United States v. Nixon, 418 U.S. 683 (1974) and In re Sealed Case, 121 F.3d 729 (D.C. 

Cir. 1997).23 McGahn:s letter argues that because the Presidential Transition Act ("PTA") 

contemplates confidentiality during the Transition, and because Congress has tacitly implied a 

recognition that Administrations prepare to take office before Inauguration Day (by, for example, 

scheduling confirmation hearings for national security cabinet official designates), executive 

privilege pertaining to presidential communications must then apply during the Transition. 24 

(U) This argument contorts the PTA and-common understandings of executive privilege, 

and the Committee could identify no additional basis to support it. The argument was 

particularly suspect as applied to an apparent foreign policy operation run by Transition officials 

who can claim no Constitutional authority to be conducting American diplomacy. To date, the 

only court to address the existence of a Transition privilege has rejected it.25 Throughout the 

investigation, and still today, the Committee adheres to the view that a valid claim of executive 

privilege can only exist once a President has been sworn into office. 

ii. (U) The WHCO's Approach was Inconsistent, and Waiver Could Have 

Occurred 

(U) Throughout 2017, the Committee's engagements with former Transition officials 

and entities representing the Transition elicited no assertions of potential executive privilege over 

the Transition. For instance, the Committee interviewed Jared Kushner and Hope Hicks, both 

senior members of the Campaign, the Transition Team, and the Administration. These witnesses 

testified to the Committee freely and without any assertions related to executive privilege during 

the Transition period. During the Committee's initial document requests and conversations with 

the Trustees of the Transition, 26 those representatives of the Trustees made no explicit mention 

of executive privilege, instead using a boilerplate paragraph that acknowledged that "[a]ll 

documents and information are produced by TF A subject to, and without waiving, any and all 

· applicable constitutional, statutory, and common law privileges."27 

22 (U) Letter, McGahn to Nunes, February 14, 2018 (provided to Committee Counsel by White House Deputy 

Counsel via email on March 29, 2018). 23 (U) Ibid. . 24 (U) Ibid.; see also PTA, Pub. L. 88-277, as amended. 25 (U) Fish v. Kobach, No. 16~2105-JAR-JPO, 17 WL 1920910, *5-6 (I>. Kan. May 10, 2017). 26 (U) The Trustees of the Transition is the custodial entity that maintained Transition records once the President 

took office. 27 (U) See, e.g., Letter, Langhofer to Burr and Warner, December 8, 2017. 

COMMITTEE SENSITIVE - RUSSIA INVESTIGATION ONLY 
(U) However, by March of2018 and beyond, the Committee's interview and document · 

requests to K.T. McFarland, Sarah Flaherty,28 Stephen Miller, Avi Berkowitz, and Steve Bannon 

were all met by "potential assertions" of executive privilege during the Transition. After 

conversations with WHCO during these witness negotiations, the Committee inquired with 

Transition counsel about whether any of its documents had been withheld on a basis of executive 

privilege concerns, rather than just attorney-client concerns. After months of discussion with 

both WHCO and Transition counsel, in February, 2019, the Committee learned that the 

Transition Trustees had withheld documents based on a potential assertion of executive 

privilege.29 . 

(U) The Trustees of the Transition provided their documents to the WHCO for review, in 

order to assess whether any documents could be candidates for an executive privilege assertion. 

This process took approximately four additional months. McFarland and Flaherty similarly used 

the WHCO to filter their document production to the Committee. Ultimately, 65 documents 

from the Transition, 32 documents from McFarland, and one document from Flaherty were 

withheld from production and proffered to Committee counsel, as described below.30 

(U) Due to time constraints and the limits of the Senate's jurisdictional statute, as 

described above, the Committee did not litigate these claims of executive privilege during the 

Transition. Despite the potential of waiver and the unusual position of the WHCO related to 

executive privilege, the Committee worked with witnesses to scope questions in order to obtain 

the most essential information, and participated in an accommodations process with WHCO. 

iii. (U) The "Accommodations" Process 

(U) Although the Committee strenuously disagreed with the White House's view on the 

validity of asserting executive privilege for Transition activities, there were strategic reasons for 

agreeing to an accommodations process for its requests. By obtaining a preview of the 

documents, the Committee could assess whether it had obtained the purportedly privileged 

materials through other means; gain information to further evaluate its interest in pursuing 

litigation to obtain the withheld materials; and measure the strength of the executive branch's 

argument in favor of applying the privilege. The Committee was also cognizant that the statute 

governing jurisdiction for subpoena enforcement-in particular, the clause which excludes 

enforcement in the case of a government official asserting a government privilege--could limit 

the possibility of prevailing in litigation, meaning that its best option to gather information was 

through an accommodation. Finally, applicable legal precedent from the· D.C. Circuit suggested 

28 (U) Flaherty was an aide to Lt. Gen. Michael T. Flynn and McFarland, detailed to the Transition. 29 (U) Letter, Langhofer to Burr and Warner, February 22, 2017. 30 (U) The 65 Transition documents include 32 documents that had. been withheld and separately proffered during 

the.McFarland accommodations process. 

11 

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that even if the Committee disagreed with the White House's novel invocation of the privilege, 

prior to initiating an enforcement proceeding, the Committee should "take cognizance of an 

implicit constitutional mandate to seek optimal accommodation through a realistic evaluation of 

the needs of the conflicting branches in the particular factual situation."31 

(U) The WHCO offered Committee counsel an opportunity to inspect some of the 

withheld documents, and gave summaries at varying levels of detail for others. The process 

proved useful in some limited respects. Most notably, the Committee found that certain 

materials the White House sought to protect were already in its possession and also should not 

have been subject to a privilege claim. This arose, for example, with respect to documents 

produced by Sarah Flaherty. One of these documents was described to Committee counsel as an 

undated eight-paragraph memorandum with a sticky note dated January 9, 2017, from Flynn to 

McFarland stating: "re: [a foreign nation] for your consideration." The paragraphs were further 

summarized as follows: 

• (U) 1: Discussion identifying foreign government internal personnel movements. 

• (U) 2: Recitation of the author's assessment of the foreign government's view of areas 

,of long-term strategic concern shared with the U.S. 

• (U) 3: ·Assessment of the foreign government's view concerning the effect ofpost-1992 

U.S. policies for both countries. 

• (U) 4: Discussion of the author's view of challenges facing the President (broad), 

especially in the national security area: 

• (U) 5: List of issues for the U.S. involving the foreign government and the author's 

observation regarding the degree of connection or non-conriection to the foreign 

government: 

• (U) 6: Expresses a need for a plan to make progress on strategic matters, not specifically 

tied to the foreign government. 

• (U) 7: Author's assessment that the foreign-government and the people of the foreign 

nation have substantial goodwill towards the President-elect. 

31 (U) United States v. AT&T, 567 F.2d 121 (D.C. Cir. 1977). 

12 
• (U) 8: Suggestion/proposal for possibilities of engagement with the foreign 

government. 32 

(U) According to the WHCO, the document was a candidate for privilege because it had 

been "prepared for and shared among the President-elect' s senior advisors and concerns foreign 

policy and national security."33 But the WHCO had taken this position without ascertaining key 

facts. For example, it could not identify the author of the document; where and in what format 

the document had resided when in Flaherty's possession; and whether the document was 1 

prepared for the President-elect or at his request or was ever shown to him. At minimum, it 

knew that the document did not contain any classified information. 

(U) Based on the description, the Committee identified the memorandum as- a document 

already in its possession, produced by Robert Foresman-who· was not a member of the 

Campaign nor the Transition Team-and written to Flynn.34 The Committee also knew from its 

investigation that Foresman had adapted a substantial part of the memorandum from another 

document shared by Allen Vine, who is an associate of the Putin-linked Russian oligarch 

Suleiman Keriniov.35 The Committee's position was that the document could not be privileged: 

it was not drafted by a member of the Transition Team and had, in part, originated with a close 

associate of a Kremlin insider. Committee counsel informed the WHCO of the general contours 

of these facts (though not specific names or the details of how it had acquired the information). 

WHCO subsequently dropped its claim of potential executive privilege and produced the 

document to the Committee. 

(U) As this experience illustrated, White House intervention significantly hampered and 

prolonged the Committee's investigative effort. Most importantly, some witnesses were directed 

by the White House not to tum over potentially privileged information-so they refused to 

produce materials without first handing them over to the White House for a privilege review, or 

refused to answer questions concerning the Transition without first consulting with the White 

House. As a result, the White House had a chance to review and control the information 

responsive to· Committee requests before the Committee did, even though the Committee was 

seeking information from private citizens who could not the111selves assert the privilege, and who 

were free to disregard the White House's directive. 

(U) Witness testimony also proved to be a particular challenge. In addition to the noted 

White House inconsistency with respect to privilege during interviews, witnesses declined to 

respond to questions relating to the Transition without first getting permission from WHCO, 

32 (U) SSCI Memorandum, January 23, 2019. 33 (U) Ibid 34 (U) Memorandum, Foresman to Flynn (RMF-SCI-00003003-3004). 35 (U) For a complete discussion of this document, see infra Vol. 5, Sec. m.K.4.iv. 

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sometimes even in the middle of an interview. The WHCO suggested that the Committee could 

present its interview questions for consideration in advance. The Committee rejected this 

proposal because doing so would have exposed the full scope of the Committee's investigation to 

WHCO and compromised the Committee's commitment to confidentiality. Instead, interview 

questions relating to the Transition were saved until the end of the interview, at which time they 

were asked and then relayed by witness counsel pver the phone to the WHCO for its direction. 

Then, the WHCO would advise witness counsel and Committee counsel of whether or not the 

witness could respond. 

3. (U) Obstruction, Attorney-Client Privilege, and the Joint Defense Agreement 

(U) Although there is no formal requirement for Congress to honor the attorney-client 

privilege,36 the Committee respected all legitimate and properly-supported invocations ofthe 

privilege during its investigation as a matter of congressional discretion. Proper assertions of the 

privilege did not prove to be obstacles to the Committee's work. However, the Committee 

encountered dubious objections to its requests and questioning based on an undocumented and 

unproven 'joint defense agreement." 

(U) The existence of a joint defense agreement arose after Michael Cohen testified to the 

Committee on February 26, 2019, that his former attorney, Stephen Ryan, had in 2017 circulated 

drafts of Cohen's prior written statement to the Committee-a statement which included 

numerous false statements for which Cohen later pleaded guilty37-to attorneys for other 

witnesses in the Committee's investigation, and that these attorneys had been involved in 

revising the statement.38 At the Committee's request, Cohen subsequently produced several of 

the communications in his possession, including six emails he had received from Ryan 

containing or forwarding proposed edits and redlines to his draft statement from third parties, 

between August 16 and August 25, 2017. 39 

36 (U) See, e.g., Glenn A. Beard, Congress v. The Attorney-Client Privilege: A "Full and Frank Discussion," 35 

Amer. Crim. L. Rev., 119, 122-27 (1997) ("[C]ongressional witnesses are not legally entitled to the protection of the 

attorney-client privilege, and investigation committees therefore have discretionary authority to respect or overrule 

such claims as they see fit."). See also Ethics Opinion 288, Compliance with Subpoena from Congressional 

Subcommittee to Produce Lawyer's Files Containing Client Confidences or Secrets, Legal Ethics Committee, 

District of Columbia Bar, February 1999 (opining that an attorney is permitted to produce client confidences or 

secrets in response to a congressional. subpoena if a congressional subcommittee overrules objections based on 

attoniey-client privilege and threatens fines or imprisonment for non-compliance). 37 (U) See Information, United States v. Michael Cohen, 18-CR-850, November 29, 2018. 38 (U) SSCI Transcript of the Interview with Michael Cohen, February 26, 2019, pp. 21-23 ("Cohen Tr. II"). 

Following an initial citation, this Report refers to transcripts using a short form citation of"Witness Tr." For 

witnesses who were interviewed a second time, such as Cohen, citations to the transcript of the second interview are 

identified as such by "Witness Tr. II." 3

~ (U) See, e.g., Email, Ryan to Cohen, August 21, 2017, attaching draft statement ("Attached please find the 

current version of the Moscow statement., We sort of accepted the changes from Alan and Abbe."); Email, Ryan to "-. 

14 

COMMITT - VE TION ONLY ,-
(U) Based on Cohen's testimony and document production, the.Committee pursued 

. further evidence of involvement by other witnesses in his obstruction of the Committee's 

investigation. This issue was pertinent, if not central, to the Committee's work. The Committee 

needed to evaluate testimony and evidence it had received, including determining the veracity of 

that testimony, as part of establishing a record of the matter under investigation. 

(U) From the documents produced by Cohen, the Committee became concerned that 

multiple witnesses and/or their counsel could have been involved in or aware of Cohen's attempt 

to mislead the Committee.40 Indeed, at least two witnesses (Donald Trump Jr. and Felix Sater) 

could have known that Cohen's statement falsely represented material facts about negotiations 

over a. deal for a Trump Tower Moscow. Further, Cohen told the Committee that following his 

initial testimony, he received a phone call from Sekulow, who told him that Trump "heard that 

you did great, and don't worry, everything's going to be fine. He loves ya."41 Cohen also 

testified that after his initial interview, Sekulow mentioned "pardons" or "pre-pardons" for 

Cohen.42 

(U) Accordingly, the Committee pursued additional communications made by Michael 

Cohen or Stephen Ryan to these attorneys or their clients, and by third parties to Cohen 1;1nd 

Ryan. Normally, these communications would not be protected by the attorney-client privilege 

because they were shared with third parties, and hence no longer confidential.43 Nonetheless, the 

Committee was informed that the materials it requested could not be·provided because they were 

subject to a joint defense agreement (JDA).44 

Cohen, August 22, 2017 ("Felix would like 'salesmanship' instead of 'puffing'. He confirmed factually [sic] 

accuracy of doc. Sekulow liked doc. Suggested we change all 'project' references to 'proposal' -I think that is ok. 

Alan G asked for a word version implying he had edits. No word from Abbe (picking a.jury for Menendez today) 

and Alan F ."). , 40 (U) Cohen,Tr.',II,,p. 21 ("The statement that was drafted was circulated through all of the various individuals. 

They had read it. They knew the information was false."). 41 (U) Ibid, p. 43. 42 (U) Ibid, pp. 73-76. 43 (U) See In re Kellogg Brown & Root, Inc., 756 F.3d 754, 757 (D.C. Cir. 2014) (the privilege "applies to a 

confidential communication between attorney and client if that communication was made for the purpose of 

obtaining or providing legal advice to the client") (emphasis added); Permian Corp. v: United States, 665 F.2d 1214, 

(D.C. Cir. 1981) ("Any voluntary disclosure by the holder of such a privilege is inconsistent with the.confidential . 

relationship ipid thus waives the privilege.") (quoting United States v. AT&T, 642 F.2d 1285, 1299 (D.C. Cir. 

1980». . 44 (U) See, e.g, Letter, Woodward and Brand to Burr and Warner, April 4, 2019; SSCI Transcript of the Interview 

with Jared Kushner, February 28, 2019 ("Kushner Tr. II"); SSCI Transcript of the Interview with Donald Trump Jr., 

June 12, 2019 ("Trump Jr. Tr. II"). 

15 

COMMITTEE SENSITIVE - RUSSIA INVESTIGATION ONLY 
(U) Courts have recognized a narrow exception to the waiver rule when a 

communication is made pursuant to a valid IDA.45 However, it is the proponent's burden to 

demonstrate both the existence of a IDA and that the IDA covers communications a party seeks 

to-protect.46 Further, a IDA does not provide a blanket immunity from congressional process. 

That burden must be satisfied on a communication-by-communication basis (such as on a 

privilege log), and not categorically.47 That is, a party seeking to demonstrate the existence of a 

IDAmust do so "by proof, not proclamation," with sufficient information to "show that at a 

specific time or times, 'a joint defense or strategy has been decided upon and undertaken by the 

parties and their respective counsel. "'48 

(U) Because it is "in derogation of the search for truth,"49 the joint defense privilege 

should be "narrowly construed."50 The mere practice of cooperation or information sharing 

between parties does not, on its own, create a IDA.51 Rather, there must be a "c_oordinated legal 

strategy."52 And, to be ethical, the strategy-· including the sharing -of confidential information 

outside of the attomey-_client relationship-should also be known to and authorized by the 

client.53 

(U) The Committee questioned several witnesses and counsel to identify the nature of 

the IDA. No showing to substantiate its existence was made by any proponent of the privilege. 

All agreed that there was nothing written to document the IDA or any of its key features, such as 

when it began, who was included, and the IDA'.s purpose. Even if the IDA were a verbal 

agreement (valid under some case law), that would not excuse the participants from satisfying 

their obligation to prove its existence. 

45 (U) See, e.g., United States v. Weissman, 195 F.3d 96, 99 (2d Cir. 1999). 46 (U) See ibid. 47 (U) See, e.g., Certain Underwriters at Lloyd's v. Nat'! R.R. Passenger Corp., 162 F. Supp. 3d 145, 155 (E.D.N.Y. 

2016) (privilege claimant must "establish factual predicate" for withholding doc~ents under common interest 

doctrine); Denney v. Jenkens & Gilchrist, 362 F. Supp. 2d 407, 416 (S.D.N.Y. 2004) (privilege claimant "must show 

that the particular communication at issue was disclosed in connection with the joint legal defense"). 48 (U) Jansson v. Stamford Health, Inc., 312 F. Supp. 3d 289,304 (D. Conn. 2018) (internal citation omitted). 49 (U) United States v. Nixon, 418 U.S. 683, 709 (1974). 50 (U) Weissman, 195 at 100. 51 (U) Minebea Co. v. Papst, 228 F.R.D. 13, 16 (DD.C. 2005). See, e.g., United States v. Krug, 868 F.3d 82, 87 (2d 

Cir. 2017) ("The mere fact that the communications were among co-defendants who had joined in a joint defense 

agreement is, without more, insufficient to bring such statements within the attorney-client privilege."). 5

_

2 (U) Minebea, 228 F.R.D. at 16. · 53 (U) See, e.g., Ethics Opinion 296,.Joint Representative: Confidentiality of Information, Legal Ethics Committee, 

District of Columbia Bar, February 2000 (discussing need for attorney to obtain "clear authorization" to share one 

client's information with another client, "even when the discussion involves the subject matter of [a] joint 

representation," and noting that "[t]he guarantee of confidentiality of communication between client and attorney is 

a cornerstone oflegal ethics"). 

16 

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(U) Several witnesses also appeared to be unaware of their participation in the purported 

IDA or its purpose. 54 Yet, according to some of their attorneys, the mere fact of a client's 

membership in the IDA was also privileged, frustrating even the Committee's basic efforts to 

understand its scope.~5 

(U) The Committee ·gained some clarity when, in response to a subpoena for documents, 

Ryan's counsel provided the Committee with a privilege log containing 553 communications by 

members of the purported IDA. The log indicated that the purported IDA covered 

communications beginning on or about June 20, 2017, with an email from Alan Garten to 

Stephen Ryan, and continuing through at least October 27, 2017, with an email from Alan 

Futerfas to Alan Garten, Stephen Ryan and Jay Sekulow. A notably flurry of activity 

immediately preceded Cohen's submission of his August written statement, and an additional 

burst of communications surrounded his October 25, 2017 testimony. Based on the. names of. 

counsel identified in the log, membership in the alleged IDA appeared to include, at least, 

Donald Trump, Donald Trump Jr.; the Trump Organization, Jared Kushner, Ivanka Trump, Paul 

Manafort, the Trump Campaign, Keith Schiller, Hope Hicks, Michael Flynn, and Felix Sater.56 

However, the Committee was provided with no competent evidence to.substantiate the IDA's · 

existence by Ryan or anyone else. 

(U) Due to time and resource considerations, the Committee opted not to further pursue 

its inquiry into potentially obstructive conduct under this alleged IDA umbrella. Doing so would 

have likely required initiating litigation over subpoena compliance, a process that may not have 

resolved in time to be of investigative value. 

4. (U) Fifth Amendment and Immunity 

54 (U) For example, when Trump Jr. was asked whether he was a member of a IDA, his counsel interjected: ''I think 

the discussions about the existence of a joint defense agreement should not be with Mr. Trump Jr. but perhaps 

between the lawyers." Trump Jr. then responded: "The reality is I may or may not have. I'm not 100% sure how· -· 

that's done. You'll have to speak to counsel about it. ... I don't know the details ofit. ... Ifl'm sp'ecifically in 

there, I'm not aware of that. ... I'm not sure." Trump Jr. Tr. Il, pp. 129-130. When McFarland was questioned 

about her participation in a IDA, her counsel similarly objected as to whether the question could be·asked, and 

McFarland ultimately did not respond. SSCI Transcript of the Interview with Kathleen Troia ("K.T.") McFarland; 

March 8, 2018, pp. 220--222. 55 (U) When Kushner was asked whether he was a member of a IDA, his counsel protested: "He can't answer that 

question ... [b]ecause the existence of a joint defense agreement is part of a joint defense agreement." Kushner Tr: 

II, p. 26. Counsel later asserted, without citing any factually relevant authority, that membership in a IDA is 

privileged because disclosure of client's identity could in some other circumstances jeopardize confidential client 

communications. Email, Counsel to Committee, April 19, 2019. Specifically, counsel cited In re Grand Jury 

Investigation No. 83-2-34, 723 F.2d 447, 451--455 (6th Cir. 1983), which identifies three exceptions to the general 

rule, none of which were applicable in this situation. 56 (U) Privilege Log, Stephen Ryan, April 24, 2019. 

17 

COMMITTEE SENSITIVE - RUSSIA INVESTIGATION ONLY 
(U) Some witnesses asserted their Fifth Amendment privilege against self-incrimination 

in response to the Commit):ee's document requests, interview requests, or both.57 In several 

cases where individuals asserted that the act of searching for documents const_ituted a testimonial 

act that could be self-incriminating-as was the case with Flynn, for example-the Committee 

was able to subpoena documents from the individual's company because the Fifth Amendment is 

not available to corporations.58 In other instances, the Committee's direct investigative activity 

stalled once a witness asserted his or her privilege against self-incrimination. The Committee 

did consider limited grants of immunity to specific witnesses, but ultimately decided against 

taking ihat step. 

i. (U) How Congressional Immunity Works 

(U) The modem immunity statutes, enacted in 1970, provide "use" and "derivative use" 

immunity for witnesses-evidence proffered in a criminal prosecution of an immunized witness 

cannot be either the direct or indirect result of the congressional testimony.59 Once Congress, or 

a congressional Committee, subpoenas a witness, the witness has four options: (1) refuse to 

appear and risk being held in contempt; (2) appear, but refuse to answer-questions and risk 

contempt;. (3) appear and testify; or ( 4) appear and refuse to answer by asserting his or her Fifth 

Amendment privilege against self-incrimination. Of course, immunity can compel otherwise 

reticent witnesses to supply necessary information.60 

(U) If the Committee is aware that the witness plans to assert his or her Fifth 

Amendment privilege, the Committee may vote to grant the witness immunity prior to 

subpoenaing testimony, pursuant to 18 U.S.C. § 6002 and 18 U.S.C. § 6005. The request must 

be approved by two-thirds of the members of the full Committee. Specifically, the Committee 

vote is a vote to grant immunity a:p.d a vote for Senate Legal Counsel to seek immunity orders 

57 (U) Interestingly, some witnesses testified before the HPSCI or House Judiciary and Oversight Committees, but 

declined to testify in front of the Senate based upon assertions ofa privilege against self-incrimination (e.g., George 

Papadopoulos and Roger Stone). It is unclear to the Committee whether the parameters for testimony in the House 

were markedly different than those suggested by the Committee. 58 (U) See, e.g., Braswell v. United States, 487 U.S. 99, 104-113 (1988) (reviewing development of the Fifth 

Amendment's "collective entity rule"). 59 (U) See 18 U.S.C. §§ 6002, 6005. It is important to note that "use" immunity differs from "transactional" 

immunity. A grant of transactional immunity protects the witness from any prosecution related to any transaction 

the witness discusses. Congress's earlier transactional immunity statutes resulted in witnesses taking "immunity 

baths" whereby they would use their Congressional testimony as a confessional to avoid future prosecutions. 

Howard R. Sklamberg, "Investigation Versus Prosecution: The Constitutional Limits on Congress's Power to 

Immunize Witnesses," 78 N.CL. REV. 153, 158 (1999). /ee also Kastigar v. United States; 406 U.S. 441 (1972) 

(holding that granting witnesses use immunity, rather than transactional immunity, was constitutional). 60 (U) Congress can only hold a witness in contempt when that witness "refuses to answer any question pertinent to 

the subject under inquiry." 2 U.S.C. § 194. By asserting a valid Fifth Amendment privilege, the witness avoids a .. · 

contempt charge. 

18 
COMMITTEE SENSITIVE - RUSSIA INVESTIGATION ONLY 

from federal district court. As a prerequisite to the court granting immunity, the Committee must 

provide notice to the Attorney General ten days in advance of the testimony, which allows the 

Attorney General time to "can" any testimony or evidence, thus preserving it for any potential 

future prosecution.61 The Attorney General can waive this notice provision.62 After the notice 

period passes ( or is waived), the Committee may then apply for an order of immunity from a 

federal district judge. The 'court must grant the order if the Committee has met the procedural 

requirements for immunity, although DOJ can request an additional 20-day waiting period.63 

After the court approves the immunity order, the witness can no-\onger assert his or her Fifth 

Amendment privilege. The court's role in Congressional immunity is purely ministerial; it must 

grant the order if the statutory requirements are met. 

ii. (U) The Committee's Considerations and. Interactions with DOJ 

(U) The Committee attempted to interview Rick Gates, Mike Flynn, and George 

Papadopoulos, and to reengage Paul Manafort and Sam Patten.64 All five individuals asserted 

their Fifth Amendment privilege against self-incrimination in response to subpoenas and/or 

voluntary requests for interviews.65 

(U) In discussions prior to considering immunity in the fall of 2018, DOJ advised the 

Committee that it "could not support" immunity for any of these witnesses. On December 21, 

2018, the Committee sent a letter signed by all 15 Me.mbers requesting that the Deputy Attorney 

General (who was also the Acting Attorney General for the Special Counsel's investigation 

during the tenure of then-Attorney General Sessions) appear before the Committee to discuss the 

Department's specific concerns. The Deputy Attorney General refused to appear, but indicated 

that he would send a letter outlining his concerns. On January 24, 2019, the Committee received 

a substantive email from DOJ's Office of Legislative Affairs explaining DOJ's objections and 

again promising an official letter from the Deputy Attorney General. On March 6, 2019, the 

Committee received a letter from Assistant Attorney General Stephen Boyd. The March 6, 2019 

61 (U) 18 u.s.c. § 6005. 62 (U) Ibid 63 (U) Ibid 64 (U) The Committee had a very limited engagement with Manafort prior to his indictment, and had an initial 

interview with Patten which resulted in referring him for a violation of 18 U.S.C. § 1001, for which he eventually 

pleaded guilty. Manafort and Patten both refused any further Committee engagement without immunity. 65 (U) DC Bar Ethics Opinions 31 and 358 advise that committee counsel may not force a witness who has 

expressed his or her intention to assert a privilege against self-incrimination to appear if the sole purpose of that 

appearance is "to pillory the witness." Ethics Opinion 358, Subpoenaing Witness When Lawyer for Congressional 

Committee Has Been Advised that Witness Will Decline to Answer Any Questions on Claim of Privilege; Legal 

Ethics Opinion 31 Revisited, Legal Ethics Committee, ·District of Columbia Bar, February 2000. While other 

committees have found that calling witnesses whose counsel have asserted their privilege against self-incrimination 

on their behalf can lead to useful testimony, here, the Committee agreed to accept written assertions from witness 

counsel. 

· 19 
COMMITTEE SENSITIVE - RUSSIA INVESTIGATION ONLY 

letter stated that granting immunity to any of the five individuals "would be harmful to the 

ongoing SCO Russia and Department investigations, and prosecutions, in multiple ways." The 

letter relied on case law on congressional grants of immunity and the heavy burden prosecutors 

face in Kastigar hearings to prove that evidence is not derived in any way from immunized 

testimony. Due to these concerns, the Department "urge[d] the Committee to wait'' to compel . 

immunized testimony "until after the active criminal matters are completed," although there was 

no date certain, or even estimate, for when that might be.66 

(U) On March 14, 2019, the Committee held a business meeting to consider granting 

immunity to Manafort, Gates, Flynn, and Patten. The vote failed, and the Committee did not 

consider immunity again. 

5. (U) Extraterritoriality 

(U) The Committee sought to interview several witnesses who lived abroad. While the 

Committee did successfully conduct voluntary interviews abroad, there were limited options 

available to compel witnesses largely residing outside of the United States. 

(U) The Committee's subpoena power is a Constitutional power embedded in Congress's 

inherent powers to investigate. However, subpoenas directed to non-U.S. persons located 

outside the United States presented jurisdictional complications as to service and enforcement. 

Accordingly, when necessary, the Committee sought to effect service of a subpoena during a 

foreign individual's u:s. travel, including through the assistance of the U.S. Marshals.67 

(U) For individuals who did not travel to the United States, the Committee could have 

attempted to obtain a foreign government's assistance through a Mutual Legal Assistance Treaty 

(MLAT) or letter rogatory, which enable a foreign court system to use its own compulsory 

process to get'a witness to respond to the Committee's questions. These processes may require 

coordination with the Department of State, the foreign government, and in the case of a letter 

rogatory, a federal court. However, there is precedent for Congressional investigations to use 

these tools.68 Finally, the Committee could have attempted to leverage international treaty 

66 (U) Letter, Boyd to Burr, March 6, 2019. 67 (U) For example, the U.S. Marshals successfully served a Committee subpoena on Emin Agalarov, a Russian 

citizen, on February 20, 2020, in Newark International Airport as he was heading to New York City. Agalarov 

provided both documents and testimony pursuant to the subpoena. 68 (U) The House Committee on Assassinations in the 1970s used letters rogatory, and the Iran-Contra Select 

Committee was authorized to use letters rogatory, though never actually did so. However, numerous Mutual Legal 

Assistance Treaties are restricted to assistance in criminal cases, which would appear to preclude assistance in a · 

congressional investigation. 

20 
COMMITTEE SENSITIVE - RUSSIA INVESTIGATION ONLY 

obligations or ask a friendly government to assist in document production or service of process 

as a matter of comity.69 

(U) Ultimately, the .Committee did not pursue any compulsory action for witnesses 

located outside of the United States. On.several occasions, the Committee was able to persuade 

witnesses from overse~s to travel to the United States for an interview, to conduct a proffer 

thro1:1gh their attorneys, or tq submit to an interview outside the United States. Despite these 

accommodations, several key witnesses remained outside of the Committee's reach. 

6. (U). Committee Access to Electronic Communications Data 

(U) On several occasions, the Committee's investigation required access to electronic 

communications data, including ·subscriber information and transactional metadata from 

electronic communication.s service providers. These providers are generally ·restricted from 

.. disclosing such information to a third party under the Stored Communications A<;t (SCA), 18 

· U.S.C. §§ 2702-2703, unless there is a statutory ex9eption .. for certain government entities, the 

SCA provides a companion mechanism to compel the production of information .. However, no 

court has addressed whether the Stored Communications Act restricts Congress's independent 

authority to obtain such data as part of a duly autho.rized investigation. And, since the 1986 

enactment of the SCA, the Committee was not aware of any congressional committee that had. 

pursued the production of such data.70 Accordingly, the Committee carefully considered whether 

the SCA precluded providers from voluntary disclosure of non-content information to Congress. 

Then, for those providers tp.at declined voluntary production, the Committee also considered 

whether the SCA's procedures for compulsory pro~uction sμpplanted Congress's inherent·. 

subpoena authority.71 · · 

(U) The SCA establishes a hierarchy of protections for different categories of 

communications data depending on the perceived privacy interests. With respect to the contents 

of a communication, ~isclosure by a provider is generally prohibited to "any person or entity."72 

In contrast, for non-content information, such as basic subscriber data, session logs, or to/from 

addressing information, disc'losure by a provider is only prohibited to "any governmental 

entity."73 Specific statutory exceptions apply to each of these prohibitions. 

69 (U) In 1992, the House October Surprise Task Force secured cooperation from the French and U.K. governments 

in its inquiry. . 70 (U) The Committee has become aware that other congressional committees have.since followed suit-in pursuiQg 

these requests. . _ 71 (U) The Committee did not request the contents of any communications from providers, and therefore did not 

examine the SCA's applicability to such requests. · 72 (U) 18 U.S.C. §§·2702(a)(l}--(2). 73 (U) 18 U.S.C. § 2702(a)(3). 

21. 

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\. 

COMMITTEE SENSITIVE - RUSSIA INVESTIGATION ONLY 

(U) Based on the statutory text, the Committee determined that the SCA did not restrict 

voluntary disclosure of non-content infoqnation. "Governmental entity" is defined by the U.S. 

Code, Title 18, as "a department or agency of the United States or any State or political 

subdivision thereof."74 Indisputably, Congress is not an "agency of the United States.'' 

"Agency" means "any department, independent establishment, commission, administration, 

authority, board or bureau of.the United States or any corporation in which the United States ,has 

a proprietary interest, unless the context shows that such term Wa~ intended to be used in a rriore 

limited sense. "75 

(U) Nor is Congress a "department." "Department" is-defined as "one of the executive 

departments ... , unless the context shows that such term was intended to describe the executive, 

legislative, or judicial branches of the government. "76 The context to make this showing-the 

statutory text and related statutes-' must be "fairly powerful,"77 and it is not present here, Had 

Congress sought to limit its own access to this information, it could have done so expressly.78 

Thus, the Committee'determined that there is no statutory prohibition againstvoluntary 

disclosure by a provider of non-content information in response to a Committee request. This 

interpretation was in keeping with the Committee's early experience with voluntary productions I 

ofinformation relating to Russian IRA troll accounts from companies like Facebook and Twitter, 

information which is discussed irifra Vol. 2. 

(U) Not all providers agreed to cooperate. Accordingly~· the Committee considered 

whether the SCA's compulsory production mechanisms supplanted its inherent subpoena power. 

As discussed above, the congressional subpoena· authority is an "essential and appropriate" 

exercise of Congress's broad investigative power, itself a necessary component to Congress's 

constitutional role. Appropriate exercise of the legislative function demands "the power of 

inquiry-with process to enforce it."79 Congress does not strip itself of this authority lightly, and 

the Committee determined that it did not do so in enacting the SCA. 

(U) The SCA provitles a specific path for a "governmental entity" to compel production 

of data from providers, ranging from subpoenas, to court orders, to warrants based on probable 

cause. But, as with voluntary production, the statutory text does not encompass Congress 

74 (U) 18 u.s.c. § 2711(4). 75 (U) 18 u.s.c. § 6. 76 (U) Ibid . . 77 (U) Hubbardv. United States, 514 U.S. 695 (1995)(holding that "context" in 18 U.S.C. § 1001, then pro)libiting 

a false statement "in any matter within the jurisdiction of any depanment or agency of the United States," did not 

extend prohibition to legislative or judicial branches) (overruling United States v. Bramblett, 348 U.S. 503, 509. 

(1955)). 

78 (U) See, e_g; 26 U.S.C. § 6103 (proscribing specific mechanisms to govern Congressional access to tax return 

information). 

79 (U) McGrain v. Daugherty, 273 U.S. p5 (1927). 

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COMMITTEE SENSITIVE - RUSSIA INVESTIGATION ONLY 

because Congress does not qualify as a "governmental entity." Moreover, the legal authorities 

outlined by the SCA are ostensibly available only for law enforcement requesters as part of a 

criminal investigation; although Congress may issue a subpoena, Congress cannot apply for an 

order or warrant from a court, as the SCA requires. In this regard, Congress is like a private 

litigant which may use a civil subpoena to obtain data from a provider, and the Committee 

proceeded under those guidelines. 

(U) Based on these considerations, the Committee issued subpoenas to, and received 

non-content data from, multiple providers-including social media platforms, 

telecommunications companies, and internet service providers-none of which contested the 

Committee's authority. 

(U) As reflected in the Committee's report, many individuals related to aspects of its 

investigation used a variety of electronic communications and phone calls to communicate with 

one another. The data the Committee obtained offered insight into both general patterns of 

behavior and pivotal moments involving key actors, provided new leads for further investigation, 

and gave the Committee the ability to corroborate or rebut information it received from other 

sources. Like any modem-day investigation,. the Committee was faced with a need for direct 

access to digital evidence, and it undertook deliberate but measured steps to secure data with 

significant investigative value. However, the Committee chose to limit its use of.this tool and 

did not, for instance, seek the personal telephonic toll records of Americans except in very 

limited situations in which-other avenues for investigation had been foreclosed. 

7. (U) Other Issues: First Amendment and Spousal Privilege 

(U) The Committee's document requests to Fusion GPS, Dan Jones, and Cody Shearer 

were met with assertions of First Amendment privileges, rooted in both freedom of press and 

freedom of association theories. While the Committee believed these assertions were overbroad, 

the Committee was able to obtain the necessary documents and responses it needed to continue 

its investigation wiihout further litigating these issues. 

. (U) The Committee also encountered potential spousal privilege claims from Bruce Ohr 

and Nellie Ohr, both of whom were cooperative in discussing their conversations with each 

other, law enforcement, and their respective employers. The Committee appreciates their 

cooperation with the Committee's investigation. 

8. (U) 'Transcript Review 

(U) Senate Rule XI prohibits any "memorial or other paper presented to the Senate" to 

be "withdrawn from its files except by order of the Senate." Standing Rule XXVI lO(a) on 

Committee Procedure makes clear that "[a]ll committee hearings, records, data, charts, and files 

shall be ... the property of the Senate." Thus, the Committee's transcripts are "Senate papers" 

23 

COMMITTEE SENSITIVE - RUSSIA INVESTIGATION ONLY 
and prohibited from release without a Resolution passed by the full Senate. The Committee's 

practices regarding transcript review had two goals: (1) to maintain an accurate record of 

Committee interviews; and, (2) to provide transparency to witnesses and to law enforcement 

about how the transcripts would be shared. 

(U) The Committee allowed witnesses, to the extent practicable, to review and edit 

transcripts of their interviews at SSCI offices once completed. Witnesses appearing before the 

Committee frequently relied on memory rather than documents, so the review allowed witnesses 

to correct names or dates they may have misremembered, but did not permit substantive 

amendments of the testimony. The Committee allowed witness counsel to be present during the 

review, but not to take notes, and only the witness was permitted to edit his or her testimony. 

D. (U) Working With and,Around the Executive Branch 

1. (U) DOJ, FBI, and SCO 

(U) Although the Committee sought to be respectful of DOJ, FBI, and SCO investigative 

equities, the Committee also had an investigative basis to review pertinent FBI holdings and to 

interview the same witnesses or review the same documents. This led the Committee to engage 

with DOJ and FBI as to how the Committee would obtain access to relevant information without 

impeding law enforcement. During the course of its investigation, the Committee obtained 

access to, among other information: the FISA applications for Carter Page; materials related to 

other confidential human sources; source validation and other documents i:elated to Christopher 

Steele; and the case opening documentation for Crossfire Hurricane. However, the Committee's 

access was complicated by the relationship between FBI and the SCO. FBI information 

allocated to SCO was restricted and unavailable to the FBI writ-large, and hence could not be 

conveyed to the Committee until the SCO investigation had concluded. 

(U) With respect to certain non-SCO information, the FBI Counterintelligence Division 

agreed to brief the Committee periodically on specific individuals that the Committee identified. 

These briefings were classified and conducted on the record in closed Committee spaces. As 

reflected in this Report, some briefings provided new and relevant information to the Committee. 

However, many of the briefings were not satisfactory due to SCO restrictions on access to 

relevant information. According to FBI Counterintelligence Division, SCO "equities" prevented 

more comprehensive briefings and document production. Moreover, the Committee did not 

obtain first-hand access to .the underlying FBI records used in these briefings, but rather had to 

rely on briefers' characterizations of the underlying FBI records. 

· (U) This limitation eventually compelled the Com.mittee to pursue direct access to SCO 

files. In November 2018, the Chairman and Vice Chairman met with officials from the DOJ and 

the SCO, including the Deputy Attorney General, to convey the Committee's need for the 

restricted SCO information. The DOJ officials stated that it would consider a written request that 

24 

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COMMITTEE SENSITIVE - RUSSIA INVESTIGATION ONLY 

identified specific information, and the Committee provided such a list-on Dece~ber 7, 2018.80 

The request covered information related to the five witnesses who had asserted the Fifth 

Amendment privilege against self-incrimination. DOJ never provided information in response, 

despite repeated follow-up requests. · 

(U) Instead, the Committee was left waiting until after the completion of the SCO's 

written report. On March 29, 2019, following the public release of a letter from Attorney -

General William Barr discussing the SCO Report, the Committee transmitted a request to the 

FBI Director "to be fully briefed, as soon as possible, on the SCO's holdings pertinent to 

Russia's interference in the 2016.U.S. election, and on any FBI holdings previously withheld due 

to SCO equities," and to be "provide[d] copies of any written results of the SCO's 

counterintelligence work, and all supporting documentation underlying those findings, including 

any documentation of counterintelligence activities conducted by the FBI supporting the SCO 

investigation."81 On May 9, 2019, the Committee followed up with a letter to the Attorney 

General requesting that DOJ provide, or authorize FBI to provide, "all information previously 

withheld due to SCO equities, all intelligence information and supporting documentatiqn related 

to the SCO's investigation, and any documentation of counterintelligence activities conducted by 

the FBI supporting the SCO investigation."82 

(Uj Information arrived slowly and incrementally, but not in response to the 

Committee's request. On May 29, 2019, the Committee received a less-redacted version of 

Volume I of the Report-· which excluded grand jury information but had lifted all other 

redactions-for review in Committee spaces. In June 2019, DOJ made available to the 

Committee certain SCO investigative materials for in camera review following a subpoena from 

the House. SCO materials, which were produced by DOJ (and later FBI) on a rolling basis over 

the following several months until February 2020, included FBI FD-302s documenting witness 

interviews; FBI FD-1057s documenting and disseminating analysis of investigative information; 

witness communications; and other related documents. Many documents included numerous 

redactions, and documents referenced as being in associated attachments to the FBI records (i.e., 

so-called."lA" attachments to FBI files) were often not produced. The Committee was also not 

advised of how much information DOJ was intending to provide or when, or how much 

information was being withheld and why. Notably, at no point did DOJ and FBI agree to 

provide information relating to ongoing cases, such as the prosecution related to the IRA or the 

prosecution related to the GRU hackers. Nonetheless, the Committee endeavored to incorporate 

the available information in this Report, where relevant and appropriate. DOJ may continue to 

provide information to the Committee after the publication of this Report, or to produce such 

80 (U) Email, SSCI to Department ofJustice, Office of Legislative Affairs, and SCO, December 7, 2018. 

81 (U) Letter, Burr and Warner to Wray, March 29, 2019. · 82 (U) Letter, Burr and Warner to Barr, May 9, 2019. 

25 
information publicly, which cannot be referenced ~ere but will inform the Committee's ongoing 

legislative, oversight, and investigative activities. 

2. (U) Access to and Use of Classified Materials in the Report 

(U) The Committee requested and, following negotiations with the ODNI, received 

access to a classified space at the Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) Headquarters building 

where it was given pertinent, classified materials in the IC's possession not otherwise available 

as part of regular Committee oversight. Access to those materials was highly restricted, even 

among investigative staff, and sometimes made available to staff directors only. A formal 

"Terms of Access" was agreed'to on April 12, 2017, setting forth conditions and procedures for 

access to documents, staff notes, computer access, and preservation of documents. 83 The 

Committee also made use of classified materials otherwise available as part of its regular 

~~~~ ' 

- Due to the inclusion of classified information in its report, the Committee 

worke~e ODNI for classification review. Upon transmittal by the Committee, the ODNI 

shared the·volumes first with the ■ and- and then disseminated selections for review by 

other departments or agencies that had classification equities over the information. The review 

provided the ODNI and relevant executive branch entities with the opportunity to consider 

whether information in the report was properly marked and, if classified, appropriately redacted 

for public release. ' 

83 (U) The Committee's access to this information is also described infra Vol. 4. 

26 

C_OMMITTEE SENSITIVE - RUSSIA INVESTIGATION ONLY 
' 

III. (U) COUNTERINTELLIGENCE CONCERNS 

A. (U) Paul Manafort 

1. (U) Introduction and Findings 

(U) Paul Manafort is a former lobbyist and political consultant with ties to numerous 

foreign politicians and businessmen, most notably in Russia and Ukraine. In March 2016, 

Manafortjoined the Trump Campaign as convention manager. By May 2016, then-Candidate 

Trump officially elevated Manafort to be the Campaign's chairman and chief strategist. On 

August 19, 2016, following press articles related to his past-work in Ukraine for a pro-Russia 

political party h~aded by former Ukrainian President Viktor Y anukovych, Manafort resigned 

from the Trump Campaign. 

(U) Manafort had direct access to Trump and his Campaign's senior officials, strategies, 

and information. During the campaign, Manafort worked closely with his long-time deputy, 

Rick Gates, who had similar access to Campaign personnel and information. 

(U) While serving on the Trump Campaign, Manafort, often with the assistance of Gates, 

engaged with ind~viduals inside Russia and Ukraine on matters pertaining to both his personal 

business prospects and the 2016 U.S. presidential election. The Committee scrutinized these 

contacts in order to determine whether these activities were connected to Russian interference in 

the 2016 U.S. election .. 

(U) Manafort's connections to Russia and Ukraine began in approximately 2004. At that 

time, Manafort and his political consulting firm began work for Oleg Deripaska, a Russian 

oligarch. Deripaska conducts influence operations, frequently in countries where pe has a 

significant economic interest. The Russian government coordinates with and directs Deripaska 

on many of his influence operations. From approximately 2004 to 2009, Manafort implemented 

these influence operations on behalf ofDeripaska, including on a broad, multi-million dollar 

political influence campaign directed at numerous countries of interest to Deripaska and the 

Russian government. 

(U) At about the same time that he hired Manafort, Deripaska introduced Manafort to 

pro-Russia oligarchs in Ukraine, including Rinat Akhmetov. These Ukrainian oligarchs had 

deep economic ties to Russia and were aligned with a pro-Russia political party which was 

backed by the Russian government. Over the next decade, these oligarchs paid Manafort tens of 

millions of dollars and formed strong ties with Manafort, independent ofDeripaska. Manafort's 

work in Ukraine culminated with the 2010 election of Viktor Y anukovych to the presidency, 

bringing Manafort into the inner circle of Ukrainian politics until Yanukovych's flight to Russia· 

in 2014. 

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(U) At the outset of his work for the Ukrainian oligarchs and for Deripaska, Manafort 

hired and worked increasingly closely with a Russian national, Konstantin Kilimnik. Kilimnik is 

a Russian intelligence officer. Kilimnik quickly became an integral part ofManafort's 

operations in Ukraine and Russia, serving as Manafort's primary liaison to Deripaska and 

eventually managing Manafort's office in Kyiv. Kilimnik and Manafort formed a close and 

lasting relationship that would endure to the 2016 U.S. elections and beyond. 

(U) By the time he joined the Trump Campaign, Manafort' s work in Ukraine had 

diminished and his relationship with Deripaska had long soured. In late 2015 and early 2016, 

however, Manafort remained engaged in business disputes related to both. Manafort believed he 

was owed millions of dollars by oligarchs in Ukraine for past political consulting ~ork and 

sought to collect on this debt. Separately, Deripaska initiated legal proceedings to recover a 

multi-million dollar investment in a failed Manafort business venture. These financial disputes 

came at a time when Manafort had no meaningful income. 

(U) In the midst of these disputes, Manafort used personal contacts to offer his 

services-unpaid-to the Trump Campaign as early as January 2016. The Campaign hired 

Manafort in mid-March 2016 after conducting no known vetting of him, including of his 

, financial situation or vulnerability to foreign influence. Prior to the public announcement of 

Manafort's new position on the Campaign, Manafort reached out to Kilimnik, with whom 

Manafort had remained in contact, to notify him of the development. Once on the Campaign, 

Manafort quickly sought to leverage his position to resolve his multi-million dollar foreign 

disputes and obtain new work in Ukraine and elsewhere. Once Manafort's hiring was publicly 

announced, Manafort used Kilimnik to send private messages to three Ukrainian oligarchs-at 

least one of whom Manafort believed owed him money-and to Deripaska. 

(U) On numerous occasions over the course of his time on the Trump Campaign, 

Manafort sought to secretly share internal Campaign information with Kilimnik. Gates, who 

served as Manafort' s deputy on the Campaign, aided Manafort in this effort. Manafort 

communicated electronically with Kilimnik and met Kilimnik in person twice while serving on 

the Trump Campaign. Manafort briefed Kilimnik on sensitive Campaign polling data and the 

Campaign's strategy for beating Hiliary Clinton. At Manafort's direction, Gates used an 

encrypted messaging application to send additional Campaign polling data to Kilimnik. 

Manafort also discussed with Kilimnik a peace plan for eastern 

Ukraine that benefited the·Kremlin. At Yanukovych's direction, Kilimnik sought Manafort's 

assistance with the plan. Manafort continued to work with Kilimnik on ~ast 

earl 2018. Kilimnik coordinated directly with Yanukovych on the pla~ 

28 
COMMITTEE SENSITIVE - RUSSIA INVESTIGATION ONLY 

(U) The Committee was unable to reliably determine why Manafort shared sensitive 

internal polling data or Campaign strategy with Kilimnik. Manafort and Gates both claimed that 

it was part of an effort to resolve past business disputes and obtain new work with their past 

Russian and Ukrainian clients by showcasing Manafort's success. 

(U) The Committee obtained some information suggesting Kilimnik may have been 

connected to the GRU's hack and leak operation targeting the 2016 U.S. election . 

• 

• 

• 

- While this information suggests that a channel for coordination on the GRU 

hack-a~operation may have existed through Kilimnik, the Committee had limited insight 

into Kilimnik' s communications with Manafort and 

, all of whom used sophisticated 

communications security practices. 

After the election, Manafort continued to coordinate with 

Russian persons, particularly Kilimnik and other individuals close to Deripaska, in an effort to 

undertake activities on their behalf. After Kilimnik arran ed the meetin , Manafort met in Spain 

with another to Deri aska aide who was also tied to 

29 

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Following the election, Manafort worked with Kilimnik on 

e information showin that Russia interfered in the 2016 U.S. 

con~inue to pursue the pro-Russia Ukraine peace plan Kilimnik had first raised with Manafort 

during their August · · · · · · · n 

-ring of 2018. 

(U) The Committee found that Manafort's presence on the Campaign and proximity to 

Trump created opportunities for the Russian intelligence services to exert influence over, and 

acquire confidential information on, the Trump Campaign. The Committee assesses that 

Kilimnik likely served as a channel to Manafort for Russian intelligence services, and that those 

services likely sought to .. _exploit Manafort's access to gain insight info the Campaign. Taken as a 

whole, Manafort's high-level access and willingness to share information with individuals 

closely affiliated with the Russian intelligence services, particularly Kilimnik, reptese1;1ted a 

grave cc:mnterintelligence thre~t. . 

2. (U) Limitations on the Committee's Investigation 

(U) The Committee's investigation into Manafort's activities related to Russia and 

Russian interference was materially limited in several respects. 

' ' 

(U) First, the Committee was unable to interview Manafort or Gates about most matters 

related to its investigation'. 84 While the Cc;,mmittee initially received, through counsel, brief 

written answers from Manafort responding to a small number of written questions and limited 

document production, the statements included 'inaccuracies and omissions and the document 

production was incomplete. The Committee received a limited set of documents from Gates in 

2019, but these did not include many communications relevant to the Committee's 

investigation. 85 

(U) Second, the use of careful communications security practices, particularly by 

Manafort, Gates, and Kilimnik, further restricted the Committee's insight. During the 2016 

84 (U) By prior agreement with the Committee, Manafort provided testimony limited to the June 9, 2016 meeting in 

Trump Tower, which is discussed infra Vol. 5, Sec.C.5. Subsequently, both Manafort and Gates asserted'their Fifth 

Amendment rights in response to the Committee's inquiries.. · 85 (U) Gates provided documents pursuant to a subpoena from the HPSCI. Gates produced these sai;ne documents 

to the Committee but refused to produce further documents or submit to an interview with the Committee. 

30 
campaign,- Kilimnik flew to the United States in order to discuss sensitive topics with Manafort 

in person, rather than rely on electronic communications. When they did communicate 

electronically, Manafort, Gates, and Kilimnik used a variety of encrypted applications, 

eliminating a documentary record of many communications that almost certainly would have had 

high investigative value. 86 Manafort, Gates, and Kilimnik also shared an email account in order 

to practice foldering, a technique used to avoid detection when communicating.87 The three used 

coded language in other, less secure communications.88 After he was indicted, Manafort 

purchased a pay-as-you-go phone specifically fqr the purpose of communicating with Kilimnik 

and Gates.89 In 2017, as news media began publishing details from a small number of 

Manafort' s email communications with Kilimnik, Kilimnik admitted in private communications 

to close associate Sam Patten that he was not worried about the publication of his emails with 

Manafort because he and Manafort had long practiced communications security dating back to 

their work irt Ukraine.90 

86 (U) Manafort recalled using Viber, Signal, and WhatsApp with Kilimnik. FBI, FD-302, Manafort 9/12/2018. In 

. addition, Gates recalled using Threema with Manafort and Kilimnik. According to Gates, it was Kilimnik who had 

introduced some of these applications, including Viber and Threema, to Manafort and Gates. FBI, FD-302; Gates 

1/31/2018. Gates explained that the group often changed which encrypted application they were using when 

Kilimnik told them that a particular application had been compromised. FBI, FD-302, Gates 2/27/2018. Manafort 

admitted to using WhatsApp, Wickr, Signal, Threema, Skype, Snapchat, Viber, Hushmail, WeChat, and Voxer at 

some point in time with various associates. FBI, FD-302, Manafort 9/20/2018. Manafort maintained a laptop 

computer that he used in Ukraine but did not connect to the internet while overseas.· Gates and Manafort used 

multiple email accounts and changed them regularly. Gates and Manafort also used Silent Phone briefly in Ukraine. 

FBI, FD-302, Gates 1/31/2018. 87 (U) FBI, FD-302, Manafort 9/12/2018. Foldering is a technique in which individuals write an email and save the 

email as a draft in an email account accessible by both communicants, allowing them to communicate without 

sending the email. Mana.fort and Kilimnik appeared to use foldering on a Kilimnik~controlled account while 

Manafort served on the Trump Campaign. SCO Report, Vol. I, p. 130. Manafort, Gates, and Kilimnik later set up a 

Hushmail account specifically for the purpose offoldering communications. FBI, FD-302, Manafort 9/12/2018; 

FBI, FD-302, Gates 1/31/2018. 88 (U) For example, when one wanted to notify the other that a foldered message was ready to be viewed,.Manafort, 

Gates, and Kilimnik would tell the others to check the "tea bag" or ·"the updated travel schedule." FBI, FD-302, 

Gates 2/27/2018. The Committee only had access to the communications platfonns the group deemed less secure, 

and the Committee's access into even these less secure"communications platforms was incomplete. 89 (U) FBI, FD-302, Manafort 9/12/2018. Manafort had previously used a similar technique with Gates and 

Kilimnik in Ukraine. According to Gates, Manafort required new phone numbers to be issued after DMP was 

allegedly hacked. Gates and Manafort referred to certain phones maintained by Gates, Manafort, and Kilimnik as 

"bat phones." The "bat phones" were normal phones, but had different phone numbers. FBI, FD-302, Gates 

1/31/2018. . 90 (U) Email, Kilimnik to Patten, September 20, 2017 (SSCI 2017-4885-3-000039-40). In response to press articles 

which revealed communications between Kilimnik and Manafort, Kilimnik _advised Patten that he and Mariafort had 

assumed that their "phones, hotel rooms, office, etc." were surveilled during their past work together and that as a 

result, Manafort "is kind of used to this life." 

31 

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(U) Lastly, Manafort, who was interviewed by the SCO approximately a dozen times, 

lied consistently to the SCO during these interviews about one issue in particular: his interactions 

with Kilimnik, the Russian intelligence officerat the center of the Committee's investigation.91 

These lies violated Manafort's plea agreement, which obligated him to be truthful in his 

cooperation with the government, and exposed him to a more severe prison sentence than the 

agreement contemplated.92 Manafort's obfuscation of the truth surrounding Kilimnik was 

particularly damaging to the Committee's investigation because it effectively foreclosed direct 

insight into a series of interactions and communications which represent the single most direct tie 

between senior Trump Campaign officials and the Russian intelligence services. Manafort' s true 

motive in deciding to face more severe criminal penalties rather than provide complete answers 

about his interactions with Kilimnik is unknown, but the result is that many interactions between 

Manafort and Kilimnik remain hidden. 

3. (U) Background on Manafort's Foreign Activities 

(U) Starting in the 1970s, Manafort began working as a political consultant and lobbyist 

for foreign governments and political parties around the world, business that he continued to 

conduct for decades.93 A review of Department of State cables showed that the nature of 

Manafort's work with foreign governments and politicians involved efforts to gain electoral 

success for local clients, or in some cases, conduct business.94 

91 (U) The federal court hearing Manafort's case in the District of Columbia found that Manafort's misleading 

statements about Kilimnik occurred in "multiple instances ... and they all follow a pattern." In particular, the court 

found that "[c]oncessions come[] in dribs and drabs, only after it's clear that the Office of Special Counsel already 

knew the answer." Transcript of Sealed Hearing, United States v. Paul J. Manafort, Jr., Case Nq. 17-201-1-ABJ 

(DD.C. February 13, 2019), p. 29. Of particular note, Manafort misled investigators about m~eting with Kilimnik 

in Madrid and Kilimnik's efforts to advance a Ukraine peace plan involving Yanukovych. Beyond these false or 

misleading statements, the court found that Manafort engaged in '"multiple clusters of false or misleading or 

incomplete or needed-to-be-prodded-by-counsel statements, all of which center around the defendant's relationship 

or communications with Mr. Kilimnik." Ibid., p. 40. Additionally, Sam Patten, another key witness in the 

investigation due to his close relationship with Kilimnik, similarly engaged in conduct designed to obfuscate his 

relationship with Kilimnik. Patten withheld and deleted documents related to Kilimnik that were relevant to the 

Committee's investigation. During the execution of a search warrant on Patten's home, Patten used his wife's phone 

to send a text message to Kilimnik and then deleted the message: FBI, FD-302, Patten 5/22/2018. 92 (U) Plea Agreement of Paul J. Manafort, Jr., United States v. Paul J. Manafort, Jr., Case No. 17-201-1-ABJ 

(D.D.C. September 14, 2018), p. 6. 93 (U) As early as 1973 or 1974, Manafort was in Lebanon working t~ get business for a construction company in 

Saudi Arabia. See SSCI Transcri t of the Interview with Tom Barrack Ma 31 2018 . 13-14. 

Addit1ona ly, 

open source information suggests Manafort or is firm conducte s1m1 ar foreign politica consu ting for other 

foreign governments, such as in Zaire, Equatorial Guinea, the Philippines, Angola, Saudi Arabia, and Somalia. &e 

Franklin Foer, "Paul Manafort, American Hustler," The Atlantic, March 20.18. 

32 
(U) The Committee limited its investigation of Manafort and his associates to areas 

related to Russia and Russian-aligned interests. The most significant ofManafort's Russianaligned interests centered on two overlapping areas: (1) Russian oligarch Oleg Deripaska and (2) · 

politicians affiliated with the now-defunct Party of Regions (PoR) and its successor, the 

Opposition Bloc (OB), in Ukraine. In pursuing these relationships, Manafort conducted 

influence operations that supported and were a part of Russian active measures campaigns, 

including those involving political influence and electoral interference. These past activities 

resulted in relationships and levers of influence, including multi-million dollar financial disputes, 

which persisted throughout Manafort'S time as the head of the Trump Campaign. Furthermore, 

Manafort sought to secretly contact both Deripaska and Ukrainian oligarchs affiliated with the 

OB in connection with his work on the Trump Campaign. Manafort reached out to both entities 

before, during, and after his time on the Trump Campaign to provide inside information and 

offer a~sistance to these Russian-aligned interests. 

i. (U) Manafort's Work with Oleg Deripaska 

(U) Manafort's relationship with Russian government-aligned interests began with his 

introduction to Oleg Deripaska in approximately 2004 .. Since at least that time, Deripaska has 

acted as a proxy for the Russian state and intelligence services. Deripaska has managed and 

financed Kremlin-approved and -directed active measures campaigns, including information 

operations and election interference efforts. Deripaska has conducted these activities in an effort 

to install pro-Kremlin regimes, control local economies and politicians, and strengthen Kremlinaligned powerbrokers across the globe.95 

(U) The Committee has limited insight into the origins of Manafort' s relationship with 

Deripaska, but it likely began in 2004.96 

• 

95 (U) For a complete description ofDeripaska's involvement in Russian active measures and ties to the Russian' 

intelligence services, see infra Vol. 5, Sec. ill.A.8.i. 96 (U) Open source information suggests that Manafort's work for Deripaska also involved Georgia as elll"ly as 

2004. According to that information, Manafort undertook efforts related to the political reemergence of former 

Georgian Minister of State Security Igor Giorgadze. Giorgadze had previously been removed from office after 

being accused of organizing an attempted assassination of the then-Georgian president, Eduard Shevardnadze. See 

Brett Forrest, "Paul Manafort's Overseas Political Work Had a Notable Patron: a Russian Oligarch," The Wall Street 

Journal Au ust 30 2017. 97 

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r' 

COMMITTEE SENSITIVE - RUSSIA INVESTIGATION ONLY 

• (U) Michael Caputo, a former employee of a firm run by Manafort and several others, 

including Roger Stone, told the Committee that in 2004, Manafort hired him on a 

Deripaska-related project. In particular, Caputo told the Committee that he was retained 

to organize U.S. media coverage that would be positive towards Deripaska in response to 

Deripaska's failed efforts to obtain a U.S. visa.98 · 

(U) Manafort recalled that he met Deripaska through his business partner at the time, 

Rick Davis.99 Davis had met Deripaska in 2003 through Nathaniel Rothschild, a British 

investment fund manager and scion of the Rothschild .banking,dynasty.100 According to open 

source information, Rothschild and Deripaska have had a relationship since at least 2003. 101 

Press reports further suggest that the relationship between the two men helped Deripaska secure 

the financing needed to cement his control of UC RUSAL in the eariy- to mid-2000s. 102 

a. • (U) Manafort's Influence Operations in Ukraine 

At the time he hired Manafort, in a roximatel 2004, Deripaska 

These Russian influence efforts 

were designed to influence the 2004 Ukrainian presidential election between PoR-candidate 

Viktor Yamikovych and independent candidate Viktor Yushchenko in. Yanukovych's favor. 103 

On November 21, 2004, after a runoff vote, Ukraine's Central Election Commission announced 

Yanukovych as the winner. 104 The election, however, was widely viewed as illegitimate due to 

98 (U) SSC! Transcript of the Interview with Michael Caputo, May 1, 2018, p. 33. Caputo claimed he was engaged 

in this effort for only a 10-day period. Caputo recalled his instructions from Manafort related to Deripaska press 

-efforts: "We need stories. Focus on wires." Caputo further recalled that he "went out there and just, excuse my 

French, humped every leg in journalism, and didn't get much results." Ibid, p. 48. The full scope ofManafort's 

public relations activities on Deripaska's behalf remains unclear. -. · 99 (U) FBI, FD-302, Manafort 9/20/2018. ' 100 (U) Ibid 101 (U) "Rothschild to earn millions from RUSAL float," The Telegraph, January 2, 2010. 102 (U) United Company (UC) RUSAL is a Russian company that primariiy produces aluminum and related 

products. According to other open source reporting, Rothschild and Deripa~ka were central figures in British 

political scandals involving Peter Mandelson, a former Member of Parliament who served as European 

Commissioner for Trade from 2004 to 2008. In 2008; Mandelson met with Denpaska on his yacht in the 

Mediterranean, where they allegedly discus~ed preferential treatments on aluminum tariffs. In January 2005, 

Mandelson traveled on private jets from Davos, Switzerland, to Moscow, Russia, and then on to a private Deripaska 

retreat i~ Siberia. Rothschild was a participant in these meetings. See, e.g., "The Russiaq oligarch, the Old Etonian 

billionaire and deeply disturbing questions about Lord Mandelson's integrity,". Daily Mail, February 11, 2012. 103 (U) Prior to the election, Russian government officials had overtly supported Y anukovych and the PoR, and 

Putin personally visited Yanukovych five days before the election, praising his government. See, e.g., ''Putin, In 

Ukraine, Praises Government Days Before Election," RFEIRL, October 26, 2004. 104 (U) See Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe (OSCE), Office for Democratic Institutions and 

Human Rights (ODIHR), "Ukraine Presidential Election 31 October, 21 November and 26 December 2004: 

OSCE/ODIHR Election Observation Mission Final Report," May 11, 2005. 

34 

COMMITTEE SENSITIVE - RUSSIA INVESTIGATION ONLY 
widespread fraud. Efforts to interfere in the election were systematic and included: intimidation 

of election monitors, fraud, ballot stuffing, multiple voting, government pressure on voters, 

denial of media access, media control and manipulation, disruptions of public rallies, official 

harassment, beatings and arrests of hundreds of students and activists, and a likely attempt on the 

life of the front-running opposition candidate. 105 

· had significant involve · · . . . 

- Russian electoral interference in Ukraine generated severe blowback, leading to 

a series of popular protests known as the Orange Revolution, which reversed Yanukovych's 

alleged electoral victory. Manafort in a memorandum at the time described the Oran e 

Revolution and the defeat of Yanukovych as a "disaster."110 

111 

(U) In the immediate aftermath of the Orange Revolution, Deripaska contacted Manafort 

and directed him to begin work to rehabilitate Y anukovych and the PoR. Manafort briefed 

Deripaska on how to recover from this defeat and influence Ukrainian politics in a manner 

beneficial to both Deripaska and the Kremlin. 112 

35 

COMMITTEE SENSITIVE - RUSSIA INVESTIGATION ONLY 
(U) Under Deripaska's guidance, Manafort outlined for Deripaska and Rothschild a 

strategy for a political influence campaign in Ukraine. Manafort referred to this influence 

campaign as "our program." 113 Manafort described how the program would be a broad system 

for influence with distinct political, lobbying, communications, and legal components. 114 The 

Ukraine program was, according to Manafort's memorandum, undertaken "pursuant to the 

directives of Mr. Deripaska" and in support of "our mutual friend in Ukraine," 115 almost 

certainly a reference to Rinat Akhmetov, to whom Deripaska had previously introduced 

Manafort and his firm, Davis Manafort Partners. 116 Akhmetov, Ukraine's richest oligarch, was 

the primary backer of Y anukovych and maintained close ties to Deripaska and other Russian 

government and organized crime figures. 117 Akhmetov and other oligarchs in Ukraine began 

funding Manafort's work there, while Deripaska provided Manafort other funding and strategic 

guidance as part of a broader influence campaign. 118 

(U) Manafort's objective was to avoid future events like the Orange Revolution. To do 

this, Manafort sought to sway the political direction of Ukraine to benefit the PoR without the 

heavy-handed tactics that Russia and Deripaska had used in 2004. 119 This involved a strategy to 

"subtly influence the perceptions" of Western governments and create "an acceptable 

explanation for actions by governments not totally in concert with Western thinking."120 

Manafort outlined this goal in a 2005 memorandum to Deripaska and Rothschild: 

113 

114 (U) /, i . 115 Ibid. 116 SCO Report, Vol. I, p. 132; see also SSCI Transcript of the Interview with Bo Denysyk, June 12, 2018, 

p. 1 . . . . 

(U) The exact funding structure at this time 1s unc ear, but y 2005, and proceeding thereafter, Manafort made 

millions of dollars from Akhmetov, Deripaska, and other oligarchs. 119 (U) Memorandum, Manafort and Davis, to Deripaska and Rothschild, June 23, 2005. In December 2004, 

Kilimnik had written a separate ~emorandum to Manafort that similarly concluded that Russia's harsh tactics in 

2004 were not as effective as western tactics at playing the "modern game" of political influence where perceptions 

matter more than reality. Kilimnik noted to Manafort in the memorandum that Russia would "lose if they don't 

learn how to play this game." See "Russian charged with Trump's ex-campaign chief was key figure in pro-Russia 

strategy," Associated Press, July 3, 2018. 

120 (U) Ibid. 

36 
[W]e are confident that we can create the protections needed to ensure the 

avoidance of Orange Revolutions becoming acceptable in the West. The key is to 

understand the West and to use their tools to deal with the specific problems in 

ways that the West believes is in concert with them. Rather than qttacking the 

West, the correct strategy can be created to embrace the West and in so doing 

restrict their options to ferment an atmosphere that gives hope to potential 

advocates of a different way. 121 

- Consistent with the detailed plan for influence outlined by Manafort in his 

briefing to Deripaska, Russia shifted its focus from direct and overt interference in Ukrainian 

olitics toward a more subtle a roach. 122 

(U) Connections between Manafort's program in Ukraine and Russia's own influence 

efforts there suggest that they were effectively part of the same campaign to undermine the 

Ukrainian government and support pro-Russia candidates. Both involved Deripaska and 

supported the PoR. Documentary information also suggests that Manafort intended to brief the 

Kremlin on his activities in Ukraine and understood that his activities benefited the Kremlin. 124 

In his memorandum to Deripaska, Manafort stated that "we are now of the belief that this model 

can greatly benefit the Putin Government if employed at the correct levels with the appropriate 

commitments to success."125 Manafort later explained that Deripaska needed specific talking 

points for Putin related to the Ukraine program, which the memorandum provided. 126 

123 

124 

125 

b. (U) Manafort's Global Influence Operations For Deripaska 

37 

COMMITTEE SENSITIVE - RUSSIA INVESTIGATION O~LY 
(U) Manafort' s work for Deripaska went beyond Ukraine and extended to matters of 

interest to Deripaska "worldwide."127 Gates recalled that Manafort and Deripaska used to meet 

regularly and had a number of different projects ongoing. 128 This included a political influence 

program which Deripaska financed. 129 As part of this program, Manafort worked on influence 

efforts in Central Asia, Cyprus, Georgia, Guinea, Montenegro, and elsewhere in Europe. 130 

Deripaska financially backed candidates in many of these countries and hired Manafort and his 

firm to do the on-the-ground political consulting to support these efforts. 131 Deripaska used an 

offshore entity to pay Manafort and his firm tens of millions of dollars for this and other work, 

including at least $25 million in 2008 alone. 132 

. (U) According to Gates, whom Manafort hired to work on the Deripaska-directed 

projects starting in approximately 2007, the aim of Manafort's influence work for Deripaska was 

to install friendly political officials in countries where Deripaska had business interests. 133 

However, Deripaska's work on behalf of the Kremlin included Deripaska's use of his,own 

personal wealth for Kremlin-directed projects, blending Deripaska's interests and those of the 

Russian state. 134 Manafort' s influence work for Deripaska was, in effect, influence work for thp 

Russian government and its interests. · 

(U) An example of the overlap between Russian-directed influence efforts and those 

where Deripaska had a personal interest-and employed Manafort to advance both-is 

Montenegro. Deripaska first became involved in Montenegro in a significant way through' his 

purchase of a majority stake in Kombinat Aluminijuma Podgorica (KAP), Montenegro's largest 

exporter, which at one point was responsible for approximately half of the country's economic 

output. The sale occurred as a result of a 2005 Montenegrin government-con~olled privatization 

and required Montenegrin government approval. 135 Deripaska's purchase, however; was not 

purely a private business matter and was instead backed by the Russian government. 

127 (U) SSCI Transcript of the Interview with Adam Waldman, November 3, 2017, p. 102. As noted above, 

Manafort also undertook influence efforts in the United States on Deripaska's behalf, including assisting Deripaska 

in obtaining a U.S. visa. See FBI, FD-302, Gates 2/2/2018. Gates recalled that a Manafort-controlled Cypriot 

account, LOAV, contributed money to 501c(4) entity that supported the John McCain presidential campaign. Gates 

stated that the money was from Deripaska. FBI, FD-302, ~iates 2/28/2018. Continued Deripaska influence efforts 

in Guinea are described infra Vol. 5, Sec III.A.8.i. ' 128 (U) FBI, FD-302, Gates 2/2/2018. 129 (U) Ibid. Gates recalled that art of the Deri aska 130 (U) See, e . . , 

10/29/2018; 

131 (U) FBI, FD-302, Gates 2 2 2018. 

132 (U) Ibid. 133 (U) SCO Report, Vol. I, p. 131. 134 (U) See also infra Vol. 5, Sec. III.A.8.i. 

. " 

; FBI, FD-302, Gates 

Gates 3/12/2018. 

135 (U) "Russia's Deripaska sues Montenegro for lost aluminum investment," Reuters, December 7, 2016. 

38 

COMMITTEE SENSITIVE - RUSSIA INVESTIGATION ONLY 
COMMITTEE SENSITIVE - RUSSIA INVESTIGATION ONLY 

• 

• 

• 

(U) Deripaska expanded his own influence in Montenegro and furthered Russian 

government efforts to exert influence over the country, which Deripaska executed in part by 

hiring Manafort and his firm . 

136 

137 

138 

139 

140 

• 

• (U) Deripaska hired Manafort and his firm to work on the Montenegrin independence 

referendum. 140 Manafort's firm sent a team led by Manafort's partner Rick Davis to 

Montenegro. 141 Manafort and his firm worked with, and became internal consultants to, 

Prime Minister Milo Djukanovic but billed and reported to Deripaska.142 

• (U) Manafort and his team kept Deripaska informed of operational details, and 

Deripaska provided direction to Manafort and coordinated with him on actions Deripaska 

would conduct personally to assist in the influence campaign. For example, one 

document prepared by Manafort stated that Deripaska should, as a "follow up" to recent 

141 (U) /bi . . 142 (U) Ibid. Since that time, Deripaska has sought to control the Montenegrin government and influence its policies 

toward Kremlin-aligned objectives. Most recently, this took the form of directly supporting a GRU-run coup attempt 

in the country in 2016, see infra Vol. 5, Sec. III.A.8.i. 

39 
COMMITTEE SENSITIVE - RUSSIA INVESTIGATION ONLY 

activities undertaken by Manafort and his firm on the ground in Montenegro, "organize 

negotiations with key opposition leaders."143 

(U) These operations may have been directly related to the Russian intelligence services. 

c. (U) Konstantin Kilimnik 

(U) Starting in likely late 2004, Konstantin Kilimnik began to work for Manafort in 

Ukraine and elsewhere on Deripaska-related projects. 146 Kilimnik attended the Russian 

military's language institute and served in the Russian military until at least 1995. From 1995 to 

2005, Kilimnik was an employee at the International Republican Insti,tute (IRI), serving in IRI's 

Moscow office. 147 Kilimnik began working alongside Manafort in Ukraine secretly while still an 

employee of IRI in Moscow. 148 Once this was discovered, IRI fired Kilimnik, and Kilimnik 

became a formal employee ofManafort's firm. 149 

(U) Open source information also suggests that, in 2004, Kilimnik began working in 

Ukraine for Deripaska in support of Yanukovych' s election. 150 According to that report, 

Kilimnik traveled to Ukraine while he was still working at IRI. 151 Allegations that Kilimnik was 

Lavrov was and remains the Russian Foreign Minister. Both men have been longtime members of Putin's inner 

circle. 

145 

146 (U) 11mm 1s a Russian mte 1gence o cer. See irifra Vo. 5, Sec. III.A.8.u. 147 (U) IRl Semi-Annual Report (IRI Production) ("Konstantin Kilimnik continues to serve in his role as acting 

director of the Moscow office"). 148 (U) Email, Sibley to Nix, September 7, 2018 (IRI Production). 149 (U) Ibid. 150 (U) Maria Zholobova and Roman Badanin, "The Absolute Soviet Man. A Portrait of Konstantin Kilimnik, 

Russian patriot and Paul Manafort's buddy," Proekt, August 22, 2018. 151 (U) Ibid. 

40 

COMMITTEE SENSITIVE -RUSSIA INVESTIGATION ONLY 
in Ukraine around the time of the elections are supported by IRl records, which suggest Kilimnik 

was present in the country for approximately seven days during the first round of voting. 152 

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While the exact start of Kilimnik's relationship with Manafort and Deripaska is unknown, IRl 

fired Kilimnik for moonlighting for Manafort's firm shortly after this travel. 153 

(U) Kilimnik began working for Manafort no later than early 2005, and likely as early as 

late 2004.

154 Over time, Kilimnik became increasingly integral to Manafort's operation and 

helped steer Manafort through the details and political environment in Ukraine. 155 Manafort 

worked long hours with Kilimnik and often ate meals together.156 Gates described Manafort and 

Kilimnik as having a "close relationship." 157 Manafort sometimes went to Kilimnik's house for 

dinner and knew Kilimnik's family. 158 

152 (U) IRI-002668 (a travel agency booking for Kilimnik's travel from Moscow to Kyiv, booked October 21 , 2004) 

(pictured); see also IRI-002667 (an lRl travel form listing Kilirnnik's travel to Kyiv from October 27, 2004 to 

ovember 3, 2004, which includes the first round of voting the in Ukrainian presidential election on October 31, 

2004); IRI-002675. Records suggest Kilimnik provided a variety of reasons to IRI for this travel, including 

consultations with [RI officials and serving as an election observer. See IRI-002667; IRI-002675. 153 (U) Email, Sibley to Nix, September 7, 2018 (IRl Production). 154 (U) See "Russian charged with Trump's ex-campaign chief was key figure in pro-Russia strategy," Associated 

Press, July 3, 2018. 155 (U) SSCI Transcript of the Interview with Sam Patten, January 5, 2018, pp. 19-20. 156 (U) FBI, FD-302, Manafort 9/13/2018. 157 (U) FBI, FD-302, Gates 1/30/2018. 158 (U) FBI, FD-302, Manafort 9/ 13/2018. 

41 

COMMITTEE SENSITIVE - RUSSIA INVESTIGATION ONLY 
COMMITTEE SENSITIVE - RUSSIA INVESTIGATION ONLY 

(U) Kilimnik has long maintained close ties to Deripaska and his inner circle. 159 Since at 

least 2005, Kilimnik worked on Deripaska-related projects with Manafort in Ukraine, 

Montenegro, and elsewhere. 160 A July 2006 memorandum from Manafort to Deripaska proposed 

that Manafort's firm create an office in Moscow to be managed by Kilimnik. According to the 

plan, the Moscow office run by Kilimnik could transfer its public relations functions to a division 

within one ofDeripaska's companies managed by Georgy Oganov, a top Deripaska aide. 161 

d. (U) Pericles 

(U) Manafort's work with Deripaska also included a joint business venture known as 

Pericles Emerging Market Partners L.P., a private equity fund designed to be focused on foreign 

investment in eastern Europe, particularly Ukraine, Russia, and Montenegro. 163 Deripaska was 

the sole investor in this fund through a ~ompany Deripaska controlled, B-Invest.164 Manafort 

formed the fund with Rick Davis, his then-business partner. 

159 (U) Gates believed Kilimnik may have had a direct line to Deripaska. See FBI, FD-302, Gates 10/29/2018. 

Kilimnik retained this close relationship for years after Manafort's initial work with Deripaska ceased. According to 

Patten, Kilimnik has met with Deripaska and Deripaska associates, including Boyarkin. Patten understood that 

Kilimnik was in continuous contact with Deripaska and his inner circle. FBI, FD-302, Patten 5/22/2018. 160 (U) See, e.g., Work Proposal, "Keeping Guinea on Course" (SP_ OSC_000990) (describing Kilimnik as having 

"managed successful political operations for Ukraine's ruling party, prime minister and president from 2005-2014," 

and having worked as a "senior member of campaign team for successful referendum for independence in 

Montenegro in 2006 and several other parliamentary and presidential campaigns."); FBI, FD-302, Manafort 

9/13/2018. 

42 
COMMITTEE SENSITIVE - RUSSIA INVESTIGATION ONLY 

(U) Gates recalled that Kilimnik assisted him on matters related to Deripaska, including 

serving as Manafort's point of contact with Deripaska's side of the deal for Pericles.165 Gates 

recalled traveling to Russia with Kilimnik to meet with Deripaska's representatives there in 

relation to B-Invest.166 However, Gates stated that Manafort at one point did not want to tell 

Kilimnik about Pericles because he was worried that Kilimnik would share information about 

Deripaska's fund with other oligarchs. 167 

- Prior to the formation of Pericles, Deripaska introduced Manafort to Kypros 

Chrysostomides, a Cyprus-based businessman known as "Dr. K" who specialized in the 

formation of offshore business entities. 168 Chrysostomides and his companies assisted Manafort 

and Deripaska in setting up loans to disguise income in Cypriot businesses and avoid Cypriot 

taxes; these efforts included Pericles. 169 Chrysostomides also helped Manafort set up bank 

accounts and shell compan,ies170 which formed the basis of Pericles. Manafort ultimately 

controlled the accounts in Cyprus. 171 

165 (U) FBI, FD-302, Gates 1/29/2018. Later, after the filing ofa winding up petition in which Kilimnik was named 

as a participant in Pericles, Kilimnik claimed that when Pericles started in 2007, Kilimnik was working for Manafort 

and living in Moscow and that he had "zero involvement in this thing, did not even manage translation of 

documents." Email, Kilimnik to Patten, August 17, 2016 (SSCI 2017-4885-3-000426-428). 166 (U) FBI, FD-302, Gates 2/2/2018. Kilimnik later privately disputed his involvement in Pericles. Email, 

Kilimnik to Patten, August 17, 2016 (SSCI 2017-4885-3-000426--428). 167 (U) FBI, FD-302, Gates 10/29/2018. 168 FBI FD-302 Manafort 9/13/2018. 169 

170 (U) I id. C sostomi es used his company, Dr. K. Chrysostomides & Co LLC (DKCC) to create at least three 

shell companies on behalf ofManafort, Gates, and Deripaska-Lucile Consultants Limited, Bletilla Ventures 

Limited, and Yiakora Ventures Limited-all registered to 1 Lampousas Street, 1095 Nicosia, Cyprus. This was 

done to facilitate the transfer of money through the Cypriot accounts to Russia, Ukraine, and the United States. 171 (U) FBI, FD-302, Gates 2/12/2018. 

43 

COMMITTEE SENSITIVE - RUSSIA INVESTIGATION ONLY 
COMMITTEE SENSITIVE-;- RUSSIA INVESTIGATION ONLY 

(U) According to Gates, by 2009 Manafort's business with Deripaska had "dried up."174 

Over the course of their business dealings, Manafort and his firm had made tens of millions of 

dollars from Deripaska and Deripaska had loaned him millions of dollars more.175 The dispute 

that arose from the Pericles investment lasted through Manafort'sjoining the Trump Campaign 

in 2016. 

ii. (U) Manafort's Work in Ukraine for the Party of Regions (PoR) 

Manafort's work in Ukraine initiall occurred under the strate ic direction of 

, __ ,, However, Manafort's relationships with PoR figures, most 

notably Rinat Akhmetov, Serhiy Lyovochkin, and Viktor Yanukovych, increased over time and 

became independent ofDeripaska's involvement. The PoR maintained strong connections to 

Russia,. received Russian assistance, and pursued a pro-Russia agenda. As a result, Manafort's 

work became intertwined with other aspects of Russian influen~e. 177 

(U) In his support of the PoR, Manafort's activity in Ukraine furthered Russian influence 

efforts in the run-up to the 2006 Verkhovna Rada (Ukrainian legislature) elections. After 

receiving support from Manafort and the Russian government, the PoR gained a significant 

number of seats in the 2006 elections. 

172 ..... According to an FBI interview of Gates Alexander and Dmit Chera were the owners of Black 

Se~ere affiliated with Rinat Akhmetov. 

(U) For example, by 2008 all ofManafort's income came from either Deripaska- or PoR-related work, 

suggesting his level of involvement in Ukraine had grown significantly. FBI, FD-302, Manafort 9/20/2018. 

44 
COMMITTEE SENSITIVE - RUSSIA INVESTIGATION ONLY 

• (U) Manafort and his firm led the Rada election effort for the PoR-Moscow' s preferred 

party-and coordinated all aspects of the PoR's policy platform, party organization, 

polling, and messaging. 178 

• 

(U) Manafort's work with the PoR continued following the 2006 Rada elections, 

culminating in the 2010 election of Y anukovych as president of Ukraine and the elevation ofthe 

PoR as the majority party in government. According to Patten, by this time Manafort had 

acquired a "mythic status" in Ukraine, and Manafort' s operations there expanded to include 

"large crews of expatriates, 10 or 15 Americans" in the country with teams "all over the place" 

who were "flying around with a 747 with an advance team and things like that."181 Manafort 

also organized U.S.-based firms, particularly Mercury Public Affairs and the·Podesta Group, to 

conduct lobbying and public relations on behalf of the PoR and the Yanukovych regime. 182 To 

manage these contracts and publicly distance them from the PoR, Manafort helped organize their 

work through a Belgium-based organization known: as the European Centre for a Modern 

Ukraine (ECFMU). 183 The ECFMU was secretly backed and funded by the Yanukovych regime 

and the PoR and reported to Manafort and Andriy,Klyuyev, then a senior Ukrainian government 

official close to Yanukovych. 184 

(U) Kilimnik became a central part ofManafort's work in Ukraine. Kilimnik was placed 

in a managerial role within Manafort' s firm, eventually becoming head of the Ukraine office and 

having "power of attorney" as the office director. 185 Department of State personnel in the U.S. 

Embassy in Kyiv who interacted directly with Manafort and PoR leaders viewed Kilimnik as 

"Manafort's man in Bankova" (Bankova is a reference to Bankova Street in Kyiv where the 

Ukrainian Presidential Administration is housed) and understood that Kilimnik maintained 

178 

179 

180 (U) J i . 

; Kenzi Abou-Sabe, et al., "What Did Ex-Trump Aide Paul Manafort Really Do in 

27 2017; Memorandum from Manafort and Davis to Deripaska, April 27, 2006. 

181 (U) Patten Tr., pp. 27, 67. 182 (U) See FBI, FD-302, Gates 10/10/2018; Statement of the Offense and Other Acts, United States v. Paul J 

Manafort, Jr., Case No. 17-201-1-ABJ (D.D.C. September 14, 2018). · 183 (U) FBI, FD-302, Gates 10/10/2018. 184 (U) Ibid. According to Gates, both Vin Weber of Mercury Public Affairs and Tony Podesta of the Podesta 

Group were aware that the ECFMU was backed by Klyuyev. Gates also recalled that one of the ECFMU's key 

officers Inna Kirsh was aid each month direct! b Kl u ev to fund the ECFMU. 185 

45 

COMMITTEE SENSITIVE - RUSSIA INVESTIGATION ONLY 
I 

access to the inner-most circles of Ukrainian politics. 186 According to Gates, Kilimnik had 

"unfettered" access to Yanukovych and Yanukovych' s office.187 Gates recalled that Kilimnik 

joined Manafort in most meetings with the oligarchs, and could not recall an instance where 

Manafort conducted a meeting with oligarchs without Kilimnik presen~. 188 

. .. 

Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe (OSCE) and 

reports from 2012 detail widespread vote-buying, misuse of administrative 

resources, and the use of bribes or threats to press candidates not to stand for election.191 Senior 

leaders of the PoR, who paid Manafort and with whom Manafort maintained close personal 

relationships, were reliant on corruption and organized crime. For example, Yuriy Boyko and 

Dmytro Firtash two Ion -time allies and funders of the PoR who maintained close relationships 

with Manafort 

(U) Manafort, Gates, Kilimnik, and others at Manafort's firm coordinated and managed 

polling work, media and advertising, the hiring of consultants, preparation of talking points, and 

speechwriting for Y anukovych and the PoR. The work also extended beyond elections. 

Documents show that Manafort worked for Y anukovych and the PoR at times unrelated to 

election campaigns and formed a continuous relationship with the PoR and Yanukovych. 193 This 

18~ Email, Shultz to Tefft, et al., April 30, 2013 (CDP-2017-0001 lG-001383). At approximately the 

s~mnik conducted side projects with Deripaska's deputy Boyarkin. For inst!lllce, in May 2011, 

Kilimnik was seeking to meet with Boyarkin and emailed Boyarkin a doc~ment in Russian entitled "Regarding 

Central Asia and International Projects." This document suggested a plan of action to protect and expand RUSAL's 

business interests outside ofRussia. In particular, the document outlined a plan to minimize the risk of potential 

political in foreign countries where RUSAL operated, including through a more effective use of a network of 

"friends" in Russia and abroad. Additionally, in June 2011, Boyarkin, Kilimnik, and several others were involved in 

creating a website, www.russianintelligencer.com. The website included a newsletter, which included emerging 

trends and leading indicators in political and economic matters related to Russia. As of Au ust 2011, Kilimnik was 

providing suggestions on the site. 187 (U) FBI, FD-302, Gates 1/29/2018. 188 (U) FBI, FD-302, Gates 1/31/2018. 189 See "Ukraine election 'reversed democrac ', OSCE says," BBC, October 29, 2012. 

Firtash is separately under federal indictment in the Northern 

District o I mms re ate to an a ege mternationa racketeering conspiracy. See Indictment, United States v. 

Dmitry Firtash, et al., Case No. 13CR515 (N.D. Ill. Jun. 20, 2013). . 193 (U) See, e.g., Government's Response in Opposition to Defendant's Second Supplemental Motion.in Limine, 

United States v. Paul Manafort, Criμi. No. 1:18-cr-83-TSE (E.D. Va., July 30, 2018). 

46 
COMMITTEE SENSITIVE - RUSSIA INVESTIGATION ONLY 

included work related to foreign lobbying, public relations, and political consulting more 

generally. 194 Eventually, Manafort made more than $60 million from these activities in support 

of Y anukovych and the PoR. 195 · 

(U) The PoR did not have its own budget or centralized committee to pay for the work of 

Manafort's and his firm, DMP, in Ukraine.196 Instead the PoR engaged a series of oligarchs who 

were tasked with paying for various portions of the PoR's political campaign work. 197 Over the 

course ofManafort's work in Ukraine, approximately 30 to 50 oligarchs chipped-in for the PoRrelated work. 198 Gates referred to these oligarchs as DMP's "paymasters."199 Primarily, 

however, Manafort and his firm were funded by Lyovochkin and Akhmetov.200 Lyovochkin 

likely provided funding to DMP on behalf of other oligarchs, particularly Firtash.201 

Akhmetov's account with Manafort and DMP was handled by Akhmetov's deputy, 

Kolesnikov,202 and Kilimnik was the primary conduit for arranging payments to DMP.203 In 

particular, Gates recalled that Kilimnik would tell Gates to create invoices for certain amounts at 

certain times and address them to certain corporate entities located offshore.204 When asked if 

there was a quid pro quo agreement in which the oligarchs agreed to fund DMP's contracts in 

exchange for something once the PoR-supported candidate was elected, Gates stated that he 

. never saw that firsthand, but he suspected that was the case.205 

4. (U) Manafort's Activities from 2014 until Joining the Trump Campaign 

(U) Issues related to Manafort's historical involvement with Deripaska and the PoR 

continued through Manafort's entry into the Trump Campaign in 2016. These connections 

generally focused on business disputes and efforts to collect debts. 

194 (U) Ibid. 195 (U) Ibid. 196 (U) FBI, FD-302, Gates 1/29/2018. 197 (U) Ibid. 1

98 (U) FBI, FD-302, Gates 1/31/2018. 199 (U) FBI, FD-302, Gates 1/29/2018. 200 (U) Ibid. 201 (U) FBI, FD-302, Gates 1/31/2018. 202 (U) FBI, FD-302, Gates 1/29/2018. 203 (U) FBI, FD-302, Gates 1/31/2018. 204 (U) Ibid. Gates recalled that "pretty much all" of the Cyprus entities were used for PoR work. FBI, FD-302, 

Gates 1/29/2018. These entities were often organized by which oligarchs were funding payments to the Cypriot 

accounts. For example, Bletilla Ventures Limited in Cyprus was affiliated with payments related to Lyovochkin. 

FBI, FD-302, Gates 1/31/2018. Over time, Manafort put Kilimnik in control of the majority ofManafort-related 

accounts in Cyprus. FBI, FD-302, Gates 1/30/2018. Gates did not know why Kilimnik was in charge .of these 

accounts, but understood that Manafort wanted it that way. Ibid. These accounts included Global Highway Limited 

and Lucicle Consultants Limited. · 205 (U) FBI, FD-302, Gates 1/31/2018; 

47 

COMMITTEE SENSITIVE - RUSSIA INVESTIGATION ONLY 
i. (U) Former-PoR Associates in Ukraine 

(U) After Y anuk:ovych fled Ukraine for Russia in 2014, the PoR effectively dissolved. 

Manafort, however, maintained close connections to the former PoR officials who remained in 

Ukraine. The remnants of the PoR consolidated into a new political party, the Opposition Bloc 

(OB). The OB was made up of a variety of pro-Russia politicians and former-PoR figures, 

causing it to be viewed as a rebranded version of the PoR.206 Lyovochkin, Yanuk:ovych's former 

chief of staff, helped lead the consolidation of the OB with the backing of Akhmetov, 

Yanukovych's longtime sponsor.207 · 

(U) Manafort, along with Gates and Kilimnik, worked to support the newly formed OB. 

According to Patten, while Manafort was very expensive, Akhmetov viewed Manafort as a 

"lucky charm," and thus continued to pay him for consulting work.208 Manafort remained the 

main political advisor to the OB, but Manafort's involvement was not at the same level as its · 

previous peak under Yanukovych, likely due to the OB's own reduced political standing.209 

According to Gates, DMP's work for the PoR in 2014 was primarily related to a "micro-targeting 

campaign."210 Manafort's continued involvement in Ukraine was noted by other observers at the 

time. For example, an American IRI employee who attended a meeting with OB representatives 

at the time noted that the OB representatives "did an EXCELLENT job pushing all the right 

buttons." The observer further noted: 

Well, no wonder they performed well - Paul Manafort is their consultant, residual 

consultant.from Yanukovych days. He was in our hotel with former /RI employee 

Konstantin Klimenko {sic} and is on my flight today[] You would have thought 

Manafort et al would have realized what a bullet they dodged when Yanukovych 

left but I guess the contracts are too lucrative. 211 

(U) Kilimnik remained deeply involved in Manafort's efforts to assist the OB. Kilimnik 

ostensibly ran the Kyiv office ofManafort's firm, DMP. However, Kilimnik appeared to have 

significant access within the OB independent ofManafort.212 Kilimnik's ultimate source of 

funding and authority during this time also remains unclear. Patten, whom Kilimnik recruited to 

206 (U) For example, the American IRI employee observed that the OB was in fact a "Party of Regions (PoR) re-

. do." Email, Garrett to Green and Van Rest, October 29, 2014 (IRI Production). 207 (U) Email, Purcell to Toko and Leclair, September 15, 2014 (CDP-2017-000llG-001489-1490). 208 (U) FBI, FD-302, Patten 5/30/2018. . 209 (U) Patten Tr., p. 27. 210 (U) FBI, FD-302, Gates 1/31/2018. 211 Email Garrett to Green and Van Rest October 29, 2014 IRI Production . 212 

48 

COMMITTEE SENSITIVE - RUSSIA INVESTIGATION ONLY 
) 

come to Ukraine in 2014 to assist the OB and who reported to Kilimnik, recalled that although 

Kilimnik worked from an office in Manafort's firm in Ky"iv, it was unclear to Patten whether 

Lyovochkin or Manafort was paying Kilimnik.213 Patten recalled one occasion during his first 

meeting with Manafort in Kyiv where Manafort had spoken highly of Kilimnik and called 

Kilimnik a "powerful little dude."214 

(U) While the scale ofManafort's work in Ukraine began to decline, Manafort 

nonetheless stayed involved in Ukraine matters in thelead-up to his March 2016 entry into the 

Trump Campaign. For example, a November 19, 2015 email from an associate of Gates relayed 

that Manafort and Gates were actively involved in the "Mariupol race on 11/29," a likely 

reference to a second round of elections in Mariupol on November 29, 2015.215 The same email 

also relayed Oates's perspective on the latest political developments on this race and Ukrainian· 

politics more generally, suggesting an active engagement.216 Travel records suggest_Manafort 

213 Patten stated that he was hired by, paid by, and reported to Lyovochkin through 

Ki 1mn or 1s 20 wor m U aine. FBI, FD-302, Patten 5/30/2018. Patten further noted that Lyovochkin had 

previously managed Manafort's account for Yanukovych. FBI, FD-302, Patten 9/6/2018. Kilimnik and Lyovochkin 

appear to have sought to exert influence over a diverse array of Ukrainian politicians behind the scenes. According 

to Gates, Lyovochkin had a "cadre of candidates" whom he was running in various elections in Ukraine, and 

Kilimnik was assisting him in this effort. FBI, FD-302, Gates 1/29/2018. Patten's Ukraine work with Kilimnik in 

support ofLyovochkin is consistent with Gates's characterization. In early 2015, Vitali Klitschko, a former 

opposition leader during the Maydan protests, hired Patten to assist in his Kyiv mayoral campaign. Kilimnik 

arranged the meeting where Klitschko hired Patten. Lyovochkin, who was ostensibly.not a part ofKlitschko's 

campaign or political party, paid Patten from an offshore account Lyovochkin controlled. Patten recalled one· 2015 

meeting with Klitschko and Kilimnik in which Klitschko kicked Kilimnik out of the meeting and told Patten that 

Patten worked for him (Klitschko) and not Lyovochkin. Klitschko told Patten that he kicked Kilimnik out because 

Kilimnik was too close to Lyovochkin. Patten, who worked in support ofKlitschko for approximately a year, was 

paid $800,000---solely by Lyovochkin. FBI, FD-302, Patten 5/30/2018. After 2015, Patten continued to work in' 

support ofKlitschko, and Kilimnik again began to support the effort directly. Kilimnik would later tell Patten that 

Lyovochkin "will be making all decisions" for Klitschko as it related to which olitical consultants to hire. Text 

messa e Kilimnik to Patten Au t 2 201 

which have involved Kilimnik, Patten, and Manafort-usin 214 (U) FBI, FD-302, Patten 5/30/2018. 215 (U) Email, Mermoud to Be~sh and Afendikov, November 19, 2015 (ORP3000009). 216 (U) Ibid. 

49 · 

COMMITTEE SENSITIVE - RUSSIA INVESTIGATION ONLY 

' 

to 

eluding those 
was present in Ukraine from September to late October 2015.217 During this trip, 

communications reflect that Kilimnik was spending time with Manafort in Kyiv.218 

(U) During this time, Manafort believed the OB and its backers owed him money. 

According to Manafort, at one point in 2014, the OB owed Manafort about $4 million. At the 

end of2014 and into 2015, the OB paid Manafort between $1 million and $2 million.219 

According to Gates, the Ukrainian oligarchs, particularly Akhmetov and Lyovochkin, continued 

to owe Manafort approximately $2.4 million.220 According to Patten, Manafort remained 

involved in Ukraine because he was "trying to get paid."221 

(U) By 2016, Gates understood that Kilimnik was no longer receiving a paycheck from 

DMP.222 Instead, Gates believed Kilimnik was being paid directly by Lyovochkin.223 However, 

according to Gates, Kilimnik remained engaged with the OB in an effort to keep the party· 

together as a viable opposition party and to obtain payment for Manafort's firm. 224 Gates 

believed Kilimnik was still doing some work for the OB on behalf of DMP.225 

ii. (U) Deripaska and Pericles Lawsuit 

(U) As noted above, Pericles's failure after the economic downturn in 2008 and 2009 led 

to a souring of relations between Manafort and Deripaska. According to Gates, Manafort was 

· upset th_at Deripaska had not followed through on his originally promised investment of $200 

million, while Deripaska was mad because he felt the asset was not well-managed.226 Gates also 

speculated that Deripaska was mad because he was not kept abreast of everything that happened 

with the investment.227 Manafort said he would call Deripaska, but Gates did not know if 

s owmg a eparture froni N ewar L1 erty Airport on Septem er 20, 2015, 

wit an amval at Boryspil Intematlona Airport in Ukraine the next day, and a return to the United States on October 

27, 2015). 218 (U) See, e.g., Email, Kilimnik to Patten, September 24, 2015 (SSCI 2017-4885-3-001166). 219 (U) FBI, FD-302, Manafort 9/13/2018; FBI, FD-302, Gates 1/29/2018. 220 (U) FBI, FD-302, Gates 1/29/2018. Patten stated that his understanding was that Akhmetov was "the last 

Ukrainian businessperson who paid Manafort." Patten Tr., p. 75. 221 (U) Patten Tr., p. 43; FBI, FD-302, Gates 2/2/2018. 222 (U) FBI, FD-302, Gates 2/2/2018. 223 (U) Ibid. 224 (U) Ibid. 225 (U) Ibid. In 2016, Kilimnik worked primarily with Patten, who was not affiliated with DMP, on matters for both 

Lyovochkin and other OB-affiliated politicians, including Klitschko.. Kilimnik used a DMP email address and listed 

DMP as his employer on U.S. visa applications as late as December 2016. CDP-2017-00011-000087-89. 226 (U) FBI, FD-302, Gates 2/2/2018. 227 (U) Ibid. 

50 
COMMITTEE SENSITIVE - RUSSIA INVESTIGATION ONLY 

Manafort ever did.228 According to Kilimnik, at some point Manafort claimed to have reached 

out to Deripaska in relation to the Pericles dispute.229 Kilimnik told Patten years later that 

"Manafort says he tried to make contact with him, but because he did not do it through me I have 

no idea how he tried to get in touch. Maybe sent emails, which Oleg never reads."230 Gates had 

heard that Manafort and Deripaska had sporadic meetings between 2009 and 2014, possibly , 

about things unrelated to the investment deal, although Gates was not aware of their substance.231 

Gates believed that between approxim~tely 2014 and 2016, Manafort asked Kilimnik to 

communicate with Deripaska, who contacted Deripaska's "chief of security," Viktor Boyarkin, 

presumably about Pericles.232 

(U) In December 2014, Deripaska's attorney filed a winding up petition in the Grand 

Court of the Cayman Islands in an effort to liquidate what remained of Pericles.233 It is unclear 

why such a long period of time elapsed between the end of the Pericles deal in approximately 

2008 and the lawsuit filed in 2014.234 Gates later believed that the lawsuit was a public relations 

stunt to help Deripaska obtain a visa.235 The Cayman Islands court petition named Gates, 

Manafort, Kilimnik, and several others as key individuals involved in Pericles and claimed that 

Manafort and Gates had "simply disappeared."236 

(U) After the start of the proceeding in the Cayman Islands, Adam Waldman, 

Deripaska's U.S.-based lawyer, told the Committee that in approximately March 2015, 

Deripaska asked him to "look into" the Pericles matter.237 Waldman recalled that he sought to 

locate Manafort, which "took some doing.',238 Waldman left Manafort voicemails in an attempt 

228 (U) Ibid. 229 (U) Email, Kilimnik to Patten, August 17, 2016 (SSCI 2017-4885-3-000426-428). 230 (U) Ibid. 231 (U) FBI, FD-302, Gates 1/30/2018. 232 (U) FBI, FD-302,'Gates 2/2/2018; FBI, FD-302, Gates 10/29/2018; 233 (U) Winding Up Petition, I,:z the Matter of Section 36(3) of the Exempted Limited Partnership Law, 2014 and In 

the Matter of Pericles Emerging Market Partners, L.P., Cause No. FSD 0131 of2014 (Grand Court of the Cayman 

Islands December 9, 2014). 234 (U) Gates in particular claimed he did not know why Deripaska waited so long to file suit. FBI, FD-302, Gates 

1/30/2018. 

235 (U) FBI, FD-302, Gates 10/29/2018. 236 (U) Winding Up Petition, In the Matter of Section 36(3) of the Exempted Limited Partnership Law, 2014 and In 

the Matter of Pericles Emerging Market Partners, L.P., Cause No. FSD 0131 of2014 (Grand Court of the Cayman 

Islands December 9, 2014). 237 (U) Waldman Tr., pp. 85-86. 238 (U) Ibid., p. 85. 

51 
COMMITTEE SENSITIVE - RUSSIA INVESTIGATION ONLY 

to get in touch with him.239 Email records from May 2015 suggest that Waldman was continuing 

efforts to locate Manafort.240 

(U) Waldman ultimately received a response from Manafort, who directed Waldman to 

Gates to discuss Pericles. According to Waldman, Waldman met with Gates, whom Waldman 

described as "very nervous," at Waldman's Washington D.C. home.241 Waldman recalled that 

Gates told a "fairly complicated story about an approximately $26 million investment" from 

Deripaska.242 According to Waldman, Gates described years earlier looking at numerous target 

companies and ultimately landing on, "with Mr. Deripaska's team's assistance," Black Sea 

Cable.243 According to Waldman: 

[T]he story became very difficult to follow, because it wasn't entirely clear that 

he'd actually invested in the Ukrainian cable company. It seemed that he'd 

invested in something somebody owned relating to the cable company, some sort 

of rights relating to the cable company. This became extremely convoluted . ... 

One o/the things that I learned was that the investment was $26 million, but the 

fees associated with the investment seemed to be about-seemed to be about $8 

million. 244 

(U) In August 2015, an application was initiated in the Eastern District of Virginia 

relating to the winding up petition in the Grand Court of the Cayman Islands, which sought to 

subpoena testimony and documents from Manafort and Gates.245 Patten understood that a 

"month or two" before Manafortjoined the Campaign, "Deripaska's lawyers were looking for 

Manafort ... and they couldn't find him." Patten's general understanding was that at the time 

"both sides were pissed at each other."246 

(U) Ultimately,·Gates was deposed in November 2015 and Manafort was deposed in 

.December 2015 in relation to the Pericles proceedings, while a dispute over access to, and use of, 

(U) Wa man.Tr., pp. 88, 90. 242 (U) Ibid., p. 90. 243 (U) Ibid., pp. 85, 90. 244 (U) Ibid., pp. 90-91.. 245 (U) In Re: Application Of Kris Beighton And Alex Lawson, In Their Capacities As Joint Official Liquidators Of 

Pericles Emerging Market Partners, L.P., A Cayman Islands Limited Partnership, For Assistance Pursuant to 28 

U.S.C. § 1782, Case No. 1:15mc20 (E.D. Va. August 12, 2015). 246 (U) Patten Tr., p. 101. 

52 

COMMITTEE SENSITIVE - RUSSIA INVESTIGATION ONLY 
documents was not resolved until mid-February 2016-in the midst ofManafort's private 

lobbying to obtain a position on the Trump Campaign.247 

5. (U) Manafort's Activities While Serving on the Trump Campaign 

i. (U) Manafort's Entry into the Trump Campaign 

(U) At least as early as January 2016, Manafort was actively seeking a position on the 

Trump Campaign. Manafort explained to Gates-who was still working for Manafort' s firm, 

despite a lack of clients-that working for the Trump Campaign would be "good for business" 

and a·potential way for Manafort's firm to be paid for work done in Ukraine for which they were 

owed.248 Manafort used contacts with Roger Stone and Tom Barrack, both of whom were 

longtime associates of Trump, to lobby for a position on the Trump Campaign. 

(U) On January 30, 2016, during a meeting with Barrack, Manafort requested Barrack's 

help in obtaining a position on the Trump Campaign.249 Prior to the January outreach, Barrack 

had not heard from Manafort for an extended period.250 Barrack agreed to help Manafort 

approach Trump in an effort to obtain a position for Manafort on the Trump Campaign.251 

. (U) By February 25, 2016, Barrack had spoken to Trump twice about the possibility of 

Manafort joining the Campaign.252 According to Barrack, Trump initially was not interested in 

the idea of hiring Manafort because Trump closely associated Manafort with Roger Stone, whom 

Barrack described as having a "love-hate" relationship with Trump.253 Despite this, Manafort 

requested that Barrack continue to lobby Trump on his behalf.254 Manafort sent Barrack a set of 

notes and talking points outlining Manafort' s qualifications and his commentary on the state of 

the presidential campaign.255 Gates assisted Manafort in preparing these papers.256 In 

Manafort's email transmitting one such set of talking points to Barrack, Manafort highlighted 

247 (U) Complaint, Surf Horizon Limitedv. Paul J Manafort, Jr., et. al., No. 650130/2018 (Sup. Ct. N.Y. Co. May 

17, 2018). . 248 (U) FBI, FD-302, Gates 2/2/2018. 249 (U) Email, Manafort to Barrack, January 30, 2016 (CLNS_SSCI_0000004). Manafort had first reached out to 

Barrack earlier in January and expressed interest in reconnecting in person. When the two did meet, Barrack 

recalled that Manafort had two specific requests; one of which was Barrack's help related to joining the Trump 

Campaign. Emails, Mariafort and Barrack, January 17, 2016 (CLNS_SSCI_000000l-3); Barrack Tr., p. 30. 250 (U) Barrack Tr., p. 26. According to Barrack, the relationship between the two had been strained after Manafort 

had delayed full repayment of a loan from Barrack. 251 (U) Email, Manafort to Barrack, January 30, 2016 (CLNS_SSCI_0000004). 252 (U) Email, Barrack to Manafort, February 25, 2016 (CLNS_SSCI_0000006). 253 (U) Emails, Manafort and Barrack, February 25, 2016 (CLNS_SSCI_0000007); Barrack Tr., p. 26. 254 (U) Email, Manafort to Barrack, February 25, 2016 (CLNS_SSCI_00000IO). 

· 255 (U) Ibid. (CLNS_SSCI_00000I0-12) (with attachment). 256 (U) FBI, FD-302, Gates 2/2/2018. 

53 

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COMMITTEE SENSITIVE - RUSSIA INVESTIGATION ONLY 

that the role he envisioned for himself would be "convention manager, non paid."257 Barrack 

later recalled that the issue of payment was important because "Trump wasn't interested in 

paying anybody for those.positions."258 Barrack recalled that Manafort's offering to work for 

free "were the magic words."259 

(U) On February 29, 2016, Manafort sent another set of talking points to Barrack for his 

transmission to Trump.260 In addition to outlining his own qualifications, this document 

described Manafort's belief that the Republican "establishment" had begun to organize an effort 

to disrupt Trump's nomination and provided a set of recommendations to Trump~ 261 Later that 

day, Barrack sent an email to Trump's assistant, Rhona Graff, but addressed the message to 

"Donald."262 The email described how the convention would be "critical" and that Manafort was 

"the most experienced and lethal of managers ... Paul handled all of the conventions and is a 

killer, he would do this in an unpaid capacity .... I've attached a couple of Paul's thought pieces 

for your consideration - PLEASE PLEASE take the time to read the attachments."263 Barrack 

attached to the email both ofManafort's previous memoranda to him, totaling five pages.264 

Barrack sent the same email and attachments to Ivanka Trump and Jared Kushner, stating "I 

think it is really, really important and Manafort is a genius killer but the opposite of Stone."265 

Ivanka Trump responded that she would "print and show the attached and below to DJT 

following Super Tuesday:"266 Corey Lewandow~ki, then the campaign manager, recalled that 

r 

257 (U) Email; Manafort to Barrack, February 25, 2016 (CLNS_ SSCI_Q0000lO). In his email transmitting the. 

talking point document, Manafort also highlighted his foreign political work and his knowledge of"modem 

campaign technology": "I have spent the last 20 years running campaigns outside of the US. So, I am up to date on 

modem campaign technology and the key players with expertise." The Committee has no further information about 

this claim. At about the same time that Manafort and Gates joined the Trump Campaign, however, Gates reached 

out to a political consultant with ties to Israel seeking Israeli social media influence technology. See infra Vol. 5, 

Sec.III.I. 

258 (U) Barrack Tr., p. 32. 259 (U) Ibid 260 (U) Email, Manafort to Barrack, February 29, 2016 (CLNS_SSCI_0000014--17) (with two attachments). 261 (U) Ibid. 262 (U) Email, Barrack to Graff and Marckstadt (blind copy), February 29, 2016 (CLNS_SSCI_0000043) (with two 

attachments). 

263 (U) Ibid. 264 (U) The 2-page document included: "I can channel my strategic skills, tactical abilities and knowledge of 

modem political campaign tools into the demands of this specific convention job but also will be available, if 

desired, to apply these skills in helping to shape a national campaign working for the team that Trump has 

"- organized." 

265 (U) Email, Barrack to I. Trump and Kushner, February 29, 2016 (CLNS_SSCI_0000055--60 (with two 

attachments). 

266 (U) Email, I. Trump to Barrack and Kushner, February 29, 2016 (CLNS_SSCI_0000085). 

54 
Ivanka Trump ultimately did share the email with her father along with a handwritten note at the 

bottom wh.ich read: "Daddy, Tom says we should get Paul."267 

(U) Following Super Tuesday, Barrack continued to email lvanka Trump and Jared 

Kushner to press them to consider hiring Manafort.268 Barrack forwarded these emails to 

Manafort, saying "FYI. I am trying."269 Barrack also told Manafort that he would talk to Trump 

"one on one" on March 11, 2016, and "lean hard."270 Later, on March 11, Manafort emailed 

Barrack and inquired if Barrack was still getting "pushback'' from Trump.271 Barrack responded 

that he was continuing to get pushback. 272 Manafort then asked Barrack if he should "be patient 

or start moving on," noting that he had "kept my calendar open."273 Barrack responded that he 

was continuing to "push subtly. "274 

(U) Throughout this time, Manafort and Barrack both communicated with Stone. Stone 

shared with Barrack his belief that Trump "needs Manafort" and lobbied Barrack to help 

Manafort obtain a position on the Campaign.275 Stone wrote in an email to Barrack: 

You are the only one who can do this. Donald sees you as a peer - the rest of us 

are just vassals. he has )10 research or plan. his handlers reinforce his worst 

instincts . ... I think lvanka and Jared and Don,Jr [sic J and Eric have had their 

fill of Corey. We will know Tues if we are headed to a brokered convention- if so 

he needs Manafort or he will get robbed. 216 

(U) According to Barrack, Stone was also in touch with Trump directly to recommend 

that Trump hire Manafort.277 Phone records support this claim, showing that from March 1, 

2016, to March 16, 2016, Stone made or received calls from Trump-associated numbers at least 

267 (U) SSCI Transcript of the Interview with Corey Lewandowski, October 18, 2017, pp. 72, 78. Hope Hicks had a 

similar recollection of the memos being provided to Trump: "Tom had sent a bunch of emails, I think to Ivanka 

Trump and to Rhona Graff .... I think there were some attachments from Paul outlining a strategy he might be able 

to help execute on getting the delegates.for the convention." SSCI Transcript of the Interview with Hope Hicks, 

October 16, 2017, p. 108. 

, , 268 (U) Email, Barrack to I. Trump and Kushner, March 5, 2016 (CLNS_SSCI_0000106). 269 (U) Email, Barrack to Manafort, March 6, 2016 (CLNS_SSCI_0000l 17). 270 (U) Email, Barrack to Manafort, March 6, 2016 (CLNS_SSCI_0000118). · 271 (U) Email, Manafortto Barrack, March 11, 2016 (CLNS_SSCI_0000134). 272 (U) Email, Barrack to Manafort, March 11, 2016 (CLNS_SSCI_0000134). 273 (U) Email, Manafort to Barrack, March 11, 2016 (CLNS_SSCI_0000137). 274 (U) Email, Barrack to Manafort, March 11, 2016 (CLNS_SSCI_0000138). 275 (U} Email, Stone to Barrack,March 5, 2016 (CLNS_SSCI_0000105); Barrack Tr., p. 33. 276 (U) Email, Stone to Barrack, March 12, 2016 (CLNS_SSCI_0000141). 277 (U) Barrack Tr., p. 44. In a March 5, 2016 email, Stone told Barrack that he was working to. help Trump with 

campaign strategy and that he and Trump "speak frequently." Email, Stone to Barrack, March 5, 2016 

(CLNS_SSCI_0000105). 

55 

COMMITTEE SENSITIVE - RUSSIA INVESTIGATION ONLY 
ten times.278 Records for that same date range also indicate that Stone either called or received 

calls from Manafort's primary cell phone number eleven times.279 

(U) By the evening of March 16, 2016, Trump appears to have hired Manafort.280 In an 

email to Barrack with "You are the Best!!" in the subject line, Manafort told Barrack that "[w]e 

are going to have so much fun, and change the world in the process."281 

(U) Manafort's hiring was not made public until March 29, 2016, when the Campaign 

issued a press release. However, senior Trump Campaign officials became aware of the decision 

prior to the public announcement, although .they were not aware with specificity as to its timing. 

For example, Hope Hicks, a close aide to Trump on the Campaign, recalled attending a dinner at 

Mar-a-Lago with Trump and Manafort on March 24. At the dinner, which had been scheduled 

earlier in the week, Hicks understood that the decision to hire Manafort had already been. 

made.282 

ii. (U) Kilimnik's Awareness of Manafort's Hiring Before the Public 

Announcement 

(U) Manafort likely made Kilimnik aware of the possibility the he would join the Trump 

Campaign prior to its public announcement, judging by Kilimnik' s contemporaneous 

communications at that time. 

(U) Patten believed Manafort may have provided Kilimnik advance notice of his joining 

the Trump Campaign.283 In particular, Patten told the Committee that he and Kilimnik had 

discussed the possibility ofManafortjoining the Trump Campaign before it became public.284 

278 (U) AT&T toll records, Roger Stone/Drake Ventures. These calls account for a total of78 minutes of call time. 279 (U) Ibid. These calls account for a total of 77 minutes of call time. 280 (U) Email, Manafort to Barrack, March 16, 2016 (CLNS_SSCI_0000153). On the evening of March 16, 2016, 

the day that Manafort was most likely hired, a series of calls suggest that Stone, Manafort, and numbers associated 

with Trump were in communication at approximately the same time. At 4:42 PM, a number associated with the 

Trump Organization contacted Stone and conducted an eight-minute call. Immediately after that call, Stone dialed 

Manafort, who did not answer. Minutes later, Manafort returned Stone's call. Manafort and Stone spoke for 10 . 

minutes. AT&T toll records, Roger Stone/Drake Ventures. 281 (U) Email, Manafort to Barrack, March 16, 2016 (CLNS_SSCI_0000153). 282 (U) Hicks Tr., p. 108. 283 (U) Patten Tr., p. 70. 284 (U) Patten Tr., p. 69. In a press article authored by Patten in 2019, Patten claimed that in "late 2015," 

. Lyovochkin asked Patten "whether it was true that Trump was going to hire Manafort to run his campaign." 

According to his article, Patten told Lyovochkin ''thafwas an absurd notion." Sam Patteri, "Kostya and Me: How 

Sam Patten Got Ensnared in Mueller's Probe," Wired, .August 14, 2019. Given Lyovochkin's close relationship 

with Kilimnik, it is plausible that Lyovochkin's inquiry reflected Kilimnik's own awareness ofManafort's intention 

to join the Trump Campaign. If Patten's public comment is accurate~ the timing of this question from Lyovochkin 

56 

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Patten recalled that he believed the idea that Trump would hire Manafort was "sort of 

ridiculous," while Kilimnik believed it was in fact likely.285 Immediately after the public 

announcement, Kilimnik emailed the Campaign's press release announcing Manafort's hiring to 

Patten in order to show Patten that Patten was wrong.286 Patten further told the Committee that 

he knew Kilimnik and Manafort "were in contact" in the period prior to the announcement, 

although he was not aware any specific communication relaying this information to Kilimnik.287 

would suggest Manafort and Kilimnik may have discussed the Trump Campaign significantly prior to Manafort's 

eventual formal hiring. 285 (U) Ibid. 286 (U) Email, Kilimnik to Patten, March 30, 2016 (SSCI 2017-4885-3-000834); Patten Tr., pp. 69-70. 287 Ibid. 28 See infra Vol. 5, Sec. 111.A.8.i for information about 

Boyar m's connections to the GRU. 289 (U) Ibid. For a complete discussion of this information, see infra Vol. 5, Sec. ill.A.5.iv. On March 10, 2016, 

the GRU be ans e hishin email accounts of individuals associated with Hillary Clinton. SCO Report, Vol. I, p. 

For a discussion of the GRU hack-and-leak operation, see 

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(U) Kilimnik's other two trips to the United States in 2016 (described below) appear to 

be designed with the express purpose of meeting with Manafort. Nevertheless, the Committee 

has no insight into Kilimnik's time in the United States in March 2016, nor does it have 

information to suggest that the two met during the March trip. 

iii. (U) Manafort Announces His Position on the Trump Campaign; Extends 

Private Offers to Russian and Ukrainian Oligarchs 

(U) The day after the public announcement that Manafort joined the Trump Campaign 

on March 29, 2016, Gates sent Kilimnik an email with five attachments and instructions 

regarding those attachments.294 Four of the attachments were personal memoranda from 

Manafort and individually addressed to four recipients.295 Gates drafted the four personal 

memoranda, while Manafort reviewed and approved them.296 Three of the intended recipients-

"SL" (Serhiy Lyovochkin), "RA" (Rinat Akhmetov), and "BVK" (Boris Kolesnikov)-were 

Ukrainian oligarchs affiliated with the OB. 297 

• Serhiy Lyovochkin, a. longtime PoR and OB member, .is 

common y viewe as one o the party's more sophisticated and capable officials. 

Lyovochkin co-owns Ukraine's most popular television company along with U.S.-

indicted oligarch and former Manafort business partner Dmytro Firtash. Lyovochkin was 

a key financer for Manafort's workin Ukraine during Lyovochkip.'s time serving as the 

head of Yanukovych's presidential administration, and later as a leader of the OB. 

Lyovochkin is a close associate of Kilimnik, and Kilimnik has maintained frequent and 

close access to him for years. In addition to Kilimnik L ovochkin has maintained other 

si nificant ties to Russia and Russian-backed actors. 

The Committee did not seek to 

interview 

294 (U) Email, Gates to Kilimnik, March 30, 2016. 295 (U) Email, Gates to Kilimnik, March 30, 2016. 296 (U) FBI, FD-302, Gates 2/2/2018. 297 Email, Gates to Kilimnik March 30, 2016. 298 

299 

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• - Rinat Akhmetov, described above, has generally maintained pragmatic 

relationships with Ukrainian, Russian, and Western governments and had long been a 

primary financier of Manafort's work in Ukraine. As Ukraine's richest oligarch, 

Akhmetov was one of the PoR' s-and later the OB' s-most crucial backers. He has also 

maintained si nificant ties to Russia and Russian-backed actors. 

'-' As noted above, Manafort had worked for Akhmetov for over a decade, 

and at the time of this outreach, Manafort believed Akhmetov owed him over two million 

dollars.301 

• - · Boris Kolesnikov, a pro-Russia Ukrainian oligarch from Donetsk, has been 

~oR and OB member-at one oint its co-leader-and is Rinat Akhmetov's 

ht-hand man. 

0 __ , Manafort had a long history of 

working with Kolesnikov and had previously assisted him as early as 2005 on behalf of 

Akhmetov and Deripaska related to Kolesnikov's arrest on extortion charges. 304 

According to emails from U.S. Embassy Kyiv, Kilimnik acted as an in interlocutor and 

representative to the Embassy for Kolesnikov and attempted to set up meeting for 

Kolesnikov with U.S. ambassadors in Russia and Ukraine in 2014 and 2015.305 

(U) The fourth memo, which unlike the other three used only the word "north" to 

identify the document, was addressed to "OVD," a reference to Oleg Deripaska.306 

30 Email Purce to Pyatt, September 15, 2014 (CDP-2017-0001 lG-000809 ("I got an e-mail today from 

Sas a's o contact Konstantin Kilimnik proposing that you [Pyatt] meet with Kolesnikov."); Email, Purcell to 

Donahue and Kent, August 13, 2015 (CDP-2017-000llG-001347-1348) ("KK also made one request as a favor to 

Kolesnikov. Kolesnikov would like to meet with Amb. Pyatt and/or his 'good friend' Amb. Tefft sometime when he 

is in Moscow (which seems to be fairly often).") 306 (U) "North" is used by Kilimnik and others to refer to Russia. See, e.g., Email, Kilimnik to Marson, August 18, 

2016 (SSCI 2017-4885-3-000414-416) ("people up north"). 

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(U) Gates also sent the press release announcing Manafort'sjoining the Trump 

Campaign so it could be translated by Kilimnik, and provided as an attachment to each of the 

four memoranda. 307 

(U) These memoranda were short personal notes from Manafort highlighting his newly 

announced position with the Trump Campaign. In the memoranda to Kolesnikov, Akhmetov, 

and Lyovochkin, Manafort also wrote that he was interested in Ukrainian politics and implied he 

might be interested in assisting them: 

I am watching intently at the prospects of a new Ukraine government potentially · 

forming in the coming days. We should revisit this topic and think about how to 

best position the OB as the next majority party in parliament. As you have seen 

from the US election, anything is possible with the will of the people. I look 

forward to speaking with you soon. 308 

(U) The fourth memorandum, addressed to Deripaska, omitted the Ukraine language and 

instead included the suggestion that Manafort could brief Deripaska on the Trump Campaign. "I 

am hopeful that we are able to talk about this development with Trump where I can brief you in 

more detail. I look forward to speaking with you soon."309 Gates believ~d that the purpose of 

the correspondence with Deripaska was to confirm that Deripaska had dropped his lawsuit 

related to Pericles.310 Gates believed that the letter did not need to mention the lawsuit because 

Manafort discussed the idea of getting Deripaska to drop the lawsuit with Kilimnik verbally. 311 

According to Gates, Manafort never told him anything specific as to what Manafort was offering 

Deripaska.312 Gates thought that Deripaska wanted a U.S. visa and having Manafort in a position 

inside the Trump Campaign might be helpful to Deripaska.313 Manafort's position could help 

Deripaska develop relationships with Trump, which could have been helpful to Deripaska in 

other ways as well.314 

(U) The Committee has no record of whether Kilimnik delivered these memoranda to 

their intended recipients. Given Kilimnik's close access to the intended recipients and other 

307 (U) The press release attachment included in the Gates email to Kilimnik sent at 6:57 a.m. was titled "DT PJM 

press release .docx." Kilimnik forwarded a document titled, "DT PJM press release .docx," to Patten later that same 

day. SSCI 2017-4885-3-000834. . 308 (U) Memorandum from Manafort to Kolesnikov, March 30, 2016; Memorandum from Manafort to Akhmetov, 

March 30 2016· Memorandum from Manafortto L ovochkin March 30 2016. 309 

310 

311 (U) Ibid. 312 (U) Ibid. 313 (U) Ibid. 314 (U) Ibid. 

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records showing that Kilimnik did in fact pass other information on subsequently, it seems likely 

that Kilimnik would have delivered the memoranda as requested by Gates.

315 

iv. 

(U) On the evening of April I 0, 2016, Manafort emailed Kilimnik. In the email, 

Manafort inquired if Kilimnik had shown "our friends" media coverage related to Manafort.316 

Given the context, "our friends" is almost certainly a reference to the oligarchs affiliated with the 

OB with whom Manafort and Kilimnik had longstanding ties. Kilimnik responded, "Absolutely. 

Every article." 317 The next morning, Manafort asked Kilimnik how his role with the Trump 

Campaign could be leveraged to collect the money owed to him by the OB, and whether 

Deripaska had seen recent press articles relating to Manafort:318 

>4/ 11/ 16, 10:20 AM 1, 11 .1 1, 1" 11 , , , , • • 1 b "Paul Manafort" <pmanafort~mpint. cono 

> I, :t I. II ' J ,t : 

> 

»How do we use t o get whole. 

>> 

>>Has ovd operation seen? 

(U) Kilimnik quickly responded in a lengthy email to Manafort.319 Kilimnik first told 

Manafort that he had been "sending everything to Victor [Boyarkin], who has been forwarding 

the coverage directly to OVD."320 

(U) Kilimnik also wrote that he had "more hopes for OVD than for idiotic Ukrainians, 

who seem to be completely falling apart." Kilimnik then provided a highly detailed insider's 

account of the current Ukrainian political scene and laid out potential scenarios for upcoming 

developments in Ukrainian politics. Kilimnik alluded to Ukrainian political outcomes that he 

had "outlined" in his " previous emails," suggesting that Manafort had already been engaging 

(U) Emat, Manafort to Kilimnik, April 10, 2016 (DJTFP000I0544). 317 (U) Email, Kilimnik to Manafort, April 11 , 2016 (DJTFP000I0544). 318 (U) Email, Manafort to Kilimnik, April 11, 2016 (DJTFP00010544). 3 19 (U) Email, Kilimnik to Manafort, April 11 , 2016 (DJTFP000 l 0543). 320 (U) Ibid. 

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with Kilimnik on Ukrainian political issues in a substantive manner prior to this April 11, 2016 

email.321 The Committee was not able to obtain these earlier communications.322 

The timing of this is not known with precision, but occurred in close proximity to 

Manafort reaching out to Kilimnik, either immediately prior to or after Manafort's April 11 

email.328 

321 (U) Ibid. 322 (U) The Committee only received the April 11, 2016, email described here because Manafort forwarded the 

email in its entirety to Gates on Gates's Trump Campaign email account. The original exchange between Manafort 

and Kilimnik used the email accounts pmanafort@dmpint.com and kkilimnik@dmpint.com. It is unclear why 

Kilimnik was still using the @dmpint.com account, which he used for other business, including communications 

with officials at the U.S. Embassy in Kyiv and with his business partner at the time, Sam Patten. The Committee 

issued a subpoena to the entity DMP International, LLC, but service through a registered agent did not yield any 

response from DMP International. Manafort's retained counsel claimed to not be engaged for the DMP 

International matter and would not engage with the Committee on its requests related to that matter. Efforts to 

engage Manafort directly while incarcerated also failed to elicit any substantive response. The Committee sought to 

gain further insight into the DMP International email account by issuing a subpoena to Rackspace Inc., a hosting 

company that at one point hosted the "dmpint.com" domain. By the time the Committee issued its subpoena to 

Rackspace, however, Rackspace had already ceased hosting the domain and had no longer retained any data. The 

Committee did not seek civil enforcement of its sub oena to DMP International. 323 

324 I • 

325 (U) Ibid. 326 (U) Ibid. 3 

y 10:20 a.m. Mo . , ilimnik, April 

11, 2016 (DJTFP00010544). Kilimnik had confirmed to Manafort that he had "been sending everything to Victor, 

who has been forwarding the coverage directly to OVD" by 10:40 a.m. Moscow time the same day. Email, 

Ki 

329 

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63 

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ilimnik booked a flight itinerary to the United . . . . . 

Airport to Washington Dulles International Airport. 

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- On April 21, 2016, at 2:42 a.m., Deripaska passed through 

U.S. cu~Liberty International Airport after arriving on a private flight. 350 

34 In a series of emails to an associate on April 22, 

, Kt tmm sat at Mana ort ts very smart and i Trump listens to his advice, Trump will become president. 

Kilimnik also suggested that Manafort would become the National Security Advisor if Trump won the election and 

that because Manafort knows Ukraine better than an one else such an outcome would not be so bad for Ukraine. 

iscusse elow. 347 (U) Ibid. 

348 (U) Ibid. 

Additional aspects of this email chain are 

349 (U) Kilimnik would later make reference to the possibility that Manafort could have emailed Deripaska directly, 

but suggested that Deripaska "never reads" his emails. Email, Kilimnik to Patten, August 17, 2016 (SSCI 2017-

4885-3-000426-428 . 

350 An April 25, 2016, Instagram 

post y an account a 1 iate w1 Denpas a picture what appears to be Denpaska at United Nations (UN) 

Headquarters in New York and states in a caption that the Paris Climate Agreement w~ Friday at UN 

Head uarters in New York. Deripaska traveled using his Russian diplomatic passport, __ Ibid.;-

Deripaska has retained a number of individuals to assist him in obtaining visas to 

t e Unite States, w ich he has long struggled to routinely obtain. For more information on some of these 

individuals, see infra Vol. 5, Sec. IV.B. 

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On April 24, 2016, Deripaska departed the U.S. on a 

International Ai ort.353 Other than_ 

the Committee has no 

information about whether Deripaska met or communicated with Manafort while he was 

in New York. 354 

v. (U) Manafort and Kilimnik Meet in New York City; Discuss Ukraine, 

Trump Campaign Strategy; Sharing oflnternal Trump Campaign 

Polling Data with Kilimnik Begins 

t ee other trips to the Umted States in 2016 prior to the election. According tcalllll 

Deripaska arrived in Washington, D.C., on February 24, 2016, and departed reUnite States from San Francisco on February 27, 2016. Deripaska also arrived in Newark on May 29, 2016, and 

departed the.United States from San Francisco on June 2, 2016. Last! Deri aska arrived in Newark on Se tember 

23, 2016, and de arted from Teterboro on Se tember 29, 2016. 

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(U) The Committee did not obtain the content of any direct communications between 

Manafort and Kilimnik from April 11, 2016 to May 6, 2016. However, other communications 

suggest that Manafort and Kilimnik may have discussed the U.S. elections and Manafort's 

strategy to defeat Clinton in this time period. On April 22, 2016, Kilimnik told an associate that 

Manafort had a "clever plan" for beating Clinton and expressed confidence that with Manafort' s 

help, Trump would win. 358 After the associate expressed concern over Manafort and Trump, 

Kilimnik told the associate in a subsequent email that Manafort is a very good strategist and that 

there could be surprises, even in American politics.359 Kilimnik added that Manafort believes in 

Trump and claims that Trump will definitely win. Kilimnik reiterated to the associate that 

Manafort said tqat they have a "clever plan.of screwing Clinton."360 · 

(U) By May 5; 2016, Manafort was aware that Kilimnik was "coming to DC this 

weekend for a wedding."361 On May 5, 2016,.Manafort informed Gates of this development and 

told Gates that Kilimnik "wanted to meet up."362 Manafort asked Gates to discuss Kilimnik's 

visit the following day.363 

Kilimnik used the word "xmp1,1ii," 

e SCO as ed Gates w y K1 1mn1 referre to 

Manafort's "clever pan" to efeat C inton mt 1s emai t \!a . Although Gates was not a participant on these 

communications, Gates stated that he believed this referred to Manafort's strategy to attack Clinton's credibility. 

The SCO asked Gates what was clever about such a plan, and Gates agreed that it was not clever and he did not 

know why Kilimnik characterized it as clever. FBI, FD-302, Gates 2/12/2018. It is unclear on what basis Gates 

held this belief, or whether Gates was confusing this reference with a subsequent plan to focus on Clinton's 

negatives that Manafort shared with Kilimnik at an August 2; 2016 meeting that Gates also partially attended. See 

infra Vol. 5, Sec. III.A.5.vii.a. · 361 (U) Email, Manafort to Gates, May 5, 2016 (DJTFP00021339). It is unclear how Manafort came to understand 

Kilimnik was coming to the United States for a wedding and "wanted to meet up." Manafort's reference to 

Kilimnik attending a wedding also remains unexplained. Given the other information developed about Kilimnik's 

activities, the most plausible time Kilimnik could have attended a wedding was during the day on May 6, 2016, 

when Kilimnik's whereabouts were not fully known. Patten, who was in contact with Kilimnik during his trip and 

met with him while he was in the United States, was unaware of any wedding. FBI, FD-302; Patten 11/27/2018. 

Given Manafort and Kilimnik's persistent use ofcoded language, nicknames, and other allusions, it is possible that 

"wedding" _could have some other meaning. It is also possible that Ma,nafort was incorrect about Kilimnik's plans, 

or that Kilimnik manufactiired an innocuous reason for his trip to Washington, D.C., when relaying his travel plans 

to Manafort. 

362 (U) Email, Manafort to Gates, May 5, 2016 (DJTFP00021339). 

363 (U) Ibid. 

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Kilimnik arrived at Washington Dulles International Airport on May 

5, 2016, and passed through U.S. customs that evening.364 As Kilimnik arrived, Kilimnik and 

Patten exchanged phone calls and text messages.365 Patten offered Kilimnik dinner that evening 

at his home. Patten told the Committee that he recalled meeting with Kilimnik on his trip 

"separately about our business," but that he did not see much of Kilimnik, who was busy with 

other matters. 366 1 Patten understood that the main purpose of Kilimnik' S trip was to meet with 

Manafort. 367 . · · 

· (U) On the evening of May 6, 2016, Kilimnik's communications suggest he met for "off 

the record" drinks with Department of State employees.368 Kilimnik was frustrated by this 

meeting, stating that he met "Finer or whatever the fuck is his. name. In total space."369 

(U) That same everiing, Kilimnik worked with Gates and Manafort to arrange logistics . 

for an in-person meeting between Manafort and Kilimnik.37° From 9:25 p.m. to 9:40 p.m., Gates 

and Kilimnik exchanged phone calls on Kilimnik's U.S. and Ukrainian phone numbers, 

ultimately speaking for 12 minutes.371 At 9:49 p.m., Gates and Manafort exchanged emails 

. about the meeting with Kilimnik, stating that the meeting would take place at 7:30 a.m. the next 

morning and that Kilimnik would take the train to New York from Washington, D.C.372 At 

10:03 p.tn., Kilimnik and Gates again spoke on the phone.373 Gates then worked with a travel 

agent to arrange Kilimnik's train tickets to New York, sending Kilimnik train tickets shortly 

thereafter.374 Gates and Kilimnik conducted a number of subsequent phone calls, including at 

364 

cu 

Washington, D. 

with him for one 

(UJ Patten Tr., p. 80. 

Kilimnik passed through 

on staymg at the Hyatt Regency hotel in 

Patten recalled that Kilimnik stayed 

ater elieved it might have been this trip. 

367 (U) FBI, FD-302, Patten 11/27/2018. . . 368 (U) Email, Kilimnik to-May 6, 2016 (SSCI 2017-4885-3-000686). 369 (U) Ibid. At the time, J~an Finer was Chief cif Staff to then-Secretary of State John Kerry. Patten said he 

understood "[i]n total space" to mean "in outer space" and.therefore not well informed on issues involving Ukraine. 

Patten Tr., p. 79; FBI, FD-302, Patten 5/22/2018. . . 370 (U) The Committee does not have complete insight into the content of these communications, and it is possi_ble 

that other matters were discussed. 

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10:25 p.m. for approximately eight minutes, 10:40 p.m. for approximately three minutes, and 

11 :27 p.m. for approximately two minutes. 375 

(U) On May 6, 2016, Kilimnik used his kkilimnik@dmpint.com email address to write a 

draft email to himself related to his meeting the next day with Manafort. 376 The Committee did 

not'obtain the contents of the email. 

(U) On the morning of May 7, from approximately 3:00 a.m. to 7:00·a.m;, Kilimnik 

traveled by train to New York to 'meet with Manaforl.377 At approximately 7:30 a.m., Kilimnik 

met with Manafort alone in New York at the Peninsula Hotel.378 

(U) According to Manafort, Kilimnik discussed Ukrainian politics, and in particular, a 

plan by Boyko to increase election participation in the OB's stronghold in the eastern zone of 

Ukraine.379 Kilimnik had worked to gather information on Ukraine prior to.the meeting with 

Manafort. As part of this effort, Kilimnik had spoken to Boyko after Boyko had traveled to 

Moscow and likely met with high-ranking Russian government officials.38° Kilimnik also spoke 

with Lyovochkin prior to his trip to the United Stat_es.381 

375 

376 Manafort and Kilimnik engaged in a technique called "foldering," by which 

Mana ort an Kt imn would save drafts in an email account and read them without sending them, although it is 

unclear if this d~rpose. Later, Manafort read a draft written by Kilimnik and saved in this 

same account..---- Patten also engaged in foldering with Kilimnik. FBI, FD-302, Patten 

5/22/2018. , 

Late on e evening of May 6, 2019, Kilimn' em.ailed Patten, writing that he. 

was in "negotiations wt Manafort to get me a 6 am private flight and then 1-2 pm do Dulles." Email, Kilimnik to 

Patten, May 6, 2016 (SSCI 2017-4885-3-000686). The following morning at 6:02 a.m., Kilimnik emailed Patten 

and stated that he was ·"leaving DC for NY" and that he would be "[h ]aving breakfast with Manafort at Peninsula 

hotel, then taking train bacl< to DC:" Email, Kilimnik to Patten, May 7, 2016 (SSCI 2017-4885-3-000686). Patten 

was under the impression that Kilimnik may have traveled using private air travel arranged by Manafort, potentially 

on the Trump-owed plane. FBI, FD-302, Patten 5/22/2018. Despite Patten's impressions, Kilimnik traveled via 

train. Metadata associated with Kilimnik's hone indicates travel via a train route over a roximatel four hours 

from 3:00 a.m. to 7:00 a.m. 

K1limm 's an Manafort's phones were oth located in close proximity to 

t e Peninsu a hote as of7:30 a.~: P one metadata associated with Gates's_phone reveals he was located in 

Richmond, Virginia at the time of the meeting. , 379 (U) Ibid. Gates described Boyko as a pro-Russian former-PoR official who pretended to be pro-European. 

Gates stated that Boyko had been an emissary between Yanukovych and Putin. FBI, FD-302, Gates 2/2/2018. 380 (U) Ibid.; SCO Report, Vol. I, p. 138. 381 (U) FBI, FD-302, Gates 2/2/2018. Kilimnik appears to have been in close and continuous contact with 

Lyovochkin for years, including during this time period. 

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(U) In addition to Ukrainian politics, Manafort and Kilimnik also discussed the Trump 

Campaign, likely including details ofManafort's vision of Trump's path to victory and the 

margins by which he might win. 382 Manafort expected Kilimnik to pass this information back to 

individuals in Ukraine and elsewhere.383 Kilimnik later·shared with Patt~n what he had learned 

about Manafort' s "campaign strategy" at the ·meeting, including a discussion of whether Trump 

"[has] a shot; if he has a shot, why."384 · 

-At 10:59 a.m., after. the meeting with Manafort; KHimnik sent Patten 

an ema~st got on the train" and that he would be arriving at Washington's 

Union Station at 2:25 p.m.385 At 5:09 p.m., Gates asked Kilimnik to call hirri ifhe had not yet 

departed on his flight. At 5:26 p.m., Gates and Kilimnik conducted a 13-minute phone call.386 

Kilimnik departed the United States on a flight scheduled to depart at 6:50 p.m. from 

Washington Dulles.387 

(U) Additionally, according to Gates, Manafort instructed Gates to begin sending 

Kilimnik certain Trump Campaign polling data and other Campaign updates as a result of this 

meeting between Manafort and Kilimnik.388 Gates further stated that he periodically sent the 

data via WhatsApp, an encrypted messaging application, and del~ted the messages to Kilimnik 

daily.389 Gates described the data as "topline" data, which included the results of internal polling 

including state, dates, generic, decided. GOP, and other such numbers. Gates said that this was a 

copy and paste from summary sheets provided by Trump Campaign pollster and longtime · 

· 382 (U) . .In addition to Manafort's own statements about the meeting, see sea Report, Vol. I, p. 138, an email sent 

later by.Kilimnik to Patten provides some additional, but limited, corroboration that Kilimnik and Manafort 

discussed the Trump Campaign at the meeting and may have discussed potential electoral outcomes. In that email, 

sent the day after the election, KilillllJ.ik stated, "It was close, and ifDT had been more disciplined things would 

have gone as Paul said in May- bigger gap." Email, Kilimnik to Patten, November 9, 2016 (SSCI 2017-4885-3-

000289). , 383 (U) sea Report, Vol. I, p. 138. 384 (U) Patten Tr., pp. 73-74. 385 Email Kilimnik to Patten Ma 

ately 

Patten appears to have flown to 

Ky1v on May 8, 2016, to meet w1 Kt 1mmk an o ers. SSC! 2017-4885-3-000702; SP _SSCI_003001. 388 (U) sea Report, Vol. I, pp. 136-137. Gates initially told the SCO that he started sending the information to 

Kilimnik in April or early May 2016. Gates later told the SCO that he believed it was after the meeting on May 7, 

2016, that he began sending the polling data to Kilimnik. Manafort did not acknowledge instructing Gates to send 

the polling data to Kilimnik. 389 (U) Ibid. . 

70 
L 

Manafort associate Anthony Fabrizio.390 Gates recalled that it was not the entire raw data set, 

nor was it cross tabs. 391 

(U) Gates did not know why Manafort wanted him to send Kilimnik the polling data. 

Gates presumed that Manafort gave the instruction to share the information ·with Kilimnik so that 

Kilimnik could share the information with Ukrainian oligarchs as a way of showing the strength 

ofManafort's position on the Campaign, although no direct evidence supports this conclusion.392 

Gates also understood that Kilimnik would share the information with Deripaska. 393 Beyond 

Oates's recollection, the Committee was unable to obtain direct evidence of what Kilimnik did 

with the polling data and whether that data was shared further. For more information about the 

sharing of polling data, see tnjra Vol. 5, Sec. III.A.vii.a. 

(U) Other than Oates's admission that he began using WhatsApp to send polling data to 

Kilimnik, the Committee has no material information about the content of communications 

between Manafort or Gates and Kilimnik following the May 7, 2016 meeting until July 7, 2016. 

On July 7, 2016, a reporter from the Kyiv Post sent a request for comment to Manafort regarding 

390 (U) FBI; FD-302, Gates 2/15/2019. 391 (U) Ibid. A review of Fabrizio polling data sent to Manafort and Gates revealed a consistent format for such 

"topline" result documents, which were distinguished internally from "cross tabs" and "raw data." The documents 

labeled "topline" took a consistent form throughout the campaign period. In general, these documents provided all 

responses for each polled question on a questionnaire, which usually included approximately 100 questions. These 

questionnaires tested a variety of questions related to Trump and Clinton. For example, on June 30, 2016, Fabrizio 

emailed Manafort, Gates, and four other Campaign personnel "topline" data for eight of the Campaign's seventeen 

"Target States" (the remaining target states were also tested on different days). These eight topline documents 

totaled 247 pages with detailed breakdowns of aggregated responses for each question tested as part of the poll. 

Email, Fabrizio to Manafort, Gates, et al., June 30, 2016 (F AB007731-F AB007978) (attaching eight PDF 

documents, each of which related to a different target state and titled "TOPLINE"). In response to Fabrizio's . 

sharing these topline data documents with this group, Manafort replied that "I don't want these results shared with 

anyone outside of the recipients of this email." Email, Manafort to Fabrizio, Gates, et al., June 30, 2016 

(F AB009360). Fabrizio repeatedly produced "topline" results throughout the campaign in a similar format, creating 

.dozens of documents with thousands of pages of text. It is unclear how much of this data Gates shared with 

Kilimnik. Gates did not specify whether he copied text from inside the "topline" document or simply copied the 

PDF itself and pasted it into WhatsApp. In describing other communications he had with a separate individual, 

Gates said that while he used multiple encrypted applications to communicate, documents usually came through 

WhatsApp. FBI, FD-302, Gates 10/10/2018. 392 (U) FBI, FD-302, Gates 1/31/2018. 393 (U) SCO Report, Vol. I, p. 136. 

71 

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an upcoming article about Pericles.394 Manafort forwarded this inquiry to Kilimnik, telling him 

"FYI" and asking ifthere was "any movement on this issue with our friend."395 Given the 

context and Kilimnik's response, "our friend" almost certainly refers to Deripaska.396 Kilimnik 

responded that he was "carefully optimistic on the question of our biggest interest" and expected 

that "we" will get back to the "original relationship" with Deripaska. 397 For unknown reasons, 

Kilimnik suggested that Deripaska was aware that there was "time sensitivity" involved in the 

matter.398 

Our friend V[Boyarkin] said there is lately significantly more attention to the 

campaign in his boss' [Deripaska's] mind, and he will be most likely lookingfor 

ways to reach out to you pretty soon, understanding all the time sensitivity. I am 

more than sure that it will be resolved and we will get back to the original 

relationship with V. 's boss. 399 

(U) Manafort responded by instructing Kilimnik to "[t]ell V boss that ifhe needs private 

briefings we can accommodate."400 The following day, July 8, 2016, Kilimnik sent Manafort the 

resulting Kyiv Post story-"Trump's Campaign Manager Haunted by Past Business."401 In his 

email to Kilimnik, Manafort again instructed Kilimnik that he "should cover V [Boyarkin] on 

this. story and make certain that V understands this is all BS and the real facts are the ones we 

passed along last year."402 

394 (U) Email, Kovensky to Manafort, July 7, 2016 (DJTFP00012834-12835). 395 (U) Email, Manafort to Kilimnik, July 7, 2016 (DJTFP00012834). 396 (U) It is possible the reference is to Boyarkin, or to Deripaska and Boyarkin generally. 397 (U) Email, Kilimnik to Manafort, July 7, 2016 (DJTFP00012834). 398 (U) Ibid. 

399 (U) Ibid. 400 (U) Email, Manafort to Kilimnik, July 7, 2016 (DJTFP00012834). 401 (U) Email, Kilimnik to Manafort, July 8, 2016 (DJTFP00012834); Josh Kovensky, "Trump's Campaign 

Manager Haunted by Past Business;'' Kyiv Post, July 8, 2016. 402 Email Manafort to Kilimnik, Jul 7, 2016 JTFP00012834). 403 

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COMMITTEE SENSITIVE - RUSSIA INVESTIGATION ONLY 
(U) In mid- to late-July 2016, Kilimnik appeared to have insider knowledge of the 

Trump Campaign. 

• (U) In mid-July 2016, in response to a comment by Patten related to Trump's recent 

selection of Mike Pence as a presidential running mate and how that selection might 

negatively affect foreign policy, Kilimnik wrote to Patten: "You know Paul - he is 

focused on winning the elections and then dealing with foreign policy or whatever. The 

choice of VP is purely electoral, as I understand." 411 Manafort later singled out the topic 

404 (U) For more information on Steele and his reporting, see infra Vol. 5, Sec. IV.B. Gates recalled that, at some 

point, Manafort had asked Kilimnik to talk to his sources about the Steele dossier and get more information about it. 

According to Gates, Kilimnik's sources included Deripaska's people and numerous others. FBI, FD-302, Gates 

10/25/2018. Given the context this re uest ma have occurred after the dossier's publication. 405 

406 

407 

408 (U) j id. 

409 (U) Ibid. 410 (U) Ibid. 411 (U) Email, Kilimnik to Patten, July 17, 2016 (SSCI 2017-4885-3-000499). While Kilimnik did not explicitly 

state that this knowledge came from Manafort, the context for the comment-and Kilimnik's ongoing 

73 
of why Trump chose Pence as his running mate as one of the "public" topics on which he 

might have been willing to briefDeripaska.412 Manafort, however, claimed he never 

briefed Deripaska on it.413 It is possible Manafort identified this topic because he had 

already discussed it with Kilimnik, his primary conduit to Deripaska. 

vii. (U) Manafort Meets with Kilimnik at the Grand Havana Room in New 

York City; They Discuss Polling Data, Ukraine Plan, and Debts 

(U) On July 28, 2016, Kilimnik flew from Kyiv to Moscow.418 Late that evening, 

Kilimnik emailed Manafort under the subject line "Black caviar" and relayed two points.419 The 

first point related to a press inquiry that Lyovochkin had received.420 With respect to this point, 

Kilimnik sought to determine whether Manafort wanted Lyovochkin to speak with the reporter. in 

an effort to provide the reporter a positive view ofManafort's prior work in Ukraine.421 The 

second point involved Kilimnik's request to discuss a matter with Manafort, the substance of 

which Kilimnik sought to speak about only indirectly in the email: 

communications with Manafort at that time- suggests Kilimnik may have acquired this understanding based on a 

prior conversation with Manafort. 412 (U) FBI, FD-302, Manafort 9/11/2018. 413 U Ibid. 414 

415 (U) Ibid. 416 (U) Ibid. 417 (U) Ibid. 418 (U) SCO Report, Vol. I, p. 138. 419 (U) Email, Kilimnik to Manafort, July 29, 2016 (DJTFP00013334). 420 (U) Ibid. 

421 (U) Ibid. 

74 
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1 met today with the guy who gave you your biggest black caviar jar several years 

ago. We spent about 5 hours talking about his story, and I have several important 

messages from him to you. He asked me to go and brief you on our conversation. 

I said I have to run it by you first, but in principle I am prepared to do it, provided 

that he buys me a ticket. It has to do about the future of his country, and is quite 

interesting. So, if you are absolutely not against the concept, please let me know 

which dates/places will work, even next week, and /could come and see you. 422 

(U) Manafort told the SCO that "the guy who gave you your biggest black caviar jar" 

was Yanukovych.423 Manafort explained that this was a reference to a $30,000 to $40,000 jar of 

caviar that Yanukovych had given him at a lunch following Yanukovych's 2010 election as 

president.424 Patten told the Committee that Kilimnik had relayed a similar explanation for the 

reference. Patten recalled: · 

According to Konstantin, they [Konstantin and Manafort] were having brea]ifast 

with the president, President Yanukovych ... Mr. Manafort complimented the 

caviar. And {Yanukovych] said: Oh you like it; I'll get you more. And sort! of 

snapped his fingers, and he's given a big vat of it. 425 · 

(U) Within minutes of receiving Kilimnik's email, Manafort responded to Kilimnik, 

telling him that "Tuesday is best."426 After Kilimnik asked for an alternate day, Manafort and 

Kilimnik settled on the evening of Wednesday, August 2, 2016, in New York.427 Kilimnik told 

l Manafort that he needed "about two hours" because "it is a long caviar story to tell."428 

According to_, on August 2, 2016, at7:43 p.m. Kilimnik 

passed through U.S. customs at New York John F. Kennedy International Airport.429 Manafort's 

422 (U) Ibid. _ 423 (U) SCO Report, Vol. I, p. 139 424 (U) Ibid. 425 (U) Patten Tr.,.p. 83. Gates, however, recalled a similar story, but that the event was a party hosted by Rinat 

Akhmetov, not Y anukovych, and that it was Akhmetov who was the man who gave Manafort his "biggest black 

caviar jar." FBI, FD-302, Gates 2/12/2018. 426 (U) Email, Manafort to Kilimnik, July 29, 2016 (DJTFP00013334). 427 (U) Emails, Manafort and Kilimnik, July 29-31, 2_016 (DJTFP00013474). 428 (U) Email, Kilimnik to Manafort, July 31, 2016 (DJTFP00013474); Kilimnik told Manafort that he had "our 

friends workin on m ticket." 42 

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Campaign email account calendar had an entry for the Kilimnik meeting starting' at 9:00 p.m., 

following a 5:30 p.m. meeting with Trump and Rudy Giuliani in Trump Tower.430 

(U) Manafort, Kilimnik, and Gates exchanged a number of calls and messages in the 

lead-up to the meeting. At 8:33 p.m., Kilimnik texted Manafort.431 At 8:51 p.m., Manafort and 

-Gates had a 23-minute phone call, in the middle of which Kilimnik dialed Manafort.432 From 

9:30 p.m. to 9:32 p.m., Gates and Kilimnik exchanged three short phone calls.433 

(U) Although it is unclear exactly when the meeting began, on the evening of August 2, 

2016, Manafort and Kilimnik eventually met at the Grand Havana Room, a private lounge 

located at 666 Fifth Avenue in New York City. According to testimony and records, Gates 

arrived late to the meeting.434 At least three topics were discussed at the meeting: internal Trump 

polling information and strategy; a peace plan for ukraine; and past debts and business disputes 

with Deripaska and the 0B.435 At the end of the meeting, Kilimnik, Gates, and Manafort 

deliberately departed using separate routes to avoid being seen together.436 Late that evening, 

between 11 :28 p.m. and 12:09 a.m., Manafort and Kilimnik also exchanged approximately ten 

text messages.437 -

a. (U) Internal Polling Information and Trump Campaign Strategy 

430--Daily Schedule, August 2, 2016 (DJTF,1>00023323). The meeting is recorded as "Dinner w/ KK." 

"~uently used moniker for Kilimnik. During the Transition meeting, Manafort texted 'Gates what 

a ears to be a reference to meetin with Kilimnik, statin onl " hat is when uest and I will be downstairs." 

(U) _l i . 

433 (U) Ibid. 434 (U) Ibid; FBI, FD-302, Gates 2/12/2918. Gates stated that there may have been1-topics discussed prior to Gates's 

arrival. FBI, FD-302, Gates 2/12/2018. · · 435 (U) See SCO Report, Vol. I, pp. 139-141. The order in which these three topics are presented herein does not 

necessaril correlate to the order in which they were discussed in the meeting. 436 Ibid, p. 141. Kilimnik de arted from Washin n D.C. on Au ust 4 2016 on a flight 

sclie u e to epart at 6:55 p.m. local time. Patten 

recalled Kilimnik staying at Patten's house once K11mm traveled to Washington, D.C., after 1s meeting with 

Manafort and Gates in New York. Patten's proximity to Kilimnik so near in time to the August 2, 2016 meeting 

lends some credibili to his version of events as rela ed b Kilimnik. 

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(U) At the meeting, Manafort walked Kilimnik through the state of the Trump 

Campaign, including its internal polling data, and Manafort's plan to win.438 

(U) As noted above, since approximately early May, Gates had been periodically 

sending Trump Campaign polling data to Kilimnik via WhatsApp and then deleting the 

messages.439 Subsequent communications between Kilimnik and his associates obtained by the 

Committee also make reference to Kilimnik's awareness of Trump's internal polling, providing 

contemporary documentary evidence that Kilimnik had access to it.440 This polling data included 

internal Trump Campaign polling data from Trump Campaign pollster and longtime Manafort 

associate Anthony Fabrizio.441 Fabrizio.had been hired by the Trump Campaign at Manafort's 

urging after Manafortjoined the Campaign. Fabrizio had conducted past polling work for 

Manafort, including as part ofManafort's work in Ukraine:442 

(U) Kilimnik was capable of comprehending the complex polling data he received. A 

large body of documentary evidence and testimony indicates that Kilimnik had significant 

knowledge of, and experience with, polling data. In particular, for over a decade,-Kilimnik had 

regularly helped formulate,and review polling questionnaires and scripts, hired and overseen 

polling experts, ana~yzed and interpreted polling results, and presented the outcome of polls to 

438 (U) FBI, FD-302, Patten 5/22/2018; SCO Report, Vol. I, p. 140; FBI, FD-302, Manafort 9/11/2018. 439 (U) SCO Report, Vol. I, p. 136. 440 (U) Email, Kilimnik to Marson, August 18, 2016 (SSCI 2017-4885-3-000414-416) ("Trump's internal polling 

shows signs of strengthening of their positions among key target groups they care about."). 441 (U) FBI, FD-302, Gates 2/7/2018; FBI, FD-302, Patten 5/22/2018; SCO Report, Vol. I, p. 136. Fabrizio later 

paid for some ofManafort's legal fees in an irregular arrangement. Manafort, who was not paid by the Trump 

Campaign, arranged for Fabrizio to be hired by the Campaign, and Fabrizio was ultimately compensated for his 

p,olling work by the Campaign directly. Further, Manafort helped setup a political action committee (PAC) run by -

Manafort' s and Gates' s close associate Laurance Gay. That PAC, one of the largest pro-Trump PA Cs responsible 

for raising over $20 million, in turn, had a contract with a Fabrizio-controlled entity, First Media Services 

Corporation (T/A Multi-Media Services Corporation) for election-related work. Gay received a percent of 

commissions as a result of this contract. See Declaration in Support of the Government's Breach Determination and 

Sentencing, United States v. Paul J. Manafort, Jr., Case No. l:17-CR-201 (D.D.C. January 15, 2019); Christina 

Wilkie, "A mysterious payment to Paul Manafort's lawyer reveals a hidden chapter of Trump's 2016 presidential 

campaign," CNBC, March 10, 2019. In June 2017, Gay asked Fabrizio to pay $125,000 ofManafort's legal fees via 

wire transfer from First Media Services. Ibid. The Fabrizio-controlled entity wired the funds to the law firm then 

representing Manafort, Wilmer Cutler Pickering Hale and Dorr LLP. Email, Fabrizio to Manafort, September 21, 

2017 (F ABO 10402). Manafort offered numerous conflicting explanations for this arrangement, and a federal judge 

found that Manafort had misled the SCO about the arrangement. Transcript of Sealed Hearing, United States v. Paul 

J. Manafort, Jr., Case No. 1:l 7-CR-201 (D.D.C. February 13, 2019). While this arrangement resembles a kickback 

scheme, Manafort claimed the payment from Fabrizio was just a friend helping a friend. FBI, FD-302, Manafort 

9/13/2018. 

442 (U) Supplemental Statement Pursuant to the Foreign Agents Registration Act of 1938, as amended, DMP 

International, LLC, June 27, 2017. 

77 
politicians and colleagues. Further, Kilimnik was familiar with Fabrizio's past work and had 

worked with him professionally. 

(U) Open source information suggests that Kilimnik viewed the polling data as a key to 

Manafort's success and believed his interpretation of the data'yielded valuable insights. In an 

interview with a reporter in 2018, Kilimnik stated: 

Manafort is a guy who can merge strategy and message into something that will 

work for ,victory. He has done it all across the world and he has done it really 

just very skillfully . .. ; I've seen him work in different countries and he really does 

-- takes very seriously his polling and he can spend two weeks going through the 

data and he will come with the best strategy you can ever have.443 

(U) Information obtained by the Committee suggests that Fabrizio's polling data was of 

significance to the Trump Campaign and was relied upon by the Campaign's data operation. The 

Campaign's data operation, in turn, largely determined the Campaign's resource allocation and 

strategy. Brad Parscale, who was in charge of the.Campaign's data operation, provided some 

insight into how polling data was used. Parscale explained that while in some cases senior 

Campaign aides would independently direct Campaign resource allocation, "98 percent" of the 

allocation was determined by the Campaign's internal polling data as provided by its pollsters.444 

This data was updated "every few days" or "every day almost during certain periods."445 

(U) While tp.e Trump Campaign employed three different pollsters over the course of the 

2016 campaign, information suggests that Fabrizio was the primary pollster during Manafort's 

tenure and potentially beyond. For example, a graphic from an internal Campaign presentation 

from August 2016 depicts Fabrizio as the only pollster directly linked to the Trump Campaign 

data operation.446 

. . 443 (U) Christopher Miller, '"Person A' In His Own Words: On The Record With Shadowy Operative In Russia 

Probe," RFE/RL, April 6, 2018 (from audio clip entitled "Kilimnik2"). 444 (U) SSC! Transcript of the Interview with Brad Parscale, November 20, 2017, p. 38. 445 (U) Ibid. 446 (U) Trump Data Team Presentation, August 22, 2016 (FL YNN_SSCI_000l 1768) (redactions in black and 

emphasis in red added). 

78 
COMMITTEE SENSITIVE - RUSSIA INVESTIGATION ONLY 

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(U) Parscale further explained that the polling data was ingested into a visualization tool 

with the help of Cambridge Analytica developers.

447 The visualization tool was available on an 

iPad which Parscale carried.

448 

I wanted to be able to just f ly around with Trump and if he asked me, how are we 

doing in western Michigan, I could open [the data visualization tool} up and j ust 

say: Okay, here 's where you need to fly to tomorrow . .. . That was based off data 

coming in.from polling.

449 

(U) Manafort stated that he trusted Fabrizio's numbers and judgment.

450 Manafort's own 

communications to Fabrizio further underscore the importance Manafort placed on the internal 

polling data. For example, in a May email to Fabrizio, Manafort discussed using RNC polling as 

a baseline, suggesting that Fabrizio should "piggyback" off the RNC polling as much as 

447 (U) Separately, Patten worked for Cambridge Analytica, but not related to its Trump-related work. See infra 

Vol. 5, Sec. lll.J. 448 (U) Parscale Tr., p. 64. 449 (U) Ibid. 450 (U) FBI, FD-302, Manafort 9/11/2018. 

79 

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COMMITTEE SENSITIVE - RUSSIA INVESTIGATION ONLY 

possible.451 Manafort underscored, however, that he and Fabrizio needed to be "in control" of 

Fabrizio's polling data, including whatManafort described as "the sensitive stuff."452 

(U) At the meeting, Manafort walked Kilimnik through the internal polling data from 

Fabrizio in detail.453 According to Gates, Kilimnik wanted to know how Trump could win.454 

Manafort explained his strategy in the battleground states and told Kilimnik about polls that 

identified voter bases in blue-collar, democratic-leaning states which Trump could swing.455 

Manafort said these voters could be reached by Trump on issues like economics, but the 

Campaign needed to implement a ground game.456 Gates recalled that Manafort further 

discussed the "battleground" states of Michigan, Wisconsin, Pennsylvania, and Minnesota.457 

(U) The Committee sought to determine with specificity what information Kilimnik 

actually gleaned from Manafort on August 2, 2016. Information suggests Kilimnik understood 

that some of the polling data showed that Clinton's negatives were particularly high; that 

Manafort's plan for victory called for focusing on Clinton's negatives as much as possible; and 

that given Clinton's high negatives, there was a chance that Trump could win. 

(U) Patten's debriefing with the SCO provides the most granular account of what 

information Kilimnik obtained at the August 2, 2016 meeting: 

451 (U) Email, Manafort to Fabrizio, Gates, and Wiley, May 17, 2016 (FAB008947). 452 ~anafort did not elaborate further on what constituted "the sensitive stuff." 453 --FBI, FD-302, Gates 2/12/2018; FBI, FD-.302, Gates, 2/15/2019; SCO Report, VoL I, p. 140; FBI, 

FD-302, Patten 5/22/2018. Prior to the meeting with Kilimnik, Manafort sent Gates an email with the subject line 

"Print for SCh meeting." Attached to the email was a Microsoft Excel spreadsheet, prepared by Fabrizio's firm, 

containing historical polling data and internal Campaign polling data derived from mid-July covering each of 137 

designated market areas (DMAs) across Arizona, Colorado, Florida, Georgia, Iowa, Indiana, Maine, Michigan, 

Minnesota, Missouri, North Carolina, New Hampshire, Nevada, Ohio, Pennsylvania, Virginia, and Wisconsin. The 

spreadsheet included voting data from previous presidential elections for the purposes of comparison with current 

internal Trump Campaign data for each DMA. Fabrizio first 'sent the Microsoft Excel spreadsheet to Manafort and 

Gates on July 15, 2016, and again on July 17, 2018. Email; Fabrizio to Manafort, July 17, 2016 (FAB005382-5445) 

( attaching the Excel file). Metadata analysis shows that the document that Fabrizio sent on July 15 and July 17 was 

the same document that Manafort sent to Gates on the momin cif Au ust 2 2016 with instructions to rint the 

document. 

. ' - ' ' . 454 (U) FBI, FD-302, Gates 2/2/2018 455 (U) Ibid. 

456 (U) Jbid.-

451 (U) FBI, FD-302, Gates 1/30/2018. Oates's memory on this point, however, was not exceptionally clear. Gates 

at first believed that the meeting was in May and that Manafort had presented his plan for the primaries and 

delegates to Kilimnik. After being reminded that the meeting was in August, not May, Gates corrected himself, 

stating that Kilimnik and Manafort discussed the battleground states. · 

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COMMITTEE SENSITIVE - RUSSIA INVESTIGATION ONLY 

Kilimnik told Patten that at the New York cigar bar meeting, Manafort stated that 

they have a plan to beat.Hillary Clinton which included Manafort bringing 

discipline and an organized strategy to the campaign. Moreover, because 

Clinton's negatives were so low [sic]-ifthey couldfocus on her negatives they 

couldwin the election. Manafort discussed the Fabrizio internal Trump polling 

data with Kilimnik, and explained that Fabrizio 's polling numbers showed that 

the Clinton negatives, referred to as a 'therm poll, ' were high. Thus, bas~d on 

this polling there was a chance Trump could win. 458 

(U) Patten relayed similar information to the Committee. In particular, he told the 

Committee that Kilimnik mentioned Manafort's belief that "because or Clinton's high negatives, 

there was a chance, only because her negatives were so astronomically high, that it was possible . 

to win."459 

(U) The Committee also sought to understand the purpose of sharing the .polling data, as 

well as what, if anything, Kilimnik did with the information about internal Trump polling and 

strategy. As noted, Gates understood that Kilimnik would share the polling data with Ukrainian 

oligarchs affiliated with the OB and with Deripaska. However, Gates ultimately claimed that he 

did not trust Kilimnik, that he did not know why Manafort was sharing internal polling data with 

him, and that Kilimnik could have given the data to anyone.460 While the Committee obtained 

evidence revealing that Kilimnik shared with Deripaska other information passed on by 

Manafort-such as links to news articles-the Committee did not obtain records showing that 

Kilimnik passed on the polling data. However, the Committee has no records of, and extremely 

limited insight into, Kilimnik' s communications As a result, this 

lack of documentary record is not dispositive. 

458 (U) FBI, FD-302, Patten 5/22/2018. 459 (U) Patten Tr., p. 106. Fabrizio's firm conducted a large round of polling in mid-July. That polling covered the 

Campaign's seventeen designated target states and tested dozens of questions. However, documents suggest that the 

Campaign viewed a shift in "image" between Trump and Clinton as a key takeaway from this polling. In particular, 

a memorandum from Fabrizio to Manafort dated July 27, 2016, and marked "CONFIDENTIAL- EYES ONLY" 

focused on a recent shift in the candidates' images revealed in the mid-July polling. According to the memorandum, 

the recent polling showed "DJT's net image improv~ by 7 points with voters in our Target States" while Clinton's 

image ''.eroded a net of 7 points." According to the memorandum, this change contributed to the "bounces" the 

Campaign saw in polling, and Fabrizio emphasized that this.shift should inform the Campaign's strategy going 

forward. Memorandum, "Important Supplement to Yesterday's Memo," July 27, 2016 (FAB001244). While the 

Campaign clearly viewed a variety of factors as important in their victory, including those unrelated to Clinton's 

image and favo.rability, these findings are consistent with Manafort relaying to Kilimnik that the Campaign had a 

path to victory given Clinton's negatives. 460 (U) FBI, FD-302, Gates 2/12/2018. 

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COMMITTEE SENSITIVE - RUSSIA INVESTIGATION ONLY 
(U) The Committee was unable to determine Kilimnik's actions after receiving the data. 

The Committee did, however, obtain a single piece of information that could plausibly be a 

reflection ofKilimnik's actions after the August 2 meeting. 

(U) Despite these correlations, the Committee could not reliably determine whether this 

information was ultimately connected to Manafort's sharing of internal polling data and 

Campaign strategy. 

b. (U) Ukraine Peace Plan 

(U) The second item discussed at the August 2, 2016, meeting was a plan for resolving 

the ongoing conflict in eastern Ukraine. Information about that peace plan discussion, however, 

is limited to testimony from Manafort and Gates. As with his other interactions with Kilimnik, 

Manafort provided inaccurate information about this topic to the sea. 

(U) Gates, who arrived late to the meeting,462 said that Kilimnik had relayed an "urgent" 

message at the meeting.463 The message came from Yanukovych and asked whether Manafort 

would run Y anukovych' s comeback campaign. 464 Kilimnik relayed that Y anukovych had 

reached out to Kilimnik through an "intermediary" and sent Kilimnik to present the plan to 

Manafort.465 Kilimnik was directed to present the proposal and Manafort's response in 

person.466 

(U) Manafort told the sea that Kilimnik outlined a plan to have Viktor Y anukovych 

return to politics in eastern Ukraine, and to have eastern Ukraine declared an autonomous 

461 

462 

the dining room. Gates estimated that he stayed for 45 minutes. FBI, FD-302, Gates l/30/2018. 463 (U) FBI, FD-302, Gates 2/12/2018. Gates believed the message was "urgent" because Yanukovych needed to 

start rebuilding the OB immediately to prepare for his run. 464 (U) Ibid. 465 (U) FBI, FD-302, Gates 1/30/2018. 466 (U) Ibid. Gates stated that he did not know the identity of the intermediary. 

82 
region.467 Manafort understood that the plan was a "backdoor" means for Russia to control 

, eastern Ukraine.468 Manafort stated that Kilimnik ran the plan by someone in the Russian 

government for approval.469 Manafort admitted that Kilimnik did not need to state the obviousthat Manafort could benefit financially.470 

(U) Manafort stated that he told Kilimnik the plan was crazy and that ended the 

discussion. 471 Gates recalled that Manafort laughed and declined Yanukovych's offer to "run his 

comeback campaign."472 Manafort claimed that had he not cutoff the discussion of this plan, 

Kilimnik would have asked Manafort to convince Trump to come out in favor of the peace 

plan.473 

(U) Despite Manafort's assertion that he cut the conversation short, Manafort and 

Kilimnik took a variety of follow-on actions related to the plan . 

• 

• (U) As described below, this discussion was also not the last instance of Kilimnik and 

Manafort discussing the plan.475 Manafort eventually admitted to'reading a foldered 

email from Kilimnik describing the plan and steps for its implementation in December 

2016. The plan was also discussed at a February 2017 Manafort-Kilimnik meeting in 

Madrid. 

• (U) Manafort continued working with Kilimnik on the plan, including efforts to draft a 

poll to test aspects of the plan as late as 2018. 

467 (U) Communications Kilimnik had with the U.S. Embassy in Kyiv and other communications with his associates 

reveal Kilimnik's longstanding focus on the issue ofresolving the conflict in eastern Ukraine. The Committee 

obtained records indicating Kilimnik was discussing a plan related to Yanukovych as early as May 2015. Email, 

Kilimnik to Purcell, May 21, 2015 (CDP-2017-000llG-000427) ("The launch of Pravda, or "Bring Yanukovich 

Back" project may happen in the next few weeks, or so I am hearing. they are still thinking about the name, but this 

is on top of the shortlist for names. :))"). 468 (U) SCO Report, Vol. I, p. 140. ' 469 (U) FBI, FD-302, Manafort 9/12/2018. Manafort later restated this by saying that he believed Kilimnik would 

have run the plan by someone in the Russian government for approval. 470 (U) Ibid. ' 471 (U) SCO Report, Vol. I, p. 140. 472 (U) FBI, FD-302, Gates 1/30/2018. 473 SCO Re ort, Vol. I . 140. 474 

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(U) Separately, an email from Kilimnik suggests that he and Manafort may have also 

discussed the formation of Russia and Ukraine policy on the Trump Campaign during the August 

2, 2016 meeting. Approximately two weeks after the meeting, Kilimnik told an associate that he 

· had "seen Manafort last week" and "got a sense that everything that Trump says about Russia 

and Ukraine is Trump's own emotional opinion, not campaign strategy." Kilimnik complained 

that Manafort was not influencing the Campaign's strategy on Russia and Ukraine, "otherwise 

the message would have been much more balanced. "476 

c. (U) Manafort's Past Debts and Business Disputes with Deripaska and 

.the OB 

(U) In addition to Campaign strategy involving polling data and the Ukraine plan, 

Manafort and Kilimnik also discussed two financial disputes and debts at the meeting. 

(U) The first dispute involved Deripaska and Pericles.477 Gates recalled that Kilimnik 

relayed at the meeting that Deripaska's lawsuit ha'd been dismissed.478 Gates also recalled that 

Kilimnik was trying to obtain documentation showing the dismissal.479 

(U) The second involved money Manafort believed he was. owed by the OB for his work 

in Ukraine.480 During the meeting, Kilimnik updated Manafort on what was happening with 

Lyovochkin, Akhmetov, and their "other friends" in Kyiv.481 Manafort understood that the 

"oligarchs" wanted "intel" on the Trump Campaign.482 The specifics of what was discussed at 

this meeting are uriknown. Although his recollection was not specific to this meeting, Gates 

recalled that during the campaign Kilimnik had said that Akhmetov had agreed to pay Manafort 

for the money owed.483 At one point, Kilimnik said Akhmetov was going.to pay, but he was 

having trouble getting his money out ofUkraine.484 

viii. (U) Possible Connections to GRU Hack-and-Leak Operations 

476 (U) Email, Kilimnik to Marson, August 18, 2016 (SSC! 2017-4885-3-000414-416). Kilimnik was emailing a 

journalist from The Wall Street Journal, and given Kilimnik's repeated lying and obfuscation to the press, the 

accuracy of the statement is difficult to assess. 477 (U) sea Report, Vol. I, p. 141. Manafort recalled that Kilimnik worked for him to keep the Pericles lawsuit 

from getting out of hand. FBI, FD-302, Manafort 9/11/2018. 478 (U) FBI, FD-302, Gates 1/30/2018. 479 (U) Ibid. 480 (U) sea Report, Vol. I, p. 141. 481 (U) FBI, FD-302, Manafort 9/11/2018 482 (U) Ibid. 483 (U) FBI, FD-302, Gates 2/7/2018. 484 (U) Ibid. 

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(U) Some evidence suggests Kilimnik may be connected to the GRU hack-and-leak 

operation related to the 2016 U.S. election. This assessment is based on a body of fragmentary 

information. 

___ ., The GRU subsequently transferred the 

Podesta emails to WikiLeaks, which began publicly releasing the emails on October 7, 2016. 

48 

486 (U) Ibid. 487 (U) Ibid. 488 (U) The GRU gained1 

access to Podesta's emails in March 2016. The GRU's first known outreach to WikiLeaks 

in relation to the assa e of these emails occurred in mid-Se tember 2016. See in ra Vol. 5, Sec. lli.B. 

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• 

. tely the 

. mmik a eared to treat the plan confidentiall statin that it was not in 

I[ 

(U) Ibid. 493 (U) See Email, Manafort to Fabrizio, February 19, 2018 (FAB010419); Email, Manafort to Fabrizio and Ward,· 

February 21, 2018. (FAB010190-10194). A version of this Ukraine plan is reproduced infra Vol. 5, Sec. III.A.7.vii. 494 See in a Vol. 5 Sec. III.A.7.vii · 

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• - On February 4, 2014, an audio recording of a phone call between then-U.S. 

Ambassador to Ukraine Geoffrey Pyatt and then-Assistant Secretary of State for 

European and Eurasian Affairs Victoria Nuland appeared on Y ouTube. 507 The video 

503 

5o4(U) Ii. 505 (U) Ibid. 506 (U) Ibid. 507 (U) Available at: youtube.com/watch?v=MSxaa-67yGM#t=89. --targeting of Pyatt and Nuland is 

noteworthy because ofKilimnik's close proximity to both, When th~ed, Kilimnik was acting as the 

primary intermediary between U.S. diplomats and the PoRprior to Yanukovych's departure, and then again with the 

OB after his departure. See, e.g., Emails, Kasanof, Zentos, Pfleger, et al., February 23, 2014 (CDP-2017-00011 G000877) (describing Kilimnik as the primary point of contact with the PoR for scheduling PoR-related meetings 

with visiting Deputy Secretary of State in late-February 2014); Email, Pfleger to Pyatt, et al., November 15-18, 

2013 (CDP-2017-0001 lG-001090- CDP-2017-0001 lG-001091) (describing Kilimnik as the primary point of 

contact in arranging a call between Yanukovych and the U.S. Vice President in November 2013). Kilimnik 

personally attended meetings with Pyatt and Nuland when he accompanied Lyovochkin and other PoR/OB officials. 

See, e.g. Email, Kilimnik to Pfleger, October 9, 2014 (CDP-2017-00011 G-000792) ( describing Kilimnik' s 

attendance at an October 2014 meeting between Nuland and Lyovochkin). Communications occurring in early 2015 

87 
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initially received only limited attention in the firsrhours after publication. On February 

5, 2014, an aide to then-Russian Deputy Prime Minister Dmitry Rogozin tweeted a 

YouTube link to the audio of the call.508 B Februa 6', the leak had·received 

wides read attention in Western media. 509 

made reference to a past instance where Kilimnik appears to have served as the interpreter for a meeting with 

Nuland. Email, Purcell to Toko, et al., May 21, 2015 (CDP-2017-0001 lG-000433). . . "' . 

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• 

• 

!-.I Cyber Berkut is a GRU persona influence operation which has been active 

since that time.518 Cyber Berkut has leaked a wide variety of hacked material and 

conducted other computer network operations and influence campaigns on behalf of the 

Russian government.519 

(U) Manafort's involvement with the GRU hack-and-leak operation is largely unknown. 

Kilimnik was in sustained contact with Manafort before, during, and after the GRU cyber and 

influence operations, but the Committee did not obtain reliable, direct evidence that Kilimnik 

and Manafort discussed the GRU hack-and-leak operation. As noted above, however, the 

content of the majority of the communications between Manafort and Kilimnik is unknown. 

Some of these communications involved in-person meetings; no objective record of their content 

exists. 

(U) Two pieces of information, however, raise the possibility ofManafort's potential 

connection to the hack-and-leak operations. 

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- Yohai, who is no longer married to Manafort's daughter, pleaded guilty to 

conspiracy to commit wire fraud in 2018, and again in 2019, and was sentenced to 110 months in 

federal prison. 522 Manafort appears to have been in contact with Y ohai during key periods in 

2016. For instance, Yohai appeared on the call list Manafort maintained on his Campaign 

Microsoft O ti k l d ·· 1 J 2016 523 D · ! •• r i t 1 th· f Y ohai 

was involv fort, 

--

5 

522 (U) U.S. Attorney's Office, Central District of California, "Serial Con Artist Sentenced to More Than 9 Years in 

Federal Prison for $6.7 Million Swindle of Investors, Family and Friends," November 12, 2019. 

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no information to corroborate this report's account of However, 

the Committee was able to corroborate most other aspects of this same report. 

ix. (U) The "Ledger" and Manafort's Resignation 

(U) On August 14, Steve Bannon was brought on to the Trump Campaign as CEO. 

Bannon recalled that a condition of his joining the Campaign that he worked out with Trump was 

that Manafort would not be fired, which Bannon explained was because he did not want to have 

any "bloodletting" related to the Campaign, which could be a distraction.527 Instead, Bannon 

understood that Manafort would "be able to stick around as a figurehead."528 However, Bannon 

recalled that later that same day, Manafort told him that The New York Times was nearing 

publication on a story alleging Manafort was involved in cash payments in Ukraine totaling 

(U) SSCI Transcript oft e Interview with Steve Bannon, November 19, 2018, p. 58. 528 (U) Ibid. 

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millions of dollars. 529 That evening, The New York Times published the article with the headline 

· "Secret Ledger in Ukraine Lists Cash for Dor,iald Trump's Campaign Chief."530 

(U) Manafort told the FBI that he had previously briefed Trump on his past work in 

Ukraine.531 Manafort ~aid that he did this beqause·he wanted Trump prepared in cas~ Manafort's 

Ukraine work or the Deripaska issue popped up. 532 Manafort re'called that he did not go irito 

detail because Trump was not interested.533 However, when inform~tion about Manafort's work 

in Ukraine came out, Manafort told the FBI that Trump was upset.534 

(U) On August 18, 2016, Kilimnik told a journalist in private that he had "almost daily 

contacts with Manafort these days on this 'Ukraine crisis."'535 Kilimnik also made reference to 

communications with Gates.536 However, Kilimnik claimed: 

What others do not see is that Manafort is building qparallel system of HQ, 

- pretty similar to what he has done in Ukraine/or PojR, which plays a crucial role · 

in key moments. Whether he has titne to finish it is another story. 537 

(U) On August 19, 2016, Manafort resigned from the Trump Campaign. That same day,' 

Kilimnik wrote to an associate that "Manafort will make billions on this free PR working for the 

same people he used to' work. And probably get a lot of new clients with his newly found 

fame."538 

6. (U) Manafort's Activities For the Remainder of the Campaign 

(U) After leaving the Trump Camp~ign in August 2016, Manafort stayed in touch with 

Trump, Kushner, and others on the Trump Campaign. · Manafort also stayed i11 touch with 

Kilimnik; and Kilimnik was aware of Manafort?s continuing communications with the . - ,. . . ' 

529 (U) Ibid. pp. 58-59. _ 530 (U) ·Andrew E. Kramer, et aL, "Se~ret Ledger in Ukraine Lists Cash for Donald Trump's Campaign Chief,'; The 

New York Times, Augusrl4, 2016. · · · · · · 531 (U) FBI, FD-302, Manafort 9/11/2018. 532 (U) Ibid. 533. (U) Ibid. 534 (U) Ibid. , 535 (U) Email, Kilimnik to Marson, August 18, 2016 (SSCI 2017-4885-3-000414-16). The Committee was unable 

to obtain these·communications between Kilimnik and Manafort. ' 

536 (U). Ibid. 537 (U) Ibid. Gates relayed a very similar statemenfto the SCO, using the same term. ~tes explained that, in . · 

Ukraine, Manafort had created a "parallel system" of people loyal to him inside PoR. According to Gates,:Manafort 

did the same thing in the Trump Campaign with Parscale, Miller, Fabrizio, Dearborn, and others. Gates believed 

Manafort maintained these connections when he left the Campaign. FBI, FD-302, Gates 2/2/2018. 538 (U) Email, Kilimnik to Marson, August 18, 2016 (SSCI 2017-4885-3-000414-416). 

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Campaign. Some evidence suggests that Manafort may have been involved in outreach from the 

Ukrainian government to the Trump Campaign during this time. · 

i. (U) Manafort's Continued Contact with the Trump Campaign; 

Kilimnik's awareness of these contacts · · 

(U) After his resignation on August 19, 2016, Manafort stayed in touch with the Trump 

Campaign through repeated contacts with Trump, Kushner, and others. 

. (U) Manafort told the FBI that, after his resignation, but before the election, he and 

Trump had spoken "a few times. "539 While Manafort claimed to have not recalled the substance 

of these interactions, he did recall giving Trump advice on Trump's performance in the second 

debate and giving Trump ideas for the third debate.540 Separate records indicate that Manafort 

and Trump spoke on the night of the election.541 

(U) Manafort also told the SCO that from the time he left the Campaign until the 

election, he .met with Kushner "once or twice" and spoke to Kushner on the phone "five or six 

times."542 Manafort said that both sides reached out to one another.543 According to Manafort, 

Donald Trump and others in his family were aware that Manafort and Kushner were in contact, · 

and Kushner "thought it would be good" for Manafort to call Trump. 544 · Kushner told the 

Committee that he and Manafort were in contact, but that this contact occurred "infrequently." 

Kushner recalled Mana.fort telling him to "watch the Rust Belt; that's where you're going to have 

big success .... looking at the demographics and the data, he felt very strongly that the Midwest 

was an area that we should be very focused on."545 Kushner did not share any more of the 

substance of his discussions.with Manafort, although emails suggest Manafort continued to 

provide input on Campaign strategy and encouraged the use of WikiLeaks information. For 

instance, on October 21, 2016, Manafort sent Kushner an email with an attached memorandum 

that provided strategy guidance recommending that the Campaign should depict Clinton "as the 

failed and corrupt champion of the establishment," because "Wikileaks provides the Trump 

539 (U) FBI, FD-302, Manafort 9/13/2018. 540 (U) Ibid. 541 (U) Email, Manafortto Graf(November 18, 2016 (TRUMPORG_76_004856). 542 (U) FBI, FD~302, Manafort 9/13/2018. Email communications suggest that Manafort and Kushner met inperson after Manafort was fired, but prior to Election Day. For instance, in a September 13, 2016 email, Fabrizio 

told Manafort that he was aware that'Manafort was planning on "having breakfast with Jared tomorrow." Email, 

Manafort to Fabrizio and Gates, September 13, 2016-(FAB008949). 543 (U) FBI, FD-302, Manafort 9/13/2018. 544 (U) Ibid. 545 (U) Transcript of the Interview with Jared Kushner, July 24, 2017, p. 108. 

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campaign the ability to make the case in a very credible way - by using the words of Clinton, its 

campaign officials and DNC members."546 

(U) On November 5, 2016, Manafort sent a document entitled "Securing the Victory" to 

at least Trump, Kushner, and Reince Priebus.547 The document predicted a Trump victory in the 

election just days away. In the two-page memorandum, Manafort counseled that the Trump team 

must prepare the public and media for this result or else face rejection and backlash. In 

particular, Manafort voiced a concern that the Clinton Campaign would "move immediately to 

discredit the DT victory and claim voter fraud and cyber-fraud, including the claim that the 

Russians have hacked into the voting machines and ~mpered with the results."548 Manafort told 

the SCO that that he had "no information" that Russia hacked voting machines.549 For a full 

accounting of Russian cyber activities against U.S. electoral infrastructure, including the 

penetration of a state at this time, see infra Vol. I. . Manafort also sent the memorandum to Sean 

Hannity, although he said he did not expect Hannity to talk to Trump about it.550 

(U) Kilimnik was aware that Manafort remained in contact with Trump and the 

Campaign generally and took an interest in making use of the connection. Kilimnik told Patten 

that Manafort stayed in the background, but still maintained contact and stayed close to 

Trump.ss1 

ii. (U) Manafort's Involvement in Ukrainian Government Outreach to the 

Campaign 

(U) With Gates's help, Manafort was involved in outreach from the Ukrainian Embassy 

in the Unite~ States to the Trump Campaign in September 2016. This outreach came through 

Frank Mermoud, a former Department of State official who was involved in organizing the 

546 (U) SCO Report, Vol. I, p. 141. 547 (U) Email, Priebus to Bannon, November 5, 2016 (SKB_SSCI-0000961); FBI, FD-302, Manafort 9/13/2018. 

While Manafort recalled in his interview with the SCO that he sent the memorandum to Trump's executive assistant, 

the Trump Organization did not produce any such document as part of the Committee's request. Because of other 

known deficiencies in the Trump Organization's document responses, the Committee does not draw the conclusion 

that no document was sent. Not all senior individuals in the Trump Campaign engaged in substantive interactions 

with Manafort after his departure. For instance, while Steve Bannon was the recipient of short messages of 

encouragement from Manafort and responded in kind, Bannon made clear internally that he thought further 

interactions with Manafort would negatively impact the Campaign. In response to Priebus forwarding Manafort's 

November 5, 2016 memorandum to him, Bannon responded, "We need to avoid manafort like he has a disease. 

Dems will say that the Russians are helping us win." Email, Bannon to Priebus, November 5, 2016 (SKB_SSCl0000964) .. 548 (U) Email, Priebus to Bannon, November 5, 2016 (SKB_SSCI-0000964). 549 (U) FBI, FD-302, Manafort 9/13/2018. 550 (U) Ibid. 551 (U) FBI, FD-302, Patten 5/30/2018. 

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diplomatic outreach for events surrounding the July 2016 Republican National Convention in 

Cleveland. At the Convention, Mermoud had introduced Manafort to then-Ukrainian 

Ambassador to the United States Valeriy Chaly.552 According to Mermoud, Chaly was "upset" 

about the changes to the Republican platform related to Ukraine.553 Mermoud recalled that 

Manafort and Chaly had spoken on the convention floor for several minutes about Ukraine, 

which had appeared to "mollify" Chaly's concems.554 

(U) On September 14, 2016, Mermoud reached out to Gates, who at the time was still 

serving on the Trump Campaign, with "something of extreme interest."555 Earlier that day Chaly 

had emailed Mermoud a request for help arranging a meeting between Poroshenko and Trump 

during Poroshenko's upcoming trip to the United Nations General Assembly.556 Later that day, 

Mermoud texted Gates, asking if "Paul" had anything to say about their earlier conversation 

aboutthe meeting.557 Gates responded to Mermoud's text, "Yes. Will call shortly. Going to try 

and do it."558 Gates relayed a proposed day for the Trump-Poroshenko meeting through 

Mermoud, but Chaly responded that day would not work for the Ukrainian side. 559 Mermoud 

and Gates discussed the possibility of a call between Trump and Poroshenko instead. 560 Gate~ · 

told Mermoud that he supported the idea for a call, but instructed him not to "say anything to 

chalay about a call until I speak with Paul and our scheduler."561 The Committee did not obtain 

information indicating that a phone call between Trump and Poroshenko occurred during the 

campaign. 

(U) Mermoud was under the impression from Gates that Manafort supported the idea of 

a call or meeting and was involved in it, even though Manafort had already left the Campaign. 562 

Mermoud explained to the Committee that it was his understanding that Manafort was "still 

talking to candidate Trump quite a bit."563 Mermoud further stated that Gates told hiin that 

552 (U) SSC! Transcript of the Interview with Frank Mennoud, November 29, 2017, p. 51. 553 (U) Ibid. For more on the RNC Platfonn Changes, see infra Vol. 5, Sec. ID.L.3. 554 (U) Ibid., p. 53. 555 (U) Text Message, Mennoud to Gates, September 14, 2016 (ORP3000001). 556 (U) Email Chaly to Mennoud, September 14, 2016 (ORP5000103). 557 (U) Text Message, Mennoud to Gates, September 14, 2016 (ORP3000001). 558 (U) Text Message, Gates to Mennoud, September 14, 2016 (ORP3000001). 559 (U) Text Messages, Gates and Mennoud, September 15-16, 2016 (ORP3000001-2); Emails, Chaly and 

Mennoud, September 14--16,. 2016 (ORP5000103) ("Paul Manafort, who I introduced you to on the Convention 

floor in Cleveland, has been engaged in this effort to assist in getting your President to meet with the candidate .... 

Paul will continue to help to promote that and facilitate efforts of communication behind the scenes."). 560 (U) Text Messages, Gates and Mennoud, September 16, 2016 (ORP3000002). 561 (U) Text Message, Gates to Mennoud, September 16, 2016 (ORP3000002). 562 (U) Mennoud.Tr., p. 74. 563 (U) Ibid. p. 74. 

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Manafort was "still involved, particularly at this juncture, on political ,issues relating to the 

campaign."564 

7. (U) Manafort's Activities After the Election 

(U) Many ofManafort's activities during the post-election period remain unknown to the 

Committee, making a complete account ofMa~afort's conduct difficult to reliably determine. 

(U) However, the Committee was able to locate or substantiate numerous meetings and 

communications which, while representing only fragmentary and incomplete information, reveal 

that Manafort actively coordinated with both Kilimnik and associates of Deripaska on multiple 

lines of effort. Some of these lines of effort continued themes first raised during his tenure on 

the Trump Campaign. These included a plan to return Viktor Y anukovych to power in Ukraine 

and resolve the conflict in eastern Ukraine in a manner beneficial to Russia. They also included 

· efforts to resolve the Pericles issue with Deripaska and return to a cooperative relationship, 

including on unspecified areas as the result of a discreet meeting in Spain in early 2017. Other 

lines of effort took shape only after Manafort left the Campaign, including efforts involving 

Kilimnik, Deripaska, and others to counter the ongoing allegations against them in the press and 

allegations against Russian interference in the U.S. election more generally. 

i. Kilimnik Seeks to Leverage His Relationship 

with Manafort; Coordinates 

(U) Immediately after Trump's victory, Kilimnik began considering how to leverage his 

relationship with Manafort for influence. One example of this involved Patten, whom Kilimnik 

appeared interested in getting appointed to a position inside the U.S. Government. The day after 

the election, Kilimnik raised with Patten the idea of "talking to Paul" in order to find a job for 

Patten in the incoming administration.565 Kilimnik raised this idea again the following day, 

asking Patten "[s]hould I raise you with Paul, so that they could at least have somebody smart 

there?"566 Kilimnik simultaneou.sly claimed that he wanted to be able to continue to make 

money with Patten as part of their joint consulting business, which Patten's joining the 

administration would prevent. However; Kilimnik continued to push the issue, telling Patten that 

"[y ]our knowledge of the region is superb, and you could do your country a favor by running 

policy not based on false perceptions, but on facts:"567 Patten said he declined K:ilimnik's 

564 (U) Ibid. p. 76. 565 (U) Email, Kilimnik to Patten, November 9, 2016 (SSCI 2017-4885-3-000289). 566 (U) Email, Kilimnik to Patten, November 10, 2016 (SSCI 2017-4885-3-000287). 567 (U) Email, Kilimnik to Patten, November 10, 2016 (SSCI 2017-4885-3-000286). Kilimnik also told Patten that 

his "egoistic sense is against mentioning your name in response to Manafort's question." Ibid It is unclear what 

. Kilhnnik:s mention of"Manafort's question" refers to, although it seems to suggest that Manafort asked Kilimnik 

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offer.568 Kilimnik ultimately said he would tell Manafort that Patten was engaged in other 

matters. 

(U) Kilimnik also displayed interest in using Manafort to exert influence on politics 

elsewhere. For instance, in December 2016, Kilimnik, who knew of Patten's continuing work on 

political issues in Iraq, sent Patten a request for information about Patten's "Iraq solution" which 

Kilimnik thought might be useful to share with Manafort.569 Kilimnik explained to Patten that he 

was interested in using Manafort as a means to influence both the Trump Administration and the 

Russian government to effect a certain political outcome.570 Patten agreed that "PJM could be 

instrumental in a solution if he will push it actively."571 

• 

For more information on Oganov's ties 

see infra Vol. 5, Sec. III.A.8.i.c . 

for recommendations for administration positions on Ukraine. Gates recalled that in January 2017, Manafort 

claimed he was using intermediaries, including Kushner, to get people appointed to administration positions. 

Additionally, Manafort said he had other people helping him, including Rudy Giuliani. FBI, FD-302, Gates, 

11/14/2018. 

568 (U) FBI, FD-302, Patten 5/30/2018. 569 (U) Email, Kilimnik to Patten, December 21, 2016 (SSCI 2017-4885-3-000234). 570 (U) Ibid. ("At some point I am very interested in a page on Iraq solution. It will be very timely in early January. 

Again, not urgent, but pis think ifthere is anything new and how we can organize DT through PIM and Russia into 

accepting what is in everybody's best interests. Except probably Iran, but who cares."). 571 (U) Email, Patten to Kilimnik, December 21, 2016 (SSCI 2017-4885-3-000234). Patten may have written a one 

page Iraq solution proposal and provided it to Kilimnik, which Patten assumed would be provided to Manafort. At 

the time of the December email, Patten knew that Kilimnik was in Moscow and it was possible that Kilimnik shared \ 

this email with someone in Russia, but Patten did not know if Kilimnik did share it. FBI FD-302 Patten 6/12/2018. 572 World Polic Conference, "Geor O anov," 2019· 

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• 

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'--' The extent of coordination between Manafort's attorney and Oganov is 

ii. (U) Manafort and Kilimnik Communicate with Yanukovych in Russia 

Related to Ukraine Plan; Attempt Communications Countermeasures 

(U) Kilimnik specifically sought to leverage Manafort's contacts with the incoming 

Trump administration to advance Kilimnik's agenda, particularly with regard to the Ukraine 

plan. Kilimnik thought that Trump could solve Ukraine's problems because of Manafort' s 

connection to Trump. 579 

(U) Kilimnik and Manafort secretly coordinated on Ukraine matters, practicing 

communications security through the continued use of foldering. On December 8, 2016, 

Kilimnik drafted an email and saved it in his kkilimnik@dmpint.com email account. 580 Manafort 

acknowledged reading this email, despite the fact that it was not sent.581 

(U) In the email, Kilimnik stated that he had a meeting with "BG" today, a reference to 

Yanukovych.582 Kilimnik relayed that Yanukovych had asked Kilimnik to pass on several items 

to Manafort.583 Among them were messages about a plan to resolve the Ukraine conflict which 

(U) FBI, FD-302, Patten 5/30/2018. 580 (U) SCO Report, Vol. I, p. 140. 581 (U) Ibid. 582 (U) Email, Kilimnik to Kilimnik, December 8, 2016 SCO Report, Vol. 1, p. 139. According 

to Gates, both Manafort and Kilimnik sometimes called Yanukovych "big guy." FBI, FD-302, Gates 1/30/2018. 

Other historical communications from Kilimnik refer to Yanukovych as the "BG." Email, Kilimnik to Kasanof, 

November 27, 2013 (CDP-2017-0001 lG-001071). 583 (U) Email, Kilimnik to Kilimnik, December 8, 2016 Kilimnik appeared to hide his 

Ukraine-related efforts with Manafort from Patten, his associate and business partner. In late November 

2016, Patten was working to coordinate the hiring of a new social media company and digital vendor for 

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I 

involved Yanukovych, the same plan that Kilimnik had raised with Manafort during the August 

2, 2016 meeting.584 The email said: 

Russians at the very top level are in principle not against this plan and will work 

with the BG to start the process of uniting DNR and LNR into one entity, with 

security issues resolved (i.e. Russian troops withdrawn, radical criminal elements 

eliminated). The rest will be done by the BG and his people. 585 

(U) Kilimnik further wrote that "[a]ll that is required to start the process is a very minor 

'wink' (or slight push) from DT saying 'he wants peace in Ukraine and Donbass back in 

Ukraine' and a decision to be a 'special representative' and manage this process."586 Following 

that, Kilimnik suggested that Manafort "could start the process and within 10 days visit Russia 

(BG guarantees your reception at the very top level, cutting through all the bullshit and getting 

down to business), Ukraine, and key EU capitals."587 The email also suggested that once thenUkrainian President Petro Poroshenko understood this "message" from the United States, the 

process "will go very fast and DT could have peace in Ukraine basically within a few months 

after inauguration. "588 Kilimnik promised to brief Manafort "in detail" when he next saw him. 589 

I I I 

work in Ukraine and asked Kilimnik, "[A]re we still actively not wanting PJM to find out, or does it not 

rilatter?"583 Kilimnik responded that "PJM is NOT part of this whole story, and we do not want him to find 

out under any circumstances." Emails, Patten and Kilimnik, November 27, 2016 (SSCI 2017-4885-3-

000264). Days later, Kilimnik would draft the foldered email privately laying out a Ukraine plan for 

Manafort. 

584 (U) Email, Kilimnik to Kilimnik, December 8, 2016 585 (U) Ibid. 586 (U) Ibid. 587 (U) Ibid. 588 (U) Ibid. 589 (U) Ibid. Kilimnik also told Manafort that Y anukovych believed the plan would be "hugely beneficial for you 

personally because this will open way to a much higher status for you for fixing Ukraine problem and will also open 

way to a lot of serious business deals." 

99 
COMMITTEE SENSITIVE - RUSSIA INVESTIGATION ONLY 

iii. 

(U) Prior to Kilimnik's December 8, 2016 email, Manafort also communicated with 

Kilimnik about setting up a meeting with a Deripaska representative. 

Around this same time, Kilimnik and Manafort discussed the meeting via 

encrypted chat. A of some of these encrypted messages between Kilimnik and 

Manafort taken from and obtained by the Committee suggests the meeting was 

designed to be about "re~endship" and "global politics." The below represents the 

exchange as captured by-: , . 

Kilimnik: 

3) V understands where you can potentially come and is working with his 

boss to get a meeting organized. My understanding is that it will be about 

recreating old friendship and talking about global politics, not about 

. money or Pericles. 

Kilimnik: 

Wonder if I can/should share this with V 

Manafort: 

Yes you should share. Say I am confused 

-Nothing to negotiate 

-No rush to finish 
I need this finished before Jan 20. 593 

-On January 8, 2017, hours after returning to the United States from a 

trip to ~ to Madrid, Spain.598 Manafort met with Oganov in Madrid during 

what he claimed was a one-hour breakfast meeting.599 Manafort told the FBI that, at the 

meeting, Oganov told him that he needed to meet with Deripaska in person to resolve the 

Pericles matter.600 Manafort agreed but said he would not travel to Ukraine or Russia for the 

meeting.601 

(U) Manafort provided false and misleading information about the purpose, content, and 

follow-up to the meeting with Oganov to both the Committee and the SCO. In particular, 

Manafort told the Committee in a written response through counsel that he attended a meeting on 

or around January 17, 2017, in Madrid with "Georgy Organov."602 The written response claimed 

that the meeting was "regarding a private litigation matter involving Oleg Deripaska."603 Despite 

admitting his attendance at the meeting to the Committee in May 2017, Manafort initially denied 

. most all messages on encryp 

Committee. 

594 

"limnik's first two points which presumably were 

of this conversation was available to the 

etween Kilimnik and Manafort were unavailable to the 

598 (showing Manafort's flight to 

Ma n as sc e u e to amve m Ma n on January 9, 2017, at 10:25 a.m. oca time). 599 (U) FBI, FD-302, Manafort 9/11/2018. 600 (U) Ibid. ' 601 (U) Ibid. 602 (U) Letter, Brown and Shapiro to SSC!, May 9, 2017. "Organov" is an apparent misspelling ofOganov. 

603 (U) Ibid. 

101 

COMMITTEE SENSITIVE -RUSSIA INVESTIGATION ONLY 
attending the meeting in his interviews with the SCO in the fall of 2018.604 He eventually 

admitted to attending the meeting with Oganov, and then repeated what he described in his letter 

to the Committee-that the meeting had been arranged by his lawyers and concerned only the 

Pericles lawsuit.605 

Manafort's claims about the meeting were false. As the 

above messages show, t e meeting was not designed to be about Pericles, but was also about 

!. • !. • 

to mvest1gators . 

• 

I 

ed 

(U) Manafort returned to the United States from Madrid on January 12, 2017.615 Three 

days later, Manafort sent an email to K.T. McFarland, who at the time was designated to become 

604 (U) SCO Report, Vol.I, p. 142. 605 Ibid. 

606 

607 (U) Ibid. It 1s unclear 1fKilimni gamed this knowledge from personally attending the meeting, or from 

receiving a readout from Manafort or Oganov immediately after the meeting. 

6os (U) Ibid. 

609 (U) Ibid. 610 (U) Ibid 

611 (U) Ibid. 612 (U) Ibid 

613 (U) Ibid. 

614 (U) Ibid. 615 (U) Email, Manafort to McFarland, January 15. 2017 

102 

COMMITTEE SENSITIVE -RUSSIA INVESTIGATION ONLY 
the number two official in Trump's National Security Council and was serving as Flynn's deputy 

on the Transition.616 In the email, Manafort asked McFarland if she was in Washington D.C. that 

week and, ifso, if she was willing to meet informally.617 Manafort said he had "some important· 

information I want to share that I picked.up on my travels over the last month."618 

(U) Before responding to Manafort, McFarland forwarded Manafort's-i;equest to Flynn 

and inquired whether she should. agree to meet with Manafort.619 Flynn responded by 

recommending that McFarland not meet with Manafort "until we're in the hot seats," presumably 

. a reference to their taking official roles in the U.S. Government. 620 It is unclear what Manafort 

hoped to speak with McFarland about, but he claimed to the SCO it involved matters related to 

Cuba, not Russia or Ukraine.621 

iv. (U) Kilimnik and Lyovochkin Travel to Washington D,C. for 

Inauguration, Meet with Manafort and Discuss Ukraine 

·(U) Shortly after Manafort and Oganov's meeting in Madrid, Kilimnik and Lyovochkin 

traveled to the United States for the presidential inauguration in January 2017. On the trip, 

Kilimnik and Lyovochkin secretly met with Manafort. The content of this meeting is almost 

entirely unknown, although Manafort claimed that they discussed the Ukraine plan.622 

- In early January 2017, Kilimnik asked Patten to obtain tickets to the 

inaugur~Presidential Inaugural Committee (PIC). According to Patten, Kilimnik 

made this request on behalf ofLyovochkiri.623 Patten eventually obtained tickets through a straw 

· purchaser, intended for Kilimnik, Lyovochkin, and Vadim NoviIJ.sky, a Ukrainian businessmanand politician affiliated with th~ OB.624 Only Kilimnik and Lyovochkin ultimately traveled to 

the United States in order to attend. Kilimnik departed from Moscow and landed at Washington 

616 (U) Ibid 617 (U) Ibid. 618 (U) Ibid. 619 (U) Ibid 

62o~bid 

621 SCO Report, Vol. 1, p. 142. In particular, Manafort claimed that it deiilt with an effort 

Mana ort un ertoo with Brad Z.ackson, who had arranged a meetin between Manafort and "Castro's son" in 

Havana Cuba. FBI, FD-302, Manafort 9/11/2018; see also 

-(showing Manafort and Zackson on same flig t ooking to Havana . 

(U) SCO Report, Vol. 1, p. 142; FBI, FD-302, Manafort 9/11/2018. 623 (U) It is illegal fot foreign nationals to purchase tickets to the PIC's events. 624 (U) FBI, FD-302, Patten 5/22/2018. 

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COMMITTEE SENSITIVE - RUSSIA INVESTIGATION ONLY 
Dulles on January 19, 2017.625 That evening,_Patten, Kilimnik, Lyovochkin, and a pollster who 

had worked with Kilimnik and Patten in Ukraine had dinner together.626 

(U) The day of the inauguration, Patten, Lyovochkin, and Kilimnik had lunch in 

Alexandria, Virginia.627 Kilimnik told Patten that he was nervous that he would see Manafort 

because Kilimnik knew that Manafort resided in Alexandria.628 Patten believed Kilimnik was 

trying to distance himself from Manafort in furtherance of his work in Ukraine.629 Unbeknownst 

to Patten, Kilimnik and Lyovochkin met with Manafort at the Westin in Alexandria during this 

trip.630 

(U) According to Gates, Manafort had at some point mentioned the possibility of 

returning to do work in Ukraine, and the only name Manafort had mentioned in this context was 

~yovochkin.631 · As noted above, Lyovochkin had paid for Manafort,'s work in Ukraine in prior 

years, and Kilimnik maintained an exceptionally close relationship with Lyovochkin throughout 

2016 and 2017. While the Committee has no further evidence of direct communications between 

Lyovochkin and Manafort after this meeting, Manafort continued to work closely on Ukraine 

issues with Kilimnik: 

(U) According to Patten, he and Kilimnik watched the inaugurationin the lobby of the 

Mandarin Oriental hotel in Washington; D.C., where Patten understood Kilimnik was staying.632 

That evening, Patten and Lyovochkin briefly attended an inaugural ball .. Kilimnik told Patten 

that he was staying in his hotel room.633 

.,,. 

Kilimnik departed from the United States on the evening of January 

22, 2017, returning to Moscow.634 . · 

e. 

(U) Emai s, Patten an , - , (SSCI 2017-48 - - - , , - , Patten 

5/22/2018. 

627 (U) FBI, FD-302, Patten 11/27/2018. In a separate debriefing, Patten stated that the three had dinner at "EON" 

in Alexandria, but did not specify the date. This may have been a reference to Restaurant Eve, a now-closed 

restaurant in Alexandria, Virginia. 628 (U) Ibid 629 (U) Ibid 630 (U) SCO Report, Vol. 1, p. 142. 631 (U) FBI, FD-302, Gates 10/25/2018. Gates also recalled that at some point around the inauguration, Manafort 

had said that nobody would care about Crimea because Russia's takeover was already complete. According to 

Gates, Manafort had previously done polling in 2014 regarding Ukrainians' views on Crimea. 632 (U) FBI, FD-302, Patten 11/27/2018; 5/22/2018. . . 633 FBI FD-302 Patten 11/27/2018. 

104 
v. (U) Kilimnik and Manafort Meet in Madrid; Discuss Counter-Narratives 

and Ukraine 

On February 23, 2017, Kilimnik: flew from Kyiv to Moscow, where 

he stayed for four days before flying to Madrid on February 26, 2017.641 The Committee has no 

insight into Kilimnik:'s activities in Moscow during this time. Kilimnik was scheduled to arrive 

in Madrid on the morning of February 26, 2017. 642 On February 25, 2017, Manafort departed 

from New York City and arrived in Madrid on a flight scheduled to arrive on the morning of 

February 26, 2017.643 

(U) After arriving in Madrid, Kilimnik and Manafort met. The majority of what 

Manafort and Kilimnik said during this meeting is unknown. 644 In his interviews with the SCO, 

Manafort initially denied meeting with Kilimnik in Madrid. However,, once confronted with 

635 

636 (U) 1 i . 

637 (U) Ibid. 

63s (U) Ibid. 

639 (U) Ibid. 

640 Ibid. 64 

Manafort traveled on a 

boo mg ma e wit The Committee did not engage 

Hoyos-Aliff. 

644 (U) Manafort's account of the meeting, which came after repeated false statements about whether a meeting with 

Kilimnik occurred, is the Committee's sole source information about the meeting. 

105 

COMMITTEE SENSITIVE - RUSSIA INVESTIGATION ONLY 
travel records showing that Kilimnik was also in Madrid at the same time, Manafort ultimately 

admitted that he met with Kilimnik in Madrid during the February trip.645 

(U) According to Manafort, Kilimnik had been putting together background information 

on the status ofinquiries by reporters and investigators about Manafort's activities inKyiv, at 

Manafort's request.646 Martafort claimed that Kilimnik came to Madrid to update him on the . 

· work of the National Anti-Corruption Bureau relat~d to the ledger.647 Manafort further claimed 

that he met with Kilinmik for an hour and a half at Manafort's hotel, where Kilimnik told him 

that the criminal investigation in Ukraine was "going nowhere."648 Ma~afort claimed he did npt 

ask Kilimnik to Madrid in order to talk about the peace plan, but he said Kilimnik would have' 

raised it.649 

Kilimnik was scheduled to 

depart Madrid a~d return to Moscow on a flight departing just after midnight early on February 

27, 2017.650 Manafort subsequently traveled.to Shanghai and possibly other locations, and did 

not return to the U~ited States until over a week later.651 

vi. (U) Russian Influence Operations to Undermine Investigations into 

Russian Interference · 

The Committee observed numerous Russian-government 

actors at east January 2020 consistently spreading overlapping false 

narratives which sought to discredit investigations into Russian interference in the 2016 U.S. 

elections and spread false information about the events of 2016. Manafort, Kilimnik, Deripaska, 

and others associated with Deripaska participated in these influence operations. As part of these 

efforts, Manafort and Kilimnik both sought to promote the narrative that Ukraine, not Russia, 

had interfered in the 2016 U.s: election and that the "led er" namin a ments to Manafort was 

fake. These efforts coincided with a 

- and related efforts by Deripaska to discredit investigations into Russian meddling. 

Similarities in narrative content, the use of common dissemination platforms, the involvement of 

Kremlin agents Kilimnik and Deripaska, and all suggest that these influence 

efforts were coordinated to some degree. 

645 (U) FBI, FD-302, Manafort 9/13/2018. 646 (U) Ibid 647 (U) Ibid 648 (U) lb id 649 Ibid 650 

651 

652 

106 
(U) These influence efforts took place in the larger context of existing Russian 

information operations targeting Ukraine and the United States. 

(U) In August 2016, immediately after news articles regarding Manafort' s work in 

Ukraine, Manafort and Kilimnik began discussing the Ukrainian government's supposed 

involvement in the reporting. Manafort claimed that then-Ukrainian President Petro Poroshenko 

was behind the media campaign to "smear" Manafort. 660 Manafort said Poroshenko had 

fabricated the "black ledger" and was supporting Hillary Clinton. 661 Manafort recalled that, at 

some point, Lyovochkin heard from Poroshenko that the U.S. Embassy was pressuring Ukraine's 

National Anti-Corruption Bureau for information on Manafort. 662 Kilimnik promoted the 

653 

654 (U) I id. 

655 (lJ) Ibid. 

656 (U) Ibid. 

657 (U) Ibid. 

65s (U) Ibid. 

659 (U) Ibid. 660 (U) FBI, FD-302, Gates 2/2/2018. 

661 (lJ) Ibid. 

662 (lJ) FBI, FD-302, Manafort 10/1/2018. Manafort did not specify if this came directly from Lyovochkin, or 

through Kilimnik. Gates also recalled that Lyovochkin reached out to Manafort once or twice. The first time was to 

107 

COMMITTEE SENSITIVE - RUSSIA INVESTIGATION ONLY 
narrative that the Ukrainian authorities had "artificially instigated" stories related to Manafort's 

work in Ukraine, including the alleged black ledger.663 

(U) The day after Manafort resigned, Kilimnik was coordinating with Manafort to 

counteract negative public media. For example, Kilimnik wrote an email to Patten in which he 

said that he was "talking to P JM" and suggested that they were considering suing reporters who 

published negative articles about Kilimnik and Manafort.664 

I 

(U) Kilimnik almost certainly helped arrange some of the first public messaging that 

Ukraine had interfered in the U.S. election. On August 23, 2016, Kilimnik exchanged emails 

with Roman Olearchyk, a journalist with the Financial Times in Kyiv.665 Five days later, the 

Financial Times published an article by Olearchyk, entitled "Ukraine's leaders campaign against 

'pro-Putin' Trump."666 The article quoted "a former Yanukovich loyalist now playing a lead role 

in the Regions party's successor, called Opposition Bloc" who, according to the article, " let 

loose a string of expletives" and "accused western media of 'working in the interests of Hillary 

Clinton by trying to bring down Trump. "'667 After the article was published, Kilimnik shared the 

article with Gates with the subject "FT - unbelievable."668 In the email, Kilimnik explained to 

Gates that "these idiots actually admit that PP's government was deliberately trying to 

discuss a story on Manafort for which reporters had contacted Lyovochkin for comment. This may be a reference to 

Kilimnik's outreach in late July 2016, see infra Vol. 5, Sec.A.5.vii. 663 (U) Email, Kilimnik to Marson, August 18, 20 I 6 (SSCI 2017-4885-3-000414--416). Kilimnik appeared to be 

under the impression that Trump believed that Ukraine interfered. Kilimnik made this statement in a private email 

with a journalist, making the accuracy of the statement is difficult to assess. The Committee's efforts focused on 

investigating Russian interference in the 2016 election. However, during the course of the investigation, the 

Committee identified no reliable evidence that the Ukrainian government interfered in the 2016 U.S. election. 664 (U) Email, Kilimnik to Patten, August 20, 2016 (SSCI 2017-4885-3-000408). Although Kilimnik's reference to 

these communications with Manafort were reflected in Kilimnik's communication to Patten, the Committee was not 

able to obtain the underlying communications between Manafort and Kilimnik. 665 (U) Emails, Kilimnik and Olearchyk, August 23, 2016 (SSC! 2017-4885-3-000384). 666 (U) Roman Olearchyk, "Ukraine's leaders campaign against ' pro-Putin' Trump," Financial Times, August 28, 

2016. 

667 (U) Ibid. The Committee did not obtain direct evidence that Kilimnik was involved in arranging this quote, but 

given Kilimnik's communications with Olearchyk, his other efforts to promote the Ukraine interference messages, 

and his intimate involvement with the OB and its leadership, his involvement seems likely. 668 (U) Email, Kilimnik to Gates, August 29, 2016 (Gates Production). Kilimnik also sent the article to Patten. 

Email, Kilimnik to Patten, August 29, 2016 (SSCI 2017-4885-3-000376). 

108 

COMMITTEE SENSITIVE - RUSSIA INVESTIGATION ONLY 
COMMlTTEE SENSITIVE. - RUSSIA INVESTIGATION ONLY 

destabilize T~mp's campaign."669 Kilimnik told Gates that "this article is actually helpful to us" 

and said that he "hope[s] DT sees it."670 

(U) Kilimnik also updated Manafort on the Ukrainian government's investigation into 

Manafort and other related investigations, including their key players and progress. In late,;, 

November 2016, Kilimnik sent Manafort a summary of an interview with the head of Ukraine's 

Specialized Anti-Corruption Prosecutor's Office (SAPO).671 In the email, Kilimnik explained to 

Manafort that parts of the interview were "very relevant to us" and highlighted several 

narratives, including around Ukrainian parliamentarian Serhiy Leshchenko' s role in the release 

of the "black ledger": · 

The prosecutor who is investigating the. case is basically making a point that a) 

.the_ scans of alleged "black ledger;' appeared in public domain in violation of 

existing procedures and were used for a specific purpose by Leschenko and 

Avakov, b) there is no evidence than any of that stuff is .real, and have been no 

real movement since the·beginningofinvestigation in august, and c) there are 

absolutely no grounds to suspect anyone, especially P JM in this whole thing. 672 

(U) Manafort appears to have been involved in efforts to arrange a call between 

Poroshenko and Trump after the election, which appears to have been motivated by 

Manafort's own interest in countering these same Ukrainian criminal investigations. 

• (U) On November 10, 2016, Kilimnik forwarded a foreign press article to 

Manafort and Gates about the inv~stigations in Ukraine. The article discussed 

Ukrainian politicians aligned with Poroshenko's political party who had reversed 

course after Trump's victory and were now accusing Leshchenko of "falsifying 

evidence'' in a Ukrainian criminal case related to Mariafort.673 Kilimnik believed 

that Leshchenko was "part of the group of deputies who launched [a] PR 

offensive in coordination with HRC HQ and poured mud over us in the media, 

669 (U) Email, Kilimnik to Gates, August 29, 2016 (Gates Production). 670 (U) Ibid Additionally, on September 5, 2016, Manafort and Roger Stone conducted three calls for a total call 

time of26 minutes. AT&T toll records, Roger Stone/Drake Ventures. The next day; Stone tweeted about the same 

· Financial Times article, stating that ''the only interference in the US election is from Hillary's friends in Ukraine." 

Internet Archive;Capture of twitter.com/rogerjstonejr/status/773162795240189952, October 17, 2016; Thomas Rid, 

"Who's Really to Blame for the 'Ukraine Did It' Conspiracy Theory?" The Atlantic, December 5, 2019. 671 (U) Email, Kilimnik to Manafort and Gates, November 19, 2016 (SSC! 2017-4885-3-000268-269), The head of 

SAPO, Nazar Kholodnytskyy, would continue making allegations related to U.S .. involvement in the ~afort case 

and the "black ledger" through 2019. See, e.g., John Solomon, "How the Obama White House engaged Ukraine to 

give Russia collusion narrative an early boost," The Hill, April 25, 2019. 

·

672 (U) Ibid Arsen Avakov is the Ukrainian Minister of Internal Affairs. 673 (U) Email, Kilimnik to Manafort and Gates, November 10, 2016 (DITFP00024681). 

109 

COMMITTEE SENSITIVE - RUSSIA INVESTIGATION ONLY 
using false evidence and copies of something resembling 'black accounting book 

of PR.' "674 

• (U) After receiving Kilimnik's November 10, 2016 email, Manafortmessaged 

Gates, writing: "This makes the Frank project even more timely. Let me know if 

Frank [Mermoud] can do what we discussed."675 According to Gates,-Manafort 

, had asked Gates to reach out to Mermoud to offer Manafort's assistance to then- -- . 

Ukrainian Ambassador to the United States Valeriy Chaly in repairing 

relationships Manafort believed Poroshenko had damaged. 676 

• (U) The next day, November 11, 2016, Mermoud emailed Chaly and asked for a 

phone call to discuss a matter which Mermoud that Chaly would find "of interest 

and value."677 Mermoud informed Gates that he had messaged Chaly "to ask for 

a phone call."678 On November 13, 2016, Mermoud forwarded to Gates a 

message which Mermoud had received from Chaly, stating: "Got it. [We] are in 

contact with ·his• executive assistant Ms. Rhona Graf. Still waiting for 

confirmation of slot for a phone call by my President on Tuesday."679 On 

November 15, 2016, Trump and Poroshenko held their first call.680 

• (U) After the call, Mermoud and Gates discussed arranging a meeting between 

Manafort and Chaly. ·On November 22, 2016, Mermoud messaged Gates: "Ambo 

just called me .... Said he would welcome meeting with Paul. He has some 

information to share."681 Gates responded, ''Interesting. I will share with P." 

Several days later, Mermoud informed Gates that he would be meeting with 

Chaly on a separate subject soon and asked if he had "any guidance" from 

Manafort.682 Gates responded that the·"[o]nly guidance is to reinforce the 

674 (U) Ibid t 

675 (U) Email, Manafort to Gates, November 10, 2016 (DJTFP00024681). 676 (U) FBI, FD-302,.Gates 2/2/2018. 677 (U) Email, Mermoud to Chaly, November 11, 2016 (ORPS000l,03). 678 (U) Text Message, Mermoud to Gates, November 13, 2016 (ORP3000003). 679 (U) Text Message, Mermoud.to Gates, November 13, 2016 (ORP3000003). 680 (U) "President Poroshenko had a phone call with President-electDonald Trump," President of Ukraine, Official 

· Website, November 15, 2016. Beyond a briefreadout of the call provided by the Ukrainian government, the 

substance of the call is unknown. 681 (U) Text message, Mermoud to Gates, November 22, 2016 (ORP3000003). 682 (U) Text message, Gates to Mermoud, November 28, 2016 (ORP3000003). 

110 

COMMITTEE SENSITIVE - RUSSIA INVESTIGATION ONLY 
COMMITTEE SENSITIVE - RUSSIA INVESTIGATION ONLY 

previous points" and to tell Chaly that Manafort had "helped organize the call 

between the two presidents."683 Mermoud met with Chaly the next day.684 

I 

(U) While he was discussing Ukrainian investigations with Manafort, Kilimnik helped 

write an opinion article under Lyovochkin's name that included similar themes.691 Kilimnik and 

Patten circulated a draft of the article in January 2017, which included language suggesting that 

Ukraine's National Anti-Corruption Bureau (NABU) had "manufactur[ed] a case" against 

Manafort.692 The article further insinuated that Trump had no Russia ties, stating that there was 

683 (U) Text message, Mermoud to Gates, November 28, 2016 (ORP3000003). 684 (U) Text message, Mermoud to Gates, November 29, 2016 (ORP3000003). After the meeting, Mermoud asked 

to s eak with Gates resumabl on matters related to Manafort. 685 In February 2017, Putin publicly alleged that 

there was U raiman in uence in the 2016 U.S. presidential election. Kremlin.ru, "Joint news conference with 

Hun arian Prime Minister Viktor Orban," Febru 2 2017. 686 

687 

688 (U) !bi . 

689 (U) Ibid. 

690 (U) Ibid. 691 (U) Emails, Kilimnik and Patten, January 26, 2017 (SSCI 2017-4885-3-000211-213) (attaching draft opinion 

article). 

692 (U) Ibid. 

111 

COMMITTEE SENSITIVE - RUSSIA INVESTIGATION ONLY 
"no real fire behind all this smoke."693 The article ultimately was published by U. S. News & 

World Report on February 6, 2017.694 

(U) Manafort embraced and promoted the narrative of Ukraine's alleged involvement in 

the 2016 elections. For example, in a February 2017 meeting with Donald Trump Jr., Manafort 

discussed how Ukraine, not Russia had meddled in the election. In an email to Trump Jr., 

Manafort shared a Politico article that seems to have underpinned repeated claims by others 

helping advance this narrative.695 

From: 

Sent: 

To. 

Subject : 

Don 

Paul Manafort [pmanafort@dmpint.com] 

2/14/2017 4·15:07 PM 

Donald Trump Jr. Vo=Exchangelabs/ou=Exchange Adm1n1strat,ve Group 

(FYOIBOHF23SPOLT)/cn=Recipients/m=3e47f0472653400d85d07849e0f57b42•djtjrl 

Enjoyed our meeting 

It was great to reconnect. I am pursuing the topics we discussed and will be back t o you. 

On a separate note, I have past ed below the Ken Vogel story in Politico that ran about 3 weeks ago. He lays out clearly t he 

conspiracy to Implement the disinformation campaign on me between the DNC/Obama Administration and the Govt of 

Ukraine.The Ukraine Govt has now totally backed off saying that there 1s no interest ever in me and t he ledger was a falsified 

document. 

Of coarse, now with the Flynn resignation, all of this w,11 be dragged up again, with no facts and no bas,s for anyt hing. 

Best 

Paul 

hill jJ\\ \\W p,1h11co.uJJ]11,10J:::CJ.!.l.1L!1 l_il1k1 a1nc:&i»WJ:!'•lnl!l)j>-hacllirc.:ll.• 1-1.!.> 

(U) As described above, in late-February 2017 Manafort met with Kilimnik in Madrid to 

discuss the Russia-related investigations, including the one in Ukraine, which Kilimnik said was 

"going nowhere."696 

693 (U) Ibid. 694 (U) Serhiy Lyovochkin, "Ukraine Can Win in the Trump Age," US News & World Report, February 6, 2017. 

Patten pleaded guilty to violating FARA based, in part, on his efforts drafting and placing this article with Kilimnik. 

Criminal Information, United States v. W Samuel Patten, Case No: 1 :l 8-cr-260 (D.D.C. August 31, 2018). 695 (U) Email, Manafort to Trump Jr., February 14, 2017 (TRUMPORG_76_001 248); see also Emails, Manafort 

and Trump Jr., February 2-6, 2016 (indicating that Manafort planned to meet Trump Jr. in Trump Jr.'s New York 

office on February 7, 2016). The Politico article Manafort sent would be used by others close to Manafort to make 

the case that Ukraine, not Russia, interfered in the U.S. elections. For example, on August 22, 20 17, Kilimnik's 

alias Twitter account, @PBaranenko, retweeted a story by Sputnik reporter Lee Stranahan who used the Politico 

article as a basis to legitimize his claims that DNC contractor Alexandra Chalupa and the Ukrainian government was 

"THE REAL 2016 Election Interference." Tweet, @PBaranenko, August 22, 2018 (Retweet of@stranahan). 696 (U) FBI, FD-302, Manafort 9/13/2018. 

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COMMITTEE SENSITIVE - RUSSIA INVESTIGATION ONLY 

it is likely that some coordination occurred 

between Deripaska-directed efforts and those undertaken by Kilimnik and Manafort.697 

• 

• -On 

~ 

March 22, 2017, the Associated Press published an article 

in the mid-2000s proposed a confidential plan to influence 

politics, business dealin s, and news covera e to " eatl benefit the Putin 

Government. "701 

As of February 2017, Waldman sought to engage Vice Chairman Warner related to 

two separate c 1ents: Julian Assange, on a potential deal with the U.S. Government related to an investigation into 

Assange and Assange's possession of documents later known as "Vault 7"; and Christopher Steele, about his 

involvement in re arts that had recent! been released related to the Trum Cam ai n Manafort and others. ■ 

According to Wal man's 

communications, as of mid-February 2017, Wa man was aware that t e WikiLeaks release of Vault 7 documents 

would severely damage U.S. national security and the CIA. Text message, Waldman to Warner, February 16, 2017 

(AW 00000075 . 70 

rump Job, Manafort Worked to Aid Putin," Associated 

702 

113 
• (U) Shortly thereafter, on March 25, 2017, Waldman discussed with Vice Chairman 

Warner the possibility of a potential Committee engagement with Deripaska. 704 

Waldman said that he raised the idea with Deripaska, who would be in London in the 

coming days, and that Deripaska was potential~y interested in;the engagement.705 

• (U) On March 28·, 2017, Deripaska took out several large advt1rtisements in major U.S. 

newspapers offering to testify before the SSCI and the HPSCI. Waldman later explained 

that he understood that Deripaska intended to testify not about potential election 

interference, but rather about Manafort. 706 

(U) As of June 2017, Kilimnik continued to engage with Manafort on Ukrainian 

investigations related to Manafort. Kilimnik emailed Manafort about statements from Ukraine's 

SAPO, including a statement claiming that Manafort was not a subject of SAPO's investigation 

into the "black ledger" because of a lack of evidence.707 Kilimnik told Manafort that the 

statement was "a big deal" and suggested that "[y]our people should see this."708 

(U) Also in mid-2017, other Russian-government proxies and personas worked to spread 

the false narrative that Ukraine interfered in the U.S. election. On July 12, 2017, Cyber 

Berkut-which had been dormant for months-alleged on its blog that Ukraine had interfered in 

the 2016 U.S. elections.709 In the post, Cyber Berkut claimed that hacked emails revealed a set 

of financial transactions between Viktor Pinchuk and the Clinton Foundation.710 On July 13, 

2017, @USA_ Gunslinger, a long-running false persona account of the Internet Research Agency 

(IRA), tweeted about "Clinton and her campaign team's collusion with Ukraine to interfere in. 

the US election."711 · 

' On July 24, 2017, Ukrainian parliamentarian Andrii Derkach 

ainian Prosecutor General Yuriy Lutsenko to ask Lutsenko to investigate 

703 (U) Ibid 704 (U) Text Messages, Waldman and Warner, March 23-25, 2017 (AW_ 000()0082). 

10s (U) Ibid. 706 (U) Waldman Tr., p. 109. . 707 (U) Email, Kilimnik to Manafort and Gates, June 5, 2017 (SSCI 2017-4885-3-000118). 708 (U) Ibid 709 (U) CyberBerkut was a fake persona controlled by the GRU. Chris Bing, "Russian hacker group 'CyberBerkut' 

returns to public light with allegation against Clinton," CyberScoop, July 12, 2017. 710 (U) Ibid 711 (U) IRA handles (June 2018); 4332740714-tweets.txt; Thomas Rid, "Who's Really to Blame for the 'Ukraine 

Did It' Conspiracy Theory?" The Atlantic, December 5, 2019. ·· · 

114 

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"interference" in the 2016 U.S. elections, articular! as it related to NABU's role in this 

interference.712 

(U) Kilimnik also worked to conduct messaging to U.S. Government officials and the 

media to undercut other Ukrainian government investigations related to Manafort.716 In 

September 2017, Kilimnik sharec:J a letter with Patten that Lyovochkin and his OB associates. 

drafted allegedly on behalf of Oleksandr Lavrynovych:717 Lavrynovych is a former Ukrainian 

justice minister who was involved in_Manafort's 2011 hiring of U.S. law firm Skadden, Arps, 

Meagher & Flom LLP for Ukraine-related work, and who had come under investigation by 

Ukrainian authorities.718 Lyovochkin wanted to use Kilimnik to push this letter to embassies and 

the media.719 ·. Kilimnik also noted that Lyovochkin separately wanted to write a similar letter to 

U.S. Ambassador to Ukraine Marie Yovanovich and U.S. Special Representative for Ukraine 

Negotiations Kurt Volker on the matter.720 · 

• 

(U) Ibid. 

11s (U) Ibid. 716 (U) Email, Kilimnik to Patten, September 19, 2017 (SSCI 2017-4885-3-000038). 717 (U) Ibid. 718 (U) See, e.g., Kenneth P. Vogel and Andrew E. Kramer, "Skadden, Big New York Law Firm, Faces Questions 

on Work With Manafort," September 21, 2017. Separately, when the Skadden work came under public and 

government scrutiny, Manafort, Gates, and Kilimnik talked about purging documents related to a report Skadden 

produced for the PoR. Manafort said to purge all evidence of the coordination with Skadden attorneys. After this 

discussion, Gates deleted some emails. Gates deleted more emails in 2016 after he learned about inquiries from 

DOJ's FARA unit. FBI, FD-302, Gates 1/31/2018. 719 (U) Email, Kilimnik to Patten, September 19, 2017 (SSCI 2017-4885-3-000038). 720 (U) Ibid. 

115 

COMMITTEE SENSITIVE - RUSSIA INVESTIGATION ONLY 
721 

722 

723 

724 

I 

I 

I 

725 (U) Ibid. 726 (U) Ibid. 727 (U) Ibid. 728 (U) Ibid. 

COMMITTEE SENSITIVE - RUSSIA INVESTIGATION ONLY 

I 

I 

116 
COMMITTEE SENSITIVE - RUSSIA INVESTIGATION ONLY 

• 

• -On 

~e 

May 14, 2018, Solomon published an article in The Hill 

a Conflict-And It Leads Directly to a Russian Oligarch," 

which outlined , including Deripaska's alleged 

~ 

cooperation with the FBI on matters related to Robert Levinson and im 1 in that his 

the FBI might create a "conflict" for the SCO.734 

-Solomon appeared on Hannity's television show that evening to discuss the 

· same allegations.735 · 

729 (U) Ibid. Waldman's contact with Jones is discussed infra, Section 4.B.6.vi. 730 (U) Ibid. 

731 (U) Ibid. 

732 (U) Ibid. 

733 (U) Ibid. 734 (U) John Solomon, "Mueller May Have a Conflict~And It Leads Directly to a Russian Oligarch," The Hill, 

May 14, 2018. 735 "Transcri t: Conflict of interest for Robert Mueller?" Fox News, May 14, 2018. 736 

117 

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• (U) On March 20, 2Ql9, Solomon published an article from an interview he conducted 

with former Ukrainian Prosecutor General Yuriy Lutsenko. In the interview, Lutsenko 

made the false claim that, in 2016, the then-U.S. Ambassador to Ukraine, Marie 

Yovanovich, passed him a list of individuals who should not be prosecuted.739 The day 

Solomon's article was published, Trump retweeted it.740 

• 

...I 

A su osed co of the list turned u in an online forum. 

• (U) On the same day, Solomon published a second article derived from the same 

interview with Lutsenko.745 That article repeated Lutsenko's .claim that he had "opened a 

probe into alleged attempts by Ukrainians to interfere in the 2016 U.s: presidential 

738 (U) Ibid 739 (U) John Solomon, "Top Ukrainian justice official says US ambassador gave him a do not prosecute list," The 

Hill, March 20, 2019. Lutsenko's claim that he was given a "list" of individuals to not prosecute was false; he later 

recanted it. 740 (U) Tweet, @realDonaldTrump, March 20, 2019. On May 7, 2019, U.S. Ambassador to Ukraine Yovanovitch 

was recalled earl from Ukraine. 741 

742 (U) /. id 743 (U) Debatepolitics.com, "The names of 'improsecutable' Ukrainians from the Yovanovitch list got out," March 

25, 2019. 744 

see a so Ben Nimmo, "UK Trade Leaks and Secon ary Infektion: New Fin mgs 

an Insights from a Known Russian Operation," Graphika, December 2019. 745 (U) John Solomon, "Senior Ukrainian official says he's opened probe into US election interference," The Hill, 

March 20, 2019. 

118 

COMMITTEE SENSITIVE - RUSSIA INVESTIGATION ONLY 
election."746 Kilimnik, using an alias Twitter ac~ount registered under a false persona, 

retweeted the story.747 

• Kilimnik had previously reached out to Lutsenko jn late 2016 

in an apparent ef ort to propose that Lutsenko pursue political office with the assistance 

of Kilimnik and others. In November 2016, Patten and Kilimnik arranged for a polling 

company to test the viability of a new political party which would include KHtschko, 

Lutsenko, and two other Ukrainian political figures. 748 The poll work was likely funded 

by Lyovochkin. Email communi,cations suggest Patten reviewed the proposal, and 

Kilimnik planned to deliver the ro osal to Lutsenko in December 2016 

L ovochkin's instructions.749 

(U) Starting in 2017, and continuing at least until late 2019, Kilimnik used an alias 

Twitter account registered under a false persona to push a variety of false information, much of 

which centered on efforts to discredit the Russia investigations and assert that Ukraine, not 

Russia, had intervened in the 2016 U.S. presidential election.751 

746 (U) Ibid 747 (U) Tweet, @PBaranenko, March 20, 2019 (Retweet of@JackPosobiec). 748 (U) Slide deck, "Ukraine November Survey Presentation," December 4, 2016 (SP_OSC_000702-759); Email, 

Kilimnik to Patten, et al., December 18, 2016 (SSCI 2017-4885-3-000237) (responding to a email with a document 

"Lutsenko vote and coalitions"). . 149 Ibid 750 

751 (U) K11mn tweets un er ea 1as Petro Baranenko @PBaranenko). Twitter, @pbaranenko (account 

information showing account creati9n email ofborattulukbaev@yahoo.com). While the @PBaranenko account was 

registered in February 2017, the earliest tweet the Committee obtained was from August 1, 2017. A separate 

account in true name, @k _ kilimnik, is no longer active. This account could have been affiliated with Kilimnik, but 

the Committee could not confirm that it was. In 2018 and 2019, Kilimnik used his @PBaranenko account to tweet a 

variety of pro-Russian themes, including false information about NotPetya, Bill Browder, Malaysian Airlines flight 

MH-17, and the 2014 Maydan protests. For example, Kilimnik retweeted a claim "[t]he stakes are rising as they try 

to keep the truth about Browder from coming out." Tweet, @PBaran.enko, September 15, 2018 (retweet of 

@TFL 1728). Kilimnik also retweeted a tweet disparaging Bellingcat and Eliot Higgins; using #Bellingcrap and 

#MRI 7 and attaching an image purporting to show that part of Bellingcat' s analysis of the MH-17 BuK launcher 

was "made up." Tweet, @PBaranenko, September 17, 2018 (retweet of@Deus _ Abscondis). On September 23,· 

2018, Kilimnik retweeted the same account, which purported to show that the serial number depicted in images of 

missile parts related to the MH-17 shootdown was a "forgery." Tweet, @PBaranenko, September 23, 2018 (retweet 

of@Deus_Abscondis). Kilimnik also repeatedly pushed false information claiming that those Maydan participants 

killed in the protests where shot by "Georgian snipers" as part of a "false flag." Tweet, @PBaranenko, March 18, 

2019 (retweet of@elenaevdokimov7). 

119 

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• (U) Kilimnik repeatedly tweeted information related to the Bidens and Ukraine, much of 

which originated from Solomon. For example, on April 1, 2019, Kilimnik retweeted 

Solomon's own tweet linking to his article in The Hill titled, "Joe Biden's 2020 

Ukrainian nightmare: A closed probe is revived."752 On May 14, 2019, Kilimnik 

tweeted, "Ukraine's Prosecutor General Lutsenko is ready to provide payment orders 

concerning Hunter Biden, says there are payments for millions USD" and attached a link 

to an article about the issue.753 

• (U) On September 16, 2018, Kilimnik retweeted a tweet by Donald Trump which stated, 

"The illegal Mueller Witch Hunt continues in search of a crime. There was never 

Collusion with Russia, except by the Clinton campaign;"754 

• (U) On August 22, 2018, Kilimnik retweeted Sputnik reporter Lee Stranahan' s tweet 

related to allegations that Alexandra Chalupa, a former DNC contractor, was involved in 

interfering in the U.S. elections and that the "real" election interference had been between 

the DNC and Ukraine.755 Kilimnik retweeted Stranahan or others restating Stranahan's 

claims on this theme dozens of times. In January 2019, Kilimnik used his persona's 

account to send a single direct message to Stranahan. 756 

752 (U) Tweet, @PBaranenko, April 1, 2019 (Retweet of@jsolomonReports). 753 (U) Tweet, @PBaranenko, May 14, 2019. 754 (U) Tweet, @PBaranenko, September 16, 2018 (Retweet of@rea!DonaldTrump). 755 (U) Tweet, @PB aranenko, August 22, 2018 (Retweet of @stranahan ). 756 

757 

120 
l 

vii. (U) Manafort's Continued Efforts with Kilimnik on Ukraine; Kilimnik's 

Own Continued Activities 

(U) After the U.S. presidential election, Kilimnik and Patten began developing ideas for 

peaceful settlement to the conflict in eastern Ukraine. Kilimnik and Patten drafted a paper 

outlining the plan, which was to decentralize power, limit Kyiv's role in running the country, 

engage in direct bilateral talks between Poroshenko and Putin, and focus on local electjons.763 

762 

763 

4885-3-000014-18) (attaching an document entitled "Re-Framing the Russia-Ukraine Conflict in Pursuit of an 

Outside the Box Pathway to Peace" edited by both Patten and Kilimnik). · 

121 

r 
The plan included having the United States serve as an honest broker and work directly with 

Russia at the highest levels to resolve the conflict.764 Patten recalled Kilimnik discussing exiled 

former PoR members living in Moscow-including Yanukovych-whom Kilimnik collectively 

called "the refugees."765 Kilimnik was interested in these refugees and their possible return to 

politics in Ukraine.766 -· · 

(U) Kilimnik used his work with Patten to test the viability of a Y anukovych return. 

Patten recalled conducting at least one poll with Kilimnik in 2017 as part of their ongoing work 

for the OB.767 In mid-2017, Kilimnik and Patten organized a survey at Kilimnik's urging to, in 

part, discreetly measure voters' openness to Yanukovych's return?68 According to Patten, 

Kilimnik thought that ifYanukovych returned to politics in eastern Ukraine, it would help the 

OB because Yanukovych would bring strong leadership back to the OB.769 The poll revealed 

that Yanukovych was not viable at that time.770 While Patten was.aware thatKilimnik would 

periodically mention Y anukovych, Patten claimed he never got the sense that Kilimnik was 

trying to push Yanukovych's retum.771 Patten also believed that Kilimnik was attempting to 

distance himself from Manafort in furtherance ofKilimnik's own ongoing work in Ukraine.772 

As described infra, emails, testimony, and records show that Kilimnik had, in fact, engaged in an 

effort to return Yanukovych to Ukraine since 2016 and extending to at least 2018. 

(U) Kilimnik separately continued to push the Y anukovych peace plan with Manafort 

and others. By early 2018, Kilimnik was again working with Manafort-who was under 

criminal indictment in the United States-in an: attempt to organize a poll in Ukraine that would 

quietly try to gauge voter sentiment on Y anukovych. Kilimnik and Mariafort planned to use the 

poll, which tested other Ukrainian political issues and OB politicians, to gauge voter sentiment 

for"the peace plan involving Yanukovych without overtly revealing the purpose of the poll. 

Manafort worked with Fabrizio's company in an effort to create a questionnaire for the poll. 

Kilimnik, meanwhile, directly coordinating these efforts with Y anukovych in Russia. 

764 (U) FBI, FD-302, Patten 5/30/2018. 765 (U) FBI, FD-302, Patten 11/27/2018. 766 (U) Ibid 767 (U) FBI, FD-302, Patten 5/30/2018. _.,, 768 (U) Email, Kilimnik to Patten and Garrett, July 31, 2017 (SSC! 2017-4885-3-000024--26) ("I would also 

discreetly measure Y anukovich"). Patten recalled that the poll tested a wide variety of issues, but included questions 

designed to test voters' sentiment ofYanukovych. FBI, FD-302, Patten 5/30/2018. See also Email; Kilimnik to 

Patten and Garrett, July 11, 2017 (SSC! 2017-4885-3-000054) (responding to focus group testing, Kilimnik asked if 

respondents were "open to Yanuk return" which he believed was an "important question."). 769 (U) FBI, FD-302, Patten 5/30/2018. The OB had been suffering from internal personality conflicts, which 

Kilimnik had long worked to resolve. 770 (U) FBI, FD-302, Patten 11/21/2018. 771 (U) Ibid - 772 (U) Ibid 

122 

COMMITTEE SENSITIVE..:.. RUSSIA INVESTIGATION ONLY 
(U) At approximately the same time, Manafort shared a draft of the Kilimnik-authored 

plan with Fabrizio and his firm for their use in creating polling questions to test its viability.777 

The draft plan, which aimed to gamer Trump's support, was obtained by the Committee and is 

reproduced below. 

A New Initiative to Settle the Conflict in South-East of Ukraine 

The beginning of 2018 has seen an increase in violence in the conflict zone of the 

South-Eastern Ukraine. Each day brings news about casualties on the [sic] both 

sides, while the Minsk agreements are stalling because the [sic] both sides of the 

conflict lack desire to achieve peace. ' 

The leadership of Ukraine represented by President Poroshenko is not interested 

in the [sic] peaceful settlement, and has been using the conflict to justify its failed 

economic policy. The toxicity of the leaders of DNR and LNR is complicating 

their participation in the negotiations' process, and in fact is depriving millions of 

the region's residents of the right to be represented in the [sic] international 

politics. Neither Kyiv, nor DNR/LNR want Donbass back in Ukraine. This 

nullifies the efforts of the international community aimed at stopping the conflict. 

Continuation of the conflict in Donbass leads to uncontrolled scenarios, and 

presents a risk of the violence getting out to other countries of the region. In 

776 (U) 1 id. 

777 (U) Email, Manafort to Fabrizio and Ward, February 21, 2018 (FAB010190). 

123 

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COMMITTEE SENSITIVE - RUSSIA INVESTIGATION ONLY 

' '-- order to preventit a new approach to settlement of the conflict and return of the 

country to peace and civic accord is needed. 

The proposed approach envisions: 

1) Cr~ation of a new entity- The Autonomous Republic of Donbass (ARD), which .. 

will be an autonomous region of Ukraine. The ARD will be created within the 

borders of Donetsk and Luhansk oblasts that existed prior to April 2014, when the 

armed conflict began. A decision to create the ARD should ideally be passed by a 

protocol of Normandy format meeting. 

2) Passing of a special law by Verkhovna Rada, which will determine the legal 

status and timeframe of incremental reintegration of the ARD into Ukraine. This 

measure will immediately unblock the peaceful process and.create conditions for 

implementation of a joint plan of ceasefire. If the Rada does not pass this law, 

President Poroshenko should approve it by his Decree and disband the 

Verkhovna Rada as an obstacle to implementation of peace agreements. 

3) Election of the Prime Minister for the transitional period based on the 

guidelines of a temporary Constitution of the ARD. The Prime Minister of the 

ARD shall be elected by the Parliament (People's Assembly) of the ARD and will 

lead the process of negotiations to settle the conflict between the ARD and 

Ukraine. The Prime Minister of the ARD shall be a legitimate and plenipotentiary 

representative of the ARD in talks with international structures within the 

framework of programs to rebuild the economy and overcome the consequences 

of the armed conflict. An optimal candidate for this job is Victor Yanukovich. 

Based on his experience and respect in the region he is able to create the 

necessary conditions for peaceful settlement and restoration of the political 

balance in Donbass. 

A key driver that will bring back the dynamics into the peaceful settlement 

process can be an initiative of the President of the United States Donald Trump 

proposing to create the ARD and involve Mr. Yanukovich into the peaceful 

settlement process; This initiative then can be raised by representatives of the 

United States during their contacts with their Russian counterparts. In case of 

agreement of Russia and Mr. Yanukovich such initiative will make it possible to 

quickly develop a road map for settlement of the conflict and approve it soonest at 

a Normandy format meeting. 

Another key condition of success of this plan is practical effort by the United 

States, aimed at convincing Ukraine's President Poroshenko to announce his 

support of initiative to create the ARD and start a new stage of peaceful 

124 
settlement. Thisplan will be beneficial for the Ukrainian government, because 

Poroshenko will be able to implement his election promise of2014 and end the 

war. Election of Mr. Yanukovich as head of the ARD with consent of the United 

States and Russia will sign.ificantly increase chances of peaceful settlement of the 

conflict. Support of this initiative by the United States will be a fair and 

democratic decision with respect to Mr. Yanukovich, who did everything possible 

for peaceful settlement in 201 land sign.ed a plan of peaceful settlement with the 

Opposition on February 21, 2014. This plan subsequently was blown up by the 

radicals. This fact failed to obtain a proper reaction by the EU officials, who 

guaranteed it with their signatures, and led to serious deterioration of the 

situation in Ukraine. 

Implementation of the plan will make it possible to create new dynamics in the 

process of peaceful settlement and can in fact become a starting point for return 

of peace into Ukraine, where the United States should play a leading role in 

restoring peace and territorial integrity of Ukraine. 

Personal participation of the US President will lead to stopping the bloodshed, 

returning political balance and stability in Ukraine, creating a stable and 

effective pro-European legislative majority, able of implementing effective 

reforms. 778 

about the possibility of conducting a poll in Ukraine. Fabrizio, Fabrizfo's polling firm, and 

Manafort began organizipg the details of the Ukraine-related polling work. 

(U) Manafort wanted to use Evgeny Kopatko to conduct the survey and fieldwork, which 

would be coordinated through Kilimnik.78° Kopatko is a Ukrainian, pro-Russian sociologist and 

pollster who has recently been awarded Russian citizenship by Putin.781 Manafort provided a 

draft questionnaire to Fabrizio and his company. The questionnaire focused broadly on 

numerous candidates and parties in Ukraine, but also sought to test the idea of Yanukovych's 

return in eastern Ukraine. In particular, question 72(a) directly asked for respondents' reactions I 

' 

778 (U) Document, "New Initiative for Peace copy.docx" (FAB010192-10194). 779 (U) Emails, Manafort and Fabrizio, February 5, 2017 (F AB010524) (setting up a telephone call); Email, 

Manafort to Fabrizio, February 12, 2018 (FAB010513) ("It looks like we are going to move forward on the poll that 

I discussed with you about 10 days ago."). 780 (U) Emails, Manafort and Fabrizio Febru 19 2018 (FAB010509). 781 (U) "Ukrainian sociologist Kopatko received Russian 

citizenship," Ukrop News 24, April 26, 2017. 

125 
to a statement that Donetsk and Luhansk need to "be led to unite into one republic and bring 

back Yanukovych as their leader."782 Kilimnik and Manafort, however, requested that this 

question be redesigned to test sentiment about a Yanukovych comeback without explicitly 

revealing the plan through the question. Manafort instructed Fabrizio's partner, Bob Ward, to 

"remove VY as the player in this plan" and instead referenced only "someone who is part of east 

and a leader in the PoR during the VY years."783 Kilimnik had separately pointed out to the 

group that Yanukovych's associations with the peace plan was "not in the public domain."784 

After removing an explicit reference to Yanukovych as the potential leader, Manafort directed 

Ward to test "VY as an acceptable player to the Ukrainian people (vs. leadership) to assist in 

bringing peace to DONBASS."785 

(U) In addition to these instructions, Manafort sent the above-described Kilimnik peace 

plan document to Fabrizio and Ward.786 Fabrizio's firm created another questionnaire based on 

Manafort's guidance and the Kilimnik-authored peace plan.

787 

~3. I am going to describe a plan that ha,·e been proposed 10 resolve the conflict in Donbas. 

Crea te an Autonomous Republic of the Donb11, from lhe Donetsk and Lulmnsk oblasts wluch would 

elect a new pnme nuniste1. someone with real go,·emmenr experience and ,rarure from the region that 

can engage in reasonable discussions wirh Kie,·. Russia and the United State, and implement a plan for 

d1sbandmg and grantmg amnesty to the Donbas militia. res101i11g order. and reopen rhe borders wirh the 

rest of Ukratne. Like C'nmea before the conflict. this amonomous republic would be pan ofUkn11ne. 

elect depuues ro rhe \·erklloma Rada. ,·ore for presidem ofL1'Tame. bur elect 11s own leadership and 

goYem itself locally Its terri101ial 1111egrity would be defended by the Uk.rnuuon aimed forces. 

Based on this. 1s rim a plan you ,trongly supporr. somewhat suppon. somewhat oppose. or su-ongly oppose'.> 

782 (U) Email, Fabrizio to Ward, February 19, 20 18 (F ABO I 041 9-1 0461) (attaching a 120-question questionnaire). 783 (U) Email, Mana fort to Ward and Fabrizio, February 21. 2018 (F ABO 10190). 784 (U) Email, Manafort to Fabrizio, February 19, 2018 (F ABO I 0419) ("This is what I received from KK. His 

answers are in red."). On February 23,2017, RFEIRL published an article which included quotes from Kilimnik and 

included Kilimnik's admission that he had drafted a peace plan, referred to as the "Mariupol plan," which would 

involve the return ofYanukovych to bring peace to eastern Ukraine. Christopher Miller, "Who is Paul Manafort's 

Man in Kyiv? An Interview with Konstantin Kilimnik," RFEIRL, February 23, 2017. Patten later told a journalist 

privately that his understanding was that Kilimnik thought his conversation with the RFEIRL journalist was off-therecord. Email, Patten to Helderman, June 7, 2017 (SSCJ 2017-4885-3-000 I 07). 785 (U) Email, Mana fort to Ward and Fabrizio, February 21, 2018 (F ABO IO 190-10194) (attaching "New initiative 

for Peace copy.docx"). 

786 (U) Ibid. 787 (U) Email, Ward to Manafort and Fabrizio, February 2 1, 2018 (F ABO I 0406-104 I 7) (attaching a draft survey 

questionnaire). 

126 

COMMITTEE SENSITIVE -RUSSIA INVESTIGATION ONLY 
COMMITTEE SENSITIVE - RUSSIA INVESTIGATION ONLY 

\\, 11ich of these outcomes do you suppon the most'? 

Which of these outcomes do you think 1s the easiest to get agreemeut on ! 

Which of these outcomes do you tlllilk 1s in the best interes1s of you ,md your conunmlity':' 

[USE SA .• \ IE CARD FOR EACH] 

3 

5 

6 

n:::-rn. and L:::-."R recei\·e special stams with broad autonomy. and can chose any leader. as long 

as there IS a plan for reintegration back lJl Uknune 

D:--.'R and L"-."R become an independent state 

D:--."R and Ll\"R rerum to Ukrame as nonual obla ts as they we1e befo1e 

D:NR and L:--."R become part of Russia 

not sure (do not read) 

refused (do no! read) 

: 

~~'!!"""!"!""'!!!"""!!'~""!"""!!'!~~~~~~~~~~~~~'!'!"!!!!!!"""'!!'!!!!""~~~!!""!'!"!'~~ ! -------------------------------------1 ,- , ome haw ug11,esred that fonner Ukramrnn President \'1ctor YanukO\-ych. a someone from the 

Donbas and who can deal with Russia. can play a cousu11cti\·e role 111 ending tl1e coufuct in the Donbas 

and help bnng stabilHy to the region Do you agree or disagree with this \"iew'? (IF CHOICE YiADE. 

ASK) ls that stiongly (agree disagree} or.111 t somewhat (agree disagree)'? 

(U) Through Manafort, Kilimnik provided Fabrizio and his firm feedback on the 

questionnaire. In his feedback, Kilimnik asked Fabrizio and Ward to "get a deeper 

understanding of attitudes toward Y anukovich/ Azarov and what they can do for Ukraine to get 

back. Implement a peace plan, rebuild Donbass, bring back good ties with Russia, etc."788 The 

draft with Kilimnik edits included questions about Mykola Azarov's viability with the same 

peace plan. 

(U) Azarov, the former Prime Minister under Yanukovych who had also fled to Russia, 

had long been involved in potential efforts to return to Ukraine and establish a pro-Russia 

government. Azarov almost certainly had the backing of the Russian government. 

• 

As early as 2015, a nationalist Russian 

788 (U) Document, "KK Note on Dr 4" (FAB010356). Kilimnik also raised the possibility of measuring "the toxicity 

of the Party of Regions. It still technically exists, and there are constant conversations about its revival. 

Understandin how toxic the olitical arties are there could be a chance." 789 

127 

COMMITTEE SENSITIVE - RUSSIA INVESTIGATION ONLY 
press outlet suggested that Azarov could help run a "national salvation government" in 

Ukraine.790 Shortly thereafter, Azarov announced a government-in-exile from his 

Moscow-based hotel. 

• Azarov's press spokesperson both during his time serving as Prime Minister 

• 

in Ukraine and when he announced his government-in-exile from Moscow, was Serhiy 

Zavorotnyy, an SVR officer involved in influence operations.791 

(U) Work on the poll continued with Fabrizio's firm until at least March 10, 2018.794 

Fabrizio's firm did not ultimately field the poll, although it is unclear why. 

(U) Kilimnik, however, continued efforts to reestablish Yanukovych as part of a peace 

settlement. Kilimnik worked with associates inside Russia, Ukraine, and elsewhere to affect 

U.S. perceptions of the conflict in Ukraine. These plans blended Kilimnik's efforts to bring 

about Yanukovych's return-including his exoneration related to the violence in the Maydan in 

February 2014---with the aforementioned themes promoting the narrative that Ukraine, not 

Russia, had interfered in the 2016 U.S. elections . 

• 

790 

191 identifies 

as Zavorotnyy as a mem er of military unit 33949, whic wi t e SVR. For more information about 

unit 33949 and its affiliation with the SVR, see Sergey Kanev, "Everyone knew the traitor," Novaya Gazeta, 

November 20, 2010 (Russian language). Zavorotnyy now appears on ro-Kremlin media in Russia and fre uently 

11omotes the views and riorities of the Russian ovemment. 

(U) Email, Manafort to Fabrizio, et al., March 9, 2016 (FAB010231) (attaching ten documents, including "Ukr 

Qu Dr 4 KK.docx" and "KK note on Dr 4.docx" . 195 

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• 

I 

) 

129 

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• 

I 

-

130 

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131 

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814 

815 

I 

I 

example, in late May 2019, Telizhenko claimed that the "blac 

was a forgery solicited by the Obama administration.819 

818 Kilimnik tweeted and retweeted about Portnov. 

For examp e, on May 31, 201 Ki 1mnik tweete , "Portnov 1s one of the best Ukrainian lawyers. Also author of 

totaly [sic] Western-supported Criminal-Procedural code (one of many achievements ofthe Yanukovich 

Administration). He was prosecuted by Poroshenko on totally fake charges and has a moral right to do what he is 

doing." Tweet, @PBaranenko, May 31, 2019. 819 (U) Josh Dawsey and David Stem, "Giuliani meets with former diplomat as he continues to press Ukraine 

inquiries," The Washington Post, May 24, 2019. 

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I 

I 

(U) Ibid. 824 (U) Ibid - 825 (U) Ibid 826 (U) Ibid 

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I 

I 

821 (U) Ibid. 

828 (U) Ibid. 

829 (U) Ibid. 

830 (U) Ibid. 

831 (U) Ibid. 

832 (U) Ibid. 

833 (U) Ibid. 

834 Ibid. 

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/ 

I 

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I 

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I - Telizheriko participated in a documentary film that aired on a U.S. 

~led "One America News Investigates - The Ukraine Hoax: 

Im eachment, Biden Cash, and Mass Murder with Michael Ca uto."848 

I 

848 {U) One America News Networ , '"One America News Investigates -The Ukraine Hoa)!::"lmpeachment, Biden 

Cash, and Mass Murder with Michael Caputo' To Air This Saturday And Sunday At 10 PM ET, 7 PM PT," January 

21, 2020. , 849 

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viii. (U) Manafort and Gates Communications Regarding Investigations 

(U) Until Gates entered into a plea agreement with the SCO in February 2018, Manafort 

and Gates remained in close contact and regularly discussed the investigations into both of their 

activities. 858 

857 

• (U) Manafort and Gates discussed the possibility of a presidential pardon. 859 Manafort 

recalled that Gates suggested Manafort should ask an attorney for Trump about a . 

pardon. 860 Manafort claimed he had no discussion with the White House or anyone with 

access to the White House about a pardon.861 

• (U) Manafort was aware that the RNC had raised money for a defense fund. Manafort 

asked John Dowd, then a lead attorney for Trump, if Manafort and Gates were eligible 

for money from this fund. 862 Dowd said yes. 863 

• (U) In early 2018, Manafort asked Laurance Gay, a friend of Manafort and Gates, to 

dissuade Gates from accepting a plea agreement. 864 

• (U) Manafort and Gates continued to remain in contact while Gates was proffering to the 

SCO.865 According to Manafort, Gates had denied that he was proffering to the SCO.866 

8. (U) Manafort's Associates' Ties to Russian Intelligence Services 

858 (U) FBI, FD-302, Manafort 9 12 2018. 

859 (U) Ibid. 

860 (U) Ibid. 861 (U) Ibid. 862 (U) Ibid. 863 (U) Ibid. 864 (U) Ibid. 865 (U) Ibid. 

866 (U) Ibid. 

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i. (U) Oleg Deripaska and His Aides 

(U) The Committee-found that, since at least the time he hired Paul Manafort in 

approximately 2004, Oleg Deripaska has acted as a proxy for the Russian state and Russian 

intelligence services. Deripaska has managed and financed influence operations on the 

Kremlin's behalf. Deripaska's activities include Kremlin-approved and -directed active 

measures-including information operations and election interference efforts-conducted to 

install pro-Kremlin regimes and strengthen Kremlin-aligned powerbrokers across the globe. 

Deripaska's right-hand-man for the implementation of Russian active measures is Viktor 

Boyarkin, a GRU officer working for Deripaska. 

a. (U) Deripaska's Kremlin Ties 

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~ Deripaska also has a Russian diplomatic passport and has 

used diplomatic credentials to attend the UN General Assembly as a representative of Russia. 873 

b. (U) Deripaska's "Chief of Staff': Viktor B.oyarkin 

w en tee e a a usmess re at1ons 1p w1 enpas a oug enpas a s attorneys. or more information, see 

infra Vol. 5, Sec. IV.B. 

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(U) Oleg Deripaska primarily implements Russian active measures through Russian 

national Viktor Boyarkin. Boyarkin is a Russian intelligence officer· affiliated with the GRU. 

The Cominittee found reliable evidence suggesting that Boyarkin is part of a ca~re of individuals 

ostensibly operating outside of.the Russian government but who nonethdess implement 

influence operations that are directed by the Kremlin, 1:md funded by key Russian oligarchs, 

particularly Deripaska. The Committee bases its assessment that Boyarkin is a Russian 

intelligence offic~r on the following information: 

• 

I 

I 

883(U)li. 

884 (U) Ibid., p. 10. 885 (U) Ibid., p. 7. 

140 
886 

887 

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(U) Boyarkin appeared to coordinate with other Russian nationals operating seemingly 

outside of the Russian government but who nonetheless undertook influence operations on its 

behalf . 

• 

I 

(U) Boyarkin also coordinated sensitive operations on Deripaska's behalf. For example, 

Nastya Rybka, a former Deripaska mistress, was arrested in Thailand and claimed that she was 

"the only witness and the missing link in the connection between Russia and the U.S. electionsthe long chain of Oleg Deripaska, Prikhodko, Manafort, and Trump."893 Rybka also suggested 

that she was in possession of more than 16 hours of audio recordings she made ofDeripaska's 

conversations with business associates and Russian political leaders, namely Russian Deputy 

Prime Minister Sergei Prikhodko. 894 

■ 

■ 

■ 

■ 892 (U) Ibid. 893 (U) Anton Troianovski, "A self-described sex expert says she will spill information on Trump and Russia to get 

out ofa Thai jail," The Washington Post, February 27, 2018. Rybka's true name is Anastasia Vashukevich. 894 (U) See, e.g., Nataliya Zotova and Oleg Boldyrev, "Nastya Rybka: Model who got caught up in the TrumpRussia row," BBC, January 31, 2019; Richard Paddock, "Escort Says Audio Recordings Show Russian Meddling in 

U.S. Election," The New York Times, March 5, 2018. 

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• (U) Prior to her arrest in Thailand, Rybka's social media posts had been the subject of a 

lawsuit filed by Deripaska against Russian opposition leader Alexey Navalny. In 

February 2018, Navalny posted to his website a 25-minute video outlining alleged 

connections-including a romantic relationship-between Rybka and Deripaska. The 

video includes a number of vignettes apparently collected from Rybka's social media 

accounts and focuses on an August 2016 meeting between Deripaska and Prikhodko 

aboard Deripaska's yacht near Norway. 896 Almost immediately after the video appeared 

on Navalny's website, Deripaska sought, and was granted, a court order demanding the 

removal of a number oflnstagram posts and YouTube videos. Russia's communications 

regulator, Roskomnadzor, issued an order to Russian internet service providers blocking 

access to Navalny's website on February 15, 2018.897 

• (U) Following her arrest, Rybka told reporters she was afraid to return to Russia, and 

offered to tell her story to American investigators in exchange for asylum. Her colleague 

Alexander Kirillov allegedly requested, in a letter to the American consulate, political 

asylum for those arrested with Rybka. 898 Her arrest also apparently attracted the attention 

ofDeripaska and his business associates. A recording available on YouTube purports to 

reproduce a conference call conversation between "Georgy" (presumably Georgy 

Oganov), Tatiana Monaghan,899 and William Sein about this matter.900 

• 

(U) See, e.g.;" ava y We site Blocked in Russia Over 'Rybkagate' Report," RFEIRL, February 16, 2018; 

YouTube, http://youtu.be/RQZr2NgKPiU. 897 (U) Ibid. 898 (U) Richard Paddock, "Escort Says Audio Recordings Show Russian Meddling in U.S. Election," The New York 

Times, March 5, 2018. It is the Committee's understanding that U.S. Government investigators sought to interview 

Rybka in Thailand, but were not granted access. The Committee did not seek its own interview with Rybka. 899 (U) Monaghan is a close Deripaska associate who serves as President of the Russian National Committee of the 

International Chamber of Commerce. Monaghan is also connected to Boyarkin. In March and May 2016, 

Monaghan and the ICC hosted roundtables touting RUSAL's efforts to develop an Ebola vaccine. Monaghan 

appears to have co-hosted the March event with Boyarkin, and both appear to have attended the May event. 900 (U) YouTube, https://youtu.be/zqU2L_05yUI. The Committee does not have any independent verification of the 

sourcing or content of this call. 

143 
I 

I 

904(U)li. 

905 (U) Ibid. 906 (U) Ibid. 907 (U) Ibid. 908 (U) Ibid. 909 Ibid. 91 

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• 

• (U) In statements to the media in August 2018, Rybka suggested she sent copies of her 

recordings to Deripaska, and expressed her hope that he would help secure her release 

from prison.920 In January 2019, Rybka was released from Thai custody and deported to 

Russia. 

- The Committee assesses that Boyarkin handled other influence operations ' 

funded ~ordinated with Deri aska-with the a roval and direction of the Kremlin. ■ 

914 

915 (U) 1 i . 916 (U) Ibid. 917 (U) Ibid. 918 Ibid. 919 

920 ink Russians and Trump. She is Losing," The 

Ne . 

921 

922 

923 Ibid. 924 Ibid. Ac . to Bo arkin, this included securing the assistance U.S. law firm-to 

pr case. 925 

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c. (U) Deripaska's Strategic Advisor: Georgy Oganov 

~Oganov is a longtime advisor to Deripaska and is affiliated with-

- Oganov attended the Moscow State Institute for International Relations. 

Waldman described Oganov as speaking seven or eight languages. Waldman also assessed that, 

as a senior advisor to Deripaska, Oganov had direct access to him. 927 Waldman also understood 

that Oganov maintains ties to the Russian Ministry of Foreign Affairs "at the deputies level" and 

"[c]ertainly he and the foreign minister know each other."928 

- Oganov was ostensibly a diplomat. 

d. (U) Deripaska's Role in Russian Active Measures in Montenegro 

926 (U) World Policy Conference, "Georgy Oganov," 2019. 927 (U) Waldman Tr., pp. 57, 59. 928 Ibid. . 59-60. 929 

930 

931 (U) Ibid., p. 22. 

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(U) While Deripaska's influence operations on behalf of the Kremlin span the globe, the 

activities ofDeripaska, Boyarkin, and their associates in Montenegro provide a clear example of 

Deripaska' s malign influence efforts . 

. CU) As noted above, Deripaska first became involved in Montenegro when he purchased 

a controlling share in KAP, a deal that was likely done in coordination with the Russian 

government to extend Russian influence in Montenegro. Deripaska hired Manafort, whose 

company began working in Montenegro on Deripaska's behalf as early as 2005. 934 

By 2016, Deripaska was involved in funding and 

executing an aggressive Russian-directed campaign to overthrow the Montene rin ovemment 

and assassinate the Prime Minister in a violent cou 

934 (U) See infra Vol. 5, Sec. III.A.3.i. Open source information indicates that Paul Manafort was in discussions to 

participate in political consulting in Montenegro on behalf of the DF in the lead up to the October 2016 election in 

Montenegro and the coup attempt. See Simon Shuster, "Exclusive: Russian Ex-Spy Pressured Manafort Over Debts 

to an Oligarch," Time, December 29, 2018. The Committee does not have further information about his potential 

involvement. 

935 

936 

937 

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• 

I 

I 

I 

I 

(U) T is is a Russian term which is now used for activities which used to be referred to by the Russian 

government as "active measures." 941 

942 Treasury, "Treasury Targets Russian Operatives over Election Interference, World Anti-Do ing 

Agency Hae mg, and Other Malign Activities," December 19, 2018; 

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• 

• 

I 

149 

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I 

I 

954 (U) !bi . 955 (U) Ibid., p. 34. 956 (U) Ibid., p. 33. 957 (U) Ibid. 958 Ibid., . 34. 

, ION ONLY 

150 
I 

I 

Mishakov is also an associate and business partner of Andrey Rozov, the developer with whom Michael Cohen and 

Felix Sater worked on a potential Trump Tower Moscow deal during the 2016 presidential campaign. See infra Vol. 

5, Sec. D.ii.a. 960 

961 (U) Jbi . 962 (U) Ibid., p. 36. 963 (U) Ibid. 964 (U) Ibid. 965 (U) Ibid., p. 37. 966 Ibid. . 35 37. 967 

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a lawsuit against the Montenegrin government seeking hundreds of millions of Euros, claiming 

unlawful expropriation of his KAP investment.969 

969 (U) Dusica Tomovic, "Russian Billionaire Sues Montenegro Over Lost Investment," Balkan Insight, December I . 7, 2016. 970 (U) Aleksandar Va:scovic and Ivana Sekularac, "Serbia's Vucic confirms domination with presidenJial win," 

Reuters A ril 1 2017. 97 

975 

976 

977 (U) Ibid. 978 (U) Ibid. 979 (U) Ibid. 980 (U) Ibid. 

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e. (U) Deripaska's Involvement in Other Russian Active Measures 

Deripaska has conducted numerous other Russian 

activ i n o erations, includin those that interfere directly in 

Other Deripaska employees beyond Boyarkin and 

Kili enc · · · · are . . . 

proxi 

Deripaska's companies, including RUSAL, are 

ovemment influence efforts, economic measures, 

• (U) In approximately 2008 or 2009, Manafort worked on a project for Deripaska in 

Guinea where Deripaska had a large interest in bauxite mining and alumina refinery 

facilities. 986 Boyarkin managed the project for Deripaska.987 Gates recalled meeting with 

981 

982 

983 

984 (U) Ibid. 985 (U) Ibid. 986 (U) FBI, FD-302, Gates 10/29/2018. Deripaska's business interest primarily involved the Friguia Bauxite and 

Alumina Complex, which had been privatized in 2006. The Friguia complex is one of the largest employers in 

Guinea. See "Friguia Bauxite and Alumina Complex," RUSAL.com. 987 (U) FBI, FD-302, Gates 4/18/2018. 

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• 

I 

Boyarkin, Kilimnik, and Manafort about the project.988 Boyarkin had intelligence 

regarding politicians in Guinea and contacts within the Guinean government.989 

Deripaska's strategy was to use American campaign techniques in Guinea to get the 

person he supported elected president.990 Gates recalled that aft~r working on the project 

for several months, the presidential candidate Manafort's firm was supporting was 

shot.991 After the shooting, Boyarkin moved· a Russian military ship to Guinea as a show 

of force to anyone who was trying to impede Deripaska.992 Gates believed the work in 

Guinea ended shortly thereafter, work for which Manafort's firm was paid over $1 

million.993 

\ 

988 (U) FBI, FD-302, Gates 10/29/2018. At the time of the meeting, Gates recalled that it was clear that Kilimnik 

and Manafort already knew Boyarkin. FBI, FD-302, Gates 4/18/2018. According to Gates, Boyarkin behaved 

deferentially to both Manafort and Deripaska. FBI, FD-302, Gates 10/29/2018. 989 (U) FBI, FD-302, Gates 4/18/2018. 990 (U) Ibid. 991 (U) Ibid. 992 (U) Ibid. 993 Ibid. 994 

995 (U) Ibid. 996 (U) Ibid. 997 (U) Ibid. 998 (U) Ibid. In addition to the Guinea work, Kilimnik worked on a number of projects for Deripaska and Boyarkin 

and frequently sought to involve his business partner Patten. Patten participated in a number of pitches and 

proposals on Deripaska-related work, but claimed his work on the underlying projects never came to fruition. For 

example, Patten was offered a project working for Deripaska in Montenegro. Patten stated that he declined the offer 

to work on the Montenegro project because the project went beyond politics, violence would emanate from the 

project, and Patten thought it was better for Montenegro to be aligned with NA TO. (As noted above, -

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Patten told the FBI that he recalled having a Skype call with 

Boyarkin and Kilimnik on May 24, 2015, about the Guinea project.1004 Patten told the 

Committee during his interview that he did not know a "Viktor Boyarkin."1005 Patten 

later told the SCO that he did not lie to the Committee because at the time he only knew 

Boyarkin as "Viktor," a Russian associate ofKilimnik's who worked for Deripaska.1006 

• 

100 (U) Ibid. 

1001 (U) Ibid. 1002 (U) Ibid. 

1003 (U) Ibid. 

.) Another potential 

1004 (U) FBI, FD-302, Patten 5/22/2018. As noted above, Patten told the SCO that the proposals he worked on with 

Kilimnik related to Guinea, Kazakhstan, and others were for Deripaska. FBI, FD-302, Patten 5/22/2018. Email 

evidence obtained by the Committee provides some reflections of this work. For example, one project involving 

RUSAL's interests in Kazakhstan occurred three months after the Skype call with Boyarkin about Guinea. Patten 

and Kilimnik took steps to hide their work on this Kazakhstan project by using foldering on Hushmail. For 

example, on August 23, 2015, Kilimnik emailed Patten to tell him that Kilimnik had had a "very good and 

interesting meeting with Victor" and that "[t]here is real interest in KZ [Kazakhstan], but we need to change the 

format of the memo a bit- make it short and basically tie it to the program I outlined earlier." Shortly thereafter, 

Kilimnik told Patten to "Pis check hush." Patten's subsequent response appeared to suggest he had received 

Kilimnik's edits. Emails, Kilimnik and Patten, August 23-24, 2015 (SSCI 2017-4885-3-001216). A document in 

Patten's possession offered a proposal to support RUSAL in Kazakhstan's markets, as well as possibilities for 

"impacting" Kazakhstan's "political machinations." The proposal continued: "Like in Ukraine in 2005, RUSAL's 

shareholders can play a crucial role by assigning an 'anti-crisis political team,' which will ensure electoral success 

and international acceptance for the right party and leader, contributing to internal political stability and protection 

ofRUSAL's assets against uncontrolled scenarios and deterioration in business and rule oflaw environment." 

Memorandum, "Where Will Kazakhstan's Devaluation Lead?" (SP_ OSC _ 000988) (referencing Kazakhstan's 

currency free float "last week," suggesting the document was written in late-August 2015). Kilimnik and Patten 

appeared to continue using Hushmail to edit documents. See, e.g., Emails, Kilimnik and Patten, December 21, 2015 

(SSCI 2017-4885-3-001010). 1005 (U) Patten Tr., p. 172. 1006 (U) FBI, FD-302, Patten 5/22/2018. 

155 
I 

1r 

1007-----

1008~ 

1009 (U) Ibid. . 1010 (U) Ibid. 

1011 (U) Ibid. 

1012 (U) Ibid. 

1013 (U) Ibid. 

1014 (U) Ibid. 

101s (U) Ibid. 1016 (U) Ibid. 1017 U Ibid. 101 

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( 
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f. (U) Deripaska's Connections to Hacking Operations 

157 

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J 

) 

ii. (U) Konstanti°: Kilimnik 

' -

-The Co~ittee found that Konstantin Kilimnik is a R~ssian intelligence officer. 

The Committee found reliable evjdence suggesting that Kilimnik-like Boyarkin-.is part pf a 

cadre of individuals ostensibly operating outside ofthe Russian government but who nonetheless 

158 

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implement Kremlin-directed influence operations. These operations are funded by both the 

Russian government and by key Russian oligarchs, including Deripaska. The Committee bases 

this assessment on a body of information it obtained in the course of its inv~including 

electronic communications; interviews· law enforcement information; and- , 

- and The following information was relevant 

in making this assessment: 

1025 

1026 

-

-

-

-

-

-

• 

159 
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' 

• 

• ~The SCO Report found that Kilimnik had "ties" .to the Russian intelli ence 

services. 036 However 

• 

• 

• 

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1043 

1044 

COMMITTEE SENSITIVE - RUSSIA INVESTIGATION ONLY 

I 

• (U) Kilimnik was trained in languages at the Russian Military Institute of the Ministry of 

Defense (VKIMO), an institute that Kilimnik himself admitted to colleagues was used by 

both the GRU and KGB. Kilimnik, however, downplayed and mischaracterized the type 

of career these intelligence officers followed compared to his own and claimed that his 

former classmates were not involved in intelligence matters. 1046 In particular, Kilimnik 

claimed in private correspondence to his close associate and business partner Sam Patten 

that, because he was not a military attache, he could not be a GRU officer. Kilimnik also 

claimed to Patten that "GRU does not have agents abroad. Not its business after the 

reforms." 1047 Kilimnik further claimed: 

Never had any contacts later with military, KGB . ... NONE of 

[my classmates] stayed in the military . .. all do top jobs at 

telecoms, consulting, standard and poors, accounting etc . ... we 

do not talk because have [sic] time to keep in touch. 1048 

1045 (U) See infra Vo. 5, Sec. IV.B. 1046 (U) Patten told the Committee that although he was not an expert on the Russian intelligence services, he did 

not believe Kilimnik was a Russian intelligence officer. Patten Tr., pp. 98-99. 1047 (U) Email, Kilimnik to Patten, August 20, 2016 (SSC! 2017-4885-3-000408). 1048 (U) Ibid. 

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This information suggests 

Kilimnik intentionally downplayed and mischaracterized-including in private to his 

associates like Patten-the profile of Russian intelligence officers and his connections to 

them in order to distance himself from these apegations. 1051 · 

• ·(U) Kilimnik sought to counter an.d deny Russian involvement in the 2016 U.S. elections 

and push pro-Russia narratives. In 2017, Kilimnik denied in private communications 

with Patten that there was Russian interference in the U.S. elections. 1052 Patten recalled 

Kilimnik claiming that the Russia intervention "narrative" was "hugely, if not entirely, 

exaggerated." 1053 In an email to Patten responding to the public revelation ofKilimnik's 

campaign correspondence with Manafort, Kilimnik suggested that the Russians were 

"idiots" who were "too disorganized" to conduct such interference and that they 

"distrusted" Manafort too much to use him in any election meddling. 1054 For years, 

Kilimnik was defensive about Russian interference in Ukraine with U.S. Embassy in 

Kyiv officials; he would admit some Russian interference by well-known Russian agents 

like Medvedchuk, but attempt to distance himself and the OB from Russia. 1055 Kilimnik 

would later push false counter-narratives about the Maidan protests that were similar in 

(U) K1 1mm appeare to mis ea Patten a out a vanety o matters eyon t ose escribed above. For 

example, Kilimnik hid his work and meetings with Manafort in 2017 and 2018 from Patten. 1052 (U) For example, Kilimnik emailed Patten a Financial Times article on Russian interference in the U.S. 

elections, suggesting that the U.S. intelligence community "must be having very little sleep chasing those squirrels 

who they think exist." Email, Kilimnik to Patten, September 12, 2016 (SSC! 2017-4885-3-000347). 1053 (U) Patten Tr., p. 109. 1054 ... mail, Kilimnik to Patten, September 20, 2017 (SSC! 2017-4885-3-000039). 1055 See, e.g., Email, Purcell to Pyatt, et al., April 24, 2015 (CDP-2017-000llG-001378); Email, Purcell to 

Pyatt, et a., May 19, 2015 (CDP-2017-0001 lG-001380 . Se arate information su ests that Kilimnik was incorrect 

that the OB was not su orted b the Russians. 

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nature to Russian counter-narratives on the topic.1056 As described infra, Kilimnik used 

his @PBaranenko alias account to tweet a variety of pro-Russian themes, including false 

information aboutNotPetya, Bill Browder, MH-17, and the 2014 Maidan protests. 

• - In the spring of 2014, during Russia's invasion of Crimea, Kilimnik 

contacted Jonathan Hawker, a British national who was a public relations consultant at 

FTI Consulting and worked with Manafort on Y anukovych-related work. Kilimnik 

offered Hawker an opportunity to conduct a public relations campaign for an unspecified 

Russian government entity that would attempt to tout the Russian invasion as a liberation 

of Crimea.1057 In an email to Hawker, Kilimnik stated that the purpose of the project was 

"to build a framework for clarifying and promoting Russia's position on Crimea and 

Ukraine in the Western and Ukrainian media using existing contacts and modem 

mechanisms."1058 Kilimnik then. facilitated a meeting be.tween Hawker and an individual 

believed to be affiliated with the Russian government. 1059 Hawker ultimately attended a 

meeting in Russia and said he presumed the person he met with was a Russian operative. 

Hawker later explained that he submitted a proposal but with an overly high price 

because he did not want to engage in the work. 1060 

• (U) Patten told the SCO that after he had left IRI, an IRI employee who worked at IRI's 

Belarus desk, Trig Olson, made a claim that Kilimnik leaked information to Russian 

intelligence.1061 Olson based his assessment on a situation where information provided in 

a meeting that Kilimnik had attended was leaked to Russian intelligence.1062 Patten 

ultimately confronted Kilimnik about Olson's allegation, and Kilimnik denied he was the 

source of the leak.1063 · 

• -Kilimnik has repeatedly claimed that in April 1995 he stopped his Russian 

~ service at the rank of Lieutenant after having been assigned to teach Swedish at 

VKIMO and traveling on several "Russian trade delegations" to Sweden. Kilimnik 

further claimed that after leaving the Russian military, he was hired at the International 

1056 .For example, according to Manafort, Kilimnik believed that "Georgian mercenaries hired by the West" 

committed the violence in the Maydan in February 2014, not the Yanukovych regime. Kilimnik shared 

documentaries to this effect with Manafort FBI FD-302 Manafort 9/13/2018 105 

105 

105 

106 ( ) 

I 

' , 1061 (U) FBI, FD-302, Patten 5/22/2018. 

1062 (U) Ibid. 1063 (U) FBI, FD-302, Patten 5/22/2018. Patten said he was skeptical of Olson's allegations about Kilimnik's ties.to 

Russian intelligence in part because he believed Olson had a score to settle with Manafort because Olson had been 

fired from the McCain Campaign by Rick Davis, Manafort's former business partner. 

163 
Republican Institute (IRI). A review oflRI re9ords confirmed Kilimnik's employment at 

IRI no later than mid-1995 .

1064 Kilimnik, however, a ears to have not com letel 

broken ties with the Russian government by 1995. 

-reflect that an official Russian diplomatic passport for "Konstantin Viktorovich 

Klimnik," born April 27, 1970, in Ukraine, was issued a diplomatic type B1/B2 

(temporary visitor) visa in Moscow on October 28, 1997, over two years after he began 

working for IRI. The visa was valid until October.27, 1998.1065 

• (U) Kilimnik was hired by IRI "fresh out of Russian Ministry ofDefense."1066 At IRI, 

he was placed as a program manager in charge of the NGO program. Russia has a long 

history of focus on foreign NGO activity, particularly IRJ.1067 

• (U) Despite claiming both publicly and in a statement sent to the Committee through 

Manafort's attorneys that "Ukraine is rriy country," the Committee found Kilimnik in fact 

maintains deep ties to Russia, which he attempts to obscure. 1069 In particular, Kilimnik 

maintains a permanent residence with a family in Moscow, has a Russian passport, and is 

a Russian citizen. When U.S. media published Kilimnik's name in August 2016, 

Kilimnik returned to Russia, allegedly for protection. When asked to explain why 

Kilimnik would choose Russia to return for protection, Patten explained to the 

Committee, "He's a Russian citizen, he owns a house there. Often we go home when we 

want to get out'of a bad situation."1070 

\ 1064 (U) IRI internal memorandum, Kilimnik to Griffin, July 12, 1995 (IRI-001039). The SCO Report misstates 

when Kilimnik first became affiliated with IRI; it was 1995, not 1998. 1065 (U) The Committee considered alternative explanations for this discrepancy, including the possibility that for 

reasons of convenience or error Kilimnik maintained a diplomatic passport despite not having a government 

affiliation for over two years. Because such alternative explanations are credible, the Committee did not weigh this 

pil:lce information heavily as evid~nce ofKilimnik's ongoing Russian government ties. Nonetheless, the information 

remains anomalous and is included because it is only one of many such anomalies which,-taken as a whole, have 

greater weight. 1066 (U) Email Mefford to Holzen and Kondraciuk, July 8, 2016 (IRI Production). 1067 (U) At IRI, Kilimnik was exposed to a wide variety of government officials, some of whom went on to senior 

positions in the Russian government. See, e.g., IRI, "Participants to Regional Networking Conference" February 24-

27, 1999 IRI-000054 . 1068 

1069 

1070 (U) Patten Tr., pp. 47-48. 

164 

COMMITTEE SENSITIVE-RUSSIA INVESTIGATION ONLY 
• (U) Gates told the FBI that he joked about Kilimnik being a Russian spy because he did 

not know for sure if Kilimnik was a Russian intelligence officer. 1071 Gates stated, 

however, that he suspected Kilimnik was a Russian intelligence officer. 1072 Gates stated 

that Kilimnik was well connected in Russia and Ukraine and could obtain information 

easily. 1073 Gates characterized Kilimnik as an "odd guy" and that Kilimnik was always 

gathering information about everything. 1074 Gates also did not believe that Kilimnik 

could afford his lifestyle solely cm his DMP salary.1075 Gates recalled visiting Kilimnik's 

home in Kyiv where he noticed an Audi AS in his garage, which Gates had never seen 

Kilimnik drive to work before. 1076 

• -According to Manafort, some people in the PoR thought Manafort worked for 

the CIA and Kilimnik worked for the KGB. 1077 Gates recalled that occasionally Manafort 

. would intentionally make a false statement in Kilimnik's presence to test ifKilininik was 

sharing information with others.1078 At one point in time, Manafort told Yanukovych that 

Y anukovych should have Kilimnik checked out so that they would not have to hold back 

during "sensitive" conversations in Kilimnik's presence. 1079 Manafort relayed this advice 

to Yanukovych through Lyovochkin in 2010. 1080 Manafort recalled that Yanukovych 

subsequently told him that the SBU had cleared Kilimnik. 1081 However, at this time the 

SBU was wide! com romised b the Russian intelli ence services. 

1011 (U) FBI, FD-302, Gates 1/29/2018. 1072 (U) FBI, FD-302, Gates 2 12 2018. 1073 (U) FBI, FD-302, Gates 1/29/2018. 1074 (U) FBI, FD-302, Gates 2/12/2018. 1075 (U) FBI, FD-302, Gates 10/29/2018. 

1016 (U). Ibid. 1077 (U) FBI, FD-302, Manafort 9/13/2018. 1078 (U) FBI, FD-302, Gates 10/29/2018. Manafort, like others who dealt with Kilimnik, at some point harbored 

suspicions that Kilimnik had ties to intelligence services. Manafort was undeniably aware----often from first-hand 

experience----ofsuspicious aspects ofKilimnik's behavior and network. Nevertheless, Manafort later asserted to the 

SCO that Kilimnik was not a spy. 1079 (U) Ibid; FBI, FD-302, Manafort 9/13/2018. 1080 U FBI, FD-302 Manafort 9/13/2018. 

165 

COMMITTEE SENSITIVE -RUSSIA INVESTIGATION ONLY 
"'""'" Despite his status as a Russian national, Kilimnik had "unfettered 

access" to Yanukovych and Yanukovych's office. 1084 

-Several other pieces of information about Kilimnik-while not as probative in 

isolation-are consistent with Kilimnik's affiliation with the Russian intelligence services 

because they closely align with Russian intelligence tradecraft. For example, Kilimnik 

conducted broad engagement with dip~omats and embassies, especially in Kyiv; 1085 used multiple 

encrypted applications to enhance his communications security; 1086 used coded and vague 

language when discuss-·n sensitive to ics in writin · used "folderin "in emails; 1087 and used 

seudon ms such as' " 1088 ' " 1089 and' , ' ' " 1090 for use in electronic communicatio 

(U) Kilimnik also worked to undermine investigations into those close to him by 

interfering with witness testimony. 

• (U) In June 2018, the SCO charged Kilimnik and Manafort with conspiring to obstruct 

justice. Starting in February 2018, Manafort and Kilimnik had attempted to persuade two 

1083 (U) SSCI Memorandum, "Trip Report- Ukraine, Turkey, Austria," April 2014 (2014-2915). 1084 (U) FBI, FD-302, Gates 1/29/2018. 1085 (U) Kilimnik "regularly met with all manner of embassies, diplomats, so forth and so on." Patten Tr., p. 79. 

See also Email, Kilimnik to Purcell, January 21, 2016 (CDP-2017-000llG-000276) (Kilimnik stating that he sent 

notes to the German and French embassies in Kyiv). 1086 ..... Kilimnik used at least Viber, Threema, and WhatsApp with Patten. This was at least in part 

bec~was in his own view, most like! a re ular sub· ect of surveillance. Patten Tr. . 119--120, 167-

168. 

ering with Kilimnik. 108 

108 

1091_ 

166 
/ 

individuals with who they had previously worked on Ukraine matters to influence their 

testimony. 1093 Manafort later admitted to this conspiracy with Kilimnik. 1094 

• (U) On May 31, 2018, the day Patten was scheduled to testify before a grand jury, 

Kilimnik asked Patten if there was "anything I can help you with on the GJ [grand 

jury]."1095 Patten expressed concern to Kilimnik about his testimony related to 

purchasing inauguration tickets for Lyovochkin and money from Lyovochkin transferred 

to Patten for that purpose. 1096 Kilimnik offered Patten an "explanation," suggesting to 

Patten a fabrication he could offer to the grand jury: 

How about they sent it to us for a poll they wanted to do, and 

because they (as they typically do) canceled the poll you decided to 

use it for inauguration tickets. Do your client a favor. One failed to 

come, no one actually attended other than you and SL. Business 

development for us. 1097 

(U) Given Kilimnik's work as a Russian intelligence officer; the Committee also sought 

to understand Kilimnik's engagement with the U.S. Embassy in Kyiv during this time period. 

Beginning in the Y anukovych administration and continuing through at least late 2016, Kilimnik 

was in regular contact with personnel serving in the Embassy's political section.1098 

(U) Kilimnik, first as an employee ofManafort's in Kyiv, and later as Patten's partner, 

served in several roles, most notably as an advisor to the presidential administration and in 

particular to Yanukoych's then-chief of staff, Lyovochkin. Kilimnik's access to these PoR 

politicians, and to the oligarchs that backed them, made Kilimnik an important contact of the 

political section. Kilimnik's ability to navigate the Maydan-led ouster of Yanukovych, and his 

transition to power broker within the OB made him a valuable resource to the Embassy. 

1093 (U) Superseding Indictment, United States v. Pau/J Manafort, Jr., et al., Case No. 1: 17-CR-201 (D.D.C. June 

8, 2018). 1094 (U) Plea Agreement of Paul J. Manafort, Jr., United States v. Paul J. Manafort, Jr., Case No. 17-201-1-ABJ 

(D.D.C. September 14, 2018). 1095 (U) Text Message, Kilimnik to Patten, May 31, 2018 1096 (U) Text Message, Patten to Kilimnik, May 31, 2018 1097 (U) Text Message, Kilimnik to Patten, May 31, 2018 In September 2018, Kilimnik offered 

to arrange for Patten to receive money from Lyovochkin even after Patten's work for Lyovochkin had ceased and 

Patten's cooperation with the Government was public. Kilimnik asked Patten about the possibility of"sending a 

post-factum invoice for lobbying to S~-:• ~ilimnik further stated that SL is-"read to do it" as compensation for 

Patten's legal costs. Text Message, K1hmnik to Patten, September 16,201 1098 (U) The political section of the Embassy in Kyiv serves as the chief point of contact etween embassy officials 

and representatives of the host government, and reports to the Department of State on issues affecting the 

relationship between the United States and Ukraine, including domestic political events. 

167 
COMMITTEE SENSITIVE - RUSSIA INVESTIGATION ONLY 

- Among the issues Kilimnik discussed with the Embassy were Lyovochkin' s 

analysis of the Minsk Accord implementation 1099 and OB polling data. 110° Kilimnik also worked 

to arrange meetings between Department of State officials and senior Ukrainian politicians, most 

notably Lyovochkin. 1101 Kilimnik's re ortin was wide! discussed within the olitical section, 

and on at least one occasion 

(U) Despite the widespread discussion and use ofKilimnik's reporting, which over the 

course of four years appears to have generated hundreds of pages of emails, and support for his 

visa applications, it is clear to the Committee that most Department of State personnel were 

appropriately skeptical of Kilimnik, occasionally dismissive of his reporting, and sometimes 

noted the need for caution when dealing with Kilimnik. Examples of the political section's 

skepticism of Kilimnik include: 

• (U) Expressions of doubt about Kilimnik' s reporting about Boris Filatov .

1104 

• (U) In March and July 2014 email exchanges, multiple officials calling into question the 

polling results Kilimnik was providing, and expressing concern about bias. 1105 

• (U) In September 2014, an Embassy officer suggesting to another that he needed 

Kilitnnik's input on a subject, while noting the need to "be careful with that 

relationship." 1106 

1099 (U) Email, Kilimnik to Purcell, January 21, 2016 (CDP-2017-0001 lG-000276). 

uoo (U) Email, Kilimnik to Purcell, February 28, 2016 (CDP-2017-000llG-000262-263); Email, Kasanofto Kyiv 

POL Core Section (CDP-2017-000llG-000810-830); Email, Kasanofto Pyatt, et al., April 10, 2014 (CDP-2017-

000llG-000834-836 . 

1102 

1103 

1104 (U) Ema1 , Purce t 

uos (U) Email,. to and (CDP-2017-0001 lG-000834) ("WTF? Of course K is going to show [sic] 

us doom and gl~lls that are not in favor of the current government."). 1106 (U) Email,_ to- and LeClair, September 16, 2014 (CDP-2017-000llG-000804). 

168 

COMMITTEE SENSITIVE-RUSSIA INVESTIGATION ONLY 
• (U) Statements by one ofKilimnik's key Embassy interlocutors, made to another 

Department of State official in July 2015, discussing the degree to which a third official 

"knows I dislike and distrust Kilimnik."1107 

• (U) Also in July 2015, then-Ambassador Pyatt's statement "Frankly, I have zero respect 

for KK's advice."1108 · 

(U) The Embassy's view is perhaps best summed up in an August 2014 email from an 

Embassy official. In that email, the Embassy official reminds other Embassy employees that 

they should take Kilimnik's claims "with as much salt as you think appropriate" because "KK 

has his own history and agenda."1109 

1107 (U) Email,1111 to--July 9, 2015 (CDP-2017-0001 lG-000403). 1108 (U) Email, Pyatt to P~uly 8, 2015 (CDP-2017-0001 lG-000405). 1109 (U) Email, Purcell to Donahue, et al., August 7, 2014 (CDP-2017-000llG-001446). 

169 

COMMITTEE SENSITIVE- RUSSIA INVESTIGATION ONLY 
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B. (U) Hack and Leak 

( 

1. (U) Introduction and Findings 

(U) Beginning in March 2016, officers of the Russian Main Intelligence Directorate, the 

GRU, successfully hacked computer networks belonging to the Democratic National Committee 

(DNC) and the Democratic Congressional Campaign Committee (DCCC), and the email 

accounts of Clinton Campaign officials and employees, including Campaign Chairmap.John 

Podesta. Over the following months, these hackers carefully established persistent access in 

confidential areas of the victims' systems and stole massive amounts of politically sensitive data 

and personal communications. The data was subsequently leaked by GRU personas and 

WikiLeaks at strategic moments during the 2016 election, as part of a coordinated hack--and-leak 

operation intended to damage the Clinton Campaign, help the Trump Campaign (the · 

"Campaign"), and undermine the U.S. democratic process. 1110 

/ 

(U) The Committee sought to understand the nature of the Russian hacking operation, 

including its origins and intent. The Committee further examined the relationship between the 

GRU's operation and WikiLeaks, including when, how, and why WikiLeaks was provided with 

the hacked DNC and Podesta documents, and what it sought to achieve. The Committee also 

investigated the relationship between WikiLeaks and the Campaign, including the Campaign's 

treatment of WikiLeaks and any attempts to contact or coordinate with it.1111 

(U) The Committee found that Russian President Vladimir Putin directed the hack-andleak campaign targeting the DNC, DCCC, and the Clinton Campaign. Moscow's intent was to 

damage the Clinton Campaign and tarnish what it expected might be a Clinton presidential 

administration, help the Trump Campaign after Trump became the presumptive Republican 

nominee, and generally undermine the U.S. democratic process. The Committee's findings are 

based on a variety of information, including raw intelligence reporting. 

1110 (U) This conduct earned twelve GRU officers a criminal indictment from the SCO for violating the Computer 

Fraud and Abuse Act, committing aggravated identity theft, money laundering, and conspiracy. Indictment, United 

States.v. Viktor Borisovich Netyksho, Case No. 1:18-cr-00215-ABJ (D.D.C. July 13, 2018) (hereinafter "Netyksho 

indictment"). · 1111 (U) As part of its work, the Committee reviewed a variety of information relating to the Russ.ian hacking of the 

DNC, DCCC and various officials and associates of the Clinton Campaign during the 2016 U.S. election. This 

included intelligence community reporting relating to GRU hack-and-leak activities and Russian cyber operations 

more broadly; information and analysis by computer forensic experts conducting incident response at the DNC and 

DCCC; and information gathered during the SCO's investigation, as reflected in the SCO Report and the Netyksho 

indictment, as well as the 2019 criminal trial of Roger Stone. · 

170 

COMMITTEE SENSITIVE -RUSSIA INVESTIGATION ONLY 
COMMITTEE SENSITIVE - RUSSIA INVESTIGATION ONLY 

(U) The hack-and-leak campaign was conducted by the GRU through specialized cyber 

units, executed using established GRU infrastructure, and planned and coordinated by GRU 

headquarters elements. Starting in March 2016, the GRU used spearphishing techriiques to gain 

unauthorized access to the email accounts of individuals associated with the Clinton Campaign, 

including Campaign Manager John Podesta, and stole thousands of emails. In April 2016, the 

GRU leveraged stolen credentials ofJsome of these individuals to obtain further unauthorized 

access to the networks of the DNC and DCCC, where it identified and carefully exfiltrated tens 

of thousands of politically sensitive documents from April through June 2016. 1112 The GRU . 

continued to conduct hacking operations to obtain additional material from accounts associated 

with the Clinton Campaign until at least September 2016. 

(U) The GRU quickly integrated the materials it stole during its hacking operation into 

an influence operation that relied on two primary fake personas-Guccifer 2.0 and DCLeaks-to 

promote and disseminate the hacked documents. The influence activities using these personas 

spanned June 2016 through the election, and included attempts to obscure Russia's responsibility 

for the hacking operation. 1113 In addition to publishing the stolen documents, the Russian 

personas used social engineering to seed information with specific individuals associated with 

the Trump Campaign. The GRU also relied on U.S. social media platforms and media attention 

for its influence operations. 

-WikiLeaks actively sought, and played, a key role in the Russian 

campai~knew it was assisting a Russian intelligence influence effort. The 

Committee found significant indications that Julian Assan e and WikiLeaks have benefited from 

Russian overnment su art 

1112 (U) For the Committee's discussion ofFBI's role in the incident response and communications with the DNC, 

see infra Vol. 5, Sec. IV.A. 1113 (U) Additional attempts to obscure Russian government involvement in these activities are discussed infra Vol. 

5, Sec. III.A.7.vi. 

171 

COMMITTEE SENSITIVE- RUSSIA INVESTIGATION ONLY 
(U) The GRU transferred the information stolen from the Clinton Campaign and DNC to 

WikiLeaks, likely because WikiLeaks offered a more effective platform to disseminate stolen 

documents than the GRU' s own organic methods. The GRU communicated with WikiLeaks 

using its fake personas throughout the summer of 2016. It transferred data to WikiLeaks through 

electronic means, and may also have transferred data to WikiLeaks through human couriers. 

(U) As described in Volume 3 of this Report, the Committee notes that views on 

WikiLeaks remained conflicted within the U.S. Government and in'the media at this time. The 

media also conducted its own outreach to WikiLeaks, Guccifer 2.0, and DCLeaks. Views on 

WikiLeaks's status only began to shift late in the summer of 2016. 

(U) After receiving the GRU' s materials, WikiLeaks timed its document releases for 

maximum political impact.. WikiLeaks released the GRU-hacked materials obtained from the 

DNC on the eve of the Democratic National Convention. It released materials stolen from 

Podesta's email account starting on October 7, 2016, and continued to release Podesta's emails 

up until the election. ' 

(U) While the GRU and WikiLeaks were releasing hacked documents, the Trump 

Campaign sought to maximize the impact of those materials to aid Trump's electoral prospects. 

To do so, the Trump Campaign took actions to obtain advance notice about WikiLeaks releases 

of Clinton emails; took steps to obtain inside information about the content of releases once 

WikiLeaks began to publish stolen information; created messaging strategies to promote and 

share the materials in anticipation of and following their release; and encouraged further theft of 

information and continued leaks. 

(U) Trump and senior Campaign officials sought to obtain advance information about 

WikiLeaks through Roger Stone. In spring 2016, prior to Assange's public announcements, 

Stone advised the Campaign that WikiLeaks would be releasing materials harmful to Clinton. 

Following the July 22 DNC release, Trump and the Campaign believed that Roger Stone had 

known of the release and had inside access to WikiLeaks, and repeatedly communicated with 

Stone about WikiLeaks throughout the summer and fall of 2016. Trump and other senior 

Campaign officials specifically directed Stone to obtain information about upcoming document 

releases relating to Clinton and report back. At their direction, Stone took action to gain inside 

knowledge for the Campaign and shared his purported knowledge directly with Trump and 

senior Campaign officials on multiple occasions. Trump and the Campaign believed that Stone 

had inside information and expressed satisfaction that Stone's information suggested more 

releases would be forthcoming. 

172 
COMMITTEE SENSITIVE - RUSSIA INVESTIGATION ONLY 

(U) In August 2016, following the Campaign's tasking, Stone obtained information 

indicating that John Podesta would be a target of an upcoming release, prior to WikiLeaks 

releasing Podesta's emails on October 7. Stone then communicated this information to Trump 

and other senior Campaign officials and affiliates, including Manafort and Gates. After the 

October 7 release, Trump, Manafort, Gates and others found Stone's information to be correct. 

Stone likely received this information from Jerome Corsi, who informed Stone in early August 

that WikiLeaks would be releasing Podesta' s emails. 

(U) The Committee could not reliably determine the extent of authentic, non-public 

knowledge about WikiLeaks that Stone obtained and shared with the Campaign. Corsi made 

contradictory statements about whether he acquired this information from a source or deduced it 

on his own. Corsi also coordinated with Stone on a cover story for Stone's information and 

deleted communications relating to the issue. Separately, Stone communicated with Randy 

Credico between August and October 2016 in an attempt to obtain advance information about 

WikiLeaks, but Credico denied having any non-public knowledge, despite having some 

connections to Assange. · · 

(U) Obtaining Clinton-related emails was a primary focus of the Trump Campaign's 

opposition research effort. While it was seeking advance information about potential WikiLeaks 

releases, the Campaign. created a messaging strategy to promote the stolen materials. When the 

hacked emails were released, the Campaign used the contents of the emails to attack Clinton. In 

addition, Trump publicly requested that Russia find and release the "missing" emails from . . 

Clinton's server, and hours later, GRU hackers attempted new spearphishing attacks against the 

Clinton Campaign. Trump also directed individuals in, and associated with, his Campaign to 

seek out Clinton's "missing" emails. 1114 

(U) Trump and the Campaign continued to promote and disseminate the hacked 

WikiLeaks documents, even after the Office of the Director of National Intelligence and the 

Department of Homeland Security released a.joint statement officially attributing the hack-andleak campaign to Russia as part of its interference in the U.S. presidential election. The Tf1:1mp 

Campaign publicly undermined the attribution of the hack-and-leak campaign to Russia, and was 

indifferent to whether it and WikiLeaks were furthering a Russian election interference effort. 

2. (U) Limitations on the Committee's Investigation 

(U) The Committee faced several limitations to its inquiry. Most importantly, several 

witnesses implicated in the SCO's investigation refused interviews and document production, on 

the basis of their Fifth Amendment rights. These witnesses included Roger Stone, Paul 

1114 (U) One effort to locate these "missing" emails is described infra, Vol. 5, Sec. L.1. 

173 

COMMITTEE SENSITIVE - RUSSIA INVESTIGATION ONLY 
COMMITTEE SENSITIVE - RUSSIA INVESTIGATION ONLY 

Manafort, 1115 Rick Gates, Randy Credico, and Jerome Corsi. In addition, the Committee 

requested but did not obtain an interview with Julian Assange. Ongoing criminal investigations 

and prosecutions further limited the Committee's access to materials in the possession of FBI 

and the Department ·of Justice, such as the criminal cases against Roger Stone and the GRU 

hackers. Finally, the Committee faced limitations on its legal authorities, including the inability 

to compel evidence from entities outside the United States. 

3. (U) Background on GRU Hacking Activities 

,_,.__, The ICA states, with high confidence, that 

Putin ordered the 2016 influence campaign against the U.S. presidential election. 1121 

1115 (U) As noted elsewhere, Manafort did agree to a limited interview on the June 9, 2016 meeting in Trump 

Tower. 

1120 (U) I i . 1121 (U) NIC, "Assessing Russian Activities and Intentions in Recent US Elections," January 6, 2017 (hereinafter 

Declassified ICA). 

174 

COMMITTEE SENSITIVE - RUSSIA INVESTIGATION ONLY 
1122 

"1123 

1124 

COMMITTEE SENSITIVE - RUSSIA INVESTIGATION ONLY 

I 

I 

I 

112s Seven GRU officers belonging to Unit 26165 were 

charge wit a conspiracy to commit computer mtrusions an publicize stolen information in order to undermine 

and retaliate against efforts by anti-doping agencies involved in exposing Russian athletic doping programs, among 

other crimes. Indictment, United States v. Aleksei Sergeyevich Morenets, No. 2:18-cr-263-MRH (W.D. Pa. October 

3, 2018 . , 1126 

1127 

1128 

1129 

1130 

175 

COMMITTEE SENSITIVE - RUSSIA INVESTIGATION ONLY 
• (U) FPN 26165 was given primary responsibility for the technical work associated with 

the hack-and-leak operation: hacking into the DCCC, DNC and accounts of individuals 

affiliated with the Clinton Campaign. 1132 This operation was further parceled out to 

specialized sub-units that separately focus on developing malware, spearphishing, and 

bitcoin mining. 1133 

• (U) FPN 74455 had primary responsibility for the influence side of the hack-and-leak 

operation: it assisted in the release of stolen documents, promotion of those materials, 

and, among others, the publication of anti-Clinton content on GRU-operated social media 

accounts. 1134 As described in Volume I of this Committee's Report, FPN 74455 also 

separately hacked computers belonging to state boards· of elections, secretaries of state, 

and U.S. companies involved in administration of U.S. elections. 1135 

• 

(U) Although the 2016 hack-and-leak campaign was by far Russia's most significant 

election interference operation targeting the United States, the GRU's effort was, in hindsight, a 

surprise but not an anomaly. It reflects a growing trend of Russia's increasing use ofhack-andleak operations over the past several years to target its foreign adversaries. In addition, many of 

the techniques that the GRU had honed in its earlier campaigns reappeared in 2016, although at a 

larger scale and with more sophistication: the use of fake personas on social media; the posting 

of stolen materials directly on GRU-operated websites for public consumption; and the use of 

specific individuals and existing outlets to push narratives about the documents that were 

advantageous to Russia. 

1131 

Netyksho m 1ctment; sea Report, Vo . I, pp. 36-37. 1132 (U) sea Report, Vol. I, p. 37. 1133 (U) Ibid, pp. 36-37. 1134 (U) Ibid, p. 37. 1135 U Ibid For a full discussion of Russian activities involving election infrastructure, see Vol. 1. 113 

176 

See also 
-The GRU has conducted- significant hack-and-leak operations 

around~d since 2014, including: the 2016 U.S. elections (usi~ifer 2.0 

and DCLeaks , as well as o erations conducted throu h the persona-

"Cyber Caliphate," and "Cyber 

Berkut." these operations took place prior to the 2016 U.S. election interference; 

others occurred contemporaneously or soon afterwards: 

• 

I 

113 ....... Public reporting from the United Kingdom attributes a variety of threat actors to the GRU, 

inc~ Bear, APT 28, CyberCaliphate, Cyber Berkut, and others. See U.K. National Cyber Security 

1139 (U) I. i . 

1140 (U) Ibid. 

1141 (U) Ibid. 

1142 (U) Ibid. 

1143 (U) Ibid. 

· · · · · · service exposed," October 3, 2018. 

177 
COMMITTEE SENSITIVE - RUSSIA INVESTIGATION ONLY 

I 

4. (U) The GRU Plans and Executes the Theft of Sensitive Political Documents 

(U) In March 2016, GRU hackers began a coordinated, multi-month hacking effort 

against email accounts and computer networks associated with the Clinton Campaign and the 

Democratic Party. During the intrusion, the GRU identified and stole thousands of emails and 

sensitive political materials that it would later release and promote through fake online personas 

and WikiLeaks. 

i. (U) Initial Stages 

(U) In March 2016, GRU hackers began using research and targeting efforts to learn 

about Democratic Party websites, including the domains they ultimately hacked. Among other 

things, the hackers conducted technical queries for the IP configurations of victim domains and 

to identify network-connected devices, as well as metadata associated with those devices, such as 

the active operating systems, with the aid of the search engine "Shodan."1146 They also 

conducted open-source research to learn about the DNC network, the Democratic Party, and 

Hillary Clinton's campaign. 1147 These searches permitted the hackers to identify technical 

vulnerabilities in the potential targets, craft effective spearphishing emails, and to assess the 

information their expected victims might possess. All of this activity took place before the GRU 

had successfully gained access to the victim systems. 1148 

1144 (U) Ibid 1145 (U) Ibid . 1146 (U) Netyksho indictment, 'I) 23 Shodan is a search engine for internet-connected 

devices; it allows users to discover which devices are connected to the Internet, where they are located, and how 

they are configured. See, e.g., J.M. Porup, "What is Shodan? The search engine for everything on the internet," 

CSO, October 18, 2018. 1147 (U) Netyksho indictment, 'I) 23. 1148 U SCO Re ort Vol. I, . 37. 1149 

178 

COMMITTEE SENSITIVE - RUSSIA INVESTIGATION ONLY 
,I 

(U) Beginning on or about March 10, 2016, GRU officers sent hundreds of 

spearphishing emails to the work and personal email accounts of employees and volunteers of 

the Clinton Campaign. 1157 Ninety spearphishing emails were directed to accounts hosted at 

hillaryclinton.com.1158 By March 15, the GRU also began targeting Google and dnc.org email 

accounts used by Clinton Campaign employees. 1159 On April 6, the GRU successfully 

spearphished a DCCC employee. 1160 In total, over 300 accounts were targeted. 1161 

(U) The GRU used multiple techniques to fool recipients of its spearphishing emails. 

Some of the emails it sent contained a fake link purporting to let the recipient reset an account 

password, but in reality stole their credentials. 1162 Others, sent by a spoofed account that 

appeared to be from a known member of the Clinton Campaign, included a fake link purporting 

to direct the recipient to a spreadsheet about Clinton's ratings. 1163 GRU hackers used a URLshortening service to obfuscate the link's malicious nature. 1164 A user who was tricked into 

1150 (U) Ibid 1151 (U) Bitly provides a URL-shortening service and link management platform. See, e.g., 

www.bitl .com/ a es/features/link-shortenin . 

1157 (U) SCO Report, Vo . I, p. 37. 

115s (U) Ibid. 1159 (U) Ibid. 1160 (U) Netyksho indictment, , 24. 1161 (U) Ibid.,, 21. 

1162 (U) Ibid. 

I 163 (U) Ibid. 1164 (U) Ibid. 

179 
clicking on the links and sharing his or her credentials gave the GRU control over the accounts, 

including the ability to steal the accounts' contents. 1165 

Go g e 

Someone has your password 

ttV'wkft 

S.,,,....,.~-l'IM-IO'Yl>"'9'111IO)'Ol,<fGoogltAccounl 

Oelalls: T-~. 22 Marci\, 14 9 2!, UTC 

IP _.._ 13-t 2411312311 

~uu-

~--INIIQIHl~V...--..,,,.,,--...,,,_.,., 

(U) The most recognizable victim of this spearphishing effort was John Podesta, the 

chairman of the Clinton Campaign. On March 19, 2016, Podesta's account received a 

spearphishing email purporting to be from Google. The email claimed that someone had tried to 

access his Google account and recommended that he change his password immediately by using 

a link embedded in the email. 1166 Based on an apparent mistake by a security specialist stating 

that the email was "legitimate" rather than "illegitimate," Podesta's assistant clicked the link, 

giving GRU hackers access to the account. 1167 On March 21, 2016, within two days of first 

accessing Podesta's account, the GRU hackers stole 50,000 of Podesta's emails. 1168 

1165 (U) Ibid Pictured is a publicly-available sample ofone of the spearphishing emails sent by the GRU. Eric 

Lipton, et al., "The Perfect Weapon: How Russian Cyberpower Invaded the U.S.," The New York Times, December 

13, 2016. 1166 (U) Netyksho indictment, ~ 21 . 1167 (U) Jim Sciutto, "How one typo helped let Russian hackers in," CNN, June 27, 2017; Ellen Nakashima and 

Shane Harris, "How the Russians hacked the DNC and passed its emails to WikiLeaks," The Washington Posl, July 

13, 2018. According to media reports, the security contractor meant to respond that the spearphishing email was 

" illegitimate." 1168 (U) Netyksho indictment, ~ 21. 

180 

COMMITTEE SENSITIVE - RUSSIA INVESTIGATION ONLY 
ii. (U) Compromise of the DNC and DCCC Networks 

(U) These initial compromises provided the jumping-off point for subsequent large-scale 

intrusions, starting with the DCCC. On April 7, 2016, the day after successfully spearphishing a 

DCCC employee, a GRU officer searched for technical information about the DCCC' s network 

configurations to help identify connected devices and, presumably, vulnerabilities. 1169 The GRU 

then established its presence.on the DCCC network on April 12, 2016, when hackers leveraged 

stolen credentials from the compromised DCCC employee to access the DCCC network. 1170 

GRU hackers gained access to 29 computers on the network over the following weeks, including 

by stealing network administrator credentials through the use of keystroke loggers. The GRU 

compromised the network credentials belonging to at least 18 users. 1171 

(U) Once established on the network, the hackers moved quickly toward identifying and 

stealing politically-sensitive materials. On April 14, 2016, just days after the intrusion began, the 

GRU hackers installed rar.exe, a tool often used by hackers to compile and compress large 

amounts of data for easier exfiltration. 1172 The same day, they began to scour the system for 

political intelligence, using search terms like "Hillary," "Cruz," and "Trump," copying entire 

DCCC folders (including one labeled "Benghazi Investigations") and targeting computers that 

hosted opposition research and field operation plans for the election. 1173 

(U) Then, on April 18, 2016, the GRU gained access to the DNC network through a 

virtual private network (VPN) that connected the DNC and DCCC networks. 1174 The VPN was 

intended to give certain DCCC employees access to databases on the DNC network. 1175 The 

GRU had used malware called "X-Agent" to take screenshots and capture the key strokes of a 

DCCC employee who had authorization to access the DNC network. 1176 

(U) On April 19, the day after it had gained access to the DNC, the GRU established an 

external set of proxy computers, which the GRU referred to as the "middle servers," to interact 

with its malware. 1177 The GRU used these proxy servers to help mask the involvement of 

1169 (U) Ibid,~ 23. 1170 (U) Ibid,~ 24; Crowdstrike, Draft Incident Investigation Report, DCCC, August 8, 2016 (hereinafter 

Crowdstrike DCCC Report), p. 6. . 1171 (U) Crowdstrike DCCC Report, pp. 6, 10; SCO Report, Vol. I, p. 38. 1172 U Crowdstrike DCCC Re art, . 19· SCO Re art, Vol. I . 40. 

DNC Report, pp. 5-7; SCO Report, Vol. I, p. 38. 1176 (U) Netyksho indictment,~ 26. 1177 (U) SCO Report, Vol I., p. 39. 

181 
Russian government actors. The "middle servers" in tum connected to a second-set of GRUcontrolled computers, known within the GRU as the "AMS Panel," which the-GRU used to 

monitor and control its malware operations. 1178 The AMS Panel, which was housed on a server 

in Arizona leased by the GRU, also served as a repository for data obtained via keylogging 

sessions. 1179 Other servers the GRU used were located elsewhere in the United States and all 

over the world. 1180 

(U) The GRU quickly capitalized on its access to thj DNC. On April 22, it exfiltrated an 

initial set of documents. Between May 25 and June 1, 2016, it again accessed the mail server 

and stole thousands of emails and attachments. 1181 By June 8, 2016, GRU hackers gained access 

to over 30 computers on the DNC network, including the mail server and shared file server. 1182 

(U) Within days of establishing its network of proxy computers, the GRU had-also 

identified relevant materials to take from the DCCC. On April 25, the hackers began collecting 

and compressing over 70 Gigabytes of election-related documents on the DCCC network for 

exfiltration, which they separated into smaller parts, likely to avoid detection. 1183 On April 28, 

they used additional malware known as X-Tunnel to create an encrypted connection between the 

DCCC computers and GRU-controlled proxy computers for secure, large-scale data transfers, 

and then exfiltrated the over:-70 Gigabytes of compressed data to a remote, GRU-controlled 

server. 1184 Consistent with GRU techniques and "methods of persistence" identified by 

computer forensic investigators in other intrusions, the hackers again used X-Agent to log 

keystrokes, take screenshots, and gather system data; used a lateral-movement tool called 

RemCom; and used Mimikatz, a credential-harvesting tool. 1185 The GRU also destroyed 

evidence of its activities by deleting logs and computer files that reflected its presence on the 

DNC and DCCC network, and the AMS paneI. 1186 

5. (U) Russia "Weaponizes" Stolen Information with Fake Personas 

(U) Shortly after gaining access to the DNC network, and months before it released any 

materials, the GRU prepared infrastructure to leak stolen information. Consistent with prior 

influence campaigns, the GRU used multiple fake personas on social media platforms1178 (U) Ibid, Vol I., pp. 39-40; Netyksho indictment,~~ 24-25. 1179 (U) SCOReport, Vol I., pp. 39-40; Netyksho indictment,~, 24-26. 1180 (U) See SCa Report, Vol I., pp. 39-40; Netyksho indictment,,, 21, 24, 25. 1181 (U) sea Report, Vol I., pp. 40-41. 1182 (U) Ibid, p. 38. 1183 (U) Crowdstrike DCCC Report, p. 6; SCO Report,.Vol I., p. 40. 1184 (U) Crowdstrike DCCC Report, pp. 6, 10; sea Report, Vol I., p. 40. 1185 (U) Crowdstrike DCCC Report, pp. 7, 10; sea Report, Vol I., p. 38. 1186 (U) Netyksho indictment, , 31. The GRU sought to maintain access to the DNC and DCCC networks even after 

it had exfiltrated these materials. See ibid, ,, 32-34. 

182 
COMMITTEE SENSITIVE~ RUSSIA INVE TIGATION ONLY · 

including a persona known as "Guccifer 2.0" and others associated with the fake outlet 

"DCLeaks"-to promote and disseminate its information, including, by providing content in 

advance to media organizations and targeted U.S. persons. This influence campaign was. used to 

promote the stolen documents and associated narratives, pusl:1. back on early attribution of the 

attacks to the Russian government, and create plausible deniability for individuals who sought to 

use the stolen information. 

i. (U) GRU Operation of the DCLeaks Site and Related Personas 

(U) To launch its influence operation, the GRU created a website, dcleaks.com, which 

was operational from June 2016 to March 2017. 1187 The GRU used this website and affiliated 

social media personas to promote and disseminate stolen documents from the DNC and DCCC, 

while obscuring the GRU's involvement in the influence campaign. 

The DCLeaks website was registered by the GRU's Unit 26165 

on April 19, 2016, the day after the GRU had gained access to the DNC and before an 

documents had been exfiltrated from the DCCC or DNC. 1188 

(U) DCLeaks was not the GRU's first attempt to create a fake outlet related to the U.S: 

election. In fact, one week prior, around the same time it had first gained access into the DCCG 

network, the GRU had also tried to register the website "electionleaks.com."1190 At that time, the 

GRU was only in possession of stolen emails from Campaign officials and others associated with 

the Democratic Party, including John Podesta. This information indicates that the GRU had been 

anticipating a "leak" campaign while it was still in the early stages of its intrusion .. 

(U) The GRU launched the DCLeaks website publicly on June 8, 2016.1191 On the 

website, the GRU falsely presented DCLeaks as an independent transparency-focused platform, 

run by Americans for Americans. For example, on its "About" page, DCI,eaks stated that its 

"aim is to find out and tell you the truth about U.S. decision-making process as well as about the 

key elements of American political life." DCLeaks also claimedJo be "launched by the . -

1187 (U) sea Report, Vol I., pp. 41-42. 1188 (U) Ibid, Vol I., p.41. As discussed, however, the Russians had already stolen emails from John Podesta and 

other individuals. 1189 

1190 

1191 (U) Netyksho indictment, ~ 36. 

183 
American hacktivists who respect and appreciate freedom of speech, human rights and 

government of the people" 1192: 

D C LEAKS / 

OCleak.c; s a new level pro eel aimed to anatyze and publish a large 

amount of erna ls from top- ank1ng officials and their influence agents all 

over the world 

The pro ect was launched by the Amencan hackt1v1sts who respect and 

appreciate freedom of speech human nghts and government of the 

people We believe that our pol1t c ans have forgotten that In a democracy 

the people are the h ghest fo1m of poli1cal authority so our atizens have 

the r ght to partic pate in govern ng our nation. The authorrt1es are Just 

lobbying intere ts of Wall Street fat cats ndustnal barons and 

multinational corporations representatives who swallow up all resources 

and subJugate all markets 

We bel eve US c taens have the nght to know how don-.e5t1c and foreign 

policies of th United States are shaped and who the real policy maker 1s 

Our aim Is to find out and tell you the truth about US decision making 

process swell as about the key elements o American political life 

There are no borders or cen'"orshtp fo DCleaks We are open for 

cooperation and ready to get valuable 1nformat1on check ,ts vaLid1ty and to 

make t ava• abl to u,e pub! c 

(U) The website offered visitors links to different sets of hacked materials, which were 

indexed by sender and recipient identities and contact information. The emails initially released 

by DCLeaks on June 8 appeared to originate from personal email accounts of Campaign 

employees, advisors, and volunteers, rather than the compromised DNC or DCCC networks. 1193 

The GRU controlled access to document releases by password-protecting the pages it wanted to 

restrict, and would invite select journalists or U.S. persons to preview restricted material before it 

1192 (U) Internet Archive, Capture of dcleaks.com/index.php/about, July 20, 2016. 1193 (U) SCO Report, Vol I., p. 41. 

184 
became public. 1194 The site received over one million page views before it was shut down in 

March 2017.1195 

-In addition to creating a false narrative about DCLeaks, the GRU took 

a varie~re the Russian government's identity as the website operator. For 

example, the GRU paid for the re istration with bitcoin it had mined and used an anon mizin 

service to re ister the site. 1196 

(U) In connection with its releases, the GRU created a corresponding :OCLeaks Twitter 

account, @dcleaks_, on June 8, 2016. In doing so, the GRU hid itself behind US-based proxies. 

The Twitter account was registered under the Gmail address dcleaksproject@gmail.com and 

from an IP address that resolved to a U.S. webhosting company based in Williamsville, New 

York. 1198 In keeping with broader attempts to avoid attribution, the GRU used Polish and 

Ukrainian phone numbers.1199 The GRU used the DCLeaks account to communicate privately 

with targeted individuals and organizations. From June 14, 2016, to November 8, 2016, 

Committee analysis of the DCLeaks Twitter account shows that it sent 259 direct messages to 

other Twitter accounts, including WikiLeaks and Guccifer 2.0, as _further discussed infra. 1200 

1 (U) Also on June 8, 2016, the GRU used a preexisting Facebook account under the name 

"Alice Donovan" to create a DCLeaks Facebook page. 1201 The DCLeaks Facebook page was 

used to promote products on the DCLeaks website, along with other personas that purported to 

be-administrators of the DCLeaks site, like the Donovan persona. These additional administrator 

personas included "Richard Gingrey" and "Jason Scott.':1202 The first activity associated with the 

DCLeaks Facebook page occurred on June 8, with the posting of hacked private correspondence 

involving NATO's approach to Russia and a link to the DCLeaks website. 1203 On June 14, the 

DCLeaks page posted for the first time about stolen DNC documents with a link to the DCLeaks 

website: "Check restricted documents leaked from Hillary Clinton's presidential campaign 

1194 (U) Ibid., pp. 41-42. 1195 (U) Netyksho indictment, '1] 36. 1196 

1197 

1198 (U) Twitter, CLe s (registration onnation). The Committee reviewed publicly available Whols IP 

address infonnation to identify the webhosting company. 1199 (U) Ibid Phone numbers were associated with countries based oil their country codes. 1200 (U) Twitter, @DCLeaks (direct messa in metadata) . 

. 1201 (U) Facebook, Account ID CLeaks re istration infonnation); Netyksho indictment, 'I] 38. 

The Facebook ID associated wi 1202 (U) Facebook, Account ID 1203 (U) Facebook, Account ID 

(DCLeaks registration infonnation); Netyksho indictment, '1] 38. 

(DCLeaks post on June 8, 2016 at 13:48 UTC). 

185 

COMMITTEE.SENSITIVE-RUSSIA INVESTIGATION ONLY 
COMMITTEE SENSITIVE - RUSSIA INVESTIGATION ONLY 

staff."1204 This was the same day that The Washington Post first reported the Russian 

government's suspected hack of the DNC. 1205 The GRU posted additional materials to the 

DCLeaks Facebook page on June 14, 2016; July 11, 2016; August 3, 2016;. and September 5, 15, 

22, and 30, 2016, which included "status updates" and "shares" of existing media. The· 

Facebook page itself did not appear to generate significant activity on the platform-· 831 , 

engagements across all posts 1206-suggesting that the GRU was either not well postured to, or 

did not focus on, distributing the hacked documents through Facebook.1.207- . . 

(U) In a limited way, the GRU tried to bolster the DCLeaks Facebook page with other, 

more established GRU personas. The use of these additional personas was likely intended to · 

generate a broader· i;i.udience and lend an aura of credibility to the DCLeaks entity. However, 

technical information demonstrates that the accounts were all controlled by the GRU. For 

example, on multiple occasions, the GRU used the same IP address to log in to the different 

administrator accounts for DCLeaks on the same day, within minutes or hom:s. 1208 

' 

• (U) The individual administrator accounts used to manage the DCLeaks Facebook page 

were created more than a year prior to the creation of the DCLeaks page. The Donovan 

and Gin~re both registered on January 13, 2015, from the ·same IP 

address, --Donovan at 11 :27:58 UTC and Gingrey at 11 :03 :54 UTC. 1209 

The Scott account was registered on February 2, 2015, using IP address_, 

· which was .also used to log in to the Gingrey account that same.day and the Donovan 

account several days earlier. 1210 

/ 

• (U) All three administrator accounts displayed significant activity, including public 

postings and private messaging, well before the GRU created the DCLeaks Facebook 

page. For instance, Committee analysis of messaging metadata indicates that the . 

1204 (U) Facebook, Account ID---(DCLeaks post on June 14, 2016 at 14:58 UTC). 1205 (U) Ellen Nakashima, "Rus~ackers penetrated DNC, stole opposition research.on Trump,?' The 

Washington Post, June 14, 2016. · 1206 (U) Facebook, Account ID---(DCLeaks page information). · 1207 (U) See Renee DiResta, Sh~temkin Pages & Personas: Assessing GRU Online Operati~'ns, 

2014-2019, Stanford Internet 0~. . 1208 (U) Facebook, Account ID---(DCLeaks administrative logins by Donovan, Gingrey, and 

Scott). · 1209 (U) Facebook; Account IDs---(Donovan registration information);---

(Gingrey registration informatio~ resolves to the U.S. subsidiary ofa m~osting 

provider. 

1210 (U) Facebook, Account IDs (Donovan login information), (Gingrey login 

information), (Scott login information). 

186 

COMMITTEE SENSITIVE -RUSSIA INVESTIGATION ONLY 
COMMITTEE SENSITIVE - RUSSIA INVESTIGATION ONLY 

Donovan account engaged in hundreds of chat "threads" with other individual users and 

groups, sending almost 1,500 private messages. 1211 . 

• (U) The GRU caused some of the administrator accounts to communicate with each 

other. For example, on March 3, 2015, the Donovan persona sent a private message to 

the Scott persona. 1212 It is not clear why the GRU chose to do this. 

The GRU used additional Facebook personas connected to other 

GRU influence operations to support the DCLeaks campaign. The GRU used one particularly 

active persona-"Steve Wanders"-to communicate with · oumalists on behalf of DCLeaks, as 

described in a. 

'-··-' Notably, the Alice Donovan persona began 

communicating with the Michael Waters persona in February 2015, and the two accounts 

continued to communicate until July 12, 2016, after DCLeaks went live. 1214 

The GRU also leveraged some of these connections as social 

(U) Despite the GRU's attempts to legitimize the DCLeaks personas and obfuscate 

Russian involvement, additional technical information linked the DCLeaks site to the GRU and 

its other interference efforts. For example: 

• 

1211 (U) Facebook, Account ID (Donovan messaging metadata). 1212 Ibid. 

187 

COMMITTEE SENSITIVE-RUSSIA INVESTIGATION ONLY 
COMMITTEE SENSITIVE - RUSSIA INVESTIGATION ONLY 

I 

• (U) The GRU _operated the DCLeaks Twitter account, @dcleaks _, from the same 

computer it used for other interference efforts, including the Twitter account 

@BaltimorelsWhr, which encouraged a "flash mob" and posting of images to oppose 

Clinton. 1219 

• (U) The GRU paid for the dcleaks.com domain using a cryptocurrency account that was 

also used to lease a virtual private server. That virtual private server was registered with 

an email address that the GRU also used to obtain the account at the URL-shortening 

service behind the spearphishing links. 1220 

ii. (U) GRU Operation of the Guccifer 2.0 Persona and Rebuttal of 

Attribution Efforts 

(U) In addition to the DCLeaks persona, the GRU created and deployed a persona known 

as "Guccifer 2.0" to undercut attribution of the attacks to Russia and to promote and disseminate 

stolen data. 

(U) On June 14, 2016, only six days after the DCLeaks website went public, The 

Washington Post reported that the DNC had been hacked by Russian government hackers. 1221 

Dmitry Peskov, spokesperson for the Kremlin, responded immediately: "I completely rule out a 

possibility that the [Russian] government or the government bodies have been involved in 

this."1222 Actions by the Russian intelligence services also quickly followed. 

1216 

1217 

1218 

1219 (U) Netyks om 1ctment, 'I] 39. 1220 (U) Ibid., 'I] 35. 1221 (U) Ellen Nakashima, "Russian government hackers penetrated DNC, stole opposition research on Trump," The 

Washington Post, June 14, 2016. 1222 (U) Dustin Volz and Emily Stephenson, "Russians steal research on Trump in hack of U.S. Democratic Party," 

Reuters, June 14, 2016. 

188 

COMMITTEE SENSITIVE - RUSSIA INVESTIGATION ONLY 
COMMITTEE SENSITIVE - RUSSIA INVESTIGATION ONLY 

(U) The next day, the GRU created a WordPress site under the Guccifer 2.0 persona and 

published its first blog post, entitled "Guccifer 2.0 DNC's servers hacked by a lone hacker" 1223: 

(U) In the blog post, the GRU provided a sample of hacked documents. It also sought to 

rebut reporting that Russia hacked the DNC and DCCC, and instead suggest that the hacks were 

the work of a single cybercriminal. The post read: 

Worldwide known cyber security company CrowdStrike announced that the 

Democratic National Committee (DNC) servers had been hacked by 

··sophisticated " hacker groups. 

I'm very pleased the company appreciated my skills so highly))) But in fact, it was 

easy, very ea,;y. 

Guccifer may have been the first one who penetrated Hillary Clinton 's and other 

Democrats' mail servers. But he certainly wasn 't the last. No wonder any other 

hacker could easily gel access to the DNC 's servers. 

Shame on CrowdStrike: Do you think I 've been in the DNC's networks/or almost 

a year and saved only 2 documents? Do you really believe it? 

Here are just a f ew docs.from many thousands I extracted when hacking into 

DNC 's network. 

Some hundred sheets! This 's a serious case isn 't it? 

And it 's j ust a tiny part of all docs 1 downloaded from the Democrats networks. 

The main part of the papers, thousands of files and mails, 1 gave to Wikileaks. 

They will publish them soon. 

1223 (U) internet Archive, Capture of guccifer2.wordpress.com/2016/06/ 15/dnc/, June I 5, 2016. 

189 

COMMITTEE SENSITIVE - RUSSIA INVESTIGATION ONLY 
COMMITTEE SENSITIVE - RUSSIA INVESTIGATION ONLY 

I guess CrowdStrike customers should think twice about company's competence 

Fuck the Illuminati and their conspiracies!!!!!!!!! Fuck Crowd8_trike! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !

1224 

(U) The text of the blog post provided evidence of GRU control. As outlined by the 

SCO, the post included a variety of terms and phrases that GRU hackers had searched for online 

earlier that day from a computer used by FPN 74455, such as "some hundred sheets," "dcleaks," 

"illuminati," "worldwide known," "think twice about," and "company's competence."1225 

(U) Other Russian government actors and WikiLeaks bolstered Guccifer 2.0's efforts.to 

direct attention away from Russian responsibility. For example, Russian government media 

~mtlet RT announced: "'Guccifer 2.0' releases hacked DNC docs revealing mega donors, Clinton 

collusion." It continued: "This contradicts the initial DNC reports that Russia was behind the 

attack."1226 WikiLeaks also publicized the release on Twitter, but not the alleged Russian 

involvement, stating: "DNC 'hacker' releases 200+ page internal report on Trump, says gave 

WikiLeaks the all [sic] rest."1227 

(U) The Guccifer 2.0 persona released thousands of documents over the course of 

another 16 posts on the blog. The posts began with additional efforts to publish stolen DNC 

documents, combined with purported "background" information about Guccifer2.0's alleged 

identity. 1228 By mid-August, the posts began to include documents stolen from the DCCC in an 

effort to promote a narrative that U.S. elections were "becoming a farce." 1229 As the general 

election neared, the GRU sought to build distrust in the democratic process, claiming that "the 

,Democrats may rig the elections on November 8."1230 

(U) The documents were not released randomly; rather, they were organized around 

specific issues or states, suggesting that the G:RU had spent time reviewing and organizing the 

1224 (U) Internet Archive, Capture of guccifer2.wordpress.com/2016/06/15/dnc/, June 15, 2016 ( document links and 

images omitted). 1225 (U) Netyksho indictment, .,-r.,-r 41-42. 1226 (U) "Guccifer 2.0 releases hacked DNC docs revealing mega donors, Clinton collusion," RT, June 16, 2016. 1227 (U) Tweet, @wikileaks, June 16, 2016. 1228 (U) See Internet Archive, Captures ofguccifer2.wordpress.com, July 31, 2017 (listing blog posts from June 18, 

2016 to July 14, 2016) .. 1229 (U) Internet Archive, Capture of guccifer2.wordpress.com, August 12, 2016 (under post entitled "Guccifer 2.0 

Hacked DCCC," calling presidential election "a farce"); see also Internet Archive, Capture of 

guccifer2.wordpress.com, August 15, 2016 (under post entitled "DCCC Internal Docs on Primaries in Florida," 

calling congressional primaries "a farce"). 1230 (U) Internet Archive, Capture of guccifer2.wordpress.com, November 4, 2016 (November 4, 2016 post entitled 

"Info from Inside the FEC: the Democrats may rig the elections"). 

190 

COMMITTEE SENSITIVE - RUSSIA INVESTIGATION ONLY 
COMMITTEE SENSITIVE - RUSSIA INVE TIGATION ONLY 

stolen documents and attempting to identify materials that would provoke the most interest.1231 

For example, the GRU released specific sets of DCCC documents related to races in Florida on 

August 15, 2016,1232 and to races in Pennsylvania on August 21, 2016. 1233 In addition, the GRU 

released opposition research documents, internal policy recommendations related to politically 

sensitive issues, and analyses of specific congressional races.1234 

(U) The GRU relied heavily on the Guccifer 2.0 Twitter account, "@Guccifer_2," to 

promote postings and engage directly with media and U.S. persons, although it again used proxy 

accounts to hide the GRU's control. The account, which was registered on June 20, 2016, used 

the email address "guccifer20@gmx.us" and was connected to an Israeli phone number on June 

23, 2016. The account was registered from a French IP address and administered at varying 

times from IP addresses across the globe. 1235 Committee analysis indicates that the account's 

first direct messages occurred the next day, June 21, and the GRU used the platform extensively, 

engaging in private, direct communications with over 1,200 unique users, involving 

approximately 15,000 unique messages. 1236 Analysis of the timing of the messages-often 

spanning every hour of the day-, indicated that the account was likely administered by multiple 

individuals. 1237 Public reporting also suggests that the persona's syntax and language 

proficiency changed over the course of chats. 1238 

\ 

iii. (U) GRU Social Engineering to Promote and Disseminate Information 

via Third Parties 

1231 (U) Documents were posted to the Guccifer 2.0 blog on June 18, 20, and 21; July 6 and 14; August 12, 15, 21, 

and 31; September 15 and 23; October 4 and 18; and November 4, 2016. See generally Internet Archive, Captures 

of guccifer2.wordpress.com, June 15, 2016-January 12, 2017; see also SCO Report, Vol. I, p. 43. 1232 (U) Internet Archive, Capture of guccifer2.wordpress.com, August 15, 2016 (post entitled "DCCC Internal 

Docs on Primaries in Florida") 1233 (U) Internet Archive, Capture of guccifer2.wordpress.com, August 21, 2016 (post entitled "DCCC Docs on 

Pennsylvania") - 1234 (U) See, e.g., Internet Archive, Capture of guccifer2.wordpress.com, August 31, 2016 (post entitled "DCCC 

Docs from Pelosi's PC"); Internet Archive, Capture of guccifer2.wordpress.com, September 15, 2016 (post entitled 

"Dems Internal Workings in New Hampshire, Ohio, Illinois, North Carolina"). Even after the election, the GRU 

used the persona to undermine the IC assessment attributing the influence campaign to Russia in a January 12, 2017 

post. See Internet Archive, Capture of guccifer2.wordpress.com, January 12, 2017 (under post entitled "Here I am 

again, my friends," stating "The U.S. intelligence agencies have published several reports oflate claiming I have ties 

with Russia. I'd like to make it clear enough that these accusations are unfounded. I have totally no relation to the· 

Russian government."). 1

~

35 (U) Twitter, @Guccifer _ 2 (registration information and IP audit). 1236 (U) Twitter, @Guccifer_2 (direct messaging metadata). 

1231 (U) Ibid. 1238 (U) See, e.g., Lorenzo Franceschi-Bicchierai, "Why Does DNC Hacker 'Guccifer 2.0' Talk Like This?," VICE, 

June 23, 2016. 

191 
COMMITTEE SENSITIVE - RUSSIA INVESTIGATION ONLY 

(U) · While it was disseminating the fruits of its hacking publicly, the GRU also used its 

personas to contact individuals associated with the Trump Campaign and journalists interested in 

publicizing the materials. Although the Committee does not have access to the contents of all of 

these communications, select information illustrates some of the GRU's strategic outreach to and 

social engineering of key targets. The GRU's collaboration with established outlets and 

individuals appeared to be more successful at generating attention and engagement with the 

hacked documents than GRU attempts to promote content through fake personas. 

a. (U) General Media Outreach 

(U) The GRU's outreach using the Guccifer 2.0 persona focused in large part on the 

media. The GRU communicated publicly and privately using the Guccifer 2.0 persona, 

including on the WordPress blog and through Twitter direct messages. 

(U) Ori June 22, 2016, as part of the GRU' s continued effort to redirect attribution for 

the DNC and DCCC hacks away from Russia, the GRU posted on its blog, "Want to Know More 

About Guccifer 2.0?": 

Hi All! I see many people wanna know a little more about me and ask a lot of . 

questions. And I'm ready to tell you what you 're interested in if it doesn't 

threaten my sqfety. Unfortunately I can't give personal answers to everybody. 

That's why I'd like journalists to send me their questions via Twitter Direct 

Messages. I'll post the most popular questions and answers in this blog so 

that everybody can read them in original and doesn't distort my words as 

some journalists try to do. So I'm eager to see your questions and will be 

glad to give my responses. My Twitter account @Guccifer _ 2: 1239 

(U) After receiving the questions, the GRU posted responses on June 30 under a post 

entitled "FAQ From Guccifer 2.0," which reiterated its false claim that Guccifer 2.0 was an 

independent hacker from Eastern Europe not connected to Russia. 1240 

(U) The GRU also pursued extensive contact with targeted outlets and personalities and 

attempted to seed information with them. 

1239 (U) Internet Archive, Capture of guccifer2.wordpress.com/2016/06/22/about-guccifer2, June 23, 2016. 1240 (U) Internet Archive, Capture of guccifer2.wordpress.com/2016/06/30/faq, June 30, 2016. The post also made a 

number of statements relating to Romanian hacker Marcel Lazer, whose moniker "Guccifer" had been adopted by 

the GRU for its persona. Ibid 

192 

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• (U) Using the Guccifer 2.0 persona, the GRU emailed The Smoking Gun news website 

on June 27, 2016, offering "exclusive access to some leaked emails linked [to] Hillary 

Clinton's staff."1241 

• (U) The Guccifer 2.0 persona also communicated approximately 80 times with 

Cassandra Fairbanks, then a journalist at Sputnik, who later reported that Guccifer 2.0 

was interested in providing documents to support a class action lawsuit against the DNC, 

asking "Can it influence the election in any how?"1242 

(U) The GRU also communicated and shared stolen Florida documents with Aaron 

Nevins, who runs a Florida-focused political blog called "HelloFLA!" Nevins produced 

communications with the Guccifer 2.0 persona to the Committee. According to those records, on 

August 12, 2016, after the GRU released materials taken from the DCCC, Nevins suggested over 

Twitter direct messages that the Guccifer 2.0 persona send "any Florida based information" to 

his email address. 1243 On August 12, Nevins's blog also published a commentary on Floridarelated documents that the Guccifer 2.0 persona had already released. 1244 

(U) The following week, on August 22, 2016, the Guccifer 2.0 persona messaged Nevins 

about additional Florida documents and sent him variety of non-public information, which 

Nevins began to review and publish on his blog.1245 On.September 7, the Guccifer 2.0 persona 

and Nevins traded additional messages over Twitter about the significance of certain materials 

relating to a "turnout model." 1246 For example, Nevins wrote on September 7 and 81247: · 

1241 (U) SCO Report, Vol. I, p. 43. 1242 (U) Twitter, @Guccifer _ 2 ( direct messaging metadata); Cassandra Fairbanks, "My Strange Interactions With 

Guccifer 2.0," Big League Politics, April 23, 2017. 1243 (U) Twitter direct messages, @Guccifer _ 2 and Aaron Nevins, August 12, 2016 (Nevins Production, 

IMG_ 4731.png). 1244 (U) "Guccifer 2.0 Strikes FL-18," Mark Miewurd's HelloFLA!, August 12, 2016. 1245 (U) Twitter direct messages, @Guccifer_2 and Aaron Nevins, August 12, 2016 (Nevins Production); 

"**Exclusive! **Full DCCC Florida Docs," Mark Miewurd's HelloFLA!, August 22, 2016 ("Last week we posted a 

link to the selected Florida Congressional Primary overviews that were released by Guccifer2, the hacker who 

dumped the DCCC archives on the web. Earlier, he contacted us with the entire Florida Archive of 250MB ! Now, 

you can only find this EXCLUSIVE content on HelloFLA!"). 1246 (U) Nevins explained to the Guccifer 2.0 persona that anyone with the right software could "build a list and 

\ copy their targeting" and then "[b]lunt it with mail" of their own. Twitter direct messages, @Guccifer_2 and Aaron 

Nevins, September 7, 2016 (Nevins Production, IMG_ 4744.png). 1247 (U) Twitter direct messages, @Guccifer_2 and Aaron Nevins, September 7-8, 2016 (Nevins Production). 

193 
COMMITTEE SENSITIVE - RUSSIA INVESTIGATION ONLY 

GUCCIFER 2.0 ••• 

Holy fuck man I don't think 

yn11 reali7e wh;it yo11 gave 

me. I'm still going through 

that stuff and I find buriod 

deep the lurnout morlel for 

the democrats entire 

prP~1dr.ntial r.;impa1gn 

This ,s probably wortl1 

millions of dollars I'm 

going to post it tomorrow. 

Oh man I'm not sure they 

even CJ\N redo this 

because it 's based on math 

and population patterns 

since the last election ... 

Haha 

• 

i gonna reblog u in my wp 

ace 

maybe tomorrow :) 

though i'm still not sure i 

totally caught it :) 

Thanks! I can try to jot 

some things down tonight 

and I'll send over how ,t 

works. Basically if this was 

a war, th,s 1s the map to 

where ill the troops are 

deployed 

And tltt:!11 strtmytr1 

Searchable by c1ty/counry/ 

district/TV broadcast 

zone(rnedia market) 

hursd~y 3 9 PM J 

(U) Nevins posted about the "turnout model" as an exclusive on September 8, 2016, and 

shared the post with the Guccifer 2.0 persona. 1248 The GRU then shared the post with Roger 

Stone, as described below. 

b. (U) Outreach to Roger Stone 

(U) Some of the individuals the GRU targeted for outreach with the Gucci fer 2.0 persona 

were closely associated with the Trump Campaign, such as long-time Trump advisor Roger 

Stone. 1249 On August 5, 2016, Stone penned an opinion piece asserting that Guccifer 2.0, not the 

1248 (U) Twitter, @Guccifer_2 (direct messaging metadata); "**Exclusive! •• Democrats Turnout Model," Mark 

Miewurd's HelloFLA !, September 8, 20 I 6 ("It's been almost two weeks since we received an exclusive package of 

dcouments directly from Guccifer 2, the hacker that picked the DCCC clean of documents."). 1249 (U) Roger Stone, an experienced political consultant and long-time advisor to, and sometimes friend of, Donald 

Trump, had worked for the Trump Campaign from approximately December 2014 to August 2015. See Transcript 

of SSCI Interview of Sam Nunberg, January 11, 2019, pp. 59-60; Indictment, United States v. Roger Jason Stone 

Jr., 1: l9-cr-00018-ABJ (D.D.C. January 24, 2019). After Stone left the Campaign, he remained in close contact 

with Trump and Campaign leadership throughout the remainder of the election. As described more fully below, 

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Russians, had hacked the DNC, and repeating the false claims made by the GRU on the Guccifer 

2.0 website and Twitter account. 1250 On August 12, the GRU released DCCC records, including 

the cell phone numbers and email addresses of almost all Democrats in the House of 

Representatives through the Guccifer 2.0 persona, 1251 and tweeted publicly at Stone: "thanks that 

u believe in the real #Guccifer2."1252 When Twitter then suspended the Guccifer 2.0 account, 

WikiLeaks complained: "@Guccifer _ 2 has account completely censored by Twitter after 

publishing some files from Democratic campaign #DCCC."1253 Stone also tweeted at WikiLeaks 

and the Guccifer 2.0 persona in response to the suspension, calling it "outrageous"1254 and 

referring to Guccifer 2.0 as a "HERO."1255 · 

(U) On August 14, following Twitter's reinstatement of the Guccifer 2.0 account, Stone 

reached out to congratulate the Guccifer 2.0 persona over Twitter direct messaging, stating he 

was "delighted."1256 The Guccifer 2.0 persona responded, "wow. thank u for writing back, and 

thank u for an article about me!!! do you find anyting [sic] interesting in the docs i posted?" 1257 , 

On August 16, Stone requested that Guccifer 2.0 retweet a column Stone had written about how 

the 2016 election could be "rigged against Donald Trump"; the GRU replied "done."1258 On 

August 17, the Guccifer 2.0 persona called Stone "a great man" .and asked "if I can help u 

anyhow," explaining that "it would be a great pleasure to me."1259 The Committee is not aware 

of any response· by Stone. 

(U) On September 9, the Guccifer 2.0 persona shared the HelloFLA! blog post with 

Stone that provided an "exclusive" report of a hacked Democratic turnout model that the GRU 

Stone was tasked by Trump, through Paul Manafort and Rick Gates, to conduct outreach to WikiLeaks regarding 

releases of emails that would be damaging to Clinton and reported his findings back to Trump, Manafort, Gates, and 

others. The GRU's outreach to Stone through the Guccifer 2.0 persona occurred while Stone was actively seeking 

information about pending Wil,ciLeaks releases for the Trump Campaign. 1 

1250 (U) Roger Stone, "Dear Hillary: DNC Hack Solved, So Now Stop Blaming Russia," Breitbart, August 5, 2016. 1251 (U) Internet Archive, Capture of guccifer2.wordpress.com/2016(08/12/guccifer-2-0-hacked-dccc, August 13, 

2016 (posting contact information for Democratic Representatives in the 114th Congress). 1252 (U) Tweet, @Guccifer_2, August 12, 2016. 1253 (U) Tweet, @wikileaks, August 13, 2016. 1254 (U) Tweet, @RogerJStoneJr, August 13, 2016 ("@wikileaks @Guccifer_2 Outrageous! ... "), 1255 (U) Tweet, @RogerJStoneJr, August 13, 2016 ("Gruccifer2 [sic] is a HERO."). 1256 (U) Roger Stone, "The Smoking Gun Aims, Fir.es, Misses," StoneColdTruth, March 20, 2017 (documenting 

messages between@RogerJStoneJr and @Guccifer_2 on August 14, 2016). The Committee confirmed the timing 

and completeness of the direct messages that Stone disclosed online based on metadata produced by Twitter. 1257 (U) Ibid. (documenting messages between@RogerJStoneJr and@Guccifer_2 on August 15, 2016). 1258 (U) Ibid. (documenting messages between@RogerJStoneJr and@Guccifer_2 on August 16-17, 2016). 1259 (U) Ibid. (documenting messages between@RogerJStoneJr and@Guccifer_2 on August 17, 2016). · 

195 
had fed to Nevins, noted above, and asked for Stone's opinion. Stone responded, "Pretty 

standard."1260 

(U) The nature of these communications suggested that the GRU sought to launder and 

amplify its stolen information through established outlets and individuals, including by 

cultivating a relationship with Stone, a known close associate of Trump. This approach provided 

additional avenues for the GRU to spread the hacked materials to American audiences without 

relying solely on its websites or online personas. It also permitted the GRU to tap into individual 

sectors of the American public that it believed would be receptive to specific documents or 

information. 1261 

c. (U) Outreach to--

1260 (U) Ibid (documenting messages between@RogerJStoneJr and @Guccifer_2 on September 9, 2016); SCO 

Report, Vol. I, p. 44. The report referenced by Guccifer 2.0 to Stone was a post by Nevins about information Nevins 

had been provided by the GRU's persona. See supra. 1261 (U) In this regard, the GRU's approach differed from the IRA's behavior, which focused more on trying to get 

narratives or content to o viral, as described in Volume 2. 1262 

1263 

1264 (U) Ibid, p. 40. 1265 (U) Ibid, p. 41. 

1266 (U) Ibid 

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COMMITTEE SENSITIVE - RUSSIA INVESTIGATION ONLY 

____ That day, Mikael 

Thalen published an article on the Info Wars website titled "Exclusive: Dem Senator's Private 

Email Hacked" and subtitled "DCLeaks shows Info Wars emails of Colorado democratic 

senator."1271 

iv. (U) Coordination and Communications Between GRU Personas 

(U) The Committee found substantial technical evidence linking the GRU to the 

DCLeaks and Guccifer 2.0 personas, and the personas to each other. As described above, the 

accounts used for the GRU's spearphishing attacks can be traced to the GRU's registration of the 

DCLeaks domain. In addition, the GRU also used overlapping infrastructure and resources to 

manage accounts for both the DCLeaks and Guccifer 2.0 personas. For example: 

1261 (U) Ibid. 

126s (U) Ibid. 1269 (U) Ibid., pp. 41--43. 1270 (U) Ibid., pp. 43--44. 1271 (U) Mikael Thalen, "Exclusive: Dem Senator's Private Email Hacked," lnfowars.com, October 27, 2016. 

Thalen reportedly refused separate outreach by the GRU through the Guccifer 2.0 persona, in which it offered 

documents purportedly hacked from the DNC that showed the DNC's plans to attack Paul Manafort for his Ukraine 

work. Max Fisher "Russian Hackers Find Read Bullhorns in the Media," The New York Times, January 8, 2017. 1272 

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COMMITTEE SENSITIVE - RUSSIA INVESTIGATION ONLY 
• (U) The GRU used a pool of bitcoin to lease a server in Malaysia where it hosted the 

DCLeaks website. 1274 

• 

• (U) The GRU used bitcoin from the same pool to purchase a virtual private network 

(VPN) account that it subsequently used to administer the Guccifer 2.0 Twitter account in 

early July. 1277 

• (U) The GRU opened this VPN account from the same server it used to register domains 

used as part of its hack of the DCCC and DNC. 1278 

(U) The personas also had access to each other's documents. For example, on one 

occasion, the Guccifer 2.0 persona provided a link and password to The Smoking Gun to access a 

closed portion of the DCLeaks site. 1279 Before doing so, however, the GRU sent the reporter an 

email on June 27 stating that it had "asked the DCLeaks, the WikiLeaks sub project, to release a 

part with a closed access" and that The Smoking Gun would have a couple of days before it was 

made available publicly. 1280 The Committee was unable to determine why the GRU chose to 

disseminate some of the documents through a combination of the Guccifer 2.0 and DCLeaks 

personas, which had not been otherwise linked. 

(U) The GRU may have sought to portray Guccifer 2.0 and DCLeaks as fully 

independent actors. One factor supporting this hypothesis was the significant number of 

communications exchanged between the Guccifer 2.0 and DCLeaks accounts over Twitter direct 

messaging. 

• The first known Twitter correspondence between the two GRU 

personas occurred on September 15, 2016, when the Guccifer 2.0 account notified the 

1275 

1216 (U) 1 id 1277 (U) Netyksho indictment, 'I/ 45. 1278 (U) Ibid 

1279 (U) SCO Report, Vol. I, p. 43. 1280 (U) "Tracking The Hackers Who Hit DNC, Clinton," The Smoking Gun, August 12, 2016. 

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DCLeaks account that WikiLeaks was seekin to communicate with it throu h secure 

email.12s1 

.___, The two accounts messaged a total of 11 times that day . 

• 

• (U) The accounts exchanged a total of 45 communications from September 15 through 

October 18.1285 

(U) The Committee does not have specific insight into why the GRU chose these 

particular occasions to communicate over a medium known to be accessible to U.S. law 

enforcement. It may have done so to plant false evidence that the accounts were not linked, or to 

help the accounts appear more authentic. 

6. (U) Russia and WikiLeaks Coordinate On Interference in the_U.S. Election 

(U) In addition to disseminating hacked materials through its own personas, the GRU 

gave information to WikiLeaks as part of a joint effort to secure wider distribution of stolen 

DNC documents and John Podesta emails. WikiLeaks opted to release those materials, first on 

July 22 and later on an ongoing basis between October 7 and the election. WikiLeaks also 

actively solicited and then released the documents for maximum effect, despite mounting 

evidence that they had been stolen by Russian government hackers. Notably, this was not the 

first instance that WikiLeaks had taken actions for the purpose of harming U.S. interests. Nor is 

it the only instance of contact between the Russian government and WikiLeaks, which have a 

history of parallel and sometimes coordinated actions in attacking U.S. institutions. 

i. (U) Background on WikiLeaks 

(V) Since its emergence in 2010, WikiLeaks has directed its efforts toward publishing a 

variety of information norm~lly legally restricted from public disclosure. A disproportionate 

number of WikiLeaks disclosures have targeted the United States and benefited U.S. 

1281 

1282 

1283 

1284 

1285 etadata); SCO Report, Vol. I, pp. 46---47. Contacts 

between the GRU and WikiLeaks are described further below. 

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COMMITTEE SENSITIVE - RUSSIA INVESTIGATION ONLY 

adversaries. 1286 Although WikiLeaks .seeks to portray itself as a legitimate media organization, 

its disclosures have jeopardized the safety and privacy of individual Americans and foreign allies 

because WikiLeaks has made only minimal, and sometimes no efforts to redact sensitive 

information, and does not seem to weigh whether its disclosures add any public interest value. 1287 

While WikiLeaks has systematically targeted the United States in this way, the Committee has 

identified no corresponding pattern with respect to leaks targeting Russia or its allies. As noted 

below, WikiLeaks has also coordinated the transfer ofrestricted information to U.S. adversaries, 

and encouraged and aided the violation of U.S. law to secure access to classified documents. As 

a result, WikiLeaks and its senior leadership "resemble a non state hostile intelligence service 

often abetted by state actors."1288 

I 

·-·"··" The Committee is unaware of information 

of comparable volume and sensitivity that WikiLeaks has solicited or released about any 

1286 (U) Jo Becker, et al., "How Russia Often Benefits When Julian Assange Reveals the West's Secrets," The New 

York Times, August 31, 2016 ("[A] New York Times examination ofWikiLeaks activities during Mr. Assange's 

years in exile found a different pattern: ... WikiLeaks' document releases, along with many of Mr. Assange's 

statements, have often benefited Russia, at the expense of the West."). 1287 (U) For example, the indictment of Julian Assange alleges how WikiLeaks knowingly published classified 

documents about the Iraq and Afghanistan wars without redacting the names of local sources who had reported 

information and were vulnerable to retribution. See Indictment, United States v. Julian Assange, Case 1: 18-cr00111-CMH, '11'1139-44 (E.D. Va. May 23, 2019) ("Assange indictmeqt"). A former WikiLeaks staffer has described 

another occasion when WikiLeaks published a large cache of documents that had no newsworthiness without 

applying any redactions to protect the identities of"activists, opposition politicians, bloggers in autocratic regimes 

and their real identities, victims of crime and political coercion, and others driven by conscience to speak to the US 

government." James Ball, "Why I felt I had to tum my back on WikiLeaks," The Guardian, September 2, 2011. 1288 U National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2020, P.L. 116-92, Section 6747, December 20, 2019. 1289 

200 

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other national government, including authoritarian and oppressive regimes with 

substantial records of human rights and civil liberties violations. 

• (U) WikiLeaks has passed information to U.S. adversaries, including approximately 

90,000 U.S. Department of State cables to a Russian national named Israel Shamir. 

Shamir in tum provided them to Belarus's Aleksandr Lukashenko, an authoritarian leader 

who relied on the documents to-justify the arrest of opposition figures on allegations of 

spying for the United States. 1292 

• - Julian Assange has said that he focuses his efforts on the·United States because 

it is the world's "superpower."1293 A former colleague of Assange has described his 

work as a "one-dimensional confrontation with the U.S.A.," 1294 and email-

-probably~ drafted by Assange reflect his ambition to "bring down" 

the United States with leaks. 5 The WikiLeaks website previously stated that 

WikiLeaks "aim[s] for maximum political impact."1296 

ii. (U) Russia's Strategic Support for and Partnership with WikiLeaks 

(U) The Russian government has pursued a relationship with Julian Assange and 

WikiLeaks that includes formal partnerships with state-owned media platforms, government 

assistance for WikiLeaks associates and sources, and information sharing. This relationship has 

existed since at least 2012 and reflects an alignment between the Russian government and 

WikiLeaks in seeking to undermine U.S. institutions and security. 

(U) RT (formerly Russia Today) has provided both beneficial coverage ofWikiLeaks 

and a formal, compensated media platform for Assange. RT first signed a contract with Assange 

1292 WikiLeaks," The Guardian, September 2, 2011. 1293 Julian Assange, Cypherpunks: Freedom and the 

Fu 

1294 mber 27, 2010 (interview with Daniel Schmitt). 1295 see Cryptome.org (leaking email dated December 29, 

20 trations that rely on concealing reality - including the 

US administration"). 

1296 iki/WikiLeaks:About, February 24, 2009. 1297 

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in 2012 for ten shows, which aired as "The World Tomorrow."1298 In August 2013, RT's editorin-chief, Margarita Simonyan, visited Assange in the Ecuador Embassy in London to renew the 

contract. 1299 Following the meeting, Russian media quickly touted RT as "the only Russian 

media company" to establish a relationship with WikiLeaks and receive "new leaks of secret 

information," indicating that a Russian government-run propaganda: outlet could be the ultimate 

beneficiary of classified WikiLeaks materials. 1300 

(U) The alliance between RT and WikiLeaks is ,part of the Russian government's overall 

strategy to use its state-controlled media to undermine U.S. democratic institutions. The 

declassified January 2017 ICA states that RT and Spμthik (formerly The Voice ofRus'sia and 

RIA Novosti)1303 acted as part of "Russia's state-run propaganda machine" during Russia's 

interference in the 2016 U.S. elections. The declassified ICA observes that RT "conducts 

strategic messaging for [the] Russian government" and "seeks to influence politics, [and] fuel 

discontent in the U.S."1304 As a result of their ties to the Russian government, the Department of 

Justice directed the production companies for both RT (T&R Productions LLC) and Sputnik 

1298 (U) "Exclusive TV series hosted by Julian Assange to premiere on ~Tin March," RT, January 25, 2012; 

Internet Archive, Capture ofworldtomorrow.wikileaks.org, April 15, 2012. · 1299 (U) Declassified ICA, p. 3. 1300 U Ibid 1301 

1302 (U) I id 1303 (U) See, e.g, Jim Rutenberg, "RT, Sputnik and Russia's New Theory of War," The New York Times, September 

13, 2017. . · 1304 (U) Declassified ICA, p. 3. 

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COMMITTEE SENSITIVE - RUSSIA INVESTIGATION ONLY 

(RIA Global) to register as foreign agents under FARA. 1305 Both have complied, despite their 

claims that they exercise editorial independence from the Russian state. 1306 

Putin has publicly acknowledged that RT "is funded by the 

government, so it cannot help ut reflect the Russian government's official position."1307 But the 

connections are far more malignant. For example, the Kremlin staffs RT with individuals who 

are ideolo icall ali ned with Russian messa in and su ervises its covera e. 1308 

1305 (U) RT has sought to distance itself formally from Russian government control through contractual financing 

and production arrangements, in part to avoid FARA registration requirements. See Declassified !CA, Annex A, p. 

12. In its FARA filings, T &R Productions identified ANO TV-Novosti as its foreign principal and represented that 

RT's shows are produced "pursuant to various commercial agreements with ANO (autonomous non-profit 

organization) TV-Novosti." TV-Novosti is financed by the Russian government and organized under Russian law. 

See T&R Productions LLC, Registration Statement Pursuant to the Foreign Agents Registration Act of 1938, as 

amended, and Exhibits, November 10, 2017. Separately, RIA Global filed its registration identifying the Federal 

State Unitary Enterprise Rossiya Segodnya International Information Agency-a government-owned news 

agency-as its foreign principal. RIA's shows are also governed by a contractual arrangement with its principal. 

See RIA Global LLC, Registration Statement Pursuant to the Foreign Agents Registration Act of 1938, as amended, 

and Exhibits, February 16, 2018. 1306 (U) In May 2019, the U.S. District Court for the Southern District of Florida agreed with the Department of 

Justice's position that RM Broadcasting also acts as an agent of the Russian state-owned Rossiya Segodnya and 

must register as such under FARA. This ruling marked the first civil enforcement action concerning Russian stateowned media. According to the evidence, RM entered into an agreement with Rossiya Segodnya to broadcast 

"Sputnik" radio programs, but RM could not alter the programs in any way. As a result, the agreement gave Rossiya 

Segodnya direction and control over all RM content. See RM Broadcasting v. United States, Case No. 9:18-cv81418 (S.D. Fla. May 13, 2019). 1307 (U) "Putin talks NSA, Syria, Iran, drones in RT interview," RT, June 12, 2013. 1308 Declassi ied /CA Annex A . 9. 

For more on Gromov, see, e.g., infra Vol. 5, Sec. 

203 

COMMITTEE SENSITIVE - RUSSIA INVESTIGATION ONLY 
(U) Other incidents illustrate close alignment between WikiLeaks and Russia in 

opposing U.S. interests: 

• (U) WikiLeaks and Russian government talking points have closely mirrored each other. 

in April 2016, Assange and WikiLeaks criticized the release of information in the 

Panama Papers as a "Putin attack [that] was produced by OCCRP which targets Russia & 

former USSR and was funded by USAID & Soros," 1313 a frequent refrain in Russian 

state-sponsored influence operations. 1314 Putin echoed this two days later, stating: 

"WikiLeaks has showed us that official people and official organs of the US are behind 

this."1315 

• (U) In 2010, after Assange was arrested in England for questioning by Swedish 

authorities on rape allegations, Putin made statements supportive of Assange. Putin has 

also referred to the charges against Assange as "politically motivated" and that Assange 

was being "persecuted for spreading the information he received from the U.S. military 

regarding the acti9n of the U.S.A. in the Middle East, including Iraq."· In 2011, the 

Kremlin issued Assange a Russian visa. 1316 

• (U) Throughout the 2016 U.S. presidential campaign, RT and Sputnik used their social 

media accounts to push WikiLeaks-related content that disparaged Hillary Clinton. On at 

least two occasions, RT announced WikiLeaks releases on Twitter prior to WikiLeaks 

making that announcement itself. 1317 

• 

or instance, in 2013, WikiLeaks 

personnel assisted in securing asylum for Edward Snowden from the Russian government 

1313 (U) Tweet, @wikileaks, April 5, 2016. The Organized Crime and Corruption Reporting Project (OCCRP) is a 

50l(c)(3) non-profit investigative platform focused on exposing crime and corruption, funded in part by the U.S. 

Agency for International Development and the U.S. Department of State. 1314 (U) See infra Vol. 5, Sec. ill.A.7.vi. 1315 (U) Alan Luhn and Luke Harding, "Putin dismisses Panama Papers as an attempt to destabilise Russia," The 

Guardian, April 7, 2016. 1316 (U) Jo Becker, et al., "How Russia Often Benefits When Julian Assange Reveals the West's Secrets," The New 

York Times, August 31, 2016. 1317 (U) See, e.g., Tweet, @RT_com, October 19, 2016 ("BREAKING: @wikileaks releases fresh batch of emails 

from Clinton campaign chair#podestaemails"); Tweet,@RT_com, October 17, 2016 ("BREAKING: @wikileaks 

releases more emails from Clinton campaign chair#Podestal0"); Tweet, @RT_com, October 15, 2016 ("MORE: 

@wikileaks uploads new batch of 1,000 emails from Clinton's campaign chair #Podesta"); Tweet, @RT_ com, 

October 13, 2016 ("#BREAKING: #WikiLeaks releases 6th #Podesta #email batch on.rt.com/7rtd 

#PodestaEmails6"). RT has suggested that it was merely monitoring the WikiLeaks website closely and that it 

posted on Twitter as soon as documents appeared on the website. 

204 
• 

• 

• 

COMMITTEE SENSITIVE - RUSSIA INVESTIGATION ONLY 

and accompanied him in the Moscow ai 

decision. 1318 

In an interview with DemocracyNow!, Assange said that he "advised Edward Snowden, 

that he would be safest in Moscow." 1320 

the Russian government has offered indirect means 

of support that provided Assange with a valuable platform. For example, in April 2012, 

RT purchased a broadcasting license for Assange's show, "The World Tomorrow," 

shortly after funding for WikiLeaks reportedly began "drying up." 1324 

The Committee observed that Assange received multiple visits at the 

Ecuador Embassy in London from RT employees during the summer of 2016. Nikolay 

Bogachikhin, RT's London bureau chief, visited the Embassy twice in early June. He was 

followed by Afshin Rattansi, another RT ·oumalist, who visited Assange three more times that 

month, as well as , both affiliated with RT, in August 

1318 (U) Sara Corbett, "How a Snowdenista Kept the NSA Leaker Hidden in a Moscow Airport," Vogue, February 

19, 2015. 1319 

1320 lian Assange Reveals the West's Secrets," The New 

Yo 

1321 

1322 

1323 

1324 Reveals the West's Secrets," The New 

York Times, August 31, 2016. 

205 
2016. 1325 RT has claimed that these visits reflected its participation in a WikiLeaks Brexit 

special, and had nothing to do with WikiLeaks activities relating to the U.S. presidential 

election. 1326 

iii. (U) WikiLeaks's Record of Opposition to Hillary Clinton 

(U) In the early parts of the 2016 election, before WikiLeaks_had received hacked 

materials from the GRU, Assange expressed his opposition to Hillary Clinton's candidacy. He 

did so in private communications and in public announcements, and WikiLeaks took actions to 

insert itself into the U.S. 2016 elections by publishing a searchable archive of Clinton emails that 

it believed would encourage the submission of election-related leaks. 

(U) As early as November 19, 2015, in a Twitter group chat, WikiLeaks repeatedly 

disparaged Clinton's prospects as president, 1327 stating, among other things: . 

• (U) "We believe it would be much better for [the] GOP to win."1328 

• (U) "She's a bright, well connected, sadistic sociopath."1329 

• (U) "Hence hillary has greater freedom to start wars than the GOP and has the will to do 

so."1330 · 

(U) Publicly, Assange also argued against Clinton's candidacy based on his perception 

of her U.S. defense and national security views. 1331 In an August 31 interview with The New 

York Times, Assange referred to Clinton as a "demon that is going to put nooses around 

1325 Stephanie Kirchgaessner, et al., 

"Assange's guest 1st: t e RT reporters, ac ers an 1 m-m ers who visite t e embassy," The Guardian, May 18, 

.2() 18; Marshall Cohen, "Exclusive: Security reports reveal how Assange turned an. embassy into a command post for 

election meddling," CNN, July 15, 2019. 1326 (UYStephanie Kirchgaessner, et al., "Assange's guest list: the RT reporters, hackers and film-makers who 

visited the embassy," The Guardian, May 18, 2018 . 

. 1327 (U) The contents of these chats are described in the sea Report, Vol. I, p. 44, and were also publicly released 

online at emma.best/20 I 8/07 /29/1100-messages-from-private-wikileaks-chai-released/. 1328 (U) SCa Report, Vol. I, p. 44. 

1329 (U) Ibid. ,' 1330 (U) Ibid., Vol. I, p. 45. 1331 (U) Tweet,.@wikileaks, February 11, 2016 (""#Assange: Hillary Clinton gets an unseemly emotional rush out 

of killing people"); Tweet, @wikileaks, February 10, 2016 ("#Assange: Hillary Clinton shouldn't be let near a gun 

shop, let alone an army"); Tweet, @wikileaks, February 9, 2016 ("#Assange: A vote today for Hillary Clinton is a 

vote for endless, stupid war"). 

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_everyone's necks as soon as she wins the election."1332 His statements echoed his March 2016 

opposition in the private Twitter chat that "HC [Hillary Clinton] in whitehouse with her bloodlutt 

[sic] arid amitions [sic] of empire with hawkish liberal-interventionist appointees."1333 

(U) On March 16, 2016, shortly after the GRU began its spearphishing campaign, 

WikiLeaks also began publishing a searchable archive of Clinton emails that had already been 

publicly released by the U.S. Department of State in response to a FOIA request. 1334 The archive 

included over 30,000 emails and attachments sent to or from Clinton between Jurie 2010 and 

August 2014, but did not include any previously non-public information. According to one . 

WikiLeaks associate, while part of the goal was to "become 'the place' to search for background 

on hillary's plotting at the state department," creating the archive would also allow WikiLeaks to 

"be seen to be· a resource/player in the US election, because eit [sic] may en[]courage people to 

send us even more important lea~s."1335 

iv. (U) Coordination Between the GRU and WikiLeaks on the Release of 

Hacked Documents 

(U) In June 2016, following the GRU's initial releases of stolen documents, WikiLeaks 

and the GRU personas exchanged the first of their many Twitter direct messages. ·, These initial 

contacts eventually led to a coordinated release of documents on the eve of the 2016 Democratic 

National Convention and later on the heels of the October 7 publication of the Acces$ Hollywood 

tape.1336 As described below, the GRU used both DCLeaks and Guccifer 2.0 personas to 

communicate with WikiLeaks, using private Twitter direct messaging, as weHas encrypted 

channels, possibly including the email of encrypted files and WikiLeaks's private 

communication system. 1337 The GRU transferred the hacked DNC materials to WikiLeaks 

electronically by July 18, 2016. As discussed infra, the GRU may have transferred the hacked 

John Podesta emails, either electronically or via a human courier; in or about mid-September, 

although the precise timing is unclear. 

1332 (U) Kelsey Sutton, "Julian Assange: American press supports 'demon' Hillary Clinton," Politico, August 31, 

2016. _ 

1

333 (U) SCO Report, Vol. I, p. 45. 1334 (U) See "Hillary Clinton Email Archive," wikileaks.org/clinton-emails/. 1335 (U) SCO Report, Vol. I, p. 45. 1336 (U) At approximately 4:00 p.m. that day, The Washington Post released a video tape of Trump discussing 

grabbing women by their genitals during a hot mic during a conversation with Billy Bush of Access Hollywood (the 

"Access Hollywood tape"). David Farenthold, "Trump recorded having extremely lewd·conversation about women 

in 2005," The Washington Post, October 8, 2016. 1337 (U) It is unclear why the personas would have used Twitter to connect with WikiLeaks, given the readily 

available and more secure alternatives. However, Andrew Muller-Maguhn, a close associate of Julian Assange, has 

suggested that Assange "lives on Twitter" and a direct message is the only reliable way to contact him. See1 Ellen 

Nakashima, et al., "A German hacker offers a rare look inside the secretive world of Julian Assange and 

WikiLeaks," The Washington Post, January 17, 2018. 

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The GRU' s decision to use WikiLeaks to release documents was 

. The IC assesses, with high confidence, that "the GRU 

relayed material it acquired ... to WikiLeaks," and that Putin ordered the 2016 influence 

campaign against the U.S. presidential election. 1338 

• 

• 

there was substantial public information describing 

the 1 e y Russian government ro e m ac mg e DNC ema1 s. Reporting by victims, cyber security firms, and 

news organizations beginning in June 2016 attributed the hack and related influence activities by DCLeaks and 

Guccifer 2.0 as Russian-government backed activity. In one notable example, on July 26, 2016, The New York 

208 

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a. (U) Communications and Transfer of Data Related to the DNC 

Release 

(U) On June 12, 2016, Julian Assange gave an interview on ITV indicating publicly-. 

and for the first time that summer-that WikiLeaks would be releasing materials on Hillary 

Clinton. During the interview, he claimed that WikiLeaks had "emails related to Hillary Clinton 

which are pending publication."~343 Days later, on June 14, DCLeaks reached out to WikiLeaks 

on Twitter direct message: 

You announcedyour organization was preparing to publish more Hillary's 

emails. We are ready to support you. We have some sensitive information too, in 

particular, her financial documents. Let's do it together. What do you think 

about publishing our info at the same moment? Thank you. 1344 

(U) WikiLeaks did not respond on Twitter. 1345 But on J~ne 15, the day after The 

Washington Post published the first article detailing suspected Russian hacking of the DNC, the 

GRU's Guccifer 2.0 persona referenced WikiLeaks in its first blog post, claiming that it had 

given "thousands of files and mails" stolen from the DNC to Wikileaks, which would "publish 

them soon." 1346 That day, Guccifer 2.0 emailed some of the stolen documents to two websites, 

Gawker and The Smoking Gun, and stated that the materials sent to WikiLeaks included · 

"election programs, .strategies, plans against Reps, financial reports, etc."1347 

Times reported that "American intelligence agencies have told the White House they now have 'high confidence' 

that the Russian government was behind the theft of emails and documents from the Democratic National 

Committee." David E. Sanger, Eric Schmitt, "Spy Agency Consensus Grows That Russia Hacked D.N.C.," The 

New York Times, July 26, 2016. Assange would have been aware of the ongoing commentary on Russian . 

involvement, as demonstrated by his public statements deflecting such attribution. Open-source research, which was 

widely reported at the time, also identified technical indicators of Russian involvement in the documents that were 

being released by those two personas. These indicators included unique code and Russian language in the metadata 

for the hacked documents. See, e.g., Dan Goodin, "'Guccifer' leak ofDNC Trump research has a Russian's 

fingerprints on it," ArsTe'chnica, June 16, 2016. Further, on October 7, prior to WikiLeaks releasing Podesta's 

stolen emails, the U.S. Government publicly attributed the hack-and-leak effort to Russia's intelligence agencies. 

See DHS, ODNI, Joint Statement on Election Security, October 7, 2016. 

·

1343 (U) "Assange on Peston on Sunday: 'More Clinton Leaks to Come,"' ITV.com, June 12, 2016. It remains 

unclear what emails Assange was referring to. For example, he could have been referring to Clinton emails released 

by the Department of State under FOIA that WikiLeaks had been collecting and publishing on its website in March 

2016. See supra. The Department of State was producing Clinton emails under FOIA throughout 2016. See 

foia.state.gov/search/collections/aspx. 

1344 (U) SCO Report, Vol. I, p. 45. 1345 (U) See Twitter, @wikileaks and@dcleaks_ (direct messaging metadata). 1346 (U) Internet Archive, Capture of guccifer2.wordpress.com/2016/06/15/dnc/, June 15, 2016. 1347 (U) Sam Biddle and Garbrielle Bluestone, "This Looks.Like the DNC's Hacked Trump Oppo File," Gawker, 

June 15, 2016; "DNC Hacker Releases Trump Oppo Report," The Smoking Gun, June 15, 2016. 

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(U) As discussed below, the GRU transferred hacked materials to WikiLeaks on or about , 

July 14, 2016, approximately one month after this June 15 blog post. The Committee could not 

determine if the GRU also transferred hacked DNC materials prior to June 15, as it represented 

in that blog post and as Assange's comments seem to suggest. 1348 

(U) Judging from the timing and content of numerous Twitter direct messages, it took 

several weeks for the GRU to transfer the hacked DNC materials to WikiLeaks, and the two 

parties appeared to encounter a number of technical difficulties in exchanging the materials. 

(U) On June 22, after the Guccifer 2.0 persona had posted three additional sets ofDNC 

documents to its WordPress site on June 18, 20 and 21, WikiLeaks reached out to Guccifer 2.0 

via Twitter. In a direct message, WikiLeaks asked Guccifer 2.0, "Do you have secure 

communications?" and suggested that Guccifer 2.0 "[s]end any new material [stolen from the 

DNC] here for us to review and it will have a much higher impact than what you are doing." 1349 

The two accounts exchanged seven additional messages that day over Twitter, including further 

discussion about establishing secure communications, such as through the use of a program for 

exchanging encrypted information known as "GPG," and messages about the materials, 

WikiLeaks. claimed to possess already. 1350 . The two exchanged eight more messages on June 24 

and June 27: on June 24, they discussed the use of the messaging service "Jabber," and ' 

WikiLeaks provided instructions on how to send it an email with an encrypted message, 

including a key to encrypt the message; later, on June 27, Guccifer 2.0 wrote to WikiLeaks that it 

had sent "an email with a text message encrypted and an open key," and it was "waiting for ur 

response." 1351 On June 29, the GRU used a Guccifer 2.0 email account to send a large encrypted 

file to a WikiLeaks email account, which appeared to be unsuccessful. 1352 

(U) On July 6, 2016, WikiLeaks contacted Guccifer 2.0 again through a Twitter direct 

message and instructed: "if you have anything hillary related we want it in the next tweo [sic] 

days prefable [sic] because the DNC is approaching and she will solidify bemie supporters 

1348 (U) On June 17, shortly after the Guccifer 2.0 blog post, WikiLeaks posted an 88-gigabyte encrypted file, 

"Torrent WIKILEAKS INSURANCE 2016-06-03," purporting to "protect our coming publications." Tweet, 

@wikileaks, June 17, 2016. The contents of the file are unknown to the Committee and may have no relation to the 

2016 election, but the timing and reference to "coming publications" are suggestive. 1349 (U) Affidavit in Support of Application for Search Warrant, Case 1:17-mj-00821, November 11, 2017, 'I) 22. 1350 (U) Ibid . 1351 (U) Ibid, 'l)'l) 23-24; Twitter, @Guccifer_2 (direct messaging metadata). 1352 U Accordin to the sea Re ort the email did not a ear to have been delivered. sea Re ort Vol. I . 46. 1353 

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behind her after."1354 Guccifer 2.0 responded: "ok ... i see." 1355 WikiLeaks went on to explain: 

"we think trump has only a 25% chance of winning against hillary ... so conflict between bernie 

and hillary is interesting."1356 WikiLeaks also wrote: "[W]e think the public interest is greatest 

now and in early [O]ctober."1357 The accounts exchanged a total of 82 messages that day 

alone. 1358 Although again the Committee does not know the content of all of the 

communications, the Guccifer 2.0 persona messaged WikiLeaks that, among other things, it had 

sent "yesterday, an archive of about 1 gb. via [website link]," to which WikiLeaks later 

responded, "Please don't make anything you send to us public. It's a lot of work to go through it 

and the impact is severely reduced ifwe are not the first to publish it." 1359 On July 7, the GRU 

asked WikiLeaks whether it had "another way [besides email] to receive large volumes of data" 

because a GRU email containing "a check archive from another email box" had not been 

successfully delivered. 1360 The GRU sent WikiLeaks another eight messages on July 11, 2016, 

including one message that the GRU had "sent it via ur submission."1361 

(U) On July 14, the GRU used the Guccifer 2.0 persona to email WikiLeaks an 

encrypted attachment with the file name "wk dnc linkl.txt.gpg."1362 The subject of the email 

stated "big archive" and the message body said "a new attempt," 1363 suggesting that previous 

efforts to share the data through other channels had failed. On the same day, Guccifer 2.0 and 

WikiLeaks exchanged Twitter direct messages once again, during which the GRU sent 

WikiLeaks an encrypted file and instructions on opening it. 1364 

1354 (U) SCO Report, Vol. I, p. 45. 1355 (U) Ibid. 

1356 (U) Ibid. 

1357 (U) Affidavit in Support of Application for Search Warrant, Case 1:17-mj-00821, November 11, 2017, ~ 31. 1358 (U) Twitter, @Guccifer_2 (direct messaging metadata). 1359 (U) Affidavit in Support of Application for Search Warrant, Case 1:17-mj-00821, November 11, 2017, ~ 26. 

Some of the Guccifer 2.0 messages discussed documents it was trying to share with WikiLeaks that related to 

Brexit. 

1360 (U) Ibid.,~ 33. 1361 (U) Ibid., ~ 34. 1362 (U) SCO Report, Vol. I, p. 46. The file extension "gpg" indicates that the file was encrypted using GNU 

Privacy Guard, which is an open-source analog of Pretty Good Privacy (PGP) encryption. 

1363 (U) Ibid. 1364 (U) Ibid. The GRU advised WikiLeaks, "Check ur email. sent u a link to a big archive and a pass." Affidavit 

in Support of Application for Search Warrant, Case 1:17-mj-00821, November 11, 2017, ~ 35. 

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(U) On July 18, WikiLeaks confirmed receipt to the Guccifer 2.0 persona via Twitter, 

stating that it had "the 1Gb or so archive" and would be releasing the files "this week."1366 The 

accounts exchanged another 29 messages that day. 1367 Among other things, WikiLeaks also 

asked Guccifer 2.0 if it had "any bigger datasets" and whether it had received "our fast transfer 

details," and suggested that WikiLeaks had taken the step of ".arrang[ing] that server just for that 

purpose" presumably referring to the transfer of more data. The two entities then,discussed the 

optimal timing for the GRU to transfer the remainder of its documents; whereas WikiLeaks 

pushed for the data transfer to happen soon, the GRU seemed reluctant to do so before 

WikiLeaks had released the initial tranche of DNC information, advising "i'll ponder it."1368 

(U) The DNC emails were released four days later, on July 22, 2016, three days before 

the July 25 Democratic National Convention. WikiLeaks released 19,252 emails and 8,034 

attachments obtained from seven email accounts at the DNC. The emails covered the period of 

January 2015 through May 25, 2016, the first date that the GRU exfiltrated data from the DNC 

email server. 1369 The Trump Campaign's awareness of and reaction to the release is discussed 

infra. 

(U) After the July release, Assange left no doubt that his intention was to influence the 

election with the DNC information. For example, on July 29, 2016, Assange gave an interview 

to CNN and agreed that the release was timed for "maximum impact," further stating "that's 

when we knew that there would be maximum interest by readers."1370 He also gave an interview 

to DemocracyNow! stating that the release was handled differently than normal "because of the 

pending D[emocratic] N[ational] C[onvention]."1371 

1365 

1366 (U) sea Report, Vo. I, p. 46. 1367 (U) Twitter, @Guccifer_2 (direct messaging metadata). . 1368 (U) Affidavit in Support of Application for Search Warrant, Case 1:17-mj-00821, November 11, 2017, ,r,r 35-

36. 

1369 (U) See www.wikileaks.org/dnc-emails/; sea Report, Vol. I, pp. 4o-11. The SCO noted that "the last-in-time 

DNC email released by WikiLeaks was dated May 25, 2016, the same period of time during which the GRU gained 

access to the DN's email server." Ibid, Vol. I, p. 41. 1370 (U) Anderson Cooper 360, "Julian Assange: We have more material on Clinton," CNN, July 29, 2016. 1371 (U) "EXCLUSIVE: WikiLeaks' Julian Assange on Releasing DNC Emails That Ousted Debbie Wasserman 

Schultz," DemocracyNow!, July 25, 2016 ("Often it's the case that we have to do a iot of exploration and marketing 

of the material we publish ourselves to get a big political impact for it. But in this case, we knew, because of the 

pending DNC, because of the degree of interest in the U.S. election, we didn't need to establish partnerships ... we 

took the data set, analyzed it, verified it, made it in a presentable, searchable form, presented it for all journalists and 

. the public to mine."). 

212 
b. (U) Communications and Transfer of Data Related to the Podesta 

Release 

(U) WikiLeaks did not release ~dditional hacked documents relating to the 2016 U.S. 

election until October 7, 2016, when it began a month-long process ofleaking stolen Podesta 

emails. The Committee, like the SCO, was unable to determine precisely when and how the 

GRU transferred the hacked John Podesta emails to WikiLeaks. Communications between 

WikiLeaks and GRU personas, coupled with forensic analysis of documents, suggest that at least 

some Podesta emails could have been transferred as late as September 2016. 1372 Information 

reviewed by the Committee, detailed below, further suggests the GRU may have transferred the 

Podesta emails using encrypted email or, alternatively, by human courier. 

(U) Communications between the GRU' s DCLeaks persona and WikiLeaks provide 

some indications that the GRU used the DCLeaks persona to transfer data in the lead up to the 

Podesta release. On September 15, t}:te DCLeaks persona reached out to WikiLeaks on Twitter: 

hi there! I'm from DC Leaks. How could we discuss some submission-related 

issues? Am trying to reach out to you via your secured chat but getting no 

response. I've got something that might ·interest you. You won't be disappointed, 

I promise. 1373 

After having seemingly ignored the prior Twitter messages, WikiLeaks responded, "Hi 

there."1374 No additional communications occurred on Twitter that day between DCLeaks and 

WikiLeaks. 1375 

(U) However, later on the same day, Guccifer 2.0 messaged the DCLeaks persona, also 

over Twitter, that "WikiLeaks was trying to contact DCLeaks and arrange for a way to speak 

through encrypted emails."1376 This was the first of m_any Twitter messages between the two 

1372 (U) However, Assange was hinting publicly about additional releases between July 22 and mid-Septi;:mber, 

suggesting that he could have been aware of additional content that had already been secured by the GRU and would 

be provided to him or, alternatively, that he may have had already acquired some content that he intended to release. 

For example, in an August 24, 2016 interview, Assange discussed soon-to-be-released information that would be 

damaging to Hillary Clinton. Kelly File, "Assange: WikiLeaks to release 'significant' Clinton material," Fox News, 

August 24, 2016., 1373 (U) SCO Report, Vol. I, p. 46. 

1374 (U). Ibid 1375 (U) Twitter, @wikileaks, @dcleaks_ (direct messaging metadata). The Committee does not know if the GRU 

and WikiLeaks communicated in other ways around this time. 1376 (U) SCO Report, Vol. I, pp. 4~7. 
GRU-controlled accounts, as discussed above. 1377 The message indicates that WikiLeaks 

suspected Guccifer 2.0 could assist it in communicating with DCLeaks. , 

(U) On September 19, 2016, DCLeaks and WikiLeaks exchanged further Twitter 

messages. Thereafter,. on September 22, the GRU used a DCLeaks email account 

(dcleaksproject@gmail.com) to send an e:mail to WikiLeaks. The subject line of the email was 

"Submission" and the body of the message stated "Hi from DCLeaks," and it included a PGPencrypted message with the file name "wiki_mail.txt.gpg." Although this file resembled the one 

previously shared by the GRU with WikiLeaks on July 14, 2016, using the Guccifer 2.0 persona, 

the contents and attributes of the file are unknown. On the same day, the DCLeaks Twitter 

account sent a string of characters to the WikiLeaks account that was potentially a password to 

access a file archive it had made available. 1378 

(U) Some evidence suggests that the GRU transferred the Podesta emails to WikiLeaks 

either via this encrypted email or through other means during the same time frame. Forensic 

data from the stolen Podesta emails showed a creation date of September 19, 2016, in the midst 

of these exchanges. 1379 According to Ecuador Embassy officials, Assange had access to Apple 

desktop and laptop computers inside the Embassy. 1380 Based on an assessment by the SCO of 

the Apple operating systems possibly running on Assange's computer, this could reflect the date 

the GRU staged the stolen emails for transfer to WikiLeaks, because the default setting on some 

Apple operating systems retains the file creation date of a downloaded file from the original host 

computer. 1381 Although some of the attachments and files showed a later creation date of 

October 2, 2016, that actually appears to reflect the date that attachments were staged 

individually on the WikiLeaks site. 1382 

(U) As sophisticated actors, WikiLeaks and the GRU were almost certainly aware that 

their emails and Twitter messages were in plain text and could be obtained by U.S. law 

enforcement. 1383 WikiLeaks had specifically requested that they communicate in an encrypted 

1377 (U) Twitter, @dcleaks_, @Guccifer_2 (direct messaging metadata). 1378 (U) SCOReport, Vol. I, p. 47. 1379 U Ibid 

(U) Ibid 1382 (U) Ibid The timing of this staging indicates that WikiLeaks was prepared to release emails as promised by 

October 3, and therefore also prepared to release emails quickly on October 7, as discussed infra. 1383 (U) For example, on August 23, 2016, in response to question from The Smoking Gun about Guccifer 2.0 

persona's contact with Stone, the GRU wrote from the Guccifer 2.0 Twitter account: "the fbi's tracing me, reading 

my dm [direct messages] and giving u hints." William Bastone, "Roger Stone's Russian Hacking 'Hero,"' The 

Smoking Gun, March 8, 2017. 

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channel. In addition, the GRU had very likely used direct messaging between the Guccifer 2.0 

and DCLeaks personas to mask the hand of the Russian government. 1384 Despite this, both 

WikiLeaks and the GRU used unencrypted emails and U.S. providers to communicate. This 

behavior raises the possibility that both parties expected the messages to be read by U.S. 

authorities, exchanged these messages in order to mislead investigators, and in fact chose to 

transmit the data in a different way. 

(U) For example, it is also possible that files were transferred to WikiLeaks by 

individuals who visited Assange in person. Assange, who was residing at the time at the 

Ecuador Embassy in London had fre uent visitors in the summer and fall of 2016. Several 

individuals of note stood out 

-· 

• One of these visitors, Andrew Milller-Maguhn, a German national, 

supporter ofWikiLeaks and foundin member of the hacker collective Chaos 

Com uter Club, 1385 

• 

1384 (U) See infra Vol. 5, Sec. Ill.B.5.iv. 

other WikiLeaks associates, 

t d him multiple times per week, although 

1388 

1385 (U) Ellen Nakashima, et al., "A German hacker offers a rare look inside the secretive world of Julian Assange 

and WikiLeaks," The Washin ton Post, Janu 17 2018. 1386 

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I 

I 

I 

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217 

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I 

218 

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I 

I 

I 

I 

Miiller-Maguhn had also visted 

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(U) Andrew Miiller-Maguhn admitted to reporters that once, in 2016, he transported a 

flash drive containing what he believed (but could not be certain) were personal messages to 

Assange, but did not identify the sender. He also did not identify when this occurred. However, 

he asserted in that article that he was never in possession of the hacked emails before they were 

posted, and never transported them. 1419 

v. (U) WikiLeaks Promotes Alternative,-False Theories About the Source of 

the GRU Materials 

(U) Assange and WikiLeaks undertook efforts to obscure the source of the stolen emails, 

including through false narratives. Assange's use of such disinformation suggests Assange 

possibly knew of and sought to hide Russian involvement. One narrative from Assange involved 

a conspiracy theory that Seth Rich, a DNC staffer killed in a botched robbery, was the source of 

the DNC ·emajl leak and had been murdered in response. On August 9, Assange gave an 

interview on Dutch television implying that Rich was the source of the DNC emails, 1420 and that 

day WikiLeaks announced that it would be issuing a reward for information about Rich's 

murder. 1421 In a subsequent interview, Assange commented about the WikiLeaks interest in the 

Rich case as concerning "someone who's potentially connected to our publication."1422 The 

Committee found that no credible evidence_ supports this narrative. 

(U) Assange also attempted to rebut criticism that WikiLeaks does not release . 

documents critical of or damaging to Russia. For example, on September 19, 2017, WikiLeaks 

released 35 internal documents from a Russian IT company that services Moscow's wiretap 

system. 1423 The e~istence and nature of the system was already well known to Russian and 

American researchers and was not assessed to be damaging to Russia. 1424 Nonetheless, Assange 

141s (U) Ibid. 1419 (U) Ellen Nakashima, et al., "A German hacker offers a rare look inside the secretive world of Julian Assange 

and WikiLeaks," The Washington Post, January 17, 2018. The Committee did not interview Miiller-Maguhn. 1420 (U) "Interview of Julian Assange," Nieuwsuur, August 9, 2016 ("I am suggesting that our sources take risks."). 1421 (U) Tweet, @wikileaks, August 9, 2016. 

'

1422 (U) ."Assange: 'Murdered DNC Staffer Was Potential WikiLeaks Source,"' Fox News, August 25, 2016 (video 

of Assange interview). WikiLeaks also issued a vaguely,worded statement that did not confirm or deny whether 

Rich was a source. See Tweet, @wikileaks, August 10, 2016. · 1423 (U) See https://wikileaks.org/spyfiles/russia/. 1424 (U) Adam Taylor, "WikiLeaks releases files that appear to offer details of Russian surveillance system," The 

Washington Post, September 19, 2017. 

220 

COMMITTEE SENSITIVE - RUSSIA INVESTIGATION ONLY 
complained that U.S. media had not paid sufficient attention to the release. 1425 The timing and 

limited nature of this release is consistent with indications that WikiLeaks knowingly aided the 

Russian 2016 election influence campaign. 

(U) In 2017, Assarige also promised to provide evidence to then-Congressman Dana 

· Rohrabacher that Russia was not his source, but only in exchange for protection from U.S. 

authorities. Rohrabacher had been "told by a number of experts that it was impossible" for the 

DNC data "to have been sucked out of the machine and hacked back to Russia." Rather, 

Rohrabacher believed it had been "someone on the inside who downloaded it with some sort of 

quick dowrtload."1426 Rohrabacher, convinced that •~the Russians were now being accused of 

something they didn't do," instead "felt like [he] needed to go see how [he] could prove that one 

way or the other" by speaking with Assange. 1427 The meeting took place in the Ecuador 

Embassy on August 16, 2017,1428 and was also attended by Charles Johnson, a conse~ative 

political activist who helped Rohrabacher set up the meeting,1429 and Assange's lawyer. 1430 · 

(U) According to Rohrabacher, Assange "made it very clear to me that he was saying 

that the Russians did not do it" and "he had proof' of who was responsible. 1431 In exchange, 

Assange wanted an "assurance"-whether in the form of a pardon or otherwise-that he would 

not be taken into custody when he left the Ecuador Embassy. 1432 Rohrabacher promised to "go · 

back to the White House and see ifwe can arrange something where you won't be arrested."1433 

He then attempted but was "not permitted" to speak to Trump on the subject, and told the 

Committee that he did not communicate again with Assange about the potential deal. 1434 The 

Committee found no evidence to support Rohrabacher' s theories or Assange' s claims. 1435 

7. (U) Efforts to Capitalize on WikiLeaks, Gain Advance Information on Releases 

1425 (U) See, e.g., Tweet, @wikileaks, January 26, 2019 (replying to @MeetThePress and linking to "Spy Files 

Russia"). · 1426 (U) SSCI Transcript of the Interview with DanaRohrabacher, December 19, 2017, pp. 8, 18-19. 1427 Ibid. . 8-9. 142 

1429 (U) Ro a ac er Tr., p. 11. 1430 (U) Ibid., p. 17. 1431 (U) Ibid., p. 18. 1432 (U) Ibid., pp. 18-19. 

1433 (U) Ibid. 1434 (U) Ibid., pp. 19-20. Rohrabacher said that then-White House Chief of Staff John Kelly was "concerned any 

conversation with myself and the President on this issue might be declared obstruction of justice." Ibid: p. 19. 1435 (U) CrowdStrike's forensic analysis of the DNC computers also reflected that there were no USB entries. See 

generally Crowdstrike, DNC Report. Sean Henry testified that CrowdStrike did not.detect any threat actors other 

than "the two Bears." SSC! Transcript of the Interview with Sean Henry, October 5, 2017, p. 82. 

221 
(U) While the GRU and WikiLeaks were coordinating the release of hacked pNC, 

DCCC, and Podesta documents, Trump and senior Campaign officials sought information 

relating to "missing" Hillary Clinton emails as part of the Campaign's opposition research and 

press strategies. Beginning in April or May 2016, Roger Stone repeatedly cc;mveyed to Trump 

and senior Campaign staff that WikiLeaks would be releasing information damaging to Clinton. 

After the July 22 WikiLeaks release, Trump and senior Campaign officials believed Stone had 

access to non-public information about WikiLeaks' s ability and intent to release emails harmful 

to Clinton. 

(U) Thereafter, Trump directed Campaign officials to stay in touch with Roger Stone 

about future WikiLeaks activities regarding Clinton-related emails. Manafort in tum tasked 

Stone to contact Julian Assange, and Stone endeavored to reach Assange through several 

intermediaries. Stone reported back to senior Campaign officials and· associates, and to Trump 

directly, and provided advance informatio~ about another expected release relating to John 

Podesta, which he said would be damaging to Clinton. After WikiLeaks published the Podesta 

emails on October 7, Trump and the Campaign believed Stone had again acquired accurate, nonpublic information. The Committee could not reliably trace the provision of non-public 

information from WikiLeaks to Stone, and as a result. could not evaluate the full scope of Stone's 

non-public knowledge of WikiLeaks's activities. 

(U) The Trump Campaign strategically monitored and promoted the WikiLeaks releases 

of John Podesta's emails from October 7 until the· election.• The Campaign tried to cast doubton 

the October 7 joint DHS/ODNT assessment formally attributing the activity to Russia, and was 

indifferent to the significance of acquiring, promoting, or disseminating materials from a Russian 

intelligence services hack-and-leak campaign.1436 

t (U) The July 22 WikiLeaks DNC Release 

(U) In the spring of 2016, the Trump Campaign's opposition research team primarily 

focused on Clinton's "missing" emails, and financial contributions to the Clinton Foundation. 1437 

1436 (U) In .contrast to the Campaign's decision, other lawmakers refused to engage iri such exploitation of the stolen 

material. For example, in an October 2016 interview, Senator Marco Rubio said that he would "not discuss any 

issue that has become public solely on the basis ofWikiLeaks," noting that "these leaks are an effort by-a foreign 

government to interfere with our electoral process, and I will not indulge it." Jonathan Karl and Benjamin Siegel, 

"Exclusive: Rubio Won't Talk About WikiLeaks, and Neither Should Donald Trump," ABC News, October 19, 

2016. 

1437 (U) FBI, FD-302, Gates 4/10/2018. The Committee assesses· that, at this time, the references to Clinton's 

"emails" reflected a focus on allegedly missing or deleted.emails from Clinton's personal server during her tenure as 

Secretary of State. As described infra Vol. 5, Sec. III.L.l, there was parallel effort to obtain Clinton's "missing" 

emails by Peter W. Smith and Barbara Ledeen, both of whom had a connection to the Trump Campaign through 

Flynn. · 

222 

COMMITTEE SENSITIVE -RUSSIA INVESTIGATION ONLY 
In April and May, the Campaign's interest in the Clinton emails increased as the Campaign 

became convinced that public interest in the emails could benefit Trump's chances to win. 1438 

According to Rick Gates, Trump Jr. would ask where the Clinton emails were during "family 

meetings," regularly-scheduled meetings of senior Trump Campaign officials and Trump family 

members. 1439 Other senior advisors, including Flynn, Kushner, Manafort, Lewandowski, thenSenator Jeff Sessions, and Campaign policy advisor Sam Clovis also expressed interest in 

obtaining the emails. 1440 . · 

1 

· 

C, 

(U) Around the same ti~e, in approximately May 2016, Roger Stone alerted Rick Gates 

and Paul Manafort that WikiLeaks would be releasing information about Clinton, but provided 

no details about the timing. 1441 Stone had known Trump for years and had served as an advisor 

to the Trump Campaign from late 2014 until approximately August 2015. Although Stone no. 

longer had a formal position on the Campaign at this time, the Campaign "still had people he 

knew," including Trump, Gates, Paul Manafort, and (later) Steve Bannon, and Stone "had the 

ability to access these people."1442 Stone stayed in close communication with the Campaign. In 

April and May 2016, Stone and Gates had approximately 67 phone calls; during the same time 

period, Stone and Manafort spoke by phone approximately 64 times, and Stone also spoke 67 

times with Trump donor Erik Prince. 1443 · 

(U) Manafort also recalled hearing from Stone sometime in June 2016 that "a source 

close to WikiLeaks confirmed that WikiLeaks had the emails from Clinton's server."1444 Like 

Gates, Manafort recalled Stone telling him that the emails would be released "soon," but Stone • 

1438 (U) FBI, FD-302, Gates 4/10/2018. 1439 (U) Ibid. The existence and nature of the "family meetings" are further described in connection with the June 9· 

2016 meeting, see infra Vol. 5, Sec. III.C.5. 1440 (U) FBI, FD-302, Gates 4/10/2018. 1441 (U) Testimony ofRichard Gates, United States v. Roger Stone, pp. 921, 928; FBI, FD-302, Gates 10/25/2018. 

Gates also said at trial that Stone may have passed him this information as early as April 2016. Gates, who pleaded 

guilty to ·various offenses and false statements, has been consistent in his statements about Stone conveying this 

information. For exiμnple, Gates also told the SCO in a debriefing that he recalled Stone saying to both him and 

Manafort, at least a couple of weeks prior to June 12, 2016, that this information would be released. See FBI, FD302, Gates 10/25/18. The sea Report similarly states: "Before Assange's June 12 announcement, Gates and Stone 

had a phone conversation in which Stone said something 'big' was coming and had to do with a leak of 

information." sea Report, p. 52. Stone's comments occurred after WikiLeaks created a searchable archive in 

March 2016 of Clinton Department.of State emails that were released pursuant to a FOIA request, but these emails 

were part of a set that had already been made public. See wikileaks.org/elinton-emajls/. 1442 (U) Testimony of Richard Gates, United States v. Roger Stone, pp. 920-921. Although Bannon did not take a 

formal position on the Campaign until August 2016, Stone spoke with him several times across March, April, July, 

and August 2016. See AT&T toll records, Roger Stone/Drake Ventures. 1443 (U) United States v. Roger Stone, Gov. Ex. 167 (summary chart of Stone/Campaign phone calls); AT&T toll 

records, Roger Stone/Drake Ventures. • 1444 (U) FBI, FD-302, Manafort 9/13/2018. 

223 

COMMITTEE SENSITIVE~ RUSSIA INVESTIGATION ONLY 
COMMITTEE SENSITIVE - RUSSIA INVESTIGATION ONLY 

"did not know when." 1445 Manafort, who was not convinced that the documents were coming 

out, directed Gates to check in with Stone "from time to time" to see if his WikiLeaks · 

information remained "real and viable."1446 

(U) Although Manafort did not identify a precise date for his June conversation with 

Stone about WikiLeaks, phone records reflect six phone calls between the two during that month, 

including on June 4, June 12, June 20, and June 23. 1447 According to Manafort's Campaign 

calendar, Manafort and Stone were scheduled to meet in person at.12:30 p.m. on June 23 in the 

Trump Tower cafeteria for 30 minutes. 1448 The Committee received no further information about 

the purpose of the meeting. 1449 Nonetheless, phone records and calendar entries depict a pattern 

of communication involving Manafort, Gates, and Stone. Phone records for June and July reflect 

a total' of 28 calls between Gates and Stone and a total of 18 between Manafort and Stone, 

including those described below. 145° From early June to the July 22 WikiLeaks release, 

Manafort and Gates both called to ask Stone when the release would happen and Stone repeated 

that the information was coming. 1451 

(U) In one call during that period, Stone also told Gates that the WikiLeaks information 

could be from the Russians. However, Gates did not recall Stone suggesting a connection 

between WikiLeaks and Russia. Gates also thought that Stone could have based his theory of 

Russian involvement on publicly available information. 1452 

(U) According to Gates, Stone was the only person conveying this information to the 

Campaign at the time; 1453 and he did so before WikiLeaks began publicizing its access to Clinton 

documents on June 12.1454 On June 12, Julian Assange gave an interview in which he said that 

WikiLeaks was planning to release information on Hillary Clinton.1455 The Trump Campaign 

1445 (U) Ibid 

1446 (U) Testimony ofRichard Gates, United States v. Roger Stone, p. 932; see also FBI, FD-302, Gates 10/25/2018. 1447 (U) AT&T toll records, Roger Stone/Drake Ventures. 1448 (U) See Daily Schedule for Paul Manafort, June 23, 2016 (DJTFP00022874). 1449 (U) Kushner testified that he was not aware of the meeting. See Kushner Tr. II, p. 58. Gates recalled 

accompanying Manafort to an in-person meeting with Stone in either April or May 2016, but it is unknown whether 

this is the same meeting that Gates recalled. See FBI, FD-302, Gates 3/1/2018. 1450 (U) United States v: Roger Stone, Gov. Ex. 167 (summary chart of Stone/Campaign phone calls); AT&T toll 

records, Roger Stone/Drake Ventures. The Committee was able to identify relevant calls in Stone's phone.records 

based on open source information, document production from other witnesses, as well as a factual stipulation and 

other evidence entered in the United States v. Roger Stone trial. 1451 (U) FBI, FD-302, Gates 10/25/2018. 1452 (U) Ibid. According to Gates, Stone floated the "inside job" theory at a later point in time. 1453 (U) Testimony of Richard Gates, United States v. Roger Stone, p. 921. 1454 (U) FBI, FD-302, Gates 10/25/2018. 1455 (U) See "Assange on Peston on Sunday: 'More Clinton leaks to come,"' ITV com, June 12, 2016 (stating 

WikiLeaks had "upcoming leaks in relation to Hillary Clinton .... We have emails pending publication."). 

224 
COMMITTEE SENSITIVE - RUSSIA INVESTIGATION ONLY 

was elated by the news about WikiLeaks's plans, which it considered an unexpected "gift."1456 

Gates said that the Campaign believed the comm~nts had to do with missing Clinton emails, and 

Manafort said that Stone got "half ~redit" because Stone's prediction had been corroboiated.1457 

However, some in the Campaign were uncertain that WikiLeaks hadthese materials because 

Stone had been making representations about WikiLeaks ''for so long" and there was no other 

evidence of the emails being released. 1458 

(U) The day after Assange's announcement, Stone emailed Gates to schedule a call for 

"guidance on many things."1459 They spoke that evening for 20 minutes. 1460 Gates said that one 

of the issues Stone needed "guidance" on was WikiLeaks. 1461 He did not say exactly what 

guidance he provided. 

, 

(U) On June 14, 2016, only two days after Assange's interview, the DNC announced that 

it had been.compromised by Russian government hackers.1462 That,.evening, at 9:03 p.m., Stone 

called Trump at Trump's home number. 1463 Trump returned Stone) call from his cell phone two 

times, at 9:53 p.m. and 9:56 p.m.: the calls lasted about two-and-a-half minutes and two minutes, 

respectively .

1464 The Committee does not know the substance of these conversations, but the 

pattern and timing of Stone;s calls with Trump and others during this period suggest that the ~o 

could have discussed the DNC hack and WikiLeaks. 

(U) Campaign leadership reacted positively to the news that the DNC had been hacked 

by the Russians. Gates described the reaction in part as "disbelief," but also given "what we 

were told that information might be about," the Campaign "felt it would give [them] a leg up" if 

released. 1465 

1456 (U) Testimony of Richard Gates, United States v. Roger Stone, p. 927. 1457 (U) FBI, FD-302, Gates 10/25/2018. 1458 (U) Testimony of Richard Gates, United States v. Roger Stone, p. 927. 1459 (U) Email correspondence between Roger Stone and Rick (]ates, June 13, 2016, United States v. Roger Stone, 

Gov.Ex. 21. 1460 (U) See AT&T toll records, Roger Stone/Drake Ventures. 1461 (U) Testimony of Richard Gates, United.States v. Roger Stone, pp. 928-929. 1462 (U) Ellen Nakashima, "Russian government hackers penetrated DNC, stole opposition research on Trump," The 

Washington Post, June 14, 2016. 1463 (U) See United States v. Stone, Gov. Ex. 148; AT&T toll records, Roger Stone/Drake Ventures. 1464 (U) Ibid. The calls from Trump were made from a blocked number, which the Committee was able to identify 

as Trump's based on corresponding information admitted as evidence in the trial against Roger Stone. Trump's use 

of a blocked number generally made it difficult for .the Committee to identify all of the pertinent contacts between 

the two. The blocked number was likely Trump's cell phone; other Trump Org. phones, including Trump's direct 

line, appeared in both the Stone and Trump Org. records that the Committee obtained. 1465 (U) Testimony of Richard Gates, United States v. Roger Stone, pp. 928-929. This-and a variety of other 

information the Committee found relating to the Campaign's interest in the hacked materials-is in contrast to what 

225 

COMMITTEE SENSITIVE - RU.SSIA INVESTIGATION ONLY 
(U) In response to the Assange announcement, Stone's information, and presumably the 

' news of the DNC hack, the Campaign planned a "press strategy, a communications campaign, 

and messaging based on the possibility the emails existed," and conversations were held "about 

what the campaign could plan for in the way of emails."1466 Before WikiLeaks had released any 

materials, Trump was reportedly frustrated that the Clinton emails had not beeri found. 1467 

Michael Cohen, Trump's personal attorney and longtime confidant, recalled Trump commenting: 

"I wonder where they are. Somebody's got to have them."1468 Cohen described Trump as 

"obsessed ... the·same way he was obsessed with finding Barack Obama's birth certificate."1469 

(U) Just after midnight on June 16, Stone and Gates discussed the DNC hack by 

phone. 1470 Hours earlier on June 15, the GRU had released for the first time, through the 

Guccifer 2.0 persona, documents stolen from the DNC, as described above. During the over-30-

rninute call, Stone told Gates that "more information would be coming out of the DNC hack."1471 

Stone then requested contact information from Gates for Jared Kushner, in order to "brief' 

Kushner on WikiLeaks documents.1472 Gates then sent Kushner' s contact information to 

Stone. 1473 Kushner told the Committee: "I have only met Roger Stone once in my life, and I 

shook his hand briefly during the transition, and I never met him before that." 1474 

(U) Because Manafort was initially dubious that Stone had accurate information about 

WikiLeaks, he instructed Stone "not to tell Trump until they co~ld. confirm it." Manafort said 

some witnesses claimed to the Committee: that the hack had no immediate impact on the Campaign. For example, 

Bannon said the releases were a "non-event." Bannon Tr., pp. 169-170. · 1466 (U) FBI, FD-302, Gates 4/11/2018. The Committee did not determine exactly when the messaging strategy 

began, but it predated the July 22 WikiLeaks release ofDNC documents. For example, Trump and the Campaign 

Were already focused on Clinton emails prior to the release, the Campaign had already been in contact with Stone 

about a potential release, and Assange had already suggested he had Clinton emails. Gates estimated that it took 

place in the June/July 2016 time frame, as the Campaign began t~ anticipate a release of information. FBI, FD-302, 

Gates 10/25/2018. 1467 (U) FBI, FD-302, Gates'l0/25/2018. As described elsewhere in this Report, there were various lines.of 

unsuccessful efforts to locate the "missing" emails from Clint<;m's server by various individuals with ties to the 

Campaign. 

1468 (U) FBI, FD-302, Cohen 8/7/2018. 1469 (U) Ibid 1470 (U) Testimony of Richard Gates, United States v. Roger Stone, pp. 930-931; Text messages, Stone and Gates, 

June 15, 2016, United States v. Roger Stone, Gov. Ex. 20 ("Call me. Important."). . 1471 (U) Testimony of Richard Gates, United States v. Roger Stone, pp. 930-931; AT&T toll records, Roger 

Stone/Drake Ventures. , 1472 (U) Testimony of Richard Gates, Unite,d States v. Roger Stone, pp. 931-932; Emails, Stone and Gates, June 13, 

2016, United States v." Roger Stone, Gov. Ex; 22. 1473 (U) Emails, Stone and Gates, June 13, 2016, United States v. Roger Stone, Gov. Ex. 22. 1474 (U) Kushner Tr., p. 98. In its limited review, the Committee did not identify any calls whh the one known 

· Kushner number in Stone's-cell phone records. 

226 
that he wanted to keep Trump focused on speeches and meeting members of Congress, not 

distracted "by the titillation of a WikiLeaks release."1475 But while Manafort claimed that he was 

reluctant to tell Trump and cautioned Stone against doing so, Stone could-and did-contact 

Trump directly, as Stone did on June 14. In addition, Manafort believed Stone would have told 

Trump anyway because he ''wanted the credit for knowing in advance."1476 

,' 

(U) Witness testimony and documentary evidence support that Stone spoke to Trump 

about the WikiLeaks information prior to its release. Gates was aware that Stone called Trump 

during the campaign.1477 Cohen similarly noted that "Stone called Trump all the time," and 

"could call Trump's cell phone, especially if at night."1478 Trump himself acknowledged that he 

"spoke by telephone with Roger Stone from time to time during the campaign;"1479 

(U) Though the records obtained by the Committee are limited, they show numerous 

phone calls throughout June and July between Trump i:i,nd Stone.1480 In addition to the June 14 

phone call, Stone received brief calls from a Trump Organization number on June 21 and 28, 

1475 (U) FBI, FD-302, Manafort 9/13/2018. Gates also suggested that Manafort tri~d to keep conversation about 

Stone's claims minimal because Manafort thought people would lose faith in him if they knew information was 

coming from Stone. FBI, FD-302, Gates 10/25/2018. 1476 (U) FBI, FD-302, Manafort 9/13/18. In fact, Stone had remained actively involved with the Campaign long 

after he had been fired, and was involved in getting Manafort hired. See infra Vol. 5, Sec. ill.A.5.i. Lewandowski 

testified: "When Mr. Manafort came to the campaign Mr. Stone had renewed access to the campaign. He and Paul 

spent a considerable amount of time on the phone together discussing strategy. I believe Paul would allow him on 

conference calls that Roger really had no business being on. He wasn't part of the team, but Roger was there." 

Lewandowski Tr., p. 127. 1477 (U) FBI, FD-302, Gates 10/25/2018. 1478 (U) FBI, FD-302, Cohen 8/7/2018. 1479 (U) SCO Report, Appendix C, pp. C-18-19. 1480 (U) According to Stone's cell phone call records and call records from the Trump Organization, in addition to 

records obtained by the SCO, Trump and Stone had multiple calls in June and July 2016, all before the July 22 

release, either between Stone and Trump or Stone and another Trump Organization phone number. See generally 

AT&T toll records, Roger Stone/Drake Ventures; Trump Corp., Outbound Call Detail, Invoices ofJuly 1, 2016--

August 1, 2016 (TRUMPORG_73_000005-8); United States v. Roger Stone, Gov. Ex. 167 (summary chart of . 

Stone/Campaign phone calls). ,These data points only represent what the Committee could confirm from Stone's 

cell phone call records and Trump Organization document productions, as suppleiμented by information presented 

by the United States in the trial against Roger Stone. In addition, the Trump Organization used a "trunk line" 

system, so its records reflected outgoing calls to Roger Stone from a central line, but did not identify the individual 

or extension making the call and did not include incoming calls at all. See Email, Trump Organization to 

Committee, April 9, 2019. However, the Committee could infer from witness testimony and contemporaneous 

communications that calls made by Stone to Trump Org. numbers other than Trump's direct ,line generally reflected 

communications or attempted communications from Stone to Trump. For example, Tom Barrack noted that Trump 

"was easily accessible" through his assistant, Rhona Graff, "who Roger knew well." Barrack Tr., p. 45. In addition, 

multiple witnesses testified that it was commonplace for Trump to make and receive calls on others' phones, records 

for which the Committee does not possess. For example, Trump_ may have tried to hide his communications with 

Stone from campaign advisors by using others' phones, such as Keith Schiller's. Nunberg Tr., p. 73. 

2'1-7 

COMMITTEE SENSITIVE - RUSSIA INVESTIGATION ONLY 
although these calls did not appear to connect 1481 Shortly after the June 28 call, Stone called 

Michael Cohen for nine minutes.1482 On June 30 (another day that Guccifer 2.0 posted 

commentary on line), Stone called Rhona Graff s line at the Trump Organization for eight 

minutes. 1483 Later that same day, he traded missed calls with Trump at various numbers, 

culminating in a four-minute call from Stone to Trump's direct line. 1484 Any of these calls would 

have provided Stone with an opportunity to share additional information about WikiLeaks 

directly with Trump, and given the content of his conversations with Manafort and Gates 

combined with Trump's known interest in the issue, the Committee assesses he likely did. 

(U) Still, some senior Campaign officials the Committee interviewed claimed to have no 

knowledge of these communications, and the Campaign sought to distance itself publicly from · 

Stone. 1485 For instance, Jared Kushner said he "never saw [Trump] speak with [Stone]" and 

"never saw [Stone] around at anything," so he did not think "there was too much involvement in 

the campaign in any way." 1486 Others appeared to minimize Stone's influence. Bannon-who 

joined the Campaign later on-insisted that Stone had "no engagement" with the Campaign · 

while Bannon was involved, and that he was not aware of any communications between Stone 

and Trump during that time. 1487 However, phone records reflect at least three calls between 

Stone and Bannon after Bannon had joined the Campaign, suggesting Bannon was himself was 

later in contact with Stone about Campaign issues. 1488 

(U) In addition to working with Stone, in late June, the Trump Campaign was searching 

for "noteworthy" DNC documents that had been posted by the GRU under the Guccifer 2.0 

persona. 1489 At the time, WikiLeaks had not released any hacked DNC documents. Nonetheless, 

an internal Campaign email regarding use of the mid-June DNC document releases by Guccifer 

1481 (U) Trump Corp., Outbound Call Detail, Invoice of July 1, 2016 (TRUMPORG _ 73 _ 000006). 1482 (U) A. T&T toll record~r Stone/Drake Ventures (ATTSSCI00032); see also AT&T Mobility, Coheri phone 

records (number ending in- · 1 

1483 (U) AT&T toll records, Roger Stone/Drake Ventures (ATTSSCI00033). · · 1484 (U) See ibid; Trump Corp., Outbound Call Detail, Invoice of July 1, 2016 (TRUMPORG 73 000007); United 

States v. Stone, Gov. Ex. 148. · · - - ' 1485 (U) See Email, Hicks to O'Neill, August 8, 2016 (DJTFP00023443) (asserting that "Roger is not affiliated with 

the campaign"); see also SS,cI Transcript of the Interview with Boris Epshteyn, November 30, 2018, p. 137 ("Roger 

Stone was not a player as far as any ofus was concerned."). 1486 (U) Kushner Tr., pp. 104--105. 1487 (U) Bannon Tr., pp. 150-151. 1488 (U) See AT&T toll records, Roger Stone/Drake Ventures. Some of these calls took place in August, shortly 

after Bannon became Campaign CEO. Records indicate Stone and Bannon had been in touch prior to that point as 

well. On September 7, 2016, Stone and Bannon texted to arrange a meeting, and Bannon asked Stone ifhe could 

"come by trump tower now?" Affidavit in Support of an Application for a Search Warrant, Case 1: 18-sc-00662, 

March 14, 2018, 132. 1489 (U) Email, Mashburn to Perdue and Barrow, June 18, 2016 (DJTFP00003429) ("Re: 2nd DNC Dump from 

hackc;,r," noting that he was looking for "anything noteworthy folks higher up should know?"). 

228 
2.0 foreshadowed the Campaign's approach to WikiLeaks. Before downloading the newest 

batch of Guccifer 2.0 emails and "sending them to the team," a Campaign staffer asked if 

"Senate or campaign rules preclude us from possessing data that's been hacked from a third 

party and ~istributed via the internet."1490 John Mashburn, the Policy Director for the Trump 

Campaign, replied: "I don't see a problem. Just like WikiLeaks material."1491 

. (U) Nonetheless, a possible WikiLeaks release appeared central to the Campaign's 

· strategic focus. For example, after the June 12 announcement by Assange, Gates described 

learning from Manafort that the RNC was "energized" by the potential of a WikiLeaks release. 

Further, Manafort told Gates that the RNC was going to "run the WikiLeaks issue to ground."1492 

Trump and Kushner were reportedly willing to "cooperate" with the RNC's efforts on this front, 

overcoming their earlier skepticism of working with the RNC, and demonstrating that both were 

focused on the possibility of WikiLeaks. releasing Clinton documents. 1493 

(U) Witness testimony indicates that Stone may have raised WikiLeaks again to Trump 

in late July, shortly before the DNC release occurred. Although Manafort did not know whether 

Stone and Trump spoke about WikiLeaks that week, he assumed they did. 1494 Michael Cohen 

recalled overhearing a phone call from Stone in Trump's office on what he believed was the 18th 

or 19th of July. As recalled by Cohen: 

I was sitting in Mr. Trump's office when Rhona Graff yelled out: "Mr. Trump, 

Roger Stone on line 1. " And as the way Mr. Trump's habit is, he doesn't use the 

handset of the phone. He uses a little black box. A speaker box that [he] 

maintains on his desk. And without telling Roger Stone that I was in the office, 

Mr. Trump hit the power button and Roger Stone responded: "Mr. Trump, " he 

said. "Roger, how are you?" He says: "Good, /just want to let you know I got 

off the telephone a moment ago with Julian Assange. And in a couple of days,· 

there's going to be a massive dump of emails that's going to be extremely 

1490 (U) Emails, Perdue and Mashburn, June 18, 2016 (DJTFP00029314) (discussing "2nd DNC dump from 

hacker"). 

1491 (U) Ibid; see also Email, Perdue to Mashburn, Gordon, et al., June 18, 2016 (DJTFP000293 l 6) ( distributing 

documents stolen from DNC and released by Guccifer 2.0). _ 1492 (U) FBI, FD-302, Gates 4/10/2018. Gates also said that the RNC "indicated they knew the timing of the 

upcoming releases," but did not convey who specifically had this information, how it was acquired, or when. The 

RNC has denied that it had advance knowledge of the timing of WikiLeaks releases. 1493 (U) Ibid It is not clear to the Committee exactly when the notion of cooperation between the RNC and the 

Campaign arose, and Kushner never mentioned it in any interviews with the Committee. However, the context of 

these statements suggests that this was in response to early warnings about a pending WikiLeaks d9cument dump 

and before the July 22 release occurred. The Committee did not examine the RNC's activity or its interactions with 

the Campaign on this topic. 1494 (U) FBI, FD-302, Manafort 9/13/2018. 

229 
COMMITTEE SENSITIVE - RUSSIA INVESTIGATION ONLY 

damaging to the Clinton campaign." Mr. Trump said: "Uh, that's good. Keep 

me posted. " To which point, after they hung up, Mr. Trump looked at me and he 

said to me: "Do you believe him? Do you think Roger really spoke to Assange?" 

And I responded: "I don't know. Roger is Roger, and for all you know, he was 

looking on his Twitter account. I don't know the answer. "1495 

(U) The limited records reviewed by the Committee did not reflect a call from Stone's 

known cell phone to a Trump-associated number on either of those days, which conflicts with 

Cohen's testimony. 1496 However, the Committee cannot rule otit the possibility that either Stone 

or Trump used alternative numbers. 1497 The Committee did not obtain the phone records for -

Stone's residences in Florida or New York, or records reflecting the transmission or receipt of 

text messages. In addition, the Committee did not seek to obtain the phone records for Trump's 

cell phone, which Stone could sometimes call. 1498 

(U) However, Stone's phone records show that Keith Schiller placed a five-minute call 

to Stone on the afternoon of July 17, 2016.1499 Witnesses said that Trump often used Schiller's 

phone to hide his communications. For example, Sam Nunberg recalled Stone commenting in 

the late 2015 to early 2016 time frame that Trump would c~ll Stone from Keith Schiller's phone 

because he did not want his advisors to know they were talking. 1500 

(U) In June and July 2016, prior to the release ofDNC materials by WikiLeaks, the 

Campaign worked on a "messaging strategy" based on "the possible content of ah upcoming 

release. 1501 Gates described the effort as "brainstorming sessions" to determine what the 

Campaign would say if materials-including the 33,000 "missing" Clinton emails-were 

released.1502 Manafort was involved in creating the strategy, as were Gates, Stephen Miller, and 

1495 (U) Cohen Tr. II, pp. 7-8 1496 (U) See generally AT&T toll records, Roger Stone/Drake Ventures. 1497 (U) In addition; as previously noted, the Trump Org. system did not record incoming calls, according to 

counsel. 

1498 (U) FBI, FD-302, Cohen 8/7/2018. 1499 (U) AT&T toll records, Roger Stone/Drake Ventures. This call-likely made by or on behalf of Trump--

appeared to take place before Michael Cohen's flight from Rome, Italy (Alitalia Flight 602) had landed at New 

York's JFK International Airport, suggesting that he would not have been present for this call. See DHS, TECS 

Person Encounter List, Cohen (CBP000006). 1500 (U) Nunberg Tr., pp. 73-74. Michael Cohen described other reasons that Trump would use Schiller's phone. 

See infra Vol. 5, Sec. m.C.3.iv. 1501 (U) FBI, FD-302, Gates 4/11/2018. 1502 (U) Testimony of Rick Gates, United States v. Roger Stone, p. 934; FBI, FD-302, Gates 10/25/2018. 

230 

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Jason Miller .

1503 Among other things, the. strategy included a focus on Clinton's perceived lowlevel of trustworthiness and her emails. 1504_ 

(U) On July 22, 2016, WikiLeaks released and publicized 20,000 emails the GRU had 

stolen from the DNC. 1505 . . · 

(U) After the July 22 release, Trump and his Campaign immediately pivoted to 

leveraging the WikiLeaks documents. Gates recalled that Manafort "express[ ed] excitement" 

~ about the release.1506 On the afternoon of July 22, Manafort and Trump discussed how they 

could use the DNC emails relating to Debbie Wasserman Schultz. 1507 Although Manafort was 

confused by Stone's prediction, which was that WikiLeaks had emails from "Clinton's server," 

whereas the document released that day came from the DNC, he. still used the "fact of the hack 

and the substance of the emails" to attack Clinton and deflect attention from Trump's comments 

towards Senator Ted Cruz and Cruz's wife. 1508 Cohen and Trump also discussed "the usefulness 

of the released emails," including in relation to Bernie Sanders, Donna Brazile, and Wasserman 

Shultz. 1509 Gates recalled that following the email release, he was with Trump on Trump's plane 

on the tarmac, and takeoff was delayed for thirty minutes so that Trump could work the emails 

into his next speech.1510 

(U) According to Michael Cohen, after the DNC release, Trump confided to him: "I 

guess Roger was right." 1511 Cohen also said that Trump told him "he guessed Stone knew what 

he was talking about."1512 Similarly, despite Manafort's initial skepticism, after the email release 

1503 (U) Testimony of Rick Gates, United States v. Roger Stone, p. 934. Gates also said that Hope Hicks and Bryan 

Lanza were involved in the brainstorming sessions. FBI, FD-302, Gates 10/25/2018. 1504 (U) FBI, FD-302, Gates 10/25/2018; see email, Manafort to Fabrizio, Parscale, Reed, and Gates, May 27, 2019 

(F AB00224 7) (identifying messaging themes for Fabrizio as "honesty, trustworthiness, competence, character, will 

do anything to win"). Stone spoke at length by phone with the Campaign's pollster, Tony F1tbrizio, on several 

occasions, including on July 14 for 16 minutes. AT&T toll re·cords, Roger Stone/Drake Ventures (ATTSSCI00035). 1505 (U) Tweet, @WikiLeaks, July 22, 2016 ("RELEASE: 19,252 emails from the US Democratic National 

Committee wikileaks.org/dnc-emails/"). 1506 (U) FBI, FD-302, Gates 4/11/2018; FBI, FD-302, Gates 10/25/2018. 1507 (U) FBI, FD-302, Manafort 9/13/2018. , . , 1508 (U) Ibid; FBI, FD-302, Gates 4/11/2018. For example, Manafort sought to "draw [a] comparison to [the] fact 

that the Dems attack Russia for hacking them but want us to believe that the server in HC['s] home was safe from 

hacking" and that Clinton had "put national security at risk." Email, Manafort to Spicer, Miller, Parscale, Reed, 

Gates, Fabrizio, and Kushner, July 24, 2016 (DJTFP00012961). This was also a theJne he discussed with Roger. 

Stone. See FBI, FD-302, Manafort 9/13/2018 ("IfWikiLeaks had the emails, it would prove the argument that 

Clinton put the country at risk."). · 1509 (U) FBI, FD-302, Cohen 8/7/2018. 1510 (U) FBI, FD-302, Gates 2/12/2018. 1511 (U) SCO Report, Vol. I, p. 53. 1512 (U) FBI, FD-302, Cohen 8/7/2018. 

231 

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on July 22, Manafort "thought that Stone had been right."1513 The Committee did not identify 

who, if anyone, was Roger Stone's source of information in advance of the July 22 WikiLeaks 

release. 

(U) On July 23, the Campaign used the release to attack the Democratic Party, saying 

that the "anti-Bernie DNC email leak issue threatens to destroy their party." 1514 Trump also 

highlighted the release in a July 23 tweet: "The Wikileaks e-mail release today was so bad to 

Sanders that it will make it impossible for him to support her, unless he is a fraud!" 1515 On July 

25, Trump's talking points highlighted the WikiLeaks materials, including the "rigging of the 

system"· and emphasizing the division between Clinton and Sanders supporters. 1516 These 

· attacks mirrored the discussion between WikiLeaks and Guccifer 2.0 about using the emails to 

create conflict within the Democratic Party by splitting Clinton and Sanders supporters, 

discussed supra. They also echoed social media efforts by Russia to drive a wedge between 

supporters of Clinton.and Sanders, as described in Volume 2. "-, 

(U) At a news conference on July 27, Trump also declared: "Russia, if you're listening, I 

hope you're able to find the 30,000 emails that are missing. I think you will probably be 

rewarded mightily by our press."1517 Senior Campaign officials believed that the statement was 

unscripted. 1518 However, Gates also recalled Stone mentioning that Russia was probably the 

source of the materials, and Gates also acknowledged there were public indications at the time 

that Russia was responsible. 1519 Within five hours. of Trump's statement, GRU hackers 

spearphished non-public email accounts of Clinton's personal office for the first time and 

targeted seventy-six email accounts hosted by the Clinton Campaign's domain. 1520 

ii~ (U) The October 7 Podesta Release 

(U) Following July 22, the Campaign believed that. WikiLeaks would release further 

materials and, as a result, began to more actively pursue leads_9n WikiLeaks activities. 1521 

Manafort reminded Trump that Stone had predicted the release and claimed to have access to 

1513 (U) FBI, FD-302, Manafort 9/13/2018. 1514 (U) Email, J. Miller to J. Miller, July 23, 2016 (DJTFP00012930-1293 l). 1515 (U) Tweet, @realDonaldTrump, July 23, 2016. This tweet echoed the Trump Campaign's press team 

messaging. See Email, J. Miller to J. Miller, July 23, 2016 (DJTFP00012930-12931). 1516 (U) Email, Abboud to J. Miller, Hicks, and Lanza, July 25, 2016 (DJTFP000t2984--12985); Email, Smith to 

Conway, Gordon, Denysyk, et al., July 25, 2016 (DJTFP00023180-23181). 1517 (U) See, e.g., Ashleyl1

arker, David E. Sanger, "Donald Trump Calls on Russia to Find Hillary Clinton!s 

Missing Emails," The New York Times, July 27, 2016 (containing video of Trump's remarks). 1518 (U) See FBI, FD-302, Gates 4/11/2018; FBI, FD-302, Manafort 9/13/2018; Bannon Tr., pp. 173-174. 1519 (U) FBI, FD-302, Gates, 10/25/2018. 1520 (U) SCO Report, Vol. I, p. 49; Netyksho indictment,~ 22. 1521 (U) FBI, FD-302, Gates 4/11/2018. 

232 
COMMITTEE SENSITIVE - RUSSIA INVESTIGATION ONLY 

WikiLeaks. 1522 In response, Trump directed Manafort to stay in touch with Stone to see if there 

were more emails coming out. 1523 Manafort then spoke with Stone during the week of the 

Democratic National Convention. 1524 At the time, Stone said he did not know what else would 

come out or when, but he agreed to follow up, although he did not say when he would do so. 1525 

(U) Manafort also instructed Gates to follow up with Stone on occasion to find out when 

additional information might be released and told Gates that he would be "updating other people 

on the Campaign, including the candidate." 1526 Gates himself recalled having a conversation 

with Stone in which Stone said that the WikiLeaks July 22 release was what Stone had 

previously predicted would come out, and that additional information would be coming.1527 But 

while Manafort and Oates tasked Stone with communicating with WikiLeaks, Manafort advised 

Gates and others throughout the Campaign that no one should "touch" Assange, even though 

there was a "growing belief that Assange was, in fact, assisting their effort." 1528 

(U) After receiving Trump's directive via Manafort, Stone channeled his efforts to reach. 

Assange through Jerome Corsi. Corsi, who at the time worked for WorldNetDaily (WND), an 

online publication, had developed a working relationship with Stone during the first half of2016 

· when he began interviewing Stone for WND. 1529 Corsi occasionally assisted Stone with research 

projects. 1530 Although Corsi was aware that Stone had left the Trump Campaign, Stone claimed 

1

522 (U) sea Report, Vol. I, p. 53. 1523 (U) FBI, FD-302, Manafort 9/13/2018; sea Report, Vol. I, p. 53. 1524 (U) Ibid Stone was in Cleveland for the Republican National Convention, which occurred directly prior'to the 

Democratic National Convention. 

1525 (U) Ibid 1526 (U) Testimony of Rick Gates, United States v. Roger Stone, p. 938. 1527 (U) Ibid, pp. 936--37; FBI, FD-302, Gates 10/25/2018. 1528 (U) FBI, FD-302, Gates 3/1/2018. Although the intent ofManafort's statement is unclear, it suggests that 

Manafort was aware that direct communication between the Campaign and WikiLeaks, other than through Stone, 

could be perceived as problematic. 

'. 529 (U) Corsi purportedly originated the "birther" conspiracy about Barack Obama and the "swift boat" attack on 

John Kerry. See SCO Report, Vol. I, p. 54. 1530 (U) FBI, FD-302, Corsi 9/6/2018. The Committee reviewed five FBI FD-302s documenting five interviews of 

Corsi conducted by the SCO. During the FBI's initial interview of Corsi on September 6, 2018, Corsi provided 

inaccurate information, denying that he had communicated with Stone about WikiLeaks and that he had taken any 

actions to contact Assange, despite clear eviderice to the contrary. He subsequently revised those statements in 

interviews conducted on September 17 and 21, only to later walk back some of these new admissions during 

interviews on November 1 and 2, 2018. In the November 1 interview, he said that "the way he wanted to remember 

things was not actually how things happened" and that he had "self promoted himself to Stone and made it sound 

like he knew what he was talking about and had ·sources to WikiLeaks." As a result, although some ofCorsi's 

testimony was consistent and could be corroborated by documents and phone records, the Committee encountered 

difficulty in determining the veracity of Corsi' s conflicting statements regarding how he had obtained information 

about WikiLeaks possessing information on John Podesta-namely, whether he had been told the information by a 

source or had deduced it on his own. 

233 
COMMITTEE SENSITIVE - RUSSIA INVESTIGATION ONLY 

' ' 

- to Corsi that he spoke with Trump "every day" and could "get a message" to Trump "at any 

time." 1531 Gates recalled that Corsi himself was present around Trump Tower often and that 

Trump liked him. 1532 . 

(U) Corsi recalled that he and Stone had discussed, either in phone or in person, Corsi's 

"ability to get to Assange." 1533 This may have been on the evening of July 22, when the two 

spoke for 28 minutes by phone, or on July 25, when they spoke for another 27 minutes. 1534 

(U) On July 25, 2016, Stone emailed Jerome Corsi, with the subjectline "Get to 

Assange," telling him to "Get to Assange" (emphasis in the originai). An hour later, Corsi 

forwarded the email to Ted Malloch, an American author who lived in London and was believed 

to have contacts with associates of Assange, writing: "From Roger Stone." 1535 · 

1531 (U) FBI, FD-302, Corsi 9/6/2018. 1532 (U) FBI, FD-302, Gates 4/19/2018. 1533 (U) FBI, FD-302, Corsi 9/6/2018. 1534 (U) AT&T toll records, Roger Stone/Drake Ventures. 1535 (U) Email, Corsi to Malloch, July 25, 2016 (Corsi production) (highlights and writing in original, as·produced 

by Corsi to the Committee). 

234 

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COMMlTTEE SENSITIVE - RUSSIA INVESTIGATION ONLY 

Jerome Cors 

Fwd Get to A 

Fro , 

Sub1e , 

oa .i, July 25, 201 ~ 

0 led Malloch---

Ted 

From Roger Stone 

Jerry 

o,--o o Narded rnossage 

From: 1 ;c·s? " • 

Subject: Get to Assange 

Date: u 25 ?016 at 2:05'16 ?\.~ EDT 

To: 

Roge stone 

Get to Assange 

I 

I "' 

~ y .... '( ; ..Ai-'\n:t 

K.~ ~J.. ~G~ 

~------'"'· 

(U) Corsi had previously been involved in publishing Ted Malloch's memoirs, and had 

introduced Malloch and Stone earlier in 2016, when Malloch sought involvement in the 

Campaign. 1536 Malloch had also met Trump and Corey Lewandowski at the Council for 

National Policy candidate forum. 1537 In May 2016, Malloch traveled to New York City. 1538 

While he was there, Malloch visited Trump Tower with Corsi and met Campaign staffers. His 

"objective was to communicate his willingness to assist the Campaign with whatever they 

needed." 1539 On either May 15 or 16, he had dinner with Stone and Corsi, and Malloch 

understood that Stone " still had an unofficial role in the campaign and Trump listened to him," 

so Malloch stayed in touch and offered to help with opposition research. 

1540 

1536 (U) SCO Report, Vol. I, p. 55. 1537 (U) FBI, FD-302, Malloch 6/8/2018. The SCO interviewed Malloch twice. In the first interview on March 27, 

2018, Malloch denied communicating with Corsi and Stone about WikiLeaks. He corrected his statement in the 

second interview on June 8, 2018. 

1538 (U) Ibid. 

1539 (U) Ibid. 

1540 (U) Ibid. 

235 

COMMITTEE SENSITIVE - RUSSIA INVESTIGATION ONLY 
(U) According to Malloch, at about this same time, he and Corsi had a FaceTime 

conversation about the July,22 release. During the conversation, Corsi asked him "if he could 

facilitate an interview with Julian Assange" or ifhe knew anyone in Nigel Farage's circle who 

could help. 1541 According to Malloch, Corsi had no connection to either Assange or Farage, and 

Malloch did not try to use Farage to reach Assange.1542 Corsi stated that he never heard back 

about this request, 1543 and gave conflicting accounts about whether he told Stone that Malloch 

had been tasked.1544 

(U) Phone records indicate that Stone remained in contact with Trump and the Campaign 

at the same time he was coordinating with Corsi. Records reflect one-minute calls (suggesting 

no connection) between Stone and Manafort on July 28 and 29.1545 On July 29, Stone messaged 

Manafort about finding a time for the two of them to communicate, writing that there was "good 

shit happening."1546 The back-a~d-forth between Stone and Manafort ultimately culminated in a 

68-minute call on July 30, the longest call between the two of which the Committee is aware.1547 

(U) Gates may have been present for this call between Stone and Manafort. Gates 

recalled a conversation between Manafort and Stone shortly after the July 22 release that 

Manafort placed on speaker phone, during which Stone indicated that "additional information 

would be coming out down the road."1548 Manafort was "surprised" and "thought that would be 

great."1549 

(U) On Sunday July 31, at 9:15 p.m., the day after speaking at length with Manafort, 

Stone called Gates.1550 Teh minutes later, Stone had two phone calls with Trump ttiat lasted over I 

1541 --Ibid Farage had several interactions with the Trump Campaign and Transition. On June 28, 

Ban~ith Farage about Farage addressing the Republican National Convention, and Bannon emailed 

Kushner and Manafort about that possibility the following day. Email, Bannon to Kushner and Manafort, June 29, 

2016 (SKB_SSCI-0001140). On August 24, Farage spoke at a Trump rally. Matthew Teague, "Farage at Trump 

rally: 'I wouldn't vote for Clinton if you paid me,'" The Guardian, August 25, 2016. Trump Jr. also recalled seeing 

him at a few campaign events. See Trump Jr. Tr. II, pp. 91-92. Following the election, on or about December 15, 

2016, Farage requested and was scheduled to meet with K.T. McFarland at Trump Tower for a briefing. Email, 

McFarland to Bannon, Flynn, et al., December 15, 2016 TFA00l 7787 ; List of McFarland Forei n Contact 

Meetin s TFA0016252 . 

(U) FBI, FD-302, Ma loch 6 8 2018. 1543 (U) FBI, FD-302, Corsi 11/1/2018. 1544 (U) FBI, FD-302, Corsi 9/17/2018; FBI, FD-302, Corsi 11/1/2018. 1545 (U) AT&T toll rec9rds, Roger Stone/Drake Ventures. 1546 (U) Email, Stone to Manafort, July 29, 2016 (United States v. Stone, Gov. Ex. 24). 1547 (U) AT&T toll records, Roger Stone/Drake Ventures. 1548 (U) Testimony of Rick Gates, United States v. Roger Stone, p. 936. 1549 (U) Ibid 1550 (U) AT&T toll records, Roger Stone/Drake Ventures. 

236 
ten minutes. 1551 Stone then emailed Jessica Macchia, one of Trump's assistants, eight draft 

tweets for Trump, under the subject line "Tweets Mr. Trump requested last night."1552 Many of 

the draft tweets attacked Clinton for her adversarial posture toward Russia and mentioned a new 

peace deal with Putin, s~ch as "I want a new detente with Russia under Putin."1553 

(U) At 10:45 p.m. that same evening, Stone emailed Corsi again with the subject line 

"Call me MON[day]" and writing that "Malloch should see Assange."1554 

(U) The next morning, August 1, Stone again spoke twice with Trump. 1555 Stone later 

informed Gates of these calls. 1556 According to an email that morning from Stone to Macchia, 

Trump had "asked [Stone] for some other things" that Stone said he was "writing now."1557 . 

(U) Corsi, who was in Italy at the time, responded to Stone's email about Assange on 

August 2: 

Word is friend in embassy plans 2 more dumps. One shortly after I'm back. 2nd 

in Oct. Impact planned to be very damaging. 

1551 (U) Records reviewed by the Committee showed a six minute call from Stone to Trump on July 31 at 

approximately 9:25 p.m. and.a five-minute call from Stone to himself at approximately 9:36 p.m .. See AT&T Toll 

records, Roger Stone/Drake Ventures (ATTSSCI00039). Evidence introduced at trial against Stone showed 

corresponding calls with Trump at those same times and for the same length of time, including a call from Trump at 

the number "-1" to Stone at 9:36 p.m. See United States v. Stone, Gov. Ex. 148; United States v. Stone, Gov. Ex. 

164; Testimony of Michelle Taylor, United States v. Stone, pp. 348-349. This suggests that that Trump's phone 

would sometimes appear in another person's phone records as that person calling him or herself, or as a call with 

phone number "-1." A number of such calls appear in Stone's records and others, including records provided by 

Donald Trump Jr., during relevant time periods, but the Committee did not investigate those additional calls further. 1552 (U) Email, Stone to Macchia, July 31, 2016 (TRUMPORG_18_001307). 1553 (U) Ibid One draft tweet referenced the Clinton Foundation. Stone followed up about the tweets with Rhona 

Graff the following morning, August 1, to make sure Trump received them. Email, Stone to Graff, August 1, 2016 

(TRUMPORG _ 18_001310). 1554 (U) Email, Stone to Corsi, July 31, 2016 (United States v. Stone, Gov. Ex. 36). Stone also asked Corsi to follow 

up on two other tasks intended to attack the Clintons: (1) to talk to Bernie Sanders' brother "who called Bill a rapist 

- turn him for Trump"; and (2) to "find Eileen Wellstone or more proof of Bill getting kicked out." Although Corsi 

produced some of his communications about WikiLeaks to the Committee, he had already deleted many of the most 

incriminating exchanges with Stone, including this email. The Committee did not have the forensic capabilities to 

review Corsi's electronic media and therefore relied on the government's exhibits for this information. These 

deleted emails were obtained by the SCO through the use of Apple "Time Machine" backups, which provided 

snapshots of Corsi' s hard drive prior to his deleting the documents. 1555 (U) AT&T toll records, Roger StoneiDrake Ventures. 1556 (U) Text message, Stone to Gates, August 2, 2016 (United States v. Stone, Gov. Ex. 20) ("Spoke to Trump a cpl 

of times."). 1557 (U) Email, Stone to Macchia, August 1, 2016 (TRUMPORG_l8_001315). 

237 

I. 
Time to let more than Podesta to be exposed as in bedw[ith] enemy if they are 

not ready to drop HRC. · 

That appears to be the game hackers are now about. Would not hurt to start 

suggesting HRC old, memory bad, has stroke - neither he nor she well. I expect 

that much of next dump focus, setting stage for Foundation·debacle. 1558 

(U) Stone spoke by phone with Gates that night, and then called Manafort the next 

morning, but appeared unable to connect. 1559 Shortly after placing that call, Stone emailed 

Manafort with the subject line "I have an idea" and with the message text "to save Trump's 

ass."1560 Later that morning, Manafort called Stone back, and Stone tried to reach Gates again 

that afternoon. 1561 ' 

(U) During this period, Stone announced his affiliation with Julian Assange publicly and 

privately-claims that he later retracted. For example, in early August, Sam Nunberg, an 

associate of Stone's and a former Trump Campaign official, recalled emailing Stone asking his 

whereabouts. 1562 Nun berg recalled Stone responding on August 4 that he had just returned from 

London, where he had dinner with Julian Assange.1563 Nunberg, who was in frequent contact 

with Stone that month, 1564 recalled that Stone told him that he had "met with Julian Assange 

about the emails"; when Nunberg asked Stone if the next release would deal with Benghazi, 

Stone told him that the emails would relate to the Clinton Foundation.1565 When he later learned 

that Nunberg had been subpoenaed to testify before the Grand Jury, Stone denied meeting with 

Assange and claimed he had been joking.1566 He also publicly denied having traveled to London 

during that time. 1567 · 

(U) Stone,. however, also advertised h1s association with WikiLeaks in public. On 

August 8, Stone gave a speech to the Southwest Broward Republican Organization. After his 

remarks, a member of the audience asked: "With regard to the October surprise, what would be 

your forecast on that given what Julian Assange has intimated he's going to do?" Stone replied, 

"Well, it could be any number of things. I actually have communicated with Assange. I believe 

1558 (U) Email, Corsi to Stone; August 2, 2016 (United States v. Stone, Gov. Ex. 37). The email is time-stamped 

3:40 a.m. 1559 (U) AT&T toll records, Roger Stone/Drake Ventures (ATTSSCI00039); 1560 (U) Email, Stone to Manafort, August 3, 2016 (United States v. Stone; Gov. Ex. 25). 1561 (U) AT&T toll records, Roger Stone/Drake Ventures .. 1562 (U) Nunberg Tr., pp. 84, 90, 96. 1563 (U) Ibid, pp. 84, 90, 96. 1564 (U) See AT&T toll records, Roger Stone/Drake Ventures (ATTSSCI0_9039-ATTSSCI00046). 1565 (U) Nunberg Tr., pp. 84, 90, 96. 1566 (U) Ibid, pp. 90-91, 99-100. 1567 (U) Shelby Holliday and Rob Barry, "Roger Stone's Claim ofa 2016 Julian Assange Meeting Draws Scrutiny," 

The Wall Street Journal; April 2, 2018. 

238 
the next tranche of his documents pertain to the Clinton Foundation but there's no telling what 

the October surprise may be."1568 This was Stone's first public statement claiming to 

communicate with Assange, and he clarified on August 16 that this communication was through 

a "mutual acquaintance."1569 Corsi assumed that he was the "mutual acquaintance," because th~ 

two had spoken the day before about John Podesta_.1570 

(U) On Twitter, WikiLeaks denied contact with Stone. On August 9, WikiLeaks 

tweeted: "We are not aware of having communicated with Roger Stone. We do however take, 

and verify, anonymous tips~"1571 

(U) The Committee is uncertain how Corsi determined that Assange had John Podesta's 

emails. Corsi initially explained in an interview with the SCO that during his trip to Italy, 

someone told him Assange had the Podesta emails. Corsi also recalled learning that Assange 

was going to "release the emails seriatim and not all at once."1572 However, Corsi claimed not to 

remember who provided him with this information, saying he could only recall that "it feels like 

a man" who told him.1573 

(U) Corsi further recalled that on August 15, after he returned from Italy, he conveyed 

this information to Stone by phone.1574 According to Corsi, the information was new to Stone. 

Stone seemed "happy to hear it," and the two of them "discussed how the emails would be very 

damaging" to Clinton. 1575 Corsi also reiterated by both text and email to Stone on August 15 that 

there was "[m]ore to come than anyone realizes. Won't really get started until after Labor 

Day."1576 

1568 (U) You Tube, "Roger Stone at the Southwest Broward Republican Organization," Stone Cold Truth, August 10, 

2016. 

1569 (U) YouTube, "Roger Stone Discusses The Future Plans ofWikiLeaks," BlazeTV, August 16, 2016. 1570 (U) FBI, FD-302, Corsi 11/1/2018; AT&T toll records, Roger Stone/Drake Ventures (documenting a 24-minute 

phone call between Stone and Corsi at 12:14 p.m. on August 15, 2016). · 1571 (U) Tweet, @wikileaks, August 9, 2016. 1572 (U) FBI, FD-302, Corsi 9/17/2018. 

l 573 (U) lb id 1574 (U) Ibid; FBI, FD-302, Corsi 9/21/2018. Location information contained in phqne records produced by Corsi 

to the Committee indicate that he was in Italy until at least August 11 and had returned to New Jersey by August 13. 

According to Roger Stone's phone records, Corsi's first phone call with Stone following the trip was for 24 min~tes 

on August 15. See AT&T toll records, Roger Stone/Drake Ventures. 1575 (U) FBI, FD-302, Corsi 9/21/2018. 1576 (U) Text message, Corsi to Stone, August 15, 2016 (United States v. Stone, Gov. Ex. 38); Email, Corsi to Stone, 

August 15,.2016 (United States v. Roger Stone, Gov. Ex. 39). On August 15, Corsi also published an article on 

WorldNetDaily, reporting an unverified clai~ by Stone that he had been hacked in retaliation for commenting about 

WikiLeaks's plans. See Jerome Corsi, "Trump adviser: Wikileaks plotting email dump to derail Hiilary," 

WorldNetDaily, ,<\ugust 15, 2016. On August 8, 13 ·and 16, 2016, Stone tweeted that he had been hacked. See 

Tweets, @RogerJStoneJr, August 8, 13, and 16, 2016. 

239 
COMMITTEE SENSITIVE - RUSSIA INVESTIGATION ONLY 

(U) However, during a later interview with the SCO, Corsi revised how he had learned 

that Assange would be releasing Podesta's emails. Corsi claimed that, rather than being told this 

information by a source, he had deduced it from Assange's public stat~ments. In particular, 

Corsi said he had determined that when "Assange said something damaging to Clinton was 

coming out, it meant something related to Podesta."1577 However, he thought it would be "more 

believable;' to tell Stone that he had "sources," which also "made it sound like he knew what he 

was talkiQg about."1578 The Committee did not interview Corsi, who asserted his Fifth 

Amendment rights in response to a Committee subpoena, and could not determine if either of the 

· two versions of these events was accurate. , 

(U) Separately, Gates recalled Stone advising him, prior to the release of an August 14 

article in The New York Times about Paul Manafort's "secret ledger," that damaging information 

was .going to be released about Podesta. 1579 Gates understood that Stone was referring to nonpublic information. Gates further recalled. later conversations with Stone about how to save 

Manafort's role on the Campaign, and that Stone was focused on getting information about John 

Podesta, but said that Stone did not reveal the "inner workings" of that plan to Gates. 1580 

(U) Stone appeared to believe Corsi' s prediction to him that John Podesta was 

WikiLeaks's next target. On August 21, a month-and-a-half before WikiLeaks ultimately 

released its first batch of stolen John Podesta emails, Roger Stone tweeted 1

581 : 

1577 (U) FBI, FD-302, Corsi 11/1/2018. Corsi did not specify the Assange statement that purportedly triggered his 

belief. 

1578 (U) Ibid Despite Corsi's claim that he had deduced the information about Podesta on his own\ as opposed to 

getting the information from a source, Corsi did not tell Stone that "there was nothing to hide" when Stone was 

called to testify before Congress. FBI, FD-302, Corsi 11/1/20.18. 1579 (U) FBI, FD-302, Gates 10/25/2018; see Andrew Kramer, et al., "Secret Ledger in Ukraine Lists Cash for 

Donald Trump's Campaign Chief," The New York Times, August 14, 2016. Because the timing of this conversation 

pre-dates Corsi's August 15 call with Stone, it is not clear that Gates is entirely accurate in his recollection. Most of 

the communications between Stone and Corsi appear t6 have taken place over the phone, and records indicate that 

Gates and Stone did not speak over their cell phones between August 3 and August 17, which suggests that Stone 

actually informed Gates of the Podesta information two days after the August 15 call with Corsi. AT&T toll 

records, Roger Stone/Drake Ventures. Although both Stone and Gates may have used encrypted apps, there is nci 

information to indicate that they did so when communicating with one another. It is also possible that Gates did not 

read The New York Times article about Manafort until later, even though it was first published on August 14. 1580 (U) FBI, FD-302, Gates 10/25/2018. 1581 (U) Tweet, @RogerJStoneJr, August 21, 2016. 

240 

COMMITTEE SENSITIVE - RUSSIA INVESTIGATION ONLY 
COMMITTEE SENSITIVE - RUSSIA INVESTIGATION ONLY 

Roger Stone • Follow 

Trust me. 1t will soon the Poctesta's time 1n he 

barrel. 

(U) Corsi and Stone had numerous phone calls later in August. 1582 Corsi said that "Stone 

was asking for further information" about "timing and content of the Podesta email release."1583 

Corsi believed Assange would release the documents as an "October surprise." 1584 Stone told 

Corsi that he was talking to Trump, and Corsi assumed that Stone was conveying Corsi's 

information to the Campaign. 1585 Records show that Stone had at least 25 phone calls with 

Manafort, 20 phone calls with Gates, two calls with Bannon and two calls with Trump in the 

month of August 2016 alone.1 586 

(U) Bannon recalled discussing WikiLeaks and Assange with Stone both before and after 

taking over as the chief executive officer of the Trump Campaign on August 13, 2016.1587 

Bannon recalled that, prior to joining the Campaign, "Stone told him that he had a connection to 

Assange" and "implied that he had inside information about WikiLeaks." 1588 After Bannon 

assumed the role of Campaign CEO, Stone repeated to him that he "had a relationship with 

Assange and said that WikiLeaks was going to dump additional materials that would be bad for 

the Clinton Campaign." 1589 

(U) Corsi recalled that, at the end of August, Stone grew concerned about having made a 

statement about the release of Podesta materials before WikiLeaks had released any 

documents. 1590 On August 30, Stone and Corsi agreed to fabricate a story that Stone's 

knowledge and his August 21 Podesta tweet were both based on a public article and subsequent 

1582 (U) AT&T toll records, Roger Stone/Drake Ventures. 1583 (U) FBI, FD-302, Corsi 9/2 1/2018. 

1584 (U) Ibid. 

1585 (U) Ibid. 1586 (U) See Summary Chart of Stone Calls with Campaign ( United States v. Stone, Gov. Ex. 167); AT&T toll 

records, Roger Stone/Drake Ventures. 1587 (U) SCO Report, Vol. I, p. 54; Testimony of Steve Bannon, United States v. Stone, p. 850. Bannon also said 

that he "might'' have communicated with Ted Malloch during the campaign, but did not say when or what they 

discussed. Ibid. , p. 856. 1588 (U) SCO Report, Vol. I, p. 54. 1589 (U) Ibid.; Testimony of Steve Bannon, United States v. Stone, pp. 850, 857- 861. In an email on August 18, 

Stone wrote to Bannon: "I do know how to win this but it ain't pretty." Email, Stone to Bannon, August 18, 2016 

(United States v. Stone, Gov. Ex. 28). Bannon responded, "Let's talk ASAP." Ibid. 1590 (U) FBI, FD-302, Corsi 11/1/20 18. 

241 

COMMITTEE SENSITIVE - RUSSIA INVESTIGATION ONLY 
memorandum from Corsi.1591 However, Corsi understood that he was Stone's actual source of 

information and admitted that this "cover story" was "bullshit."1592 The next day, August 31, he 

wrote a fake memorandum to Stone highlighting a "much ov_erlooked" CNN article dated August 

19 that reported on an alleged investigation into the Podesta Group. 1593 

(U) Stone also began communicating with radio host and comedian Randy Credico about 

WikiLeaks during this period. Credico, a comedian who describes himself as a "political 

satirist" and "activist," is the former director of the William Moses Kunstler Fund for Racial 

Justice and has run for political office in New York multiple times. 1594 Stone and Credico have 

known each other for years and overlapped on political campaigns. 1595 On August 19, Stone 

learned from Randy Credico that Julian Assange was slated to be a guest on his (Credico's) radio 

show the following Thursday, August 25. 1596 , , 

(U) Stone then appeared on Credico's show ort August 23, and Credico asked him: 

"What about the October surprise? I mean, you've been in touch indirectly with Julian Assange. 

What-can you give us any kind of insight? Is there an October. surprise happening?"1597 Stone 

responded: "Well, first of all, I don't want to intimate in any way that I control or have influence 

with Assange, because I do not. . . . We have a mutual friend, somebody we both trust, and 

therefore I am a recipient ofgood information."1598 Credico did not know who Stone was 

referring to, although Stone later described the source as a "guy" and a ')ournalist."1599 

(U) During Assange's interview with Credico on August 25, Assange denied contact 

with Stone, stating "we have not had any communications with him whatsoever."1600 On August 

26, after Assange appeared on the show, Credico informed Stone that Assange had talked about 

him: "He didn't say anything bad but we were talking a~out how the Press is trying to make it 

1591 (U) Ibid 1592 (U) FBI, FD-302, Corsi 9/21/2018; 1593 (U) FBI, FD-302, Corsi 11/1/2018; see Memorandum, Corsi to Stone, "John Podesta Ties to Russia," August 

31, 2016 (Corsi Production). 1594 (U) See Program page, "Randy Credico - Live on the Fly," WBAI; Jessica Kwong, "Who is Randy Credico? 

Roger Stone Threatened to Take Away Associate's Dog if He Cooperated with Russia Investigation: Indictment," 

Newsweek, January 25, 2019. 1595 (U) Josh Gerstein and Darren Samuelsohn, "Stone's odd friendship with Randy Credico," Politico, November 

8, 2019. 1596 (U) Text messages, Stone and Credico, August 19, 2016 (United States v. Stone, Gov. Ex. 189). Stone had 

lengthy phone calls with Manafort on both August 19 and 21. See AT&T toll records, Roger Stone/Drake Ventures. 1597 (U) WBAI Radio Interview, Randy Credico and Roger Stone, August 25, 2016 (United States v. Stone, Gov. 

Ex. 134). 1598 (U) Ibid; Testimony of Randy Credfoo, United States v. Stone, p. 607. 1599 (U) Testimony of Randy Credico, United States v. Stone, pp. 607,616. 1600 (U) Ari Melber, Interview with Randy Credico, MSNBC, March 21, 2018 (playing recording 1

ofinterview 

between Credico and Assange). 

242 
look like you and he are in cahoots."1601 The next day, Credico updated Stone that the station 

was "working on a Julian Assange radio show" and he was "in charge" of the project; Credico 

later texted Stone that "Assange has kryptonite on Hillary."1602 According to Credico, this was 

the first time they had discussed what information Assange might have.1603 Credico testified 

that his statement was based on "public statements" by Assange. 1604 

(U) On September 18, Stone texted Credico that he was "e-mailing u a request to pass on 

to [A]ssange." Credico agreed to be a messenger, but then added: "Just remember do not name 

me as your connection to Assange[,] you had one before that you referred to." 1605 That day, 

Stone emailed Credico an article with allegations about then-candidate Clinton related to her 

service as Secretary of State and wrote: "Please ask Assange for any State or HRC e-mail from 

August 10 to August 30-particularly on August 20, 2011 that mention Dr. R.K[.] Paul or 

confirm this narrative."1606 Stone followed up the next day, September 19, and texted Credico: 

"Pass my message ... to Assange." Credico responded: " I did,"1607 and then, on September 20, 

forwarded Stone's message to an attorney with the ability to contact Assange, and blind-copied 

Stone on the message 1

608: 

WIKILEAK SEARCH .. OO YOU KNOW IF 

From: 

To: 

Bee: 

Date: 

Attachments: 

Margaret Ratner Kunstler 

Players2 . 

Tue, 20 Sep 2016 09:13:25 --0400 

Clinton and Libya FINAL.pelf (23.74 MB) 

CAN YOU FIND OUT FROM JA IF THERE IS AS tate or HRC e-mail from August 10 to 

August JO-particularly on August 20, 2011 that mention Dr. R.K Paul or confirm this narrative 

1601 (U) Text messages, Stone and Credico, August 26, 2016 (United States v. Stone, Gov. Ex. 189). 1602 (U) Text messages, Stone and Credico, August 27, 2016 (United States v. Stone, Gov. Ex. 189). 1603 (U) Testimony of Randy Credico, United States v. Stone, p. 613. 1604 (U) Ibid. 1605 (U) Text messages, Stone and Credico, September 18, 2016 ( United States v. Stone, Gov. Ex. 48). 1606 (U) Email, Stone to Credico, September 18, 2016 ( United States v. Stone, Gov. Ex. 50). 1607 (U) Text messages, Stone and Credico, September 19, 2016 ( United States v. Stone, Gov. Ex. 48). 1608 (U) Email, Credico to Kunstler (blind copying Stone), September 20, 2016 (United States v. Stone, Gov. Ex. 

55). 

243 

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. COMMITTEE SENSITIVE -RUSSIA INVESTIGATION ONLY 

(U) Credico insinuated to Stone that he was communicating regularly with WikiLeaks, 

commenting, "That batch probably coming out in the next drop ... I can't ask them favors every 

other day. I asked one of his lawyers." 1609 The attorney was Margaret Ratner Kunstler, who 

assisted in representing WikiLeaks and Assange in 2015 and 2016 and helped to coordinate 

Assange's interview with Credico. 1610 Kunstler was also referenced by Assan e in a Twitter 

messa e to Donald Trum Jr. as his oint-of-contact for submissions. 1611 

(U) Stone spoke with Credico again on September 26, 27 and 28: 1614 In addition, Stone 

and Corsi had further phone calls on September 21, 24, and 25 .

1615 

(U) At the end of September, Stone privately conveyed information about a future 

WikiLeaks release to Trump and Manafort. Manafort, who had left the Campaign in August, 1616 

recalled speaking with Stone around the first presidential debate between Trump and Clinton, 

which took place on September 26, 2016. 1617 Storie told Manafort that "John Podesta was going 

to be in the barrel" and that "there were going to be leaks of John Podesta's emails."1618 · · 

(U) On September 29, a call took place between Stone and Trump while Trump and 

Gates were on the way to LaGuardia Airport. After the call ended, Trump told Gates that "more 

releases of damaging information would be coming."1619 Phone records show that this was not 

the first phon~ call between them that day. Trump called Stone three times just before 10:00 

a.m. on the morning of September 29, but could not connect.1620 Stone returned the call to a. 

' 

1609 (U) Email, Credico to Stone, September 19, 2016, (United States v. Stone, Gov. Ex. 51). Credico testified at 

Stone's trial that this email was not based on any inside information. Testimony of Randy Credico, United States v. 

Stone, pp. 619--620. 1610 (U) Testimony of Margaret Kunstler, United States v. Stone, p. 836. I 

(U) See Testimony of Margaret Kunstler, Unit~d States v. Stone, p. 836. Kunstler did not respond to the 

Committee's voluntary request for documents and an interview. 1614 (U) AT&T toll records, Roger Stone/Drake Ventures. 1615 (U) Ibid. On September 24, Stone spoke with Corsi for a total of 23 minutes. 1616 (U) Manafort, however, stayed in contact with senior Campaign officials, including Trump. See infra Vol. 5, 

Sec. m.A.6.i. · 1617 (U) FBI, FD-302, Manafort 9/13/2018. 

161s (U) Ibid. 1619 (U) SCO Report, Vol. I, p. 54; Testimony ofRick Gates, United States v. Stone, p. 946. 1620 (U) See United States v. S(one, Gov. Ex. 148. 

244 
Trump Organization number two hours later, but the call lasted only two minutes. 1621 Then, at 

approximately 1 :40 p.m., Stone received a one-minute call from Keith Schiller's phone number, 

which records show i;,riginating from East Elmhurst, New York-in proximity to LaGuardia 

Airport.1622 Stone returned the call to Schiller at 1 :51 p.m. for three minutes. 1623 This call 

matches the conversation between Stone and Trump that Gates remembered. 

(U) Trump, in written responses to the SCO, stated: "I do not recall discussing 

WikiLeaks with [Stone], nor do I recall being aware of Mr. Stone having discussed WikiLeaks. 

with individuals associated with my campaign."1624 Trump further claimed that he had "no 

recollection of the specifics of any conversations I had with Mr. Stone between June 1, 2016 and 

November 8, 2016."1625 Despite Trump's recollection, the Committee ass~sses that Trump did, 

in fact, speak with Stone about WikiLeaks and with members of his Campaign about Stone's 

access to WikiLeaks on multiple occasions. 

(U) On September 27, it was reported that Assange would be making an 

"announcement" on October 4 at the Ecuador Embassy.1626 On September 30, the announcement 

was reportedly canceled due to "security concems."1627 That same day, Credico texted Stone a· 

photo of himself standing outside the Ecuador Embassy. 1628 Credico was in London to see a 

friend and had agreed to deliver a letter to Assange from Berthold Reimers, Manager of the 

WBAI radio station.1629 Credico said that he handed the letter to someone at the door of the 

Emb_assy, but never made it inside.1630 

1621 (U) AT&T toll records, Roger Stone/Drake Ventures (ATTSSCI00053). 1622 (U) Invoice, Call Detail for Keith Schiller (TRUMPORG_73_000020). 1623 (U) Ibid.; AT&T toll records, Roger Stone/Drake Ventures (ATTSSCI00053). 1624 (U) SCO Report, Appendix C, p. C-19. 1625 (U) Ibid., Appendix C, pp. C-18-19. 1626 (U) Tweet, @JesseRodriguez, September 27, 2016 ("Julian Assange set to make an announcement from his 

balcony in London next Tuesday, according to @wikileaks."). · 1627 (U) Tweet, @JesseRodriguez, September 30, 2016 ("Due to security concerns at the Ecuadorian Embassy, 

Julian Assange's balcony announcement on Tues has been canceled, per@wikileaks."). . , 1628 (U) Text messages, Stone and Credico, September 30, 2016 (United States v. Stone, Gov. Ex. 190). Credico ' 

shared the i~age publicly on Twitter several days later. Tweet, @Credico2016, October 5, 2016 ("leaving Ecuador 

Embassy London past scarey brit agent"). 1629 Testimony of Randy Credico United States v. Stone 

Ibid. . 624. 

. om Assange. 

Credico, United States v. Stone, pp. 625--626. 

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COMMITTEE SENSITIVE - RUSSIA INVESTIGATION ONLY 
(U) On the evening of October 1, Credico sent Stone new messages about an upcoming 

WikiLeaks release.1631 In the text messages to Stone, Credico conveyed that there would be "big 

news Wednesday" (October 5) and that "Hillary's campaign will die this week." 1632 Credico 

also wrote, "now pretend~ don't know me," to which Stone responded "U died 5 years ago."1633 

. . (U) On October 2, WikiLeaks announced that Assange would be appearing by video at a 

Berlin press conference on Tuesday, October 4. 1634 Later that day, Stone emailed Credico an 

article about the change in Assange' s announcement, to ·which Credi co responded, "head · 

fake." 1635 Stone also texted Credico, "Did Assange back off," to which Credico replied the 

following day, "I can't tal[k] about it."1636 

(U) Stone commented publicly regarding Assange' s change in plans. On October 2, 

Stone tweeted, "Wednesday @HillaryCiinton is done. #WikiLeaks."1637· That day, Stone also 

appeared on The Alex Jones Show and advised that he had been "assured" by an intermediary to 

Assange that "the mother lode is coming Wednesday." He continued: "It wouldn't be an 

October surprise if I told you what it was but I have reason to believe that it is devastating 

because people with political judgment who are aware of the subject matter tell me this."1638 

(U) On October 3, WikiLeaks announced on Twitter that it would be hosting a 

"WikiLeaks press conference Tuesday 10:00 am Berlin time ·on the past;present & future of 

WikiLeaks." 1639 Stone and Corsi also had a 24-minute phone call. 1640 In addition, following 

more text messages from Stone, Credico advised him: "I think it's on for tomorrow."1641 That 

day, Stone tweeted: "I have total confidence that @wikileaks and my hero Julian Assange will 

educate the American people soon #LockHerUp."1642 

1631 (U) Text messages, Stone and Credico, October 1, 2016 (United States v, Stone, Gov. Ex. 190). 1632 (U) Ibid. . . . 

1633 (U) Ibid. . 1634 (U) Julia Boccagno, "WikiLeaks changes venue for 'October surprise' announcement," CBS News, October 3, 

2016.· 

1635 (U) Emails, Stone and Credico, October 2, 2016, (United States v. Stone, Gov. Ex. 59) (although there was no 

text other than a link to the article, the subject line of Stone's email was "WTF?"). 1636 (U) Text messages, Stone and Credico, October 2-3, 2016, (UnitedStates v. Stone, ·Gov. Ex. 190). 1637 (U) Tweet, @RogerJStoneJr, October 2, 2016. . 1638 (U) "Trump Advisor Roger Stone Says He's Been 'Assured' Through An Assange Intermediary That 'The 1 Mother Lode is Coming," Me,dia Matters, October 3, 2016 (date of posting). · 1639 (U). Tweet, @wikileaks, October 3, 2016. 1640 (U) AT&T toll records, Roger Stone/Drake Ventures. ,., • 1641 (U) Text messages, Stone and Credico, October 3, 2016, (United States v. Stone, Gov. Ex. 190). Credico's 

comment was part of a longer October 3 dialogue on the expected WikiLeaks announcement, during which Stone 

references using Signal to communfoate, because it considers it to be "secure." ' 1642 (U) Tweet, @RogerJStoneJr, October 3, 2016. 

246 

COMMITTEE SENSITIVE -RU~SIA INVESTIGATION ONLY 
(U) The Trump Campaign tracked Stone's commentary and the news about WikiLeaks. 

On October 2, Andrew .Surabian, who ran the Campaign's war room, emailed Stone's Twitter 

prediction about a Wednesday release to Bannon, Kellyanne Conway, and the Trump Campaign 

press team. 1643 On October 3, Dan Scavino emailed the October 3 WikiLeaks Twitter 

announcement to Bannon.1644 That evening, Bannon reached out to two Breitbart editors, 

Wynton Han and Peter Schweizer, to ask if they would be awake "to get what he [Assange] has 

live."I.645 

(U) Separately, also on October 3, Bannon received an email from Matthew Boyle, 

another Breitbart editor, forwarding Boyle's correspondence from earlier that day with Stone. In 

it, Boyle had asked Stone, "Assange-what's he got? Hope it's good." Stone responded, "It is. 

I'd tell Bannon but he doesn't call me back." In his email to Bannon, Boyle advised Bannon to 

call Stone, and when Bannon said he had "important stuff to worry about," Boyle replied, "Well 

clearly he knows what Assange has. I'd say that's important."1646 

(U) Stone also emailed Erik Prince on October 3, telling him: "Spoke to my friend in 

London last night. The payload is still coming."1647 

(U) In the midst of the speculation, WikiLeaks reached out directly to Donald Trump Jr.· 

and asked him to "comment on/push" a report about Clinton asking whether Assange could be 

droned. Trump Jr. responded that he h,ad already done so.1648 Two minutes later, Trump Jr. 

wrote to WikiLeaks: "What's behind this Wednesday leak I keep reading about?"1649 He did not 

receive a response. Trump Jr. testified to the Committee that he did not recall how he had h,eard 

aqout a "Wednesday leak."1650 

(U) On Tuesday, October 4, 2016, the 10th anniversary ofWikiLeaks, Assange 

announced that he would be releasing more documents starting that week, including those 

"affecting three powerful organizations in three different states as well as, of course, information 

previously referred to about the U.S. election process," which he characterized as 

1643 (U) Email, Surabian to Bannon, Conway, and Team Press, October 2, 2016 (SKB_SSCl-0001941). 1644 (U) Email, Scavino to Bannon, October 3, 2016 (SKB_SSCI-0001795). 1645 (U) Email, Bannon to Hall and Schweizer, October 3, 2016 (SKB_SSCI-0001773). 1646 (U) Michael Schmidt, et al., "Read the Emails: The Trump Campaign and Roger Stone," The New York Times, 

November 1, 2018. Bannon did not produce these emails to the Committee, but when confronted with them as 

reproduced in The New York Times, said that he was familiar with them and that although he did not "know if they 

are accurate," he "assume[d] they are." Bannon Tr., p. 188. 1647 (U) Email, Stone and Prince, October 3, 2016 (United States v. Stone, Gov. Ex. 31). 1648 (U) Tweet, @DonaldJTrumpir, November 13, 2017 (posting October 3, 2016 direct message exchange with 

@wikileaks); Trump Jr. Tr., pp. 187-188. 1649 (U) Twitter direct message, @DonaldJTrumpJ.to @wikileaks, October 3, 2016 {Trump Jr. Production). 1650 (U) Trump Jr. Tr., p. 190. 

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COMMITTEE SENSITIVE - RUSSIA INVESTIGATION ONLY 
"significant."1651 He also said thatWikiLeaks would be "publishing every week for the next 10 

weeks" so that "all the U.S. election-related documents" would come out before November 8. 1652 

Assange made no specific reference to Cljnton or Podesta, and WikiLeaks did not release any 

documents. 

(U) Trump was frustrated with the absence of a WikiLeaks release on October 4. Gates 

recalled that Trump had anticipated something would be released and later asked: "When is the 

other stuff coming out?"1653 

(U) Following the announcement, Bannon complained to Stone by email about the lack 

of any new releases, asking "what was that this moming???"1654 Bannon wrote to Stone because 

Stone had said he "knew WikiLeaks and knew Julian Assange."1655 Stone responded, echoing 

information he had received from Credico and Assange's own announcement: "Fear. Serious 

security concern. He thinks they are going to kill him and the London police are standing done " 

[sic]. However-a load every week going forward." 1656 · 

(U) On October 4, Prince also asked Stone whether Assange had "chicken[ ed] out." " 

Stone responded that he was "[n]ot sure," but "checking." Later that day, Prince texted Stone, 

again to ask whether he had "hear[d] anymore from London." Stone wrote, "Yes-want to talk 

on a secure line-got Whatsapp?" and previewed that it was "good.?'1657 Prince recalled later 

speaking with Stone, who told him that WikiLeaks would release more materials harmful to the 

Clinton Campaign. Prince also described Stone having the equivalent of "insider stock trading" 

information about Assange. 1658 

(U) WikiLeaks did not release any documents the following day, Wednesday, October 5, 

as Credico and Stone had originally expected. Stone, however, maintained his prediction that 

Assange would be releasing Clinton materials. On October 5, Stonti tweeted: "Libs thinking 

1651 (U) Andrea Shalal, "WikiLeaks' Assange signals release of documents before U.S. election," Reuters, October 

4, 2016 (linking to video). 1652 (U) Tim Hains, "Julian Assange: First 'October Surprise' Leak Will Be Released This Week," 

RealClearPolitics, October 4, 2016 (linking to video). 1653 (U) FBI, FD-302, Gates 10/25/2018. 1654 (U) Email, Bannon to Stone, October 4, 2016 (United States v. Stone, Gov. Ex. 32). 1655 (U) Testimony of Steve Bannon, United States v. Stone, p. 876. 1656 (U) Email, Stone to Bannon, October 4, 2016 (United States v. Stone, Gov. Ex. 32). · 1657 (U) Text messages, Stone and Prince, October 4, 2016 (United States v. Stone, Gov. Ex. 33). In text messages, 

Prince promised to call Stone on October 5. Ibid. 1658 (U) SCO Report, Vol., p. 57. 

I' 

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\ 

Assange will stand down are wishful thinking. Payload coming #Lockthemup."1659 On the 

evening of October 5, Stone and Credico spoke for 12 minutes. 1660 

(U) WikiLeaks did not release anything on October 6. Nevertheless, on October 6, Stone 

tweeted: "Julian Assange will deliver a devastating expose on Hillary at a time of his choosing. I 

stand by my prediction. #handcuffs4hillary."1661 Stone and Credico had five ·additional calls that 

day.1662 

(U) On the afternoon of October 6, Stone received a call from Keith Schiller's number. 

Stone returned the call about 20 minutes later, and spoke-almost certainly to Trump--for six 

minutes. 1663 The substance of that conversation is not known to the Committee. However, at the 

time, Stone was focused on the potential for a WikiLeaks release, the Campaign was following 

WikiLeaks's announcements, and Trump's prior call with Stone on September 29, also using 

Schiller's phone, related to a WikiLeaks release. Given these facts, it appears quite likely that 

Stone and Trump spoke about WikiLeaks. 

· (U) At approximately 4 p.m. on October 7, The Washington Post released the Access 

Hollywood tape.1664 Witnesses involved in Trump's debate preparation recalled that the team 

first heard of the tape about an hour prior to its public release. 1665 According to Jerome Corsi, 

however, news of the release also made its way to Roger Stone.1666 Corsi and Stone spoke twice 

that day at length: once at 1:42 p.m. for 18 minutes, and once at 2:18 p.m. for 21 minutes. 1667 

Corsi recalled learning from Stone that the Access Hollywood tape would be coming out, and that 

Stone "[w]anted the Podesta stuff to balance the news cycle" either "right then or at least 

1659 (U) Tweet, @RogerJStoneJr, October 5, 2016. 1660 (U) AT&T toll records, Roger Stone/Drake Ventures. 1661 (U) Tweet, @RogerJStoneJr, October 6, 2016. 1662 (U) AT&T toll records, Roger Stone/Drake Ventures. 1663 (U) Ibid; Trump Org. call records, Keith Schiller (TRUMPORG 73 000021). As noted above, Trump would 

use Schiller's phone to make and receive calls, including with Stone, -;s also illustrated by the September 29 phone 

calls. 

1664 (U) See David A. Farenthold, "Trump recorded having extremely lewd conversation about women in 2005," 

The Washington Post, October 7, 2016 (linking to video). 1665 (U) Bannon Tr., p .. 206. 1666 (U) FBI, FD-302, Corsi 9/21/2018. 1667 (U) In an email to the SCO that he later produced to the Committee, Corsi also stated that he called and spoke to 

Stone at 11:47 a.m. about the "status of the Wikileaks publication of the Podesta emails and Roger's concern that 

Assange should start publishing immediately the Podesta emails." See Email, Corsi to Gray, October 2, 2018 (Corsi 

Production). Corsi's phone records reflect only one minute of call time, suggesting that a conversation, if one 

occurred, was short. See Corsi Phone Records, October 7, 2016 (Corsi Production). 

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coincident."1668 According to Corsi, Stone also told him to have WikiLeaks "drop the Podesta 

emails immediately."1669 

(U) When the tape later became public, Corsi claimed that he was not surprised by the 

graphic language because he had already heard it. 167° Corsi recalled previewing the Access 

Hollywood tape with conference call participants during one or two calls that day: a 

WorldNetDaily staff call at 1 :08 p.m., or a 2 p.m. call involving Total Banking Solutions that 

included Malloch. 1671 Corsi remembered telling conference participants that the tape was a 

problem and to contact Assange. 1672 Corsi then "watched all day to see what Assap.ge would 

do," and when the Podesta emails were released, he thought to himself that Malloch "had finally 

got to Assange."1673 However, Corsi later told investigators that he did,not call Malloch or Stone 

after the WikiLeaks release to convey this reaction because, in contradiction to his earlier 

statements, he was "doubtful" that Malloch had succeeded. 1674 1 

(U) Corsi also claimed that he tweeted publicly at WikiLeaks in order to get them to 

release documents, but no such tweets could be located. 1675 The SCO was unable to identify any 

conference call participants who recalled getting non-public information about the tape from 

Corsi that day; the Committee did not seek to confirm those findings. 1676 

(U) At approximately 4:32 p.m. on October 7-approximately 32 minutes after the 

release of the Access Hollywood tape-WikiLeaks released 2,050 emails that the GRU had 

stolen from John Podesta, repeatedly announcing the leak on Twitter and linking to a searchable 

archive of the documents. 1677 

(U) After the Podesta emails were released on October 7, 2016, Trump and senior 

Campaign officials acknowledged internally and to Stone that Stone had predicted the 

WikiLeaks release about Podesta. Manafort recalled Trump acknowledging to him that "Stone 

1668 (U) FBI, FD-302, Corsi 11/1/2018. It is not clear how Stone received news of the tape. Stone's phone records 

did not reflect any calls that day with the Trump Campaign and only one 18-minute call with a Washington Post 

number-but, according to the SCO, the records do not, on their face, indicate that the call involved any of the· 

reporters who broke the Access Hollywood story. See AT&T toll records, Roger Stone/Drake Ventures; sea 

Report, Vol. I, p .. 59. 1669 (U) FBI, FD-302, Corsi 9/21/2018. 

1610 (U) Ibid. 

1671 (U) Ibid.; FBI, FD-302, Corsi 11/1/2018. 1672 (U) Ibid. 

1613 (U) Ibid. 

1674 (U) Ibid. 

1675 (U) FBI, FD-302, Corsi 9/21/2018. The SCO was also unable to locate the alleged tweets. sea Report, Vol. I, 

p. 59. 1676 (U) sea Report, Vol. I, p. 59. 1677 (U) Tweet, @wikileaks, October 7, 2016 

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had information on the release in advance" of it becoming public. 1678 Manafort spoke with Stone 

by phone and told Stone that Stone had been right. 1679 Gates also spoke with Stone shortly after 

the release, and Stone confirmed that this was the information he had said would be coming 

out. 1680 On October 8, Stone messaged Corsi: "Lunch postponed - have to go see T," referring 

to Trump. 1681 

(U) Corsi said that after the October 7 WikiLeaks release, he and Stone agreed that they 

deserve.d credit and that."Trump should reward us."1682 However, Corsi said that Stone was 

concerned about having advance information about the Podesta release, and that Stone recruited 

. Corsi to make sure no one knew Stone had advance knowledge of that information. After the 

October 7 release, Corsi claimed that Stone directed him to delete emails relating to the Podesta 

information.1683 As outlined in his indictment and presented at trial, in subsequent congressional 

testim~ny to the HPSCI, Stone hid his communications with Corsi about WikiLeaks, and instead 

identified Credico as his intermediary; he also concealed communications he made directing both 

Corsi and Credico to obtain advance information about future WikiLeaks releases; and he made 

misleading and false statements about his communications with the Trump Campaign and 

individuals associated with the Campaign.1684 Following this testimony, Corsi said that Stone 

directed him to "stick to the plan"; Stone also threatened Credico to prevent him from testifying · 

to HPSCI and contradicting Stone's story.1685 

(U) On October 13', 2016, after WikiLeaks had publicly disclaimed any connection to 

Stone, 1686 Stone wrote directly to the WikiLeaks Twitter account: "Since I was all over national 

TV, cable and print defending wikileaks. and assange against the claim that you are Russian 

agents and debunking the false charges of sexual assault as trumped up bs you may want to 

1678 (U) FBI, FD-302, Manafort 9/13/2018 .. 1679 (U) Ibid Stone's cell phone records show a 17-minute call with Manafort on October 12, although they may 

have been in touch through other means following the Podesta release. AT&T toll records, Roger Stone/Drake 

Ventures (ATTSSCI00058). Manafort told Gates that the release was three months late. FB(FD-302, Gates 

10/25/2018. 

1680 (U) Testimony of Rick Gates, United States v. Roger Stone, pp. 946-947. Gates did not recall Stone saying that 

he had orchestrated the timing of the release, although Stone told Gates that the release would "help." FBI, FD-302, 

Gates 10/25/2018. 1681 (U) Affidavit in Support ofan Application for a Search Warrant, Case 1:18-sc-02524, July 27, 2018, ,r 66. It is 

unknown if Stone and Trump in fact met. 1682 (U) FBI, FD-302, Corsi 9/21/2018. 1683 (U) FBI, FD-302, Corsi 11/1/2018. 1684 (U) See, e.g., Stone indictment, ,r,r 11-39. 1685 (U) FBI, FD-302, Corsi 9/21/2018. On November 15, 2019, following trial, Stone was convicted of obstruction 

of justice, witness tampering, and false statements for conduct relating to these events. He was sentenced to 40 

months in prison. 1686 (U) See, e.g., Tweet, @wikileaks, October 12, 2016 ("As we have already stated clearly: WikiLeaks has.had no 

contact wiith [sic] Roger Stone."). 

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rexamine [sic] the strategy of attacking me."1687 WikiLeaks responded: "We appreciate that. 

However, the false claims of association are being used by the democrats to undermine the 

impact of our publications. Don't go there if you don't want us to correct you."1688 Stone then 

replied: "Ha! The more you 'correct' me the more people think you're lying. Your operation 

leaks like a sieve. You need to figure out who you friends are." 1689 

(U) Following the October 7 release, WikiLeaks released thirty-three more sets of stolen 

materials before Election Day, amounting to over 50,000 documents, advertising the materials on 

Twitter each time. 1690 · · 

iii. (U) Trump Campaign',s Continued Use of WikiLeaks After October 7 

(U) Despite the contemporaneous statement by the U.S. Government warning of Russian 

responsibility for the hacking and leaking of the DNC, DCCC, and Clinton Campaign documents 

and emails, the Trump Campaign considered the release of these materials to be its "October 

surprise."1691 The Trump Campaign's press team first found out about the WikiLeaks release 

when it "hit the press" on October 7,1692 and the Campaign quicklytumed to capitalize on the 

Podesta emails: the following morning, October 8, the communications team began compiling 

information from the release that it could use to attack Clinton. 1693 WikiLeaks information was 

1687 (U) See Affidavit in Support of Application for a Search Warrant, Case 1:17-mj-00661, September 11, 2017, 'I[ 

31 (documenting October 13, 2016 messages).. · 1688 (U) Ibid., '1[ 32 (documenting October 13, 2016 messages). 1689 (U) Ibid., '1[ 33 (documenting October 16, 2016 messages). On November 9, 2016, the day after the U.S. 

presidential election, WikiLeaks messaged Stone, ''Happy?" and "We are now more free to communicate." Ibid., 'I[ 

34 (documenting November 9, 2016 messages). They corresponded further on June 4, 2017, when Stone messaged 

a Twitter account associated with Assange, @JulianAssange, that among other things, "If the U.S. government 

moves on you I will bring down the entire house of cards." Ibid., '1[ 35 (documenting June 4, 2017 messages). On 

June 10, 2017, Stone added: "I am doing everything possible to address the issues at the highest level of 

Government. Fed treatment of you and WikiLeaks is an outrage. Must be circumspect in this forum as experience 

demonstrates it is monitored." Ibid., '1[ 36 (documenting June 10, 2017 messages). 1690 (U) Netyksho indictment, 'I[ 49; see also Tweets, @wikleaks, October 7, 2016 to November 7, 2016. 1691 (U) FBI, FD-302, Gates 4/19/2018. I 

1692 (U) Epshteyn Tr., p. 212. 1693 (U) See, e.g., Email, Shah to Ditto, Cheung, J. Miller, and Hicks, October 8, 2016 (DJTFP00019278) (attaching 

document titled "Wikileaks October 7, 2016 John Podesta Email Release"); Email, Epshteyn to Ellis, October 8, 

2016 (DJTFP00019302-19304) (requesting "talkers on this asap" in reference to leaked speech excerpts). In his 

testimony, Bannon downplayed the relative importance of the WikiLeaks release in light orthe Access Hollywood 

tape. Bannon recalled that the Campaign learned of the tape approximately 60 minutes before it was released, in the 

middle of debate preparation with Trump. See Bannon Tr., p. 206. According to Bannon, the tape was an 

"extinction level event," and precipitated Republican Party efforts to "remove the candidate" the following day .. 

Ibid., pp. 207-208. Bannon claimed that he not recall finding out about the WikiLeaks release or speaking about it 

with Trump until the evening after the debate. Ibid., pp. 206-207. 

I 252 

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later integrated with Trump's tweets, 1694 into his speeches, 1695 and into his press releases. 1696 

Other members of the Trump family also scrutinized the news. 1697 And, the Campaign tracked 

WikiLeaks releases in order to populate a fake Clinton Campaign website, clintonkaine.com. 1698 

(U) Witnesses did not describe a formalized process for integrating WikiLeaks materials 

into the Campaign. Rather, the Campaign would "look to see what's the most newsworthy" 

when emails were released. 1699 Gates described this as a "wait-and-see" approach. 1700 When 

asked what steps the Campaign took to promote WikiLeaks releases, Jared Kushner explained: 

[W]hen [the hacked emails] would come out, we'd get them - the Internet would 

crowdsource them and we'd kind of see which ones were hot. And then we would 

kind of debate ways to try to get them out further, whether it be having the 

candidate read them at rallies, or tweet about them, or whatever it is. 1701 

Kushner said the discussions were "not like a traditional command and control structure," but 

rather "a bunch of people who were helping figure it out."1702 Participants included Trump and 

his senior Campaign officials, such as Dan Scavino, Hope Hicks, Bannon, Kushner, Stephen 

Miller, and Jason Miller. 1703 

(U) While the Campaign was using the WikiLeaks documents, Trump cast doubt on the 

assessment that Russian government hackers were responsible for the hack-and-leak campaign. 

At the second presidential debate on October 9, Trump asserted: "maybe there is no hacking." 1704 

1694 (U) Email, J. Miller to Giuliani, Hicks, Scavino, and S. Miller, October 11, 2016 (DJTFP00019376) (linking to 

WikiLeaks story in the LA Times). 1695 (U) Email, Gabriel to S. Miller and Ditto, October 27, 2016 (DJTFP00020051) (providing teleprompter script 

for Springfield, Ohio speech referencing WikiLeaks). 1696 (U) Email, Gates to Bannon, October 27, 2016 (SKB_SSCl-0001369-1370) (stating "This is good and exactly 

what we need," and forwarding written Trump statement using WikiLeaks releases to attack Clinton under the 

subject line, "FW: Donald J. Trump Statement."). 1697 (U) Email, J. Miller to Shah, et al., October 9, 2016 (DJTFP00024165) (discussing Eric Trump's question about 

the WikiLeaks release, "Are we discussing Hillary selling weapons to Isis [sic] as per WikiLeaks email dump?"). 1698 (U) Email, Hemming to Parscale, Bannon, and Hall, "Re: Top Twenty-Five Wikileaks Revelations," October 

15, 2016 (SKB_SSCl-0001528-1530). 1699 (U) S. Miller Tr., p. 110. 1700 (U) FBI, FD-302, Gates 4/19/2018. 1701 (U) Kushner II Tr., p. 69. 1702 (U) Ibid 

. 1703 (U) Ibid, p. 70; see, e.g., Email, J. Miller to Bannon, Conway, Bossie, S. Miller, and Hicks, October 12, 2016 

(SKB_SSCI-0001615) (commenting "More!" and forwarding a GOP communications alert noting a WikiLeaks 

tweet announcing "The Podesta Emails, Part 4"); Email, Burgess to "Team Press," Conway, Bannon, and Bossie, 

October 12, 2016 (SKB_SSCI-0001616) (forwarding the same and commenting "Flagging-more wikileaks 

documents. Wanted to make sure everyone saw them."). 1704 (U) "Full Video: Second Presidential Debate," The New York Times, October 9, 2016. 

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In testimony to the Committee, Stephen Miller claimed that the Campaign did not know who was 

responsible for the hacks "one way or the other."1705 But this uncertainty did not stop Trump or 

Campaign officials from minimizing Russian involvement at other times, suggesting that it was 

an "absurd claim" to say that the Kremlin was promoting the Trump Campaign1706; that "the 

DNC did the 'hacking"' as a distraction1707; that the Dem'ocrats were "putting [it] out" that the 

Russians were responsible; and that it was "unlikely" that the Russians did it1708 or that nobody 

knew it was Russia, and it "could also be China" or "lots of other people."1709 According to 

Gates, the Campaign was "not concerned with how or who hacked" the documents, but just 

sought to release emails as quickly as possible. 1710 

(U) Among the theories espoused by Trump Campaign officials, Manafort expressed a 

belief that the Ukrainians were responsible, not the Russians. 1711 Gates said that this "parroted a 

narrative [Konstantin] Kilimnik often supported." 1712 According to Gates, Kilimnik also 

asserted that the hack could have been done by "Russian operatives in Ukraine." 1713 Gates was 

not aware of Manafort asking Kilimnik "to reach out to his Russian contacts" about the source of 

the leaked materials, and was not himself asked to contact Kilimnik about it. 1714 The Committee 

has determined that this theory espoused by Kilimnik and Manafort has no factual basis.1715 

Gates and others also decided to promote the story that a DNC insider had been involved in the 

hacks.1116 

(U) Within the Campaign, there was no policy that governed using materials released by 

WikiLeaks.1717 To the contrary, the Campaign treated the releases as just another form of 

1705 (U) S. Miller Tr., p. 95. 1706 (U) Email, Abboud to J. Miller, Hicks, and Lanza, July 25, 2016 (DJTFP00012984). 1707 (U) Eric Bradner, "Trump: DNC hacked itself," CNN, June 15, 2016. . 1708 (U) Trump made the statement to Larry King on RT America on September 9, 2016. Theodore Schleifer, "On 

Russian TV, Trump says it's 'unlikely' Putin trying to sway election," CNN, September 9, 2016. On September 2, 

2016, Putin similarly deflected questions about Russia's involvement in an interview, stating: "Is it really important 

who hacked this information from Clinton's election campaign? What's important is the content of what was made 

public." Laura Mills, "Putin Denies Kremlin Hand in DNC Hacking Breach," The Wall Street Journal, September 

2, 2016. 1709 (U) "Full Video: First Presidential Debate," The New York Times, September 26, 2016. Statements by Trump 

casting doubt on attribution for Russia's election interference campaign continued following the election. 1710 (U) FBI, FD-302, Gates 2/12/2018. 1711 (U) FBI, FD-302, Gates 4/10/2018. 1712 (U) Ibid 1713 (U) FBI, FD-302, Gates 4/11/2018. 

1114 Ibid 

1716 (U) FBI, FD-302, Gates 3/1/2018; FBI, FD-302, Gates 4il0/201°8. . . . . 1717 (U) Bannon Tr., p. 177; S. Miller Tr., p. -110. 

254 \ 

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opposition research. 1718 Bannon's view was that "anything negative that comes out [against an 

opponent] is clearly helpful to a campaign."1719 According to Stephen Miller, "[i]t would have 

been political malpractice not to use the WikiLeaks material once it became public." 1720 Gates 

described a "growing belief' within the Campaign that Assange was, in fact, assisting their 

effort."1721 

(U) Rather than regulating the Campaign's use ofWikiLeaks materials, Trump praised 

and promoted WikiLeaks repeatedly in the closing month of the campaign1722: 

• (U) October 10, 2016: "This just came out. WikiLeaks, I love WikiLeaks." 

• (U) October 12, 2016: "This WikiLeaks stuff is unbelievable. It tells you the inner heart, 

you'·gotta read it." 

• (U) October 13, 2016: "It's been amazing what's coming out on WikiLeaks." 

• (U) October 31, 2016: "Another one came in today. This WikiLeaks is like a treasure 

trove." 

• (U) November 2, 2016: "WikiLeaks, it sounds like, is going to be dropping some more . 

. Ifwe met tomorrow. I'd tell you about it tomorrow." 

• (U) November 4, 2016: "Getting off the plane, they were just announcing new 

WikiLeaks, and I wanted to stay there, but I didn't want to keep you waiting. Boy, I love 

reading those WikiLeaks." 

(U) Using Trump to promote WikiLeaks was a deliberate strategy employed by the 

Campaign, rtot only in his remarks, but also on social media. In mid-October, Ivanka Trump 

tasked the Campaign's senior officials (including ]:Jannon, Scavino, Stephen Miller and Jason 

1718 (U) ·For example, Hope Hicks told the Committee: "[E]veryone has opposition research, and this just happened 

to be available to everyone." Hicks Tr., pp. 66--67. Kushner described the releases as a "popular topic" that 

"everyone was talking about." Kushner II Tr., pp. '52-54. 1719 (U) Bannon Tr., p. 171-172. 1720 (U) S. Miller Tr., p. 91. 1721 (U) FBI, FD-302, Gates 3/1/2018. 1722 (U) ,Some of these are reproduced in a video by The Washington Post. "Watch Trump Praise WikiLeaks," The 

Washington Post, April 11, 2019. Public tabulations of the number ofreferences in speeches, interviews, rallies, and 

debates Vary, but place it in excess of 100 mentions. See, e.g., Gabrielle Healy, "Did Trump really mention 

WikiLeaks over 160 times in the last month of the election cycle?" PolitiFact, April 21, 2017; David Choi and John 

Haltiwanger, "5 times Trump praised WikiLeaks during his 2016 election campaign," Business Insider, April 11, 

2019. 

255 
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Miller) with preparing two Trump tweets every day linking to WikiLeaks content, which, she 

said, would help "refocus the narrative."1723 Trump tweeted direct references to WikiLeaks 

throughout October and November 2016, including on October 11, 12, 16, 17, 21 (twice), 22, 24, 

27 and November 1.1724 

(U) WikiLeaks contacted the Trump Campaign directly, through Donald Trump Jr., on 

sev:eral occasions. On September 21, WikiLeaks used a direct message on Twitter to reach out to 

Trump Jr. for a comment about a website, "putintrump.org," and provided Trump Jr. a password 

to access the website before it launched.1725 Trump Jr. responded, "Off the record I don't know 

who that is, but I'll ask around."1726 He then forwarded the message to senior Campaign officials 

in an email, and asked for their thoughts, indicating that he had visited the website: 

Guys I got a weird Twitter DM.from wikileaks. See below. I tried the password 

and it works and the about section they reference contains the next pie in terms of 

who is behind it. Not sure if this is anything but it seems like it's really wikileaks 

asking me as /follow them and itis a DM Do you know the people mentioned 

and what the conspiracy they are looking for could be? These are just screen 

shots but it's a fully built out page claiming to be a PAC let me know your 

thoughts and if we want to look into it. 1727 

Trump Jr. expressed concern about the webpage, though not about WikiLeaks itself: "The way 

they asked the question it almost seemed like there was some connection we should be aware of 

though. Do any oftlie political people recognize the names there?"1728 Some members of the 

Campaign responded to Trump Jr., but he did not communicate further with Wik1Leaks on the 

topic. 1729 

1723 (U) Email, I. Trump to Bannon, S. Miller, et al., October 15, 2016 (TRUMPORG_69 _010687). 1724 (U) Tweets, @rea!DonaldTrump, October 11-November 1, 2016. 1725 (U) Twitter direct message, @wikileaks to @DonaldJTrumpJr, September 21, 2016. 1726 (U) Twitter direct message, @DonaldJTrumpJr to @wikileaks, September 21, 2016. 1727 (U) Email, Trump Jr. to Conway, Bannon, Kushner, Bossie, and Parscale, September 21, 2016 

(DJTFP00023909-23911) (attaching screenshots of Twitter direct message from WikiLeaks). The email garnered 

some responses. Brad Parscale suggested setting up a competing website so that "searches come to us." Email, 

Parscale to Trump Jr. et al., September 21, 2016 (DJTFP00023912). Jared Kushner forwarded the email to Hope 

Hicks without comment. Email, Kushner to Hicks, September 21, 2016 (DJTFP00023916-23918). The SCO 

declined to charge Trump Jr. for violating the Computer Fraud and Abuse Act based on his unauthorized use of the 

password to access the website. See SCO Report, Vol. I, p. 179. 1728 (U) Email, Trump Jr. to Parscale,.Bannon, Conway, Kushner, and Bossie, September 21, 2016, 

(DJTFP00023919). 

1729 (U) When asked about Trump Jr.'s communications with WikiLeaks on this topic, Bannon said: "I'd describe 

Don Junior, who I think very highly of, as a guy who believes everything on Breitbart is true." Bannon Tr., p. 88. 

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(U) WikiLeaks also sought to coordinate its distribution of stolen documents with the 

Campaign. After Trump proclaimed at an October 10 rally, "I love WikiLeaks" and then posted 

about it on Twitter,1730 WikiLeaks resumed messaging with Trump Jr. On Oqtober 12, it said: 

"Strongly suggest your dad tweets this link if he mentions us ... there's many great stories the 

press are missing and we're sure some of your follows [sic] will find it. btw we just released 

Podesta Emails Part 4."1731 Shortly afterward, Trump tweeted: "Very little pick-up by the 

dishonest media of incredible information provided by WikiLeaks. So dishonest! Rigged 

System!"1732 Two days later, Donald Trump Jr. tweeted the link himself: "For those who have 

the time to read about all the corruption and hypocrisy all the @wikileaks emails are right here: 

wlsearch.tk."1733 Trump Jr. admitted that this may have been in response to the request from 

WikiLeaks, but also suggested that it could have been part of a general practice of retweeting the. 

WikiLeaks releases when they came out. 1734 

(U) According to public information, Trump Jr. retweeted WikiLeaks content numerous 

times in October.and November 2016, frequently encouraging others to go to WikiLeaks or· 

elsewhere to review the hacked emails. 1735 Trump ir. defended his treatment of WikiLeaks as "a 

media organization," asserting that "they're reaching out to me to essentially promote what they 

had put out." 1736 He considered the emails "relevant" and said that "other people should see 

it."1737 He admitted, however, that he did not think about whether WikiLeaks was acting as a 

pass-thr.ough for Russia or otherwise consider WikiLeaks's history of hostile actions against the 

United States. 1738 

1730 (U) Tweet, @realDonaldTrump, October 11, 2016. 1731 (U) Twitter direct messages, @wikileaks and @DonaldJTrumpJr, October 12, 2016. 1732 (U) Tweet, @realDonaldTrump, October 12, 2016. 1733 (U) Tweet, @DonaldJTrumpJr, October 14, 2016. 1734 (U) Trump Jr. Tr., pp. 195-196, 198~199. 1735 (U) See ibid., p. 202; see generally Tweets, @DonaldJTrumpJr, October I-November 8, 2016. A publicly 

accessible database purporting to have archived, in close to real time, tweets by Trump Jr., indicates at least 70 

tweets responding to or retweeting WikiLeaks, and many others referencing its releases. See Trump Twitter 

Archive, @donaldjtrumpjr, October I-November 8, 2016. Twitter's search function at the time of this writing 

revealed a lower number; it is unclear what caused the discrepancy, but tweets can be deleted after they are posted. 1736 (U) Ibid., pp. 164-166. 1737 (U) Ibid., p. 202. 1738 (U) Ibid., pp. 164-166. WikiLeaks continued to interact with Trump Jr. after the general election on November 

8, 2016. On November 9, 2016, WikiLeaks wrote to Trump Jr.: "Wow. Obama people will surely try to delete 

records on the way out. Just a heads up." In December 2016, WikiLeaks contacted Trump Jr., again to ask that 

Trump issue a statement in support of Assange. In July 2017, following initial public reporting, WikiLeaks 

requested that Trump Jr. provide WikiLeaks with his emails about the June 9., 2016 meeting for publicati~n, through 

Miirgaret Kunstler. Trump Jr. did not respond to these messages. See Twitter direct messages, @wikileaks and 

@DonaldJTrumpJr, November 9, 2016-July 11, 2017. 

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(U) The Campaign's preoccupation with WikiLeaks continued until the general election. 

As the general election approached, Scavino, a member of the communications team who also 

had a role in administering Trump's Twitter account during the campaign, 1739 increasingly 

forwarded updates relating to WikiLeaks to other Campaign officials, using subject lines like · 

"WIK.I ABOUT TO DROP SOME BOMBS ... 4 pmE" and "The WikiLeaks BOMB!" and 

linking to the latest WikiLeaks twitter post or its website. 1740 To one, Donald Trump Jr. 

responded: "Blow it out." 1741 

1739 (U) Epshteyn.Tr,, p. 135. 1740 (U) Email, Scavino to Bannon; E. Trump, Trump Jr., Kushner, S. Miller, and Hicks, October 31, 2016 

(TRUMPORG_69_016159); Email, Scavino to Bannon, Hicks, Kushner, S. Miller, Trump Jr., and E. Trump, 

(TRUMPORG_69_016934). See also Email, Scavino to Bannon, Hicks, Conway, and S. Miller, November 4, 2016 

(TRUMPORG_69_017232) ("Tweet by WikiLeaks on Twitter"); Email, Scavino to Scavino, November 6, 2016 

(TRUMPORG_69 _017455) ("8,263 DNC EMAILS RELEASED" and linking to WikiLeaks tweet); Email, Scavino 

to Bannon, S. Miller, Kushner, E. Trump, Trump Jr., November 7, 2016 (TRUMPORG_ 69 _ 017463) (subject "Wiki 

- CIIlCAGO PROTESTS COSTS" and linking to WikiLeaks documents). 1741 (U) Email, Trump Jr. to Scavino, Bannon, E. Trump, Kushner, S. Miller, and Hicks, October 31, 2016 

(TRUMPORG _ 69_016164). . 

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C. (U) The Agalarovs and t!Je June 9, 2016 Trump Tower Meeting 

1. (U) Introduction and Findings 

(U) Aras Agalarov, a prominent Russian oligarch originally from Azerbaijan, and his son 

Emin Agalarov, a musician and real estate executive, have since 2013 maintained both a business 

and personal relationship with Donald Trump. That relationship began with the planning of the 

2013 Miss Universe pageant in Moscow and subsequently included negotiations over a Trump 

Tower Moscow in 2014. Aras and Emin Agalarov were later involved in arranging a June 9, 

2016 meeting at Trump To.wer between Natalia Veselnitskaya, a Russian lawyer with 

government connections, several of her associates, and Donald Trump Jr., Jared Kushner, and 

Paul Manafort. That meeting was arranged based on an offer of derogatory information on 

Hillary Clinton, which was ultimately not delivered. 

(U) The Committee sought to understand the relationship between Donald Trump and C 

the Agalarov family in Russia, as well as the relationship between the Trump Organization and 

the Agalarovs' company, the Crocus Group, more broadly. The Committee also sought to 

understand the nature of the Agalarovs' and Veselnitskaya's connections to the Russian 

government and Russian intelligence services. 

(U) In this effort, the Committee interviewed a number of individuals with direct insight 

regarding the Agalarovs and non-public awareness of the Trump-Agalarov relationship's history 

or specific events. Nevertheless, the Committee faced significant limitations in its efforts to fully 

understand the relationship with the Agalarovs. In particular, events related to the Agalarovs 

often occurred in Russia, which significantly limited the availability of documents and witnesses 

that the Committee sought. Additionally, the passage of time complicated the collection of 

documents and reliable testimony regarding some aspects of the relationship. Witness testimony, 

while helpful, was often incomplete or contradicted other testimony or documents. The 

Committee was often not able to reconcile some of these challenges. The absence of cooperation 

from several individuals hindered the Committee's ability to fully address some aspects of the 

relationship. 

(U) The relationship between Donald Tru~p and the Agalarovs, which began in 2013, 

continued through the 2016 U.S. election. This relationship included both business and personal 

communications, and was composed of in-person visits both in Russia and in the United States, 

as well as written correspondence, text messages, calls, social media, and gifts. The relationship 

also extended to Agalarov associates and family members, and to Trump associates and family 

members, who in some cases were in frequent contact. The Agalarovs, who have ties to the 

Russian government, may have been aware of Trump's intention to run for president prior to the 

Campaign's public announcement. 

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(U) Aras Agalarov was personally involved in pushing for the meeting between 

Veselnitskaya and the Trump Campaign, and also pushed for a second meeting for Veselnitskaya 

following the election, which did not take place. The Committee found that Agalarov likely 

sought to arrange these meetings on behalf of individuals affiliated with the Russian government. 

(U) The Committee found that it was the intent of the Campaign participants in the 

meeting, particularly Donald Trump Jr., to receive derogatory information that would be of 

benefit to the Campaign from a source known, at least by Trump Jr., to have connections to the 

Russian government. Actions were taken by Campaign participants to operationalize that intent. 

The Committee found no reliable evidence that information of benefit to the Trump Campaign 

was transmitted at the June 9, 2016 meeting, or that Trump had foreknowledge of the June 9, 

2016 meeting. 

(U) The information that Natalia Veselnitskaya, the Russian lawyer, offered during the 

June 9, 2016 meeting, and planned to offer again at the follow up meeting requested by Aras 

Agalarov, was part of a broader influence operation targeting the United States that was 

coordinated, at least in part, with elements of the Russian government. That Russian effort was 

focused on U.S. sanctions against Russia. Some of the same information used b Veselnitska a 

at the meetin was also used 

meeting participants from the Campaign were aware of this Russian influence operation when 

accepting the meeting or participating in it. Participants on both sides of the meeting were 

ultimately disappointed with how it transpired. 

(U) The Committee assesses that at least two participants in the June 9, 2016 meeting, 

Veselnitskaya and Rinat Akhmetshin, have significant connections to the Russian government, 

including the Russian intelligence services. Those connections, particularly regarding 

Veselnitskaya, were far more extensive and concerning than what had been publicly known, and 

neither Veselnitskaya nor Akhmetshin were forthcoming with the Committee regarding those 

connections. Both Veselnitskaya and Akhmetshin may have sought, in some cases, to obfuscate 

the true intent of their work in the United States. 

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(U) Around the time of the 2013 Miss Universe pageant in Moscow, the Agalarovs 

employed Artem Klyushin to help promote Emin Agalarov on social media. In that capacity, 

Klyushin and his then-wife spent some time with Trump during the pageant weekend. Klyushin 

is a Kremlin-linked bot developer who has supported Russian social media influence operations 

in other countries. The Committee did not find information indicating that Trump had awareness 

of this at the time, or any subsequent communication with Klyushin. 

2. (U) Background on the Agalarovs 

- Aras Agalarov is a Russian oligarch, originally from Azerbaijan, and is the 

head o~Group. Crocus is involved in construction and real estate development, as 

well as ownership and operation of shopping centers and other businesses in Russia. Agalarov is 

based in Moscow and his net worth is approximately $1.7 billion. 1743 The Agalarovs have 

significant ties to Russian organized crime and have been closely affiliated with individuals 

involved in murder, prostitution, weapons trafficking, kidnapping, extortion, narcotics 

trafficking, money laundering and other significant criminal enterprises. Some of those activities 

have extended outside of Russia, including to the United States. 1744 A alarov and his associates 

have also for ears artici ated in a varie of large-volume 

1745 

(U) Aras Agalarov also has significant ties to the Russian government, including to 

individuals involved in influence operations targeting the 2016 U.S. election. He has access to 

President Putin and to Putin's close aide Dimitry Peskov. 1746 Agalarov is also an associate of 

Yuri Chaika, who until 2020 was the Russian Prosecutor General, a position which is similar to 

that of the U.S. Attorney General. 1747 Agalarov may have a connection to First Deputy Premier 

, 2013 (PS-SEN-0000095). 

e m . 

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Igor Shuvalov, 1748 and is also connected t~ Mikhail Mishustin, ·the now-Prime Minister of 

Russia. 1749 ~- · 

I 

r 

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-

-

-

-

263 
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(U) According to a Russian press report, in October 2010 when Russian intelligence held 

a celebration for the 60th anniversary of the GRU' s special missions department, the event was 

hosted atAgalarov's Crocus City Hall. 1775 · 

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(U) Aras Agalarov is an associate of Natalia Veselnitskaya, a Russian lawyer who has 

connections to Russian intelligence and security services. 1776 

(U) Agalarov has also been a longtime employer of Irakli Kaveladze, who has been 

involved in probable money laundering activity on behalf of Agalarov in the United States. 

(U) Kaveladze is a Georgian-American businessman who immigrated to the United 

States in 1991. He has been employed by Aras Agalarov and the Crocus Group siiice 

1989. At times in his work for the Crocus Group, Kaveladze would travel frequently to 

Moscow, sometimes for extended periods. 1777 · 

• (U) According to a report by the United States General Accounting Office (GAO) in 

October 2000, Kaveladze has been involved in a range of activities in the United States 

that raise serious concerns regarding Russian money laundering. 1778 According to GAO, 

companies created by Kaveladze established approximately 2,000 corporations, some of 

which had made up names, for Russian brokers. Kaveladze's companies moved more 

than $1 billion in wire transfer transactions into 236 accounts at two U.S. banks, most of 

which was then transferred back to accounts in Eastern Europe again for Russian brokers. 

Kaveladze has insisted that he had no involvement in an wron doin callin the GAO 

(U) Emin Agalarov is the son of Aras Agalarov. He is Executive Vice President of 

Crocus group and is also a musician. Emin Agalarov is connected to Grigoriy Lepsveridze, who 

has been sanctioned by the United States for his role in Russian organized crime. 1780 Emin 

1776 ; SSCI Transcript of the Interview with Natalia 

Vese mts aya, Marc 26, 2018, pp. 69-70. For interactions with the Committee, the Agalarovs retained Scott 

Balber, an attorney who has also represented Donald Trump. Dylan Stableford, "Trump releases birth certificate to 

Bill Maher, demands $5 million," Yahoo News, January 9, 2013. Early 2017 text messages between Veselnitskaya 

an~ Agalarov employee U:akli Kaveladze ind~cate tha~ Balber may have wor_ked on a~" ovemment task" or "state 

ass1 ment." The Committee has no further mformatlon on the narure ofth1s work. 

For Veselnitskaya's involvement int e 

June 9, 2016 meeting, see infra Vo. 5, Sec. 111.C.5. 1777 (U) FBI, FD-302, Kaveladze 11/16/2017; SSCI Transcript of the Interview with Irakli Kaveladze, October 18, 

2017, pp. 4, 28. 1778 (U) GAO, "Suspicious Banking Activities: Possible Money Laundering by U.S. Corporations Formed for 

Russian Entities," October 2000, p. 11; Raymond Bonner, "Laundering of Money Seen as 'Easy,"' The New York 

Times November 29, 2000. 1779 Ra mond Bonner, "Launderin of Mone Seen as 'Bas ,'" The New York Times, November 29, 

(U) Treasury, "Treasury Designates Associate of Key Brothers' Circle Members," October 30, 2013. 

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Agalarov previously employed Artem Klyushin, a Kremlin-linked bot developer who has 

supported Russian influence operations, to help promote Agalarov on social media. Emin 

Agalarov grew up, in part, in New Jersey, but is currently based in Moscow. 1781 

(U) According to Michael Cohen, around the time of the 2013 Miss Universe pageant in 

Moscow, a friend, Giorgi Rtskhiladze, cautioned that he "did not care for the Agalarovs, thought 

they were gangsters and didn't do business with them." According to Cohen, when Rtskhiladze 

heard that Donald Trump Jr. was considering a real estate development project with the 

Agalarovs, Rtskhiladze again warned Cohen that the Agalarovs, and particularly Aras Agalarov, 

"are really rough." 1786 Rtskhiladze's description to the Committee of his limited relationship with 

the Agalarovs did not include this information. 1787 

3. (U) Origins of the Trump-Agalarov Relationship 

1781 (U) In February 2020, Agalarov produced documents and testified pursuant to a Committee subpoena served in 

Janu 2020. 178 

178 

178 

1787 (U) Wntten Responses, Rtskhiladze, August 23, 2019; Written Responses, Rtskhiladze, September 16, 2019. 

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(U) Donald Trump first met the Agalarovs in 2013 in an effort to bring the annual Miss 

Universe pageant to Moscow.

1788 The Miss Universe Organization had been co-owned by 

Trump since 1996.

1789 

(U) There was at least one previous attempt to bring the pageant to Moscow prior to 

2013. In 2005, Paula Shugart, the president of the Miss Universe Organization, took an 

exploratory visit to Moscow to determine its suitability for hosting the event. After Shugart's 

trip, Trump wrote a letter to Mikhail Kusnirovich, a Russian businessman whom Shugart met on 

the trip. In his letter, Trump praised Moscow as a "spectacular venue" for the Miss Universe 

pageant.1790 

1788 (U) See RG0000J(}-000031 (hereinafter Agalarov Washington Post Tr.). 1789 (U) The Miss Universe Organization includes Miss USA and Miss Teen USA. 1790 (U) Letter, Trump to Kusnirovich, October 25, 2005 (TRUMPORG_ IS_ I0). 

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Mr. Mikhail Kusnirovich 

Bosco di'Cilicgi/Articoli 

9, KrymsJ.-y Val 

Moscow, 119049 Russia 

Dear Mikhail, 

J

·tv 

I. 

October 25, 2005 

l'aula Slmgart informed me of her recent trip to Moscow and how impressed she 

was by you and your organization. 

There is no doubt Moscow would be a spectacular venue for the Miss Universe 

pageant. Moscow bas everything it takes to make it a destination city-it's a newly 

vibrant city along with a magnificent and fabled history. The millions of 

international viewers of Miss Universe would surely nppreciatc that combjnation. J 

sincerely hope we arc able to make it work, and I thank you for all of your efforts 

and interest in the pageant. · 

With best reg:mJs, 

(U) Shugart recalled only meeting with Kusnirovich, not with any Russian government 

officials, while she was in Moscow. Efforts to bring the pageant to Moscow at that time were 

unsuccessful. 1791 According to Rob Goldstone, who later served as Emin Agalarov' s promoter 

and aide, there was "too much red tape," making bringing the Miss Universe pageant to Moscow 

"too difficult to do."1792 

i. (U) Planning Miss Universe Moscow 

1791 (U) SSCI Transcript of the Interview with Paula Shugart, April 30, 2018, pp. 10-11, 17-23. 1792 (U) Goldstone Tr., p. 41. 

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(U) The first correspondence the Committee is aware of regarding Miss Universe 

Moscow occurred on January 7, 2013, when Emel Kiral emailed Emin Agalarov and wrote that 

she enjoyed meeting him, suggested that they meet with her "contact" at Miss Universe, and 

suggested that Agalarov could perform at a Miss Universe pageant that was hosted in Moscow. 

Kiral also attached a slide presentation on the potential benefits of hosting a Miss Universe 

pageant in Russia.1793 Agalarov responded, thanking her and saying that he would look at the 

slides. 1794 It does not appear that any further involvement with Kiral took place . 

. .. (U) Separately, also in early 2013, Rob Goldstone reached out to a previous winner of 

the Miss Universe pageant regarding a potential role for the woman .in an_ upcoming Emin 

Agalarov music video. 1795 Although the woman was upavailable, slie connected Goldstone with 

Shugart, the president of the Miss Universe Organization, as someone who might be able to 

make another recommendation for the music video. 1796 In March 2013, Shugart offered to meet 

With Goldstone and Emin Agalarov. During the meeting, Goldstone suggested that Agalarov 

cc:mld perform at a future Miss Universe pageant.1797 

(U) According to Goldstone, Emin Agalarov asked about hosting the pageant in 

Moscow. Shugart explained that she had previously hoped to host the pageant there, but those 

efforts were unsuccessful. Shugart identified Crocus City Hall as a potential location, and was 

impressed to learn that Emin Agalarov's father owned the venue. 1798 

(U) Emin Agalarov then asked Shugart about Miss Universe's fee structure and about 

what would be involved in bringing the pageant to Russia. Goldstone said that Agalarov was 

optimistic that he would be able to perform at the pageant if it were held at Crocus City Hall, and 

believed that it would generate international exposure for his music career. In part to foster this 

new relationship, Shugart offered Miss Universe 2012 for Agalarov's music video.1799 

(U) Kaveladze recalled that Aras Agalarov was initially very skeptical about hosting the 

pageant, but Emin Agalarov was excited and lobbied his father. 180° Kaveladze believed that 

1793 (U) Eniail, Kiral to E. Agalarov, January 7, 2013 (EA-SSCI-00001). Shugart told the Committee that Kinμ had 

been introduced to the Miss Universe Organization by Rhona Graff, but that neither Shugart nor Agalarov had any 

meaningful connection to-her. Shugart Tr., pp. 41-42; Krial has also gone by the name Emel Dilek. 1794 (U) Email, E. Agalarov to Kiral, January 7, 2013 (TRUMPORG_18_000998). 1

795 (U) Goldstone Tr., pp. 45--47. 

1796 (U) Ibid 1797 (U) Ibid, pp. 46-48. 1798 (U) Ibid, pp. 47--48. 1799 (U) Ibid, pp. 48-50. 1800 (U) Kaveladze Tr., p. 14-15. 

271 
Crocus would lose a substantial amount of money and repeatedly advised against hosting the 

event.1so1 

(U) On April 18, Goldstone emailed Aga:larov to tell him that Trump and the Miss 

Universe Organization had met and were willing to "pull out all the stops to get this to 

Moscow."1802 In May 2013, the Miss Universe Organization was under increasing pressure to 

secure a location for the upcoming pageant.1803 At that time, Emin Agalarov invited Shugart and 

several other Miss Universe representatives to Moscow to visit the venue and other related 

facilities such as hotels.1804 During that visit to Moscow, Aras Agalarov agreed to pay to host 

the pageant.1805 Despite Shugart providing recommendations regarding financing structures that 

might involve governments or tourism departments as well as private entities, the Agalarovs 

indicated that the financing for the Moscow pageant would be strictly private. 1806 

(U) Ultimately, Crocus Group paid approximately $6 million for a licensing fee and 

incurred an additional $6 million in expenses. The Agalarovs only recouped about $2 million in 

sales, resulting in an approximately $10 million loss for the event.1807 According to Shugart, 

Moscow was one of the most lucrative deals that the Miss Universe Organization had ever 

participated in.1808 

(U) Following the commitment from Agalarov to finance the pageant, Shugart notified 

:Oonald Trump. Shugart recalled that Trump was "very happy" and believed the Agalarovs were 

"the real deal." Shugart recalled that Trump told her she was "finally introducing hitn to the 

people he needed to be meeting."1809 

(U) At the conclusion of the Russia trip, a Letter oflntent was signed.1810 Goldstone 

recalled that Trump wanted to announce the locations of the upcoming Miss Universe pageant 

during the awards ceremony for the Miss USA pageant in Las Vegas, Nevada, in June 2013 .. 

1801 

1802 (U) Emai, Go stone to E. Agalarov, April 18, 2013 (EA-SSCI-00057). According the same email from 

Goldstone, Shugart had also "asked if there was any word back from the Government folks your father emailed etc." 1803 (U) Shugart Tr., pp. 14, 24. . 1804 (U) Goldstone Tr., pp. 45-50. This account is generally consistent with testimony to the Committee from Paula 

Shugart. Shugart Tr., pp. 17-23. . 1805 (U) Shugart Tr., pp. 17-23, 50-51; Goldstone Tr., pp. 53-54. 1806 (U) Shugart Tr., p. 22. 1807 (U) Attorney Proffer, Kaveladze, September 28, 2017. 1808 (U) Shugart Tr., pp. 32-33. 1809 (U) Ibid., pp. 47-48. 1810 (U) Goldstone Tr., pp. 53-54. 

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Goldstone recalled that the groups were "very much under pressure to get that all agreed, so a 

contract could be signed in Vegas."1811 

(U) Shugart told the Committee that "once. Aras decided it was happening, we moved 

very quickly," and the two sides drafted a contract .. 1812 Kaveladze, who served as Crocus's lead 

on the contract," told the Committee that he worked with representatives from th~ M1ss Universe 

organization for a month and a half to prepare the documents and final contract that needed to be 

signed to finalize the deal. 1813 Shugart told the Committee that Trump made no input on the 

details of the deal. 1814 

ii. (U) The First Meeting: Las Vegas 

(U) In June 2013, the Miss Universe Organization invited the Agalarovs to Las Vegas to 

sign the contract and make the announcement alongside Trump during the Miss USA 

pageant.1815 Arriving on June 15, 2013, the day before the pageant, Trump and the Agalarovs 

met for the first time in the lobby of the Trump Hotel in Las Vegas. 

(U) Following their initial introduction, Trump and the Agalarovs went upstairs to a suite 

to sign the final contract for Miss Universe Moscow. Shugart and Aras Agalarov w:ere the 

signatories. 1816 Roman Beniaminov, a close friend and aide to Emin Agalarov, recalled that at 

the signing the Miss Universe Organization group presented Aras Agalarov with a bottle of 

tequila to celebrate the occasion. 1817 · 

(U) The same day, Goldstone recalled receiving a phone call from Keith Schiller, Donald 

Trump's head of security. According to Goldstone, Schiller said, "I hear from Paula that you 

guys are going to dinner tonight. Mr. Trump would like to join." Goldstone continued, "I hung 

up. I called Emin and said: You have a guest tonight; Mr. Trump's now coming to dinner. And 

he goes: Very funny. I said: No, no; he is coming to dinner."1818 

1811 (U) Goldstone Tr., pp. 50--51. 1812 (U) Shugart Tr., p. 44. 1813 (U) Kaveladze Tr., p. 14. 1814 (U) Shugart Tr., p. 51-53. 1815 (U) Ibid, p. 52. , _ 1816 (U) Ibid, pp. 56-58, 67; Itinerary for Donald Trump, et al. (TRUMPORG_18_000028); SSCI Transcript of the 

Interview with Roman Beniaminov, February 23, 2018, pp. 77-79. 1817 (U) Beniaminov Tr., p. 79. ' 1818 (U) Goldstone Tr., pp. 61--62. 

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(U) The dinner that night ultimately included members of the Agalarov family, Trump 

Organization, Miss Universe Organization, and a number ofEmin Agalarov's friends. 1819 

Michael Cohen attended with Trump and Schiller. 1820 During the meal, Goldstone recalled being 

approached by Schiller, who asked Goldstone if the Agalarov group had plans after the meal. 

Goldstone recalled telling Schiller that one of Emin Agalarov's associates, Murtaza Akbar, was 

an investor in a club called The Act and that the group planned to go. According to Goldstone, 

Schiller responded by telling Goldstone that "Mr. Trump wants to come."1821 

(U) Following dinner, the group, which included the Agalarovs, their associates, and the 

Trump Organization group, went to The Act. Goldstone described The Act as, "a bit Cirque du 

Soleil and a bit burlesquey thrown into one."1822 Cohen recalled that the club was "more than a 

burlesque club" and was a "wild place."1823 

(U) The group, including Trump, stayed at The Act for several hours. 1824 

1819 (U) According to Beniaminov, attendees at the dinner included Aras Agalarov, Donald Trump, Aras Agalarov's 

wife and daughter, Emin Agalarov, Emin Agalarov's friends Murad and Timur Beniaminov, Roman Beniaminov 

(no relation), Rob Goldstone, Goldstone and Agalarov's associate Murtaza Akbar, Trump Organization employees 

Keith Schiller and Michael Cohen, Miss Universe employee Esther Swan, former-Miss Universe Olivia Culpo, and 

others. Beniaminov Tr., pp. 71-75. Lawrence Glick from the Trump Organization may have also attended. Shugart 

Tr., p. 56-58. 1820 (U) Cohen served as a board member of the Miss Universe Organization, which he described as a "perk" of his 

job at the Trump Organization. Cohen Tr. II, p. 108. 1821 (U) Goldstone Tr., pp. 63-64. 1822 (U) Goldstone Tr., p. 64. 1823 (U) Cohen Tr. II, pp. 109-110 ("It's a club that puts on shows, and you never really know what the show is 

going to be. In this specific case they brought out a young man who was in a leotard body suit, who, to me, I would 

diagnose him as a thalidomide baby. And he was blind as well, but he sang like Pavarotti. And while he was 

singing-I forget the song, it was like a 'God Bless America' -type song-there was a woman who was in a thong 

bikini, who was large, performing sex acts on him while he was singing. Interesting, because I was with Mr. Trump 

at the time. It was not really a place I expected to be with him at. He looked over to me when he was finished, and 

I'll never forget this, he looked me right in the face. He goes, 'That's a tough way to make a living."'); Cohen told 

the Committee he did not remember the name of the club. Based on testimony from other witnesses, the club was 

The Act. Shugart Tr., pp. 62. Goldstone Tr., pp. 63-66; Tim O'Reiley, "Curtain comes down on nearly half of edgy 

skits at The Act nightclub," 'Las Vegas Review-Journal, September 13, 2013. 1824 (U) A series oflate night and early morning text messages between Beniaminov and Goldstone indicate 

Trump's presence at the club with the Agalarovs. Text message, Goldstone to Beniaminov, June 15, 2013 

(RB001136-1137). Goldstone told the Committee that, at some point, Emin Agalarov asked him, "How do we get 

rid of him? When does he go? How long will he stay?" Sometime after that, Schiller approached Goldstone. 

Goldstone told the Committee, "Then Keith came up and said: 'Mr. Trump's going to leave.' And he made an , 

interesting comment. He goes: 'By the way, you've hosted him really well; he must really like you guys, because he 

doesn't do this kind of thing and he doesn't stay. Thank you very much.'" Goldstone Tr., pp. 63-66. Beniaminov 

recalled going to the club after dinner, and that it was a late night, but his memory of the details were vague or nonexistent. He recalled that there had been someone dancing on stage in a "mirror type of suit outfit." Beniaminov 

Tr., p. 81. Shugart recalled hearing the next morning that it had been a late night at the club and that everyone got 

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(U) The following day there was a dress rehearsal and the Miss USA pageant at which 

Aras and Emin Agalarov sat beside Trump. The pageant was followed by the official Miss 

Universe Moscow announcement, a ceremonial signing of the contract and a press 

conference. 1825 · 

(U) On June 17, 2013, Emin Agalarov instructed that a. Crocus Group and Agalarov 

Estate brochure be sent by messenger to Trump. 1826 

(U) On June 18, 2013, Donald Trump wrote on Twitter, "Do yC>u think Putin will be 

going to the Miss Universe pageant in November in Moscow? If so, will he become my new 

best friend?" The same day, Emin Agalarov responded on Twitter, "Mr. @realDonaldTrump 

anyone you meet becomes your best friend- so I'm sure Mr. Putin will not be an ~xception in 

Moscow @crocuscityhall."1827 

iii. (U) Planning Miss Universe Moscow 

(U) Following the contract signing in Las Vegas in June, planning began for the 

November 2013 Miss Universe pageant in Moscow. In addition to arranging the pageant itself, 

Trump and Aras Agalarov repeatedly contacted President Putin and his staff,. both to invite Putin 

to the event, and to offer a personal meeting with Ttump. 

(U) On June 21, 2013, Goldstone emailed Emin Agalarov with the subject line "Putin" to 

inform him that, "He [Trump] has a personal email [address] for VP" but had asked for a mailing 

address for the letter.1828 On June 22, 2013, Goldstone emailed Emin Agalarov the text of a draft 

letter from Trump inviting Putin to attend the Miss. Universe pageant and requesting a personal 

private meeting. in Moscow. The email included the subject line, "Draft of Putin letter for 

Donald Trump - please show to Aras and let me know before I send to Trump." Emin Agalarov 

approved. 1829 

(U) On June 24, 2013, Rhona Graff, Trump's assistant, wrote to Shugart, informing her 

that, "DT wants to send a letter to Putin inviting him to Miss Universe. I asked Rob G. to draft 

something we could tweak. If you see the letter below, he references a trip to Moscow by DT in 

I , 

along. She believed the club was called The Act. Shugart Tr., pp:61-64. Schiller said he had no recollection of 

going to any club. SSCI Transcript of the Interview with Keith Schiller, February 7, 2018, pp. 43--45. 1825 (U) Shugart Tr., pp. 65-66; Goldstone Tr., p. 66. 1826 (U) Agalarov Estate brochure (DJTJR00502-607); Crocus Group brochure (DJTJR00610-849); Email, 

Goldstone to Graff, June 18, 2013 (TRUMPORG_l8_000999). . 1827 (U) Tweet, @realDonaldTrump, June 18, 2013; Tweet, @eminofficial, June 18, 2013. 1828 (U) Email, Goldstone to E. Agalarov, June 21, 2013 (EA-SSCI-00466). 1829 (U) Email, Goldstone to E. Agalarov and Beni!llllinov, June 22, 2013 (RB-000858). 

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advance of the actual pageant. What is he talking about?"1830 Graff included a version of the 

draft letter from Trump to President Putin, written by Rob Goldstone, which stated: "I have 

always valued your kind offer for me to visit Moscow, and I will be doing so later this year prior 

to the contest. I want to personally invite you as my guest of honor to the November 9th Miss 

Universe Pageant, and would also hope to meet privately with you during my stay in 

Moscow."1831 

I . 

(U) Later on June 24, Shugart responded to Graffs email, writing, "I have no idea, I'm 

finding out now." 1832 Shugart told the Committee that she found out that Trump had said to the 

Agalarovs that he would come a few days earlier to "facilitate a meeting" with Putin. 1833 

(U) On June 27, 2013, Goldstone wrote to Emin Agalarov stating that Trump's assistant 

wanted to know where to send "the letter for Putin." Emin Agalarov wrote back, "On it."1834 

Later that day Goldstone sent Graff and Shugart the address and email of "who to forward letter 

from Mr. Trump to President Putin" and included the mailing address, title, and email address of 

Dmitry Peskov .

1835 In an email Goldstone explained that this individual "is in direct daily contact 

with the President and has been briefed to expect an email and physical letter."1836 

(U) On June 27, 2013, Graff emailed a draft letter titled "Dear President Putin.docx" to 

an assistant, writing, "Please print this out for me on DT's heavy letterhead (with envelope)."1837 

On June 28, 2013, Graff emailed Shugart and Goldstone and attached a final signed copy of the 

letter. The signed copy had several changes to Goldstone's draft, including the omission of the 

extended stay in Moscow and the personal meeting request. 1838 ·" 

1830 (U) Email, Graffto Shugart, June 24, 2013 (PS-SEN-0000016--17). 1831 (U) Email, Goldstone to Graff, June 24, 2013 (PS-SEN-0000016--17). 1832 (U) Email, Shugart to Graff, June 24, 2013 (1RUMPORG 18 001016). 1833 (U) Shugart Tr., pp. 76-77. - - 1834 (U) Email, Emin to Goldstone and Beniaminov, June 27, 2013 (RB-000856). 1835 (U) For more on Dmitry Peskov, see infra Vol. 5, Sec. III.C.5.i.b. · 1836 (U) Email, Goldstone to Graff and Shugart, June 27, 2013 (PS-SEN-0000015). 1837 (U) Email, Graff to Kelly, June 27, 2013 (1RUMPORG_18_001022). 1838 (U) Letter, Trump to Putin, June 26, 2013 (1RUMPORG_18_000031). 

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Pre ident Vladimir Putin 

c/o Dmjtiri Sergeevich Peskov 

Press ecrclary of President Vl::idimir Putin 

'turaya Ploshad I 0/4, 3n1 floor, Office 304 

1oscow 

Russia. 10132 

Dear Mr. Pte idcnt: 

June 26, 2013 

I hope you have beard by now the exciting new that we are bringing the Miss Universe 

2013 Pngcaul to Russia for tbe first time in lhe 62 year history of the Pageant 

We wiU partner with Crocus Gr oup and Aras Agolarov to stage the event on ' ovember 9th 

at roe.WI City Hall The Miss niversc Pageant is watched by over l billion people 

worldwide and i one of the must watched TV shows 1mywhere in the world. 

I know thnt our Moscow pageant will be our biggest and best Miss nivcrsc ever, and we 

are already ovcnvhclmcd with a very positive and extensive response from both 

inlcrnatioo:il and Russi.an mediu. We turned down many other competing countries in 

favor of Russin. 

I want to take th.is opportunity lo personally invite you to be my guest of honor in Moscow 

on 'o,•ember 9th• I know you will l111ve II grwt time 

With best wishes. 

(U) Several months later, on September 9, 2013, planning efforts were focused on 

securing hotel rooms for the pageant leadership and judges. Goldstone wrote several emails to 

Kaveladze, Emin Agalarov, Beniaminov, and three Russian employees of Crocus Group 

277 

COMMITTEE SENSITIVE - RUSSIA INVESTIGATION ONLY 
COMMITTEE SENSITIVE - RUSSIA INVESTIGATION ONLY 

regarding hotel options for the pageant. 1839 Goldstone wrote that he would like to visit the" 

"Intercontinental Hotel and check out their top suites for Donald Trump to stay as it is our 

sponsor hotel group. At the moment we have him in an $1 lk a night suite at Ritz Carlton - and I 

am assured by Trump's office that he is happy to stay at Intercontinental in a top suite and it 

should save us a lot ofmoney."1840 However, later that day, Emin Agalarov wrote to Roman 

Beniaminov and Crocus employee Katia Kosenkova, -directing them to arrange for Trump to stay 

at the Ritz Carlton. He wrote, "trump will stay at the ritz comply with me [sic]," and requested 

that room options be sent to him. 1841 

(U) Roman Beniaminov told the Committee that guests of Aras Agalarov had previously 

had reservations made for them at the Ritz Carlton for Crocus business.1842 

(U) On September 12, 2013, Agalarov and Trump efforts turned back to outreach to 

Putin. Goldstone wrote to Graff and Shugart with a follow up request for another signed letter 

from Trump. Goldstone's request mentioned asking for a personal meeting between Trump and 

Putin, "as discussed." Goldstone wrote: 1843 

1839 (U) Email, Goldstone to Kaveladze, E. Agalarov, et al., September 9, 2013 (RB-000388). The additional Crocus 

email recipients were Svetlana Bignova, Katia Kosenkova, and Sergey Sharov. · 1840 (U) Email, Goldstone to Kaveladze, E. Agalarov, et al., September 9, 2013 (RB-000388). 1841 (U) Email, E. Agalarov to Kosenkova and Beniaminov, September 9, 2013 (RB-000020). Shugart told the 

Committee that she did not know who made the hotel reservations, but that it would have been someone on the 

Russian side of the planning for the event. Shugart said that the Miss Universe Organization would have approved 

the choice, but "we were just notified that they had the Ritz." Shugart Tr., p. 118. 1842 (U) Beniaminov Tr., p. 185. 1843 (U) Email, Goldstone to Graff and Shugart, September 12, 2013 (PS-SEN-0000034). 

278 
COMMITTEE SENSITIVE - RUSSIA INVESTIGATION ONLY 

Sent: Thursday, September 12, 2013 4:29 PM 

To: Rhona Graff 

Cc: 'Paula Shugart' 

Subject: Letter from Mr Trump to President Putin 

Importance: High 

HI Ladies 

I am off to Moscow tomorrow and might have an opportunity to meet with 

Putin's personal private secretary next week. 

During the visit I would bring up the request for Mr. Trump to meet with 

President Putin during the Miss Universe week as discussed and requested in 

previous letter to him. 

It has been suggested that I bring a hand signed copy of the letter with me 

in case it is asked for and also that we put some dates in there say Nov 5 

to 9 for a meeting, so he could get it on Putin's calendar. 

Do you think you could maybe add in those dates to the original letter and I 

could get an original hand signed copy? I was thinking maybe Rachel or Larry 

or even Olivia could bring it next week to Moscow and I could deliver it 

(possibly even with Olivia) to his personal secretary. 

Rob Goldstone 

(U) Shugart told the Committee that she understood Goldstone to be discussing meeting 

with Dmitry Peskov. Shugart said she took Goldstone's outreach regarding Peskov seriously 

because Goldstone was in close contact with the Agalarovs, and she believed that Aras Agalarov 

had that level of access to Putin. 1844 

(U) Graff responded to Goldstone's email, writing, ''Not a bad idea. Let me talk to Mr. 

Trump about it and I will get back to you asap."1845 Later on September 12, Graff replied, "He'll 

sign it in the morning and I'll let you know Paula when someone can come over to pick it 

up."1846 Separately, also on September 12, Goldstone emailed Emin Agalarov, Kaveladze, and 

Beniaminov. He wrote, " I will have a hand signed letter from Donald Trump to President Putin 

asking to meet when he is in Moscow Nov 5 to 9th. Hopefully we can get this letter to Peskov or 

some other person next week in Moscow."1847 

(U) The June 26 and September 13 letters to Putin are similar but not the same. Several 

small changes were made to the June 26 letter, including the re-addition of a line regarding 

1844 (U) Shugart Tr., pp. 84, 87. 1845 (U) Email, Graff to Goldstone and Shugart, September 12, 2013 (PS-SEN-0000033). 1846 (U) Email, Graff to Shugart, September 12, 2013 (PS-SEN-0000031). 1847 (U) Email, Goldstone to E. Agalarov, Kaveladze, and Beniaminov, September 12, 2013 (RB-000093). 

279 

COMMITTEE SENSITIVE - RUSSIA INVESTIGATION ONLY 
COMMITTEE SENSITIVE - RUSSIA INVESTIGATION ONLY 

Trump making an extended stay in Moscow and an offer for a personal meeting with Trump 

separate from the pageant.1848 Shugart said that while she had asked Trump to write letters to 

heads of state on behalf of Miss Universe, "an invitation like this had never happened before" 

and that this was not typical of other foreign pageants they had done elsewhere. 1849 

President Vladimir Putin 

c/o Dmitiri Sergeevich Pc.~kov 

Press Secretary of Prcsillcnt Vfadimir Putin 

Stnraya Ploshnd 10/4, 3rd floor, Office 304 

l\foscow 

R11ssia, 10132 

Dear Mr. President: 

I 

September 13, 2013 

I hope you hnve hcaril the exciting news that we are bringing the Miss 1J11iverse 2013 

Pageant to Uussia for the first time in the 62 year history of the Pagc:mt. As you lmow, it'is 

the biggest and important pageant in the world and lias .a tclc,ision audience of over I 

billion pco11Ie, making it one of the most watcl1ed 'fV shows worldwitle. It will be a great 

tribute to Mo~cow and Russia! 

\Ve will be working with Crocus Group and Ams Agalaruv to stage the event on November 

9th at Cmcus City Hall. We turned down many compcti11g countries in favor of Russia. 

I want to take Ibis opportunity to personally invite you to be my Guest of II on or at the 

l~agcant on NoYcli.tber 9. Additionally, I will be arriving in Moscow a few days prior to the 

event and if for :my rca.~on you would like. i·o meet with me, it would be my great honor. 

I look fonvard to seeing yon. 

••• ttrtdii1c a rr i& 

With bcstwishes, 

1848 (U) Letter, Trump to Putin, September 13, 2013 (TRUMPORG_18_000033). 1849 (U) Shugart Tr., p. 78, 85. 

280 

COMMITTEE SENSITIVE - RUSSIA INVESTIGATION ONLY 
(U) On September 18, Emin Agalarov wrote to Goldstone, simply stating, "Trumps letter 

is with Peskov he will pass on to the president."1850 On September 19, Goldstone emailed Emin 

Agalarov, writing that, "According to his [Trump's] office, he is keen to make himself available 

at any time to meet President Putin, and if necessary, would fly in earlier on Nov 6th."1851 Emin 

Agalarov told the Committee, '_'Trump was always asking if Putin's coming or not."1852 

(U) Shugart told the Committee that during this time period Trump discussed Putin with 

her specifically. She recalled, "Donald wanted to meet Putin," and that, "He wanted to make 

sure we arranged a meeting."1853 Shugart told the Committee that, "When we would speak in the 

lead-up to the pageant, he [Trump] wanted to - he just would reiterate his desire to meet Putin," 

but he didn't explain why. 1854 Shugart told the Comrnittee that Trump followed up on the Putin 

meeting whenever they spoke. She recalled, "that was the reason for a lot of these letters - we 

were all trying to ensure that this meeting happened for Donald with Mr. Putin, because that was 

the request whenever we spoke about it, whenever we spoke about the pageant and the 

event."1sss 

(U) In addition to the meeting, another topic of focus for pageant organizers and Trump 

Organization employees was the guests that Trump wanted to bring to the pageant in Moscow. 

On October 10, 2013, Graff wrote an email titled "DT's Guests on Trip to Moscow" to Shugart. 

Graff wrote that Trump "was bringing two guests with him other than Keith [Schiller] and 

Michael [Cohen]). Their names are Alex Sapir and Rotem Rosen."1856 Additionally, in midOctober there was email correspondence regarding the hotel ~rrangements for Phil Ruffin, a 

close friend of Trump, and Ruffin's wife, Oleksandra Nikolayenko. In late October, Graff wrote 

to Shugart to notify her that Trump had invited a friend, Joe Cinque, to the pageant, and that 

Cinque would need a room at the Ritz Carlton and would be flying home with Trump.1857 

Despite planning for their attendance, neither Michael Cohen nor Cinque ultimately traveled to 

1850 (U) Email, E. Agalarov to Goldstone, September 18, 2013 (PS-SEN-0000192). 1851 (U) Email, Goldstone to E. Agalarov et al., September 19, 2013 (EA-SSCI-00637). 1852 (U) E. Agalarov Tr., p. 36. · 1853 (U) Shugart Tr., p. 69. 185-

4 (U) Shugart Tr., p. 69. 1855 ~ugartTr., p. 85. 1856 - Email, Graff to Shugart, October 10, 2013 (PS-SEN-0000052). Rotem Rosen is linked to Putin 

associate Lev Leviev, who re ortedl has ties to or anized crime and a number of Russian oli archs. 

(U) Email, Shugart to Graff, et al., October 30, 2013 (PS-SEN-0000100); Shugart Tr., pp. 106-109. 

281 
Moscow. 1858 However, the Ruffins, Alex Sapir, and Rotem Rosen did attend. 0ther information 

indicates that a Trump acquaintance, David Geovanis, may have attended the pageant.1859 

(U) On October 18, Goldstone drafted an email that Emin Agalarov planned to send to 

Shugart. The draft email to Shugart stated that, "there is still a huge issue we need to resolve. 

We have just tabulated our final budget and income and project a shortfall of $8.9 million." 

Emin Agalarov and Goldstone sought a reduction in the $6.5 million licensing fee, and believed 

that Shugart would take the request to Trump. 1860 

(U) By October 18, a meeting with Putin still had not been secured, and.Graff wrote to 

Shugart to inform her that Trump would no longer be arriving early in Moscow; but instead 

would arrive the day before the pageant. On October 28, Shugart responded: 

Could we speak about Mr. Trump's schedule? Aras Agalarov, Emin '.s father, . 

expressed concern that DT would only be in on November 8th. Apparently in Las · 

Vegas Mr. Trump told him he would come in a day or two earlier than he 

normally does. Aras and Sper Bank [sic] wanted to arrange a b_realfast or lunch 

with the business· leaders of Russia with Mr. Trump as the guest of honor. This is 

· the first time Aras has expressed disappointment about anything. 1861 

(U) Securing Trump's attendance at the Sberbank event may have oeen particularly 

important to Aras Agalarov given his need for financing from the bank for a major upcoming 

construction project. 1862 · 

(U) Despite the change in travel schedule, Shugart told the Committee that as the 

pageant got closer Trump grew more emphatic about the need to secure the meeting with . 

Putin.1863 

(U) On October 23, Goldstone sent an email to Emin Agalarov with the subject line 

"Putin Trump meeting?" He wrote, "What is the status on a possible meeting between Trump 

And Mr Putin? Trump Office is asking." Later that day Emin Agalarov replied, "Roman 

1858 (U) Shugart Tr., p. 108; Cohen Tr. II, p. 108. 1859 (U) · SSCI Transcript of the Interview with Bob Foresman, January 9, 2019, p. 221; Written Responses, 

McFarren, January 18, 2019-. For more on Geovanis, see infra Vol. 5, Sec. ill.I. · , 1860 (U) Email Goldstone to_E. Agalarov, October 18; 2013 (EA-SSCI-00713-714), email Goldstone to E. Agala'rov, 

October 18, 2013 (EA-SSCI-00707). . - 1861 (U) Email, Shugart to Graff, October 28, 2013 (PS-SEN-0000095): , 1862 (U) Alexander Panin, "Sberbank Funds $2.4 Billion Construction at Crocus City;:• The Moscow Times, . 

November 19, 2013. · 1863 (U) Shugart Tr., p. 90. 

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COMMITTEE SENSITIVE - RUSSIA INVESTIGATION ONLY 

[Grachev] will find out."1864 G~achev, the director of Crocus City Hall, was in touch with 

Dmitry Peskov and had been involved in the prior transmittal of the letter from Trump to 

Putin. 1865 On October 24, Goldstone emailed again, pushing for a response on the meeting. On 

Sunday, October 27, Svetlana Bignova, Grachev's deputy, sent an email to Goldstone, Emin 

Agalarov, Kaveladze, Grachev, and Beniaminov. She wrote, "Please let them know that on 

Tuesday Mr. Putin will make his decision."1866 

(U) Aras Agalarov was personally involved in the effort to secure a meeting. Irakli 

Kaveladze recalled that, in approximately October, Aras Agalarov received a call from Dmitry 

Peskov, Putin's press secretary. Kaveladze was in Aras Agalarov's office and overheard 

Agalarov relay Trump's interest to meet with Putin. Kaveladze believes Peskov told Aras 

Agalarov that he would get back to Agalarov.1867 

(U) According to Aras Agalarov, "when I told the Presidential Administration that 

Trump was coming, and I told them what kind of event we were hosting, and how it will be se~n 

by many people all over the world, the Presidential Administration responded that Vladimir 

Putin would like to meet Mr. Trump."1868 

(U) In an interview with Aras Agalarov that has only partially been published, Agalarov 

was asked why Putin wanted to meet with Trump. Agalarov replied: 

Well, first of all, I convinced him to. You know the government here often pays 

visits to exhibitions, and we have a lot of national exhibitions taking place here. 

And I remember once when Putin was visiting one of the exhibition[s ], I told him 

that we will have Donald Trump here for one of these events and we would have 

an audience of [ many people]. .. Putin pays attention to events like the Olympic 

Games, Formula 1, FIFA World Cup. He is interested in global events, and of 

course he was interested in this event. He thought he should meet this person who 

brought this global event to Russia. That was the main reason. 1869 

(U) In late October 2013, Aras Agalatov was scheduled to receive the Order of Honor, 

one of the highest civilian awards in Russia, from President Putin. In an,October 28 email to 

1864 (U) Emails, Goldstone and E. Agalarov, October 23, 2013 (Beniaminov Production). 1865 (U) Beniaminov Tr., p. 100. 1866 (U) Email, Bignova to Goldstone, E. Agalarov, et al., October 27, 2013 (Beniaminov Production). 1867 (U) FBI, FD-302, Kaveladze 11/16/2017. 1868 (U) Agalarov Washington Post Tr. 

1869 (U) Ibid. 

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COMMITTEE SENSITIVE - RUSSIA INVESTIGATION ONLY 

Graff, Shugart noted that "Aras is being awarded some sort of Medal of Freedom by Putin at the 

Kremlin tomorrow and he is hoping to set a meeting with Mr. Trump."1870 

(U) On October 29, 2013, Shugart, who was in Moscow, 1871 emailed Graff a series of 

photos of Aras Agalarov receiving the award from Putin. She wrote, "This was just sent to me. 

They were discussing DJT while this was happening. Stay tuned."1872 Later that day Graff 

responded, "Well, I think if this is a serious and substantial offer to meet Putin, DJT would 

reconsider his travel plans. Let's talk when you know more."1873 Shugart,replied, "I'll know 

more in the morning but it sounds serious. I told my contact it would be major reshuffling and it 

would need to be worth it. Did you give him [Donald Trump] a heads up?" Graff responded she 

had. 1874 The following day, October 30, Graff wrote to Shugart, "Any news on Putin?"1875 

Shugart replied, "No but at least I made Emin aware of the situation tonight at the event. We are 

following up in the AM. He said the meeting is definitely happening, he just isn't sure if Putin 

wants 7th, 8th or 9th• He was told 7th but hasn't received confirmation on information."1876 

(U) On October 30, 2013, Roman Beniaminov and Goldstone, who both work for Emin 

Agalarov, exchanged an email titled "To do." The text of the email consists of a list of tasks, 

primarily related to Emin Agalarov. One item on the list was simply: "Trump-Putin."1877 

(U) Shugart recalled, she "knew there was a desire" to meet with Putin and "they all felt 

that they were going to be able to make it happen." 1878 Shugart said she was working on 

arranging the meeting on a daily basis and that "every time I spoke to him [Trump] leading up to 

the pageant, he wanted to know if it was set." I 879 

1870 (U) ~mail, Shugart to Graff, October 28, 2013 (PS-SEN-0000095). 1871 (U) Several weeks prior to the pageant, staff working to organize the event, including Shugart and Goldstone, 

relocated to Moscow. Goldstone told the Committee, "I arrived in Moscow approximately three weeks before the 

event, and that was timed to coincide with when the main part of the final logistics took place, and including when 

the contestants arrived." According to Goldstone, those who arrived early primarily stayed at the Crown Plaza in 

Moscow, then moved to the Ritz Carlton shortly before the pageant. Goldstone Tr., pp. 73-74. 1872 (U) Email, Shugart to Graff, October 29, 2013 (PS-SEN-0000081). 1873 (U) Email, Graff to Shugart, October 29, 2013 (PS-SEN-0000081). 1874 (U) Email, Graff to Shugart, October 30, 2013 (PS-SEN-0000072-73). Shugart told the Committee that she 

believed that her "contact" in this case was Irakli Kaveladze. Shugart Tr., p. 102. 1875 (U) Email, Graff to Shugart, October 30, 2013 (PS-SEN-0000092). 1876 (U) Email, Shugart to Graff, October 30, 2013 (PS-SEN-0000078; Shugart Tr., p. 110. 1877 (U) Email, Beniaminov to Goldsone, October 30, 2013 (RB001988). 1878 (U) Shugart told the Committee that she believed Emin Agalarov had told her that the meeting was definitely 

happening. Shugart Tr., p. 109-110. 1879 (U) Shugart Tr., p. 111. Rhona Graff stated that she did not recall communications regarding Peskov or a 

meeting with Putin in Moscow. SSCI Transcript of the Interview with Rhona Graff, February 16, 2018, pp. 100-

105. 

284 

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COMMITTEE SENSITIVE - RUSSIA INVESTIGATION ONLY 

(U) Kaveladze has said that a few days before the pageant, Kaveladze was in Aras 

Agalarov's office and Agalarov mentioned that he.was trying to invite President Vladimir Putin 

to the pageant.1880 

(U) Ultimately, a date for meeting with Putin prior to the pageant was not secured, and 

Trump did not arrive in Moscow early. 1881 Putin attending the pageant on short notice appeared 

unlikely, however the question of whether there would be a meeting with Putin while Trump was 

in Moscow remained unresolved. 1882 

iv. (U) The Miss Universe Pageant in Moscow 

(U) On October 31, 2013, the Crocus Group and the Miss Univei:se Organization hosted 

a charity auction .. 1883 The .initial guest list for the event, which includes individuals with ties to 

the highest levels of the Russian government, military, intelligence services, organized crime, 

Russian banks, and Russian energy companies, among others, offers some insight into the 

Agalarovs' social and professional network in Moscow. Some of the individuals on the 

Agalarovs' guest list have participated in Russian influence operations targeting the United 

States and its allies, some have significant connections to the Russian intelligence services, and 

some are currently sanctioned by the United States.1884 

(U) On Thursday, November 7, Donald Trump was scheduled to attend Billy ·Graham's, 

birthday in North Carolina with Melania Trump. At 9:00 p.m. on November 7, Donald Trump 

1880 (U) FBI, FD-302, Kaveladze 11/16/2017. 1881 (U) Shugart Tr., p. 97. 1882 (U) .Shugart Tr., pp. 169-170; Beniaminov Tr., pp. 102-104. 18~

3 (U) Email, Goldstone to Shugart, et al., September 11, 2013 (PS-SEN-0000021). A letter from Roman 

Beniaminov's counsel indicates that the charity event took place "that weekend," indicating that it was the same 

weekend as the pageant. This is consistent with Rob Goldstone's interest, expressed over email, in scheduling the 

charity event while Donald Trump was in Moscow. Nevertheless, publicly available documents indicate that the 

auction took place on October 31, 2013. ;Letter, Yi to SSCI, March 14, 2019. 1884 (U) The initial invite list obtained by the Committee is not a final list, nor does it necessarily reflect who 

ultimately attended. Nevertheless, it is informative as a preliminary reflection of the Agalarov's network. The list 

included Dmitry Medvedev, Sergey Shoygu, Sergei Stepashin, Vladislav Surkov, Vladimir Kozhin, Petr Aven, 

Vagit Alekperov, Valentina Matviyenko, Polina Deripaska, Vladimir Y akunin, Roman Abramovich, Vyacheslav 

Lebedev, Vasily Titov, Mikhail Mishustin, Igor Shuvalov, Arkady Dvorkovich, Kirill Androsov, Boris Gromov, 

Herman Gref, and others. Also on the Agalarov's invite list was Anatoly Kucherena, the Russian lawyer with 

reported links to the FSB who was representing Edward Snowden. Invitation, Crocus charity auction, (RB002671-

2680). Snowden arrived in Moscow in July 2013, several months prior to the Miss Universe pageant being hosted 

there. Emin Agalarov told the Committee that he knows Kucherena and has been friends with Polina Deripaska · 

since the early 2000s. E. Agalarov Tr., pp. 73, 69. Steven Lee Myers, "Snowden's Lawyer Comes with High 

Profiie and Kremlin Ties," The New York Times, July 27, 2013. · 

285 
and Keith Schiller were scheduled to board the private airplane of Phil Ruffin. 1885 Flight records 

indicate that the flight departed at 9:15 p.m. for Moscow.1886 

a. (U) Friday, November 8 

(U) Trump's flight from North Carolina was scheduled to arrive at Moscow's Vnukovo 

Airport at 2:45 p.m. on November 8.1887 

(U) Schiller and Trump were scheduled to be met at the airport in Moscow by Nelson 

Feliciano, the head of security for the Miss Universe Organization.1888 Trump was scheduled to 

be picked up by two cars, an armored Mercedes S550 for Trump and Schiller, and a second car 

that would include Feliciano and members ofEmin Agalarov's security team. The cars were to 

be accompanied by a Russian police escort to the Ritz Carlton hotel. 1889 Shugart recalled that the 

police escort was provided by local authorities, and that Trump's driver in Moscow was hired by 

the Agalarovs specifically for the Miss Universe event. 1890 Roman Beniaminov told the 

Committee that he was "aware of people who work with Emin serving in the military and have 

some special training in the military" and that several private security firms were involved in the 

pageant in Moscow. 1891 · 

1885 (U) Ruffin and his wife likely flew to Moscow for the pageant on a separate aircraft. (U) Email, Graff to 

Shugart, et al., November 7, 2013 (PS-SEN-0000139-142). . 1886 (U) Vernon Silver, "Flight Records Illuminate Mystery of Trump's Moscow Nights," Bloomberg Government, 

April 23, 2018. 1887 (U) Email, Graff to Shugart, et al., November 7, 2013 (PS-SEN-0000139-141). Shugart told the Committee 

that Trump "arrived early in the morning on Friday the 8th" and estimated that the flight arrive·d around 7:00 a.m. 

This is not consistent with other information obtained by the Committee. The Committee was not able to reconcile 

this discrepancy. Shugart Tr., pp.137-138; 1888 (U) Ibid Multiple people interviewed by the Committee expressed some concern about Feliciano. In 2015, 

Goldstone recommended in an email that Feliciano not be hired for a job because "MUO let him go for some shady 

activity." Text message, Goldstone to Beniaminov, November 2, 2015 (RBOOl 148). Beniaminov told the 

Committee, "I'm aware of him being eventually let go from the Miss Universe Organization for something that had 

gone on internally." Beniaminov Tr., p. 143. Shugart said that Feliciano had been on bad terms with Schiller 

following the pageant and "had been charged with something, some sort of credit card sting," prior to the pageant. 

Shugart contended that Feliciano had not left the organization on bad terms. Shugart Tr., p. 122-123. 1889 (U) Email, Feliciano to Bignova, Shugart, et al., November 7, 2013 (Beniaminov Production). 1890 (U) Shugart Tr., pp. 128-134·: . 1891 (U) Beniaminov recalled that one of the private security firms involved in the pageant was called Karat. In 

addition, the Crocus.Group had its own security, which was provided by a different private security firm. There was 

consideration ofEmin Agalarov's security team also providing security for Trump; however, the second unidentified 

private security firm was ultimately brought in for this purpose. Beniaminov Tr., pp. 136-140. 

286 

COMMITTEE SENSITIVE - RUSSIA INVESTIGATION ONLY 
COMMITTEE SENSITIVE - RUSSIA INVESTIGATION ONLY 

(U) On November 7, Emin Agalarov directed Beniaminov to work with Agalarov's head 

of security to confirm Trump's security guard. 1892 Shugart recalled that the Agalarovs designated 

the security guard. Shugart said that because Trump was not there long, Trump "had a police 

escort and I know a car and driver .... there were a couple of people that were there. I just don't 

know who they were, but they were definitely local."1893 

(U) Schiller told the Committee he did not recall who picked them up at the airport, or 

who drove them, or what vehicle they were in, or where they went. He also did not recall doing 

any vetting of the transportation entities or arrangements for Donald Trump, or having any 

communication with the Agalarov's organization to coordinate. 1894 

(U) According to Graffs itinerary, Trump was scheduled to arrive at the Ritz Carlton 

hotel at 4:00 p.m. According to the itinerary, Trump was scheduled to do a short interview with 

a television host, A.J. Calloway, at the Ritz Carlton at 5: 10 p.m. 1895 Publicly available 

information indicates that the interview with Calloway took place, though the timing is not 

clear. 1896 

(U) Trump was scheduled to depart the hotel at 5:15 p.m. for an event at Nobu, a 

restaurant, that was hosted by Aras Agalarov and Russia's largest bank, the state-owned 

Sberbank, from 5 :30 p.m. to 6:30 p.m. 1897 This included a 20-minute quest"ion and answer and 

meet and greet, followed by an optional private dinner.1898 According to Goldstone, who 

attended, Trump was the focus of the event, which had been organized for approximately 20 

prominent Russian business and banking leaders. According to Emin Agalarov, the event was 

for "Sberbank top partners and clients." Neither Emin Agalarov nor Goldstqne recalled the 

1892 (U) Email, E. Agalarov to Beniaminov, Bignova, and Goldstone, November 7, 2013 (Beniaminov Production); 

see also E. Agalarov Tr., p. 29. 1893 (U) Shugart Tr., p. 127. 1894 (U) Schiller Tr., p. 62, 6~8. 1895 (U) Email, Graff to Shugart, et al. including Trump's ittinerary, November 7, 2013 (PS-SEN-0000139-141) ("If 

time is tight, will do [the Calloway interview] on return from Nobu."). 1896 (U) "'Extra' Interviews Donald Trump About Miss Universe in Moscow," Kxtra, archival footage posted 

January 11, 2017. Goldstone told the Committee that Trump came directly from the airport to Nobu, but the 

reliability of this recollection was unclear. Goldstone Tr., p. 83. 1897 (U) Email, Graff to Shugart, et al., November 7, 2013 (PS-SEN-0000139-141). The identities of almost all of 

the attendees at the Nobu event continue to be unknown, and as many as 35 people may have attended. Email, E. 

Agalarov to Goldstone, et al., October 29, 2013 (EA-SSCI-00746). Sergey Gorkov, a graduate of Russia's FSB 

Academy, was a senior Sberbank official at the time of the event. 

1898 (U) Ibid 

287 
names of any of the attendees other than the head of Sberbank, Herman Gref. 1899 Gref has 

significant ties to Putin. 

-

(U) Following the pageant, Trump wrote to Gref: 1902 

1899 (U) E. Agalarov, Tr., pp. 17-18. Goldstone told the Committee that the Agalarovs hired a translator for Trump. 

According to Goldstone the translator was generally present at the Nobu event and the same translator was used for 

the duration of the tri . Goldstone Tr. . 85-93. 1900 

1901 

1902 

at the Agalarovs's Crocus City complex in Moscow. It was reportedly the largest real estate loan in the history of 

Sberbank. See Alexander Panin, "Sberbank Funds $2.4 Billion Construction at Crocus City," The Moscow Times, 

November 19, 2013. 

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Mr. Herman Gref 

Chairman and CEO 

SBERBANK 

19 Vavilova Str., 

117997 Moscow, Russia 

Dear Herman, 

'ovcmbcr 11, 2013 

It was wonderful being with you in Moscow -- 1 hope you enjoyed yourself as much 

as l did. 

You have done an absolutely fantastic job and l look forward to seeing SBERBANK 

in the number one position (not easy) in the not too distant future. 

Whenever you a rc in ew York, please feel free to caU and we will have lunch or 

dinner. 

With best wishes, 

PS - Mr. Agalarov is wonderful man and developer. 

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(U) Goldstone told the Committee that the Nobu event lasted 30 to 45 minutes.1903 

Goldstone did not recall additional substantive information about the meeting.1904 

(U) Trump may have gone to the hotel following the Nobu event. 1905 At 9:30 p.m. on 

November 8, Trump was scheduled to depart for Crocus City Hall, where the Miss Universe 

rehearsal had been taking place from 8:00 p.m. to 10:00 p.m. 1906 

(U) Shugart recalled Emin Agalarov showing Trump around the Crocus City complex on 

Friday, November 8. 1907 Shugart also recalled that there was a meeting where the building of a 

Trump Tower in Moscow was briefly discussed. She recalled: 

It was an impromptu meeting with Emin, which is the only time I heard a Trump 

-- rower Moscow being discussed. It was [Friday], because Emin had shown his 

whole Crocus City Complex. Emin had a plan to call it - to do part of that 

complex and call it 'Manhattan. ' So that's when I remember them saying: 'Oh, 

and a Trump Tower for Manhattan would be good. '

1908 

Shugart further recalled: "I want to say that [ meeting] was during rehearsal [ on Friday], when he 

met- right after he met the contestants." Shugart said that Phil Ruffin joined the meeting but 

Aras Agalarov did not. 1909 

1903 (U) Shugart, who was in Moscow but not at the event, told the Committee that the event lasted ''about two 

hours." When asked what gave her-that impression, she responded: "Rob, just judging from the schedule and 

hearing when I would check in to'hear how they were doing. Donald said it was a few hours, but I think it was 

probably about two. And just I think I kept track of the schedule." Shugart Tr., p. 142. 1904 (U) Goldstone Tr., pp. 91-92 ("somebody asked Mr. Trump for his comments on the European debt crisis and 

especially as it related to the Greek bailout. Mr. Trump said: 'Have any of you ever watched The Apprentice? It's a 

TV show I created with Mark Burnett, and it's a major money-spinner for NBC. And let me tell you how it's a 

major money~spinner and how it works and what it's about, and how amazing it is, and it has a prime viewership on 

a Sunday night in America.' And he then said: 'Thank you very much for inviting me. Your economy's doing 

great, you're all doing great.' And he stood up and got a standing ovation for that answer. And that is what I recall 

of that meeting primarily."). Schiller claimed he had no recollection of the event at Nobu. Schiller Tr., p. 73. 1905 (U) Goldstone told the Committee: "Our suggestion was that after Nobu he [Trump] went to the hotel, checked 

in, and got ready. That was our suggestion to him, and we had cars and drivers to take him and Keith there; and to 

the-best ofmy knowledge, he went there." Goldstone's recollection is inconsistent with Trump's itinerary. The 

Committee was not able to reconcile this discrepancy. Goldstone Tr., p. 97. 1905 (U) Email, Graff to Shugart, et al., November 7, 2013 (PS-SEN-0000139-141). 1907 (U) Shugart Tr., pp. 163-164. 

190s (U) Ibid. 1909 (U) Shugart told the Committee that she did not see Trump on Saturday until he was backstage because she was 

very busy with the pageant preparations, so she believed she wouldn't have recalled a.meeting ifit happened on 

Saturday. Shugart Tr., p. 164. 

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(U) Trump wrote a letter to Phil Ruffin following the pageant that referenced "making 

the rounds of the city" but the timing of that activity is unclear: 1910 

November 13, 2013 

Dear Phil: 

It was great spending time with you in Moscow and making the rounds of the city in the 

hopes of the purchase or development of a project. 

lfwe decide to go fon vard, which I hope we will, I have no doubt it will be a wonderful 

success. Personally, I like the concept of a residential tower but perhaps a mixed use 

building would be best 

Let's sec how it all turns out - it is important that we make a good decision! 

With best wishes, 

(U) The night before the pageant, Trump was scheduled to attend Aras Agalarov's 

birthday party at 10:00 p.m. 1911 All 86 Miss Universe contestants were also scheduled to 

1910 (U) Letter, Trump to Ruffin, November 13, 2013 (TRUMPORG_l 8_000012). On December 4, 2013, Trump 

again wrote to Ruffin, thanking Ruffin for allowing Trump to use Ruffin's airplane to travel to the pageant in 

Moscow. Letter, Trump to Ruffin, December 4, 2013 (TRUMPORG_l8_000013). 1911 (U) Shugart Tr., pp. 144-146 ("He [Trump] came to the rehearsal. There was a rehearsal going the day before. 

He came out for that at one point, and then he stayed out there, because Aras was having his birthday party and Aras 

had actually moved his birthday party out there, so people wouldn't have to come back in town and Donald wouldn 't 

have to come back in for the traffic."). 

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attend. 1912 The event was held at Zafferano, a restaurant in the Crocus complex, and was 

attended by several hundred people.1913 · Shugart, who went to the party, was told that the 

"Russian elite" were in attendance, along with the contestants and many of Aras Agalarov's 

friends and family members. 1914 

(U) Shugart recalled that she stayed with Trump for most of the party, and that she was 

there for "a few hours." Shugart recalled that she left the party around midnight and that Trump 

and Schiller were still there. 1916 Goldstone estimated that, "the earliest he [Trump] would have 

left is probably 1 :00 a.m.; maybe a little after that. Then you've got this 40-minute or so drive 

back into the center ofMoscow."1917 Goldstone recalled that he remained at the party until 

Trump and Schiller left to return to the hotel, again with a police escort and security.1918 Emin 

Agalarov told the Committee that he stayed at the party and did not return to the hotel with 

Trump and Schiller.1919 Several items on the hotel room bill may indicate additional social 

activity following the birthday party. 1920 

(U) According to documents produced by Ritz Carlton Moscow, Trump was initially 

booked in the Presidential Suite, but that reservation was later canceled, and Trump was moved 

' 

1912 (U) Email, Graff to Shugart, et al., November 7, 2013 (PS-SEN-0000139-141). 1913 (U) Goldstone estimated 500 or more. Goldstone Tr., p. 95. Kaveladze estimated 200. Kaveladze Tr., p. 26. 

Shugart estimated 200. Shugart Tr., p. 144. Beniaminov said "a few hundred." Beniaminov Tr., p. 157. 1914 Shu art Tr. . 148. 1915 For more on the relationship between Manafort and 

Akhmetoy, see irifra Vo. 5, Sec. III.A. 1916 (U) Shugart Tr., p. 151. Kaveladze, who attended, estimated that he left at midnight, and that the party was still 

going. Kaveladze Tr., p. 26. Schiller said he did not recall attending a birthday party. Schiller Tr., pp. 73. 1917 (U) Goldstone Tr., p. 103. 1918 (U) Ibid, pp. 102-103. 1919 (U) E. Agalarov Tr., p. 26. 1920 (U) Invoice, Ritz Carlton Moscow, November 10, 2013 (RC-Moscow 053). The Ritz Carlton Moscow charged 

Trump's room approximately $720 at the 02 Lounge, which is on the roofofthe hotel, possibly early in the 

morning ofNovember 9. Separately, the room was also charged approximately $306 for shisha, which is offered at 

the 02 Lounge, also possibly early in the morning ofNovember 9. There were also approximately $146 in charges 

to the in-room bar, the timing of which are unclear. Other charges include meals at restaurants and room service. 

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to a differentroom, a Ca~lton Suite.1921 Despite Trump's scheduled arrival on November 8 being 

knpwn significantly in advance, his room was reserved, and paid for, for an additional two nights 

prior to arrival, starting on November 6. 1922 The Committee was not able to determine why this 

advance reservation took place.1923 

(U) On November 7, Feliciano emailed to Svetlana Bignova, Paula Shugart' and others, 

stating that, "Keith has also requested a person to stand in front of room when Trump is in the 

rooms I will work on that and hope to have someone provide."1924 Witnesses the Committee 

spoke with did not have any knowledge of this taking place. Schiller told the Committee that; 

usually, after Trump was in his room, Schiller "would stand out there maybe for a little bit" and 

then go to his room, and that was what happened in Moscow. 1925 

(U) Schiller told the Committee that, generally, the preference when traveling was for 

Schiller to have the room next to Trump, however that was not always possible .. 1926 On Friday, 

November 8, Goldstone emailed a Crocus employee named Katia Kosenkova to inform her that 

"[i]t appears Trump needed a second room for his head of security Keith" but that room had not 

been previously booked. Goldstone wrote that, "they got a Second room but Emin says for you 

to handle the Charge [sic]." 1927 . It is not clear which room Schiller stayed in. 

(U) · On the way to Trump's room, possibly on the. evening of N oveinber 8, Schiller 

recalled telling Trump that Schiller had been approached at a meeting earlier in the day by a man 

who offered to send five women to Trump and Schiller.'s rooms. 1928 Schiller recalled: 

1921 (U) Email, Zaitseva to Kuhlen, et al., January 11, 2017 (RC-Moscow 012) (reflecting Trump's stay in a 

"Carlton Suite," room #727). 1922 (U) Email, Sukhanova to Kuhlen, et al., January 11, 2017 (RC-Moscow 011) (stating the room was reserved and 

paid for by a Russian company, Academservice). Invoice, Ritz Carlton Moscow (RC-Moscow 001). Records from · 

the Ritz Carlton Moscow indicate that, despite the room being booked start,ing on November 6, the hotel was aware 

that the guest would not arrive until two days later. Document titled "VIPs of the we;:ekend," Ritz Carlton Moscow 

(RC-Moscow 032). Goldstone told the Committee that Svetlana Bignova, who works for the Agalarovs, was 

responsible for arranging the hotel. Goldstone Tr., p. 79. Ultimately, Trump was in Moscow for two nights, 

November 8 and November 9, departir~g in the early morning hours ofNovember JO. 1923 (U) Schiller told the Committee he did not know who.reserved the hotel rooms, and did not recall being 

involved in reviewing the hotel selection: Schiller did not recall taking any security precautions regarding Trump's 

room other than looking to see that there was no one else in it. Schiller told.the Committe.e he did not recall how 

many nights they were in Russia, or what hotel they stayed at. Schiller Tr., pp. 70, 72-73, 85, 98. 1924 (U) Email, Feliciano to Bignova, Shugart, et al.,November 7, 2013 (Beniarrtinov Production). 1925 (U) Schiller Tr., p. 84, 90. 1926 (U) Schiller Tr., p. 24. 1927 (U) Email, Goldstone to Kosenkova and Beniaminov, November 8, 2013 (Beniaminov Production). 1928 (U) Schiller Tr., pp. 85-90. 

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COMMITTEE SENSITIVE - RUSSIA INVESTIGATION ONLY 
· 1 told him [Trump] that later on that evening. . . . We just laughed. I thought it 

was as a joke. I told him as we were walking to the room. 'I said: One of these 

clowns, or something to that effect, made this proposal and I thought it was funny. 

And he [Trump] just laughed, and that .was the end of it. 1929 

(U) It is not clear, based on Schiller's recollection, where or when the offer was made, or 

by whom. Schiller told the Committee that the offer was not made by either of the Agalarovs, 

who were the only people in the i:oom that Schiller recognized. The man who approached, 

/ Schiller was wearing a suit and tie, and made the offer in English. 1930 Schiller recalled that the 

man who made the offer was one of the people in a meeting, and that "[t]here was a bunch of . 

people in suits and ties talking," sitting around a '1large table," and there were "restaurant-type" 

people serving hors d'oeuvres. 1931 Schiller recalled Emin and Aras Agalarov being at the 

meeting, and Schiller referred to it as a business-related meeting. 1932, Schiller believed that there 

may have been Europeans and Russians present at the meeting, but that Engllsh was being 

spoken. 1933 According to Schiller, the offer was not made in front ofa group, but there were 

other people in the room. 19.

34 

(U) Regarding the offer, Schiller told the Committee, "I don't know if it was a joke, but 

I took it as ajoke."1935 Nevertheless, Schiller also told the Committee, "I took it serious and I 

made it very clear: Don't even try that, don't even attempt, and it's not happening. I put an end 

to it immediately."1936 Schiller said, "I would remember if that happened. I don't recall. I know 

that didn't happen." When asked how he knew nothing happened, Schiller told the Committee, · 

"Because, well, while I was with him I know it wouldn't happen, because he would never 

tol~rate that; and I would never allow it as well, not on my watch. So I know; it just wouldn't 

happen. It's never happened." 1937 · 

1929 (U) Ibid 1930 (U) Schiller Tr., pp. 99-100. • 1931 (U) Ibid, pp. 86, 80, 78. 1932 (U) Ibid, p. 78. 1933 (U) Ibid, p. 100. 1934 (U) Ibid, p. 87. Schiller told the Committee that he·was standing at the time of the offer and had the sense that 

the man who made the offer may have been lower-level in seniority. Schiller said that the offer may have taken 

place at the hotel, however he did not have a clear rec\)llection of the timing or location of the offer. Ibid, pp. 80, 

100. Schiller's description of the meeting at which the offer took place may be generally consistent with the 

Sberbank event earlier on Friday, November 8, which took place at Nobu. Goldstone recalled that the Sberbank 

meeting took place initially standing, and then seated at a large dining table, which "almost looked like a conference 

table," with Russian business leaders, Emin and Aras Agalarov, and drinks and food. Goldstone Tr., pp. 89-90. 1935 (U) Schiller Tr., p. 100. 1936 (U) Ibid, p. 86. 1937 (U) Ibid, p. 85. Cohen has testified that, "Keith is the ultimate protector, and he was his [Trump's] bodyguard, 

his attache for many, many years. And he was the keeper of Mr. Trump's secrets. So, for example, ifhe was going 

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b. (U) Saturday, November 9, 2013 

(U) On Saturday, November 9, at 11:00 a.m., Trump was scheduled to participate in 

filming a music video with Emin Agalarov at the Ritz Carlton Moscow. 1938 Roman Beniaminov 

recalled that after Trump arrived to film the video he briefly greeted people in the room, then 

was given a microphone and makeup. Beniaminov told the Committee, "I remember him 

[Trump] sitting down at a conference table ... a couple takes. It didn't take long at all, and then 

he departed .... It was all very quick and mechanical almost."1939 Emin Agalarov has said that 

Trump was only present at the music video filming for 1 O minutes. 1940 

(U) At 12:00 p.m. Trump was scheduled to depart for a press conference at Crocus City 

Hall that was taking place at 12:30 p.m. 1941 According to Shugart, following the press 

conference Trump did an interview with Thomas Roberts of MSNBC, who was a host for the 

pageant. 1942 . 

(U) Between 3:00 p.m. and 5:00 p.m., Trump's schedule included "Full Dress 

Rehearsal" and "Return to Hotel" without specific times.1943 . Shugart recalled that Trump did 

return to the hotel mid-day. 1944 The next event on the itinerary was not until 7:30 p.m., when 

Trump was scheduled to depart the hotel for the pageant. 

(U) There are several events that may have taken place during this unscheduled time. 

Kaveladze told the Committee that Trump visited Agalarov Estate.1945 Emin Agalarov did not 

recall if Trump visited Agalarov Estate. Agalarov said that Kaveladze would have been the one 

to text a female, he would have Keith do it on his phone." Cohen has also testified that he has seen Schiller lie for 

Trump. HPSCI Transcript of the Interview with Michael Cohen, Part 2, March 6, 2019, p. 236. 1938 (U) Email, Graff to Shugart et al, November 7,2013 (PS-SEN-0000139-141). The video filming was originally 

scheduled for 11 :30 a.m., and Emin Agalarov asked that it be moved later. Email, E. Agalarov to Goldstone, 

November 6, 2013 (EA-SSCI-00794). Shugart told the Committee that the video may have been filmed at 10:00 

a.m., but that she wouldn't have scheduled it early in the morning because she was being protective of Trump's 

schedule. Shugart Tr., p. 154. 

· 1939 (U) Beniaminov Tr., p. 167-168. Regarding the music video, Emin Agalarov has said, "He [Trump] really did 

me a favor by being in the video. You know he Tweeted out 'check out Emin's amazing new video and song and 

track,' which is cool. I think that's the support you cannot buy. Only through a relationship." Agalarov Washington 

Post Tr. 1940 (U) Agalarov Washington Post Tr. Schiller told the Committee he had no recollection of a music video being · 

filmed; Schiller Tr., p. 76. 1941 (U) Tweet,@ARTEM_KLYUSHIN, November 9, 2013. 1942 (U) Shugart Tr., p. 155; Tweet, @AlferovaYulyaE, November 9, 2013. 1943 (U) Email, Graff to Shugart, et al., November 7, 2013 (PS-SEN-0000139-141). 1944 (U) Shugart Tr., p. 162. 1945 (U) Kaveladze Tr., p. 31. 

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to arrange it, and that Aras Agalarov would have wanted to show Trump the property. Emin 

Agalarov told the Committee that he had been busy preparing for the pageant concert, and may 

have skipped the visit. 1946 Scenes from Emin Agalarov's music video were filmed at Agalarov 

Estate, however the music video scenes that feature Trump appear to have been filmed at the 

hotel. 1947 

(U) On November 9, 2013, Trump wrote on Twitter that he had received "a great tour of 

Moscow."1948 Goldstone told the Committee that in the afternoon Emin Agalarov had shown 

Trump around Crocus, and that Trump had "gone on this little drive around the property."1949 

Goldstone stated that, "Emin wanted to show him [Trump] some of the Crocus structure and 

parts, and that was it. He [Emin] said he would do that before the press conference."1950 

Goldstone told the Committee that Emin showed Trump "some of the new developments ... at 

that point they were talking about this idea of possibly a Trump Tower. He [Emin] showed him 

[Trump] where that might be built."1951 Emin Agalarov told the Committee that he did not recall 

taking Trump on a tour or doing any sightseeing however he did recall pointing out parts of the 

city surrounding Trump's hotel. 1952 

(U) By November 9, 2013, joint business discussions· appeared to be moving forward. 

RT, the Russian-government sponsored news outlet, quoted Trump as saying, "I have plans for 

the establishment of business in Russia. Now, I am in talks with several Russian companies to 

establish this skyscraper."1953 The same RT story quoted Aras Agalarov telling the Russian 

News Agency !TAR-TASS, "We started talking about joint work in the field ofreal estate a few 

days ago."1954 

(U) Separately, the issue of a Trump-Putin meeting remained unresolved. Goldstone told 

the Committee that the unscheduled time on the afternoon of Saturday, November 9, was 

1946 (U) E. Agalarov Tr., pp. 30-31. Aras Agalarov may have indicated that he showed Trump around Moscow. 

See Evgenia Pismennaya, et al., "The Day Trump Came to Moscow: Oligarchs, Miss Universe and Nobu," 

Bloomberg Government, December 21, 2016. 1947 (U) Beniaminov Tr., pp. 160-161, 165. 1948 (U) Tweet, @RealDonaldTrump, November 9, 2013. Emin Agalarov has said that although Trump's 

movement and destination would typically need to be provided to "his security staff," Trump told his security detail, 

"don't bother them [the Agalarovs]. I [am] going wherever I'm going with them. I trust them." Agalarov 

Washington Post Tr. 1949 (U) Goldstone Tr., p. 132. 1950 (U) Ibid, p. 119. 1951 (U) Ibid, pp. 132-133. It is not clear if these real estate-related events on Saturday are the same as, or are 

different than, the real estate-related events on Friday that were recalled by Shugart. · 1952 (U) E. Agalarov Tr., pp. 23-24. 1953 (U) ~•us 'Miss Universe' billionaire plans Russian Trump Tower," RT, November 9, 2013. 1954 (U) Ibid 

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intentionally left open on Trump's itinerary in the event that the meeting with Putin was accepted 

at the last minute. 

(U) Goldstone recalled: 

{W]e allowed a period of time on the [day of the pageant] around 4:00 p.m., 3:00 

or 4:00 p.m. We didn't fill it with anything, just in case there was a meeting, · 

maybe there was a call, maybe there was something. We left a little bit of time so 

that if it did happen he would be able to react. . . . Me personally, I asked on 

numerous occasions to Emin: Is there going to be a call, is there going to be a 

meeting? We have to know. The schedule's very, very tight. And the answer was 

always: We'll hear from my dad, we'll hear from the Kremlin. 1955 

(U) Goldstone continued: 

The most likely time looked to be around 4:00. What in fact happened was at 

about that time that's when this- that's when a call took place .. '.. So we were 

told that there was a call. We were called into a room a bit like this, a conference 

room, and Emin said: You know, my dad's going to getthe answer, is there going 

to be ia meeting, is there not going to be a meeting. Mr .. Trump was there, Paula; 

myself, Aras, Emin. I'm-not sure who else, probably Keith. Aras took a_call ... 

[which was translated] through Emin. He's saying that the call isfroni a man 

named Dimitry Peskov, who is the spokesperson, who has a message that says 

that PresidentPutin is very sorry, but because the King of Holland has been 

delayed on an official visit to the Kremlin,,he 's unable to make time to receive 

Mr. Trump. He wishes him well, and he says that he'd like to invite him on his 

next visit to meet with him, whenever or wherever that should be within Russia. 

And he actually said to him that, ifhe could, he'd like to invite him to the Sochi 

Winter Olympics.' If not, at the next possible time that Mr. Trump might be in 

Russia he would do everything he could to meet with him. And that was it. We 

knew at that point there was no meeting, no call going to take place, and ihat was 

the call that determined that. 1956 

(U) Regarding the call, Goldstone was uncertain but told the Committee, "Aras may 

have passed over the phone briefly to Mr. Trump to say 'thank you, hello, and thank_you.' But if 

,. he did, it was literally a 'hello and thank you.' It's in my mind that that may have happened, but 

1955 (U) Goldstone Tr., p. 111-112. 1956 (U) Ibid.,. pp. 120-121. 

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the bulk of it was Aras and Peskov."1957 Goldstone believed the call took place before a press 

conference that Trump participated in later that day.1958 

(U) At 7:30 p.m., Trump was scheduled to depart to Crocus City Hall for the Miss 

Universe pageant. The red carpet prior to the pageant was scheduled to begin at 8 p.m. 1959 Alex 

Sapir and Rotem Rosen may have ridden with Trump and Schiller to the event. 1960 Additionally, 

at some point on the evening of June 9, likely after the pageant, Trump signed a plaque in the 

shape of a star for Aras Agalarov and Emin Agalarov.1961 

(U) Shugart recalled Trump being backstage at approximately 9 p.m. 1962 According to 

Trump's itinerary, from 10 p.m. to midnight the Miss Universe live show was scheduled to take 

place. Trump sat next to Aras Agalarov, and Agalarov social media manager Artem Klyushin 

and his then-wife sat behind them. 1963 

(U) Although Putin did not attend the pageant, he reportedly sent a senior Kremlin 

official, Vladimir Kozh1n, in his place.1964 Kozhin may have already had a connection to Aras 

Agalarov. 1965 · 

1957 (U) Ibid, pp. 123-124. 1958 (U) Ibid, p. 121. 1959 (U) Email, Graff to Shugart, et al., November 7, 2013 (PS-SEN-0000142). 1960 (U) Email, Rosen to I. Trump, Macchia, and Sapir, January 11, 2017 (TRUMPORG_l6_000004). On January 

11, 2017, Alex Sapir and Rotem Rosen wrote a message to Trump rejecting any allegation of impropriety by Trump 

during the 2013 weekend in Moscow. In the message, they claimed to-have been with Trump throughout his stay, 

including riding with him to the pageant. Although both men attended at least some of the events in Moscow, the 

recollections of a number of people who spent significant time with Trump during the trip were not consistent with 

some of Sapir and Rosen's assertions. See, e.g., Shugart Tr., pp. 160-161, i'36 (stating she did not recognize either 

man and they would not have fit in Trump's car); Schiller Tr., pp. 96--97 (stating he had no recollection of either 

man at the events or in the car); Goldstone Tr., p. 288 (stating he had no recollection of either man). 1961 (U) Email, Agalarov to Parado, cc Gorokhova, January 29, 2017 (EA-SSCI-02078). The star was for a Crocus 

version of the Hollywood Walk of Fame in the Vegas Mall. Goldstone Tr., p. 132. 1962 (U) Shugart Tr., p. 159. 1963 (U) Instagram, artem_klyushin, November 9, 2013; Tweet, @AlferovaYulya, November 10, 2013. 1964 (U) Michael Stott and Catherine Belton, "Trump's Russian Connections," Financial Times, December 13, 2016. 1965 (U) Invitation, Crocus charity auction, (RB002671-2680); Andrew Roth, "The man who drives Trump's Russia 

connection," The Washington Post, July 22, 2017; Mikhail Klimentyev, Sputnik, Kremlin Pool Photo via the 

Associated Press, September 6, 2012. 

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(U) Shugart told the Committee, "While we were there at the pageant, he [Trump] had 

told me-it might have been right afterwards, but I think it came up at the pageant-that if 

anyone asked, for me to allude to the fact that Putin had been there; and that he said that no one 

would know because he could have come in when the lights went down for the show."1967 

(U) The pageant was followed by a press event, coronation ball, and an after party at 

Crocus Expo Hall 16 from midnight to 3 :00 a.m. 1968 Goldstone told the Committee, "It was a 

very fluid thing. If Trump wanted to [go to the party]. We knew he had to leave that night to be 

back in the States, and nobody knew exactly when he was going to leave. I had asked a number 

of times to Paula and·to Keith. Nobody knew exactly when. But then he said he would go to the 

after-party." 1969 

(U) Shugart recalled that Trump had a press conference following the pageant and 

arrived at the after-party around 12:30 a.m. 1970 Goldstone recalled that Trump was seated in a 

VIP enclave but that there were lots of people around. Shugart told the Committee that there 

were approximately 200 people in the VIP area. 1971 

(U) Goldstone said that Trump appeared to be having a good time, and stayed later than 

they had planned, leaving around 3 :00 a.m. 1972 Goldstone said he was told that the bags had 

been packed and were in the car and that Trump left the party directly to the airport, but he had 

(U) S ugart Tr., p. 203. 1968 (U) Email, Graff to Shugart, et al., November 7, 2013 (PS-SEN-0000139-142); Tweet, 

@ARTEM_KL YUSHIN, November 9, 2013; Tweet, @AlferovaYulyaE, November 9, 2013. 1969 (U) Goldstone Tr., pp. 138-140. 1970 (U) Shugart Tr., pp. 172-173. This is generally consistent with Goldstone's recollection that Trump arrived at 

midnight. Goldstone Tr., p. 140. 1971 (U) Shugart Tr., pp. 173-175. Roustam Tariko, a Russian billionaire who has said that he has "known Trump 

for many years" and was a sponsor of the pageant, may have been present. See Evgenia Pismennaya, et al., "The 

Day Trump Came to Moscow: Oligarchs,.Miss Universe and Nobu," Bloomberg Government, December 21, 2016. 

See also Jeffrey Toobin, "Trump's Miss Universe Gambit," The New Yorker, February 19, 2018. 1972 (U) Goldstone Tr., pp. 140, 147-148. This is generally consistent with Paula Shugart who estimated that Trump 

stayed until 3:30 a.m. Shugart Tr., pp. 172-173. 

299 

COMMITTEE SENSITIVE - RUSSIA INVESTIGATION ONLY 
COMMITTEE SENSITIVE - RUSSIA INVESTIGATION ONLY 

no personal knowledge of this other than seeing 'Trump leave the party. Paula Shugart also 

recalled that Trump ieft directly for the airport. 

(U) According to Goldstone, "at the last minute" A.J. Calloway asked Trump if he could 

fly home with Trump, and likely did join the flight. 1973 Although Trump used Phil Ruffin's 

airplane in both directions, and although Ruffin and his wife attended the pageant, it appears that 

they flew separately in both directions.1974 

(U) At 2:30 a.m. on November 10, Trump was scheduled to depart the after-party for 

Moscow's Vnukovo airport. Trump's flight was scheduled to depart for Newark, New Jersey, at 

3:30 a.m. in Moscow, and was scheduled to arrive in Newark at 3:30 a.m. Eastern Standard 

Time. 1975 Public reporting indicates that the flight was approximately 30 minutes behind 

schedule, taking off at 3 :58 a.m. and landing at 4: 11 a.m. 1976 

(U) As the pageant concluded, discussion of future business continued. On November 

10, Emin responded to an email from the architect William McGee, informing McGee that, "We 

may do a tower with him [Trump] now."1977 The following day, November 11, Trump wrote on 

Twitter to Aras Agalarov praising the Agalarovs and stating that Trump Tower Moscow would 

be next. 1978 The following day, Emin Agalarov replied on Twitter with thanks, and wrote that 

they should make Trump Tower Moscow happen. 1979 

(U) On November 12, Olivia Cellini from the Trump Organization emailed Goldstone 

and Beniaminov: "Can you please send me Aras' email address? Mr. Trump would like to send 

him a message."1980 

v. (U) Communications with the Agalarovs Following Miss Universe 

Moscow 

1973 (U) Goldstone Tr., pp. 139-140. This is supported by a copy of Trump's· Moscow itinerary with A.J. 

Calloway's name handwritten in for the return flight. lnterary, Trump Organization (TRUMPORG_18_000009). 1974 (U) Email, Graff to Shugart, et al., November 7, 2013 (PS-SEN-0000139-142); Ben Schreckinger, "Trump's 

false claims to Corney about Moscow story could aid Mueller," Politico, April 23, 2018. · 1975 (U) Email, Graff to Shugart, et al., November 7, 2013 (PS-SEN-0000139-141). According to Trump's itinerary 

Steve Tyler and Aimee Preston were scheduled to join the flight. 1976 (U) Vernon Silver, "Flight Records Illuminate Mystery of Trump's Moscow Nights (1)," Bloomberg 

Government, April 23, 2018. 1977 (U) Email, E. Agalarov to McGee, November 10, 2013 (EA-SSCI-00845). 1978 (U) Tweet, @realDonaldTrump, November 11, 2013. 1979 (U) Tweet, @eminofficial, November 12, 2013. 1980 (U) Email, Cellini to Goldstone andBeniaminov, November 12, 2013 (BeniaminovProduction). The 

Committee has no additional information regarding this communication. / 

300 

COMMITTEE SENSITIVE - RUSSIA INVESTIGATION ONLY 
COMMITTEE SENSITIVE - RUSSIA INVESTIGATION ONLY 

(U) On November 19, 2013, Donald Trump Jr:. emailed Emin Agalarov to introduce 

himself for the first time. Trump Jr. wrote that he had spoken to his father about working with 

the Agalarovs to develop a Trump Tower or hotel in Moscow, and that his father had asked him 

to reach out to Emin and Aras Agalarov to discuss moving forward. 1981 Later that day Emin 

Agalarov replied and said "let's speak and see ifwe can make things happen."1982 

(U) On November 20 Emin Agalarov wrote to Trump Jr. in hopes that Trump Jr. would 

remind his father to tweet a link to Agalarov's new music video, which featured Donald 

Trump. 1983 Trump Jr. replied that he would, and wrote that he would be c'alling "shortly to 

discuss the potential tower."1984 Later that day, Donald Trump tweeted a link to Emin 

Agalarov's video. 1985 

(U) On November 21, 2013, Emin Agalarov sent an email to Donald Trump Jr., and · 

copied Shugart and Goldstone. The subject line of Agalarov's email was, "Presideqt," and in the 

body of the email Agalarov wrote, "My father just received a letter and gift for your dad from 

Mr. Putin." Agalarov attached images of the gift, which was a Fedoskino-style lacquer box, as 

well as images of the letter from Putin. Trump Jr. appeared to have passed the emaff and 

photographs on to his father. 1986 

1981 (U) Email, Trump Jr. to E. Agalarov, November 19, 2013 (EA-SSCI-00879). 1982 (U) Email, E. Agalarov to Trump Jr, November 19, 2013 (EA-SSCI-00875). 1983 (U) Email, E. Agalarov to Trump Jr., November 20, 2013 (EA-SSCI-00879). 1984 (U) Email, Trump Jr. to E. Agalarov, November 20, 2013 (EA-SSCI-00883). 1985 (U) Tweet, @realDonaldTrump, November 20, 2013. , 1986 (U) Email, E. Agalarov to Trump Jr., November 21, 2013 (TRUMPORG_18,.,,;000035--40); Agalarov 

Washington Post Tr. (RG000014). 

301 

COMMITTEE SENSITIVE - RUSSIA INVESTIGATION ONLY , 
COMMITTEE SENSITIVE - RUSSIA INVESTIGATION ONLY 

From: 

Sont: 

To: 

Sub]uct 

Attachment'S.! 

Donald Trump Jr, 

n1ursday, Novombur 21, 2013 9:37 AM 

Katherin• Feigfn 

FW, Pr0:11do1it 

pholo lJPG; ATIOOOOl.txt; photo 2JPG; ATT00002,tllt photo 3JPG; AITOOOOl.lxt phot~ 

4JPG; ATT00004.txt; photo SJPG; ATT00005.lxt 

Please print this emalf and all the attachments for ,wlhanks, d 

llonald J. Trump Jr. 

Ex:etutive Vloo Pmsidemt of Oeve1opment and Ac-qulsltions Th~ Tn.Jmf> Organi:,aUon 

725 FIith Avenue New Yori,, NY 110022 \ "" 

~\~ ~ 

~~~ ~,,.\~ 

-Original Me.t.i;.ageFtom: e,riln agalarov 

Sent: Thursday, November U, 2013 9:12 AM 

To: Donald Trump Jr. 

C<: !Mb Gn!d<tonc; Paula Shugart 

5u~Jecl: Pre,rdent 

Dear Don~ 

,..s\ "S:,VJ I 

~~ 

Mv f.1ther Ju<t rea,ived a letter and gift foryourdad rrom Mr. Putin, I'm sending all this with my mom.who lsfivlng early 

ne~l \'/eek and either rtob or Paula wlll mnJ.:e sure you guys get it shortly, ln the mmmtlmo here ar-o t;nmn pfcturM. 

Thank you 

Emin 

(U) Images of the box and letter that were attached are included below1987: 

1987 (U) Email, E. Agalarov to Trump Jr., November 21, 2013 (1RUMPORG_18_000035-40); Email, E. Agalarov 

to Trump Jr., Goldstone, and Shugart, November 11, 21, 2013 (EA-SSCI-00891-00896). 

302 

COMMITTEE SENSITIVE - RUSSIA INVESTIGATION ONLY 
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303 

COMMITTEE SENSITIVE - RUSSIA INVESTIGATION ONLY 
(U) The unofficial English translation of the letter that was included states: 

Dear Mr. Tmmp, I would like to congratulate you and y,our colleagues on 

successfully holding the Miss Universe contest in Moscow. I hope that all the 

participants in this remarkable event will go home with good memories of their 

visit to the Russian capital. It is a pity that we were not able to have our meeting, 

but I hope we will be able to talk during one of your upcoming visits to Russia. 

Yours sincerely, V. Putin1988 

· (U) The package with the box from Putin was brought to the United States by Irina 

Agalarova, Aras Agalarov's wif~. 1989 

a. (U) Joint Real Estate Development Effort in Moscow 2013-2014 

(U) Shortly after the Miss Universe pageant, discussions began between the Agalarovs' 

Crocus Group and the Trump Organization about a joint reatestate devel~pment project. 

(U) Goldstone told the Committee that Emin Agalarov believed that Trμmp's initial 

reaction to' being shown possible sites in Moscow during the Miss Universe contest was 

positive. 1990 As noted, at Trump's sugg~stion, on November 19, 2013, Donald Trump Jr. reached 

out to Emin Agalarov regarding a possible joint development project in Moscow. 1991 On 

November 22, Emin Agalarov wrote to Trump Jr., stating, "I've spoken to my Father about o~r 

conversation and all looks very positive,·general terms are suitable for a negotiation, lets identify 

the land and building ( we have a few options) and get the ball rolling contractually." In the 

interim, Emin Agalarov suggested an exclusivity arrangement. 1992 

(U) On November 27, Yulya Klyushina emailed Emin Agalarov, Rob Goldstone, Artem 

Klyushin and others, to inform them that Trump had written about the Agalarovs on Twitter and 

had posted a link to an article about Emin Agalarov's new music video, which Trump was 

featured in. 1993 On December 2, at Trump's request; one of Trump's employees sent Emin 

1988 (U) Letter, Putin to Trump, November 19, 2013 (TRUMPORG_18_000039). 1989 (U) Emin, Agalarova to Shugart, November 28, 2013 (PS-SEN-0000102). ' , 1990 (U) Goldstone Tr., pp. 150-151. ' 1991 (U) Email, Trump Jr. to E. Agalarov, November 19, 2013 (EA-SSCI-00879). 1992 (U) Email, E. Agalarov to Trump Jr., November 19, 2013 (EA~SSCI-00971). 1993 (U) Email, Klyushina to E. Agalarov, et al., November 27, 2013 (EA-SSCI-00922); see also Tweet, 

@realDonaldTrump, November 27, 2013.' Klyushina and Klyushin had been hired to promote Emin Agalarov 

online. Beniaminov Tr., pp. 175-177. 

304 

COMMITTEE SENSITIVE~ RUSSIA INVESTIGATION ONLY 

7 
COMMITTEE SENSITIVE - RUSSIA INVESTIGATION ONLY 

Agalarov a copy of the article that Trump posted on Twitter with a hand written note that 

referenced the possibility of a Trump Tower Moscow. 1994 

The Moscow Times 

Donald Trump in New Emin Video 2eNowrn/:H,r'2013 

111 P Gl'!ltr 4941::W:~ 

u.s e,,111,ona,re ,e,1 u la1&dew lop« Oon.1kf Trump lgUfH p,om11-..n1y,,, a now-mutli;o._.deo ret6Ued byEmW'I AgoJarov 

an Atof1 pop 11Drend 't'l'.ce pnttldcmt of Crocu9 Group 

(U) On December 4, Trump Jr. wrote to Emin Agalarov, " lam back and ready to go." 

Trump Jr. offered to have the Trump Organization draft a letter similar to the one suggested by 

Emin Agalarov as an initial step.

1995 A preliminary, but formal, agreement was signed on 

December 5, 2013; the signatories were Trump Jr. and Emin Agalarov. 1996 

1994 (U) Email, Che lsea Frommer to E. Agalarov, December 2, 2013 (EA-SSCl-00946, 00947). 1995 (U) Email, Trump Jr. to E. Agalarov, November 19, 2013 (EA-SSCI-00969). 

1996 (U) Letter, Trump Jr. to Crocus Group, December 5, 2013 (Kaveladze Proffer Documents). Kaveladze refered 

to this document as the Letter of Intent (LOI). Kaveladze Tr., pp. 34, 40-41 . 

305 

COMMITTEE SENSITIVE - RUSSIA INVESTIGATION ONLY 
COMMITTEE SENSITIVE - RUSSIA INVESTIGATION ONLY 

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306 

COMMITTEE SENSITIVE-RUSSIA INVESTIGATION ONLY 
COMMITTEE SENSITIVE - RUSSIA INVESTIGATION ONLY 

(U) On December 6, 2013, Emin Agalarov sent the signed agreement to Trump Jr. and 

introduced him, by email, to Irakli Kaveladze, who Agalarov said had worked on the Miss 

Universe pageant, had met Trump, and would be working on the Trump Tower deal for 

Crocus. 1997 Kaveladze told the Committee that his primary interlocutor at the Trump 

Organization was Trump Jr., and that Emi.n and Aras Agalarov were both involved on the Crocus 

side. Kaveladze said that negotiations with the Trump Organization took place primarily by 

email and conference calls, and that he was against the joint project. 1998 

(U) · Kaveladze told the Committee that the joint project was designed as ap. incentive fee 

deal for a residential Trump Tower, and that Kaveladze was mostly focused on negotiating with 

the Trump Organization to lower its fees. 1999 Despite Kaveladze's concerns, negotiations 

advanced between the Crocus Group and the Trump Organization. Throughout December 

Kaveladze and Trump Jr. negotiated by email regarding the Trump Organization's fee structure, 

and ultimately agreed to "an expanded LOI" which Trump Jr. said he could get following the 

holidays.2000 

(U) On January 13, 2014, Emin Agalarov and Trump Jr. met in person, along with 

Goldstone, at Nobu in New.York City.2001 Goldstone recalled that the Trump Tower project was 

discussed at this meeting and seemed to be moving forward.2002 

(U) On January 14, 2014, Trump Jr. sent Emin Agalarov an unsigned expanded letter of 

intent regarding the proposed development of a "super luxury" real estate project in Moscow. 

This letter and its attachment totaled 10 pages and was significantly more detailed than the 

original basic letter from December 5.2003 

(U) On January 15, 2014, Goldstone, Trump Jr., and other Trump Organization staff 

exchanged a number of emails regarding Ivanka Trump meeting with the Agalarovs in Moscow 

on February 4 for a "site visit," and Emin Agalarov performing for an upcoming golf event at the 

Trump property in Doral, Florida. 2004 

(U) Kaveladze told the Committee that he met Ivanka Trump briefly at the Crocus Group 

office in Moscow in February before she went with Emin Agalarov to visit the proposed site for 

a Trump Tower, which Kaveladze recalled was at the Crocus City complex on land already 

1997 (U) Email, E. Agalarov to Trump Jr., December 6, 2013 (EA-SSCI-00993). 1998 (U) Kaveladze Tr., pp. 33-38; FBI, FD-302, Kaveladze 11/16/2017. 1999 (U) Kaveladze Tr., pp. 36, 43-44. 2000 (U) Email, Trump Jr. to Kaveladze, cc E. Agalarov, December 23, 2013 (EA-SSCI-00990-00992). 2001 (U) Email, Goldstone to Trump Jr., January 15, 2104 (RB000142). 2002 (U) Goldstone Tr., p. 173. 2003 (U) Email, Trump Jr. to E. Agalarov, January 14, 2014 (EA~SSCI-01038-01048). 2004 (U) Emails, Goldstone to Trump Jr., January 15, 2014 (RB000142). 

307 
COMMITTEE SENSITIVE - RUSSIA INVESTIGATION ONLY 

owned by the Agalarovs.2005 Following Ivanka Trump's visit to Crocus on February 4, she 

emailed Emin Agalarov to thank him for the tour. She wrote, "I am very excited about our 

collaboration and am confident that our families will enjoy great success together. We look 

forward to meeting with you again in the US in March to review the details of the proposed 

Trump Tower with your architects."2006 · 

(U) On February 11, 2014, at Rob Goldstone's request, Donald Trump Jr. tweeted"to 

promote Emin Agalarov's album.2007 On February 19, 2014, Donald Trump tweeted to promote 

an Emin Agalarov performance in Sochi, Russia, on the Today Show. Later that day Agalarov 

wrote to Donald Trump Jr, and others, with Ivanka Trump copied, to thank them for supporting 

him.2oos 

(U) On March 5, 2014, Trump Jr. emailed Emin Agalarov,. "Do you have any free time 

this week. Would love to circle up on Moscow." Emin Agalarov replied that he would be flying 

to Miami the following day, and Trump Jr. suggested that they meet on March 7 after Agalarov 

arrived. 2009 

(U) On March 8, 2014, Emin Agalarov performed at the Trump golf event in Doral, 

Florida. He met with Trump, Ivanka Trump, and Trump Jr. while he was there.2010 Trump Jr. 

planned to meet with Agalarov on March 10.2011 

(U) By late March, discussions between the Trump Organization, the Agalarovs, and 

architects hired by Crocus seemed to be progressing. Discussions included issues ranging from 

interior design to the square footage of residences, need for balconies, amenities, and the ratio of 

apartments to parking places.2012 This level of detailed discussion continued through at least 

mid-July .

2013 

2005 (U) Kaveladze Tr., pp. 45-51. 2006 (U) Email, I. Trump to E. Agalarov, February 5, 2014 (EA-SSCI-01264); Emin Agalarov told the Committee 

that Ivanka Trump was in Moscow to visit a friend, Miroslava Duma. E. Agalarov Tr., p. 11. During the campaign, 

in late 2015, Duma was involved in outreach to Trump by Deputy Prime Minister Sergei Prikhodko. See Report On 

The Investigation Into Russian Interference In The 2016 Presidentia!Election, Special Counsel Robert S. Mueller 

III, Vol. I, pp. 78- 79; TRUMPORG_16_000057. 2007 (U) Email, Goldstone to E. Agalarov, February 11, 2014 (EA-SSCI-01274). 2008 (U) Email, E. Agalarov to Trump Jr., Goldstone, Blavatnik, et al., February 19, 2014 (EA-SSCI-01285--01286). 2009 (U) Email, Trump Jr., to E. Agalarov, March 5, 2014 (RB000347). 2010 (U) Trump Jr. Tr. I, pp. 29-30. Goldstone Tr., pp. 153-154; Instagram, eminofficial, March 9, 2014. 2011 (U) Email, Trump Jr. to E. Agalarov, March 8, 2014 (EA-SSCI-01327). Trump Jr. Tr. I, pp. 29-30. 2012 (U) Email, Tropea to E. Agalarov, et al., March 27, 2014 (RB000l 15) (attaching "20131001 Residential tower 

Alternative massing studies.pdf'). ., 2013 (U) Email, Khoo to McGee, cc Trump Jr. et al., July 17, 2014 (EA-SSCI-01371-01372). 

308 
(U) The relationship between the Agalarovs and Trump also continued on other fronts. 

For example, emails from early July 2014, indicate that Trump was seeking Emin Agalarov;s 

mailing address to thank him for a watch.2014 The watch given to Trump was likely made by UBoat, a company that Emin Agalarov has a relationship with.2015 

-(U) Eventually, progress on Trump Tower Moscow discussions began to slow. By late 

summer and early fall 2014, Tropea and Kaveladze expressed frustration internally that the 

· 'Trump Organization was not being responsiv~ to requests regarding the project.2016 

(U) However, by mid-November 2014 the two sides had discussed design opti_ons and 

parcels of land. On November 14, architects from the firm Jacobs/ KlingStubbins who were 

working on behalf of Crocus emailed Trump Jr. and Florence Khoo at the Trump Organ.lzation 

and copied Emin Agalarov, Kaveladze, and others. The subjectline of the email was "Project: 

Crocus - Residential Complex (Parcel 11) ... Trump Tower - Moscow." In the body of the 

message architect William McGee referenced previous discussions and wrote that "Mr. _ ·- _ 

Agalarov" had suggested that the "Trump project" be moved to a different site along the river. 

The attached file was titled: "Tru111p Tower concept study."2017 

(U) As of December 2014, EminAgalarov continued to direct staff work on the project. 

On December 14, 2014, Jason Tropea emailed a Crocus employee, writing: "Emin has asked me 

to review and study the Trump org. / Crocus contract for the resi4ential tower."2018 Tropea asked 

for a copy of the contract from the employee.2019 · 

(U) In December 2014, T~mp recorded d video in celebration of Emin Agalarov's 35th 

birthday.2020 

(U) It is not clear that the negotiations with the Agalarovs for a Trump Tower Moscow 

ever formally ended; however, testimony from witnesses who were involved and other 

2014 (U) Email, Giudice to Beniaminov, July l, 2014 (RB000079). 2015 (U) Email, E. Agalarov to Goldstone, May 7, 2014 (EA-SSCI-01334) .. - 2016 (U) Email, Kaveladze to Tropea, September 29, 2014 (RB000393-394). _ 2017 (U) Email, Nat Skerry to Trump Jr., et al., November 13; 2014 (Be11iaminov Production). Beniaminov told the 

Committee: "There have been plans for many years to develop -- within Crocus City there is an undeveloped parcel 

of land which is part of the Crocus City compound. There's jusfnot4ing there. There weri;: plans for years to 

develop a project called "Little Manhattan." It would include, I believe, at some point something upwards of 11 

towers, high-rises, so to say. I believe that one of those towers was the tower to be the Trump Tower ... that 

undeveloped parcel of land is behind the Crocus City Hall Expo 3 area. It lies between that and the river 

embankment." Beniaminov Tr., p. 204. 2018 (U) Email, Tropea to Sergey [likely Sergey Sharov], December 14, 2014 (RB000104--105). 

2019 (U) Ibid - 2020 (U) YouTube, EminOfficial,December 19, 2014. 

309 
infopnation indicates that communications regarding the project became increasingly infrequent 

over time; without a specific cause identified.2021 

(U) Trump Jr. recalled that the project faded. He told the Committee: 

I don't even recall a specific: "Hey, guys, we 're just not going to do it. " It was 

just sort of clear that we 're sort of going different directions and it probably 

wouldn 't make sense for either side. So it just sort of went out. 2022 

I 

(U) Goldstone told the Committee that,'during an in-person meeting_ in Trunip Tower 

between Emin Agalarov and Donald Trump, Agalarov said that Russia's economy had 

deteriorated and that, "we may have to reevaluate and relook."2023 Trump Jr. was unsure but 

estimated that by the end of2014 it was cle_ar that the project had lost momentum and wouldn't 

be moving forward.2024 · · 

(U) Emin Agalarov said, in an April 2016 interview, that the negotiations "kind of faded 

away, because I think he [Trump] is busy with other things, we are busy with other things. It's 

not something that we decided, like 'Okay, let's stop.' It wasn't at that.point. Teams are stiH in 

correspondence. It's a work in progress." When pressed, Emin.Agalarov acknowledged that 

"[s]ince he [Trump] started running for the presidency, I don't think we've had a conversation 

about Trump Tower." 2025 Nevertheless, in the same interview, Aras Agalarov stated that Crocus 

was still "the right place for a Trump Tower."2026 

vi. (U) Continuing Communic'ations 

(U) Throughout 2015 and 2016, Aras Agalarov and Emin Agalarov remained in regular 

contact with Trump and Trump Jr., often through Graff.and Goldstone or other staff working for 

2021 (U) Kaveladze recalled that the Trump Organization was interested in building in downtown Moscow, while the 

Crocus Group preferred to build on land associated with Crocus City, which is outside the city center. Other issues 

of contention, according to Kaveladze, were the Trump Organization's fees and the question of how involved the 

Trump Organization would be in managing the construction of the building. Kaveladze Tr., pp. 40-44. In April 

2016, Emin Agalrov said that the joint project was going to be a residential building arid that, "Right now we're in a 

crisis of residential development, so we basically froze our developments in that particular direction. We're 

developing shopping malls, we're not developing any residential buildings at the moment." Agalarov Washington 

Post Tr. · 2022 (U) Trump Jr. Tr., pp. 66--67. 

2.°23 (U) Goldstone Tr., p. 39. The. exact timing of this conversation is unclear. 2024 (U) Trump Jr. Tr., p. 67. 2025 (U) Agalarov Washington Post Tr. (RG000019-22). 2026 (U) Ibid. (RG000019). 

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the Agalarovs. The contact ranged from personal to substantive to logistical and included written 

correspondence, gifts, and in person meetings. 

(U) Goldstone estimated that in addition to in-person meetings between Trump and Emin 

Agalarov in Las Vegas, Moscow, and Doral, they met three or four times in Trump Tower for 

visits when Emin Agalarov was in New York. Goldstone characterized these meetings in Trump 

Tower as personal, rather than substantive or business oriented.2027 . 

(U) One of these meetings occurred on May 20, 2015.2028 That meeting was likely the 

last of Emin Agalarov's personal meetings with Trump at Trump Tower. Emin Agalarov told 

the Committee that Trump discussed running for president at the time,. but that Trump s~id_ he did 

not know if he would run.2029 Goldstone had a different recollection. He told the Committee that 

the final meeting between Trump and Agalarov "was approximately six weeks before he 

[Trump] was due to announce that he was going to run for President. The reason is, on the way 

out he said: I'm going to be running for President, you know; so next time you won't be coming 

here; you'll be coming to see.me at the White House. That's why I specifically remember · that. ,,2030 

(U) Recalling his final meeting with Trump, Emin Agalarov has said, "the last 

conversation before he ran that he and I had, he was criticizing the United States government for 

not being able to be friends with Russia. He keeps underlining that he thinks that President Putin 

is a strong leader. And he thinks America, instead of fighting Russia, should bond and be friends 

and have common goals with Russia."2031 

4. (U) The Trump-Agalarov Relationship During the 2016 Presidential Campaign 

2027 (U) Goldstone Tr., p. 39. Emin Agalarov has said, "Also, just to add an important comment. Every time I am in 

New York, and Trump is also in New York, I go visit him. We kind of hang out at his office." Agalarov 

Washington Post Tr. (RG000016). · , 2028 (U) Email, Goldstone to Trump Jr., April 30, 2015 (Beniaminciv Production). Goldstone sent Trump Jr. an ' 

invitation to attend Emin Agalarov' s upcoming performances in New York or Miami. Goldstone also requested that 

the invitation be extended to Donald Trump and Ivanka Trump. 2029 (U) E. Agalarov Tr., p. 8. 2030 (U) Goldstone Tr., p. 296. On January 28, 2015, Yulya Klyushina, who knew Emin Agalarov and Goldstone, 

announced on Twitter that Trump would be running for President of the United States. It is not clear what 

Alferova' s foreknowledge was based on, or if it was related to any information provided to Agalarov and Goldstone. 

Tweet, @AlferovaYulya, January 28, 20_15; see also Email, Goldstone to E. Agalarov, June 16, 2015 (EA-SSCI01670). 

2031 (U) Agalarov Washington Post Tr. (RG000016). 

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) 

(U) On June 16, 2015, the day that Trump announced his candidacy, Goldstone emailed 

Graff and Trump Jr. with the subject line, "Please pass on mine and Emin's best wishes and 

congratulations to Mr. Trump." The body of the email simply stated, "Wonderful news."2032 

(U) On July 22, 2015, Goldstone wrote to Graff notifying her that Emin Agalarov would 

like to invite Trump to Aras Agalarov's birthday party in Moscow on November 8, and hoped 

that Trump would be willing to write a small message of congratulations to Aras Agalarov in a 

celebratory book. Graff responded, "I will certainly make Mr. Trump aware of this invitation, 

and I know he will be honored that Emin thought of him. However, given his presidential 

campaign, it's highly unlikely he would have time on his calender [sic] to go to Moscow in 

November. Regardless, I am sure he will want to write a congratulatory note." Goldstone replied 

to Graff that he understood Trump's scheduling constraints regarding traveling to Moscow, 

"unless maybe he [Trump] would welcome a meeting with President Putin which Emin would 

set up," and offered to come to the office to pick up the congratulatory note for Aras 

Agalarov. 2033 

(U) On November 8, 2015, Trump wrote to Aras Agalarov2034: 

2032 (U) Email, Goldstone to Graff, June 16, 2015 (DJTJR00146). 2033 (U) Emails, Goldstone and Graff, July 22 and 24, 2015 (DJTJR00893). 2034 (U) Letter, Trump to A. Agalarov, November 8, 2015 (TRUMPORG_l8_000014). 

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November 8, 2015 

Dear Aras, 

It's your birthday and I think you have a lot of reasons to celebrate. I know of one 

big reason, which is your son, Emin, who has brought a lot of elegance and 

excitement to my pageants. He is a very big talent and his magna.nimous 

personality has touched many thousands of people throughout the world. I have a 

feeling he got quite a bit of his talent from you. But Emin aside, I am writing to 

wish you a very Happy Birthday -- and I'm hoping you will have a most 

memorable celebration in Moscow! 

Donald J. Trump 

i. (U) First Outreach Regarding the Russian Social Media Company VK 

(U) On January 19, 2016, Goldstone emailed Trump Jr. and copied Graff. He wrote: 

l hope you are well and congratulations on an outstanding job so far re the campaign. 

With this in mind, I was just in Moscow and met with a good friend who runs the 

marketing for VK - which is the largest social media platform in Russia. They 

have more than 2. 7 million Russian Americans using the site (living in the USA) 

and had an idea to create a campaign page on VKfor Mr. Trump and market it to 

the almost 3 million influential Russian American voters living in the USA. I 

thought it was a very interesting and sensible idea and so wanted to pass it along. 

I am not sure who handles this kind of thing for the campaign so I hope you don 't 

mind I sent it directly to you both. I can get massive exposure for Mr. Trump on 

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the site for sure - and it will be covered in Russian media also - where I noticed 

your campaign is covered positively almost daily- which {sic] extremely 

gracious comments.from President Puti!) etc. Please let me know if the campaign 

is interested and I will connect the dots. 2035 

(U) Goldstone's email included the text of a forwarded email from Konstantin Sidorkov, 

a "Partner Relations Manager" at VK:2036 

From: Konstantin Sidbrkov' 

Subject: Donalq Trump on VK 

Date: January 18, 2016 at 12:48:06 PM EST 

To: Rob Goldstone ■■■I, Rob Goldstone 

I want to introduce you the most visited social network in Russia, Ukraine and CIS 

countries - VK (VKontaktc). 

Some interesting facts about VI(: 

- More then 340 million registered. users; 

- Over 76 million. visitors per day; 

- Over 2.6 billion page views per day; 

- 65% visitors from Russia; 

- More then 59% users older then 25 years. 

From USAwe had 2.7 millions profiles registered ano more then 1.5 million visitors 

monthly. 

Our platfom1 includes all types of communication: Messenger+ Video+ Mttsic + 

Photo. US press .often calls us "Russian facebook", because all other social networks 

in Russia are rather .smaller then VK. For last 2 years VK become a favorite platform 

for many polities in Russia as the best way to communicate with people. In addition 

you can find the fool presentation about us with details. 

We want to invite Donald Trump to set up an official page on VK°, which will have 

the latest updates from Donald and maybe Russian translation. 

Also we will make a huge promotion for it with our marketing instruments and put 

this page to user's recommendation inc .. targeting to all our audience. 

Thanks for your attention, will look forward for your answer. 

(U) Later that day, January 19, 2016, Graff responded, copying Trump Jr. and Dan 

Scavino from the Trump Campaign. She wrote, "Thank you for bringing this terrific opportunity 

2035 (U) Email, Goldstone to Trump Jr. and Graff, January 19, 2016 (RG000003). 2036 (U) Email, Sidorkov to Goldstone, January 18, 2016 (DJTJR00418--00439). 

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to our attention. I've copied Dan Scavino, who heads up social media for the campaign, and I 

am sure he will be in touch with you to help 'connect the dots."'2037 

(U) Shortly after Graff's email, Scavino replied to Goldstone, copying Graff and Trump 

Jr. He wrote:2038 

Hi Rob! 

Pleaso feel free to send me whatever you have on this system I I w,11 sharo it with the team • as we are currenUy on the campaign trail right 

now. Thank you so much • tor looking out tor Mr. Trump & his presidential campaign. This is greatl 

Best. Dan 

TRUMP 

MAKE AMERICA GREAT AGAIN! 

DANIEL SCAVINO JR 

DonaJd J Trump For President. Inc. 

W\vw.OonaldJTrumo oom 

(U) The Russian government and the Internet Research Agency (IRA) use VK, Russia's 

version of Facebook, for influence operations.2039 According to public reporting, the company's 

original leadership was pushed out, in an effort that involved the Russian FSB, and replaced with 

Kremlin-aligned ownership in 2013 and 2014.

2040 

2037 (U) Email, Graff to Goldstone, et al, (RG000003). 2038 ~ail, Scavino to Goldstone, et al., (RG000006). 2039 - See infra Vol. 2; Adrian Chen, "The Agency," The New York Times Ma azine, June 2 2015· Todd C. 

Helmus et al. "Russian Social Media Influence " RAND 2018 . 16· 

) Jenni er Monag an, V ont e Founder Says Sold Shares Due to FSB Pressure," The Moscow Times, 

April 17, 2014. Alisher Usmanov, an oligarch and close Putin associate, his business partner Ivan Tavrin, and Igor 

Sechin, another close Putin associate who is sanctioned by the United States, were involved. See Olga 

Razumovskaya, "Alisher Usmanov Cements Control of Social Network," The Wall Street Journal, January 25, 

2014· "Russia's VKontakte CEO sa s he was fired flees Russia," Reuters, April 22, 20 14. 2041 

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- The Committee's insight into Sidorkov's motivations is extremely limited.2053 

However, tar etin Russians eaking voters in the United States is thematically consistent with I 

2049 

2050 

• 

undertaken by the Russian government in support of Trump 

2051 (U) GeoffCutmore and Catherine Boyle, "Russia's Richest Man Usmanov: Wait For Next Facebook Surge," 

CNBC, December 21 2012. · 

(U) For example, Goldstone has characterized Sidorkov as a "really good ally" ofEmin Agalarov, and public 

information indicates that Sidorkov is also an associate ofYulya Klyushina, who is described elsewhere in this 

Report. The nature and extent of these relationships remains unknown. Goldstone Tr., 268. Screenshot ofYulya 

Klyushina and Konstantin Sidorkov, April 29, 2015 [no longer available]. Tweet, @AlferovaYulyaE, December 7, 

2013. 

317 
(U) On January 20, Konstantin Sidorkov wrote to Scavino, copying Goldstone, Graff and 

Trump Jr.:2os1 

Hi, Dani Nice to meet you and your team! In .attachment you can find the last presentation about VK audience. 

Plea<,e check this details in the end of my first letter: 

- More then 340 million registered users; 

- Over 7!; million visitors per day; 

- Over 2.6 billion page views per day; 

- 65% visitors from Russia; 

- Mare then 59% users alder then 25 years. 

From USA we had 2.7 millions.profiles registered and more then 1.5 million visitors monthly. 

We can help with a registration, adding first infom1ation to the page. But further we want ask you to manage page by yourself with last 

updates like facebook. · 

It will be cool also ta have ·Russian transl9tion of publication there to·get more coverage, because not so many Russian's know English. But for 

this thing we need to find in your social media department Russian speaking manager. 

Rogozin, see infra Vo. 5, Sec. ill.H. 2057 (U) Email, Sidorkov to Scavino, January 20, 2016 (RG000007). _The attachment referenced by Sidorkov may 

refer to the presentation previously discussed. 

318 
(U) In 2016, and into at least the beginning of 2017, contact continued between the 

Agalarovs and their associates and the Trumps and their associates, through a series of emails, 

gifts, and letters. Some of the communications, not all of which are captured below, were 

substantive, others were less so. 

(U) On January 25, 2016, Emin Agalarov emailed Trump Jr., "I'm in New York send my 

best to the family and congratulations on all the amazing success!!! My best to the big boss!!!! 

Emin."2oss 

(U) On February 29, 2016, Goldstone wrote to Trump Jr. and Graff, copying Emin 

Agalarov:2059 

Good 1110rnino. 

e.m1n's father has asked Ill! co pus on his conoratulat1ons tn a letter enclosed below for Mr . Trunip on the eve of Super Tuesd3y vote - - offer,no his support 3nd th3- of 1113ny of his 111'p()rt3nt Russ13n friends 3nd 

co1 1eaoues - especially With reterence to u.S. / Russ1an relations. l!eH of luck to you .ill end !'lany lhank5 for posing on tha letter. 

Best 

Rob 

Attached to Goldstone 's email was a letter from Aras Agalarov wishing Trump success on Super 

Tuesday.2060 

(U) On March 4, 2016, Graff responded to Goldstone, writing, "Please know that the 

very thoughtful and kind letter from Mr. Agalarov to Mr. Trump was relayed to him earlier this 

week."2061 Graff's confirmation that Trump had received the letter was passed on to Emin 

Agalarov and other Agalarov staff. 

(U) On March 18, 2016, Trump responded in a hand written note on the original letter 

from Agalarov.2062 

2058 (U) Email, E. Agalarov to Trump Jr., January 25, 2016 (DJTJR00441). 2059 (U) Email, Goldstone to Graff, et al., February 29, 2016 (RB000056-58). 2060 (U) Ibid. 2061 (U) Email, Graff to Goldstone, March 4, 2016 (RB000056). 2062 (U) Handwritten note, Trump to A. Agalarov, March 18, 2016 (DJTJR00406). 

319 

COMMITTEE SENSITIVE - RUSSIA INVESTIGATION ONLY 
" ' Oun,ild Trump 

l>t I Tr. mp 

I\, ,me, w di au; i pteplc ,n th1• w unll'\ "h" appn:., ncd •our suncrncn1 that 

I ~ IU'.d Ru ••• •l» uld ""11. lot..::ther onur. clr'ls:ly. all ofu• all roe,,• Ciroup 

1, " with :-e~t n o:rt5I your bn::ht e,cctora1 camra1~r: 

The letter with the note was emailed by a staffer at the Trump Organization to Emin Agalarov, 

who responded, "Amazing Thank you."2063 

(U) The Agalarovs seemed to feel that this note on the letter demonstrated their 

relationship with Trump. On April 8, 2016, Aras Agalarov brought the letter to an interview 

2063 (U) Email, E. Agalarov to Murphy, March 18, 2016 (DJTJR00407). 

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with The Washington Post's Moscow Bureau Chief. When Agalarov produced it in the 

interview, Emin Agalarov stated, "It's the real deal, not fake."2064 Aras Agalarov then added: 

Please note that first of all, he didn't just give this to his secretary to type, he 

wrote it himself. . . . So, he wrote that himself with his own hand. That tells that 

this is a person who doesn't suffer from the disease of celebrity. Can you imagine 

that the future president of the United States, using his own hands, spends time 

writing letters to his friend in Russia? It's a good sign. 2065 

(U) On April 13, 2016, Goldstone wrote to Graff to inform her that the The Washington 

Post interview had taken place. He wrote, "Below is a note from Aras Agalarov for Mr. Trump 

regarding a recent Washington Post business interview in Moscow in which he was asked some 

questions and topics regarding Russia and Mr. Trump. If you need a transcript, please let me 

know."2067 A letter from Aras Agalarov was attached.2068 On April 15, Graff emailed Goldstone 

to inform him that Trump had received the letter from Agalarov.2069 

(U) On April 25, 2016, Graff emailed Goldstone, writing, "Hope all is well! Please see 

the attached note from Mr. Trump to Mr. Agalarov. Would you kindly relay it to him?"2070 The 

following, a handwritten note from Trump on the original letter from Agalarov, was attached:2071 

2064 (U) Agalarov Washington Post Tr. 2065 U Ibid 2066 

2067 (U) Ema1, Go stone to Gra , Apn 13, 2016 DJTJR00179. 2068 (U) Letter, A. Agalarov to Trump, April 13, 2016 (DJTJR00190). 2069 (U) Email, Graff to Goldstone, April 15, 2016 (DJTJR00179). 2070 (U) Email, Graff to Goldstone, April, 25, 2016 (DJTJR01191). 207.

1 (U) Handwritten note, Trump to A. Agalarov, April 25, 2016 (DJTJR0l 192). On April 27, 2016, Goldstone 

emailed Emin Agalarov with the subject line, "Trump." Goldstone wrote, "Amazing win from Trump tonight 

winning ALL major 5 out of5 Primary contests! You [should] send him a congrat tweet in the morning." Agalarov 

replied later that day, writing only, "Amazing." Emails, Goldstone and E. Agalarov, April 27, 2016 (RG000036). 

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\4":""--~ ,A ,I;~ ~~~V 4P1/croctJsG 

~~~;( L -~' 

~ ~--"' ~,t M . • 

~ ":&.J I wanted to aftord }OU the cooncsy or letting you ow th&t a coupk of da, s ¥ ago, ti.- Mo!<n,. bUttau chief of 0.,. Washington Pn M,ch><I B1robaurn) a: 

down for an interview with nia and l.auo in Mo,co-.. aud in the course of tn,, nter. "". your nam, came up w,tn qutsuoos about the professional and pcr.,,oa 

relauonship bcm= us 

Durtnl! the 1ntl'1"'1<w. the corresponoent addreSl><d J number of questJn u 

reganhng your relt11ion,h1p ,.,th C'ro,us Group, "'"th the President of RIB.'131' 

rcdcration, and topics relaung ,o Russia, Aurba11an ,ind the U~A 

TI><: ,a.,1 majority of quesuorui rctcrrcd to )our "ork 1n the lidd or business 

and polillcs and of course, the upcoming elecuon. 

Althou!!h th, mtcn.1l'W wa, •~f)' po<,; UH and both me and Emm ha<i on•) ~ 

best :hmgs lo say 00 all IOplCS, WC tell that the """"'J>Ondt-nt m•v not h•xr bee 1 Dflr 

of your b1t!cst 'an11. J aJ""ays N"cord A11< tnnsenbc a.Ji media 1nte:rv1cv.-s ar.~ 

"':r{erefon:, s ,ould )OU ever need it. we are h:ippy 10 ~nd )OU , transcnpt 

0111."-e .Jg.a.in. I 511m,;c::rel1 \\'1:;h )'<HJ ,uc.<,;t;.:;:, m )our clccf(traJ campe.ign. 

Aru Agalaro, 

5. (U) The June 9, 2016 Trump Tower Meeting 

(U) In addition to business and personal correspondence, the Agalarovs were involved in 

pushing for a meeting which occurred on June 9, 2016, in Trump Tower ("June 9, 2016 

meeting"). The Committee sought to understand the meeting, which involved Donald Trump Jr., 

Jared Kushner, Paul Manafort, a Russian lawyer named Natalia Veselnitskaya, and four of her 

associates. The Committee's efforts focused on the motivations for the meeting on both sides, 

the content of the meeting itself, and communications involving the participants following the 

meeting. 

322 
(U) The Committee interviewed each of the attendees at the meeting, as well as several 

other individuals who had non-public awareness of the meeting or communications related to 

it.2072 Nevertheless, the Committee faced significant limitations in its efforts to fully understand 

the June 9, 2016 meeting. In particular, the almost complete absence of documentary evidence 

regarding the content of the meeting itself forced the Committee to rely heavily on witness 

testimony. That testimony, while helpful, was often incomplete, from an interested party, or 

contradictory to other testimony or documents. Witnesses were not in agreement on basic facts 

such as what language was being spoken and who was in the room during the meeting. In some 

cases, testimony was not consistent across multiple interviews with the same individual. The 

Committee was unable to·reconcile some of these challenges and discrepancies. 

i. (U) Background on the Information Provided in the Meeting 

(U) The June 9, 2016 meeting with members of the Trump Campaign was part of a 

larger Russian government-supported effort to counter U.S. sanctions. The Committee assesses 

that some of the information and themes presented by the Russian lawyer Natalia Veselnitskaya 

in the meeting, and again following the election via email, had been used previously in an 

influence effort targeting individuals perceived to be sympathetic to Russia's position. That 

previous influence effort occurred in Moscow in April 2016, months prior to the June 9, 2016 

meeting, when then-Congressman Dana Rohrabacher was provided a folder of information from 

the Russian government that was largely similar in content to what Veselnitskaya later used in 

Trump Tower. 

a. (U) Information provided to Rohrabacher in April 2016 

(U) In April 2016, Rohrabacher, along with several other members of the House of 

Representatives and their staff, traveled to Europe, including Russia. While in Moscow, 

Rohrabacher and his staffer, Paul Behrends, separated from the group and, despite the concerns 

of the U.S. Embassy, met with Vladimir Yakunin.2073 Yakunin is a close confidant of President 

Putin.2074 Yakunin is also the former president of Russian Railways and the president of the 

Dialogue of Civilizations (DoC), a Berlin-based non-governmental organization. At the time of 

2072 (U) The Committee conducted a limited interview of Paul Manafort on July 25, 2017. The interview 

exclusively covered the June 9, 2016 meeting in Trump Tower. 2073 (U) SSCI Transcript of the Interview with Paul Behrends, December 19, 2017, pp. 28-30; Rohrabacher Tr., p. 

64. Rohrabacher and others also met with Natalia Veselnitskaya and Rinat Akhmetshin in Moscow on this trip. 

Akhmetshin Tr., . 41-42. 2074 

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the meeting, Yakunin·was sanctioned by the United States.2075 The Committee found that 

Yakunin is significantly involved in Russian influence activities, including those targeting 

elections. · 

2075 (U) Treasury, "Treasury Sanctions Russian Officials, Members Of The Russian Leadership's Inner Circle, And 

An Enti For Involvement In The Situation in Ukraine" March 20, 2014. 

-

-

-

-

-

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I[ 

(U) Rohrabacher told the Committee that he was unsure how the April 2016 Moscow 

meeting with Yakunin was arranged, but that it may have been proposed by then-Russian 

Ambassador to the United States Sergey Kislyak.2091 According to Rohrabacher, at the meeting 

Yakunin spoke about the DoC and was interested in securing Rohrabacher's participation in the 

DoC's annual Rhodes Forum.2092 Rohrabacher told the Committee he was unable to attend.2093 

-

-

-

2087 i . 

2088 (U) lb id. 

2 

(U) Ro rabac er Tr., pp. 64-65. Paul Behrends was unsure about Kislyak's involvement, but recalled that a 

friend of his, Anthony Salvia, may have been involved. Behrends Tr., p. 29. 2092 (U) Behrends Tr., pp. 28, 30. Behrends recalled that Yakunin had previously invited Rohrabacher to the DoC's 

annual Rhodes conference in writing. 2093 (U) Rohrabacher Tr., pp. 65--66. 

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(lJ) At the meeting, Y akunin also raised a report that had information he believed 

Rohrabacher should review. Rohrabacher recalled: 

[Yakunin] said: Look, our prosecutors have done an investigation into this 

Magnitsky thing and would you-we,re you willing to look at the material, their 

report? And I said: "Sure, I'll look at any report; I'll talk to anybody and I'll 

read anything. " And he said: "Well, they'll try to get it to you at that meeting 

you 're going to have tomorrow with the Duma foreign affairs committee. "2095 

(U) Following the meeting with Yakunin, Rohrabacher, Behrends, and the other 

members of the delegation met with Konstantin Kosachev, the Chairman of the Council of the 

Federation Committee on Foreign Affairs.2096 The Committee found that Kosachev is 

significantly involved in Russian influence activities, including those targeting the United States. 

He was sanctioned by the United States in 2018.2097 

2094 

2095 

2096 (U) Ibid, p._66; Behrends.Tr., p. 35. 2097 (U) Treasury, "Treasury Designated Russian Oligarchs, Officials, and Entities in Response to Worldwide • • • ■ 

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I[ 

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(U) At end of the meeting with Kosachev, Kosachev passed Rohrabacher a note.2108 On 

the note, Kosachev had written a question asking whether Rohrabacher would be willing to 

receive "sensitive documents."2109 After responding that he would be willing, Rohrabacher was 

approached by several individuals who handed him a folder of documents.2110 Behrends 

recalled: .. 

Mr. Rohrabacher 's in the middle, across the table from Mr. Kosachev. And the 

meeting's winding down. . . . Mr. Kosachev hands Mr. Rohrabacher a note on a 

piece of paper and says: "Would you be willing to accept sensitive documents?" . 

. . What I remember is the note said that,. "Would you be willing to accept these 

documents?" And Mr. Rohrabacher looked at me and showed me the note. And I 

said: "Okay, sure. " So Mr. Rohrabacher said: 'Okay. 'And then the meeting kind 

of ended, and it was a little awkward. And these two people who we didn't know 

who they were, came up and there was like an introduction. But I didn't know 

who they were. Even if they introduced us by name, I had no context of who these 

people were ... [they were] not in the meeting. They somehow got there as if it 

was prearranged on their side. And these people gave Mr. Rohrabacher the 

folder, and he said: Thank you very much; we'll take a look at it. If we shook 

hands, I don't remember. We may have shook hands. All of it took maybe a 

minute, and then we walked out. But it was a little unusual.2111 · -

(U) Rohrabacher told the Committee that he recalled that the two men who provided the 

documents were from the Russian prosecutor's office, but otherwise could not identify them.2112 

(U) The Committee obtained a copy of the documents that Kosachev and his associates 

provided to Rohrabacher in April 2016.2113 The primary document focuses on a series of 

allegations related to U.S. Magnitsky Act sanctions legislation. The document provided to the 

Congressional delegation following the Kosachev meeting is shorter than the document that 

Natalia Veselnitskaya later used at the June 9, 2016 meeting and is not the same document. 

2101 (U) Ibid 2108 (U) Behrends Tr., p. 35. 2109 (U) Ibid 2110 (U) Ibid, p. 36. 2111 (U) Ibid, pp. 35-36. 2112 Rohrabacher Tr. 

328 
However, the organization and substance of the two documents are similar, and parts of the two 

documents are nearly, or completely, identical. 

b. (U) Natalia Veselnitskaya's Connections to Russian Influence 

Operations 

(U) Natalia Veselnitskaya is a Russian lawyer who previo~sly worked for, and remains 

in contact with, senior individuals in the Russian government. Veselnitskaya has described 

herself as a source of information or "informant" for the Russian government, and as a private 

attome .

2114 The Committee assesses that Veselnitska a has reviousl been involved ml 

2115 

(U) Veselnitskaya.has traveled frequently to the United States, in.part due to her role 

representing the Russian.businessman Denis Katsyv and his Cyprus-based company Prevezon 

Holdings. In 2013, .the U.~. Government alleged that Prevezon Holdings was involved in 

laundering the proceeds of a $230 million Russian tax fraud scheme that involved corrupt 

Russian officials.2116 Veselnitskaya helped represent Prevezon in the case.2117 

2114 (U) SSCI Transcript of the Interview with Natalia Veselnitskaya, March 26, 2018, p. 90; "Russian lawyer who 

met with Kushner Don Jr. admits to bein an informant," NBC News, April 23, 2018. · 2115 

2116 (U) U.S. Attorney's O ice, Sout em District ofNew York, "Manhattan U.S. Attorney Announces Civil 

Forfeiture Complaint Agaiμst Real Estate Corporations Allegedly Involved In Laundering Proceeds Of Russian Tax 

Refund Fraud Scheme," September 10, 2013. In its complaint, DOJ alleged that Prevezon had "laundered these 

fraud proceeds into its real estate holdings, including investment in multiple units of high-end commercial space and 

luxury apartments in Manhattan, and created multiple other corporations, also the subject of forfeiture action, to hold 

these properties." . _ 2117 (U) The $230 million fraud was initially unco~ered by the Russian tax lawyer Sergei Magnitsky. Magnitsky 

had be~n retained by a U.K. ·investment firm, Hermitage Capital, which was targeted by the scheme. According to 

the DOJ's complaint in the Prevezon case, members of the organization of Russian criminals and corrupt 

government officials that perpetrated the scheme then took "illegal actions in order to conceal this fraud and retaliate 

against individuals who attempted to expose it." Verified Complaint, United States v. Prevezon Holdings Ltd, et 

al., Case No. 13-CV-6326 (S.D.N.Y. September 10, 2013). Sergei Magnitsky was one of those individuals. In 2008, 

following his discovery of the fraud, Magnitsky was arrested on false pretenses. According to the Congressional 

Research Service, Magnistky was "denied medical care, family visits, or due legal process while in custody, as well 

as beaten and possibly tortured. He died in prison in November 2009, at the age of37." Following Magnitsky's 

death, his former employer, William Browder, who is an American-born British citizen and the CEO ofHerinitage 

Capital, drew global attention to Magnitsky's death. In 2012 Congress passed the Sergei Magnitsky Rule of Law 

Accountability Act (the "Magnitsky Act"), which after its enactment froze assets and blocked visas for a number of 

Russian individuals, including some who are connected to the government. Dianne Rennack, "The Global 

Magnitsky Human Rights Accountability Act," CRS, June 15, 2018. The Prevezon case was settled with the 

Department of Justice in May 2017 for $5.9 million. U.S. Attorney's Office, Southern Dist.rict ofNew York, 

"Acting Manhattan U.S: Attorney Announces $5.9 Million Settlement of Civil Money Laundering and Forfeiture 

Claims Against Real Estate Corporations Alleged To Have Laundered Proceeds Of Russian Tax Fraud," May 12, 

2017. 

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- On April 30, 2017, upon arrival from Moscow to New York's JFK 

airport,~sclosed that she was traveling with $20,000 in cash.2119 

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(U) Veselnitskaya was also one of the leading Russian nationals in the lobbying effort 

against the Magnitsky Act and its sanctions in the United States. 

(U) In her efforts, Veselnitskaya has had wealthy and powerful Russian supporters. For 

example, in early 2016, Vasiliy Anisimov, a Russian oligarch with ties to Vladimir Putin and ties 

to organized crime, sought to hire Louis Freeh, an American lobbyist and former Director of the 

FBI, to work with Veselnitskaya on the Prevezon case. The connection between Freeh and 

Anisimov was facilitated by Imre Pakh, who also has ties to Russian organized crime.2124 

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(U) Freeh is believed to have held multiple meetings in Moscow; likely in 2016, at least 

one of which included senior Russian government officials, and at least one of which included 

Veselnitskaya. Strategies regarding the Prevezon case and countering the Magnitsky Act were 

discussed at both meetings.2127 · -An ' 

initial meeting in Moscow was attended by Louis Freeh, then-R:ussian 

Prosecutor General Yuri Chaika, the Russian Deputy Prosecutor General, PeterKatsyv, Imre 

Pakh, and the Associate Managing Director at Freeh's firm. 

Two topics were discussed in the meeting. Foremost was the need io resolve the, 

Prevezon litigation. Secondly, the Russian offic:ials stated that the group needed 

"to start figuring out a solution to the Magnitsky Act . .. [At the meeting] either 

Chaika or the Deputy Prosecutor General said Freeh should discuss follow-up 

details with Natalia Veselnitskaya. . . . They added that Freeh should do this 

because "she's one of us" or "she's part of us, " implying she was working for the 

Russian government. 2128 Freeh and the identified Associate Managing Director 

did have a follow-up meeting with Veselnitskaya regarding both the Prevezon 

case and the Magnitsky Act on an undisclosed date and then the two returned to 

the United States. 2129 

I 

(U) Among her other efforts, Veselnitskaya helped establish an organization called the 

Human Rights Accountability Global Initiative Foundation (HRAGI).2130 The Delaware-based 

foun~ation served in part as a platform for the influence campaign against the Magnitsky Act, 

and related sanctions, under the auspices of addressing' a retaliatory adoptions policy ·that was put 

in place by Russia.2131 

(U) Veselnitskaya was involved in the production and promotion of a film that targeted 

the Magnitsky Act and sought to exonerate the Russian government officials who perpetrated the 

$230 million fraud. The film played in Washington, D.C., on June 13, 2016. In her efforts, 

Veselnitskaya significantly interacted with at least one member of Congress, Congressman Dana 

Rohrabacher, both in Washington and in Mo~cow. Veselnitskaya also at various points worked 

2121 (U) Ibid. .. 2128 (U) Likely in early 2017, Freeh met with then-Attorney General Jeff Sessions regarding Freeh's meeting in 

Moscow about the Prevezon case and the Magnits Act. Sessions was re ortedl hesitant to et involved at the 

time. The Prevezon case was settled in Ma 2017. 

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with Glenn Simpson of Fusion GPS, and worked alongside numerous firms related to the 

Prevezon case and related matters, including BakerHostetler, Quinn Emanuel Urauhart & 

Sullivan, and Cozen O'Connor.2132 

(U) In addition to its work on the Magnitsky Act and adoptions, Veselnitskaya's HRAGI 

was intended to have a broader mission to conduct cultural exchanges to improve Russia's image 

in the United States. Such exchanges, while not inherently problematic, have been used by 

Russian NGOs to facilitate· influence operations and recruitment by Russian intelligence 

services.2133 Although HRAGI signed a contract for services related to conducting cultural 

exchanges, that effort never came to fruition, and the organization ultimately ceased 

operations. 2134 

(U) Veselnitskaya's work to counter sanctions legislation in the United States did not 

take place in isolation. The Committee found that she has significant and concerning connections 

to Russian government and· intelligence officials, and has not been forthcoming about those 

relationships. 

2132 (U) Veselnitskaya Tr., pp. 27-30, 72; Akhmetshin Tr., pp. 20-21, 61; SSCI interview with Anatoli 

Samochornov, October 3; 2017, pp. 36-37. For more on Veselnitskaya's work with Simpson, see infra Vol. 5, Sec. 

IV.B. 

2133 

2134 oundation Contract 

an Production); Akhmetshin Tr., p. 94. 213 

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-

-

-

-

-

-

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-

(U) Veselnitskaya told the Committee that she established Kamerton Consulting, a law 

firm, in 2003.2156 According to a press report, Veselnitskaya and Kamerton represented the FSB 

between 2005 and 2013 in a real estate dispute.2157 · 

2156 (U) Vese mts aya Tr., p. 6. 2157 (U) Maria Tsvetkova and Jack Stubbs, "Moscow lawyerwho met Trump Jr. had Russian spy agency as client," 

Reuters, July 21, 2017. · 

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. (U) Veselnitskaya also told the Committee that she represents Aras Agalarov on some 

issues, and has worked for him since 2013 or 2014.2158 According to Kaveladze, "Ms. 

Veselnitskaya represents Crocus in numerous real estate-related, land-related transactions."2159 

(U) Both Agalarov and Veselnitskaya are connected to Petr Katsyv.2160 

(U) Separately, Agalarov and Veselnitskaya both have close ties to Yuri Chaika, who 

until 2020 was Russia's Prosecutor General.2162 While Chaika was in that role Veselnitskaya 

told the Committee that she was in contact with the Prosecutor General's office, and would 

personally brief Chaika.2163 Chaika was a member of President Putin's Security Council, and 

Russian press reports have characterized him as part of part of the security establishment at a 

high level, along with Security Council Secretary Nikolay Patrushev and head of the FSB 

Aleksandr Bortnikov.2164 Chaika likely has been involved in Russian influence activities, and his 

son is sanctioned by the United States.2165 

2158 (U) Veselnitskaya Tr., pp. 83-84. Irakli Kaveladze believed that she did not start representing Crocus until 

after the June 9, 2016, meeting. Kaveladze Tr., p. 82. 2159 (U) Kaveladze Tr., p. 77. 2160 U Samochomov Tr. . 82· Kaveladze Tr. . 79. 

(U) SCO Report, Vol. I, p. 110; Brett Forrest and Paul Sonne, "Russian Lawyer Whom Trump Jr. Met Says She 

Was in Contact With Top Russian Prosecutor," The Wall Street Journal, July 14, 2017; Samochomov Tr., pp. 58-

59. 

2165 (U) Treasury, "Umte States Sanctions Human Rights Abusers and Corrupt Actors Across the Globe," 

December 21, 2017. 2166 

2167 

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(U) On January 8, 2019, the U.S. Department of Justice charged Veselnitskaya with 

obstruction of justice related to the Prevezon case.2171 · 

c. (U) Rinat Akhmetshin 

(U) Rinat Akhmetshin is a Russian-American lobbyist who has worked on a number of 

foreign lobbying efforts, some of which were undertaken with Veselnitskaya. Akhmetshin first 

worked with Veselnitskaya on issues related to the Prevezon case.2172 Akhmetshin also worked 

with Veselnitskaya through HRAGI, which was described previously, and on HRAGl's efforts 

related to countering the Magnitsky Act. Akhmetshin told the Committee that after doing 

research on Browder related to depositions in the Prevezon case, he had the idea to establish 

HRAGI and proposed it to Veselnitskaya and her client in Russia, Katsyv. Akhmetshin said he 

didn't know who the financial backers_ ofHRAGI were, but believed that Katsyv was one of the 

smaller contributors.2173 In testimony to the Committee, Akhmetshin sought to downplay the 

extent and nature of his work for HRAGI.2174 

-

-

-

2171 (U) DOJ, "Russian Attorney Nata ya Vese mts aya Charged With O struction Of Justice In Connection with 

Civil Money Laundering and Forfeiture Action," January 8, 2019. 2172 (U) Akhmetshin Tr., pp. 4, 17-20. 2173 (U) Ibid.pp. 31, 33-34, 39-40; When asked who the HRAGI contributors were, Akhmetshin replied, "I do not 

know. I was given-the director gave me the three names which I put for my form. I asked him for my LDA 

registration I needed some names, which he gave me, and I put them down. I'm not aware of how much was 

contributed and who contributed. I have three names, and Katsyv's among them." The other names or entities 

provided on Akhmetshin's Lobbying Disclosure Act form are: Mikhail Pohomarev, Albert Nasibulin, Vladimir 

Lelyukh and Berry le Trading Inc. Akhmetshin told the Committee he has never filed under the Foreign Agent 

Registration Act. Akhmetshin Tr., p. 40. 2174 (U) Akhmetshin Tr., pp. 32. Akhmetshin's own description of the origins ofHRAGI made clear that it was 

initially conceived as a method for sharing perceived derogatory information regarding William Browder and the 

Magnistky case, and that this is what interested V eselnitskaya and her clients when Akhmetshin proposed 

establishing a foundation. Akhmetshin indicated that Browder and Magnitsky continued to be Katsyv's primary 

motive, and that Katsyv had previously been unaware of the adoption issue. The adoption issue was used for 

outreach to Congress to "target" offices that were engaged on the topic and "to tell the HRAGI story." Following 

the 2016 election, less than a year after HRAGI was established, its funders in Russia lost interest and eventually 

"pulled the plug." Ibid. pp. 28, 38-39, 81-82, 94. 

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(U) The Committee assesses that Akhmetshin has connections to the Russian 

government, a Russian oligarch with ties to Putin, and to Russian intelligence. Ih several cases 

these ties were more extensive than what has previously been publicly known. The Committee 

found that Akhmetshin was not fully forthcoming in his testimony. , , 

2175 

2116 (U) l id. 

2111 (U) Ibid. 2178 (U) Ibid., pp. 35-36 2179 (U) Ibid., p. 37. 

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2180 

2181 

2182 

2183 

2184 

2185 

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(U) Akhmetshin has a history of allegations against him regarding hacking and the 

dumping of stolen information as part of influence operations.2189 

2186 (U) Ibid., p. 47. 2187 (U) Ibid., pp. 48-49. 2188 Akhmetshin Tr., 2189 

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2191 (U) Ibid., p. 40. 

2192 (U) Ibid., p. 41. 

2193 (U) Ibid. 2194 (U) Ibid., p. 37. 2195 (U) Ibid., p. 47. 2196 (U) Treasury, "Magnitsky Sanctions Listings," April 12, 2013; Treasury, "Magnitsky Act-Related 

Designations," December 20, 2017. 

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(U) However, Akhmetshin testified to the Committee that he had never met Manafort in 

person prior to the June 9, 2016 meeting at Trump Tower, but he had known ofManafort due to 

Manafort's work in Ukraine and their mutual relationship with Lanny Wiles.2199 

(U) Akhmetshin has been friends for 15 or 20 years with Sam Patten. Patten, in 2018, 

pleaded guilty to being an unregistered foreign agent.2201 Patten was a close business associate 

of Konstantin Kilimnik, a Russian intelligence officer.2202 Patten testified to the Committee that 

Akhmetshin and Kilimnik have met, without Patten present, possibly more than once. The 

nature of the meeting or meetings between Akhmetshin and Kilimnik, according to Patten, 

related to then-Ukrainian President Viktor Yanukovych visiting New York.2203 Akhmetshin told 

2197 

2200 

2201 (U) Patten Tr., p. 134; Crimina Information, United States v. W Samuel Patten, Case No: 1: l 8-cr-260 (D.D.C. 

August 31, 2018). 2202 (U) For _more information on the relationship between Sam Patten and Konstantin Kilimnik, see infra Vol. 5, 

Sec. III.A. 2203 (U) Patten Tr., p. 141-142. 

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the Committee that he has also known Simpson for many years, and that they ha:ve had mutual 

clients like Prevezon, but they have never worked together.2204 

d. (U) Anatoli Samochornov 

(U) Anatoli Samochomov is arr interpreter. He was born in Russia in)968, and came to 

the United States in 199 ~. He testified to the Committee that he has been interpreting 

professionally since roughly 1997 and has worked as a subcontractor for the Department of 

State, both as a program manager related to the International Visitor Leader~hip Program and as 

an interpreter. Samochomov testified to the Committee that he has never worked for the FBI. 

Samochomov has done some contract work for United Nations (UN) agencies, like UN AIDS 

and UN Women, but has never worked formally for the UN itself.2205 

(U) Samochomov first met Natalia Veselnitskaya and Denis Katsyv in the fall of2015 

when Samochomov was asked to fill in for a colleague to do deposition work related to the 

Prevezon case.2206 In that capacity, Samochomov was interpreting for BakerHostetler and Quinn 

Emanuel Urquhart & Sullivan, two law firms that were hired by the defendants. Following his 

work on the Prevezon case,2207 Samochomov was approached by Veselnitskaya and 

BakerHostetler to continue doing interpreting work for HRAGI, and he accepted.2208 

ii. (U) Origins and Foreknowledge of the June 9, 2016 Meeting 

(U) The effort to plan the June 9, 2016 meeting in Trump ,Tower likely began on June 3, 

2016, and consisted of a phone call from Em.in Agalarov to Rob Goldstone. Goldstone testified 

to the Committee: 

, ' 

On the morning of, I believe it was June 3rd {2016], Emin called me: .. and asked if 

I could possibly contact "the Trumps, " was how he called them, because his 

father had met with a well-connected government lawyer in his office, who had 

some interesting information about illicit Russian funding to the Democrats and 

its candidate; and could I pass that on and get the meeting. . . . I asked him what 

he was talking about, first of all. I said: "Could you articulate, what does that 

mean? Who is this person?" -4nd he says: "It doesn't matter; all you need to do is 

get the meeting. Ike [Kave/adze] will coordinate it. You don 't have to attend. 

And you don't have to report back on it to me. You just have to get a meeting. " 

2204 .(U) Akhmetshin Tr., pp. 96-98. 2205 (U) Samochomov°Tr., pp. 15-16, 9. 2206 (U) Ibid, p. 9. For more information on the Prevezon case, see infra Vol. 5, Sec. ill.C.5.i. 2207 (U) Samochomov Tr., p. 10. 2208 (U) Ibid., p. 17. For more information on the HRAGI case, see infra Vol. 5, Sec. ill.C.5.i. 

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And I simply asked if he could possibly articulate what it was that I was 

supposed to be conveying. And he said again that she was very well-connected 

and she had some potentially damaging information . .. I'm not even sure that he 

said 'she' at that point. He just said "a Russian lawyer. " I again asked: "Who is 

this person?" And he said "Well-connected. " Again, I can be quite flip. I said: 

'Well, connected to what, the power grid? She must be connected to something. ' 

And he said 'Connected. ' And that was it. I pushed a few times on that and that 

was my final answer: The lawyer was well-connected. I then said: "You know, 

this isn't your field of expertise, it isn't my field of expertise, and I'm not 

comfortable. I don't know what you 're asking me to convey. They 're going to 

ask me." And he said again: "There's information, it's potentially damaging to 

the Democrats and Hillary, and I think you should contact the Trumps; my dad 

would really like this meeting to take place. " My final statement on that, I just 

said to him: "I really don't want to do this; I know nothing about politics, you 

don 't, and your father certainly doesn 't. " And he goes: "Please, just ask for the 

meeting. You don't need to do anything else. "2209 

' ; 

(U) Kaveladze, who learned about the planned meeting shortly after Emin Agalarov 

tasked Goldstone, told the Committee that the meeting was'Aras Agalarov's "initiative and 

project" and that Aras Agalarov was "directly and personally involved."221° Kaveladze believed 

that Aras Agalarov was doing a "favor" for "someone" by organizing the meeting.2211 However, 

Kaveladze noted that "[w]hoever contacted Mr. Agalarov Senior, I don't know."2212 Kaveladze 

explained that Emin Agalarov was only involved because Aras Agalarov would not contact 

Goldstone directly, but would instead pass the message through Emin Agalarov.2213 

(U) Emin Agalarov told the Committee that he did not know why, or for whom, his 

father wanted the Trump Tower meeting with Veselnitskaya to be set up, because Emin 

Agalarov had not asked. Emin Agalarov stated that, "When my father asks, I cannot say no to 

him," and that, "He is not the kind of guy you get to ask questions. And I wouldn't .... It 

doesn't matter.· Ifl'm dying, I'm not going to ask him a question."2214 

2209 (U) Goldstone Tr., pp. 157-160. 2210 (U) Kaveladze Tr., pp. 51-55; 83-85. 2211 (U) Ibid, p. 84. Veselnitskaya told the Committee that Aras Agalarov was aware of her work and its 

connection to high-level officials in the Russian government. Veselnitskaya Tr., 69-70. 2212 (U) Kaveladze Tr., p. 84. · 2213 (U) Ibid Goldstone similarly told the Committee that he was "never" tasked directly by Aras Agal.arov, but 

would be asked to do things through a "chain of command" that either went through assistants, or through Emin · 

Agalarov. Goldstone Tr., pp. 221-222. 

•

2214 (U) E. Agalarov Tr., pp. 50, 58-59. 

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(U) Later on June 3, 2016, after the phone call with Emin, Goldstone emailed to Donald 

Trump Jr. with the subject line "Russia - Clinton - private and confidential.221 5 

On Jun 3, 2016. at 10:36 AM, Rob Golds:cne wrote 

Good morning 

Emln just called and asked me to contact you with something very tntcreslmg. 

The Crown prosecutor ol Russia met with his father Aras this morning and in their meeung ottered to provide the Trump campaign with 

some offtcial documents and Information that would incriminate Hillary and her deahngs v11th Russia and would be very useful to your father. 

This is obviously very high level and sensrtIve inlormation but Is part of RusS10 and its governmenrs support tor Mr. Trump · helped along by 

Aras and Emm. Whal do you think Is the best way to handle this 1nformatton and would you be ai:Jle 10 speak to Emm about it directly? 

I can also send this info to your father via Rhona but ll ls ultra sensitive so wanted 10 send to you 11rs! 

Best 

Rob GoldStonc 

(U) Goldstone testified to the Committee that his portrayal of the offer of derogatory 

information being part of "Russia and its government's support for Mr. Trump" was based on his 

general assessment of Russian enthusiasm for Trump.

2216 Goldstone told the Committee that at 

the time he did not have any specific information to indicate that Veselnitskaya was connected to 

the Russian government. Regarding his description of the "Crown prosecutor of Russia," 

Goldstone clarified that: 

[F]ederal prosecutors in England are called "crown prosecutors, " which is how 1 

still refer to them. So when he told me that she was "well-connected," 1 made the 

assumption where she was connected to and that she was probably federal in 

terms of anything else. When 1 put "crown, " 1 was using my English expression 

for a federal prosecutor . ... 1 was inferring that she was working/or the 

government, because when 1 pushed 1 was told she's connected.2211 

(U) Goldstone further explained that he described the information as "ultrasensitive" 

because " if somebody tells me that somebody may have damaging information on a potential 

presidential candidate, I believe it's ultrasensitive, no matter what it is."

2218 

(U) Minutes after Goldstone's email, Trump Jr. responded, suggesting that he speak with 

Emin Agalarov directly and writing "if it's what you say I love it especially later in the 

summer."2219 

2215 (U) Email, Goldstone to Trump Jr., June 3, 2016 (RG00006 l ). 2216 (U) Goldstone Tr., p. 167. 2217 (U) Goldstone Tr., p. 162- 163. 2218 (U) Goldstone Tr., pp. 169. 2219 (U) Email, Trump Jr. to Goldstone, June 3, 2016 (RG000061). 

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From: Donald Trump Jr. 

Subject: Re: Russia • Clinton • private and confidenhal 

D.itc: June 3 , 2016 at 10:53 AM 

To: Rob Goldstone 

I 

ThankS Rob I aweciale that. I am on the road at the moment bul perhaps I Just speak to Emin first. Seems we ha\'e some time and tt it's what 

you R.1Y I love ii especially later 1n the summer Could we do a call first thing next week when I am baek? 

Bes~ 

Don 

(U) Trump Jr. told the Committee that " l love it" is a colloquial expression he frequently 

uses to indicate being in favor of something. Trump Jr. stated that he probably wrote "if it's 

what you say" because he was skeptical. Trump Jr. stated that "[s]eems we have some time" 

indicated that he was not in a rush to meet Goldstone. When asked if it was related to the timing 

of the upcoming general election, Trump Jr. responded, "I don't recall specifically what I was 

thinking at the time." When asked why he indicated that he would love it "especially later in the 

summer," Trump Jr. responded that it was "[b ]ecause I had too much on my plate to deal with it 

at this time." However, Trump Jr. later said, "I don't recall specifically again what I was 

thinking."2220 Trump Jr. also explained that he wanted to speak with Emin first because he had 

received "a rather sensational email from Rob, who r know to be a rather sensational kind of 

guy" and as a result, Trump Jr. "didn't know what to make of it."2221 

(U) Later that day, June 3, 2016, Goldstone emailed Emin Agalarov, telling him that 

Trump Jr. wanted " to speak personally on the issue with you early next week." Emin Agalarov 

replied: "Great."2222 

(U) At some point likely between June 3, 2016, and June 6, 2016, Paul Manafort, who 

was serving as the Campaign's convention manager at the time, recalled that Trump Jr. had told 

him either " in the hall or on the phone" that he "had been contacted by some people who had 

worked with the Trump Organization for the Miss Universe Pageant and they had some 

information that they wanted to share that could be helpful to the campaign."2223 Manafort 

recalled in his interview with the Committee that Trump Jr. had indicated that the businessmen 

were from Azerbaijan.2224 Manafort explained that at the time Trump Jr. informed him of the 

meeting, he warned Trump Jr. that they "usually have an agenda of their own when they're 

2220 (U) Trump Jr. Tr., pp. 92-95. 2221 (U) Ibid., p. 9 I. 2222 (U) Emails, Goldstone and E. Agalarov, June 3, 2016 (RG000061-62). 2223 (U) SSCI Transcript of the Interview with Paul Manafort, July 25, 2017, pp. 6-7. 2224 (U) Ibid. Mana fort has also said that Trump Jr. told him prior to the meeting that the individuals were coming 

from Russia, and that they had derogatory information regarding Hillary Clinton. See FBI, FD-302, Manafort 

9/11/2018. 

348 
COMMITTEE SENSITIVE - RUSSIA INVESTIGATION ONLY 

coming from that part of the world."2225 However, Manafort also recalled that Trump Jr. told 

him that they had ''worked with the Trump Organization and he was comfortable."2226 

(U) Records and testimony indicate a regularly scheduled "Family Meeting," which 

included Trump family members and limited senior Campaign staff.2227 An entry in Manafort's 

calendar indicates that a "Family Meeting" occurred at approximately 9:30 a.m. on the morning 

of June 6, 2016, on the 25th floor of Trump Tower.2228 The meeting was scheduled to take place 

in Trump Jr.' s office. 

(U) Rick Gates, who was serving in a senior position on the Campaign, recalled that at a 

regular morning meeting in the days leading up to the June 9, 2016 meeting, Trump Jr. 

announced that he had a lead on negative information about the Clinton Foundation.2229 Gates 

recalled that Trump Jr. said that the information was coming from a group in Kyrgyzstan and 

that he was introduced to the group by a friend. 2230 Gates recalled that in addition to Trump Jr., 

Eric Trump, Manafort, and Hope Hicks attended the meeting, while Ivanka Trump and Jared 

Kushner joined the meeting late.2231 According to Gates, Manafort warned the group that the 

meeting likely would not yield vital information and they should be careful.2232 

(U) Manafort recalled that, at the Family Meeting on June 6, Trump Jr. reminded 

Manafort of the upcoming June 9, 2016.meeting.2233 Manafort believed that Trump Jr. would not 

have invited Manafort to attend unless Trump Jr. thought the meeting would potentially be 

important. 2234 

(U) Trump Jr. confirmed that there were regular morning meetings of Trump family 

members and senior Campaign staff, though the frequency and attendees could vary. Trump Jr. 

did not recall whether any Family Meeting took place the week of June 6, 2016. Trump Jr. also 

did not recall discussing the Agalarov-related meeting during any meeting.2235 Kushner told the 

222s (U) Ibid. 

2226 (U) Ibid. 

2227 (U) Trump Jr. Tr. II, pp. 26-27; Email, Gates to Trump Jr., et al., June 6, 2016 (TRUMPORG_76_002927-

2940); SCO Report, Vol. I, p. 115. 2228 (U) Calendar, Paul Manafort, June 5-11, 2016 (DJTFP00022338). 2229 (U) SCO Report, Vol. I, p. 115. ' / 

2230 (U) Ibid. 2231 (U) Ibid. Gates sent an email at 9:03 a.m. on June 6, 2016, about a "Family Meeting" that morning. The email 

was sent to Donald Trump Jr., Ivanka Trump, and Eric Trump, and copies Paul Manafort, Corey Lewandowski, 

Hope Hicks, and Jared Kushner. There are several attachments, including an agenda and items related to convention 

speeches. Email, Gates to Trump Jr., et al., June 6, 2016 (TRUMPORG_76_002927-2940) .. 

2232 (U) Ibid. 

2233 (U) FBI, FD-302, Manafort 9/11/2018. 

2234 (U) Ibid. 

2235 (U) Trump Jr. Tr. II, pp. 25-31. 

349 

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COMMITTEE SENSITIVE - RUSSIA INVESTIGATION ONLY 

Committee he remembered that Trump Jr. invited him to the June 9, 2016 meeting, but when 

asked if Trump Jr. told him anything about that meeting prior to it, Kushner said that he did not 

recall.2236 Hope Hicks told the Co~ittee that she did not recall knowing about the meeting 

prior to reading about it in the press.2237 

'\ 

(U) The same day as the Family Meeting, Emin Agalarov emailed Goldstone, asking if 

there was "any news" related to a possible call with Trump Jr.2238 Goldstone replied that there 

was no news yet, explaining that Trump Jr. would likely be available after "Super Tuesday," 

when Trump would be "'crowned' the official nominee."2239 Goldstone told Agalarov he would 

arrange the call with Trump Jr. at that time.2240 

(U) -Later that day, on June 6, 2016, Goldstone emailed Trump Jr., asking him to "[l]et 

me know when you are free to talk with Emin by phone about this Hillary info."2241 Trump Jr. 

responded, asking "could we speak now?"2242 Goldstone replied that he would try to "track him 

[Emin] down in Moscow" and asked what phone number Emin could use for the call. At 3:38 

p.m., Trump Jr. provided his cell phone number.2243 

(U) At 3:43 p.m., Goldstone wrote to Trump Jr., "ok he's on stage in Moscow but should 

be off within 20 Minutes so I am sure can call."2244 At 4:04 p.m., toll records indicate an 

incoming call from a Russian phone number associated with Emin Agalarov connecting for two 

minutes with the phone number Trump Jr. had provided Goldstone.2245 At 4:31 p.m., toll records 

indicate an outgoing call from the Trump Jr. phone number to the same Russian phone number, 

2236 (U) Kushner Tr. II, p. 32. 2237 (U) Hicks Tr., p. 47. 2238 (U) Email, E. Agalarov to Goldstone, June 6, 2016 (RG000063). 2239 (U) Email, Goldstone to E. Agalarov, June 6, 2016 (RG000064). 2240 (U) Ibid 2241 (U) Email, Goldstone to Trump Jr., June 6, 2016 (RG000065). 2242 (U) Email, Trump Jr., to Goldstone, June 6, 2016 (RG000065). 2243 (U) Email, Trump Jr., to Goldstone, June 6, 2016 (RG000066f 2244 (U) Email, Goldstone to Trump Jr., June 6, 2016 (RG000067). 2245 (U) AT&T toll records, Trump Jr. (DJTJR00855). It is not clear whether this was a voice message or a 

connected call. 

350 

COMMITTEE SENSITIVE -RUSSIA INVESTIGATION ONLY 
connecting for three minutes.2246 At 4:38 p.m., Trump Jr. emailed Goldstone, stating only "Rob 

thanks for the help."2247 Goldstone responded, "A pleasure."2248 ; 

(U) Trump Jr. told the Committee that he does not recall speaking with Emin Agalarov 

on the phone in this time period and does not remember either of the calls.2249 Goldstone 

recalled that Emin Agalarov initially did not remember the calls either, but that Agalarov later . 

remembered that the call did happen and noted that it was short. Regarding the content of the 

call or calls, Goldstone said that it was his understanding that "they would speak, and logic 

would tell me that if they would speak they would speak about whatthe meeting was about," but 

he had no specific knowledge of what was said.2250 

(U) Emin Agalarov has publicly described the call with Trump Jr.: "I said, 'Listen, there 

are some people who want to meet you. They obviously want something that could potentially 

help them resolve things that you could be interested in, or maybe not. If you can spare five 

minutes of your time I'd be grateful. If not, no problem.' Obviously, Don Jr. being Don Jr. said, 

'Of course, I'll do it if you're asking me."2251 Agalarov told the Committee he did not remember 

this call.2252 

(U) Separately, on June 6, 2016, Aras Agalarov contacted Kaveladze and asked him to 

fly to New York the following day for an "important meeting."2253 Over the course of several 

calls, Aras Agalarov instructed Kaveladze to contact Veselnitskaya and to meet her in advance of 

the meeting at Trump Tower to go over the topics that would be discussed.2254 Follow~g the 

initial call from Agalarov, Kaveladze called Veselnitskaya to coordinate the date and time of 

th_eir meeting. Kaveladze told the Committee that, at that point, he had riot met or heard of 

Veselnitskaya.2255 

2246 (U) Ibid. On June 6 at 4:27 p.m., the Trump Jr. phone conducted a four-minute call with a blocked number. 

Later, at 8:40 p.m., another eleven-minute call with a blocked number took place. Trump Jr. testified that he does 

not remember the contents of either of the calls with the blocked numbers, or who those calls were with. Trump Jr. 

Tr., pp. 111-112. The Committee was independently able to determine the identity of the two individuals involved 

in these calls with Trump Jr., and that the calls were likely unrelated to the meeting requested by Emin Agalarov. 

See AT&T Response to SSCI Subpoena, December 14, 2018 (ATTSSCIO000l). 2247 (U) Email, Trump Jr. to Goldstone, June 6, 2016 (DJTJR00445). 2248 (U) Email, Goldstone to Trump Jr., June 6, 2016 (DJTJR00445). 2249 (U) Trump Jr. Tr., pp. 100-103, 114. 2250 (U) Goldstone Tr., pp. 181-182. , 2251 (U) HBO, "We spoke to Emin Agalarov about a conversation Donald Trump Jr. claimed to have forgotten," 

Vice News, July 10, 2018. 2252 (U) E. Agalarov Tr., pp. 52-54. Agalarov told the Committee, "I do not deny that it could have happened. And 

if it happened, this is exactly what I would say." Ibid. p. 54. 2253 (U) Kaveladze Tr., p. 52. 2254 (U) Kaveladze Tr., pp. 51-53, 58, 66. 2255 (U) Kaveladze Tr., p. 52. 

351 
(U) On June 7, at 12:44 p.m., the same Russian phone number previously identified as 

being associated with Emin Agalarov called Trump Jr. for two minutes.2256 Trump Jr. said he 

had no recollection of that call. 2257 

(U) Later on June 7, Goldstone emailed Trump Jr. to tell him that "Emin asked that I 

schedule a meeting with you and The Russian government attorney who is flying over from 

Moscow for this Thursday."2258 Goldstone stated, "I believe you are aware.of the meeting - and 

so wondered if 3pm or later on Thursday works for you?"2259 About an hour later, Trump Jr. 

· replied to Goldstone, offering "3 at our offices" for the meeting.2260 ·Goldstone replied, stating 

"Perfect ... I won't sit in on the meeting, but will bring them at 3pm and introduce you etc." 

Goldstone also noted that he would send the names of "the two people meeting with you for 

security when I have them later today."2261 Trump Jr. responded that it "will likely be Paul 

Manafort (campaign boss) my brother in law and me."2262 

(U) During his calls with Aras Agalarov on the previous day, Kaveladze was told that 

the meeting would be with "Trump people," but that he was given no specifics regarding who 

would attend.2263 Initially, Kaveladze thought the meeting would be about business, and was 

surprised when, on June 7, Aras Agalarov called and informed him that the meeting would be 

about the Magnitsky Act.2264 Kaveladze testified to the Committee that he was further confused 

after receiving an email from Goldstone explaining that they would be meeting with Trump Jr., 

as well as Manafort and Kushner, who Kaveladze assessed to be "highly positioned 

individuals."2265 Kaveladze recalled suggesting to Aras Agalarov multiple times that because 

Veseinitskaya is a lawyer, they should be meeting with other lawyers.2266 

(U) Kaveladze explained that he was confused by the level at which the meeting was 

taking place. Because of this confusion, Kaveladze recalled calling Beniaminov on June 7 to 

find out more information. Kaveladze testified that he asked Beniaminov: 

2256 (U) AT&T toll records, Trump Jr. (DJTJR00855). 2257 (U) Trump Jr. Tr., p. 102-103. 2258 (U) Email, Goldstone to Trump Jr., June 7, 2016 (RG000068). 

2259 (U) Ibid 2260 (U) Ibid; Goldstone emailed Irakli Kaveladze and Natalia Veselnitskaya, including Emin Agalarov, to confirm 

that the meeting was set for June 9, 2016, at 3:00 p.m. See Email, Kaveladze to Veselnitskaya and Emin, June 7, 

2016 (RG000070). 2261 (U) Email, Goldstone to Trump Jr., June 7, 2016 (RG000069). 2262 (U) Email, Trump Jr. to Goldstone, June 7, 2016 (RG000071). 2263 (U) Kaveladze Tr., p. 53. 2264 (U) Ibid, pp. 52-53. 2265 (U) Ibid, p. 58. 

2266 (U) Ibid 

352 
COMMITTEE SENSITIVE - RUSSIA INVESTIGATION ONLY 

_ "Roman, what's happening? Why are we meeting with these people to discuss 

Magnitsky law?" [Roman's] response was he believes there's some negative 

information on Hillary Clinton, [Veselnitskaya] 's bringing some negative 

information on Hillary Clinton. And that was completely inconsistent with what 

I'd heard before. 2267 

(U) Kaveladze told the Committee that this was the first time he had heard that the 

meeting would be about "negative information" on Clinton, and that it "kind of scared the hell· 

out ofme."2268 According to Kaveladze, Beniaminov had learned this information from 

Goldstone.2269 

(U) Kaveladze said that, on June 7, he strongly suggested to.-Aras Agalarov, again, that 

they meet with Donald Trump's attorneys, rather than the Campaign leadership, but he did not 

raise the derogatory information regarding Hillary Clinton.2270 At some point, on June 7 or June 

8, Kaveladze received an email with a four-page document which was a synopsis, in Russian, of 

what the meeting would be about.2271 The document contained a series of allegations regarding 

the Magnitsky Act, Bill Browder, the Ziff brothers and donations to the Democratic party.2272 

According to Kaveladze, the document also contained the allegation that some of these actors 

could be financing Clinton's campaign as well. The document was sent to Kaveladze by an 

associate of Aras Agalarov, potentially a secretary.2273 

(U) Veselnitskaya told the Committee that her primary motivation was to get the U.S. 

Congress to investigate Browder and the basis for the Magnitsky Act.2274 In that effort, 

2267 (U) Ibid., p. 60. 

226s (U) Ibid. . 2269 (U) Ibid., pp. 60--61. Beniaminov testified that while he did generally hear about the June 9, 2016 meeting from 

Goldstone prior to it taking place, regarding pre-meeting communications with Kaveladze, Beniaminov said, "I 

don't recall any. That is not to say that they didn't happen. I don't particularly recall." Beniaminov Tr., p. 228-

229. 

2270 (U) Kaveladze Tr., pp. 55-56. 2271 (U) Ibid., pp, 62-63. 2272 (U) The Ziff brothers are American investors. See Juliet Chung, "Ziff Brothers Investments Set to Gradually 

Close U.S. Hedge Fund," Wall Street Journal, October 31, 2013. 2273 (U) Kaveladze Tr., pp. 62--63. The Committee showed Kaveladze a similar document, written in English and 

dated May 31, 2016, which was published by Foreign Policy just two days before his interview. See Elias Groll, 

"Here's the Memo the Kremlin-Linked Lawyer Took to the Meeting with Donald Trump Jr.," Foreign Policy, 

October 16, 2017. Kaveladze testified: "It sure looks like it. Yes, it's definitely very close to what I read in 

Russian." Ibid., pp. 62--63, 65. 2274 (U) Veselnitskaya Tr., p. 31. Kaveladze told the Committee, "The Russian government was trying to repeal the 

act as well. My understanding was that certain important people got sanctioned under that Act and goverrμnent was 

353 

COMMITTEE SENSITIVE - RUSSIA INVESTIGATION ONLY 
COMMITTEE SENSITIVE -RUSSIA INVESTIGATION ONLY 

Veselnitskaya was 'looking for help developing contacts in the United States who could assist her 

campaign. She told the Committee, "In one of those conversations with some other client of 

mine-the name of the other client was Mr. Aras Agalarov-he mentioned, he said: Well, let's 

try."2275 

(U) Veselnitskaya told the Committee: 

I know that Aras Agalarov knows that I'm involved in a number of investigations; 

that it's been·quite a long time that I've been involved in the investigation into 

Mr. Browder; that those investigations, they are subject to the confidence of some 

high-level authorities of both the Russian Federation and some other countries. I 

· told to Aras that; I reported about this case and about this story; I reported 

personally to the prosecutor general of the Russian Federation, that he received 

me:2216 · 

-(U) Additionally, Veselnitskaya claimed: 

[N]obody told me that I was going to meet Trump campaign, 2277 and I never 

asked anybody for that. . . . The point was about a private meeting with a friend 

of my client's son, that's all . . . . I don't know exactly who was the one who 

agreed the particular date and place. But what I was told, correspondingly, Aras, 

my client, when he reacted to my request to think about how he might help me, 

with whom he might introduce me to in the United States, he gave me the contact 

details of an individual in the United States, Mr. Irakli Kave/adze. He is a 

Russian speaker. 2278 

(U) Veselnitskaya told the Committee that, over the course of s·everal days in late May or 

early June, she spoke to Kaveladze several times. She stated: 

When I was told that there is a chance for a meeting, I prepared a memo four 

pages long, just in case if I would not be granted a visa and there would be no 

chance for me to travel or, let's say, if there would be no need for a personal 

trying and lobbying to try to repeal that Act, and she was trying, for [Katsyv], so there was an exchange and 

cooperation going on." Kaveladze Tr., p. 81. - 2275 (U) VeselnitskayaTr., p. 31. \. 2276 (U) Ibid, pp. 69-70. It is unclear, from the transcript, who "he" refers to in the final sentence of the quote .. 

From context, "he" may refer to Aras Agalarov or Donald Trump Jr.; however the Committee has no further 

information. 

2277 (U) Samochomov recalled in an interview that Veselnitskaya was excited for the meeting and treated it as a 

special event. FBI, FD-302, Samochomov 7/13/2017. 2278 (U) Veselnitskaya Tr., pp. 33-34. 

354, 

COMMITTEE SENSITIVE - RUSSIA INVESTIGATION ONLY 
meeting and it would be just enough to provide the information. For those cases, 

I prepared kind of a memo. So in principle, I was even willing to just send over 

the memo. 2279 

(U) Early on the morning of June 8, 2016, Kushner emailed his assistant, stating "Lets 

[sic] try to get time this am to map out how I get my schedule back this week - too many nonessential meetings and I need time to do some things pro-active."2280 In particular, Kushner 

asked his assistant to "discuss with me a 130 meeting today at Trump Tower and then a 3pm tom 

with donjr."2281 When asked ifhe had discussed the upcoming June 9, 2016, meeting with his 

assistant Kushner testified that he did not recall.2282 

(U) Later in the day on June 8, Goldstone received an email from Kaveladze, explaining 

that Kaveladze had spoken to Veselnitskaya and that she was scheduled to be in court on the 

morning of June 9, and requested that the meeting be moved to 4:00 p.m., so as to not be late.2283 

On June 8, at 10:34 a.m., Goldstone emailed Trump Jr. to request that the meeting be 

rescheduled for 4:00 p.m. to accommodate the "Russian attorney."2284 At 11:15 a.m., Trump Jr. 

responded, "Yes Rob I could do that unless they wanted to do 3 today instead ... just let me 

know and ill lock it in either way.2285 Ultimately, Goldstone and Trump Jr. agreed to meet on 

June 9, 2016, at 4:00 p.m.2286 

(U) Shortly after this exchange, Goldstone emailed Trump Jr. again about the Russian 

social media platform VK. Goldstone wrote that he had been to Moscow recently and had "met 

with the head of marketing for Russia's largest social media network VK."2287 Goldstone stated 

that "the subject of Russian American voters in the USA came up" and that the VK head of ·. 

marketing "is keen to set up a Trump Campaign VOTE page on VK" whfoh would he targeted at 

Russian and CIS voters in the United States and would "surely secure their·votes."2288 Goldstone 

attached a VK "mock up" page displaying Trump's image and several of his public comments 

2279 (U) Ibid, pp. 34-35. 2280 (U) Email, Kushner to Vargas, June 8, 2016 (NSSCIO00000lO). 2281 (U) Email, Kushner to Vargas, June 8, 2016 (NSSCIO00000I 1). 2282 (U) Kushner Tr., p. 38. 2283 (U) Email, Kaveladze to Goldstone, June 8, 2016 (RG000072). 2284 (U) Email, Goldstone to Trump Jr., June 8, 2016 (RG000073). 2285 (U) Ibid 2286 (U) Email, Trump Jr. to Goldstone, June 8, 2016 (RG000074). 2287 (U) Email, Goldstone to Trump Jr., June 8, 2016 (RG000075-76). 2288 (U) Ibid. CIS likely refers to Commonwealth oflndependent States. 

355 
inserted into the profile. Goldstone said he would bring a print out the following day.2289 The 

Committee did not identify any email response to Goldstone' s message. 

(U) After agreeing to move the time of the meeting back one hour at Goldstone's 

request, Trump Jr. emailed Kushner and Manafort, forwarding the entirety of his email thread 

with Goldstone about arranging the meeting.2290 

To; 

Manafort 

From: 

Sent: Wed 6/8/2016 12:02:35 PM 

Importance: Normal 

Subject: FW: Russia - Clinton - private and confidential 

MAIL_RECEIVED: Wed 6/8/201.6 12:02:40 PM 

Meeting got moved to 4 tomorrow at my offices. 

Best, 

Don 

Paul 

(U) Kushner told the Committee that he "didn't have time to read every email" and that 

he did not recall reading the subject line of the email, which read "FW: Russia - Clinton - private 

and confidential."2291 Manafort responded to Trump Jr.'s email, writing only "[s]ee you 

then."2292 Manafort told the Committee that he did not read the chain of earlier messages 

between Goldstone and Trump Jr. 2293 Manafort told the Committee: 

I never got any of those emails until the last one with the time change, which was 

all that was relevant to me. If I had read down that I would have told him he 

shouldn't do the meeting, or I would have talked to our legal counsel and asked, 

is this appropriate, something like that. . . . In other words, I don't know what a 

"crown prosecutor" is, but I wouldn't have told him to do a meeting with a 

government, any government official, unless legal had vetted it.2294 

2289 (U) Ibid The introductory nature of Goldstone's email suggests that the initial connection to Scavino in 

January 2016 had not progressed. Goldstone's email again included a basic message from Sidorkov at VK, though 

this one also contained a sample VK page for Donald Trump that Sidorkov had sent to Goldstone. Ibid 2290 (U) Email, Trump Jr. to Kushner and Manafort, June 8, 2016 (NSSCI00000014). 2291 (U) Kushner Tr., pp. 40-41; Statement of Jared C. Kushner to Congressional Committees, July 24, 2017. 2292 (U) Email, Manafort to Trump Jr., June 8, 2016 (DJTFP000l 1895). 2293 (U) Manafort did receive the full chain of emails, but the documents provided to the Committee do not indicate 

whether or not he read the prior emails. Ibid. 2294 (U) Manafort Tr., p. 30. 

356 

COMMITTEE SENSITIVE -RUSSIA INVESTIGATION ONLY 
(U) The Committee sought to understand the extent of Trump's foreknowledge of the 

June 9, 2016, meeting, if any. 

(U) On June 7, several days after Goldstone's offer of information to Trump Jr. and 

several hours after Trump Jr. confirmed the June 9, 2016 meeting with Goldstone, then-candidate 

Trump publicly stated, "I'm going to give a major speech on probably Monday of next week and 

we're going to be discussing all of the things that have taken place with the Clintons. I think 

you're going to find it very informative and very, very interesting."2295 That speech did not 

happen as scheduled. 

(U) Stephen Miller, who worked on the Campaign, told the Committee that the speech 

referenced by Trump may have been postponed due to the Pulse nightclub shooting in Florida. 

According to Miller, the speech that was originally planned for Monday, June 12, later took 

place at the Trump SoHo hotel.2296 Miller recalled working. on the speech, an:d said that it was 

heavily based off of the book "Clinton Cash," and was not based on anything Russia-related.2297 

This is consistent with Trump's written answers to questions from the SCO. The SCO "did not 

find evidence that the original idea for the speech was connected to the anticipated June 9 

meeting or that the change of topic was attributable to the failure of that meeting to produce 

concrete evidence about Clinton."2298 · 

(U) Michael Cohen testified to the Committee that he was present m Trump's office 

when Trump Jr. came into the office and, in a manner that was uncommon, walked toward the 

back of Trump's desk and leaned over and quietly said, "The meeting. It's all set."2299 Cohen 

recalled that Trump replied, "Okay. Keep me posted."230° Cohen has also said that, "Trump Jr.· 

said to Trump that he was setting up a meeting in order to get dirt on Hillary Clinton." Cohen 

said that Trump responded with words to the effect of, "That's great. Let me know."2301 

2295 (U) Daniel Halper, "Trump to Give Major Hillary Speech Monday," Washington Examiner, June 7, 2016. 2296 (U) On June 22, 2016, then-candidate Trump delivered a speech at the Trump Soho Hotel that fits Miller's 

general description. Benjy Sarlin and Alex Seitz-Wald, "Donald Trump Tries to Reset Race With Hillary Clinton 

Onsiaught," NBC News, June 22, 2016. This topic is additionally addressed in President Trump's written responses 

to questions from the SCO. SCO Report, Appendix C, C-11-15. . 2297 (U) SSCI Transcript of the Interview with Stephen Miller, June 15, 2018, pp. 79-80. 2298 (U) SCO Report, Vol. I, p. 116. Jared Kushner said that he did not have any information on why the speech was 

planned at that time, nor did he have any information about how the speech would focus on the Clintons. Kushner 

also did not recall working on any such speech, but said that if there was a speech like that he probably would have 

known about it. When asked if the speech had any relationship to Goldstone telling Trump ir. that he would be 

receiving incriminating information about Clinton, Kushner said that he did not know. Kushner Tr. II, pp. 39-40. 2299 (U) Cohen Tr. II, p. 9. 2300 (U) Cohen Tr. II, p. 9. 2301 (U) FBI, FD-302, Cohen 8/7/2018. 

357 
COMMITTEE SENSITIVE - RUSSIA INVESTIGATION ONLY 

(U) Cohen testified to the Committee that he recalled that other people were in the office , 

at the time, but could not recall who, and that it seemed as if Trump Jr. was trying to keep the 

meeting a secret.2302 Cohen said that, at the time, he did not know what meeting Trump Jr. was 

referring to, and did not ask because he did not feel it was appropriate.2303 Cohen testified that it 

was only after he saw news reports regarding the June 9, 2016 meeting that he made the 

connection to the exchange between Trump Jr. and Trump. Cohen believed Trump Jr. was 

referring to the June 9, 2016 meeting, but Cohen referred to his belief as "speculation. "2304 

Cohen has stated that the interaction between Trump Jr. and his father took place in early June 

2016, but the timing of what Cohen remembers remains somewhat unclear.2305 

~ . 

(U) Trump Jr. told the Committee he did not recall informing his father of efforts by the 

Agalarovs to arrange a meeting during the campaign, and believed Trump first learned of the 

June 9, 2016 meeting in July 2017.2306 Kushner testified that he did not have reason to believe 

that Trump Jr. had informed Trump of the meeting prior to it taking place.2307 

(U) Paul Manafort's calendar for June 9, 2016, shows that he was scheduled to meet with 

Trump at 10:30 a.m.2308 Similarly, President Trump stated in response to written questions from 

2302 (U) Cohen Tr. II, 8-11. 2303 (U) Cohen Tr. II, pp. 11-12. 2304 (U) Cohen Tr. II, pp. 8. 2305 (U) On August 7, 2018, Michael Cohen told the SCO that the exchange between Trump Jr. and Trump occurred 

on June 6 or June 7, 2016. SCO Report, Vol. I, p. 115. On February 27, 2019, Cohen told the U.S. House of 

Representatives' Committee on Oversight and Reform that the exchange happened "probably in early June 2016." 

House Committee on Oversight and Reform Transcript of the Interview with Michael Cohen, February 27, 2019. 

However, on February 26, 2019, the day before his House testimony, Cohen told this Committee that he did not 

recall when the interaction took place. Cohen Tr. II, pp. 9-10, 375. The Committee was unable to resolve this 

discrepancy. · - ' 2306 (U) Trump Jr.'s level of insight regarding his father's knowledge during the campaign is unclear. He told the 

Committee that during the campaign, contact with Trump "could be anywhere from a couple times a day to not 

speaking for a week. It really depended. But like I said, once things got into full motion, I wasn't with him very 

often. And I didn't need to speak to him. He's not a small-talk kind of guy. So I knew what I needed to do, he 

knew what he needed to do, and we executed those roles. But you don't call my dad to say 'Hey, what's up?' in the 

midst of everything that's going on. That's just not what he's into." Trump Jr. Tr., pp. 26-27. Steve Bannon, who 

was an informal advisor to the Trump campaign at the time, has been quoted as saying that there was no chance 

Donald Trump Jr. didn't take the meeting participants to meet his father while they were in Trump Tower. Tucker 

Higgins, "Steve Bannon says he's certain that Trump met with Russians who were at Trump Tower in 2016," 

CNBC, January 3, 2018. When asked about that statement Bannon did not deny saying it, but told the Committee 

that he did not know if Donald Trump Jr. made the introduction to his father and had no additional information on 

the topic. Bannon Tr., p. 36. 2307 (U) Kushner Tr. II, p. 37. 2308 (U) Calendar, Manafort, June 5-11, 2016 (DJTFP00022328). 

358 
the SCO, "My desk calendar indicates I was scheduled to meet with Paul Manafort on the 

morning of June 9, but I do not recall if that meeting took place."2309 

(U) Manafort told the Committee that he never spoke to Trump about the June 9, 2016 

meeting.2310 According to the SCO, Manafort also did not recall "anyone informing candidate 

Trump of the meeting, including Trump Jr."2311 Trump's written responses to questions from the 

SCO state, "I have no recollection of learning at the time that Donald Trump Jr., Paul Manafort, 

or Jared Kushner was conside,ring participating in a meeting in J~ne 2016 concerning potentially 

negative information about Hillary Clinton."2312 

(U) The Campaign participants in the June 9, 2016 meeting, who were senior officials on 

the Campaign, each took the time to participate in the meeting, even after it was rescheduled the 

day before and despit~ their purportedly busy schedules. The Committee sought to understand 

why they prioritized the meeting. 

(U) Kushner testified that the campaign was fast-paced, that his schedule was very full, 

and that the volume of incoming emails and meeting requests was a challenge.2313 Similarly, 

Manafort told the Committee that his "schedule was totally full, from like 7:00 in the morning to 

late at night. And there were no meetings setting up meetings. It was me just going from 

meeting to meeting to meeting based on subject matter."2314 

(U) Both Kushner and Manafort testified to the Committee that they attended the 

meeting on June 9, 2016, because Trump Jr. invited them. Kushner testified that, "If Don asks 

me, then I would do it, 100 percent," and said that he would attend all meetings that Don Jr. 

invited him to.2315 Manafort testified that Trump Jr. often set up meetings for the Campaign, "He 

would typically say, these people might be helpful; let's meet with them and you figure it 

out."2316 

(U) Manafort told the Committee: 

Well, as has been reported, I have some experience in that part of the world 

[Russia and the former Soviet Union]. If they were going to be coming.from 

Azerbaifan, which is-even though Don said they worked in Moscow, I assumed 

2309 (U) SCO Report, Appendix C, C-14. 2310 (U) Manafort Tr., p. 27. 23 11_(0) SCO Report, Vol. I, p. 116. 2312 (U) Ibid, Appendix C, C-13. 2313 (U) Kushner Tr., pp. 41--42. 2314 (U) Manafort Tr., pp. 9-10. 2315 (U) Kushner Tr., p. 39; Kushner Tr. II, p. 40. 2316 (U) Manafort Tr., p. 7. 

359 
COMMITTEE SENSITIVE - RUSSIA INVESTIGATION ONLY 

they were coming.from Azerbaijan- they probably had an agenda. What it was I 

had no idea. But Don vetted them really, as far as I was concerned, when he said 

that they worked for the [Trump] Organization. So my experience when Don had 

asked me to meet with people up to that point was very positive. So I-in the end, 

I didn't know why they'd be coming all the way from Azerbaijan to give us 

information helpful to the campaign. 2317 

(U) Despite having advance knowledge of the upcoming meeting with Donald Trump Jr, 

that meeting was omitted from Paul Manafort's calendar as of the morning of June 9, 2016.2318 

(U) When asked why the June 9, 2016 meeting warranted the time of three senior 

members of a Campaign, including its chairman, Kushner testified that it was "not uncommon" 

for the senior Campaign staff to be in each other's meetings, and to 'jump in and out all the time 

ofdifferent meetings."2319 Regarding the day-ahead rescheduling request, Kushner told the 

Committee that, "My schedule was always something that was in flux. We were always moving. 

You move something back, you move something forward. That's just how it would happen. "2320 

(U) Despite the Campaign being very busy, and Trump Jr. being unsure of the 

information, Trump Jr. testified that he thought it was worth it to include Kushner and Manafort 

in the·meeting to hear the Russian lawyer out. Trump Jr. told the Committee that, "ifwe were in 

the same place, in the same building at the same time, it would be common practice to say: 'Hey, 

this is going on now; maybe drop by.' Paul obviously had a lot more experience in this stuff 

than I did."2321 When asked what "this stuff' referred to, Trump Jr. told the Committee, 

"Campaigns generally. He was the campaign manager. I thought we should listen and then we 

could decide what, if anything, to do."2322 

(U) Kushner testified to the Committee that the Campaign took many different kinds of 

meetings: 

2317 (U) Ibid, pp. 16-17. 2318 (U) Email, Hagan to Manafort and Gates, June 9, 2016 (DJ1FP00022347-22349). 2319 (U) Kushner Tr., p. 36. 2320 (U) Kushner Tr. II, p. 33. 2321 (U) Trump Jr. Tr., p. 123. Michael Cohen told the Committee that, in his opinion: "The reason why Jared and 

Manafort were in that meeting is because Mr. Trump would never have allowed Junior to be in that meeting by 

himself. Mr. Trump was very quick to tell everybody that he thinks Don Jr. has the worst judgement of anyone he's 

ever met in the world. And I can assure you that when that meeting, conversation, took place, that Mr. Trump 

turned around and said: Make sure that Jared and Paul are part of the meeting. Because he would never let Don Jr. 

handle that meeting by himself." Cohen Tr. II, p. 376; Cohen's statement is notable only because of the access-he 

had to the individuals involved, including Trump, at the time of meeting. The Committee did not find information 

that corroborate's Cohen's statement, and did find information that contradicts it. · 2322 (U) Trump Jr. Tr., p. 124. 

360 

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Some meetings that we expected would be worthless turned out to be phenomenal 

and some of the meetings we thought would be phenomenal turned out to be 

worthless. But we figured it out at the end of the day. And we, I think again, by 

running a very entrepreneurial campaign, we looked at a lot of different things 

and then tried to come up with new ways to make things happen. 2323 

iii. (U) The Events of June 9, 20162324 

(U) On the morning of June 9, 2016, Anatoli Samochomov, the interpreter, met 

Veselnitskaya at her hotel in New York. During their drive downtown, Samochomov learned 

that they would be meeting with Trump Jr. later in the day, and that Veselnitskaya had asked 

Rinat Akhmetshin to join the meeting. Veselnitskaya, who was on a phone call, handed 

Samochomov one of her phones and asked him to translate and transcribe a text message, which 

she dictated, asking that Akhmetshin be added to the meeting. Samochomov did not' know to 

whom the text message was being sent.2325 

(U) Samochomov told the Committee: 

I wasn't told anything. I was only told: I have a meeting with Donald Trump 

Junior. It was a pretty busy day because between the appellate court and the 

meeting, that really-there wasn't sort of a lot of time for social chit-chat kind of 

thing. So it was really busy. And she tended to work on-she had several phones, 

so she tended to work her phones quite extensively, and calling to Russia. So very 

often she did her thing and I was with her, but I was on my phone. Kind of we 

were not engaged in any kind of conversation. So in the car ride, I remember that 

that was when I learned that there was going to be a meeting, and I remember 

typing the message to add Mr. Akhmetshin .... ·sometimes she would tell mewhat 

would be the schedule. Other times she would just ask me to come at 9:00 a.m. at 

the hotel and I would not know the specific agenda. And her schedule changed a 

lot. That particular day, I was just told to come for a specific time, specific 

place.2326 

2323 (U) Kushner Tr., p. 37. 2324 (U) As previously noted;there are significant discrepancies in the memories of the participants in the June 9, 

2016, meeting on a range of issues, including basic facts like who was present and what language was spoken. The 

Committee was often unable to reconcile ~hese numerous discrepancies; in part due to a lack of documentary 

evidence. Where possible the Comm1ttee has endeavored to note the inconsistencies; 2325 (U) Samochomov Tr., pp. 44--48. 2326 (U) Samochomov Tr., pp. 46--47. 

361 
COMMITTEE SENSITIVE - RUSSIA INVESTIGATION ONLY 

(U) Samochornov said he was surprised when he was informed that they would be 

meeting with Truinp Jr., and that it was "unusual."2327-

(U) Separately, on the morning of June 9, Akhmetshin took the Acela Amtrak train from 

Washington, D.C., to New York City. He told the Committee he planned to be in New York to 

attend a play. After checking in at his hotel, he remembered receiving a call from Veselnitskaya 

asking him to join her for lunch.2328 According to Akhmetshin, "She said, 'can' you come?' I 

knew that-she said: 'I want to discuss something importan~.' 1)1e fact that she didn't say it on 

the phone, I thought that was something that was important and I understood, and I came."2329 

(U) Samochornov told the Committee that Veselnitskaya wanted to go to a particular 

restaurant, which is close to Trump Tower, for lunch.2330 At the lunch they were joined by Irakli 

Kaveladze and possibly Akhmetshin.2331 It was Samochornov's understanding that Kaveladze 

was meeting the other participants for the first time, and that he worked for Russian asso_ciates of 

Trump and Trump's family.2332 c 

(U) Kaveladze's flight to New York arrived around 7:00 a.m. on June 9, and after 

checking in at his hotel, he waited for the lunch with Veselnitskaya. The Trump Tower meeting, 

and the lunch meeting prior to it, was the only purpose for Kaveladze's trip to New York. At the 

lunch, Kaveladze was primarily concerned with reviewing the updated meeting materials that 

had been emailed to him by an associate of Aras Agalarov. He recalled: 

[Veselnitskaya] was I believe 40 minutes late. She was pretty late for the meeting 

[at the restaurant]. ... I know we had a very limited amount of time because, 

according to Mr. [Aras] Agalarov, she·would have some more detailed 

presentation and I needed time to study it. . . . So I was a bit nervous that we 're 

not going to have much time to read it because she was running late. Eventually 

she showed up. She showed up with a translator, which was news to me. I 

thought I would be a translator during the meeting. A gentleman named Anatoli 

Samochornov. Then she gave me some documents and pages and gave me 10 

minutes to 15 minutes to study it, which I studied, and it was a detailed version of 

2327 (U) Ibid, p. 48. 2328 (U) Akhmetshin Tr., pp. 24-25. 2329 (U) Ibid, p. 49. 2330 (U) Multiple participants recalled the lunch meeting talcing place at Nello, a restaurant in New York. 2331 (U) Kaveladze had a specific memory of meeting Akhmetshin after lunch, on the way to Trump Tower, but not 

at the restaurant. However, Akhmetshin had a specific memory of meeting the group at the restaurant. 

Akhmetshin's recollection is consistent with Samochomov's. 2332 (U) Samochomov Tr., pp. 48-50. 

362 

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that initial. There was no new information, which kind of calmed me down 

because I realized there's none of those bad things which I was afraid o/2333 · 

(U) Kaveladze said that the "bad things" that he was concerned about related to the 

"negative information on Hillary Clinton" that he had heard of from Beniaminov. However, 

Kaveladze said the updated document was about the Magnitsky Act and contained more details 

about William Browder, not about Clinton.2334 Kaveladze recalled that the document he reviewed · 

was 10-11 pages and was written in Russian.2335 

(U) Akhmetshin remembered arriving at the restaurant as the others were finishing, and 

spent approximately 20 minutes there. He recalled an interact~on with Veselnitskaya at the 

restaurant: , 

And she tells me: "Guess what? I'm going to 'see Trump Junior. " I said: "Wow. " 

I was surprised that she was able to get it. Then she said: "What do you think I 

should tell him?" And I tell her this whole-throughout the primaries there's a 

· big-already the issue ofUS.-Russia relations, and there was a lot of-Hillary 

was obviously very negative about this stuff, and then he seems to say good 

things. I said that Magnitsky is perfect for this. I thought that to make Magnitsky 

as a campaign issue would be interesting. It really wouldn 't take-it took me a 

few hours to figure this o.ut. Just anyone could start looking at how this whole 

thing came together and figure it out, that it's a fabrication. And it would be 

easy, low-hanging fruit-adoption. 2336 

(U) Akhmetshin felt that he did not need to review the documents that Veselnitskaya 

brought with her because he assumed that they covered issues that he had heard Veselnitskaya 

discuss previously, and believed he was already familiar with the documents' contents.2337 He 

believed that the documents were written in English. It was Akhmetshin's assumption that 

Veselnitskaya planned to distribute these documents at the upcoming meeting.2338 

2333 (U) Kaveladze Tr., pp. 68-70. 2334 (U) Kaveladze Tr., pp. 70, 72. 2335 (U) Senate Judiciary Committee Transcript of the Interview with Irakli Kaveladze, November 3, 2017. 2336 (U) Although Akhmetshin seemed to suggest that the linkage between Clinton and Magnitsky themes originated 

with him at the lunch, this is inconsistent with timing of the meeting materials prepared on May 31, 2016, which ' 

already mentioned the Clinton Campaign. Akhmetshin Tr., pp. 50-51. 2337 (U) Regarding the source ofVeselnitskaya's information, Akhmetshin told the·Committee: "I assume that she. 

used professional help in obtaining this information. There are numerous-I believe that she used-there are many, 

many private intelligence, due diligence firms. My understanding is the majority of information comes from cyber; 

so there are firms who just specialize in cyber, cyber and corporate entities. So I don't think she's capable, although 

I learned not to assume anything these days." Akhmetshin Tr., p. 115. 2338 (U) Akhmetshin Tr., pp. 53-54, 57-58. 

363 

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(U) Samochomov recalled that because everyone at the lunch· spoke Russian, he was not 

needed as an interpreter, but participated in the conversation. He and Akhmetshin both 

remembered that Browder was a focus ·of the lunch.2339 Following lunch the group walked to 

Trump Tower.2340 

(U) At Trump Tower the group met Goldstone.2341 Goldstone was meeting 

Veselnitskaya, Akhmetshin, and Samochomov for the first time. Kaveladze and Goldstone knew 

each other because Kaveladze worked for Aras Agalarov and Goldstone worked for Emin I 

Agalarov, but they were not close. Kaveladze said that Goldstone had previously spoken of 

Goldstone's relationship with, and access to, the Trump family. Given Goldstone's role in 

arranging the 2013 Miss Universe contest in Moscow, which Trump was involved i~, Kaveladze 

believed Goldstone. Kaveladze stated, "Besides, after that email [to Donald Trump Jr.], after 

, what I saw, the three key figures of the Republican Party electoral campaign attending a meeting 

with some strange lawyer, yes, that definitely made me believe in the power of Rob Goldstone, 

believe me."2342 

(U) After very brief introductions in the lobby of Trump Tower, the group, led by 

Goldstone, went through security and up to the 25th floor. Only Goldstone's identification was 

requested.2343 Goldstone did not intend to stay for the meeting, but recalled that after Trump Jr. 

arrived and Goldstone made introductions, "I said: 'I'm leaving.' And he looked at me and he 

goes: 'You don't need to leave; just sit, and you'll take them out at the end,"' and Goldstone 

agreed. 2344 

(U) According to Samochomov: 

I 

There is a lobby and it's kind of a glass wall that separates the lobby from the 

conference room. We were met there in the lobby and ushered into the 

conference room pretty much straightaway. . . . I remember that the room had a 

glass wall and it is a corner room that overlooks Fifth Avenue and 57th Street. 

2339 (U) Ibid., p. 53; Samochornov Tr., p. 50. 2340 (U) Kaveladze recalled Akhmetshinjoining the group during the walk from lunch to Trump Tower. Kaveladze 

had previously been unaware that Samochornov and Akhmetshin would be joining the meeting, and attempted to 

notify Goldstone of the additions to the group not knowing that Veselnitskaya had already communicated these 

requests to Goldstone directly. Kaveladze Tr., pp. 70--71, 87. 2341 (U) Goldstone Tr., p. 191-192. 2342 (U) Kaveladze Tr., pp. 58, 73-74. 2343 (U) Kaveladze Tr., p. 88; Goldstone Tr., p. 193; Samochornov Tr., p. 54. Akhmetshin also remembers not 

.presenting any identification; however, he remembers meeting Goldstone after taking the elevator up. Akhmetshin 

Tr., p. 65. 2344 (U) Ibid., p. 194. 

364 

COMMITTEE SENSITIVE - RUSSIA INVESTIGATION ONLY 
And I believe there was a table either throughout the perimeter of the room or it 

was kind of a ... horseshoe table. But it was sqz,are. There w~re no corners. 

And there were two entrances into the room, the left and the right. I recall us 

entering through the left side, and we were met by Donald Trump Junior and I 

believe Mr. Manafort, and exchanged cards, exchanged pleasantries, and we 

were sat down ... Mr. Akhmetshin, Ms. Veselnitskaya, and myself sat to the left 

side,facing-with our backs to the wall,facing 57th Street and the other side of 

the table. Mr. Donald Trump Junior and Mr. Manafort were at the head of the 

table. 2345 

(U) Samochomov recalled that Kushner sat across the table.2346 

(U) According to Goldstone: 

[W]e were introduced there [in the large conference room at Trump Tower]. I'd 

never met Jared Kushner or Paul Manafort before, so we were introduced and 

seated. And I sat next to Jared Kushner on one side, the Russian grouping sat on 

the other side, and at the head of the table was Don and Paul Manafort .... At 

first ,it was "How do you do" and nods, and then the Russian grouping introduced 

themselves and who they are and what they are. 2347 

(U) Irakli Kaveladze recalled that Goldstone and he were not introduced to the group. 

He also said that the Trump Campaign participants were not introduced. Veselnitskaya 

"introduced herself as a private attorney," Akhmetshin was introduced "as a lobbyist and 

proponent of the anti-Magnitsky Act actions," and Samochomov was introduced "as a 

translator. "2348 

(U) Seve,ral participants, on both sides of the meeting, told the Committee they were 

surprised by the size of the group. Akhmetshin had only expected Trump Jr., and not Manafort 

and Kushner.2349 On the other side, Trump Jr., who had not received an updated attendance list 

from Goldstone, was surprised by the number of attendees who arrived with Veselnitskaya. 2350 

2345 (U) Samochomov Tr., pp. 57-58. While in some respects Samochomov's memory is specific, the Committee 

notes that he also stated, "I do not remember Mr. Kaveladze or Mr. Goldstone at that meeting. I do remember that 

there were other people there. My recollection was that there were eight, maybe more, people." Ibid., p. 58. 2346 (U) Samochomov Tr., pp. 57-58. 2347 (U) Goldstone Tr., p. 195. 2348 (U) Senate Judiciary Committee Transcript of the Interview with Irakli Kaveladze, November 3, 2017, pp. 39-

42. ~ - 2349 (U) Akhmetshin Tr., p. 71. 2350 (U) Trump Jr. Tr., p. 131. 

365 
(U) Akhmetshin told the Committee that after the introductions and some brief small 

talk, which included congratulations on securing the nomination, the meeting got underway. 

Trump Jr. remembered that the 4:00 p.m. meeting generally started on time.2351 Akhmetshin 

recalled that Trump Jr. "was very courteous, very polite, I would say. He asked Ms.- , 

Veselnitskaya: So, what brings you here? We hear you have some important information for the 

campaign."2352 · ' 

(U) According to Samochomov: 

Then Ms. Veselnitskaya took the floor and she delivered a speech which I 

interpreted, which I think lasted for maybe three or four minutes. 2353 And she 

talked about the research that she had uncovered as part of her research in Mr. 

Browder, and her allegation was that the Ziff brothers, who are US. investors 

who I believe now are UK investors, that they were Mr. Browder 's investors and 

that they laundered money and did not pay taxes in Russia and the United 

States. 2354 She said that they were contributors either to the Democratic National 

Committee or to Hillary Clinton. 2355 · 

(U) Samochomov told the Committee that he had heard Veselnitskaya present this 

information previously, to the law firm Cozen O'Connor, and that Samochomov found it to be 

"completely unconvincing."2356 Trump Jr. told the Committee: 

She started talking about-again, it was a little hard to tell because it wasn't 

making all that much sense to me. And I don't know if that's because there 

wasn't much there or because it was being lost in translation. But she started 

talking essentially about some people who are American businesspeople, that 

were large contributors to either Hillary Clinton or the DNC, and how they were 

also doing business in Russia and somehow managing to avoid paying taxes, 

something to that effect, in either location, in Russia and-or the United States. 2357 

2351 (U) Ibid., p. 147. 2352 (U) Akhmetshin Tr., p. 76. 2353 (U) Kaveladze told the Committee that Veselnitskaya spoke for no more than 15 minutes, which with 

translation was 22 or 23 minutes. Kaveladze Tr., p. 98. 2354 (U) Veselnitskaya Tr., p. 57. Goldstone recalled Veselnitskaya "reading from something or looking at some 

notes" during her presentation, and Veselnitskaya told the Committee, "I prepared the Russian text on May 31, 2016 

... this document dated May 31, it very clearly states every single word that I was sharing verbally." The May 31 

document referenced by Veselnitskaya was provided to the Senate Judiciary Committee. Goldstone Tr., p. 201. 2355 (U) Samochomov-Tr., p. 58. There was inconsistency among some of the participants regarding what language 

Veselnitskaya was speaking. See ibid., pp. 19, 58; Kaveladze Tr., p. 201; Kushner Tr., p. 45. 2356 (U) Ibid, p. 63. . 2357 (U) Trump Jr. Tr., p. 133. 

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COMMITTEE SENSITIVE - RUSSIA INVESTIGATION ONLY 
(U) Though Trump Jr. didn't recall specific qμestions being asked by the Campaign 

participants in the meeting, he told the Committee that, "I do imagine there were questions asked 

to say, what exactly are you getting at or saying?"2358 

(U) Akhmetshin told the Committe~ that, regarding Veselnitskaya's presentation, "Junior 

said: 'That's very-interesting, but so could you show how money goes to Hillary's campaign? 

Do you think it goes to Hillary's campaign or just DNC?' He said: 'Could you show us how the 

money goes to Hillary's campaign?"'2359 Veselnitskaya recalled that Trump Jr., "asked a 

clarifying question, whether I had the financial records indicating that the particular funds that 

were obtained ... in the United States were transferred directly to Clinton Foundation."2360 

When Veselnitskaya said that she did not have more information to share, and suggested that the 

Campaign continue its own research on the topic, Akhmetshin recalled, "I could tell the light 

kind of went out of their eyes. They said, 'ah,' and kind oflike they checked out from this whole 

thing."2361 

(U) Multiple participants described a growing level of both frustration and 

disengagement from the Campaign participants over the course of the meeting. 

(U) Kaveladze told the Committee: 

I was sitting between Mr. Kushner and Mr. 'Manafort and at some point of time 

Mr: Kushner looked very aggravated, very unhappy he was present there. · He 

asked a question. I don't know exactly how the question sounded, but the purpose 

of the question was: 'Why are we here? Why are we listening to this Mqgnitsky 

Act story? 'So she then produced this whole Ziff Brothers, and she continued with 

this vertical of ownership and they might be funding Hillary Clinton's campaign 

as well; 'I know they 're strong supporters and donors of Democratic Party. '

2362 

(U) Similarly, Goldstone recalled: 

Then Jared said: 'I have no idea what you 're talking about, ' or words to that 

effect. 'What are you saying? Can you be more specific? I don't understand. ' 

2358 (U) Ibid., p. 134. 2359 (U) Akhmetshin Tr., pp. 77-78. 2360 (U) Veselnitskaya Tr., p. 57. 2361 (U) Akhmetshin Tr., pp. 77-78. Kaveladze recalled that Akhmetshin, rather than Veselnitskaya, suggested that 

the Campaign continue researching the topic. Senate Judiciary Committee Transcript of the Interview with Irakli 

Kaveladze, November 3, 2017, p. 45. 2362 (U) Kaveladze Tr., p. 89. Veselnitskaya did not recall Kushner saying anything during the meeting. 

Veselnitskaya Tr., p. 43. 

367 

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COMMITTEE SENSITIVE - RUSSIA INVESTIGATION ONLY . 

And she began the exact same presentation again, as if almost reading off a script 

... The exact same thing . .. The first bit, the alleged information she had about 

Hillary or funding. We just heard what she was now saying again. 2363 

(U) Samochomov has stated that Veselnitskaya believed the information about donations 

could act as a "carrot." Samochomov believed that Veselnitskaya wanted to provide information 

of benefit to both parties that could also advance her advocacy against the Magnitsky Act. 

Samochomov said Veselnitskaya's focus at the meeting was on the Magnitsky Act, not 

adoptions. 2364 

(U) Manafort has said that Veselnitskaya suggested that Trump call for the repeal of the 

Magnitsky Act, which she said hurt U.S.-Russia relations. Manafort also said that Veselnitskaya 

offered to push to lift the Russian restriction on adoptions in exchange for Trump calling for the 

repeal of the Magnitsky Act.2365 

(U) Samochomov recalled that Manafort seemed unimpressed by Veselnitskaya's 

allegation regarding the Ziff brothers being donors to either Clinton or to the DNC. 

Samochomov told the Committee, "Mr. Manafort said that 'this is noth~ng; people give money to 

all kinds of people.' Here [Veselnitskaya] kind of stumbled and she didn't know how to 

continue. I remember Mr. Manafort pretty much tuning out of the meeting, and I think was 

looking at his phone. But he was seated sort of half-turned around to her."2366 

' 

(U) Akhmetshin recalled that Veselnitskaya then changed topics: "Then she said: 'But 

you know, because of that, adoptions.' And then she goes through another five minutes on 

adoption stuff. "2367 · 

(U) Sensing that the meeting was not going well, Akhmetshin stepped in.2368 "Then I 

felt like already people. are uncomfortable, people checking their phones, typing on things. And I 

feel like I need to just cut in this thing."2369 Samochomov told the Committee: 

Then Mr. Akhmetshin took the floor and [in English] he talked about the 

foundation [HRAGI] and the fact that there is this chance. If there is an 

2363 (U) Goldstone Tr., p. 198. 2364 (U) FBI, FD-302, Samochomov 7/12/2017. 2365 (U) FBI, FD-302, Manafort 9/11/2018. 2366 (U) Samochomov Tr., p. 59. Veselnitskaya did not recall Manafort saying anything during the meeting. 

Veselnitskaya Tr., p. 59. 2367 (U) Akhmetshin Tr., p. 78. 2368 (U) See Samochomov Tr., p. 59 (recalling Akhmetshin speaking for 10 or 15 minutes); Akhmetshin Tr., p. 78 

(recalling speaking for 90 seconds). But see Goldstone Tr., p. 204 (not recalling Akhmetshin speaking). 2369 (U) Akhmetshin Tr., p. 78. 

368 

COMMITTEE SENSITIVE - RUSSIA INVESTIGATION ONLY 
independent review, then there is a possibility. that the Russians would release 

those children that they are taking hostage, and that there could be a thaw in the 

relationship. 2370 

(U) Trump Jr .. recalled this shift in direction: 

That's sort ofagain when they went into, transitioned into: "Well, you may be 

aware that you can't adopt,Russian children anymore and that's a big thing for 

American people. " .. .' It was sort of-it was: "Well, okay, forgef about that; you 

should really help with (his because it's a sentimental thing that affects many 

American families,· you may have heard of it. "2371 

(U) At 4:26 p.m., Kushner sent Manafort a text message, writing only "Waste of 

time."2372 At 4:27 p.m., Kushner emailed one of his assistants with only the subject line, "Pls 

call my cell." Shortly after that, at 4:29 p.m., Kushner emailed a different assistant, this time 

with the subject line, "Can u pls call me on my cell? Need excuse to get out of meeting."2373 

Kushner told the Committee: -

It wasn't because they were discussing anything that was inappropriate. Just 

again we were operating at that point in time with more things to do than time to 

do it. So when you get to something that didn't seem like it was productive, I just 

tried to bail out so I could get to a lot of the other responsibilities that I had. 2374 

Trump Jr: said Kushner left a little mcire than halfway through the meeting to take a phone 

call.2375 

(U) Manafort told the Committee that he was also considering leaving the meeting early 

once it shifted from Veselnitskaya's initial presentation, but felt he could not after Kushner 

departed. He recalled that, on the way out, Kushner said to him, "This is a waste of time."2376 

2370 (U) Samochomov.Tr., p. 59. 2371 (U) Trump Jr. Tr., p. 135. 2372 (U) Text message Kushner to Manafort, June 9, 201,6 (NSSCI00000145); Manafort replied to Kushner, "Yes." 

Text message Manafort to Kushner, June 9, 2016 (NSSCI00000145). 2373 (U) Email, Kushner to Vargas, June 9, 2016 (NSSCI00000019-00000020). 2374 (U) Kushner Tr., p. 35. _ 2375 (U) Trump Jr. Tr., pp. 137, 151. Kaveladze did not recall Kushner leaving early. Kaveladze Tr., p. 97; 2376 (U) Manafort Tr., p. 14. 

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(U) Manafort said the meeting continued for five to ten minutes after Kushner left.2377 

Kaveladze recalled how the meeting concluded: 

I remember the ending, Donald Trump Junior basically saying that: "Look, we 're 

at the electoral stage; we 're not there yet; we don't know if we'll ever win this 

campaign; if we win the campaign, we could get back to the topic and continue 

this topic, continue discussion; but at this point we 're busy with other things, 

we 're in the electoral campaign. " So he politely stopped the meeting. 2378 

(U) Trump Jr. told the Committee: 

I think it became pretty apparent to me once they made that transition that this 

was a way for them to lobby me about some sort of policy. We listened for a few 

minutes, said it has nothing to do with us, we left. Rob Goldstone apologized to 

me on the way out. . . . The meeting really wasn't about anything that he said it 

was going to be about. 2379 

(U) It is not clear what time the meeting ended, though based on the memories of the 

participants it likely lasted about 30 minutes.2380 The participants in the meeting had inconsistent 

memories regarding what portion of the meeting was dedicated to Veselnitskaya's presentation 

2377 (U) Manafort took notes on his phone during the meeting. The iCloud file associated with Manafort's notes 

was last modified at 4:28 p.m. on June 9, 2016. Manafort told the Committee, "I stopped taking notes when they 

started talking about Russian adoptions." Manafort Tr., pp. 14, 21, 36; Manafort's notes from the meeting consisted 

of the following: "Bill browder / Offshore - Cyprus/ 133m shares/ Companies/ Not invest- loan/ Value in Cyprus 

as inter/ Illici [should be "Illicit," according to Manafort] / Active sponsors ofRNC I Browder hired Joanna Glover 

[Should be, "Juleanna Glover," according to Manafort] / Tied into Cheney I Russian adoption by American 

families." Notes, Manafort (PJM-SSCI-00000306-307). 2378 (U) Kaveladze Tr., p. 99. Veselnitskaya recalled, "He [Trump Jr.] said: Your story is very interesting. It can be 

very exciting. And when or ifwe come to power, maybe we will get back to that exciting story. But at the current 

phase, there is nothing that I can help you with and there is nothing that I can recommend to you. That was all. 

That was how the meeting ended, and we exchanged the very common pleasantries and we parted." Veselnitskaya 

Tr., pp. 62--63. 2379 (U) Trump Jr. Tr., pp. 138-139. 2380 (U) Samochomov had a specific memory of when the meeting ended. He told the Committee, "I remembei:-

here's a funny thing. I don't typically wear a watch, but that day I did. And I remember that when we went down 

[to the lobby after the meeting] it was 25 minutes after.the hour [4:25 p.m.], and I remember the reason it stuck in 

my mind is I thought that was quick." Samochomov Tr., p. 60. This recollection does not align with the timing of 

Kushner's emails to his assistants, and may be incorrect. Veselnitskaya told the Committee the meeting could have 

gone as long as 30 to 40 minutes, due to the simultaneous translation. Veselnitskaya Tr., p. 60. Kaveladze has also 

estimated the total meeting time, with translation, being in that range. Kaveladze Tr., p. 97; FBI, FD-302, 

Kaveladze 11/16/2017. 

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on the Ziff brothers, the DNC, and Clinton, and what portion was taken by the Magnitsky Act, 

Browder, and Russian adoptions.2381 

(U) Despite the docum~nts that Veselnitskaya brought with her to the lunch, which she' 

may have read from during her presentation, the meeting participants did not recall any 

documents being distributed or received at the meeting.2382 

(U) Kaveladze recalled that, as the group was leaving the conference room, they ran into 

Ivanka Trump by chance: "We walk out into reception area. We're being greeted by lvanka 

Trump. She said hello to everybody. We said hello to her .... She was just there. She said 

hello. So we passed by her, go to elevator, go downstairs .... "2383 

(U) Participants on both sides of the meeting felt the meeting had not met expectations. 

(U) Goldstone immediately called Emin Agalarov to tell him that the meeting was 

embarrassing and that it had been about adoption, which surprised Agalarov.2384 Goldstone 

recalled apologizing to Trump Jr. as they were walking out of the meeting. Goldstone said that 

"allegedly there [was] going to be some big smoking gun," and that "I'd been told by my client 

that this person had damaging information, basically, about Hillary Clinton and funding and the 

DNC," bμt the meeting failed to deliver that, which embarrassed Goldstone.2385 

(U) Kaveladze, in an email to a family member several days later, stated that "[the] 

meeting was boring. The Russians did not have any bad info [on] Hillary."2386 Kaveladze said 

he believed repeal of the Magnitsky Act was the "true agenda" of the meeting, not adoption 

issues.2387 Kaveladze told the Committee, "Look, [the Campaign participants] certainly were not 

2381 (U) Trump Jr. estimated that it was about evenly divided. Trump Jr. Tr., p. 148. Manafort recalled, "It was a 

very disconcerting-dysfunctional conversation. Every one of these points until the last point related to Browder, 

and they were attacking Browder. Most of the conversation was attacking the character of Browder. They were 

trying to make him into a criminal businessman and therefore the Magnitsky Act was created to protect a lawyer for 

a criminal." Manafort Tr., pp. 20-21. 2382 (U) See, e.g., Manafort Tr., p. 28; Samochomov Tr., p. 66; Trump Jr. Tr., p. 148. 2383 (U) Kaveladze Tr., p. 105. 2384 (U) Goldstone Tr., pp. 208-209. 2385 (U) Goldstone Tr., pp. 207-208. Despite Goldstone being embarrassed, as the meeting participants were 

walking out of the room, Goldstone recalled approaching Trump Jr. and Manafort again regarding VK. Goldstone 

said, "By the way, I have a friend who works for VK [VK.ontakte], which is Russia's version ofFacebook, wants to 

know who the best person to send a project idea for Mr. Trump would be." According to Goldstone, he was told 

Dan Scavino was the best point of contact. Ibid., p. 211. Trump Jr. told the Committee he does not recall this 

interaction. Trump Jr. Tr., p. 385-389. 2386 (U) Email, Kaveladze to [A. Kaveladze], June 14, 2016. (KA VELADZE00227). 2387 (U) Kaveladze Tr., pp. 123-124. 

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interested in the Magnitsky law. I think the reason they were present in that room was Rob 

Goldstone's [email]. They were certainly expecting something else, which they didn't get."2388 

(U) Manafort and Kushner both recalled speaking to Trump Jr. after the meeting. 

Manafort told the Committee, "at some point, either that night or the next day, I told Don: That 

was a total waste of time. And he agreed."2389 Kushner, who also characterized the meeting as a 

"waste of time" recalled, "Don and I joked about it after. We said, 'hey, that was kind of funny.' 

But then you just move forward."239° Kushner told the Committee, "Sometimes you take highprobability meetings and sometimes you take low-probability meetings. Sometimes things come 

in, sometimes they don't."2391 

(U) Akhmetshin recalled, "I felt a little awkward there [ at the meeting]. Everyone, I 

think they expected something and she expected something, and none of their expectations 

materialized."2392 Regarding the Campaign participants' motivations, he said, "I think they 

wanted to hear about the money. I don't think they cared a bit about this whole adoption 

stuff. ,,z393 

(U) Samochomov told the Committee, "Ms. Veselnitskaya did not get what she came 

. there for."2394 Veselnitskaya echoed that assessment: "I've come to a pre-scheduled meeting 

with Mr. Donald Trump Junior. And in my memory, everything that still remains in my memory 

from that meeting is only absolute and total disappointment with the meeting."2395 

(U) Goldstone recalled that, following the meeting, he spoke to Kaveladze and said: 

"'This was really embarrassing.' And he was like: 'I know Mr. A [Agalarov] wanted it.' ... 

Emin and he both said the same continually: 'I know you didn't want to do this, I know you 

didn't want to set it up, but Mr. A[galarov] really wanted it, and it's fine.'"2396 Goldstone also 

recalled, "I'd said either pre-or post-meeting to Emin, probably Emin, that: 'This is a pretty big 

favor; I hope it was worth it to your father. Whether that was a favor for us to ask or somebody 

asking him a favor, it was a pretty big favor.'"2397 

2388 (U) Kaveladze Tr., p. 100. 2389 (U) Manafort Tr., p. 14. 2390 (U) Kushner Tr., p. 43. 2391 (U) Kushner Tr. II, p. 45. 2392 (U) Akhmetshin Tr., p. 80. 2393 (U) Ibid, p. 95. 2394 (U) Samochomov Tr., p. 86. 2395 (U) Veselnitskaya Tr., p. 38. 2396 (U) Goldstone Tr., p. 214. 2397 (0) Jbid,p.217. 

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(U) Once the meeting was over, the participants generally parted ways. Goldstone went 

home. Veselnitskaya, Samochornov, Akhmetshin, and Kaveladze went briefly to a bar in Trump 

Tower for a drink. Samochomov told the Committee: · 

Ms. Veselnitskaya was very disappointed in the meeting. She said something 

along the lines: 'That was it?' Mr. Akhmetshin and Mr. Kaveladze were trying to 

tell her: 'Well, you informed them about the issue; this is good; they know about 

the issue. ' So they were kind of telling her something comforting and 

conciliatory. We had a couple of drinks, and Mr. Kaveladze left first and Mr. 

Akhmetshin left second. Then I believe that was the end of that drink situation. 2398 

(U) Kaveladze also recalled the visit to the bar after the meeting: 

So we had like a maybe 15-minute conversation, during which I received a call 

from Mr. [Aras] Agalarov and he asked me, 'how did it go?' And I said 'it went 

well. ' And she said-and Natalia asked me if I could hand her the phone, and so 

I handed her the phone, and she thanked him. She said: 'Thank you, thank you, 

great; it was wonderful; it's all good information, good news.' Later I'm going to 

have a second call with Mr. Agalarov without Natalia present and tell him 'this 

whole thing was a disaster and a loss of time, 'so I was more open. Obviously, 

with them in the picture I couldn't say those things. 2399 

(U) That night, Akhmetshin, Samochornov, and Veselnitskaya attended a Russian play 

in New York that featured one of Akhmetshin's relatives.240° Kaveladze had already seen the 

play in Moscow and highly recommended it.2401 

6. (U) Subsequent Events and Communications 

(U) On June 10, 2016, Goldstone emailed Rhona Graff to inform her that "Emin and 

Aras have a fairly sizable birthday gift for Mr. Trump" and asked how it should be delivered. 

Graff responded that it would likely have to be delivered throu'gh the basement for security 

screening.2402 

2398 (U) Samochomov Tr., pp. 69-70. 2399 (U) Kaveladze Tr., p. 106. Kaveladze has said that Veselnitskaya and Akhmetshin seemed "kind of happy" 

after the meeting. Kaveladze did not tell the Committee this, and it is not consistent with accounts from other 

witnesses. FBI, FD-302, Kaveladze 11/16/2017. 2400 (U) Veselnitskaya Tr., p. 42. 2401 (U) Kaveladze Tr., p. 106. 2402 (U) Emails, Goldstone and Graff, June 10, 2016 (RG000082). 

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(U) Roman Beniaminov told the Committee that Aras Agalarov instructed him to deliver 

the gift, a painting, with Goldstone's assistance.2403 Emin Agalarov's personal assistant arranged 

for the painting and two others to be brought into the United States from Russia in a "giant 

box."2404 Jason Tropea told the Committee that the Agalarovs using staff to carry packages into 

the United States is not typical, and that, "We've never flown paintings in before."2405 

Beniaminov recalled that the painting was "pretty big" and measured four or five feet tall.2406 

The box containing the paintings did not fit in the vehicle that had initially been rented to · 

transport it and ulti~ately required a larger rental truck for the delivery.2407 

(U) On June 13, 2016, Beniaminov emailed Graff, copying Goldstone and Tropea to 

coordinate the delivery of one of the paintings.2408 Shortly thereafter, Beniaminov and Tropea 

delivered the painting, depicted below, to Trump Tower.2409 Emails between Graff and a U.S. 

Secret Service agent on June 13 indicate that the painting was to be held in the sub-cellar after 

delivery so that it could be screened by security later that night or the following moming.2410 

Beniaminov told the Committee that he delivered the painting directly to Graff in her office.2411 

z403 (U) B . . T 48 emammov r., p. 1 • . 

2404 (U) Beniaminov Tr., p. 266. Beniaminov believed the painting was delivered as part of checked luggage, 

explain that "[t]here's no way you could bring that on board. You'd probably have to strap it to the top of the plane." 

Beniaminov Tr., p. 267. 2405 (U) Tropea Tr., p. 106. 2406 (U) Beniaminov Tr.,'p. 267. 2407 (U) FBI, FD-302, Beniaminov 1/6/2018. . 2408 (U) Email, Beniaminov to Graff, et al., June 13, 2016 (RG000084). 2409 (U) Image (DJTJR0~. 104. 2410 (U) Email, Graff to __ ,et al., June 13, 2016 (TRUMPORG_l6_000274-275). 2411 (U) Beniaminov Tr., pp. 263-264. Beniaminov's communications support this. Several months after the 

delivery, Beniaminov texted Goldstone to say that he had "brought the painting into her [Graff's] office .. .In to the 

actual office on the top floor, around the corner from Mr Trumps." See Texts messages, Goldstone and Beniaminov, 

October 11, 2016 (RB00l 153-1154). Graff only had a vague recollection of the painting being delivered after 

reviewing documents related to it. Alan Garten, the General Counsel of the Trump Organization, informed the 

Committee that he later "commandeered" the painting. Graff Tr., pp. 63-65. 

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(U) A personal note from Emin and Aras Agalarov was attached to the back of the 

painting.

2412 

2412 (U) Handwritten note (DJTJR00501); Tropea Tr., p. 104. 

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O~u~ K11 TR()Hf) I 

/a }/,J r • v~v "Y/lf 

/t,..-/t/71 ~.I( _.,,t 1, ... (1/,, 

lly1;,,sr . a-I .. f/2,/..,.(/ ,_ 

1/4,,.< ... l~,,.. /,. HAl<i A,l,f Pl< A 

Gfll:l'fl A6AtA/ or e f.JII 

PRc'> i 0€A/T' o./ U .. ,/rc J 

5,c.4.,~ o! A-~ ... ,c .. 

g, ~, f/;J~ I 

Ywr h :o, Js ll, A:,u_, 

(U) Beniaminov told the Committee that the painting was part of a series of three 

paintings that made up a complete set. Beniaminov recalled Aras Agalarov calling him to 

identify the painting to be delivered first and instructing him to hold the remaining paintings, 

saying that "the following birthday we'll give [Trump] the next one, and the following birthday 

we' ll give the next one."2413 The two additional paintings, depicted below, were never delivered 

to Trump.2414 

2413 (U) Beniaminov Tr., pp. 267- 268. 2414 (U) Email, Scott Balber to SSCl, April 30, 2018; Tropea Tr., pp. 105-106. 

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(U) Goldstone told the Committee that he believed the paintings were purchased in 

Russia, and that he was told the value of the three paintings was$ 100,000.

2415 

(U) On June 14, 2016, Goldstone emailed Graff, writing that he trusted that his 

colleagues "were able to deliver the birthday painting for Mr. Trump today" and asking her to 

" [p]lease pass on my sincere birthday good wishes along with those of Emin and Aras and as 

always thank you for all your help."24 16 Graff responded to Goldstone by confirming the 

painting's delivery, describing the painting as "truly quite magnificent." Graff relayed to 

Goldstone that although Trump had been in meetings all day, she hoped to show it to him before 

he left for a campaign trip, stating that he ''will be very pleased with it." Graff also told 

Goldstone that she would "make sure to have it displayed in a very prominent location."24 17 

(U) Also on June 14, Goldstone emailed Emin Agalarov and Kaveladze and attached a 

CNN article titled, "Russian hackers stole Dems' Trump files, firm says."2418 Goldstone wrote: 

From: Rob Goldston~ n behalf of Rob Goldstone 

Sent: Tuesday. June 14, 2016 10:09 AM 

To: emin agalarov; Ike 

Subject: Breaking news 

Attachments: image1 .PNG; _.!)ct 

Top story right now • seems eerily weird based on our Trump meeting last week with the Russian lawyers etc 

(U) Later on June 14, at l 0:22 a.m., Kaveladze replied, only to Goldstone, writing, 

"Very interesting."2419 

(U) Goldstone told the Committee: 

24 15 (U) Goldstone Tr., p. 276. Goldstone told the Committee that he believed that Beniaminov told him the value 

of the paintings. Beniaminov told the Committee that he did not know the value of the painting that was delivered. 

Beniaminov Tr., p. 265. 2416 (U) Email, Goldstone to Graff, June 14, 2016 (RG000086). Other emails between Graff and Beniaminov 

indicate that the painting may have been delivered on June 13. Email, Graff to Taddoni, et al., June 13, 2016 

(TRUMPORG _ 16 _ 000275). 24 17 (U) Email, Graff to Goldstone, June 14, 2016 (RG000086). Graff told the Committee that she did not think that 

Trump hung the painting in his office. Graff Tr., p. 65. 24 18 (U) Email, Goldstone to E. Agalarov and Kaveladze, June 14, 2016 (KA VELADZE00027-00028); 

Tai Kopan, "Russian hackers stole Dems' Trump files, firm says," CNN, June 14, 2016. 2419 (U) Email, Kaveladze to Goldstone, June 14, 2016 (KA VELADZE00224). 

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I was watching a CNN broadcast and suddenly they flash up something about 

Russia and hacking and emails and the DNC. And I look at CNN and I see 

"Russia" and the "DNC." And I think: Well, that's odd. Didn't I just organize a 

meeting where allegedly somebody was going to talk about Russia? But my one 

talked about adoption, so I think that's eerily weird. So the person I send that to. 

was Ike. I think I sent something similar to Emin as well at some point. I may 

have sent him a text that said: This is so odd, that a couple of weeks or a week 

after we have a meeting, now this is on, Russia, DNC. Odd. 2420 · 

(U) Goldstone did not recall any follow up from this exchange, nor did he learn 

additional information regarding any possible linkage between the two events.2421 

(U) In this same time period following the June 9, 2016 meeting in Trump Tower, Rob 

Goldstone had a series of communications with Shugart. 

(U) Shugart told the Committee that around June 13, 2016, Goldstone called her and 

came ·up to her office.2422 This was not unusual. During their conversation, Shugart asked 

Goldstone ifhe had seen Trump Jr. recently, and Goldstone told her that several days earlier he 

had had a meeting with Trump Jr. at Trump Tower. Shugart told the Committee: 

He did say that he saw Don at a ridiculous meeting, where he went and they 

supposedly had emails from the Democrats and dirt on Hillary and then it turned 

out to be something about adoptions; and it was just ridiculous and it was just 

stupid. That's what he said to me. That was distilling down about 45 minutes of 

conversation. 2423 

(U) When asked, Shugart confirmed that Goldstone had specifically mentioned emails. 

She said that it was difficult to recall what Goldstone had said about the emails, but that: 

He said 'emails. 'I don't know if he identified them as 'Democrat' emails. The 

word 'Democrat' was in there, because there was something about Russian 

donors to Hillary, and I believe that was where the word 'Democrat' came . ... 

2420 (U) Goldstone Tr., pp. 218-219. 2421 (U) Goldstone Tr., pp. 218-219; Kaveladze Tr., pp. 108-110. 2422 (U) Shugart noted that she did not remember the date of the interaction with Goldstone, she simply remembered 

that it was the day before she saw new reports regarding the hacking of the DNC. Shugart Tr., pp. 185-186; That 

story was first published on June 14, 2016. Ellen Nakashima, "Russian government hackers penetrated DNC, stole 

opposition research on Trump," The Washington Post, June 14, 2016. 2423 (U) Shugart Tr., p. 184. 

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But it was basically that was the dirt, was going to be Russian donors to Hillary's 

campaign that they had through emails. 2424 

(U) The following day, Shugart recalled seeing reports regarding the hack of the DNC 

and connected the news with what Goldstone had said at their meeting the day before. Shugart 

called Goldstone. She told the Committee, "After I saw the news report, I called Rob in 2016 

and said: This sounds like what you were talking about. At which point he said: Oh, no; that 

meeting about the adoption, it was all-that's what it was; it was a stupid meeting. So at that 

point, I was led [by Rob] to believe that I didn't hear what I thought I heard."2425 

(U) Shugart told the Committee that, "I just dropped it at that point." She and Goldstone 

continued to see each other regularly, but they did not have further discussions of the meeting in 

Trump Tower. Then, in June 2017, Alan Garten, a lawyer for the Trump Organization, contacted 

Goldstone and asked about the June 9, 2016, meeting. Goldstone told Shugart about Garten's 

outreach. Shugart recalled, "At that point I asked Rob: 'Okay, what was this meeting?' And he 

mentioned the adoption again. I said: 'Who was at the meeting? Why was this such a big deal?"' 

It was at that point, for the first time, that Goldstone told Shugart that Manafort and Kushner had 

participated, as well as Veselnitskaya, and Goldstone described the focus on Browder, who he 

had not mentioned previously. Shugart recalled, "And that's when I said to him: This sounds 

much bigger than what you said a year ago." Shugart confirmed her sense that Goldstone's story 

had changed, including from their discussion in June of 2016 when he mentioned emails, to the 

2016 phone call the following day when he said the focus was on adoptions, to the 2017 phone 

call when he mentioned the focus on Browder.2426 

(U) On June 17, 2016, Trump sent a personal note of thanks to Emin and Aras Agalarov 

regarding the painting.2427 Goldstone appeared to transmit the letter to Emin Agalarov on June 

18, 2016.2428 . 

2424 (U) Shugart Tr., pp. 199-200. 2425 (U) The Committee notes this exchange because it is the only time that the Committee was told that emails were 

discussed as derogatory information at the June 9, 2016 meeting. It is noteworthy that Shugart recalls the emails 

being mentioned by Goldstone prior to the news of the DNC hack becoming public, and that she made the 

connection between the news of the DNC hack and Goldstone's account of the meeting at the time. Nevertheless, 

Shugart herself was not present at the meeting and noted that Goldstone is an "over-the-top personality, sometimes 

hard to follow." The Committee found no other evidence indicating that emails were discussed at the June 9, 2016 

meeting. The Committee was ultimately not able to reconcile this discrepancy. Shugart Tr., pp. 188, 191, 197. 2426 (U) Shugart Tr., pp. 188, 191, 197. 2427 (U) Letter, Trump to E. Agalarov and A. Agalarov, June 17, 2016 (TRUMPORG_18_000034). 2428 (U) Email, Goldstone to E. Agalarov, June 18, 2016 (RG000087). 

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OON A.LO JOUN TB.UMP 

Dear Emin & Aras: 

There arc few things bette r than receiviug a 

sensational gift from s omeone you admire and that's 

what I've received from you. The painting you sent 

me is truly fantastic and a very thoughtful gesture! 

I greatly appreciate your friendship-- this is one 

birthday that 1 will always remember. 

With all best wishes, 

(U) Following the June 9, 20 16, meeting in Trump Tower and the birthday painting 

delivery, Goldstone continued to contact Trump Jr. and others on a range of topics. For example, 

on June 24, 2016, Goldstone wrote to Trump Jr. after seeing that Trump was in Scotland, stating 

that the Brexit vote that day "should boost your dad's campaign big time."2429 

(U) Goldstone also attempted additional outreach to the Campaign about VK. On June 

29, 2016, Goldstone emailed Dan Scavino, copying Trump Jr., Graff, and Sidorkov, reiterating 

2429 (U) Email, Goldstone to Trump Jr., June 24, 2016 (DJTJR0453). 

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his previous offers to create a "VOTE Trump 2016" page on the Russian social networking site. 

In the email, Goldstone stated that Paul Manafort "had said he would welcome it."2430 

(U) Goldstone told the Committee that Sidorkov had been very persistant in wanting a 

connection with the Trump Campaign. Sidorkov had previously been helpful to Emin Agalarov, 

and Goldstone now wanted to be helpful to him. Goldstone was not aware of Sidorkov being 

directed by anyone to pursue the Trump connection, and Goldstone was unaware of Sidorkov 

having any connection to the Russian Government or intell~gence services.2431 

(U) On July 20, 2016, after Trump Jr.'s, speech at the Republican National Convention, 

Goldstone emailed him: "Greetings from Moscow where we all watched your great speech 

tonight[.] Congratulations to you and of course to your father."2432 On July 27, Trump Jr. 

replied, "Thank you very much my friend," briefly described the experience of giving his speech, 

and said he hoped to hear more from Goldstone soon.2433 Later that day, Goldstone responded 

by telling Trump Jr. that the Agalarovs were being inundated with press requests regarding their 

rela,tionship with Donald Trump, but that they were declining requests to comment. Trump Jr. 

thanked Goldstone and commented that he was unconcerned about the press inquiries.2434 

(U) On October 7, 2016, Goldstone again reached out, this timeto Graff, to transmit a 

letter and a book from Aras Agalarov. Goldstone informed Graff via email that Aras Agalarov 

wanted Goldstone to deliever the letter and book that same day, "ahead of Sunday's debate."2435 , 

Graff advised Goldstone that once the package was received she would hand it to Trump.2436 

Later on October 7 Goldstone wrote to Graff, "The package was delivered very late, so as 

promised here is the scan and Roman will deliver the original along with the book from Aras to 

Mr. Trump on Monday."2437 In the attached scanned letter from Aras Agalarov, which was 

addr~ssed to "Donald," Agalarov wrote that "[w]ith great interest I follow your electoral 

campaign and cheer for your victories."2438 Agalarov's letter then made a series of economic and 

trade observations and recommendations, including suggesting that Trump should promote a 

2430 (U) Email, Goldstone to Scavino et al., June 29, 2016 (DJTJR0454). Goldstone's email to Scavino included a 

PDF ofa Trump VK page that Sidorkov sent Goldstone. Email, Sidorkov to Goldstone, June 23, 2016 (RG000089). 2431 (U). Goldstone Tr;, p. 269. 2432 (U) Email, Goldstone to Trump Jr., July 20, 2016 (DJTJR0457). 2433 (U) Email, Trump Jr. to Goldstone, July 27, 2016 (DJTJR0457). 2434 (U) Email, Goldstone to Trump Jr., July 27, 2016 (DJTJR0489); Email, Trump Jr. to Goldstone, July 27, 2016 

(DJTJR0489). 

2435 (U) Email, Goldstone to Graff and Beniaminov, October 7, 2016 (DJTJR00229). Aras Agalarov's request that 

the materials be delivered prior to "Sunday's debate" is likely a reference to the presidential debate that took place 

on October 9, 2016. 2436 (U) Email, Graff to Goldstone, October 7, 2016 (DJTJR00230). 2437 (U) Email, Goldstone to Graff, October 7, 2016 (DJTJR00230-231). 2438 (U) Letter, A. Agalarov to Trump, October 5, 2015 '(DJTJR00232-00233). 

382 

COMMITTEE SENSITIVE - RUSSIA INVESTIGATION ONLY 
"Made in USA" promotion campaign to target international markets.2439 Agalarov suggested 

that international trade exhibits "could become an important element of such [a] strategy" and 

stated that with his "27 years of trade show management experience," that a properly designed 

trade show strategy could "bring significant economic results."2440 To accomplish this, Agalarov 

suggested that a "new organization with worldwide representation for the purpose to promote 

American goods and services could be formed."2441 In a post-script, a handwritten note added, 

"November 8th is the day of my birthday. Your victory would be the best birthday present I have 

ever received. "2442 

(U) On the morning of October 14, following a number of emails between Graff, 

Goldstone, and Beniaminov regarding logistics and delivery tim~g, the book from Aras 

Agalarov, which was written in Russian, and the original letter, were delivered to Trump Tower 

via FedEx.2443 Beniaminov recalled that the book and letter from Aras Agalarov had been flown 

to the United States from Russia, couriered by Kaveladze.2444 

(U) On October 27, 2016, Goldstone emailed Trump Jr. with the subject line, "Mazal 

Tov on the new Hotel opening- looks amazing" and no text in the body of the email. Later that 

day, Donald Trump Jr. responded, writing "Thanks Rob."2445 Goldstone's email was likely a 

reference to the Trump Hotel in Washington, D.C., which opened the day before. 

(U) On November 5, 2016, Konstantin Sidorkov from VK again reached out to the 

Trump Campaign, replying to Goldstone's email to Scavino from June 29.2446 The Committee 

identified no response to this email. Despite Graff and Scavino' s positive initial res"ponses 

regarding VK, the Committee found no evidence to indicate that any Trump Campaig1;1 action 

was taken on the proposal. 

(U) On November 7, 2016, Goldstone emailed Trump Jr. requesting an invitation to 

attend an election night party with a mutual friend of Lara and Eric Trump.2447 Later that day, 

2439 (U) Ibid. 

2440 (U) Ibid. 

2441 (U) Ibid. 

2442 (U) Ibid. 2443 (U) Email, Beniaminov to Graff, October 14, 2016 (DJTJR00235--00238). 2444 (U) Beniaminov told the Committee that, due to Aras Agalarov's limited English, the letter was likely translated 

or dictated, but that the handwriting at the end of the letter matched Aras Agalarov's handwriting. Beniaminov Tr., 

p. 272. 2445 (U) Email, Goldstone to Trump Jr., October 27, 2016 (RG000140); Email, Trump Jr. to Goldstone, 

(RG000140). 

2446 (U) Email, Sidorkov to Scavino, Trump Jr., Graff, and Goldstone, November 5, 2016 (RG000,143). 2447 (U) Email, Goldstone to Trump Jr., November 7, 2016 (RG000145). 

383 
COMMITTEE SENSITIVE - RUSSIA INVESTIGATION ONLY 

Trump Jr. responded, "Sure Rob. CC'ing my asst Lindsay to coordinate for you."2448 Trump 

Jr. 's assistant then added Goldstone to a VIP list as a guest.2449 Goldstone told the Committee 

that he did not attend the event.2450 

(U) On November 8, 2016, Election Day, Graff replied to an earlier email from 

Goldstone asking if the book and letter from Aras Ag~larov hacl been received. Graff confirmed 

that the book and letter were received, and apologized for the delay in responsiveness due to it 

being an unusual time.· She asked that Goldstone, "Please explain this to Mr. Agalarov and that 

Mr. Trump greatly appreciates his thoughtfulness and good wishes."2451 

(U) Also on Election Day, Goldstone sent Trump Jr. a text message, writing "What an 

amazing night so far and you deserve a massive pat on the back for your incredible campaigning 

- looks like it's gonna pay off big tonight."2452 At 2:42 a.m. the following morning, Goldstone · 

texted Trump Jr.: "Mazal Tov!"2453 

(U) On November 9, 2016, Kaveladze emailed Goldstone to inform him that Aras 

Agalarov wanted to send a congratulatory note to Trump and asked Goldstone to review a draft 

of the letter.2454 Later on November 9, Yana Gorokhova from the Crocus Group emailed 

Goldstone the final signed letter.2455 Goldstone transmitted the scanned letter to Graff, asking 

that she "kindly pass this letter from Aras and Emin Agalarov to Mr. Trump."2456 

2448 (U) Email, Trump Jr. to Goldstone and Santoro, November 7, 2016 (RG000145). 2449 (U) Email, Santoro to Dumbauld, et al., November 7, 2016 (DJTJR00127). 2450 (U) Goldstone Tr., p. 295. 2451 (U) Email, Graff to Goldstone, November 8, 2016 (DJTJR00125). 2452 (U) Text message, Goldstone to Trump Jr., November 8, 2016 (RG000146). 2453 (U) Text message, Goldstone to Trump Jr., November 9, 2016 (RG000146). 2454 (U) Email, Kaveladze to Goldstone, November 9, 2016 (RG000149). 2455 (U) Email, Gorokhova to Goldstone, Beniaminov, Tropea, and Kaveladze, November 9, 2016 (RG00015l). 2456 (U) Email, Goldstone to Graff and Trump Jr., November 9, 2016 (DJTJR00164). 

384 

COMMITTEE SENSITIVE - RUSSIA INVESTIGATION ONLY 
COMMITTEE SENSITIVE - RUSSIA INVESTIGATION ONLY 

l ,I\ 

, ,, '[r 

fl o. l'rt~1dent l.lect 01Jn., d I 1 rump 

Dear IJonald, 

Pled!>I.' .icrepl our warmei.l umgr.ttulallor,s on the O(;WS1on of you being elet."Ted rh.-

45,_ ?re)1der.1 of the United St.ares of Amenca. We in Russia h.ive .lw;iys ">een 

rooting ror YOll and now we an: very happy abollt your truly historic victory People 

of our country held h111h hope~ tltat with you: arrival into the \\'hrle llouse, we will 

flnally have a chant'(! to normallie Russian American relations. create ground for 

rebuilding the network of human and busincS! contacts 

Once again the American people have demonstrated to the rest of the world that 

they could ~ rebellious and would never agree to be governed by corrupt pollttcal 

elttes. 

Last nrght, surrounded by our lnends and colleague$, we nervously followed the 

unfolding dram:i of the American electoral process. w, hav, reahtcd chat 

Amerlc.ins since rely believe they C3n change their lives for the better and that they 

assooace this noaon ot change with you Donald. 

We a1 e proud to call you our true friend. 

Best wishes to you and Amencan people 

Aras Agalarov Emrn Ag.ilarov 

(U) On November I 0, Emin Agalarov sent a text message to Trump Jr: 

385 

COMMITTEE SENSITIVE - RUSSIA INVESTIGATION ONLY 
Don! I I Amazing run and a glorious victory! I I I I Congratulations to you and your 

dad, we are proud and happy for you I I I I I Always at your disposal her [sic] in 

Russia) Emin and Aras Agalarov@2457 

(U) On November 13, Goldstone and Kaveladze exchanged text messages in which 

Goldstone wrote, "So it seems we are all now in the President's inner circle!! So shocking." 

Kaveladze responded, "I know. Unbelievable! We are all very excited," and indicated that Aras 

Agalarov was receiving a lot ·of outreach from Russian media regarding Trump.2458 

(U) On November 20, 2016, Graff forwarded the November 9 congratulatory letter from 

Aras and Emin Agalarov, previously sent by Goldstone, to an assistant at the Trump 

Organization. Graff wrote, "Can you please print this out and hand it to me. Important."2459 

(U) Graff told the Committee that Trump responded to the Agalarov's November.9 letter 

with a note written in black pen.2460 Although the communication referenced by Graff was not 

produced in response to Committee requests, an image of the Agalarov's November 9 letter, with 

what appears to be a note from Trump, is visible in public press reporting.2461 

2457 (U) Text message, E. Agalarov to Trump Jr., November 10, 2016 (DJTJR00866). Separately, also on 

November 10, Kelly Ridgway from the firm WMA, which was contracted on Emin Agalarov's behalf, sent an email 

to Ric Salmon, who was helping to represent Agalarov. Ridgway outlined the potential benefits and risks ofrereleasing Agalarov's music video featuring Trump. Ridgway suggested that, if Goldstone and others wanted to 

proceed, they could be "more strategic online in [the video's] rollout; i.e. potentially geo-target it to the extremely 

pro-Trump States on his socials, per the above electoral map, where it would be received more positively. 

Potentially even as a 'dark post' promoted to those specific fans of Trump in those States only?" The Committee is 

not aware of any information indicating that such an effort was operationalized on behalf of Agalarov. Email, 

Ridgway to Salmon, et al., November 10, 2016 (RG000169-170). 2458 (U) Text message, Goldstone to Kaveladze, November 13, 2016 (RG000191); Text message, Kaveladze to 

Goldstone, November 13, 2016 (RG000191). 2459 (U) Email, Graff to Macc'hia, November 20, 2016 (DJTJR00164). Graff told the Committee it was "not 

ususual" to present documents in hard copy to show to Trump. Graff Tr., p. 76. 2460 (U) Graff Tr., p. 74. 2461 (U) HBO, "We spoke to Emin Agalarov about a conversation Donald Trump Jr. claimed to have forgotten," 

Vice News, July 10, 2018. The date of reply from Trump is unknown. 

/ 

386 

COMMITTEE SENSITIVE - RUSSIA INVESTIGATION ONLY 
dt 

l.u:rtldl~• m>uadtdb)ourlnt'nd1•:,d<ollr-i.,..._ ....... _......,y,o1,.. u'11~ r ol ,.,,._ Anlnlan rir<tOr.il ptO< = w,-h,,.,. •r~:urd t 

..v.wtleun re,y be'!,,.,. 111<-) <An~ r nr lor 111,- l!>fflft• ~r..a;M ._.. 111 - ol Cll.on,c,. th'"" Oon.aJt1 I\ r ..,,. prowl co u!I )-OU our trw 111,-ttd 

fldt "..WS 10 )'OU • >d An~rlt.on prop;r 

i 

i. (U) Repeated Requests for a Follow-up to the June 9, 2016 Meeting in 

Trump Tower 

(U) Following the election, Aras Agalarov's interest in influencing U.S. policy 

continued. In mid-late November, 2016, following the election, Aras Agalarov and 

Veselnitskaya made an attempt to get a second meeting with Trump representatives. This 

request was transmitted through Kaveladze and Goldstone. 2462 

(U) On November 23, Veselnitskaya sent Kaveladze an email with the subject line 

"From RF," which likely refers to "Russian Federation."2463 

2462 (U) Email, Goldstone to Graff, November 28, 2016 (DJTJROO 118). 2463 (U) The Committee does not have specific information regarding the meaning of"RF" in this context, but notes 

that "RF" also appears in the document that was attached to that email, and is used in the following way: "The US 

Department of Justice was informed of this as well as of other circumstances in July 2016 by the Office of the 

Prosecutor General of the Russian Federation and by the RF Ministry of Interior under US-Russia MLA T." Email, 

Veselnitskaya to Kaveladze, November 23, 20 I 6 (KA VELADZE00040, 00042). 

387 

COMMITTEE SENSITIVE - RUSSIA INVESTIGATION ONLY 
(U) The document attached to the email was marked, "Confidential: November 22, 

2016," and deals with the Magnitsk:y Act, William Browder and the Ziff brothers. The fourth 

page of the document, which is otherwise blank, simply states, "NV iPad." The document 

attached to the email is similar to, but not the exact same as, the May 31, 2016, document 

believed to have been used at the June 9, 2016 meeting in Trump Tower.2464 

(U) The document sent by Veselnitskaya to Kaveladze on November 23 was emailed to 

Goldstone the same day.2465 

From: Ike Kaveladze <I 

Subject: Synopsis 

Dale: November 23, 2016 at 11 :00 AM 

To: 

Hello Rob 

Enclosed please find synopsis of the topic Ms. Natalya wants to discuss with T people. She has arrived into NYC. 

Thanks 

Ike 

20.16.11.22_ Tr.doc 

(U) The initial email from Kaveladze to Goldstone on November 23 resulted in a series 

of emails and text messages in which Kaveladze sought to get the meeting scheduled while 

Veselnitskaya was in New York. Goldstone made the request for the meeting, but was generally 

skeptical that it would be accepted.2466 

(U) Kaveladze told the Committee: 

I spoke with Ms. Veselnitskaya sometime in November of 2016 when she was 

trying to initiate a second meeting with Trump people. I basically requested a 

synopsis of that second meeting, and she sent me pretty much the same thing she 

sent the first time. . . . She basically was referring to that statement of Mr. Trump 

Junior saying that: If we win, then we'll be glad to discuss. So pretty much 

immediately, like two weeks after the win, she started to try. We politely-Rob 

2464 (U) Email, Veselnitskaya to Kaveladze, November 23, 2016 (KA VELADZE00041--00044) (with attachment). 2465 (U) Email, Kaveladze to Goldstone, November 23, 2016 (RG000182). 2466 (U) Emails, Kaveladze and Goldstone, November 23, 2016 (RG000186--000189); Text messages, Kaveladze 

and Goldstone, November 27 and 28, 2016 (RG000195-196). 

388 
Goldstone told me that it's absolutely unrealistic to arrange a meeting now. 

People are unpacking, people are leaving for Washington, D. C. lt was pre-· 

Thanksgiving, and in every possible way they 're not interested in this topic right 

now, obviously, so there's no way. So we politely kind of gradually tried to · 

explain to her that the meeting is not going to happen, because she's like: I'm 

here, but then I have to go to Moscow, and then I'm willing to come back; if they 

confirm a meeting I would definitely come back, and stuff like that. So eventually 

I'm telling her [Veselnitskaya] that the meeting is not going to happen. 2467 

(U) While this account is generally supported by documents provided to the Committee, 

it does not fully capture the extent to which Aras Agalarov and Veselnitskaya pushed for the 

meeting.2468 · 

(U) On November 23, 2016, Kaveladze, having already been met with skepticism from 

Goldstone about a second meeting, indicated to Goldstone that Veselnitskaya was willing to 

change her flight ifneeded.2469 Several days later, on November 27, Kaveladze followed up with 

Goldstone, apologizing for bothering him on a Sunday, and said that Veselnitskaya "called again 

asking about the meeting with T [Trump] people."2470 Goldstone replied that he had reached out 

but that there had been no response so far, and reiterated his skepti'cism that the meeting request 

would be accepted.2471 The following day, November 28, Kaveladze again followed up with · 

Goldstone, writing, "Hello Rob, Any news regarding the meeting? Mr. A [Agalarov] just called 

me re this."2472 · 

(U) On November 28, having not received a response regarding scheduling the second 

meeting, Goldstone sent Veselnitskaya's document directly to Rhona Graff:2473 

I 

2467 (U) Kaveladze Tr., pp. 111-112. 2468 (U) Emails, Kaveladze and Goldstone, November 23, 2016 (RG000186-000189); Text messages, Kaveladze 

and Goldstone, November 27 and 28, 2016 (RG000195-196). 2469 (U) Email, Kaveladze to Goldstone, November 23, 2016 (RG000188). 2470 (U) Text message, Kaveladze to Goldstone, November 27, 2016 (RG000195). 2471 (U) Text message, Goldstone to Kaveladze, November 27, 2016 (RG000195). 2472 (U) Text message, Kaveladze to Goldstone, November 28, 2016 (RG000195). It is not clear, from document 

production or interviews who, exactly, Veselnitskaya was hoping to meet with. In her interview with the 

Committee, Veselnitskaya claimed not to remember Aras Agalarov's efforts to arrange a second meeting for her in 

November. Veselnitskaya Tr., pp. 82-83, 92. Veselnitskaya's recollection is inconsistent with statements by other· 

witnesses and documents obtained by the Committee. 2473 (U) Email, Goldstone to Graff, November 28, 2016 (DJTJR00160). 

389 
From: Rob Goldstone 

Sent: Monday, November 28, 20~6 11:49 AM 

To: Rhona Graff 

Subject: For Mr Trump 

Hi Rhona 

Arns Agalarov has asked me to pass on this document in the hope ii can be passed on to the appropriate team. 

If needed, a lawyer representing the case is in New York currently and happy to meet with any member of his transition team. 

Best 

Rob 

(U) Goldstone confirmed that the request to send the document came from Aras 

Agalarov.2474 Goldstone believed that the request was important to the Agalarovs because 

"they'd asked again, and I didn't know why it was important to them, but I knew it must be 

important to them or they wouldn't have made the ask." Goldstone told the Committee that, to 

the best of his knowledge, neither Aras nor Emin Agalarov had any particular interest in 

adoption issues.2475 

I 

(U) Later that day, Graff forwarded the email, and the attached document, to Steve 

Bannon. She wrote:2476 

From: 

Sent: 

To: Steve Bannon 

Subject: FW: For Mr Trump 

Attachments: 2016.11.22_ Tr.doc 

Hi Steve: 

The PE knows Aras well. Rob is his rep in the US and sent this on. Not sure how to proceed, if at all. 

R 

2474 (U) Goldstone said that Aras Agalarov would not ask him to do things directly, but such requests would be 

relayed though Aras Agalarov's assistant or Emin Agalarov's assistant. Goldstone Tr., pp. 221-222. 2475 (U) Ibid, pp. 222, 224-225. 2476 (U) Email, Graff to Bannon, November 28, 2016 (DJTJR00160). Graff told the Committee that it was unusual 

for her to email Bannon, but given that Trump had a relationship with Agalarovs, she was unsure what do with the 

request. She said that Bannon never responded, and she does not know what he did with the document. Graff Tr., 

pp. 80-81. 

390 

COMMITTEE SENSITIVE - RUSSIA INVESTIGATION ONLY 
(U) Bannon said that he did not remember receiving this email, and also did not 

remember reading the Veselnitskaya document that was attached. In.turn, Bannon did not 

remember what, if anything, he did .with the document. 24-77 

(U) On November 28, Kaveladze, who was in Moscow ~d had not re~eived a response 

from Graff regarding the requested meeting, recommended to Veselnitskaya that she return to 

Moscow.2478 

(U) Separately, at least one message following the.election appeared to deal with 

· overlapping business interests between the Agalarovs and the Trump Organization. On 

December 13, 2016, Emin Agalarov sent Trump Jr. a text message about partnering with "the 

Trump furniture producers from Turkey.'.'2479 

Hi Don! Hope all is well, quick question foryou. I've been in duscissuion [sic] 

with Trump furniture producers from Turkey to open a store and a distribution 

Chanel [sic J in Moscow. Just wanted to check with you if yo.u·.are ok with us 

.partnering up with them and launching the project. Wanted to checkwithyou 

before committing) thank you, Emin (Moscow )@2480 · 

(U) Trump Jr did not recall what this message referred to, but that to his knowledge the 

Trump Qrganization did not have additional business With the Agalarovs beyond what has been 

covered.2481 

(U) Following the election, Aras Agalarov showed signs of continued interest in.· 

demonstrating his relationship with Trump. On February 15, 2017, Goldstone emailed Graff 

requesting that she help Goldstone find a copy of Aras Agalarov's previous correspondence with 

Trump.2482 Goldstone explained that Aras Agalarov asked Goldstone to find a note from Trump 

the prior year, but Goldstone could not locate it. It is not clear if a copy of the letter was ever 

located.2483 

ii. (U) Additional Communications Following the June 9, 2016 Meeting in 

Trump Tower 

2477 (U) Bannon Tr., p. 45; The withholding ofTr~sition communciations due to claims by the White House of 

potential execut.ive privilege limited the Committee's insight into what, if anything, was done with this document. 2478 (U) Text message, Kaveladze to Goldstone, November 28, 2016 (RG000196). 2479 (U) Text message, E. Agalarov to Trump Jr., December 13, 2016 (DJTJR00867). 

2480 (U) Ibid. 2481 (U) Trump Jr. Tr., pp. 39-41. 2482 (U) Email, Goldstone to Graff, February 15, 2017 (RG000200). 2483 (U) Email, Graff to Goldstone, February 24, 2017 (RG000209). 

391 

COMMITTEE SENSITIVE - RUSSIA INVESTIGATION ONLY 
(U) In mid-2017, shortly prior to and following initial public reporting on the June 9, 

2016 meeting, there were a number of communications between participants, and in some cases 

their associates, regarding the meeting. Lawyers for the Trump Organization, Trump Jr., and 

others also contacted a number of the meeting participants. In most cases these communications 

did not meaningfully contribute to the Committee's understanding of the meeting, and many are 

not itemized in this Report. 

\ 

(U) On July 14, 2017, Jason Tropea sent Roman Beniaminov a screen shot of a 

conversation that Tropea had with Rob Goldstone "two weeks" earlier. In that conversation 

Goldstone stated, regarding the June 9, 2016 meeting, "It's being made public apparently next 

week[.] So will be lovely for us also[.] They want to know why [A]ras asked for it and who was 

it a favor for[.] That will be lovely[.]" Tropea responded, "We can consider that relationship 

done[.]" Goldstone then replied, "I would think so. I begged him not to do the meeting at the 

time and [E]min also[.] Said it was a huge favor that wasn't worth it[.] But maybe it was worth 

it for [A]ras-we don't know who asked the favor!! Could have been the BIG man."2484 

(U) Additionally, some witnesses suggested that they felt that others were not giving 

accurate public statements about the meeting, or felt that they were being pressured to shape their 

comments in exchange for financial support with legal fees. 

(U) Anatoli Samochomov has stated that he was contacted by Robert Arakelian, the 

president ofHRAGI, offering to cover his legal expenses ifhe was willing to confine his 

comments regarding the June 9 meeting to public statements already made by Veselnitskaya. 

Samochomov said he did not believe that Arakelian knew what he was doing, but was "shocked" 

that Arakelian would propose this over the phone, and declined to take money from HRAGI 

because Samochomov did not want to be "beholden to them."2485 Samochomov said that he 

would not perjure himself just because HRAGI was a good client, would represent himself and 

would be transparent. 2486 

(U) Kaveladze has said that he believed that Trump Jr. 's public statements regarding the 

June 9, 2016, meeting in Trump Tower were not accurate.' In particular, Kaveladze felt that the 

statement the meeting focused on adoptions was not correct, and that the meeting had been 

primarily about the Magnitsky Act, with only a few sentences in which adoptions were 

mentioned. Additionally, Kaveladz~ felt that Trump Jr. had represented the meeting as being 

shorter than it was, and that it was 30-40 minutes, rather than 20 minutes.2487 

2484 (U) Text message, Tropea to Beniaminov, July 14, 2017 (RB000459). 2485 (U) The SCO found that the offer was for $90,000 of legal fees. SCO Report, Vol. I, p. 122; see also FBI, FD302, Samochomov 7/12/2017; FBI, FD-302, Samochomov 7/1~/2017. 

2486 (U) Ibid. 

2487 (U) FBI, FD-302, Kaveladze 11/16/2017. 

392 
COMMITTEE SENSITIVE - RUSSIA INVESTIGATION ONLY 

(U) The Committee notes several arrangements related to participants or associates of 

the participants. Emin Agalarov, lrakli Kaveladze, and Jason Tropea all shared the same legal · 

representation, Scott Balber. Tropea acknowledged that Emin Agalarov was covering his legal 

fees.2488 Balber had represented Donald Trump in at least one matter in 2013.2489 

(U) Information obtained by the Committee also indicates an effort by Agalarov to pay 

for Goldstone's legal representation. On July 13, 2017, Beniaminov sent Tropea a text message, 

writing: "When you get a chance, need to find out the balance on Emins [funds] here. Ike called 

me, said he spoke with Emin and that he wants us to pay for Robs attorney [sic]."2490 Tropea 

told th_e Committee, "I don't know if I physically made the check out or if it was paid in another 

manner, but I do recall talking about this."2491 Beniaminov said that he did not know whether 

Goldstone's legal fees were ultimately covered by Emin Agalarov, but stated that his own were 

not.2492 · 

(U) Additionally, some of the participants have had continuing relationships following 

the June 9, 2016 meeting. For example, Kaveladze and Veselnitskaya remained in contact and 

Kaveladze facilitated at least two additional meetings between Veselnitskaya and Aras Agalarov. 

The first of those meetings likely took place on December 3, 2016, and the second was likely in 

late January 2017. Text messages between Veselnitskaya and Kaveladze do not provide · 

meaningful additional information regarding these meetings with Agalarov. Kaveladze also 

facilitated an introduction between Veselnitskaya and the Agalarovs' lawyer, Scott Balber.2493 

(U) Balber met with Veselnitskaya at least twice in early 2017. In text messages wi~ 

Kaveladze, Veselnitskaya rejected a proposed cafe for a meeting with Balber because there were 

"too many ears," and advocated for a more private location. Veselnitskaya indicated that she 

regretted not meeting with Balber earlier because she would have hired "them," referring to 

Balber and his team, to work on her case, but she noted that this would have prevented Balber 

and his team from working on the "government task" or "state assignment." Additionally, 

Veselnitskaya expressed a desire to coordinate her briefings to the Russian Prosecutor General's 

office with Balber' s strategy. She noted that she had previously attempted to do what Balber 

was doing, but ha9 not had sufficient resources. The text messages between Veselnitskaya-and 

2488 (U) Tropea Tr., p. 98. 2489 (U) Kevin Cirilli, "Trump, Maher 'birther' feud" Politico, January 9, 2013. 2490 (U) Text message, Beniaminov to Tropea, July 13, 2017 (RB000456). 2491 (U) Tropea Tr., p. 98. 2492 Beniaminov Tr., p. 244. 

Text messages, Veselnitskaya and Kaveladze December 2016 to Febru 

01148--01170 ; Kaveladze Tr., p. 114;. 

393 

COMMITTEE SENSITIVE - RUSSIA INVESTIGATION ONLY 
COMMITTEE SENSITIVE - RUSSIA INVESTIGATION ONLY 

Kaveladze do not offer additional information regarding the nature of Balber' s work or his 

interactions with Veselnitskaya.2494 

'(U) On January 20, 2017, Rinat Akhmetshin and Veselnitskaya attended an inauguration 

party in Washington, D.C., hosted by Dana Rohrabacher.2495 , Kaveladze told the Committee that 

he met with Veselnitskaya, Akhmetshin, and Samochomov, at a dinner in New York for 

Veselnitskaya's birthday, likely in February of 2017. At the dinner the Magnitsky Act was 

discussed, and the others updated Kaveladze on their work.2496 

(U) Samochomov said that he has met Akhmetshin five or .six times since the June 9, 

2016, meeting. 2497 Samochomov also visited Veselnitskaya in Russia in April 2017, related to 

their work on the Prevezon case.2498 

(U) Akhmetshin told the Committee that he met with Kaveladze in Moscow in June 

2017, where they discussed the June 9, 2016 meeting, which had not yet been made public, and 

Akhmetshin unsuccessfully suggested that, "we should tell the story on our terms" and that they 

should find friendly news outlets through which to tell the story.2499 Akhmetshin told the 

Committee that when he suggested publicly acknowledging the June 9, 2016, meeting to 

Kaveladze, Kaveladze said, "Look, it's not my decision," and that, "I'm just an employee."2500 

(U) Goldstone spoke with Emin Agalarov, Kaveladze, Trump Organization counsel Alan 

Garten, and counsel for Trump Jr. Alan Futerfas regarding the June 9, 2016 meeting.2501 

Kaveladze testified that Futerfas reached out to him in June 2017, to "collect information" about 

the meeting and to "know what [Kaveladze's] recollection was."2502 Outreach to Goldstone from 

Garten happened as early as June 2, 2017.2503 On July 9, 2017, Garten and Futerfas copied 

ext message · 

8-01170); 

Text messages, Veselnitskaya and Kaveladze, January 20, 2017 (KA VELADZE0 1158); Craig 

Tim erg, et a., "In the crowd at Trump's inauguration, members of Russia's elite antici ated a thaw between 

Moscow and Washin ton," The Washin ton Post, January 20, 2018 

(U) Kave a ze Tr., p. 114. 2497 (U) Samochomov Tr., pp. 84. 2498 (U) FBI, FD-302, Samochomov 7/13/2017. 2499 (U) Akhmetshin Tr., p. 113. 2500 (U) Ibid, pp. 113-114 2501 (U) Email, Goldstone to E. Agalarov and Kaveladze (RG000263); Email, Futerfas to Goldstone, July 10, 2017 

(RG000275); Email, Goldstone to Garten, June 2, 2017 (RG000257); Text message, Goldstone to Kaveladze, June 

2, 2017 (RG000280). 2502 (U) Kaveladze Tr., p. 126-127. 2503 (U) Email, Goldstone to Garten, June 2, 2017 (RG000257). 

394 
Kaveladze on emails with Goldstone to coordinate and draft a public statement related to what 

happened at the June 9, 2016 meeting.2504 

(U) On July 23, 2017, incoming White House Communications Director Anthony 

Scaramucci wrote to Goldstone saying that Scaramucci officially started in August but that his 

door was open, and that "Obviously there is still pressure on all sides, but ifwe remain consistent 

and united I don't envisage any issues we can't ride out."2505 

(U) The Committee did not find specific evidence that the relationships and 

communications outlined above resulted in inaccurate or incomplete testimony, but the 

Committee's insight on this topic is limited. 

7. (U) Artem Klyushin, Konstantin Rykov, and Associates 

(U) During the 2013 trip to Moscow for the Miss Universe Pageant, two Agalarov 

employees, Artem Klyushin and his then-wife Yulya Klyushina, spent time with Donald Trump. 

In particular, on Saturday, November 9, 2013, the day of the Miss Universe pageant, publicly 

available information indicates that Klyushina and Klyushin. had some interaction with Trump at 

several points throughout the day. The Committee has little insight into the nature of these 

interactions. 2506 

(U) According to Roman Beniaminov, "they [Klyushin and Klyushina] were an outside 

firm that handled social media for Emin around the time of the contest."2507 Klyushina used a 

signature block iii some emails that indicated she was the General Manager of an entity called 

the "Innovation & Development Agency."2508 Klyushin and Klyushina were included on a 

number of Emin Agalarov and Rob Goldstone' s emails iJrior to, and following, the Miss 

Universe pageant. Some of those emails related to Trump.2509 

2504 (U) Emails, Futerfas, Alan Garten, Goldstone, and Kaveladze, July 9-10, 2017 (KA VELADZE00121-00123). 2505 (U) Email, Scaramucci to Goldstone, July 23, 2017 (RG000247).- Additionally, the Committee notes the 

existence of purported Joint Defense Agreements (IDA) between parties to the June 9, 2016 meeting. While IDA 

arrangements are not inherently inappropriate, they do have the potential, along with other incentives, to influence 

candor in testimony. For m9re on the Committee's. experience with JDAs, see infra Vol. 5, Sec. II.C.3. 2506 (U) On November 9, 2013, Klyushina posted a photo of herself sitting with Donald Trump and Phil Ruffin, 

noting that Trump was, "talking ... Again and again about Obama." Tweet, @AlferovaYulyaE, November 9, 2013. 2507 (U) Beniaminov Tr., pp. 175-177; Klyushina later changed her last name to Alferova. Beniaminov was 

unaware ofKlyushin or Klyushina being responsible for anything other than social media. Ibid 2508 (U) Email, Klyushina to E·. Agalarov and Goldstone, November 21, 2013 (RB0000629). 2509 (U) Email, E. Agalarov to Klyushina, Klyushin, Goldstone et al., June 19, 2013 (RB0000606); Email, E. · 

Agalarov to Goldstone, Klyushin, Klyushina, et al., June 21, 2013 (RB0000021); Email, E. Agalarov to Klyushin, 

Klyushina, et al., January 29, 2014 (RB0000601). 

395 
(U) Klyushin and Klyushina, along with Klyushin's associate Konstantin Rykov, were 

active regarding the 2016 U.S. presidential campaign.2510 

(U) In his interview with the Committee, Emin Agalarov sought to distance himself from 

Klyushin and Klyushina. Agalarov said that he terminated his work with them following the 

Miss Universe pageant because they were focused on self-promotion and Trump, rather than on 

the work for which they were originally hired. However, in mid-January 2014 remarks for an 

award ceremony, Emin Agalarov planned to thank Klyushin and Klyushina, among others, 

calling them part of his "Moscow 'family."'2511 Agalarov told the Committee he has no ongoing 

relationship with either of them, and that a 2019 photo with Klyushin was just a courtesy.2512 

i. (U) Artem Klyushin 

(U) Apart from his work for the Agalarovs during the 2013 Miss Universe pageant, the 

Committee has significant concerns regarding Klyushin. 

(U) The Committee assesses that Klyushin is a Kremlin-linked bot developer who has 

supported Russian influence operations on social media. Klyushin has publicly stated that he 

works for the Russian Presidential Administration and has also been affiliated with the Russian 

rovided social media influence ex ertise to the 

- Starting in approximately 2010, Klyushin and Klyushina co-owned the 

Innovation & Development Agency, also known as the Agency for Development of Innovative 

Technologies (APRlT). In 2015, Klyushin said that APRlT had received Russian government 

contracts.2514 Klyushin's current company states that it is able to produce and amplify social 

media content through more than 1,000 accounts and millions of subscribers on social media.2515 

251 - Tweet, @AlferovaYulyaE, January 22, 2014. On January 22, 2014, Klyushina wrote on social media 

that, "I'm sure @realDonald Trump will be great president! We'll support you from Russia! America needs an[] 

ambitious leader!"; On January 28, 2015, Klyushina announced on Twitter that Trump would be running for 

President of the United States. Tweet, @AlferovaYulyaE, January 28, 2015. The Committee has no insi ht into the 

nature of Kl ushina's knowled e of these matters or what rom ted these statements. 

, . , , ., January 14, 2014 (RB00000986); Email, E. Agalarov to 

Wilson, Goldstone, et al., December 6, 2013 (RB00001567). 

396 

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Klyushin has also publicly stated that he "makes corrections to reality" and "changes emotional 

and logical perceptions of situations."2516 

(U) In 2014, less than a year after working to promote Emin Agalarov during the Miss 

Universe pageant, Klyushin played a central role in Russia's efforts to flood Ukraine's social 

media platforms with pro-Kremlin propaganda. Klyushin associate and Kremlin-linked "chief 

troll" Konstantin Rykov was also centrally involved in these efforts.2517 

- A May 2014 Department of State cable noted that the Kremlin had 

"unleashed an unprecedented social media propaganda campaign to shore up domestic support 

for President Vladimir Putin's policy and to support anti-Kyiv protest activity on the streets of 

southern and eastern Ukraine." The cable noted that both "official and allegedly unofficial social 

media accounts have spewed forth an unceasing stream of disinformation and gained more and 

more online followers."2518 In particular, the cable noted that accounts including Klyushin 

(@artem_klyushin) and Konstantin Rykov (@Rykov) tweeted "pro-Kremlin patriotic 

propaganda about events in Ukraine nearly 24 hours a day to tens of thousands - or in 

Klyushin' s case, 1.4 million - followers." The cable noted that all the messaging is similar: 

filled with hatred for the Ukrainian government, the United States and its policies, and Western 

values.2519 

In June 2014 a U.S. diplomat working on Ukraine and Russia issues emailed a news article detailing 

Russia's use of social media "trolls" to colleagues within the Department of State. The U.S. diplomat described the 

article, titled "Documents Show How Russia's Troll Army Hit America," as a "must read" about "how the Kremlin 

is attempting to use [social media] to manipulate public opinion." The U.S. diplomat observed that Russia, "may be 

swaying people through sheer volume (or at least discouraging people from engaging)." That message and the 

accompanying article were then forwarded by a senior State Department official to a smaller, more senior, group 

close to the Department's leadership. The senior official indicated that the article captured "[ w ]hat we're up 

a ainst " and lamented that the mainstream media was not coverin the rowin social media threat from Russia. 

397 

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· 398 

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-Klyushin previously served as an aide to Ilya Kostunov, who currently runs 

a pro-Kr~l and training program funded by U.S.-sanctioned and indicted oligarch and 

influence operative Yevgeniy Prigozhin.2531 The school, which is in St. Petersburg, focuses on 

co-opting young Russians. It offers political training as well as media and social media skills 

training. 2532 

Klyushin began using U.S.-related hashtags in early 2016, was active on 

social media regarding the 2016 U.S. election, and participated in a U.S. election night party in 

Moscow with other Russian supporters of Donald Trump. On September 28, 2017, Klyushin 

claimed on social media that the results of the 2016 U.S. presidential election would not have 

happened "without my interference."2533 The Committee is not able to corroborate this claim. 

The Committee assesses that Klyushin is linked to other Kremlin allies with 

direct ties to the Russian Government who have been involved in foreign influence campaigns 

through social media. Like Klyushin, several of these individuals claimed involvement in, or 

were active during, the 2016 U.S. election. 

ii. (U) Konstantin Rykov 

(U) Klyushin is associated with a number of Kremlin-linked online influencers that are 

of concern to the Committee. Some of the individuals in this network have been involved in 

399. 

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Russian foreign influence operations targeting the elections of U.S. allies, have attempted to 

undermine U.S. allies by inflaming domestic tensions, and have claimed involvement in the 2016 

U.S. presidential election. 

- Konstantin Rykov, who has been referred to as the "chief troll," is a known 

. close associate ofKlyushin and has engaged with Klyushin in running influence operations on 

social media.2534 The Committee assesses that Rykov has la ed a si ificant role in the 

Kremlin's forei n and domestic influence efforts, 

- Rykov claims to have knowledge of the involvement of hackers, WikiLeaks, 

and Ca~alytica in the 2016 U.S. election.2536 He also claims to have been in direct 

contact over Twitter with Donald Trump in 2012.2537 The Committee obtained information that 

calls at least one of these claims into significant doubt, most notably regarding the alleged 

Twitter contact.2538 Nevertheless, Rykov's level of access within the Russian government, his 

connections to online influence operatives, and his historical involvement in Kremlin influence 

operations; make him a significant concern. 

- Rykov began receiving Russian government support in 2003, primarily to 

expand~f online influence efforts targeting a domestic audience by working with 

Kremlin-linked organizations to fill the Russian internet with pro-Kremlin content and social 

media commentary.2539 

- However, more recently, Rykov's influence work has taken on a wide range 

of foreign targets that align with Russian government interests, intelligence activities and 

messaging from state media outlets involved in propaganda efforts.2540 

Rykov and members of his network have been involved in efforts targeting the 

2534 European Union 

Ins 2018, Chaillot Paper 

14 

2535 

2536 

2539 

2540 (U) T 1s trans1t10n 1s consistent wit at er networks of Kremlin acked influence operatives that developed 

their tradecraft domestically, refined it in Ukraine and elsewhere in the former Soviet Union, and then eventually 

expanded its reach to Western Europe, the United States, and now Afric;:t, the Middle East and elsewhere. See infra 

Vol. 2. 

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J 
r 

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United States and elsewhere. These efforts have targeted elections and 

sought to sow discord by amplifying societal divisions.2541 

- The Committee assesses that Rykov is friendly with Russian Presidential 

Admin~cial Timur Prokopenko, who managed the Kremlin's media influence 

activities from 2012-2014 and who requested that a Kremlin-controlled institute finance Rykov's 

influence operations.2546 

.. - The Committee assesses that, in 2014, Rykov likely collaborate~ with the 

Russian Presidential Administration regarding a Russian influence operation targeting France, in 

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support of the French National Front and Marine Le Pen. Rykov has also claimed involvement 

in the 2017 French presidential election.2547 · 

. . 

The Committee assesses that as of 2014, Rykov has also been significantly 

involve Ru n influence operations targeting Ukraine, likely at the Kremlin's request.2550 

402 
Rykov has received payments from the Presidential 

Administration to develop Kremlin internet projects.2555 

I - Aleksey Goreslavskiy, a Rykov associate and former colleague, has political 

oversight of online media in Russia's Presidential Administration.2557 · 

• Rykov operates many websites, some of which are funded and controlled by 

Russia's Presidential Administration.2558 

- In addition to Klyushin, Rykov has ties to a number of other 'individuals 

outside ~lin who are associated with Russian intelligence services or pro-Kremlin 

political parties, such as Leonid Reshetnikov, Aleksey Kondratyev, Aleksey Zhuraviev, German 

Klimenko, Aleksey Chesnakov and Aleksandr Dugin.2559 

• 

403 
• -Kondratyev is the Chair of the Security and Defense Committee in the 

Russian Federation Council. 

• ~Klimenko is an adviser to President Putin and pro-Kremlin social media 

expert. 

l;~-'.(U) Dugin met with Steve Bannon in Rome in 2018. Bannon claimed that the meeting in 

2018 was their first interaction, and that the 2016 U.S. election was not discussed.2565 

(U) SSCI Bannon Tr., pp. 416-417; Treasury, "Treasury Announces New Designations of Ukrainian Separatists 

and their Russian Su orters," March 11, 2015. 

-

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(U) As previously noted, Rykov was also active during the 2016 U.S. election, though 

the full nature and scope of his activity are difficult to verify or disprove. Rykov began to show 

interest in, and support for, Donald Trump shortly after Trump's campaign was announced. 

Vzglyad is a pro-Kremlin news website founded in 2005 by Konstantin Rykov, and is funded 

and controlled by the Russian government.2567 On August 18, 2015, a representative from 

Vzglyad reached out to Hope Hicks requesting an interview with Trump.2568 No interview took 

place.2569 However, two months later, on October 17, a Washington Examiner story titled "Putin 

loves Donald Trump," prominently featured'Rykov and his Kremlin ties.2570 The same day the 

story was published, Trump tweeted a link to it, writing, "Russia and the world has already 

started to respect us again!"2571 

- In addition to his. connection to Klyushin, Rykov maintains contact with a 

networ~. and pro-Kremlin bloggers. and trolls, many of whom responded to calls by 

Rykov to participate in U.S. election-related efforts online in 2016. Following the election, 

many of those actors took steps to hide their activities.2572 

- Rykov, who owns the official domain for Putin's 2018 re-election campaign 

putin2018.ru, as well as marinelepen.ru, registered a media aggregation website, trump2016.ru, 

in August 2015.2573 Rykov distributed polling data and memes, was active on social media, and 

organized election-related events, at least one of which was attended by Klyushin. 

Another one ofRykov's election events was attended by Anton KorobkovZemlyanskiy, a pro-Kremlin social media operative and bot developer whose activities have 

targeted foreign countries including the United States. Zemlyanski was involved in Ukraine with 

Klyushin and Rykov, and was removed from Twitter after he made an online death threat toward 

a U.S. official in Moscow.· Zemlyanski's removal reportedly only provoked more threats from 

his associates.2574 

(U) Email, Georgi Asatryan to Hope Hicks, August 18, 2015 (DJTFP00005700). 2569 (U) SCO Report, Vol. I, p. 66. · 2570 (U) David M: Drucker, "Putin love·s Donald Trump," Washington Examiner, October 17, 2015. 2571 Tweet realDonaldTrum October 17 2015. 

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(U) In addition to Klyushin and Zemlyanski, Rykov's gatherings in Moscow for the 

2016 U.S. election and inauguration were also attended by a range of other individuals such as 

pro-Kremlin propagandist Maria Katasonova, Duma member Aleksey Zhuravlev, and Jack 

Hanick, an American media consultant who is associated with U.S.-sanctioned oligarch 

Konstantin Malofeyev and the pro-Kremlin propaganda media outlet Tsargrad TV.2575 

- Following the 2016 U.S. election, Russian political elites congratulated 

Rykov regarding the results of the U.S. election. Among others, Rykov was congratulated by the 

Kremlin's Aleksey Zharich.2577 On social media, Rykov was told that "we are waiting for the 

victory of Le Pen."2578 \ 

-Following Le Pen's 2017 defeat in the French presidential election, Rykov 

told a journalist that he was disappointed that his support for Le Pen "did not work out the same 

way that it did with the US President."2579 

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D. (U) Trump Tower Moscow 

1. (U) Introduction and Findings 

(U) During the 2016 U.S. presidential election cycle, Donald Trump and the Trump 

Organization pursued a business deal in Russia. Michael Cohen, then an executive vice 

president at the Trump Organization and personal attorney to Trump, primarily handled and 

pursued these efforts. 

(U) The Trump Organization had repeatedly sought a deal in Russia for decades, but no 

deal had advanced beyond initial negotiations. In September 2015, approximately three months 

after Trump declared his candidacy for president, Cohen received two offers from businessmen 

with connections to Russia to build a "Trump Tower" in Moscow.2580 One proposal came from 

Felix Sater, a longtime business associate of Trump who had worked closely with the Trump 

Organization on and off for over a decade. A second proposal came from Giorgi Rtskhiladze, 

another previous business partner of the Trump Organization and who had years before worked 

with Cohen on building a Trump-branded property in Batumi, Georgia. 

(U) Both proposals envisioned the construction of a Moscow skyscraper to be known as 

Trump Tower Moscow, which would pair Russia-based developers and businessmen with the 

Trump Organization in a licensing deal. This licensing deal would require the Russian developer 

to finance and build the tower, while the Trump Organization, as the licensee, would receive an 

assortment of fees and payments for the use of the Trump brand. 

(U) In September 2015, Trump authorized Cohen to pursue the Sater-related deal. 

Cohen, through Sater, began negotiations with a Russia-based developer, Andrey Rozov and 

Rozov's company, LC. Expert. By late October 2015, Sater, Cohen, and LC. Expert had agreed 

on terms for a detailed Letter of Intent (LOI) .. The LOI laid out the main terms of a licensing 

deal that promised to provide the Trump Organization millions of dollars upon the signing of a 

deal, and hundreds of millions of dollars if the project advanced to completion. By early 

November 2015, Trump and Rozov co-signed the LOI. 

(U) Cohen kept Trump updated on the progress of the deal. While these·negotiations 

were ongoing, Trump made positive public comments about Putin in _connection with his 

presidential campaign. Cohen and Sater sought to leverage Trump's comments, as well as 

subsequent comments about Trump by Putin, to advance the deal. Both Cohen and Sater at 

various times understood that both Putin's and Trump's comments could be useful in advancing 

the deal. 

2580 (U) A third proposal, provided to Eric Trump, also arrived from individuals associated with the.Moscow city 

government through Boris Epshteyn. This proposal is described infra Vol. 5, Sec. lli.D.3.v. 

407. 

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(U) Sater told Cohen about high-level outreach to Russian businessmen and officials that 

Sater claimed to have undertaken related to the deal. While Sater almost certainly inflated some 

of these claims, the Committee found that Sater did, in fact, have significant senior-level ties to a . 

number of Russian businessmen and former government officials, and was in a position, through 

intermediaries, to reach individuals close to Putin. 

(U) Cohen and Sater also made plans for Cohen and Trump to travel to Russia as a 

predicate to finalizing a deal. Cohen instructed Sater to plan a trip for Cohen first; after Cohen's 

trip, the plan was for Trump to travel to Russia to mt!et with Putin in relation to the deal. Cohen 

also contacted Dmitri Klokov, a Russian individual who had reached out about the deal and the 

possibility of a meeting between Trump and Putin. While little is known about Klokov, the 

nature of the outreach and Klokov's ties to the Russian government suggest that his outreach 

may have been sanctioned by the Russian government. Cohen ultimately declined Klokov's 

offers. 

(U) By the end of 2015, Cohen had become frustrated th.at the deal with Sater was not 

progressing fast enough and began reaching out to the Kremlin directly to solicit the Russian 

government's assistance. Cohen eventually made contact in January 2016 with a Russian 

Presidential Administration aide to Dmitri Peskov, a senior Kremlin official and key advisor to 

Putin. Cohen discussed the project in detail and reported to Trump that he had done so. As a 

result of this direct outreach to the Russian Presidential Administration and Sater' s separate 

efforts to conduct outreach to individuals in Russia, the Committee found that senior Russian 

government officials including almost certainly President Vladimir Putin were aware of the deal 

by January 2016. 

(U) Cohen and Sater continued negotiations into the spring of 2016. Their effort 

primarily focused on efforts to travel to Russia to advance the deal, but the Committee found no 

evidence of other concrete steps they took during this time. By June 2016, Sater, through his 

contacts in Russia, had helped organize an invitation for Cohen to attend the St. Petersburg 

International Economic Forum (SPIEF). Cohen initially agreed to travel to Russia and 

forwarded passport information to Sater. However, on June 14, 2016, Cohen and Sater met in 

person in Trump Tower, and Cohen likely relayed that he would not be able to travel to Russia at 

that time. Around that time, attempts to advance the deal stopped. , 

2. (U) Past Efforts to Conduct a Real Estate Deal in Russia with Felix Sater 

(U) Donald Trump and the Trump Organization's pursuit of a real estate deal in Russia 

extended over several decades and involved a variety of potential partners, including Felix Sater. 

In the 1990s, Trump pursued developments in Russia with various American businessmen, 

including Bennett LeBow, Howard Lorber, and others (described infra Vol. 5, Sec. III.I.4). 

From approximately late 2013 to late 2014, the Trump Organization sought a separate licensing 

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COMMITTEE SENSITIVE - RUSSIA INVESTIGATION ONLY 
deal in Russia with the Crocus Group, a Russian real estate company owned and managed by the 

Agalarov family (described infra Vol. 5, Sec. III.C.3.v). 

(U) However, the most persistent effort involved Sater. Starting in the early 2000s, the 

Trump Organization and Donald Trump repeatedly sought assistance from Sater to close a real 

estate deal in Russia. For more than a decade, Sater sought to connect the Trump Organization 

with Russian developers and investors in pursuit of real estate opportunities in Russia, 

particularly in Moscow. Sater relied on an expansive network of personal and professional 

contacts with Russian businessmen, senior Russian government officials (including from the 

intelligence services), and individuals connected to Eurasian organized crime. Most recently, 

during the 2016 U.S. presidential election cycle, Sater was involved in efforts to build a real 

estate development commonly known as Trump Tower Moscow. 

i. (U) Felix Sater's Background and Ties to the Russian Government 

(U) In 1998, prior to his work with the Trump Organization, Sater came under federal 

criminal investigation along with several other individuals for money laundering and stock 

manipulation. At the time, Sater was in Russia working on a business deal to rent a transatlantic 

cable from AT&T.2581 

iew 

w1 the Committee, Sater reca e at e ew e was emg surve1 e "a e time" in 

Moscow.2584 

(U) According to Sater, in an effort to generate oodwill with the FBI in anticipation of a 

U.S. prosecution, Sater began providing information to an individuar Sater met in 

Russia and who told Sater that he worked for the 2585 

2581 (U) Transcript of Sentencing Before the Honorable I. Leo Glasser, United States v. Felix Sater, Case No. 98-

CR-1101-ILG (E.D.N.Y. October 23, 2009), p. 6; SSCI Transcript of the Interview with Felix Sater, April 4, 2018, 

p. 58. 2582 

2583 (U) 1 id., pp. 22-23. 2584 (U) Sater Tr., p. 70. Sater recalled being followed by a car and in coffee shops. Ibid., p. 71. 2585 (U). Ibid., pp. 62--63; Benton Campbell, Letter to the Honorable I. Leo Glasser, Re: United States v. Felix Sater, 

August 27, 2009, p. 3. 

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(U) Sater recalled that in the course of his routine social interactions, which included 

dining and consuming alcohol with Russian associates, he met- Sater recalledapproaching him during one such social occasion with approximately 20 individuals at a dinner: 

I go to the bathroom, the guy follows me to the bathroom,-· He says: 

I'd like your phone number; I'd like to talk to you tomorrow. I said: Sure. The 

next day, I met him at an Irish pub. That's when he proceeded to tell me that I'm 

sitting with very serious intelligence guys. 2586 

(U) Sater began using his existing network, largely in Russia, to establish a network of 

contacts including intelligence officers, military operatives, and personnel at military research 

facilities in various countries.2588 Sater explained that he was in contact with "mostly GRU 

[Russia's Main Intelligence Directorate] guys."2589 

(U) One of Sater' s primary contacts providing information at this time was Evgeny 

Shmykov. 

(U) Sater Tr., p. 9. 2589 (U) Ibid., p. 61. Sater explained that he knew these GRU-affiliated individuals "because they were in control of 

the telecommunications" and further explained that they "were all retired or semi-retired. Who the hell knows?" 

410 
r 

• • 

411 
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(U) In November 1998, Sater returned to the United States and surrendered to the FBI. 

Sater pleaded guilty to participating in a racketeering enterprise and, as part of his plea, began 

serving as a government cooperator. Over the course of approximately a decade, Sater was a 

prolific cooperator for the U.S. Government, providing information on "the most elusive and 

dangerous" individuals of interest to U.S. law enforcement.2593 Sater also served as a source of 

"valuable foreign intelligence" in a variety of national security areas.2594 

(U) Sater' s cooperation reveals a number of connections and accesses related to highlevel national security information. According to the Department of Justice (DOJ), Sater' s 

(U) Memorandum & Order, United States v. Felix Sater, Case No. 98-CR-1101-ILG (E.D.N.Y. July. 22, 2019), 

p. 1. . 

2594 (U) Ibid 

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cooperation was "extraordinary."2595 Sater's cooperation covered a "depth and breadth rarely 

seen," and included the provision of information on cyber crime, al-Qa'ida, Russian military and 

defense matters, and Russian organized crime.2596 Some of these topics included the U.S. 

Government's highest priority national security matters. For example, Sater acquired satellite 

phone numbers associated with Usama Bin Laden and information on Bin Laden's whereabouts 

following September 11, 2001; the whereabouts of then-Taliban leader Mullah Omar; al,-

Qa'ida's internal structuring and financial capabilities; and ground reports related to battle 

damage assessments during Operation Enduring Freedom. 2597 Sater also provided information 

abo4t a variety of organized crime matters inside the United States, a number of which directly 

contributed to high-profile prosecutions of organized crime figures.259~ At Sater's sentencing, a 

DOJ representative told a federal judge that "[t]here was nothing [Sater] wouldn't do. No task 

was too big. He ... was the key to open a hundred different doors that [the FBI] couldn't open 

prior to that time."2599 · 

(U) Sater' s accesses came from his continued connections to Russian individuals and 

criminal groups. Sater used his "connections with several high-ranking Russian military or 

former military and KGB officers" as the source for the information he provided to the U.S. 

Government, including much of the information described above.2600 In addition, Sater provided 

information about Russian organized crime leaders in Russia, including their identities, roles, 

and U.S.-based operations.2601 He also participated in FBI undercover operations in Cyprus and 

Turkey targeting Russian criminals.2602 In addition to the Russian government information listed 

2595 (U) Transcript of Sentencing Before the Honorable I. Leo Glasser, United States v. Felix Sater, Case No. 98-

CR-1101-ILG (E.D.N.Y. October 23, 2009), p. 4. During the confirmation process for h.er appointment as Attorney 

General, Loretta Lynch addressed the issue of Sater's cooperation, particularly as it related to the sealing of certain 

records in Sater's case pertaining to his cooperation and sentencing. Lynch described the information provided by 

Sater as a result of his cooperation with the government as "valuable and sensitive" and noted that the court had 

twice upheld its order to seal much of the record. Letter, Lynch to Grassley and Leahy, February 9, 2015. Nearly 

all of the record in Sater's case was unsealed by Judge Leo Glasser in 2019. Memorandum & Order, United States 

v. Felix Sater, Case No.,98-CR-1101-ILG (E.D.N.Y. July. 22, 2019). . 2596 (U) Benton Campbell, Letter to the Honorable I. Leo Glasser, Re: United States v. Felix Sater, August 27, 2009. 2597 (U) Leslie R. Caldwell and Kelly A. Moore, Letter to the Honorable I. Leo Glasser, Re: United States v. Felix 

Sater, October 19, 2009; Benton Campbell, Letter to the Honorable I. Leo Glasser, Re: United States v. Felix Sater, 

August 27, 2009. 2598 (U) Benton Campbell, Letter to the Honorable I. Leo Glasser, Re: United States v. Felix Sater, August 27, 2009. 2599 (U) Transcript of Sentencing Before the Honorable I. Leo Glasser, United States v. Felix Sater, Case No. 98-

CR-1101-ILG (E.D.N.Y. October 23, 2009), p. 12; SSCI Transcript of the Interview with Felix Sater, April 4, 2018, 

p. 13. . 2600 (U) Benton Campbell, Letter to the Honorable I. Leo Glasser, Re: United States v. Felix Sater, August 27, 2009, 

p. 8. ' 

2601 (U) Ibid. 2602 (U) Ibid.; Transcript of Sentencing Before the Honorable I. Leo Glasser, United States v. Felix Sater, Case No. 

98-CR-1101-ILG (E.D.N.Y. October 23, 2009). 

413 

COMMITTEE SENSITIVE - RUSSIA INVESTIGATION ONLY 
above relating to Shmykov, Sater also provided information about a number of Russian oligarchs 

and their ties to organized crime.2603 

ii. (U) Sater's Relationship with the Trump Organization 

(U) Sater first began working with the Trump Organization in the early 2000s while he 

was an executive at Bayrock, a New York-based real estate and development company. Sater 

managed Bayrock; his partner was Tevfik Arif, a former Soviet government trade official.2604 

(U) Arif has connections to Russia and Turkey, and information obtained by the 

Committee suggests he was involved in Russian organized crime, money laundering, and human 

trafficking dating back to at least 2000. 

• (U) In 2010, Arif was arrested along with a group of others while aboard a luxury yacht 

in Turkey as part of prostitution sting.2605 The charges were eventually dropped.2606 

• (U) Sater, Arifs longtime business partner, suggested to the Committee that he believed 

Arif engaged in human trafficking in the United States and elsewhere.2607 According to 

Sater, Arif brought "thousands" of women into the United States, primarily from 

Ukraine. 2608 

• 

I 

2603 (U) Benton Campbell, Letter to the Honorable I. Leo Glasser, Re: United States v. Felix Sater, August 27, 2009. 2604 (U) Sater Tr., pp. 81-92; Craig Shaw, et al., "World leaders, mobsters, smog and mirrors," The Black Sea, 

December 20, 2016. 2605 (U) Craig Shaw, et al., "World leaders, mobsters, smog and mirrors," The Black Sea, December 20, 2016. 2606 (U) Ibid 2607 (U) Sater Tr., 

26os U Ibid 

-

2610 (U) 1 id 2611 (U) Ibid, pp. 37-38. 

414 

COMMITTEE SENSITIVE - RUSSIA INVESTIGATION ONLY 
I 

• 

'-'-" Open source reporting indicates that Bayrock is connected to Mashkevich and 

the Eurasian Group, a company controlled by Chodiev and Ibragimov.2615 

(U) In approximately 2000, Bayrock, led by Sater and Arif, leased office space on the 

24th floor of Trump Tower in New York, which ultimately led to Sater's introduction to Trump. 

Trump's offices were on the 26th floor of Trump Tower, above Bayrock.2617 

(U) Sater and Bayrock's projects with the Trump Organization included a development 

in Ft. Lauderdale and the Trump SoHo development in New York. Throughout this time, Sater 

interacted with, and reported to, Donald Trump on deals.2618 

(U) In 2007, The New York Times revealed Sater's 1998 sealed indictment and his 

cooperation with the U.S. Government.2619 Sater appeared to cut ties with Bayrock in response. 

(U) In late 2009 or early 2010, Sater and another associate, Daniel Ridloff, were 

provided office space on the 26th floor of Trump Tower in return for their efforts to source 

international deals.2620 Several Trump Organization senior officers recalled that Sater had been 

(U) 2617 (U) Sater Tr., pp. 26, 39. 2618 (U) Ibid., pp. 83-84. 2619 (U) Charles V. Bagli, "Real Estate Executive With Hand in Trump Projects Rose From Tangled Past," The New 

York Times, December 17, 2007. 2620 (U) Sater described his mandate as "the world except Africa." Sater Tr., p. 35. 

415 

I 

COMMITTEE SENSITIVE - RUSSIA INVESTIGATION ONLY 
COMMITTEE SENSITIVE - RUSSIA INVESTIGATION ONLY 

successful in two separate deals and had "proven himself' as being able to deliver licensing 

opportunities of a significant size.2621 Sater was given the title of "Senior Advisor to Donald 

Trump."2622 Sater was not paid a salary, but was promised a share of proceeds from successful 

business deals he brought in. Sater used business cards with the Trump Organization logo arid 

traveled on behalf of the Trump Organization, meeting developers and other investors. 2623 This 

arrangement, and Sater's office space on the 26th floor of Trump Tower only several office's 

away from Trump, gave Sater greater access to Trump, allowing Sater the ability to see Trump 

frequently and "pitch" business opportunities to him.2624 During this time, Trump woμld see 

Sater every day, generally more than once.2625 In general, Sater recalled that he had interacted 

with Trump "hundreds" of times over the course of their relationship.2626 After less than a year, 

Sater left his advisory role to the Trump Organization without completing any new deals.2627 

iii. (U) Sater's History of Trump Development Work in Russia 

(U) Sater recalled working on a Trump project in Moscow as early as 2003 or 2004 

when he took an "exploratory trip" to Russia to meet with real estate developers about 

potentially building a Trump Tower.2628 By 2004 or 2005, Sater had undertaken negotiations 

related to a former pencil factory in the Moscow area. Sater explained that he had taken three or 

four trips related to the Moscow project and would provide updates to Trump upon hi~ return.2629 

(U) Sater continued these efforts in the following years with a variety of different 

developers and locations, including an opportunity involving a location in Moscow City slated 

for a high-rise building.2630 Sater recalled making a licensing deal proposal to Russian oligarch 

2621 (U) See, e.g., SSCI Transcript of the Interview with D~nald J. Trump, Jr., December 13, 2017, p. 267. 2622 (U) Sater Tr., p. 26. 2623 (U) Ibid, pp. 32, 37-38. _. 2624 (U) Cohen Tr. II, p. 174; Sater Tr., p. 26. A number of individuals associated with the Trump Organization 

sought to distance themselves and the Trump Organization from Sater. For example, Keith Schiller, Trump's 

longtime chief of security who had an office on the 26th floor in close proximity to Trump's office, claimed that he 

had interacted with Sater "once, maybe twice." SSCI Transcript of the Interview with Keith Schiller, February 7, 

2018, p. 127. Sater told the Committee that he interacted with Schiller "a couple times a day, a couple times a week, 

a couple times a month, depending ifl was there. But yes, I know Keith very well .... I've met him more than a 

hundred times .... and he's always around, so I would always bump into him, whether it was outside the elevator, 

by the waiting room, downstairs getting coffe~, Many, many occasions I've met with Keith." Sater Tr., pp. 38-39. 

Rhona Graff, Trump's longtime assistant who maintained an office immediately adjacent to Trump's on the 26th 

floor, told the Committee that she recalled meeting Sater a "handful of times." Graff Tr., p. 190. 2625 (U) Cohen Tr. II, pp. 173-174. At that time, Cohen also worked out of an office on the 26th floor of Trump 

Tower. 

2626 (U) Sater Tr., p. 260. 2627 (U) Ibid, p. 28. 2628 (U) Ibid, p. 88. 2629 (U) Ibid, pp. 88, 91-92. 2630 (U) Ibid, pp. 95-96. 

416 ) 

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COMMITTEE SENSITIVE - RUSSIA INVESTIGATION ONLY 

Sergei Polansky related to a "Federation Tower Trump." Polansky was the head of Mirax 

Group, a large Russian real estate and development company, during that time. Sater recalled 

Polansky telling him, "I'm the Trump of Russia; why doesn't he pay me?"2631 Sater recalled 

personally introducing "a few of Polonsky's partners or directors" to Trump as part of these 

discussions.2632 Sater ultimately became involved in Mirax. Sater also recalled discussing a 

potential Trump project in Russia from approximately 2005-2008 with Pavel Fuks. Sater stated 

that he knows Fuks "really well" and that they had "numerous" discussions "in Moscow, then in 

New York" over several years about a potential Trump deal.2633 Sater was eventually given a 

one-year exclusivity deal with the Trump Organization for potential deals in Russia.2634 

(U) Sater explained that he pursued a large number of international deals which he 

pitched to Trump and the Trump Organization. As a result, he believed that there was not a 

"special affinity" to Russia, but that a variety of factors made the prospect of a Russia deal 

"interesting."2635 

Was there a specific affinity to Russia? No. But [the Russians] were rich, they had 

money, and it would have been a good opportunity to make money, and thus 

Russia was very much an interesting city. And because I speak Russian, because I 

have relationships there, and because we knew developers there, it was quite 

interesting. 2636 

(U) Sater's interest in pursuing a deal in Russia, however, did not occur in complete 

isolation. For example, in 2007, Donald Trump wrote a letter to Putin congratulating him on 

Putin's being named "Person of the Year" by Time. 2637 

2631 (U) Ibid. 2632 (U) Ibid, pp. 96, 98. 2633 (U) Ibid., p. 97. 2634 (U) Ibid., pp. 94--95. 2635 (U) Ibid, p. 36. 

2636 (U) Ibid 2637 (U) Letter, Trump to Putin, December 19, 2007 (TRUMPORG_18_000046). The Committee did not obtain a 

clear explanation as to why this letter was sent, or whether any response was provided. 

417 

COMMITTEE SENSITIVE - RUSSIA INVESTIGATION ONLY 
rr ldent Vladimir Putin 

Ru illn Ftderatlon 

D nr Pre lden1 Putin: 

Oecembtr 19, 2007 

ongnitulmlons on beloi named I im llUl"llJJoe' "~fan of lh \ e:ir .. - ou 

dclloltel) d ene II. \S )OU probubl tu,,c hr!lrd, l nm II hi!: fan of3our; l rake 

care or ~ourself. 

With b t whhe , 

(U) While Trump was Sater's primary point of contact in the Trump Organization, Sater 

also worked with Donald Trump Jr., Ivanka Trump, and Jason Greenblatt at various times during 

his efforts.2638 For example, in approximately 2006, Sater recalled traveling to Russia on 

Trump's request because both Ivanka Trump and Donald Trump Jr. would be traveling there, in 

part to research potential deals. Sater recalled accompanying both Trump children during this 

trip: 

[Trump} said: My kids are going there; I'd feel a lot more comfortable if you 

were there looking after them. There 's still a concern; they 're young. Do you 

think you could go there? I said: No problem. And !flew therefrom Europe, 

because I didn 'tjly there with them, and I met them there. We stayed at the 

2638 (U) Sater Tr., p. 93. 

418 
COMMITTEE SENSITIVE - RUSSIA INVESTIGATION ONLY 

National Hotel together, and I did what their dad asked me, keep an eye on them . 

. . . They were actually talking to other people about potential deals. He just 

wanted me there to sort of keep an eye on them, literally. I don't know about 

protection, but-well, yes, I guess he wanted somebody that he knows and trusted 

there to look after his kids. 2639 

(U) On that trip Sater facilitated a tour of the Kremlin which Sater later referenced in 

communications with Cohen during the 2016 presidential campaign. Sater told the Committee: 

I contacted a very close friend ofmy partner Tevjik [Arif] and told them -- told 

him that I needed to impress the Trump kids. And he made the arrangements for a 

private tour of the Kremlin, where it was just me, [Ivanka Trump], I think it was 

the curator for the Kremlin, and one security person, I guess somebody the 

equivalent of their Secret Service, and a translator, I remember. But then 

afterwards the curator and translator, once we finished going through some of the 

Newseum-quality rooms, as we 're passing, the security guard says: That's the 

boss's room. And he opens it and he shows an office. [Ivanka Trump] said: Can I 

sit down behind the chair? I said: Let her. And he's like: You ,'re out of your mind. 

I said: No, no; let her; just trust me; she's the daughter of a VIP from the US.; 

what's she going to do, steal his pen? You're standing right here." And I 

convinced him to let her sit in the chair. She sat in the chair, spun around two or 

three times, said "Wow," walked out, and that was it. Then later we went to 

dinner. 2640 

- Sater stated that the "close friend" of Arif was Telman Ismailov. Sater recalled 

having ~eviously introduced to Ismailov b Arif and understood that at the time he was · 

"very influential" in Moscow.2641 ~ Sat~r further 

explained that years later Ismailov had a "major falling out" with Putin "because he was asked to 

build a hotel for the Sochi Olympics and he refused and then built a major hotel in Turkey, and 

that was the beginning of his end."2643 

3. (U) Trump. Tower Moscow Projects During the 2016 Presidential Campaign 

(U) During the 2016 election cycle, at least three proposals fo,r a Trump Tower project in 

Moscow came to senior employees of the Trump Organization. 

2639 (U) Ibid, pp. 99-100. 2640 (U) Ibid, pp. 103-104. 2641 Ibid, . 104. 2642 

419 

COMMITTEE SENSITIVE - RUSSIA INVESTIGATION ONLY 
(U) Two of these proposals came to Michael Cohen, then an executive vice president at 

the Trump Organization and personal attorney to Trump, from individual~ with strong 

connections in Russia who had done business with Trump and the Trump 'Organization iri the 

past. The first of these proposals involved Felix Sater. The second involved Giorgi Rtskhiladze, 

another businessman who had previously_worked to build a Trump Tower in Batumi, Georgia, 

and who also has significant ties to Russia. Both were offered to Cohen in September 2015, 

shortly after Cohen's efforts to setup a meeting between Putin and Trump in New York. While 

there is no direct evidence linking these proposals to Cohen's Kremlin outreach, the timing of the 

proposals suggests there may be some link between the two. 

(U) In the spring of 2016, Boris Epshteyn, a Trump Campaign surrogate and later 

employee, brought a third proposal to Eric Trump. The Epshteyn proposal, which came through 

individuals connected to the Moscow city government, involved construction of a smaller hotel 

in Russia. 

(U) Also during the 2016 elections, an individual named Dmitri Klokov contacted Cohen 

to set up a potential Trump-Putin meeting, possibly in relation to the Trump Tower Moscow 

discussions. 

i. (U) Attempts to Broker a Meeting Between Trump and Putin during the 

2015 United Nations General Assembly. 

(U) On September 15, 2015, Cohen appeared on a radio program with conservative 

media personality Sean Hannity. On the program, Cohen claimed that there is a "better than 

likely chance" that Trump would meet with Putin during Putin's upcoming trip to the United 

Nations General Assembly (UNGA) in New York.2644 Cohen initially told the Committee that 

he was 'just throwing it out there in order to have fun." However, Cohen later admitted that 

prior to the Hannity show, he had engaged in efforts to arrange such a meeting. According to 

Cohen, before his Hannity interview, he had conducted an internet search for the Kremlin, found 

a phone number, and called that number.2645 The woman who answered spoke both English and 

Russian. Cohen recalled that he asked the woman if there was "[a]ny chance when President 

Putin is in New York at the General Assembly he'd like to come by and have a burger with Mr. 

Trump at the [G]rille?"2646 Cohen claimed the Kremlin representative responded by stating that 

she didn't think "protocol" would allow it, but that she would "let you know if we can."2647 

2644 (U) Andrew Kaczynski, "Trump's Lawyer: 'Better Than Likely Chance Trump May Even Meet With Putin' 

During U.N.," BuzzFeed News, September 17, 2015. 2645 (U) SSCI Interview of the Transcript with Michael Cohen, October 25, 2017, pp. 29-30. 2646 (U) Ibid Cohen was referring to Trump Grille, a restaurant in Trump Tower in New York. 2647 (U) Ibid 

420 

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COMMITTEE SENSITIVE -RUSSIA INVESTIGATION ONLY 

Cohen provided the woman his phone number to follow-up. Cohen initially claimed to the 

Committee that he never told Trump or anyone else in the Trump Organization or Trump 

Campaign about the outreach or the idea for the meeting.2648 

(U) Cohen admitted in subsequent testimony with the Committee that much of this 

original account was false. Cohen had, in fact, discuss~d the potential Putin meeting with Trump 

"two o~ three" times and Cohen's outreach had been supported by Trump.2649 Cohen recalled 

Trump ·seeing press articles which suggested that then-President Obama would not meet with 

Putin during UNGA.265° Cohen recalled Trump rhetorically asking him "[h]ow stupid is our 

President not to meet with Putin when he's here?"2651 Cohen recalled telling Trump that it would 

be "really cool" if "we can get [Putin] to come here and have a burger with you over at the 

Trump Grille."2652 Trump directed Cohen to "see if you can ma!(e it happen."2653 Cohen 

subsequently conducted the initial outreach to the Kremlin.2654 

(U) On September 10, 2015, after Cohen's initial outreach to the Kremlin but prior to the 

Hannity appearance, a reporter with The New York Times reached out to Hope Hicks about the 

possibility that Trump would meet with Putin in New York.2655 Hicks immediately forwarded 

the inquiry to Cohen and copied Corey Lewandowski, writing only "Michael?" in the body of the 

email. 2656 Cohen recalled that he informed Hicks and Lewandowski of his efforts to arrange a 

meeting between Putin and Trump at this time.2657 

2648 (U) Ibid, pp. 30---31. Cohen later told the SCO that he had discussed this outreach with the then-President 

Trump's attorney prior to his testimony before the Committee and that the President's attorney discussed keeping 

Trump out of the narrative. In particular, the President's attorney expressed his belief that the story was not \ · 

relevant, and that the story should not be included in his statement to the Committee. Cohen further recalled that he 

understood from this interaction that ifhe stayed on message and kept the President out of the narrative, the 

President would have his back. SCO Report, Vol. II, p. 142. 2649 (U) Cohen Tr. II, p. 314. 

2650 (U) Ibid. 

2651 (U) Ibid. 

2652 (U) Ibid. 2~53 (U) Ibid. 2654 (U) Ibid., p. 317. 2655 (U) Email, Haberman to Hicks, September 10, 2016 (DJTFP00005761). . 2656 (U) Email, Hicks to Cohen and Lewandowski, September 10, 2016 (DJTFP00005761). . 2657 (U) Cohen Tr. II, p. 317. Cohen's admission that he told Hicks arid Lewandowski, which is consistent with 

Hick's email to Cohen, conflicts with what Hicks told the Committee. Hicks claimed that she didn't recall any 

discussion of a potential meeting between Trump and Putin .. Hicks further explained Cohen's public comments on 

Hannity by claiming Cohen was fabricating the possibility that a Trump-Putin meeting might occur, stating that 

"Michael says a lot of things publicly that aren't accurate." Hicks Tr., p. 23. Cohen recalled Trump's reaction to 

media attention to the issue was to simply "O]ust let them keep writing." Cohen Tr. II, p. 318. 

421 
COMMITTEE SENSITIVE - RUSSIA INVESTIGATION ONLY 

(U) As noted, Cohen recalled speaking to Trump several times about the proposed 

meeting.2658 Sometime a~er the September 15, 2015 Hannity radio interview, Cohen initiated a 

second call with the representative of the Russian government.2659 Cohen was told that · 

"protocol" w:ould not allow the meeting to occur.266° Cohen was under the impression that Putin 

was informed of the outreach.2661 Cohen ultimately informed Trump that the meeting would not 

happen. 2662 

(U) In late September 2015, Cohen received two Seemingly independent offers to build a 

Trump Tower Moscow. The offers, one from Giorgi Rtskhiladze and one from Felix Sater, 

arrived within days of each other.2663 Cohen admitted that he had never before received two 

separate offers for the same building location at approximately the same time.2664 Cohen 

claimed that he did not believe that either offer was in any way connected to his outreach to the 

Kremlin earlier in the month.2665 Sater claimed that his outreach was undertaken at his own 

initiative.2666 Rtskhiladze claimed that his outreach was undertaken at the behest of a business 

associate.2667 

ii. (U) Felix Sater: Michael Cohen's First Trump Tower Moscow Line of 

Effort During the Campaign 

In September 2015, Sater and Cohen began discussing the possibility of building a Trump 

Tower in Moscow. Efforts to move the deal forward continued until at least June 2016. 

2658 (U) Cohen Tr. II, p. 314. 2659 (U) sea Report, Vol. II, p. 141. 2660 (U) Cohen Tr.-II, p. 315. 2661 (U) Ibid 

j 

2662 (U) sea Report, Vol. II, pp. 141-142. 2663 (U) Sater Tr., p. 93; Rtskhiladze Tr.,. 97-98 2664 (U) Cohen Tr., p. 118. 2665 (U) Both Rtskhiladze and Sater have contacts connected to the Kremlin, particularly the office of Dmitri 

Peskov. For example, Sater claimed that one of his close contacts, Emin Iskenderov, had access to Peskov and that 

he had used Iskenderov to conduct outreach to Peskov. Sater Tr., p. 191; see also FBI, FD-302, Sater 12/15/2017; 

FBI, FD-302, Sater 9/19/2017. Rtskhiladze has privately claimed that Peskov is his "good friend." Email, 

Rtskhiladze to Cohen, March 12, 2017 (RTSKHILADZE-0000245). Furthermore, a similar contact progression 

involving Peskov's office likely occurred separately during the course of the Trump Moscow.project. In that case, 

the day after Cohen unilaterally made contact with Peskov's assistant in mid-January 2016, Sater contacted Cohen, 

stating that it was "about Putin" and that "they called today," suggesting that Cohen's outreach did prompt Kremlin 

involvement. Text message, Sater to Cohen, January 21, 2016 (FSS00131). 2666 (U) Sater Tr., p. 108. Sater claimed that Trump's campaign created "a lot of good noise" which served as a "PR 

campaign to get a Trump Tower Moscow built." 2667 (U) Written Responses, Rtskhiladze, August 23, 2019. Rtskhiladze claimed that he reached out to Cohen after 

his business associate, Simon Nizharadze, asked him to facilitate a deal between Trump and Vladimir Mazur, a 

Russian businessman. Ibid. 

422 

COMMITTEE SENSITIVE - RUSSIA INVESTIGATION ONLY 
a. (U) Origins of the Sater Proposal 

(U) In late September 2015, Sater called Andrei Rozov, the head of the Russian real 

estate development firm I.C. Expert, to present Rozov with the concept for a Trump Tower 

Moscow.2668 

(U) A body of information suggests Rozov's personal and professional network likely 

has at least some ties to individuals associated with Russian influence operations. For example, 

Rozov's associate Stalbek Mishakov has significant ties to Oleg Deripaska, a Russian oligarch 

who the Committee assesses undertakes a wide variety of Russian government influence 

operations. 

• (U) Sater said that he knew Mishakov and that Sater had met him a "bunch oftimes."2669 

Sater at first stated that Rozov and Mishakov were "friends," before claiming that they 

were "business associates" or "acquaintances."2670 Open source reporting corroborates 

the connections between Mishakov and Rozov. For example, Mishakov and Rozov have 

shared board positions at the same company.2671 

• ,.__, For 

years, Mishakov has maintained a series of board and senior executive positions with 

several ofDeripaska's companies, including as serving as Advisor to the General 

Director at RUSAL Global Management BV CJSC.2673 Sater also recalled that Mishakov 

had managed at least one project for Deripaska in Moscow.2674 

2668 (U) Sater Tr., pp. 107-109. The Committee did not have a record of the call in order to determine the specific 

timing with certainty. Sater explained to the Committee that he had a longstanding relationship with Rozov. Sater 

and Rozov were both involved with Mirax Group since approximately 2007 or 2008. Sater stated that he and Rozov 

developed a very close friendship and had conducted business together in the past. Ibid, p. 118. 2669 (U) Ibid, p. 121. 

2610 (U) Ibid 2671 "JSC 'l MPZ IM. V.A. Kazakova,' General Meetin Decision," Inter/ax, September 17, 2007. 2672 

2673 v," Reuters, undated. 2674 

267S 

see infra Vol. 5, Sec. III.A.8.i and Vol. 5, Sec. III.J.4. 

423 

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COMMITTEE SENSITIVE -RUSSIA INVESTIGATION ONLY 

(U) After contacting Rozov, Sater called Cohen and presented the idea for a Trump 

Tower Moscow.2680 According to Cohen, he and Sater were not in close contact prior to the 

initial Trump Tower Moscow outreach.2681 Sater and Cohen discussed an initial concept for the 

project involving a skyscraper, one that would seek to be the tallest tower in Europe.2682 Sater 

believed that a deal this large would require approval from the city government of Moscow and 

further suggested that approval from Putin would be necessary.2683 Sater recalled that after 

bringing the proposal to Cohen, Cohen sought and obtained approval from Trump to initiate the 

negotiations.2684 Sater recalled: · 

I came to Michael and said: Michael, I have a potential Trump Tower deal in 

Moscow that we could do; I have a good developer; I want to speak to Mr. T. He 

said: Sure. He came back to me and said: Let's go. 2685 

(U) Cohen recalled that in his initial discussion with Trump about Sater's concept for a 

Trump Tower Moscow, Trump approved moving forward with the project but told Cohen to 

closely monitor Sater. 

After the conversation with Mr. Sater, I told Mr. Trump that there's an 

opportunity to develop the tallest building in the world in Moscow. He asked me 

who it was with. I told him Felix is bringing the proposal, and he was like: Oy, 

Felix! And I said to him: But you have to understand, Felix is not the partner in 

2677 (U) Ibid 

2678 (U) Ibid 2679 (U) Ibid 2680 (U) Sater Tr., pp. 118-119. 2681 (U) Cohen Tr. II, p. 168. Cohen described his contact with Sater in the years prior to this as "very infrequent" 

contact. 

2682 (U) Email communications at least as late as October show that Cohen and Sater were still focused on building 

a tower designed to be among the tallest buildings in Europe. Email, Cohen to Sater, October 13, 2015 

(TRUMPORG_MC_000164). 

2683 (U) Sater Tr., p. 147. 2684 (U) Ibid, p. 111. 

268s (U) Ibid 

424 

COMMITTEE SENSITIVE - RUSSIA INVESTIGATION ONLY 
this. He's just the licensee's representative. And he's not involved. And Mr. 

Trump said: Okay, keep him tight. Meaning, keep him on a tight leash. 2686 

(U) After receiving Trump's approval to proceed, Cohen, Sater, and Rozov moved 

quickly to agree to basic deal parameters. On September 25, 2015, Cohen, Rozov, and Sater 

participated in a conference call with Sater translating.2687 Shortly thereafter, Cohen forwarded 

architectural renderings for the project directly to Rozov.2688 

(U) Several days later, Rozov's "right hand man", Dmitry Chizhikov, sent Cohen a letter 

from Rozov, attaching a presentation describing Rozov's company, IC Expert.2689 In the letter, 

Rozov wrote that "the tallest building in Europe should be in Moscow, and I am prepared to 

build it."2690 Rozov said that he was "optimistic" that the co-venture would become "a shining 

example of business creating opportunities and significant good will between Russia and .the 

U.S."2691 · 

b. (U) Signing of a Letter of Intent 

(U) By October 5, 2015, Cohen had drafted a Letter oflntent (LOI) which set forth terms 

of a license agreement between Trump Acquisition, LLC and I.C. Expert Investment Company, 

which was wholly-owned by Rozov.2692 The LOI called for a 120-story residential tower to be 

built in Moscow and outlined a license fee structure that included a $4 million up-front fee to be 

paid in various installments, followed by a percentage of fees to be paid to Trump Acquisition, 

2686 (U) Cohen Tr. II, pp. 182-183. 2687 (U) While Cohen initially claimed he never spoke to Rozov on the phone, he later admitted speaking to him on 

the phone once, which largely required Sater to act as a translator. Cohen Tr. II, p. 188. Documentary evidence and 

Rozov's statements to the SCO suggest that a conference call happened on Friday, September 25, 2015. Email, · 

Chizhikov to Cohen, September 29, 2015 (MDC-S-000601-602) (attaching a letter to Cohen from Rozov); FBI, FD302, Rozov 1/25/2018. Also later that evening Cohen forwarded to Sater the architectural renderings that Cohen had 

previously sent to Rtskhiladze. Email, Cohen to Sater, September 25, 2015 (MDC-S-000673--680). For more on 

Cohen's effort with Rtskhiladze, see infra Vol. 5, Sec. III.D.3.iii. 2688 (U) Email, Cohen to Rozov, September 25, 2015 (MDC-S-000681-688). This email was sent to an email 

address associated with RAV Investments, which Sater described as the "Swiss family office at the time that 

[Rozov] used as his sort of investment arm." Sater Tr., p. 116. 2689 (U) Sater Tr., pp. 115-116; Email, Chizhikov to Cohen, September 29, 2015 (MDC-S-000601-602) (attaching a 

letter to Cohen from Rozov). L 

2690 (U) Email, Chizhikov to Cohen, September 29, 2015 (MDC-S-000601-602) (attaching a letter to Cohen from 

Rozov). Sater recalled, "Actually, we were debating on trying to figure out maybe the tallest building in the world. 

But .we didn't want to put that in the letter so as not to spook anypne .... It would make it ten times harder to build." 

Sater Tr., p. 123. . 2691 (U) Email, Chizhikov to Cohen, September 29, 2015 (MDC-S-000601-602) (attaching a letter to Cohen from 

Rozov). r 2692 (U) Email, Cohen to Sater, October 5, 2015 (MDC-S-000,641-651). 

425 
COMMITTEE SENSITIVE - RUSSIA INVESTIGATION ONLY 

inter alia, gross sales fees, rental fees, and revenue fees. 2693 Subsequent revisions to Cohen's 

initial draft would eliminate the 120-story requirement and change the building to a multi-use 

facility that included residences, a hotel, office space, and other related amenities.2694 The . 

revisions also modified some license fees by providing for a reduction of sales fees in a 

cascading percentage as sales increased; a hotel management provision that would allow Trump 

International Hotels Management, LLC to operate the hotel for 25 years, collecting a percentage 

of gross operating revenue, with the option to manage food and other services.2695 

(U) On October 9, 2015, Sater emailed Cohen to tell Cohen that Sater would be meeting 

with Russian billionaire Andrey Molchanov in the coming days.2696 Sater noted that 

Molchanov's stepfather was in the St. Petersburg city government and that Putin had "worked 

for him" in the past.2697 Sater sent a link to LSR Group, one of Russia's largest construction 

companies and a major real estate developer.2698 Sater explained that Molchanov plans to "do 

Trump Tower Moscow on his site."2699 

• (U) Molchanov is affiliated with LSR Group.2700 Sater later told the Committee that he 

met Molchanov in approximately 2008 and that while he knew Molchanov "is one of the 

largest developers in Russia .... [h]e's also a friend."2701 

• -Sater knew Molchanov had previously served in the Russian government as a 

state senator and believed that Molchanov was well connected.2702 Sater further said that 

2693 (U) Ibid. 2694 (U) Email, [Office scanner] to Cohen, November 2, 2015 (MDC-S-000618-636) (attaching a scan ofa signed 

LOI).· 

2695 (U) Ibid. 2696 (U) Email, Sater to Cohen, October 9, 2015 (MDC-S-000595). 

2697 (U) Ibid 2698 (U) Email, Sater to Cohen, October 9, 2015 (MDC-S-000593). 2699 (U) Email, Sater to Cohen, October 9, 2015 (MDC-S-000595). 2700 (U) Tatiana Voronova and Katya Golubkova, "Main Shareholder in Russian homebuilder LSR to keep control," 

Reu-ers Ma 29, 2019. · 2701 Sater Tr., p. 128. Sater recalled that he was introduced to Molchanov through a very close mutual 

frien , Maxim Temikov, who also served with Sater on the Mirax board. He explained that Temikov's first wife 

was now married to Molchanov. Sater explained this network as the "St. Petersbur rou " who "all know each 

other .... this is a sociall close connected rou of eo le." Ibid., . 131-132. 

426 
COMMITTEE SENSITIVE - RUSSIA INVESTIGATION ONLY 

he believed Molchanov was "a 

with. ,,2703 

- Sater told the Committee that the Molchanov site Sater had referenced in his 

October 9, 2015 email to Cohen was the ZiL factory, a defunct automobile and heavy equipment 

manufacturing facility, which Sater described as the largest development project in Moscow. 

Sater told the Committee that the meeting with Molchanov referenced in his email to Cohen did, 

in fact, take place.2708 Sater explained that he subsequently "spoke to [Molchanov] on a number 

of occasions" about the Trump deal.2709 According to Sater, Molchanov reacted positive! to the 

Trum ro'ect, but he and Molchanov never arrived at a com leted a reement.2710 

(U) On October 12, 2015, Sater emaile~ Cohen to inform him that Andrey Kostin, whom 

Sater described as "Putin's top finance guy and CEO of 2nd largest bank in Russia," was "on 

board and has indicated he would finance Trump Moscow."2712 Sater attached a Wikipedia entry 

for Kostin to his email.2713 

2703 

2704 

2705 

2706 

• 

2101 (U) Ibid. 2708 (U) Sater Tr., p. 129-130. 2709 (U) Ibid., p. 130 2710 U Ibid 2711 

Andrey Kostin is the chairman ofVneshtor bank 

and one of the lar est banks in Russia. 

2112 -S-000638--640). 2713 

2714 

427 
COMMITTEE SENSITIVE - RUSSIA INVESTIGATION ONLY 

• 

• (U) In 2014, the U.S. Government imposed economic sanctions on VTB Bank pursuant' 

to the Ukraine-related sanctions program.2718 

(U) Sater told the Committee that although he never had direct communication with 

Kostin, Kostin was indirectly contacted about the project "through people in Moscow."2719 Sater 

recalled that a contact in Moscow, whom he identified only as "Danny," "indicated that he 

[Danny] spoke to people at VTB and that they would be on board."2720 Sater also told the 

Committee that he used Evgeny Shmykov, the former Russian intelligence officer, as a conduit 

to VTB.2721 

(U) In his email to Cohen, Sater described VTB's support as "major for us" because of 

Kostin's "position in Russia," where Kostin was "extremely powerful and respected."2722 Sater 

also told Cohen that the next step was to get Putin "on board."2723 To accomplish this, Sater 

claimed he had set up a tentative meeting with "Putin and [his] top deputy" two days later.2724 

Sater recalled that his contact had told Sater with the identity of the top deputy, but Sater claimed 

to the Committee that he couldn't remember the deputy's name .

2725 Sater told the Committee 

that the meeting was initially delayed, and ultimately never took place.2726 

-

-

-

2718 (U) Treasury, "Announcement of A ditional Treasury Sanctions on Russian Financial Institutions and on a 

Defense Technology Entity," July 29, 2014. 2719 (U) Sater Tr., p. 150-151. 2720 (U) Ibid., pp. 139-140. 2721 (U) ·Staff notes, SSCI Interview with Felix Sater, April 4, 2018. 2722 (U) Email, Sater to Cohen, October 12, 2015 (MDC-S-000638-640). 2723 (U) Ibid. 2724 (U) Ibid. 2725 (U) Sater Tr., p. 140. 2726 (U) Ibid., p. 141. 

428 
COMMITTEE SENSITIVE - RUSSIA INVESTIGATION ONLY 

(U) On October 13, 2015, the day after his email to Cohen discussing Kostin and Putin's 

top deputy, Sater sent Cohen an LOI with Rozov's signature.2727 In the email, Sater linked the 

project to relations between the United States and Russia.

2728 

Lets [sic} make this happen and build a Trump Moscow. And possibly fix 

relations between the countries by showing everyone that commerce & business 

are much better and more practical than politics. That should be Putins [sic} 

message as well, and we will help him agree on that message. Help world peace 

and make a lot of money. I would say that 's a great lifetime goal for us to go 

after_2129 

(U) Approximately two weeks later, Trump countersigned the LOI. The Committee was 

unable to determine the exact day the LOI was countersigned by Trump. However, on October 

31, 2015, at 1 :01 p.m. EDT, Sater emailed Cohen and asked Cohen to email the "signed LOI" 

because Sater hadn't yet received it. Cohen eventually transmitted a signed LOI to Sater on 

November 2, 2015.2730 

Provided you are in agreement with these terms. please coun1crsiKT1 this LOI in 11,c space 

provided below and return a copy to m, attention. We look forward to :,our timely 

response. 

Very truly yours 

THE BOVC t AC K, 0\ LEDGED, 

CO,' E T£D TO AND GREF.O TO BY: 

2727 (U) Email, Sater to Cohen, et al., October 13, 2015 (MDC-S-000545). 2728 (U) Ibid. 2729 (U) Ibid. 2730 (U) Email, Cohen to Rozov, Chizhikov, and Sater, November 2, 2015 (MDC-S-000652-<i?0). 

429 

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(U) Also on October 31, 2015, at approximately the same time that Sater was emailing 

Cohen and asking for the signed LOI, Trump conducted a campaign rally in Norfolk, Virginia 

designed to announce his policy plans for veterans. During the rally, and seemingly unprompted, 

Trump made positive comments about Putin. Trump stated: 

You know, I've made a lot of money. Deals are people, deals are people. And you 

have got to analyze people, and I can look at people. I can tell you, I'll get along 

with Putin. I was on 60 Minutes with Putin. He was my stablemate three weeks 

ago. We got the highest ratings in a long time on 60 Minutes. You saw that, right? 

He was my stablemate. I believe I'll get along with him. It was Trump and Putin, 

Putin and Trump._ I'd even let him go first if it makes us .friendly. I'll give up the 

name. I'll give up that place. But I was on 60 Minutes three weeks ago. I'll get 

along with him. 2731 

"(U) Shortly thereafter, on November 3, 2015, Trump made similar comments at a press 

conference. 

I think our relationship with Russia will be very good. Vladimir Putin was on 60 

Minutes with me three weeks ago, right? Putin. And they have one of the highest 

ratings they had in a long time. So I'm going to give him total credit. But we will 

have a very good relationship, I think, with Russia. Now maybe we won't, but I 

believe we will have a very good relationship with Russia. I believe that I will 

have a very good relationship with Putin. 2732 

(U) According to Cohen, Sater told Cohen that Putin was aware of the Trump Tower 

Moscow project and was supportive of it, a claim that Cohen relayed to Trump. 2733 Cohen stated 

that he told Trump that Putin was "interested" in the project and that ifthere was a 

groundbreaking ceremony, Trump and Putin would be expected to be there.2734 

I told [Trump J that obviously Vladimir Putin, President Putin, would need to 

approve the project, as I was told by Mr. Sater that Putin's people knew of that 

project. That he supposedly is interested and would approve it. 2735-

2731 (U) YouTube, Trump Campaign rally, October 31, 2015, available at: 

www.youtube.com/watch?v=sl8BGvALQgQ (beginning at 1:01:38). . 2732 (U) C-SPAN, Presidential Candidate Donald Trump News Conference, November 3, 2015 (beginning at 24:23). 2733 (U) Cohen Tr. II, pp. 34, 212. The Committee does not have direct evidence which reliably determines whether 

Putin knew of the Trump Tower. · 2734 (U) Ibid, p. 34. 

213s (U) Ibid \ 

430 

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(U) Cohen further believed that the Trump Moscow project, and particularly the signing 

of the LOI, affected Trump's thinking and rhetoric toward Russia and Putin on the campaign 

trail.2736 Cohen believed that Trump's public comments about Russia could have been 

influenced by Cohen informing Trump that Putin was aware of, and had approved of, the 

project.2737 When asked if Cohen had coordinated Trump's public comments about Putin, Cohen 

stated that he hadn't, but pointed to the fact that he had conveyed Putin's awareness to Trump 

and believed it was a factor in Trump's statements.2738 

We had just executed the letter of intent. Mr. Trump goes out the same exact day 

and he starts talking about what a great relationship that he can have with 

Russia. What a great relationship I could have with Putin. He had Russia on his 

mind because we just executed the LOL2739 

(U) Sater said that the connection between the project and the campaign was so obvious 

that he didn't think the connection needed to be verbalized. He further understood that Cohen 

was aware of the obvious connection.2740 Sater told the Committee that what Trump was saying 

on the campaign trail could "help" the project move forward.2741 Cohen's communications at the 

time and subsequent testimony to the Committee reveal that he similarly connected Putin's 

public comments about Trump to the project.2742 Cohen recalled linking Trump's comments 

about Putin on the campaign trail to the Moscow project and he believed that Trump had as 

well.2743 Cohen also recalled that the project was designed with the theme of improved relations 

between the United States and Russia, and included a "Friendship Square" in the design 

plans.2744 According to Cohen, Trump called his campaign "the greatest infomercial in the 

history of politics," which to Cohen suggested that the project's potential profitability was the 

priority.2745 Cohen explained that the project would be a financially lucrative deal for everyone 

involved and would be so for years beyond Trump's political candidacy.2746 As a result, even 

though he didn't believe Trump was going to win the election, Cohen wanted to proceed with the 

deal.2747 

2736 (U) Ibid., p. 212. 

2131 (U) Ibid. 2738 (U) Ibid. Cohen also recalled that he told Trump about Sater's proposal to offer the penthouse suite to Putin 

personally in order to "drive up the numbers." According to Cohen, Trump responded, "Yeah, that's Felix, I mean 

he's crazy." Ibid., p. 213. 2739 (U) Ibid., p. 212. - 2740 (U) FBI, FD-302, Sater 12/15/2017. 2741 (U) Sater Tr., p. 153. 2742 (U) Email, Cohen to Sater, December 17, 2015 (MDC-S-000689); Cohen Tr., p. 150. 2743 (U) Cohen Tr. II, pp. 259-260. 2744 (U) FBI, FD-302, Cohen 9/12/2018; Email, Cohen to Sater, October 5, 2015 (MDC-S-000641-651). 2745 (U) Cohen Tr. II, p. 254. 2746 (U) Ibid., p. 226. 

2141 (U) Ibid. 

431 

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(U) Approximately 40 minutes after Trump's positive comments about Putin on 

November 3, 2015, Sater sent Cohen an email asking for a clip of Trump's statements·, and 

linking the Moscow deal and the U.S. presidential election. 

Loved Putin/Russia reference. I need that part of the press conference cut into a 

short clip to be played for Putin. Please get it done . .. [Andrey] wants to send it 

to the Kremlin . ... I will get Putin on this program and we will get Donald 

elected . .. our boy can become President of the USA and we can engineer it. I 

will get all of Putins [sic] team to buy in on this . ... Get me that clip I will get it 

to Putin and his people quickly and it will help our cause and process. 2748 

(U) Minutes later, Sater sent a second message to Cohen reiterating this point: 

GET THAT CliP. Micheal [sic] we can own this story. Donald doesn't stare 

down, he n(!gotiates and understands the economic issues and Putin only want 

{sic J to deal with a pragmatic leader, and a successful business man is a good 

candidate for someone who knows how to negotiate. "Business, politics, 

whatever it all is the same for someone who knows how. to deal" I think I can get 

Putin to say that at the Trump Moscow press conference. If he says it we own this 

election. Americas [sic] most difficult adversary agreeing that Donald is a good 

guy to negotiate. ISIS, oil, Middle East, etc etc. we can own this election. ... 

Michael lets go. 2 boys from Brooklyn getting a USA president elected. This is 

good really good. 2749 

(U) Cohen.told the Committee that he couldn't recall sending the clip to Sater. 

(U) In addition to linking the project to the election, Sater's November 3, 2015, email 

suggested that he was seeking to engage individuals close to Putin on the project. 

[A] very close person & partner to Putins [sic] closest.friend, partner and advisor 

who has been with Putin ever since teenage years his.friend and partner (on the 

largest shopping center in Moscow) is flying in to the private island in the 

Bahamas Andrey [Rozov] rented next week. Everything will be negotiated and 

discussed not with flunkies but with people who will have dinner with Putin and 

discuss the issues and get a go ahead. 2750 

2748 (U) Email, Sater to Cohen, November 3, 2015 (MDC-S-000451). 2749 (U) Email, Sater to Cohen, November 3, 2015 (MDC-S-000692). 2750 (U) Email, Sater to Cohen, November 3, ·2015 (MDC-S-000451). 

432 · 

COMMITTEE SENSITIVE - RUSSIA INVESTIGATION ONLY 
(U) In his follow-on message to Cohen minutes later, Sater added that his "next steps are 

very sensitive with Putins [sic] very very close people."2751 Sater told the Committee that this 

was a reference to the Rotenbergs, a family extremely close to Putin.2752 Sater_ further stated that 

the Rotenbergs' "friend and partner" with whom he was meeting in the Bahamas was Mikhail 

Zayats (alternately, Ziats), who had partnered with the Rotenbergs on the Aviapark mall in 

Moscow, the largest shopping mall in Europe.2753 

(U) A body of information supports Sater' s assertion that the Rotenbergs maintain an 

close personal relationship with Putin. This information further indicates the Rotenbergs handle 

special projects for Putin. 

• (U) According to open source information, Arkady Rotenberg has been lifelong friends 

with Putin. The two reportedly joined the same judo club at a young age and have been 

friends since childhood.2754 · 

• (U) The Rotenbergs have amassed their wealth -largely through obtaining lucrative 

Russian government contracts. According to Department of the Treasury information, 

Arkady and Boris Rotenberg's personal wealth increased by billions of dollars after Putin 

awarded them large contracts related to Gazprom and the Sochi Winter Olympics.2755 

• (U) The Rotenbergs have financed Russian state projects, including projects of special 

interest to Putin.2756 Open source information suggests that some of these projects 

involve covert or obscured funding for Russian state-directed projects. For example, 

press reporting indicates that in 2013, companies affiliated with Arkady Rotenberg 

transferred $231 million in loans to an offshore company with no repayment terms and 

with no clear business purpose.2757 

• 

2751 (U) Email, Sater to Cohen, November 3, 2015 (MDC-S-000692). 2752 (U). Sater Tr., p. 155. This appears to include brothers Arkady and Boris Rotenberg, as well as Arkady 

Rotenberg's SO}!, Igor. Ibid., p. 156. 2753 (U) Ibid., pp. 157-158. Open source information confirms that Amma Development, controlled by Zayats, built 

the over 500-store mall and that the Rotenbergs were the main investor. Anton Filatov, "Owners of Aviapark can 

sell half of the complex," Vedomosti, August 9, 2016 (Russian language). 2754 (U) Jo Becker and Steven Lee Myers, "Putin's Friend Profits in Purge of Schoolbooks," The New York Times, 

November 1, 2014. ' 2755 (U) Treasury, "Treasury Sanctions Russian Officials, Member Of The Russian Leadership's Inner Circle, And 

An Entity For Involvement In The Situation In Ukraine," March 20, 2014. 

2756 (U) Ibid. 2757 (U) Joshua Yaffa, "Putin's Shadow Cabinet and the Bridge to Crimea," New Yorker, May 22, 2017. 

433 
COMMITTEE SENSITIVE - RUSSIA INVESTIGATION ONLY 

I 

(U) Sater also discussed Zayats as providing a potential pathway to the Rotenbergs, a 

relationship that Sater called his "ace in the hole. "2763 Sater relayed that his process in 

approaching Zayats was similar to other tactics he used during the Trump Tower Moscow 

efforts. Sater recalled: 

Mikhail Ziats joined us [Sater and Rozov J in the Bahamas. So in answer to many 

of the questions today, how would I get to anybody or how would I know, Mikhail 

Ziats' partner was Arkady [Rotenberg] on one of the largest shopping malls in 

Moscow. He's .friend[s] with Andrei [Rozov]. They 're flying in, we 're hanging out 

for a week, fishing and diving together, me, Mikhail, and Andrei. Getting to them 

to push the agenda forward, that would be an example of how I would get that 

agenda pushed forward. And this email describes who he is and what his relation 

is to Putin. But Ziats didn't hear about this deal or have any real conversations 

with me until he came to the Bahamas. When I told him about it, he was like: Yeah, 

definitely; when you guys get a little closer, I'll push it, I'll speak to them. And he 

was also enthusiastic because he would have gotten cut in. 2764 

(U) Sater said that his efforts primarily involved contacting individuals who could put 

him in touch with people with Kremlin access, which he felt was necessary to advance the 

project. Sater claimed to have the ability to contact approximately a dozen individuals, who, 

-

2759 

-

-

-

2763 ater Tr., p. 19 . 2764 (U) Ibid., p. 157. 

434 
within "one or two degrees of separation," "have Putin's ear."2765 Sater explained that he used 

this professional and personal network in Moscow to conduct outreach to those with sufficient 

Kremlin access to elevate the deal.2766 He further explained that "because Mosco,w's a small 

place literally for people of that caliber .... [e]verybody knows somebody who they can 

call."2767 

(U) In addition to Shmykov ( described above) and Zayats, both of whom represented a 

pathway to Kremlin insiders, Sater described or partially identified several other potential 

pathways to the Kremlin. For example, Sater stated that among these contacts he used was Emin 

Iskenderov, a Russian developer whom Sater said had access to Kremlin insiders like Peskov.2768 

Iskenderov's work in France developing large mixed use towers had previously brought him in 

contact with Putin.2769 

(U) Cohen recalled that there was "constant conversation and-or communication 

between myself and Mr. Sater" during this time, particularly in efforts to locate land in order to 

move the deal forward. 277° Cohen also recalled that he spoke with Donald Trump Jr. and lvanka 

Trump about the project. 

I spoke with Don and Ivanka, and Ivanka did not want John Fotiadis Design on 

the property. Her feeling was with a project of this magnitude and importance, 

you want what's called a Starchitect. A star architect. And she wanted me to put 

out an RFP, request for proposal, but the one who she really wanted, thought 

could do the best job on it, would be Zaha Hadid. The very famous architect. 

Plus Ivanka was going to be involved in the project because there was going to be 

a spa inside the hotel that would be named after her. 2771. 

(U) As a result, on November 24, 2015, Ivanka Trump received a response from Zaha 

Hadid Architects to notify her that the firm intended to submit a "proposal for the new Trump 

Moscow."2772 After receiving this via email, she forwarded it to Cohen and Jerry Piro, thenSenior Vice Preside.nt for Design and Construction at the Trump Organization.2773 

2765 (U) Ibid, pp. 149-151. 2766 (U) Ibid 2767 (U) Ibid, p. 141. 2768 (U) Sater Ti:., pp. 141-142, 191-192. 2769 (U) See, e.g., Hermitage.fr., "Emin Iskenderov." 2770 (U) Cohen Tr., p. 146. 2771 (U) Cohen Tr. II, p. 201. 2772 (U) Email, Ceccato to I. Trump, et al., November 24, 2015 (MDC-S-000598). 2773 (U) Email, I. Trump to Cohen and Piro, November 24, 2015 (MDC-S-000598); "Jerry Piro," Linkedln.com 

profile. 

435 

COMMITTEE SENSITIVE - RUSSIA INVESTIGATION ONLY 
(U) Sater continued to push Cohen to travel to Russia. On December 1, 2015, Sater 

emailed Cohen, asking for a copy of Cohen's passport "for the Russian Ministry of Foreign 

Affairs."2774 Cohen responded to Sater the next day, attaching a scan of the identification page 

of his passport.2775 

c. (U) Continued Efforts to Arrange Travel to Russia to Advance the, 

Deal 

(U) On December 17, 2015, Putin made positive public comments about Trump. Cohen 

forwarded news alerts of press articles that relayed that Putin had called Trump "talented" and 

"very colorful" to Sater. In the body of the email to Sater, Cohen stated: "Now is the time. Call 

me."2776 

(U) In response to Cohen's email, Sater again worked to schedule a trip, this time asking 

for passport scans for both Cohen and Trump.2777 On December 19, 2015, Sater emailed and 

sent a text message to Cohen requesting that Cohen call him because he had "Evgeny on the 

other line."2778 Sater told the Committee in his interview prior to the release of the SCO Report 

that his references to Evgeny were, to his recollection, Evgeny Shmykov. According to the 

SCO, however, Sater's reference to "Evgeny" on the December 19 message was a reference to 

Evgeny Dvoskin, who at the time was associated with a Russian bank operating in Crimea.2779 

Through counsel, Sater later represented to the Committee that he may have used both Shmykov 

and Dvoskin at varying times.2780 As a result, while·this particular outreach appears to involve 

Dvoskin, the identity behind Sater's other references to "Evgeny" remains unclear. 

(U) Dvoskin is strongly connected to Russian organized crime and the Russian 

intelligence services, particularly the FSB.2781 

2774 (U) Email, Sater to Cohen, December 1, 2015 (MDC-S-000592). 2775 (U) Email, Cohen to Sater, December 2, 2015 (TRUMPORG_MC_000166-168) (attaching a scan of Cohen's 

passport). Cohen did not prodqce this document until after pleading guilty to misleading the Committee. Sater 

never produced this document to the Committee. 2776 (U) Email, Cohen to Sater, December 17, 2015 (MDC-S-000689). 2777 (U) Email, Sater to Cohen, December 19, 2015 (MDC-S-000600). 2778 (U) Ibid.; Text message, Sater to Cohen, December 19, 2015 (FSS00097-98). 2779 (U) SCO Report, Vol. I, p. 76. 2780 (U) Subsequently, Sater told the Committee through counsel that at some point he applied a "scorched earth" 

policy in attempting to reach out to anyone possible to assist with the Trump project-potentially also including 

Dvoskin. Sater suggested through counsel that given the records obtained by the SCO, Sater could have used 

Dvoskin to obtain an invitation letter from a Russian bank (described below), but believed he used Shmykov for 

other unspecified outreach. 2781 (U) For open source reporting on Dvoskin, see, e.g., Evgeny Zhuravlev and Elena Nizovaya, "Controversial 

Russian Bankers Target Crimea," Organized Crime and Corruption Reporting Project, June 3, 2015; Evgenia 

436 

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COMMITTEE SENSITIVE - RUSSIA INVESTIGATION ONLY 

I 

I 

I 

I 

Pismennaya and Irina Reznik, "The Russian Ex-Con With a Thriving Banking Business in Crimea," Bloomberg, ,tl 7 2016. 

-

(U) Ibid., p. 4. 

218s (U) Ibid. 

2786 (U) Ibid. 

2787 (U) Ibid., p. 7. 

2788 (U) Ibid., p. 13. 

2189 (U) Ibid. 

2790 (U) Ibid., p. 14. 2191 (U) Ibid. 

2192 (U) Ibid. 2793 (U) Ibid., pp. 13-14. 

437 
COMMITTEE SENSITIVE - RUSSIA INVESTIGATION ONLY 

• (U) In 2015, the Department of the Treasury's Office of Foreign Asset Control added 

GenBank to the Specially Designated Nationals (SDN) list for as part of its Ukrainerelated sanctions program.2796 

(U) In his December 19, 2015 messages to Cohen, Sater explained that the meetings in 

Moscow he was working to setup related to the Trump project should not appear overtly 

political, but the meetings would be with Putin and other Kremlin insiders. 

Invitations & Visas will be issued this week by VTB Bank to discussfinancingfor 

Trump Tower Moscow. Politically neither Putins [sic] office nor Ministry of 

Foreign Affairs cannot issue [the] invite, so they are inviting 

commercially/business. VTB is Russia's 2 [ nd] biggest bank and VTB Bank CEO 

Andrey Kostin, will be at all meetings with Putin so that it is a business meeting 

not political. We will be invited to Russian consulate this week to receive invite & 

have visa issued. 2797 

(U) Later that day, Cohen sent Sater images of every page of his passport.2798 Once 

Cohen sent the photos of his passport, Sater recalled that he sent the images on to "Evgeny" 

along with a copy of his own passport in order to apply for a visa to Russia.2799 Soon thereafter, 

Sater told Cohen that "[t]hey" needed a copy of Trump's passport.280° Cohen responded by 

telling Sater that sending Trump's passport was "premature" and that he would do so only after 

his own successful trip to Moscow and the setting of a specific date for the meeting between 

Trump and Putin.2801 

2795 Similarly, according to open source reporting, Dvoskin 

was a ey p ayer m the money laundering market and had close ties to the FSB. "The Rise and Fall of an FSB-Run 

Money Laundering Empire," The Moscow Times, August 3, 2019. Dvoskin's GenBank opened its first branch in 

Crimea two weeks after Russia's 2014 invasion and rapidly expanded to 175 branch locations to become one of the 

largest banks in the region. Evgenia Pismennaya and Irina Reznik, "The Russian Ex-Con With a Thriving Banking 

Business in Crimea," Bloomberg, April 7, 2016. 2796 (U) Treasury, "Russia/Ukraine-related Sanctions and Identifications," December 22, 2015. 2797 (U) Email, Sater to Cohen, December 19, 2015 (MDC-S-000600). 2798 (U) Text message, Cohen to Sater, December 19, 2015 (FSS00099-110). 2799 (U) Sater Tr., pp. 173-174. 2800 (U) Text message, Sater to Cohen, December 21, 2015 (FSS00l 10). 2801 (U) Text message, Cohen to Sater, December 21, 2015 (FSS00l 11). 

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(U) On December 29, 2015, Cohen sent a message to Sater asking if there was any 

response "from Russia."2802 Sater responded that "they" would be sending invitations, which 

Sater anticipated would arrive after the New Year's holiday.2803 When the invitations didn't 

immediately arrive, Cohen became agitated with Sater. The following day, December 30, Cohen 

told Sater that he had lost the deal, and that Cohen would be contacting his "alternate," 

presumably a reference to Rtskhiladze.2804 Cohen expressed his frustrations over the pace of the 

deal and his disappointment that Sater couldn't deliver on his promise on an "invitation from a 

banker. "2805 · 

(U) Cohen's messages to Sater reveal one potential cause for Cohen's sense of 

urgency-Cohen's efforts to please Trump. Cohen told Sater that he was going to terminate the 

LOI and cease working with Sater, telling Sater that "[n]ot you or anyone you know will 

embarrass me in front of Mr. T when he asks me what is happening."2806 Sater, for his part 

claimed that he had kept his "mouth shut for you and your team" despite negative press articles 

written about him personally.2807 Further, Sater told Cohen that he had "played my hand with 

people I make money with and you telling me scrap it. Really upsetting, really."2808 

(U) Sater told the Committee that he called Shmykov to find a solution. Sater recalled 

telling Shmykov that Cohen was "freaking out" and that as a result, Sater "need[ ed] an 

invitation. "2809 By the morning of December 31, Sater had produced a letter on GenBank 

letterhead purporting to be an invitation for Cohen to come to Russia.2810 According to Sater, 

these efforts with Shmykov resulted in the GenBank letter being generated quickly, even though 

it was the holiday period.2811 Shmykov told Sater that the letter was a "placeholder."2812 At the 

time, Sater told Cohen that the letter had been sent "3 days ago but went to my spam," even 

though, in reality, the letter had just been produced.2813 

2802 (U) Text message, Cohen to Sater, December 30, 2015 (FSS00I 12). 2803 (U) Text message, Sater to Cohen, December 30, 2015 (FSS00l 12). 2804 (U) Text message, Cohen to Sater, December 30, 2015 (FSS00l 13). 2805 (U) Text message, Cohen to Sater, December 30, 2015 (FSS00l 16--117). 2806 (U) Text message, Cohen to Sater, December 30, 2015 (FSS00119-120). 2807 (U) Text message, Sater to Cohen, December 30, 2015 (FSS00l 18). 2808 (U) Text message, Sater to Cohen, December 30, 2015 (FSS00l 16). 2809 (U) Sater Tr., pp. 188-189, 191. 2810 (U) Text message, Sater to Cohen, December 31, 2015 (FSS00123). 2811 (U) Sater Tr., p. 189. 

2812 (U) Ibid. 2813 (U) Text message, Sater to Cohen, December 31, 2015 (FSS00123). 

439 

COMMITTEE SENSITIVE - RUSSIA INVESTIGATION ONLY 
,. Verizon ? 5:52 PM 

Dec 31, 2015, 8 42 AM 

(U) Sater's recollection of Shmykov's involvement in this letter may not be accurate. As 

described infra, Sater repeatedly recalled in his interview with the Committee that Evgeny 

Shmykov was involved in his outreach on the Trump Moscow project. Sater later admitted to 

the Committee that he may have also contacted Evgeny Dvoskin, and the SCO determined on the 

basis of call records that Dvoskin was, in fact, the individual involved in the outreach at that 

time. Dvoskin himself is an owner and executive at GenBank, which suggests he was involved 

in the production of this letter.2814 

(U) At the same time that he sent the GenBank letter to Cohen, Sater told Cohen that the 

planned meetings would be held with senior Russian government officials. Sater claimed that 

the invitation was "thru Putins [sic] administration, and nothing gets done there without approval 

2814 (U) Evgenia Pismennaya and Irina Reznik, "The Russian Ex-Con With a Thriving Banking Business in 

Crimea," Bloomberg, April 7, 2016. 

440 
I 

from the top."2815 Sater further said that the planned meetings in Moscow with Cohen would be 

to discuss "goals, meeting agenda and meeting time between Putin & Trump" with "Ministers -

in US that's cabinet level and with Putins [sic] top administration people," which "most likely 

will include" Dmitry Peskov.2816 Sater later explained to the Committee that Emin Iskenderov, a, 

Russian developer known for his efforts to develop a multi-billion dollar project in Paris, "had 

access" to Peskov.2817 As a result, Sater believed he had the ability to arrange a meeting between 

Peskov and Cohen.2818 

(U) Cohen questioned Sater as to why the letter had come from GenBank and not from 

VTB Bank, telling Sater that he thought Sater was "speaking to VTB."2819 Sater explained that 

GenBank was "owned 50% by Government and is run as a junior for VTB."2820 Sater further 

explained that the VTB Bank Chairman was away until January J 1, and this letter was sent in an · 

effort to obtain a letter before·his retum.2821 Cohen again became agitated with Sater, 

complaining that the invite didn't come from VTB Bank directly and was written by "some no 

name clerk at a 3rd tier bank.'"2822 Cohen explained to the Committee, "Each conversation I had 

with [Sater], he keeps touting VTB Bank. VTB Bank. VTB Bank. And then all of a sudden you 

get this bank."2823 Cohen told Sater to stop working on the project, stating that Cohen would 

"handle this myself.''2824 

d. (U) Cohen's Outreach to the Kremlin to Advance the Project 

(U) dn January 11, 2016, Cohen emailed Peskov's office at pr_peskova@prpress.gof.ru, 

a typographic error that apparently caused the email to not be delivered.2825 It is uncle~ how 

Cohen acquired this email address. In the request, Cohen asked to speak with Sergei Ivanov, 

Putin's chief of staff.2826 The following day, a media contact of Cohen's emailed him a phone 

2815 (U) Text message, Sater to Cohen, December 31, 2015 (FSS00124). 2816 (U) Text message, Sater to Cohen, December. 31, 2015 (FSso·o124-125). 2817 (U) Sater Tr., p. 191. 2818 (U) Ibid 2819 (U) Text message, Cohen to Sater, December 31, 2015 (FSS00125). 2820 (U) Text message, Sater to Cohen, December 31, 2015 (FSS00125). · 2821 (U) Text message, Sater to Cohen, December 31, 2015 (FSS00125-126). 2822 (U) Text message, Cohen to Sater, December 31, 2015 (FSS00129). 2823 (U) Cohen Tr. II, p. 231. As noted infra, both VTB Bank and GenBank were sanctioned by the U.S. 

Government under its Ukraine-related sanctions program targeting Russian government-connected entities. Cohen 

was unaware of these sanctions targeting either bank, and stated that, in addition, it "didn't matter to me" whether 

the banks were sanctioned. Cohen explained that he believed the Russian developer, not the Trump Organization, 

would be responsible for financing the deal, and thus Cohen did not think that any sanctions "would have been a 

problem." Ibid., pp. 233-234. 2824 (U) Text message, Cohen to Sater, December 31, 2015 (FSS00130). 2825 (U) SCO Report, Vol. I, p. 74. 

2826 (U) Ibid 

441 

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number for Peskov's office.2827 Cohen told the Committee that he conducted an internet search 

for Peskov's office and obtained the email address info@prpress.gov.ru.2828 Cohen emailed the 

below request addressed to Peskov: 

• 

I 

I 

Dear Mr. Peskov, 

Over the pastfew months, I have been working with a company based in Russia 

regarding the development of a Trump Tower-Moscow project in Moscow City. 

Without getting into lengthy specifics, the communication between our two sides 

has stalled. As this project is too important, I am hereby requesting your 

assistance. 

I respectfully request someone, preferably you; contact me so that I might discuss 

the specifics as well as arranging meetings with the appropriate individuals. 

I thank you in advance for your assistance and look forward to hearing from you 

soon_2s29 

(U) Peskov is a high-level Kremlin insider and a key advisor to Putin . 

(U) Two days later, on January 16, 2016, Cohen also emailed the corrected email address 

from his initial request, Pr_peskova@prpress.gov.ru, with a request to speak with Ivanov.2833 

2827 (U) Email, Santucci to Cohen, January 12, 2016 (MDC-S-000450). 2828 (U) Cohen Tr., p. 204; Email, Cohen to info@prpress.gov.ru, January 14, 2016 (MDC-S-000690). 2829 , 2016 (MDC-S-000690). 2830 

2831 (U) !bi . 

2832 (U) Ibid 

. 2833 (U) SCO Report, Vol. I, p. 74; Email, Cohen to Pr_peskova@prpress.gov.ru, January 16, 2016 

(COHEN_ MICHAEL-ORG-00249332). 

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(U) Cohen did not initially produce either email to the Pr _peskova email account to the 

Committee, nor did he acknowledge their existence.2834 Cohen also initially testified, falsely, 

that there was no reply to his email to the info@prpress.gov.ru account.2835 

(U) However, Cohen would later admit that several days after his initial email, on 

January 20, 2016, he received a response from Elena Poliakova, Peskov's Chief of Staff.2836 In 

the email, which was written from her personal account, Poliakova said that she had been trying 

to get in touch with Cohen and requested that Cohen contact her at a phone number which she 

provided. 2837 

(U) Poliakova, in her role as Peskov's Chief of Staff, has exceptional access within the 

Kremlin . 

• 

I 

I 

2834 (U) After his guilty plea, Cohen eventually produced the second email to Pr_peskova@prpress.gov.11,1. See 

Email, Cohen to Pr_peskova@prpress.gov.ru, January 16, 2016 (COHEN_MICHAEL-ORG-00249332). 2835 (U) Cohen Tr., p. 74. 2836 (U) Cohen Tr. II, pp. 287-288. 

2837 U Ibid. 

2842 

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(U) After receiving the email from Poliakova, Cohen recalled dialing the number 

Poliakova provided him and speaking with Poliakova for approximately 20 minutes.2843 During 

the call, Cohen recalled discussing the Trump Moscow project with Poliakova.2844 Cohen 

described Poliakova as "extremely professional" and "very detailed in her questions regarding 

the project."2845 Specifically, Cohen recalled Poliakova asking about the property, including the 

area, size, and square footage. 2846 Cohen did not have a specific memory of speaking with 

Poliakova about other details of the project, such as a proposed Frie~dship Square, but presumed 

he did so.2847 Cohen stated that Poliakova had "really done her homework," and while Cohen 

was not certain, his recollection was that, at the time of the call, Poliakova already "knew about 

I.C. Expert [Rozov's development company] and she knew about the deal."2848 Cohen recalled 

that Poliakova stated she would assemble notes on the information Cohen relayed and "pass 

them along," which Cohen understood to mean pass the notes on to Peskov or someone else in 

the Russian government who would handle the project.2849 Poliakova told Cohen that they 

would be in touch with Cohen or with I.C. Expert.2850 

(U) On January 21, 2016, the day after the phone call with Peskov's assistant Poliakova, 

Sater contacted Cohen via telephone call and text message.2851 Sater told Cohen that he needed 

to speak with him about an "important" matter, stating: "It's about Putin they called today."2852 

Sater later recalled that this reference to Putin was not a specific reference to any outreach 

directly from Putin's inner circle. Sater left open the possibility that his comments were 

prompted by some other event or indirect outreach, stating that he did not "really remember what 

triggered it, whether it was a call from Emin [Iskenderov], Evgeny [Shmykov or Dvoskin], 

Andrei [Rozov], whoever."2853 Cohen, however, linked Sater's renewed outreach to the call with 

Peskov's aide. Cohen recalled that at the time, Sater gave him the impression that a Russian 

2843 (U) Cohen Tr. II, pp. 287-288. 

2844 (U) lb id. 2845 (U) Ibid., p. 289. 2846 (U) Ibid., p. 290. 2847 (U) FBI, FD-302, Cohen 9/12/2018. 2848 (U) Cohen Tr. II, pp. 290,293. 2849 (U) FBI, FD-302, Cohen 9/12/2018. 

2850 (U) Ibid. 2851 (U) The Committee has no record of communications between the two from the previous disagreement on 

December 31, 2015, when Cohen told Sater he should stop working on the project, until these communications on 

January 21, 2016. · 2852 (U) Text messages, Sater to Cohen, January 21, 2016 (FSS00131). 2853 (U) Sater Tr., p. 194. Sater claimed to the Committee that his comment was "bullshit"-which he defined as 

exaggeration or puffery and which in his view was acceptable as part of business efforts. Sater said however, that 

his comment was not a "lie." Sater repeatedly claimed that he would never "intentionally lie" to Cohen. Sater 

suggested his comments could have been in reaction to a call from Evgeny or any other event. Given Evgeny's 

connections, including his reported ties to Peskov, it is possible outreach from Peskov through an intermediary 

occurred. Ibid., p. 195. 

444 

COMMITTEE SENSITIVE - RUSSIA INVESTIGATION ONLY 
government person reached out to Sater.2854 Cohen thought the phone call with Poliakova had an 

effect. 2855 

(U) Later that day, Sater and Cohen exchanged a number of calls and texts. , They 

discussed a draft invitation for Cohen to come to Moscow. Sater asked Cohen to review the draft 

invitation letter and "make whatever changes you want ..... [t]ry to take a look tonight I want to 

get it to them so they have it for the moming."2856 Later that evening, Cohen and Sater 

exchanged drafts of the invitation letter, which included the following draft text: 

In furtherance of our previous conversations regarding the development of the 

Trump Tower Moscow project, we would like to respectfully invite you to Moscow 

for a working visit. During this historic meeting, we wish to discuss further the 

needs to create this five star, one of a kind and world class project. Your visit will 

help to acquaint you with Moscow through "round table discussions" devoted to 

analysis, and the prospects of development and the construction business in 

Russia. While in Moscow, we intend to visit and discuss with you the various land 

plots available suited for construction of this enormous.Tower as well as to give 

you the opportunity to co-ordinate a follow up visit to Moscow by Mr. Donald 

Trump. 2857 '\ 

(U) Several days later, on January 25, 2016, Sater sent a signed letter from an individual 

named Andrey Ryabinskiy on letterhead from a Russian company called MHJ.2858 Sater claimed 

that this was "another group from Evgeny." Sater stated that Evgeny was "excited about it and 

he was speaking to various other people."2859 The text of the letter was identical to that of the 

last draft of the requ~st edited by Cohen several·days earlier. Minutes after Sater sent the letter 

to Cohen, Sater sent a follow-up email to Cohen asking for travel dates for Cohen and Trump 

because Sater had received "another call this morning asking for it."286° Cohen responded, "will 

do."2861 

(U) At some point shortly after Cohen's call with Peskov's assistant, Cohen told Trump 

about the call. Cohen recalled telling Trump that he had spoken with "someone from the. 

2854 (U) FBI, FD-302, Cohen 9/12/2018. 

2855 (U) Ibid 

2856 (U) Text messages, Sater to Cohen, January 21, 2016 (FSS00134). 2857 (U) See Emails, Cohen and Sater, January 22, 2016 (MDC-S-000691). 2858 (U). Email, Sater to Cohen, January 25, 2016 (MDC-S-000541-542) (attaching a signed letter to Cohen from 

Ryabinskiy). 

2859 (U) Sater Tr., p. 197. 2860 (U) Email, Sater to Cohen, January 25, 2016 (MDC-S-000540); ·Text message, S.ater to Cohen, January 25, 

2016 (FSS00135). 2861 (U) Text message, Cohen to Sater, January 25, 2016 (FSS00135). 

445 
COMMITTEE SENSITIVE - RUSSIA INVESTIGATION ONLY 

Kremlin" about the Trump Tower Moscow project.2862 Cohen also recalled making a comment 

to Trump about the assistant's professionalism, adding that he wished some, of the Trump 

Organization's assistants "would be this prepared."2863 Cohen recalled that at some point in this 

approximate time period he also discussed the possibility of traveling to Russia with Trump. 2864 

Cohen recalled that Trump did not express concerns about traveling to Russia while a 

presidential candidate if it would aid the deal.2865 According to Cohen, Trump instructed Cohen 

to speak with then-campaign manager Corey Lewandowski about dates for potential travel to 

Russia.2866 Cohen recalled speaking with Lewandowski shortly thereafter.2867 Cohen also 

requested a copy of Trump's passport from Trump's primary assistant, Rhona Graff.2868 Cohen 

recalled Graff bringing him Trump's passport, but no records or testimony obtained by the 

Committee indicate that Trump's passport was ever transmitted to Sater.2869 

(U) After speaking with Lewandowski, Cohen recalled receiving proposed dates for the 

trip to Russia.2870 As noted below, text messages between Sater and Cohen on January 26, 2016, 

suggest that Cohen had already provided Trump proposed travel dates by that time.2871 

(U) On January 26, 2016, Sater asked Cohen ifhe would speak directly on the phone 

"with the guy coordinating to arrange all the calls so you can speak first person·to everyone."2872 

Cohen replied, "Now," to which Sater responded, "Ok 2 minutes."2873 It is unknown ifa call 

took place, although later that day Sater sent a text to Cohen about the Russia travel plans: 

I think you should make it a bit more flexible for yourself JS1 week of Feb is this 

Monday. Since you gave DT dates, you can do anytime that's good for you in 

February or March. Completely your call, either way it's set they are waiting 

2862 (U) sea Report, Vol. II, p. 136. 2863 (U) Cohen Tr. II, p. 289. 2864 (U) Ibid, pp. 269-270. 2865 (U) Ibid; sea Report, Vol. I, p. 78. 2866 (U) Cohen Tr. II, p. 269. 2867 (U) Ibid, p. 268. 2868 (U) sea Report, Vol. I, p. 76. 2869 (U) Ibid, pp. 76-77. 2870 (U) Cohen Tr. II, p. 273. Lewandowski claimed that "there was never a discussion that I'm aware of, that I was 

privy to, inside the campaign of ever going to Russia in any way, shape, or form." Lewandowski Tr., p. 52. Other 

documentary records about separate proposed trips suggest Lewandowski's recollection of this topic was not 

accurate. 

2871 (U) Text messages, Cohen and Sater, January 26, 2016 (FSS00137-138). According to the messages, Cohen 

appears to have suggested dates occurring after March 2016. 2872 (U) Text message, Sater to Cohen, January 26, 2016 (FSS00136). 2873 (U) Text message, Cohen to Sater, January 26, 2016 (FSS00137). 

446 

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and will walk you into every office you need to make sure you are comfortable for 

DT trip. 2874 

(U) Cohen recalled that he and Sater continued to have "many" conversations and that he 

had pressed Sater to identify a property for the project.2875 Sater recalled that there was a "lull" 

in the project, with less activity, but Sater was unable to explain why this occurred.2876 

e. (U) Revitalized Efforts in 2016 

(U) Later that spring, however, Cohen and Sater resumed their activity around the 

project and the possibility of traveling to Russia. On April 20, 2016, Satertexted Cohen that 

"[t]he People wanted to know when we are coming?"2877 Cohen responded, "I need to talk to 

you." Several days later, Sater sent a text to Cohen describing an additional conversation "with 

Moscow": 

I had a chat with Moscow. ASSUMING the trip does happen the question is 

before or after the convention. I said I believe, but don't know for sure, that[] it's 

probably after the convention. Obviously the pre-meeting trip (you only) can 

happen anytime you want but the 2 big guys where [sic] the question. I said I 

would confirm and revert. I explained that ONLY you will be negotiating all the 

details. I want to make sure no one tries to go around u~, that's why I said that. 

Michael it's completely in your hands, probably a quick trip by you would be the 

perfect move, that locks it in and no one else can elbow in at that point. Let me 

know about If I was right by saying I believe after Cleveland and also when you 

want to speak to them and possibly fly over. 2878 

(U) Cohen responded to Sater, stating: "My trip before Cleveland. Trump once he 

becomes the nominee after the convention."2879 Sater responded that he was "on it."2880 Sater 

told the Committee that he "absolutely" understood that the Moscow project was still active at 

this time.2881 According to Sater, he and Cohen had agreed that Cohen would travel with Sater to 

Russia first, and that "right on the heels" of their trip, Trump would travel to Russia.2882 

2874 (U) Text message, Sater to Cohen, January 26, 2016 (FSS00137-l38). 2875 (U) FBI, FD-302, Cohen 9/12/2018. 2876 (U) Sater Tr., pp. 203-204. 2877 (U) Text message, Sater to Cohen, April 20, 2016 (FSS00140); SCO Report, Vol. I, p. 77. 2878 (U) Text message, Sater to Cohen, May 4, 2016 (FSS00141-143). 2879 (U) Text message, Cohen to Sater, May 4, 2016 (FSS00143). 2880 (U) Text message, Sater to Cohen, May 4, 2016 (FSS00143). 2881 (U) Sater Tr., pp. 206-207. 2882 (U) Ibid, p. 171. 

447 

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(U) The following day, May 5, 2016, Sater again messaged Cohen. In his message, 

Sater indicated that Peskov wanted to invite Cohen to attend a high-profile economic forum in 

Russia called the St. Petersburg International Economic Forum (SPIEF).2883 

Peskov would like to invite you as his guest to the St. Petersburg Forum whir:h is . 

Russia's Davos it's June 16-19. He wants to meet there with you and possibly 

introduce you to either Putin or Medvedev, as they are not sure if 1 or both will 

be there. This is perfect. The entire business class of Russia will be there as well. 

He said anything you want to discuss including dates and subjects are on the 

table to discuss. 2884 

Sater recalled that at some point, he and "Evgeny" had discussed the matter and decided that it 

was best to make the visit more about business and appear less political.2885 As a result, Sater 

and Evgeny worked to arrange an invitation for Cohen to SPIEF.2886 SPIEF, according to its 

website, has been.held since 2006 "under the auspices of the President of the Russian Federation, 

who has also attended each event. "2887 

(U) Cohen responded to Sater the following day, stating, "[w]orks for me."2888 Sater 

later explained to the Committee that he believed Peskov was the "perfect" fit with whom to 

work on the project because Sater wanted to have .a large media event and ribbon cutting, and 

that Peskov, as press secretary, would be the best Kremlin insider to work with}889 Sater 

claimed that he had had discussions with "Evgeny" to this effect.2890 Sater recalled "Evgeny'' 

telling him that "[o ]f course we'll get Dimitri [Peskov ]."2891 

(U) Sater responded to Cohen, describing. his rationale for why Cohen should attend 

SPIEF: 

2883 (U) Text message, Sater to Cohen, May 5, 2016 (FSS00143-145). In late 2015 and again in March 2016, 

Trump was separately invited to SPIEF by then-Deputy Prime Minister Prikhodko. SCO Report, Vol. I, pp. 78-79. 

A draft response to Prikhodko declining the offer was prepared for Trump's signature by Graff in late March 2016. 

The letter stated that Trump had existing commitments related to his Campaign, and that "[ o ]therwise, I would have 

gladly given every consideration to attending such an important event." Email, Graff to Macchia, March 31, 2016 

(TRUMPORG_16_000133-134) (attaching an unsigned letter from Trump to Prikhodko). 2884 (U) Text messages, Sater to Cohen, May 5, 2016 (FSS00143-145). 2885 (U) Sater Tr., p. 174. Sater told the FBI that Shmykov said Peskov wanted to invite Cohen to SPIEF. FBI, FD302, Sater 12/15/2017. 2886 (U) Sater Tr., pp. 143-144. 2887 (U) Forumspv.com, "About the Forum." 2888 (U) Text message, Cohen to Sater, May 5, 2016 (FSS00145). 2889 (U) Sater Tr., p. 208. 2890 (U) Ibid 2891 (U) Ibid 

448 
Not only will you probably sitwith #1 or #2 but the whole biz community is there 

I'll be running around setting nice $100 mill deals [smiling emoji] And you will 

come back and the whole campaign team can kiss your ass. Keep this very very 

close to the vest, otherwise half a dozen idiots will try to jump on your coat tails. 

If 1t goes great you are a hero, if it doesn 't all you did was go to an economic 

forum to check out the business. Bro this is why you got me ~orking in the 

shadows. I will make sure you are clean as a whistle either way. For you 0 

downside. But I know this is going to turn into 1. A major win for Trump, makes 

you the hero who bagged the elephant and 2. Sets up a stream of business 

opportunities that will be mind blowing. All from 1 short trip. I couldn't have 

dreamed of a better situation with no downside. 2892 

(U) In early June 2016, Cohen and Sater continued discussing plans for attending SPIEF. 

In a June 9, 2016 text message, Sater relayed to Cohen that he was filling out paperwork for their 

"badges'.' for the conference and that Cohen should receive ·an email invite soon.2893 Sater told 

Cohen that "Putin is there on the 17th very strong chance you will meet him as well."2894 Sater 

later explained to the Committee that his offers to Cohen related to high-level meetings, 

including potentially with Putin, were real and attainable.2895 Sater believed he could, in fact, 

obtain a very high.level meeting for Cohen or Trump if either traveled to Russia.2896 

(U) On June 13, 2016, Sater forwarded Cohen a formal electronic invitation to SPIEF 

addressed to Cohen, along with login instructions to access information about the confetence.2897 

Sater also forwarded a blank Russian visa application form to Cohen.2898 Sater had separately 

reached out to a SPIEF official in charge of "official delegations" to request assistance to 

expedite his and Cohen's visas.2899 In response, Sater was. sent letters asking that he and Cohen 

be provided visas to attend SPIEF; Sater was told that obtaining the visas should only take one 

~~ . 

2892 (U) Text message, Sater to Cohen (FSS00146-148). The exact date of this message is unknown, but it occurred 

after May 5, 2016, and before June 9, 2016. 2893 (U) Text message, Sater to Cohen, June 9, 2016 (FSS00149). 2894 (U) Text message, Sater to Cohen, June 9, 2016 (FSS00149). 2895 (U) Sater Tr., p. 213. 

2896 (U) Ibid 2897 (U) Email, Sater to Cohen, June 13, 2016 (FSS00081-84). 2898 (U) Email, Sater to Cohen, June 13, 2016 (FSS00086-94). 2899 (U) Email, Sater to Lemondzhava, JUI).e 14, 2016 (FSS00091). 2900 (U) Email, Lemondzhava to Sater, June 14, 2016 (FSS00091-94). 

449 

COMMITTEE SENSITIVE - RUSSIA INVESTIGATION ONLY 
INFORMATION LETTER 

Dear Mr Cohen. 

SPIEF'16 

ST. PETERSBURG 

INTERNATIONAL 

ECONOMIC 

FORUM 

JUNE 16-18, 2016 

We are plea~ed to present an ,nlormat,on lelier covenng the r&rms ol 

partic,pat1on and reg1srra11on procedure lor lhe SL Peter'lburg lnttrna110nal 

Economic Forum ISPIEA. 

I. The SI. Peler~rg International Economic Forum registration procedure 

1 In order lo part1c1pare ,n lhe Forum. you must confirm your dec1!>10n v1d the 

Personal web office on the Forum websit e at ..,_ I ru ~ 1>~ , o If you 

decide not to participate ,n the Fol\.lm we request that you 1nlorm us of your 

dec1S1on by checking the rele-,anl box using lh• Personal web offlce. 

? The Per$onal web offke ,s a pnvatP and secure area on the Forum website 

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f. (U) Deal Efforts Cease 

(U) Text messages from Sater to Cohen suggested that, as of the morning of June 14, 

2016, Sater continued to believe that Cohen would be traveling to Russia with him and continued 

to ask Cohen to respond to him regarding visas.2901 Messages and testimony from both Sater and 

Cohen indicate that on the afternoon of June 14, 2016, Cohen and Sater met in the atrium of 

Trump Tower in New York.

2902 

(U) Neither Cohen nor Sater claimed to have a specific memory of the June 14, 2016, 

meeting in the Trump Tower atrium. Sater claimed that he and Cohen possibly discussed the 

Trump Tower Moscow deal and what the next steps would be, but didn't have a clear 

recollection.2903 Sater recalled that Cohen backed out of the trip after he received his invite to 

SPIEF and after the passport photos were filed with "Evgeny," but could not recall with certainty 

2901 (U) Text messages, Sater to Cohen, June 13-14, 2016 (FSS0015 l ). 2902 (U) Text messages, Sater and Cohen, June 14, 2016 (FSS00l53); Sater Tr., pp. 221- 222. 2903 (U) Sater Tr., p. 222. 

450 

COMMITTEE SENSITIVE - RUSSIA INVESTIGATION ONLY 
when this occurred.2904 Sater recalled: "[Cohen] turned around and said: I can't go. At the last 

· minute he said: I can't go; let's wait until after Cleveland."2905 Cohen also did not recall the 

specifics of the June 14, 2016 meeting, but similarly recalled that he decided not to go to Russia 

at the last minute. Cohen recalled deciding not to go because he felt the invitation did not come 

from the highest level in Moscow: 

[A]ccording to Felix, I was supposed to be receiving the invite-from again, I 

forget who, but it was somebody of tremendous significance in this. Again, it was 

plane tickets and the hotel and meetings and everything. And next thing, I receive 

from Mr. Sater is a hyper/ink to the application. To log on, put in your credit 

card, in order to go to the Saint Petersburg International Economic Forum. 2906 

. (U) Through at least June 2016, Cohen said that Trump viewed the Moscow project the 

same way Cohen did, as an "oppm:tunity that was active."2907 Cohen came to this understanding 

because Trump would, on a "regular basis," ask Cohen about the stafus of the Russia project.2908 

Cohen recalled: · 

In other words, Mr. Trump is out there on the rally, in the public, stating there's 

no Russian collusion, there's no involvement, there's no deals, there's no 

connection. And yet, the following day, as we 're walking to his car, he's asking 

me, "How's things going with Russia? "2909 

(U) Cohen understood that Trump was "interested in the project" and recalled that he 

had spoken to Trump "ten to twelve" times during the course of the negotiations, which lasted 

from September 2015 to at least until June 2016.2910 

2904 (U) lbid,p.177. 

290s (U) Ibid 2906 (U) Cohen Tr. II, p. 308. For image, see FSS00238 . 

. 2907 (U) Cohen Tr. II, p. 71. 

290s (U) Ibid 

2909 (U) Ibid, p. 41. 2910 (U) Ibid, pp. 207,266. Cohen initially told the Committee that he spoke to Trump about the project only three 

times, and that the last of these conversations occurred just before the Iowa caucus. Cohen later admitted that this 

was an intentionally false statement. As with other instances where he previously misled the Committee, Cohen 

claimed that he did so "[b ]ecause I was staying on message, which was, again: There's no Russian involvement. 

Minimal/no business dealings. No collusion. No contacts; That was the messaging. I was staying on it." Cohen 

stated that although he was never explicitly ordered to lie, Cohen understood that by making these statements to 

him, Trump wanted Cohen to stick to Trump's own message relating to Russia. Cohen said: "I knew exactly what 

he [Trump] was saying. And he knew exactly what he was saying." Ibid., pp. 34, 36. 

451 
(U) After the Republican National Convention in July 2016, Sater stated that it became · 

obvious that there was "just no way that a presidential candidate could build a tower in a foreign 

country."2911 As a result, efforts on the project ceased.2912 

iii. (U) Giorgi Rtskhiladze: Michael Cohen's Second Trump Tower Moscow 

Line of Effort During the Campaign 

(U) In addition to Cohen's attempts at a Trump Tower Moscow project with Felix Sater, 

Cohen also communicated with Giorgi Rtskhiladze, a businessman with whom he had previously 

worked, about a similar project proposal in Moscow. Rtskhiladze had previously worked with 

the Trump Organization, and Cohen in particular, on at least two other business projects.2913 

(U) The first of those past projects involved a licensing deal between the Trump 

Organization and Silk Road Group, a company headquartered in Tbilisi, Georgia. Tue.project 

involved a potential real estate development in Batumi, Georgia. As part of the project, Cohen 

traveled to Georgia several times in 2012, including one trip with Trump. While the Batumi 

project was never completed, the Trump Organization received approximately $1 million from 

George Ramishvili of the Silk Road Group in connection with the project.2914 Cohen said that he 

had heard that the Silk Road Group was "very well connected" to the Georgian government, and 

that he had witnessed this personally, including Ramishvili's interactions with then-Georgian 

President Mikheil Saakashvili.2915 Cohen noted that despite the foreign nature of the company 

and its foreign government ties, Cohen conducted only "very minimal" due diligence on the 

company, which amounted to "Google searches, just to see whether or not there was anything 

that popped out at us that would make the deal not palatable."2916 

(U) The second project with Rtskhiladze involved a possible development in Kazakhstan 

in approximately 2011. Cohen and Rtskhiladze traveled to Kazakhstan as part of initial efforts 

on the project.2917 Cohen and Rtskhiladze contacted John Fotiadis, a U.S.-based architect, and 

had Fotiadis create architectural renderings for a skyscraper. This project failed to materialize, 

but the Fotiadis building design would ultimately be revisited by Cohen in September 2015 as 

part of a potential Trump Tower Moseow project.2918 

2911 (U) Sater Tr., p. 202. 

2912 (U) Ibid 2913 (U) Cohen Tr., p. 103. 2914 (U) Cohen Tr. II, pp: 143-144. 2915 (U) Ibid, pp. 144-150. 2916 (U) Ibid, p. 145. 2917 (U) Cohen Tr., pp. 108-109. 2918 (U) Ibid, p. 11 I. 

452 

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(U) Over the course of their relationship, Cohen recalled introducing Rtskhiladze to 

Trump on multiple occasions, both in Trump's office in New York and in Georgia during 

Trump's trip there in connection with the Batumi deal.2919 Cohen stated that he and Rtskhiladze 

were friends and that he spoke to, and spent time with, Rtskhiladze on a "regular basis."2920 

(U) In approximately late September 2015, Cohen received a call from Rtskhiladze, who 

called to offer Cohen a potential business deal in Russia for the Trump Organization.2921 

According to Cohen, on the call, Rtskhiladze said he "had a group that he wanted to talk to about 

doing a Trump Tower Moscow."2922 According to Rtskhiladze, Simon Nizharadze, a business 

associate ofRtskhiladze's, had requested he contact Cohen to facilitate a potential licensing deal 

between Vladimir Mazur and the Trump Organization.2923 

(U) After receiving the offer from Rtskhiladze, Cohen recalled that he reached out to 

Fotiadis and requested the previous renderings done for the skyscraper planned for 

Kazakhstan.2924 On September 22, 2015, Cohen received updated architectural renderings from 

Fotiadis.2925 The plans were updated with a new site location of "Moscow City Site 20."2926 

Later that day, Fotiadis sent updated site renderings using "Site 22," and further updated the 

renderings the following day with what Fotiadis envisioned as the iconic feature at the top of the 

building that could house "[t]he Tallest Restaurant in Moscow."2927 Cohen forwarded these 

renderings to Rtskhiladze.2928 

On September 24, 2015, Rtskhiladze emailed Cohen a draft 

document in Russian. Rtskhiladze wrote that it was a letter to the mayor of Moscow, who at the 

Sob anin.2929 Rtskhiladze described Sob anin as the "second u in 

2919 (U) Cohen Tr. II, p. 141. 2920 (U) Ibid, p. 158. 2921 (U) Ibid, p. 160. 2922 (U) Ibid, pp. 160-161. 2923 (U) Written Responses, Rtskhiladze, September 16, 2019. 2924 (U) Cohen Tr. II, pp. 160-161. 2925 (U) Email, Fotiadis to Cohen, September 22, 2015 (MDC-S-000452-455). 

2926 (U) Ibid 2927 (U) Email, Fotiadis to Cohen, et al., September 22, 2015 (MDC-S-000472); Email, Fotiadis to Cohen, et al., 

September 23, 2015 (MDC-S-000463). 2928 (U) Email, Cohen to Rtskhiladze, September 22, 2015 (MDC-S-000493-498); Email, Cohen to Rtskhiladze, 

September 22, 2015 (MDC-S-000499-506). 2929 (U) Email, Rtskhiladze to Cohen, September 24, 2015 (MDC-S-000507). 

2930 U Ibid 2931 

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(U) Rtskhiladze told Cohen that Sobyanin was "aware of the potential project and will 

pledge his support."2934 Rtskhiladze explained that with Sobyanin's support, the only spot 

remaining in Moscow City will be "dedicated to Trump tower and financed."2935 At Cohen's 

request, Rtskhiladze provided a translation of the draft letter.2936 Ac.cording to Rtskhiladze's 

translation, the letter noted that the Trump Organization had been "approached by the Global 

Prospect LLC a Moscow based real estate development company co-founded by one of 

legendary Russian architects, developer and statesman Mr. Michael Posokhin."2937 The 

translation of the letter also claimed the project would be of "monumental proportions" and 

would be "housed in the heart of the Moscow City development."2938 The project would "act as 

a symbol of stronger economic, business and cultural relationships between New York and 

Moscow and therefore the United States and the Russian Federation."2939 In an effort to pursue a 

"close dialogue with you and your administration," the letter invited Sobyanin to New York. 

Rtskhiladze noted that he and Cohen should discuss the letter later that day.2940 

(U) On September 27, 2015, Rtskhiladze emailed Cohen to relay information about the 

proposed development. In the email, Rtskhiladze told Cohen that Mikhail Posokhin and Simon 

Nizharadze would be the two primary individuals involved in the venture.2941 Mikhail Posokhin 

is a widely-known Russian architect and developer who has completed a large number of 

Russian government projects, including renovations of many Kremlin offices and residences, as 

well as the residence of the Russian President (Kremlin Building Number 1), according to 

Posokhin's personal website.2942 Posokhin has also designed tl}.e tallest building in Russia and 

worked on projects for the Moscow city-level government in Russia.2943 

(U) In his email to Cohen, Rtskhiladze also described the project's design, which'would 

have two parts-a Trump residential building and Trump World Tower-both located at the 

(U) Email, Rtskhiladze to Cohen, September 24, 2015 (MDC-S-000507). 

293s (U) Ibid . 2936 (U) Email, Rtskhiladze to Cohen, September 24, 2015 (MDC-S-000567-568). 

2937 (U) Ibid 

293s (U) Ibid 2939 (U) Ibid 2940 (U) Ibid 2941 (U) Email, Rtskhiladze to Cohen, September 27, 2015 (MDC-S-000471). 2942 (U) Posokhin.ru, "Mikhail M. Posokhin." 2943 (U) Ibid 

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Moscow City site.2944 Rtskhiladze further informed Cohen that a "project presentation" for the 

Trump residential building will be ready in several days and that the Trump World Tower project 

concept "is being shared with the presidents [ sic I cabinet and Moscow mayor ."2945 Cohen told 

the Committee that he recalled that Rtskhiladze was planning to provide a briefing to officials in 

Moscow, but that Cohen was not involved in that briefing.2946 

(U) Cohen ultimately decided to not pursue a Moscow project with Rtskhiladze and 

instead pursued the project with Sater.2947 

iv~ (U) Dmitry Klokov 

(U) In addition to communicating with both Sater and Rtskhiladze in the fall of 2015, 

Cohen also had contact with another Russian national, Dmitry Klokov, in the same timeframe. 

Cohen believed that Dmitry Klokov was a weightlifter who had previously represented Russia at 

the Olympics.2948 According to information obtained by the SCO, the individual who contacted 

Cohen was not the Olympic weightlifter, but was the director of external communications for a. 

large Russian energy company. In addition, Klokov previously served as the press secretary to 

Russia's Minister ofEnergy.2949 

(U) On November 16, 2015, Ivanka Trump received an email from Klokov's wife.2950 

According to Cohen, Ivanka Trump called Cohen and told him that she had received an email 

about the Trump Tower Moscow project.2951 Ivanka instructed Cohen to contact Klokov, and to 

"[b]e nice," and report back to her.on the outcome of the outreach.2952 According to Cohen, 

Ivanka Trump also forwarded the initial outreach from Klokov's wife.2953 When asked iflvanka 

Trump's instruction to Cohen was about the Trump Tower Moscow project or about a potential 

meeting between Putin and Trump, Cohen said that it was a "combination of the two."2954 

2944 (U) Email, Rtskhiladze to Cohen, September 27, 2015 (MDC-S-000471). 

2945 (U) Ibid. 2946 (U) Cohen Tr., p. 121. 2947 (U) Cohen Tr. II, p. 161. 2948 (U) Cohen Tr., p. 169. 2949 (U) sea Report, Vol. I, pp. 72-73; "Russia & CIS: Business and Financial Daily," Vol. XX, Issue 241, 

Interj ax, December 27, 2011 (stating that Dmitry Klokov is an advisor to Sergei Shmatko ); "Russian Energy 

Minister Elected Chief of CIS Electric Power Council," Inter/ax, May 25, 2012 ( stating that Dmitry Klokov was the 

press officer to Alexander Novak). 2950 (U) Cohen Tr. II, p. 242; sea Report, Vol. I, p. 72. 2951 (U) Cohen Tr. II, pp. 242,251. 

2952 (U) Ibid.' p. 251. 2953 (U) Ibid., p. 242. 2954 (U) Ibid., pp. 251-252. 

455 

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(U) Shortly thereafter, Cohen spoke to Klokov on the phone. Cohen stated that Klokov 

already knew about the project in Moscow.2955 While Cohen didn't have specifics on how 

Klokov knew of the Trump Moscow project, Cohen suggested that Klokov could have known 

about the project because "people were talking about it in Moscow."2956 Cohen told the 

Committee that Klokov claimed he had "relationships with the government," that he could "help 

with this Trump Moscow proposal, and it would be great if all parties were able to meet and to 

develop this property in Moscow."2957 Cohen claimed that Klokov was "adamant about me 

yoming to Moscow and to bring Mr. Trump to Moscow for the two to meet."2958 

(U) The following day, November 18, 2015, Klokov emailed Cohen to emphasize a "few 

important aspects" of the phone conversation between Klokov and Cohen.2959 In the email, 

Klokov claimed that he was not affiliated with any business, but was instead a "trusted person" 

focused on "political synergy."296° Klokov stated that "our person of interest" is "ready to meet · 

your candidate."2961 Cohen understood that our person of interest referred to Putin.2962 To 

facilitate the meeting between Putin and Trump, Klokov told Cohen that he would introduce 

Cohen to "the close person" during Cohen's trip to Moscow, which Klokov would facilitate.2963 

Klokov claimed that the "close person" had spoken to Putin about the potential meeting with 

Trump. 2964 Klokov said that "we" would facilitate all aspects of the Putin-Trump meeting, 

including the security, transportation, and accommodation, but that the meeting "has to be 

informal."2965 Further, Klokov told Cohen that Cohen's business development efforts should be 

separated from the proposed "informal" meeting between Putin and Trump.2966 Klokov 

emphasized that although these would be bifurcated, ultimately the meeting would yield even 

larger business opportunities which would have "the most important support."2967 

(U) Cohen quickly responded to Klokov's email, copying ivanka Trump. In his 

response, Cohen reemphasized that the Trump Organization had signed an LOI with a local 

developer and that it was his intention to travel to Russia related to that project.2968 Cohen told 

2955 (U) Cohen Tr., p. 167. 2956 (U) Cohen Tr. II, pp. 245; Cohen Tr., 167. 2957 (U) Cohen Tr., pp. 165-166. 2958 (U) Ibid, pp. 169-170. 2959 (U) Email, Klokov to Cohen, November 18, 2015 (MDC-S-000597). 

2960 (U) Ibid 2961 (U) Ibid 2962 (U) Cohen Tr., p. 174. 2963 (U) Email, Klokov to Cohen, November 18, 2015 (MDC-S-000597). 2964 (U) Ibid 

2965 (U) lb id. 

2966 (U) Ibid 2967 (U) Ibid 2968 (U) Email, Cohen to Klokov and I. Trump, November 18, 2015 (MDC-S-000492). 

456 
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Klokov that he would "gladly meet with you and your contact" during this trip.2969 Cohen, 

however, advised Klokov that he would advise Trump to not travel to Russia except in the 

context of an "official visit."297° Cohen said that he was scheduled to speak with the local 

developer later that day and would contact Klokov thereafter.2971 

(U) Klokov responded to Cohen the following day, November 16, 2015, and 

reemphasized that his focus was not on the immediate business project, but rather arranging an 

informal meeting between Putin and Trump.2972 Klokov again stated that the meeting "has 

already been discussed" with Putin, who Klokov claimed was "knowledgeable about it and 

would gladly meet your client."2973 Klokov focused again on his goal of creating "synergy on a 

government level," but made clear that the Putin meeting would have lucrative business 

outcomes :

2974 

Now, your client is a candidate and hardly any other political move c,ould be 

compared to a tete-a-tete meeting between them. If publicized correctly the 

impact of it could be phenomenal, of course not only in political but in a business 

dimension as well. I don't have to tell you that there is no bigger warranty in any 

project than consent of the person of interest. 

(U) Cohen again responded to Klokov in an email in which he continued to focus on the· 

business project with I.C. Expert. Cohen further recalled in his testimony that it was ·"always"· 

about the project, and that political considerations were not the driving force.2975 In particular, 

Cohen told Klokov that "our LOI developer" was "in talks" with Putin's "Chief of Staff' to 

arrange the formal invite for Putin and Trump to meet.2976 Cohen stated that he had been invited 

to Moscow by the developer prior to Trump's travel to "view 3 potential sites and to meet with 

the Chief of Staff."2977 Cohen said that he would be "honored" to meet with Klokov while in 

Moscow "to discuss any thoughts you might have that could enhance the project."2978 

2969 (U) Ibid. 

2910 (U) Ibid. 

2911 (U) Ibid. 

2972 (U) Email, Klokov to Cohen and I. Trump, November 19, 2015 (MDC-S-000671). 

2973 (U) lb id. 

2974 (U) Ibid. 2975 (U) Cohen Tr., p. 191. 2976 (U) Email, Cohen to Klokov and I. Trump, November 19, 2015 (MDC-S-000671). At that time, the Chiefof 

Staff of the Russian Presidential Executive Office was Sergei Ivanov. Cohen later sought to contact Ivanov directly 

in January 2016. 

2911 (U) Ibid. 

291s (U) Ibid 

457 

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(U) The Committee did not obtain any further communications between Cohen and 

Klokov. Cohen recalled that he relayed the "the sum and substance of my conversation" with 

Klokov to Ivanka Trump, as she had requested.2979 Cohen further stated that he "may have" told 

Trump about the outreach, but did not recall whether he had such a conversation.298° Cohen said 

he did not recall whether he informed anyone else in the Trump Organization of the outreach 

during this time period.2981 

v. (U) Moscow City Government: Boris Epshteyn's Trump Tower Moscow 

Attempt 

(U) In addition to Cohen's efforts with Sater and Rtskhiladze, a third version of a 

business deal for a hotel in Russia was brought to the Trump Organization during the campaign 

through Boris Epshteyn, a Trump Campaign surrogate and later employee. In the spring of 2016, 

Epshteyn received the proposal from contacts he had in the Moscow city government, and shared 

it with Eric Trump, with whom Epshteyn had long been friends. The Committee has no 

indication that the Trump Organization took any action related to the proposal. 

• 

2979 (U) Cohen Tr. II, p. 252. 2980 (U) Ibid., p. 253. 

2981 (U) Ibid. 

2 

458 
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• 

I 

I 

I 

• 

2984 

2985 l.,p •• 

2986 (U) Ibid., p. 48. 2987 (U) Ibid., p. 49. 

diplomats expelled from the United States," Tass, March 29, 2018; 

459 

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(U) The panel Epshtey~ participated in inclμded representatives of the Moscow city 

government; including Sergey Cheremin, a minister in the Moscow city government in charge of 

external relations and investment. 

• 

I 

I 

(U) In early 2016, these same individuals affiliated with the Moscow city government 

reengaged Epshteyn about a potential Trump deal in Russia, ultimately sending him blueprints 

for a hotel.2998 According to the email chain produced by Epshteyn, the blueprints originated 

with a secretary for Cheremin in April 2016. Cheremin's secretary forwarded the plans to an 

email address that included the name Shutenko, likely affiliated with Oleg Shutenko, Cheremin's 

deputy in the Moscow city government.2999 

(U) Epshteyn recalled sharing these blueprints with Eric Trump and discussing the offer 

with him. 3000 According to Epshteyn, Eric Trump said that he would "take a look" and that the 

299 

2995 (U) Ibid. 2996 (U) Ibid., pp. 17-18. 2997 (U) Ibid., p. 18. 2998 (U) Epshteyn Tr., pp. 18-19. 2999 (U) Emails, Shutenko and Klementieva, April 22, 2016 (BF.Epshteyn.SSCI.Prod.l 13018.000002-3). 3000 (U) Epshteyn Tr., p. 36. 

460 

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opportunity "[c]ould be interesting," but that his overall reaction was "extremely tepid."3001 

Epshteyn claimed that nothing ever came of the offer.3002 

(U) The Committee did not seek to interview Eric Trump. The Committee does not have 

further information related to what action, if any, was taken by the Trump Organization on the 

proposal. _, 

4. (U) Efforts to Mislead the Public and Congress about Trump Tower Moscow 

(U) A number of individuals, particularly Michael Cohen, engaged in efforts to mislead, 

minimize, or otherwise hide the details and scope of efforts to build a Trump Tower Mo'scow 

during the 2016 ~residential campaign. 

(U) As described by Cohen in his testimony to the Committee and elsewhere, Cohen 

believed that there was a discrepancy between then-candidate Trump's public statements on the 

campaign trail stating that he had no business deals related to Russia, ·and the approximately 

nine-month effort to build Trump Tower Moscow in 2015 and 2016. During the campaign, 

Cohen also undertook efforts to maintain the secrecy of the negotjations.3003 

(U) After the election, Cohen was part of an alleged joint defense agreement (IDA) with 

an unknown number of other Trump-affiliated individuals, including Trump himself, the Trump 

Organization, Jared Kushner, lvanka Trump, Felix Sater, and others. Anumber of issues arose 

as the Committee sought testimony and documents from Cohen that likely related to the 

functioning of this alleged IDA, including the withholding of documents and intentionally false 

statements made by Cohen to the Committee and released publicly.3004 

(U) One such issue involved outreach related to Dmitry Klokov. Cohen initially told the 

Committee that a communication came into the Trump Organization requesting that Cohen speak 

with Klokov.3005 Cohen's then-attorney, Stephen Ryan, told the Committee that the 

communications were privileged and therefore not produced. Ryan stated: 

Let me make a representation on the record about it. There's a communication 

from Lana Alexander, 3006 who wrote to the Trump Organization and she 

3001 (U) Ibid., pp. 25, 36. 3002 (U) Ibid., p. 27. 3003 (U) Email, Cohen to Rozov, Chizhikov, and Sater, November 2, 2015 (MDC-S-000652....{i70) ("It is extremely 

important that the nature and content of the attached LOI not be disclosed until such time as the parties have either 

concluded the definitive agreement documents or have agreed to a mutual statement."). 3004 (U) See also infra Vol. 5, Sec. II.C.3. · 3005 (U) Cohen Tr., p. 164. 3006 (U) A/k/a Lana Erchova. 

461 
represented that she is Mr. Klokov 's wife, and it's in a trail of documents about 

· two or three pages long that there's privileged communication in and so it's not 

been produced to you yet. 3oo7 

(U) Cohen later told the Committee that Ryan claimed that the communication was 

privileged at the request of Abbe Lowell, who at the time served as attorney to Ivanka Trump 

and Jared Kushner.3008 Cohen also told the Committee that the communication was not, in fact, 

privileged and testified about its contents in his second interview with the Committee. It is 

unclear why Ryan ever considered the communication privileged. · 

(U) On other matters, multiple emails between Michael Cohen and Russian government 

officials-which were responsive to the Committee's document request-were never produced 

to the Committee. The withheld emails included outreach to the Kremlin's press office seeking 

to speak with Putin's chief of staff, Sergei Ivanov, as well as a response from Dmitri Peskov' s 

assistant seeking to discuss the Trump Moscow project. During Cohen's initial interview, 

, Cohen's then-counsel Stephen Ryan told the Committee that Cohen was not involved in the 

production of documents to the Committee.3009 Ryan stated that Cohen's emails from his Trump 

Organization account were produced to Cohen and his counsel by the Trump Organization "off 

the Trump [Organization] server."3010 During that same interview, Cohen made false statements 

to the Committee about these communications with Russian government officials.3011 Cohen 

also transmitted his false statements about his outreach to the Kremlin on the project to the press 

and to the public generally; giving the false impression that Cohen had not communicated in a 

substantive way with the Russian government regarding the project.3012 

(U) Cohen eventually pleaded guilty to making intentionally false statements to this 

Committee and to the HPSCI related to the Trump Tower project.3013 Cohen eventually admitted 

to receiving an email response from a Russian government employee; ultimately, he admitted 

contacting her and conducting a substantive conversation about the Trump Moscow project in 

January 2016.3014 Cohen told the Committee that the email response, which he never produced 

to the Committee, was never provided to him by the Trump Organization, another member of the 

alleged JDA.3015 The Committee was unable to determine the accuracy of this claim. However, 

3007 (U) Cohen Tr., p. 164. 3008 (U) Cohen Tr. II, pp. 244--245. 3009 (U) Cohen Tr., p. 128. 3010 (U) Ibid 3011 (U) Criminal Information, United States v. Michael Cohen, Case No: 18-CRIM-850 (S.D.N.Y. November 29, 

2018). 

3012 (U) Ibid 

3013 (U) Ibid 3014 (U) Cohen Tr. II, pp. 287-288. 

301s (U) Ibid 
if true, this lends support to the conclusion that Cohen's initial false statements to the Committee 

were aided by other members of the alleged IDA, namely the Trump Organization. 

(U) Furthermore, drafts of Cohen's prepared statement that included this and other false 

or misleading statements was "circulated through all of the various individuals" who read it and, 

according to Cohen, these individuals "knew the information was false."3016 Cohen 

"suspect[ed]" that Trump had seen the statement.3017 He further said that he believed Trump 

knew that the statement was false because "my conversations _with him took place for several 

months after the January date that's referenced in this statement."3018 Cohen also said that, after 

he was indicted in the Southern District of New York, he discussed a potential pardon for 

himself with Jay Sekulow "more than a half dozen times."3019 Cohen further stated that he 

understood that the pardon discussions had come from Trump through Sekulow.3020 

3016 (U) Ibid., p. 21. 3017 (U) Ibid., pp. 22-23. 3018 (U) Ibid., p. 22. 3019 (U) Ibid., p. 55. 3020 (U) Ibid., p. 378. 

463 

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E. (U) George Papadopoulos 

1. (U) Introduction and Findings 

(U) In early March 2016, following a short stint working for the Ben Carson campaign, 

George Papadopoulos asked Trump Campaign advisor Sam Clovis about joining the Trump 

foreign policy team. On March 21, 2016, Trump publicly announced his foreign policy team, 

which included Papadopoulos and four others.3021 Throughout the campaign .and following the 

election, Papadopoulos proffered himself as a conduit between the Trump team and foreign 

governments, including Russia, Egypt, and Greece. 

(U) During his initial conversations with Clovis in early March, Papadopoulos learned 

that "a principal foreign policy focus of the Campaign was an improved U.S. relationship with 

Russia."3022 Papadopoulos, on his own initiative, met and communicated repeatedly with 

individuals throughout 2016 to advance the Campaign's relationship with Russia, including 

London-based Professor Joseph Mifsud and Mifsud associates Olga Polonskaya and Ivan 

Timofeev. Papadopoulos believed Mifsud, Polonskaya, and Timofeev were connected to the 

Russian government, and worked with them on ways for the Campaign to engage with the 

Russian government. 

3021 (U) Philip Rucker and Robert Costa, "Politics: Trump questions need for NATO, outlines noninterventionist 

foreign policyt The Washington Post, March 21, 2016. 3022 (U) FBI, FD-302, Papadopoulos 9/19/2017; Statement of the Offense ,r4, United States v. George 

Pap_ado oulos CaseNo. l:17-cr-00182-RDM ,D.C. Octobers 2017. 3023 

464 

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(U) The Committee found that the Trump Campaign's rush to name and assemble the 

foreign policy team-without thorough vetting-resulted in their recruitment of inexperienced 

advisors, over whom they exerted little control. Ultimately, the foreign policy team exposed the 

Trump Campaign to significant counterintelligence vulnerabilities. 

(U) Papadopoulos used multiple avenues to pursue a face-to-face meeting between 

Trump and President Putin. Papadopoulos believed that he was operating with the approval-or 

at least not the explicit disapproval-of senior Campaign leadership, who he kept apprised of his 

efforts. Papadopoulos never successfully scheduled a meeting between Putin and Trump. 

(U) Most Campaign staff ignored Papadopoulos's engagements with foreign 

governments, although sonie encouraged his efforts. The Committee did not find any evidence 

that the Campaign ever asked Papadopoulos to cease these engagements. However, on several 

occasions, the Campaign asked him to stop his interactions with the foreign press on its behalf, 

and in October 2016, several senior Campaign staffers discussed ending Papadopoulos's role 

with the Campaign, but never did so. Papadopoulos continued to work with the Campaign 

through the presidential Transition, during which time he assisted several foreign governmentsthough not Moscow-in establishing contact with. campaign officials. 

- Papadopoulos' s contacts with Mifsud and Sergei Millian, the President of the 

Russia-American Chamber of Commerce (RACC), are highly suspicious. 

Millian is a Belarusian-bom American citizen, and as of 2018 was the president of the RussianAmerican Chamber of Commerce and a real estate broker in New York Ci . Furthermore 

Millian has had a workin relationshi with Trum since 2007. 

Both Mifsud and Millian exhibited behavior consistent with intelligence tradecraft, and both 

have significaQt ties to Russian government and business circles. Papadopoulos did not seem to 

consider himself a target for foreign intelligence services, despite being associated with a 

presidential campaign and his ongoing interactions with foreign government officials. 

3024 

• (U) Mifsud's use of Polonskaya as a proxy to further induce contact with Papadopoulos 

is consistent with intelligence tradecraft. 

• (U) Millian's connections to the virtually non-existent RACC, combined with the odd 

nature of his request that Papadopoulos pursue a job with the Trump administration, are 

also consistent with intelligence tradecraft. 

465 
(U) The Committee found Mifsud was aware of an aspect of Russia's active measures 

campaign in the 2016 election and that Mifsud told Papadopoulos what he knew. The timing of 

Mifsud's visit to Moscow and his subsequent conversation with Papadopoulos are consistent 

with the timeline of the GRU's cyber penetration of the DNC and DCCC, several weeks before 

any information about that activity was public. Furthermore, the information Mifsud conveyed 

to Papadopoulos was consistent with the GRU's information disclosure operations intended to 

damage the candidacy of Hillary Clinton.3025 

information on the FBI's counterintelligence investigation, see infra Vol. 5, Sec. IV. 

(U) Papadopoulos held a purely advisory role on the Campaign-he was never formal 

Campaign staff nor was he part of Trump's inner circle-and most Campaign staff and other 

advisors he interacted with were dismissive of his efforts. Some senior members of the 

Campaign viewed Papadopoulos as a liability, particularly in his interactions with foreign 

governments and press outlets. 

3025 (U) See infra Vol. 5, Sec. III.B. 

466 

COMMITTEE SENSITIVE - RUSSIA INVESTIGATION ONLY 
(U) The Committee notes that Papadopoulos engaged with more than just the Russian 

government. He also communicated with government officials from Egypt, 3026 Israel, 3027 

Japan,3028 and the United Kingdom.3029 However, Papadopoulos's interactions to engage Russia 

occurred through non-government interlocutors. 

{U) Papadopoulos never sought to conceal his efforts to make contact with Russian 

officials; on the contrary, he sought opportunities to demonstrate his networking to high-ranking 

Campaign officials, like Corey Lewandowski and Steve Bannon. Papadopoulos wanted to 

maintain his own identity as a conduit; he never put Mifsud or Timofeev directly in contact with 

the Campaign, or vice-versa. 

(U) Although the Committee's insights are substantially limited by incomplete document 

production and witness testimony, the Committee assesses that Papadopoulos was not a witting 

cooptee of the Russian intelligence services, but nonetheless presented as a prime intelligence 

target and potential vector for malign Russian influence. 

2. (U) ,Limitations on the Committee's Investigation 

(U) The FBI first interviewed Papadopoulos on January 27, 2017, in connection with its 

counterintelligence investigation. On July 27, 2017, FBI agents arrested him for making false 

statements during this January 2017 interview. Papadopoulos pleaded guilty to making these 

false statements on October 5, 2017. 3030 The FBI made some relevant records available to the 

3026 (U) Email, Papadopoulos to Elshemy, September 15, 2016 (B&P GP File 2018 000617); see also Emails, 

Papadopoulos ai:id Bannon, September 16-18, 2016 (B&P GP File 2018 000621- 627). Between September 16, 

2016, and September 18, 2016, Papadopoulos and Bannon exchanged dozens.of messages relating to a potential 

engagement between President El~Sisi of Egypt and Trump, ultimately confirming a dinner meeting at 9:00 p.m. on 

Monday, September, 19, 2016. During this email exchange, Bannon asked Papadopoulos to email a briefing in 

advance of the meeting with President El-Sisi, which Papadopoulos sent noting that "while in Athens over dinner 

with Greek defense minister lastMay, he personally introduced me to the Egyptian defense minister and the rest 

became monthly consultations with the Egyptians in DC." There are an additional two email messages related to 

this conversation that were redacted when produced to the Committee. Bannon told the Committee that he mistook 

Papadopoulos for a separate Campaign staffer and never meant to engage with Papadopoulos on this issue. Bannon 

Tr., pp. 95-98. 3027 (U) Email, Leibovich to Papadopoulos, June 27, 2016 (B&P GP File 2018 000703). 3028 (U) Email, Papadopoulos to Bannon, September 15, 2016 (B&P GP File 2018 000615). 3029 (U) Email, Goshko to Papadopoulos, November 9, 2016 (B&P GP File 2018 000643). 3030 {U) Plea Agreement, United States v. George Papadopoulos, Case 1:17-cr-00182-RDM (D.D.C. October 5, 

2017). During the course of its investigation, the FBI discovered that Papadopoulos also possessed a valid Greek 

passport. See FBI, FD-302, Papadopoulos 9~19/201- . . 

467 

COMMITTEE SENSITIVE - RUSSIA INVESTIGATION ONLY 
Committee, including: notes from its interviews with Papadopoulos, 3

o

31 · ~s well as a detailed 

timeline of Papadopoulos's activities from March 2016 through August 2017.3032 

(U) The Committee tried several times to interview Papadopoulos. In discussing a 

potential appearance before the Committee, Papadopoulos insisted .certain topics be outside the 

scope of the interview, a condition which the Committee rejected. Ultimately, the Committee 

received two separate document productions from Papadopoulos. The first tranche of 

documents, produced on June 19, 2017, was incomplete. That production also appeared to be 

curated and annotated by Papadopoulos, and painted a misleading representation of the facts 

related to his activities. Papadopoulos included with the documents a written statement that 

included numerous false or misleading statements similar to those he origip.ally made to the 

FBI.3033 The second tranche of documents, produced on June 6, 2019, was more compreherisive, 

but still omitted non-email communications, including text messages and social media messages, 

that the Committee believes Papadopoulos may still possess.3034. The Committee also reviewed 

public transcripts of Papadopoulos's testimony to other congressional committees. 

(U) The Committee tried several times to contact .and interview Mifsud, to no avail. 

These efforts included a letter sent to Mifsud on March 22, 2018, inviting him to appear for an 

interview with the Committee. While the letter resulted in several exchanges with Mifsud's 

alleged legal counsel, those attempts ultimately ended in November 2018, when his attorneys 

claimed to have lost contact with their client. 

3. (U) Joseph Mifsud and Other Central Figures 

(U) Mifsud played a central role in Papadopoulos's attempts to engage the Russian 

government on behalf of the Trump Campaign. The Committee's awareness of Mifsud's 

activities is limited to document production and testimony from other witnesses, information 

from the Executive Branch, and open source research, in the absence ofMifsud's documents and 

testimony. 

3031 (U) These documents included some redactions. 3032 (U) FBI, FD-302, Papadopoulos 9/19/201-- The timeline was used during September 2017 FBI 

interviews of Papadopoulos. · 3033 (U) Schedule A Response, Papadopoulos (GP-000038-GP-000040). 3034 (U) The Committee makes this assessment based on other document productions, testimony from other 

witnesses, and other information available to the Committee. For example, Papadopoulos testified to the U.S. House 

of Representatives about his communications with Mifsud using Facebook, but did not produce any communications 

transmitted. via Facebook to the Committee. See House Judiciary Committee Transcript of the Interview with 

George Papadopoulos, pp. 159-160. 

468 

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(U) Mifsud introduced Papadopoulos to Olga Polonskaya and Ivan Timofeev. 

Polonskaya is a Russian citizen who Mifsud used as a proxy for his activities.3038 Polonskaya 

communicated with Papadopoulos up until, and after, the 2016 election.3039 Papadopoulos also 

mistakenly thought Polonskaya was Putin's niece.3040 Timofeev is another member of the Valdai 

Discussion Club with whom Papadopoulos communicated through at least July 2016.3041 

Papadopoulos engaged both Polonskaya and Timofeev, along with Mifsud, as part of his 

outreach to Russia. 

- According to FBI records and documents produced to the Committee, 

Papado~Polonskaya remained in contact through the election.3045 On a single day in 

October 2016, Papadopoulos and Polonskaya exchanged nearly seventy messages.3046 During 

3035 

3036 

3037 

3038 (U) House Ju 1c1ary Committee Transcript oft e Interview with George Papadopoulos, p. 17; Email, Mifsud to 

Papadopoulos and Timofeev, April 18, 2016 (B&P GP File 2018 000863. 3039 (U) FBI, FD-302, Papadopoulos 9/19/201 3040 (U) House Judiciary Committee Transcript of the Interview with George Papadopoulos, p. 17. 3041 See, e . . , Email Pa ado oulos to Timofeev June 12, 2016 &P GP File 2018 001002). 3042 

3043 (U) 1 i . 

3044 (U) Ibid 3045 (U) Email, Papadopoulos to Polonskaya, November 9, 2016 (B&P GP File 2018 000980); FBI, FD-302, 

Papadopoulos 9/19/201-

3046 (U) FBI, FD-302, Papadopoulos 9/19/201 

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this conversation, Polonskaya demonstrated an awareness of Papadopoulos's intent to run for 

public office.3047 

(U) Simona Mangiante, an Italian attorney who worked for the European Parliament 

until 2016, first interacted with Papadopoulos in approximately September 2016, when he sent 

her a Linkedln message, noting that he had previously worked for the organization that 

Mangiante had just joined, the London Center oflntemational Law Practice (LCILP).3048 

Mangiante and Papadopoulos initially communicated via Skype or WhatsApp, until 

Papadopoulos met Mangiante in person at the airport in New York in the spring of 2017. 3049 

Man:giante married Papadopoulos on March 2, 2018.3050 Mangiante has an independent, separate 

connection to Mifsud. · 

(U) According to Mangiante, she was introduced to Mifsud at some point between 2009 

and 2016 through Gianni Pittella, the former head of a political group within the Europ"ean 

Union.3051 Mangiante described Pittella as "someone I am very close to,'' and further stated that 

Pittella was "someone who is very close to Mifsud."3052 Mangiante characterized Mifsud as 

being affiliated with a number of universities in Europe, including the Link Campus University 

in Rome, Italy; the University of East Anglia; and the University of Stirling in the United 

Kingdom; as well as serving as the Director of the London Academy ofDiplomacy.3053 During 

Mangiante's three month employment at the LCILP, which ended in late October 2016, Mifsud 

also became a director at the LCILP. 3054 

4. (U) Papadopoulos Engages with Foreign Governments, Inflating Campaign 

Role 

(U) The Committee used .limited document production and interviews to evaluate 

interactions Papadopoulos had throughout 2016 with foreign officials, Mifsud, and members of 

the Trump Campaign, and the corresponding counterintelligence threats those activities 

represented. 3055 

3047 (U) Ibid According to the Federal Election Commission (FEC) filing, Papadopoulos filed a Statement of 

Candidacy (FEC Form 2) to run for the 25th District in the State of California on October 29, 2019. 3048 (U) SSCI Transcript of the Interview with SimonaMangiante, March 11, 2019, p. 82. 3049 (U) Ibid, pp. 81-82. 3050 (U) Kim Janssen, "Mueller witness George Papadopoulos weds Italian sweetheart at Chicago',s City Hall," 

Chicago Tribune, March 6, 2018. 3051 (U) Mangiante Tr., pp. 15-16. 3052 (U) Ibid., p. 25. 3053 (U) Ibid, pp. 17, 20-21. 3054 (U) Ibid, pp. 25-26; Email, Mangiante to Mifsud, Idris, et al., October 22, 2016 (SSCI-SMP-0010-11). 3055 (U) This does not purport to be an exhaustive list of Papadopoulos's activities, many of which remain unknown 

to the Committee. 

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i. (U) Papadopoulos Seeks a Role on a Campaign 

(U) Papadopoulos first reached out to the Trump Campaign in the summer of 2015, and 

was referred to Michael Glassner, the National Political Director for the Trump Campaign, by 

Corey Lewandowski, the Trump Campaign manager at the time. 3056 Papadopoulos expressed 

that he was seeking "an advisory role to Mr. Trump on matters of energy security and U.S. 

policy in the Eastern Mediterranean."3057 In September 2015, Glassner told Papadopoulos that 

the Trump Campaign was not hiring policy advisors. 3058 · 

(U) From late 2015 until February 2016, Papadopoulos held a paid position with the Ben 

Carson campaign.3059 After leaving, Papadopoulos reached out to a contact at the LCILP to ask 

ifLCILP was hiring, noting that he had finished his role with the Carson campaign.3060 By early 

February 2016, he agreed to join LCILP and began working in London.3061 

(U) Around the same time, Papadopoulos sent messages to Lewandowski and Glassner, 

again expressing interest in joining the Trump Campaign.3062 On March 2, 2016, Papadopoulos 

sent Glassner another email message, reiterating his interest.3063 The same day, a representative 

from the Trump Campaign responded to Papadopoulos with the subject line, "follow up from 

Michael Glassner," to confirm that Papadopoulos would like to be introduced to Sam Clovis, 

who was the National Co-Chair and Chief Policy Adviser for the Trump Campaign and was at 

that time charged with forming a foreign policy team for the Trump Campaign. Papadopoulos 

said yes.3064 

(U) Clovis told the Committee that the goal for creation of the foreign policy team was 

to alleviate pressure the Trump Campaign was receiving regarding the candidate's foreign policy 

and national security experience. In Clovis's words: 

[W]e were desperate to ·try to get the press off our backs ... these were people 

who had approached the campaign at one time or another and had enough rank 

or enough street cred or I should say at least had credentials that looked like we 

could possibly put them together on this national advisory team . ... My job was 

3056 (U) Emails, Papadopoulos and Glassner, August 4, 2015 (B&P GP File 2018 000695). 

3051 (U) Ibid 3058 (U) SCO Report, Vol. I, p. 81. 

3059 (U) Ibid 3060 (U) Ibid, Vol. I, pp. 81-82. 3061 (U) Ibid, Vol. I, p. 82. 3062 (U) Ibid Papadopoulos did not produce these communications to the Committee. 3063 (U) Ibid Papadopoulos did not produce this communication to the Committee. 3064 (U) Emails, Lutes and Papadopoulos, March 2-3, 2016 (B&P GP File 2018 000701-702). 

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to put that list together, put it together, get a press release that let Hope, Hope 

Hicks, put a press release out on it, those kinds of things. Essentially, that was it. 

Once we had done that, the press backed off and I moved on to other things, and I 

never worried about cultivating that group ever again. 3065 -

(U) Hicks also said that in March 2016, then-candidate Trump was "repeatedly asked 

about who [was] advising him on foreign policy. So we were as a campaign feeling pressure to 

put something together."3066 

(U) Clovis and Papadopoulos spoke on March 6, 20 i 6, about Papadopoulos joining the 

foreign policy team, and they may have discussed Russia. According to an August 2017 

interview with the FBI: 

Papadopoulos recalled having a telephone interview with Sam Clovis ... on or 

about March 6, 2016, during which the topic of Russia came up. Clovis noted the 

importance of Russia to the foreign policy team. Papadopoulos remembered 

telling Clovis he did not have any Russian contacts during that call. 3067 

(U) This is in contrast to what Clovis stated in his interview with the Committee, during 

which he stated, "I think my advice to George [Papadopoulos] has always been: No to 

Russia. "3068 

(U) On March 6, 2016, Clovis wrote an email update to senior Campaign members, 

including Jared Kushner, Ivanka Trump, Corey Lewandowski, Michael Glassner, and Stephen 

MiUer, explaining that he had "made contact with everyone in the matrix ... I have already had 

lengthy discussions with Walid [Ph]ares and George Papadopoulos. Both are on board."3069 

According to a "Policy Team Matrix" document attached to the email, Papadopoulos was to 

support foreign policy issues and was the sole individual assigned to support energy issues.3070 

(U) Clovis sent another email, entitled "National Security Advisory Committee," to 

Ivanka Trump, Kushner, and Glassner on March 16, 2016: "As you asked for today, find 

3065 (U) SSCI Transcript of the Interview with Sam Clovis, September 28, 2017, pp. 14-16. 3066 (U) Hicks Tr., pp. 9-10. 3067 (U) FBI, FD-302, Papadopoulos 8/11/2017. 3068 (U) Clovis Tr., pp. 78-79. 3069 (U) Email, Clovis to Ku~hner, I. Trump, Lewandowski, Glassner, and S. Miller, March 6, 2016 

(DJTFP00009899-9900). The Committee understands "on board" to indicate that the individuals had expressed 

their desire, and perhaps commitment, to joining the national security/foreign policy advisory team the Campaign 

was seeking to establish. 3070 (U) "Policy Team Matrix," March 6, 2016 (DJTFP00009911). 

472 
attached the list of those from whom I. have commitments to the team. " 3071 Papadopoulos is 

listed in the attachment as "Oil and Energy Consultant; Hudson Institute; Expert on 

Mediterranean, Caspian, and Middle Eastern energy and Israel; degrees from University College 

London, DePaul University and Universite Catholique de Louvain."3072 

(U) On March 21, 2016, Trump announced some of the foreign policy team during a 

meeting with the editorial board of the The Washington Post. During this meeting, Trump 

characterized Papadopoulos as, "an energy and oil consultant, excellent guy."3073 

ii. (U) Papadopoulos Meets Joseph Mifsud and Olga Polonskaya 

(U) On March 14, 2016, around the same time that he joined the )'rump Campaign, 

Papadopoulos first met London-based professor Joseph Mifsud (also known as Joseph di 

Gabriele) while traveling in Rome, Italy. According to statements to the FBI, Papadopoulos said 

that he had traveled to Rome from approximately March 12 to March 17, 2016, with several 

other members ofLCILP, in order to meet with individuals at the Link Campus.Uriiversity.3074 

The LCILP had arranged the trip and invited Papadopoulos, who accepted because he "just 

wanted to go to Rome."3075 An individual named Nagi Idris, another director at LCILP, 

facilitated the introduction between Papadopoulos and Mifsud while they were in Rome. 3076 

Although Mifsud worked for LCILP, Papadopoulos had not previously met him. 3077 

(U) Mifsud's interest in Papadopoulos appeared entirely reliant on Papadopoulos's 

association with the Trump Campaign. According to the .statement of offense for 

Papadopoulos's guilty plea: 

Initially, [Mifsud] seemed uninterested in .defendant Papadopoulos. However, 

after defendant Papadopoulos informed [Mifsud] about his joining the [Trump] 

Campaign, the Professor appeared to take great interest in defendant 

Papadopoulos.· Defendant Papadopoulos was interested in [Mifsud] because, 

among other reasons, [Mifsud] claimed to have substantial connections with 

307,1 (U) Email, Clovis to I. Trump, Kushner, Lewandowski, and Glassner, March 16, 2016 (DJTFP00009953-

9956). 

3072 (U) Ibid. 3073 (U) Post Opinions Staff, "A transcript of Donald Trump's meeting with The Washington Post editorial board," 

March 21, 2016. 3074 (U) FBI, FD-302, Papadopoulos 8/10/2017. 

301s (U) Ibid. . 

3016 (U) Ibid. 

3011 (U) Ibid. 

473 
Russian government officials, which defendant Papadopoulos thought could 

increase his importance as a policy advisor to the Campaign. 3078 

(U) Papadopoulos similarly told the FBI: 

Papadopoulos '[s] first impression was that Mifsud was arrogant. His negative 

attitude towards Papadopoulos continued until Mifsud found out Papadopoulos 

waspart of the Trump campaign. Mifsud then began to turn on the charm with 

Papadopoulos 'and tried to impress him. Mifsud told Papadopoulos he was a 

former diplomat with access to European leaders. Mifsud offered to help 

introduce Papadopoulos to the right people through his contacts. 3079 

(U) FBI technical analysis of Papadopoulos' s cell phone indicates that Mifsud sent 

Papadopoulos a text message on March 22, 2016, writing: "My number: joseph'."3080 

(U) Papadopoulos told the House Judiciary Committee that Mifsud subsequently sent 

him an email stating that "it's very important for us to meet in London. I have to introduce you 

to somebody very important."3081 According to Papadopoulos's statement of offense, Mifsud 

introduced Polonskaya to Papadopoulos as a relative of Vladimir Putin and as someone who had 

connections to senior Russian government officials. 3082 Papadopoulos testified to the House of 

Representatives: "[M]y understanding was I was talking to a very senior level diplomat's family 

member from Russia."3083 He also testified that Idris reiterated Mifsud's claim, stating "[t]his is 

Putin's niece or the Russian President's niece."3084 On March 24, 2016, Papadopoulos met with 

Mifsud and Olga Polonskaya,3085 a Russian-national, at the Holbom Hotel.3086 . 

(U) Papadopoulos recalled that they discussed U.S.-Russia trade issues during the 

meeting, and noted that Polonskaya was escorted by an unknown male who did not join them. 3087 

3078 (U) Statement of the Offense ~5, United States v. George Papadopoulos, Case No. 1:17-cr-00182-RDM 

(D.D.C. October 5, 2017). 3079 (U) FBI, FD-302, Papadopoulos 8/10/2017. 3080 (U) FBI, FD-1057, "George Papadopoulos," August 14, 2018. Papadopoulos provided the mobile phone he had 

used in the United Kingdom to the FBI for technical analysis. 3081 (U) House Judiciary Committee Transcript of the Interview with George Papadopoulos, .p. 17. 3082 (U) Statement of the Offense ~7, United States v. George Papadopoulos, Case No. 1:17~cr-00182-RDM 

(D.D.C. October 5, 2017). · 3083 (U) House Judiciary Committee Transcript of the Interview with George Papadopoulos, p. 17. Papadopoulos 

did not produce this email to the Committee. 3084 (U) Ibid Papadopoulos did not produce the referenced email to this Committee. 3085 (U) Documents produced to the Committee show Polonskaya also used the name "Olga Vinogradova," which 

the Committee believes is Polonskaya's maiden name. Olga Polonskaya may also be spelled "Polonskaia." 3086 (U) House Judiciary Committee Transcript of the Interview with George Papadopoulos, p. 17. 3087 (U) FBI, FD-302, Papadopoulos 9/19/2017. 

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Papadopoulos's wife, Mangiante, told the Committee that Papadopoulos thought Polonskaya was 

President Putin's niece because of the way Mifsud introduced her to Papadopoulos.3088 

(U) Papadopoulos later explained that Polonskaya, who could barely speak English 

during their in-person meeting, then began communicating with him via electronic means in 

more fluent English. Papadopoulos characterized a transition in their relationship, shifting from 

"seemingly obscure girl ... to now the interlocutor with Mifsud to the Russian Government for 

me."3089 

-On the same day, March 24, 2016, almost certainly after his meeting with 

Mifsud~aya, Papadopoulos performed internet searches for the following terms:3090 

• "russian president" 

• "russian president niece" 

• "russian president niece olga" 

• "russian president brother and sister" 

• "joseph mifsud" 

• "next Vietnam prime minister" 

• "russian ambassador uk" 

• "putin's niece" 

• "putin's niece, olga" 

• "me~dvedev's niece, olga" 

• "olga putin" 

• "vladimir putin's brother and sister" 

• "Olga Medvedev" 

(U) This is the first example of a pattern the Committee observed in Papadopoulos's 

behavior, where after a meeting he spent time conducting internet research on individuals he met, 

or, presumably, the topics discussed at the meeting. While several of Papadopoulos's searches 

are focused on finding additional information on Polonskaya, Papadopoulos later noted in 

documents produced to the Committee that "[a] quick google search will demonstrate that Putin 

has no siblings."3091 · 

3088 (U) Mangiante Tr., pp. 109-110. The March 24, 2016, meeting between Papadopoulos, Mifsud, and 

Polonskaya occurred prior to Mangiante's first encounter with Papadopoulos. 3089 (U) House Judiciary Committee Transcript of the Interview with George Papadopoulos, pp. 17-19. ·. 3090 (U) FBI, FD-302, Papadopoulos 9/19/201 · 3091 (U) Schedule A Response, Papadopoulos (GP-000038--GP-000039). 

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' 

( (U) On the same day, March 24, 2016, following his meeting with Mifsud and 

Pqlonskaya, Papadopoulos sent an email to members of the Trump foreign policy team with the 

subject "Meeting with Russian leadership--including Putin," stating: 

I just finished a very productive lunch with a good friend of mine, Joseph Mifsud, 

the director of the London Academy of Diplomacy -- who introduced me to both 

Putin's niece and the Russian Ambassador in London -- who also acts as the 

Deputy Foreign Minister. 

The topic of the lunch was to arrange a meeting between us and the Russian 

leadership to discuss US-Russia ties under President Trump. They are keen to 

host us in a "neutral" city, or directly in Moscow. They said the leadership, 

including Putin, is ready to meet with us and Mr. Trump should there be interest. 

Waiting for everyone's thoughts on movingforward with this very important· 

issue. 

Furthermore, Mifsud is good friends with the soon to be next prime ministf!r of 

Vietnam. He asked for me to join him on a trip there to meet with the next leader-

-perhaps this is of interest to the rest of the campaign team as wel/?3092 

(U) Papadopoulos testified to the House Judiciary Committee that he lied to the Trump 

Campaign about being introduced to the Russian Ambassador in London, clarifying that he 

"never met the Russian ambassador, just to make that completely clear."3O93 

(U) Minutes after Papadopoulos's email to other Campaign advisers and staff, Clovis 

replied to the entire group, stating: 

George, 

This is most informative. Let me work it through the campaign. No commitments 

until we see how this plays out. My thought is that we should not go forward.with 

any meetings with the Russians until we have had occasion to sit with our NATO 

allies, especially France, Germany, and Great Britain. We need to reassure our 

allies that we are not going to advance anything with Russia until we have 

everyone on the same page. 

More thoughts later today. Great work. 

3092 (U) Email, Papadopoulos to Page, Clovis, Harrell, Kellogg, Misazawa, Kubic, Schmitz, Phares, and Glassner, 

March 24, 2016 (B&P GP File 2018 000649). . 3093 (U) House Judiciary Committee Transcript of the Interview with George Papadopoulos, p. 19. 

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Sam3094 

-FBI records indicate that on March 26, 2016, Papadopoulos performed 

interne~"Andrei Klimov" and "Ivan Timofeev."3095 This search occurred more than 

three weeks prior to Papadopoulos's April 18, 2016, introduction to Timofeev through Mifsud, 

suggesting that Mifsud may have raised Klimov or Timofeev, or both, during his engagement 

with Papadopoulos. 

iii. (U) The Foreign Policy Team Meets 

(U) Clovis sent an email to the newly-established Trump Campaign's foreign policy 

advisory team on March 28, 2016, stating: "I just got off the phone with Senator Jeff Sessions of 

Alabama. He passed along that a meeting is being scheduled for 10 am eastern on Thursday, the 

31st. Location to follow. Please let me know if you are going to be able to attend."3098 

Papadopoulos wrote back to the group thirty minutes later, "Sam, I will be there too. Flying in 

on the 30th."3099 

(U) Papadopoulos stated that at the March 31, 2016, national security meeting of thencandidate Trump's foreign policy advisors held at the Trump International Hotel in Washington, 

D.C., he proposed the idea of arranging a meeting between Putin and Trump.3100 

(U) Papadopoulos recalled telling the group in attendance that "Putin wants to meet" and 

that the response to his suggestion from Trump was something to the effect of "I like the 

·

3094 (U) Email, Clovis to Papadopoulos, Page, Harrell, Kellogg, Misazawa, Kubic, Schmitz, Phares, and Glassner, 

March 24, 2016 (B&P GP File 2018 000649). 3095 (U) FBI, FD-302, Papadopoulos 9/19/201 3096 U Valdaiclub.com, "Andre Klimov." 3097 

3098 (U) Ema1, C ov1s to Papa opoulos, Page, Gassner, et al., March 28, 2016 (B&P GP File 2018 000475). 3099 (U) Email, Papadopoulos to Clovis, Page, Lewandowski, S. Miller, Glassner, et al., March 28, 2016 (B&P GP 

File 2018 000475). 3100 (U) FBI, FD-302, Papadopoulos 9/19/2017. 

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idea"3101 who subsequently asked Sessions for his opinion of the proposal.3102 Papadopoulos 

believed that Trump and Sessions were somewhere between tacitly supportive of his idea and 

very supportive of his idea, and he left the meeting with the impression that "these guys wanted 

this." Papadopoulos also told the FBI that he did not recall anyone at the meeting objecting to 

the proposal and that he rather felt he had received a "thumbs up." 3103 

(U) A picture of the meeting published on Trump's Instagram account showed that 

Sessions and members of the foreign policy advisory team, including J.D. Gordon, 

Papadopoulos, and Joseph Schmitz attended the meeting.

3104 

(U) Clovis told the Committee that his first in-person encounter with Papadopoulos was 

at the March 31, 2016, meeting: 

That 's where I really got the sense, at that meeting, that he was there for himself 

and not for the campaign, and I felt like ii was a mistake that we had included 

him . ... I just thought he was very self-serving, very much on the make. I just 

1101 (U) Ibid. 

3102 (U) Ibid. 

1101 (U) Ibid. 3104 (U) lnstagram, @realDonaldTrump, March 31, 2016 ("Meeting with my national security team in 

#W ashingtonDC. #Trump2016"). 

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never-I never trusted him after that . ... Everything he did, he did on his ' own, 

and we always had to go back and correct him afterwards. It got to the point, 

really, it got bad quickly, so we essentially cut him loose quickly in my view. I 

never trusted him with anything. 3105 

(U) Gordon told the Committee that he did not recall Papadopoulos proposing any 

outreach to the Russian government or Russian individuals, but did confirm that Papadopoulos 

was fully on board with Trump's desire to have a better relationship with Russia.3106 

(U) Papadopoulos referenced his proposal again with two of the other foreign policy 

advisors. On April 5, 2016, Phares sent an email message to Papadopoulos; in which he wrote 

"Let's think about how to engage your Arab and Mideast contacts either in London or in 

DC."3107 Papadopoulos replied from Tel Aviv, Israel, "And of course the Russians, as I 

mentioned during our meeting."3108 On April 10, 2016, Papadopoulos also sent an email 

message to Carter Page, another foreign policy advisor to the Trump Campaign, in which he 

asked if Page was available for a phone call "to discuss the outreach to Russia and the 

Caucasus," noting that they "both have experience dealing in that part of the world, so also 

wanted to look into any synergies."3109 Page responded with an attempt to schedule a Skype 

conversation. 3110 

(U) Papadopoulos recalled having a Skype call with Page, and in particular recalled Page 

telling him to "stop showing off."3111 Although Papadopoulos did not remember exactly why 

Page had told him that, he surmised that "it was likely a result of Papadopoulos' efforts to 

coordinate with the Russians in late March 2016."3112 When Page testified to the Committee, he 

recalled speaking with Papadopoulos "once on the phone."3113 

iv. (U) Papadopoulos' Contact with Polonskaya and Mifsud Accelerates 

(U) As an apparent follow-up to the March meeting with Mifsud, Papadopoulos e-mailed 

Polonskaya on April 10, 2016, stating: 

3105 (U) Clovis Tr., pp. 70-71. . 3106 (U) SSCI Transcript of the Interview with~ 14, 2017, p. 69. 3107 (U) FBI, FD-302, Papadopoulos 9/19/201~ 

310s (U) Ibid . 3109 (U) Email, Papadopoulos to Page, April 10, 2016 (B&P GP File 2018 001057). 3110 (U) Email, Page to Papadopoulos, April 10, 2016 (B&P GP File 2018 001057). 3111 (U) FBI, FD-302, Papadopoulos 11/7/2017. 3112 (U) Ibid 3113 (U) SSCI Transcript of the Interview with Carter Page, August 21, 2017, pp. 146-147. 

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COMMITTEE SENSI'fIVE - RUSSIA INVESTIGATION ONLY 

This is George Papadopoulos, Donald Trump's advisor. We met with Joseph in 

London. The reason for my message is because he sent an email that you tried 

contacting me. I never received your sms. I was in Israel for business 'and now I 

am back in London. Are you still in London? If you are it would be a pleasure to 

meet again. If not, we should have a call and discuss some things. 3114 

Polonskaya responded the next day, April 11, 2016, copying Mifsud on the email and stating "I 

am now back in St. Petersburg. I thank you for our meeting. I would be very pleased to support 

your initiatives between our two countries and of course I would be very pleased to meet you 

again."311s 

(U) Papadopoulos responded back to Polonskaya on the same day, April 11, 2016, 

stating, "I think a good step would be for me to meet with the Russian Ambassador in London 

sometime this month .... I would like to discuss with him, or anyone else you recommend, about 

a potential foreign policy trip to Russia."3116 Papadopoulos included a link in the email to a 

, Jerusalem Post opinion article that he characterized as "beneficial to send around."3117 The 

opinion article summarized Papadopoulos's remarks at an April 2016 luncheon with research 

associates at an Israeli think tank which included: 

• (U) "Unlike President Barack Obama, who weakly attempted to 'reset' 

relations with Russia and then spent the latter part of his tenure isolating and 

sanctioning Russia, Donald Trump would 'overtly seek' serious engagement 

with Russia on a range of common concerns." 

• (U) "Trump ... sees Russian President Vladimir Putin as a responsible actor 

and potential partner." 

• (U) "The US and Russia must work to counter Chinese expansionism in Asia 

and the Middle East. ... Therefore, a policy of isolating Russia is 'not 

sustainable. "'3118 

(U) In response to Papadopoulos's email, Mifsud wrote back to Papadopoulos on the 

same day, April 11, 2016, that "[t]his is already been agreed. I am flying to Moscow on the 18th 

3114 (U) Emails, Papadopoulos to Polonskaya, April 10, 2016 (B&P GP File 2018 000975). The Mifsud email 

referenced by Papadopoulos was not produced to the Committee. 3115 (U) Email, Polonskaya to Papadopoulos and Mifsud, April 11, 2016 (B&P GP File 2018 000967). 3116 (U) Email, Papadopoulos to Polonskaya and Mifsud, April 11, 2016 (B&P GP File 2018 000967). 3117 (U) Ibid 3118 (U) David M. Weinberg, "Know Comment: The Donald's Foreign Policy," Jerusalem Post, April 7, 2016. 

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for a Valdai meeting, plus other meetings at the Du~a. We will talk tomorrow."3119 The 

Committee does not know what, specifically, Mifsud meant by "[t]his is already been agreed." 

Papadopoulos wrote back to Mifsud and Polonskaya eight minutes later, "Excellent. See you 

tomorrow."3120 

(U) On April 12, 2016, Papadopoulos appears to have had breakfast with Mifsud, based 

on his last April 11, 2016, email and ipformation made available from the FBI's timeline. 

• (U) Papadopoulos's schedule had a calendar entry for April 12, 2016, at 9:30 a.m. for 

one hour, for "Andaz hotel breakfast Liverpool St (9:30)."3121 

• (U) The same day, at 9:44 a.m., Mifsud emailed Papadopoulos and NawafObaid 

regarding "Libya CONFIDENTIAL."3122 Papadopoulos also had another calendar 

entry for April 13, 2016, for one hour, for "1 pm Lunch at Four Seasons," with Nawaf 

Obaid.3123 

(U) Polonskaya added to Mifsud's response the following day, April 12, 2016, that she: 

already alerted my personal links to our conversation and your request. The 

Embassy in London is very much aware of this. As mentioned we are all very 

excited by the possibility of a good relationship with Mr. Trump: The Russian 

Federation would love to welcome him once his candidature [sic] would be 

officially announced. 3124 

The Committee does not have any insight into Polonskaya's connection to the Russian Embassy 

in London. 

v. (U) Mifsud Introduces Papadopoulos to Ivan Timofeev 

(U) On April 18, 2016, the same day that Mifsud had told Papadopoulos he was flying to 

Moscow, Mifsud introduced Ivan Timofeev, Director of Programs at the Russian International 

Affairs Council (RIAC),3125 to Papadopoulos via email. Timofeev has led the "Euro-Atlantic 

3119 (U) Email, Mifsud to Polonskaya and Papadopoulos, April 11, 2016 (B&P GP File 2018 000967-968). 3120, (U) Email, Papadopoulos to Mifsud and P~l, 2016 (B&P GP File 2018 000968). 3121 (U) FBI, FD-302, Papadopoulos 9/19/201,,__ 3122 (U) Ibid. - . _ 

3123 (U) Ibid. 3124 (U) Email, Polonskaya to Mifsud and Papadopoulos, April 12, 2016 (B&P GP File 2018 000971). 3125 (U) According to the Kremlin's website, the RIAC was established by a Russian presidential decree on 

February 3, 2010, as a non-profit partnership by the Ministry of Foreign Affairs ofRussia and the Ministry of 

Education and Science of Russia to "organise interaction between Russian scientific organisations and foreign think 

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COMMITTEE SENSITIVE -RUSSIA INVESTIGATION ONLY 

Security" program at the Valdai Discussion Club since 2015 and has served as a professor at the 

Academy for Military Science in Russia since 2013, according to open source information.3126 

In the initial introductory message, Mifsud wrote: 

Dear George, Ivan, 

As promised I had a long conversation today in Moscow with my dear friend Ivan 

from RIAC about a possible meeting between the two of you. Ivan is ready to 

meet with you in London (or USA or Moscow). I am putting the two of you in 

touch to discuss when and where this potential meeting can actually take place. 

Best wishes for your endeavours ... 

Kind regards, 

Joseph3121 

(U)- According to the Valdai Discussion Club's website, Mifsud appeared as part of a 

panel discussion in Moscow in April 2016, alongside Stephan Roh.3128 Timofeev moderated the 

discussion, which focused on the geopolitical and oil market implications after a recent gathering 

of oil-producing nations.3129 

(U) Papadopoulos responded the same day, April 18, 2016, suggesting that he and 

Timofeev meet in London later in the month. 3130 In a series of email messages, Timofeev and 

Papadopoulos scheduled a Skype call for Friday, April 22, 2016.3131 . 

tanks on matters of international relations." The RIAC is founded by and receives funding from the Russian 

government. Kremlin.ru, "Dmitry Medvedev signed an order to create a non-profit partnership, the Russian Council 

for International Affairs," February 4, 2010 (Russian-language version dated February 3, 2010). 3126 (U) Russiancouncil.ru, "Ivan Timofeev." 3127 (U) Email, Mifsud to Papadopoulos and Timofeev, April 18, 2016 (B&P GP File 2018 000863). 3128 (U) Valdaiclub.com, "Valdai Club Discusses Main Trends and Scenarios of Global Energy Development," 

April 19, 2016. Mifsud later introduced Papadopoulos to Roh, in August 2016, as described infra. 3129 (U) Ibid. The recent gathering of oil producing nations referred to a summit held in Doha, Qatar, which failed 

to produce an agreement on oil output and pricing among the leaders of the world's largest oil producers. Javier 

David, "Oil producers send crude reeling after output deal fails in Doha," CNBC, April 18, 2016. 3130 (U) Email, Papadopoulos to Mifsud and Timofeev, April 18, 2016 (B&P GP File 2018 000863). 3131 (U) Emails, Timofeev and Papadopoulos, April 18-21, 2016 (B&P GP File 2018 000863-866). 

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(U) On April 21, 2016, Papadopoulos sent an email message to Mifsud with the subject 

"Meeting tomorrow," in which he asked if the professor was "[f]ree to meet tomorro~ for a 

follow up?"3132 

(U) During an interview with the FBI, Papadopoulos recalled: 

[H]aving a Skype call with Timofeev on April 22, 2016 which he believed was the 

first of two Skype calls he had with Timofeev in total. Papadopoulos could not 

remember any details about what was discussed during the call; however he 

surmised the two likely discussed relations .between Russia, Israel, Cyprus, and 

China. The two may also have discussed setting up a potential meeting between 

Timofeev and Papadopoulos; however, Papadopoulos could not recall that with 

any certainty. Papadopoulos then reiterated he had been pushing hard for a 

meeting with the Russians after his initial conversation with Clovis on March 6, 

201,6. 3133 

(U) Following the Skype call, Timofeev wrote, "George, thank you for an extensive talk! 

I propose to meet in London or in Mo~cow. What do you think?"3134 Papadopoulos responded: 

Regarding a meeting - how about we set one up here in London with the . 

Ambassador as well to discuss a process moving forward? Can you come neit 

week? It's my objective to set the groundwork for a potential trip and to 

understand the US.-Russia relationship before I submit to my team. 3135 

(U) Timofeev responded to Papadopoulos on April 24, 2016, stating, "Next week is 

totally impossible, for I have to renew my visa. I shall also need to consult with Minister 

Ivanov."3136 The next day, April 25, 2016, Timofeev wrote to Papadopoulos: 

Dear George, 

I have just talked to Igor Ivanov-the President of RIAC and former Foreign 

Minister of Russia. His advise [sic] is to start preparation.of the Moscow visit via 

3132 (U) Email, Papadopoulos to Mifsud, April 21, 2016 (B&P GP File 2018 000867). 3133 (U) FBI, FD-302, Papadopoulos 9/19/2017. In an earlier email, Timofeev noted that "we" are online waiting to 

connect via Skype, suggesting another individual may have been on the call with Papadopoulos and Ti)nofeev. 

Email, Timofeev to Papadopoulos April 22, 2016 (B&P GP File 2018 000959). · 3134 (U) Email, Timofeev to Papadopoulos, April 22, 2016 (B&P GP File 2018 000960). 3135 (U) Email, Papadopoulos to Timofeev, April 22, 2016 (B&P GP File 2018 000960). 3136 (U) Email, Timofeev to Papadopoulos, April 24, 2016 (B&P GP File 2018 000960). 

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the Russian Embassy in Washington,for the issue is of political kind. Would you 

be available for a quick talk today? 

Keep in touch, 

Ivan.3137 

(U) According to FBI records, Papadopoulos searched Linkedln for "alisher usmanov" 

on April 24, 2016.3138 The Committee has no indication as to why Papadopoulos would conduct 

this search, but based on Papadopoulos's previous behavior, it would be logical to assume that 

Timofeev may have raised Usmanov in conversation. According to Forbes, Usmanov is an 

Russian business magnate, who was estimated to have a net worth of $12.6 billion in March 

2020.3139 

I 

(U) Between April 25, 2016, and April 27, 2016, Papadopoulos and Tiinofeev 

exchanged emails to coordinate another Skype call to discuss Timofeev's email from April 25, 

2016, regarding Igor Ivanov's advice to plan the Moscow visit via the Russian Embassy in 

Washington. The email exchange concluded with a message from Papadopoulos, noting, "I have 

a couple of minutes to talk now before Mr. Trump's speech, I am on [S]kype."3143 

3137 (U) Email, Timofeevto Papadopoulos, Ap~GPFile 2018 000961). 3138 (U) FBI, FD-302, Papadopoulos 9/19/201'11111111111111 3139 U Forbes rofile "#106 Alisher Usmanov." 3140 

3141 

3142 

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(U) Papadopoulos recalled speaking with Timofeev via Skype on April 27, 2016.3144 

Papadopoulos characterized the interaction as "strange," as he remembered Timofeev being 

overly formal during the call. 3145 Papadopoulos also described hearing static noises on the call, 

which Papadopoulos thought suggested that someone was recording the call.31~6 

vi. (U) Other RelevantPapadopoulos Meetings in April 

(U) On April 19, 2016, Papad,?Poulos met an individual named Oleg Lebedev. In an 

email sent the same day, P~padopoulos wrote, "Was very nice meeting you tonight. I am 

sending you my recent piece and linkedin profile. See you tomorrow."3147 In response, Lebedev 

wrote back to Papadopoulos, "Great meeting you, and look forward to seeing you tomorrow. 

Lets [sic] make Byzantium great again. Good to connect on Linkedin, could not find you on 

Facebook."3148 According to FBI interviews, Papadopoulos met Lebedev at the Byzantium Cafe 

in London, through Lebedev's wife, Maria Alexopoulou.3149 Papadopoulos recalled_that 

Lebedev was a big Trump supporter in Russia and had told Papadopoulos that Russia is a friend 

ofTrump.3150 Lebedev claimed to-have contacts in the Russian government.3151 Papadopoulos 

thought Lebedev was in the oil business in Moscow but had a house in London with his wife.3152 

vii. (U) Papadopoulos Meets with Mifsud in London, Discusses "Dirt" on 

Clinton · 

(U) Papadopoulos met with Mifsud on the morning of April 26, 2016, at the Andaz Hotel 

in London, for breakfast. During the breakfast, Mifsud, who had just returned from a trip to 

Moscow where he had met with high-level Russian government officials, stated that the Russians 

had dirt-in the form of emails-on Hillary Clinton.3153 Papadopoulos described Mifsud as 

3144 (U) FBI, FD-302, Papadopoulos 9/19/2017. 

3145 (U) Ibid. 

3146 (U) Ibid. 

3141 (U) Ibid. 

314s (U) Ibid. 

3149 (U) FBI, FD-302, Papadopoulos 8/11/2017. 3150 (U) FBI, FD-302, Papadopoulos 9/19/2017. 

3151 (U) Ibid. 

3152 (U) Ibid. . 

3153 (U) Statement of the Offense '1[14, United States v. George Papadopoulos, Case No. 1:17-cr-00182-RDM 

(D.D.C. October 5, 2017). By April 26, 2016, the GRU had already penetrated and collected information from the 

DNC and DCCC networks, as well as John Podesta's email account. For a discussion of the GRU's hack-and-leak 

campaign, see infra Vol. 5, Sec. ill.B. 

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"giddy ... like he had something he wante_d to get off his chest" prior to his conveying the 

information about the Clinton emails.3154 

(U) When asked by the FBI to explain what Mifsud told him about the Russians having 

dirt on Clinton, Papadopoulos told the FBI the following: · 

Mifsud had just returned.from a trip to Moscow where he met with the Duma 

") [Russian Parliament], attended a forum, and had meetings related to academics. 

When referring to the dirt, Mifsud told Papadopoulos ''.they have her emails" and ) 

specifically mentioned they had "thousands" of them: Papadopoulos could not 

recall if Mifsud mentioned the names of the individuals he met with in Russia . ... 

When asked what Papadopoulos thought when he heard the information from 

Mifsud, Papadopoulos recalled it being "a strange thing to hear. H Papadopoulos 

inquired of Mifsud how he could know such information, io which Mifsud stated, 

"they told me." When Papadopoulos referred to Mljsud's statement of "they told 

me, " Papadopoulos extended both of his hands and pointed at himself with both 

index fingers. 3155 · 

- Following the breakfast meeting, around noon on April 26, 2016, Mifsud 

emaile~los an article titled, "US-Russian relations; the middle cannot hold."3156 The 

article, published by the International Institute for Strategic Studies on Aprif 14, 2016, criticized 

President Obama's approach to geopolitical relations between the United States and Russia 

following the invasion of Crimea, noting the Obama's administration approach was the "middle 

way."3157 In response to Mifsud's email, approximately four hours later, Papadopoulos replied, 

"Thank you for this, Joseph. Very informative."3158 

3154 (U) House Judiciary Committee Transcript of the Interview with George Papadopoulos, p. 21. 3155 (U) FBI, FD-302, PapadopoulosW19/2017. 3156 (U) Email, Mifsud to Papadopoulos, April 26, 2016 (B&P GP File 2018 000933-935). 3157 (U) Email, Mifsud to Papadopoulos, April ~File 2018 000933-935). 3158 (U) FBI, FD-302, Papadopoulos 9/19/201 .......... Papadopoulos did not produce this email to the 

Committee. · · . · · 3159 (U) FBI, FD-302, Papadopoulos 8/11/2017 ("Papadopoulos stated to the best of his recollection he remembers 

Clovis being upset after Papadopoulos said, 'Sam, I think they have her emails.' Papadopoulos then reiterated he · 

was not certain if that event actually happened or ifhe was wrongfully remembering an event which did not 

occur."). 

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viii. (U) Papadopoulos Meets Australian Diplomats 

(U) On April 19, 2016, Christian Cantor, a Political Counsellor at the Embassy oflsrael. 

to the United Kingdom in London, introduced Papadopoulos to Erika Thompson, a Political 

Counsellor at the Australian High Commission in London.3160 The introduction occurred via 

email, in which Cantor stated "George is a current Tr[u]mp advisor ... I'm sure you'll find very 

interesting things to talk about."3161 Papadopoulos testified to the House Judiciary Committee 

that he had been introduced to Cantor via one of his friends who was an economic counselor at 

the Embassy oflsrael to the United States, and that he understood Thompson to be Cantor's 

girlfriend.3162 

(U) On April 20, 2016, Thompsqn replied to Cantor's email, suggesting that she and 

Papadopoulos meet following President Obama's visit to the United Kingdom.3163 Papadopoulos 

replied to Thompson the next day, suggesting that the two meet on Tuesday, April 26, 2016.3164 

The Committee assesses that Papadopoulos and Thompson met on April 26, 2016, as previously 

coordinated, sometime following Papadopoulos's breakfast engagement with Mifsud. 

(U) On May 9, 2016, Thompson wrote Papadopoulos, thanking him for "meeting on 

Friday" and checking to see if Papadopoulos would be "still be up for a meeting with [her] boss, 

Alexander Downer."3165 She suggested grabbing "a drink with him tomorrow? Maybe around 

6?"3166 Thompson proposed the Kensington Wine Rooms, located in the Kensington Borough in 

London, for the engagement, as her boss, Sir Alexander Downer, Australia's High Commissioner 

to the United Kingdom, lived nearby.3167 Papadopoulos agreed.3168 

• (U) Documents publicly released by the Government of Australia show a calendar 

appointment on Downer's calendar for May 10th titled, "6.00 pm - Meeting with 

George Papadopolous [sic], Adivsor [sic], Donald J Trump for President," which 

included a link to Papadopoulos's Linkedln profile as well as a heavily redacted 

3160 (U) Email, Cantor to Papadopoulos and Thompson, April 19, 2016 (B&P GP File 2018 000428). 3161 (U) Ibid (Ellipses in original). Cantor also sent a similar introductory email to an individual at the Embassy of 

Poland to the United Kingdom on April 20, 2016. Email, Cantor to Papadopoulos, et al., April 20, 2016 (B&P GP 

File 2018 000431). , 3162 (U) House Judiciary Committee Transcript of the Interview with George Papadopoulos, pp. 31-32. 3163 (U) Email, Thompson to Papadopoulos and Cantor, April 20, 2016 (B&P GP File 2018 000427). 3164 (U) Email, Papadopoulos to Cantor and Thompson, April 21, 2016 (B&P GP File 2018 000428). 3165 (U) Email, Thompson to Papadopoulos, May 9, 2016 (B&P GP File 2018 000435). 

3166 (U) Ibid 

3161 (U) Ibid 3168 (U) Email, Papadopoulos to Thompson, May 9, 2016 (B&P GP File 2018 000436). 

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diplomatic cable prepared by Downer on May 11, 2016, to Canberra titled, "UK: US: 

Donald Trump - Views from Trump's Adviser."3169 

(U) Although the email between Thompson and Papadopoulos indicates they met on 

Friday, May 6, 2016, the Committee does not have any indications as to where they met or what 

was discussed. 

-Just after midnight on the morning of May 10, 2016, Papadopoulos searched 

for the ~rms on the internet: "australian high comm. london," "current australian 

government," prime minister of australia," "malcolm turnbull conservative," "kensington wine 

rooms," "erika thompson," and "erika thompson australia."3170 Papadopoulos also visited the 

Linkedln site for an individual named Erika Thompson.3171 " 

- In the late-afternoon on May 10, 2016, and prior to the meeting with 

Downer, Papadopoulos again searched the internet for "Kensington Wine Rooms," "australian 

high comm. london," and ''alexander downer."3172 Later that evening, at approximately eleven 

o'clock, Papadopoulos performed an internet search for "The Waterway."3173 

(U) On May 10, 2016, Thompson and Downer met with Papadopoulos. After the 

engagement, Papadopoulos sent Thompson an email stating, "[g]reat time tonight. Thanks for 

the introduction. See you soon."3174 .-

(U) There are some inconsistencies in the stories surrounding the evening of May 10, 

2016.3175 Papadopoulos told the FBI that he recalled the encounter occurring at the Waterway 

Pub rather than the Kensington Wine Rooms.3176 One possibility is that the FBI and 

Papadopoulos may have conflated the reference to the May 10, 2016, meeting at the Kensington 

Wine Rooms with the April 26 or May 6 meetings the Committee surmises occurred between · 

Papadopoulos and Thompson. An alternative hypothesis is that Papadopoulos and Thompson 

departed the Kensington Wine Rooms on May 10, 2016, and met up later at the Waterway Pub, 

which would be consistent with Papadopoulos's internet search for the Waterway at 11 :07 p.m. 

3169 (U) Mark Di Stefano, "Australia Says It's 'Ready To Confirm' A Key Meeting That Led to the Investigation 

Into Trump's Russia Links," BuzzFeed News, ~ · 3170 (U) FBI, FD-302, Papadopoulos 9/19/201.,_..... 

3111 (U) Ibid. 3172 (U) Ibid 

3113 (U) Ibid 3174 (U) Email, Thompson to Papadopoulos, May 10, 2016 (B&P GP File 2018 000425) . 

. 3175 (U) The serial ambiguities and inconsistencies attached to Papadopoulos's activities on May 10, 2016, might 

have been mitigated or even explained away, had the Committee benefitted from the testimony of either Downer or 

Papadopoulos-both of whom declined the Committee's invitation to be interviewed. 3176 (U) FBI, FD-302, Papadopoulos 9/19/2017. 

488 
Papadopoulos told the FBI that he recalled having several drinks with the 

Australians,specifically "three drinks, made with gin."3177 Papadopoulos also recalled being 

intoxicated after those three drinks.3178 When specifically asked, Papadopoulos stated he did not 

recall telling the Australians about the Clinton-related emails.3179 

• (U) The Kensington Wine Rooms describes itself as having "a reputation as one of 

London's best wine bars" and offers numerous wine tastings, either through self-serve 

dispensers or by the glass.3180 The drinks menu for the Waterway notably includes a 

section labeled "Gin & Things."31 81 

• (U) Papadopoulos testified to Congress that he and Downer " had one drink" and was 

"certainly not drunk" during the May 10, 2016, meeting, which seems to contradict 

the three gin drinks described above.3182 

• (U) Downer stated during a televised interview that he, along with another 

individual, met Papadopoulos at the "Kensington Wine Bar" at 6:00 P.M., for about 

an hour.3183 

3111 (U) Ibid. 3178 (U) Ibid. 

1 119 (U) Ibid 3180 (U) Winerooms.london, "Kensington Wine Rooms." 3181 (U) Thewaterway.co.uk, "The Waterway Drinks Menu." 3182 (U) House Judiciary Committee Transcript of the Interview with George Papadopoulos, pp. 41-42. 3183 (U) Sky News Australia, Interview with Alexander Downer, May 9, 2019, available at 

youtube.com/watch?v=ygck.FL8m2Ws (beginning at 4:50). 3184 (U) FBI, FD-1057, "Dissemination oflnvestigation Opening," July 31, 2016. 3185 (U) Ibid. 

1 186 (U) Ibid. 

489 

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ix. · (U) Papadopoulos Edits Trump's Mayflower Speech 

(U) While Papadopoulos was engaged with Timofeev and Mifsud in London, he also 

consulted on preparations for an upcoming Trump foreign policy speech. On April 23, 2016, 

Stephen Miller, senior policy advisor for the Trump Campaign, sent an email only to 

Papadopoulos with the subject "confidential-dose hold," which attached the "outline of 

remarks for wed."3190 Six minutes later, Papadopoulos wrote back to Miller, "Looks solid. If 

needed, I have some input/bullet points I can add this weekend."3191 Miller replied one minute 

later stating, "Thanks. Whatever works for you."3192 

3187 (U) Ibid The SCO Report states that Papadopoulos suggested that the Russian government may assist the 

Trump Campaign to a representative of a foreign government on May 6, 2016. The Committee cannot determine 

why the SCO believed this occurred on May 6, 2016. A DOJ Office of the Inspector General report also indicates 

that the interaction between Papadopoulos and a friendly foreign government occurred in May 2016. DOJ, Office of 

the Inspector General, "Review of Four FISA Applications and Other Aspects of the FBI's Crossfire Hurricane 

Investigation," December 2019 (TS/SCI versio~after DOJ 0/G FISA Report, December 2019), p. 52. 3188 (U) SSCI Transcript of the Interview with_, July 30, 2018, p. 41. 3189 (U) Ibid, pp. 41--42. 3190 (U) Email, S. Miller to Papadopoulos, April 23, 2016 (B&P GP File 2018 000503). 3191 (U) Email, Papadopoulos to S. Miller, April 23, 2016 (B&P GP File 2018 000503). 3192 (U) Email, S. Miller to Papadopoulos, April 23, 2016 (B&P GP File 2018 000503). 

490 

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(U) After a series of back and forths, Papadopoulos sent Miller his edited version of the 

outline on April 25, 2016, stating, "Please find my edits attached. Look forward to your ' 

thoughts. I'll stay up. Should I send to anyone else on the team? I.e. Sam or Paul."3193 M11ler 

and Papadopoulos then exchanged a series of emails in short succession regarding 

Papadopoulos's availability for surrogacy opportunities, during which Papadopoulos stated: 

I was recently hosted by the Israeli government after I delivered a talk at an 

energy and security conference there. They are ready to host Mr. Trump when 

the time is right for him (and have also invited him to a big conference the largest 

newspaper there is hosting in July that Netanyahu will also be speaking at). The 

Russian government has an open invitation by Putin for Mr. Trump to meet him 

when he is ready as well. The advantage of being in London .is that these 

governments tend to speak a bit more openly in "neutral" cities. 3194 

(U) Miller told the Committee that he did not recall this email exchange until the SCO 

showed it to him. He further stated that "it's possible that I didn't even reply to it-or that I gave 

sort of a flip reply. But I certainly didn't engage on it substantively."3195 

(U) On the same day, April 25, 2016, Papadopoulos also sent Clovis his edits for the 

foreign policy speech.3196 Clovis testified to the Committee that he (Clovis) did not have any 

role with the foreign policy speech delivered at the Mayflower Hotel, nor did he have any role in 

consolidating or relaying comments received on the speech.3197 

. . 

(U) A comparison of Papadopoulos' s edits to the outline that Miller sent to 

Lewandowski on April 25, 2016, show that Papadopoulos' s suggested edits to the speech outline 

were largely rejected.3198 

_ (U) On April 27, 2016, after Trump delivered the foreign policy speech at the Mayflower 

Hotel,3199 Papadopoulos sent the following message via email to Miller, "Great speech today 

from Mr. Trump. If you have a chance for a [S]kype session tomorrow or Friday, let me know. 

3193 (U) Emails, S. Miller and Papadopoulos, April 23 and 25, 2016 (B&P GP File 2018 000503-508). 3194 (U) Email, Papadopoulos to S. Miller, April 25, 2016 (B&P GP File 2018 000506). 3195 (U) Miller Tr., pp. 56-57. 3196 (U) Email, Papadopoulos to Clovis, April 25, 2016 (DJTFP000ll 104-11109) (attaching one document). 3197 (U) Clovis Tr., pp. 74-75. Lewandowski testified to the Committee that "if somebody wanted to have input on 

a foreign or domestic policy speech, that person would be routed directly to Stephen Miller." Lewandowski Tr., p. 

47. 

3198 (U) Email, S. Miller to Lewandowski, April 25, 2016 (DJTFP000 11110-11114) ( attaching two documents). 3199 (U) For additional information regarding candidate Trump's foreign policy speech at the Mayflower Hotel, see 

infra Vol. 5, Sec. III.G. 

491 

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Have some interesting messages coming in from Moscow about a trip when the time is right. "3200 

Papadopoulos told the FBI that the "interesting messages" did not pertain to what Mifsud had 

told him one day prior.3201 The subsequent seven messages exchanged relating to this email 

conversation were redacted by Papadopoulos when produced to the Committee.3202 

(U) Also on April 27, 2016, Papadopoulos wrote Lewandowski an email message with 

the subject "Messages from Russia" in which he wrote: 

Great speech today by Mr. Trump. Glad I could assist. The reason for my 

message is because I wanted to ask if you are free for a call tomorrow or Friday 

to discuss Russia's interest in hosting Mr. Trump. Have been receiving a lot of 

calls over the last month about Putin wanting to host him and the team when the 

time is right. 3203 

(U) Lewandowski and Papadopoulos exchanged three messages in an attempt to 

schedule a call, though the Committee does not believe the two discussed the matter at that time. 

Papadopoulos resurrected this particular email thread again on June 1, 2016, which is described 

below.3204 

x. (U) Papadopoulos Uses the Speech to Encourage a Meeting with Russian 

Leaders 

(U) Following the April 27, 2016, foreign policy speech, Papadopoulos re-initiated 

contact with Mifsud and Polonskaya in an apparent effort to coordinate a meeting between the 

Trump Campaign and officials with the Russian Federation. The day after the speech, 

Papadopoulos asked them separately if they had heard Trump's Mayflower speech.3205 

Polonskaya replied on April 29, 2016, that she had seen Trump's speech and told Papadopoulos, 

"I agree with many things .... And I like the fact that his (your) position towards Russia is much 

softer than many of the Republicans and Democrats. "3206 Papadopoulos responded later on April 

29, "I am now in the process of seeing if we will come to Russia. Do you recommend I get in 

touch with a minister or embassy person in Washington or London to begin organizing the 

3200 (U) Email, Papadopoulos to S. Miller, April 27, 2016 (B&P GP File 2018 000507). 3201 (U) FBI, FD-302, Papadopoulos 9/19/2017. 3202 (U) See B&P GP File 2018 000507-508. 3203 (U) Email, Papadopoulos to Lewam;lowski, April 27, 2016 (B&P GP File 2018 001036). 3204 (U) Emails, Papadopoulos and Lewandowski, April 27-28, 2016 (B&P GP File 2018 001036-1037). 3205 (U) Email, Papadopoulos to Polonskaya, April 28, 2016 (B&P GP File 2018 000985); Email, Papadopoulos to 

Mifsud, April 27, 2016 (B&P GP File 2018 000877). 3206 (U) Email, Polonskaya to Papadopoulos, April 29, 2016 (B&P GP File 2018 000985). 

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trip?"3207 Polonskaya replied later that day, stating, "I think it would be better to discuss this 

question with Josef [Mifsud],"3208 · 

(U) Possibly in response to Polonskaya's suggestion, Papadopoulos wrote to Mifsud on 

April 29, 2016: "I haven't heard from the Russian embassy or anyone about sending an 

invitation. I need an answer by next weds for my campaign."3209 Mifsud replied two minutes 

later, asking ifhe should call Papadopoulos.3210 The Committee cannot confirm whether 

Papadopoulos and Mifsud spoke and, if they did, exactly what was discussed. However, on 

April 29, 2016, three hours after Polonskaya suggested that Papadopoulos speak with Mifsud, 

Papadopoulos wrote to her indicating that he had called Mifsud.3211 

(U) Papadopoulos also got back in touch with Timofeev. Between April 27, 2016 and 

April 30, 2016, Papadopoulos and Timofeev exchanged five email messages to "Follow up" and 

discuss specifics. Timofeev, minutes after Papadopoulos's likely call with Mifsud, wrote to 

Papadopoulos: "Please, do send me a draft letter to the Ambassador. I will look through it and 

propose my followup [sic]."3212 Papadopoulos replied six minutes later, stating: 

The draft letter I send cannot be better than Mr. Trump's precise speech on his 

intentions to repair US.-Russia ties. I assume the speech was widely covered. 

We have already been invited by four countries to visit in the summer and our 

schedule is moving at a very fast pace. For this reason, I have until Weds to give 

my team an update on the potential trip to meet Mr. Putin. I am supposed to be in 

Greece on Monday to meet with officials there, but can come back to London next 

week to arrange a meeting with people here in a "neutral" city. The message 

should be, we are keen to meet and discuss US.-Russia ties and where they can 

be improved. 3213 

(U) Possibly as a follow-up to their conversation on April 29, Mifsud wrote 

Papadopoulos an e-mail on April 30, 2016, with the subject line "RUSSIAN REPLY" in which 

he stated: 

I have discussed this opportunity with Min. Ivanov. He proposed to start with the 

Russian Ambassador in Moscow. George (you will need to draft a letter (Ivan is 

3207 (U) Email, Papadopoulos to Polonskaya, April 29, 2016 (B&P GP File 2018 000989). 3208 (U) Email, Polonskaya to Papadopoulos, April 29, 2016 (B&P GP File 2018 000989). 3209 (U) Email, Papadopoulos to Mifsud, April 29, 2016 (B&P GP.File 2018 000878). 3210 (U) Email, Mifsud to Papadopoulos, April 29, 2016 (B&P GP File 2018 000878). 3211 (U) Email, Papadopoulos to Polonskaya, April 29, 2016 (B&P GP File 2018 00991). 3212 (U) Emails, Papadopoulos and Timofeev, April 27-30, 2016 (B&P GP File 2018 00965-966). 3213 (U) Email, Papadopoulos to Timofeev, April 29, 2016 (B&P GP File 2018 00965-966). 

493 
COMMITTEE SENSITIVE - RUSSIA INVESTIGATION ONLY 

ready to help you ... please contact him urgently) and he will provide his follow up 

to you. As/or the contacts, Ivan (and others- through Olga) will make an 

enquiry in Moscow how to proceed. 3214 

(U) The "RUSSIAN REPLY" email from Mifsud started a discussion as to whether the 

Trump Campaign needed to·ask for an invitation to Moscow. Papadopoulos noted for Mifsud 

that "Mr. Trump's speech should have been the signal to meet" and that "My campaign won't be 

interested in asking to visit Moscow. Guests are either invited or they are not."3215 Mifsud 

agreed and told Papadopoulos that he had ''just spoken to them" and that "[t]hey will let you 

know who to meet to organise it with an invite."3216 Papadopoulos responded, "Excellent, thank 

you for your critical help on this, [J]oseph. It's history making if it happens."3217 

(U) Timofeev wrote to Papadopoulos and Mifsud four days later on May 4, 2016, stating 

he had spoken with his colleagues at the Russian Ministry of Foreign Affairs (MFA) and that 

they are "open for cooperation."3218 

(U) Papadopoulos forwarded Timofeev's May 4, 2016, email to Lewandowski on the 

same day, with the subject "Fwd: (Russian outreach)" and asked, "What do you think? Is this 

something we want to move forward with?"3219 Lewandowski forwarded the message from 

Papadopoulos.to Clovis five minutes later.322° Clovis responded back to Lewandowski less than 

one hour later: "I think there are some legal issues we will have to mitigate, ,meeting with foreign 

officials as a private citizen. Let me check and I will get back to you today."3221 Papadopoulos 

forwarded the same May 4, 2016, email from Timofeev to Clovis on May 5, 2016, with the text, 

"Russia updates."3222 . 

) 

(U) The Committee did not obtain any communications in which Clovis or other 

Campaign leadership telling Papadopoulos to cease his interactions with Timofeev or Mifsud 

regarding Russia. 

(U) On May 7, 2016, Papadopoulos replied to Timofeev's May 4 email, stating that the 

delay in responding was due to "shuffling that has occurred since Mr. Trump clinched the 

3214 (U) Email, Mifsud to Papadopoulos, April 30, 2016 (B&P GP File 2018 00915) (ellipses in original). 3215 (U) Email, Papadopoulos to Mifsud, April 30, 2016 (B&P GP File 2018 00916). 3216 (U) Email, Mifsud to Papadopoulos, April 30, 2016 (B&P GP File 2018 00916). 3217 (U) Email, Papadopoulos to Mifsud, April 30, 2016 (B&P GP File 2018 00917). 3218 (U) Email, Timofeev to Papadopoulos, May 4, 2016 (B&P GP File 2018 00997). 3219 (U) Email, Papadopoulos to Lewandowski, May 4, 2016 (DJTFP000l 1398). 3220 (U) Email, Lewandowski to Clovis, May 4, 2016 (DJTFP00011399-11400). 3221 (U) Email, Clovis to Lewandowski, May 4, 2016 (DJTFP000l 1401) 3222 (U) Email, Papadopoulos to Clovis, May 5, 2016 (B&P GP File 2018 000997). 

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COMMITTEE SENSITIVE - RUSSIA INVESTIGATION ONLY 
nomination. I will get back to you and Joseph soon on this. Glad the MF A is interested."3223 In 

response to Papadopoulos's May 7, 2016, email, Mifsud replied five minutes later, asking 

Papadopoulos to call him. 3224 Papadopoulos and Mifsud exchanged several emails to coordinate 

a phone call via Skype.3225 Although the Committee cannot confirm whether Papadopoulos and 

Mifsud spoke, the Committee believes they did based on the emails exchanged. 3226 

(U) On May 13, 2016, Mifsud wrote a long proposal to Papadopoulos for the way ahead, · 

including his first offer of serving as a surrogate for the Campaign and a liaison of sorts to 

Europe: 

Further to our recent conversations, I am pleased to give you an update of what 

we discussed. 

1. We will continue to liaise through you with the Russian counterparts in terms 

of what is needed for a high level meeting of Mr. Trump with the Russian 

Federation. 

2. I will set up interviews for you with IL Giornale and Corriere della Sera in· 

Italy focusing on Mr. Trump's foreign policy perspectives. 

3. If provided with key speaking/highlighted points I will use them in the next 

European Council on Foreign Relations meeting to be held in June in The 

Hague. 

4. I wi1/ liaise with the European Parliament about the possibility of an 

invitation to Brussels for Mr. Trump. · 

5. Once updated, I can use specific points during·the campaign to b,e turned into 

articles in the European media - I can also be a central point if you wish to 

sustain key agreed foreign policy and diplomatic points for the campaign in 

Europe and the Middle East (I am often asked to chair important debates e.g. 

the Doha Forum and other fora in Morocco/Bahrain etc.) 

6. I am extremely keen to support Mr. Trump's campaign in foreign policy issues 

with Europe, the Middle East and North Africa - and wish to do so from 

3223 (U) Email, Papadopoulos to Timofeev and Mifsud; May 7, 2016 (B&P GP File 2018 000997). 3224 (U) Email, Mifsud to Papadopoulos, May 7, 2016 (B&P GP File 2018 000997-998). 3225 (U) Emails, Mifsud and Papadopoulos, May 7, 2016 (B&P GP File 2018 000998). 3226 (U) Emails, Papadopoulos and Mifsud, May 7-13, 2016 (B&P GP File 2018 000891-893, 997-1004). 

495 
Europe and also with my links inside the USA (e.g. the Washington 

Diplomatic community and publications). 

7. If needed, I can also prepare and sign op-eds sustaining Mr. Trump 's 

campaign. 

8. Once the campaign gets started - I would be keen to be on any shows as a 

'neutral' opinion maker and expert in support of Mr. Trump vis-a-vis global 

issues. 

9. I am also extremely interested info/lowing Mr. Trump throughout some of his 

campaign trail and reporting back to European media as an 'independent' 

opinion maker. 

10. I am open to any suggested action plans which the team might wish to make 

now and the future and to contribute with my knowledge to the campaign -

from the inside or the outside. 

I will be getting back to you by telephone or for a meeting next week when I am in 

London. 3227 r 

(U) The Committee has,no indication that Papadopoulos pursued Mifsud's proposal to 

act as a Campaign surrogate or liaison. 

(U) Separately, Papadopoulos wrote an email message to Lewandowski on May 14, 

2016, providing updates on European security and energy topics. In his email, Papadopoulos 

also stated that "[t]he Greek and Cypru governments, the EU Parliament and Russian 

governments have also relayed to me that they are interested in hosting Mr. Trump."3228 The 

next day, on May 15, 2016, Lewandowski forwarded the message to Clovis.3229. Later that day, 

Clovis wrote an email message with the subject, "Update, Part II" to Lewandowski, copying 

Glassner and Hicks, in which he included as the third bullet of the message: "-Still working on 

the ins and outs of going to. Russia as a candiqate."3230 When asked whether the bullet poirit 

within Clovis's update related to Papadopoulos's effort, Clovis stated: 

No, no. It was a discussion that we had had in the campaign about a foreign trip . 

. . . The trip-Russia was going to be an add-on because we were going to go to 

3227 (U) Email, Mifsud to Papadopoulos, May 13, 2016 (B&P GP File 2018 000891). 3228 (U) Email, Papadopoulos to Lewandowski, May 14, 2016 (DJ1FP00011535). 3229 (U) Email, Lewandowski to Clovis, May 15, 2016 (DJ1FP00011536). 3230 (U) Email, Clovis to Lewandowski, et al., May 15, 2016 (DJ1FP00011537-11538). 

496 

COMMITTEE SENSITIVE - RUSSIA INVESTIGATION ONLY 
the UK., Germany. We'd have done a European swing and maybe an Israel 

swing as a foreign. trip, and Russia would have been only after we had considered 

whether it was legal and all the other aspects of it. 3231 

When Lewandowski was asked about the same point, he told the Committee: 

. · To the best of my recollection we knew from day one we weren't doing any 

overseas travel . ... there was never a discussion that I'm aware of that I was 

privy to, inside the campaign. of ever going to Russia in any way, shape, or 

form.3232 

(U) The Committee notes the discrepancy between the contemporaneous email 

communication written by Clovis and the later testimony of Clovis and Lewandowski. The 

Committee gives greater credibility to the written records, which suggest that the Campaign was 

at least open to the idea of a foreign trip. 

xi. (U) Papadopoulos Conducts High-Level Meetings in Greece 

(U) Papadopoulos used a trip to Greece to burnish his credentials oil the campaign, but 

he also took the opportunity to repeat Mifsud's information about Clinton's emails. 

Papadopoulos informed the Campaign that he was travelling to Greece. On May 18, 2016, 

Papadopoulos sent an email message to Lewandowski relaying that he had been "invited to meet 

with the Greek foreign minister later this week in Athens (he is an old acquaintance of mine)" 

and asked Lewandowski ifthere was "[a]ny message you want me to send Greece from the 

campaign? (they are hoping Mr. Trump wins and are planning to extend an invite to Mr. Trump 

~hen I see the foreign minister)."3233 The Committee has no record of a Lewandowski response. 

(U) The next day, May 19, 2016, Papadopoulos sent a similar message to Clovis, once . 

again asking, "is there any message from the campaign you would like for me to send Greece? I 

was told they are going to extend an invitation to Mr. Trump when I see the foreign minister."3234 

Clovis responded, "No, just keep your counsel and report back."3235 

(U) Papadopoulos then wrote Paul Manafort, then the Trump Campaign's convention 

coordinator, on May 21, 2016, stating that he was in Athens, Greece to meet with the Greek 

Foreign Minister and the Defense Minister, and that the Greek government would be sending an· 

3231 (U) Clovis Tr., pp. 76. 3232 (U) Lewandowski Tr., p. 52. 3233 (U) Email, Papadopoulos to Lewandowski, May 18, 2016 (DJTFP00021405). 3234 (U) Email, Papadopoulos to Clovis, May 19, 2016-(DJTFP00021409). 3235 (U) Email, Clovis to Papadopoulos, May 19, 2016 (DJTFP00021409). 

497 

COMMITTEE SENSITIVE - RUSSIA INVESTIGATION ONLY .-
"official invitation for Mr. Trump to visit Greece sometime should his schedule allow."3236 

Papadopoulos also stated that "[r]egarding the below message, Russia has been eager to meet 

Mr. Trump for quite sometime and have [sic] been reaching out to me to discuss. I thought it 

would be prudent to send to you .... I am free to discuss if you are free. "3237 The message 

included the May 4, 2016, email from Timofeev to Papadopoulos. 3238 

(U) Manafort sought to quell Papadopoulos' s efforts. He forwarded the May 21, 2016, 

message to Rick Gates the same day and added, "Lets [sic] discussi We need someone to 

communicate that DT is not doing these trips. It should be someone low level in the campaign 

so as not to send any signal."3239 Gates responded to Manafort on May 21, 2016, and suggested 

having the Campaign's correspondence coordinator handle the communication, noting "This is 

the person responding to all mail of non-importance. It would be a general letter."3240 The 

Committee is not aware of any further actions by Manafort or Gates on this issue. For more on 

Paul Manafort, see infra Vol. 5, Sec. III.A. 

(U) Three days later, on May 24, 2016, Papadopoulos wrote Timofeev and asked if the 

Trump Campaign had communicated with him.3241 When Timofeev stated that he had not 

received any communication, Papadopoulos began to coordinate a phone call with him. 3242 

Between May 29, 2016, and June 2, 2016, six email messages were exchanged between the two 

individuals, though the Committee cannot confirm if the two spoke. 3243 

(U) Papadopoulos told the FBI that during his May 2016 trip to Athens, he told Greek 

Foreign Minister Nikos Kotsias (also spelled Kotzias) what Mifsud had told him on April 26, 

2016, regarding the Russians having emails related to Secretary Clinton. 3244 Papadopoulos 

recalled Kotsias's reaction: 

Kotsias told him in Greek, "don't tell this to anyone, " as if Kotsias had already 

known that information. Papadopoulos assessed Kotsias' response was too swift 

and Kotsias was not shocked when Papadopoulos told him that information. 

Papadopoulos never discussed that topic with the Greeks again. ... When asked 

3236 (U) Email, Papadopoulos to,Manafort, May 21, 2016 (B&P GP File 2018 001013). Papadopoulos app'eared to 

be resending a nearly identical email he had attempted to send minutes earlier. See Email, Papadopoulos to 

Manafort, May 21, 2016 (B&P GP File 2018 000999). . 

3231 (U) Ibid 

323s (U) Ibid 3239 (U) Email, Manafort to Gates, May 21, 2016 (DJTFP00011621-DJTFP00011622). 3240 (U) Email, Gates to Manafort, May 21, 2016 (DJTFP00011621-DJTFP00011622). 3241 (U) Email, Papadopoulos to Timofeev, May 24, 2016 (B&P GP File 2018 000999). 3242 (U) Emails, Papadopoulos and Timofeev, May 26-29, 2016 (B&P GP File 2018 000999-1000). 3243 (U) Emails, Papadopoulos and Timofeev, May 29-June 2, 2016 (B&P GP File 2018 001000-1001). 3244 (U) FBI, FD-302, Papadopoulos 9/19/2017. 

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why Papadopoulos told Kotsias about the Russians having Clinton's emails, 

Papadopoulos [said he] had a nervous reaction and blurted the information out 

to Kotsias. 3245 

(U) As noted previously, the Committee has no reliable indication that Papadopoulos 

shared this same information with anyone on the Campaign. Furthermore, the Committee has no 

additional information as to why Papadopoulos would share the information with the Greek 

Foreign Minister. 

(U) Papadopoulos was in Greece from at le~st May 17, 2016, through May 27, 2016, 

according to press reporting analyzing Papadopoulos's social media accounts.3246 During his 

visit, Papadopoulos met with Kotsias, and with the Greek Minister of Defense, Panagiotis 

"Panos" Kammenos.3247 Vladimir Putin traveled to Greece on May 27, 2016; Kammenos 

greeted Putin upon his arrival in Athens, on what appears to be the same day Kammenos met 

with Papadopoulos.3248 

I 

324s (U) Ibid. 

3246 (U) Mitch Prothero and Vera Bergengruen, "Key Trump Officials Met with a Putin Ally During Inauguration 

Weekend," BuzzFeed News, March 26, 2018. 

3241 (U) Ibid. 3248 (U) Ibid.; Griff Witte, "For Trump adviser at center of Russia probe, a rapid rise and dramatic fall in his 

499 

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(U) On May 29, 2016, Papadopoulos wrote to Clovis that Kammenos was "willing to 

make a private trip to NY to meet Mr. Trump ( or in Athens)" and that Kotsias "wants to invite 

Mr. Trump to Athens for an official trip."3253 On May 31, 2016, Papadopoulos sent an email to 

Hicks with the subject, "Messages from Athens for Mr. Trump," in which ht? wrote: 

Wanted to send you some messages I received from ministers/president of Greece. 

/just met with the Greek president. They are all very excited for Mr. Trump, hope 

he wins and if he passes through Athens anytime, all doors here are open for 

him.3254 

(U) Months later, on the evening prior to the inauguration, Kammenos was photographed 

with Papadopoulos at the St. Regis Hotel in Washington, DC.3255 Separately, Kammenos was 

also photographed with Reince Preibus at the St. Regis Hotel on January 19, 2017 and with both 

Bannon and Preibus at the Hay Adams Hotel on January 21, 2017.3256 

(U) On June 7, 2016, Papadopoulos wrote to Hope Hicks, offering to brief Trump on his 

recent travel and interactions with Israeli, Egyptian, Greek, and Cypriot officials.3257 Hicks 

suggested Papadopoulos engage with Miller, who suggested that he and Papadopoulos speak by 

telephone the following weekend, June 10-12, 2016.3258 On June 10, 2016, Papadopoulos wrote 

to Miller: "Tried calling, couldn't get through, I'll be free for the next hour or I'll try tomorrow 

same time."3259 The Committee does not know whether Miller and P~padopoulos ultimately 

spoke by telephone. 3260 · 

xii. (U) Papadopoulos Plans a Campaign Staff Visit to Moscow 

(U) In June, Papadopoulos reinitiated his·,push for Campaign interactions with Moscow, 

reaching out to senior Campaign officials and to Mifsud and his contacts. Papadopoulos started 

this renewed effort by resuming the April 27, 2016, email conversation between himself and 

Lewandowski, in which Papadopoulos suggested, the Campaign follow the Mayflower speech 

3253 (U) Email, Papadopoulos to Clovis, May 29, 2016 (B&P GP File 2018 000741). In the same email, 

Papadopoulos wrote that he was "invited to Cairo to meet with the Foreign Minister and Defense Minister (after a 

call was put in by the Greek defense minister)." 3254 (U) Email, Papadopoulos to Hicks, May 31, 2016 (DJTFP00022220). 3255 (U) Mitch ·Prothero and Vera Bergengruen, "Key Trump Officials Met with a Putin Ally During Inauguration 

Weekend," BuzzFeedNews, March 26, 2018. 

3256 (U) Ibid 3257 (U) Email, Papadopoulos to Hicks, June 7, 2016 (B&P GP File 2018 000509). 3258 (UJ Emails, Hicks, Papadopoulos, and S. Miller, June 7, 2016 (B&P GP File 2018 000509-510). 3259 (U) Email, Papadopoulos to S. Miller, June 10, 2016 (B&P GP File 2018 000510). 3260 (U) See B&P GP File 2018 000510--511. The Committee notes that three messages component to the email 

conversation were redacted when produced to the Committee. 

500 
with a meeting between Trump and Putin. On June 1, 2016, Papadopoulos wrote to 

Lewandowski: "Do you want to have a call about this topic with Russia or is it off the table for 

the time being? Wasn't sure if we were following up with it."3261 Responding that day, 

Lewandowski wrote: "Can you connect with Sam Clovis? He is running point."3262 

Papadopoulos subsequently wrote Clovis an email on June 1, with the subject line "Messages 

from Russia" in which he stated: "I have the Russian MFA asking me if Mr. Trump is interested 

in visiting Russia at some point. Wanted to pass this info along to you for you to decide what's 

best to do with it and what message I should send (or to ignore)."3263 

(U) When Clovis was specifically asked about Papadopoulos's June 1, 2016, email 

during an interview with the Committee and Papadopoulos's outreach related to outreach to 

Russia in this time period, Clovis could not recall Papadopoulos reaching out to him about the 

Russia topic.3264 He further suggested Lewandowski told Papadopoulos that he (Clovis) was· 

"running point" because: "Corey [Lewandowski] didn't want to deal with anybody. So anybody 

that he didn't want to deal with, I dealt with."3265 

(U) When asked about Papadopoulos's efforts to arrange a meeting between Trump and 

Putin, Clovis told the Committee that he told Papadopoulos "it was a bad idea ... I think it's a 

really bad idea, George."3266 The Committee did not identify any written communications in 

which Clovis expressed this view to Papadopoulos. 

(U) Shortly thereafter, Papadopoulos turned back to his conversations with the Russians, 

reiterating his own interest in a visit in a series of emails. He wrote Timofeev on June 11, 2016: 

"Dear Ivan, I am free to come visit Russia ifthere is interest."3267 Timofeev replied back to 

Papadopoulos the following day, stating: ''Just landed from Beijing, Visit to Moscow is an 

excellent idea. Will be at [S]kype on Tuesday [June 14, 2016]."3268 Papadopoulos replied back 

two minutes later, writing: "I am going on holiday tomorrow until morning of June 21, [2016,] 

but will do my best to get online. In the meantime, if you see who is interested in meeting in 

Moscow I can begin preparations to come visit Moscow by the end of the month directly from 

Thessaloniki."3269 Four minutes later, Papadopoulos sent an additional email to Timofeev in 

which he wrote: "I am open to meeting everyone even at the highest level. I think it would be 

3261 (U) Email, Papadopoulos to Lewandowski, June 1, 2016 (B&P GP File 2018 001036). 3262 (U) Email, Lewandowski to Papadopoulos, June 1, 2016 (B&P GP File 2018 001036). 3263 (U) Email, Papadopoulos to Clovis, June 1, 2016 (B&P GP File 2018 001023). 3264 (U) Clovis Tr., p. 78-79. · 

326s (U) Ibid 3266 (U) Ibid, pp. 72-73. 3267 (U) Email, Papadopoulos to Timofeev, June 11, 2016 (B&P GP File 2018 001001). 3268 (U) Email, Timofeev to Papadopoulos, June 12, 2016 (B&P GP File 2018 001001). 32~9 (U) Email, Papadopoulos to Timofeev, June 12, 2016 (B&P GP File 2018 001002). 

501 
most productive especially before the debates begin."3270 Papadopoulos also separately noted: "I 

need to let my boss know who wants to meet with me in Moscow to confirm that's why I 

ask."3271 Timofeev responded: "I have got a good reaction from the US desk at the MF A as I 

told you .... But to get higher level the best option would be to have a letter from Mr. Trump 

about your visit, asking for such meetings."3272 

(U) A few days later, Papadopoulos returned to pitching Lewandowski on a trip. On 

June 19, 2016, Papadopoulos wrote an email message to Lewandowski with the subject line 

"New message from Russia" in which he wrote: 

The Russian ministry of foreign affairs messaged and said that if Mr. Trump is 

unable to make it to Russia, if a campaign rep (me or someone else) can make it 

for meetings? I am willing to make the trip off the record if it's in the interest of 

Mr. Trump and the campaign to meet specific people. I'm currently in Greece so 

not far. Or if someone else wants to go, just wanted to pass this along so I know 

who to forward the message to. 3273 

Lewandowski wrote back six minutes later: "I am almost certain that he [Trump] won't be able 

to make it."3274 

(U) Meanwhile, Carter Page, another member of the foreigQ. policy team encouraging 

Trump to visit Russia, was about to depart for his own trip to Moscow. According to FBI 

records, on July 5, 2016, Oleg Lebedev sent·Facebook messages to Papadopoulos, informing him 

that Page would be in Moscow and might have unofficial meetings with the Russian MF A. 3275 

The Committee does not know how Lebedev was aware of Page's impending presence or 

activities in Moscow, or how Papadopoulos responded. Page spent July 4 to 9, 2016, in 

Moscow, speaking at the New Economic School and engaging in limited government 

meetings. 3276 

3270 (U) Email, Papadopoulos to Timofeev, June 12, 2016 (B&P GP File 2018 001002). 3271 (U) Email, Papadopoulos to Timofeev, June 12, 2016 (B&P GP File 2018 001002). 3272 (U) Email, Timofeev to Papadopoulos, June 12, 2016 (B&P GP File 2018 001002). 3273 (U) Email, Papadopoulos to Lewandowski, June 19, 2016 (B&P GP File 2018 001035). 3274 (U) Email, Lewandowski to Papadopoulos, June 19, 2016 (B&P GP File 2018 001035). 

Lewandowski was fired from the Campaign the next day. 3275 (U) FBI, FD-302, Papadopoulos 9/19/2017. The Committee understands this to be the same Lebedev that 

Papadopoulos met on April 19, 2016, in London. 3276 (U) For more information on Page's trip to Moscow, see infra Vol. 5, Sec. III.F.4.iii. 

502 

COMMITTEE SENSITIVE - RUSSIA INVESTIGATION ONLY 
COMMITTEE SENSITIVE - RUSSIA INVESTIGATION ONLY 

(U) On July 15, 2016, Papadopoulos sent an email message to Timofeev proposing a 

Trump Campaign. staff trip to_ London to meet with President Putin's office and the Russian 

MFA.3277 The FBI discussed this email with Papadopoulos: 

Papadopoulos was advised he had sent Timofeev an email, stating "Because of 

the time difference I will email you what I have in mind. A meeting for August or 

September in the UK (London) with me and my national chairman, and maybe 

one other foreign policy advisor and you, members of president putin 's office and 

the mfa to hold a day of consultations and to meet one another. It has been 

approved from our side. Kindly let me know what else you need and dates that 

work for everyone." Papadopoulos confirmed he was referring to Clovis and 

Phares when he referenced the national chairman and the other foreign policy 

advisor in his email. 3278 · 

(U) Papadopoulos did not produce the email to Timofeev to the Committee. However, 

Papadopoulos sent a very similarly worded email to Mifsud on July 14, 2016, suggesting a 

meeting in "[A]ugust or September between you, me, Ivan, my two colleagues, members of 

president putin'.s office and the mfa to meet and greet and hold a day of consultations."3279 

(U) In 2018, Timofeev spoke with journalists about his interactions with Papadopoulos, 

stating: "We did not close the door to the guy, but we did not take it seriously .... He was very 

·enthusiastic. He was very interested in Russia and improving relations,-but he seemed to be so 

unprofessional and so unprepared for a serious conversation."3280 Timofeev further stated that 

Papadopoulos never sent a formal request for ~(visit.to Ru·ssia, outlining particulars such as who 

would attend or what topics would be discussed.3281 

(U) Throughout this timeframe, Papadopoulos continued frequent contact with Mifsud 

on a variety of issues, from press inquiries to a potential role for Mifsud on the Campaign. 

• (U) Mifsud sent Papadopoulos an email on June 16, 2016, with the subject line "urgent 

contact."3282 Mifsud wrote that he would like to "touch base and have a catch up" with 

Papadopoulos, particularly pertaining to answering some queries from Italian 

3277 (U) FBI, FD-302, Papadopoulos 9/19/2017. 

3278 (U) Ibid. 

3279 (U) Email, Papadopoulos to Mifsud, July 14, 2016 (B&P GP File 2018 000814). . . 3280 (U) Marshall Cohen, "'Unprofessional' Papadopoulos couldn't deliver on promises, his Russian contact says," · 

CNN, June 7, 2018. The Committee did not attempt to interview Timofeev. 

3281 (U) Ibid. 

3282 (U) Email, Mifsud to Papadopoulos, June 16, 2016 (B&P GP File 2018 000873). 

503 

COMMITTEE SENSITIVE - RUSSIA INVESTIGATION ONLY 
COMMITTEE SENSITIVE - RUSSIA INVESTIGATION ONLY 

newspapers, one of which Mifsud induded in the message. 3283 Mifsud also wrote, "On 

the 27/28 I am at the Hague for the high level internal annual meeting of the ECFR and 

on the topic is [sic] the US presidential elections. I would like to have a briefing from 

you on Mr. Trump's foreign policy to be able to argue 'your' corner."3284 

• (U) Between July 5, 2016, and July 17, 2016, Papadopoulos ·and Mifsud exchanged over 

a dozen email messages to coordinate a phone call. 3285 The Committee does not know 

whether a conversation ultimately took place. 

• (U) Between July 25, 2016, and July 27, 2016, Papadopoulos and Mifsud exchanged 

nine email messages to coordinate a phone call.3286 The Committee cannot confirm 

whether a conversation took place, but surmises one did based on a subsequent July 27, 

2016, email. 3287 

• (U) On August 22, 2016, Papadopoulos offered Rick Dearborn, a Campaign official, 

"other information" on Russia and Libya. 3288 When Dearborn replied that he would like 

to see it, Papadopoulos stated he would "talk to some contacts of mine in the ministry of 

foreign affairs of Italy ... and Russia to get you some primary sources and 

information."3289 Papadopoulos then sent an email message to Mifsud on the same day, 

August 22, 2016, in which he asked, "Dear Joseph, Do you have any updates on Libya 

you can send my way?"3290 Mifsud sent Papadopoulos a file titled "Tlie current situation 

and the main priorities for Libya.docx."3291 The Committee does not have any evidence 

that Papadopoulos sent the document or any derivative information regarding Libya to 

the Campaign. 3292 · 

. I 

(U) On July 27, 2016, Papadopoulos tQld Clovis and Walid Phares, via email, that 

Mifsud was willing to host "us with the UK officials and other governments for consultations3283 (U) Ibid 

3284 (U) Ibid 3285 (U) Emails, Mifsud and Papadopoulos, July 5-17, 2016 (B&P.GP File 2018 000813-817). 3286 (U) Emails, Mifsud and Papadopoulos, July 25-27, 2016 (B&P GP File 2018 000819-821). 3287 (U) Email, Papadopoulos to Mifsud, July 27, 2016 (B&P GP File 2018 001168). 3288 (U) Email, Papadopoulos to Dearborn, August 22, 2016 (DJTFP00031906). 3289 (U) Emails, Papadopoulos and Dearborn, August 22, 2016 (DJTFP00031906). 3290 (U) Email, Papadopoulos to Mifsud, August 22, 2016 (B&P GP File 2018 000831). 3291 (U) Email, Mifsud to Papadopoulos, August 23, 2016 (B&P GP File 2018 000831). 3292 (U) Papadopoulos sent at least four follow-up emails to Dearborn between August 22 and August 31, 2016', 

which addressed a range of topics including natural gas issues in Russia, Greece, and the United States and 

geopolitical issues in the Baltics, but the topic of Libya was conspicuously absent. Email, Papadopoulos to 

Dearborn, August 23, 2016 (DJTFP00031908); Email, Papadopoulos to Dearborn, August 24, 2016 

(DJTFP00031910); Email, Papadopoulos to Dearborn, August 24, 2016 (DJTFP00032025); Email, Papadopoulos to 

Dearborn, August 31, 2016 (DJTFP00033641). 

504 

COMMITTEE SENSITIVE - RUSSIA INVESTIGATION ONLY 
COMMITTEE SENSITIVE - RUSSIA INVESTIGATION ONLY 

in Europe and Russia." He called Mifsud his "colleague" and said Mifsud's organization, the 

London Academy of Diplomacy, works closely with Boris Johnson's office. 3293 The Committee 

has no indication that is true. Papadopoulos then wrote to Mifsud: 

Excellent call. We are looking forward to the letter detailing that the London 

Academy of Diplomacy would like to host the trump team, and officials from the 

UK and Russia (separately). Confirmed participants.from our side include: 

Walid Phares, foreign policy advisor, Sam Clovis, head of policy and George 

Papadopoulos, foreign policy advisor. 3294 

(U) On July 31, 2016, Mifsud wrote to Papadopoulos, again suggesting that Mifsud be 

given a formal role with the Campaign, including organizing meetings on behalf of Trump's 

Campaign (emphasis in original): 

- ' 

As mentioned, I wish to be officially accredited and invited to follow Mr. Trump's 

campaign (with an on the ground - US trail - for a period to be defined with the 

aim of presenting the European (the extended EU- UK, Balkans, etc.), Russian 

and Mediterranean media, think tanks, institutions, and public opinion (biogs, 

etc.) with an [sic] realistic view of your campaign, with particular reference to 

Foreign Policy (and all the other pertinent issues. I would also need to be briefed 

periodically on all foreign affairs issues pertinent to this role. This would justify 

my academic and professional interest. An agreement on this must precede all 

other actions. 

I will organize in London and in other European capitals meetings with 

individuals; think tanks, media and foreign policy advisors.from countries in 

Europe (wider Europe), UK, the Mediterranean, the Balkans, and the Russian -

Federation (the meeting that we have discussed would be under this umbrellathe focus to these meetings would be the clear and specific Foreign Policy issues 

being put forward by Mr. Trump during his campaign. 3295 

(U) The Committee has no indication that Papadopoulos passed on Mifsud's request to 

the Campaign, or that Mifsud ever procured greater access to Campaign officials. 

(U) On August 8, 2016, Papadopoulos wrote an email message to Dearborn stating that 

he ''was invited to Russia's largest energy conference of the year to talk about global energy 

market dynamics .... lfMr. Trump believes it's in the US interest to cooperate with Russia, 

3293 (U) Email, Papadopoulos to Clovis and Phares, July 27, 2016 (B&P GP File 2018-000726) .. 3294 (U), Email, Papadopoulos to Mifsud, July 27, 2016 (B&P GP File 2018 001168). 3295 (U) Email, Mifsud to Papadopoulos, July 31, 2016 (B&P GP File 2018 000829). 

505 
· COMMITTEE SENSITIVE - RUSSIA INVESTIGATION ONLY 

...__ 

something I wholeheartedly believe as well, I'm happy to represent the campaign's ideas as 

well."3296 Dearborn replied the next day: "George, I can't authorize you to go on behalf of the 

campaign. "3297 

(U) Mifsud sent an email on August 10, 2016, introducing Papadopoulos to Stephan 

Roh, whom Mifsud described as "a Swiss Lawyer with offices in Germany, Switzerland, Russia, 

the Gulf and China, with whom I have been collaborating for some time on major international 

projects including Link Campus that you have visited this year."3298 It is unclear why Mifsud 

sought to make this introduction. As part of the nine-message exchange, Roh wrote to 

Papadopoulos on August 15, 2016, "Joseph reminded me that you might want to speak about a 

trip to Moscow ... it would be my pleasure to give some advice."3299 The Committee does not 

know if the two ever connected for a conversation on the phone or in person. 

(U) Papadopoulos wrote an email to Clovis on August 15, 2016, with the subject, "Trip 

abroad (you and I)" in which he stated: 

Have had requests from UK, Greek, Italian and even Russian government for 

closed door workshops/consultations abroad. ... I wanted to know if there is still 

interest for the two or three of us to go on that trip? If not I'll let them know and 

we can potentially hold a private [S}kype call. All meetings can potentially be 

done in London at the London Academy of Diplomacy. 3300 

The same day, Clovis responded to Papadopoulos: "I just don't see any way for me to travel 

before the election. I have too much to do that requires me to be in the states. I would 

encourage you and Walid to make the trips, if it is feasible."3301 

(U) On August 15, 2016, Papadopoulos responded to Mifsud's July 31, 2016, email 

stating "[u]nfortunately, our national co-chairman, Sam Clovis,informed me today he cannot 

travel abroad at this stage of the election. However, will now see if Walid [Phares]can make it 

and he is supposed to tell me today. "3302 Phares engaged with Papadopoulos on the potential 

travel, noting to Clovis that he would "reach out to George to discuss possibilities for us," and 

told Papadopoulos that he was open to engagements at the British Embassy in Washington, D.C., 

3296 (U) Email, Papadopoulos to Dearborn, August 8, 2016 (DJTFP00030553). 3297 (U) Email, Dearborn to Papadopoulos, August 9, 2016 (DJTFP00030553). 3298 (U) Email, Mifsud to Papadopoulos and Roh, August 10, 2016 (B&P GP File 2018 000833). 3299 (U) Emails, Papadopoulos, Mifsud, and Roh, August 10-15, 2016 (B&P GP File 2018 000833-835). 3300 (U) Email, Papadopoulos to Clovis, August 15, 2016 (DJTFP00014224). 3301 (U) Email, Clovis to Papadopoulos and Phares, August 15, 2016 (DJTFP00014224). This document, among 

others, evidence Clovis's at least tacit support for Campaign engagements with foreign governments, including 

Russia's. This stands in contrast to representations Clovis made during his testimony to the Committee. 3302 (U) Email, Papadopoulos to Mifsud, August 15, 2016 (B&P GP File 2018 000830). 

506 

COMMITTEE SENSITIVE - RUSSIA INVESTIGATION ONLY 
prior to the potential trip.3303 Phares did not mention the potential trip to London with 

Papadopoulos during his interview with the Committee, though he indicated some familiarity 

with Papadopoulos's other travel to Israel and Greece during the Campaign.3304 

xiU. (U) Papadopoulos's Interactions with Sergei Millian 

(U) Sergei Millian, the President of the RACC, initially reached out to Papadopoulos via 

Lindedin on July 15, 2016. His message to Papadopoulos stated that he had."insider knowledge 

and direct access to the top hierarchy in Russian politics (president circle, ministers, governors 

level)."3305 Because both Sergei Millian and Papadopoulos refused to participate in an interview 

with the Committee, there is scant information on how the two men connected or the scope of 

their interactions. However, by August 5, 2016, Papadopoulos had sent an email to Anthony 

Livanios, the CEO of U.S. Energy Stream, and copied Millian, proposing to Livanios that they 

have a Skype call with Papadopoulos's "friend," Sergei Millian.3306 The Committee does not 

know whether the call took place. 

(U) On August 8, 2016, Millian sent Papadopoulos an agenda and details of an energysector conference in Moscow. In the message he wrote, "I would need your bio as the 

conference organizers requested it."3307 Less than one hour later, Papadopoulos wrote, "Thanks 

my friend. Let me talk to the campaign and get back to you tomorrow."3308 ( 

(U) After the presumed Skype call with Millian and Livanios, Millian sent an email 

message to Papadopoulos on August 9, 2016, in which he stated: 

It will be my pleasure and honor to arrange energy meetings, extensive briefings 

from top energy experts in Russia and Europe (including top executives and 

government decision makers)~ scheduling your speaking arrangements and 

anything else that is within my scope of connections and business experience. 

Nevertheless, handling NATO documentation is outside ofmy expertise and 

interests. If your Boss held the office, it would be a reasonable request if 

authorized by [the White House]. 

3303 (U) Email, Phares to Papadopoulos and Clovis, August 15, 20i6 (DJTFP00014282). 3304 (U) SSCI Transcript of the Interview with Walid Phares, August 16, 2017, p. 88. 3305 (U) Linkedln message, Millian to Papadopoulos, July 15, 2016 (B&P GP File 2018 001175). 

· 3306 (U) Email, Papadopoulos to Livanios and Millian, August 5, 2016 (B&P GP File 2018 001102). 3307 (U) Emails, Millian to Papadopoulos, August 8, 2016 (B&P GP File 2018 001100). 3308 (U) Email, Papadopoulos to Millian, August 8, 2016 (B&P GP File 2018 001100). 

507 
I am willing and confident that I can be of great assistance to you in your private 

or public goals in Russia. Hope you understand me and my concerns. 3309 

(U) The Committee does not have any additional context regarding Millian's 

reference to "handling NA TO ,documentation," though it assumes the topic was discussed 

during the Skype call. 

(U) Millian wrote Papadopoulos an email with the subject line "US Russia relations", on 

August 22, 2016, in which he provided Papadopoulos a link to a U.S. Department of State 

website, commenting that "this is a good link to start reviewing regarding the topics of political, 

security, and energy relationship."3310 The link is to the 2013 Joint Report of the U.S.-Russia 

Bilateral Presidential Commission. 

(U) On September 12, 2016, Millian was scheduled to pick Papadopoulos up at New 

York's La Guardia airport for a meeting. 3311 Although the Committee does not know what the 

two discussed, on September 13, 2016, Millian wrote an email to Trump attorney Michael 

Cohen: "I'm friends with Greek American George Papadopoulos, who says he is now your 

official compaign [sic] advisor on foreign policy from Ben Carson group. He asks questions 

about you. Do you know George?"3312 The Committee has no record of a response from Cohen. 

(U) On November 5, 2016, Millian forwarded Papadopoulos an email message that he 

had originally sent to Hicks on November 2, 2016, rebutting the purported falsehoods contained 

within an October 31, 2016, Financial Times article written about Millian, titled, "The shadowy 

Russian emigre touting Trump."3313 Millian included the following note to Papadopoulos: 

I just wanted you to know that I wrote this for Mr. Trump. I have no doubt that 

forces that invested so much into H will try to steal the elections. Otherwise, all 

the money they paid will go to waste. 

Please be very cautious these last few days. Even to the point of not leaving your 

food and drinks out of eye sight. I saw you in my dream with two men in black 

with angry faces hiding behind your back. 3314 ~ 

3309 (U) Email, Millian to Papadopoulos, August 9, 2016 (B&P.GP File 2018 001102). 3310 (U) Email, Millian to Papadopoulos, August 22, 2016 (B&P GP File 2018 001104). · 3311 (U) Email, Papadopoulos to Epshteyn, September 12, 2016 (B&P GP File 2018 000603-608). 3312 (U) Email, Millian to Cohen, September 13, 2016 (DJTFP00018152-DJTFP00018155). 3313 (U) Email, Millian to Papadopoulos, November 5, 2016 (B&P GP File 2018 001088). 

3314 (U) Ibid 

508 
In the original note to Hicks-· which itself was a message Millian said he had sent to Michael 

Cohen-Millian offered to hold a press conference to correct the record regardfog this 

relationship with Trump, but noted he would not do so unless the Campaign approved.3315 

Millian had no official title or role with the Campaign. The Committee does not know why 

Millian forwarded the note or why Millian included the warning· to Papadopoulos. 

(U) Millian and Papadopoulos stayed in touch past the election and as late as August 

2017. According to ari interview wlth the FBI, Papadopoulos met with Millian inNovemb~r 

2016.3316 Papadopoulos stated that he thought the meeting was strange because Millian was· 

throwing out "crazy numbers" for a potential business deal with Papadopoulos, who was not paid 

by the Trump campaign nor paid by the Trump Transition Team. 3317. According to the FBI 

interview with him, Papadopoulos further recalled: 

While the two spoke of potential business ideas, Millian encouraged 

Papadopoulos to concur-rently pursue attempts to obtain employment in the 

administration. When Papadopoulos told Millian he was not interested in a job in 

the administration, "the meeting kind of stopped. " Papadopoulos felt as if 

Millian 's composure was different after that moment and Millian went from 

cordial to a completely different person. 3318 : 

(U) Simona Mangiante, Papadopoulos' wife, told the Committee that Millian offered 

Papadopoulos a salary of $30,000 per month as part of the business proposal.3319 

(U) On August 10, 2017, Millian forwarded an email message to Papadopoulos from a 

Washington Post reporter who had asked Millian about his interactions with Papadopoulos.3320 

Millian forwarded the message with the comment, "FYI: I will not comment. These folks are 

hatchet job writers and are sponsored by Amazon owner."3321 This is the last record of contact 

the Committee has between Millian and Papadopoulos. For additional information on Millian, 

see infra Vol. 5, Sec. IV.B. 

xiv. (U). Papadopoulos Meets 

3315 (U) Email, Millian to Hicks, November 5, 2016 (B&P GP File 2018 001088-1089). 3316 (U) FBI, FD-302, Papadopoulos 9/19/2017. 

3311 (U) Ibid. 3318 (U) Ibid. 3319 (U) Mangiante Tr., pp: 133-134. 3320 (U) Email, Millian to Papadopoulos, August 10, 2016 (B&P GP File 2018 001074). 

3321 (U) Ibid. · 

509 
COMMITTEE SENSITIVE - RUSSIA INVESTIGATION ONLY 

(U) According to Papadopoulos' s testimon 

received an unsolicited email from 

2016. According to Papadopoulos, 

him $3,000 to write a paper for him.332 

in early September 

offered to fly Papadopoulos to London, and pay 

(U) ~ 20, 2016, Papadopoulos wrote Clovis an email message with the 

subject line ,_,, in which he wrote: 

3322 

Had a very productive meeting with in [L}ondon. We talked 

strategy among other things. He liked what I had to say about US policy in the 

Middle East/eastern Mediterranean and wants to help on China briefs. He said 

you two met as well and talked about similar issues. 3326 

(U) According to an August 2017 interview with the FBI: 

Papadopoulos authored a paper for [REDACTED] in London and traveled to 

London in September of 2016 to meet with [REDACTED] [REDACTED]. During 

that meeting, [REDACTED} asked Papadopoulos about the hacking of the DNC, 

which Papadopoulos found to be odd Papadopoulos relayed to [REDACTED} 

that he did not know anything about the topic and was taken aback by his 

questioning. Papadopoulos felt as if [REDACTED} may have been trying to set 

him up. That meeting was also [REDACTED} a bit of an antagonistic meeting. 

3323 (U) House Ju 1c1ary Committee Transcript of the Interview with George Papadopoulos, pp. 101, 108. 3324 U Ibid, . 101. 3325 

3326 (U) Emai, Papadopoulos to Clovis, September 20, 2016 (DJ1FP00023908). 

510 

COMMITTEE SENSITIVE - RUSSIA INVESTIGATION ONLY 
COMMITTEE SENSITIVE - RUSSIA INVESTIGATION ONLY 

[REDACTED] financed the writing of that paper and paid for Papadopoulos' 

flight and his hotel. 3327 

(U) The Committee received written responses from 

2020.3329 

on February 28, 

xv. (U) Campaign Officials Attempt to Restrain Papadopoulos 

(U) As mentioned above, Clovis claimed to the Committee that, as early as March, he 

was concerned that including Papadopoulos on the foreign policy advisory team had been a 

mistake. 3330 The first explicit negative feedback from senior Campaign staff to Papadopoulos 

seems to have come in May, after Papadopoulos gave an interview in the British press. On May 

4, 2016, The Times of London published comments from Papadopoulos, identifying him as "a 

foreign policy adviser to the Republican frontrunner," in which he called upon the United 

Kingdom's Prime Minister, David Cameron, to apologize to Trump and noted that an invitation 

for Trump to visit the United Kingdom had not yet been extended.3331 On May 5, 2016, Clovis 

sent an email to Papadopoulos with the subject "Call Me ASAP," in which he wrote: 

You are in real hot water with the campaign over your comments to the British 

press. You need to call me asap. No more discussion with any press until you 

hear otherwise or have spoken to me about your current situation. Nothing goes 

out without approval of New York. Period. 3332 

(U) While the content of Papadopoulos' s remarks seems to have surprised the Campaign, 

the Committee notes that Papadopoulos was keeping the Campaign's communication director 

generally informed of his interactions with the press: 

3327 (U) FBI, FD-302, Papadopoulos 8/10/2~s in original as produced by DOJ). The Committee 

assesses the redacted name in this text to be--. 3328 

3329 (U) Letter, SSCI to Apri 3, 2019; Letter, SSCI to-July 30, 2019; Written Responses,1111, 

February 28, 2020. 3330 (U) Clovis Tr., pp. 70-71. 3331 (U) Francis Elliott, "Say Sorry to Trump or risk special relationship, Cameron told," The Times (London), May 

4, 2016. 3332 (U) Email, Clovis to Papadopoulos, May 5, 2016 (B&P GP File 2018 000750). 

511 

COMMITTEE SENSITIVE - RUSSIA INVESTIGATION ONLY 
• (U) On April 29, 2016, Papadopoulos sought permission from Hope Hicks, the 

Campaign's communications director, to accept an interview with a different media 

outlet, the BBC.3333 Hicks replied in the affirmative three minutes afterwards.3334 

• (U) On May 7, 2016, Papadopoulos' wrote two emails to Hicks asking if he could 

participate in an interview with BloQmberg and explaining the context surrounding the 

interview with The Times of London. 3335 Papadopoulos noted that "the [U .K. Prime 

Minister]' s office wants to host me next week for them to let me know when they hope to 

expect Mr. Trump to visit the UK."3336 Hicks responded to Papadopoulos, "All 

good!"3337 

(U) Papadopoulos continued to pursue public speaking opportunities on behalf of the 

Campaign, and senior staff continued to show their concern. On July 7, 2016, Papadopoulos 

forwarded an email message to Dearborn from the American Jewish Committee asking him to 

pai;ticipate as a panelist at a July 20, 2016, event in Cleveland, Ohio.3338 Dearborn subsequently . 

forwarded the message to Mashburn and Gordon and noted: "I don't know that I trust him to 

speak for the campaign -- thoughts?"3339 

(U) On August 2, 2016, in an email conversation about press engagements and Carter 

Page, Dearborn wrote, "Carter Page and George Papadopoulos are problematic with the press. 

I've been clear with George he can't jump without asking. I don't know Carter."3340 

(U) On August 16, 2016, Hicks, Stephen Miller, and other Campaign staff exchanged 

emails in response to a negative press inquiry about a ·separate national security advisory team 

member, in which Hicks stated, "Do'we need to do some cleaning up of our original advisers? 

This, carter page, Papadopoulos?"3341 Miller responded, "Yes. Several of the clovis names 

should be removed. "3342 When Hicks responded by asking how "we go about this swiftly and 

quietly" and adding then-Campaign chairman Paul Manafort, Miller responded, "The best 

solution is to constitute a new fp team with the names we want."3343 · 

3333 (U) Email, Papadopoulos to Hicks, April 29, 2016 (B&P GP File 2018 000748). 3334 (U) Email, Hicks to Papadopoulos, April 29, 2016 (B&P GP File 2018 000748). 3335 (U) Emails, Papadopoulos to Hicks, May 7, 2016 (DJTFP00021356). 

3336 (U) Ibid 3337 (U) Email, Hicks to Papadopoulos, May 7, 2016 (DJTFP00021356). 3338 (U) Email, Papadopoulos to Dearborn, July 7, 2016 (DJTFP00030089-30092). 3339 (U) Email, Dearborn to Mashburn.and Gordon, July 7, 2016 (DJTFP00030089-30092). 3340 (U) Email, Dearborn to Hicks, S. Miller, and J. Miller, August 2, 2016 (DJTFP00013777). 3341 (U) Email, Hicks to S. Miller, et al., August 16, 2016 (DJTFP00014394). 3342 (U) Email, S. Miller to Hicks, et al., August 16, 2016 (DJTFP00014394). 3343 (U) Email, Hicks to S. Miller, Manafort, et al., August 16, 2016 (DJTFP00014394); Email, S. Miller to Hicks, 

Manafort, et al., August 16, 2016 (DJTFP00014394). . 

512 

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(U) Hicks told the Committee that by August 2016, her position on the contributions of 

Page and Papadopoulos was fairly clear: · 

My general feeling on them {Page and Papadopoulos] was that it was not worth 

keeping up appearances of some foreign policy committee. We had enough 

problems and I didn't need any more with people that we had no control over, no 

knowledge of their activities and, frq.nkly, their positions on things. They weren't 

making contributions, so I didn't see the point in trying to field these media 

inquiries that had nothing to do with us. It wasn't as if we were benefiting from 

their participation or lack thereof I felt strongly about ending their involvement, 

which there wasn't any. 3344 · 

(U) Although Campaign staff told the Committee, with the benefit of hindsight, that they 

had ongoing concerns about Papadopoulos, they were inconsistent in their contemporaneous 

written e".aluations. On July 25, 2016, Clovis sent an email message to Paul Manafort, copying 

Dearborn, Kushner, Trump supporter Elliott Broidy, andponald Trump Jr., in which he included 

a policy document.3345 Under the "Energy" sec\ion of the document, Clovis wrote, "I have made 

contact with a number of energy folks, but we already have two energy experts on tether. Carter 

Page and George Papadoupolos [sic] are great ass.ets."3346 When asked whether Clovis agreed 

with his July 25, 2016 assessment that Page and Papadopoulos were great assets to the 

Campaign, Clovis told the Committee, "No, not at all .... I don't know how I ever would have -

said that, but I guess I did."3347 · 

(U) Papadopoulos also attempted to involve himself as a more formal surrogate for the 

Campaign, probably in an att.empt to have some travel expenses compensated. On August 20, 

2016, Papadopoulos sent an email to. Trump Campaign official Bo Denysyk, asking to have 

travel expenses covered for campaign-related events with Greek-American donors.3348 Denysyk 

noted that "[t]he campaign does not normally cover expenses for someone who is not formally 

on the surrogate list of speakers," but offered to see if Papadopoulos could be vetted as a formal 

surrogate.3349 When Denysyk subsequently checked with others on the Trump Campaign, Clovis 

responded: "George is an advisor but is not officially with the campaign. This has been the case 

from the beginning. "3350 Papadopoulos also asked Bryan Lanza, deputy communications 

3344 (U) Hicks Tr., pp. 17-18. 3345 (U) Email, Clovis to Manafort, Dearborn, Kushner, Broidy, and Trump ~00012689-

DJTFP00012695) (attaching one document). Broidy was using the address~ 

3346 (U) Ibid 3347 (U) Clovis Tr., pp. 80-81. 3348 (U) Email, Papadopoulos to Denysyk, August 20, 2016 (DJTFP00023546). 3349 (U) Email, Denysyk to Papadopoulos, August 20, 2016 (DJTFP00023545). 3350 (U) Email, Clovis to Denysyk and Cobb, August 22, 2016 (DJTFP00023544). 

513 

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director for the Trump Campaign, on August 22, 2016, whether the Campaign had a "weekly call 

for the surrogates to keep everyone updated on the,issues."3351 Lanza then told an associate: 

"Please add Mr. Papadopoulos to the daily call and talking points."3352 

(U) Lanza also endorsed Papadopoulos speaking to the press, long after Hicks expressed 

her opinion that he should stop. On September 9, 2016, Papadopoulos asked Lanza what he 

thought about "a request from interfax Russian news agency with ksenia baygarova on USRussia ties under a president trump .... If the campaign wants me to do it, can answer similar to 

the answers I gave in April while in Israel."3353 The next day, Lanza told Papadopoulos: "You 

should do it. The Russia/US Syria agreement is a good example of why we want a partnership 

with Russia. "3354 · 

(U) Steve Bannon, who starting in mid-August served as the CEO of the Trump 

Campaign, also-told the Committee he saw Papadopoulos as a non-factor on the Campaign, but 

his assertions in his interview often did not match the documentary record.. For example, 

Bannon engaged in a lengthy email exchange with Papadopoulos related to scheduling a meeting 

between Trump and Egyptian president Abdel Fattah el-Sisi.3355 Bannon, however, told the 

Committee that he did not remember obtaining Papadopoulos' s email address and that he did not 

mean to email Papadopoulos. 3356 Instead, he explained that during the entire exchange with 

Papadopoulos, he thought he was emailing George Gigicos, the Campaign's head of advance.3357 

Bannon also briefly communicated with Papadopoulos regarding the Japanese government in 

September 2016 and regarding the Greek government in January 2017. 3358 

xvi. (U) Attempts to Separate Papadopoulos from the Campaign 

(U) Papadopoulos's second big misstep in the press led to the clearest direction to stop 

associating himself publicly with the Campaign from Campaign senior leadership. On 

September 30, 2016, Inter/ax published an interview with Papadopoulos-likely the one Lanza 

3351 (U) Email, Papadopoulos to Lanza, August.22, 2016 (B&P GP File 2018 000472). 3352 (U) Email, Lanza to Papadopoulos and Spoleti, August 22, 2016 (B&P GP File 2018 000472). 3353 (U) Email, Papadopoulos to Lanza, September 9, 2016 (B&P GP File 2018 000469--470). 3354 (U) Email, Lanza to Papadopoulos, September 10, 2016 (B&P GP File 2018 000469--470). 3355 (U) See, e.g., Emails, Bannon and Papadopoulos, September 16-18, 2016 (SKB_SSCI_0000605--608). 3356 (U) Bannon Tr., pp. 89, 96. 3357 (U) Ibid., pp. 95-98. Bannon's explanation for the mistake was that his email must have autopopulated 

Papadopoulos's email, despite the fact that Bannon said he could not remember ever emailing Papadopoulos before. 

Although it is impossible for an email application to autopopulate an address that is not in the contacts and has never 

been emailed before, Bannon had no theory as to how he could have emailed Papadopoulos, and agreed that, in light 

of how autopopulate works, he understood how the Committee might find his explanation unbelievable. Ibid. 3358 (U) Emails, Papadopoulos and Bannon, September 15, 2016 (B&P GP File 2018 000615); Emails; 

Papadopoulos, Bannon, and Flynn, January 4--6, 2017 (B&P GP File 2018 000635). 

514 
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had authorized.3359 In an October 3, 2016 email conversation, several members of the Trump 

Campaign, including Clovis, Alan Cobb, Dearborn, Denysyk, and John Mashburn discussed how 

to respond to the 1interview.3360 As part of the discussion, Denysyk stated, "[u]nless you have . 

approved George giving these types of interviews on behalf of the campaign, I suggest that Sam 

or I call him and tell him to cease-and desist speaking on behalf of the campaign unless 

specifically approved by Mash and Sam."3361 Dearborn replied the same day and stated, "Shut 

him down."3362 

(U) Denysyk emailed Papadopoulos on October 3, 2016, component to a discussion with 

Papadopoulos about a Greek-American coalition, and wrote: 

Also, please remove your title as Foreign Policy Advisor to the campaign. Rick and Sam 

confirmed that you have been an informal resource and not an Adviser. 

More broadly, Rick has asked me to thankyoufor the policy activities you have been 

involved with but you cannot any longer speak on behalf of the campaign or publicly 

comment on what the campaign position is on any issue. You can refer people to the 

campaign website. 

We have had numerous co_mplaints about your Interfax interview. I hope you understand. 

For reference, Alan and Sam agree with this decision. 3363 

Papadopoulos initially replied "[n]ot an issue, Bo," but said as a result he would not be able to 

"further assist on this or any other coalition."3364 The following day, Papadopoulos also wrote 

that the development would affect his support for a Greek-Americans for Trump coalition: 

I have been predominantly working with the leadership in NY over the past months on 

numerous initiatives. As far as they told me, they did not give or were aware of an order 

to effectively sideline me from the campaign for the interview I gave. Will wait for their 

instructions on me continuing as a surrogate/advisor before I decide on the [Greek- · 

Americans for Trump] coalition. 3365 

3359 (U) "George Papadopoulos: Sanctions have done little more ~an to tum Russia towards China," Interfax, 

September 30, 2016. 3360 (U) Emails, Clovis, et al., October 3, 2016 (DJTFP00018382). 3361 (U) Email, Denysyk to Clovis, et al., October 3, 2016 (DJTFP00018382). 3362 (U) Email, Dearborn to Denysyk, et al., October 3, 2016 (DJTFP00018382). 3363 (U) Email, Denysyk to Papadopoulos, October 3, 2016 (DJTFP00035676-35677). · 3364 (U) Email, Papadopoulos to Denysyk, October 3, 2016 (DJTFP00035676-35677). 3365 (U) Email, Papadopoulos to Denysyk, October 4, 2016 (DJTFP00035676). 

SIS 
Denysyk replied to Papadopoulos, "Up to you and will pass this along to Rick and Sam," to 

which Papadopoulos replied: 

Please do, Bo. I was i,iformed by top people in the campaign, that the buck stops with 

Steve Bannon on this issue. Steve and I coordinated Mr. Trump's high level meetings 

during UN week. Ifhe tells me he wants me o./Jtheleam, of course, I will immediately 

step down. In the interest of the team, howe,ver, I will refrain from any other interviews 

or appearances until there is a final verdict. 3366 

(U) Papadopoulos sent an email to Boris Epshteyn, a Trump Campaign-surrogate and 

employee, on October 4, 2016, stating that he had been "told by a couple folks in the campaign, 

Rick Dearborn, Sam Clovis, (both via [B]o Denysyk)" that he was "effectively now off the 

campaign" because of his recent interview and asked Epshteyn for clarification on whether that 

statement was accurate.3367 Papadopoulos sent a similar note to Glassner twenty minutes later, 

who responded: "News to me-I suggest you follow up directly with Steve Bannon or Jason 

Miller."3368 . -

(U) Papadopoulos had already emailed Bannon on October 3, 2016: 

I'm effectively off the campaign, for giving an interview on US poliby in the 

Middle East/Russia after I was approved to do it and spoke on my behalf (not the \,. 

campaign,s [sic}). Can you confirm/deny the validity of this please? You are the 

CEO so I wanted to make sure I asked you before moving back to London to take 

up my work placement again. 3369 

Bannon initially forwarded the note to Jason Miller early on October 4, and asked him, 

"What's up with this???"3370 Miller responded to Bannon almost immediately, and stated: "I've 

never even heard of this person."3371 Bannon subsequently also replied to Papadopoulos on 

October 4: "Who told u that[?]"3372 Papadopoulos stated that the decision had come from "Rick 

Dearborn and Sam Clovis (via Bo Denysyk)."3373 The Committee is not aware of any further 

action that Bannon took regarding Papadopoulos's inquiry. 

3366 (U) Email, Denysyk to Papadopoulos, October 4, 2016 (DJTFP00035676); Email, Papadopoulos to Denysyk, 

Clovis, and Dearborn, October 4, 2016 (DJTFP00035676). 3367 (U) Email, Papadopoulos to Epshteyn, October 4, 2016 (DJTFP00018498). 3368 (U) Email, Glassner to Papadopoulos, October 4, 2016 (DJTFP00018500). 3369 (U) Email, Papadopoulos to Bannon, October 3, 2016 (SKB SSCI-0001768). 3370 (U) Email, Bannon to J. Miller, October 4, 2016 (SKB_SSCI-0002093). · 3371 (U) Email, J. Miller to Bannon, October 4, 2016 (SKB_SSCI-0001771). 3372 (U) Email, Bannon to Papadopoulos, October 4, 2016 (Slq3_SSCI-0002092). 3373 (U) Email, Papadopoulos to Bannon, October 4, 2016 (SKB_SSCI-0001769). 

516 

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(U) On October 5, 2016, in response to a query from Epshteyn about whether "George 

[was] still part of [the] campaign," Cobb wrote: "George got way off the reservation on an issue, 

but I don'.t think he is 'off the campaign."'3374 Upon further inquiry by Cobb, he subse,quently 

wrote back to Epshteyn: "Dearborn is telling me that George has been told to cease and desist 

several times."3375 In response, Epshteyn suggested that "Dearborn send him a formal letter to 

end his 'confusion.' "3376 

(U) On October 5, 2016, Clovis sent Papadopoulos the following email message: 

Not sure what all is going on with you right now, but I wanted to ask that you not 

represent yourself as a spokesperson or surrogate for the campaign. I am not 

sure I fully understand why this has come up, but for the sake of the campaign 

and everyone involved, we need to keep distractions to .a minimum right now. 

I know you understand. Thanks. Please acknowledge receipt of this email. 3377 

(U) Despite Denysyk's and Clovis's emails, the Committee notes Papadopoulos 

remained active and engaged with the Campaign, to include engagements with media associated 

with Greek and Russian interests. · 

(U) On October 9, 2016, Papadopoulos sent an email message to Epshteyn with the 

subject "Russia strategy," in which he wrote: 

It's obvious Mr. Trump has expressed that it's important to cooperate with Russia 

in Syria . ... I support this completely. I'm free to discuss this week with you 

about how to articulate it even more with your help if it's in the interest of the 

principal. 3378 

(U) On October 19, 2016, Mifsud sent an email to Papadopoulos inviting him to speak to 

a session of the European Council on Foreign Relations on "any issue or topic related on the 

3374 (U) Emails, Cobb and Epshteyn, October 4-5, 2016 (DJTFP00018820). 3375 (U) Email, Cobb to Epshteyn, October 5, 2016 (DJTFP00018835). 3376 (U) Email, Epshteyn to Cobb, October 5, 2016 (DJTFP00018835). 3377 (U) Email, Clovis to Papadopoulos, Cobb, and Dearborn, October 5, 2016 (DJTFP000:35692). Papadopoulos 

responded that he did not want to be a distraction, but also said "as long as it's understood that the 

Greek/Jewish/Armenian fund raisers and coalition groups I was on the verge of putting all together will likely not 

come to fruition if they know I'm not representing the campaign anymore." Email, Papadopoulos to Clovis, et al., 

- October 5, 2016 (DJTFP00035694). Denysyk told the Committee in his interview that Papadopoulos also was· asked 

to stay out of this type of coalition building. Denysyk Tr., p. 30; see also Email, Clovis to Dearborn, Cobb, and 

Denysyk, October 5, 2016 (DJTFP00035689) ("He's been told several times to steer clear ofrepresenting the 

campaign. If need be, I can communicate with him these issues."). 3378 (U) Email, Papadopoulos to Epshteyn, October 9, 2016 (DJTFP00019321). 

517 

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· Trump campaign, putting your views forward:" 3379 He further stated in the email that "the 

attendance to this meeting is strictly by invitation and normally has top politicians, journalists, 

diplomats in London and will be curtailed by number."3380 Papadopoulos responded several 

hours later stating that he was not sure he could make a trip to London as he "decided to go back 

on the campaign until the end."3381 ··' · · 

(U) On October 26, 2016, Papadopoulos sent Lanza an email regarding media requests 

from "Greek American newspapers _and CNN Greece"3382 Lanza replied shortly after 

Papadopoulos sent the initial email, copying an associate to help assist Papadopoulos in booking 

the engagement. 3383 

(U) Less than one hour after·sending the initial email to Lanza on October 26, 2016, 

Papadopoulos then forwarded a request from a U.S. correspondent for Antenna TV Greece to 

Lanza and Lanza's associate on the previous email.3384 Papadopoulos sent the e-mail to Bannon 

and Lanza' s associate just prior to sending the email to Lanza. 3385 

(U) Also on October 26, 2016, Papadopoulos received an email from a producer 

claiming to be from "the U.S. State Department's TV Rain Russia Media CoOp program" who 

stated she had received his contact information from Richard Weitz. 3386 The producer requested 

that Papadopoulos participate in an interview with two Russian journalists who were going to be 

in Washington, D.C. after the election.3387 Papadopoulos agreed to do an interview on 

November 14, 2016.3388 

xvii. (U) Mifsud Reacts to the Election 

3379 (U) Email, Mifsud to Papadopoulos, October 19, 2016 (B&P GP File 2018 000837). 3380 (U) Ibid. 3381 (U) Emails, Papadopoulos and Mifsud, October 19, 2016 (B&P GP File 2018 000837). 3382 (U) Email, Papadopoulos to Lanza, October 26, 2016 (B&P GP.File 2018 000437). 3383 (U) Email, Lanza to Papadopoulos and Henning, October 26, 2016 (B&P GP File 2018 000437).' 3384 (U) Email, Papadopoulos to Lanza and Henning, October 26, 2016 (B&P GP File 2018 000439). 3385 (U) Email, Papadopoulos to Bannon and Henning, October 26, 2016 (B&P GP File 2018 000439). In a separate 

email to Bannon, Papadopoulos clarified that he mistakenly forwarded the message to Bannon, and should have sent 

it to Bryan Lanza instead. However, Papadopoulos did not produce this communication to the Committee. See 

Email, Papadopoulos to Bannon, October 26, 2016 (SKB_SSCI-0001373). 3386 (U) Email, Schmidt to Papadopoulos, et al., October 26, 2016 (HUD00000198). According to the Defense One 

website, Weitz is a Senior Fellow and Director of the Center for Political-Military Analysis at the Hudson Institute 

and an "Expert" with the WikiStrat consultancy. DefenseOne.com, "Author archive: Richard Weitz." For 

additional information on WikiStrat and its founder Joel Zamel, see infra Vol. 5, Sec. III.J.3. 

3387 (U) Ibid. 3388 (U) Email, Papadopoulos to Schmidt, et al.) October 26, 2016 (HUD00000198). 

'518 

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(U) On November 1, 2016, Mifsud sent an email to Papadopoulos with the subject "How 

are you?" in which he wrote, "[L]et us start thinking of the post-US elections - anything you 

can/wish to share? I hope it goes well for you."3389 

(U) On November 10, 2016, Mifsud sent an email to Papadopoulos, congratulating him 

on Trump's victory and asking: "I wondered if you and I can touch base and prepare your 

presentation in London and also to see ifwe can work together."3392 Papadopoulos responded to 

Mifsud's note, stating that he "[w]ould be happy to work together. What do you have in 

mind?"3393 Mifsud responded the next day: 

As there are much [sic J requests from Europe, Russia and Middle East on Mr. 

Trump's foreign policy focus liaising with institutions and think tanks will be on 

top of the agenda. We can offer a service to these via you. I would be happy to 

fly to meet with you in the USA in the first week of December and have a meeting 

with you (and with others that you might wish to identify). 

I will fly to where you will be and meet face to face there. If I can be of any 

support here please do let me know. 3394 

3389 Email Mifsud 3390 Lee Smith, "The Maltese 

Ph 

3391 

3392 (U) Ema1, Mt su to Papa opou os, Novem er 10, 2016 (B&P GP Fie 2018 000841). 3393 (U) Email, Papadopoulos to Mifsud, November 10, 2016 (B&P GP File 2018 000842). 3394 (U) Email, Mifsud to Papadopoulos, November 11, 2016 (B&P GP File 2018 000842-843). 

519 

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r 

(U) Mi:(sud sent another email to Papadopoulos on November 11, 2016, regarding a 

phone call Mifsud had with the European Council on Foreign Relations (ECFR) about general 

foreign policy topics, including the U.S. posture towards Russia, Iran, Israel, and Saud\ Arabia as 

well as offering to "brief you or your team on the view from the Europeans."3395 ' 

(U) Mifsud reached out again on November 16, 2016, stating that he was "very 

interested in meeting with you during my visit to the USA ·which will .start on the 3rd December 

until the 9th• I can meet you at any time or1any place that you wish - Washington or New 

York."3396 On November 18, 2016, Mifsud again asked Papadopoulos:'"[w]here and at when 

can we meet? I would be willing to travel to where is more convenient for you. There are a 

number of issues that I would like to discuss with you."3397 Mifsud sent another email message 

to Papadopoulos on Decembe_r 2, 2016, again stating "[a]s mentioned I will be in the US from 

tomorrow. Can you kindly let me know where and how' we can meet? I would be ·willing to 

come to Chicago for the meeting."3398 On December 6, 2016, Mifsud again reached out to 

Papadopoulos, stating, "Dear George, I hope you are well. I am in US. Is a meeting still 

possible?"3399 -

(U) Despite the multiple emails from Mifsud, the Committee has seen no indication that 

Papadopoulos responded, and the Committee does not know if Papadopoulos and Mifsud met 

subsequent to the election. 

xviii. (U) Papadopoulos Coordinates Multiple Foreign Engagements for the 

Transition 

(U) After the election, foreign governments sought points of contact who could secure a 

phone call with the President-Elect's Transition Team. Representatives from the UK, Cyprus, 

Egypt, Taiwan, and Greece all leveraged Papadopoulos as an interlocutor. The Committee has 

no evidence suggesting that the Russian government used Papadopoulos as a conduit 3400 

(U) On November 9, 2016, the Head of the Political Team for the British Embassy to the 

United States sent Papadopoulos an email with the subject "Request for a call between the 

British Prime Minister and President-elect" which stated: "[T]he Prime Minister is keen to secure 

an early call with President-elect Trump. We have already registered this request with the 

transition team but have now belatedly realised that perhaps the campaign would have been the 

3395 (U) Email, Mifsud to Papadopoulos, November 11, 2016 (B&P GP File 2018 000845). 3396 (U) Email, Mifsud to Papadopoulos, November, 16, 2016 (B&P GP File 2018 000847). 3397 (U) Email, Mifsud to Papadopoulos, November 18, 2016 (B&P GP File 2018 000849). 3398 (U) Email, Mifsud to Papadopoulos, December 2, 2016 (B&P GP File 2018 000851). 3399 (U) Email, Mifsud to Papadopoulos, December 6, 2016 (B&P GP File 2018 000853). 3400 (U) For more on Russia's approach to the Trump Transition team, see infra Vol. 5, Sec. III.K. 

520 
right approach."3401 The message also included a letter of congratulations from United Kingdom 

Prime Minister Theresa May which the Embassy was "keen to ensure reaches the candidate as 

soon as possible."3402 Papadopoulos separately forwarded the letter to Bannon, Hicks, and 

Glassner within an hour of receiving the email from the British Embassy.3403 · 

(U) On November 9, 2016, Leonidas Pantelides, the Ambassador of Cyprus to the 

United States, sent Papadopoulos via email a letter from the President of Cyprus to PresidentElect Trump.3404 Papadopoulos forwarded the communication to Bannon and Glassner.3405 

(U) On November 10, 2016, Yasser Elshemy, a Counselor at the Egyptian Embassy in 

Washington, sent Papadopoulos an e-mail with the subject line "letter from Foreign Minister to 

VP 'Pence'," stating that the Egyptian Ambassador to the United States "is looking forward to 

meeting Vice President 'Pence' to deliver the congratulation letter addressed to him from 

[Egypt's] Foreign Minister Sameh Shoukry."3406 Papadopoulos passed the message on to 

Glassner.3407 On November 18, 2016, Elshemy sent an email to Papadopoulos with the subject 

"meeting- urgent" asking Papadopoulos to "grab a lunch together, we need to follow up many 

things we discussed before the elections results."3408 In a subsequent note, Elshemy clarified that 

he needs "help to set a meeting between Amb. Reda and Mr. Bannon in DC on the earlier 

convenience. [W]~ also need an access point to Mr. Pence office."3409 One minute later, 

Papadopoulos wrote back, "Ok will call and ask him what he can do."3410 

(U) On November 10, 2016, Papadopoulos received an email message from Seth 

Cropsey of the Hudson Institute, recommending that President-Elect Trump call Tsai Ing-Wen, 

the President of Taiwan to "assure her of Trump administration solidarity.in defense of Taiwan .. 

a call would also tell Xi Jinping that Trump takes security in the region seriously, especially 

3401 (U) Email, Goshko to Papadopoulos, November 9, 2016 (B&P GP File 2018 000643). 

3402 (U) Ibid. 3403 (U) Email, Papadopoulos to Bannon, November 9, 2016 (B&P GP File 2018 000644); Email, Papadopoulos to 

Glassner, November 9, 2016 (B&P GP File 2018 000644); Email, Papadopoulos to Hicks, November 9, 2016 (B&P 

GP File 2018 000644). 3404 (U) Emails, Pantelides to Papadopoulos, November 9, 2016 (B&P GP File 2018 000671) . 

. 3405 (U) Email, Papadopoulos to Bannon, November 9, 2016 (B&P GP File 2018 000671); Email, Papadopoulos to 

Glassner, November 9, 2016 (B&P GP File 2018 000671). 3406 (U) Email, Elshemy to Papadopoulos, November 10, 2016 (B&P GP File 2018 000669). 

· 3407 (U) Email Papadopoulos to Glassner, November 10, 2016 (B&P GP File 2018 000669). 3408 (U) Email, Elshemy to Papadopoulos, November 18, 2016 (B&P GP File 2018 000619). 3409 (U) Email, Elshemy to Papadopoulos, November 18, 2016 (B&P GP File 2018 000619). .·, 3410 (U) Emails, Papadopoulos and Elshemy, November 18, 2016 (B&P GP File 2018 000619). The Committee 

notes that two additional emails follow Elshemy's acknowledgement of Papadopoulos's note, but those emails were 

redacted when produced to the Committee. See B&P GP File 2018 000619-620. 

521 

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the South China Sea."3411 Cropsey resent the email to Papadopoulos on November 11, 2016. 3412 

On November 11, 2016, Papadopoulos wrote to Cropsey, "I set up [Trump's] calls with prime 

minister May and president sisi. If the leader of Taiwan wants a call, may you have her send a • 

formal letter I can then forward from my email? That's how it worked for sisi and may,"3~13 In 

a separate email message on the same day, but as part of the same conversation thread, 

Papadopoulos wrote "Regarding Australia ditto. I had a couple nice conversations over gin in 

London with their former foreign minister and current high commissioner to the U.K., Alexander 

Downer where we discussed the relationship."3414 , 

(U) Papadopoulos, however, was about to travel to Greece, and was keeping senior 

members of the Trump Transition Team apprised of his engagements. On December 9, 2016, 

Papadopoulos passed on a purported request from the Prime Minister of Greece to meet with 

President-Elect Trump in early January 2017 to Bannon.3415 In an email the following day, 

December 10, 2016, Papadopoulos further stated that he "[s]poke with the Greek defense 

minister.3416 They want to sign a government to government agreement with the USA for all 

rights to all energy fields offshore. Strategic foothold in the Mediterranean and Balkans."3417 

Bannon replied to the note, adding Michael Flynn and Kathleen Troia (K.T.) McFarland to the 

communication, both of who were-senior national security officials on the Transition Team.3418 

Papadopoulos then wrote to the_ group on December 10, 201.6, that the Greek defense minister 

had "earmarked the island of [K]arpathos for a potential listening post and air base for the US" 

and further stated "A base on [K]arpathos is key to controlling sea lines of communication in the 

Aegean/plan b should Incirlik once again become unusable."3419 The following day, December 

11, 2016, Papadopoulos wrote to Flynn's Transition Team email address, passing along the . 

phone number for Kammenos, the Greek Defense Minister, noting that the "[l]ine is not secure, 

however. He can pass along a secure number when you both find the .time to discuss."3420 

3411 (U) Email, Cropsey to Papadopoulos, November 11, 2016 (HUD00000191). 3412 (U) Email, Cropsey to Papadopoulos, November 11, 2016 (HUD00000191). 3413 (U) Emails, Papadopoulos to Cropsey, November 11, 2016 (HUD00000l,72). 3414 .(U) Email, Papadopoulos to Cropsey November 11, 2016 (HUD00000 191-192). 3415 (U) Email, Papadopoulos to Bannon, December 9, 2016 (B&P GP F:ile 2018 000609). 3416 (U) According to Greek press reporting, Papadopoulos and Kammenos had lunch in Piraeus on Saturday, 

December 10, 2016, where Papadopoulos described himself as a "representative of Trump." 

Kourdistoportocali.com, "World Exclusive: George Papadopoulos. and Panos Kammenos in 'Dourabei, '" December 

10, 2016. 3417 (U) Email, Papadopoulos to Bannon, December 10; 2016 (B&P GP File 2018 000609). 3418 (U) Email, Bannon to Papadopoulos, Flynn, McFarland, December 10, 2016 (B&P GP File 2018 000609). 3419 (U) Email, Papadopoulos to Flynn, Bannon, McFarland, and Kellogg, December 10, 2016 (B&P GP File 2018 

000610). 

3420 (U) Email, Papadopoulos to Flynn, December 11, 2016 (B&P GP File 2018 000610). 

522 
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(U) Papadopoulos again reached out to Bannon on January 4, 2017, relaying a request 

from the Greek Foreign Minister for a phone call with Trump. 3421 Bannon responded, add,ing 

Flynn, which Papadopoulos used to also request a meeting with the Egyptian ambassador .. 3422 

xix~ (U) Papadopoulos Angles for an Administration Position 

(U) Despite what Papadopoulos purportedly told Millian, he used the Transition period 

and into January to point out what he saw as his contributions to the Campaign, almost certainly 

in the hopes c,f gaining an administrati9n position. On November 11, 2016, Papadopoulos wrote 

to Clovis:. · 

I made the introduction between Mr. Trump and president Sisi based primarily on 

the trust the region has on my work etc. Have met with the highest levels of the• 

aforementioned countries and established robust and positive ties. The paper I 

wrote for was well received as well and provided . 

· insight. 34 

(U) On December 22, 2016, Papadopoulos wrote to Lanza asking him for guidance 

regarding interviews with media outlets, as he was "getting some interview requests from 

Russian media."3424 Lanza provided some guidance back to Papadopoulos, indicating that "[w]e 

are telling everyone pursuing Admin[istration] jobs to pass on all interviews."3425 Papadopoulos 

wrote back to Lanza minutes later, "Thank you for letting me know. In that case [I] am passing 

on the interviews."3426 · 

(U) Papadopoulos sent Bill Graus, Managing Director for the financial services company 

Alex. Brown, an email on January 5, 2017, thanking him for meeting that day and included a 

short bio and resume "for consideration by the Trump administration."3-

427 The next day, Graus 

forwarded the message to Dearborn, copying Michael Karloutsos3428 stating, "[s ]pecifically he is 

3421 (U) Email, Papadopoulos to Bannon, January 4, 2017 (B&P GP File 2018 000635). 3422 (U) Email, Bannon to Papadopoulos and Flynn, January 4, 2017 (B&P GP File 2018 000635); Email, 

Papadopoulos to Flynn and Bannon, January 6, 2017 (B&P GP File 2018 000635). 3423 (U) Email, Papadopoulos to Clovis, November 11, 2016 (DJTFP00024754). 3424 (U) Email, Papadopoulos to Lanza, December 22, 2016 (B&P GP File 2018 000451). 3425 (U) Email, Lanza to Papadopoulos, December 22, 2016 (B&P GP File 2018 000451). 3426 (U) Email, Papadopoulos to Lanza, December 22, 2016 (B&P GP File 2018 000463). 3427 (U) Email, Papadopoulos to Grous, January 5, 2017 (B&P GP File 2018 000465-467). 3428 (U) Michael Karloutsos became the U.S. Department of State Deputy Chief of Protocol, and is the son of Father 

Alexander Karloutsos. See Rob Tomoe, "How a Philly restaurant owner landed a top State Department job," The 

Philadelphia Inquirer, August 11, 2017; "Michael Karloutsos: Serving as Layperson," The National Herald, August 

17, 2015. Alexander Kaloutsos, according to the FBI, is conn_ected to Preibus and Kotsias. FBI, FD-302, 

Papadopoulos 9/19/2017. According to press reporting, Papadopoulos reached out to Alexander Karloutsos shortly 

after being named to the Trump Campaign; Karloutsos helped Papadopoulos make contacts with Greek business and 

523 

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looking to fill the role held by Amos Hochstein, the special envoy and coordinator for 

international energy affairs and leads the bureau of energy resources at the ,state department, if a 

position on the national security council is not available."3429 

(U) Papadopoulos followed up with Dearborn on January 9 and January 17, 2017, noting 

in the latter email that he had "[b ]een in talks with Steve Bannon and Mike Flynn about various 

things and have been assisting on key issues already."3430 

(U) Papadopoulos, in an email communication with Lanza on January 17, 2017, also· 

mentioned that he had "[b]een aiming for either a post on the NSC, or specifically, the special 

envoy and coordinator for international energy affairs (currently held by Amos [H]ochstein)."3431 

- On March 4, 2017, Papadopoulos sent a message to Michael Cohen in 

which he wrote, "Michael, Hope all is well. Are you free for a meeting next week? Wanted to 

talk about my value added to the administration among other things. Definitely want to come 

onboard. [B]est, George."3432 The Committee has no record of a response from Cohen. 

(U) The Committee has no indication as to whether the Transition Team considered 

Papadopoulos for a position in the administration. 

5. (U) Counterintelligence Concerns about Papadopoulos's Interactions 

government officials. Griff Witte, "For Trump adviser at center of Russia probe, a rapid rise and dramatic fall in his 

ancestral land," The Washington Post, December 10, 2017. 3429 (U) Email, Grous to Dearborn, Karloutsos, and Papadopoulos, January 6, 2017 (B&P GP File 2018 000465-

467). 

3430 (U) Emails, Papadopoulos to Dearborn, January 9 and 17, 2017 (B&P GP File 2018 000466-467). 3431 (U) Email, Papadopoulos to Lanza, Janu~7 2017 &P GP File 2018 000674). 3432 (U) FBI, FD-302, Papadopoulos 9/19/201 3433 (U) SSCI Transcript of the Interview with An rew McCabe, February 14, 2018, pp. 30-31. 

3434 (U) Ibid. 3435 (U) Ibid., p. 33. 

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(U) Papadopoulos was first interviewed by the FBI on January 27, 2017.3438 According 

to DOJ's sentencing memorandum, Papadopoulos's "lies to the FBI in January 2017 impeded the 

FBI' s investigation ... [ and] substantially hindered investigators' ability to effectively question 

the Professor [Mifsud] when the FBI located him in Washington, D.C. approximately two weeks 

after the defendant's January 27, 2017 interview."3439 Specifically, Papadopoulos 

misrepresented specific sequencing concerning his affiliation with the Trump Campaign and his 

interactions with Joseph Mifsud. 3440 Papadopoulos falsely claimed to have received the 

information on the Russian's possessing "dirt" on Clinton from Mifsud prior to Papadopoulos's 

affiliation with the Trump Campaign and attempted to minimize the extent and importance of his 

communications with Mifsud.3441 

3436 (U) L. Page Tr., p. 40. 3437 (U) Ibid., pp. 39-42. 3438 (U) Government's Sentencing Memorandum, United States v. George Papadopoulos, Case No. 1:17-cr-00182-

RDM (D.D.C. August 17, 2018). 

3439 (U) Ibid. 

344□ (U) Ibid. 

3441 (U) Ibid. 

525 ) 
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526 
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F. (U) Carter Page 

1. (U) Introduction and Findings 

(U) Carter Page was the only member of the Trump Campaign's foreign policy advisers 

publicly identified as a Russia "expert." Page had previously lived in Russia and worked on 

Russia policy and energy issues. For these reasons, Page was a subject of interest to Russian 

officials, including Russian intelligence, which had in previous years interacted with Page. As 

such, the Committee sought to understand Page's role on the Trump Campaign, his connection to 

the Russian intelligence services, and any connection between him and Russian interference in 

the 2016 presidential election. 

(U) Prior to joining the Ti:ump Campaign, Page communicated with, met, and provided 

private business information to Russian SVR officers in New York, whom the FBI believed were 

acting in a manner consistent with attempts to recruit Page. Page later was referred to as "Male1" in the complaint filed against three SVR officers in January 2015 in federal court in the 

Southern District of New York. Page later publicly identified himself as "Male-1" on several 

occasions, including to Russian officials in New York at the United Nations General Assembly. 

(U) Trump named Page as one of his foreign policy advisers as part of an effort to 

bolster the public perception that Trump had substantive foreign policy advisers in early 2016. 

Trump met once with a group of these and other foreign policy and national security advisers on 

March 31, 2016. Page was not in attendance and never subsequently met with Trump. The 

Committee found no evidence to suggest that Page made significant contributions to speeches or 

policy initiatives for the Trump Campaign. 

(U) In July 2016, Page was invited to make two addresses in Russia, including an 

address during the commencement ceremonies at Moscow's New Economic School (NES), an 

invitation extended because of his perceived role in the Trump Campaign. At the 

commencement ceremony, Page had a brief exchange with then-Deputy Prime Minister Arkady 

3445 

527 
COMMITTEE SENSITIVE - RUSSIA INVESTIGATION ONLY 

Dvorkovich, about whom the Committee has counterintelligence concerns. In December 2016, 

following his separation from the Campaign the previous September, Page traveled to Moscow 

again, where he had a longer meeting over dinner with Dvorkovich. 

(U) The Committee found no indication that Page had useful Campaign information for 

the Russian intelligence services to extract, nor meaningful influence for them to exploit. 

Despite Page having little influence on the Campaign, interested Russians may have perceived 

him as more closely connected than he was. Page was receptive to Russian outreach, and the 

sponsors of the NES speech in 2016 made clear that they invited Page because of his perceived 

role in the Trump Campaign. · 

(U) The Trump Campaign directed Page's separation from the Campaign in ~eptember 

2016 because of the unwanted media attention he was generating. 

(U) Many media reports agout Page's activities in Russia in 2016, as well as almost all 

assertions in the "Steele dossier," remain unverified. In addition, Page's claims to the Campaign 

regarding his activities in Moscow remain unsubstantiated. 

2. (U) Background on Page and Limitations on the Committee's Investigation 

(U) Between.2003 or 2004 and 2007, Carter Page lived and worked in Moscovy.3446 Page 

worked for Merrill Lynch at the time, and told the Committee that his primary client was the 

Russian state-owned energy firm Gazprom.3447 . · · , 

(U) Page, along with other individuals formally associated with the Trump'Campaign, 

was a target of interest for foreign governments seeking to gather information on the Campaign. 

Page also advocated for better relations with Russia, a position in concert with Moscow's official 

perspective and consistent with cai:ididate Trump's minimalist posture that sought better relations 

with Moscow.3448 

The Committee had some limited insight into the Russian government and 

interest in Page: 

executive named Sergei Yatsenko, who Page described as "a pretty well-connected guy." Yatsenko later served on 

the board of Page's company, Global Energy Capital. C. Page Tr., pp. 30, 33-34, 94. 3448 (U) See, e.g., C. Page Tr., pp. 154. 

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(U) The SCO Report cited an email from Russian Press Secretary Dmitry Peskov 

responding to an inquiry about whether Peskov wished to facilitate introductions for Page to 

Russian officials during Page's July 2016 visit, to which Peskov responded, "I have read about 

[Page]. Specialists say that he is far from being the main one. So I better not initiate a meeting 

in the Kremlin. "3450 

(U) The Committee interviewed Page and members of the Trump Campaign who 

interacted with Page. The Committee also reviewed communications and other documents 

related to Page. The interviews and materials did not provide a thorough understanding of all of 

his activities while in Russia during his two visits in 2016. 

(U) The Committee had significant challenges in its attempt to understand Page's 

activities, including his role as a foreign policy adviser to the Trump Campaign. After ,weeks of 

negotiation and an eventual Committee subpoena, Page produced some electronic documents, 

some of which included his own annotations and alterations to the original document form, and 

529 

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sat for an interview that lasted six and a half hours. Page's responses to basic questions were 

meandering, avoidant, and involved several long diversions. Despite the meticulous records 

Page kept on his personal hard drive detailing his daily routines, he was unable to recall any 

details of his trips to Moscow, or the names of senior Russian officials with whom he met, 

despite using his engagements with them to build his credentials within the Campaign. 

3. (U) Page and U.S. and Russian Intelligence Services 

(U) Prior to 2016, Page had encounters with both U.S. and Russian intelligence. 

i. (U) Page and U.S. Intelligence Prior to 2016 

(U) Page voluntarily met with U.S. intelligence officials and law enforcement, from CIA 

and FBI, on several occasions from roughly 2008 through 2013.3451 He told the Committee that 

"the CIA guys would invite me out to lunch from time to time in New York."3452 In a letter to 

then-Director Corney of the FBI, he acknowledged, "Having interacted with members of the U.S. 

intelligence community including the FBI and CIA for many decades."3453 

3451 C. Page Tr., pp. 227,231. 3452 (U) C. Page Tr., pp. 227, 231. 3453 

3454 

530 
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ii. (U) Page and Russian Intelligence 

(U) Page told the Committee that he knew of no instance where he was approached by 

Russian intelligence officers related to the 2016 U.S. election.3457 However, the Russian 

intelligence services had previously approached Page years prior to his involvement with the 

Trump Campaign in an effort to explore an intelligence collection relationship with him. After 

the FBI publicly exposed those Russian intelligence officers, Page told the FBI that he was "on 

the books" with the Russian intelligence services.3458 

(U) Beginning in New York City in 2008, Page was approached by, and met with, 

Russians he was later informed were intelligence officers. According to the SCO Report, Page 

met with Alexander Bulatov, a Russian official assigned to the New York Consulate, and "later 

learned that Bulatov was a Russian intelligence officer."3459 In 2013, another Russian 

531 

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intelligence officer, Victor Podobnyy, similarly formed a relationship with Pag~ and met with· 

him numerous times. 3460 · 

(U) In 2015, Buryakov, Podobnyy, and a third Russian intelligence officer, Igor 

Spory~hev, werejndicted for conspiring to act as unregistered agents of a foreign . 

govemment.3461 In the complaint, FBI recordings. of the Russians in April'2013 reveal them. 

speaking disparagingly of "Male-I" and of their attempted· use of Male-I as an intelligence 

source for Russia. 3462 

' ' 

(U) Accoi:ding to the complaint, FBI agents interviewed Page in June 2013, where he_, 

described meeting Podobnyy at a conference in New York City as well as subsequent emails and 

encounters, where he shared reports about energy matters?463 

(U) Page deduced he was Male-I when he read the 2015 complaint. 3464 He has since 

then openly referred to himself as Male-I, including in.his interview with the Committee. 3465 · In 

March 2017, Page· suggested to the FBI that he had referred to himself as Male-l in a meeting 

with a Russian official at the United Nations (UN).3466 When the FBI later asked him about this 

in a subsequent interview, Page stated that everyone fa Russia knew he was.Male-I, and that his 

encounter with the Russians at the UN did not portray Page correctly and that Page wanted 

nothing to do with espionage.3467 

(U) In his interviews' with the FBI, Page described his relationship with Russ'ian 

intelligence as being "on the books," a colloquial term for being an intelligence source. During a 

March 30, 2017, interview, FBI agents attempted to explain how the Russian intelligence 

services worked, and suggested that the Russian intelligence services had been trackin~ 

since his ears livin inRussia.3468 The agents further, and specifically, stated that themight consider Page either an unwitting or witting "on the 

record" source for intelligence gathering. 3469 Page questioned the assessment, yet said "I'm .sur~ 

I'm on the books," and "they know who I am."3470 The following day, the FBI again asked Page 

3460 (0) sea Report, Vol. I, p. 96. 3461 (U) Complaint, United States v. Evgeny Buryakov, et al., (S.D.N.Y. January 23, 2015). 3462 (U) Ibid,,, 32-34. 

3463 (U) Ibid 3464 (U) sea Report, Vol. I, p. 97 (describing Page introducing himselfas "Male-1" to Russian officials in New 

York). 

3465 (U) C. Page Tr., p. 53. 3466 (U) FBI, FD-302, Page 3/16/2017. 3467 (U) FBI, FD-302, Page 3/30/2_017. 3468 (U) Ibid 3469 (U) Ibid 3470 (U) Ibid 

1532 

. COMMITTEE SENSITIVE - RUSSIA INVESTIGATION ONLY 
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ifhe knew what it meant to be "on the books."3471 Page reiterated that he considered himself to 

be "on the books," but objected to any characterization that he was ''working with" the Russian 

intelligence services. 3472 

4. (U) Page and the Trump Campaign 

(U) Ed Cox, chairml;lll of the New York Republican Party, first met Page around 2008, 

when they both worked on the McCain presidential campaign.3473 Cox recalled also 

encountering Page at Council on Foreign Relations events in New York, where both were 

membeJ;'s.3474 On December 31, 2015, Page emailed Cox, stating that he was "cautiously 

optimistic that the next Administration might finally offer a change of direction in U.S.-Russia 

relations," and.that "recent statements by Trump give me renewed hope."3475 He asked if Cox 

had any recommendations "as to how onemight be able.to support [Trump], including by 

becoming one of his delegates."3476 Attached to the emaii was a draft opinion piece by Page tqat 

he wrote for Global Policy, titled "Trump, Putin and the Possible End of the Second Cold War,'' 

that concluded, "Trump's stance toward Russia reflects optimism for a fresh approach, and this 

could serve as an important legacy of his candidacy." 3477 The next day, Cox forwarded the 

email along with the attachment to Corey Lewandowski, introducing him to Page. 3478 On 

January 2, 2016, Lewandowski responded, "happy to meet anytime," and the two arranged to 

meet at Trump Tower on January 12, 2016.3479 

(U) Lewandowski told the Committee he did not recall the meeting, but said it was 

possible that it was among the many meetings he held at the time. 3480 Sam Clovis, the J).ational 

co-chair of the Trump Campaign who served as the policy director for the Campaign, recalled 

the meeting, which included Michael Glassner, another Campaign official at the time.3481 Clovis 

told the Committee: "I showed up in New York one morning early and I walked up into the fifth 

.floor area [at Trump Tower] .... Corey [Lewandowski] ~nd Michael [Glassner] are there, and 

there's a guy with them, and Corey says: This is Carter Page; get to know him; he wants to 

3471 (U) FBI, FD-302, Page 3/31/2017. 3472 (U) Ibid. 3473 (U) SSCI Transcript of the Interview with Ed Cox, March 19, 2018, p. 16. 3474 (U) Ibid., p. 17. 3475 (U) Email, Page to Cox, et al., December 31, 2015 (DJTFP00009580--9581). 

3476 (U) Ibid. 3477 (U) Ibid. It does not appear that this article was ever published. Global Policy is a journal based at Durham 

University. Page had previously published articles there. 3478 (U) Email, Cox to Lewandowski, et al., January 1, 2016 (DJTFP00009595). 3479 (U) Email, Page to Lewandowski and Cox, January 2, 2016 (DJTFP00009595); Emails, Page, Lewandowski, et 

al., (DJTFP00009611-9612). 3480 (U) Lewandowski Tr., pp. 20, 29. . 3481 (U) Clovis Tr., pp. 48-49; see also SSCI Transcript of Interview with Michael Glassner, August 10, 2018, p. 31 

(recalling briefly meeting Page while Page was meeting with Lewandowski in Lewandowski's office). 

533 
COMMITTEE SENSITIVE - RUSSIA INVESTIGATION ONLY 

help."3482 Clovis and Page discussed Page's background and desire to help the Campaign.3483 

Later that day, Page sent an email thanking Clovis and Glassner for the meeting, and forwarding 

them the draft opinion piece. 3484 

(U) On February 17, 2016, Page emailed Clovis, Glassner, and Lewandowskito say that 

Page had heard that Trump was in the .process of assembling a foreign policy advisory team. 3485 

Page wrote that he wished to "express my interest in contributing as a member of that team. 

Although I have little to gain from this personally, I'm committed to supporting Mr. Trump's· 

efforts to make America great again. "3486 He included a bio highlighting his academic and 

professional experience op energy and foreign policy issues, including Russia.3487 Clovis 

responded the following day, su~gesting that Page call him for additional information.3488 

i. (U) The Trump Campaign's National Security Advisory Committee is 

Formed 

(U) On March 21, 2016, Trump released five names of his foreign policy advisers, 

including Page, during a meeting with The Washington Post editorial board. 3489 The Committee 

interviewed several members of the Trump Campaign to understand how this group WijS formed, 

and how Page came to be one of the original members. 

(U) Ten days later, Trump held his first-and only-meeting of the Campaign with his 

"national security team," which included several of the previously announced foreign policy 

advisers, at the Trump International Hotel in Washington. 3490 Page was traveling and did not 

attend.3491 

(U) As described elsewhere in this Report, the formation of a foreign policy and national 

security team was undertaken in large part to respond to public scrutiny over the lack of expertise 

on the Campaign.3492 Clovis recalled in p~rticular that Jared Kushner and Ivanka Trump asked 

him in mid-March to start assembling this team, which would be formed around then-Senator 

3482 (U) Clovis Tr., pp. 48--49. 3483 (U) Ibid, p. 49 3484 (U) Email, Page to Glassner and Clovis, January 12, 2016 (DJTFP00009643). 3485 (U) Email, Page to Clovis, et al., February 17, 2016 (DJTFP00009815-9816). 3486 (U) Ibid . 3487 (U) Email, Page to Clovis, Lewandowski, and Glassner, February 17, 2016 (DJTFP00009815). 3488 (U) Email,_Clovis to Page, February 18, 2016 (DJTFP00009817). 3489 (U) Opinions Staff, "A transcript of Donald Trump's meeting with The Washington Post editorial board," 

March 21, 2016. · 3490 (U) Instagram, @realDonaldTrump, March 31, 2016. 3491 (Uj Clovis Tr., p. 15; Gordon Tr., p. 51. 3492 (U) See infra Vol. 5, Sec. lli.E. 

534 

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Jeff Sessions.3493 Clovis recalled that the Campaign was "desperate to get the press off our 

backs."3494 

(U) In early March 2016, Clovis started assembling names for all of the planned policy 

teams, including foreign policy and national security and conveyed a policy team "matrix" via 

email to Kushner, lvanka Trump, Lewandowski, Glassner and Stephen Miller on March 6, which 

included Page under "Foreign Policy."3495 On March 16, Clovis emailed Kushner, Ivanka 

Trump, Lewand9wski, and Glassner; "As you asked for today, find attached the list of those 

from whom I have commitments to the team."3496 Clovis included short bios, about which he 

added, "The abbreviated versions hardly capture the accomplishments of these i~dividuals."3497 

This appears to be the first time this group is referred to as the "National Secui-i:ty Advisory 

Committee," chaired by Sessions. The list includes Page's academic credentials, his current role 

as "Founder and Managing Partner" of Global Capital Energy, LLC; and his previous position as 

"Deputy Branch Manager, Merrill Lynch, Moscow."3498 Two days later, Kushner responded to 

Clovis, asking, "How would you rate this team? Will people think its [sic] impressive?"3499 To 

which Clovis responded: 

I like the team well enough. ... I don't think we can play · "match the list" right 

now. I have interviewed, vetted and have paperwork on llll the folks on our list . 

and am very comfortable working with them. Some of them are already sending 

{nputs that are most helpful. 3500 · · 

(U) On March 21, Clovis submitted an updated list of eight individuals for potential 

"National Security/Foreign Policy Team Recruiting," where he stated that he had "secured 

NDAs [non-disclosure agreements] from the following•individuals."3501 The list again included 

Page.3502 Clovis told the Committee ·that all eight original members of the Campaign's National 

Security Advisory Committee were people who had previously reached out to the Campaign, to 

either him or Lewandowski, Glassner, or members of the Trump family.3503 Clovis ve~ed the 

advisers by conducting Google searches on them "to make sure we didn't have any immediate 

3493 (U) Clovis Tr., p. 13 . 

. 

3494 (U) Ibid, p. 14. 3495 (U) Email, Clovis to Kushner, et al., March 6, 2016 (DJTFP00009899-9912). 3496 (U) Email, Clovis to Kushner, I. Trump, Lewandowski, and Glassner, March 16, 2016 (DJTFP00009953-

. 9954). . 

3497 (U) Ibid 3498 (U) Ibid 3499 (U) Email, Kushner to Clovis, et al.; March 18, 2016 {SSCI 2017-4105-0002). 3500 (U) Email, Clovis to Kushner, et al., March 18, 2016 (SSCI 2017-4105-0002-3). 3501 (U) Email, Clovis to Lewandowski, Glassner, Hic:[cs, and S. Miller; March 20, 2016 (DITFP0001O078-10082). 

3502 (U) /bid 3503 (U) Clovis Tr., pp. i6-17. 

535 
,I 

land mines out there ... but there was an urgency because we were just getting pounded.in the 

press. I think that the urgency of that overcame a more deliberate approach."3504 Clovis added, 

"Those eight people were the eight that I could find in that short a notice that I could put on 

there. "3505 

(U) Trump Campaign staff interviewed by the Committee downplayed the significance 

of the National Security Advisory Committee as well as Page's role. J.D. Gordon, a former 

director of the Trump Campaign's National Security Advisory Committee told the Committee 

that it was ''just an advisory committee. They didn't even set foot in our [Campaign] office, 

didn't have a badge, didn't have a DonaldTrui:np.com email account." 3506 Hope Hicks, the 

Campaign's press secretary, told the Committee, "I think there was an understanding that this 

group was put together when nobody wanted to be associated with our campaign or our 

candidate."3507 Of Page, she said: · 

I think describing him as an "adviser" is inaccurate. I don't know who he was 

advising, but he was not advising the candidate or the policy team . ... He was 

just a person whose name got slapped on a list for a committee because we didn't 

. have anybody else. 3508 

(U) Nevertheless, in some instances, Page may have been given reason to believe his 

access extended further than it did. On March 22, 2016, Clovis emailed Page and other members 

of the foreign policy and national security advisory team.3509 Clovis wrote: 

· Gentlemen, Expect a call from Mr. Trump today at some point: I was asked for· 

your numbers this morning. Given the events of the day, expect to be asked some 

questions about what we need to be doing about the unfolding events. 3510 

Subsequent communications indicate that Page prepared and waited for.the call, which did not. 

take place.3511 As noted above, Page never met or spoke with Trump. · · 

ii. (U) Page On The Campaign 

3504 (U) Ibid, pp. 45-46. 3505 (U) Ibid, p. 50. 3506 (U) Gordon Tr., p. 42. 3507 (U) Hicks Tr., pp. 20-21. 3508 (U) Hicks Tr., p. 20. . 3509 (U) Email, Clovis to Page, Papadopoulos, Schmitz, et al., March 22, 2016 (Page Production). 3510 (U) Ibid Clovis was likely referencing a series of terrorist attacks that had occurred earlier that day in Brussels. 3511 (U) Email, Page to Clovis, March 23, 2016 (DJTFP00010094); Email, Page to Clovis, March 22, 2016 

(DJTFP00010092). 

536 

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\ 
COMMITTEE SENSITIVE - RUSSIA INVESTIGATION ONLY 

(U) Almost immediately after the March 21, 2016, announcement of the advisory 

committee, the media began to focus on Page's Russia-related interests. On March 23, 2016, 

Page sent an email to Clovis about media outreach regarding Page's role as a Campaign adviser 

and his Russia background.3512 

(U) J.D. Gordon told the Committee that Page attended several informal gatherings of 

the foreign policy and national ·security advisory team. In the first week of June 2016, Page 

attended a dinner with other Campaign advisers, and in late June or early July 2016, Page 

attended an advisory committee meeting at the Capitol Hill Club in Washington.3513 Sessions 

attended the event and spoke with Page briefly.3514 In August 2016, Page attended a dinner 

hosted by Keith Kellogg, another Campaign adviser, at Kellogg's home that was also attended by 

the other foreign policy advisers.3515 

(U) Page frequently emailed members of the Trump Campaign on Russia policy matters. 

For example, on January 30, 2016, before being announced as a foreign policy adviser, Page 

emailed Glassner and Clovis, and copied Lewandowski. He wrote: 

Following up on our discussions about Russia earlier this month and Fox's 

obnoxious failed comments regarding the Putin-Trump relationship this week, I 

wanted to share with you a few thoughts and suggestions about some massive 

additional potential upside for the campaign. I spent the past week in Europe and 

have been in discussions with some individuals with close ties to the Kremlin. The 

possible game-changing effect which Mr. Trump could have in bringing the end of 

the new Cold War that Obama and George W Bush managed to create in recent 

years has literally brought a new exceptionally high level of optimism in Moscow 

and across the country. Given the essential strategic position that Russia has in 

the world as a permanent member of the UN Security Council, etc., the effect of 

Mr. Trump could be nothing short of monumental. Through my discussions with 

these high level contacts, it is their belief that a direct meeting in Moscow 

between Mr Trump and President Putin could be arranged 3516 

(U) In his interview with the Committee, Page claimed that he could not remember 

which well-connected individuals to whom he was referring in this email. 3517 

3512 (U) Email, Page to Clovis, March 23, 2016 (DITFP00010094). 3513 (U) Gordon Tr., p. 64. 3514 (U) Ibid; Page Tr., 148-149, 256. 3515 (U) Gordon Tr., p. 65. 3516 (U) Email, Page to Glassner, Clovis, and Lewandowski, January 30, 2016 (DJTFP00009674). 3517 (U) C. Page Tr., p. 94. Page suggested he may have been referring to Sergei Yatsenko, but Page was not clear 

about this point. 

537 
COMMITTEE SENSITIVE - RUSSIA INVESTIGATION ONLY 

(U) In the same email, Page also sent a notice of his upcoming attendance at a one-day 

J.P. Morgan Securities "Gazprom Investor Day" in New York.3518 In the email Page wrote: 

the US. Government's failed sanctions policy has severely hindered the 

development of Gazprom in recent years with potential catastrophic 

consequences for the people of Russia. They too are eagerly awaiting the massive 

changes which Mr. Trump has readily positioned himself to soon bring. 3519 

Clovis replied later that day, thanked Page, and said that he would be in touch the following 

week.3520 

(U) On February 7, 2016, Page again emailed Clovis, Glassner and Lewandowski, noting 

that Forbes had ranked Putin as the most powerful world leader, and that, in Russia, relationships 

are very important.3521 Page continued: "As I have alluded to before, there is no question that a 

Trump visit to Moscow and related meetings with Putin would prove to be the most important 

campaign event in the history of U.S. politics."3522 

(U) On February 17, 2016, Page wrote an email to the same three Campaign officials 

regarding the February 2014 release of the phone conversation between the former Assistant 

Secretary of State for European and Eurasian Affairs Victoria Nuland and U.S. Ambassador to 

Ukraine Geoffrey Pyatt, a story he would repeatedly cite as an example of Clinton's 

mismanagement of foreign policy.3523 During this 2014 call, Nuland is recorded discussing the 

composition of the Ukraine opposition as well as criticizing the European Union support for 

Ukraine. 3524 The link to the released phone conversation was first posted on Twitter by an aide 

· to then-Russian Deputy Prime Minister Dmitry Rogozin.3525 

(U) On March 16, 2016, the Trump Campaign released a brief ten-second video on 

Instagram featuring Hillary Clinton barking followed by a clip of Putin laughing that concluded: 

"We don't need to be a punch line! Make America Great Again!"3526 Kremlin spokesperson , 

3518 (U) Email, Page to Glassner, Clovis, and Lewandowski, January 30, 2016 (DJTFP00009674). 

3519 (U) Ibid 3520 (U) Email, Clovis to Page, Glassner, and Lewandowski, January 30, 2016 (DJTFP00009676). 3521 (U) Email, Page to Glassner, Clovis, and Lewandowski, February 7, 2016 (DJTFP00009721-00009722). 

3522 (U) Ibid 3523 (U) Email, Page to Glassner, Clovis, and Lewandowski, February 17, 2016 (DJTFP00009814). 3524 (U) "Leaked Audio Reveals Embarrassing U.S. Exchange on Ukraine, EU," Reuters, February 6, 2014. 3525 (U) The leaked phone conversation was widely reported at the time. See, e.g., ibid For more information on 

this topic, see infra Vol. 5, Sec. III.A. 3526 (U) Instagram, @realDonaldTrump, March 16, 2016. The clip showed video of Putin and an ISIS fighter in 

succession and suggested that these were America's "toughest opponents." 

538 
COMMITTEE SENSITIVE - RUSSIA INVESTIGATION ONLY 

Dmitry Peskov responded publicly the next day: "It's an open secret for us that demonizating 

Russia and whatever is linked to Russia is unfortunately a mandatory hallmark of America's 

election campaign."3527 Peskov's comment was widely covered in the U.S. press.3528, Page sent 

an email on March 17, 2016, to Clovis linking to a Reuters article writing: 

I know people who work closely with the [spokesman] from the Kremlin . ... 

Perhaps the more relevant responses to yesterday's Instagram video were many 

of the amazing comments written in Russian. Clearly there's an extraordinary 

level of excitement from the people of that country regarding the new potential for 

relations between our 2 global powerhouses. Make the World Great Again. 3529 

(U) Also on March 17, 2016, Page sent Clovis one of several documents that Page 

created for the Campaign, seemingly at his own initiative, which he referred to as both the 

"President's Daily Brief' and the "Candidate's Daily Briefing."3530 These documents presented 

Page's analysis in a bulleted briefing slide format, and covered a range of topics, but often 

focused on Russia.3531 The briefmg slides and accompanying emails from Page portrayed Putin 

as a victor in Syria, complimented Russian forces' stabilizing role in Syria, and criticized the 

U.S. military's lack of effectiveness in Syria as well as U:S. "meddling."3532_ The documents, 

which also covered Ukraine, were critical of NATO, particularly regarding its strategy of 

deterring Russia, and advocated for a strong personal relationship between the top leadership in 

Washington and Moscow.3533 The Committee found no evidence indicating that these 

documents were used by the Campaign. 

(U) On May 9, 2016, Page emailed Gordon a list of more than ten examples of media 

requests he had received fa which he confirmed_his role as an adviser to the Campaign but 

otherwise offered "no comment."3534 In the same email, Page stated he had received offers for 

"speaking engagements in Russia and the Middle East," including from a "close advisor of_ 

President Putin," Sergey Karaganov, and asked for a copy of the approval form for Campaign 

3527 (U) Andrew Osborn and Dmitry Solovyov, "Kremlin says Donald Trump pre-election clip demonizes Russia," 

Reuters, March 17, 2016. 3528 (U) See, e.g., Michael Birnbaum and Andrew Roth, "The bromance between Trump and Putin is over," The 

Washington Post, March 17, 2016. · 3529 (U) Email, Page to Clovis, March 17, 2016 (DJTFP00009958). . 3530 (U) Email, Page to Clovis, March 17, 2016 (DJTFP00009962-9963); Email Page to Clovis, March 19, 2016 

(DJTFP00010056-10057); Email, Page to Clovis, March 22, 2016 (DJTFP00010090-10091); Email, Page to 

Clovis, March 23, 2016 (DJTFP00010094-10095). \ 

3531 (U) Ibid 3532 (U) Email, Page to Clovis, March 17, 2016 (DJTFP00009962-9963). 3533 (U) Email, Page to Clovis, March 22, 2016 (DJTFP00010090-10091); Email, Page to Clovis, March 23, 2016 

(DJTFP000 10094-10095). 3534 (U) Email, Page to Gordon, May 9, 2016 (DJTFP00000097-98). 

L... 

539 

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advisers to seek approval for such events.3535 Page told the Committee that he met Karaganov in 

the late 1990s and again when Page lived in Moscow from 2004 to 2007, but he provided no 

clear explanation for the invitation he was referring to in the May 9 email, but suggested that it 

may have come as a result of Karaganov's involvement with a Russian university.3536 In the late 

April 2016 email exchange that led to Page's invitation to speak at the New Economic School 

(NES) in Moscow (described below), Andrej Krickovic, an academic acquaintance of Page at the 

Moscow Higher School of Economics (HSE), offered to connect Page to Karaganov.3537 

(U) Karaganov has been a dean at the HSE since 2003 and has served as chairman of a 

Russian state-funded think tank, the Valdai Discussion Club since 2004.3538 Karaganov has also 

served as an adviser to the Kremlin and to President Putin, including as a foreign policy adviser 

to the Russian Presidential Administration from 2001 to 2013 and Chairman of the Russian 

Presidium on Foreign and Defense Policy.3539 Karaganov is known for advising the Kremlin on 

Russian opportunities for expansionism, at U.S. expense, around the world.3540 

(U) Gordon responded to Page's May 9 email later the same day and provided the speech 

and media forms requested.3546 Gordon expressed his gratitude, writing, "lfwe had 10 Carter 

Pages ... imagine what we could do!"3547 Gordon, however, also advised Page that all members 

of the advisory committee were "keeping a very l9w profile right now" due to a George 

3535 (U) Ibid. 3536 (U) C. Page Tr., pp. 219-221. 3537 (U) Email, Krickovic to Page, April 25, 2016 (Page Production). 3538 (U) HSE.ru, "Sergey A. Karaganov." 

3539 (U) Ibid. 

3540 (U) In 1994, Karaganov gave a speech that suggested that Russia had to be committed to defending the interests 

of Russians who lived in Russia's "near abroad," which was then dubbed the "Karaganov Doctrine." There are 

numerous references in open source information since 1994, of the "Karaganov Doctrine." See, e.g., Andrew 

Stuttaford "Meet Ser e Kara anov "National Review, A ril 10, 2014. 3541 

3542 (U) /. id. 

3543 (U) Ibid. 

3~44 (U) Ibid. 

3545 (U) Ibid. 

3546 (U) Email, Gordon to Page, May 9, 2016 (DJTFP00000099). 

3541 (U) Ibid. 

540 

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COMMITTEE. SENSITIVE - RUSSIA INVESTIGATION ONLY 

Papadopoulos interview that went poorly, as well as the transition of focus from the primary to 

. general election. 3548 

(U) Nevertheless, Page continued to draw media attention about his role in the Campaign 

and specifically his views on Russia. On June 11, 2016, Gordon emailed Campaign officials 

Rick Dearborn and John Mashburn with the subject line "Carter Page, Gazprom & Media 

Engagement."3549 Gordon discussed Page's history of speaking with the press and suggested that 

while Page was generally helpful, he was "difficult to manage," espec'ially as it related to the 

press. In the email, Gordon noted that he "wanted to draw your attention to National Review 

piece on Carter," which referred to Page as an "out-and-out Putinite," who is "tight with the 

Kremlin's foreign-policy apparatus and has served as a vehement prop'agandist for it."3550 

Gordon also alluded to a recent inquiry to Page by The Washington Post's Tom Hamburger and 

suggested that any resulting piece would be damaging to the Campaign.3551 

(U) The same day, Page initiated an email thread by writing to Hope Hicks including 

draft responses to questions posed to Page by The Washington Post. 3552 Most of the questions 

focused on Page's role in the Campaign and his views on Russia policy.3553 Hicks forwarded the 

email to Stephen Miller and Lewandowski, asking, "Can you please advise? I don't know Carter 

well or the extent of his involvement."3554 Shortly thereafter, on June 14, 2016, The Washington 

Post published the first article on the DNC hack.3555 Although the article was neither written by 

Hamburger nor about Page, Page emailed Hicks and Gordon with a link to the article, writing, 

"Looks like T_om & Co concocted another fairytale instead of the original inaccurate attack job 

against DJT, me and my firm ... at least so far."3556 

m.. (U) Page Travels to Russia, July 2016 

(U) Page sought and received approval from then-Trump Campaign manager Corey 

Lewandowski to travel to Russia in July 2016, in order to make two addresses at the NES in 

Moscow. Lewandowski explicitly told Page this would be speaking in his own capacity and not 

related to the Campaign. 

354s (U) Ibid. 

3549 (U) Email, Gordon to Dearborn and Mashburn, June 11, 2016 (DJTFP00002990-2991). 3550 (U) Ibid.; Robert Zubrin, "Trump: The Kremlin's Candidate," National Review, April 4, 2016. 3551 (U) Ibid. 3552 (U) Email, Page to Hicks, June 11, 2016 (DJTFP00002888-2892). 

3553 (U) Ibid. 

3554 (U) Email, Hicks to S. Miller, June 11, 2016 (DJTFP00002887-2892). 3555 (U) Ellen Nakashima, "Russian government hackers penetrated DNC, stole opposition research on Trump," The 

Washington Post, June 14, 2016. 3556 (U) Email, Page to Hicks and Gordon, June 14,.2016 (DJTFP00003226). 

541 
(U) Page's invitation from the NES was based solely on their perception of Page as an 

adviser to the Trump Campaign. Page's invitation to Russia was proffered by the rector of the 

NES, Shlomo Weber.3557 Weber told the Committee that he had first heard of Page through two 

individuals at the HSE. The first of these individuals was his son, Yuval Weber, an American 

academic who was on the faculty of the HSE. 3558 The second was another academic whom 

Weber did not know as well, Andrej Krickovic, who was also at the HSE and had first met Page 

when Krickovic was an intern at the U.S. Embassy in Moscow and Page was working at Merrill 

Lynch in Moscow.3559 

(U) On April 25, 2016, Krickovic emailed Page with the subject line "Introducing 

Shlomo Weber," opening his email with: "It's been a while since we last talked. I've been· 

following the news and did not have chance [sic] to congratulate you on your new appointment. 

Great news!"3560 Krickovic further stated: 

The reason I'm writing you is to introduce Professor Shlomo Weber . ... He is 

interested in engaging with the Trump campaign on Russia issues. I don't know 

Shlomo personally; but I am very good.friends with Yuval Weber, his son ... Yuval 

reached out to me to make the introduction to you. Do you still have the time to 

come to Russia these days? We'd love for you to give a talk on US Russia 

relations, and your thoughts about how they could change under a Trump 

presidency. 3561 

(U) Page responded the same day, but was noncommittal and concerned about speaking 

on Trump's foreign policy before the.policy was formed. 3562 · 

(U) Page made reference to Trump's upcoming foreign policy speech at the Mayflower 

Hotel, saying that it would "not give extensive details of the kind that you've envisioned for such 

a talk."3563 He also referred to the negative press he was already receiving and said: "So suffice 

to say, I need to be careful."3564 Krickovic responded, expressing his understanding of Page's 

3557 (U) Weber was a native of the Soviet Union who left in the 1970s to immigrate to Israel, losing his Soviet 

citizenship. In the early 1990s, he immigrated to the United States and had a career as an academic for over two 

decades. Upon his retirement from his academic position in the United States in the 2010s, he became a guest 

lecturer at Moscow's NES, and-eventually became the rector of the school, a position he held until 2018. SSCI 

Transcript of the Interview with Shlomo Weber, December 3, 2018, p. 5. · 3558 (U) Weber Tr., pp. 8-9. 3559 (U) Ibid.; FBI, FD-302, Krickovic 8/15/2017. 3560 (U) Email, Krickovic to Page and Y. Weber, April 25, 2016 (Page Production). 

3561 (U) Ibid. 3562 (U) Email, Page to Krickovic, April 25, 2016 (Page Production). 

3563 (U) Ibid. 

3564 (U) Ibid. 

542 

COMMITTEE SENSITIVE - RUSSIA INVESTIGATION ONLY 
"reluctance to speak publicly .... Perhaps after Mr. Trump wins and you are head of the Russia 

desk at State you can come and give a talk to our faculty. "3565. He concluded by asking that Page 

let him know when next he's in Moscow: "Perhaps we can even arrange a private meeting with 

our dean, Sergei Karaganov. As you know he has quite some influence in high places here. It 

would be really good to get a dialogue going."3566 

(U) On April 26, Shlomo Weber emailed Page: "Thank you for your interest and the 

willingness to meet with me. I look forward to getting together _in Moscow next time you are 

there or otherwise connecting over the phone or video."3567 Weber then stated: 

Allow me to add that 1 am a Russian-born US citizen and staunch Republican. ... 

I would be very happy to contribute my expertise on foreign and economic affairs 

... to a successful Republican presidential candidate. 3.

568 

Page responded that he had not yet finalized his plans to travel to Moscow, but that he would be 

in touch once he .had. 3569 

"• I.... r 

(U) On M~y 3, Shlomo Weber emailed Page again: "I understand that those are early 

days and I realize that you have multiple connections in Moscow. I just would like to let you 

know that NES would be happy to host you."3570 Page responded; asking for clarification ifNES 

would -be willing to pay for the travel for him to give a lecture. 3571 Page again noted that he was 

under media scrutiny and that he needed to be careful to "make sure I don't create any perceived 

conflicts of interest in my firm's dealings."3572 _ Weber responded on May 12, 2016: 

I talked with several people here and we would like to invite you to NES. You can 

give a talk here and, possibly, in some other places. We will cover your travel 

and accommodation expenses. One of the options could be our graduation 

ceremony on July 8. 3573 

3565 (U) Email, Krickovic to Page, April 25, 2016 (Page Production). 

3566 (U) Ibid. . 

3567 (U) Email, S. Weber to Page, April 26, 2016 (Weber Production). 3S68 (U) Ibid. . 

3569 (U) Email, Page to S. Weber, April.26, 2016 (Weber Production). 3570 (U) Email, S. Weber to Page, May 3, 2016 (Weber Production). 3571 (U) Email, Page to S. Weber, May 5, 2016 (Weber Production). 

3S72 (U) Ibid. 3573 (U) Email, S. Weber to Page, May 12, 2016 (Page Production). Instead ofresponding directly to Page, Shlomo 

Weber forwarded to Page an email from his son, Yuval Weber, that included what appeared to be a response to Page 

purportirig to be from Shlomo Weber. While it is unclear why this occurred, this was at least the second such 

instance of a message from Shlomo Weber to Page coming from an originally forwarded message. It is possible that 

some of Shlomo Weber's correspondence with Page was written or approved by Yuval Weber. 

543 

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Page replied to Weber's offer the same day and conditionally accepted the offer:."That sounds 

great Shlomo .... Please note that we have some internal procedures for the campaign so I will 

need to get approval."3574 

(U) Shlomo Weber told the Committee that: 

There was some interest to see, to learn a little bit more about [Trump] and his 

potential policy towards Russia was tremendous, so that's what we thought, if 

somebody is working on his campaign, it could be of interest to Russia, for 

students, for [the J general public . ... I thought that at this time that the campaign 

of then-candidate Trump was really lacking in expertise about foreign policy, and 

particularly about Russia. And !just thought that maybe we informing the 

campaign about the Russian issues will be a goodthing to dq. 3575 

(U) Weber also told the Committee, "Because of [Page's] role in this campaign we 

thought it would be good," and said, "the hope was we would hear something from a potentially 

important person. "3576 · 

(U) Page raised the invitation to speak at NES with J.D. Gordon and asked for the 

Campaign speech request forms, which Gordon provided him on May 14.3577 On May 16, Page 

emailed Gordon, Phares, and Clovis with a link to the speech President Obama gave at the NES 

commencement in 2009. Noting Obama's NES speech, Page proposed that Candidate Trump 

take Page's place at the upcoming event.3578 Two days later, Page submitted the speech request 

form to Gordon. 3579 

(U) A little over one month later, on June 19, 2016, Page emailed Gordon, Lewandowski 

and Hicks, copying Clovis, and stated: 

I'm resending this Campaign Advisor Speech Request Form which I submitted 

over a month ago . ... I'm literally saying nothing about the campaign so I don 't 

think this .administrative procedure is relevant in this case. Butplease let me 

know as soon as possible in case anyone might have any reservations. 3580 

3574 (U) Email, Page to S. We~er, May 12, 2016 (Weber Production). 3575 (U) Weber Tr., pp. 10-11. 3576 (U) Ibid., pp. 19, 21. ( 3577 (U) Email, Gordon to Page, May 14, 2016 (QJTFP00000140-l41). , 3578 (U) Email Page to Gordon, Phares, and Clovis, May 16, 2016 (DJTFP00000 182). 3579 (U) Email, Page to Gordon, May 18, 2016 (DJTFP00000208-209). 3580 (U) Email, Page to Gordon, Lewandowski, Hicks, and Clovis; June 19, 2016 (DJTFP00003431). 

544 

COMMITTEE SENSITIVE -RUSSIA INVESTIGATION ONLY 
COMMITTEE SENSITIVE - RUSSIA INVESTIGATION ONLY . 

(U) Page also renewed his suggestion that Trump attend, stating "[a]s I had also 

previously suggested, I'm sure they would love to have Mr. Trump speak at this annual 

celebration."3581 Page added: "Russia's Deputy Prime Minister Arkady Dvorkovich is a board ._._ 

member and a graduate who will likely be in attendance."3582 

(U) Regarding Page's repeated requests, Gordon told the Committee: 

[Page] sent me the request. I did not pass it on. But he started to ask me more 

about it, and I would still tell him it's a bad idea. So eventually he went to the 

campaign leadership in New York and he got permission to go. 3585 

(U) On June 19, 2016, Lewandowski wrote to Page: "Carter-- If you want to do this, it 

would be out side [sic] of your role with the DJT for President campaign. I am certain Mr. 

Trump will not be able to attend. "3586 

(U) Lewandowski told the Committee that he recalled the email on that day, because it 

was the day before he got "fired from the campaign." He said: 

I was trying to be kind: I'm certain Mr. Trump will not be able to attend You 

have no formal role in the campaign, so you asking me permission I don't 

understand, because you don't work for us. You've .never signed a nondisclosure 

agreement. You don't get paid by the campaign. You have no role in the 

campaign. So if you want to do this, it would be outside of your role with the DJI 

for President campaign, is what I was very clear. 3587 

3585 (U) Gor on Tr., p. 55. 3586 (U) Email, Lewandowski to Page, Gordon, Hicks, and Clovis, June 19, 2016 (DJTFP00003437). 3587 (U) Lewandowski Tr., p. 32. 

545 

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(U) Despite meeting Page briefly in January of that year, Lewandowski added: 

[A]n individual who I don't think I had ever met before is asking for permission to 

go to a place to give a speech on something I know nothing about, and is not part 

of the team I'm running, didn 't raise a red flag to me because I didn 't have any 

authority to agree or not agree to let him do something. 3588 

(U) As noted previously, the week before his departure for Moscow, Page attended a 

dinner meeting of the Campaign's foreign policy and national security advisers at the Capitol 

Hill Club in Washington. As the meeting was ending, Page had a brief encounter with Sessions, 

whom Page informed about his upcoming travel to Moscow to give a speech. 3589 According to 

Page, there was no meaningful response from Sessions. 3590 

(U) Page was in Moscow from July 4, 2016, through July 9, 2016. Near the start of his 

time in Moscow, Page had dinner with Shlomo Weber, Krickovic, and several others, some of 

whom were affiliated with NES and HSE.3591 This was the first time Weber met with Page. 

Weber arrived over two hours late and could not recall to the Committee the specific substance 

of the discussions that night, but recalled that it generally dealt with U.S.-Russia relations and 

how the relationship might evolve. 3592 Weber recalled that while Page was in Moscow Page 

made several references to Igor Sechin, but that he had no knowledge of any meeting between 

Page and Sechin in Moscow. 3593 

..._ _ _, He is widely referred to in open source 

reporting as being one of the most powerful figures inside Putin's,inner circle.3595 The 

3588 (U) Ibid, pp. 33-34. 3589 (U) C. Page Tr., pp. 148-149. 3590 (U) Ibid ("[I]t was like in one ear and out the other for him.") Asked about this encounter by HPSCI, Page said 

Sessions "had no reaction whatsoever." HPSCI Transcript oflnterview with Carter Page, November 2, 2017, pp. 

68--69. 

3591 (U) Weber Tr., pp. 84-86. 3592 (U) Ibid, p. 87. . 3593 (U) FBI, FD-302, Weber 7/28/2017 ("Weber recalled that Page kept going on and on about 'Igor Ivanovich, 

Igor Ivanovich, Igor Ivanovich' which is how Page referred to Igor Sechin .... Weber made it clear that Page never 

discussed meeting Sechin, but he did talk about Sechin a lot."); Weber Tr., p. 121 ("[Page] was making allusions to 

Igor Sechin but not about a meetin ." . · 3S94 

3595 (U) See, e.g., Henry Foy, "'We nee total about Igor': the rise of Russia's most powerful oligarch," FT 

Magazine, March 1, 2018. 

546 
information from the "Steele Dossier," discussed infra Vol. 5, Sec .. IV.B, asserted that Page had 

a meeting with Sechin during this July 2016 visit. · 

(U) Page told the Committee he met with Andrey Baranov, who he had known since his 

days living in Moscow and who, in 2016, was the head of investor relations for Rosneft, the 

company run by Sechin.3597 During the July visit, Page and Baranov met one evening at a 

Morgan. Stanley social event to watch the European Cup.3598 Page said no deals were discussed 

during this meeting,3599 although he told the FBI that the subject of Sechin came up, but in an 

immaterial way. 3600 

(U) On July 5, 2016, Page sent an email to Shlomo Weber and his assistant to ask them 

to remove reference to Page's role as a Trump adviser on the school's website announcing his 

role in the commencement.3601 However, Weber told the Committee that throughout this process 

Page gav:e the impression that he was an adviser to the Trump Campaign and that "[n]obody ever 

doubted" he was a Campaign adviser.3602 Weber said that in the preparations for the speech, it 

was not clear whether he wanted to be mentioned as an adviser of the Campaign publicly and 

that the public interest in the election was "quite substantial at this juncture."3603 

-There are indications that news of Page's visit reached senior levels of the 

Kremlin. Denis Klimentov became the press secretary of the NES in the fall of 2016.3604 Page 

had repeated direct contact with Klimentov starting as early as his July 2016 trip to Moscow, 

t f h" h d lt "th t ht R . d . r t k" t P ' I ! ! 

I 

3596 (U) DOJ OIG FISA Report, p. 225. 3597 (U) C. Page Tr., pp. 156-157. 

359s (U) Ibid. 3599 (U) Ibid., p. 157. 3600 (U) FBI, FD-302, Page 3/30/2017. 3601 (U) Email, Page to S. Weber and Ovchinnikova, July 5, 2016 (Weber Production). 3602 (U) Weber Tr., p. 67. 3603 (U) Ibid., pp. 66, 70. 3604 (U) FBI, FD-302, Denis Klimentov 6/9/2017. Klimentov told the FBI that he was not employed at NES at the 

time of Page's July 2016 speech atNES but attended at the request of Weber. However, at least as early as July 8, 

2016, Klimentov was communicating with Page about the speech and media outreach. 3605 (U) See Emails, Page, Klimentov, et al., July 8, 2016-June 4, 2017 (Page Production). 

547 

COMMITTEE SENSITIVE - RUSSIA INVESTIGATION ONLY 
business partner, Dmitriy Klimentov, is a U.S.-based public relations consultant who is a former 

acting New York bureau chief for, the Russian news agency RIA Novosti.3609 Dmitriy 

Klimentov maintains regular contact with Dmitry Peskov, who is the Press Secretary for the 

President Putin.3610 Dmitriy Klimentov told the FBI that he contacted Peskov about Page's July 

visit, in the event Peskov wanted to facilitate any meetings.3611 According to Klimentov, there 

was no interest in meeting Page and Peskov responded that Page was not high-level enough to 

meet.3612 . 

(U) Page gave two speeches in Moscow. On July 7, he gave a ~peech to the NES that he 

titled, "The Evolution of the World Economy: Trends and Potential." The speech was amplified 

online by Russian nationalist influencers, some of whom have significant ties to the Russian 

government and Russian intelligence services, and one of whom attended the event and asked 

Page a question regarding Trump and sanctions.3613 The next day, at the commencement 

ceremonies, Page gave a short talk that he titled "Maximizing personal potential in uncertain 

times: past and future."3614 Page made no mention of the U.S. 2016 presidential campaign in 

either set of prepared remarks. 

(U) At the second event, the commencement ceremonies on July 8, Page had ·a brief 

encounter with Dvorkovich .. According to Weber, who observed the encounter but was not close 

enough to he~r what was said, the two shook hands and "talked for a couple of minutes."3615 

Page told the Committee his encounter with Dvorkovich lasted a "maximum [ of] 10 seconds," ' -

3606 (U) 

3601 (U) Ibid. 

36os (U) Ibid. 3609 (U) Ibid., p. 29. 3610 (U) FBI, FD-302, Dmitri Klimentov, 11/27/2018. 

3611 (U) Ibid. 3612 (U) Ibid. The SCO obtained an email from Peskov where Peskov stated "I have read about [Page]. Specialists 

say that his is far from being the main one. So I better not initiate a meeting in the Kremlin." SCO Report, Vol. I, p. 

100. 

3613 (U) See Twitter, @A_ G _ Dugin, July 7, 2016; Twitter, @KatasonovaMaria; Facebook post, Konstantin Rykov, 

July 7, 2016. Katasonova appears to have attended the event and asked Page a question related to Trump and U.S.-

Russia relations. See YouTube, youtu.be/adJscX0j4CY, July 7, 2016. 3614 (U) Document, "Maximizing personal potential in uncertain times: past and future" (Page Production). 3615 (U) Weber Tr., p. 59. 

548 

COMMITTEE SENSITIVE - RUSSIA INVESTIGATION ONLY 

\ 
COMMITTEE SENSITIVE - RUSSIA INVESTIGATION ONLY 

which he described as a "sort of a brief, in-passing moment," where Dvorkovich gave "warm 

pleasantries."3616 

(U) While in Moscow, Page emailed Trump Campaign staff member Tera Dahl, copying 

J.D. Gordon, to inform them that he was overseas and could not attend a m.eeting with a 

European delegation sponsored by the Transatlaμtic Parliamentary Group on Terrorism that 

hoped to meet with the Clinton and Trump Campaigns.3617 Page wrote: 

On a related front, I'll send you guys a readout soon regarding some incredible 

insights and outreach I've received from a few Russian legislators and senior 

members of the Presidential Administration here. Suffice to say that after 

watching their national economy and relationships with Europe get derailed by 

Washington mismanagement with disastrous consequences over recent years, 

Russians from the highest levels of government to the. average man on the street 

have a new optimism and hope for the future based on Mr. Trump's common 

sense statements about his foreign policy approaches over the past year. 3618 

(U) Later the same day, Page emailed Gordon, Dahl and Walid Phares with the subject 

line: "Feedback from Russia - Executive Summary," to which he attached a document with the 

same title.3619 The document began with the statement: "On Thursday and Friday (July 7 & 8, 

2016), campaign advisor Carter Page presented before gatherings at the New Economic School 

(NES) in Moscow including their 2016 Commencement Ceremony."3620 The first bullet stated: 

Russian Deputy Prime Minister and NES Board Member Arkady Dvorkovich also 

spoke, ·before the event. In a private conversation, Dvorkovich expressed strong 

support for Mr. Trump and a desire to work together toward devising better 

solutions in response to the vast range of current international problems. Based 

on feedback from a diverse array of sources close to the Russian Presidential 

Administration, it was readily apparent that this sentiment is widely held at all 

levels of the government. 3621 

(U) The Committee asked Page ·about the source of his ''incredible insights," the private 

conversation with Dvorkovich, and the "diverse array of sources close to the Russian Presidential 

Administration" that he wrote about in this email. As was the case with his January 30, 2016 I 

3616 (U) Ibid., p. 175. 3617 (U) Email, Page to Dahl and Gordon, July 8, 2016 (DJTFP00004021). 

361s (U) Ibid. 3619 (U) Email, Page to Dahl, Gordon, and Phares, July 8, 2016 (DJTFP00004022-4023). 

3620 (U) Ibid. 

3621 (U) Ibid. 

549 

COMMITTEE SENSITIVE - RUSSIA INVESTIGATION ONLY 
email to Glassner, Clovis, and Lewandowski, Page had difficulty recalling his allegedly highlevel engagements. He told the Committee that he was referring to: the exchange with 

academics over dinner on July 5; one encounter he had with a staff member who worked for a 

Duma (Russian parliament) member and whose name he could not recall; and, the handshake 

with Dvorkovich at the commencement ceremony on July 8.3622 Page told the Committee that 

the unnamed Duma staffer and Dvorkovich were the only two people that'he directly interacted 

with in the Russian government during the trip.3623 Page allowed that his written comments from 

the email relating to outreach from Russian legislators "may have been an exaggeration."3624 

(U) Page's visit to Moscow in July drew international media attention. While still in 

Mo.scow, Page emailed Gordon and Hicks, copying Clovis: 

' 

I wanted to give you a quick heads up about a few developments during my 

Moscow trip . ... I have been doing everything possible to keep a low 

profile ... and to the extent people do learn I'm here, ensuring they all understand 

that my visit is outside of my role with the campaign. But given the vast 

outpouring of support for Mr. Trump and the strong social network in Russia, a 

few journalists caught wind of my presence in Russia and have been following my 

every move closely. As always, I have been avoiding any media interview until 

otherwise instructed. 3625 

(U) Gordon forwarded the email to Mashburn and Dahl, with the comment: "FYI. We 

probably ought to print this out for our files."3626 

(U) Page's July speeches in Moscow were monitored by American businessman Paul 

Erickson, Russian national Maria Butina and Russian government official Alexander Torshin. A 

July 18, 2016 exchange between Butina and Torshin revealed Butina's interest in Page: 

Butina: Right now I would rather meet with Carter Page. He's Trump's advisor 

for the RF and heads the pro-Russian group. He was in Moscow at a meeting 

with Putin last year. Canyoufind out how wefe~l about him? 

Torshin: I'll try, but tomorrow. Not long ago one of his advisors was in 

Moscow. I don't remember the lasi name. 

3622 (U) C. Page Tr., pp. 176-177. 3623 (U) Ibid, pp. 181-182. Katasonova, described above, introduced herself as an assistant to a Duma official 

when asking Page a question during his NES speech. See YouTube, youtu.be/adJscX0j4CY, July 7, 2016. 3624 (U) Ibid, p. 181. 3625 (U) Email, Page to Gordon, Hicks, and Clovis, July 7, 2016 (DJTFP00003920) (second ellipsis in original). 3626 (U) Email, Gordon to Mashburn, et al., July 7, 2016 (DJTFP00003920). 

550 

COMMITTEE SENSITIVE - RUSSIA INVESTIGATION ONLY 

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COMMITTEE SENSITIVE - RUSSIA INVESTIGATION ONLY 

Butina: ... Thank you very much for the information. Carter Page is his name. 

This is very important. I have not yet agreed to a meeting with him. It depends 

· on your opinion. 3627 

For more information on Torshin and Butina, see infra Vol. 5, Sec. III.H. 

(U) Page attended the GOP cw1vention held in Cleveland from July 18 through July 21, 

2016. At one of the receptions, Page and Gordon had a brief encounter with Sergei Kislyak, 

Russia's Ambassador to the United States. Page told the Committee it was the first time he had 

met Kislyak, and that Page offered the Ambassador his business card, but that the Ambassador 

did not offer Page his card in return.3628 

(U) The media attention from Page's July 2016 visit to Moscow followed Page until 

after he was dismissed from the Campaign in September 2016. 

(U) The media attention regarding Page's travel to Moscow also drew political attention. 

On August 27, 2016, Senator Harry Reid, Senate Minority leader, wrote and publicly released a 

letter to FBI Director James Comey.3629 The letter expressed Reid's concern about Russian 

interference in the 2016 elections and quoted former Acting Director of CIA Michael Morrell, 

declaring candidate Trump an "unwitting agent" of Russia and the Kremlin. While naming no 

Trump Campaign officials, the letter does state: 

For example, questions have been raised about whether a Trump advisor who has 

been highly critical of U.S. and European economic sanctions on Russia, and who 

has. conflicts of interest due to investments in Russian energy conglomerate 

Gazprom, met with high-ranking sanctioned individuals while in Moscow in July 

of 2016, well after Trump became the presumptive nominee. (The same individual 

recently broke precedent by giving a speech critical of U.S. policy while in 

Moscow.) Any such meetings should be investigated and made a part of the 

public record. 3630 

(U) Following his return from Moscow in July, Page continued to email his opinions on 

media reports regarding Russia to Campaign staff and other Campaign advisory committee 

3627 (U) Twitter direct messages, Torshin and Butina, July 18, 2016. 3628 (U) C. Page Tr., pp. 253-262; see also Gordon Tr., pp. 37-42. 3629 (U) Letter, Reid to Corney, August 27, 2016. Reid's letter to Come 

ofEi ht" member with CIA Director Brennan. 

551 

COMMITTEE SENSITIVE - :RUSSIA INVESTIGATION ONLY 
members. His emails, which covered topics ranging from the hack of the DNC to the U.S. role 

in Ukraine, were often conspiratorial and generally reflective of Russian policy positions:3631 

(U) On July 28, 2016, Page emailed Hicks and copied Clovis and Gordon about being 

contacted by a "barrage ofreporters over recent days."3632 Page wrote that he would "continue 

avoiding all interview requests" but continued to offer the Campaign his "help in the media 

department."3633 Hicks forwarded the email to Stephen Miller, and asked, "Who can weigh in 

here?"3634 Miller responded: "[N]one of our FP guys should be doing any interviews on [R]ussia 

right now:"3635 To which Hicks responded: "Agreed!!! !"3636 

(U) On September 13, 2016, shortly before he was separated from the Campaign, Page 

, sent an email to the other Campaign foreign policy and national security advisers and several 

Campaign staff. 3637 In the email, Page commented on an upcoming event which he planned to 

attend at the Council on Foreign Relations that would feature then-Vice President Joe Biden.3638 

Page proposed asking Biden a question regarding his son's work in Ukraine.3639 .Another 

Campaign adviser, Bert Mizusawa responded the next day: "Mentioning Biden's children could 

backfire."3640 To which Kubic added: "I agree with Bert - not sure you should use his son to bait 

him."3641 

iv. (U) Page Leaves the Trump Campaign 

(U) Page's profile in the U.S. media increased following his July 2016 visit and speeches 

in Moscow. It was not until September 2016, however, that the Campaign moved to dismiss him 

because he had become a media distraction. 

(U) On August 2, 2016, in response to yet another media query about Page which Page 

appears to have accepted without permission, Hicks reached out to Stephen Miller, Dearborn, 

3631 (U) See, e.g., Email, Page to Clovis, et al., July 24, 2016 (DJTFP00004447). 3632 (U) Email, Page to Hicks, et al., July 28, 2016 (DJTFP00004499). 

3633 (U) Ibid 3634 (U) Email, Hicks to S. Miller, July 28, 2016 (DJTEP00004499). 3635 (U) Email, S. Miller to Hicks, July 28, 2016 (DJTFP00004499). 3636 (U) Email, Hicks to S. Miller, July 28, 2016 (DJTFP00004499). 3637 (U) Email, Page to Mizusawa, Kubic, Papadopoulos, Clovis, Phares, et al., September 13, 2016 

(DJTFP000l 7287). 

3638 (U) Ibid 

3639 (U) Ibid 3640 (U) Email, Mizusawa to Page, Kubic, Papadopoulos, Clovis, Phares,.et al., September 14, 2016' 

(DJTFP000l 7286-17287). 3641 (U) Email, Kubic to Page, Mizusawa, Papadopoulos, Clovis, Phares, et al., September 14, 2016 

(DJTFP000 17286). 

552 
COMMITTEE SENSITIVE - RUSSIA INVESTIGATION ONLY 

and Jason Miller in order to find someone who could speak with Page about the intervie~.3642 

Stephen Miller responded, writing: "We need to stop this," to which Hicks responded: "I do not 

know Carter. He's sent me a few emails, but I think someone with authority should.remind him 

he does not speak for the campaign, or Mr. Trump and we strongly advise against this (all via 

phone)."3643 . 

(U) Late on September 22, 2016, Michael Isikoff emailed Jason Miller with questions 

about Page, prior to publishing a story about alleged U.S. intelligence focus on Page and his role 

in the Trump Campaign.3644 Miller sent an email to Hicks and other Campaign staff, stating: 

"I'm pretty sure we've answered re: Carter Page l00x previously, but I forgot ~he answer."3645 

Hicks responded to Miller: "He has no role. We are not aware of any of his activities, past or 

present. "3646 

(U) On September 23, Isikoffpublished the article, which generated additional media 

queries about Page to the Campaign.· In an email regarding the article Stephen Miller wrote: 

"We should say he's not an advisor, he's never advised Mr. Trump, and has made no 

contribution to the c1:tmpaign. Speaking for myself, I've never spoken to him, and wouldn't 

recognize him ifhe were sitting next to me."3647 Hicks emailed Dearborn, Stephen Miller, 

Clovis, and Jason Miller: "For the final time, we need to cut ties with Carter .... Please advise as 

to how we do this logistically and Jason and.I will strategize on not looking reactionary!"3648 

Dearborn responded: "Sam, you ,know him best yes? I've never met or talked with him."3649 

(U) On the same day, September 23, 2016, Page reached out to Hicks, Jason Miller, and 

others with a proposal for a long press statement, formatted under the official Trump Campaign 

logo, that addressed the press queries about him.365° Fifteen minutes later, Jason Miller 

responded to Page's email, "Carter.- let's talk in the morning. I had a different direction in 

mind."3651 

3642 (U) Email, Hicks to S. Miller, Dearborn, and J. Miller, August 2, 2016 (DJTFP00023340); 3643 (U) Email, S:Miller to Hicks, Dearborn, and J. Miller, August 2, 2016 (DJTFP00023340); Email, Hicks to S. 

Miller, Dearborn, and J. Miller, August 2, 2016 (DJTFP00023339-23340). 3644 (U) Email, Isikoffto J. Miller, September 22, 2016 (DJTFP000l 7694); see Michael Isikoff, "U.S. Intel officials 

probe ties between Trump advisor and Kremlin," Yahoo News, September 23, 2016. 3645 (U) Email, J. Miller to Hicks, 'S. Miller, et al., September 22, 2016 (DJTFP00017694). , 3646 (U) Email, Hicks to J. Miller, S. Miller, et al., September 23, 2016 (DJTFP00017694). 3647 (U) Email, S. Miller to Hicks, et al., September 23, 2016 (DJTFP000l 7740). 3648 (U) Email, Hicks to Dearborn, et al., September 23, 2016 (DJTFP000l 7705). 3649 (U) Email, Dearborn to Hicks, et al., September 23, 2016 (DJTFP000l 7711). 3650 (U) Email, Page to J. Miller, et al., September 23, 2016 (DJTFP000l 7783-17784). 3651 (U) Email, J. Miller to Page, et al., September 23, 2016 (DJTFP000l 7783). 

553 
(U) On September 25, 2016, Kellyanne Conway, then-Campaign manager; publicly 

stated that Page was "certainly not part of the campaign I'm rurining."3652 In a forwarded email 

to Hicks, Conway wrote, "Mr. Trump saw this segment and called me to say he has no idea who 

Carter Page is and wants to be sure he has never met him. May be best to check that he did not 

actually meet with him at any point and be ·sure Clovis, et. al [sic] remove Page's name from 

materials, website."3653 Hicks responded, incorrectly: "He did meet with him one time in March · 

at the old post office with a group of about 12 other people. They have never interacted or 

spoken since."3654 As noted previously, Page did not attend the publicized meeting of the other 

national security and foreign policy advisers with Trump on March 31, 2016. 

(U) The Campaign made no formal statement severing its relationship with Page. 

According to Clovis, Jason Miller communicated Page's termination to him. Clovis testified to 

the Committee: "The last I left it with the campaign was Jason Miller was going to take care of 

that. My job was to tell Carter to knock it off, as a person who knew him. As far as I know, 

Jason was the one that laid down the law to him."3655 

(U) Very early on September 26, 2016, Page sent an email to Eric Trump and copying 

numerous other Campaign staff and advisers telling him that: "I wanted you to know that I have 

decided to take a leave of absence from my work on the campaign."3656 He attached a letter, 

dated the d~y before, that he said he intended to send to FBI Director James Comey.3657 Eric· 

Trump forwarded this email to Hicks with the message: "I know nothing of this guy. Do 

you?"3658 Hicks responded: 

Know of him. He was listed on an initial foreign policy adviser board Sam Clovis 

put together in the spring. He has never met or spoken to DJT or anyone on the 

campaign except Sam for that matter. It has now come to light he has ties to the 

Russian government so of course people are pushing it out as if he is the person 

whispering in DJT's ear. Nonsense. Regardless, we requested he resign. I have 

no idea why he is directing that to you. 3659 

As noted, aspects of Hicks's statement are incorrect - although Page never met the candidate, he 

did meet occ~sionally and often communicated with various members of the Campaign staff. 

3652 (U) David Cohen, "Conway denies Trump campaign ties to Russia figure," Politico, September 25, 2016. 3653 (U) Email, Conway to Hicks, September 25, 2016 (DJTFP000 17849). 3654 (U) Email, Hicks to Conway, September 25, 2016. (DJTFP000l 7849). 3655 (U) Clovis Tr., p. 67. The Committee did not interview Jason Miller. 3656 (U) Email, Page to E. Trump, et al., September 26, 2016 (DJTFP00018044-18045). 3657 (U) Ibid 3658 (U) Email, E. Trump to Hicks, September 26, 2016 (DJTFP00018044). 3659 (U) Email, Hicks to E. Trump, September 26, 2016 (DJTFP00018046). 

554 

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COMMITTEE SENSITIVE - RUSSIA INVESTIGATION ONLY 

(U) The letter Page addressed to FBI Director Corney, dated September 25, 2016 stated, 

in part: "I am writing to request the FBI' s prompt end of the reported inquiry regarding my 

personal trip to Russia in July 2016 - an investigation which has been widely mentioned in the 

media."3660 Among other things, Page noted: "I have not met this year with any sanctioned 

official in Russia despite the fact that there are no restrictions on U.S. persons speaking with 

such individuals."3661 He also stated in the letter that he had "interacted with members of the 

U.S. intelligence community, including the FBI and CIA for many decades."3662 

(U) The first FISA order on Page was approved October 21, 2016.3663 

(U) Media attention on Page, and Page's continuing engagement with the media, 

continued to distract the Campaign into the presidential Transition. On the day that Page 

announced his "leave of absence" to Eric Trump, he gave a long interview to The Washington 

Post. 3664 Also on that same day, Page emailed a link to the article to Clovis, Hicks, Miller, Bert 

Mizusawa and Joseph Schmitz, and stated: "now that I've finally begun to defend myself, we're 

starting to quickly set the record straight for everyone."3665 Page also asked Clovis to send him a 

copy of the non-disclosure agreement (NDA) he recalled signing when he joined the Campaign 

as an adviser.3666 Hicks forwarded the email back to Clovis with the request: "Please make sure 

his NDA was in fact counter signed. Send him a copy and please ask him to stop talking. He is 

not being helpful. He has never spoken to or met Mr. Trump."3667 

5. {(J) Page Returns to Russia, December 2016 

(U) Following the election and his separation from the Campaign, Page returned to 

Moscow in mid-December 2016. Page told the Committee that he paid his own way to Moscow 

· in December.3668 Shlomo Weber, who saw Page while he was in Moscow, told the Committee 

he did not know why Page visited. 3669 

3660 (U) Letter, Page to Corney, September 25, 2016 (DJTFP00018045). 

3661 (U) Ibid. 

3662 (U) Ibid. 3663 (U) The Carter Page FISA order and renewals are examined in detail in the DOJ OIG FISA Report. While there 

were several problems with the FBI's FISA renewals for Page, the Committee assesses that Page's previous ties to 

Russian intelligence officers, coupled with his Russian travel, justified the FBI's initial concerns about Page. 3664 (U) Josh Rogin, "Trump's Russia adviser speaks out, calls accusations 'complete garbage,"' The Washington 

Post, September 26, 2016. 3665 (U) Email, Page to Clovis, et al., September 26, 2016 (DJTFP00018048-18049). 

3666 (U) Ibid. 3667 (U) Email, Hicks to Clovis, et. al, September 26, 2016 (DJTFP00018052). 3668 (U) C. Page Tr., p. 287. 3669 (U) Weber Tr., pp. 135-137. 

555 

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COMMITTEE SENSITIVE ..... RUSSIA INVESTIGATION ONLY 

(U) On December 12, 2016, Page made a live televised presentation from the auditorium 

of the Rossiya Segodnya International Information Agency, which is a news organization of the 

Russian govemment.3670 Denis Klimentov, who in December was the press secretary for the 

NES, told the FBI that Page contacted the news agency on his own, and the agency 

enthusiastically accepted, based on Page's notoriety by that time.3671 

(U) While Weber insisted that the NES had nothing to do with Page's December 

visit,3672 he did accept Page's request to introduce him at the public speech, which was sparsely 

attended, :μiostly by Russian and international journalists. Video of the event shows that, among 

the logos of Russia state media that appear behind Page on the electronic screen, the NES logo 

also appears. 3673 ' · 

(U) Page's speech included criticisms of Bill and Hillary Clinton, as well as a reference 

to "conspiracy theories about Wikileaks used to distract from disastrous information revealed on 

her illegal mail server."3674 Page praised Rex Tillerson, who had been nominated to be Secretary 

of State, and inserted a reference to Igor Sechin, who Page stated he "didn't meet ... but it would 

have been a great honor."3675 Page stated that there was "nothing there" on reports of Russia's 

intervention in the U.S. presidential election.3676 Page also said, when asked about whether he's 

met with Trump, ·"I've certainly been in a number of meetings with him."3677 

(U) Weber convened a small dinner for Page during this visit, which included Klimentov 

and a Vice Rector ofNES.3678 Weber said that once Page arrived in Russia, Page asked that 

Weber invite Deputy Prime Minister Dvorkovich to meet with him, which Weber did, not 

expecting Dvorkovich to accept.3679 According to Weber, Page made the request because "it 

would be good t.o discuss the future relationship under the new president." Dvorkovich was the . 

only request Page made. 3680 

3670 (U) See YouTube, "LIVE: Former Trump adviser Carter Page holds presentation in·Moscow," December 12, 

2016. 

3671 (U) FBI, FD-302, Denis Klimentov 6/9/2017. 3672 (U) Weber Tr., pp. 135-137. 3673 (U) See YouTube, "LIVE: Former Trump adviser Carter Page holds presentation in Moscow," December 12, 

2016. · 3674 (U) Ibid, starting at 14:14, 23:57, and 25:45 (related to the Clintons); at 22:54 and 24:25 (related to WikiLeaks) 3675 (U) Ibid, starting at 15:30 (related to Tillerson); at 12:43, 16:23, and 22:42 (related to Sechin). • 3676 (U) Ibid, starting at 42:08. 3677 (U) Ibid, starting at 29:54. While the Committee is aware that Page attended events in which T~mp spoke, the 

Committee is not aware of any instance in which Trump and Page attended the same "meeting." 3678 (U) Weber Tr., p. 160. 3679 (U) Ibid, pp. 156 -157, 164. 3680 (U) Ibid, p. 157. 

556 

COMMITTEE SENSITIVE -RUSSIA INVESTIGATION ONLY 
(U) Weber said he was "shocked" that Dvorkovich showed up.3681 He' did not stay for 

the full dinner, but only for about 30 to 35 minutes.3682 Weber recalled that Page did not speak 

much, but that Dvorkovich spoke of "[f]uture relationships" and the "[e]conomic relationship" 

between Russia and the United States.3683 Weber told the Committee that although the 

"economic relationship" and "difficulties of the relationship" were discussed, sanctions were not 

explicitly mentioned.3684 Dvorkovich also "explained that the Russia would like to be a friend of 

the United States."3685 

(U) Page told the Committee he once again met with Andrey Baranov of Rosneft during 

his December 2016 trip.3686 

(U) The information produced by Page for the Committee does not include many details 

of his time in Moscow, in either July or December, nor was Page able to account for much of his 

time on the ground in Moscow in his interview with the Committee. The Committee has no 

further insight into Page's other meetings or activities there. 

6. (U) Page During the Transition 

(U) Page told the Committee that he "sent a note" and "talked with a few people in the 

transition, that ifl could help in any way, you know, I would be open to that."3687 According to 

the-SCO Report: 

On November 14, 2016, [Page] submitted an application to the Transition Team 

that inflated his credentials and experiences, stating that in his capacity as a 

Trump Cpmpaign foreign policy advisor he had met with "top world leaders" and 

"effectively responded to diplomatic outreach efforts.from senior government 

officials in Asia, Europe, the Middle East, Africa, { and] the Americas. " Page 

received no response from the Transition Team. 3688 

3681 (U) Ibid, p. 164. Despite attending the dinner with Page and Dvorkovich in Moscow, in interview with the 

FBI, Klimentov denied knowing about any meeting between Page and Dvorkovich. FBI, FD-302, Denis Klimentov 

6/9/2017. Separately, Klimentov may have met with Page in the United States shortly before Page's December 

2016 trip. According to Page's personal schedule he maintained on his computer, on Nov~mber 26, 2016, Page and 

Klimentov were scheduled to meet for lunch in New York. "travel and work records.xlsx" (Page Production). 3682 (U) Weber Tr., pp. 170-171. · 3683 (U) Ibid, pp. 167-168. . 3684 (U) Ibid., pp. 168-169. 3685 (U) Ibid, p. 168. 3686 (U) C. Page Tr., p. 287. 3687 (U) Ibid, p. 295. 3688 (U) SCO Report, Vol. I, pp. 102-103 (internal citations omitted). 

557 

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(U) Twice during the Transition Page was explicitly asked in writing by Donald 

McGahn, who at the time remained counsel to the Trump Campaign, to stop making 

misrepresentations of his association with the Trump. Campaign in the media. On December 22, 

McGahn sent Page a letter instructing Page to stop associating himself with the Campaign. 3689 

On December 25, 2016, Page sent a lengthy email to Hicks, copying McGahn, K.T. McFarland, 

and Keith Kellogg.3690 While the email reprises and expands on Page's objections to the way he 

perceived himself to having been treated, it includes in one section: 

A long list of top U.S. foreign policy leaders have contacted me to offer their 

support to the Trump Administration's agenda. The same holds for even mo.re 

senior Russian leaders, but I won't mention them in writing out of risk of some 

new bogus media controversy or federal investigation. 3691 

(U) On January 16, 2017, McGahn again wrote to Page, citing the previous letter from 

December 22, 2016. He wrote: 

Given that you have no role with Donald J. Trump for President, Inc., or the 

President-Elect 's Transition Team, or with any other entity associated with Mr. 

Trump, we ask that you immediately cease suggesting to anyone that you are 

anything other than a former member ofan advisory committee who never 

actually met with the President-Elect. 3692 

7. (U) Page in the "Steele Dossier" 

(U) J,lage is featured rominentl in what is referred to as the Steele dossier, materials 

prepared in 2016 by former officer Christopher Steele. 3693 Of 

the 17 reports that comprise the 35-page publicly available Steele dossier, first released in its 

entirety by BuzzFeed on January 10, 2017, Page is named in eight of them. 

(U) Regarding assertions in the Steele dossier about Page, the Committee heard 

testimony from Michael Cohen that he never met Page.3694 Page told the Committee he never 

met Paul Manafort, but included him only once on a group email, for which he was chastised by 

3689 (U) See Letter, McGahn to Page, January 16, 2017 (DJTFP00027831) (referring to a prior December 22, 2016 

letter to Page). The Committee asked for all Donald Trump for President, Inc., materials jn its document production 

request, but did not obtain a copy of the December 22, 2016 letter. 3690 (U) Email, Page to Hicks, McGahn, McFarland, and Kellogg, December 25, 2016 (DJTFP00025723). 

3691 (U) Ibid. 3692 (U) Letter, McGahn to Page, January 16, 2017 (DJTFP00027831). 3693 (U) Ken Bensinger, et al., "These Reports Allege Trump Has Deep Ties to Russia," BuzzFeed News, January 

10, 2017. 3694 (U) Cohen Tr., p. 245. 

558 

COMMITTEE SENSITIVE - RUSSIA INVESTIGATION ONLY 
others on the Campaign.3695 He told the Committee he never met, nor "heard of," Igor 

Diveykin.3696 Page has publicly and repeatedly denied meeting with Igor Sechin.3697 Other than 

the dossier's assertions that Page traveled to Moscow in July 2016 and served as a foreign policy 

adviser to Trump-facts which were readily available in news reports at the time of their 

inclusion in the dossier-the Committee did not find any information that corroborates the 

allegations related to Page in the dossier. For more information on the dos~ier, see infra Vol. 5, 

Sec. IV.B. 

3695 (U) C. Page Tr., pp. 196-197, 214. 3696 (U) Ibid., pp. 165-166. 3697 (U) See, e.g., HPSCI Transcript of the Interview with Carter Page, November 2, 2017, p. 101. 

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G. (l.[) Trump's Foreign Policy Speech at the Mayflower Hotel 

1. (U) Introduction and Findings 

(U) On April 27, 2016, Trump gave a high-profile speech at the Mayflower Hotel inWashingtort, D.C., the first formal campaign presentation of his approach to foreign policy.3698 

Immediately before the speech, some members of the Campaign, including Trump, Kushner, and 

possibly Sessions, briefly met the Russian ambassador, Sergei Kislyak, along with other select 

"VIPs" in a corner of the room where the speech was given. The Committee examined whether 

anything-related to this event raised counterintelligence questions. 

(U) The Committee found no evidence that foreign interference occurred during or as a 

result of the April 27, 2016, Trump campaign speech held at the Mayflower Hotel. The 

Committee found that language in the speech about Russia was drafted by the Campaign's senior 

speech writer, Stephen Miller, and was consistent with the candidate's views. 

(U) The Mayflower speech was organized by the Washington-based Center for the 

National Interest (CNI), a nonpartisan think tank, at the request of the Trump Campaign. Dmitri 

Simes, the president of CNI, worked with the Campaign to organize the event.3699 

(U) Russian ambassador Sergei Kislyak, along with other members of the Washington 

diplomatic corps, was invited to the speech by Simes, with the Campaign's knowledge. Trump 

met Kislyak for the first time in a small VIP receiving line arranged briefly before the speech. 

Kislyak also spoke to Kushner and expressed to him Russia's interest in Trump's position on 

improved bilateral relations if Trump were elected. · 

(U) The Committee could not reliably determine whether then-Senator Jeff Sessions, the 

chairman of the Campaign's National Security Advisory Committee, met and spoke with Kislyak 

at the event. Sessions did not recall meeting the ambassador at this event, but allowed that it was 

possible and asserted that ifhe had spoken with Kislyak, "[I]t would've been .... nothing 

improper."3100 

3698 (U) On March 21, 2016, Trump gave a speech on U.S.-Israeli relatio•ns before the American Israel Public 

Affairs Committee in Washington, D.C. 3699 (U) Simes is a Russian scholar who emigrated from the Soviet Union in the 1970s, and who has written about 

Russia since. In the early 1990s, Simes served as senior advisor to former President Richard Nixon, and 

accompanied Nixon on his last private trips to the Russia in the early 1990s. In his years at CNI, Simes had also had 

interactions with Alexander Torshin and Maria Butina. See infra Vol. 5, Sec. ill.H. 3700 (U) SSCI Transcript of the Open Hearing with Attorney General Jeff Sessions, June 13, 2017. 

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2. (U) The Mayflower Speech 

i. (U) Organizing the Event 

(U) Simes and Jared Kushner first discussed the concept of the speech after they met in 

New York City in March 2016, at a luncheon hosted by a member of CNI's board where Henry 

Kissinger, at the time an honorary chairman of the CNI board, spoke. Kushner requested a 

meeting with Simes for later in the month, but then reached out to Simes by phone and raised the 

possibility of CNI hosting Trump's first foreign policy speech, a request Simes and CNI 

accepted.3702 Simes stated that he and the Center wanted to provide a platform for a serious, 

foreign policy pronouncement, not a campaign event, and offered that CNI, in addition to hosting 

and organizing the logistics of the event, would avail the Campaign of the substantive national 

security advice of CNI' s members. While the Campaign agreed to CNI organizing and hosting 

the event, no one in the Campaign relied on CNI' s expertise. Simes also told the Committee 

that "[w]e never had substantive interactions with Mr. Trump."3703 

(U) The Trump Campaign chose the Mayflower hotel as the venue after Trump rejected 

the National Press Club because he deemed it too small and unable to accommodate "35-45 

cameras."3704 The Campaign focused on the optics of the event, and CNI issued invitations to 

what they viewed as a typical list of Washington experts, media, government figures, and 

ambassadors, many of whom had previously attended CNI events.3705 

(U) At the end of the Monday prior to the speech, April 25, Simes emailed Kushner with 

the most recent "acceptance list," which listed 64 individuals, including four ambassadors: the 

ambassadors from the Philippines, Italy, and Singapore, and Russian Ambassador Sergei 

Kislyak. 3706 Later that evening, Simes sent another email to Kushner proposing attendees who 

should be invited to the event's "VIP reception." There were 13 individuals Simes suggested, 

including the ambassadors of the Philippines and Italy, but not the ambassadors of Singapore or 

3701 

3702 (U) SSCI Transcript o 3703 (U) Ibid., pp. 31-32. 3704 (U) Ibid., pp. 46--48. The candidate had also proposed his Virginia golf club as a venue, which CNI rejected. 3705 (U) Ibid., p. 53. A Committee staff member attended the event. That staff member was not part of the Russia 

investigation team. 3706 (U) Email, Simes to Kushner, April 25, 2016 (NSSCIO000000l-5). Not all confirmed attendees attended. 

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Russia.3707 The list also included Celeste Wallander, at the time Senior Director for Russian 

Affairs at the National Security Council, who ultimately did not attend the event.3708 

(U) According to Simes, the Campaign made "no request about bringing any foreigners 

to the meeting and most certainly no particular requests about bringing any Russians to the 

meeting. "3709 

ii. (U) Drafting the Speech 

(U) Stephen Miller, at the time the senior policy adviser to the Campaign, was the 

"predominant writer" of the speech.3710 While Simes offered to assist in drafting the speech,3711 

Miller told the Committee that "the speech itself was written from a zero-based draft on a blank 

sheet,"3712 and that "everything in the speech is informed by the candidate's own publicly-stated 

views on all these issues."3713 

(U) The Committee reviewed drafts of the speech as it was shared for comments and 

edits among senior Campaign staff, to include Manafort, Gates, Lewandowski, Miller, and 

others, and as it evolved into the final version delivered by Trump. These drafts included 

comments and suggested edits by several members of the national .security advisory 

committee. 3714 

(U) The. Committee assesses that the drafts of the speech it reviewed showed consistent 

language regarding Russia through the five days of drafting. For example, an April 22 draft 

3707 (U) Email, Simes to Kushner, April 25, 2016 (NSSCI00000007-8). 

310s (U) Ibid 3709 (U) Simes Tr., p. 52. 3710 (U) Miller interview, p. 131. 3711 (U) Simes Tr., pp. 36-37. 3712 (U) Ibid., p. 123. 3713 (U) Ibid., p. 132. . 3714 (U) Email, Manafort to Gates, April 24, 2016 (DJTFPOOl 1000-11012) (attaching draft speech); Email, Gates to 

Manafort, April 22, 2016 (DJTFP00010810-10823) (attaching draft speech); Email, Christie to Lewandowski and 

Manafort (DJTFP00010834-10845) (attaching draft speech); Email,Manafort to [mfreedman@globalimpact.com], 

April 22, 2016 (DJTFP00010861-10871) (attaching draft speech); Email, Kubic to Lewandowski, April 23, 2016 

(DJTFP00010873-10897) (attaching draft speech); Email, Lewandowski to Manafort, Christie, Kushner, and S. 

Miller, April 23, 2016 (DJTFP00010898-10928) (attaching multiple draft speech-documents); Email, Chang to 

Lewandowski, S. Miller, and Manafort, April 24, 2016 (DJTFP00010957-10969) (attaching draft speech); Email, S. 

Miller to Lewandowski, April 23, 2016 (DJTFP00010935-10945) (attaching multiple draft speech documents); 

Email, S. Miller to Chang, Lutes, and Gates, April 24, 2016 (DJTFP00010946-10956) (attaching draft speech); 

Email, Kubic to Lewandowski, April 24, 2016 (DJTFP00010970-10978) (attaching draft speech); Email, Kubic to 

Lewandowski, April 24, 2016 (DJTFP00010979-10999) (attaching draft speech); Email, Gates to Manafort, April 

27, 2016 (DTFP00011265-11290) (attaching draft speech). 

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includes the language: "My negotiating skills tell me an easing of tensions and improved 

relations with Russia is possible. Some say the Russians won't be reasonable. I intend to find 

out."3715 When Trump delivered the speech, he said: "Some say the Russians won't be 

reasonable. I intend to find out."3716 · 

(U) As drafts were circulated, stronger language on Russia was proposed by New Jersey 

Governor Chris Christie and national security advisory committee member Admiral Chuck 

Kubic. Christie's suggested additions to the draft speech included a bullet that stated: 

We need to stand up to Russian aggression together, and make clear that our . 

commitment to our NATO allies in Eastern Europe is absolute. And if Putin's 

Russia wants to rejoin the community of civilized nations, then they 're going to . 

have to behave like one. 3717 

(U) Kubic's suggested add on Russia stated: 

How we deal with Russia in the years ahead will be a test for how we will stand 

with all ow allies everywhere . . We should remain focused on achieving peace 

through economic and military strength, recognize areas where we have 

"common cause" with the Russian people, and make it clearly known that once 

again American is playing to win and won't back down. 3718 

(U) Neither of these suggested additions was accepted. The final language delivered by 

Trump on April 27 was consistent with the drafts the Committee reviewed. The only references 

to Russia in the speech are one sentence that states, "The Russians and Chinese have rapidly 

expanded their military capability, but look what's happened to us," and the following passage: 

We desire to live peacefully and in friendship with Russia and China. We have 

serious differences with these two nations, and must regard them with open eyes, 

but we are not bound to be adversaries. · We should seek common ground based 

on shared interests. 

Russia, for instance, has .also seen the horror of Islamic terrorism. I believe an 

easing of tensions, and improved relations with Russia from a position of strength 

3715 (U) Email, Gates to Manafort, April 22, 2016 (DJTFP00010810-10823) (attaching draft speech). 3716 (U) "Transcript: Donald Trump's Foreign Policy Speech," The New York Times, April 27, 2016 (transcribed by 

the Federal_News Service). 3717 (U) Email, Christie to Lewandowl1ki and Manafort, April 22, 2016 (DJTFP00010834, 10842). 3718 (U) Email, Kubic to Lewandowski, April 23, 2016 (DJTFP00010873, 10882). 

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only is possible, absolutely possible. Common sense says this cycle, this horrible 

cycle of hostility must end and ideally will end soon. Good for both countries. 

Some say the Russians won't be reasonable. I intend to find out. If we can't 

make a deal under my administration, a deal that's great'- not good, great-for 

America, but also good for Russia, then we will quickly walk.from the table. It's 

as simple as that. We 're going to find out. 3719 

(U) While the speech touched on many other topics, the only other topic of tangential 

relation to Russia was Trump's criticism regarding unfair burden-sharing among NATO allies, a 

theme Trump was already voicing in public.3720 

iii. (U) The VIP Reception 

(U) CNI organized a reception before the speech for "VIP" attendees in a space 

cordoned off by a curtain in the same room used for the speech. The reception included 

approximately 20-25 attendees, mostly members of Congress and ambassadors. Trump arrived 

approximately 15 minutes before the speech and a reception line in the designated VIP area was 

assembled to meet him. This was where Trump met Kislyak.3721 Simes introduced them and 

observed only an exchange of pleasantries between the two. Simes told the Committee that he 

believed this was the first time the two met, and that "they were not familiar with each other."3722 

Jared Kushner, who accompanied Trump for this event, told the Committee that he also shook 

Kislyak's hand and that the ambassador told him: "I really like what he's saying; America and 

Russia should have a good relationship; we don't have one now with the current administration; 

and I hope if President Trump wins that will change."3723 

(U) In addition to Simes, Kushner, and Miller, the Committee interviewed the following 

Trump Campaign staffers who attended the speech: Cory Lewandowski, Hope Hicks, John 

Mashburn, J.D. Gordon, and Rick Dearborn. The Committee also interviewed Sandy Luff, who 

during 2016 had served as Legislative Director for Session's Senate office. None of them knew 

at the time who the Russian ambassador was, nor what he looked like, but most of them were 

attending to, various duties and were not in the reception area. The Committee notes that, by 

election night, 2016, neither Kushner nor Hicks could recall the name of the Russian ambassador 

3719 (U) "Transcript: Donald Trump's Foreign Policy Speech," The New York Times, April 27, 2016 (transcribed by 

the Federal News Service). 3720 (U) For example, Trump raised this issue in on-the-record interviews with The Washington Post on March 25, 

2016 (published March 26) and The New York Times on March 21, 2016. 3721 (U) Simes Tr., pp. 53-58. 3722 (U) Ibid, p. 67. Simes told the Committee he had lunch with Kislyak the week prior and that Kislyak 

"indicated to me he did not know Mr. Trump." 3723 (U) Kushner Tr., p. 26 

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when they were contacted by the Embassy to pass on congratulations to Trump for winning the 

election. 3724 · · 

(U) Sessi~ns attended the Mayflower event as chairman of Trump's national security 

advisory committee. During his January 10, 2017, confirmation hearing on his nomination to be_ 

Attorney General, Sessions failed to reveal sever!J.l meetings with Kislyak to the Judiciary 

Committee. 3725 According to an amended submission from Sessions, these included a meeting · 

with Ambassador Kislyak in Sessions's Senate office in September 2016 and an encounter with 

the Ambassador at the July 2016 Republican National Convention in Cleveland. However, 

Sessions consistently said he could not recall meeting Kislyak ar the Mayflower event. 3726 

(U) The Committee held an open hearing with Sessions to address this issue on June 13, 

2017. In prepared remarks issued as a Department of Justice press·release on the same day, 

Sessions stated: 

Though I do recall several conversations I had during that pre-speech reception, I 

do not have any recollection of meeting or talking to the Russian Ambassador or 

• any other Russian officials. If any brief interaction occurred in passing with the 

Russian Ambassador during that reception, I do not remember it . . . . But 

whether I ever attended a reception where the Russian Ambassador was also 

present is entirely beside the point of this investigation into Russian interference 

with the 2016 campaigns. Let me state clearly: I have never met with or had any 

conversations with Russians or any foreign officials concerning any type of 

interference with any campaign or election. Further, I have no knowledge of any 

such conversations by anyone connected to the Trump campaign.3727 

(U) . When Vice Chairman Warner pressed Sessions on his failure to .recall his meeting 

with Kislyak at the Mayflower, Sessions responded: "I don't recaH it, Senator Warner. It 

would've been·certainly, I can assure you, nothing improper; ifl'd haq a conversation with him. 

And it's conceivable that it occurred. I just don't remember it."3728 · 

3724 (U) Simes Tr., p. 113; Kushner Tr., p. 55. 3725 (U) Senate Judiciary Committee, "Confirmation Hearing on the Nomination of Hon. Jeff Sessions to be 

Attorney General oftheUnited States," January 10-11, 2017. 3726 (U) Letter, Sessions to Grassley and Feinstein, March 6, 2017. 3727 (U) "Attorney General Jeff Sessions Prepared Remarks To The United States Senate Select Committee on 

Intelligence," June 13, 2017. · 3728 (U) SSCI Transcript of the Open Hearing with Jeff Sessions, June 13, 2.017, p. 37. 

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(U) The Committee asked multiple individuals in attendance at the event that day if they 

saw Sessions and Kislyak together.3729 All knew Senator Sessions, but none knew who the 

Russian ambassador was. Thus, they could not speak to seeing them together. In the spring of 

2017 following Sessions' confirmation hearing, CNI issued a statement that said: "We are not 

aware of any conversation between Ambassador Kislyak and Senator Jeff Sessions at the 

reception. However, in a small group setting like this one, we consider it unlikely that anyone 

could have engaged in a meaningful private conversation without drawing attention from others 

present."3730 The Committee asked Simes about his recollection of any encounter between 

Sessions and Kislyak. Simes told the Committee: "I did not focus on who was talking to who. 

But since you asked and since it became an issue, I have looked into this after the event, and I 

could not find a single person who saw Mr. Kislyak and Mr. Sessions talking to each other."3731 

3729 (U) These included Cory Lewandowski, Hope Hicks, J.D. Gordon, Rick Dearborn, Sandy Luff, Jared Kushner, 

John Mashburn, and Stephen Miller. 3730 (U) "Statement Regarding President Trump's April 27, 2016 Foreign Policy Speech at the Center for the 

National Interest," The National Interest, March 8, 2017. The National Interest is the flagship journal ofCNI. 3731 U Simes Tr. . 64. 3732 

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-

-

-

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H. (U) Maria Butina and Alexander Torshin 

1. (U) Introduction and Findings 

(U) The Committee sought to understand the activities of Russian national Maria Butina 

and Russian government official Al,exander Torshin related to the 2016 U.S. election. Starting in 

2013, and continuing over a several year period, Butina and Torshin established a broad network 

ofrelationships with the leaders of the Nation~l Rifle Association (NRA), conservative political 

operatives, Republican government officials, and individuals connected to the Trump Campaign, 

and took steps to establish informal communications channels to influence American 

government policy towards Russia. Butina and Torshin's activities were known to and almost 

certainly approved by the Kremlin and the Russian Ministry of Foreign Affairs. In December 

2018, Butina pleaded guilty to failing to regist.er as a foreign agent·ofRussia for her U.S. 

activities. The Committee sought to understand whether Butina's and Torshin's activities, and 

that of their associates, amounted to a counterintelligence threat. 

(U) During its investigation, the Committee interviewed a number of individuals with 

direct insight into the nature ofButina and Torshin's activities. The Committee interviewed 

Butina on April 16, 2018.3736 However, the Committee faced significant limitations _in its efforts 

to fully understand Butina and Torshin's activities. In particular, the Committee's ability to gain 

insights into elements of their efforts that occurred in Russj~ was limited, and the Committee 

never spoke with Torshin. The Committee's inability to compel testimony from Butina's close 

associate and financial backer Paul Erickson also hindered its ability to fully address some 

aspects of Butina and Torshin's activities.3737 

(U) The Committee found that Maria Butina and Alexander Torshin engaged in a multiyear influence campaign and intelligence-gathering effort targeting the NRA, the Republican 

Party, and conservative U.S. political organizations for the benefit of the Russian government. 

Their goal was to develop and use backchannel communications to influence U.S. policy outside 

of the formal diplomatic process to Russia's advantage and to the detriment of the United States .. 

(U) Torshin's and Butina's efforts began in at least 2013 and continued until at least 

2018. Torshin and Butina initially leveraged Torshin's existing relationships with the NRA's 

3736 (U) Butina's testimony was frequently incomplete and misleading. 3737 (U) Erickson did produce documents pursuant to a Committee subpoena, but he asserted his Fifth Amendment 

rights in response to a subpoena for his testimony. Erickson was indicted in February 2019 for money laundering 

and wire fraud. See U.S. Attorney's Office for the District of South Dakota, "Sioux Falls Man Charged with Wire 

Fraud and Money Laundering," February 7, 2019. Documents were also produced to the Committee by the NRA, 

sporadically and on a rolling basis, beginning in October 2018 and lasting through February 2020, which 

substantially constrained the Committee's ability to make use of the later-produced materials .. It is npt.clear to the 

Committee why the NRA's production was delayed so significantly. 

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senior leadership. In 2015, Butina and Torshin hosted several NRA leaders in Moscow, where 

they convened meetings between the NRA delegation, Russian oligarchs, and other Kremlinconnected figures, including individuals subject to U.S. sanctions. The NRA delegation 

welcomed these interactions, and some later facilitated Torshin and Butina's continuing efforts 

by inviting them to events in the United States and making introductions. Over time, Butina and 

Torshin gained further access to U.S. conservative political circles and met prominent 

Republican figures such as a Republican candidate for president, a Republican congressman, and 

Donald Trump Jr. 

(U) Torshin was Butina's primary backer and link to elements of the Russian 

government. Torshin advised Butina on where to focus her efforts and assisted her in making 

inroads with the NRA and elsewhere. Butina reported back to Torshin on her U.S. activities, 

including in written papers that she understood Torshin would share with Russian government 

entities, such as the Ministry of Foreign Affairs (MFA). Butina's reports included assessments 

of the Republican Party's presidential nominees; the NRA's relationship with the Republican 

Party; and individuals who were of potential interest to Russian influence efforts. 

(U) Butina provided Torshin with written assessments ofRepub~ican presidential 

candidates, including their likelihood of winning the Republican Party nomination and the 

general election. After Trump became the presumptive nominee, and throughout the general 

election, Butina and Torshin focused their influence efforts on the Trump Campaign to shape the 

incoming Trump administration's position on Russia. On several occasions, Butina and Torshin 

attempted to negotiate meetings for themselves with Trump and between Trump and Russian 

President Vladimir Putin. 

IIIIIIIIRogozin significan 

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(U) Butina had support from, and contact with, numerous Kremlin-linked oligarchs, 

whom she and Torshin introduced to NRA visitors in Mo·scow. These individuals included 

Konstantin Nikolaev, a major financial backer ofButina's gun-rights organization with reported 

ties to the Russian Presidential Administration and Russian security services, and U.S.-

sanctioned Dmitry Rogozin, then the Deputy Prime Minister of the Russian defense and space 

industries. 

(U) Butina's access to the NRA and conservative political organizations was greatly 

enabled by Americans, including Paul Erickson and David Keene. Erickson was almost 

certainly aware that she was acting in furtherance of Russian government interests and 

coordinating her activities with Torshin. Erickson and Keene helped Butina identify 

opportunities to advance her goals, including by inviting and accompanying her to conferences 

and meetings and introducing her to politically-active individuals. 

2. (U) Background on Maria Butina and Alexander Torshin 

i. (U) Maria Butina 

. . (U) Butina was born in Barnaul, Russia, a city in Siberia, and graduated from Altai State 

University in 2010.3738 In 2010, Butina, whose father had taught her how to shoot, founded a 

small gun rights organization in Barnaul.3739 Then, after starting a regional furniture chain, 

Butina said that she moved to Moscow in 2011 with the intention of growing her business. 3740 

Because the furniture business did not seem viable in Moscow, she sold the business and turned 

to work in social media advertising. 3741 She also shifted her attention back to the gun rights 

organization, expanding the group's membership and ultimately registering it as a nation-wide 

organization under the name "Right to Bear Arms" in 2014.3742 

(U) Although private gun ownership is generally outlawed in Russia, Butina explained 

that she had little difficulty in growing her organization and·obtaining national registration.3743 

Butina acknowledged general opposition by the Russian government to gun rights, but said her 

3738 (U) SSCI Transcript of the Interview with Maria Butina, April ~6, 2018, p. 5. In 2008, Butina briefly 

participated in a program run by the International Republican Institute (IRI) in association with Vladimir Ryzhkov, a 

former Russian government official who she described as an "oppositional figure" who had funding from Mikhail 

Khodorkovsky. Ibid., pp. 12, 100-101. · 

3739 (U) Ibid., p. 7. 3740 (U) -Jbid., pp. 10-11. 3741 (U) Ibid., p. 11. 3742 (U) Ibid., pp. 9-10. 3743 (U) Ibid., pp. 8-9 ("We didn't have any formal resistance. We had problems with [the] change in registration, 

because it's a bit controversial by default, as you may guess."). 

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group was able to work with the Duma.3744 According to Butina, the organization eventually 

grew to over 10,000 members.3745 

(U) Butina in part chalked her success up to "good lawyers."3746 But, she also benefited 

from broad connections to Russian government officials 'and oligarchs, including Alexander 

Torsh~n, Konstantin Nikolaev, and Dmitry Rogozin, among others. 

(U) Butina told the Committee that she met Alexander Torshin in•20l 1 or 2012, during 

her first year in Moscow, following a public demonstration by her group. Torshin, who at the 

time was the first vice chairman of the Federation Council-ostensibly Russia's version of the 

Senate-attended the demonstration, and Butina said she knew him from his Twitter account. 3747 

Butina subsequently met with Torshin in his office anp they "became friends." 3748 When 

Torshin later became the Deputy Governor of Russia's Central Bank, Butina took the title of his 

''special assistant," accompanied him on trips to the. United States, was present for interactions · 

with the NRA and U.S. political figures, and also provided English interpretation and 

translation. 3749 · 

(U) In addition to Torshin's support, Butina also secured financial backing for her gun 

rights organization from two significant Russian funders: Konstantin Nikolaev and Igor 

Zaytsev. 3750 

(U) Nikolaev, a Russian oligarch with reported·ties to the Russian Presidential 

Administration and Russian security services,3751 is a part owner of Russian private rail transport 

company N-trans,3752 and serves on the board of American Ethane, a Houston-based ethane 

company chaired by Mikhail Yuriev, a former Deputy Chairman of the Russian Parliament.3753 

3744 (U) Ibid, p. 34. 3745 (U) Ibid., p. 19. 

3746 (U) Ibid., p. 9. 3747 (U) Ibid., pp. 16-17. 3748 (U) Ibid., p. 17. 3749 (U) Ibid., pp. 18-21. 

mo (U) Ibid., pp. 22-23. 3751 (U) Mike McIntire, "Billionaire Backer of Maria Butina Had Russian Security Ties," The New York Times, 

September 21, 2018; Jon Swaine, "Maria Butina: ties emerge between NRA, alleged spy and Russian billionaire," 

The Guardian, July 26, 2018. · · 3752 (U) Butina Tr., p. 181. 3753 (U) See Letter, Yuriev to U.S. Department of State, April 26, 2015 (TSG00070~1). Nikolaev's son, Andrey, 

was also in communication with Darren Blanton around and following inauguration. Written Responses, Blanton, 

August 16, 2019. Blanton is a businessman who secured a contract (through his relationships with Michael Flynn 

and Steve Bannon) to provide social media influencing for the Trump Campaign in 2016. See infra Vol. 5, Sec. 

III.J.4. 

571 
Butina told the Committee that Nikolaev supported gun rights because he was a libertarian, 3754 

but also acknowledged that Nikolaev is an investor in a major Russian gun manufacturer run by 

his wife.3755 According to Butina, Nikolaev approached her through an individual named Igor 

Pisarsky to offer financial backing with no strings attached: "we don't want anything; you do 

whatever you want; we just support this issue."3756 

(U) Butina described Zaytsev, her other donor, only as the owner of a chain of jewelry 

stores outside ofMoscow.3757 

(U) Butina also found an ally in Dmitry Rogozin, who served as a Deputy Prime 

Minister of Russia over the defense and space industries from 2011 to 2018.3758 Rogozin was 

Russia's ambassador to NATO from 2008 to 2011.3759 In March 2014, he was sanctioned by the 

United States for his role in Russia's invasion of Ukraine.3760 As of May 2018, Rogozin was 

appointed to serve as. the General Director of the Russian State Corporation for Space 

(Roscosmos).3761 Rogozin had no formal role with Butina's group, but he was on the boardalong with Torshin--ofthe "Federal Practical Shooting Association," a Russian organization that 

promotes shooting competitions.3762 Butina told the) Committee that Rogozin also led a group to 

advocate for changes to Russian gun rights laws that brought together manufacturers and 

advocacy organizations, on which Butina had a seat. 3763 

3754 (U) Butina Tr., pp. 22, 125. 3755 (U) Ibid., p. 178. 3756 (U) Ibid., p. 182. Butina described Pisarsky as a "PR person" who she said "has done several presidential 

campaigns for pro-government candidates and anti-government candidates in Russia." Ibid., p. 176. 

3757 !!JJ • .!li,1,d-, pp. 22-23. 3758 - Butina recalled that Rogozin "control[led] the military complex of Russia." Butina Tr., p. 156. 

Rogozm met with Putin re ularl . See Event Feed President of Russia, kremlin.ru readouts of meetin s between 

Putin and Rogozin). 3759 (U) "Putin Picks Dmitry Rogozm, a lea ing nationa ist, to be NATO envoy," The New York Times, January 10, 

2008; Lada Korotun, "Russian Senators approve Grushko to be Russia's new ambassador to NATO," Atlantic 

Council, July 17, 2012. 3760 (U) The White House, "FACT Sheet: Ukraine-Related Sanctions," March 17, 2014. 3761 (U) Events, "Dmitry Rogozin appointed General Director ofRoscosmos State Corporation for Space 

Activities," kremlin.ru, May 24, 2018. 3762 (U) Butina Tr., pp. 183-184. 3763 U Ibid. . 186-187. 3764 

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• 

I 

(U) Butina told the Committee that she eventually determined that she "need[ ed] to take 

an absence" from Russia and "get an education in the West."3767 She matriculated to the 

American University School oflntemational Service and started living full-time in the United 

States in May 2016. 3768 Emails between Erickson and Butina suggest that Erickson funded at 

least part ofButina's education and living expenses, either directly or through Bridges LLC.3769 

I 

3765 (U) Ibid. 3766 (U) Ibid. 3767 (U) Butina Tr., p. 6. 3768 (U) Ibid.; Email, Butina to Erickson, May 31, 2016 (MB 0002918). The Committee requested documents 

pertaining to Butina from American University. The documents were ultimately not produced, despite negotiations 

over the request. 3769 (U) See, e.g., Butina Tr., pp. 117, 121-22, 154; Email, Singh to Erickson, May 16, 2016 (MB 0001553) 

( approving apartment lease application for Maria Butina); Check, Bridges LLC to Butina in the amount of $10,000, 

Febru 1 2016 si ned b Paul Erickson for "Febru distribution" submitted as roof of income verification. 

573 
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I 

I 

. -The Committee assesses that the nature and extent ofButina's contacts and 

certain communications are indicative of work for the Russian intelligence services and 

inconsistent with her claims to the Committee about her activities and intentions in the United 

States. 

I 

I 

I 

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• 

(U) On December 13, 2018, Butina pleaded guilty to conspiring to act as an unregistered 

agent of Russia during her time in the United States.3780 'Butina admitted that, beginning irt at 

least March 2015, she sought to establish and use "unofficial lines of communication with 

Americans having influence over U.S. politics," at the direction of Torshin and for the benefit of 

the Russian government. 3781 On April 26, 2019, Butina was sentenced to 18 months in prison, 

including time served, and released back to Russia on October 25, 2019. The Committee's 

investigation encompassed conduct that relates to her guilty plea, as qiscussed further below. 

ii. (U) Alexander Torshin 

(U) Alexander Porfiryevich Torshin is a Putin-aligned Russian politician who has served 

in legislative and executiv~ capacities in the Russian government an.d has supported Kremlin 

influence operations targeting the United States and its democratic processes._ 

(U) In 2015, Torshin was appointed as the State Secretary-Deputy Governor of the 

Central Bank of the Russian Fedi;ration. He retired from his post on November 30, 2018.3782 

The Central Bank of Russia is part of the Russian government and operates as the country's 

central bank and monetary authority. Prior to his Central Bank appointment, Torshin was the 

First Deputy Chairman of the Federation Council of the Federal Assembly of the Russiari 

Federation.3783 He was a member of the Federation Council from 2001 to 2015.3784 

3779 (U) Ibid 

3780 (U) See Statement of Offense, United States v. Mariia Butina, Case 1 : 18-cr-00218-TSC (D .D .C. December 13, 

2018). Butina had been arrested on July 15, 2018. 3781 (U) Ibid., p. 2. 3782 .(U) Central Bank of the Russian Federation, Press Service, "Personnel Changes," November 30, 2018, 3783 (U) See, e.g., Alexander Torshin, "Terror from the Caucasus," The National Interest, March 24, 2011. Oil April 

6, 2018, Torshin was listed among 17 Russian government officials sanctioned by the Department of the Treasury's 

Office ofForeign Assets Control for Russia's global "malign activity." Treasury, "Treasury Designates Russian 

Oli archs, Officials, and Entities in Res onse to Worldwide Mali n Activity," April 6, 2018. 3784 

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I 

I 

I 

(U) Public reporting indicates that Torshin's targeting of U.S. political figures began as 

early as 2009, with then-Governor Sarah Palin of Alaska. According to documents released by 

the Alaska Governor's Office in response to a public records request, an aide wrote to Palin in 

May 2009 that she had "received a request to call the Russian Ambassador regarding a proposed 

visit by Mr. Alexander Torshin, First Deputy Chairman of the Federal Council of the Russian 

Federal Assembly." The office referred the meeting to the Lt. Governor, who later said that he 

did not recall meeting with Torshin.3787 

, "Documents Reveal How Russian Official Courted Conservatives In U.S. Since 2009," NPR, 

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(U) In 2011, Torshin met David Keene, the incoming-NRA president, at the annual NRA 

convention in Pittsburgh through the NRA Secretary, Jim Land.3788 Keene understood that 

Torshin was "the speaker of the upper house" of the Russian legislature and assumed Torshin 

had a "good relationship" with the government.3789 According to Butina and press reporting, 

Tennessee attorney G. Kline Preston may also have been involved in the introduction.3790 . 

(U) Keene said that Torshin was "looking for assistance to try and validate his efforts to 

reform gun laws in Russia" and "wanted the association" with the NRA for that purpose.3791 

Keene also told the Committee that when he and Torshin spoke, Keene "spent a lot of time 

talking about the NRA's role and how we promote our policies," which likely gave Torshin 

insight into the connections between the NRA and U.S. politics.3792 

(U) Torshin registered as a life member of the NRA on February 10, 2012. The 

membership lists the email address of Igor Matveev, a Russian diplomatic official with whom he 

traveled to the United States in 2012, and G. Kline Preston's phone number.3795 

3788 (U) SSCI Transcript of the Interview with David Keene, p. 22. In a written statement to the Committee, which 

he described as a draft but still provided, Keene said that Torshin had asked for the introduction. Ibid, pp. 20-21, 

25; see Written Statement, Keene to SSCI (Keene Production 000297). In his interview, however, Keene hedged: "I 

don't know that, actually. That's what I put, but he may well have. Or Jim may have suggested or he may have said: 

You're getting a new president [of the NRA]; could I meet him?" Keene Tr., p. 25. 3789 (U) Ibid, p. 26. 3790 (U) Butina Tr., p. 44; Anita Wadhwani, Joel Ebert, "Nashville lawyer who introduced Russian operative to the 

NRA has ties to Blackbum," The Tennessean, March 20, 2018. 3791 (U) Ibid, pp. 28-29. 3792 U Ibid . 103. 3793 

3794 (U) I i ., p. 6. 3795 (U) Email, Robinson to Grable, November 22, 2017 (NRA Production, 0000328, 0000333) (attaching 

screenshot ofNRA membership records for Torshin and Butina); Email, Grable to Hallow, November 22, 2017 

(NRA Production, 0000335). 

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NemltM lnform•oon 

ONI NU to: 06\e of l btb 

H-•••

__ ,n U111)1 ...,,.,,.. N,•_...,. .... ~,Uft' 

-- --- UJJ1J20JS 

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(U) In 2012, Preston invited Torshin to Tennessee to observe the U.S. presidential 

election.3796 Matveev joined Torshin.3797 Preston also reportedly accompanied Torshin to 

observe Russian elections in 2011, 2012 and 2016.3798 The Committee did not examine the 

origins of the relationship between Preston and Torshin, although Preston and Torshin were in 

contact during the 2016 U.S. election cycle.

3799 

3796 (U) The Tennessee Secretary of State acknowledged this in a statement to NPR. Tim Mak, "Depth of Russian 

Politician's Cultivation ofNRA Ties Revealed," NPR, March I, 2018. Documents released to NPR in response to 

public records requests include an October 11 , 2012, memorandum for the Tennessee Secretary of State, regarding 

"Kline Preston," which states that "Russian Senator Alexander Torshin would like to observe our Presidential 

election." Tim Mak, "Documents Reveal How Russian Official Courted Conservatives In U.S. Since 2009," NPR, 

May 11, 2018. Torshin later posted a photo of himself in line at a polling place on Twitter on election day. See 

Tweet,@torshin_ru, November 8, 2012. 3797 (U) Documents released to NPR in response to public records requests also include an email from the · 

Tennessee Coordinator of Elections dated October 11, 2012, stating "The gentlemen from Russia who are coming to 

observe the election are: Senator Alexander P. Torshin and Mr. Igor A. Matveev .... Kline Preston will be the local 

host." Tim Mak, "Documents Reveal How Russian Official Courted Conservatives In U.S. Since 2009," NPR, May 

11 , 2018. 3798 (U) Preston describes these trips on his law firm website. See klineprestonlaw.com/services/intemational-law 

("Mr. Preston has served as an election observer in three Russian elections: the 2011 Parliamentary Elections, the 

2012 Presidential Elections and the 2016 Parliamentary Elections."). Preston has also spoken about these trips in the 

press. See, e.g., Tim Mak, "Documents Reveal How Russian Official Courted Conservatives In U.S. Since 2009," 

NPR, May 11, 2018. 3799 (U) Twitter direct messages, Torshin and Preston (Preston Production). 

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3. (U) Torshin and Butina Establish Relations with the NRA . 

(U) In 2013, several NRA members-most notably its former President, David Keenevisited Moscow at Torshin's invitation to attend a conference hosted by Butina, where Keene 

had been asked to give remarks.3800 This trip marked the beginning ofButina's access to the 

NRA and conservative U.S. political organizations. 

i. (U) 2013 NRA Trip to Moscow 

(U) Torshin invited Keene to Moscow to speak to Butina's organization, the Right to 

Bear Arms, at its second annual conference in October 2013.3801 At the time, Keene had not met 

Btitina and her organization was relatively small, but he still accepted the invitation.3802 He went 

in his official NRA capacity, and the NRA paid for his trip.3803 

(U) The NRA hired Paul Erickson3804 to do advance work on the trip and accompany 

Keene, even though he did not speak Russian and Keene did not know if he had been to Moscow 

before.3805 Erickson and Keene had known each other for about a decade.3806 Keene said that 

Erickson picked the Marriott hotel, arranged a museum visit, and selected restaurants for 

lunch,3807 although Erickson's emails indicate that Butina made those arrangements herself.3808 

(U) On October 17, 2013, in their first contact known to the Committee, Erickson 

emailed Butina with details about his and Keene's travel itinerary.3809 Erickson advised that 

Keene "may have one (1) formal diplomatic meeting on Wednesday, October 30 in the 

3800 (U) Keene was NRA president from May 2011 to May 2013 and has been on the board since 2000. Keene Tr., 

pp.6-7,46. . 3801 (U) Ibid, p. 42. Butina recalled things differently, saying that Torshin provided her with a business card for an 

NRA staff member and that she sent the NRA an email invitation. Butina Tr., p. 24. 3802 (U) Keene Tr., pp. 42, 46-47. 3803 (U) Ibid, pp. 46-47. 3804 (U) On November 18, 2019, Erickson pleaded guilty to one count of wire fraud and one count of money 

laundering, arising out of fraudulent schemes that resulted in over $2.3 million in loss, affecting over 78 people. See 

Plea Agreement and Statement of Factual Basis, United States v. Paul Erickson, 4:19-cr-40015 (D.S.D. November 

18, 2019). Documents reviewed by the Committee suggest that Butina may have been involved in one of Erickson's 

schemes relating to the sale ofland in North Dakota, and count eight of the indictment, a charge to which Erickson 

pleaded guilty, references a check made out to "M.B." As noted elsewhere, Erickson may have used some of these 

., funds to help Butina finance her education. 3805 (U) Keene Tr., pp. 44-45. 3806 (U) Ibid, pp. 43-44. 3807 (U) Ibid, p. 54. 3808 (U) Email, Butina to Erickson, October 18, 2013 (PAE0002659-2660). 3809 (U) Email, Erickson to Butina, October 17, 2013 (PAE0000078). 

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afternoon," after his and Keene's arrival.3810 Butina responded with an invitation on Torshin's 

behalf for a 4:00 p.m. lunch on October 30.3811 Erickson and Keene accepted the lunch 

invitation. 3812 

(U) After Keene arrived in Moscow on October 30, he had dinner with Torshin and 

Torshin's wife.3813 He did not recall any other meetings with government officials, although 

emails between Erickson and Butina suggest that Keene was scheduled to meet with Dmitri 

Peskov, the Press Secretary for the Russian Presidential Administration, on the evening of 

November 1.3814 The convention itself took place on October 31 and November 1, and Keene 

was scheduled to give remarks on the second day.3815 Keene told the Committee that he spoke 

about "the history of firearms restrictions and freedoms in the United States."3816 The event was 

attended by several hundred participants, from Russia and fifteen other countries.3817 

(U) Following the convention, Butina and Erickson remained in contact. On November 

3 .and 7, 2013, Butina emailed Erickson and asked that he "refrain from publishing photos" of 

Keene and Torshin "during [their] personal meeting at the restaurant," recommending instead 

that he only share photos from the conference.3818 She explained, "I need time to think about 

how to position the issue."3819 Butina also advised Erickson: "Our officials are very closely 

following the publication of journalists abroad."3820 Butina told the Committee that she was 

concerned "Torshin would be very much criticized for his pro-American position."3821 However, 

Torshin had been regularly attending NRA events for several years and was, according to Butina, 

already an open supporter of her organization, and gun rights, generally, and the conference 

attracted "a lot of media coverage."3822 Erickson accommodated the request.3823 

3810 (U) Email, Erickson to Butina, October 17, 2013 (PAE0000078). The Committee did not determine which 

meeting Erickson was referring to. 3811 (U) Email, Butina to Erickson, October 18, 2013 (PAE0002659-2660). 3812 (U) See Emails, Erickson and Butina, October 18, 2013 (PAE0002658). 3813 (U) Keene Tr., p. 48. 3814 (U) Ibid., p. 54; Email, Erickson to Butina, October 31, 2013 (PAE0001376-1377) ("I will be free Friday night 

after 9 PM (at the conclusion of Mr. Keene's meeting with Dmitri Peskov)."). 3815 (U) Schedule of speeches, Program of the Second Annual Meeting (Keene Production 000017). 3816 (U) Written Statement, Keene to SSCI (Keene Production 000298). 3817 (U) Keene Tr., p. 54; Butina Tr., p. 26. 3818 (U) Email, Butina to Erickson, November 3, 2013 (PAE0000047); Email, Butina to Erickson, November 7, 

2013 (PAE0002843, 2827). 3819 (U) Email, Butina to Erickson, November 3, 2013 (PAE0000047). , 3820 (U) Email, Butina to Erickson, November 7, 2013 (PAE0002843). 3821 (U) Butina Tr., p. 31. · 3822 (U) Ibid., pp. 33-34. 3823 (U) Email, Erickson to Butina, November 7, 2013 (PAE0002843). 

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(U) On November 6, 2013, Erickson also began assisting Butina in applying for a visa to 

the United States to visit the NRA "for advice and guidance."3824 This is the first instance that 

the Committee is aware of in which Butina used the NRA as a basis for travel to the United 

States. The Committee found no evidence that this trip occurred, but Butina and Erickson met in 

Israel in early 2014, when they first became romantically involved.3825 Over time, Erickson 

became integral to Butina's activities and assisted her in developing relationships with 

individuals and organizations involved in U.S. politics. 

ii. (U) Butina and Torshin Pursue Follow-up Contacts with the NRA; .John 

Bolton Records a Video for Butina's Organization 

(U) Butina and Torshin pursued several additional contacts with the NRA following the 

conference. 

(U) First, Butina and Torshin requested additional American support for Russian guh 

rights legislation following the conference, which culminated in remarks by John Bolton. to be 

presented to the Duma.3826 Keene, responding to a request from either Torshin or Butina, 

contacted Bolton for the event.3827 Keene did not recall mentioning Torshm's name to Bolton, 

but did tell Bolton that the request had come from the speaker of the Duma. 3828 

(U) In a letter to the Committee, Keene wrote that Torshin told him "Bolton's speech 

went over very well and that he [Bolton] received a standing ovation from the Russian Senate on 

its completion."3829 It is not clear that Bolton's remarks were part ofa formal Duma proceeding, 

however. According to Butina, Bolton simply taped the remarks and they were subsequently 

transmitted to Butina by Erickson on December 9, 2013.3830 Butina then showed the video the 

following day at a session that included Duma members and also her organization.3831 

3824· (U) Email, Butina to Erickson, November 6, 2013 (PAE0002849-2852); Email, Erickson to Butina, November 

7, 2013 (PAE0000906, 899); Email, Butina to Erickson, November 12, 2013 (PAE0000769) (attaching copy of draft 

visa application). 3825 (U) Butina Tr., p. 104. 3826 (U) Written Statement, Keene to SSCI (Keene Production, 000298). 3827 (U) R~collections varied about exactly how this transpired. According to Butina, it was her idea to find a 

"respect[ ed] American politician or NRA member who would address [her] group and endorse [it]." She asked 

Erickson, who in tum asked Keene, and they came back with the idea to use Bolton. Butina Tr.,.p. 251-52. Keene 

recalled that Torshin asked him to find an American speaker to talk about gun rights at an upcoming meeting of the 

Duma. Keene said that Torshin specifically asked for an American, but did not want someone from the NRA. Keene 

proposed John Bolton, who was a friend of his, and Torshin agreed. Keene Tr., pp. 81-82. 3828 (U) Keene Tr., pp. 82-83 . 

. 

3829 (U) Written Statement, Keene to SSCI (Keene Production, 000298). 3830 (U) Email, Erickson to Butina, December 9, 2013 (PAE0000072). 3831 (U) Email, Erickson to Butina, December 11, 2013 (PAE0003013); Photograph of Bolton's remarks to Butina's 

organization (PAE0001217). The Committee did not seek to engage with Bolton. 

582 

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(U) On December 13, Keene emailed Butina directly to follow up on the Bolton video. 

He also asked for advice from Butina and Torshin on whether to invite Dmitry Rogozin to an 

event in Las Vegas in 2014: 

I'm glad the Bolton tape worked out and I hope we helped a little. 

A friend of the NRA here called me to ask a favor the other day. He is apparently a 

friend of Deputy Prime Minister Dmitry Rogozin who would like to al/end the 

S. H. 0. T Show in Las Vegas in January. Rogozin is, according to my friend, a 

firearms lover and has heard that the show is something worth attending. 

. . . . My friend asked if I would be willing to have NSSF invite Rogozin and I told 

him I would get back to him. 

In all that has to do with Russia, we take our lead from you and Senator Torshin. 

If the two of you think we should do this favor, I will. If not, we won 't. If you want 

me to arrange the invitation, we can make clear that the favor is being done because 

of our friendship with Torshin. 3832 

3832 (U) Email, Keene to Butina, December 13, 2013 (PAE0000302, PAE0000296). 

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(U) Later that day, Butina responded with her and Torshin's recommendation to extend 

the invitation to Rogozin: 

We talked with Mr. Tor shin on your invitation [to] Mr. Rogozin. We are confident 

that this will greatly strengthen our position in Russia. 

Dmitry 0. really is a great lover of weapons. Moreover, I am a member of one of 

his expert groups for changes in our legislation on weapons . 

.lf you mention in conversation about Senator Torshin and me it would be great/3833 

(U) In addition, in early November 2013, Butina and Erickson discussed the concept of 

an NRA-hosted event in Moscow in 2014 to honor Butina's group, Torshin, arid General Mikhail 

Kalashnikov, an idea that Torshin and Keene had raised during the Right to Bear Arms 

conference. Erickson characterized the idea as having "HIGH importance to the NRA," and 

suggested that "the NRA would bring its top officers and key supporters to Moscow in a show of 

support for your work." He added: "Our hope would be that Sen. Torshin would be featured at 

this banquet AND, if appropriate, that Sen. Torshin would invite President Putin to attend as 

well."3834 Keene explained the idea to the Committee as a way to raise funds from the NRA's 

most significant donors, who comprise the NRA's "Ring of Freedom" group. 3835 

(U) Keene said that the idea did not come· to fruition because of souring diplomatic 

relations and because Kalashnikov passed away in December 2013. 3836 In January 2014, 

Keene-the opinion editor at The Washington Times-published an op-ed by Torshin about 

Kalashnikov, which Butina and Erickson helped translate to English.3837 

iii. (U) Butina Attends the 2014 NRA Annual Meetings in Indianapolis 

(U) In April 2014, Butina attended the NRA's annual meetings in Indianapolis. Torshin 

did not accompany her. 3838 This was her first trip to the United States, although she had 

previously been rejected for a visa.3839 She obtained her visa for this trip with Keene and 

Erickson's assistance,3840 and in one email to Keene, Butina asked for advice to prepare for her 

interview: · 

\ 

3833 (U) Email, Butina to Keene, December 13, 2013 (PAE0000620). 3834 (U) Email, Erickson to Butina, November 7, 2013 (PAE0000087-88). 3835 (U) Keene Tr., p. 23. 3836 (U) Ibid, p. 24. 3837 (U) Ibid, pp. 57-58; Butina Tr., pp. 42-43; Alexandr Torshin, "Kalashnikov, the man and the weapon," The 

Washington Times, January 2, 2014. 3838 (U) Butina Tr., pp. 24-25. 3839 (U) Ibid, p. 13. 3840 (U) Email, Erickson to Keene and Hallow, April 7, 2014 (PAE0000626, PAE0000633-635) (forwarding 

Butina's update on her visa interview and advising that "we need to make our visa assistance calls in the next 48 

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Is there anything that lshould say - or not say - in this interview in light of your 

calls made on my behalf? I don 't want to say the wrong thing, or not say the right 

thing, that would undo the steps you've taken on my behalf.3841 

Keene responded, "Don't mention calls. Just proceed as normal co~se ofbusiness."3842 K~ene 

told the Committee that he had spoken with a staff member for then-Congressman Edward 

Royce to help ~utina's visa efforts, which he described as a "standard call."3843 

{U) Butina arrived in Indianapolis on April 22.3844 While at the annual meetings, Butina 

planned to meet with Keene,3845 and Keene invited her to the NRA's "Ring of Freedom" 

reception as his guest and scheduled her to deliver five minutes of remarks at the dinner.3846 

Keene also said Butina would "be introduced at other functions," 3847 and Butina recalled 

meeting the NRA Chief Executive, Wayne LaPierre, and its then-president, Jim Porter, and 

giving the latter a framed pic~re. 3848 · 

(U) Following the Indianapolis meetings, Butina invited Keene on a return visit to 

Moscow for her organization's third annual conference, to be held i_n September 2014. Keene 

declined due to the mid-term elections and because he planned to be on the road, but added a 

promise to "come next fall if you still want me" and extended an invitation to Torshin and Butina 

to attend the 2015 NRA Annual Meeting in Nashville.3849 · 'j 

(U) At the end of 2014, Butina pursued further opportunities to engage with Keene and 

the NRA .. On Pecember 1, Butina emailed Erickson to request his assistance with a plan for two 

Russian firearms companies to visit the United States for the April 2015 NRA convention in 

Nashville and to meet NRA leadership and key donors.3850 According to Butina's email, both 

hours" and reiterating the need for "[t]he favor we need from a U.S. Congressman."); Email, Keene to Butma, April 

7, 2014 (P AE0000973) ("I will personally follow up at this end on the visa request, etc, so don't hesitate to contact 

me at any time.") 3841 (U) Email, Butina to Keene, April 8, 2014 (PAE0005026). 3842 U) Email, Keene to Butina, April 8, 2014 (PAE0005026). 3843 (U) Keene Tr., pp. 69-70. It is unclear.what Keene meant by "standard call." At the time, Royce was 

Chairman of the Committee on Foreign Affairs. 3844 (U) Email, Butina to Erickson, April 9, 2014 (PAE0001704). 3845 (U) Email, Keene to Butina, April 10, 2014 (PAE0002651). 3846 (U) Email, Keene to Butina, April 10, 2014 (PAE0002669). 

3847 (U) Ibid. 

3848 (U) Butina Tr., pp. 130-31. 3849 (U) Email, Butina to Keene, August 26, 2014 (MB 0006933). 3850 (U) Email, Butina to Erickson, December 1, 2014 (PAE0000528-529). One of the companies was the 

"Scientific Research Institute of Applied Chemistry." The other was the "Vyatsko-Polyansky Engineering Plant," 

which, according to open-source information, was a subsidiary ofRostec, the Russian st.ate-owned holding 

585 

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were interested in developing business opportunities to sell firearms in the United States and 

were "very well prepared to pay" her for the trip.3851 On January 22, 2015, Butina sent her· 

request to Keene to help the two Russian companies secure invitations to the Nashville 

convention.3852 It is unknown if representatives from the companies ultimately traveled to the 

United States to meet with the NRA. 

(U) In January 2015, Torshin was appointed as the vice chairman of the Russian Central 

Bank, which required him· to leave his position in the Federation Council. On January 20, Butina 

alerted Keene by email-which she then forwarded to Ericksori-ofTorshin's appointment, and 

expressed concern over the implications for Torshin's continuing relationship with the NRA: 

"We have not known yet are these news good or bad .... We also will discuss the Upcoming 

NRA Annual Meeting and the possibility to him to participate [in] it but I think there are very 

few chances that it is possible now."3853 

4. (U) Torshin and Butina Leverage NRA Relationships 

(U) Beginning in 2015, Torshin and Butina developed and operationalized a plan, which 

she called the "Diplomacy Project," to create channels· for informal communication between the 

Russian and U.S. governments. The plan involved using their existing connections in the NRA 

to develop further contacts with the Republican Party and conservative U.S. political circles. 

Their effort was known to, and likely approved by, the Kremlin and Russian Ministry of Foreign 

Affairs. 

i. (U) _Butina and Torshin Develop a Plan for an "Informal Channel of 

Communication" Between the United States and Russia 

(U) In mid-February 2015, Butina wrote to David Keene and his wife, Donna, with an 

update about Torshin's appointment and his "recommendation" that she expand her relationship 

with the Republican Party and, with the Keenes' help, lay the foundation for a "trusted dialogue" 

between Russia and the United States: 

Yesterday I met with Mr. Torshin. After his appoinhnent fo a new high position. 

within the Russian Central Bank, his position is greatly strengthened because his 

conglomerate. In 2017, the Vyatsko-Polyansky Engineering Plant declared bankruptcy. See "'Hammer' will go 

under the hammer," Kommersant, February 7, 2017. · 3851 (U) Email, Butina to Erickson, December 1, 2014 (PAE0000521, 528-529). 3852 (U) Butina also provided Keene with descriptions of the weapons these companies produced, passports for their 

representatives, and letters from business partners. Email, Butina to Keene, January 20, 2015 (PAE0002440). 3853 (U) Email, Butina to Keene, January 20, 2015 (PAE0002440). 

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appointment was the result of private conversations with our president. Of course, 

th.is provides additional opportunities to promote our thoughts and ideas . ... 

However, I can write that in connection with the now changed situation, he 

recom17Jended that I expand my participation in conferences and meetings in the 

political circles of the US Republican Party as much as possible. There will be a 

day soon when new leadership will need a trusted dialogue between our countries. 

For help and advice on this issue, he recommended (which I totally agree!) to look 

orzly to you. 3854 

(U) Two weeks later, Butina was invited to two events scheduled for February 26, hosted 

by The Washington Times during the CPAC conference.3855 Erickson sent Butina an email the 

next day attaching a photo of her and Walker from one of the events. 3856 

(U) Following Torshin's recommendation, Butina formalized her plan in a document that 

she subsequ~ntly translated using Google-Translate and emailed to Erickson on March 24, 

2015.3857 The subject line of the email was "The Second Pozner," a reference to a Soviet Union 

spokesperson who Butina described as "the unofficial transmitter of Gorbachev' s and Yeltsin' s 

policies in the US."3858 In it, Butina described a plan, entitled in the email as "Project· 

Description: Diplomacy," to use her connections with the NRA to create an "informal channel of 

communication" with the next U.S. presidential administration, which she predicted would be a 

Republican one, for the benefit of the Russian government; she also requested funding for the 

project. 3859 

(U) In the document, Butina described the perceived centrality of the NRA to 

Republican Party politics, her own connections with NRA leadership (specifically Keene), and 

touted her interactions with leading Republican Party presidential candidates: 

3854 (U) Email, Butina to Keene and Keene, February 10, 2015 (PAE0002077, 2084). 3855 (U) Email, D. Keene to Butina, February 24, 2016 (PAE0000248); Email, D. Keene to Butina, February 24, 

2016 (PAE0000271). At the time, Keene served as an opinion editor of The Washington Times. Keene Tr., p. 7. 

· 3856 (U) Email, Erickson to Butina, February 26, 2015 (PAE0001353); Email, Butina to Erickson, April 14, 2015 

(PAE0001952). 

3857 (U) Email, Butina to Erickson, March 24, 2015 (PAE0002573, 2560-2565). A Russian version was separately 

translated and provided as an exhibit to the government's sentencing memorandum in Butina's criminal case. The 

wording is similar, but not identical. See United States' Memorandum in Aid of Sentencing, United States v. Mariia 

Butina, 1:18-cr-00218-TSC (D.D.C. April 19, 2019), and Exhibit 3 thereto. In one line in the government's exhibit, 

Butina writes: ''The [Republican Party] leadership sees a connection: 'Spokesperson - [redacted] - access to 

VVP,'" but the translation is not as clear in the Committee's Google-translated version. Ibid (bold in original). 3858 (U) United States' Memorandum in Aid of Sentencing, United States v. Mariia Butina, l:18-cr-00218-TSC 

(D.D.C. April 19, 2019), Exhibit 3. 3859 (U) Email, Butina to Erickson, March 24, 2015 (PAE0002573, 2560-2565). 

587 
COMMITTEE SENSITIVE - RUSSIA INVESTIGATION ONIIY 

During [her] recent visits to events in the United States RP [Republican Party] ' 

speaker [Butina] was presented to all the main, leaders of the top of the RP as. a 

"representative of informal diplomacy" of the Russian Federation. Also took her 

personal acquaintance with Scott Walker and all candidates presidential primary 

RP. 3860 

(U) Butina summarized her activities in the United States and then wrote, in bold: "Thus 

the groundwork for reliable contact in negotiating with the future US administration can 

be said to have been laid."3861 Under the header "Next Steps," Butina continued by identifying 

her plan to develop contacts with the Republican Party leadership: 

Speaker [Butina] should take part in all upcoming major c.onferences RP (about 1 

time per month in different cities across the US - the list is attached below in 

Appendix 2), to act in the American press as an expert on Russia and have regular 

contact with the leadership of the [Republican Party]. 3862 

(U) Butina concluded the description with a request for funding in the amount of 

$125,000 to attend a series of Republican-focused conferences and interface with Russian 

government and business figures to understand their interests.3863 · 

(U) Several days later, Erickson responded that he "underst[ oo ]d your need to discuss · 

with your Russian patrons/sponsors your potential contacts in America with political, media and 

business leaders." 3864 He added: 

Your challenge in your· "special project" will be to balance two opposing 

imperatives: Your desire to communicate that you speak for Russian interests that 

will be ascendant (still around) in a post-Putin world while simultaneously doing 

nothing to criticize the President or speed the arrival of his successor . ... 

[A]s with the media contacts, there is NO limit as to how many American companies 

that you can meet-at the highest levels-if you are able to represent that you are. 

a potential line of communication into future Russian Federation governments. 3865 

· 3860 (U) Email, Butina to Erickson, March 24, 2015 (PAE0002561). 

\ 

3861 (U) United States' Memorandum in Aid of Sentencing, United States v. Mariia Butina, 1:18-cr-00218-TSC 

(D.D.C. April 19, 2019), Exhibit 3 (bold in original). 3862 (U) Email, Butina to Erickson, March 24, 2015 (PAE0002562). 3863 (U) Email, Butina to Erickson, March 24, 2015 (PAE0002561). 3864 (U) Email, Erickson to Butina, March 29, 2015 (PAE0000678). 

3865 (U) Ibid 

588 

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COMMITTEE SENSITIVE - RUSSIA INVESTIGATION ONLY 

(U) In addition to recommending certain networking opportunities to further Butina's 

"diplomacy" project, Erickson also organized her travel through the United States that summer. 

The tripdncluded stops in South Dakota to visit Erickson's home and a youth camp engagement; 

Nevada for FreedomFest, Wisconsin for Scott Walker's campaign announcement, and Tennessee 

for, among other things, dinner with G. Kline Preston, before returning to Moscow.3866 

(U) Erickson was not alone in providing travel recommendations to Butina. In March 

2015, Donna Keene sent Butina a list of "Key Gonservative Meeting Dates" from the 

Conservative Action Project. That email included apparent recommendations and notes from the 

Keenes, and Erickson was copied on the email. 3867 

(U) Butina later made her pitch for Republican Party cooperation with Russia in a June 

12, 2015, article she published with The National Interest, entitled "The Bear and the 

Elephant. "3868 

ii. (U) Butina and Torshin Attend the 2015 NRA Convention and Meet 

Scott .. Walker 

(U) In April 2015, Butina and Torshin traveled to Nashville, Tennessee to attend the 

NRA's annual meetings. Erickson helped to arrange tl_ie trip and communicated with the NRA 

about Butina and Torshin's travel plans.3869 Nick Perrine, assistant to the NRA's President,3870 

handled the itinerary.3871 Formal invitations for Butina and Torshin were provided by the NRA 

presumably to assist with obtaining visas.3872 

(U) Prior to the NRA event, the Center for National Interest (CNI), a conservative public 

policy think tank, arranged meetings and a lunch for Torshin and Butina with several U.S. 

Government officials and other individuals. 3873 Meetings were scheduled with Stanley Fischer, 

vice-chairman of the Federal Reserve; Nathan.Sheets, the Under Secretary ofTreasμry for 

3866 (U) "Maria's Trip to the U.S.A.," (PAE0000714). The Committee assesses, based on the use ofButina's initials 

and the timing, that Erickson caused $8,000 to be wired to one ofButina's bank accounts shortly before the trip. See 

Indictment, United States v. Paul Erickson, 4:19-cr-40015 (D.S.D. November 18, 2019). 3867 (U) Email, Keene to Butina and Erickson, March 16, 2015 (PAE0000195). 3868 (U) Maria Butina, "The Bear and the Elephant,>i The National Interest, June 12, 2015. Butina shared the article 

with Keene after it.was published. Email, Butina to Keene, June 17, 2015 (PAE0002535-2536). The National 

Interest is published by The Center for National Interest (CNI). 3869 (U) Email, Erickson to Butina, April 1, 2016 (PAE0000269). 3870 (U) Keene Tr., p. 189. 3871 (U) Emails, Perrine and Butina, March 16-March 26, 2016 (PAE0000386-394). 3872 (U) See Letter, Land to Butina, February 5, 2015 (NRA Production, 000001); Letter, Land to Torshin, February 

5, 2015 (NRA Production 000002). · 3873 (U) Email, Saunders to Torshin, April 5, 2015 (PAE0000414-415). 

589 
COMMITTEE SENSITIVE - RUSSIA INVESTI,GATION ONLY 

International Affairs; and Randy Weber, a Republican member of the House Foreign Affairs 

Committee. 3874 The CNI lunch, which took place on April 7, was led by Hank Greenberg, and 

attended by David Keene, Grover Norquist, and several other individuals from CNI, including 

Dmitri Simes, Richard Burt and Paul Saunders.3875 Simes, the President and CEO of CNI, had 

previously met Torshin on a trip to Moscow.3876 In an email to K.T. McFarland, who later joined 

the Trump Transition Team and eventually became the Deputy National Security Advisor, 

Erickson described the lunch as a "'Russian star Chamber' of guests" to provide "[d]eep 

briefings ahead of the Russian 'invasion' of the NRA Annual Meeting in Nashville atthe end of 

the week."3877 Afterwards, Torshin met with Greenberg and two associates to discuss "Russia's 

economic situation" and the 1TB (lnvesttgorbank), a Russian bank where Greenberg had made a 

significant financial investment that was proving problematic.3878 

(U) Butina and Torshin flew from Washington, D.C., to Nashville on the evening of 

April 7, 2015. On April 8, at Keene's invitation, Torshin gave remarks at the NRA's Charlton 

Heston Recognition Dinner that Keene summarized as, "Thank you. I'm so honored to be 

3874 (U) Ibid; Email, Saunders to Butina, April 4, 2015 (PAE0000392); "Events for Mr. Alexander Torshin & Ms. 

Maria Butina'' (P AE0002077). 3875 (U) Email, Saunders to Torshin, April 5, 2015 (PAE0000414-415); Email, Negrouk to Butina (PAE0000401, 

409-410). . 3876 (U) Simes Tr., 120-121. 3877 (U) Email, Erickson to McFarland, April 4, 2015 (PAE0001227). 3878 (U) Email, Saunders to Torshin, April 5, 2015 (PAE0000414-415). A fund run by Greenberg, Starr 

Foundation, had invested in ITB in 2008, according to open sources. See "Westerners shell out Rub 5 bin for 40% 

oflnvesttorgbank," Banki.ru, June 27, 2008. In August 2015, several months after Torshin's meeting with 

Greenberg, Erickson emailed Greenberg with research by Butina on questions Greenberg "had raised on the call" 

that morning about the Russian Central Bank. Email, Erickson to Greenberg, cc: Butina, August 3, 2015 (MB 

0003861). Butina indicated that Simes later engaged Torshin (and to a lesser extent, Butina)"in an unsuccessful 

eff~rt to help Greenberg's financial position with ITB. Butina Tr., pp. 109-110 (stating that Butina instructed Simes 

and Greenberg to use her as a conduit to Torshin). In Butina's November 2016 messages with Torshin, they 

discussed ways to stem Simes's calls to Torshin on the ITB matter. See Twitter direct messages, Butina and 

Torshin, November 17, 2015. For his part, Simes became wary ofButina after she appeared to him in various 

roles-at first.as a translator for Torshin, then later as substantively involved with Torshin and the Central Bank. 

Simes Tr., pp. 125-127. In November 2016, Butiha told Torshin that Simes "gave a direct order to his staff to not 

talk to me under the threat of being fired. He says I work for the SVR." Twitter direct messages, Butina and 

Torshin, November 13, 2015 (Direct messages between Butina and Torshin were originally produced by Butina to 

the Committee in Russian and then translated). Simes similarly testified to the Committee that he had expressed 

significant reservations about Butina: "I could not understand-I did not know and I don't want to say more than I 

know, because I cannot say with any degree of confidence that any of them, particularly Ms. Butina, were Russian 

intelligence agents. What I knew, that she was not what she was trying to pretend to be, particularly because she 

clearly had multiple personalities in her discussions with Americans." Simes Tr., p. 128. Simes described his last 

interaction with Butina, in which Butina invited him to dinner to talk about the Central Bank. He declined, but she 

insisted, saying she had "something important to share," and so he agreed to meet her at his office. But Butina then 

arrived at CNI with Paul Erickson and again they in".ited him to dinner; Simes refused, cut the meeting short, and 

directed his staff not to let her into CNI again. Ibid., pp. 126-127. 

590 
here."3879 Butina translated for Torshin. 3880 Torshin was the only foreign official at the dinner, 

although Keene claimed that others had attended in the past. 3881 Butina and Torshin were also 

slated to attend the Ring of Freedom reception on April 9 before being hosted by Keene for 

dinner that night.3882 

(U) During the Nashville convention, Keene gave a replica of a Civil War revolver to 

Torshin; Keene further suggested that they use the diplomatic pouch to help Torshin get it back 

to Russia.3883 Torshin rejected the idea.3884 In chats with Butina, Torshin later asked about the 

revolver's make and year issued for shipment to Russia.

3885 A photograph captures Keene 

(second from left) presenting a revolver to Torshin (far right)3886: 

(U) Their itinerary also included attendance at the ILA (Institute for Legislative Action) 

Leadership Forum, which Keene described as a forum for political speakers that is hosted by the 

3879 (U) Keene Tr., pp. 95-96; Email, Perrine to Butina, March 20, 2015 (P AE0000387); Email, Perinne to Butina, 

April 4, 2015 (PAE0000690). 3880 (U) ibid., p. 96. 

3881 (U) ibid. 3882 (U) Email, Perrine to Butina, April 4, 2015 (PAE0000690, 699) (attaching events schedule). 3883 (U) Keene Tr., pp. 162- 163. 

3884 (U) ibid. 3885 (U) Twitter direct messages, Torshin and Butina, July 10-23, 2015. 3886 (U) Twitter direct message, Butina to Torshin, August 9, 2015 (MB 0000106). 

591 
( 

COMMITTEE SENSITIVE - RUSSIA INVESTIGATION ONLY 

NRA's political lobbying arm.3887 Torshin later posted on Twitter that he had met Trump.3888 

Keene did not have any personal knowledge as to whether Torshin and Butina attended the 

forum or whether Torshin in fact met Trump.3889 The Committee has no further information on 

whether Torshin met Trump. 

(U) Butina and Torshin were specifically interested in meeting U.S. Government 

officials at the NRA meetings. Butina asked the NRA for "a list of U.S. Governors or Members 

of Congress that might be present at some time during the Annual Meeting."3890 Perrine 

responded with a link to a list of Republican politicians who planned to attend the NRA-ILA 

leadership forum. 3891 Butina later shared with Erickson a file of "all the important people [they 

would] meet," which she called "The VIP Presentation."3892 Neither Butina nor Erickson 

produced this file to the Committee. 

(U) At one reception during the convention, Keene introduced Torshin and Butina to 

Scott Walker. Keene, who is from Wisconsin, was supporting Walker's candidacy at the 

time. 3893 Keene said he did not recall which reception it was or whether ·he had invited them to 

the reception in the first place.3894 Butina and Torshin presented Walker with a gift from Russia 

and spoke to Walker briefly.3895 Butina described their conversation with Walker as "small 

talk," but acknowledged that she expressed her desire for "good relations" between Russia and 

the United States.3896 An email she later sent to Erickson, translated from Russian, was more 

detailed: "We talked about Russia, any aggression against our country, the president or my 

countrymen I have not heard'. Who knows, maybe such a meeting is the beginning of a new 

dialogue between Russia and the United States and back from the Cold War to a peaceful 

existence of the two great powers?!"3897 

(U) Butina and Torshin remained interest~d in Walker's political prospects. Later that 

summer, on July 13, Butina and Erickson flew to Wisconsin to attend Scott Walker's official 

3887 (U) Keene Tr., pp. 97-98. 3888 (U) Tweet, @torshin_ru, August 23, 2015. According to public reporting, Torshin also claimed that Trump said 

to him: "You're from Russia. When are you going to invade Latvia?" Tim Dickinson, "Inside the Decade-Long 

Russian Campaign to Infiltrate the NRA and Help Elect Trump," Rolling Stone, April 2, 2018. 3889 (U) Ibid Emails indicated Torshin and Butina offered to provide an item for the ILA auction, which the ILA 

declined. Emails, Butina and Perrine, March 23, 2015 (PAE0002914-2915). 3890 (U) Email, Butina to Perrine, March 20, 2015 (PAE0002917). 3891 (U) Email, Perrine to Butina, March 20, 2015 (NRA Production, 0000775). 3892 (U) Email, Butina to Erickson, April 5, 2015 (PAE0001324). 3893 (U) Keene Tr., pp. 99-100. 3894 (U) Ibid, pp. 101-02. 3895 (U) Butina Tr., p. 136. 3896 (U) Ibid, pp. 142--43. 3897 (U) Email, Butina to Erickson, April 24, 2015 (PAE0000380-381). The email suggests that this text was to be 

used in a blog post about the meeting, based on a decision by Torshin. 

592 

COMMITTEE SENSITIVE - RUSSIA INVESTIGATION ONLY 
announcement of his candidacy for president. Judging from a photo Erickson later sent to 

Butina, Butina met former Senator Jim Talent, Walker's national security advisor, at the 

event.3898 Butina kept Torshin apprised of developments with Walker, telling him of her plans to 

attend the announcement and asking for the Russian Federation's view of his candidacy. Torshin 

replied, "no one is even looking in that direction. You will be the creator of something 

sensational, God Willing!" In a chat the next day with Torshin, Butina wrote: "Impressed. His 

chances are very high." 3899 · 

(U) At Torshin's request, Butina provided an analytical assessment of Walker's 

announcement and prospects for the Republican nomination.3900 In a paper titled "US 

Republican Party candidate Scott Walker's announcement on joining the presidential race, 

analysis of the election campaigns, and a preliminary forecast," Butina provided historical 

background on Walker's political career and assessed his chances at winning the nomination. 

She also described an interaction with him and touted her prior.contacts: · 

After the event, Mariya Butina had an opportunity for a short personal contact 

with Walker . ... As a reminder, Mariya Butina has had personal contact with . 

Walker more than once, taking part in his'private reception under the Framework 

of The Conservative. Union annual conference in Washington as well as in a 

private me.eting at the at the annual gathering of members of the USA National 

Rifle Association (the NRA) in 2015. 3901 . · 

(U) Butina was not the only Russian government representative !llaking inroads with the 

NRA. In 2015, Ambassador Kislyak interacted repeatedly with NRA leadership. In mid-June, 

Kislyakhosted Keene for lunch at the Russian Embassy. Keene recalled that the two spoke 

about the NRA museum and the possibility of Keene helping Kislyak with his duck hunting on 

the Eastern Shore ofMaryland.3902 Ambassador Kislyak later vis.ited the NRA on August 20, 

2015, where he met with Allan Cors and David Keene.3903 

3898 (U) Email, Erickson to Butina, July 13, 2015 (MB 0007286-88). 3899 (U) Twitter direct messages, Butina and Torshin, July 13-14, 2015. 3900 (U) Twitter direct messages, Butina and Torshin, July 14, 2015. 3901 (U) Twitter direct messages, Butina and Torshin, July 14,.2015. Butina's descriptions of her activities, as, 

conveyed in these analytical papers, were often written in tμe third person. 3902 (U) Keene Tr., p. 176. _ 3903 (U) Email, Holden to Staples, August 20, 2015 (NRA Production, 000026) (providing "daily report" noting that 

at 10:34 a.m. "The Russian Ambassador Sergey Kiflyak [sic] is on site. I escorted him to the South tower and 

stayed with him until Mr. Cors, Mr. Keene and Nick Perrine arrived."); Emails, Keene and Melnik (Chief of Staff to 

Kislyak), August 17, 2017 (NRA Production, 0003680) (agreeing to August 20 visit). 

593 

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COMMITTEE-SENSITIVE - RUSSIA INVESTIGATION ONLY 

(U) In mid-June, Butina inquired about Keene's lunch with Kislyak, and Keene gave her 

a read-out. 3904 It was not clear when or how Butina had learned of the lunch, or if she was 

involved in arranging it. When asked, Butina speculated that Keene and Kislyak may have met 

through a pre-existing project to promote Russian culture by the The Washington Times, where 

Keene worked, in connection with the Russian Embassy.3905 But she also recalled meeting 

Kislyak in person and talking with him "about the NRA, and I told [him] that, look, these.are 

great guys and why wouldn't you have communication and talk to them?"3906 

(U) Butina' s contemporaneous notes of a May 2015 meeting with Kislyak, obtained by 

the FBI via a search of her computer, suggest that Butina and Kislyak had a detailed. 

conversation related to U.S. politics. For example, Butina told Kislyak she would "send the 

name of the advisor [to Scott Walker] who can come to Moscow."3907 The notes also suggested 

that Kislyak expressed his belief that the NRA could "become one of the points of cooperation" 

and wanted to meet with Keene; Butina agreed to send him Keene's contact information.3908 

Based on this, the Committee found it likely that Butina was involved in arranging the meeting 

and provided Kislyak and the Russi~n government with details about Keene and the NRA. 

iii. (U) Butina Attends the FreedomFest Convention 

(U) In July 2015, Butina attended the libertarian FreedomFest convention in Las Vegas 

with Erickson. Erickson helped to secure an invitation for Butina and registered them for private 

events with Norquist, Dinesh D'Souza, and Peter Thiel.3909 The formal invitation arrived on 

June 25.3910 

(U) Although it did not initially appear on her schedule, Butina attended a speech by 

Trump and asked him whether, if elected president, he would continue the sanctions imposed 

against Russia in 2014. Trump responded: 

3904 (U) Email, Keene to Butina, June 17, 2015 (PAE0002535-2536). 3905 (U) Butina Tr., pp. 58-59. 3906 (U) Ibid, p. 59. 3907 (U) United States' Memorandum in Aid of Sentencing, United States v. Maria Butina, Case 1: 18-cr-00218-

TSC, pp. 5-6, April 19, 2019, and Exhibit 5 thereto. Butina did not produce these notes to the Committee, and they 

were partially redacted in public filings. Butina may have been referring to Jim Talent, an advisor to the Walker 

campaign whom Butina had previously met. 3908 (U) For example, the notes indicate that Kislyak informed Butina that he had attended a museum with a 

redacted name "when its office was in Washington." United States' Memorandum in Aid of Sentencing, United 

States v. Maria Butina, Case 1:18-cr-00218-TSC, pp. 5-6, April 19, 2019, and Exhibit 5 thereto. Keene told the 

Committee a similar story about his encounter with Kislyak, and relayed that Kislyak said that he would visit the old 

NRA museum during a prior tour in Washington, D.C., but that it had since moved, and he wanted to see the new 

one in Fairfax. Keene Tr., pp. 175-177 3909 (U) Email, Erickson to Butina, June 25, 2015 (PAE0000468). 3910 (U) Email, Dillon to Butina, June 25, 2015 (PAE0000l 12). 

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I know Putin, and I'll tell you what, we get along with Putin. . . . I believe I would 

get along very nicely with Putin, okay? And I mean where we have the strength. 

Tdon 't think you'd need the sanctions. 

(U) In her interview with the Committee, Butina suggested that her question to Trump 

came about as pure happenstance, without anyone's assistance or tasking.3911 Butina did tell the 

Committee, however, that she was excited by her ability to ask a question of Trump and called 

Torshin from the restroom, noting that it "was my best report."3912 Erickson attenaed the event 

with Butina, and may have taken the picture Butina posted to her T'Yitter account the evening of 

July 11, with the Google-translated text: "Asked Donald Trump about his position on Russia. 

Trump is saying abouf mitigation of sanctions."3913 

(U) During her time at FreedomFest, Butina also met Patrick Byrne, former CEO of 

Overstock.com, for the first time. Butina did not convey her interest in Byrne at FreedomFest to 

the Committee, noting that "someone was talking about Bitcoin, and there were some fresh ideas 

that I wanted to discover," but not mentioning Byrne by name.3914 However, the Committee 

assesses that both Erickson and Butina viewed Byrne, at least initially, as a vector to yet another 

Republican presidential candidate, Senator Rand Paul. 

(U) On July 9, 2015, Erickson sent Butina an email with a proposed draft message that 

she was to send to Byrne. The draft message thanked Byrne for greeting her at. FreedomFest,· 

and stated that "[Byrne's] remarks about the coming 'electronic' changes in our 2ist Century 

economy were exciting." The email expressed Butina's desire to talk to Byrne about the kinds of 

reforms Russia should be embracing, stating that "[we] need ideas like yours that are foreign to a 

generation ofleaders that tend to go back to old Soviet ways." The draft concluded by saying "I 

am at Freedom Fest until Sunday-maybe if you had 10 minutes in your schedule we could have 

coffee or a drink. I am thirsty for great ideas! !"3915 

(U) That evening, Erickson sent an email with the subject line "Byrne Me!" to Ralph 

Benko, suggesting that Erickson and Butina had attended the July 9 panel discussion about 

3911 (U) Butina Tr., p. 243. 3912 (U) Ibid., 244. 3913 (U) Email, Butina to Erickson, March 11, 2017 (MB 0004323--4324). 3914 (U) Butina Tr., p. 241.. . . . 3915 (U) Email, Erickson to Butina, July 9, 2015 (PAE0000082). The Committee only obtained Erickson's draft 

message. Neither Butina nor Erickson produced an actual email that was sent to Byrne, although other documents 

produced to the Committee suggest it, or something similar, was sent to Byrne. The time stamp for the email,.and 

its equivalent in production from Butina, indicates Erickson sent the draft text to Butina on July 9, 201_5. Email, 

Erickson to Butina, July 9, 2015 (MB0003883). 

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COMMITTEE SENSITIVE - RUSSIA INVESTIGATION ONLY 
Bitcoin at which Byrne was scheduled to speak.3916 The email purported to provide the recipient 

a "quick report from the front[.]" In it, Erickson described how he greeted Byrne and discussed 

Overstock.corn's work with women in Afghanistan, and Byrne's interest in Butina.3917 

(U) Benko replied 20 minutes later, and suggested a more-than-passing knowledge of 

Butina, saying "Maria would capture the attention of any red blooded American."3918 He went 

on to describe Byrne's potential importance to Paul's campaign: 

Keep in the back of your (and maybe her) mind that Patrick has let himself be 

tapped by Rand to be Rand's tech swami, good move by Rand, and. .. after 

eliminating the burst of notoriety by That Asshole The Donald, today's polls have 

Rand tied with Jeb! and Rand is hanging in there in-the top tier in the early 

primary states. 

You don't have to believe that Rand is viable . .. Just believe that Patrick Believes. 3919 

(U) Later that evening, Erickson forwarded the entire email chairi to Butina, with a one 

sentence suggestion: "For your preparation!"3920 

iv. (U) Butina and Torshin Meet with Rep. Dana Rohrabacher in Moscow 

(U) In August 2015, Rep. Dana Rohrabacher traveled to Russia as part of a 

Congressional Delegation (CODEL). David Keene recommended that, during his trip, he meet 

with Torshin.3921 To facilitate the introduction, Keene sent a letter to Torshin-through 

Butina---on July 17.3922 Keene's letter requested meetings for Rohrabacher with Torshin and 

other Russian government officials "who can brief them on the ways in which Washington and 

Moscow work together''. in combating terrorism, and suggested a meeting with the Russian 

Foreign Minister.3923 Butina translated the document and sent it to Torshin the next day over 

Twitter. Torshin agreed to th~ meeting.3924 

3916 (U) FreedomFest 2015 schedule, freedomfest2015.sched.com. 3917 (U) For example, Erickson wrote: "But when he met our Russian gun rights woman, Maria, his eyes lit up and 

his schedule cleared ... they are discussing economic reforms in Russia in a private meeting tomorrow. I think we 

now know how to capture his attention ... and it ain't with women in burkas." Email, Erickson to Benko, July 9, 

2015 (MB0003888) (ellipses in original). 3918 (U) Email, Benko to Erickson, July 9, 2015 (MB0003887). 

3919 (U) Ibid 3920 (U) Ibid In addition to the language identified here, the Committee found further discussion of Byrne's 

potential intimate involvement with or interest in Butina, as noted infra. 3921 (U) Rohrabacher Tr., pp. 52-53. 3922 (U) Twitter direct messages, Torshin and Butina, July 18, 2015. 3923 (U) Letter; Keene to Torshin, July 17, 2015 (Keene Production, 000001-000002). 3924 (U) Twitter direct messages, Torshin and Butina, July 18, 2015. 

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COMMITTEE SENSITIVE - RUSSIA INVESTIGATION ONLY 
(U) On August 3, ahead of the meeting, Torshin and Butina discussed Rohrabacher over 

Twitter direct message, and Torshin expressed his belief that Rohrabacher was "under the watch" 

of the Russian Foreign Ministry: 

Torshin: Mariya! Remind me once again the last name of the Congressional 

committee chair who is coming to see us? 

Butina: Dana Rohrabacher. 

Butina: Head of the subcommittee for international relations for Europe, 

Eurasia, and emerging threats 

Torshin: Thanks! What do they write about him? How is he with respect to 

Russia? 

Butina: A member of the NRA. 

Butina: You won't believe it: he supports the annexation of Crimea to Russia. 

Butina: He voted against financial support from the US to the new Ukrainian 

government 

Butina: Against the US sanctions with respect to Russia, called.them 

ridiculous. 3925 

(U) Torshin later added: 

Torshin: Precisely for this reason I think that he is under the watch of the RF 

MF A. 3926 · ,\ 

(U) Rohrabacher recalled that he met with Torshin and Butina for breakfast.3927 In an 

email to Keene after the breakfast, Butina wrote: "We had a very good and important 

conversation. We are sure that it will be very helpful in building the future relations between the 

two countries."3928 Butina added that they "discussed with Dana that we could meet in the U.S. 

3925 (U) Twitter direct messages, Torshin and Butina, July 28-August 3, 2015. 3926 (U) Twitter direct messages, Torshin and Butina, August 3, 2015. 3927 (U) Rohrabacher Tr., pp. 52-53. 3928 (U) Email, Butina to Keene, August 6, 2015 (PAE0001998). 

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COMMITTEE SENSITIVE - RUSSIA INVESTIGATION ONLY 
in October when I come next time and think about the actions we could do together."3929 She 

attached a photo from the meeting to her emai13930: 

v. (U) Butina and Torshin Host a 2015 NRA Trip to Moscow 

(U) Butina and Torshin hosted Keene and several other NRA members, along with some 

family and additional guests, in Moscow from December 8 to December 13, 2015. The group of 

visitors included David Keene and Donna Keene; David Clarke, then Sheriff of Milwaukee 

County; Arnold Goldschlager; James Liberatore; Joseph Gregory; and Pete Brownell, the future 

NRA president.3931 

(U) According to Keene, Butina and Torshin had proposed the trip.3932 Butina explained 

that she and Torshin believed it was "very important to return the hospitality" from their NRA 

3929 (U) Ibid. 3930 (U) Email, Butina to Keene, August 6, 201 5 (P AE000 199 I) (attaching a photograph) (redactions not in 

original). 3931 (U) List of trip participants (MB 0004811). Clarke's wife, Goldschlager's daughter, and Liberatore's wife also 

attended. 3932 (U) Keene Tr., pp. 120--121. 

598 
visits and.to invite the NRA to Russia.3933 Butina recalled sending an email to Keene to propose 

that members of the NRA's Golden Ring of Freedom spend time in Moscow as part of a 

scheduled NRA trip to Israel.3934 In early August, Keene shared with Butina an "initial list" of 

individuals he was considering inviting. 3935 

(U) On August 12, Torshin and Butina discussed the NRA's plans over private Twitter 

messages, including the possibility of hosting "high level meetings" in Moscow if the NRA 

delegation was sufficiently "respectable."3936 

(U) By September, Butina was preparing for the NRA visit, buying the tickets, and 

creating a list of participants to send to Torshin.3937 Butina emphasized the need for politicallyconnected people to participate in the NRA's trip. In October, Butina contacted Erickson for 

support on identifying political elites. She wrote: "I strongly need the information about how are 

people below ,important POLITICALLY to make the NRA trip .and their meetings in ... you 

know where . . . . "3938 She asked specifically about Cors, Keene, Goldschlager, and 

Liberatore. 3939 She stressed: "I do not need bio. I need how influential they are in the USA 

politics."3940 Butina also extended an invitation to Pete Brownell in late-October, suggesting that 

. he could join the NRA delegation and, while in Moscow, meet with Russian gun manufacturers 

and retailers for business.3~

41 Brownell agreed to join the trip on November 24.3942 

(U) Butina was concerned that ~ors might be unable to ·attend. On November 13, Butina 

emailed David and Donna Keene about the pending trip and highlighted several "high level 

special events" that TorshiIJ, had arranged, in part to persuade Cors to reconsider attending: 

"Many of these very high level special events were granted to us because these Russian figures 

were going to meet the 'head of the most powerful political organization in Amei-ica."'3943 

3933 (U) Butina Tr., p. 147. 3934 (U) Butina Tr., pp. 147--48. 3935 (U) Email, Keene to Butina, August 6, 2015 (MB 0003863). The list included Joe Gregory, Chairman of the 

NRA Golden Ring ofFreedom; Allan Cors, NRA President; George Kollitides, former President and CEO of the 

"Freedom Group" and an NRA Foundation Board member; Jim Liberatore, President and CEO of the Outdoor 

Channel who was interested in doing a "non-political short series of shows that he would tentatively call 'Putin's 

Russia' featuring the Russian outdoors, hunting, fishing and conservation efforts"; John Bolton; and Ed Goeas, a 

pollster. ' 3936 (U) Twitter direct message, Torshin and Butina, August 12, 2015. 3937 (U) Twitter direct message, Torshin and Butina, September 19, 2015. See also Email, Butina to Donna Keene, 

September 2, 2015 (MB 0004817). · 3938 (U) Email, Butina to Erickson, October 19, 2015 (PAE0000959). 3939'(U) Ibid 3940 (U) Ibid 3941 (U) Email, Butina to Brownell, October 25, 2016 (MB 0004007). 3942 (U) Email, Perrine to Butina, November 24, 2015 (NRA Production, Bates No. 0003293) 3943 (U) Email, Butina to Keene, November 13, 2015 (PAE0002603-2605) 

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(U) In 'her email to the Keenes, Butina emphasized several additional events, including 

private meetings with3944: · · 

• (U) Nikolai Patrushev-"First Secretary of the Russian Security Counsel [sic] (the man 

that advises President Putin on a daily basis on all national security and military affairsthe equal to your «National Security Advisor»)"; 

• (U) Dmitri Rogozin- "First Deputy Prime Minister responsible for the production o( 

ALL Russian arms-the unofficial leader of the Russian military industrial complex"; 

• (U) Pavel Gusev-- "leading media oligarch in all of Russia'-' who is "the unofficial 

media advisor to President Putin," who would be in a position to "secure [Keene's] 

interview with President Putin"3945; 

• (U) Igor Pisarsky- "[t]he founder of the most important PR firm in Russia- who runs 

President Putin's presidential campaigns"; and, 

I 

• (U) Konstantin Nikolaev- "the oligarch that has personally funded «The Right To· 

Bear Arms» for several years." 

(U) Butina shared with the Keenes the purported belief of the Russian press, which she 

claimed was very interested in interviewing Cors, "that the NRA could influence American 

presidential politics and future relations with Russia." 3946 Butina also implied to the Keenes that 

the Russian Presidential Administration was aware of, and monitoring, the NRA's upcoming 

visit: "Many powerful figures in the Kremlin are counting on Torshin to prove his American . 

connections - a last minute important member cancellation could affect his political future."3947 

(U) Butina's contemporaneous messaging with Torshin reflected their interest in 

securing the participation of Russian government officials in the trip. On October 6, Butina sent 

Torshin an updated list of seven potential NRA delegation members, and discussed the agenda 

, , mber 13,.2015 (PAE0002603-2605). 

3947 (U) Ibid. 

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for the visit, including meetings with Rogozin, Lavrov, and Nikolaev, and a "political 

program."3948 

I 

I 

I 

I 

I 

I 

3948 (U) Twitter direct message, Torshin and Butina, October 6, 2015. The participant list from Butina included 

Co · d Keene and his wife. 3949 

601 

COMMITTEE SENSITIVE - RUSSIA INVESTIGATION ONLY 
I 

(U) Keene told the Committee that he was particularly interested in seeing Putin and 

possibly interviewing him for The Washington Times. 395° Keene made the request through 

Butina and Torshin. 3951 Keene, Torshin, and Butina may have discussed Keene's interest in the 

interview during dinner on October 28, at the University Club in Washington, D.C.3952 

(U) On November 2, Butina and Torshin discussed Keene's request over Twitter direct 

message, as well as the other meetings being arranged for the NRA delegation to speak with 

Russian government officials: 

Butina: Do I ask Keene for an official letter to VVP [Vladimir Putin] from the 

newspaper? With a request for an interview. I am deciding about [Evgeny] 

Lukyanov. 

Torshin: Lukyanov gave his consent (they are supposed to contact you), the 

relevant deputy minister of foreign affairs is very interested. He will coordinate 

the delegation's meeting in the MF A and will recommend a meeting to D. 0. 

Rogozin. The publication issue is more complicated. There is a tradition that VV 

gives an interview to a particular foreign media outlet only on the eve of his visit 

to that media outlet's home country. I will look for Peskov. Request an interview 

with the President, Peskov, or Rogozin. 3953 

(U) In mid-November, Torshin and Butina discussed the complications ofsetting up a 

meeting for the NRA delegation with Dmitry Rogozin, who was under U.S. sanctions. The NRA 

group expressed an interested in meeting with Rogozin despite the sanctions, so Butina and 

Torshin contemplated a less formal interaction to reduce the potential for violating sanctions: 

3950 (U) Keene Tr., pp. 124-125. 3951 (U) Ibid Keene also told the Committee that Butina and Torshin also attempted to arrange a meeting with 

Putin's chief of staff so that Keene could to "make the personal appeal that way," but they were unsuccessful. Ibid, 

p. 125-126. 3952 (U) Calendar, David Keene, October 28, 2015 (Bates No. 000018); Emails, Erickson and Butina, October 27, 

2015 (PAE0002029). 3953 (U) Twitter direct message, Torshin and Butina, November 2, 2015. 

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COMMITTEE SENSITIVE - RUSSIA INVESTIGATION ONLY 
Torshin: Hi! I spoke with Dmitriy Olegovich [Rogozin]. He is ready, but we can 

seriously "set up" the Americans. Since D. 0. is under the American sanctions, 

the State Department does not recommend their people meet with him. There is a 

fine for this (S. [Steven] Segal was already fined for D. 0.). D. 0. said about FP R 

[Federation of Practice Shooting] that he would give the order to gather high 

profile people to the meeting. The conversation was polite and kind. A. T. 

Butina: We discussed the topic about D. 0. Our colleagues said that they still 

want a meeting. I suggest not making it such a formal function and inviting him 

to lunch or dinner? 

\ 

Butina: This will smooth over the issue a little but it won't resolve it.' I warned 

them.3954 

(U) Butina, as well as Erickson, advised the NRA group of the identities and status of the 

Russian government counterparts it might meet with during the visit. For example, in one email 

to the Keenes seeking to secure Cors's participation, Butina floated a "possible meeting with 

'Russia's highest leader"'-Vladimir Putin-if the "leader of the NRA" joined the 

delegation.3955 In another email, Butina recommended against bringing gifts for four specific 

Russian government officials, including Rogozin and Lavrov.3956 Erickson also sent an email 

about a meeting with "Russia's highest leader" to Brownell;3957 Brownell responded to Erickson: 

"This would be a very interesting meeting" 3958 and forwarded it to Brownell's Director of 

Compliance to convey "the nature·ofthe nra to Russia meeting." 3959 

(U) The issue of sanctions also arose prior to the trip. In an email to Brownell on 

November 23, 2016,' Erickson wrote: 

You (individually) would NOT be allowed to meet with Deputy Prime Minister 

Dmitry Rogozin - he appears at the top of the current Obama "sanctions list. " .. 

. For obvious reasons, the "Russian leader" whom ]Just wrote about is missing 

from this list . .. and you would NOT be barred from leading the delegation to the 

Kremlin for this meeting. 3960 

3954 (U) Twitter direct messages, Torshin and Butina, November 12~ November 16, 2015. 3955 (U) Email, Butina to David and Donrta Keene, November 23, 2016 (Brownell Production 00086). 3956 (U) Email, Butina to Donna Keene and Perrine, November 19, 2015 (PAE0001472-1473); see also Email, 

Perrine to Dewitt, December 8, 2016 (NRA Production 0001310-1312). 3957 (U) Email, Erickson to Brownell, November 23, 2015 (Brownell Production 00052). 3958 (U) Email, Brownell to Erickson, November 23, 2015 (Brownell Production 00053). 3959 (U) Email, Brownell to McAllister, November 23, 2015 (Brownell Production 00781). , 3960 (U) Email from Erickson to Brownell, November 23, 2015 (Brownell Production 00053). 

603 

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(U) Overall, Keene was "comfortable with what [Butina] laid out" in th~ final 

itinerary.3961 The NRA delegation arrived in Moscow on December 8.3962 on· December 9, 

members of the delegation met with Lavrov in his office. That day, Tovshin informed Keene that 

the Putin interview would not happen, but asked if Keene would "like to stop by and see the 

foreign minister" for a courtesy meeting.3963 According to Butina, Torshin pitched Lavrov based 

on the political benefits: "Torshin knows him. They suggested-how we showed this NRA trip 

was: Well, we have a chance to become friends with this country. Obama's term is coming to the 

end. That would be a very good natural connection on that topic." 3964 She also claimed it was 

beneficial for her organization to obtain high-profile meetings to show the NRA that she and 

Torshin had "influence." 3965 

(U) Keene agreed to the Lavrov meeting, and took along a small ·group: Clarke, Gregory, 

Torshin, and Butina also attended.3966 According to a tweet by Clarke, the discussion with 

Lavrov involved the Middle East,3967 although Butina and Keene told the Committee that fishing 

and hunting were the focus.3968 The conversation lasted approximately 20 minutes.3969 

3961 (U) Keene Tr., p. 130. Keene made this comment when presented with a version of the itinerary that did not 

reference Rogozin or Putin. However, as noted, Keene had been trying to meet with Putin, and other itineraries he 

received prior to the trip, including a trip package prepared for him by NRA staff, included Rogozin and Lavrov. 

See, e.g., Email, Perrine to Keenes,November 25, 2016 (NRA Production 0003366-3388) (attaching itinerary). 3962 (U) Ibid Brownell arrived earlier than the rest of the group and met with various Russian gun manufacturers 

for business reasons. See Emails, Brownell and Perrine et al., November 27-28, 2015 (Brownell Production 00185-

186); Emails, Butina and Brownell, November 27-December 4, 2015 (Brownell Production 00219-224, 290-294); 

Emails, Brownell and Nikolaeva, December 11, 2015 (Brownell Production 00320-321). 3963 (U) Keene Tr., p. 127. In his interview, Keene made it sound like the Lavrov meeting was a surprise, but it 

appeared to have been on the schedule for some time. See; e.g., Email, Perrine to Keenes, November 25, 2016 

(NRA Production 0003366-3388) (attaching itinerary). 3964 (U) Butina Tr., pp. 157-158. 3965 (U) Ibid, p. 159. 3966 (U) Keene Tr., p. 127; Butina Tr., pp. 155-156. 3967 (U) Tweet, @SheriffClarke, December 10, 2015 ("Met earlier with Russian Foreign Minister who spoke on Mid 

East."). 

3968 (U) Butina Tr., pp. 155-156; Keene Tr., pp. 132-134. · 3969 (U) According to Butina, this was because their arrival was del~yed by Moscow traffic. Butina Tr., p. 158. 

Keene said it lasted only 20 minutes because Lavrov had a phone call with then-Secretary of State Kerry. Keene Tr., 

p. 135. 

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COMMITTEE SENSITIVE - RUSSIA INVESTIGATION ONLY 
(U) On December 9th, Pavel Gusev hosted dinner.3970 Lunch was hosted by Pisarsky the 

next day, December 10. 3971 Nikolaev was scheduled to attend the lunch, but Keene did not 

recall meeting him. 39n · 

(U) Other encounters with Russian government figures occurred on the last day of the 

trip, when the NRA group visited a Russian shooting club. One was a meeting with Rogozin, 

which, despite the months of planning and behind-the-scenes discussions, both Keene and Butina · rportrayed to the Committee as ultimately a coincidence. Keene recalled seeing Rogozin and 

Rogozin's wife during a tour of the facility, and then seeing them afterwards in the board 

room.3973 According to Keene, the president of the board, Vitaly Kryuchin,3974 "did the talking," 

and Rogozin spoke for less than a minute: "He said: Thank you for coming to our facility, we're. 

happy to host you, and then turned it over to him [the p,resident]." 3975 Igor Shchyogolev, a 

member of the board and aide to Putin, was scheduled to attend the reception. 3976 Like Rogozin, 

Shchyogolev was subject to U.S. sanctions resulting from Russian aggression in Ukraine.3977 

(U) Keene was fully aware that Rogozin was subject to U.S. sanctions based on 

information in the press, but did not see' that as a reason to avoid him. 3978 While Butina 

requested that rio photos be taken, Rogozin permitted some pictures (including one of Brownell 

and Gregory), which he later published. 3979 Butina and Torshin were surprised by Rogozin's 

publication of the photographs, and expressed some concerns in private messaging that this 

would "create problems" for the American visitors.3980 

(U) Butina said she expected the group would meet with Rogozin and had made such a 

request, but was not sure it would happen "until the last moment."3981 However, she downplayed 

3970 (U) Keene Tr., p. 137; Butina, "TIIE PROGRAM of the visit of the delegation from The National Rifle 

Association of America (The NRA) to Moscow, 8 -13 December 2015" (MB 0000066-83). 3971 (U) Keene Tr., p. 139; Butina, "TIIE PROGRAM of the visit of the delegation from The National Rifle 

Association of America (The NRA) to Moscow, 8 -13 December 2015" (MB 0000066-83). 3972 (U) Keene Tr., p. 139. 3973 (U) Ibid, pp. 140-141. 3974 (U) Email, Brownell to Perrine, December 12, 2015 (Brownell Production 00326-328) (sharing Kryuchin's 

business card). 3975 (U) Ibid, pp. 144-145. 3976 (U) Twitter direct messages, Torshin and Butina, December 13, 2015. Shchyogolev is also known as Igor 

Shchegolev. Keene did not recall if Shchyogolev was present. Keene Tr., p. 146. 3977 (U) Treasury, Ukraine-related Sanctions, July 16, 2014 (adding Shchyogolev to Specially Designated Nationals 

list). 

3978 (U) Keene said: "You don't do business with him, you don't give him things ... it doesn't mean you ... shun 

him." Keene Tr., p. 143. 3979 (U) Butina Tr., pp. 169. 3980 (U) Twitter direct messages, Torshin and Butina, December 13, 2015. 3981 (U) Butina Tr., pp. 170-71. 

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the conversation as "a little bit how is gun rights in America, ... how it's in Russia, ... [ and] the 

Practical Shooting Association." 3982 Butina claimed another encounter at the shooting 

association with an individual in the Russian Presidential Administration was also a 

"coincidence. "3983 

(U) Overall, Torshin and Butina expressed satisfaction with the NRA trip and hoped to 

"reap dividends from the outcome." 3984 They discussed the implications of the "valuable 

contact" they had developed with the NRA and ~he importance of that contact for Torshin's · 

"mission of reviving relationships between the-two countries."3985 In messages to Butina, 

Torshin also described Rogozin's reaction to the NRA visit: "[C]ontacts with the NRA are very 

important and interesting for him right now. We gave this issue a 'push.' So far there have been 

only 'pluses."' 3986 

vi. (U) Financing the Trip and Butina's Formation of Bridges LLC 

(U) Financing the trip presented some complications. Butina told the Committee that her 

organization intended to fundthe NRA delegation's stay in Moscow,3987 and Keene likewise 

understood that "The Right to Bear Arms was paying for the in-Russia costs and we [the NRA] 

were paying for the transportation." 3988 Keene told the Committee he was not aware of any 

Russian government money used to support the trip.3989 But, as Butina explained, one of her 

wealthy donors, Konstantin Nikolaev, was paying the expenses in Russia.3990 Nonetheless, 

Butina's organization did not have funds available for two last-minute members of the trip from 

the Outdoor Channel, Jim Liberatore and his wife, so she paid out of her own pocket and 

requested reimbursement.3991 The cost for them was approximately $6,000, which Pete Brownell 

paid in June 2016 through personal check to Bridges LLC, a business entity Butina created in the 

3982 (U) Ibid, pp. 163. 3983 (U) Ibid, pp. 163-64. It is unclear whether Butina was saying that a meeting with Sergei Shutalev, who Butina 

described·as a "PR person" in the Russian presidential administration was a coincidence, or whether she was 

referring to a meeting with another individual that she did not name. Some of the planned Russian government 

meetings did not occur. For example, Keene had no recollection of a meeting with Lukyanov, which Butina said 

was canceled. Keene Tr., p. 131; Butina Tr., p. 155. Similarly, Butina said there was no meeting that took place 

with the Russian Security Council. Butina Tr., p. 155. 3984 (U) Twitter direct messages, Torshin and Butina, December 13, 2015. 3985 (U) Ibid . 3986 (U) Twitter direct messages, Torshin and Butina, December 29, 2015. 3987 (U) Butina Tr., p. 82. 3988 (U) Keene Tr., pp. 128-129. 3989 (U) Ibid, p. 130. 3990 (U) Butina Tr., p. 180. 3991 (U) Ibid, pp. 81-82. 

COMMITTEE SENSITIVE - RUSSIA INVESTIGATION ONLY 
Unit~d States.3992 The NRA invoiced Brownell for this expense and the Clarkes' expenses, 

which it processed as a "special project."3993 

(U) Butina said she did not want payment to come directly to her organization because of 

how it might be perceived: "a western company paying money, donating money to the Russian 

not .. profit organization supporting gun rights, would be seen very badly. It's like the West is 

sponsoring gun rights fight." 3994 She also said that the payment to Bridges LLC was the NRA's 

preference. 3995 · 

(U) Butina, with Erickson's help, had formed Bridges LLC in mid .. february 2016 to 

receive payments on a consulting project with the Outdoor Channel to help develop a program 

called "Unknown Russia."3996 Butina's efforts appeared largely directed at ascertaining whether 

Putin would "participate" in the show, and in communications with the producers, she implied 

that she had initiated ''solid" contacts "directly with the office of President Putin."3997 She told 

the Committee that these were exaggerations,3998 although Butina's communications with 

Torshin suggest that she minimized these contacts in her testimony ·and was not fully 

forthcoming. For example, on March 17, Torshin told Butina that he had spoken with Alexey 

Gromov (Putin's Deputy Chief of Staff) .about the show and would need to send a letter to 

Peskov. Later, on March 30 and 31, Torshin told Butina that he would be meeting with 

Anastasia Chemobrovina, a member of the Russian Geographic Society's "Media Council," who 

appeared interested and would be speaking with Peskov. On May 13, Torshin explained that 

Peskov would be making the decision on Putin's participation in the show.3999 

3992 (U) Ibid, pp. 81-82, 86; Email, Brownell to Butina, June 14, 2016 (MB 0002945--47). Butina separately 

described exploring a potential business deal with Brownell in relation to the sal.e of weapons parts in Russia, 

discussed infra. Butina Tr., pp. 87-89. · 3993 (U) Emails, Brownell, Perrine, and Hallow, April 24-25, 2016 (Brownell Production 593-596);.Emails, Perrine 

and Wilmes, June 15, 2016 (NRA Production 0005347-5348); Invoice, Brownell to NRA, May 26, 2016 (NRA 

Production 0005351). 3994 (U) Butina Tr., pp. 82-83. 

399s (U) Ibid 3996 (U) Email, Butina to Cremin, February 12, 2016 (PAE0001226); Email, Butina to Kerkvliet, February 22, 2016 

(PAE0001817) (discussing incorporation ofBridges LLC); Email, Keene to Butina, August 6, 2015 (PAE0000254). 3997 (U). Email, Butina to Cremin, May 13, 2016 (PAE0000074-75). With Erickson's help, Butina negotiated and 

signed an Independent Contractor Agreement on February 21, 2016, to be a "Consultant and Pre-Production 

Coordinator," for which she received a $5,000 monthly fee, plus expenses. Email, Erickson to Butina, January 26, 

2016 (PAE0001483, 1489) (drafting contract language for Butina to send to Winnercomm). The contr11ct was 

formally executed with Winnercomm, Inc., a production company. See Independent Contractor Agreement 

(PAE0000340--347). 

3998 (U) Butina Tr., p. 97-98. 3999 (U) Twitter direct messages, Torshin and Butina, March 17, 30--31, May 13, 2016. 

607 
(U) Ultimately, the producers lost confidence in Butina's ability to secure approval for,, 

the show.4000 Erickson drafted emails that he suggested Butina send to the producers to persuade 

them to extend her contract. In one July email, Erickson suggested she write: 

I continue to receive updates from my contacts within President Putin's office 

concerning "Unknown Russia"-even during these summer vacation weeks. My 

sources remain hopeful for such a production this fall and they await my arrival 

in Moscow the first week of August for further discussions. 4001 

(U) In late August 2016, Erickson further suggested connecting the project to Trump's 

victory in the 2016 presidential election: 

Unofficially, my sense is that President Putin feels that there is a much better 

chance at future cooperation with America-on several fronts-if Trump defeats 

Hillary in the November general election. 4002 

(U) Erickson also wrote: 

Of particular note was ihat the Russian delegation to the NRA Annual Meeting in 

May (which I led) had a chance to meet Donald Trump's son over dinner and was 

excited to learn of Donald, Junior's love of hunting . . ·. AND interest in exploring 

Russia. These points were communicated independently to President Putin's 

office. This could provide a VERY interesting twist to one (or 111ore) potential 

"Unknown Russia" episodes if the son(s) of the American President were seen 

hunting with the Russian leader. 4oo3 

{U), The Committee was unable to determine ifButina ultimately sent the emails drafted 

by Erickson or if, as the emails indicated, she had additional communications with Putin's 

office:4004 Having made no notable progress in securing Putin's participation in the show or 

obtaining formal approval for filming, the producers terminated the contract. Ultimately, Butina 

was paid $20,000 by the producer, Winnercom, for four months ofwork:.4005 · 

5. (U) Torshin and Butina Pursue Political Contacts with Russian Approval 

4000 (U) Email, Cremin to Butina, May 13, 2016 (PAE0000074-75). 4001 (U) Email, Erickson to Butina, July 13 (PAE0000622). 4002 (U) See, e.g., Email, Erickson to Butina, August 29, 2016 (PAE0000147). 4003 (U) Ibid 4004 (U) Butina Tr., p. 99 ("I had the connection. But that was just this emails [sic] to the public office."). 4005 (U) Ibid, p. 97. 

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(U) The NRA's 2015 trip to Moscow served as a launching pad for Torshin and Butina's 

continued efforts to build an informal channel of communication from the Russian Federation to 

U.S. policy makers, which manifested in various ways, including attendance at the National 

Prayer Breakfast; a series of "Friendship Dinners" sponsored by George O'Neill; the NRA 

annual meetings; and contact with a Trump Campaign foreign policy advisor. 

i. (U) Butina and Torshin Attend the National Prayer Breakfast and the 

Russian National Prayer Breakfast 

(U) In mid-December 2016, Torshin and Butina discussed attending the 2016 National 

Prayer Breakfast as the "next step" in leveraging their NRA relationship, and Torshin raised the 

subject at the Russian MFA in late December.4006 After meeting with the MFA, Torshin 

messaged Butina: "Today's discussion about the Prayer Breakfast went well. I did not get the 

'green light' yet but everyone was in favor." 4007 By early January, approval was apparently 

obtained, because on January 10, 2016, Butina emailed a contact at the NRA for tickets.4008 

Erickson later secured tickets through then-Congressman Mark Sanford's office,4009 to whom 

Butina drafted a note of thanks, expressing the "importance of unofficial contacts" between 

Russia and the United States.4010 

(U) Joe Gregory, one of the attendees of the December 2015 NRA trip to Moscow, 

recalled through a letter from counsel that he "put Ms. Butina in touch with certain individuals in 

connection with her attendance at the National Prayer Breakfast." 4011 One of those individuals 

was Doug Burleigh, son-in-law of Doug Coe, the National Prayer Breakfast organizer and the 

head of the Fellowship Foundation.4012 ! 

4006 (U) Twitter direct messages, Torshin and Butina, December 29, 2015. 4007 (U) Twitter direct messages, Torshin and Butina, December 29, 2015. 4008 (U) See, e.g., Email, Butina to Hallow, January 10, 2016 (PAE0001608). Hallow responded that the NRA did 

not have a table or tickets to provide. Email, Hallow to Butina, January 10, 2016 (PAE0001607). 4009 (U) See Email, Roberts to Erickson, January 27, 2016 (PAE0001647-51) (responding to Erickson and attaching 

invitation from Sanford to Butina and Torshin); Email, Erickson to Butina, February 3, 2016 (PAE000l 709) 

(providing instructions to retrieve a ticket from Sanford's office); 4010 (U) See Email, Butina to Erickson, February 12, 2016 (MB 0003163-MB 0003164) (sharing draft letter to 

Sanford). Butina did not produce a final transmitted version of the email to the Committee, so it is unclear whether 

she ultimately sent it. , . · 4011 (U) Letter, McKinney to Wyden, November 15, 2018; Email, Gregory to Butina, January 19, 2016 

(PAE0001615-16). Gregory had stayed in contact with Butina following the December 2015 NRA trip. 4012 (U) "Nashville/ Prayer Breakfast/ Safari Club Grand Tour" (PAE0001915); Email, Butilia to Burchfield and 

Burleigh, January 28, 2016 (PAE0000683); Butina Tr., p. 317. 

609 

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COMMITTEE SENSITIVE - RUSSIA INVESTIGATION ONLY 

(U) In addition, Butina spent several days in Nashville at Gregory's invitation, prior to 

traveling to Washington, D.C. on Gregory's private jet. 4013 Following the event, Butina and 

Torshin flew with Gregory to Las Vegas to attend a Safari Club International convention. 4014 

According to a letter from Gregory's counsel, Gregory'paid for Torshin's and Butina's hotel 

rooms in Las Vegas.4015 

(U) On February 10, 2016, Butina sent a summary document to Torshin entitled, "Note 

on A.P. Torshin's visit to the National Prayer Breakfast attended by U.S. President Barack 

Obama, and also a meeting with a member of the Rockefeller family, George O'Neill." 4016 

(U) Butina and Torshin built on these connections during the March 2016 Russian Prayer 

Breakfast. On March 15, 2016, Butina and Torshin attended the Russian Prayer Breakfast in 

Moscow at the President Hotel, and Torshin gave remarks. The event was attended by several 

Americans, including Doug Coe4017 and Johnny Yenason.4018 A week later, Coe's daughter, 

Debbie Burleigh, and her husband, Doug Burleigh, met Butina and Torshin in Moscow for a prearranged dinner to talk about the 2017 National Prayer Breakfast.4019 

(U) According to an email to Butina from Debbie Burleigh, during the event, Coe and 

Torshin discussed the possibility of Putin attending the 2017 National Prayer Breakfast. 

According to Burleigh's correspondence with Butina, Torshin had "suggested to President Putin 

that he consider coming to the Prayer Breakfast next year, Feb. 2017 and Pres. Putin did not say 

'no' !"4020 Burleigh and Butina discussed certain conditions that would need to be met for Putin 

to attend.4021 More immediately, however, Torshin and Butina began preparations for a series of 

meetings involving their U.S. contacts and attendance at the 2016 NRA annual convention. 

4013 (U) Letter, McKinney to Wyden, November 15, 2018. While in Nashville, Butina took in a hockey game and 

attended a women's luncheon and bible study. 4014 (U) Ibid 

401s (U) Ibid 4016 (U) Twitter direct messages, Torshin and Butina, February 10, 2016. The Committee did not obtain a copy of 

this "summary" document. 4017 (U) On February 10, shortly after the National Prayer Breakfast in Washington, D.C., Butina told Torshin that 

she had sent him a "detailed biography of Coe," who she emphasized was a "VERY interesting person," as well as a 

note about the Fellowship, which she called a "very big-time organization." Twitter direct messages, Torshin and 

Butina, February 10, 12, 2016. 4018 (U) Email, Clay to Dearborn, May 16, 2016 (CRC-000016-CRC-000020) ("Mr. Torshin and Ms. Butina were. 

invited by my colleague, Johnny Yenason, who was introduced to them by Peter Sautov (Russian Ambassador: for 

the Russian National Prayer Breakfast)."); Clay Tr., p. 13. 4019 (U) Email, Butina to Burleigh and Burleigh, March 22. 2016 (PAE000407); Twitter direct messages, Torshin 

and Butina, March 21, 2016. 4020 (U) Email, Burleigh to Butina, March 29, 2016 (PAE000405-407). 4021 (U) According to the emails, several conditions would need to be met: "President Putin w[ ould] need to receive 

a personal invitation"; second, "there must be an understanding that it is a 'yes' from the new American president 

610 
ii. (U) George O'Neill's Russian-American "Friendship Dinners" 

(U) In early 2016, around the same time of the National Prayer Breakfast, Butina and 

Torshin developed"a relationship with George O'Neill, Jr., one of Erickson's "oldest friends in 

politics,"4022 to whom Butina and Torshin referred as the "Rockefeller heir." In a January 29, 

2016, email describing O'Neill to Butina before their introduction, Erickson noted: "He met 

Torshin on a trip to Moscow five years ago and is VERY interested in forming a U.S./Russia 

'friendship pact' (sound familiar??)"4023 Erickson also shared Butina's "bio" with O'Neill and 

introduced them by email on February 2, noting Butina's "Russian political mentor, Alexander 

Torshin," and suggesting that Butina, Torshin and O'Neill meet in person on the periphery of the 

National Prayer Breakfast.4024 Butina recalled that she first met O'Neill in Las Vegas during the 

Safari International convention, which took place after the Prayer Breakfast.4025 O'Neill later 

joined Erickson in funding Butina's education at American University.4026 

(U) Working with O'Neill and Erickson, Butina and Torshin developed a concept for 

meetings involving U.S. and Russian figures as an informal channel of communication between 

the two countries. Butina and Torshin's strategy on how to utilize O'Neill began at least as early 

as February 26, when Butina delivered to Torshirt a "Note on Organizing a Channel oflnformal 

Communication between Russia and the USA," referring to it in her messages to Torshin as the 

"paper about our Rockefeller."4027 In it, Butina emphasized the potential to influence American 

foreign policy: 

The indicated initiative may become the main channel of Russian-American 

informal communication ... , which will generate the necessary background for 

promoting pro-Russian sentiment in the USA. The special advantage of this 

proposal resides in the fact that the presence of bilateral interest will, on the one 

hand, cancel out the questions of American ill-wishers about "the Kremlin's 

and President Putin to avoid any misunderstanding and embarrassment"; and there must be an "understanding that 

other heads of state would be attending the same prayer breakfast." In addition, Butina conveyed that Putin would 

need to receive the invitation from the U.S. President and the total number of heads of state would need to be at least 

15. Email, Butina to Burleigh, March 30. 2016 (PAE000403--404); Twitter direct messages, Torshin and Butina, 

March 30--31, 2016. As discussed below, Butina and Torshin returned to the 2017 National Prayer Breakfast, with a 

much larger Russian delegation. The conversation between Burleigh and Butina about Putin may have contributed 

to a later invitation to Torshin and Butina to meet Trump at the 2017 breakfast. 4022 (U) Email, Erickson to Butina, January 29, 2016 (PAE0001674). 

4023 (U) Ibid. 4024 (U) Email, Erickson to Butina and O'Neill, February 2,.2016 (PAE000l 705). 4025 (U) Butina Tr., p. 224-25. Butina appeared to have the dates of the convention confused, arid believed it had 

occurred in January. The evidence shows that it actually occurred in February. 

4°26 (U) Butina Tr., p. 121-23 .. 4027 (U) Twitter direct messages, Torshin and Butina, February 26, 2016. 

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COMMITTEE SENSITIVE -RUSSIA INVESTIGATION ONLY 
COMMITTEE SENSITIVE - RUSSIA INVESTIGATION ONLY 

hand" in the organization and in attempts at propaganda and, on the other, will 

make it possible to exert the speediest and most effective influence on the process 

of making decisions in the American establishment. 4028 

(U) On March 10, Erickson sent Butina and O'Neill a proposed list of suggested 

participants for an event following the NRA convention.4029 Butina shared the list with 

Torshin,4030 and responded on his behalf: "George, Mr. Torshin is very much impressed by you 

and expresses his great appreciation for what you are doing to restore the relations between the 

two countries. He also wants you to know that Russians will support the efforts from our 

side."4031 On March 14, Butina reported additional developments from Torshin's conversations 

with the Kremlin to O'Neill: 

Mr. Torshin confirmed his desire in. pur Russian-American project and will 

participate [in] the meetings. He talked to some people in· Presidential 

Administration-they also gave a «green light» as Russians say for building this 

communication channel. They are working on the third person for the meetings 

choosing between very strong Russian businessman or governmental official. 4032 

(U) Butina wanted to invite Patrick Byrne to the O'Neill dinners, and she also pursued 

an invitation for Byrne at the St. Petersburg International Economic Forum, or SPIEf. On 

February 22, Butina sent to Torshin a "proposal regarding the Participation of speaker Patrick 

Byrne at the St. Petersburg Economic Forum" and identified Byrne as "one of the future 

participants of our events with Rockefeller. It would be good to invite him to the,forum if you 

have a possibility to assist."4033 In addition to sending the proposal directly to Torshin via 

Twitter direct message, the communication chain suggests Butina also sent the proposal to 

Torshin's office at the Central Bank.4034 

(U) On April 5, 2016, Torshin followed up with Butina about Byrne's participation at the 

Forum, noting that he had spoken with Dmitriy Sergeyevich Stolkov, who Torshin described as 

"the contact person in the Administration of the President of the RF." Torshin also advised 

, 4028 (U) Maria Butina, "Note on Organizing a Channel of Informal Communication between Russia and the USA," 

February 26, 2016; United States' Memorandum in Aid of Sentencing, United States v. Butina, Case 1:18-cr-00218-

TSC (D.D.C. May 1, 2019), Exhibit 7. 4029 (U) Email, Erickson to Butina, March 11, 2016 (PAE0001916-17). 4030 (U) Twitter direct messages, Torshin and Butina, March 13, 2016 ("They sent me a list of participants of that 

Russian-American meeting from their side. I'll hand it over on Tuesday."). 4031 (U) Email, Butina to O'Neill and Erickson, March 11, 2016 (PAE0000970). 4032 (U) Email, Butina to O'Neill, March 14, 2016 (PAE0001925). 4033 (U) Twitter direct messages, Torshin and Butina, February 22, 2016. 

4034 (U) Ibid. 

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COMMITTEE SENSITIVE - RUSSIA INVESTIGATION ONLY 
Butina to contact Atmen Khacatryan to arrange Byrne's appearance on a panel.4035 Khacatryan 

is, or was, the Deputy Director of the Roscongress Foundation, the forum organizer for _ 

SPIEF.4036 

iii. (U) Butina and Torshin Arrange Meetings in Mbscow for Rep. 

Rohrabacher · 

(U) In mid-March 2016, O'Neill worked with Butina to arrange a meeting in Moscow. 

for Rohrabacher with Russian political figures. In a March 16, 2016, email to Butina and 

Erickson, O'Neill wrote: 

Dana is a BIG proponent of friendship and cooperation 'with Russia and is very. 

supportive of our efforts. He is leading a Congressional trip for his sub committee 

to Moscow on March 30 and would like to meet you and Torshin and any other 

Russian politician, who is interested in closer relations with the US. 4037 

O'Neill specifically identified Rohrabacher's interest in nuclear cooperation and recommended a 

meeting with Evgeny Pavlovich Velikhov, a Russian nuclear·scientist and former president of the 

Kurchov Institute.40~

8 O'Neill also underscored thatRohrabacher would "gladly participate and -

assist us" with the contemplated "friendship dinners," and was planning in parallel a dinner in 

April about "the pros and cons of being friendly and cooperating with the Rrissians." 4039 · 

(U) Torshin attended Rohrabacher'J; meeting· with Velikhov on April 2, and Butina 

encouraged him to discuss their work with O'Neill.4040 The substance of the meetjng also 

included U.S. politics. After the meeting, Torshin told Butina that the U.S: guests "talked a lot 

about the Prayer Breakfast, the NRA, and the elections in the U.S.A." Communications between 

Erickson and Butina.suggest that some ofRohrabacher's guests-apparently associated with 

Radio Free Europe-said something to offend Torshin.4041 

; 

4035 (U) Twitter direct messages, Torshin and Butina, April 5, 2016. 4036 (U) See Roscongress.org/en/speakers/khachatryan-armen-/biography. 4037 (U) Email, O'Neill to Butina and Erickson, March 16, 2016 (PAE0001934-35). 4038 (U) Email, O'Neill to Butina and Erickson, March 17, 2016 (PAE0001936). 4039 .(U) Email, O'Neill to Butina and Erickson, March 16, 2016 (PAE0001934-35). 4040 (U) Twitter direct messages, Torshin and Butina, March 31, 2016-April 1, 2016. Butina herself helped to 

arrange the meeting. Email from Maria Butina to George O'Neill and Paul Erickson, March 23, 2016 (MB 

0002977) (describing plan to arrange the meeting with Velikhov). _ 4041 (U) Twitter direct messages, Torshin and ~utina, April 3, 2016. Email, Erickson to Butina, April 8, 2016 

(P AE0002418). Later,. as to O'Neill, Torshin remarked: "His activity aroused no interest in our country and lwon't 

be able to take part in his plans." Accordingly, he advised Butina to "step away from him" and made clear that he 

would not participate in any O'Neill gatherings in Russia. Twitter direct messages, Torshin and Butina, April 3, 

2016. Torshin later directed Butina to "decline contact: like, no time, got other responsibilities or something of that 

. kind." Torshin also hinted to Butina that he (Torshin) was ''in a system that was being guarded," although Butina 

613 

COMMITTEE SENSITIVE - RUSSIA INVESTIGATION O~L Y 
COMMITTEE SENSITIVE - RUSSIA INVESTIGATION ONLY 

(U). On April 21, O'Neill drafted a letter to Torshin apologizing for Rohrabacher's 

reportedly "intemperate remarks" and explaining, in part, his interest in sponsoring a dinner 

series in order to "further good relations between the Russian Federation and a NE'W American 

presidential administration next January.-"4042 · 

6. (U) 2016 NRA Convention and Efforts to Pursue Contact with Trump 

(U) At around the·same,time, Butina and Torshin discussed a return trip to the NRA 

annual meetings in 2016. On February 17, Torshin reiterated the need to "develop ties with the 

NRA."4043 By February 21, Butina conveyed to Torshin that Trump had "won the· last really 

important primaries," and they should consider him the "presumptive Republican nominee."4044 

In mid-March, Butina informed Torshin that Trump had referred to Putin as a "strong leader" 

and had effectively clinched the nomination.4045 Butina also cryptically proposed that Torshin 

"[t]hink about ifwe should invite someone from the Trump Administration in order to 

unofficial[ly] meet with someone from our ... ," although she left the sentence unfinished.4046 

(U) On April 20, Torshin pressed Butina to secure invitations to the NRA annual 

meetings and to begin preparations.4047 Butina, who had made that request to Pete Brownell· 

months earlier, on January 26, had already secured them.4048 Despite an initialtravel conflict, 

Torshin appeared to seek ways to justify his attendance internally within the Russian MF A. He 

requested that Butina write to him "specifically about a possible meeting with Trump and the 

other candidates" because "maybe MID [Russia's Ministry of Foreign Affairs] will ask to have 

me sent."4049 Torshin emphasized that MID's interest appeared to be in securing an invitation to 

observe the U.S. presidential election.4050 

(U) Likely in response, Butina prepared a written note for Torshin on the NRA 

convention on April 22, entitled ''Note on the Annual Ge~eral Convention of the National Rifle 

might be "freer in [her] preferences, but in a personal capacity." Twitter direct messages, Torshin and Butina, April 

20, 2016. ' 

. 4042 (U) Letter, O'Neill to Torshin, April 21, 2016 (PAE0002055-2058). His not clear from document productions 

if the letter was sent. O'Neill conveyed a similar sentiment td Butina in a separate letter. Letter, O'Neill to Butina, 

April 11, 2016 (MB 0002966-2967). 4043 (U) Twitter direct messages, Torshin .and Butina, February 17, 2016. 4044 (U) Twitter direct messages, Torshin and Butina, February 21, 2016. 4045 (U) Twitter direct messages, Torshin and Butina, March 15-16, 2016. 4046 (U) Twitter direct messages, Torshin and Butina, February 26, 2016 (ellipses in original). 4047 (U) Twitter direct messages, Torshin and Butin11, April 20, 2016. 4048 (U) Email, Butina to Brownell, January 25, 2016 (MB 0000026-28). In this email, Butina requestecl invitations 

for herself, Torshin, Pavel Gusev, Igor Pisarsky, and Vadim Zadorozhny. 4049 (U) Twitter direct messages, Torshin and Butina, April 22, 2016. 4050 (U) Twitter direct messages, Torshin and Butina, April 22, 2016. 

614 

COMMITTEE SENSITIVE - RUSSIA INVESTIGATION ONLY 
Association of the USA and the Possibilities of Setting Up Informal Communications between 

Russia and the USA." Butina's document included the following. statements tying the NRA trip 

to the Russian MF A's interest in influencing Republican candidates' views, specifically 

Trump's, on Russia (emphasis in original)4051 : 

• (U) "The assumption is that the influence of the NRA on election results is critically 

important for the Republican Party." 

• (U) "[T]he leadership of the NRA is inviting Mr. Torshin not just to attend the 

general assembly of the organization and to speak at it, but is even granting him access 

to closed meetings with the VIP speakers at the conference. In May 2016 he. has the 

chance to speak personally with the leaders of tbe Republican primary race-Mssrs. 

Trump, Cruz and Kasik [sic]." 

• (U) "Torshin is invited to the National Republican Convention .... In accord with 

Mr. Torshin's wish, he can be an observer at the presidential election in November 

2016 in a US state that interests him." 

• (U) "On April 22, Donald Trump announced a change ... in his election strategy, 

where the candidate plans to pay ·closer attention to foreign policy. Important in 

these circumstances are those contacts with the candidate and his entourage that will 

help form Trump's correct view of Russian-American relations. Attending the 

general assembly of the NRA in May 2016 fully provides this unique opportunity." 

(U) After Butina provided her written note, Torshin obtained approval from his "boss" to 

travel to the NRA convention.4052 Butina quickly arranged flights and developed a list of gifts to 

provide to their NRA contacts and the Republican candidates, including Trump and his entire 

family. 4053 She also told Torshin that they had obtained a meeting with Trump at the NRA.4054 

Torshin, however, was dubious that arranging a meeting with Trump, who they had begun 

referring to as "the future president," would be helpful during the campaign; and told her to focus 

instead on their NRA connections, which would "certainly prove useful." 4055 

4051 (U) Twitter direct messages, Torshin and Butina, April 22, 2016 (bold as in original). 4052 (U) Twitter direct messages, Torshin and Butina, April 28-29, 2016. 4053 (U) ·Twitter direct messages, Torshin and Butina, April 29, 2016. 4054 (U) Twitter direct messages, Torshin and Butina, May 4, 2016. 4055 (U) Twitter direct messages, Torshin and Butina, May 11, 2016. 

615 

COMMITTEE SENSITIVE - RUSSIA INVESTIGATION ONLY 
(U) On May 5, 2016, Kislyak was also scheduled for lunch with Allan Cors and David 

Keene at the Ambassador's residence.4056 Cors and Keene later declined Kislyak's invitation to 

attend the Day ofRussia celebration on June 9, 2016.4057 · 

(U) The possibility of meeting Trump during the convention initially arose with Johnny 

Yenason, who had met Butina at the Russian Prayer Breakfast and invited Butina and Torshin to 

a dinner he was involved in organizing on Thursday, May 19.4058 Yenason owned a 

Pennsylvania plumbing company, was an NRA member, and was active in political and religious 

. circles.4059 On May 2, Yenason emailed Butina and Torshin and offered an introduction to 

Trump in connection with the dinner: 

I would like to know if you would be interested in joining a couple ofus after the 

dinner to meet with Donald Trump, our presidential front runner . ... I believe this 

would be very interesti7?gfor both you and Alex especially if [M]r. Trump is elected 

our next president. You may if you wish be involved in helping introduce [M]r. 

Trump to President Putin. 4060 -

Butina responded: "Thank you very much for the priceless opportunity to meet Mr. Trump! It's 

an honor and might be a good. deal for the relationships between the two countries in the 

future. ,,4061 

(U) Several days later, Erickson emailed Rick Dearbo.m about the idea, with the subject 

line "Kremlin Connection": · 

Happenstance and the (sometimes) international reach of the NRA placed me in 

position a couple of years ago to slowly begin cultivating a back-channel to 

President Putin's Kremlin. Russia is quietly but actively seeking a dialogue with 

the US. that isn't forthcoming under the current administration. And for reasons 

that we can discuss in person or on the phone, the Kremlin believes that the only 

possibility of a true re-set in this relationship would be with a new Republican 

White House . ... 

4056 (U) Email, Perrine to Cors, May 3, 2016 (NRA Production 0003719). 

\ 4057 (U) Email, Perrine to Russian Embassy Staff, June 8, 2016 (NRA Production 0003724). 4058 (U) Email, Yenason to Butina, March 21, 2016 (MB 0002233) ("It was so good meeting you at the prayer 

breakfast. I.have spoken to my colleagues about inviting you and our friend too [sic] our dinner at the NRA 

convention. I'm also interested in talking to you about being a guest speaker at our dinner."). 4059 (U) Clay Tr., p. 36. 4060 (U) Email, Yenason to Butina, Clay, Ryan, and Torshin, May 2, 2016 (MB 0000004). 4061 (U) Email, Butina to Yenason, Clay, and Ryan, May 2, 2016 (MB 0002231). 

616 

COMMITTEE SENSITIVE - RUSSIA INVESTIGATION ONLY 
President Putin's emissary on this front has arranged to attend next week's NRA 

Annual Meeting in Louisville, KY. He is attending a small private reception that 

Mr. Trump has (allegedly) committed to on Thursday night, May 19 in order to 

make "first contact" (nothing more than the presentation of a gift for Mrs. Trump 

tied to the Russian Orthodox Church- a fascinating artifact). The reception is 

- being hosted by a nondescript organization, called "Heroes for Freedom and 

Liberty" (a veterans support group). 

Putin is deadly serious about building a good rel~tionship with Mr. Trump. He 

wants to extend an invitation to Mr. Trump to visit him in the Kremlin before the 

election. Let's talk through what has transpired and Sen. Sessions' advice on 

how to proceed. 4062 

Dearborn told the Committee that he did not recall receiving Erickson's email and did not 

. believe he responded to this request.4063 

' (U) Rick Clay, a politically-connected NRA member from West Virginia and friend of 

Y enason, also pursued the issue with his own Trump Campaign contacts, including Dearborn 

and Jordan Karem. Clay first raised the subject with Dearborn by phone on May 15, telling 

Dearborn that there was an invitation for Trump fo attend an event in Russia and that a meeting 

between Trump and Putin could be arranged while Trump was there.4064 In Clay's view at the 

time, "the optics [ofthis meeting] would [have] be[en] tremendous" from a political 

perspective.4065 

(U) At Dearborn's request,4066 Clay provided additional information in a follow-up May 

16 email, with the subject line "Russian backdoor overture and dinner invite": 

When Johnny informed me that he had made Mr. Torshin and Ms. Butina 's 

acquaintance, I invited them to atten,d our dinner ... and speak at our event 

which they enthusiastically accepted. At the same time I learned that Mr. Trump 

would be speaking at the NRA Convention in Louisville KY the day after our 

dinner. I contacted Jordan Karem ... whq works for the Trump Campaign 

organizing events. Jordan indicated he might be able to obtain entrance of a 

4062 (U) Email, Erickson to Dearborn, May 10, 2016 (PAE0002913). 4063 (U) SSCI Transcript of the Interview with'Rick Dearborn, October 23, 2017, pp. 65-66. 4064 (U) Ibid, p. 81: Clay Tr., pp. 48-51. Dearborn was connected to Clay through Joel Brubacker, Chiefof Staff to 

Senator Shelley Moore Capito. Dearborn Tr., pp. 80-81; see also Clay Tr., pp. 4~7 (describing initial contact 

with Dearborn through Capito's office). 4065 (U) Clay Tr., pp. 51-52. 4066 (U) Dearborn Tr., p. 81. 

617 
COMMITTEE SENSITIVE -RU_SSIA INVESTIGATION ONLY 

small group from our event to include the Russian delegation to meet Mr. Trump. 

I then informed Johnny Yenason of this development and asked him to speak to 

Mr. Torshin and Ms. Butina if they would like to have an opportunity to meet Mr. 

Trump if it could be arranged. They both agreed it would be an honor to meet him 

if possible. I informed Jordan Karem:·of this request and he said he would 

advance this up the latter [sic] with the Trump Campaign, (As of today I have not 

heard any word in regards to the request). A few days passed and I received a 

call from Johnny Yenason about a conversation he had with Ms. Butina and Mr. 

Torshin about meeting Mr. Trump. They indicated to him that they had been 

asked by Mr. Putin to see if Mr. Trump would be willing to meet with him in the 

near future and to explore this possibility with him at this meeting if it could be 

arranged. 

During a subsequent conversation with Ms. Butina and Mr. Torshin, Mr. Torshin 

requested that he meet privately with someone of high rank in the Trump 

Campaign prior to the May 20th NRA address by Mr. Trump, so that he can 

convey to them this is·a real overture and such a meeting would elevate any doubt 

that this is not some type of ploy or mischaracterization to meet Mr. Trump under 

false pretenses. 

(U) Clay continued: 

Mr. Torshin believes, as does [sic] several people associated with this Christian 

event in Russia, that he will personally approach Franklin Graham (They are 

good Friends and associates in Christ) to extend and [sic J invite to Mr. Trump to 

this event in Russia and while Mr. Trump is there he will arrange the meeting 

with President Putin and Mr. Trump. 

Please excuse the play on words but this is HUGE! The optics of Mr. Trump in 

Russian [sic J with Franklin Graham attending an event of over 1000 World 

Christian Leaders addressing the Defense of Persecuted Christians accompanied 

by a very visible meeting b{:!tween President Putin and Mr. Trump, would 

devastate the Clinton campaigns [sic J effort to marginalize Mr. Trump on 

Foreign Policy and embolden him further with Evangelicals. 4067 

(U) Clay also made two asks of Dearborn and the Trump Campaign: 

4067 (U) Email, Clay to Dearborn, May 16, 2016 (CRC-000016-CRC-000020). 

618 
\ 

COMMITTEE SENSITIVE - RUSSIA INVESTIGATION ONLY 

• (U) A "[p]rivet [sic] meeting with a high ranking representative of the Trump Campaign 

with Mr. Torshin before the NRA event." 4068 · 

• (U) A "[m]eet and greet with a small delegation from the Freedom Dinner with Mr. 

Trump that will include both Mr. Torshin, Ms. Maria Butina, [and] Three Medal of 

Honor Recipients." 4069 

(U) Dearborn initially responded that he would be "[w]orking on this first thing in the_ 

am." 4070 He told the Committee that he did not "connect the dots" to the earlier Erickson 

request.4071 He forwarded Clay's email to Jared Kushner, Paul Manafort, and Rick Gates the 

next day, noting that Clay: 

[W]ants Alexander Torshin, The Deputy Governor of the Bank of Russia to meet 

. with a high level official in our campaign. at the Louisville, KY NRA event to 

discuss an offer he claims to be carrying from President Putin to meet with DJT: 

They would also like DJT to visit Russia for a world summit on the persecution of 

Christians at which Putin and Trump would meet. 4072 

(U) Kushner, dubious of the Campaign's ability to verify any messages that people 

claimed to be bringing from foreign leaders, directed Dearborn to decline.4073 On May 18, 

Dearborn responded to Clay: "I've asked about a [meeting] but we are not able to accommodate 

it at that event in KY."4074 Dearborn did not discuss the request with Karem, but told the 

~ommittee that he may have mentioned it to J.D. Gordon or John Mashbum.4075 

(U) After Clay relayed the Campaign's response to Yenason, Yemison em,)ouraged him 

to persist: "I would suggest a follow up to Rick and see if the Trump camp is interested. They 

may think they missed the opportunity because the events are over. This·is not the case[,] we can 

4o6s (U) Ibid. 

4069 (U) Ibid. Clay told the Committee that he harbored some skepticism about the request because it had come to · 

him through multiple other people, but still believed there was a "slim chance that this could be real." Clay Tr. p. 

49. 

4070 (U) Email, Clay to Dearborn, May 16, 2016 (CRC-000016). 4071 (U) Dearborn Tr., pp. 82-83. . 4072 (U) Email, Dearborn to Kushner, Manafort and Gates, May 17, 2016 (RD 000009). Dearborn said that he was 

dubious of the request, and that using the phrase "an interesting request" really meant "[t]his is nutty," but he was 

trying to be respectful. Dearborn Tr., p. 87. 4073 (U) Email, Kushner to Dearborn, May 17, 2016 (RD 00000,l ). 4074 (U) Email, Dearborn to Clay, May 18, 2016 (CRC-000021). _ 4075 (U) Dearborn Tr., pp. 93, 96. Dearborn was doubtful that Karem would have been able to arrange a meeting 

with Trump. Ibid., p. 96. 

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still move this forward."4076 Clay continued to contact Dearborn about the possibility of a 

meeting, sometimes through other contacts.4077 Clay's requests continued periodically through 

September 2016; Dearborn told the Committee that he declined Clay's attempts to broker a 

meeting each time, believing that it was a settled issue from the Campaign's perspective.4078 

. (U) By early May, Torshin's participation at the NRA annual meetings appeared limited 

by his ongoing health issues and he almost canceled his travel entirely.4079 Torshin ultimately 

decided to fly from Russia to Louisville for a single day, arriving early Saturday morning, May 

21, and departing early Sunday morning, May 22.4080 Torshin asked Butina whether Trump 

would be at the convention that day, and also planned to join Keene for a private birthday 

dinner-·which Keene had specifically rescheduled to allow Torshin to attend.4081 

(U) Dmitri Osipkin; identified as the "Chairman of the Board of Foundation on 

Development of Perspective Defense Strategies and Technologies," joined Butina. Butina 

shared Osipkin's bio with Erickson,4082 and in a later email to O'Neill, Erickson touted Osipkin's 

political connections: 

In anticipation of the coming Sunday night I Monday night international friendship 

dinners, please find attached the bio on the Russian banker I friend of the Kremlin 

that Maria is hosting in Louisvill~ at the NRA Annual Meeting and that she will be 

bringing to Washington, DC on Sunday. Dmitry Osipkin is interesting and wellconnected - the conduit to a range of other powerful figures within Moscow. 4083 

4076 (U) Email, Yenason to Clay, May 18, 2016 (CRC-000063). 4077 (U) For example, on May 20, Dearborn received an email from another staffer for Senator Sessions. that "David 

Black ... reached out to me about a possible meeting with Trump and some Russian diplomats at the NRA 

convention- facilitated by Rick Clay. He said that Rick has been in touch with you." Email, Montgomery to 

Dearborn, May 20, 2016 (RD 000018). 4078 (U) Dearborn Tr., pp. 97-102. Dearborn did not know if the request had ever been raised with Trump. Ibid, p. 

102. 

4079 (U) Twitter direct messages, Torshin and Butina, May 11, 2016. 4080 (U) Twitter direct messages, Torshin and Butina, May 11 & 16, 2016. 4081 (U) Twitter direct messages, Torshin and Butina, May 19, 20.16. 4082 (U) Email, Butina to Erickson, May 19, 2016 (MB 0001550) (attaching bio). 4083 U Email Erickson to O'Neill, Ma 19, 2016 AE0002155). 4084 

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(U) Butina and Osipkin arrived in Louisville together on May 18 and departed for 

Washington, D.C., on May 22. Perrine of the NRA again helped with creating their itinerary and 

managing logistics.4085 On May 19, Butina and Osipkin attended two dinners. First, they joined 

David Keene for dinner at Brendon's Catch.4086 Then, they were escorted across town by police 

to attend a fundraiser organized by Johnny Yenason, Rick Clay, and Mark Ryan.4087 According 

to Clay, Yenason had requested that Butina speak at the dinner because of her work on gun 

rights, and that Torshin speak at the dinner because of his involvement with the Russian 

Orthodox Church.

4088 Torshin was not yet in Louisville, so Osipkin attended as a "stand-in."

4089 

(U) While at the dinner, Butina likely met Bobby Hart, a gunsmith from Pennsylvania 

who is friends with Trump Jr. That evening, Hart texted Trump Jr. about Butina's interest in 

meeting him, and referenced a past connection to Osipkin, who had secured hunting permits for 

Trump Jr. and Hart in Ukraine4090 : 

2018-05-19 21 :59:46 

From ~ 

Hey Donny I'm having dinner with the president of the Russian NRA and she would 

absolutely love to meet with you while you're down here and invite you to their Summit 

that they have In Russia as her guest she is with the guy that got our license to hunt 

when we're there very well accomplished shooter as well 

2018-05-20 10:41:22 

From+ 

lam in freedom hall are you here buddy 

4085 (U) Email, Butina to Erickson, May 17, 2016 (PAE0001969-74) (forwarding email exchange with Perrine and 

attaching itinerary). 4086 (U) Calendar invitation, Perrine to Keene, "Dinner with Russian Guests," May 19, 2016 (NRA Production 

0000143) (identifying by name Butina and Osipkin). 4087 (U) Clay Tr., p. 20-23. The fundraiser was called "Heroes for Freedom and Liberty Dinner'' and benefited the 

Hershel "Woody" Williams Medal of Honor Foundation. 4088 (U) Ibid, p. 21. 4089 (U) Ibid., p. 33. Over 400 people attended the dinner, including Kentucky Governor Matt Bevin and several of 

his cabinet members. Clay Tr., p. 27. Other attendees included Jordan Karem, who began working for Trump in 

July 2015 when the campaign began, later became press director for Mike Pence, and ultimately joined the White 

House advance team after inauguration. Ibid.; Steve Holland, "Trump's 'body guy' plans to leave White House 

soon: officials," Reuters, November 26, 2018. 4090 (U) Text messages, Hart to Trump Jr., May 19-20, 2016 (DJTJRO 1282). 

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According to Trump Jr., the hunting trip to Ukraine took place just before Trump Jr. traveled to 

Russia for the first time in 2003 or 2004.4091 He did not recall Osipkin and did not appear to 

respond to Hart's message about Butina.4092 

(U) Butina and Osipkin attended NRA meetings and receptions on May 18, May 19, and 

May 20.4093 On May 20, Trump gave a speech, as did Trump Jr.4094 Butina attended Trump's 

speech, but said she did not meet him during the convention.4095 Keene did not recall attending 

the events with Butina or Osipkin, whom he described as Torshin's assistant.4096 

(U) Butina and Osipkin,joined by Torshin, dined with Keene and Keene's wife on 

Saturday, May 20, for Keene's birthday.4097 During dinner that night, Torshin, Butina and 

Osipkin met Trump Jr. 

(U) K1:ene and Butina told the Committee that Keene made reservations at a different 

restaurant, but Keene had mistakenly brought them to Brendon's Catch, where they had eaten 

two nights earlier.4098 The restaurant initially provided Keene's group-himself, his wife, 

Butina, Torshin and Osipkin-with a private room that had been reserved for an NRA function, 

and then relocated them when the other NRA group arrived.4099 As they were being relocated, 

Pete Brownell, whose group of NRA members was taking the room, arrived with Trump Jr. and 

introduced him to Keene, Torshin, Butina, and Osipkin. 4100 Butina, Torshin, and Osipkin all had 

their photos taken with Trump Jr., some of which Butina produced to the Committee4101 : 

4091 (U) Trump Jr. Tr., pp. 225, 340-342. 4092 (U) Ibid, p. 342. 4093 (U) Events for Delegation from Russia, NRA Annual_ Meetings - Louisville, KY, May 18-22, 2016 

(PAE0001391-93). 

4094 (U) Keene Tr., p. 151-153. 4095 (U) Butina Tr., p. 224. 4096 (U) Keene Tr., p. 154. 4097 (U) Email, Perrine to Butina, May 18, 2016 (PAE0001970). 4098 (U) Keene Tr. pp. 154-155; Butina Tr. pp. 213-214. 4099 (U) Keene Tr. pp. 154-155; Butina Tr. pp. 213-214. 4100 (U) Keene Tr. pp. 154-155; Butina Tr. pp. 213-214. 4101 (U) Twitter direct message, Butina to Torshin, November 9, 2016 (MB 0000338) (sharing photo from Dmitry 

Osipkin ofButina, Osipkin and Torshin with Trump Jr.); Butina Tr., p. 211; Twitter direct message, Butina to 

Torshin, May 22, 2016 (MB 0000256); Twitter direct message, Butina to Torshin, May 22, 2016 (MB 0000256-57). 

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(U) Butina described the encounter in her interview: 

It was small talk. Mr. Torshin presented to Donald Trump Junior a coin or like 

something that he always had in his pockets, and he wished the best to his father, 

the best to Melania Trump, and the best to his family and his wife. We didn 't 

have a lot of time to talk because they were about to have dinner, and then they 

walked us out to the bigger room where the NRA delegation was there having 

dinner with Donald Trump Junior, and asked us to introduce ourselves. I 

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remember that because I was translating what Torshin told. He told: We are NRA 

life members; we are traveling from Russia. 4102 

(U) Butina told the Committee that she did not report this meeting with Trump Jr. to the 

Russian government, but either Torshin or Osipkin might have.4103 According to Butina, it was 

"absolutely a possibility that [the] Russian government was aware that this meeting 

happened."4104 

(U) Torshin himself told Butina in a Twitter message that he would "not report [about 

the trip] in written format," and would instead brief the MFA verbally.4105 Torshin also spoke 

with his "boss," who encouraged him to continue to "develop 'non-state relations."'4106 In 

addition, Torshin requested that Butina provide him with a written analysis of Trump's remarks 

and those of "other high-ranking guests."4107 

(U) After the convention, Butina and Osipkin returned to Washington, D.C. for a May 23 

dinner at the Army Navy Club arranged by O'Neill.4108 Butina attended this dinner, called it 

"interesting" in messages to Torshin (who did not attend), and promised to write an assessment 

about it.4109 Butina said that the dinner was focused on "civil society groups" and not attended 

by politicians,4110 although Erickson referenced attendance by "Russian banking oligarchs," and 

claimed that "[n]o one else is dealing with the Kremlin at this high a level today."4111 

4102 (U) Butina Tr., pp. 211-212. Keene, who was distracted at the time and'may have been outside, said he did not 

recall a conversation taking place during the Trump Jr. encounter. Keene Tr., pp. 166-167. 4103 (U) Butina Tr., pp. 211-212. 4104 (U) Ibid., p. 219. The Committee assesses the Russian government did have insight into this meeting, due to the 

fact that similar meetings were relayed to the Russian MFA. For example, in October 2016; Trump Jr. traveled to 

Paris where he gave remarks at a d~nner hosted by the Center for Political and Foreign Affairs, a pro~Russia think 

tank, for a fee of approximately $90,000. Trump Jr. Tr. II, pp. 370-372. Beforehand, Trump Jr. had lunch with 

Randa Kassis and Fabian Baussert, who operate the think tank. Ibid. Trump Jr. recalled speaking with them about 

the election and Syria. Ibid., pp. 375-377. Kassis later wrote in aFacebook post that has since been removed: "I 

succeeded to pass Trump, through the talks with his son,_the idea of how we can cooperate together to reach the 

agreement between Russia and the United States on Syria," and press reporting suggests she passed information 

about their conversation to the Russian MFA. See David S. Cloud, "Donald Trump Jr.'s 2016 trip to Paris for lunch 

with Moscow-linked couple remains a puzzle," Los Angeles Times, November 17, 2017. 4105 (U) Twitter direct messages, Torshin and Butina, May 24, 2016. 

4106 (U) Ibid. 4107 (U) Twitter direct messages, Torshin and Butina, May 22, 2016. 4108 (U) Email, O'Neill to Butina and Erickson, May 20, 2016 (MB 0002907). 4109 (U) Twitter direct messages, Torshin and Butina, May 24, 2016. 4110 (U) Butina insisted that the dinners were focused on "civil society groups' communications, when you have 

friendship beyond just the presidents and beyond the top level, which was normal," akin to a "Track II" dialogue. 

She claimed that the phrase "back channel communication" was being used in that context. Butina Tr., pp. 228-231. 

K. T. McFarland was invited, but did not' attend, according to Butina. Ibid. 4111 (U) Email, Erickson to O'Neill and Butina, April 20, 2016 (PAE0000712). 

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7. (U) Efforts to Establish a U.S.-Russia: Communications Channel 

(U) On July 12, Dana Rohrabacher organized a dinner at The Monocle, a restaurant near 

the Capitol in Washington, D.C., to discuss his position on U.S. foreign policy towards 

Russia.4112 As previously described, Torshin and Butina had met repeatedly with Rohrabacher to 

discuss Russia-U.S. relations, and Rohrabacher's visits to Russia had been monitored by the 

Russian MF A. The guests included then-Senator Jeff Sessions and Campaign policy advisor 

Sam Clovis.4113 

(U) According to Clovis, "[t]he whole thing was about Russia." He told the Committee: 

"Rohrabacher was advocating a position that was absolutely untenable from a campaign 

perspective and certainly from my perspective. . . . [W]hat he proposed that night, was that we 

ought to be allied with Russia in dealing with the Middle East and a much stronger association, 

much stronger relationship with Russia."4114 

. (U) Rohrabacher agreed that the event was "a lot of talk about Russia ... I guess you 

might call it policy. But we were discussing what America's role should be with Russia."4115 He 

described the event: 

There were probably about 25 people. We had a big table. Faith Whittlesey, my 

old.friend.from the Reagan years who was US. Ambassador to Switzerland, was 

there. . . . There was one guy from the-there was one guy from the Trump 

campaign. He was-I don't remember his name. I do remember he was ' 

overweight and I was not impressed with him. But he was there. 

(U) Rohrabacher said there were some differences of opinion in the room, with some, 

including himself and Whittlesey, "advocating a cooperative effort," while others, including 

Clovis, took a more "hard line" approach.4116 

(U) Erickson was at the dinner as well. Clovis recalled interacting with Erickson and 

giving him a card.4117 This interaction apparently prompted Erickson, on July 16, to email 

Clovis that he had been "developing a back-channel to the Kremlin for the past couple of years": 

4112 (U) Clovis Tr., pp. 87-88, 91. . 4113 (U) Ibid, p. 9t. Clovis was invited by Brandon Wheeler, a friend ofRohrabacher. Email, Clovis to Wheeler, 

Rohrabacher, Manafort, and Ahn, July 12, 2016 (DJTFP00012854). 4114 (U) Clovis Tr., pp. 90-94. · 4115 (U) Rohrabacher Tr., p. 61. 4116 (U) Ibid, pp. 60-621. 4117 (U) Clovis Tr., pp. 93-94. 

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I briefly m.entioned at the Rohrabacher dinner that I've been developing a backchannel to the Kremlin for the past couple of years - really, just the recipient of 

their outreach. Comes now an important inquiry on that front. 

Was Trump supporter Carter Page's recent visit to Moscow (major speech 

delivered a couple of weeks ago) his idea based upon his previous years in 

Russia, or were you (or the campaign) aware of or sanctioned his remarks? 

Carter EXACTLY echoes the "new relationship with Russia" strains echoed at 

the dinner, by nominee Trump and by smart international security experts. His 

speech is sweeping the Russian internet AND has deeply interested the most inner 

circles of the Kremlin. For a host of reasons, it has further reinforced Putin's I 

Russia's desire for a Trump victory over a pointless "Hillary re-set" 

administration. 

Clovis said he did not respond to the email and did not tell anyone about receiving it, despite 

claiming he was "always hinky about anybody who wanted to talk about Russia."4118 

(U) If Clovis had voiced his opposition to Russia so forcefully at the dinner, it is unclear 

why Erickson would have chosen Clovis as the target of his outreach.4119 Butina told the 

· Committee that Erickson did not tell her about this email or the nature of his outreach to the 

Trump Campaign. 4120 She was also not aware of how Erickson had developed his information 

about the "inner circles of the Kremlin," but posited that Erickson made these representations 

based on assumptions and public reporting, and not some other form of inside access.4121 

(U) The following week, Erickson also reached out to George O'Neill about the 

"U.S.(Russia friendship dinners." In the Juty 23 email, Erickson suggested to O'Neill that 

Butina wanted to add Byrne as a new member of the dinners: 

Patrick Byrne, the founding CEO of Overstock.com, met Maria last July at 

Freedom Fest in Las Vegas and has been stalking her ever since ... [he] 

supports 'our' vision of a new dawn of relations between the two countries. He .. 

. would find it effortless to attend a monthly dinner in Washington with whomever 

411s (U) Ibid. 4119 (U) Clovis's interactions with George Papadopoulos regarding Campaign engagement with Russia are described 

infra Vol. 5, Sec. III.E. 4120 (U) Butina Tr., p. 270. 4121 (U) Ibid, p. 265-270. 

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of our original cast might wish to dine at a given time . . . Maria VERY much 

wants you two to meet to compare your genius level IQ 's. 

Finally, I'd like to add Byrne to the very small circle of Maria Butina college 

scholarship providers (you and I and an NRA poohbah are the founding trio). 

Byrne is a bachelor by choice and consequences of his intellectual gifts and 

limitations, but is now concerned with his mortality and family legacy. Since 

meeting Maria, he has found ever more creative ways to pitch a standing $1 

million offer to her 'to have a baby with him.' He is utterly enamored of her 

imagined gene stock and believes that a baby would cement not only his familial 

line but also relations between our two nations . . . . I think that he could be 

persuaded by men like you and me to support Maria in more concrete - if less 

carnal - terms. 4122 · 

Erickson forwarded the entire July 23 email to Butina, lurid details included, with the 

note: "For your files -the start of a conversation!! !"4123 · 

(U) During the same time frame, Butina and Torshin exchanged messages about the . 

Trump Campaign and their potential inroads. In early July, Butina sent Torshin a paper 

forecasting the results of the election, which Toi-shin expected to send to the MFA.4124 A July 18 

discussion focused on how to leverage Butina's American "contacts," particularly with respect to 

a Rohrabacher-associated ''pro-Russian club" and Carter Page: 

Torshin: . . . How are things with Trump? 

Butina: Trump chose the governor of Indiana, Pence; as vice-president. Pence is 

absolutely an NRA guy . ... 

Torshin: ... What are you thinking of doing with your contacts? Otherwise, if there's a 

[Trump] victory, they'll forget about us! 

Butina: I think you are right. Most of all, it's necessary, as you had thought, to 

go to the elections as an observer from the NRA! 

Butina: There's this pro-Russian club here - well-known senators, Trump 

advisors, who are for relations with the RF. It would be good to get contact with 

them up and running ... 

4122 (U) Email, Erickson to O'Neill, July 23, 2016 (PAE0002955, 2938). 4123 (U) Email, Erickson to Butina, July 23, 2016 (PAE0002955). 4124 (U) Twitter direct messages, Torshin and Butina, July 3, 2016. 

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Torshin: Of course! Perhaps you should meet with the younger one, or is that 

difficult? 

Torshin: And what kind of club is that? Rohrabacher and others? Give me the 

contact information - I'll try to find out . ... 

Butina: Right now I would rather meet with Carter Page. He's Trump's advisor 

for the RF and heads the pro-Russian group. He was in Moscow at a meeting 

with Putin last year. Can you find out how we feel abo~t him? 

Torshin: I'll try, but tomorrow. Not long ago one of his advisors was in 

Moscow. I don't remember the last name. 

Butina: . . . Thank you very much for the information. Carter Page is his name. 

This is very important. I have not yet agreed to a meeting with him. It depends 

on your opinion. 

Butina: Regarding the younger Trump - a meeting is possible, but, more likely, 

with you than with me. They are crazy busy now. 4125 

Despite her representations to Torshin about Page, Butina told the Committee that she had no 

direct contact with Page and did not have any information about his activities other than what 

was publicly reported.4126 · 

(U) Although she did not meet with Page, Butina did meet several times with J.D. 

Gordon, a former Trump Campaign national security advisor who she first encountered at a 

Swiss Embassy reception on September 28.4127 That evening, following the reception, Erickson 

connected the two by email, asserting that Gordon was "playing a crucial role in the Trump 

transition effort and would be an excellent addition to any of the U.S. I Russia friendship dinners 

you occasionally hold. His perspective on international security is informed and listened to by all 

the 'right' people in the immediate future of American politics."4128 Seizing on other comments 

Gordon had made to the Russian government-sponsored channel RT and his role in developing 

the RNC's Ukraine platform, Butina invited him to an upcoming O'Neill dinner on October 4, at 

the Army Navy Club, "to discuss a future strategic alliance between Russia and America on 

4125 (U) Twitter direct messages, Torshin and Butina, July ·1s, 2016. 4126 (U) Butina Tr., pp. 264-269. . 4

.

127 (U) Ibid., p. 275. Gordon told the Committee that he held his position on the Campaign from March until 

August 2016. Gordon Tr., p. 5. 4128 (U) Email, Erickson to Gordon and Butina, September 28, 2016 (MB 0000010). 

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issues like international terror." 4129 Butina then recommended to O'Neill that Gordon, who she 

referred to as "Trump's foreign policy advisor," as well as Byrne, be invited.4.

130 

(U) Butina told the Committee that she knew Gordon was a Trump advisor and "[h]e 

seemed to have a pro-Russian position, so I thought it would be beneficial ifhe would be in the 

George group because it supports U.S.-Russia relations."4131 On October 2, she advised Torshin 

that she was meeting with "Trump's Russia advisors" and sought his guidance on presenting the 

Russian position on Trump: · 

Butina: ... On Tuesday I am meeting with Trump's Russia advisors. 

Torshin: Interesting! 

Butina: What position should we hold on our side? 

Torshin: Very.carefully. Tell them according to different "surveys, "Russians 

have good feelings for him. About the readiness to work positively ... 

Butina: What's from the government side? Are we ready to meet? 

Torshin: This is a question of a completely different level! Better not ask it. You 

can talk about the initiative of the ''prayer brealfast" of Doug Coe. And about 

possibility of collaboration on the NRA line. \ 

Butina: Understood! 

Torshin: We need to do it in a way so that it is clear you are the person who can 

provide a channel of cooperation on a sound level. ... 4132 

(U) Gordon was unable to attend the dinner, but the two continued their correspondence 

in an effort to meet again.4133 Gordon took Butina to a Styx concert at the Warner Theater on 

October 18, following a happy hour.4134 Butina likewise recalled meeting with Gordon at a bar 

4129 (U) Email, Butina to Gordon, September 29, 2016 (MB 0000011-12). 4130 (U) Email, Butina to O'Neill, September 29, 2016 (MB 0007157). 4131 (U) Butina Tr., p. 276. 4132 (U) Twitter direct messages, Torshin and Butina, October 2, 2016. 4133 (U) Emails, Gordon to Butina, September 29 & October 5, 2016 (MB 0000013-15). 4134 (U) Email, Gordon to Butina, October 13, 2016 (PAE0000724); Email, Butina to Gordon, October 13, 2016 

(PAE0000730). 

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in downtown Washington, D.C., possibly before the concert, where they spoke about both 

Gordon's and Trump's positive views on Russia: 

I told him that I support good U.S.-Russian relations and the restoration of the 

communication between the two countries. He was the same way. He told: Yes, I 

· agree with, and Trump agrees with that. And that's pretty much it. But you don't 

hear it very often, so I was very pleased that he supports this idea. 4135 

(U) Butina invited Gordon to her birthday party on November 12 and the two later 

exchanged emails about a happy hour in December, but Butina did not recall any further 

communications of substance.4136 The Comm1ttee did not ask Gordon any questions about these 

interactions. 

(U) In contemporaneous conversations with Torshin, Butina touted her meetings with 

Gordon, and the O'Neill dinners, as pathways to the Trump Campaign. On October 5, she wrote 

that she "will be connecting people from the prayer breakfast to this group" and that she was 

"setting up the groundwork." On October 13, she said that she had "met with the Trump[] 

academia wing on international policy." On October.20, when Torshin asked her what was "new 

with the elections campaign," she responded: 

I talk to all of Trump's Russia advisors. There are three of them. They do not have 

any other contacts at the RF. Just you and 1 At the same time, I am working in a 

group that is writing proposals to him on foreign policy strategy. I have a couple 

of people on his staff· And you know everything about the Prayer Breaifast. 4137 

8. (U) After the Election and the 2017 National Prayer Breakfast 

(U) Butina monitored the election results closely on November 8 and reported back to 

Torshin on Trump's victory. They both celebrated the result as "a wonderful chance to improve 

American-Russian relations."4138 They also believed it "important that [their] efforts are 

noticed," and Torshin encouraged Butina to "ask our friends about the possibility to go to the 

inauguration" and committed to "developing our connections." 4139 Butina followed up with two 

papers for Torshin and the MFA: ''Notes about the resource base of contacts with the team of the 

4135 (U) Butina Tr., pp. 277-279. 4136 (U) Butina Tr., pp. 282-284. 4137 (U) Twitter direct messages, Torshin and Butina, October 20, 2016. 4138 (U) Twitter direct messages, Torshin and Butina, November 9, 2016. 4139 (U) Twitter direct messages, Torshin and Butina, November 9, 2016. 

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newly elected president of the USA Donald Trump" and "Establishment of the dialogue with the 

team of the newly elected president of the USA." 4140 

·.. ' 

(U) In the first paper, sent on November 10, 2016, Butina proposed that she and Torshin 

"use the existing personal groundwork" they had laid "in establishing informal relationships in 

U.S. political circles ... for the purposes of assessing, monitoring, forecasting, and developing 

the policies of the [Russian Federation] vis-a-vis" the United States. Butina also explained: · 

During the last 5 years, [Torshin] and Butina have constantly worked on 

establishing unofficial contact, based on common views and a system of 

conservative values, with a number of key [Republican Party] organizations in 

the US, including the executive level of [the Republican Party,] its intellectual 

establishment and [Republican Party] organizations. 4141 

(U) In the second paper, sent on November 11, 2016, Butina proposed organizing a 

conference on_building Russian-American relations under Trump. Butina recommended 

presenting the conference as a "private initiative" rather than a "government undertaking," 

because the event would "create ... a foundation for further talks on the level of government 

officials" without any government officials needing to attend the event.4142 

(U) Torshin read the proposals and initiated contact with the MF A to s~ek further 

guidance on their American efforts. However, he was "afraid" that the MF A would "not go for 

it," and in a private Twitter message, instructed Butina to proceed cautiously: · 

Take notice - Trump has already received a good letter from VVP [Putinl We 

cannot be in discord here. A discussion can be held but a participation of Russians 

cannot be arranged. The MF A cannot tell me anything about ihe Prayer Breaifast. 

In general, the MF A 's attitude toward the breaifast was formed a long time ago -

it is negative! As for the inauguration, they say yes, go! About the breaifast - so 

far no response. I understand them - the principle is "do not harm! "4143 

(U) Despite the MF A's reportedly "negative" attitude, Butina and Torshin worked 

toward securing tickets to the Prayer Breakfast. Butina was in contact with Doug Burleigh of the 

4140 (U) Twitter direct messages, Torshin and Butina, Novemb!)r 9-11, 2016. 4141 (U) United States' Memorandum in Aid of Sentencing, United States v. Maria Butina, Case 1:18-cr-00218-

TSC, p. 9, April 19, 2019 (quoting Maria Butina, "Notes about the resource base of C!)ntacts with the team of the 

newly elected president of the USA Donald Trump," November 10, 2016). 4142 (U) Ibid (quoting Butina, "Establishment of the dialogue with the team of the newly elected president of the 

USA," November 11, 2016). · 4143 (U) Twitter direct messages, Torshin and Butina, November 12, 2016. 

631 

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National Prayer Breakfast committee4144 as well as its Chairman, Doug Coe. On November 15, 

2016, she reported to Torshin that they had received invitations.~145 Torshin's response 

suggested that the MF A was cautiously considering the event: "Everyone is afraid and is waiting 

for the order. I can't get through to the relevant deputy ofLavrov."4146 Nonetheless, by 

November 30, the two had developed a list of nine Russians to include as part of a delegation to 

the Prayer Breakfast.4147 By late December, the list had grown to 12, and Torshin had obtained 

approval from the MF A for the trip.4148 

(U) Butina was transparent with Erickson as to the intent of the Russian delegation. On 

November 30, 2016, she told him that "[p]eople in the list are hand-picked by Mr. Torshin and 

me and are VERY influential in Russia. They are coming to establish a back channel of 

communication."4149 She also advised O'Neill, on November 29, that she was "putting together 

a very influential delegation of Russians to the US." Erickson helped Butina draft an email 

intended for Burleigh, which included a suggestion that Putin might attend: "Should the next 

U.S. President move to thaw relations with Russia, it is extremely likely that President Putin 

would attend the prayer breakfast in a gesture of unity between Russian Orthodox believers and 

American Christians."4150 r-

(U) Butina relayed each update of the Russian delegation to Erickson, who was assisting 

her in organizing their attendance at the breakfast. The delegation notably included, among 

others4151 :· 

• (U) Vadim Lobov, Executive Director of the Moscow University oflndustry and 

Finance "Synergy"; . 

• (U) Aysen Nikolaev, Mayor ofYakutsk;4152 

• (U) Sergey Shakhov, former Kremlin staffer; 

4144 {U) Email, Burleigh to Butina, November 6, 2016 (P AE000 1053) (forwarding Prayer Breakfast invitation). 4145 (U) Twitter direct messages, Torshin and Butina, November 13-15, 2016. 4146 (U) Twitter direct messages, Torshin and Butina, November 15, 2016. 4147 (U) Twitter direct messages, Torshin and Butina, November 30, 2016. 4148 (U) Twitter direct messages, Torshin and Butina, December 26, 2016 ("I was told at the MFA today that there 

are no objections to my trips . . . . The response from MF A is perfect. ... I am serious."). 4149 (U) Email, Butina to Erickson, November 30, 2016 (MB 0002872). 4150 (U) Email, Erickson to Butina, October 21, 2016 (PAE0002042). 4151 (U) Email, Erickson to Yushioka, Butina, and Burleigh, January 27, 2017 (PAE0001003, 1010); Butina Tr., pp. 

299-306; see also Evgenia Pismennaya and Ilya Arkhipov, "The Butina 11: Meet the Russians 'Handpicked' for 

Trump Event," Bloomberg, December 14, 2018. 4152 (U) Nikolaev is now the Head of the Sakha Republic. 

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• (U) Alexander Erkhov, part owner of "Uralprivatbank"; 

• (U) Alexander Karpov, owner and board member of Russian developer "GK Regiony"; 

• (U) Igor Pisarsky, businessman involved in politi~s and public relations; 

• (U) Andrey Kolyadin, former Kremlin staffer; and, 

• (U) Stanislav Puginsky, part-owner of Russian law firm Egorov, Puginksy, Afanasiev & 

Partners. 

Two last-minute additions-Kolyadin and Puginsky--obtained invitations from Rohrabacher, 

through Erickson and Jack Abramoff.4153 

(U) On January 31, before the National Prayer Breakfast began, the Russian delegation 

attended one of the O'Neill "friendship dinners" at the Hotel George.4154 The idea for a dinner 

with the Russian visitors to the National Prayer Breakfast appeared to originate with O'Neill, but 

was eagerly embraced by Erickson and Butina.4155 In a January 22, 2016, email, Erickson 

suggested that O'Neill "pitch the dinner/delegation to Members of Congress or people of 

importance" by emphasizing the attendees' status and Putin's involvement: 

The Russian Federation is sending a full contingent to this year's National Prayer 

Breakfast as its first semi-official delegation to the US. under the leadership of 

President Trump. (Past years might have elicited two or three attendees-this 

year a powerful 15.) It is consequential that the FIRST delegation is targeting the 

prayer brealifast - this is of a piece with President Putin's continued emphasis on 

the role of the Russian Orthodox Church in Russian life. Putin would specifically 

like to use a common faith as a bridge between these two cultures. 

The delegation is being led by Russian Central Bank Deputy Governor Alexander 

Torshin (previously President of the Russian Senate). It is populated by key 

mayors, university presidents and personal advisors to President Putin. Reaction 

to the delegation's presence in America will be relayed DIRECTLY to President 

Putin and Foreign Minister Sergey Lavrov (who' both had to personally approve 

. the deleg(ltion 's travel to this event). 4156 

4153 (U) Email, Abramoff to Erickson, January 5, 2017 (PAE0001334). 4154 (U) Butina Tr., p. 227. 4155 (U) Email, Erickson to O'Neill and Butina, January 5, 2016 (MB 0002155); Email, Butina to O'Neill, January 

5, 2016 (MB 0002160). 4156 (U) Email, Erickson to O'Neill and Butina, January 22, 2016 (MB 0004103). 

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(U) Among the American attendees were: Rohrabacher, Congressman Thomas Massie, 

and Ron Maxwell, a film producer who claimed to have contact with Steve Bannon.4157 After 

the dinner, Butina wrote to O'Neill and referenced Putin: "Our delegation cannot stop chatting 

about your wonderful dinner. My dearest President has received the message." Butina told the 

Committee that she had "exaggerated a little bit" in the email, but nonetheless suggested that 

Torshin's political connections could be used to transmit messages: "Regardless that Torshin is 

not the closest person, he's still in the United Russia, which means he definitely could write a 

memo and try to give it in certain channels."4158 

(U) A document containing Butina's notes from the Breakfast were recovered from her 

computer by the FBI.4159 Butina did not produce these notes to the Committee. Although 

partially redacted in public filings, the notes covered a number of Butina's activities during the 

Breakfast and surrounding events from January 30-to February 3. They included the O'Neill 

Friendship Dinner, where two individuals "really want[ed] to go to Moscow" and where the 

Russian representatives invited one person to the Moscow Economic Forum and another to the 

Russian Prayer Breakfast. The notes also indicate that Pisarsky was introduced on multiple 

occasions as Putin's campaign manager.4160 

(U) Butina and Torshin were briefly on a list to meet Trump during the National Prayer 

Breakfast. Burleigh had contacted Butina to offer her and Torshin a chance to meet President 

Trump in private during the Breakfast: "We have this wonderful possibility and Trump might 

meet you guys before the National Prayer Breakfast So that means you have to come a couple of 

hours before and then there might be a green room and you might have a picture with the 

President."4161 Public reporting indicates that the meeting was canceled the night before, after a 

White House national security aide flagged Torshin as an individual with "baggage," including 

ties to organized crime.4162 Butina told the Committee she thought the cancellation was due to 

the event having been overbooked.4163 

4157 (U) Email, Erickson to Butina, January 31, 2017 (MB 0004170--4171) (list of American guests); Butina Tr., pp. 

229-230. 

4158 (U) Butina Tr., p. 234. 4159 (U) United States' Memorandum in Aid of Sentencing, United States v. Butina, Case 1:18-cr-00218-TSC 

(D.D.C. May 1, 2019), Exhibit 8. At the end of the notes, Butina wrote "Please contact Maria Butina with any 

questions," suggesting that the notes might have been prepared for an audience. 

4160 (U) Ibid 

4161 (U) Butina Tr., p. 314. ( 4162 (U) Michael Isikoff, "White House pulled out of meet and greet with 'conservatives' favorite Russian' over 

suspected mob ties," Yahoo News, April.2, 2017. 4163 (U) Butina Tr., p. 66. 

634 
(U) After the event, Burleigh emailed Butina about strategically selecting invitees and 

appealed to their shared vision of the Russian visit: "I think this will be even more important as 

our President takes a deeper involvement in meeting with senior Russian leaders who are invited 

in the future."4164 

(U) On December 13, 2018, Butina entered a plea of guilty to conspiring to act as an 

unregistered agent of Russia during her time in the United States.4165 Butina admitted that 

beginning in at least March 2015, she sought to establish and use "unofficial lines of 

communication with Americans having power and influence over U.S. politics," at the direction 

of Alexander Torshin and for the benefit of the Russian government.4166 On April 26, 2019, 

Butina was sentenced to 18 months in prison, including time served; she was deported to Russia 

on October 25, 2019. 

4164 (U) Email, Burleigh to Butina, February 23, 2017 (PAE0001370. 4165 (U) See Statement of Offense, United States v. Butina, Case 1:18-cr-00218-TSC (D.D.C. December 13, 2018). 

4166 Ibid. 

4167 Fo-the IRA's influence operations 

635 

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I. (U) Allegations, and Potential Misinformation, About Compromising Information 

1. (U) Introduction and Findings 

(U) Russia has a longstanding practice of collecting compromising information to 

attempt to influence or coerce prominent individuals, posing a potential counterintelligence 

threat. Allegations that the Russian government had compromising information on thencandidate Trump emerged in 2016, and were more fully made public in early 2017, through 

memos produced by Christopher Steele. Separate but related allegations, which were not public, 

in some cases predated both Steele's memos and the 2016 U.S. presidential campaign. 

Collectively, the allegations raised a potential counterintelligence concern, that Russia might use 

compromising information to influence the then-presidential candidate's positions on relations 

with Russia. The Committee sought, in a limited way, to understand the Russian government's 

alleged collection of such information, not only because of the threat of a potential foreign 

influence operation, but also to explore the possibility of a misinformation operation targeting 

the integrity of the U.S. political process. 

(U) Of particular concern to the Committee were the following: 

4168 (U) DOJ OIG FJSA Report. While the DOJ OJG FISA Report included some of this information, the report 

omitted other information, and contained a potential factual error, which resulted unintentionally in a misleading 

portrayal of the intelligence report. Some of that portrayal from the DOJ OJG FISA Report has been declassified. 

The contents of the intelligence report, including the information which was omitted by the Inspector General, is 

described herein. For more information on Steele, see infra Vol. 5, Sec. IV.B. 

636 

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--

637 
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(U) In the course of the Committee's inquiry, witnesses provided information about two 

of Trump's three known trips to Russia. Some individuals the Committee engaged with have 

relationships with Trump and have traveled with him to Russia, others have never met him, and 

none of them were part of the Campaign. A number of witnesses told the Committee their 

memories were unclear, and some of the information they provided could not be corroborated. 

The Committee collected this testimony and other information, but it did not establish that the 

Russian government collected kompromat on Trump, nor did it establish that the Russian 

government attempted to blackmail Trump or anyone associated with his campaign with such 

information. 

(U) Separate from Steele's memos, which the Committee did not use for support, the 

Committee became aware of three general sets of allegations. First, testimony and other 

information provided by several witnesses indicated that an individual named David Geovanis 

alleged that he had information about Trump's relationships with women in Moscow. 

(U) Geovanis is a Moscow-based U.S. businessman who holds a Russian passport and 

may be a dual U.S.-Russian citizen. The Committee is not aware of Geovanis having any direct 

connection with the Trump Campaign. Geovanis has claimed that, during Trump's travel to 

Russia, both in 1996 and 2013, Geovanis was aware of Trump engaging in personal relationships 

with Russian women. Geovanis has suggested that the Russian government was also likely 

aware of this information. · 

(U) Geovanis has ties to Kremlin-linked oligarchs, several of whom are sanctioned by 

the United States. Some of Geovanis's contacts are also associated with Russia's intelligence 

and security services, and some are involved in Kremlin foreign influence operations. Geovanis, 

who may have been under personal financial strain since at least 2013, has said that his 

relationships with former members of the Russian security services are useful for doing business 

4171 

638 
COMMITTEE SENSITIVE - RUSSIA INVESTIGATION ONLY 

in Russia. Geovanis also has a reputation in ·Moscow for a pattern of conduct regarding women 

that could make him, and potentially those around him, vulnerable to kompromat operations. 

(U) While the Committee is not specifically aware of Geovanis sharing his alleged 

information regarding Trump with the Russian government, he has not been discreet with it. He 

is believed to have told a number of people in Moscow and elsewhere about some of this 

information, at least some of whom are in the U.S. expatriate business community, and he may 

have also spoken to the press about it. Geovanis refused to cooperate with the Committee's 

investigation, and some of his communications indicate that he has recently avoided returning to 

the United States. 

{U) The second set of allegations relate to a Moscow-based businessman, Sergey 

Khokhlov, who overheard two people in Moscow, in October 2015, discussing sensitive tapes of 

a Trump visit to Russia. He relayed what he heard to Giorgi Rtskhiladze, a friend and business 

associate of Michael Cohen. In October 2016, Rtskhiladze informed Cohen of the alleged tapes 

in Moscow, and Cohen informed Trump and several others. Cohen has said that there was no 

additional action taken, and that he had been aware of other similar allegations that began shortly 

after Trump's travel to Moscow in 2013, none of which Cohen was able to corroborate. 

(U) The third set of allegations relate to an individual, then an executive at Marriott 

International, which is the parent company of Ritz Carlton, wh9 overheard two other Marriott 

executives discussing how to handle a tape of Trump with women in an elevator at the Ritz 

Carlton Moscow. Neither the allegedly overheard conversation, nor the content described, could 

be corroborated. 

(U) Apart from allegations related to Trump, the Committee found that the Ritz Carlton 

in Moscow is a high counterintelligence risk environment. The Committee assesses that the 

hotel likely has at least one permanent Russian intelligence officer on staff, government 

surveillance of guests' rooms, and the regular presence of a large number of prostitutes, likely 

with at least the tacit approval of Russian authorities. 

2. (U) Threat Posed by Russian Intelligence Services' Collection of Kompromat 

4172 

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4174 

4175 (U) ere was press coverage m 2011 regarding Donald Trump's desire to run for president in 2012, which may 

have heightened foreign intelligence interest in him. Neil King Jr, "Trump Candidacy for White House Gaining 

Ground," The Wall Street Journal, A ril 20, 2011. 4176 

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3. (U) David Geovanis and Potential Counterintelligence Concerns 

(U) In some circles of the U.S. expatriate business community in Moscow it has been 

common for visiting businessmen to be taken to nightclubs or parties where prostitutes are 

present.4178 It is likely that Russian security or intelligence services capitalize on those 

opportunities to collect information.4179 During the 1990s and into the 2000s, David Geovanis 

developed a reputation in Moscow, in part as a host for visiting businessmen.4180 Several 

witnesses told the Committee that Geovanis also engaged in a pattern of behavior regarding 

women that made him, and potentially others around him, vulnerable to exploitation by the 

Russian intelligence and security services.4181 

(U) The Committee found multiple instances, in testimony, emails and text messages, from multiple individuals 

including Geovanis himself, that were corroborative of this general reputation and conduct. Some of the 

communications were historical, others were more contemporary. Only a limited subset of that information is 

641 

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i. Geovanis's Professional Background and Connections to Oligarchs 

(U) As previously noted, Geovanis is a Moscow-based businessman who holds a Russian 

passport and may be a dual U.S.-Russian citizen.4182 Geovanis worked in the United States 

before moving to Moscow in 1991.4183 In Moscow, Geovanis worked as a representative for the 

·American investor Bennett LeBow,4184 developing and investing in real estate for a RussianAmeric~njoint venture called Liggett-Ducat and for Brookemil Ltd.4185 Likely starting in 1997, 

Geovanis worked for Soros Private Equity Partners in Moscow and London until approximately 

2001 or 2002.4186 

(U) SSCI Transcript of the Interview with Ro ert Curran, January 14, 2019, p. 18; Email, Geovanis to LeBow, 

August 22, 2017 (LeBow 000413-414); Email, Email, LeBow to iikruglov@mail.ru, August 22, 2017 (LEBOW 

000413-414); Somerset Coal, sales script (LEBOW 0001862); Geovanis and Anatoli Samochomov had the same 

legal representation. The Committee does not have any information indicating that Samochomov and Geovanis 

know each other. . 4183 (U) In Beverly Hills, Geovanis worked for Drexel Burnham Lambert, an investment firm that filed for 

bankruptcy in 1990. Leon Black also worked at the firm. Bennett LeBow was a significant investor with the firm 

and a client of Black. Geovanis, Black and LeBow all participated in Donald Trump's 1996 trip to Moscow. SSCI 

Transcript of the Interview with Leon Black, August 8, 2018, pp. 6-7, 15-21; Steven Pearlstein, "Icon ofan Era" The 

Washington Post, February 14, 1990. · 4184 (U) LeBow, who has known Geovanis for many years and visited him repeatedly in Russia, refused to be 

interviewed by the Committee. This limited the Committee's potential understanding ofGeovanis, his relationships 

with individuals of concern in Russia, and his allegations. LeBow made documents available for the Committee to 

review, but, despite the Committee's requests, refused to provide the·documents, which constrained the Committee's 

ability to make use of them. 4185 (U) Black Tr., pp. 20-23; Geovanis's professional biography from London & Regional Properties, archived 

version; Somersetcoal.ru, "About Us"; Bloomberg.com, "David Geovanis: Executive Profile & Biography," 

archived version. 4186 (U) As of 2003, Geovanis served on the board ofSvyazinvest, a Russian state-owned telecommunications 

· holding company. Bloomberg.com, "David Geovanis: Executive Profile & Biography," archived version. 

Geovanis may have been on the board of Svyazinvest as a representative of the Cyprus-registered Mustcom, which 

was affiliated with Soros. Valeria Korchagina, "Did Soros Finally Exit Svyazinvest?" The Moscow Times, March 

18, 2004. A close Geovanis friend, Robert Curran, believed that Geovanis had been let go from.his work with Soros 

and did not believe that Geovanis and Soros had an ongoing relationship. Curran Tr., pp. 34-36. 

642 

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(U) In 2001 or 2002, Geovanis went to work as a Managing Director for Oleg 

Deripaska's Basic Element investing in real estate.4187 Oleg Deripaska is one of the Kremlin's 

most significant malign influence operatives, has close ties to the Russian intelligence services, 

and has been involved in the targeting of foreign elections.4188 

(U) According to Robert Curran, a longtime close friend of Geovanis:4189 

The way I understand it is that Oleg amassed this huge conglomerate of 

aluminum companies, and related resource companies, and he did so in a manner 

that would be considered less elegant in the west. . . . And he basically needed a 

guy that looked good on paper, that had some basic banking contacts in the west, ' . 

and could go to a meeting and talk reasonably intelligently to western bankers to 

finance whatever operations he had there. So basically, David-although he had 

very few responsibilities at the actual company-he was just kind of the white guy 

that they brought in to help along with these meetings with westerners. From 

what I understand, it was a pretty cushy job. He was getting paid a lot of money, 

and his biggest complaint was he had nothing to do. So, they'd just basically say, 

David, we need you to go to this meeting or that meeting. He had a big name in 

the company, he didn 't do much, and I think eventually he losi interest, and he 

lost favor. I think he had very little actual contact with O(eg aside from these 

meetings, and eventually they went their separate ways. 4190 

(U) By 2007 or 2008, after leaving Basic Element, Geovanis went to work for the 

investment firm London and Regional properties, again involved in real estate.4191 By 2012 

Geovanis was working at TPS Group, which also invests in real estate and is associated with 

4187 (U) Geovanis also appears to have served as Managing Director at Kanchen Energy Capital, registered in 

Jersey, which is linked to Deripaska and Basic Element. Curran Tr., p. 35; Bloomberg.com, "David Geovanis: 

Executive Profile & Biography," archived version. 4188 (U) Geovanis worked on the Rodina hotel in Sochi, which is owned by Deripaska. Somerset Coal, sales script 

(LEBOW 0001862). For more on Deripaska and his connection to Russian intelligence services and the Russian 

government, see infra Vol. 5, Sec. III.A.8.i. · 4189 (U) Curran, who has known Geovanis since college, lived with Geovanis in Moscow for five or six years in the 

early-mid 1990s. As of early 2019, Curran was still in regular contact with Gi::ovanis. As part of his professional 

photography work, Curran's photograph titled "The Capitalist" includes Geovanis and women who were models in 

Moscow at the time. Curran told the Committee that a number of his photographs hang in the Trump SoHo hotel 

and that one of them was given to Ivanka Trump as a gift by Alex Sapir, who is a friend of Curran, Curran· recalled 

emailing with Ivanka Trump regarding the photographs that would be used in the hotel. Curran Tr., pp. 8, 38-39, 

13-15. ' ' 4190 (U) Curran Tr., pp. 31-33. Felix _Stater, who knows Geovanis and has been to his apartment in Moscow, 

claimed to have not spoken to him in more than 10 years but was aware of Geovanis' s work for Deripaska. · Sater 

Tr., pp. 310-311. _ 4191 (U) Bloomberg.com, "David Geovanis: Executive Profile & Biography," archived version. 

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Arkady Rotenberg, a Russian oligarch closely connected to Putin. Rotenberg is now sanctioned 

by the United States along with his brother and son.4192 

(U) Curran suggested to the Committee that, by 2013, Geovanis was having financial 

trouble.4193 

(U) Following the 2016 U.S. election, Geovanis traveled to the United States. In January 

of 2017, while in the United States, Geovanis met with Bennet LeBow, who subsequently 

offered Geovanis a job working for LeBow's company, Somerset International, which sells 

machines for processing coal.4194 The company, Somerset, did not have a presence in Russia at 

the time, and LeBow hired Geovanis to start a Russia-based office. Curran told the Committee 

that Geovanis' efforts to sell Somerset machines in Russia were not going well.4195 According to 

Curran, Geovanis "mentioned that he went to Oleg [Deripaska] at one point to see ifhe could 

introduce him to some of these coal barons ... he went to Oleg and said, help me out, I got this 

new job and I want to hold on to it."4196 

(U) Somerset's sales script advertises Geovanis's connection to Deripaska, as well as to 

Roman Abramovich, Viktor Vekselberg, Arkady Rotenberg,4197 Alexander Ponomarenko4198 and 

4192 --Arkady Rotenberg and his brother Boris Rotenberg were sanctioned by the United States in 2014, 

and~r Rotenberg, was sanctioned by the United States in 2018. See Treasury, "Treasury Sanctions 

Russian Officials, Members Of The Russian Leadership's Inner Circle, And An Entity For Involvement In The 

Situation In Ukraine," March 20, 2014; Treasury, "Treasu Desi nates Russian Oli archs, Official, and Entities in 

Response to Worldwide Malign Activity," April 6, 2018; 

■ While at TPS Group in 2012, Geovanis was in contact wit LeBow regar mg an "investment opportunity" that 

Geovanis hoped to propose to Leon Black. Using vague descriptors rather than names, Geovanis suggested that the 

investment would be a good way for Apollo to "ingratiate" itself likely with Putin, and that Putin would vouch for 

investing with TPS given his close relationship likely with Rotenberg. See Email, Geovanis to LeBow, March 28, 

2012 (LEBOW 0000093). 4193 (U) Curran Tr., p. 11-12. 4194 (U) Email, Geovanis to LeBow, January 20, 2017 (LEBOW 0000110); Email, LeBow to Geovanis, January 27, 

2017 (LEBOW 0000113). On that trip Geovanis also met, separately, with Liebman in New York, and stayed with 

Curran in Florida. Curran Tr., p. 65-66; Liebman Tr., p. 20; see also Black Tr., p. 22. 4195 (U) Curran Tr., pp. 30-31. 4196 (U) Ibid., pp. 33-34. The timing of Curran's recollection is unclear, but it may not be consistent with private 

representations Geovanis has made to Somerset. See Email, Geovanis to LeBow, March 1, 2019 (LEBOW 

0002938 . 

644 

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Nikolay Tsvetkov, several of whom are sanctioned by the United States and have close ties to the 

Kremlin or Russian intelligence.4199 Geovanis's deputy at Somerset's Russia office formerly 

worked for the Russian security services.4200 

Additionally, as of 2017, Geovanis served on the 

Supervisory oar o mance, a company based in Latvia that is controlled by Russian oligarch 

Oleg Bo 4201 Boyko has c ming ties · · · · 

.,.c~i Moldovan press has reported that Boyko was involved 

in a Kremlin-backed foreign election influence operation there.4203 

(U) Geovanis has been associated with the Russian state-funded Skolkovo Foundation 

and technology park, which has been controlled by U.S~-sanctioned Putin-associate Viktor 

4199 (U) Somerset Coal, sales script (LEBOW 0001862). In some communications reviewed by the Committee, 

Geovanis used va ue lan ua e to avoid the direct use of these individuals' names, and Putin's name, in emails. 4200 

In a 2007 mterv1ew, Geovan1s sa1 t at e sometimes pays oc ey w1 veterans 

oft e FSB and Russian Fe era Protective Service (FSO), which he said could be useful for doing business. Nikolai 

Fedyanin, "David Geovanis: Home and life ofa foreigner in Russia," Salon, 2007. Curran told the Committee that 

Geovanis, "is a developer and promoter, so he tends to embellish, particularly in interviews." Curran Tr., p. 28. On 

August 25, 2017, Geovanis emailed LeBow a link to a May 9, 2016, photo of Putin and Sergei Khlebnikov, who is 

Lieutenant General in the FSO leadership. The email's subject line was, "Kremlin Commandant," but contained no 

further information. Email, Geovanis to LeBow, August 25, 2017 (LEBOW _0000417); Khlebnikov has been the 

president of the Kremlin Horse Riding School, and Geovanis has been on the board. Somersetcoal.ru, "David 

Geovanis," archived version. "The first equestrian art festival in Russia was held in Grozny," Tass.ru, September 28, 

2011; The FSO is Russia's equivalent of the U.S. Secret Service and is closely associated with Vladimir Putin. 

"The improbable careers of Vladimir Putin's bodyguards; Proximity is power," The Economist, June 22, 2019. 4201 U 4finance.com "4finance Announces Mana ement and Board," June 30, 2017. 

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Vekselberg.4204 Geovanis encouraged his current company, Somerset, to establish its Russia 

office at Skolkovo, which it did.4205 The FBI has warned that the Skolkovo Foundation "may be 

a means for the Russian government to access our nation's sensitive or classified research, 

development facilities and dual-use technologies with military and commercial applications."4206 

An outside paper published by the U.S. Department of Defense indicates that the Skolkovo 

Foundation is involved in the development of sensitive military technologies for Russia, and that 

"sophisticated physical security, consisting of cameras, thermal imaging, and alarms, also 

suggest that not all of the center's efforts are civilian in nature."4207 

(U) As of June, 2018, Geovanis was aware of media and Committee interest in him and 

seemed to be avoiding returning to the United States.4211 

i. (U) Geovanis's Perceived Access to Trump in 2016 

(U) The Committee is not aware of Geovanis having any direct connection with the 

Trump Campaign.4212 Nevertheless, Geovanis referred to his connections to Trump in emails 

420 

4205 (U) Emai, Geovanis to LeBow, Fe ruary 10, 2017 (LEBOW 0000116). 4206 (U) Lucia Ziobro, "FBI's Boston office warns businesses of venture capital scams," Boston Business Journal, 

April 4, 2014. 4207 U Seth Elan "Russia's Skolkovo Innovation Center," EUCOM Strate ic Foresi ht, Jul 29, 2013, p. 5. 

~ [l 4211 (U) Emai s, S. Geovanis to A. Geovanis, June 12, 2018 (S. Geovanis Production); Email, Geovanis to Potter, 

June 11, 2018, (S. Geovanis Production). 4212 (U) The Committee asked several witnesses from the Trump Campaign and Trump Organization whether they 

had met or heard ofGeovanis, and none had. See Cohen Tr. II, p. 335; Graff Tr., p. 115; Kushner Tr. II, p. 160; 

Bannon Tr., p. 383. 

646 
COMMITTEE SENSITIVE - RUSSIA INVESTIGATION ONLY 

around the time of the campaign, and'others around Geovanis also seemed to be aware of these 

connections. 

(U) On May 17, 2016, Geovanis forwarded LeBow an outreach email from a journalist 

regarding Donald Trump and Russia. Geovanis wrote, "will not comment, unless the Donald 

wants me to."4213 On August 8, 2016, Geovanis emailed Curran to notify him that Trump had 

listed Howard Lorber,as one of Trump's economic advisors.4214 Other individuals in the 

expatriate business community in Moscow believed that Geovanis had a connection to 

Lorber.4215 

(U) On August 15, 2016, Curran emailed Geovanis a press article regarding Paul 

Manafort and Ukraine, writing, "Your friend Oleg [Deripaska] and Donald are mentioned."4216 

(U) On October 23, 2016, Geovanis responded to an invitation to a upcoming holiday 

dinner in Moscow. He wrote to a group of U.S. expatriate businessmen, "I'm in, unless Donald 

wins and appoints me as Ambassador."4217 During the campaign, Geovanis also sent at least onb 

Trump-related email that he signed "Mr. Ambassador."4218 Curran told the Committee: 

I think [Geovanis] had a brief fantasy for a second that Trump would make him 

an ambassador. It was sheer fantasy. I remember he actually looked in to some of 

the qualifications and different levels of scrutiny-that he felt that once he looked 

into it that-I said, you 're crazy. No one is going to make you ambassador. 4219 

(U) On November 10, 2016, Geovanis wrote to LeBow that "everyone in Moscow" was 

excited about Trump's victory and the prospect of "normalizing relations."4220 Geovanis and 

LeBow then made plans to meet in January 2017, when Geovanis would be traveling to the 

United States. 

4. (U) Trump's Travel to Moscow in 1996 

4213 (U) Email, Geovanis to LeBow, May 17, 2016 (LEBOW 0000096). 4214 (U) Email, Geovanis to Curran, August 8, 2016 Curran Production). 4215 (U) See, e.g., Text messages, Mcfarren and (MCFARREN-SSC! 655). LeBow sent an image 

regarding Russia to Lorber in October of2017 and note mt e subject line that it was "[f]rom David Geovanis." 

Email, LeBow to Lorber, October 9, 2017 (LEBOW 0000494). 4216 (U) Email, Curran to Geovanis, August 15, 2016 (Curran Production). 4217 (U) Email, Geovanis to O'Brien, et al., October 23, 2016 (O'Brien Production). On December 6, 2016, O'Brien 

emailed the group regarding the upcoming holiday party, stating "maybe David can entice Donald over with some 

old friends." Email, O'Brien to Geovanis, et al., December 5, 2016 (MCFARREN-SSC! 256). 4218 (U) Email, Geovanis to Curran, August 8, 2016 (Curran Production). 4219 (U) Curran Tr., p. 53. 4220 (U) Emails, Geovanis and LeBow, November 10, 2016 (LEBOW 0000105). 

647 
(U) Donald Trump and David Geovanis likely first met during Donald Trump's travel to 

Moscow in November 1996, with other U.S. investors, to explore real estate development 

opportunities.4221 

4221 (U) Based on information provided by the Trump Organization, witnesses, and open source reporting, the 

Committee is aware of Donald Trump making three trips to Russia, 1987, 1996, and 2013, all of which have been 

publicly reported. Documents produced by the Ritz Carlton Moscow indicate that a guest named Donald Trump 

stayed at the hotel in late January 200_8, and late June 2011. Based on open source reports these records likely refer 

to Donald Trump Jr. Email, Kuhlen to Walia, et al., January 11, 2017 (RC-Moscow 010). Michael Crowley, 

"Trump Jr.'s love affair with Moscow," Politico, July 12, 2017. Oren Dorell, "Donald Trump's ties to Russia go 

back 30 years," USA Today, February 15, 2017; The Committee found no evidence to support the reported claim, 

made by Sergei Millian, that Trump traveled to Russia in 2007 to attend the Millionaire's Fair. Catherine Belton, 

"Th h d R . . . . t f T "K · IT: November 1, 2016. ! ! I 

422 

422 This information may be partially corroborated 

by commumcat1ons provided by LeBow. See Email, Geovams to LeBow, January 27, 2017 (LEBOW 0000113). 

648 

COMMITTEE SENSITIVE-RUSSIA INVESTIGATION ONLY 
COMMITTEE SENSITIVE - RUSSIA INVESTIGATION ONLY 

(U) Several U.S. businessmen, architects, and other individuals took part in the 1996 

trip. 4225 

(U) Curran understood that "David was kind of like assigned to show [Trump] around 

town, take him to dinner."4226 Leon Black, who partidpated· in the trip, told the Committee that 

Geovanis had "very good social skills" but was "probably not as serious analytically" and was 

"more junior."4227 Black explained: 

4224 

[Geovanis] was I guess a combination of kind of knowing the geography, since he 

lived there, and knowing various people and had developed various relationships. 

Back then you had the mayor, who was Luzhkov, and you had an artist named 

Tsereteli. He was always putting different people together with different 

, people. 4228 

The Committee is only aware of 

trave y Trump to Russia in 1987, 1996, and 2013. 4225 (U) Those individuals likely included Bennett LeBow, Leon Black, Howard Lorber, Ron Bernstein, Theodore 

Liebman, and Matthew Calamari. Liebman Tr., p. 35-36; see also Igor Tabakov, photographs published by the 

Associated Press, 1996; Black Tr., pp. 23-26 ("Mr. LeBow was the senior partner and Howard was a partner, but I 

think it was more LeBow in charge."). 4226 (U) Curran Tr., pp. 41--42. 4227 (U) Apart from Geovanis, Leon Black is, or has been, connected to several entities and individuals that appear 

elsewhere in this Report. Black served on the board of the Russian Direct Investment Fund (RDIF) until 2014, and 

has previously met with Kirill Dmitriev. Black Tr., pp. 7-12. In 2011, Black reportedly met one-on-one with 

Vladimir Putin. "Putin gets SWF, PE backing for Russia fund," Reuters, September 16, 2011. Black also knows 

Oleg Deripaska, and has interacted with him in Russia and the United States prior to Deripaska being sanctioned by 

the United States in 2018. Ibid., pp. 30-33. Black knows Allen Vine, whom Black described as "consigliere" to the 

Russian oligarch Suleiman Kerimov, who was sanctioned by the United States in 2018. Ibid., pp. 42--44. Black told 

the Committee, "Steve Bannon and I have a common friend, and I went over to see my friend a'nd Bannon was 

meeting him for breakfast. And so on two occasions I spent time talking to Steve Bannon." Ibid., pp. 40--41. Black 

noted a personal, but not close, relationship with Jared Kushner and lvanka Trump, as well as a business transaction 

between Apollo and Kushner Companies that Black was not involved in, or aware of, until after the fact. Ibid., pp. 

18-19. 

4228 (U) Ibid., p. 21. Black told the Committee: "I remember various Georgian feasts at Tsereteli's place, and there 

were loads of government officials that would come in and out of those dinners," but Black did not recall which 

Moscow trips those dinners occurred on. Ibid., p. 24. Black told the Committee he had not spoken to Geovanis in 15 

years. Ibid., p. 21. 

649 
(U) Early in Trump's Moscow trip a party was hosted by the Brooke Group, for Trump, 

at a room called "The Library" at the Baltschug Kempinski Hotel, where the group of American 

investors likely stayed.4229 

~' Trump may have begun a brief relationship with a Russian woman 

named-. Theodore Liebman, an architect who lived in Moscow and New York in 

the 1990s, and who traveled to Russia with Trump and the other investors from the Brooke 

Group, attended the event.4231 According to Liebman, shortly before the party Geovanis had a 

chance encounter with- who Geovanis knew, and Geovanis invited her to the Brooke 

Group party.4232 

(U) Liebman told the Committee: 

I went down to the party with David. He drove me .... When we arrived, she -

was walking out of the Kempinski and knew David. ... [David} said: "Why don't you come 

to a party? We 're having a party upstairs for Donald Trump" . .. he said: "It's a 

cocktail party. You should come. Donald Trump is going to be there. " And she said: 

"Okay. When does it start?" "In a few minutes. We 're going to go up and check the 

room. ,,4233 

......1£l..Surran told the Committee that, based on what Geovanis told him, "I think [Trump 

and- might have had a brief romantic relationship," and that "[Geovanis] said then that 

4230 

4231 (U) Lie man Tr., pp. 14-15. · · 4232 (U) Liebman Tr., pp. 16-17. - was the winner of the ■ beauty pageant Miss 

Moscow. which later became Miss Russia. Curran told the Committee that, after the fall of the Soviet Union, 

Curran was a Judge for the contest, and met- who he dated for a brief period in the 1990s. During that 

relationship, which Curran said was not serious, Curran introduced to Geovanis, with whom Curran was 

living at the time. Curran Tr., pp. 8-9, 52, 55-57; 4233 (U) Liebman Tr., p. 17. 

650 
, he saw them before he left and then he saw them again together ... I'm not sure if it was the next 

day or a subsequent day or whatever. I do remember he said that he saw them together."4234 

(U) Several historical press r~ome of which are Russian, indicate possible contact 

subsequent to the Moscow trip. One- article from 1998 reported: 

... Donald Trump warmly welcomed the guests, among whom was the charming 

, "Miss Moscow. Trump recalled that two years ago, during 

his stay in Moscow, - was for him the most beautiful hostess of the capital, 

whose charms were not overshadowed even by Claudia Schiffer and Tina Turner, 

who lived in the same hotel. He recalled with pleasure the excellent company 

with which he spent time in Moscow. 4235 

(U) In a 2007 interview 

interactions with famous people, including Trump. 

was asked about her 

was quoted as stating: 

With some I was briefly met by chance, while others there was a much longer 

relationship due to mutual affection. For example, Trump is a person who I like 

very much. I cannot call him a friend, because we do not call up and do not meet 

daily, but perhaps we would live in the same city (I am in New York or he would 

be in Los Angeles), we would communicate more closely. Let's just say we are on 

a friendly footing. 4236 

(U) Following Trump's travel to Moscow in 1996, Geovanis may have had some contact 

with Trump in the United States. Curran told the Committee, "I know he [Geovanis] went and 

met with him [Trump] in New York at some point ... David told me he went up to see Donald in 

Trump Tower," possibly in the late 1990s.4237 

(U) During and after the 2016 election, Curran and Geovanis continued to communicate 

about Geovanis's relationship with Trump, and in some cases, __ 4238 

4234 (U) Curran Tr., pp. 59, 80-81; Curran, who did not attend the Brooke Group party, recalled that Geovanis told 

him at the time, "I ran into your girlfriend, and I was with Donald, and I introduced her to Donald, and they are kind 

of hanging out." Curran said that he did not have clear or direct knowledge of this relationship firsthand, and that 

his understanding ofit came from what Geovanis had relayed to him in 1996 and again in 2017. Curran Tr., pp. 80-

81; Written Res onses Curran November 8 2018. 423 

4237 (U) Curran Tr., pp. 43-44. 4238 (U) On May 4, 2016, Curran forwarded a news article to Geovanis regarding Donald Trump's high likelihood 

of securing the nomination. Curran wrote, "To think we're one degree apart this to miss Russia and you [sic]." 

651 

COMMITTEE SENSITIVE - RUSSIA INVESTIGATION ONLY 
(U) In January 2017, Geovanis, who was in the United States, visited Liebman at his 

apartment in New York and asked if Liebman had any photographs from the 1996 Brooke Group 

party at the Kempinski. Liebman told the Committee that he had not seen Geovanis in a number 

of years prior to this.4239 

(U) On January 29,~ebman emailed Geovanis the photograph below, likely from 

1996, depicting Trump and._ at Geovanis's request.4240 

Email, Curran to Geovanis, May 4, 2016 (Curran Production). 4239 (U) Liebman Tr., p. 23. 4240 (U) Email, Liebman to Geovanis, January 29, 2017 (Curran ~urran Tr., pp. 55-56. From left to 

right the photo shows: Theodore Liebman, Donald Trump, and--. Written Responses, Curran, 

November 8, 20 18. 

652 
COMMITTEE SENSITIVE - RUSSIA INVESTIGATION ONLY 

(U) The next day, Geovanis forwarded the photograph to Curran by email, with no 

message text. Curran told the Committee that, following Geovanis's meeting with Liebman in 

New York, Geovanis traveled to Miami and stayed with Curran for several days. During that 

visit they discussed the Brooke Group party in Moscow.

4241 

(U) On January 31 , 2017, Geovanis emailed Curran the photo below, showing Geovanis 

with Trump and others. The email had no text:4242 

4241 (U) Email, Geovanis to Curran, January 30, 2017 (Curran Production); During Geovanis 's early 2017 visit, 

Curran asked Geovanis, "What exactly happened .. . did they hook up, or whatever?" According to Curran, 

Geovanis responded, "yeah, well, I saw them again the next day and they were together, so." Curran Tr., pp. 16, 61. 

4242 Th otograph, likely taken at Brooke Group party, shows from left to right: David Geovanis's then-wife 

, Donald Trump, Leon Black and David Geovanis. Written Responses, Curran, November 8, 2018. 

o dentify Black. The full image appears to show that this is a framed photograph, of which a 

photograph was taken with a cellphone. Email, Geovanis to Curran, January 31, 2017 (Curran Production). 

653 

COMMITTEE SENSITIVE - RUSSIA INVESTIGATION ONLY 
(U) Black told the Committee that he did not recall any compromising behavior during 

the trip.4243 Black also did not recall the event in the photograph.4244 Black did recall going to a 

concert with Trump, followed by a "discotheque" where they may have met others, potentia.lly 

including Geovanis, but Black's memory was unclear.4245 Black later added that he and Trump 

"might have been in a strip club together."4246 

(U) Geovanis is believed to have told others in Moscow, and elsewhere, of his 1996 

interactio~s with ~ona~d ~t is not clear i~ these alleg~tions are related to, or separate 

from, the mteract1on with-that was prev10usly described. . 

(U) Peter O'Brien, the former CFO of the Russian government-controlled firm Rosneft, 

has hosted an annual holiday dinner for expatriate U.S: businessmen in Moscow.4247 · Likely at 

the holiday dinner in December of 2015, which more than 20 businessmen attended, a number of 

individuals were telling stories or jokes and Geovanis was encouraged to tell a story about a 

Trump visit to Moscow, the timing of which is unclear, that a number of people in the room had 

already heard from Geovanis.4248 

(U) O'Brien recalled Geovanis talking abouf"spending time with [Trump] du~ing that 

trip, and the mention of Trump being with younger women, including in official meetings, which 

some people in Russia thought was weird."4249 O'Brien, who said his recollection was vague, 

told the Committee: 

[Geovanis} told a liule bit about how [Trump] had spent time going around to 

some different meetings in Moscow to talk about potential real estate deals. And 

the culmination of the story was that [Trump J had a meeting in the Moscow 

mayor's office and he showed up with two beautiful young women on his arm, and 

people thought that was kind of strange. A, that he was with them, and B, that he 

hadn't just left them wherever he met them. 4250 

4243 (U) Black Tr., pp. 27, 37, 39. 4244 (U) Written Responses, Black, November 21, 2018. 4245 (U) Black Tr., p. 27. 4246 (U) Ibid, p. 37. 4247 (U) Email, O'Brien to SSCI, October 4, 2018. O'Brien Tr., p. 11; O'Brien told the Committee that he has 

known Igor Sechin for many years. Ibid, p. 98. Sechin is a close associate of Putin. 4248 (U) Email, Courtney to O'Brien, et al., December 16, 2015 (O'Brien Production) (attaching images of the 

event); Peter O'Brien provided a written response to the Committee, stating that, "David spoke about a visit Mr. 

Trump had made to Russia at least several years prior" to 2015. Written Responses, O'Brien, October 4, 2018. In 

an interview with the Committee on November 5, 2018; O'Brien.stated that he believed Geovanis to be describing a 

trip to Moscow by Trump in the "early 2000s." O'Brien Tr., p. 21. As previously noted;the Committee is unaware 

of travel by Trump to Russia other than in 1987, 1996, and 2013. 4249 (U) O'Brien Tr., p. 21. 4250 (U) Ibid, pp. 23-24. 

654 
(U) According to O'Brien, "The implication of his story was that [Trump] had spent the 

night with these two women and showed up at this first meeting the next day."4251 O'Brien 

explained: 

For years in Russia there were a number of Russian government officials or 

others who were exposed in these strip clubs doing not very nice things that their 

wives, if they have wives, probably didn 't know about. 1 think most of us 

appreciated that there was that risk in these types of clubs. So, 1 think once David 

told that story, we were all concerned about that. 

4252 

(U) There are indications that Geovanis may have also told this story to the press. A 

February 2018 story in The New Yorker includes an anecdote that closely resembles the one 

allegedly told by Geovanis.4253 

(U) Almost a year later, on October 22, 2016, O'Brien sent an invitation email to the 

group of expatriate businessmen, including Geovanis, regarding the 2016 holiday dinner in 

Moscow. In that email, O'Brien wrote, "I keep thinking that VVP [Putin] must have some great 

material on Donald."4254 O'Brien told the Committee that this comment was based only on 

Geovanis's comments at the holiday dinner the prior year. 

5. (U) Trump's Travel to Moscow in 2013 

4251 (U) Ibid , p. 51. 4252 (U) O'Brien Tr., p. 50. 4253 (U) Jeffrey Toobin, "Trump's Miss Universe Gambit," The New Yorker, February 19, 2018. 

4254 Ibid. 

4255 

655 

COMMITTEE SENSITIVE -RUSSIA INVESTIGATION ONLY 
COMMITTEE SENSITIVE - RUSSIA INVESTIGATION ONLY 

(U) Two individuals told the Committee that they recalled Geovanis describing spending 

time with Trump during Trump's 2013 trip to Moscow for the Miss Universe pageant.4257 

(U) Bob foresman's recollection was vague, but he told the Committee: 

I remember some involvement that he [Geovanis] had had with Trump when he 

came for the beauty pageant. I think was what it was. So David Geovanis was 

the only person that I had ever met, to the best of my recollection, that had had 

anything to do with Donald Trump coming to Russia for this beauty pageant or 

whatever it was. 4258 · 

(U) William Mcfarren, whose memory was also vague, told the Committee that 

Geovanis gave a toast at a holiday gathering, likely the same expatriate holiday dinner described 

above. According to Mcfarren, "To the best of my recollection, Mr. Geovanis said that he 

showed Mr. Trump around Moscow during the Miss Universe pageant in 2013. He did not get 

into specifics, but intimated that there was partying and that Mr. Trump should be nice to him in 

4256 

4257 (U) Foresman Tr., p. 22 ; Written Responses, Mcfarren, January 8, 2019; Geovams previous y een 

involved in other corporate sponsored pageants in Russia. Curran Tr., pp. 44--45. See also Emails, Geovanis and S. 

Geovanis, April 8-9, 2018 (S. Geovanis Production). 4258 (U) Foresman Tr., p. 221. Foresman could not recall where or when he heard Geovanis talk about this, but that 

it may have been at one of the expatriate holiday dinners in Moscow. 

656 

COMMITTEE SENSITIVE - RUSSIA INVESTIGATION ONLY 
COMMITTEE SENSITIVE - RUSSIA INVESTIGATION ONLY 

light of the information he had."4259 The latter part of this statement may have been made in 

jest.4260 

(U) The Committee notes that Shugart, who was responsible for the 2013 Miss Universe 

pageant, told the Committee that she had never heard of Geovanis and did not recognize his 

picture.4:

61 Schiller, who assisted Trump at the pageant, also said he did not recognize Geovanis' 

picture.4262 Emin Agalarov told the Committee that he did not know Geovanis.4263 

(U) Other allegations regarding the 2013 Miss Universe pageant have originated from 

sources other than Geovanis, or at least cannot be clearly linked to him. For example, as 

discussed elsewhere in this Report, Schiller told the Committee that, on the 2013 trip, an 

unknown individual approached him with an offer of women for Trump, and that Schiller 

declined. 4264 

(U) Separately, a former executive at Marriott International, of which Ritz Carlton is a 

part, said that shortly after the 2013 Miss Universe contest he overheard two other Marriott 

executives at a small corporate gathering discussing a recording from one of the elevator security 

cameras at the Ritz Carlton Moscow.4265 One of the Marriot executives who was involved in the 

conversation-previously a manager of the Ritz Carlton Moscow-had clearly seen the video, 

4259 (U) Written Responses, Mcfarren, January 18, 2019. Mcfarren described the holiday gathering as "a loud 

dinner at a crowded steak restaurant, at which multiple toasts were given, and where there was a lot banter [sic], 

jokes, and cross-talking." This is generally consistent with the yearly holiday dinner hosted by O'Brien, which 

Mcfarren was invited to, and likely attended, in 2015. Email, O'Brien to Courtney et al, December 13, 2015; Email, 

Mcfarren to O'Brien et al, December 16, 2015 (O'Brien production). Mcfarren did not recall the date of this toast. 

Written Responses, Mcfarren, January 18, 2019. 4260 (U) Attorney Proffer, William Mcfarren, January 30, 2018. 4261 (U) Shugart Tr., pp. 176-177. 4262 (U) Schiller Tr., p. 96. 4263 (U) E. Agalarov Tr., p. 63. 4264 For more on this to ic see in ra Vol. 5 

January 13, 2017, t e then-manager o 

t e Ritz Carlton Moscow emai e executives at Vemy Capital ( e otel's owner) and at Ritz Carlton Europe, 

..... 

~t 

regarding Trump's stay at the hotel in 2013. The manager reported that three hotel staff who 

Trump stayed there did not recall any "unusual happenings," that there was no damage to the 

room, and that "we strongly doubt" that there were cameras in the room. Email, Kuhlen to Ospanov, et al., January 

13, 2017 (RC-Moscow 002). 

657 

COMMITTEE SENSITIVE - RUSSIA INVESTIGATION ONLY 
COMMITTEE SENSITIVE - RUSSIA INVESTIGATION ONLY 

which allegedly showed Trump in an elevator involved with several women who the discussant 

implied to be "hostesses." The executive who had seen the video had asked the other, more 

senior, executive what to do with the recording. The former executive said the two discussants 

then left to continue the conversation in a more private location, and he did not hear anything 

further. 4266 

(U) Neither executive who allegedly had the conversation recalled it, nor did they recall 

seeing the recording.4267 The Committee was not able to resolve these discrepancies.4268 

(U) Finally, Michael Cohen has testified that he became aware of allegations about a 

tape of compromising information in late 2013 or early 2014, shortly after the Miss Universe 

2013 pageant and significantly prior to the 2016 ns. election cycle.4269 The alleged tape related 

. to Trump and prostitutes.427° Cohen has testified that he discussed the allegations with Trump, 

who asked Cohen to find out where the allegations were coming from. Trump told Cohen that 

the allegations were not true. Cohen has said that in 2014 or 2015 he asked a friend, Giorgi 

Rtskhiladze, 4271 to see if Rtskhiladze could find out if the tape was real.4272 

(U) Cohen estimated that, over the course of several years, six different people contacted 

him regarding the alleged tape. Cohen stated that one individual threatened to release the alleged 

information if the individual was not paid a large sum of money. Cohen indicated that he would 

have been willing to pay the individual to suppress the information if it could be verified, but 

oth of these individuals continue 

d States. The executive who 

w employee to have been corrupt 

(U) Co en Tr. II, p. 126; HPSCI Transcript of the Interview with Michael Cohen, Part 2, March 6, 2019, p. 227-

228. 

4270 (U) FBI, FD-302, Cohen 9/12/2018. 4271 (U) Giorgi Rtskhiladze, a U.S. businessman originally from the country of Georgia is a former business partner 

and friend of Michael Cohen. Rtskhiladze has privately claimed to have some access to Roman Abramovich. 

Emails, Rtskhiladze to Cohen, December 31, 2016 (RTSKIDLADZE-0000098-99, 108). Rtskhiladze has stated that 

Zurab Tsereteli is his godfather, and that Tsereteli is close friends with Putin. Emails, Rtskhiladze to Cohen, 

December 31, 2016 and January 18, 2017 (RTSKIDLADZE-0000114). In January 2017, Cohen acquired a ticket 

for Rtskhiladze to attend the inaugural ball, which Rtskhiladze then attended. Emails, Rtskhiladze and Cohen, 

January 20-21, 2017 (RTSKIDLADZE-0000163, 177). Rtskhiladze was involved in business with the Agalarovs in 

the mid-2000s. E. Agalarov Tr., p. 66. 4272 -FBI, FD-302, Cohen 9/12/2018 

658 

COMMITTEE SENSITIVE - RUSSIA INVESTIGATION ONLY 
COMMITTEE SENSITIVE - RUSSIA INVESTIGATION ONLY 

Cohen was never shown any evidence. Cohen has also said that individuals in the media 

contacted him regarding a tape of Trump. 4273 

(U) According to Rtskhiladze: 

During an October 2015 phone call that Mr. Rtskhiladze had with his friend and 

former business associate, Sergei Khokhlov, [

4274) Mr. Khokhlov stated that while 

having dinner at a restaurant, Mr. Khokhlov overheard a stranger at a table next 

to him discuss tapes from Donald Trump 's visit to Russia. The overheard dinner 

conversation was not important to Mr. Rtskhiladze and Mr. Khokhlov so they did 

not discuss this matter again. Mr. Khokhlov was aware that Mr. Rtskhiladze and 

his Georgian partners were in business with the Trump Organization. Due to the 

news about the Access Hollywood tapes and its potential impact on Mr. Trump 's 

reputation, Mr. Rtskhiladze sent a text message to Mr. Cohen to inform him that 

an individual was overheard discussing sensitive tapes of Mr. Trump 's trip to 

Russia. 4275 

(U) A detail of Rtskhiladze' s characterization of this event shifted over time. 

Rtskhiladze's original written response to the Committee, through counsel, stated that Khokhlov 

"overheard someone at a party bragging about alleged tapes of Mr. Trump." An earlier letter 

from Rtskhiladze's counsel to the Attorney General also characterized the event as a "party." In 

a second written submission to the Committee, Rtskhiladze through counsel included a 

clarification: "The comment about the tapes was not overheard by Mr. Khokhlov at ' a party' per 

se, but specifically was overheard at a restaurant from an individual at a nearby table."4276 

4273 (U) According to Cohen, those individuals included David Pecker, Dylan Howard and Harvey Levin. FBI, FD302, Cohen 9/12/2018. 4274 (U) According to Rtskhiladze, through counsel, Khokhlov is a Moscow-based businessman. Khokhlov and 

Rtskhiladze met in 2004 in Moscow through a mutual friend and business associate. Khokhlov and Rtskhiladze 

have since remained friends, "speaking on the phone or text messaging every six (6) to eight (8) months." 

Rtskhiladze last saw Khokhlov in 2009. Letter, Rtskhiladze to SSCI, May 11 , 2020. Rtskhiladze said their 

interactions since then have been related to "catching up about family, friends etc." Khokhlov was aware of 

Rtskhiladze's relationship with Michael Cohen, and of Trump development efforts in Russia and the country of 

Georgia. Written Responses, Rtskhiladze, September 16, 2016. Rtskhiladze indicated that Khokhlov is connected 

to "Roman." From context this appears to be Roman Abramovich. Emails, Rtskhiladze to Cohen, January 2, 20 17 

(R TSKHil..ADZE-0000126). Rtskhiladze has also said that Khokhlov attends many interesting and entertaining 

parties. FBI, FD-302, Rtskhiladze 5/ I 0/2018. 4275 (U) Written Responses, Rtskhiladze, September 16, 2016. 4276 (U) Written Responses, Rtskhiladze, August 23, 2019; Letter, Bolden to Barr, April 23 , 2019 (Rtskhiladze 

Production); Written Responses, Rtskhiladze, September 16, 20 I 9. 

659 

COMMITTEE SENSITIVE - RUSSIA INVESTIGATION ONLY 
(U) Rtskhiladze's subsequent exchange with Cohen via text message, believed to take 

place on October ~O, 2016, re.ads:4277 

From To Body Timostamp: Dato Tlmostamp: Time 

Giorgi Rlskhiladze Michael Cohen. Stopped flovrofsome tapes from Russia 

but not sure iflhere's anything else. Just · 

10/30/2016 7:30:22 PM(UTC+0) 

sou know ... 

Michael Cohen Gforgi ·Rtskhiladze Tapes of what? 10/30/2016 7:48:51 PM(UTC+O) 

Giorgi RtskhHadze Michael Collen Not sure or the content but person I~ .10/30/2016 7:52:12.PM(UTC+O) 

Moscow was bragging had tapos from 

Russia trip. 

Giorgi Rlskhiladze Michael Cohen Will try to dial you tomorrow bul wanted to 10/30{2016 7:52:41 PM(UTC+0) 

be aware 

Giorgi Rlskhlladzo Michael Cohen I'm sure It's not a big deal but there .are . 10/30{2016· 7:53:25 PM(UTC+o) 

lots of stuold oeople 

Michael Collen Giorgi RlskhiladZe You have no Idea 10/30/2016 7:53:46 PM(UTC+0) 

Giorgi Rtskhiladze Michael Cohen I do-trust me. 10/3012016 7:54:27 PM(UT.C+o) 

Giorgi R!Skhiladze Michael Cohen He ne~s·-to make. it to the WH Mike! 10/3Q/2016 7:57:40 PM(UTC+O) 

(U) This exchange was followed by a telephone conversation, possibly the following 

day, regarding the alleged tape.4278 Cohen said that he spoke to Trump regarding the text 

messages in October 2016, as well as to Donald Trump Jr. and to Schiller.4279 Rtskhiladze has 

. said that Khokhlov subsequently called and stated that the tapes were fake, but Rtskhiladze said 

this information was not conveyed to Cohen. 4280 

did not identify evidence of a later call from Khokhlov to 

Rtskhiladze. did locate an email dated January 11, 2017, [the I 

day after unverified allegations were published] from Rtskhiladze to publicist 

MA. Bonvicino reading, "told MC there was something there b 4 election. " 

When the publicist responded, "I recall, " Rtskhiladze replied, "well that's what 

happens when you visit crocus I guess. "4281 

(U) Though Rtskhiladze did not have personal insight into the matter, he assessed that if 

compromising material existed, Crocus Group would likely be responsible.4282 

4279 

4280 

4281 !!ll.J id. 

4282 -Jbid.; FBI, FD-302, Rtskhiladze 5/10/2018: Aras Agalarov's associate, Yuri Chaika, the longtime former 

Prosecutor General of Russia, has a history of utilizing compromising information. Andrew Kramer, "The Master of 

'Kompromat' Believed to Be Behind Trump Jr.'s Meeting," The New York Times, July 17, 2017. Most notably, in 

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-The Committee is aware of a realistic and well-resourced, but fake, video of 

someon~oks like Trump portraying him in a situation consistent with the uncorroborated 

allegations that were made public in Janua of 2017. The video ma have first a eared on the 

ublic internet in Janua of 2019. 

i. (U) The Counterintelligence Threat at the Ritz Carlton Moscow 

Mose 

(U) According to two former employees of the Ritz Carlton in Moscow, in 2013 there 

was at least one officer ermanently stationed at the hotel. This non-uniformed- officer 

was believed to be a and had access to the hotel's property management 

system, guest portfolios and notations, as well as the network of "hundreds" of security cameras 

at the hotel.4288 The-was believed to be able to monitor the camera feeds from his 

the late 1990s, Chaika was reportedly involved in the use of a video recording to oust a Russian government official 

who was investigating corruption in the Russian leadership. The recording, which was made public, showed the 

official in a compromising situation with two women. Chaika himself replaced the ousted official, who claimed that 

the tape was falsified. Putin, who was the head of the FSB at the time, "authenticated" the ta e involvin the 

women. Chaika also has ties to the- crime syndicat 

Chaika, whose son is sanctioned by the United States, is an associate ofNata 1a Vese itskaya. Treasury, "Issuance 

of Global Ma its Executive Order; Global Ma its Desi ations," December 21, 2017. 

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office. It was believed that the officer reported both to hisJlll leadership, and directly to the 

owner of the hotel, Bulat Utemuratov ofVemy Captial.428 ' 

(U) The former employees did not know whether there were cameras permanently in 

certain rooms, but both believed it was possible, and there was awareness of recording devices 

being prearranged in rooms in anticipation of the arrival of particular guests.4290 One of the 

former employees also believed that one of the drivers affiliated with the Ritz Carlton in 

Moscow was from the- and had easy access to a secure government area.4291 

(U) Both former employees also recalled a significant presence of paid sex workers at 

the hotel.4292 One reported that a third-party security firm that was employed by the hotel was 

responsible for managing the women, in addition to its other duties.4293 

4289--Utemuratov is a close associate ofPresidentNazarbayev of Kazakhstan, and through that 

rela~s perceived to also be close to the Kremlin. One former em lo ee of the hotel said that Utemuratov 

was dan erous and that the at the hotel was scared of him. 4290 

4291 

4292 A former employee recalled there often being more than fifty such women per night at the hotel, 

and t at t ere would be "castin' sessions" in the evenin s where some women would be selected by individuals on 

behalf of other individuals. 4293 

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, J. (U) Influence for Hire 

1. (U) Introduction and Findings 

(U) Over the course of this investigation, the Committee ide°'tified an international 

marketplace for digital services to shape popular sentiment and electoral outcomes. These 

services-many of which are based overseas-use an array of personal information to build 

targeted messaging profiles. During elections, campaigns can use these profiles to direct select 

political advertisements and narrative content toward specific audiences calculated to be most 

susceptible to the messaging. This practice of "micro-targeting" is in tum designed to influence 

the thoughts and judgments of voters. The use of messaging to sway voter sentiment is not a 

new development. However, it is now enabled by advanced data analytics and algorithmic 

targeting, the globally expansive reach of social media, and user-generated data and personal 

information that is often unwittingly provided or illicitly obtained. 

(U) The Committee sought to learn more about the extent to which foreign-based 

influence companies played a role in shaping the outcome of the 2016 U.S. presidential election, 

either directly or through work with American counterparts. Several .companies engaged in this 

activity,'including Cambridge Analytica, Psy Group, and Colt Ventures, exhibited some type of 

foreign ties. The Committee examined these specific companies and their activities related to the 

2016 U.S. election to better understand how foreign influence, including the use of techniques 

and methodologies honed by foreign governments and intelligence services, may have been 

exerted in 2016. The Committee did not examine the effectiveness of the work these companies 

may have conducted. 

(U) All three companies either aspired to apply micro-targeted social media messaging 

techniques comparable to those employed by Russian information operatives with the Internet 

Research Agency, or actively engaged in the application of these techniques. One of these 

entities, Cambridge Analytica, had a degree of intersection with• and proximity to Russia, and 

specifically Russia's intelligence services. Others had different types of foreign contacts. All of 

these entities were engaged with the Trump Campaign to some extent, but the Committee found 

no convincing evidence that Russia's government or intelligence services worked with or 

through any of these companies in furtherance of Moscow's 2016 U.S. election interference. 

(U) There are, however, limitations to the Committee's understanding of this subject. In 

particular, the Committee did not have access to numerous essential witnesses, including 

Alexander Nix, a non-U.S. citizen who generally disregarded the Committee's requests for an 

appearance, and Lieutenant General Michael Flynn, who exercised his Fifth Amendment right 

against self-incrimination. Additional individuals with potentially critical understanding of how 

these companies marketed or applied tools to influence electoral outcomes, either declined to 

appear before the Committee or were not sought as witnesses. Further, testimony specific to 

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certain events and relationships is either inconsistent across witnesses, or appears to purposely 

minimize the witnesses' knowledge or recollection. Finally, the Committee was unable to obtain 

the corporate communications of Cambridge Analytica or SCL Group, which had already been 

seized by U.K. authorities. 

2. (U) SCL and 1Cambridge Analytica 

(U) Now defunct, Cambridge Analytica was a U.K.-based data analytics firm and 

political consultancy founded in 2013 as an offshoot of an existing U.K. data analytics firm and 

consultancy, Strategic Communication Laboratories (SCL). During the 2016 U.S. presidential 

campaign, Cambridge Analytica attempted to solicit business from a number of Republican Party 

candidates for president in 2016. Following the end of Ted Cruz's candidacy and Cambridge 

Analytica's work for his campaign, Cambridge Analytica shifted its focus to the Trump 

Campaign. 

i. (U) Cambridge Analytica's Founding 

(U) According to Christopher Wylie, who worked at SCL from June 2013 through 

November 20144294, SCL evolved from a single company with multiple divisions-Defense, 

Commercial, Elections, and Social-to a holding company with the divisions ultimately being 

spun off into subsidiary companies. Nigel Oakes served as the chief executive officer for the 

holding company, SCL Group, which also entailed overseeing the operations of SCL-Defense, 

the corporate component responsible for 80 percent of SCL Group's revenue.4295 

(U) Alexander Nix, a former financial analyst who joined SCL in 2003, served as 

Cambridge Analytica's CEO.4296 Nix's responsibilities with SCL Group were described by 

Wylie as the "odds and ends" that comprised SCL Group's non-defense work:: SCL-Commercial, 

SCL-Elections, and SCL-Social.4297 Nix began exploring the possibility of opening a data 

analytics division at SCL in 2010 after becoming intrigued by the applications for data analysis 

that Google Analytics was creating. Nix identified the Republican Party's lack of a data 

analytics program comparable to that of the Democrat Party as a business opportunity, and began 

meeting with conservative donors in the United States.4298 

4294 (U) In 2017, Wylie made a series of public allegations against Cambridge Analytica. See, e.g., Christopher 

Wylie, Written Statement to the Senate Judiciary Committee, May 16, 2018; Carole Cadwalladr, "'I made Steve , 

Bannon'·s psychological warfare tool': meet the data war whistleblower," The Guardian, March 18, 2018. 4295 (U) Proffer, Wylie, May 17, 2018. · 4296 (U) Bannon Tr., p. 225. 4297 (U) Ibid; SSCI Transcript of the Interview with Brittany Kaiser, August 17, 2018, pp. 24--25. 4298 (U) SSCI Transcript of the Interview with Brittany Kaiser, August 17, 2018, pp. 21-22. 

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(U) Cambridge Analytica's primary investor, the Mercer family, later introduced 

'Cambridge Analytica to the Trump Campaign. According to Wylie, a client of SCL-Defense had 

met with several associates of Steve Bannon, and Bannon's associates then helped connect 

Bannon to SCL Group. Bannon subsequently introduced Nix to Robert and Rebekah Mercer as 

potential investors in SCL Group.4299 

(U) Bannon recalled that he met Nix between mid-2013 and 2014, in the context of 

doing investment due diligence for Robert Mercer. According to Bannon, Mercer believed that 

SCL Group's data analysis capabilities and relationship with Cambridge-University presented an 

investment opportunity and set about creating a U.S. entity that would be capitalized and in part 

operated by SCL Group data scientists, including Nix, on a contractual basis. Bannon recalled 

that Nix was the chief executive officer for the U.S. entity.4300 

(U) According to Wylie, a series ofme_etings betw~en the Mercers, Bannon,,and Nix 

preceded the eventual financial backing by the Mercers. Although Robert Mercer wanted to 

invest directly in SCL Group; his legal counsel advised that his investment should entail a U.S. · 

entity.4301 This advice precipitated the creation of Cambridge Analytica. Cambridge Analytica 

was established with an initial $15 million investment by Mercer, who owned a corresponding 

90 percent ownership share of the company. The remaining 10 percent ownership share -

belonged to SCL-Elections, in exchange for "assignment and deposit general" of SCL-Elections 

intellectual property. 4302 

(U) According to Wylie, Robert Mercer served as president of Cambridge Analytica, 

while Bannon was the vice-president, Jennifer Mercer was the treasurer, and Nix was named to 

the company's board.4303 Wylie indicated that Cambridge Analytica's foundational arrangement 

was designed to enable Cambridge Analytica's use of SCL Group intellectual property without 

making Cambridge Analytica part of SCL Group. Moreover, this arrangement included an 

exclusive provision contract whereby all of Cambridge Analytica' s clientele would be serviced · 

by SCL-Elections. Cambridge Analytica did not have any employees of its own, pursuant to this 

arrangement. Cambridge Analytica's work was performed by employees of SCL-Elections, 

4299 (U) Proffer, Wylie, May 17, 2018. 4300 (U) Bannon Tr., p. 239. 4301 (U) Proffer, Wylie, May 17, 2018. 

4302 (U) Ibid 4303 (U) Ibid As of May 17, 2018, Rebekah and Jennifer Mercer signed a written consent as the board members of 

Cambridge Analytica, LLC. See Voluntary Petition for Non-Individuals Filing for Bankruptcy, In re: Cambridge 

Analytica LLC, Case No. 18-11500sshl (Bankr. S.D.N.Y May 17, 2018); A related May 31, 2018 Statement of 

Financial Affairs for Cambridge Analytica LLC lists Alexander Nix as part of the Board of Managers and CEO, 

Rebekah Mercer as part of the Board of Managers and Vice·President, and Jennifer Mercer as part of the Board of 

Managers, with all three holding their respective positions from March 6, 2014 through January 23, 2018. See 

Statement ofFinancial Affairs for Cambridge Analytica, Case No. 18-11500-shl (Bankr. S.D.N.Y. May 31, 2018). 

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contractors, ·or through a company retained by Cambridge Analytica that hired 

subcontractors. 4304 

(U) The precise character of Cambridge Analytica's workforce vis-a-vis SCL Group was 

the subject of conflicting statements by witnesses to the Committee, and a matter not ultimately 

resolved in the course of the Committee's investigation.4305 According to Steve Bannon, 

Cambridge Analytica was "totally independent" of SCL Group. Bannon told the Committee that 

Cambridge Analytica had its own workforce separate and apart from SCL Group's employees, 

and characterized the assertion that Cambridge Analytica employees essentially worked for SCL 

Group as "inaccurate." Bannon added that the appearance of Cambridge Analytica and SCL 

Group having the same workforce was a byproduct of Nix and some of the Cambridge Analytica 

data scientists episodically doing work for both companies.4306 However, according to Brittany 

Kaiser, who opened the first U.S.-based Cambridge Analytica office in Alexandria, Virginia, in 

October 2015, at least initially, Cambridge Analytica and SCL Group "were one and the same 

company."4307 Kaiser explained that as Cambridge Analytica grew, "some people were only 

, Cambridge Analytica or only what we called 'the rest of the world' ... staff. But when I joined 

there were maybe twelve or fifteen full-time staff members and everybody worked on 

everything."4308 At its largest, the company comprised 130 employees. At the height of its 

operations in the United States, there were approximately forty people working for Cambridge 

Analytica in New York City, and about another twenty in Washington, D.C.4309 

4304 (U) Proffer, Wylie, May 17, 2018. 4305 (U) The Committee is aware of at least two U.S. entities established under SCL Group----Cambridge Analytica 

LLC and SCL USA, lnc.-based on a review of court documents filed in 2018. See Voluntary Petition for NonIndividuals Filing for Bankruptcy, In re: Cambridge Analytica LLC, Case No. 18-11500-shl (Bankr. S.D.N.Y May 

17, 2018). These two entities were part of a complex arrangement between Cambridge Analytica, SCL Group and 

its related entities, and other entities operating in the United States, the UnitedKingdom, and elsewhere. The 

Committee does not purport to have fully uncovered the extent of the corporate structure. Furthermore, the 

Committee's witnesses attributed activities to a single entity (e.g., "Cambridge Analytica") that may have in fact 

been undertaken by several entities within the complex arrangement or may have been ambiguous, such as 

Cambridge Analytica, LLC in the United States or Cambridge Analytica, Ltd. in the United Kingdom. The 

Committee has attempted to substantiate and/or appropriately attribute the facts within the limitations of evidence it 

gathered. 

4306 (U) Bannon Tr., pp. 221-231. 4307 (U) Kaiser Tr., pp. 11-12. 4308 (U) Ibid. Kaiser indicated that she was introduced to Nix in approximately 2013, and began working for Nix 

and Cambridge Analytica in late 2014. Kaiser assumed a permanent position with Cambridge Analytica in February 

2015, which she held until January 31, 2018. Kaiser further stated that she worked on both political and commercial 

projects during her time with Cambridge Analytica. See ibid, pp. 5-12 · 4309 (U) Ibid, pp. 82-86. Kaiser did not differentiate between Cambridge Analytica and SCL Group, and she 

further estimated that approximately sixty people worked in the London office, which she referred to as 

"Headquarters." She also clarified that the New York office was primarily concentrated on commercial issues, 

whereas the Washington, D.C. office primarily conce~trated on political issues. 

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COMMITTEE SENSITIVE - RUSSIA INVESTIGATION ONLY 
(U) Bannon described his own r9le with Cambridge Analytica as that of a "typical 

investment banker," conducting due diligence on behalf of principal investor Robert Mercer and 

taking a board position from which capitalization decisions could be overseen.4310 Bannon later 

introduced the Trump Campaign to Cambridge Analytica as a potential client.4311 

ii. (U) International Operations of Cambridge Analytica and SCL 

(U) Both SCL and Cambridge Analytica personnel were engaged in election-related 

work around the globe. Kaiser indicated that at the time of her employment by Cambridge 

Analytica, SCL Group was running "between eight to ten national elections every year for prime 

minister and president, all around the world." According to Kaiser, she offered Cambridge 

Analytica's services to prospective clients in approximately 30 different countries, and worked 

on "seven to eight national projects" during her tenure across "Africa, Asia, and Latin 

America."4312 

. (U) Cambridge Analytica and SCL engaged in a variety of efforts to influence the 

outcomes of elections abroad.4313 According to Wylie, he was hired by SCL Group to be director 

of research, based in part on his previous experience working on political campaigns and in 

developing micro-targeting strategies.4314 Wylie alleged that Cambridge Analytica engaged in 

the "procuring [ of] hacked material for the benefit of its clients," the use of "specialized 

technologies and intel gathering services from former members of Israeli and Russian state 

security services," and the management of information operations on behalf of pro-Russian 

parties in Eastern Europe and the Baltics.4315 Kaiser stated that Cambridge Analytica had an 

office based in Skopje, Macedonia, from which political projects targeted at Macedonia as well 

as other regional projects were run.4316 Kaiser described some of Cambridge Analytica's work 

in Eastern Europe prior to her joitJ.ing the company, including a program that sought to test the 

effectiveness of Russian propaganda, ostensibly iri order to develop counter-propaganda 

strategies.4317 

4310 (U) Bannon Tr., pp. 223-231. 4311 (U) Ibid, pp. 268-270. 4312 (U) Kaiser Tr., pp. 9-10. After November 2016, commercial clientele became the chief focus of Cambridge 

Analytica's business. According to Kaiser "[c]ommercial clients from all around the world were calling to figure 

out how they could use us for their advertising, and that became the core income of the company." Ibid, pp. 24-25. 4313 (U) An investigations committee of the U.K. House of Commons revealed the considerable scope and opaque 

nature of this work .. See U.K. House of Commons, Digital, Culture, Media and Sport Committee, "Disinformation 

and 'fake news': Final Report," February 14, 2019. 4314 (U) Proffer, Wylie, May 17, 2018. 4315 (U) Ibid 4316 (U) Kaiser Tr., p. 127. 4317 (U) Ibid, pp. 124-125. 

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(U) According to Wylie, in spring 2014, Steve Bannon approved proceeding with 

Cambridge Analytica-sponsored focus groups concerning Vladimir Putin and Russian 

expansionism, preparatory to the development of a predictive response model. Wylie also 

indicated that Mr. Bannon and Konstantin Kilimnik, a Ukrainian political operative with 

established ties to a Russian intelligence service and a protracted working relationship with Paul 

Manafort, were two of three individuals likely responsible for this idea.4318 Wylie added that of 

the two hundred predictive response models Cambridge Analytica was developing in the United 

States, Vladimir Putin was the only world leader addressed, and Russian expansionism was the 

only foreign topic contemplated.4319 

(U) Sam Patten, a U.S.-based foreign political consultant, worked for Cambridge 

Analytica and SCL in at least Nigeria,4320 Mexico,4321 Kosovo,4322 and the Czech Republic.4323 

Patten had met Nix through Anna Miller, a mutual friend, in 2014, and was subsequently hired 

by Nix to do work on projects in the United States, before working abroad as a contract 

employee for the company.4324 Bannon indicated he had no personalknowledge of Patten's 

work as an employee or contractor of Cambridge Analytica or SCL and that he further had never 

worked on any projects with Patten.4325 

iii. (U) Aleksander Kogan 

4318 (U) Kenneth P. Vogel and Andrew E. Kramer, "Russian Spy or Hustling Political Operative? The Enigmatic 

Figure at the Heart of Mueller's Inquiry," The New York Times, February 23, 2019. 4319 (U) Proffer, Wylie, May 17, 2018. 4320 (U) Kaiser Tr., pp. 67-68, Patten Tr., p. 30. Kaiser told the Committee that while Patten ran the Nigeria-based 

campaign,. Cambridge Analytica may have assisted the client retain former Israeli Mossad agents, working in a 

private capacity, to conduct opposition research against the client's political opponent. Kaiser Tr., pp. 67--68. 4321 (U) FBI, FD-302, Patten 5/22/2018; Kaiser Tr., p. 203. Patten told the FBI that after an initial visit to his home 

by what Patten believed to be FBI agents, he deleted emails, some of which pertained to work he had performed for 

Cambridge Analytica in Mexico because he had been told that his work there was "off the books." FBI, FD-302, 

Patten 5/22/2018. 4322 (U) Patten Tr., pp. 30, 34. Patten told the Committee the nature of the work in Kosovo was to support the 

Liberal P in the arliament elections that occurred in the spring of 2017. 4323 Ibid, pp. 29-38. Some of Patten's other foreign work had significant 

ties wit o er m 1v1 ua s connecte to e Committee's investigation, primarily through Konstantin Kilmmik. 

Patten told the Committee that to his knowled e "there's no connection" between Kilimnik and Cambrid e 

Anal ica. Ibid . 38. 

(U) Patten Tr., pp. 29-32. 4325 (U) Bannon Tr., pp. 253-256. 

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(U) Aleksander Kogan is a social psychologist who began working at Cambridge 

University in 2012 as a research associate and university lecturer.4326 In early 2013, Kogan 

began collaborating with Facebook on studies designed to elicit information on human 

connection and the expression of emotion. __ According to Kogan, to further these studies, 

Facebook provided him with several macro-level datasets concerning friendship connections and 

emoticon us~ge. In the context of this collaboration with Facebook, Kogan created a Facebook 

app named the "CPW Lab App," which was designed to collect individual Facebook users' data 

in order to analyze it in conjunction with the datasets previously provided by Facebook.4327 

(U) According to Kogan, he was introduced to Christopher Wylie through a mutual 

connection in 2014. Wylie, acting on behalf of SCL Group, asked Kogan to provide "surveyconsulting services," to include collection of Face book data and the generation of personality 

profiles. Kogan agreed to undertake the work and to do so, registered a company, Global 

Science Research, and repurposed-the CPW Lab App under a new billing-the "GSR App." The 

GSR App was intended to collect self-provided user data from survey responses, and additional 

information from the Facebook "friends" of survey participants, whose privacy settings allowed 

the App to access their information. The GSR App was eventually revised and released as an 

interactive personality quiz named "This is Your Digital Life." According to Kogan, the GSR 

App ultimately collected approximately 30 million individual personality profiles, which were 

transferred to SCL Group. Kogan has indicated that he is unaware of any evidence that would 

support the contention that the Trump Campaign used this data to micro-target voters.4328 

(U) Wylie described Kogan's work as consisting of research projects undertaken in 

Russia. According to Wylie, the Russian government sponsored some ofKogan's research, and 

Kogan traveled to Russia in this context to deliver presentations on the work he was doing at 

Cambridge Analytica, unbeknownst to his colleagues.4329 A March 15, 2014, email from SCL 

Group employee Marcus Beltran to Nix, Wylie, and Kieran Ward referenced "the interesting 

work Alex Kogan has been doing for the Russians," in relation to its compatibility with 

"predictive crime-based CRM [customer relationship management]" and "criminal 

psychographic profiling" analytics being applied elsewhere.4330 

(U) According to Bannon, he first met Kogan in 2013 or 2014 in the context of a 

presentation on SCL Group's technical capabilities. Bannon indicated that he had no awareness 

4326 (U) Testimony of Dr. Aleksandr Kogan before the United States Senate, Committee on Commerce, Science, 

and Transportation Subcommittee on Consumer Protection, Product Safety, Insurance, and Data Security, June 19, 

2018. 

4321 (U) Ibid 4328 (U) Ibid. Kogan's written testimony states that data collected from the "This Is Your Digital Life" application 

was not transferred to SCL. 4329 (U) Proffer, Wylie, May 17, 2018. 4330 (U) Email, Beltran to Nix, Ward, and Wylie, March 15, 2014 (WYL001009). 

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of work Kogan had ever performed for the Russian government. According to Bannon, while 

Kogan was an employee of SCL Group, Kogan performed services under contract on Cambridge 

Analytica's behalf.4331 Communications provided to the Committee indicate that at least 

between June and November 2014, Kogan was performing services under contract directly for 

SCL Group, and on at least some occasions for SCL-Elections, specifically.4332 -

(U) In addition to Kogan's acquisition of Face book user data through the GSR App, 

Kaiser stated that Cambridge Analytica obtained data from at least two other applications on the 

Facebook platform: specifically, the "Music Walrus" and "The Sex Compass" applications.4333 

iv. (U) Cambridge Analytica and Lukoil 

(U) According to Wylie, from spring 2014 through 2015 Cambridge Analytica 

representatives were meeting with representatives ofLukoil, a Russian multinational corporation 

headquartered in Moscow and the second largest company in Russia.4334 The publicly stated 

reason for the meetings was the potential design of a Lukoil customer loyalty card to be used in 

Turkey. Wylie indicated to the Committee that Nix's presentations, however, entailed discussion 

of rumor and disinformation campaigns and undermining confidence in institutions.4335 Kaiser, 

however, told the Committee that Cambridge Analytica engaged Lukoil for a prospective 

contract that would en~il using the oil company's data to create "custom.er experience , 

programs" for an application that would be used in conjunction with Lukoil's gas stations in 

Turkey. In the context of these discussions, Kaiser was told the data could also be useful for 

political activities in Turkey, since Cambridge Analytica sought both political and commercial 

work simultaneously in most countries.4336 Limited email records suggest that the project would 

initially entail modeling Lukoil's "loyalty data" to identify new cu·stomers and "create bespoke 

psychographic messaging for existing custoniers."4337 Kaiser furnished a February 2015 

presentation focusing on customer retention that SCL-Commercial prepared for Lukoil.4338 Both 

Wylie and Kaiser did not belfove a contract ever resulted from these discussions.4339 

4331 (U) -Bannon Tr., pp. 245-248. 4332 (U) Email, Nix to Rust and Cheffins, June 25, 2014 (WYL000282-WYL000285). 4333 (U) Kaiser Tr., p.·99. 4334 (U) Proffer, Wylie, May 17, 2018. In 2014, the Obama Administration implemented economic sanctions 

against Russia in response to the occupation of Crimea. Lukoil was added as a named entity to the Sectoral 

Sanctions Identifications List maintained by the Department of the Treasury's Office ofForeign Asset Control on 

September 12, 2014. , . , 4335 (U) Proffer, Wylie, May 17, 2018. 4336 (U) Kaiser Tr., pp. 66-67, 121-123. 4337 (U) Email, Nix to Wylie, July 17, 2014 (WYL 001065-WYL 001066). 4338 (U) SCL Commercial Presentation for Lukoil, February 18, 2015 (KAISER_LK0l-KAISER_LK26). 4339 (U) Kaiser Tr., pp. 66--67; Proffer, Wylie, May 17, 2018. · 

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(U) In May 2018 testimony to the Senate Judiciary Committee, Christopher Wylie stated 

that "Lukoil has formal information sharing agreements with the Russian Federal Security 

Service ('FSB') and is known to conduct intelligence gathering on behalf of the FSB."4340 

Although the scope and nature of the work Cambridge Analytica attempted to pursue with Lukoil 

is unclear, the Committee did not independently corroborate allegations that Lukoil intended to 

use Cambridge Analytica to impact elections. However, the Committee is concerned about the 

role Lukoil may pl~y in effecting Russia's efforts to interfere in foreign elections generally.4341 

The Moldovan election was ultimately won by 

pro-Russian candidate Igor Dodon, whose campaign platform centered largely on pursuing closer 

ties with Russia in preference over relations with the European Union.4345 

v. (U) Cambridge Analytica's U.S. Operations 

(U) According to Wylie, Cambridge Analytica aspired to use data-driven models for 

social change by identifying the subsets of a given population susceptible to particular 

messaging. Rather than focusing on the core population segment at the center of an issue, 

Cambridge Analytica's work was predicated on changing the minds of the 5 percent of the 

population on the fringes of that issue, on the rationale that 5 percent can be determinative of 

4340 (U) Wylie, Written Statement to the Senate Judiciary Committee, May 16, 2018. 4341 (U) Carole Cadwalladr and Emma Graham-Harrison, "Cambridge Analytica: links to Moscow oil firm and St 

Petersbur universi ," The Guardian March 17, 2018. 

-

-

-

4345 ian candidate triumphs in Moldova presidential race," 

Reuters, November 13, 2016. 

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most voting outcomes.4346 Wylie outlined for the Committee the active, hands-on role Bannon 

and Robert Mercer played in co-founding the company in order to compete for political clients in 

the United States. Wylie suggested that Bannon engaged SCL Group and became Vice President 

of Cambridge Analytica in order to "build an arsenal of informational weapons [that] he could 

deploy on the American population."4347 

(U) According to Kaiser, almost every client meeting she had during her time at 

Cambridge Analytica that involved a political figure was preceded by an introduction by 

Bannon, Rebekah Mercer, or Kellyanne Conway-an advisor to the Mercers at the time. 

According to Kaiser, Conway was very involved in negotiating Cambridge Analytica's transition 

from working for the Cruz Campaign to supporting the Trump Campaign, prior to Ted Cruz 

dropping out of the race.4348 

(U) Kaiser described the data sets purchased and licensed by Cambridge Analytica as 

"comprehensive" and comprising anybody in the United States over the age of 18 with a 

financial history: "[T]he database was built as a base off of the Experian credit file, and then on 

top of that was layered national data sets from Info group, Magellan, Acxiom, Label & Lists. So 

it would ,cover basically anybody that was of age and had any sort of commercial activity."4349 

According to Kaiser, Cambridge Analytica attempted to purchase the Facebook group "For 

America," which was predicated on dissemination and sharing of politically conservative 

content, that Kaiser characterized as "the largest political group on Facebook." Explaining the 

commercial appeal of this Facebook group, Kaiser said it reached as many as 30 million people 

per day at the height of its activity.4350 · \ 

(U) Kaiser told the Committee that Nix cited lax personal data protections as a reason to 

pursue business opportunities in the United States. As Kaiser described the vulnerability of 

personal data in the United States to unwitting collection, "[i]n the United States, we're by 

default opted in just by being in this country. So data can be collected and held and monetized 

and modeled without the opt-in of individuals, which allows you to do almost anything that you 

want, legally .. '. he was wanting to build a data science company that was able to undertake 

large-scale data collection and modeling before the laws changed."4351 , 

vi. (U) Cambridge Analytica and the Trump Campaign 

4346 (U) Proffer, Wylie, May 17, 2018. 4347 (U) Ibid 4348 (U) Kaiser Tr., pp. 40-43. 4349 (U) Ibid, pp. 101-102. 4350 (U) Ibid, p. 118. 4351 (U) Ibid, pp. 51-52. 

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(U) Throughout the Committee's investigation, testifying witnesses associated with the 

Trump Campaign consistently minimized the role that Cambridge Analytica played in the 

execution of the campaign. Nevertheless, the testimony of witnesses not attached to the Trump 

Campaign and materials produced to the Committee suggest that Cambridge Analytica's data 

scientists and messaging specialists were intimately tied to the Trump Campaign effort. 

(U) According to Kaiser, discussion about engaging the Trump Campaign with a 

\ 

I 

commercial offer began at Cambridge Analytica in May 2015, with the suggestion that Nix meet 

with Corey Lewandowski. Kaiser indicated that Bannon had been advocating for a meeting 

between Cambridge Analytica and members of what would become the Trump Campaign, prior 

to the announcement of Trump's candidacy. An actual meeting related to Cambridge 

Analytica's possible work for the Trump Campaign did not occur until September 2015, when 

Nix and Kaiser met with Bannon in Washington, D.C. According to Kaiser, then-candidate 

Trump called Bannon during the meeting, and instructed Bannon to have Nix and Kaiser come to 

New York City to meet with Lewandowski.4352 A meeting took place the following day, and 

while "eight or ten weeks" of contract negotiations followed, CamJ,ridge Analytica's offer to run 

a fundraising campaign for the Trump Campaign never materialized.4353 Bannon indicated that 

he had no recollection of the September 2015 phone call with Donald Trump that Kaiser 

described.4354 

(U) Cambridge Analytica proposed offers of work to almost every one of the 2016 

Republican presidential primary campaigns, including the campaigns of Rick Perry, Carly 

Fiorina, Chris Christie, Ben Carson, Jeb Bush, and Scott Walker.4355 During their respective 

2016 presidential campaigns, Carson spent over $430,000 for Cambridge Analytica's services, 

while Cruz spent approximately $5.8 million.4356 Within a week of Ted CruZ dropping out of the 

race for the Republican nomination, all Cambridge Analytica employees working on the Cruz 

Campaign began transitioning over to work on the Trump Campaign.4357 

(U) Kaiser. stated to the Committee that Cambridge Analytica was ultimately successful 

in contracting work wi~ the Trump Campaign in part because some competitor data firms were 

4352 (U) Ibid, pp. 144-145. Kaiser told the Committee that the meeting with Lewandowski needed to occur early in 

the morning, as Lewandowski would be accompanying Trump to his appearance at a rally in Washington, D.C. 

against the nuclear deal with Iran. See ibid, p. 145. Trump participated in a rally against the Iran nuclear deal on 

September 9, 2015. See Katie Zezima, "Donald Trump, Ted Cruz headline Capitol rally against Iran nuclear deal," 

The Washington Post, September 9, 2015. 4353 (U) Kaiser Tr., pp. 145-146. 4354 (U) Bannon Tr., p. 268. 

4355 (U) Kaiser Tr., pp. i52-153. 4356 (U) Maegan Vazquez and Paul Murphy, "Trump isn't the only Republican who gave Cambridge Analytica big 

bucks," CNN, March 21, 2018. 4357 (U) Kaiser Tr., pp. 154-156. 

673 
unwilling to work with the Trump Campaign.4358 According to Rick Gates, a close business 

associate of Paul Manafort and eventual deputy chairman for the Trump Campaign, the 

Campaign made a determination shortly after the Republican National Convention to use 

Cambridge Analytica's services, although views on using Cambridge Analytica varied.4359 The 

Republican National Committee (RNC) did not want to use the company and Brad Parscale, a 

digital media strategist who had been working with the Trump Organization since 2011 and 

served as digital director for the Trump Campaign was reluctant to bring a new company into the 

Campaign's operations.4360 However, according to Gates, Kushner wanted to use Cambridge 

Analytica and ultimately negotiated a package of services, with payment slated to be delivered at 

the end of the campaign.4361 Kushner told the Committee that the Mercers aggressively 

advocated for the Trump Campaign's use of Cambridge Analytica, and in order to secure the 

Mercers' support for then-candidate Trump, the Campaign engaged with Cambridge 

Analytica. 4362 

(U) Cambridge Analytica began work under contract with the Trump Campaign shortly 

after Trump became the Republican Party's nominee.4363 Kaiser's initial work for the Trump 

Campaign entailed helping to build Project Alamo, as the Trump Campaign's digital operation in 

San Antonio, Texas, came to be known, including the database and the qualitative and 

quantitative research programs that underwrote the project. This involved working with Conway 

to continuously develop, administer, and refine nationwide polling models.4364 

(U) Parscale indicated that he made the decision to hire Cambridge Analytica to work for 

the Trump Campaign in June 2016, after receiving approval from Paul Manafort and Jared 

Kushner. Parscale characterized Cambridge Analytica's work for the Trump Campaign as 

"[m]ainly helping us raise donations, fundraising." Parscale also described Cambridge 

Analytica's work supporting the Trump Campaign's media and advertising purchases.4365 

According to Parscale, Cambridge Analytica's team in San Antonio began with a presence of 

three employees, and eventually expanded to at least 12 by the end of the campaign.4366 

4358 (U) Ibid, pp. 156--159. 4359 (U) FBI, FD-302, Gates 10/29/2018. 4360 (U) FBI, FD-302, Gates 10/29/2018; "Brad Parscale: Trump names 2020 election campaign chief," BBC, 

February 27, 2018. 4361 (U) FBI, FD-302, Gates 10/29/2018. 4362 (U) Kushner Tr. II, pp. 84-85. 4363 (U) Ibid; Kaiser Tr., p. 159. Filings indicate payments were made later. See Federal Election Commission, 

Disbursements, Donald J. Trump for President, Inc. to Cambridge Analytica, LLC, 2015-2016 (indicating first 

disbursement of July 29, 2016). According to FEC filings, payments continued through December 12, 2016, 

totaling $5,912,500 for "Data Management" and "Data Management Services." 4364 (U) Kaiser Tr., pp. 161-164. 4365 (U) Parscale Tr., pp. 55--62. 4366 (U) Ibid, p. 60. 

674 
(U) Concerning Nix, Parscale indicated that he hired Cambridge Analytica to support the 

Trump Campaign "because I met Matt Oczkowski, who was the head of products for them," 

despite the fact that Parscale "didn't like Alexander Nix. I didn't like anything about him. I told 

him to his face."4367 Kushner told the Committee that although he had met Nix "a few times," he 

had very little interaction with the Cambridge Analytica employees working in support of the 

Trump Campaign.4368 

(U) Parscale told the Committee that <;::ambridge Analytica performed work in support of 

the Trump Campaign's data efforts.4369 Parscale also told the Committee that he declined 

Cambridge Analytica's offer to use the company's "psychographic profiling'~ services.4370 

However, the Committee obtained documents in the course of its investigation that suggest 

Cambridge Analytica's data may have been used in support of the Trump Campaign, anq the 

Campaign may have leveraged Cambridge Analytica's "psychographic analysis" capabilities. A 

presentation slide titled "Data Flow and Supported Programs" (see first image below) depicts 

bidirectional data flow from the Trump Campaign to Cambridge Analytica, with an intermediate 

step involving data held by the Republican National Committee.4371 Additionally, the 

Cambridge Analytica node of the data flow· depiction is titled "Digital Media Psycho graphic 

Analysis," and is connected directly to the Trump Campaign node by a directional arrow titJed 

"Reporting," at least suggesting that the Trump Campaign was receiving the results of 

Cambridge Analytica's analysis.4372 A separate slide titled "Data Process Flow," (see second 

image below) shows a bidirectional arrow from Cambridge Analytica's "Psychographic 

Analysis" to both the Republican National Committee's "GOP Data Center" and the Trump 

Campaign's "ALAM0."4373 

4367 (U) Ibid, p. 53. 4368 (U) Kushner Tr., pp. 12-13. 4369 (U) Parscale Tr., pp. 57-58. 4370 (U) Ibid, pp. 60--61. 4371 (U) Trump Data Team Presentation, August 22," 2016 (FLYNN_ SSCI _00011770). 4372 (U) Ibid . 4373 (U) Ibid (FL YNN_SSCI_000l 1773). 

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(U) Gates also told the FBI that Cambridge Analytica employees had made 

representations to him that that the company was based in the U.S., with operations that entailed 

multiple U.S. components. Gates later learned and was concerned that Trump Campaign data 

was transmitted to and analyzed in the United Kingdom, component to Cambridge Analytica's 

services.4374 

(U) In testimony to the Committee, however, Parscale stated he ~hose not to use 

Cambridge Analytica's data during the campaign, opting rather to use Republican National 

Committee data in the alternative because it was "more accurate" and performed better in field 

4374 (U) FBI, FD-302, Gates 10/29/2018. Gates recalled this becoming an issue "because of the time difference 

between the UK [United Kingdom] and the East Coast." See ibid. 

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testing.4375 Parscale described Cambridge Analytica's media and advertisement support to the 

Trump Campaign as consisting of a separate team based in San Antonio, Texas. This team 

worked in connection with the Data Trust database, according to Parscale.4376 The work of this 

team consisted chiefly of creating visualization tools that communicated data trends relative to 

the electorate, which enabled more effective deployment of then-candidate Trump to election 

events.4377 According to Parscale, Cambridge Analytica's work for the Trump Campaign 

entailed access to the Campaign's data stores and those of the Republican National Committee, 

but never involved Cambridge Analytica bringing in new data.4378 

(U) According to Kaiser, the representations of Cambridge Analytica employees· 

working on Project Alamo to her indicated that data owned by Cambridge Analytica played no 

part in the work done for the Trump Campaign; to her knowledge, "Project Alamo was built 

completely from scratch." Kaiser acknowledged this was atypical, in that "every other project" 

Cambridge Analytica worked on was built off a copy of the company's main database. Kaiser 

indicated that the data for Project Alamo came from the Republican National Committee's Data 

Trust database and other data sets that were purchased and licensed to be added to the Data Trust 

data.4379 

· vii. (U) Cambridge Analytica and WikiLeaks 

(U) According to open source information, during the 2016 campaign, Nix emailed 

Julian Assange, the ostensible head of WikiLeaks, about the possible release of Hillary Clinton's 

33,000 deleted emails.4380 In particular, the reports indicated that Nix sought a searchable 

database of emails related to Clinton.4381 In October 2017, Assange publicly confirmed "an 

approach by Cambridge Analytica" and claimed to have rejected it.4382 · 

(U) The Committee obtained no additional information related to this alleged outreach. 

Numerous individuals affiliated with the Trump Campaign, including those likely to have been 

4375 (U) Parscale Tr., pp. 59-60. 4376 (U) Ibid., p. 57. 4377 (U) Ibid., pp. 57-58. 4378 (U) Ibid., p. 58. 4379 (U) Kaiser Tr., pp. 163-164. 4380 (U) Betsy Swan, "Trump Data Guru Alexander Nix: I Tried To Team Up With Julian Assange," The Daily 

Beast, October 25, 2017. '-

4381 (U) Kara Scannell, Dana Bash, and Marshall Cohen, "Trump campaign analytics company contacted WikiLeaks 

about Clinton emails," CNN, October 25, 20.17. 4382 (U) Betsy Swan, "Trump Data Guru Alexander Nix: I Tried To Team Up With Julian Assange," The Daily 

Beast, October 25, 2017. Following initial publication, the article added: "[A]fter publication, Assange provided 

this statement to The Daily Beast: 'We can confirm an approach by Cambridge Analytica and can confirm that it 

was rejected by WikiLeaks."' 

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closest to the outreach such as Bannon, indicated that they had no prior awareness ofNix's 

communication with WikiLeaks.4383 

viii. (U) Declaration of Bankruptcy 

(U) On May 17, 2018, "Cambridge Analytica LLC a/k/a Cambridge Analytica 

Commercial LLC a/k/a Cambridge Analytica Political LLC a/k/a Anaxi Solutions Inc .... and 

SCL USA, Inc." filed voluntary petitions for bankruptcy relief in the United States Bankruptcy 

Court for the Southern District of New York.4384 

(U) Emerdata was created as a new holding company for the purposes of owning the 

assets of Cambridge Analytica and SCL Group.4385 Media reporting indicates that upon 

Emerdata's August 2017 incorporation, SCL Group's chairman, Julian Wheatland, and SCL's 

chief data officer, Alexander Tayler, were listed as the company's original owners.4386 On 

March 7, 2018, Firecrest Technologies Limited, a subsidiary ofEmetdata, was incorporated. 

Alexander Nix was briefly identified as the director ofFirecrest Technologies Limited, before 

being replaced by Alexander Tayler.4387 On March 16_, 2018, Jennifer and Rebekah Mercer 

joined Emerdata as directors. Nix also served as a director for Emerdata from January 23, 2018 

to March 28, 2018. ·Emerdata characterizes its business as "[d]ata processing, hosting, and 

related activities," but little is known about the actual activities of the company.4388 

3. (U) Psy Group 

(U) Psy Group, which was in bankruptcy proceedings in Israel as of December 2018, 

was an intelligence company specializing ih social media manipulation and on-line reputation 

and perception management.4389 Psy Group representatives engaged with Trump Campaign 

senior officials in 2016 for a contract to perform work on behalf of the Campaign. 4390 These 

4383 (U) Bannon Tr., pp. 284-285; Parscale Tr., p. 66. The Committee is aware of other efforts to obtain Clinton 

emails, see infra Vol. 5, Sec.III.Band Vol. 5, Sec. lII.L.l. 4384 (U) Letter, Lamonica to Burr and Warner, February 15, 2019. 4385 (U) Kaiser Tr., pp. 44-45. 4386 (U) Wendy Siegelman, "Cambridge Analytica is dead- but its obscure network is alive and well," The 

Guardian, May 5, 2018. 4387 (U) U.K. Government Companies House Listing, "Firecrest Technologies Limited," Company Number 

11238956 

4388 (U) U.K. Government Companies House Listing, "Emerdata Limited," Company Number 10911848; Wendy 

Siegelman, "Cambridge A.nalytica is dead- but its obscure network is alive and well," The Guardian, May 5, 2018. 4389 (U). Psy Group presentation, "Reality is a Matter of Perception" (PSY000352-PSY000369). 4390 (U) Toi Staff, "Multiple Trump campaign staffers 'reached out' to Israel firm under FBI scrutiny," The Times of 

Israel, December 1, 2018. 

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engagements, which included multiple proposals and presentations, purportedly never 

materialized into any Campaign work. 

i. (U) Psy Group's Founding and Structure 

(U) Psy Group was founded in Israel on December 22, 2014, as a private intelligence 

firm specializing in collection and a,nalysis of information, as well as online reputation 

management and targeted influence.4391 Joel Zamel, an Australian living in Israel, told the 

Committee that he founded Psy Group with Daniel Green and Elad Schaffer.4392 Zamel 

indicated that Psy Group comprised two entities: a parent company named IOCO Ltd. in Cypress 

and a subsidiary company based in Israel named Invop Ltd.4393 According to Zamel, he was a 

majority shareholder fo Psy Group, while Green and Schaffer were minority shareholders.4394 

Zamel said IOCO was responsible for business development, contracting, and marketing, while 

the Israel-based Invop, where the majority of Psy Group employees were located, performed in 

an operational capacity.4395 · 

(U) Royi Burstien, an Israeli citizen, was the chief executive officer at Psy Group. 

Burstien had left the Israeli military in 2014 and established I2A ("Intelligence Influence. 

Analysis"), a private online influence and intelligence company that operated· from 

approximately March to October 2014. Burstien was introduced to Zamel in 2014 by a mutual 

acquaintance, Itai Yonat. Zamel established Invop later that year, and hired Burstien as chief 

executive officer.4396 

(U) Zamel described Burstien's background as including work in the intelligence field 

conducting influence operations. The precise nature ofBurstien's work in the intelligence field 

4391 (U) Simona Weinglass, et al., "Israeli firm under FBI scrutiny in Trump probe allegedly targeted BDS 

activists," The Times of Israel, June 6, 2018; Psy Group presentation, "Shaping Reality through Intelligence and 

Influence" (PSY000125-PSY000129). 4392 (U) Zamel Tr., pp. 7-8. Zamel is also associated with Wikistrat, a crowd-sourced consulting platform that 

Zamel co-founded in 2009, see Crunchbase.com, profile ofWikistrat. 4393 (U) Zamel Tr., pp. 8-10. The Committee does not purport to have fully uncovered the extent of the corporate 

structure. Furthermore, the Committee's witnesses attributed activities to a single entity (e.g., "Psy Group") that 

may have in fact been undertaken by several entities within the corporate arrangement or may have been ambiguous. 

The Committee has attempted to substantiate and/or appropriately attribute the facts within the limitations of 

evidence gathered. 4394 (U) Ibid., pp. 11-12. 4395 (U) Ibid. pp. 15-16. Although communication and records were produced to the Committee by Psy Group, 

Zamel "wiped" 'his personal devices after they were returned to him by the SCO following a search, and therefore 

did not himself produce records to the Committee. Ibid., pp. 98-101. Burstien estimated Zamel's ownership stake 

in IOCO Ltd. at 90 percent. Attorney Proffer, Burstien, April 12, 2019. 4396 (U) Attorney Proffer, Burstien, April 12, 2019. 

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is not known to the Committee.4397 Burstien primarily communicated with Zamel using the 

encrypted application Wiclcr, commup.ications on which automatically disappear after a period of 

· time, and therefore were not produced to the Committee.4398 

(U) Zamel described Invop's suite of client services as including intelligence gathering 

and influence campaigns that use avatars, websites, blogs, and other internet vehicles to target 

specific online audiences.4399 

ii. (U) Psy Group Operations 

(U) The Committee reviewed several documents that described the suite of services 

offered by Psy Group. One corporate overview, entitled "Shaping Reality through Intelligence 

and Influence, sent from Psy Group to American international political consultant George 

Birnbaum in May 2016, highlighted Psy Group's capabilities in "influence" and 

"intelligence."4400 · 

• (U) Psy Group's "Influence+" suite of services involved advertising, media, and public 

relations "to reach any target audience, including decision makers, influencers and the 

general public, to help deliver key messages, sway opinion and help highlight or t~ne 

down issues of relevance."4401 

• (U) Under a section titled "Influence Campaigns," Psy Group's capability to conduct 

influence activities was described as "unique, actionable intelligence that is leveraged 

through influence activities. By utilizing our covert capabilities in the campaign, we are 

able to reach each target audience credibly and effectively, including through the 

utilization of objective, trusted parties or proxies."4402 

• (U) Psy Group's "[i]ntelligence [o]ffering" included a "multi-level approach to 

intelligence collection" that combined open source research, cyber operations including 

social engineering and "honeypots ... to extract required information from the right 

sources," and "covert techniques and capabilities in the physical world." 4403 

4397 (U) Zamel Tr., pp. 13-14. 4398 (U) Attorney Proffer, Burstien, April 12, 2019. 4399 (U) Zamel Tr., p. 33. 4400 (U) , Email, Epstein to Birnbaum, May 24, 2016 (PSY000 124--:PSY000 129) { attaching Psy Group presentation, 

"Shaping Reality through Intelligence and Influence"). 

4401 (U) Ibid. 

4402 (U) Ibid 4403 (U) Ibid 

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(U) When asked about Psy Group's services, Zamel testified that "[t]he company had 

very clear boundaries ... we don't do hacking, we don't break the law."4404 

(U) Another set of Psy Group promotional materials advertised the company's 

"Influence Campaign" capability and a suite of attendant services that included "[ o ]nline 

reputation management, [ o ]ffline campaigns, [ o ]nline campaigns, '[h ]oney traps,' and 

[ d]edicated activities."4405 

• (U) In relation to employing "individualized avatars, fake accounts, influence 

operations," and "amplification" of messaging through automated social media accounts, 

Zamel asserted to the Committee that Psy Group had the ability to conduct these 

activities, but "didn't do anything like that in the U.S. or in the [2016] elections."4406 

• (U) In relation to "honey traps," Zamel explained that this entailed "building a platform, 

a website, or online forum to encourage discussion about certain topics. To obtain 

information about a target saying certain things, or having a certain agenda. To capture 

some information. Maybe conducting an avatar operation on that platform that's 

controlled by the company."4407 

(U) Describing Psy Group's capabilities and personnel, Birnbaum explained: 

These guys came out of the military intelligence army unit, and it's like coming 

out with a triple Ph.D. from MLT. The amount of knowledge these guys have in 

terms of cybersecurity, cyber-intelligence . . . they come out of a unit in which 

their minds in terms of understanding cybersecurity-the algorithms that they can 

create-it's just so beyond what you could get [with] a normal education that it's 

just unique ... there are hundreds and hundreds of Israeli start-up companies 

that the founders are guys who came out of this unit. 4408 

(U) Birnbaum distinguished Psy Group from Black Cube, a separate private intelligence 

firm founded in 2010 by former Israeli intelligence officers: Psy Group "was a technology 

service that you just apply an algorithm to and it works. It wasn't setting up fake companies and 

· fake employees and sending someone with a wire into a room and videotaping them. Tllat' s 

4404 (U) Zamel Tr., pp. 92-93. 4405 (U) Email, Mortman to Long, Kohler, Burstien, and Elwood, March 31, 2017 (PSY00035 l-PSY000369). 4406 (U) Zamel Tr., p. 83. 4407 (U) Ibid, p. 94. Traditionally, a "honey trap" refers to the use of sexual entrapment to compromise a potential 

source of information in intelligence operations. 4408 (U) SSC! Transcript of the Interview of George Birnbaum, February 20, 2019, p. 63. 

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more what Black Cube does ..... "4409 Zamel indicated that Psy Group never did any direct work 

on behalf of Black Cube, nor did Psy Group ever work as a sub-contractor to Black Cube. 4410 

- Zamel indicated that Burstien and members of his team were 

1 ~ t rt "f ft thr · h PR fi s.4411 ! •• ! 

• · Apart from Psy Group's 

pitches to the Trump Campaign, described below, the Committee identified three projects of 

note, including two involving Russian oligarchs: 

• ' (U) Erik Prince:. One prpject, alternately named "Black Jack" and "Jack Black," was 

intended to improve the online reputation of American businessman and co-founder of 

the Blackwater private security services firm, Erik Prince, presumably in response to a 

request from Prince. Zamel indicated that a contract for work never materialized. Zamel 

said that he was introduced to Erik Prince in 2016 :by former CIA official Cofer Black. 

According to Zamel, several follow-on meetings with Prince occurred, at which Zamel 

and Prince discussed human rights work related to the Middle East.4413 

• Oleg Deripaska: According to Burstien, Psy Group undertook an 

"intelligence project" (codenamed "Project Starbucks") in probably 2015 for Oleg· 

Deripaska involving a business dispute with a large Austrian compai:iy, possibly 

connected to real estate. It was unclear what specifically prompted the project, but 

Deripaska was "mad about it" and wanted to find derogatory information on the Austrian 

company to e,xpose their unscrupulous (and purportedly "fraudulent") business practices. 

Deripaska hired Israeli national Walter Soriano, who subsequently put Deripaska or his 

unidentified representatives in touch with Psy Group. Psy Group did not find any 

derogatory information on the Austrian company. Burstien may have met with Deripaska 

once in Switzerland relating to this project. Although he was the CEO,.Burstien did not 

4409 (U) Ibid, p. 126. 4410 (U) Zamel Tr., pp. 24-26. 4411 (U) Ibid, p. 102. Another U.S.-based employee, Phil Elwood, performed business development work for Psy 

Group in Washington, D.C. Zamel claimed that he was not involved in the day-to-day business side ofPsy Group 

and only heard about major projects that would be briefed to and the strategic advisory board by Burstien. Ibid, pp. 

18-19, 37--41. As a result, he also claimed not to be aware of the Deripaska and Rybolovlev projects at the time 

they occurred. Ibid, . 31, 37. 4412 

4413 (UJ Zame Tr., pp. 50-59. e Committee's e orts to interview Prince were unsuccessful, as he exercised his 

Fifth Amendment right against self-incrimination in electing to not appear before the Committee. Prince did submit 

to the Committee a personal statement as well as documents on November 22, 2017. See Letter, Prince to SSCI, 

November 22, 2017. Prince's statement contains conspicuous omissions and partially contradicted claims. For 

more information on Prince and further details inconsistencies and omissions in Prince's statements, see infra Vol. 

5, Sec. III.K.iii. 

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• Dmitri Rybolovlev: Psy Group undertook a separate "intelligence 

project" in 2016 for Dmitry Rybolovlev relating to a dispute with the art dealer Yves 

Bouvier. Walter Soriano linked Rybolovlev with Psy Group to find derogatory 

information on Bouvier, possibly by suggesting that Bouvier ,was using his art dealing to 

skim money from customers. The contract value was approximately $150,000, and 

entailed Invop's conducting open source research on Bouvier. Burstien did not recall 

meeting Rybolovlev, though another Psy Group emplo ee robabl did and stated that 

Soriano would have been resent for that meetin .

4416 

iii. (U) Psy Group's Engagement with the Trump Campaign: Project 

Rome/D-Day 

(U) In the spring of 2016, Psy Group pitched an influence and intelligence project to the 

Trump Campaign through Rick Gates and Birnbaum. Referred to as both "Project Rome and 

"Project D-Day," the proposal was developed over several months, but ultimately never came to 

fruition, as described below. 

(U) On March 23, 2016, Kory Bardash, the head of Republicans in Israel, emailed 

George Birnbaum and Eitan Charnoff, a project manager at Psy Group, to virtually introduce 

them to each other. Bardash wrote: "I have spoken to both of you about the other. Hopefully 

you can have a mutually beneficial chat."4418 

(U) Separately, on March 29, 2016, Birnbaum met with Rick Gates at the Mandarin 

Oriental hotel in Washington, D.C., having been introduced to Gates by mutual friend Eckart 

Charnoff, March 23, 2016 (PSY000005-PSY000006). 

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Sager. During this meeting, Gates referenced "the challenge of the delegates" and "opposition 

research on Hillary Cliμton" and asked Birnbaum whether there w~s "any Israel[i] technology 

that could help us with some of these goals?"4419 Speqifically, Gates asked about using 

technology to identify Republican delegates as either "pro-Trump, anti-Trump, or 'on the 

fence,'" and further, whether the last category of delegates might be influenced through social 

media. Gates also asked about using publicly available information to conduct opposition 

research against Hilary Clinton and "up to ten of her closest circle. "4420 Birnbaum indicated that 

this was his first and_ only in-person meeting with Gates.4421 

(U) The next day, March 30, 2016, Birnbaum contacted Charnoffto discuss Psy Group 

conducting work for the Trump Campaign. 4422· Charnoff then sent an email to Psy Group 

employees Amon Epstein, Royi Burstien, and others, outlining a business opportunity for Psy 

Group with the Trump Campaign. Charnoff explained that he (Charnoff) and Epstein had been 

in contact with "a major American campaign consultant who [had] been tasked by the [T]rump 

campaign." Charnoff indicated "[t]hey want us to [use] social platform analytical tools as well 

as our Rublik department capabilities to identify who is truly with [T]rump and who isn't and 

then run an influence campaign to impact their decision using avatars and creating third party 

assets and outreach." Charnoff closed his email noting that "[b]y the end of today they want a 

rough estimate of what it will cost," and that within the ensuing three days, a timeline and more 

exact cost estimate were required.4423 

(U) In a follow-on email to the same recipients, Charnoff indicated that following 

Bimbaum's consultation with "the campaign," the prospective work for the Trump Campaign 

would be divided into two projects. The first project consisted of opposition research on "the 

female opposing candidate," and comprised "dig[ing] up dirt as well as active [information] 

gathering on associates." The second project was focused on U.S. state delegates voting in the 

Republican primary and entailed using social media _analysis to index delegates as "pro [T]rump, 

against and unknown." Charnoff further stated that the latter two categories of delegates would 

be targeted in an influence campaign "to support [T]rump and not change the convention 

rules. "4424 

(U) In an email under the subject line "Project D-Day" sent April 1, 2016, Amon Epstein 

indicated Psy Group had been authorized to "move to the planning phase of the activity," 

4419 (U) The reasoning behind Gates's stated preference for "Israeli technology" is not known to the Committee. 

This meeting occurred at the very start of Paul Manafort's and },lick Gates's work on the Trump Campaign. 4420 (U) Birnbaum Tr., pp. 25-27. 4421 (U) Ibid., p. 27. 4422 (l!) Ibid., pp. 42-44. 4423 (U) Email, Chamoffto Epstein, Burstien, Vesely, Fogel, and "Yossef," March 31, 2016 (PSY000008-

PSY000009). 

4424 (U) Email, Chamoffto Epstein, Burstien, Vesely, Fogel, and "Yossef," March 31, 2016 (PSY000012). 

685 
subsequent to "several conversations last night with George [Birnbaum] (the contact to D's 

team)." Epstein included a screenshot of his purported conversation with Birnbaum (see image 

below).4425 With respect to opposition research, Epstein noted that: 

As for the intel on the lady and her team, he's talking about up to 10 people in 

her inner-inner circle. We told him an estimate of 10 people and her would be 

around $250Kfor passive work + very light active. We explained we suggest not 

to go heavy active at the moment because of the issues we discussed. We spun it a 

bit and said we are not concerned for us, but wish to prevent any blow back or 

flags raising pointing to him at this point. 

4426 

Eitan .... the campaign did not hesitate on the 

numbers I have them. However, they did ask to 

get che propsal sooner than later as they wane co 

approve budget as quickly as possible. I need you 

to try and get me both proposals by Monday. I 

know it's a lot to ask ... but they are very keen to 

getgo,ng 

And let me rephrase ... they weren't 1ntim1dated by 

the budget numbers but of course hoped it would 

be lower than quoted 1n the end. 

And please let arnon know ... it will be about 4800 

delegates we w,11 need to target. Thanks 

(U) A Psy Group project breakdown for "Project D-Day" indicated that Psy Group's 

efforts comprised four teams ("Team Black," "Team Rubik," "Team Blue," and "Team Red"), 

and contemplated the involvement of as many as 53 employees.4427 

(U) In an email sent April l, 2016, George B imbaum offered guidelines to Epstein and 

Chamoff for drafting the proposal. Among Bimbaum's suggestions were "run intensive 

4425 (U) Email, Epstein to Charnoff, Burstien, Vesely, Fogel, "Yossef," and Tzach, April I, 2016 (PSY000013-

PSY0000 14). 4426 (U) Ibid 4427 (U) Psy Group "Project Budget Calculator for Project Name D-Day" (PSY000294). 

686 

COMMITTEE SENSITIVE - RUSSIA INVESTIGATION ONLY 
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influence campaigns on the unknown delegates themselves and on the influencers of the 

delegates," and "[f]or the Clinton Proposal ... run an intensive, deep open source opposition 

research campaign on Hiilary and her 10 closest associates (names to be supplied by [the] 

campaign). Depending on information found, apply a second layer of info gathering to make 

sure no stone was left unturned. Anything else you might want to add as well."4428 

(U) On April 5, Epstein emailed the proposal, now called Project Rome, to Birnbaurn.4429 

The proposal included a project to conduct "influence services" targeting the Republican 

convention delegates, a second project proposal to conduct "opposition intelligence research" on 

Clinton, and a "sample report."4430 The cost estimate for the "influence services" proposal was 

$3.21 million,with an additional $100,000 for media expenses,4431 with a cost estimate for 

"negative opposition" of $400,000.4432 ' 

(U) The sample _report provided a background profile of a California delegate for the 

Republican Party.4433 The profile included biographical data including places of residence and 

employment, marital status, political and religious leanings, and personal interests. While it was 

noted that the delegate was already."a strong supporter of Donald Trump, and therefore no active 

influence is required at this point," the profile re(?ommended "infrequent monitoring (monthly) to 

check whether any changes in opinions or sentiments towards Trump." The portfolio began with 

an overview description of the sourcing for the analysis, described the report as being based on 

"available OSINT (Open Source Intelligence)," and noted that "[i]n the event that additional 

information is required, Psy Group can carry O!lt various active intelligence activities to extract 

additional information based on the needs and directions."4434 

(U) According to Birnbaum, he informed Rick Gates that he had received the project 

materials from Psy Group. In response, Gates instructed him to send Psy Group proposals to an 

4428 (U) Email, Birnbaum to Epstein to Charnoff, April 1, 2016 (PSY000015). 4429 (U) Email, Epstein to Birnbaum, April 5, 2016 (PSY000067-PSY000080) (attaching proposals for both e:fforts 

as well as a sample intelligence report on a particular delegate). ' 

4430 (U) Ibid 4431 (U) Psy Group, "Project 'Rome' Campaign Intelligence & Influence Services Proposal," April 2016 

(PSY000073); Attorney Proffer, Burstien, April 12, 2019. . 4432 (U) Psy Group, "Project Rome Opposition Intelligence Research," April 2016 (PSY000076); Attorney Proffer, 

Burstien, April 12, 2019. 4433 (U) Psy Group, "Base Intelligence Report on Felicia Michelle Tweedy," April 3, 2016 (PSY000077-80). The 

individual in the profile was a district-level delegate to the 2016 Republican National Convention from the State of 

California. 

4434 (U) Ibid 

687 
COMMITTEE SENSITIVE - RUSSIA INVESTIGATION ONLY 

individual named Scott Wilkinson.4435 Birnbaum did not know who Wilkinson was, but sent him 

the proposals nonetheless. 4436 

(U) In a later exchange of emails sent on May 8, 2016, under the subject line "campaign 

proposal," Psy Group employees discussed capabilities to make available to the Trump 

Campaign, including "psyop campaigns" concerning "the opposition." The Psy Group 

employees also discussed the use of"[h]undreds of avatars driving negative messaging," and 

"physical world ops like counter protests, hecklers, etc." as means of advancing the referenced 

"psyop campaigns."4437 

(U) On the basis of the Committee's investigation, however, it appears that Project Rome 

was never implemented by Psy Group. Birnbaum recalled that "this just kind of disappeared and 

died, and nothing came of it."4438 Burstien similarly did not believe that Invop or Psy Group 

ever actually performed work relating to Project Ro.me. Burstien and Psy Group ultimately 

abandoned hope of working with Birnbaum after he canceled several meetings in Israel to 

discuss the project with them.4439 

iv. (U) Zamel Pitches the Trump Campaign 

(U) After the Project Rome proposal pitched by Psy Group through Birnbaum had fallen 

through, Zamel also approached the Trump Campaign for a similar project in the second half of 

2016. Zamel engaged the Trump Campaign with George Nader, an advisor to the United Arab 

· Emirates, who had raised the possibility of his (Nader's) financing a social media effort by 

Zamel targeting the 2016 U.S. presidential election.4440 

(U) Zamel indicated that he first communicated with Nader in early 2016. Zamel and 

Nader were introduced by John Hannah, an advisor of Zamel's, and began communicating 

multiple times a week and sometimes daily.4441 In June 2016, the two met in St. Petersburg, 

Russia, as Nader was attending the St. Petersburg International Economic Forum, in order to 

4435 (U) SSCI Transcript of the Interview of George Birnbaum, February 20, 2019, pp. 86-87. 4436 (U) Birnbaum Tr., pp. 86--88. Gates sent Birnbaum and Wilkinson an email introduction, which explains how 

Birnbaum would have been able to transmit the proposals without already knowing Wilkinson. See Email, Gates to . 

Birnbaum and Scott Wilkinson, April 5, 2016 (Birnbaum Production). 4437 (U) Emails, Vesely, Burstien, Epstein, Fogel, "Yossef," and Mortman, May 8, 2016 (PSY000295-PSY000296). 4438 (U) Birnbaum Tr., pp. 86--111. 4439 (U) Attorney Proffer, Burstien, April 12, 2019. 4440 (U) Zamel Tr., pp. 70-72. George Nader, who was interviewed as part of the SCO's investigation, later pleaded 

guilty to transportation of a minor boy for purposes of illegal conduct and possession of child pornography. See 

U.S. Attorney's Office, Eastern District of Virginia, "Man Pleads Guilt to Child Exploitation Crimes," January 13, 

2020. 

4441 (U) Ibid, pp. 112-115. 

688 

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discuss business opportunities. According to Zamel, U.S. politics was never discussed during 

this meeting with Nader.4442 

(U) According to Zamel, he and Nader continued to meet a few more times in New 

York, Washington, D.C., and elsewhere.4443 Sometime in July 2016, Nader expressed an interest 

in meeting with someone affiliated with either the Trump Campaign or Donald Trump's family. 

To broker such a meeting, Zamel contacted Erik Prince, who he understood to be involved in the 

presidential campaign.4444 Erik Prince was in the process of cultivating his own access to the 

Trump Campaign and indicated that if successful, he might be able to assist in Zamel' s efforts to 

connect Nader with the Campaign.4445 · 

(U) In the midst of that discussion, on August 1, 2016, Royi Burstein sent Zamel a 

document describing Psy Group's capabilities relating to the 2016 U.S. presidential election.4446 

The two-page summary document was titled "Project Rome" a,nd dated May 2016, but differed 

from the similarly-named proposal created for Birnbaum. The document outlined a suite of 

services Psy Group would make available to a client, including "generat[ing] influence through 

various online and offline platforms, assets and techniques," and the creation and promotion of 

"tailored third-party messaging directed toward optimizing impact and acceptance within the 

target audience(s)." The proposal overview noted that Psy Group's services "focus on select 

voter groups/segments that may not be susceptible to campaign messaging originating from the 

candidate or organizations known to be affiliated with the candidate." The proposal also 

identified minority communities, suburban female voters, and undecided voters as being among 

the prospective targeted voter segments.4447 Burstien did not believe he ever heard back from 

· Zamel about the summary document.4448 

(U) Shortly thereafter, in early August 2016, Zamel, Erik Prince; and George Nader met 

with Donald Trump Jr. at the Trump Tower building in New York. According to Zamel, Prince 

led the meeting. Prince and Trump Jr. discussed issues pertaining to the Campaign. Later in the 

4442 (U) Ibid, pp. 115-120. Zamel recalled that, several days later, Nader sent him a picture ofNader with Vladimir 

Putin, which Zamel understood was meant to demonstrate Nader's access. See ibid., pp. 117-118, 128-129. 4443 (U) Ibid, p. 124. 4444 (U) Ibid., pp.129-133. 4445 (U) Ibid., pp. 132-135. 4446 (U) Attorney Proffer, Burstien, April 12, 2019; Email, Burstien to Zamel, August 1, 2016 (PSY000289-

PSY000292). Burstien stated Zamel originally requested the document in May 2016, though he did not recall 

sending the document to Zamel until August 1, 2016. See Attorney Proffer, Burstien, April 12, 2019. Zamel said 

Burstien would not have been aware of Zamel's specific use of the proposal in approaching the Trump Campaign 

with Nader. See Zamel Tr., pp. 71-72. 4447 (U) Psy Group, "Project 'Rome' Campaign Intelligence & Influence Services Proposal," May 2016 

(PSY000290-PSY000292). 

4448 (U) Attorney Proffer, Burstien, April 12, 2019. 

689 

COMMITTEE SENSITIVE - RUSSIA INVESTIGATION ONLY 
meeting, Nader raised issues pertinent to the Middle East, specifically ISIS and Iran. Zamel 

indicated that Stephen Miller joined the roughly 25-minute meeting at about the half-way point. 

Zamel did not recall Russia being mentioned at any time during the meeting.4449 

(U) Near the conclusion of the meeting, Zamel explained "very briefly" the work of his 

private intelligence firms, Wikistrat and Psy Group. In relation to Psy Group, Zamel asked 

Trump Jr. whether Psy Group's conducting a social media campaign paid for by Nader would 

present a conflict for the Trump Campaign. According to Zamel, Trump Jr. indicated that this 

would not present a conflict. Trump Jr. also indicated that a Psy Group social media campaign 

would not conflict with the Trump Campaign's own efforts.4450 

(U) In testimony to the Committee, Donald Trump Jr. indicated that he remembered 

George Nader from the August 2016 meeting, but was familiar with Joel Zamel's name orily · 

from preparing for Committee testimony. According to Trump Jr's. recollection of the August 

2016 meeting, Erik Prince visited Trump Jr.' s office on relatively short notice, and was 

accompanied by Nader and Zamel. Trump Jr. did.not recall any conversation concerning Middle 

East extremist groups or Iran sanctions, or organized efforts to assist the Trump Campaign, but 

he did remember talking to the individual later established to be Zamel about "combatting fake 

news."4451 

(U) Zamel indicated that in the weeks after the August meeting with Donald Trump k, 

Nader "circumvented" Zamel and began to communicate directly with Trump Jr., leaving Zamel 

"cut out." Asked whether Erik Prince ever encouraged Nader to pay Psy Group to undertake the 

project Zamel and Nader were considering, Zamel responded affirmatively and indicated that 

Prince made a statement along the lines of "[y ]ou should pay him." Zamel quoted a price of 

"five to ten [ million dollars]" to Nader for the work and in response Nader indicated he would be 

willing to pay five million dollars to begin the work.4452 The Committee did not find or receive 

information probative of the source of the five million dollars referenced by Nader. 

(U) Zamel told the Committee that Psy Group performed no work relative to the 2016 

U.S. presidential election; "[n]ot a tweet, not a character, nothing."4453 Nonetheless, as described 

below, Zamel engaged in work on behalf of Nader, for which he was paid in excess of $1 

million.4454 

4449 (U) Zamel Tr., pp. 136--150. 

4450 (U) Ibid 4451 (U) Trump Jr. Tr. II, pp. 94-98. 4452 (U) Zamel Tr., pp. 159-171. 4453 (U) Ibid, p. 173. . 4454 (U) Ibid, pp. 190-191. Zamel declined to state the exact amount paid by Nader, stating that the amount was 

"over a million dollars" and "under five million." See ibid 

690 

·, 

COMMITT - I ION ONLY 
v. (U) After the 2016 U.S. Presidential Election 

(U) Zamel indicated that in mid-November 2016, Nader contacted him seeking to obtain 

"a lot of documents on extremist groups," and "something that shows social media's impact on 

the election." Zamel described the desired analysis as "a reflection on what social media's effect 

on the election was as seen by different sources." Zamel indicated that Nader never explained 

why he wanted the social media analysis. 

(U) Zamel never communicated the request for the social media analysis to Psy Group, 

opting instead to bring the request to Daniel Green, despite Green's lack ofrelevant experience 

or proficiency in data analytics, polling, or political analysis. According to Zamel, Green 

"Googled a bunch of articles" and summarized the content in a presentation that was prefaced 

with the disclaimer: "This is an academic study based on open source materials."4455 

(U) Zamel presented the social media analysis to Nader in New York in January 2017. 

Zamel·stated he never provided a copy of the presentation to Nader, either in hard copy or 

electronically. The presentation was brought from Israel to New York on a thumb drive, 

presented on a single laptop computer, and transported back to Israel by Zamel. According to 

Zamel, Nader indicated that he intended to show the social media presentation to '.'the young 

man." Based on his familiarity with Nader's use of such descriptors, Zamel understood ''the 

young man" to be Donald Trump Jr. After viewing the presentation with Zamel in January, 

Nader never again asked about the requested analysis. Zamel asserted that the presentation was 

deleted from the laptop computer and the thumb drive upon his return to Israel, adding that "at 

some point, [Nader] said: 'I don't need it."'4456 

(U) Zamel indicated that he was paid "over a million dollars" for the presentation and an 

accompanying analysis of the "Muslim Brotherhood and extremism."4457 According to news 

media reporting, an as~ociate characterized the amount of money paid to Zamel as "up to $2 

million."4458 Zamel indicated that payment for these materials from Nader came directly "from 

his personal account to a business entity related to me," and was made prior to the presentation 

of the requested analysis.4459 

I 

4455 (U) Ibid, pp. 182-189. 4456 (U) Ibid, pp. 182-217. 4457 (U) Ibid, p. 187. 4458 (U) Mark Mazzetti, et al., "Trump Jr. and Other Aides Met With Gulf Emissary Offering Help to Win 

Election," The New York Times, May 19, 2018. 4459 (U) Zamel Tr., pp. 196--198. 

691 

COMMITTEE SENSITIVE - RUSSIA INVESTIGATION ONLY 
(U) In a November 28, 2016 email, Psy Group employees discussed "creating avatar 

armies to offer a service which could offer a similar effect the way Trump used masses of fake 

accounts on social media to create trending hashtags and create buzz around certain hot 

topics."4460 It was noted in this exchange that "due to FB's [Facebook's] anti-fraud we could 

only do this small scale on FB [Facebook] but on [T]witter there was still opportunity to develop 

an automated system."4461 The exact meaning of the reference to Trump in this email is unclear. 

The Committee's investigation into Russia's use of social media to conduct foreign influence 

operations documents Russia's employment of fake online personas, often in support of the 

Trump Campaign, but the Committee did not find .sufficient evidence to support the assertion 

that the Trump Campaign itself engaged in these practices.4462 

(U) A breakdown of anticipated Psy Group reven4e for work performed in Washington, 

D.C. was forwarded as an attachment to a February 11, 2017, email sent from Scott Mortman to 

Royi Burstien. Among the prospective revenue sources was a project for General Electric that 

Psy Group was expected to support through a subcontract with Cambridge Analytica.4463 

(U) An email from February 5, 2018, detailed a series of Psy Group business 

development meetings. One such meeting was with David Eichenbaum, identified as a 

campaigner and "media expert for political campaigns, working for the Democratic party." 

Among the opportunities discussed was Psy Group's potentially working with Eichenbaum in 

support of his effort to "raise funds from West coast high tech HNWis [high-net-worth 

individuals] to open a Super Pac that will focus on these new capabilities for the coming 

Congress I Senate / Governor races in 2018 -.as a proof of concept for the 2020 national 

elections."4464 · 

(U) According to Burstien's proffer, to capitalize on what was anticipated to be an 

expanded market for Psy Group's services following the Trump Campaign's victory, a "lookback" presentation touting the company's capabilities vis-a-vis social media was prepared by 

Invop. Burstien indicated that this presentation was not prepared at Zamel's request.4465 

(U) Zamel stated that Rudy Giuliani introduced him to Jared Kushner "months after the 

inauguration" when he met with Kushner at the White House to discuss human rights issues in 

the Middle East, Iran, and "counter-extremism."4466 

4460 (U) Email, Vesely to Shraga, Yossef, Biton, Burstein, Eliyahou, and Mortman, November 28, 2016 

(PSY000338). 

4461 (U) Ibid 4462 (U) See infra Vol. 2. 4463 (U) Email, Mortman to Burstien, February 11, 2017 (PSY000310-3 l 1). 4464 (U) Email, Chamoffto Burstien, Danilov, Cohen, and "Oren," February S, 2018 (PSY000370-PSY000372). 4465 (U) Attorney Proffer, Burstien, April 12, 2019. 4466 (U) Zamel Tr., pp. 231-235. 

692 
vi. (U) Additional International Activity 

vii. (U) WikiStrat 

(U) Zamel co-founded Wikistrat, a global crowd-sourced consulting firm, in 

approximately 2009.4469 Zamel indicated that he spoke over the telephone with Lieutenant 

General Michael Flynn about Wikistrat's work in either 2014 or 2015, but the conversation never 

materialized into a personal or business relationship. Zamel indicated to the Committee that he 

had never actually met Flynn in person.4470 

(U) According to Zamel, retired U.S. intelligence officer David Shedd served as an 

advisor to Wikistrat. During the 2016 U.S. presidential campaign, Shedd indicated that he was 

in contact with Jeff Sessions and asked Zamel to prepare a policy paper on hosting a conference 

of Muslim leaders from around the world for the purpose of collectively condemning the practice 

of suicide bombings as an illegitimate form of violence. In September 2016, Zamel 

accompanied Shedd to a meeting with then-Senator Jeff Sessions in his Senate office. The 

(U) Ibid., p. 21. 4469 (U) Crunchbase.com, profile of Wikistrat. Zam el described Wikistrat as a "crowd-sourced consulting" 

company with "a network of over 5,000 subject matter experts across 70 different countries around the world that 

we bring together online on our platform. We run war gaming simulations and studies for different agencies or 

corporations to think about complex issues or the future of different issues." See Zamel Tr., pp. 5--6. 4470 (U) Ibid., p. 175. Zamel stated that the conversation occurred just after Flynn retired from military service. See 

ibid. According to the Defense Intelligence Agency, Flynn retired on August 7, 2014. See DIA Public Affairs, "Lt. 

Gen Flynn retires from DIA, 33-year Army career," August 7, 2014. 

693 
COMMITTEE SENSITIVE - RUSSIA INVESTIGATION ONLY 

meeting concerned using social media to delegitimize ISIS.4471 The Committee did not further 

explore this meeting. 

4. (U) Colt Ventures and VizSense 

i. (U) Initial Efforts to Work with the Trump Campaign 

(U) Venture capital firm Colt Ventures was formed in 2003 by Darren Blanton, a Dallasbased investor who served as an adviser to the Trump Transition team.4472 Colt Ventures is an 

investor in VizSense, a Dallas-based social-media and "micro-influencer" company co-founded 

by Jon Iadonisi and Timothy Newberry in 2015.4473 Colt Ventures was paid $200,000 by the 

Trump Campaign for "data management services," a portion of which was remitted to VizSense 

for work it performed as part of the agreement between Colt Ventures and the Trump 

Campaign.4474 

\ (U) In July 2016, Iadonisi discussed with Flynn the role "influencers" would play in 

determining the outcome of the 2016 U.S. presidential election. Flynn connected Iadonisi with 

the Trump Campaign, in the. ambition of connecting him to "whomever is running these 

operations for the Trump campaign."4475 

(U) Emails from August 18, 2016, indicate that Iadonisi spoke with Brad Parscale and 

another Trump Campaign staffer about VizSense. Iadonisi sent examples ofVizSense's work 

the following day, including a "persuasion campaign using organically created content to drive a 

conversation ... using influencers to spread the message." Iadonisi noted that this "same 

technique can be used in politics, where the content and influenqers are surgically designed to 

deliver a political message to a specific audience, creating a digital bonfire of conversation."4476 

4471 (U) Ibid., pp. 243-249. 4472 (U) See www.coltventures.com for an overview of Colt Ventures and www.coltventures/com/team.php for a 

profile of Darren Blanton; see also Matea Gold, "The mystery behind a Flynn associate's quiet work for the Trump 

campaign," The Washington Post, May 4, 2017. . 4473 (U) Crunchbase.com, profile ofVizSense; Email, Flynn to Lawless, August 11, 2016 

(FL YNN_SSCI_00010449-FL YNN_SSCI_000450). 4474 (U) Federal Election Commission, Disbursements, Donald J. Trump for President, Inc., 2015-2016, reference 

December 5, 2016; Written Responses, Blanton, August 16, 2019; Email, Iadonisi to Blanton, Moore, and Flynn, 

November 14, 2016 (FL YNN_SSCI_00015144-FL YNN_SSCI_00015146) (discussing compensation arrangement). 4475 (U) Emails, Flynn, J. Miller, Manafort, M.G. Flynn, Roys, and Scavino,.July 15-19, 2016 

(FL YNN_SSCI_ 00003066-FL YNN_SSCI_00003072). 4476 (U) Emails, Iadonisi, Coby, Parscale, Flynn, M. G. Flynn, and Kushner, August 18- September 7, 2016 

(FLYNN_SSCI_00010812-FLYNN_SSCI_00010814). 

694 
COMMITTEE SENSITIVE - RUSSIA INVESTIGATION ONLY 

(U) In mid-September 2016, Iadonisi sent a proposal to Bannon, titled 

"Trump_Campaign_Proposal_9 _9 _16.pdf."4477 Bannon requested that Blanton, Bannon's 

longtime friend who had recently sought to become involved in the Trump Campaign, meet with 

Iadonisi and review the proposal.4478 Iadonisi, in tum, connected Blanton to Flynn, in connection 

with Bannon's request that Blanton review the proposal.4479 

(U) On September 14, 2016, Iadonisi sent a draft statement of work to Darren Blanton 

that broke the notional work to be performed by VizSense into three deliverables: installation 

and set-up, analysis and tasking from Trump Campaign, and conducting of operations-with daily 

updates provided. The statement of work contemplated a fee of $769,000, and included services 

such as "[d]etermine critical voting districts ... to focus the voter support team ... efforts," 

"[a]ssess online sentiment/narratives according to each [critical voting district]," and "[p]rovide 

· an executive summary about prominent narratives and proposed offensive operatio)J.s needed to 

mobilize Trump voters in each [critical voting district]."4480 That same day, in a separate email, 

Iadonisi described an operational concept that could "be used by the wider campaign effort 

(polling) to direct Trump advertising dollars with precision."4481 On September.18, 2016, 

Iadonisi sent a contract services agreement to Bannon, Flynn, and others.4482 

(U) VizSense's efforts to contract directly with the Trump Campaign were unsuccessful. 

On September 22, 2016, Iadonisi informed Flynn that he had heard through Blanton that "Steve 

Bannon is basing the· campaign strategy on Brad Parscale and his team. They have declined our 

offer." ladonisi further stated that in the alternative, "they asked ifwe could do it for free and \ 

focus on Trump fundraising. We would be able to keep 25% of what we raised." Iadonisi 

indicated that he declined the offer.4483 

(U) Blanton, however, continued to pursue a contract. In an email exchange from 

September 27, 2016, Blanton indicated that Oczkowski "[h]as a team of data scientists and they 

sit right outside of [Dan Scavino's] door. I spoke to them and think that they have a good grasp 

to work with us if Steve [Bannon] is ok with that?" In response, Bannon told Blanton to "just 

4477 (U) Email, Iadonisi to Bannon, September 13, 2016 (FLYNN_SSCI_00010889-FLYNN_SSCI_00010892). 4478 (U) Email, Bannon to Blanton, September 13, 2016 (FL YNN_SSCI_00010890-FL YNN_SSCI_00010892). 4479 (U) Emails, Flynn, Blanton, and ladonisi, September 13, 2016 (FLYNN_SSCI_00010885-

FL YNN_SSCI_00010888); Email, Flynn to Bannon, September 13, 2016 (FL YNN_SSCI_0010889-

FL YNN_SSCI_0010892). 4480 (U) Email, Iadonisi to Blanton, Flynn, and M. G. Flynn, September 14, 2016 (FL YNN_SSCI_00010908-

FL YNN_SSCI_00010910). 4481 (U) Email, Iadonisi to Blanton, Flynn, and M. G. Flynn, September 14, 2016 (FL YNN_SSCI_00010906-

FL YNN_SSCI_00010907). 4482 (U) Email, Iadonisi to Bannon, Blanton, Flynn, and M. G. Flynn, September 18, 2016 

(FLYNN_ SSCI _ 00010928- FLYNN_ SSCI _ 00010931 ). 4483 (U) Email, Iadonisi to Flynn, September 22, 2016 (FL YNN_SSCI_000l 1492). 

695 

COMMITTEE SENSITIVE- RUSSIA INVESTIGATION ONLY 
listen to" Oczkowski, but not commit to him.4484 Blanton's overtures to Bannon continue with a 

subsequent email that same day, with the subject line "Did call on foreign voters this is the week 

they request ballots. Got to act quick." Blanton indicated that he "spoke to Jesse at [GOP] about 

foreign voters and have a strategy. He's getting me as many digital addresses as he can find. 

We need to send out a video request from [then-candidate Trump] via social [media] to ask for· 

their votes."4485 

(U) The following day, in a September 28, 2016 email, Blanton made a protracted appeal 

to Bannon about "the content strategy and GOTV [Get Out The Vote] plan."4486 This exchange 

preceded a series of communications involving work Blanton performed on behalf of the Trump 

Campaign, leveraging targeted social media messaging to advance campaign-friendly messaging 

for overseas voters. · 

• (U) On September 30; 2016, Blanton emailed deputy manager to the Trump Campaign 

David Bossie that "[a]ccording to our expert in the UK these are some sample tweets that 

will move the needle to get votes with the millions of American citizens living overseas," 

adding that "[w]e can also monitor how they are resonating with influencers once we get 

approval to use our tools."4487 

• (U) In an October 2, 2016 email to Bannon, Parscale, and Flynn, with the subject line 

"Re: Give us the go ahead and we will start feeding you intel on what the Chatter is on 

social and infographics to feed through our campaign funnels," Darren Blanton asked 

about messaging via "other mediums like Facebook," and whether "any of those tweets 

on [ o ]verseas voters got launched?"4488 

• (U) In an excha~ge of emails from October 3, 201'6, Blanton and Bannon communicated 

about a proposal that Blanton and Flynn were promoting. Bannon instructed Blanton to 

"[g]et with [David Bossie]." In responding, Blanton asked Bossie about his availability 

to discuss the proposal, and noted that "Flynn can tell you about [the proposal] when y'all 

are with Trump today."4489 

ii. (U) and Overseas Voters 

4484 (U) Emails, Blanton, Flynn, and Bannon, September 27, 2016 (DB-SSCI-000895-DB-SSCI-000897). 4485 (U) Email, Blanton to Bannon,. September 27, 2016 (DB-SSCI-000895). 4486 (U) Email, Blanton to Bannon, September 28, 2016 (DB-SSCI-000890). 4487 (U) Email, Blanton to Bossie and Bannon, September 30, 2016 (DB-SSCI-000888-DB-SSCI-000889). 4488 (U) Email, Blanton to Bannon, Parscale, and Flynn, October 2, 2016 (DB-SSCI-000886). 4489 (U) Email, Blanton to Bannon, Bossie, and Moore, October 3, 2016 (DB-SSCI-000885). 

696 
697 

COMMITTEE SENSITIVE - RUSSIA INVESTIGATION ONLY 
COMMITTEE SENSITIVE - RUSSIA INVESTIGATION ONLY 

iii. (U) Colt Ventures Work on Behalf of the Trump Campaign 

(U) On October 8, 2016, Flynn forwarded to Parscale a contract relative to work to be 

performed by Colt Ventures LP, as well as bank account and wire transfer routing information. 

Flynn indicated that "we have already begun work on the priorities" previously identified by 

Parscale. Flynn added that the "first priority is to immediately ... support the influence 

component of the upcoming debate, learn from it and continue to provide value by helping to 

increase voter awareness and sentiment in support of [then-candidate Donald Trump]."4501 

(U) In an October 8, 2016 email, Blanton asked Flynn whether he had obtained "any 

more feedback or updates from [the Trump] campaign?" In response, Flynn indicated that there 

had been "no feedback from Brad [Parscale] yet. "4502 

45 

(FLYNN_ SSCI _ 00012941-FL YNN _ SSCI _ 00012952). 4502 (U) Emails, Blanton and Flynn, October 8, 2016 (DB-SSCI-000801-DB-SSCI-000801). 

698 

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(U) Blanton identified the Big League Truth Team, which appears to be a "fact checker 

site" associated with the Trump Campaign, as "one of the things we are going to help [the] 

campaign on."4503 On October 9, 2016, Blanton forwarded an emai_l to Flynn and Iadonisi with 

the subject line "Instructions," containing information on the "Big League Truth Team." The 

forwarded message instructed recipients that "[b ]efore, during and after each debate we will send 

you messages we need you to spread online. Use Twitter, Facebook, Email and any other tool 

you have to spread what we send you." The message concluded by highlighting upcoming and 

past presidential debate dates, and an invitation to recruit additional members to the Big League 

Truth Team.4504 Earlier in the day, Blanton sent a note in this regard to Peter Thiel, asking that 

he "get [his] people and all their friends to go get on [the Big League Truth Team] website.4505 

The Big League Truth Team was identified by Flynn as one of two named priorities provided by 

Brad Parscale, along with "the Clinton/Keane [Kaine] website," in an October 6 email to 

Blanton.4506 

(U) In an email dated October 10, 2016, Blanton reported to Donald Trump Jr., and 

Flynn that "[w]e stirred up a shit load of positive traffic and [social media narratives] with Gen. 

Flynn and my team." Trump Jr. thanked Blanton, and Blanton replied that he was invigorating 

efforts targeting specific voter segments and that "Flynn and I will send you the report from what 

we stirred up last night and we can collaborate with you:" Trump Jr. responded to Blanton, 

"Great ... get it out there. Other than the media spin there is no actual reason we shouldn't 

outperform prior GOP candipates with this group."4507 

(U) The same day, Flynn provided Bannon a summary of results from what appears to be 

a social media messaging operation conducted on October 8-10, 2016, by the company 

VizSense.4508 Denigrating Hillary and former President Bill Clinton, and depicting the latter as 

"a rapist" were central narratives to the messaging campaign. As evidence of the campaign's 

effectiveness, the presentation noted that Twitter activity around posts relevant to the theme "Bill 

Clinton is a [r]apist" amounted to 123.8 million impressions "in the 7 days before [VizSense] 

engaged."4509 During the two days of the social media messaging campaign conducted by 

VizSense, which preceded the October 9, 2016, presidential debate at which the Trump 

4503 (U) Email,.Blanton to Besemer, Iadonisi, and Flynn, October.6, 2016 (FL YNN_SSCI-00012848); Email, 

Blanton to Flynn, Thiel, Iadonisi, October 9, 2016 (FLYNN _SSCI_00013180). . 4504 (U) Email, Blanton to Flynn and Iadonisi, October 9, 2016 (FL YNN_SSCI_00013178-

FL YNN_SSCI_00013179). 4505 (U) Email, Blanton to Flynn, Thiel, and Iadonisi, October 9, 2016 (FLYNN_SSCI-00013180). 4506 (U). Email, Flynn to Blanton, October 6, 2016 (FL YNN_SSCI-00012818). . 4507 (U) Emails, Blanton, Flynn, and Trump Jr., October 10, 2016 (FL YNN_SSCI-00013484). 4508 (U) Email, Flynn to Bannon, M. G. Flynn, Blanton and Iadonisi, October 10, 2016 (FLYNN_SSCI_00013493-

FL YNN_SSCI_00013506) (with attachments). 

4509 (U) Ibid 

699 

COMMITTEE SENSITIVE - RUSSIA INVESTIGATION ONLY 
Campaign attempted to seat a trio of women who have accused former President Clinton of 

making unwanted sexual advances,4510 a total of"l 77.5 million impressions" were generated 

around this theme. An analysis of the social media messaging operation noted that "[t]he 

mission peaked on Twitter at exactly the calculated time-during the debate." Flynn appealed to 

Bannon to "help to get the contract moving," noting that he had been in contact with Parscale in 

this regard, but had heard nothing in response. Acknowledging that Parscale is "probably 

extremely busy," Flynn remarked that "we are ready to keep pushing the envelope to help us · ,,4511 ., wm. 

· (U) In an exchange of emails from October 2016, Flynn suggested directly to Iadonisi a 

line of campaign messaging focused on Hillary Clinton's neglect of cybersecurity protocols that 

would characterize Clinton as ·"soft on cybersecurity" and likely to "put our nation's secrets 

again at risk if she ever gets into the [White House]."4512 In response, Darren Blanton remarked 

"[t]hat is so true and we ne~d .to virally distribute all these wiki leaks and take advantage of the 

cultural shift in the way people communicate. . . . We need to be the source and chef to prepare 

the wiki info to eat! It just needs to be researched and then broke down into bites so that the 

public influencers can distribute!! [sic]."4513 

(U) In a November 2, 2016 email with the subject line "CUBA Project,"·Iadonisi sent a 

presentation to Flynn detailing what appears to be an influence campaign dubbed "OP Havana 

Spring." The materials were presented under the heading "COLT TEAM." An October 21, 

2016, rally in support of Trump that occurred in Havana, Cuba, was central to the influence 

campaign, which was intended to "[ c ]onvert Cuban-American and Latinos from Miami into 

Trump Supporters." A presentation slide bearing the VizSense logo depicted social media 

engagement metrics subsequent to the rally, noting that "1.8 million impressions" and "6,182 

mentions [were] generated in just 2 and a half days." The hashtags "#Castro4Clinton" and 

"#OperationMojito" were created to facilitate sharing of news about the rally on social media. 

"Vets4 Trump" and "@DanpGabriel" were identified as instrumental in the initial circulation of 

this story on social media, but "[t]weets from campaign insiders or mega influencers would help 

give this story more legs to run into next week and reach more Hispanics in Florida and Nevada 

(third largest population of Cubans)." Among the final points captured in the presentation was 

that news of the rally was "very viral and should be spread further on Twitter and [Facebook] by 

4510 (U) Jeremy W. Peters, "Trump Campaign Tried to Seat Bill Clinton's Accusers in V.I.P Box, The New York 

Times, October 10, 2016. 4m (U) Email, Flynn to Bannon, M. G. Flynn, Blanton, and Iadonisi, October 10, 2016 (FLYNN SSCI 00013493-

FLYNN_SSCI_00013506) (with attachments). - - 4512 Email, Flynn to Iadonisi and Blanton, October 14, 2016 (FL YNN_SSCI_00013770). 4513 (U) Email, Blanton to Flynn, Thiel, and Iadonisi, October 14, 2016 (DB-SSCI-000786). 

700 

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the Trump Campaign."4514 The Committee was unable to definitively ascertain the effect of the 

Havana rally. 

iv. (U) Colt Ventures and VizSense Get Paid 

(U) A series of emails from late-October 2016 details the submission and final 

disposition of an invoice for services performed by Colt Ventures for the Trump Campaign. An 

initial itemized invoice for $650,000 was s1,1bmitted on Oc~ober 22, 2016 by Megan Moore, an 

executive assistant for Colt Ventures, to Jeff De Wit, the chief operating officer for the Trump 

Campaign. De Wit sent the invoice to Kushner, Parscale, Sean Dallman, and Steven Mnuchin, 

noting his objection to the invoice, claiming the services were never contracted for. Upon 

receipt of the note from De Wit, Parscale sent an email to Kushner stating that "[w]e actually 

never agreed to this and have no contract. Money became so tight and [Lf eutenant General 

Flynn] never really said it would be a personal favor. This is WAY more than I agreed to."4515 

Kushner pursued the matter with Flynn, and ultimately assented to funding an initial tranche of 

work for $200,000 upon Flynn's vouching for the "exceptional results" of the work performed 

by Colt Ventures.4516 According to Blanton, the funds were primarily for work performed by 

VizSense for its get-out-the-vote efforts, with a small portion used to reimburse Blanton for 

travel costs associated with work for the Trump Campaign.4517 

4514 (U) Email, Iadonisi to Flynn, November 2, 2016 (FL YNN_SSCI_00014679-FL YNN_SSCI_00014684). 4515 (U) Email, Parscale to Kushner, October 23, 2016 (FLYNN_SSCI-'-00014465-FLYNN_SSC(00014467). 4516 (U) Emails, Moore, Parscale, DeWit, Kushner, Flynn, Dollman, Mnuchin, and Blanton, October 22-25, 2016 

(FLYNN_ SSCI_00014474-FL YNN_SSCI_00014495). 4517 (U) Written Responses, Blanton, August 16, 2019. 

701 

COMMITTEE SENSITIVE - RUSSIA INVESTIGATION ONLY 
K. (U) Transition 

1. (U) Introduction and Findings 

(U) Immediately following the 2016 U.S. election, Russian government officials and 

oligarchs began approaching the Trump Transition team, directing their efforts through multiple 

individuals and channels of communication~ The Transition's response to certain of these 

contacts was notable in light .of the U.S. Government's determination that Russia had interfered 

in the 2016 U.S. election and its late-December decision to impose sanctions. Because the 

Russian government had engaged in a months-long active measures campaign targeting the 

election, which Trump had just won, the Committee examined these activities and the 

Transition's response in order to more fully understand what Moscow sought to gain and the 

counterintelligence vulnerabilities associated with the Transition. 

(U) The Committee focused on several aspects of this outreach, including direct 

communications between Transition officials and Russian government officials. In addition to 

phone calls between Trump and Putin, the Committee e.xamined a·series of meetings and 

communications involving Jared Kushner and incoming National Security Advisor Michael 

Flynn with the Russian Ambassador, Sergei Kislyak, and the Chairman of a Russian bank, Sergei 

Gorkov, who was said to have a direct line to Putin. 

(U) The Committee also scrutinized communications involving individuals informally 

associated with the Trump Transition and Russian oligarchs who had been tasked by Putin to 

conduct outreach. Most notably, Kirill Dmitriev pursued contacts and a business deal with 

American hedge fund manager Rick Gerson, which he used to deliver a Putin-authorized 

"reconciliation plan" to the Transition Team. Dmitriev also met with Erik Prince in the 

Seychelles with the intention of establishing contact with the Transition Team, a meeting that 

Prince said was known to Steve Bannon, to whom Prince said he reported. George Nader, a 

senior advisor to UAE Crown Prince Muhammad bin Zayed and contact of Dmitriev, facilitated 

these interactions. 

(U) The Committee further explored activities within the Transition relating to the 

imposition of sanctions on Russia by the United States in response to Russia's election 

interference. The Committee reviewed a series of communications between Flynn and Kislyak 

on sanctions and the Transition's treatment of the issue, as well as other actions that had the 

potential to undermine the current administration's conduct of foreign policy. 

(U) Although the Committee's investigation focused primarily on the Transition's 

interaction with Russia, evidence indicates that the Transition Team engaged in similar 

communications with other foreign countries. However, because the Committee limited its 

investigation to matters related to Russia, those exchanges are not described here. 

702 

COMMITTEE SENSITIVE -RUSSIA INVESTIGATION ONLY 
(U) Russia and other countries took advantage of the Transition Team's inexperience, 

transparent opposition to Obama Administration policies, and Trump's desire to deepen ties with 

Russia, to pursue unofficial channels through which Russia could conduct diplomacy. The lack 

of vetting of foreign interactions by Transition officials left the Transition open to influence and 

manipulation by foreign intelligence services, government leaders, and co-opted business 

executives. 

(U) Across the Transition Team's engagements with foreign actors, particularly with 

regard to Russia or individuals with ties to Russia, the Transition Team appeared disorganized 

and unprepared, which created notable counterintelligence vulnerabilities. 

• (U) Transition officials had little awareness of their counterparts within foreign 

governments and did not appear to take sufficient security precautions in light of known 

foreign intelligen~e efforts against the election. 

• (U) Russian officials, intelligence services, and others acting on the Kremlin's behalf 

were capable of exploiting the Transition's shortcomings for Russia's advantage. Based 

on the available information, it is possible-and even likely-that they did so. 

(U) The Transition Team repeatedly took actions that had the potential, and sometimes 

the effect, of interfering in U.S. diplomatic efforts. These actions were not part of a visible 

overriding foreign policy; instead, efforts were narrow and transactional, seeking outcomes on 

only a select set of issues. This created unnecessary confusion among U.S. allies and other 

world leaders, creating the potential to harm America's ability to conduct diplomacy both 

bilaterally and in multilateral institutions, and undermine U.S. credibility and influence. 

2. (U) Trump Transition Holds Meetings and Calls with Russian Officials 

i. (U) Putin's Congratulatory Phone Call with Trump 

(U) In the early morning hours of November 9, 2016, following Donald Trump's victory 

in the presidential election, Trump Campaign spokeswoman Hope Hicks received a phone call 

from a man claiming to be calling from the Russian Embassy who provided the first name 

"Sergey."4518 Hicks did not clarify for the Committee whether he failed to provide a last name, 

or whether she simply had difficulty understanding the last name. Although Hicks understood 

"that he wanted help to connect the Kremlin by teiephone with Trump to allow President Putin to 

4518 (U) Written Responses, Hicks, June 29, 2017. 

703 

COMMITTEE SENSITIVE - RUSSIA INVESTIGATION ONLY 
congratulate President-elect Trump," because of her difficulty understanding the caller, she 

suggested he send her an email about his request.4519 

(U) According to Hicks, the call lasted approximately one to three minutes.4520 She did 

not find the call to be unusual because she had received several calls from unknown numbers 

throughout the campaign, and had received several calls of congratulations for Trump since the 

election results had begun coming in the previous night.4521 At 5:27 a.m., she received an email 

from Sergey Kuznetsov,4522 a Political Officer at the Russian Embassy, with the subject line, 

"Message from President Putin."4523 She assumed it was the same Sergey who had previously 

called her.4524 The email contained two attachments with messages of congratulations from 

President Putin to the President-elect: one in Russian, and one in English.4525 The message 

read:4526 

(U) Email, Kuznetsov to Hicks, November 9, 2016 (NSSCI00000029). 4524 (U) Written Responses, Hicks, June 29, 2017. 4525 (U) Email, Kuznetsov to Hicks, November 9, 2016 (NSSCI00000029-3 l). 4526 (U) Letter, Putin to Trump, November 9, 2016 (NSSCI00000031). 

704 
COMMITTEE SENSITIVE - RUSSIA INVESTIGATION ONLY 

Unoffic1al 1ransla11on 

Moscow, November 9, 20 I 6 

Dear Mr. Trump, 

Please accept my sincere congrarulatioos on the occasion of your victory in the 

US presidential election 

I look forward to working with you on leading Russian-American relations out 

of crisis, as well as resolvmg pressing tssucs of international agenda and searching for 

cITcctivc solutions 10 global security challenge.~. 

I am confident that building consrrucuve dialogue between Moscow and 

Washington based on the principles of equality, mutual respect and genuine 

consideration of each others interests 1s equitable to the mten:sts of the people of our 

countries and the world communuy 

I wlSh you sound health, prosperity and success in such a responsible position 

as the head of state 

Respectfully, 

Vladinur Putin 

ms EXCELLENCY 

MR DO ALDJ. TRUMP 

PRESIDENT ELECT OF THE UNITED ST/\l ES Of AMERICA 

Washington, DC. 

(U) In his email, Kuznetsov asked that Hicks convey the message to Trump.

4527 After 

receiving Kuznetsov's email, Hicks forwarded the request to Jared Kushner asking if the email 

seemed legitimate, and whether Kuznetsov was "who he claimed to be."4528 In her message, 

Hicks said, "Can you look into this? Don't want to get duped but don't want to blow off Putin!" 

4529 According to Hicks, "I understood Jared to have been serving as the conduit for foreign 

4527 (U) Email, Kuznetsov to Hicks, November 9, 2016 (NSSCI00000035). 4528 (U) Written Responses, Hicks, June 29, 2017. 4529 (U) Email, Hicks to Kushner, November 9, 2016 (NSSC100000029). 

705 

COMMITTEE SENSITIVE - RUSSIA INVESTIGATION ONLY 
representatives throughout the campaign, and therefore he was the person I assumed would know 

if this was a prank or a call from a legitimate official."4530 

(U) After receiving Hicks's email, Kushner sent a message to Dimitri Simes, who had 

worked with Kushner on organizing the Mayflower Hotel foreign policy speech.4531 Simes was 

the President and Chief Executive Officer of the Center for the National Interest, a think tank 

with expertise in Russia matters.4532 Kushner did not ask about Kuznetsov's identity, but rather 

about the identity of the Russian Ambassador to the United States.4533 In a written statement, 

Kushner said that he "thought the best way [to verify Kuznetsov's email] would be to ask the 

only contact I recalled meeting from the Russian government, which was the Ambassador," 

whose name he did not remember at the time.4534 Simes responded approximately 15 minutes 

later with the name of the Russian Ambassador, Sergey Kislyak, saying, "Congratulations with a 

historic victory! This may become a real 21 century American revolution."4535 Kushner 

forwarded Simes's response to Hicks.4536 

(U) According to Hicks, Kushner was not able to confirm Kuznetsov's affiliation with 

the Russian Embassy.4537 As a result, Hicks was unable to confirm Kuznetsov's identity before 

giving Trump the congratulatory letter from Putin. 

(U) Hicks recalled Trump stating, in reaction to the letter, "Hmm; that's nice."4538 She 

likened it to his reaction to congratulatory communications from other world leaders, saying, 

"[t]here wasn't anything that stands out about his reaction to this letter versus the others he was 

getting."4539 Trump then asked Hicks to coordinate a telephone call with Putin.4540 

(U) Hicks recalled em.ailing with the Russian Embassy to schedule the requested phone 

call between Trump and Putin, and sharing those "administrative emails" with Transition Team 

4530 (U) Written Responses, Hicks, June 29, 2017. 4531 (U) Email, Kushner to Simes, November 9, 2016 (NSSCI00000032). Events related to Trump's April 2015 

speech at the Mayflower Hotel are discussed infra Vol. 5, Sec. III.G. 4532 (U) Simes Tr., pp. 6-11. 4533 (U) Email, Kushner to Simes, November 9, 2016 (NSSCI00000032). 4534 (U) Statement of Jared Kushner to Congressional Committees, July 24, 2017. 4535 (U) Email, Simes to Kushner, November 9, 2016 (NSSCI00000037). In his interview with the Committee, 

Simes claimed that the discussion about Russia's Ambassador was only conducted between his assistant and 

Kushner's assistant. Simes Tr., pp. 6-11. However, the emails were sent directly between Simes and Kushner. 4536 (U) Email, Simes to Kushner, November 9, 2016 (NSSCI00000033). 4537 (U) Written Responses, Hicks, June 29, 2017. 4538 (U) Hicks Tr., p. 73. 4539 (U) Ibid, p. 74. 4540 (U) Ibid. 

706 

COMMITTEE SENSITIVE - RUSSIA INVESTIGATION ONLY 
officials "who were logging foreign correspondence."4541 According to her recollection, this 

included Lieutenant General Michael Flynn and Megan Badasch.4542 

(U) Trump and Putin spoke five days later, on November 14, 2016.4543 Hicks reported 

that she was present when the call took place, but could hear only what Trump was saying; she 

did not know what Putin was saying.4544 Hicks said she "assumed" that Trump was making calls 

like this using a secure line that had been installed following the election, but did not know if he 

in fact used a secure line in this instance.4545 She was not present for the pre-brief and did not 

recall the topics that were discussed during the call, although she took notes of the call for a 

read-out and subsequent press release.4546 She recalled that Flynn, Badasch, and Sean Lawlor 

were also in the room for the caJt.4547 

encouraged future cooperation on Syria and 

4541 (U) Written Responses, Hicks, June 29, 2017. 4542 (U) Ibid. Megan Badasch would eventually become the Deputy Executive Secretary for the National Security 

Council, working for both Flynn and General H. R. McMaster. See Patrick Radden Keefe, "McMaster and 

Commander," The New Yorker, April 28, 2018. 4543 (U) According to a statement issued by the Trump Transition Team, the two discussed "a range of issues 

including the threats and challenges facing the United States and Russia, strategic economic issues and the historical 

U.S.-Russia relationship that dates back over 200 years." Elise Viebeck et al., "Trump, Putin agree in phone call to 

improve ' unsatisfactory' relations between their countries, Kremlin says," The Washing/on Post, November 14, 

2016. The Kremlin issued a lengthier statement describing the call, which it said included " issues related to solving 

the crisis in Syria." See President of Russia, "Telephone conversation with US President-elect Donald Trump," 

kremlin.ru, November 14, 2016. 4544 (U) Hicks Tr., p. 74. 4545 (U) Ibid., pp. 76--77. 4546 (U) Ibid., pp. 78-79. 4547 Ibid. . 74-76. 4548 

707 

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COMMITTEE SENSITIVE - RUSSIA INVESTIGATION ONLY 

ii. (U) Kushner's November 30, 2016, Meeting w:ith Ambassador Kislyak. 

(U) On November 16, 2016, Ambassador Kislyak contacted Kushner's office seeking to 

set up a meeting with Kushner on December 1 .

4553 Kushner directed his assistant, Catherine 

Vargas, to check with Dimitri Simes to "confirm ... that this is the right guy."4554 Vargas then 

spoke with CNI's Executive Director, Paul Saunders, who confirmed that Kislyak is the "best 

go-to guy for routine matters in the US. However, for more direct/substanial [sic] matters, Yuri 

Ushakov is Putin's top Foreign Policy advisor."4555 

(U) On November 22, 2016, Kuznetsov emailed Hicks to request a separate meeting for 

Kislyak with Flynn in early December.4556 Kuznetsov reiterated his request by email to Hicks on 

4550 (U) Ibid. 

4551 (U) Ibid. 4552 

· · -, -., tt , , I , ~ --111111 : 

4555 (U) Email, Vargas to Kushner, November 16, 2016 (NSSCI00000038). 4556 (U) Email, Kuznetsov to Hicks, November 22, 2016 (Hicks Production). 

708 

COMMITTEE SENSITIVE -RUSSIA INVESTIGATION ONLY 
COMMITTEE SENSITIVE - RUSSIA INVESTIGATION ONLY 

November 28, which Hicks then forwarded to Flynn.4557 On November 29, 2016, Flynn reached 

out to Kuznetsov saying, "I understand you're looking to get in touch. I'm in NYC for a few 

days this week, maybe we meet next week. "4558 Kuznetsov responded that Kislyak would also 

be in New York, and could meet with him there either after his December 1 meeting with 

Kushner, or the evening before.4559 Shortly thereafter, Flynn sent a note to Kushner informing 

him that he had told Kuznetsov that he (Flynn) might attend the meeting between Kushner and 

Kislyak instead of holding a separate meeting.4560 Later that day, Kushner informed his 

assistant, Avi Berkowitz, that Flynn would join him in his December 1 meeting with Kislyak.4561 

( 

(U) In his interview with the Committee, Kushner described his approach to the meeting 

with Kislyak: 

When I would meet with a lot of these foreign countries, again my goal at that 

point was really just to listen. But what I would do is say that the President[-

elect] really had two objectives. One was to create as much peace in the world 

and the other one was to create as much global GDP in the world. So we wanted 

good trade, but obviously we wanted as much of that GDP to be in America. 4564 

4557 (U) Email, Kuznetsov to Hicks, November 28, 2016 (FL YNN_SSCI_00000350); Email, Hicks to Flynn, 

November 28, 2016 (FL YNN_SSCI_00000350). 4558 (U) Email, Flynn to Kuznetsov, November 29, 2016 (FL YNN_SSCI_00000353). 4559 (U) Email, Kuznetsov to Flynn, November 29, 2016 (FL YNN_SSCI_00000353). 4560 (U) Email, Flynn to Kushner, November 29, 2017 (NSSCI00000085-86). 4561 U Email Kushner to Berkowitz Bannon, Var as, and Flynn, November 29, 2016 (NSSCI00000074). 4562 

4563 (U) 1 id., pp. 31-32. 4564 (U) Kushner Tr., pp. 62--63. 

709 

COMMITTEE SENSITIVE - RUSSIA INVESTIGATION ONLY 
(U) Kushner and Flynn met Kislyak at Trump Tower at 3:30 p.m. on November 30.4565 

According to Kushner, the meeting lasted 20-to-30 minutes.4566 During the conversation, 

Kushner proposed using secure communications from inside the Russian Embassy for a call 

between the Transition and Russian military officials about Syria: 

The Russian military ... had a perspective on Syria that they wanted to share 

with us, and so he [Kislyak] wanted to know how to transmit that information. He 

basically said: Look, I could have them come in, but it seems like that wouldn 't be 

convenient for them; may we set up a call? Do you have a secure line? We said 

we didn't have a secure line in the transition that we knew oj So I said: Well, 

why don .. 't we use your secure line at your embassy? They said: Let's,not do that . 

. . . [T]hey wanted to convey information to General Flynn. It was their. 

information. How they conveyed that information was up to them. So I assumed 

that there was a secure way that people communicated and he wanted to have that 

information communicated in that way. 4567 

(U) The Committee asked Kushner whether he had ever taken electronic surveillance 

precautions during meetings with Russian officials, such as asking participants to leave their 

phones outside the room.4568 He did not recall having done so in his meeting with Kislyak, but 

said that at some point he became aware of technological vulnerabilities, and that "once I did, I 

obviously started taking different precautions in meetings. But I don't recall at what point that 

existed. "4569 

4565 (U) Based on communications between the attendees, the Committee determined that that the meeting took 

place on November 30, although Kushner indicated to the Committee that it occurred on December 1, the date for 

which the meeting was originally planned. Text Message, Kushner to Bannon, November 30, 2016 

(NSSCI00000145) ("Just left to meet ambassador"); see Written Statement, Kushner, July 24, 2017. However, last 

minute travel by Kushner ~orced them to hold the meeting two days early. Emails, Berkowitz, Vargas, and 

Kuznetsov, November 29-30, 2016 (AB-SSCI-0000016-18). According to Kushner, Steve Bannon was also invited 

to the meeting, but did not end up attending. Kushner Tr., pp. 67, 71; see also Calendar invitation, Kushner, 

Bannon, Flynn, and Nasim, November 30, 2016 (NSSCI00000088). Avi Berkowitz indicated to the Committee that 

he was responsible for escorting Kislyak into Trump Tower for the meeting on November 30. Written Responses, 

Berkowitz, July 5, 2017. 4566 (U) Written Statement, Kushner, July 24, 2017. 4567 (U) Kushner Tr., pp. 63-65. 4568 (U) Kushner Tr. II, pp. 136-137. 

4569 (U) Ibid 

710 
(U) During their meeting, Kushner asked Kislyak to provide him with a point of contact 

who had a direct line to Putin. Kushner told the Committee: 

4570 

4571 

4572 

4573 

What I realized very quickly from that was that in order to be successful in a lot of 

these things is that you don't want to let a lot of these disagreements or problems 

or opportunities get caught up in the morass of diplomatic protocol with diplomat 

who knows nothing talking to diplomat who knows nothing, basically having 

lunch. 

So what I found actually to be very successful so far is that by having the ability 

to have somebody who can get you quick answers on things and who can give you 

insight into what the leader of a different country is thinking, and obviously being 

able to do that on a confidential basis without fear of that getting out into the 

press, it's been very-Jfound it to be very productive. 4511 

(U) According to Hope Hicks: 

Jared came away from the meeting with the feeling that Ambassador Kislyak 

wasn't an influential player and somebody that was going to be directly involved 

in any future relationship with official representatives. He kind of felt like it was 

a waste of time. So when he followed up asking for a second meeting, it was like: 

1 'm not doing that. But he sent Avi, because Kislyak said he had a message for 

Jared. So Avi went. The message was that he would like him to meet with this 

Russian banker. 4572 

iii. (U) Kislyak Seeks a Follow-Up Meeting and Recommends Kushner Meet 

with Gorkov for a "Direct Line" to Putin 

711 
COMMITTEE SENSITIVE - RUSSIA INVESTIGATION ONLY 

(U) On December 6, 2016, Ambassador Kisly~k' s office reached out to Kushner through 

Kushner's assistant, Vargas, asking for a second meeting in New York the following day, 

December 7.4574 Kushner told Vargas that Avi Berkowitz, another ofKushner's assistants, 

would follow up with Kuznetsov on the meeting.4575 

(U) On December 10, Berkowitz had a brief call with an individual from the Russian 

Embassy to discuss the meeting request.4576 Berkowitz described the Embassy as being 

"persistent" in requesting that Kushner meet with Kislyak "to receive a message," but Berkowitz 

repeatedly demurred.4577 According to Berkowitz, the Embassy was "hesitant at first, but 

ultimately willing" to meet with him instead of Kushner.4578 On December 11, 2016, Berkowitz 

received a WhatsApp message letting him know that Kislyak' s Chief of Staff, identified only by 

the first name Dmitry, would be contacting him to set up a time for a meeting with Kislyak in 

New York.4579 After Dmitry messaged him, Berkowitz responded that Kushner would not be 

available to meet, but that he (Berkowitz) would be.4580 The two eventually agreed to meet the 

next day at Trump Tower.4581 

(U) At around 11 :30 a.m., Berkowitz met Kislyak and Kislyak's aide on 56th Street and 

escorted them into Trump Tower, where he had secured a conference room on the 15th or 16th 

floor. 4582 According to Berkowitz, the meeting lasted only a minute or two. 4583 Kislyak only 

wanted to provide the name of another Russian official with direct access to Putin, as Kushner 

had requested during their first meeting: 

[T]he message was something to the effect of that he would like or someone would 

like for Jared to meet with a Sergei Gorkov, who has a direct line to Presiden( 

Putin or Putin, something of that variety. 

4574 (U) Email, Vargas to Kushner, December 6, 2016 (AB-SSCI-0.000053). 4575 (U) Email, Kushner to Vargas and Berkowitz, December 6, 2016 (AB-SSCI-0000054). 4576 (U) Written Responses, Berkowitz, July 5, 2017. 4577 (U) SSCI Transcript of the Interview with A vrahm Berkowitz, February 21,2018, pp. 109-113. 4578, (U) Ibid, p. 114. 4579 (U) Text Messages, "Dmitry" and Berkowitz, December 11, 2016 (AB-SSCI-0000001). 4580 (U) Text Messages, "Dmitry" and Berkowitz, December 11, 2016 (AB-SSCI-0000002). 4581 (U) Text Messages, "Dmitry" and Berkowitz, December 11, 2016 (AB-SSCI-0000002-3). 4582 (U) Berkowitz Tr., pp. 120-125. At 7:19a.m. that morning, "Dmitry" texted Berkowitz thatKislyak had an 

"urgent unexpected circumstance" and needed to move the meeting to 11 :30 a.m. Text Messages, "Dmitry" and 

Berkowitz, December 12, 2016 (AB-SSCI-0000004). 4583 (U) Berkowitz Tr., pp. 124. 

712 

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Then I actually asked the ambassador: Is that it? Because I was confused that a 

meeting would be necessary for that message. He sort of sheepishly responded: 

Yes, it was. I walked him and his aide out, and that was that meeting. 4584 

(U) Berkowitz said he had not previously heard of Gorkov, and his notes from this time 

period identify Gorkov's position as "#1 in bank for external economic."4585 

Since 2016, Sergey Gorkov has been the Chairman of Vnesheconombank 

(VEB), a Russian state-owned bank that was sanctioned on July 16, 2014, in response to Russia's 

destabilization of Ukraine and annexation of Crimea.4586 Gorkov was appointed to his position 

at VEB by Putin.4587 According to press reports, Gorkov is a graduate of the FSB Academy in 

Moscow, which is chartered to train Russian intelligence officers to serve in Russia's Federal 

4584 (U) Ibid. , pp. 124-125. Berkowitz said he could not recall the Russian side using Gorkov's name other than 

during his in-person meeting with Kislyak. Ibid. , pp. 133-134. Berkowits's WhatsApp communications with a 

Russian Embassy employee setting up the time for the Gorkov meeting and the communications with Gorkov's aide 

after the meeting similarly did not make any direct reference to Gorkov or VEB. 4585 (U) Ibid. , pp. 125- 127, 130-131; see Handwritten notes, Berkowitz (AB-SSCI-0000028). Berkowitz told the 

Committee that he did not specifically recall making the note, and said that it was possible he made it during the 

meeting or that he may have made it after conducting an internet search to learn more about Gorkov. Berkowitz Tr., 

pp. 125- 127. 4586 (U) Treasury, "Announcement of Treasury Sanctions on Entities Within the Financial Services and Energy 

Sectors of Russia, Against Arms or Related Materiel Entities, and those Undermining Ukraine's Sovereignty," July 

16, 2014. VEB has in the past been used as a non-official cover platform for the Russian Foreign Intelligence 

Service, SVR. See U.S. Attorney's Office, Southern District of New York, "Evgeny Buryakov Pleads Guilty In 

Manhattan Federal Court ln Connection With Conspiracy To Work For Russian Intelligence," March 11, 2016. 4587 (U) Treasury, "Announcement of Treasury Sanctions on Entities Within the Financial Services and Energy 

Sectors of Russia, Against Arms or Related Materiel Entities, and those Undermining Ukraine's Sovereignty," July 

16, 2014. 

713 

COMMITTEE SENSITIVE - RUSSIA INVESTIGATION ONLY 
(U) On December 8, 2016, Amerjcan businessman Robert Foresman4590 learned from 

VEB Deputy Chairman, Nikolai Tsekhomsky, that Gorkov was traveling to the United States in 

order to "meet with Wall Street ... in the aftermath of the election to talk about investment 

climate in Russia and what the new U.S. political dynamic could mean for U.S./Russia business 

dialog and for outlook for relations with Russia."4591 Foresman was told: "Putin is aware of this 

trip, and Sergey [Gorkov] will be briefing him after the trip," and he understood from 

Tsekhomsky that Gorkov had access to Putin and "may be a very relevant player for this 

U.S./Russia business dialog going forward."4592 

(U) Immediately before Gorkov and Tsekhomsky departed for the United States, 

Foresman met with them in Moscow.4593 During the meeting, Foresman and Gorkov discussed 

whether the incoming Trump administration really represented a "new era" in bilateral relations 

between the United States and Russia, although Foresman said that he did not recall any 

discussions of sanctions.4594 

iv. (U) Kushner Meets with Gorkov 

(U) Berkowitz told Kushner about the potential Gorkov meeting, and Kushner agreed to 

take it.4595 Berkowitz then coordinated logistics with the Russian Embassy, and they settled on 

December 13 at 4:00 p.m. at Colony Capital.4596 

(U) Alt}J.ough Kushner had specifically asked for an interlocutor with direct access to 

Putin, Kushner said that he only took the meeting in response to Ambassador Kislyak's 

continued efforts to set up another meeting, crediting a desire to avoid being "rude to the-Russian 

ambassador and inadvertently insult Russia." Kushner explained that he saw less urgency for 

4588 (U) Tom Winter and Robert Windrem, "Kushner Met With Russian Banker Who Is Putin Crony, Spy School 

Grad" NBC News Ma 27 2017. . · 4589 

4590 (U) Ro ert Foresman 1s an American mvestment bank executive with longstanding ties to Russia and ·wellconnected Russian individuals. See infra Vol. 5, Sec. ill.K.4. 4591 (U) Foresman Tr., pp. 117-121. 4592 (U) Foresman Tr., pp. 117-121. 4593 (U) Foresman Tr., pp. 123-131. 4594 (U) Ibid. The discussions between Foresman and Gorkov are described infra Vol. 5, Sec. ill.K.4.v. 4595 (U) Emails, Berkowitz and Kushner, et al., December 12, 2016 (NSSCI00000107-108). 4596 (U) Calendar invitation, Kushner and Berkowitz, December 13, 2016 (NSSCIO0000l 11) ("Meeting: Sergey 

Gorkov"); Text messages, "Dmitry" and Berkowitz, December 12-13, 2016 (AB-SSCI0000005-AB-SSCI0000010). 

Colony Capital is an investment firm run by Thomas Barrack. 

714 

COMMITTEE SENSITIVE - RUSSIA INVESTIGATION ONLY 
himself to meet with Russian officials because Rex Tillerson was "coming on board, [and] had a 

better relationship with Russia than I' 11 ever have. "4597 

(U) According to Kushner, Gorkov began the meeting by presenting him with two gifts: 

a bag of soil from Kushner's grandparents' hometown ofNovogrudok, Belarus, and a painting 

made by children in the same town.4598 Kushner recalled: 

Then he basically said: Look, we 're excited about the new relationship. I know 

President Putin is very frustrated with how his relationship with America has 

been. I'm friends with him. I think that for Russia and America there's a lot of 

opportunity. I run this big bank. This is what I do. 

He told me a lot about his bank, about the global economy. I gave my same spiel, 

basically saying: Look, right now I think there's a lot of opportunity in the world, 

things could be different under President Trump, again he wants peace, he wants 

more trade, all these different things. You know, basic get-to-know-you meeting, 

but not-very superficial, probably lasted 20, 25 minutes. 

In that meeting we did not talk about my business. We didn't talk about any 

financial transactions. It was just kind of an overall meeting. So again, never 

followed up again after that, not very eventful. 4599 

(U) Kushner said he was uncertain of Gorkov' s intentions at the meeting: 

' 

He just said to me that Putin was a friend of his. So he didn 't directly-he was 

not very-he wasn't very explicit in that. Look, it may have been that that's what 

he was there to do. It may not have been. Maybe he's been a friend of the 

ambassador who he wanted to get a meeting with me, for all I know, so to just get 

a favor. I have no idea. 4600 

(U) Kushner also told the Committee that he did not know about VEB's sanctions prior 

to the meeting, nor did the issue of sanctions come up during the meeting.4601 When asked 

whether he had asked anybody to do research on Gorkov's background, Kushner responded that 

4597 (U) Kushner Tr., p. 87. 4598 (U) Ibid., p. 82. The Committee notes that, given the eight hour time difference between Moscow and New 

York, Gorkov would have had less than a day to acquire the gifts for Kushner before departing for the United States. 

Berkowitz said he logged the gifts with the Transition. Berkowitz Tr., p. 155. 4599 (U) Kushner Tr., pp. 82-83. 4600 (U) Ibid., pp. 84-85. 4601 (U) Ibid., p. 85. 

715 

COMMITTEE SENSITIVE~ RUSSIA INVESTIGATION ONLY 
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he did not.4602 However, Kushner's aide, Berkowitz, told the Committee that he did, in f~ct, 

conduct an internet search on Gorkov's background "when Jared asked me ... who the person 

was."4603 Berkowitz said that his search showed that Gorkov was a banker, but he did not recall 

discovering that Gorkov faced sanctions by the United States.4604 Berkowitz also said that 

Kushner did not ask for any preparation materials before the meeting with Gorkov.4605 

(U) Kushner described his meeting with Gorkov as primarily about future diplomatic 

relations between the United States and Russia.4606 However, VEB released a statement to the 

press indicating that the meeting was business-related: 

During 2016, when preparing the new Vnesheconombank's strategy, the Bank's 

. CEOs repeatedly met with representatives of the world's leading financial 

institutions in Europe, Asia and America. In the course of negotiations the 

parties discussed the business practices applzed by foreign development banks, as 

well as most promising business lines ·and sectors. The roadsh~w meetings 

devoted to Vnesheconombank's Strategy 2021 were held with representatives of 

major US banks and business circles, including the CEO of Kushner Companies 

Mr. Jared Kushner. 4601 

4602 (U) Ibid, p. 81. 4603 (U) Berkowitz Tr., p. 150. 4604 (U) Ibid, pp. 150-151. 4605 (U) Ibid, p. 150. 4606 (U) Kushner Tr., pp. 82-83. 4607 (U) Thomas Frank and Marshall Cohen, "Russian banker who met with Jared Kushner has ties to Putin," CNN, 

March 29, 2017; David Filipov, et al., "Explanations for Kushner's meeting with head of Kremlin-linked bank don't 

match up," The Washington Post, June 1, 2017; Patrick Reevell and Matthew Mosk, "Russian banker Sergey 

Gorkov brushes off uestions about meetin with Jared Kushner," ABC News, June 1, 2017. 4608 

716 

COMMITTEE SENSITIVE - RUSSIA INVESTIGATION ONLY 
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-Immediately followin-n Kushner and Gorkov, Berkowitz 

received a text from an aide to Gorkov~, saying that Gorkov felt the meeting 

went well and that "[w]e will be in touch." Berkowitz replied saying "Same report here! 

Looking forward."4610 Berkowitz, however, told the Committee he never discussed how the 

meeting went with Kushner, and he was merely attempting to be polite.4611 

(U) As noted above, Foresman believed that Gorkov would be briefing Putin after the 

meeting. According to open source information, on December 14, 2016, the private aircraft 

which brought Gorkov to the United States traveled to Japan.4612 On December 15 to December 

16, Putin visited Japan, and reports indicated that Gorkov would join Putin there.4613 

Text messages,_ and Berkowitz, December 13, 2016 (AB-SSCI-0000011); 

(U) Ibid. 4611 (U) Berkowitz Tr., pp. 159-161. 4612 (U) David Filipov, et al., ''Explanations for Kushner's m<;eting with head of Kremlin-linked bank don't match 

up," The Washington Post, June 1, 2017. 4613 Ibid. 

4614 

717 

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(U) On the morning of December 19, 2016, Gorkov's aide texted Berkowitz asking him 

to "[p]lease inform your side that the information about the meeting got a very positive 

response!"4616 Berkowitz replied that he would do so, and Gorkov's aide told Berkowitz to "[l]et 

him know."4617 Later that day, approximately ten hours later, Berkowitz responded that "I told 

him and he said: great! So thank you!"4618 Berkowitz told the Committee that he had no 

recollection of speaking with Kushner related to this message.4619 

(U) The next day, Gorkov's aide messaged Berkowitz that "we plan on our next visit in 

early Feb."4620 Berkowitz responded, "[S]ee you then."4621 Berkowitz and the aide 

intermittently exchanged short holiday greetings and a congratulatory note related to 

inauguration.4622 The aide later asked Berkowitz if he could "arrange the meeting next week," 

but Berkowitz did not respond.4623 

3. (U) Kirill Dmitriev Pursues Inroads to the Transition Team 

(U) In addition to outreach through its officials, the Russian government also leveraged 

business leaders with Western ties to advance its foreign policy goals with the incoming 

administration. 

(U) Some taskings for this activity capie directly from Putin through quarterly meetings 

he held with a group of approximately 50 Russian oligarchs. According to Petr Aven, Chairman 

of the Board of Directors of Alfa Bank, during these meetings, oligarchs would receive 

4615 

4616 (U) ext message, !vane e o to Ber ow1tz, Decem er 9, 20 AB-S , 1-00000 1 4617 (U) Text messages, lvanchenko and Berkowitz, December 19, 2016 (AB-SSCI-0000012) 4618 (U) Text messages, Berkowitz to Ivanchenko, December 19, 2016 (AB-SSCI-0000012) 4619 (U) Berkowitz Tr., p. 160. Kushner told the Committee that there "was no follow-up after that meeting." 

Kushner Tr. II, p. 129. 4620 (U) Text message, Ivanchenko to Berkowitz, December 20, 2016 (AB-SSCI-0000012). 4621 (U) Text message, Berkowitz to Ivanchenko, December 20, 2016 (AB-SSCI-0000012). 4622 (U) Text messages, Ivanchenko and Berkowitz, December 25, 2016--January 21, 2017 (AB-SSCI-0000013-14). 4623 (U) Text messages, Ivanchenko to Berkowitz, February 8-16, 2017 (AB-SSCI-0000015). 

718 

COMMITTEE SENSITIVE - RUSSIA INVESTIGATION ONLY 
"suggestions or critiques" from Putin.4624 Participants would treat such "suggestions" as 

directives from Putin, even if they were not explicitly stated as such, with the understanding that 

"there would be consequences ... if [the oligarchs] did not follow through."4625 At the fourth 

quarter 2016 meeting, Putin suggested to Aven that he believed the United States would seek to 

impose new sanctions on Aven or Alfa Bank.4626 Putin "suggested" that Aven and Alfa Bank 

take steps to protect themselves, and noted the difficulty in making contacts within the incoming 

Trump administration.4627 A ven said that Putin "expected him to try to respond to the concerns 

[Putin] had raised. "4628 

(U) Kirill Dmitriev, the CEO of the U.S.-sanctioned Russian Direct Investment Fund 

(RDIF), Russia's state-owned sovereign wealth fund, engaged in similar outreach to the Trump 

Transition.4629 Like Aven, Dmitriev used multiple business contacts to try and make inroads 

with Trump Transition Team officials, described more fully below, based on his own direct 

tasking from Putin. 

(U) The Committee notes that Dmitriev has direct access to Putin and frequently refers 

to Putin as his "boss."4630 

I 

I 

I 

4624 (U) SCOReport, Vol. I, p. 146. The Committee did not interview Aven, but his efforts to engage the Transition 

Team are described in the SCO Report. 

462s (U) Ibid. 

4626 (U) Ibid. 4627 (U) Ibid., Vol. I, pp. 146-147. 4628 (U) Ibid., Vol. I, p. 147. 4629 (U) Ibid., Vol. I, p. 147. 4630 Ibid., Vol. I, . 147. 4631 

719 

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i. (U) Dmitriev Seeks Assistance from Nader to Contact Trump Transition 

(U) The morning following the election, Kirill Dmitriev made the first of multiple 

attempts to reach out to members of Trump's inner circle.4635 On November 9, 2016, Dmitriev 

sent a text to George Nader, a senior advisor to UAE Crown Prince Mohammed bin Zayed Al 

Nahyan, requesting a meeting with the "key people" in the incoming administration as soon as 

possible.4636 RDIF, under Dmitriev's leadership, had co-invested in multiple projects with UAE 

sovereign wealth funds, which put Dmitriev in frequent contact with Nader.4637 

• 

I 

4636 (U) Ibid., Vol. I, p. 150. 4637 

-

720 

COMMITTEE SENSITIVE -RUSSIA INVESTIGATION ONLY 
(U) Nader had spent much of 2016 attempting to nurture contacts with both presidential 

campaigns, and keeping Dmitriev informed of his progress.464° For example, Nader participated· 

in a meeting in August 2016 attended by Donald Trump Jr., Stephen Miller, Erik Prince, and Joel 

Zamel in which Nader discussed foreign policy matters and a potential social media 

campaign.4641 Dmitriev and Nader discussed the possibility of Nader assisting Dmitriev in 

making contact with incoming Trump administration officials. Dmitriev asked Nader to help 

convey the message to incoming officials that, "we [Russia] want to start rebuilding the 

relationship in whatever is a comfortable pa~e for them. We understand all of the sensitivities 

and are not in a rush."4642 Nader was told that Dmitriev and the Russian government had 

preferred that Trump win the presidency.4643 · 

(U) Dmitriev then flew to New York that day to attend the World Chess Championship, 

which was being attended separately by Putin spokesperson Dmitry Peskov.4644 In an effort to 

meet with Trump Transition officials, Dmitriev invited Nader to the tournament, specifically 

requesting that Nader invite Jared Kushner to the event so that Dmitriev could meet him.4645 

Dmitriev was eager for "a chance to see anyone from the Trump camp" in order to "start 

building for the future."4646 Nader said that he did not pass along the invitation to Kushner.4647 

According to Nader, Dmitriev continued to raise with Nader the prospect of meeting Transition 

officials or others close to Trump, focusing particularly on Kushner and Donald Trump Jr.4648 

4639 (U) Ibid. 4640 (U) sea Report, Vol. I, p. 148. As noted above, George Nader, who was interviewed as part of the SCO's 

investigation, later pleaded guilty to transportation of a minor boy for purposes of illegal conduct and possession of 

child pornography. U.S. Attorney's Office, Eastern District of Virginia, "Man Pleads Guilty to Child Exploitation 

Crimes," January 13, 2020. Nader has also been charged with campaign finance crimes. See DOJ, "California CEO 

and Seven Others Charged in Multi-Billion Dollar Conduit Campaign Contribution Case," December 3, 2019. 4641 (U) See infra Vol. 5, Sec. III.J.3. 4642 (U) sea Report, Vol. I, p. 150. Dmitriev also conveyed to Nader a willingness to conduct press interviews in 

which Dmitriev planned to convey optimism about the possibility of improved U.S.-Russia relations following 

Trump's election. Ibid. 4643 (U) Ibid., Vol. I, p. 148. 4644 (U) Ibid., Vol. 1, p. 150. According to the sea Report, Dmitriev exchanged text messages with Russian 

businessman Andrey Guryev Jr., prior to leaving for the Championships. In their messages, Guryev wrote, "Go 

ahead, come to us for the chess. Trump received the invitation. There will be a total 'sold-out' [of the tournament if 

Trump attends] and uproar ifhe wins." Dmitriev responded, "My Arab friends are in close contact with him, I will 

ask." After Trump claimed victory, Guryev, Jr. messaged Dmitriev, "Well, it seems like this is it." Approximately 

one minute later, Guryev, Jr. wrote to Dmitriev, "Putin has won." Ibid, Vol. I, p. 149.-

4645 (U) Vol. 1, p. 150. 

4646 (U) Ibid. 

4647 (U) Ibid. 4648 (U) Ibid 

721 
COMMITTEE SENSITIVE - RUSSIA INVESTIGATION ONLY 

Nader said that Dmitriev informed him t}lat he (Dmitriev) would also pursue other channels to 

reach Trump Transition Team officials.4649 

ii. (U) Outreach through Rick Gerson 

(U) Dmitriev subsequently tried other avenues to reach members of Trump's inner' circle. 

In late November, lJAE national security advisor Tahnoon bin Zayed connected Dmitriev to 

Rick Gerson, a New York hedge fund manager.4650 Although Gerson and Dmitriev had never 

met, Gerson had a relationship with Muhammad bin Zayed and was a personal friend of Jared 

Kushner.4651 Gerson told the Committee that Tahnoon bin Zayed made the introduction in order 

to make a business connection between the two men.4652 

(U) Dmitriev called Gerson on December 1, 2016, and they talked for approximately 20 

minutes.4653 They also communicated via the private messaging application WhatsApp.4654 

(U) According to Gerson, during the call they discussed several topics, including 

investments each had made in ride-sharing companies, and Gerson raised his interest in a ridesharing company in India called OLA.4655 That same day, Gerson sent Dmitriev a non-disclosure 

agreement related to a proposed OLA investment, followed the next day by an email that 

included an OLA investment summary that had been customized for RDIF.4656 Although 

Dmitriev and RDIF sought to persuade Gerson that sanctions did not present an obstacle to doing 

business with RDIF, lawyers eventually advised Falcon Edge Capital against the deal because of 

U.S.-sanctioned VEB's relationship to RDIF.4657 

4649 (U) Ibid, Vol.I, p. 151. 4650 (U) SSCI Transcript of the Interview with Rick Gerson, October 19, 2018, pp. 8; 14--15. 4651 (U) Ibid, pp. 8, 33. . 4652 (U) Ibid, p. 16. 4653 (U) WhatsApp Audio metadata, Dmitriev to Gerson, December 1, 2016 (GERSON_00000125). Gerson told the 

Committee and the FBI that he and Dmitriev had never met in person. Gerson Tr., p. 124. Although the sea 

Report describes a conversation when the two men "met," sea Report, Vol. I, p. 157, the Committee surmises that 

this is a reference to when the first s oke, and not necessarily an in-person meeting. 4654 (U) Gerson told the Committee that he "routinely" deleted his WhatsApp 

commumcatlons an cou not pro lice them. Gerson Tr., p. 64. 4655 (U) Gerson Tr., pp. 11-12. 4656 (U) Email, Gerson to Dmitriev, December 1, 2016 (GERSON_00000373--418) (attaching NDA). The same 

day, Dmitriev returned the NDA with edits that included removing all references to the "Russian Direct Investment 

Fund" and replacing them only with the acronym "RDIF." Email, Dmitriev to Gerson, December 2, 2016 

(GERSON_00000419--433). 

4657 (U) Gerson Tr., pp. 13-14, 32; see also Email, RDIF Legal to Schmidt, December 8, 2016 

(GERSON_00000476) (discussing VEB, RDIF and sanctions); Email, RDIF General Counsel to Gerson, et al., 

January 6, 2016 (GERSON_00000486) (same). Gerson said that ifRDIF invested in OLA, other sovereign wealth 

funds would automatically invest as part of a consortium, including funds in Abu Dhabi (Mubadala) and other Gulf 

states. See Gerson Tr., pp. 30-31. 

722 

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- Despite Falcon Edge's decision not to en a e in a business 

relation~Dmitriev continued to in order to 

influence with the Trum Administration. 

(U) Although the purpose of the December 1 call was ostensibly business, Gerson said 

that during the call, Dmitriev also discussed a desire to have "better relations with the U.S."4660 

Dmitriev said that he was optimistic about the future ofU.S.-Russia relations and made 

references to his "boss," which Gerson understood to be a reference to President Putin.4661 

Dmitriev told Gerson that Putin had tasked him with developing a reconciliation plan for United 

States-Russia relations.4662 As a result, Gerson understood that Dmitriev had "two roles": 

"investments through the [RDIF] and being tasked" by Putin to "develop a reconciliation 

plan."4663 

4658 

4659 (U) Ibid 4660 (U) Gerson Tr., p. 20. 

4661 Ibid. 4662 

723 
(U) Dmitriev also asked Gerson whom he should meet with in the incoming 

administration in order to advance this goal.4664 · Gerson committed to talking with members of 

the Transition Team, including Kushner and Flynn, to determine who the "key person or people" 

would be to discuss matters such as reconciliation with Russia, joint security concerns, and 

economic issues.4665 Gerson also said that he informed Dmitriev that he was good friends with 

Kushner: 

He told me he was interested in coming to the U.S. and speaking to everyone that 

he could. ft wasn 't just Mr. Kushner; and, in fact, he told me had been regularly 

traveling to the U.S. before then. And he went-and that he wanted to start to 

meet the new people during the transition or after.4666 

(U) After their conversation, Dmitriev emailed Gerson a number of press articles in 

which Dmitriev made positive comments about the possibility of rapprochement between the two 

countries following Trump's election.4667 According to records obtained by the SCO, Dmitriev 

informed Gerson that if Russia was "approached with respect and willingness to understand our 

position, we can have Major Breakthroughs quickly."4668 

(U) Although Gerson said that Dmitriev did riot ask for advic~, in subsequent messages, 

Gerson nevertheless offered his perspective on how to improve the relationship between the 

United States and Rμssia. 4669 Gerson recalled that he shared several ideas with Dmitriev. These 

included access to medical care for children in Syria, joint efforts to prevent nuclear terrorism, 

and Russian investment that would provide U.S. jobs in "hard hit" areas.4670 According to 

Gerson, Dmitriev told him that the suggestions "actu~lly made a lot of sense and he agreed," 

adding that he (Dmitriev) ''was going to give these ideas to his boss."4671 

(U) Both Gerson and Dmitriev understood that the plan would be provided to senior 

officials on both sides. Dmitriev "told Gerson that he was reporting directly to Putin and that 

the reconciliation plan would be reviewed by Putin. "4672 Gerson also "repres~nted to Dmitriev 

that he knew Jared Kushner, Michael Flynn and Steve Bannon."4673 Gerson further "told 

4664 (U) sea Report, Vol. I, p. 157. 4665 (U) Ibid 4666 (U) Gerson Tr., p. 21-22. 4667 (U) Email, Dmitriev to Gerson,, December 1, 2016 4668 (U) sea Report, Vol. I, p. 157; 4669 (U) Gerson Tr., p. 23-24. 

4670 (U) Ibid 4671 (U) Ibid 4672 (U) 

4673 (U) Ibid 

724 

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Dmitriev that he would consult with Flynn and Bannon" on the plan and would "give it to the 

transition team," and specifically Kushner.4674 

(U) In later December, Gerson told a colleague, "I'm in constant touch with Kirill the 

u . He told me he's under direct instruction from Putin to en a e with U.S. firms."4675 

In 

addition to their December 1 phone call, Gerson called Dmitriev on January 5, 2017, and they 

spoke for approximately 15 minutes.4677 

(U) Gerson told the Committee that, at some point after their initial discussions in 

December, he took the collective ideas for U.S.-Russia reconciliation that he and Dmitriev 

discussed and put them in a list, which he sent to Dmitriev.4678 According to Gerson, Dmitriev 

responded, having added an additional bullet to the list of ideas dealing with "something about 

Ukraine. Something following the Minsk Agreement on Ukraine. I didn't know what the Minsk 

Agreement of Ukraine was."4679 The precise timing of these exchanges is somewhat unclear. 

, 

(U) On January 17, Dmitriev sent the plan to Gerson over WhatsApp4680 : 

4674 (U) Ibid; Gerson Tr., pp. 131-132. 4675 (U) Email, Gerson to Udwadia, December 29, 2016 

wit 

4676 

) ("I want to make this work and do a lot 

4677 (U) W atsApp Au io metadata, Dmitriev to Gerson, January 5, 2017 (GERSON_00000124). 4678 (U) Gerson Tr., pp. 131-132. 4679 (U) Ibid, pp. 132-134. 4680 (U) January 17, 2017, text message from Dmitriev to Gerson. During his interview, Gerson said he no longer 

had a copy of the document. Gerson Tr., p. 133. This copy was produced by Gerson to the Committee after his 

interview, with permission from SCO, which had obtained it separately and provided it to Gerson's counsel. 

725 

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Resending the 5 point plan with proper numbering of points :): 

Rick, here are some preliminary thoughts (including yours:)) on US Russia cooperation per our earlier 

discussion - we believe that is is [sic] a win-win approach. I plan to be in the US January 27-30 to 

further discuss with you and the most senior relevant people from the US side: 

I. Jointly fighting terrorism and significantly enhancing our coordination in that area. 

setting up military coordination and joint actions in Syria 

resuming work of intelligence agencies of info sharing on terrorism 

a joint special forces mission where together US and Russia takes out a key ISIS person or 

place or frees an area then announces it after 

a massive joint humanitarian effort in Syria. A joint project to fund and build hospitals and 

emergency medical centers in Syria in both rebel and govt areas or at least to jointly flood 

both areas with medical supplies and basic food. Especially medical and nutrition for children 

2. A serious anti-WMD joint effort to reduce WMD by US and Russia and prevent WMD 

terrorism across nuclear, biological, and chemical weapons. Jointly going after and reducing 

the odds of nuclear terrorism security as the profound risk to the world. Rick is involved with 

the Nuclear Threat Initiative which Warren Buffett funds and is chaired by former Senator 

Sam Nunn who was chairman of the armed services committee. This group already has high 

level Russian involvement so it's an easy place to collaborate in a high profile way. 

3. Developing win win economic and investment initiatives that will be supported by both 

electorates. 

a visit by top US businesses to Russia to highlight existing US successes in Russia and joint 

future opportunities; 

- joint RDIF fund with OPIC to support US investment in Russia to make US businesses 

competitive vs subsidized Chinese businesses in Russia 

Russian company builds a plant with RDIF financing to serve the US market in the US 

Midwest creating real jobs for a hard hit area with high unemployment. US production by 

foreign companies a focus of the new administration 

-highlighting benefits of US Russia business cooperation through media 

4. Having an honest and open and continual dialogue on differences and concerns 

resolving Ukraine crises through fulfillment of Minsk agreements and ensuring Ukraine 

fulfills its obligations 

working group between the State Department and Russian Ministry of Foreign affairs to 

address key differences 

5. Ensuring there is proper communication and trust among all of the key people from each side 

a small group with 2-3 people from each side authorized to finalize an action plan for a major 

improvement in the US Russia relationship 

coordination across major agencies and government bodies to achieve tangible impact in the 

next 9-12 months 

well prepared meeting between the two leaders with several breakthroughs on key issues as 

per above. 

726 

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(U) In an email discussion about the reconciliation plan, Dmitriev told Gerson, "This is 

FYI so that you have the whole picture. The 2 pager is supported from our side and you are the 

only one who has it from your side-as one of the creators:)" Gerson replied "Excellent. I 

understand and am on it."4681 Asked ifhe thought Dmitriev had shared the list with anyone, 

Gerson said that Dmitriev referred to "his boss," which Gerson assumed was a reference to 

Putin.468.

2 · 

(U) After receiving the updated plan from Dmitriev, Gerson instructed an assistant to 

convert the five-point plan on "potential areas of cooperation between the US and Russia" into a 

formal document.4683 Gerson also added an introductory text: "Below are potential win-win 

steps for achieving a breakthrough in the relationship between the U.S. and Russia through 

respectful communication and partnership in critically important shared goals."4684 

(U) Gerson said that he went to see Kushner at Kushner's office in New York the next 

day, January 18, 2017, as Kushner was getting ready to leave for the inauguration.4685 Gerson 

gave a copy of the document to Kushner, and told him briefly about Dmitriev's background, 

including that Dmitriev had "connections," but did not recall mentioning that it had been 

approved by Putin. According to Gerson, Kushner did not know who Dmitriev was and only 

glanced at the document after Gerson had handed it to him.4686 Gerson said Kushner then put the 

document in a file that was on his desk and said that he would "give it to the right people."4687 

(U) On January 18, Gerson received two short calls from Dmitriev.4688 The Committee 

was unable to determine whether these calls took place before or after Gerson delivered the 

document to Kui,hner, but given the timing, assesses they were almost certainly related to the 

plan. Gerson said that Dmitriev knew that Gerson had given the document to Kushner.4689 

4681 

4682 

4683 

(U) Kushner described what he did with the document: 

Rick kind of gave me something that he thought were his thoughts on 

US./Russia-Rick really wasn't involved in Russia, but he gave it to me. What I 

did . .. wit-h that was, he gave me two copies. . . . I wasn't that involved with the 

4684 (U) .l i . e two ex.c ange seven ema1 s with drafts of the document. 4685 (U) Gerson Tr., pp. 133-134. 4686 (U) Ibid, pp. 134-135; SCO Report, Vol. I, p. 158; FBI, FD-302, Gerson 6/15/2018. 4687 (U) Gerson Tr., p. 134 ("I never followed-up with him. He never told me who ended up looking at it, if 

anyone."). 

4688 (U) WhatsApp Audio metadata, Dmitriev to Gerson, January 18, 2017 (GERSON_00000124). 4689 (U) Gerson Tr., pp. 135-136. 

727 

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Russia file, so I gave one copy to Bannon and one copy to RerTillerso~, who 

were kind of more involved in Russia than I was, and so and that was kind of the 

last of it. 4690 -

I 

(U) On January 19, 2017, Dmitriev sent Nader a copy of the document, telling him thaJ it 

was "a view from our side that I discussed in my meetings on the islands with you and our 

friends. Please share with them-we believe this is a good foundation to start from."4691 

(U) On January 26, 2017, Dmitriev informed Gerson that his "boss" had asked whether 

the Trump administration had any feedback regarding the proposal.4692 Dmitriev said that he 

was facing pressure to begin meeting with U.S. officials.4693 "We do not want to rush things and 

move at a comfortable speed. At the same time, my boss asked me to try to have the key US · 

meetings in the next two weeks if possible."4694 Dmitriev also informed Gerson that the two 

Presidents were to speak by phone that Saturday, and that the information was "very 

confidential. "4695 

(U) The same day, Dmitriev reached out to Nader emphasizing the need to continue 

trying to establish a back channel for communications between the United States and Russia. In 

a text message to Nader, Dmitriev said that he had seen his "boss" the day before, and that Putin 

had "emphasized that this is a great priority for us and that we need to build this communication 

channel to avoid bureaucracy."4696 Two days later, Dmitriev wrote Nader asking ifhe could 

"confirm to my boss" that "your friends," an apparent reference to the Trump Administration, 

would use information contained in the document provided by Gerson to Kushner in the planned 

call between Trump and Putin.4697 Nader responded, "Definitely paper was ... submitted by 

Rick [Gerson] and me. They took it seriously!" 4698 

(U) Following the January 28 call between Trump and Putin, Dmitriev wrote to Nader 

informing him that, "the call went very well. My boss wants me to continue making some public 

statements that us [sic] Russia cooperation is good and important."4699 Gerson also wrote to 

4690 (U) Kushner Tr. II, pp 114-115. 4691 (U) SCO Report, Vol. I, p. 158. Dmitriev's reference to the "meetings on the islands" is almost certainly about 

the Seychelles meetings with Erik Prince, described infra. . 4692 (U) Ibid A probable reference to Putin, given Dmitriev's historical use of the word. 

4693 (U) Ibid 

4694 (U) Ibid. 

4695 (U) Ibid 4696 (U) Ibid, Vol. I, p. 159. 

4697 (U) Ibid 4698 (U) Ibid 4699 (U) Ibid 

728 

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. Dmitriev following the call to <;omment on how well it went, and Dmitriev responded that their 

document "played an important role."4700 

iii. (U) Seychelles Meetings 

(U) In addition to using Gerson as a channel of communication, Dmitriev also made 

contact with individuals perceived to have significant influence in the incoming Trump 

administration, such as Erik Prince. On January 11, 2017, Prince met with Dmitriev in the 

Seychelles, where they discussed opportunities to improve the U.S.-Russia bilateral relationship 

under the incoming Trump administration. The meeting was brokered, in part, by Nader. Prince 

later relayed the substance of the meeting to Bannon. 

(U) Several aspects of Prince's activities in this time period align closely with the ,-

Dmitriev outreach through Gerson described above. In particular, Gerson was also· in touch with 

Bannon, Nader, and Dmitriev during the same time that Prince was in contact with them.4701 

Further, Dmitriev associated the five points on cooperation with discussions he had on "the 

islands," presumably a reference to the Seychelles.4702 The Committee's ability to investigate 

these events, however, was significantly hampered by a lack of cooperation from Prince._4703 In 

his only response to Committee requests for documents, Prince offered a brief and deceptive 

description of his meetings in the Seychelles. 

On or around Jan 11, 2017 I traveled to the Seychelles to meet with some 

potential customers.from the UAEfor the logistics business of which I'm 

Chairman. After the meeting they mentioned a guy I should meet who was also in 

town to see them, a Kirill Dmitriev from Russia who ran some sort of hedge fund. 

I met him in the hotel bar and we chatted on topics ranging from oil and 

commodity prices to how much his country wished for resumption of a normal 

trade relationship with the USA. I remember telling him that if Franklin 

4700 (U) Ibid Nader and Gerson met with Kushner at the White House in the following months. During a meeting 

on February 15, 2017, Nader shared a "conspiracy" theory with Kushner and Bannon that foreign intelligence 

services in the United Kingdom had worked throughout the Transition and after inauguration with "the Deep State in 

the U.S." who were "trying to find stuff about [Trump]." Gerson Tr., pp. 84-86. According to Gerson, Kushner 

dismissed the theory, and Bannon did not react before he was quickly pulled into another meeting. Gerson said that 

the Steele dossier "wasn't specifically referred to" during the meeting. Nader had two subsequent meeting in the 

White House which Gerson facilitated, including in mid-April 2017 related to Qatar and Saudi Arabia and early 

May 2017 related to the UAE. Ibid, pp. 90-92, 96 .. 4701 (U) Gerson told the Committee that he never met or communicated with Prince. Ibid, pp. 9-10. 4702 (U) SCO Report, Vol. I, p. 158. 4703 (U) On November 8, 2017, the Committee issued a subpoena to Erik Prince requesting from him documents 

related to the Committee's investigation. Prince responded on November 22, 2017, providing approximately 25 

pages of material. Only the cover letter, described above, was relevant to his meetings in the Seychelles. 

729 

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Roosevelt could work with Joseph Stalin to defeat Nazi Fascism then certainly 

Donald Trump could work with Vladimir Putin to defeat Islamic Fascism. The 

meeting ended after a maximum of 30 minutes. I've had no communication or 

dealings with him or any of his colleagues before or after that encounter last 

January. 4704 

a. (U) Initial Contacts 

(U) On January 3, 2017, Nader traveled to New York where he met multiple times with 

Prince.4705 During the course of their discussions, Nader and Prince discussed Dmitriev, and 

Nader made clear to Prince that the Russians were interested in building relationships with the 

incoming Trump administration.4706 Although Prince's written statement to the Committee 

described his meeting with Dmitriev as an unplanned encounter, during Prince's discussions with 

Nader in New York, Nader described Dmitriev's explicit request for Nader to introduce him to 

incoming administration officials.4707 Nader then asked whether Prince would be willing to meet 

with Dmitriev.4708 Prince replied that he would have to think about it and speak with Transition 

Team officials.4709 

(U) After their dinner on January 3, Nader ·sent Prince a Wikipedia entry on Dmitriev to 

provide further background.4710 Nader then sent a separate message to Dmitriev informing him 

that he had just met with "some key people within the family and inner circle," a reference to 

Prince.4711 Nader told Dmitriev that he had spoken highly of Dmitriev to Prince, and said that 

Prince needed Dmitriev's bio.4712 Dmitriev complied, sending Nader a two-page biography 

along with a list of positive quotes about Donald Trump that he had given to media outlets.4713 

4704 (U) Letter, Prince to SSCI, November 22, 2017. On March 25, 2019, the Committee served an additional 

subpoena requesting that Erik Prince produce documents and appear before the Committee. Prince's attorney 

responded on April 7, informing the Committee that Prince would not appear before the Committee, and that Prince 

was invoking his Fifth Amendment right against self-incrimination. Letter, Schwartz to SSCI, April 7, 2019. 4705 (U) SCO Report, Vol. I, p. 151. 

4705 (U) Ibid. 

4101 (U) Ibid. 

410s (U) lb id. 4709 (U) Ibid. In his testimony to the HPSCI, Prince insisted that he did not travel to the Seychelles for a meeting 

with somebody from Russia. "No, rio, let me clarify. I didn't fly there to meet any Russian guy." Transcript of the 

Interview of Erik Prince, HPSCI, November 30, 2017, p. 52. 

4110 (U) Ibid. 

4111 (U) Ibid. 4712 (U) Ibid., Vol. I, p. 152 

4113 (U) Ibid. 

730 

COMMI'T'.fEE SENSITIVE - RUSSIA INVESTIGATION ONLY 
(U) The next morning, January 4, Nader forwarded Dmitriev's information as 

attachments to Prince.4714 Prince opened the attachments while in Trump Tower that day talking 

with Transition officials and waiting to meet with Steve Bannon. Although Prince spent three 

hours at Trump Tower that day, he said that he could not remember whether he actually met with 

Bannon.4715 

b. (U) Inviting Dmitriev 

(U) Shortly thereafter, arrangements were made for Prince to meet with Dmitriev in the 

Seychelles.4716 

(U) Prince booked his flight to the Seychelles on January 7, 2017.4719 In his testimony to 

the HPSCI, Prince asserted that he had only gone to the Seychelles to discuss business with 

members of the UAE royal family. 

I don't remember who called me. I think it was one of his schedulers. And just 

said, "His Highness would like to see you if you can come out to the 

Seychelles. "4720 

(U) Nevertheless, on January 8, 2017, Nader, having apparent knowledge of Prince's 

plans to be in the Seychelles, informed Dmitriev that he had a "pleasant surprise" for him; 

specifically a meeting with a "special guest" from the "New Team," a reference to Prince.4721 In 

a follow up message to Nader, Dmitriev sought assurances that a meeting with Prince was 

4717 

411s (U) I i . 4719 (U) SCO Report, Vol. I, p. 152. 4720 (U) Transcript of the Interview ofErik Prince, HPSCI, November 30, 2017, p. 22. 4721 (U) SCO Report, Vol. I, p. 152 

731 

f) 
COMMITTEE SENSITIVE - RUSSIA INVESTIGATION ONLY 

worthwhile.4722 Nader assured Dmitriev that Prince held a position of influence with the 

incoming administration, writing that, "This guy [Prince] is designated by Steve [Bannon] to 

meet you! I know him and he is very very well connected and trusted by the New Team. His 

sister is now [Secretary] ofEducation."4723 

(U) According to Gerson, at some point before the meeting, Dmitriev reached out to him 

to inquire about Prince: · 

He had mentioned Erik Prince and had asked me if I knew him or what I thought 

about him. He would ask me like a reference check on a bunch of people. He'd 

throw out names, maybe 15 names. What do you think of dut-dut-dut-dut, and I 

told him that I didn't know Erik Prince. I never met him. But I had heard good 

things about his sister, who had done work in school-choice reform. I don't 

remember if he had mentioned to me he was going to meet him or he had met him. 

But he did tell me that he was in contact with him. 4726 

(U) According to Nader, Prince led him to believe that Bannon was aware of Prince's 

trip to meet with Dmitriev, and Nader understood from Prince that any information would be 

passed on to the Transition team.4727 However, Bannon denied knowing about the meeting.4728 

c. (U) Meetings Between Prince and Dmitriev 

4722 (U) Ibid, Vol. I, pp. 152-153. 4723 

4724 

4725 (U), Ibid 4726 (U) Gerson Tr., pp. 63--64. In his interview, Gerson said that the conversation about Prince took place before 

Prince met Dmitriev in the Seychelles. However, Gerson was unable to confirm the timeline having deleted the 

WhatsApp messages in which he communicated with Dmitriev. Ibid, p. 64. According to the SCO Report, this 

exchange took place on January 9, 2017; two days before Dmitriev and Prince first met. SCO Report, Vol. I, p. 157. 4727 (U) SCO Report, Vol. I, p. 153. 4728 (U) Bannon Tr., pp. 352-353. 

732 
COMMITTEE SENSITIVE - RUSSIA INVESTIGATION ONLY 

(U) The SCO determined that Prince met twice in the Seychelles with Dmitriev. Prince 

first met with Dmitriev on January 11, 2017, in Nader's villa at the Four Seasons Resort in 

Seychelles with Nader present, and that meeting lasted approximately 30-45 minutes.4729 During 

the meeting, Prince criticized the Obama administration, and told Dmitriev that he looked 

forward to a riew era of cooperation and conflict resolution.4730 The topic of Russian interference 

in the 2016 election was not discussed.4731 , 

(U) Prince and Dmitriev also discussed Bannon during the first meeting.· Prince told 

Dmitriev that Bannon was effective in his role, if a bit unconventional.4732 Prince also described 

his own role in providing policy papers to Bannon.4733 Prince told Dmitriev that he would report 

the details of the meeting to Bannon, and if there was interest in having further discussions, 

either Bannon or someone from the Transition Team would follow up.4734 

(U) There was a second meeting between Prince and Dmitriev. After returning to his 

hotel room, Prince learned that Russia was sending an aircraft carrier to Libya.4735 Prince then 

called Nader and asked him to set up another meeting with Dmitriev.4736 According to Nader, 

Prince told him that he had checked with associates in the United States, and needed to get a 

message to Dmitriev that Libya was "off the table."4737 Nader wrote to Dmitriev informing him 

that Prince had "received an urgent message that he needs to convey to you immediately."4738 

They then made arrangements for the three of them to meet at the restaurant of the Four 

Seasons.4739 

(U) At this second meeting, Prince conveyed to Dmitriev that the United States could not 

accept any Russian involvement in Libya because it would make the situation there worse.4740 

Despite having claimed to have spoken with associates in the United States and claiming to 

speak on behalf of the United States' position on Russia's involvement in Libya, Prince told the 

SCO that he was only making the comments as a former naval officer, and not in an official 

capacity .

4741 

4729 (U) SCO Report, Vol. I, p; 153. 4730 (U) Ibid 4131 (U) Ibid 

4132 (U) Ibid 4733 (U) Ibid 4734 (U) Ibid, Vol. I, p. 154. 

473s (U) Ibid 4736 (U) Ibid 4737 (U) Ibid 

4738 (U) Ibid 4739 (U) · Ibid 

4740 (U) Ibid 4741 (U) Ibid, Vol. I, p. 155. 

733 

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(U) Hours later, Prince sent two text messages to Bannon.4742 However, neither Bannon 

nor Prince had any messages on their phones prior to March 2017, despite records indicating that 

they had exchanged multiple messages.4743 \ 

d. (U) Post-Meeting Reactions 

(U) Afterward, Dmitriev expressed his disappointment to Nader about the meetings. 

Dmitriev wanted an interlocutor with more seniority within the Transition Team.4744 Further, 

according to the SCO Report, Dmitriev felt the conversations lacked substance, and found 

Prince's comments to be insulting.4745 

(U) However, in a message to Gerson, Dmitriev reported that Bannon had asked Prince 

to meet with Dmitriev and that the meeting had been positive.4746 Gerson has said that following 

the meeting, Dmitriev told him over text and during one of their phone calls4747 that he had met 

with Prince.4748 Dmitriev asked Gerson if Prince was someone he should work with in regards to 

reconciliation.4749 Gerson shared the impression he got from Nader, which was that Prince 

overplayed connections for contracts.4750 Dmitriev also asked about Betsy De Vos, Anthony 

Scaramucci,4751 and Steve Schwarzmann, plus others whom Gerson did not know.4752 

(U) Prince told the SCO that he reported to Bannon the details of his meeting with 

Dmitriev, including the message that Russia sought better relations with the incoming 

4742 (U) Ibid 4743 (U) Ibid, Vol. I, p. 155-56. Both Prince and Bannon claimed to the SCO that they did not know why the 

phones had no messages. Ibid, Vol. I, p. 156. ' 4744 (U) Ibid, Vol. I, p. 155. 4745 (U) Ibid 4746 (U) Ibid, Vol. I, p. 158. 4747 (U) Records show multiple communications between Gerson and Dmitriev on January 18 and January 19,2017. 

WhatsApp Audio mefadata, Dmitriev to Gerson, January 18-19, 2017 (GERSON_00000122:::..J24) (showing eight 

calls, four ofwhich indicate a connection of a minute or more). 4748 (U) FBI, FD-302, Gerson 6/15/2018. 

I 4749 (U) Ibid .. 

' 4750 (U) Ibid 4751 (U) According to Anthony Scaramucci, he and Dmitriev have a relationship that is tied to their involvement in 

the World Economic Forum, including several meetings in Davos. In December 2016, Scaramucci and Dmitriev 

spoke by phone about the possibility ofRDIF bringing a group of Russian CEOs to the United States to discuss 

investments. During the call, Dmitriev made it clear that he was looking to increase business activity between the 

United States and Russia. In later conversations at Davos, Dmitriev raised the issue of sanctions and Crimea with 

Scaramucci, making the case that Crimea was not an "international situation." SSC! Transcript of the Interview 

with Anthony Scaramucci, October 29, 2018, pp. 69-70, 136-152. 4752 (U) FBI, FD-302, Gerson 6/15/2018. 

734 

COMMITTEE SENSITIVE - RUSSIA INVESTIGATION ONLY 
administration.4753 Prince met Bannon at Bannon's home after returning to the United States in 

mid-January 2017.4754 Prince also believed he shared Dmitriev's contact information with 

Bannon.4755 According to Prince, Bannon directed hirri not to follow up with Dmitriev.4756 

Prince interpreted the decision as a lack of interest on Bannon's part.4757 

(U) Bannon, however, denied any discussion with Prince about these meetings.4758 

Bannon said he never had a conversation with Prince regarding Dmitriev, RDIF, or any meetings 

with Russians associated with Putin.4759 

4. (U) Robert Foresman 

(U) Robert Foresman is an American banking executive with experience in Russia. 

From his decades of work in Moscow, Foresman has longstanding tiesto Russia and wellconnected business executives inside Russia, including some individuals with direct ties to Putin. 

Foresman reached out to the- Trump Campaign in 'approximately .March 2016 to offer advice on 

Russia and convey that Anton Kobyakov, an advisor to Putin, wanted to invite Trump to the St. 

Petersburg International Economic Forum.476° Following the election, Foresman leveraged his 

extensive ties to senior businessmen, including by transmitting messages between the. Transition 

Team and his Russian contacts, in order to persuade the Trump Transition Team to grant him a 

senior political appointment in the new administration. 

(U) Among Foresman's associates with ties to the Kremlin are Kirill Dmitriev and Nord 

Stream CEO Mattias Warnig. Foresman first met Warnig in approximately 2001 and told the 

Committee that h,e had maintained a close friendship with Warnig since that time.4761 Foresman 

described Warnig as someone who was "very close to President Putin.''4762 Foresman based this 

belief, in part, on his experiences working with W arnig in 2001 to set up "the first and most 

important private channel" between President George W. Bush and Putin.4763 

i. (U) Foresman's Outreach to Trump Campaign 

4753 (U) SCO Report, Vol. I, pp. 155-156. 

4754 (U) Ibid. 4755 (U) Ibid., Vol. I, p. 156. 

4756 (U) Ibid. 

4757 (U) Ibid. 

4758 (U) Bannon Tr., pp. 352-53. 4759 (U) SCO Report, Vol. I, p. 156. 4760 (U) Kobyakov was an advisor to Putin and a member of the Roscongress Foundation, which organizes the 

forum. See Roscongress.org, Anton Kobyakov Biography. 4761 (U) Foresman Tr., pp. 17-18. 4762 (U) Ibid., p. 18. 4763 (U) Ibid., pp. 19-20. 

735 
(U) On March 8, 2016, Foresman emailed an associate of Mark Burnett, a television 

executive and producer 'who had worked with Donald Trump in the past, to offer his assistance to 

Trump,' s presidential campaign. 4764 In his message, Foresman asked Burnett's associate to 

"remind him [Burnett] that I am ready to meet with Donald Trump and/or his foreign policy team 

at any time and to assist his campaign regarding Russia policy and more broadly."4765 Burnett's 

associate replied, \'Yes Mark is definitely aware and has put a call out to Trump."4766 In 

response, Foresman said: 

Good man, thank you. ~ .. · And there's the small matter of the Kremlin inviting 

Trump to Russia and asking me to convey this :) And of course I thought 

immediately of Mark/4767 

(U) On March 14, 2016, Foresman's name and phone number ended up on a list of 

messages for Trump, which Graffemailed to Corey Lewandowski.4768 Graffs email to 

Lewandowski said that Foresman was referred by Burnett, and wa_s an "Extremely well 

connected banker with big ties to Russia."4769 Keith Schiller, who was copied on the original 

email, forwarded it to Hope Hicks, asking her to print it for Trump.4770 

(U) Foresman told. the Committee that he understood from what Burnett told him that at 

some point Burnett had spoken '\directly" with Trump and suggested that Foresman would be "a 

useful person to meet with."4771 He said: 

I don't have a vivid recollection now whether I said, Mark can you get me a 

meeting with President Trump, or whether Mark said, Hey, you should meet with 

Trump. I can't remember which one.of those it was . ... 

Mark had.seen Candidate Trw:np {either on] the day-of [or] before [the Florida 

primary] debate. 4772 And had said something to me along the line~ of I spoke 

4764 (U) Email, Foresman to Rascoe, March 8, 2016 (RMF _SCI_00000036). Foresman had previously served as a 

fundraiser for Jeb Bush's Presidential campaign. Foresman Tr., p. 19. 4765 (U) Email, Foresman to Rascoe, March 8, 2016 (RMF_SCI_00000036). 4766 (U) Email, Rascoe to Foresman, March 8, 2016 (RMF_SCI_00000036). 4767 (U) Email, Foresman to Rascoe, March 9, 2016 (RMF _SCI_00000036). 4768 (U) Email, Graff to Lewandowski,.March 14, 2016 (DJTFP00009944). 4769 (U) Ibid . 

4770 (U) Email, Schiller to Hicks, March 14, 2016 (DJTFP00009944). 4771 (U) Foresman Tr., p. 31. 

4772 (U) The Florida Republican Primary debate took place on March 10, 2016. 

736 

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to-I think he said that he spoke to Donald about you, and he's interested-he'd 

love to meet you and you should contact Rhona Graff.4773 

(U) Approximately two weeks later, on March 31, 2016, following a phone conversation 

with Graff, Foresman emailed Graff to say that Burnett had spoken with Trump and 

recommended that he speak with Foresman.4774 Foresman then informed Graff that he had 

"developed unique relationships at the highest levels in Russia."· He went on to say that he had: 

[P]layed a significant role behind the scenes in the crucial area of US-Russian 

relations. I initiated a private channel between Vladimir Putin and George W. 

Bush in early 20014775 and remain actively involved in trying to "turn down the 

volume" between Washington and Moscow. I have been approached by senior 

Kremlin officials about Mr. Trump and would like to discuss this with Mr Trump. 

. . . I have some concrete things to propose which I would not want to put down 

in an unsecure etnail.4776 

(U) In testimony to the Committee, Foresman said that the reference to the "concrete 

things" he wanted to talk with Trump about was related to an invitation to the Saint Petersburg 

International Economic Forum.4777 According to Foresman, he had been approached by a 

Presidential Advisor to Putin, Anton Kobyakov, asking Foresman: 

Would I be able to get an invitation to [Trump] for the Saint Petersburg 

International Economic Forum in late May or June? And I said I suppose I 

probably can. I said I don 't know President or Candidate Trump. I don 't know 

his team, but I don 't think it would be very hardfor me to get something to him. 

So that [was] what I wanted to communicate.4778 

(U) Foresman told the Committee that he sought a meeting with Trump, in part to share 

his overall views of Russia, but also to advise Trump not to attend the forum.4779 According to 

4773 (U) Foresman Tr., pp. 29-30, 32. 4774 (U) Email, Foresman to Graff, March 31, 2016 (DJTFP00010473); Foresman Tr., p. 33. 4775 (U) In his testimony to the Committee, Foresman described how, in January 2001, he and Matthias Warnig 

worked together to set up a private communication channel between President Bush and President Putin prior to the 

two presidents' first meeting in Ljubljana, Slovenia, in June 2001. These efforts are described in greater detail 

below. 

4776 (U) Email, Foresman to Graff, March 31, 2016 (DJTFP00010473). 4777 (U) Foresman Tr., pp. 36, 48. 

4778 (U) Ibid., pp. 35-36. 4779 (U) Ibid., pp. 38-39. 

737 
Foresman, he did not think a presidential candidate should visit an adversarial country, especially 

having not yet secured the party's nomination.4780 

(U) The meeting Foresman sought with Trump in spring-2016 never happened.4781 In 

late July 2016, Foresman once again reached out to Graff after ajournalist contacted him 

requesting a discussion on Trump's business dealing in Russia.4782 Foresman again offered to 

meet with Trump or "any of his children" to discuss matters related to Russia.4783 Although 

Graff responded that she remembered their conversation and offered to "revisit this with some of 

the newer members of our campaign team," Foresman did not meet with Trump or his Campaign 

at that time.4784 · 

ii. (U) Post-Election Outreach to Transition Team 

a. (U) Foresman Tries to Connect Peskov with the Transition 

(U) On November 10, 2016,just two days after the election, Foresman was attending an 

event linked to the World Chess Championships, which were.being held in New York.4785 While 

attending the event, Foresman reintroduced himself to Dmitry Peskov, Putin's press secretary. 

Foresman said he suggested to Peskov that Peskov meet with his "counterpart" from the Trump 

Transition Team while in New York.4786 Foresman said that Peskov "wasn't keen on the idea," 

but agreed to do so if the schedule permitted.4787 Later that evening, Foresman sent an email to 

Peskov asking if Peskov could meet the following morning with Megyn Kelly of Fox News, who 

) was seeking an interview with Putin.4788 

(U) The next morning, Foresman reached out to Burnett, seeking help to put him in 

touch with the appropriate person in the incoming administration to meet with Peskov.4789 After 

contacting the Transition Team, Burnett put Foresman in touch with Hope Hicks through a text 

message, telling Hicks: 

4780 (U) Ibid., p. 39. 4781 (U) Email, Foresman to Graff, July 27, 2016 (RMF _SCI_000039-40); Foresman Tr., p. 39. 4782 (U) Email, Foresman to Graff, July 27, 2016 (RMF _SCI_000039). 

4783 (U) Ibid. 4784 (U) Emails, Graff and Foresman, July 27-August 3, 2016 (RCF _SCI_000039); see also Email, Graff to S. 

Miller and J. Miller, August 4, 2016 (TRUMPORG_16_000151-000152); Foresman Tr., p. 54. 4785 (U) Foresman Tr., p. 56. A UBS client, PhosAgro, a Russian chemical company, was sponsoring the World 

Chess Championships that year. 

4786 (U) Ibid. 4787 (U) Ibid., pp. 56-57. 4788 (U) Email, Foresman to Peskov, November 10, 2016 (RMF _SCI_00000002). 4789 (U) Foresman Tr., pp. 58-59. 

738 

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· Hope meet Bob Foresman. Bob is the most-important banking figure in US I 

Russia relationships and is currently Vice Chq,irman of UBS. Bob wants to 

introduce you to Dimitry Peskov PRESS SECRETARY OF the Kremlin TODAY IN 

NYC. 4790 

(U) Foresman responded to Hicks that he would call her shortly.4791 According to 

Foresman, after multiple calls between them, Hicks told him that the Department of State did not 

recommend that she speak with any foreign 9fficials until after the inauguration.4792 Foresman 

then passed this information on to Peskov, who indicated he did not know who Hicks was.4793 

b. (U) Foresman is Introduced to the Transition Team 

(U) On November 22, 2016, a colleague ofForesman's. sent an email to Anthony 

Scaramucci, introducing Scaramucci to Foresman.4794 Within a few minutes, Foresman 

responded, offering to meet with Scaramucci.4795 Five days later, on December 4, 2016, ( 

Scaramucci responded, asking Foresman what position he had been thinking about in the 

upcoming administration.4796 After some emails back and forth, they agreed to try and meet 

face-to-face at a breakfast they were both planning to attend oil December 7.4797 

(U) On December 6, prior to the breakfast, Jared Cohen, the President of Jigsaw and an 

advisor to the Executive Chairman of Alphabet Inc., sent a note to Kushner highly 

· recommending Foresman for a policy position within the administration. Specifically, Cohen 

highlighted Foresman's knowledge of Russia and fluency in Russian, and noted that Foresman 

"has some of the best relationships in the Kremlin of any American I know."4798 The next day, 

Kushner forwarded the recommendation to Transition Team <;Jfficials, saying, "Maybe for 

4790 (U) Text message, Burnett to Hicks and Foresman, November 11, 2016 (MB SEN-INTEL0000021 ). Despite 

his efforts to help Foresman get a job with the incoming administration, Burnett told the Committee that he did not 

really know Foresman that well, only that Foresman had been helpful in getting one of Burnett's shows on Russian 

TV artd had credibility. "He was looking probably for a job interview, I have no idea how qualified, but to me 

seemed a really upstanding guy, with his heart in the right place on Christian issues to me, and asked for a referral." 

SSCI Transcript of the Interview with Mark Burnett, July 27, 2018, pp. 40, 44--45. 4791 (U). Text message, Foresman to Burnett and Hicks, November 11, 2016 (MB SEN-INTEL0000021).' 4792 (U) Foresman Tr., pp. 60:..05. 4793 (U) Foresman Tr., p; 65. 4794 (U) Email, DellaRusso to Scaramucci, Foresman, and Sullivan, November 29, 2016 

(BF .AS.SSCl.112917000486--487). According to Scaramucci, he knew DellaRusso from a time when the two men 

worked together at Lehman Brothers in the mid-2000s. Scaramucci Tr., pp. 43--44. 4795 (U) Email, Foresman to Scaramucci, November 29, 2016 (BF.AS.SSCl.112917000486). 4796 (U) Email, Scaramucci to Foresman, December 4, 2016 (BF.AS.SSCI.l 12917000486). 4797 (U) Emails, Foresman and Scaramucci, December 6-7, 2016 (BF .AS.SSCI.112917000488). 4798 (U) Email, J. Cohen to Kushner, December 6, 2016 (BF.AS;SSCI.112917000462). According to Foresman, he 

was introduced to Jared Cohen through former U.S. Ambassador to Russia, Michael McFaul. Foresman Tr., p. 83. 

739 

COMMITTEE SENSITIVE - RUSSIA INVESTIGATION ONLY 
Ambassador?"4799 Jim Donovan, one of the recipients ofKushner's message, forwarded the 

message on to three people, including Scaramucci, on the morning of December 7, prior to the 

scheduled 7:00 a.m. breakfast at which Scaramucci was to meet with Foresman.480° Foresman 

told the Committee that he did not have an opportunity to meet with Scaramucci at the breakfast, 

but th~y had met later that morning, and during an exchange of emails with Jared Cohen, 

Foresman wrote, "I met Anthony Scaramucci this morning and he confirmed my name is on 

some list."4801. 

(U) Also on December 6, Burnett texted Bannon to introduce him to Foresman. In his 

text, Burnett described Foresman as "connected at every level in Russian Government, Church 

and Business. He is ready to serve you. He will leave [his current job] to serve you."4802 Bannon 

and Foresman exchanged texts in an attempt to set a time to meet, and did meet, although the 

specific time ofthe meeting is not clear from the records produced by Burnett or from Bannon's 

testimony.4803 However, on December 8, Burnett texted Bannon saying, "Glad you met with 

Bob Foresman. He is a patriot. An evangelical and a genius." Bannon replied, ''.He is pretty 

amazing. "4804 

(U) According to Bannon, the meeting with Foresman lasted five to ten minutes, and the 

. topic focused primarily on "Christianity in Russia and Eastern Europe, the re-evangelization of 

Europe."4805 Talk then turned to the fact that Foresman was looking for an opportunity to join 

the administration in some unspecified capacity. According to Bannon, he then "turned him over 

to [National Security Advisor-designee Michael] Flynn and the guys;"4806 

(U) However, according to Foresman, the meeting was longer and more substantive. 

Foresman recalled that during. the approximately 20-minute meeting, Bannon: 

Asked me if I would be interested in being the deputy chief of mission in the 

American Embassy in Kiev. To which I replied, I don't think that would be 

commensurate with my qualifications. I don't think that would be·a role that I 

4799 (U) Email, Kushner tq Dearborn, Donovan, et al., December 7, 2016 (BF.AS.SSCI.112917000462). 4800 (U) Email, Donovan to Goldschmidt, Scaramucci, et al., December 7, 2016 (BF.AS.SSCI.112917000462). 4801 (U) Foresman Tr., p. 82; Email, Foresman to J. Cohen, December 7, 2016 (RMF-SCI-00000053). 4802 (U) Text Message, Burnett to Bannon and Foresman, December 6, 2016 (MB_SEN-INTEL0000024). 4803 (U) Text Messages, Burnett, Foresman, and Bannon, December 6~~, 2016 (MB_SEN-INTEL0000024); Bannon 

Tr., pp. 327-328. 4804 (U) Text Messages, Burnett and Bannon, December 8, 2016 (MB_SEN-INTEL0000024). In testimony to the 

Committee, Bannon claimed that he was less impressed with Foresman than his message indicated. Bannon Tr.; pp. 

327-328. 

4805 (U) Bannon Tr., pp. 327-328. 4806 (U) Ibid, pp. 328-329. 

740 

COMMITTEE SENSITIVE - RUSSIA INVESTIGATION ONLY 
would leave my current-I don 't think that would be the best use of my talents, I 

said. · 

And I have a vague recollection ... that we talked aboutforeign affairs. About 

Russia and Ukraine, I think was the topic. And he asked me toward the end of the 

meeting if ... I could send him a memo by that evening.4807 

(U) According to Foresman, Bannon was vague about the topic of the memo, so 

Foresman "wrote the memo as a combination of how I see Russia and what sort of role ... 

should exist in our government to coordinate Russia policy."4808 

(U) Bannon, however, denied having tasked Foresman with writing a memo, saying, 

"No. I'm sure this is Flynn."4809 

iii. (U) Foresman Submits a First Russia Memo 

(U) According to Foresman, he submitted the memo to Bannon's assistant the day after 

meeting with Bannon, likely December 9, 2016.4810 That same day Foresman sent a follow-up 

email to Bannon's assistant asking if she could "check with Steve whether he would like to 

forward a copy of my memo to Gen Flynn. Also, any word on my meeting with the General per 

Steve's suggestion?"4811 

(U) The memo described Foresman's perception that Russian relations had shifted from 

"alarming to hopeful" following Trump's election.4812 It described Russian relations with the 

Obama administration as presenting "a greater risk of catastrophic direct conflict with Russia 

[not faced since] the early 1980s."4813 He then offered advice for structuring the National 

Security Council so that Russia was a main focus of the council.4814 This included the creation 

of a Russia-specific Deputy National Security Advisor (NSA) position that would ideally be 

occupied by an individual so described: 

4807 (U) Foresman Tr., pp. 88-89, 101. Foresman did not submit the memo until the following day. 4808 (U) Ibid., p. 90. 4809 (U) Bannon Tr., p. 331. 4810 (U) Foresman Tr., p. 97. 4811 (U) Text message, Foresman to Preate, December 9, 2016 (RMF-SCI-00000443). 4812 (U) Email, Foresman to MacFarquhar, December 14, 2016 (RMF-SCI-00000121-125). Foresman sent a copy 

of the memo to an acquaintance because of"a striking resemblance" between it and an article published in the 

National Interest shortly thereafter. Ibid. 

4813 (U) Ibid. 

4814 (U) Ibid. 

741 

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r 

COMMITTEE SENSITIVE - RUSSIA INVESTIGATION ONLY 

Deputy NSAfor International Economics, if the person's background is consistent 

with this . ... [A person who is] deeply expert in Russia and fluent in Russian . ... 

Many, even most, of Putin's inner circle are in the private sector, and speak and 

understand the language of the private sector, including making deals. The 

person coordinating Russia policy in the NSC should have a deep knowledge of 

the private sector not only in general, but in the Russian context.4815 

iv. (U) Foresman Meets with Flynn 

(U) According to Foresman, after submitting the requested memo, he met with Flynn and 

K.T. McFarl~nd, Flynn's eventual d~puty on the NSC, in Flynn's office in Trump tower.4816 

According to McFarland, she did not know Foresman before the meeting, but took it at the 

request of somebody on the Transition Team.4817 McFarland said that Foresman primarily spoke 

about his interest in being Ambassador to Russia; however, she did not find that he had the same 

level of qualifications as others who were being considered at the time.4818 Contrary to 

McFarland's recollection, Foresman told the Committee that he had not been interested in being 

named the Ambassador to Russia and that discussion of his role did not come up.4819 

(U) Although McFarland said she did not remember Flynn being present for most of the 

meeting, Foresman recalled primarily talking to Flynn.4820 While he did not remember 

discussion of a possible role for him in the incoming administration, Foresman said that he gave 

Flynn and McFarland his memo on Russia and possibly a document related to a Ukrainian peace 

proposal Foresman had previously worked on in 2016, and that the rest of the discussion dealt 

with U.S. foreign policy related to China, Europe, Iran and ISIS.4821 During the meeting, Flynn 

asked Foresman whether Ambassador Kislyak was a worthwhile interlocutor for the United 

States to get messages to Putin.4822 Foresman replied that Kislyak was not the best resource for 

those purposes because, "my understanding is that the Foreign Minister Lavrov doesn't have a 

direct access to Putin. And that the ambassador to America wouldn't be likely to."4823 

(U) At the end of the meeting, when Foresman was on his way out, he mentioned to 

Flynn that he was headed to Moscow in the near future and would be meeting with "some 

481s (U) Ibid. 4816 (U) Foresman Tr., p. 97. 4817 (U) SSCI Transcript of the Interview with Kathleen Troia ("K.T.") McFarland, March 8, 2018, p. 76. 

4818 (U) Ibid., pp. 76-81. 4819 (U) Foresman Tr., pp. 102, 179. / 4820 (U) McFarland Tr., p. 80; Foresman Tr., pp. 102-103. 4821 (U) Foresman Tr., pp. 102-103. 4822 (U) Ibid., pp. 105-106. 4823 (U) Ibid., p. 106. 

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influential people" who were "close to President Putin."4824 Foresman asked if Flynn had a 

message to convey from the incoming administration. 4825 Flynn replied, "you can convey that on 

behalf of the President-elect and myself, we genuinely hope for improved relations between our 

two countries."4826 

v. (U) Foresman's Trip to Moscow 

(U) On December 8, Foresman received an email from Nikolai Tsekhomsky, who was at 

the time the First Deputy Chairman ofVEB.4827 Prior to that, Tsekhomsky worked at Barclays in 

Russia from 2009-2012, overlapping with Foresman during that time.4828 The email said, "Dear 

Bob! How are you? I need your help. Could you give me a call: [redacted] Nikolai."4829 

Foresman had his assistant in Moscow arrange the logistics for the call, which took place on 

December 9. 4830 

(U) During the call, Tsekhomsky informed Foresman that he (Tsekhomsky) was 

traveling to New York the following week with VEB CEO Sergey Gorkov for meetings with the 

U.S. financial sector, and that Gorkov would be reporting back to Putin.4831 

(U) Following the call, ·Foresman informed his Moscow-based assistant that he had 

agreed to meet with Tsekhomsky and Gorkov. He also informed his assistant that the meeting 

was scheduled to take place the following_Monday, December 12, and told the assistant that it 

was a "[t]op priority."4832 

(U) Foresman, Tsekhomsky, and Gorkov met shortly after Foresman landed in 

Moscow.4833 According to Foresman, the timing of the meeting worked out _because the 

Russians delayed their initial travel for a day, although Foresman did not know why.4834 During 

the meeting, Foresman "conveyed to Sergey that General Flynn had asked me to convey a 

message to President Putin."4835 After sharing Flynn's message about wanting better relations 

4824 (U) Ibid, pp. 103, 106-107. 4825 (U) Ibid, p. 103. 

4826 (U) Ibid 4827 (U) Email, Tsekhomsky to Foresman, December 8, 2016 (RMF-SCI-00000079). 4828 (U) Foresman Tr., p. 116. 4829 (U) Email, Tsekhomsky to Foresman, December 8, 2016 (RMF-SCI-00000079). 4830 (U) Emails, Foresman and Ilyina, December 8-9, 2016 (RMF-SCI-00000080-89). 4831 (U) Foresman Tr., pp. 117-:-121. For more details about the call and Gorkov's trip, see infra Vol. 5, Sec. 

ill.K.2.iv. 

4832 (U) Email, Foresman to Ilyina, December 9, 2016 (RMF-SCI-00000101). 4833 (U) Foresman Tr., pp. 121-122. 4834 (U) Foresman Tr., p. 122. 4835 (U) Foresman Tr., pp. 123-124. 

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between the United States and Russia, Gorkov told Foresman that he would pass the message 

along to Putin.4836 

vi. (U) Foresman Meets with Allen Vine and Mattias Warnig; Receives a 

Second Memo 

(U) On December 14, Foresman met with Allen Vine, who left Merrill Lynch in March 

2006 to lead Nafta Moskova, an investment firm owned by Russian oligarch Suleiman 

Kerimov.4837 Vine is an American, and has been described in the press as the "right-hand man" 

ofKerimov, a Russian financier and member of the Russian Federation Council who was 

sanctioned in April 2018.4838 Foresman understood Vine and Kerimov were affiliated, had 

offices in the same building, and that Vine worked for or with Kerimov, but Foresman had not 

done "due diligence" on their relationship.4839 According to the sanctions designation, Kerimov 

has allegedly engaged in money laundering activity and tax fraud, for which he was arrested and 

briefly detained in France.4840 

I 

I 

4836 (U) Foresman Tr., pp. 124. For additional details about the conversation regarding a "new era" in bilateral 

relations between the United States and Russia, see infra Vol. 5, Sec. III.K.2.iii. 4837 (U) Email, Ilyina to Foresman, December 12, 2016 (RMF-SCI-00000115) (transmitting schedule); "Russian 

Banks Lure Talent With Bigger Bonuses," The New York Times (Dea/book), August 16, 2006. 4838 (U) Catherine Belton, "Sulaiman Kerimov, the secret oligarch," Financial Times, February 10, 2012. Kerimov 

was sanctioned in response to the nerve agent attack on Sergei Skripal and his daughter in England. Treasury, 

"Treasury Designates Russian Oligarchs, Officials, and Entities in Response to Worldwide Malign Activity," April 

6, 2018; Andrew Higgins, et al., "Meet the 7 Russian Oligarchs Hit by the New Russia Sanctions," The New York 

Times, April 6, 2018. 4839 (U) Foresman Tr., p. 28. 4840 (U) Specifically, Kerimov "is alleged to have brought hundreds of millions of euros into France - transporting 

as much as 20 million euros at a time in suitcases, in addition to conducting more conventional funds transfers -

without reporting the money to French tax authorities. Kerimov allegedly launders the funds through the purchase 

of villas." Kerimov has also been accused of failing to pay 400 million euros in taxes related to those villas. 

Treasury, "Treasury Designates Russian Oligarchs, Officials, and Entities in Response to Worldwide Malign 

Activi ," A ril 6 2018. 4841 

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I 

(U) Foresman described Vine as somebody who was "aware that I had put my hand up," 

and somebody who was close to Jared Cohen, who had previously recommended Foresman to 

Kushner.4844 According to Foresman: 

He would have-I believe I would have made him aware of the fact that I had 

been in Trump Tower by that point. That! had met with General Flynn.· That 

things were progressing. And he-he helped to draft a memo-he gave me his 

thoughts on .the future direction of US/Russia relations, and . .. that he was 

hoping that I would either absorb, if I were to be in the Administration, or that I 

would share as part of my briefings with General Flynn when I returned. 4845 

(U) At the meeting, Vine gave Foresman a memo about U.S.-Russia relations that Vine 

wanted Foresman to pass along to the incoming administration.4846 According to Foresman, 

Vine had originally planned to pass the note to somebody else in order to pass it to Scaramucci, 

but after learning that Foresman also had a relationship with Scaramucci and had other 

connections to the Trump team, Vine decided to use Foresman as the conduit.4847 

(U) That evening, Foresman had dinner with Mattias Wamig, with whom he had worked 

to establish an unofficial communication channel between the United States and Russian ·officials 

in the early days of the George W. Bush administration.4848 In testimony to the Committee, 

Foresman described how, in 2001, he said to Mattias Wamig: 

Wouldn't it be interesting ifwe were to set up a private channel between the new 

American President and the new Russian President? And a week later-so I had 

4842 (U) Ibid. 

4843 (U) Ibid. 4844 (U) Foresman Tr., p. 137. 

4845 (U) Ibid. 4846 (U) Ibid., p. 138. 

4847 (U) Ibid. 4848 (U) Ibid., pp. 19, 145. 

745 

COMMITTEE SENSITIVE - RUSSIA INVESTIGATION ONLY 
basically forgotten about it-a week later he came into my office and he said: 

Remember our conversation? I'm ready. 4849 

(U) After that, the two set up a series of meetings between three Senators close to the 

Bush family in advance of President Bush's first meeting with Putin.4850 In his first meeting with 

Flynn, Foresman mentioned this "private channel" he had established for the Bush 

administration in order to "sort of credentialize [him]self."4851 

(U) During his dinner with Wamig that evening, Foresman passed along Flynn's 

message to Putin: that the incoming administration hoped to have improved relations with 

Russia.4852 Foresman told the Committee that Wamig later "indicated" that he had indeed passed 

the message along to Putin.4853 "I think he might have said something like, Ditto from President 

Putin. "4854 

(U) At the dinner, they also discussed who would be the best interlocutor for Flynn, as 

the incoming National Security Advisor.4855 Although Vine had previously told Foresman that 

Yuri Ushakov was retiring and would no longer hold a position of influence with Putin, Wamig 

strongly disagreed, and told Foresman that Ushakov should be Flynn's point of contact with the 

· Russian govemment.4856 Foresman assumed that Wamig's insistence that Ushakov was not 

retiring indicated that the information came from Putin.4857 

• 

4849 (U) Ibid, p. 19. 4850 (U) Ibid, pp. 18-21. 4851 (U) Ibid, p. 108. 4852 (U) Ibid, p. 145. 4853 (U) Ibid., p. 146. 4854 (U) Ibid, p. 164. 4855 (U) Ibid., p. 146-147. 4856 (U) Ibid., p. 145. 4857 (U) Ibid, pp. 145-147. 

746 

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I 

• (U) U.S. Secretary of State Tillerson met with Putin in Moscow the following day, April 

12, 2017.4860 

-

(U) After meeting with Wamig and returning to the United States, Foresman rewrote 

Vine's memo, and substituted some of his own judgments for those contained in the version 

given to him by Vine, including information from Wamig.4861 

(U) As revised, the memo offered an assessment ofU.S.-Russia relations as they stood at 

the time, and offered advice on how the United States should attempt to improve bilateral 

cooperation with Russia.4862 Several passages in the memo claimed to offer insight into the 

thoughts and strategic goals of Putin.4863 

(U) When he received the memo from Vine, Foresman did not tell him that he planned to 

rewrite it. It was Foresman's assessment that Vine believed-the memo would be passed directly 

to the Trump Transition Team.4864 One passage that Foresman made clear to the Committee that 

he had changed was the first paragraph of the memo, where he substituted the information 

provided to him by Wamig regarding who in the Russian government would be the most 

appropriate interlocutor for Flynn: Yuri Ushakov, Putin's foreign policy aide.4865 Ambassador 

Kislyak had given Jared Kushner a similar recommendation a month earlier.4866 

• • 4860 (U) Department of State, "Secretary Til erson' s Visit to Moscow Marks an Important Moment in the 

Relationship," April 12, 2017. 4861 (U) Foresman Tr., pp. 138-139, 142-143. 4862 (U) Memorandum, Foresman to Flynn (RMF-SCI-00003004-3005). 

4863 (U) Ibid. 4864 (U) Foresman Tr., pp. 140-141. 4865 (U) Foresman Tr., pp. 139, 141. 4866 (U) Email, Berkowitz to Kushner, December 12, 2016 (NSSCIO00000l 7). 

747 
COMMITTEE SENSITIVE - RUSSIA INVESTIGATION ONLY 

(U) Although the memo originated with Vine, who works for Russian oligarch Suleiman 

Kerimov and asked it to be delivered to the Transitfon Team, and included additional 

information from W arnig, Foresman insisted that the memo he eventually gave to the Transition 

Team was one that he "wasn't asked by Russians to give. [The Vine memo] was something that 

I, in the end, used as a basis for a memo that I had wanted to write about a briefing about 

U.S./Russia stuff. And I don't know that anybodY. ever read it actually."4867 , · 

(U) Foresman did not retain a copy of the memo he received from Vine and he retained · 

only a photograph of the memo he passed to the Transition, which he produced to the Committee 

upon request.4868 However, the Committee obtained a hard copy ofForesman's memo as 

delivered to Flynn, depicted below, from Sarah Flaherty, who worked for Flynn and McFarland 

during the Transition4869: 

4867 (U) Foresman Tr., pp. 138-139. 4868 (U) Foresman Tr., pp. 143~144; see Memorandum, Foresman to Flynn (RMF-SCl-00003004-3005). 4869 (U) Memorandum, Foresman to Flynn (Flaherty Production). 

748 

COMMITTEE SENSITIVE - RUSSIA INVESTIGATION ONLY 
COMMITTEE SENSITIVE - RUSSIA INVESTIGATION ONLY 

,.,· 

-VP's appolnl.E!d mntact per son for GF (when GF feels It appropriate, before or after ·nauguratlon) Is 

Vurt Ushalr.ov, VP's top foreign polity aide (former ambassador to US). Had been rumors that Ushakov 

would be •retiring" Into a comfortable ambassadorship somewh@re but that now appears on hold ano 

he Is VP's trusted person for US dialogue for foreseeable future. Contact can be made via official 

channel -Ambassador l<lstyak In DC. 

-VP has a sober view of the situation. He is prepared to downplay short-term tactical objectives In 

re tum for progress on long-term Issues that are strategic to both the RF and US: 

-lslamlc radlcallsm 

-China 

-Iran 

-the Integrity of the European Union (Don't misinterpret affinity toward " pro-Russia" pol1t1eal 

leaders within the EU as a desire to destablTize the EU; RuSlila's security could be severely 

Impacted by an unstable Europe) 

-the strucrural weakening of the RF that endaneers the long-term integrity of the RF by making 

vulnerable (l) the Far East, and (2) Central Asia and Tatarstan 

- VP is profoundly disconcerted nor by the fact of US policies against t he RF since 1992, but by the fact 

that : 

-these polk1es have hurt In multiple ways both the RF and llle Wen. and 

•the very eamomlc and socio I values that the West thinks it is attempting to protect ~viii be 

fundamentally compromised for generations if RF Is weakened to a point that It cannot protect 

Its structural Integrity and tegional power 

- No newly elected IHder In modern history has taken on so many, such aimplex Issues at once, both 

domeltlcally and globally, as OJT. Umlted polrtlcal capltal should be used on Issacs that have (1) 

fundamental security and economic consequences for the us, and can have (2) broad domestic popular 

and legls/arJve support: the domestic agenda; China; Iran; Islamic radlc:al\sm. Re the latter, Islamic 

radicalism, VP belleves that the RF and US can t.oget~r largely eradicate the threat, whereas the Lranlao 

threat ls more complex arid the US should not overestimate the RF's Influence over Iran or the dan&ers 

Iran could present to the RF's security. 

- For the US, the issues Involving the RF (1) do not present intracta~e security concems, and (2) do not 

have fundam ental economic consequence.s 

-VP appreciates that the new administration Is unlikely to have sufficient domestic popular and 

leglslaltve support to subsrontlvcly progress these i ssues In the near term. For example !this 

example docs not come from VP], removing sanctions via executive order too soon could risk 

slmilar or even more stringent sanctions being codified as law by Congress; 

11 

I 

I 

II 

I! 

I 

I 

: 

......... lllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllll~~'!""!!"!~~~lllllllllltl~llllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllltllllllll"""""!'IIII!"""!'!!'!'!"'~""""'!"'!'~' 

749 

COMMITTEE SENSITIVE - RUSSIA INVESTIGATION ONLY 
COMMITTEE SENSITIVE - RUSSIA INVESTIGATION ONLY 

•there Is also limited maneuvering space for Rf leadership to make concessions on these Issues 

In apubllcway; 

-a significant movemont of the RF toward the US will lie feasible only once such rapprochement 

has meanfngful popular anti lenislative support In the us, as otherwise it could be limited to 

Intentions of.one administration (but would give further Impetus to consolldatloo of strategic 

adversaries). 

•therefore, spending significant politlcal capital on Issues Involving the RF too soon could yield 

dlsproportlonal!y small results and .detmtt from progress on issues Ulat are strategic: fot both 

the RF and the US. 

:..Focus the public discourse and'pol!tfcal caplt.il on areas that are stratenlc to the US to consolidate 

popular and lealslative support, ochlovo tangible results and build politlcal capital. 

-there Is an extraordinarily high level of goodwlll toward DJT amonn the leadershlp and population of 

the RF and much hope and excitement, but also caution as people remember the positive start of US-RF 

relations In Obamn's first year (but they clearly see OJT as being very dlfferont from Obama) 

-Engage as soon as possible through quiet channels: Security; Economic !bl-lateral commercial dialogue 

similar to the E\'ans/Abraham/Gref/Usufov format In Bush 431d's first term); Government to 

Government (Pence-Medvedev} 

vii. (U) Foresman Reconnects with Flynn 

(U) On Wednesday, December 14, 2016, an aide to Flynn reached out to Foresman 

asking to arrange a call between the two men the following Friday.487° Foresman responded, 

suggesting that the two of them conduct their call over WhatsApp for security, telling the aide, 

"I, too, was going to request a call with General Flynn as I have an important message to convey 

to him."4871 The phone call eventually took place on December 16, but according to Foresman, 

Flynn had little to say other than to ask that the two stay in touch.4872 

I got an email out of the blue-surprisingly-pleasantly surprised-from his 

assistant saying General Flynn would like to have a phone call with you . . . . I 

4870 (U) Email, Atencio to Foresman, December 14, 2016 (RMF-SCI-00000027). 4871 (U) Email, Foresman to Atencio, December 14, 2016 (RMF-SCI-00000026). 4872 (U) Foresman Tr., p. 151. 

750 

COMMITTEE SENSITIVE - RUSSIA INVESTIGATION ONLY 

l 
thought this was an important call. And it was an odd sort of nothing-burger. I 

said hello, and he said, Bob, Mike Flynn here. I said: Oh, general. He said: I'm 

Mike. How you doing? I'm good Yeah, I'm in Moscow just finishing up and 

actually you doing well? Yeah, great. So, let's stay in touch. Yeah. Exactly. I 

said, Oh, Yeah, No, Yeah, Great. [L]et's meet when I'm back. And, Okay, take 

care. So it was strange, I have to say. It was strange. 4873 

(U) On January 5, 2017, Foresman reached out to Flaherty to request a meeting with 

Flynn. 4874 In the email, Foresman wrote that he was: ) 

[R]equestinga 15 min[ute] in person meeting ... to brief him on what I was 

asked to convey by the highest level in Moscow. General Flynn called me when I 

was in Moscow, as you recall, and we agreed that I should brief him in person . .. 

. I assure you that these will be 15 min[utes] well spent. These are not mundane 

issues. I am not a foreign policy analyst seeking to share my worldview with the 

General; I am operating on the ground and have been asked to convey something 

directly to him, after I conveyed to the relevant party what the Qeneral asked me 

to convey. 4875 

(U) Foresman offered to draft a memo and deliver it to Trump Tower, if a meeting or 

phone call was not possible.4876 He also offered to meet with K.T. McFarland.4877 

(U) In his interview with the Committee, Foresman said that the information he was . ) 

referencing was the information shared with him about Ushakov being the best point of contact 

for Flynn in the Russian govemment.4878 He also inteqded to give Flynn and McFarland a copy 

of the memo he had adapted from Vine's.4879 

(U) Later that day, Foresman and Flynn met for approximately 45 minutes.4880 Although 

Foresman recalls Flynn doing most of the talking, describing his views on strategic global 

4873 (U) Ibid 4874 (U) Email, Foresman to Flaherty, January 5, 2017 (RMF-SCI-00000015). Foresman had an initial interaction 

with Flynn's assistant, who put him in touch with Flaherty, and who also asked Foresman if"the information you 

have" could be communicated by email. Email, Atencio to Foresman, January 5, 2017 (RMF-SCI-00000030). 4875 (U) Email, Foresman to Flaherty, January 5, 2017 (RMF-SCl-00000015). 

4876 (U) Ibid 

4877 (U) Ibid 4878 (U) Foresman Tr., pp. 164-165. 4879 (U) Ibid, pp. 164-166. 4880 (U) Text message, Foresman to J. Cohen, January 6, 2017 (RMF-SCI-00000419); Foresman Tr., pp. 169-170. 

751 
affairs, Foresman presented his memo to Flynn4881 and made a point to verbally highlight the fact 

that Flynn should deal with Ushakov, if he wanted to have a direct channel to Putin: 

And I confirmed to him that I have it from someone who had heard directly from 

Putin-someone that I absolutely trust and is credentialized-that Yuri Ushakov, 

basically the equivalent of the National Security Advisor, the presidential advisor 

on foreign, policy, despite rumors of retirement, whatever, that he is the guy that 

would be ... I remember saying, would be your counterparty, whether before or 

after inauguration, as you wish. . . . And that I don't have a recollection of him 

having heard that name, Ushakov, but I put it in the email-I'm sorry-I put it in 

the memo, but I verbally emphasized that point, unlike the other points, which I 

didn 't verbalize. 4882 

(U) The Foresman memo made its way from Flynn to Sarah Flaherty, with a sticky note 

addressed to K.T. McFarland reading, "Re: Russia. For your review [and] discussion," which 

Flaherty retained until she produced it to the Committee.4883 The Committee was unable to 

determine if Flynn, McFarland or any other members of the Transition Team reviewed the 

substance of the document. 

(U) According to Foresman, by mid-January 2017, he felt his efforts were "losing 

steam," and that some Trump affiliates like Bannon and Flynn had stopped being responsive.4884 

He ultimately lost interest himself in joining the administration. 4885 

(U) While Foresman's efforts to serve in the Trump administration seemed sincere, it is 

also clear that his Russian contacts, including some with direct links to Putin, considered him a 

potential conduit to the Trump Transition and possibly the administration, if he were to secure a . 

position. However, the Committee lacked sufficient information to determine whether the 

Russian government specifically directed these contacts to use Foresman as such a channel. 

5. (U) Michael Flynn 

(U) Lieutenant General Michael Flynn joined the Trump Campaign in 2016 as a 

surrogate and advisor on national security issues. Following the 2016 election, he accepted an 

offer to become Trump's first National Security Advisor, and continued advising the Transition 

4881 (U) Foresman Tr., 170-:-173. 4882 (U) Foresman Tr., pp. 172-173. 4883 (U) See Memorandum, Foresman to Flynn (Flaherty Production). 4884 (U) Foresman Tr., p. 183. 4885 (U) Ibid, pp. 184-185. 

752 

COMMITTEE SENSITIVE - RUSSIA INVESTIGATION ONLY 
Team on national security hires prior to the inauguration. Flynn later became President Trump's 

National Security Advisor. 

(U) In 2014, Flynn had retired from military service following a two-year stint as the 

Director of the Defense Intelligence Agency (DIA), which capped a 33-year career in the United 

States Army. At the time he joined the Campaign, Flynn had a relationship with Russian 

officials that he had nurtured from his time in the military. Flynn treated Russian officials 

collegially, and asked the Russian Government to take official actions that the Transition Team 

viewed as advantageous to its foreign policy goals, even when they conflicted with Obama 

administration policy. 

(U) Flynn's relationship with Russian officials dated to the later years of his military 

service, when he served as the DIA Director. After his 2014 retirement, he appeared on RT, a 

Russian state-directed television channel. Before joining the Trump Campaign, Flynn accepted 

more than $45,000 in speaking fees for appearing at the RT gala in Russia. After joining the 

Transition Team, Flynn communicated several times with the Russian Embassy, in order to 

convey the foreign policy goals of the incoming Trump administration, including in relation to 

sanctions. These communications would also come to be a matter Flynn later lied about in 

interviews with the FBI. 

(U) The Committee sought an in-person interview with Flynn, but he declined, asserting 

his Fifth Amendment rights.4886 However, Flynn Intel Group, Inc., having no such Fifth 

Amendment protections, did produce documents to the Committee. . . i. (U) Flynn's Connections to Russia 

(U) The first records of Flynn's ties to Russia date to 2013. In June 2013, Flynn traveled 

to Moscow at the invitation of then-Major General Igor Sergun,4887 Russia's chief of military 

intelligence, or GRU.4888 Flynn, then the director of DIA, met with GRU officials on a trip that 

~ Ambassador Kislyak allegedly also helped to arrange and coordinate.4889 Flynn has claimed that 

he was the first DIA Director to be invited to the headquarters of the GRU.4890 While there, 

Flynn briefed the GRU staff and presented a professional development class on leadership.4891 

4886 (U) Letter, Kelner, et al. to SSCI, May 12, 2017. 4887 (U) FBI, FD-302, Flynn 1/24/2017. 4888 (U) Peter Zwack, "Death of the GRU Commander," Defense One, February l, 2016. Sergun was promoted to 

Colonel General shortly before his death on January 3, 2016. Ibid. 4889 (U) FBI, FD-302, Flynn 1/24/2017; Greg Miller, et al., "Flynn's swift downfall: From a phone call in the 

Dominican Republic to a forced resignation at the White House," The Washington Post, February 14, 2017. 4890 (U) FBI, FD-302, Flynn 1/24/2017. 4891 (U) Dana Priest, "Trump Adviser Michael T. Flynn on his dinner with Putin and why Russia Today is just like 

CNN," The Washington Post, August 15, 2016. 

753 
COMMITTEE SENSITIVE - RUSSIA INVESTIGATION ONLY 

According to one forme · · . . 

(U) On April 30, 2014, Flynn announced his retirement from DIA, and he retired from 

military service on August 7, 2014.4899 Flynn requested information on his post-retirement ethics 

guidelines. On October 8, 2014, DIA sent a letter to Flynn which outlined his emolument 

restrictions.4900 Among the restrictions was a requirement that Flynn receive advance 

authorization before receiving compensation from a foreign government: 

The Emoluments Clause of the US. Constitution [in part, as interpreted by the 

Department of Justice Office of Legal Counsel] prohibits receipt of consulting 

fees, gifts, travel expenses, honorqria, or salary by all retired military personnel, 

officer and enlisted, regular and reserve, from a foreign government unless 

congressional consent is first obtained. 4901 

4892 (U) Greg Miller, et al., "National security advisor Flynn discussed sanctions with Russian ambassador, despite 

denials, officials say," The Washington Post, February 9, 2017. 4893 U Peter Zwack, "Death of the GRU Commander," De ense One, February 1, 2016. 4894 

4895 (U) 1 i ., p. 29. 

4896 (U) Ibid. 4897 (U) Treasury, "Treasury Sanctions Russian Officials, Members Of The Russian Leadership's Inner Circle And 

An Enti For Involvement In The Situation In Ukraine" May 20, 2014. 4898 

4899 (U) Greg Miller and A am Go dman, "Head of Pentagon Intelligence agency forced out, officials say," The 

Washington Post, April 30, 2014; Nicholas Schmidle, "Michael Flynn, General Chaos," The New Yorker, February 

18,2017. 

4900 (U) Letter, Kapnisi to Chaffetz and Cummings, April 7, 2017 (available at oversight.house.gov); Letter, DIA to 

Flynn, October 8, 2014. 4901 (U) Letter, DIA to Flynn, October 8, 2014 (emphasis in the original). The Committee is not suggesting here 

that Flynn's activity violated the Emoluments Clause. 

754 

COMMITTEE SENSITIVE - RUSSIA INVESTIGATION ONLY 
(U) In January 2015, Flynn signed a contract with ~eading Authorities, a speakers' 

bureau, which promoted his expertise in leadership, cyber, and terrorism.4902 

(U) On July 31, 2015, Flynn was paid $11,250 by the U.S. subsidiary of Russian 

cybersecurity firm Kaspersky Lab and $11,250 by Russian Charter Cargo airline Volga-Dnepr 

Airlines. The payments were for two speeches, to be given on August 19 and October 20, 

2015.4903 . . 

(U) In August 2015, Flynn first met Trump. According to press accounts, the meeting 

lasted approximately 90 minutes.4904 

(U) Later· that month, in an interview with Der Spiegel, Flynn called for the United 

States to cooperate with Russia in the Middle East.4905 On October 5, 2015, Flynn appeared on 

RT to discuss international efforts against ISIS. In the interview, Flynn repeatedly criticized the 

United States' approach to dealing with ISIS, saying that there was no coherent strategy, and 

noted that Russia had been pursuing ISIS, while suggesting that Russia and the United States 

work together to confront ISIS.4906 

ii. (U) Flynn Attends the December 2015 RT Dinner 

(U) Immediately following Flynn's October 5 interview with RT, a Washington, D.C.-

based representative of RT reached out to Flynn's son abouta speaking engagement for Flynn at 

RT's tenth-anniversary celebration, stating that she had "discussed with,[the] General an 

opportunity for him to visit Moscow this coming December as a guest of honor of RT's 

conference that will mark the 10th anniversary of our news broadcast" and that Flynn "looked 

very interested in it and asked me to check with you [on] his plans for December."4907 Flynn's 

4902 (U) Nicholas Schmidle, "Michael Flynn, General Chaos," The New Yorker, February 18, 2017. 4903 (U) See Agreement for Talent Services, Leading Authorities Inc. and M. T. Flynn, July 30, 2015 

(FL YNN_SSCI_00007621-7623) (Kaspersky Government Security Solutions); Agreement for Talent Services, 

Leading Authorities Inc. and M. T. Flynn, July 30, 2015 (FL YNN_SSCI_00007624-7627) (Volga-Dnepr Airlines). 

In a letter to Defense Secretary James Mattis, House Oversight and Government Reform Ranking Member Elijah 

Cummings inquired whether these undisclosed payments violated DOD's prohibitions on retired military personnel 

receiving payments or gifts from foreign governments. Letter, Cummings to Mattis, March 16, 2017; see Rosalind 

Helderman and Tom Hamburger, "Trump adviser Flynn paid by multiple Russia-related entities, new re.cords show," 

The Washington Post, March 16, 2017. 4904 (U) Dana Priest, "Trump Adviser Michael T. Flynn on his dinner with Putin and why Russia Today is just like 

CNN," The Washington Post, August 15, 2016; Nicholas Schmidle, "Michael Flynn, General Chaos," The New 

Yorker, February 18, 2017. 4905 (U) Matthias Gebauer and Holger Stark, ·"Ex-US Intelligence Chief on Islamic State's Rise 'We Were Too 

Dumb,'" Der Spiegel, November 29, 2015. 4906 (U) YouTube, https://youtu.be/P4f5m28pmOM. 4907 (U) Email, Volokhonovich to M. G. Flynn, October 5, 2015 (FLYNN_SSCI_00004737). 

' 

755 
. Son confirmed that Flynn was interested and directed RT to Flynn's speakers bureau.4908 Shortly 

thereafter, RT began working with Flynn's speakers bureau to secure his presence.4909 Flynn 

signed the contract to speak at the RT event on November 11, 2015.4910 On December 1, RT 

announced Flynn's participation.4911 

4908 (U) Emails, M. G. Flynn, Volokhonovich, and Owenby, October 5-13, 2015 (FLYNN_SSC(00004737--4741). 4909 (U) See, e.g., Emails, M. G. Flynn, Volokhonovich, and Owenby, October 19--November 6, 2015 

(FLYNN_SSCI_00000408--412). 

4910 (U) Email, M. G. Flynn to Owenby, November 11, 2015 (FL YNN_SSCI_00000482--484) (attaching signed 

contract). 

4911 (U) Nich · " · ael Flynn, Gener s," The New Yorker, February 18, 2017. 4912 (U) Ema ction). 4913 (U) Ema November 18, 2015 (FL YNN_SSCI_00000559). 4914 m LYNN_SSCI_00000571). 4 15 (FLYNN_SSCI_00000571). 

756 

COMMITTEE SENSITIVE - RUSSIA INVESTIGATION ONLY 
(U) Flynn traveled to Moscow from December 8-11, 2015, and on December 10, he 

spoke at the RT tenth-anniversary gala.4923 He was accompanied on the trip by Michael Flynn 

Jr.4924 During the ceremony, Flynn sat with 10 people at the head table, including President 

Putin and the Kremlin's top leadership. Two of the Russian attendees at the table were under 

U.S. sanctions at the time for their role in Russia's annexation of Crimea: Sergey Ivanov (then 

4919 (U) SSCI Memorandum, "DIA Documents on L TG Michael Flynn," May 26, 2017. 

4920 (U) Ibid 4921 (U) Email, LaPan to McClintock, December 8, 2015 (DIA Production). 4922 (U) Email, LaPan to Ketter, December 9, 2015 (DIA Production). 4923 (U) Agenda, Michael Flynn: RT TV -America - 10th Anniversary Conference (FLYNN_ SSCI_ 00000583-

586); Natasha Bertrand, "The timeline of Trump's ties with Russia lines up with allegations of conspiracy and 

misconduct," Business Insider, February 11, 2017. 4924 (U) Michael Isikoff, "Moscow paid $45,000 for Flynn's 2015 talk, documents show," Yahoo News, March 16, 

2017. 

757 

COMMITTEE SENSITIVE - RUSSIA INVESTIGATION ONLY 
COMMITTEE SENSITIVE - RUSSIA INVESTIGATION ONLY 

Putin's Chief of Staff), and Alexey Gromov (Putin's Deputy Chief of Staff).4925 Dmitry Peskov 

(Putin's spokesman) was also at the table, and when President Putin got up to speak, Flynn sat 

next to Margarita Simonyan, RT's Editor-in-Chief.4926 Other attendees at the gala included Jill 

Stein,4927 other senior RT officials, Brooklyn Nets owner Mikhail Prokhorov, and the last 

Communist Party ruler of the U.S.S.R., Mikhail Gorbachev.4928 Flynn said in an interview that 

· he did not talk to Putin personally, and that he found it "a great learning opportunity" and that 

one of the things he learned was that "Putin has no respect for United States leadership."4929 

(U) Flynn was paid $45,386 (Flynn received $33,750 with $11,250 going to the 

speaker's bureau) for speaking at the event.4930 RT paid for business class travel and 

accommodations for Flynn and his son at the luxury Metropol hotel.4931 

On January 3, 2016, GRU chief Sergun died of reported heart attack.4932 

reached out to Kisl ak to ex ress his condolences on Ser un's death.4933 

4925 (U) Treasury, "Treasury Sanctions Russian Officials, Members Of The Russian Leadership's Inner Circle And 

An Entity For Involvement In The Situation In Ukraine," May 20, 2014; March 20, 2014; Robert Windrem, "Guess 

Who Came to Dinner With Flynn and Putin," NBC NEWS, April 16, 2017. 4926 (U) Robert Windrem, "Guess Who Came to Dinner With Flynn and Putin," NBC NEWS, April 16, 2017. 4927 (U) For more information on Jill Stein, see infra Vol. 5, Sec. III.L.4. 4928 (U) See, e.g., Dana Priest, "Trump Adviser Michael T. Flynn on his dinner with Putin and why Russia Today is 

just like CNN," The Washington Post, August 15, 2016; 4929 (U) Ibid 4930 {U) Agreement for Talent Services, Leading Authorities Inc. and M. T. Flynn, November 11, 2015 

(FL YNN_SSCI_00000483-484); Financial records, Leading Authorities Inc., available at oversight.house.gov. 

Receipts show that Flynn received a payment of $33,750, while his representatives at Leading Authorities Inc. 

received $11,250 in commission. 4931 (U) Agreement for Talent Services, Leading Authorities Inc. and M. T. Flynn, November 11, 2015 

(FLYNN_ SSCI _ 00000483-484 ); Rosalind Helderman and Tom Hamburger, "Trump adviser Flynn paid by multiple 

Russia-related entities, new records show," The Washington Post, March 16, 2017. 4932 (U) Ivan Nechepurenko, "Igor D. Sergun, Chief of Russian Military Intelligence, Dies at 58," The New York 

Times Janu 5 2016. 

FBI, FD-302, Flynn 1/24/2017. 493 

758 

COMMITTEE SENSITIVE - RUSSIA INVESTIGATION ONLY 
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iii. (U) Other Flynn Lobbying Act~vities 

4937 (U) Tom LoBianco and Manu Raju, "House oversight committee: Flynn might have broken the law," CNN, 

April 25 2017. . 4938 

(U) Ibid. 4943 (U) SSCI Memorandum, "DIA Documents on LTG Michael Flynn," May 26, 2017. 

4944 (U) lb id. 

4945 (U) Ibid. 

759 

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(U) On August 9, 2016, Flynn and the Flynn Intel Group signed a contract with Inovo 

BV, a Dutch company, for $600,000 over 90 days, allegedly to run an influence camp~ign aimed 

at discrediting Fethullah Gulen.4946 In September 2016, Flynn filed lobbying paperwork 

disclosing ~hat he would be lobbying on behalf of a client named Inovo BV.4947 On March 7, 

2017, Flynn submitted a Supplemental Statement pursuant to the Foreign Agents Registration 

Act clarifying that, while Inovo BV was ostensibly a Dutch company, Flynn's work for the 

company was primarily ~o advance the interests of Turkey: · 

Because of the subject matter of Flynn Intel Group's work for Inovo BV, which 

focused on Mr. Fethullah Gulen, whose extradition is sought by the Government 

of Turkey, the engagement could be construed to have principally benefitted the 1 

Republic of Turkey. To eliminate any potential doubt, the Flynn Intel Group 

therefore is electing to file a registration under FARA, in lieu of its prior 

[Lobbying Disclosure Act] registration. 4948 

(U) Flynn Intel Group would earn $530,000 from the contract.4949 Later reports would 

link Inovo to Dmitri "David" Zaikin, a Soviet-born former executive in Russian energy and 

mining_ companies. 4950 

(U) On September 19, 2016, Flynn attended a meeting in New York, where Kamil 

Alptekin (lnovo BV's owner) introduced Flynn to Turkish government officials.4951 One of the 

Turkish officials at the meeting was allegedly Turkey President Tayyip Erdogan's son-in-law. 

4946 (U) Fethullah Gulen is a Turkish Islamic leader and the head of the Gulen movement. The Gulen movement 

has been outlawed in Turkey and labelled an "armed terrorist group." Although once allied with Turkish President 

Tayyip Erdogan, the two eventually split, and Erdogan accused Gulen (without evidence) of leading an attempted 

coup against Erdogan's government in 2016. Gulen is currently living in the United States. Ceylan Yeginsu, 

"Turkey Issues a Warrant for Fehtullah Gulen, Cleric Accused of Coup," The New York Times, August 4, 2016. 4947 (U) On September 15, 2016, the Flynn Intel Group filed lobbying paperwork with Congress that only mentioned 

Inovo BV, but did not clarify that the purpose of the lobbying was for the benefit of the Government of Turkey. 

Lobbying Registration Pursuant to the Lobbying Disclosure Act of 1995, Flynn Intel Group Inc., September 15, 

2016. 

4948 (U) Letter, Kelner to Hunt, March 7, 2017, filed with DOJ NSD/F ARA Registration Unit; Registration 

Statement Pursuant to the Foreign Agents Registration Act of 1938, Flynn Intel Group, Inc., March 7, 2016. 4949 (U) Supplemental Statement Pursuant to the Foreign Agents Registration Act of 1938, Flynn Intel Group, Inc., 

March 7, 2017. 4950 (U) Isaac Amsdorf, "Flynn's Turkish lobbying linked to Russia," Politico, April 25, 2017. 4951 (U) Supplemental Statement Pursuant to the Foreign Agents Registration Act of 1938, Flynn Intel Group, Inc., 

March 7, 2017; Nathan Layne, "Exclusive: While advising Trump in 2016, ex-CIA chief proposed plan to discredit 

Turkish cleric," Reuters, October 26, 2017. 

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The group reportedly discussed kidnapping Gulen to remove him to Turkey, according to a 

person briefed on the meeting.4952 

(U) On election day, November 8, 2016, Flynn wrote an op-ed in The Hill newspaper in 

support of Turkey and urging Gulen's extradition.4953 Flynn did not disclose that he was under 

contract with a Dutch company backed by Turkish business interests in the opinion piece. 

iv. (U) Flynn's Activities During the Transition 

(U) According to press reports, in late November 2016, Marshall Billingslea, who 

headed the national security team for the Trump Transition team in Washington, ID;et with 

Obama administration officials in the Situation Room at the White House. In that meeting, 

Billingslea asked for the CIA profile ofKislyak.4954 This account was confirmed to the 

Committee by former Obama administration officials. 

- On December 2, 2016, Russian Embassy officer Sergey Kuznetsov emailed 

Flynn to thank him for responding to the Russian Embassy meeting request and for seeing 

4952 (U) Isaac Amsdorf, "Flynn's Turkish lobbying linked to Russia," Politico, April 25, 2017; James V. Grimaldi, 

et al., "Ex-CIA Director: Mike Flynn and Turkish Officials Discussed Removal ofErdogan Foe From U.S.," The 

Wall Street Journal, March 24, 2017. 4953 (U) Michael T. Flynn, "Our ally Turkey is in crisis and needs our support," The Hill, November 8, 2016. 4954 (U) Greg Miller and Adam Entous, "Flynn was warned by Trump Transition officials about contacts with 

Russian ambassador," The Washington Post, May 5, 2017. 4955 (U) SSCI Transcript of the Interview with Susan Rice, July 21, 2017, p. 64. 4956 (U) Ibid., pp. 64-<:i5. 

761 

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Kislyak in New York.4957 Kuznetsov then asked Flynn ifhe could meet with Kislyak in 

Washington, D.C. for lunch or dinner at the ambassador's residence.4958 A few days later, on 

December 6, 2016, Kuznetsov emailed Flynn to request a follow-up conversation with Kislyak 

on the matters discussed in New York.4959 Kuznetsov also asked Fl nn for a direct tele hone 

number.4960 

Later that night, Flynn 

emailed Kuznetsov, saying, "Yes," and "I tried to _call multiple times. Your voicemail is not set 

up. I will try tomorrow."4963 

Kuznetsov responded to Flynn's email saying, 

"Thank you. Ambassador was on a meeting last night and couldn't pick up the phone."4968 

Kuznetsov then sent Flynn a second email saying, "if [Kislyak] doesn't pick up the cell phone 

you can try the office phone."4969 Kuznetsov then sent Flynn a third email that said, 

"Ambassador just told me that you actually had a talk last night. He asked me to stay in touch 

with you to determine the time windows for conversation, as agreed. Looking forward to your 

reply."4970 

4957 (U) Email, Kuznetsov to Flynn, December 2, 2016 (FL YNN_SSCI_00000381). That meeting is discussed infra 

Vol. 5, Sec. III.K.2.ii. 

4958 (U) Ibid. 4959 (U) Email, Kuznetsov to Flynn, December 6, 2016 (TFA0018358). 

4960 U Ibid. 4961 

4962 

4963 

4964 

4965 (U) /bi . 

4966 (U) Ibid. 4967 (U) Ibid. 4968 (U) Email, Kuznetsov to Flynn, December 7, 2016 (TFA0018358). 4969 (U) Email, Kuznetsov to Flynn, December 7, 2016 (TFA0018411). 4970 (U) Email, Kuznetsov to Flynn, December 7, 2016 (TFA0018410). 

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Kislya 

said th 

Ambassador to Ank:ara.497 

(U) According to Flynn, he exchanged holiday greetings via text message with Kislyak 

on December 25, 2016. Flynn also said that the two had traded phone calls he described as 

limited to condolences over the assassination of Russia's ambassador to Turkey, the downing of 

a Russian aircraft, and discussions about setting up a phone call between Putin and Trump after 

the inauguration.4976 

v. (U) Israel UNSCR Vote 

(U) After Egypt submitted a United Nations Security Council resolution criticizing 

Israel's construction of settlements in Palestinian territories, Trump and his Transition Team 

engaged in a coordinated effort to try and stop the measure, including extensive outreach to the 

Russian Government. The effort was unsuccessful, but caused confusion among Security 

Council member nations because they did not know with whom they should be dealing with 

regard to American diplomacy; a lame-duck administration, or the incoming one.4977 

Verizon toll records, Flynn, December 22, 2016 (FLYNN_SSCI_0000004 

4974 (U) 1 i ., p. 35. 4975 (U) Ibid 4976 (U) FBI, FD-302, Flynn 1/24/2017; Text Messages, Flynn and Flaherty, January 13, 2017 (SF_SSCI000006-9); 

see also Greg Miller, et al., "Flynn's swift downfall: From a phone call in the Dominican Republic to a forced 

resignation at the White House," The Washington Post, February 14, 2017. 4977 (U) In an interview with the Committee, Samantha Power, the United States Ambassador to the United Nations 

at the time, said that, "It was very disconcerting and really as a citizen I urge it never to happen again that you put 

foreign governments in a position where they don't know-report they are forum-shopping between a current 

President and a future President, because that's what started to happen .... But more than that, policies were being 

introduced through the back door and piecemeal and without being properly developed, at a time that was just 

confusing our friends. It felt like a very unstable period, because unity of command is essential." SSCI Transcript 

of the Interview with Samantha Power, July 28, 2017, pp. 58-59. 

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COMMITTEE SENSITIVE - RUSSIA INVESTIGATION ONLY 

(U) On December 21, 2016, Egypt introduced a resolution.to.the United Nations Security 

Council calling for the cessation of Israeli settlements in Palestinian territory, and reaffirming 

that the settlements already constructed by Israel had "no legal validity, [and constitute] a 

flagrant violation under international law and a major obstacle to the achievement of the twoState solution."4978 The Security Council planned a vote for the next day, December 22, 2016. 

Trump took to Twitter and Facebook to ·voice his opposition to the measure, and the members of 

his Transition Team likewise began planning to try and either delay or stop the vote, or to 

convince another country to veto the resolution.4979 

(U) Asked about a phone call he made to Flynn regarding the resolution on the morning 

of December 22, Kushner told the Committee: 

I remember during that time we were very focused on the UN resolution. . . . I 

remember being on one of the planes and thinking that Egypt had pulled the 

resolution, which we thought was a good thing. It was a disaster of a resolution. 

And so we probably were talking about that. . . . I remember we were trying to 

figure out if we should reach out to Russia or who should reach out to Russia. 

But like I said, we didn't know who to coordinate with that could actually be 

effective on it, which again, hopefully, goes to show that we did not collude with 

them during the campaign. So we didn't know who to call. 4980 

(U) According to Kushner, he assigned both foreign policy and senior leadership of the 

Transition Team to work the phones to try and convince other countries to oppose the resolution. 

I remember I was talking to Flynn. I was talking to Nikki Haley. I was talking to 

Rex Tillerson. I was talking to Reince Priebus. I was talking to Steve Bannon. 

And we were all making phone calls trying to do everything we could. But keep in 

mind, again, we were a little disorganized and we also were trying to figμre out 

how to stop something without having the context to really properly do it. So we 

were just trying to figure it out as quickly as we could. 4981 

4978 (U) United Nations Security Council Resolution 2334, adopted December 23, 2016. 4979 (U) Twitter, @realDonaldTrump, December 22, 2016; Facebook post, Donald Trump, December 22, 2016; 

SCO Report, Vol. I, p. 168; Kate O'Keefe and Famaz Fassihi, "Inside the Trump Team's Push on Israel Vote That 

Mike Elynn Lied About," The Wall Street Journal, January 5, 2018. 4980 (U) Kushner Tr. II, p. 144; see Verizon toll records, Flynn, December 22, 2016 (FLYNN SSCI 00000042). 4981 (U) Ibid, p. 145. 

764 
(U) About nine minutes after talking with Kushner, Flynn reached Kislyak on his 

(Kislyak's) cell phone.4986 The conversation focused on two topics: informing the Ambassador 

of the incoming administration's opposition to the resolution, and requesting that Russia 

intervene and veto the resolution.4987 

(U) Also on December 22, Trump contacted Egyptian President Abdel Fatteh al-Sisi to 

discuss the resolution with him.4988 

4982 (U) Verizon toll records, Flynn, December 22, 2016 (FLYNN SSCI 00000042); Statement of Offense, United 

States v. Michael T. Fl nn No. l:17-cr-232 .D.C. December 1, 2017) ("Flynn Statement of Offense"). 4983 (U) Verizon toll records, Flynn, December 22, 2016 

(FL 

4984 

498s (U) !bi . 4986 (U) Verizon toll records, Flynn, December 22, 2016 (FLYNN_SSCI_00000042). 4987 (U) Flynn Statement of Offense 'I\ 4(c). 4988 (U) SCO Report, Vol. I, p. 168. 4989 Verizon toll records, Flynn, December 23, 2016 (FLYNN_SSCI_00000043) 

4991 (U) Ibid. 

4992 (U) Ibid. 

4993 (U) Ibid 4994 (U) Ibid 

765 

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(U) On December 23, following a call between Trump and Egyptian President al-Sisi, 

Egypt agreed to seek a delay in a vote on the resolution. Explaining Egypt's decision, an al-Sisi 

spokesman said that Egyptian President al-Sisi had spoken with Trump, and agreed to wait to 

call for a vote until Trump had been sworn in: 

During the call, they discussed regional affairs and developments in the Middle 

East, and in that context the draft resolution in front of the Security Council on 

Israeli settlement. . . . The presidents agreed on the importance of affording the 

new US administration the full chance to deal with all dimensions of the 

Palestinian case with a view of achieving a full and final settlement. 5003 

(U) In spite of the efforts made by the Transition Team, on December 23, 2016, 

. Malaysia, New Zealand, Senegal, and Venezuela resurrected the resolution and sought a vote.5004 

The Transition Team continued to try and convince Security Council members to oppose the 

resolution, including at least two calls that day from Flynn to Kislyak.5<lP5 Ultimately, Flynn was 

4995 (U) Ibid. 4996 (U) Ibid., pp. 36-37. 4997 (U) Ibid., p. 37. 

499s (U) Ibid. 

4999 (U) Ibid. 5000 (U) Ibid.; Flynn Statement of Offense, 4. 5001 (U) Ibid. · 

5002 (U) Ibid., pp. 35-37. According to FBI records ofFlynn's January 24, 2017 interview with the FBI, "The 

interviewing agents asked Flynn ifhe made any request ofKislyak to vote in a particular way or take any action. 

Flynn stated that he did not. . . . The interviewing agents asked Flynn if he made any comment to Kislyak about 

voting in a certain manner, or slowing down the vote, or ifKislyak described any Russian response to a request by 

Flynn. Flynn answered, 'No."' FBI, FD-302, Flynn 1/24/2017. ' 5003 (U) "Egypt: Trump convinced Sisi to withdraw UN resolution," Al Jazeera, December 23, 2016. · 5004 (U) Somini Sengupta and Rick Gladstone, "Rebuffing Israel, U.S. Allows Censure Over Settlements," New 

York Times, December 23, 2016. · 5005 (U) Verizon toll records, Flynn, December 23 (FL YNN_SSCI_00000043--44). 

766 

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informed by Kislyak that Russia would support the resolution, and not veto it.5006 The resolution 

passed 14-0 that day, with the United States abstaining.5007 After passage of the resolution, 

Trump expressed his disapproval, and signaled that his administration would take a different 

approach to·the United Nations.5008 

vi. (U) U.S. Sanctions Against Russia 

(U) On December 28, 2016, President Obama signed an executive order imposing 

sanctions on nine Russian individuals and entities as a result of Russia's interference in the 2016 

presidential election.5009 Although the sanctions would not be announced until the following 

day, media outlets began reporting that the sanctions were forthcoming. That day Kislyak tried 

to reach Flynn by text, and asked Flynn to call him. 501° Flynn was on vacation at the time in the 

Dominican Republic and said he did not receive the text until 24 hours later.5011 The Russian. 

Embassy attempted to call him the next morning, but Flynn did not answer the call.5012 ' 

(U) Flynn and McFarland spoke by phone that day, discussing whether the Obama 

administration had political motives in levying sanctions, and whether it was part of an effort to 

discredit Trump's victory. Flynn mentioned that he planned to call Kislyak, but McFarland 

thought it would be a routine call.5013 

(U) In the meantime, the Russian Foreign Ministry released a tweet5°14 and a statement 

that included a denial of Russian involvement in the 2016 presidential election, misinformation 

about the hacking of election infrastructure in the state of Georgia, and indicating that Russia 

planned to respond in-kind to U.S. actions: 

5006 (U) Flynn Statement of Offense, 4(d). 5007 (U) United Nations Security Council Resolution 2334, adopted December 23, 2016. 5008 (U) Tweets, @realDonaldTrump, December 23, 24, 26, and 28, 2016. 5009 (U) Executive Order 13757, "Taking Additional Steps to Address the National Emergency with Respect to 

Significant Malicious Cyber-Enabled Activities," December 28, 2016. 5010 (U) FBI, FD-302, Flynn 1/24/2017. According to the sea Report, Kislyak texted Flynn, "can you kindly call 

me back at your convenience." sea Report, Vol. I, p. 169. . - 5011 (U) sea Report, Vol. I, p. 169; FBI, FD-302, Flynn 1/24/2017; Greg Miller, et al., "Flynn's swift downfall: 

From a phone call in the Dominican Republic to a forced resignation at the White House," The Washington Post, 

February 14, 2017, 5012 (U) sea Report, Vol. I, p. 169. 5013 (U) FBI, FD-302, McFarland 12/22/2017. McFarland also conveyed the general topic of the call with the 

Committee, but based on conversations with the White House, refused to discuss any details in order to permit the 

White House an opportunity to assert executive privilege during the Transition. McFarland Tr., pp. 162-165, 170. 

Phone records reflect a 43-niinute call from Flynnto McFarland. Verizon toll records, Flynn, December 28, 2016 

(FL YNN_SSCI_0000052); Verizon toll records, Simmons, December 28, 2016 (KTMF _SSCI_00000141). 

McFarland has said that she learned of the sanctions from the press and was not notified ahead of time. Ibid 5014 (U) Tweet, @RusEmbUSA, December 29, 2016. I 

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Frankly speaking, we are tired of lies about Russian hackers that continue to be 

spread in the United States from the very top. The Obama administration 

launched this misinformation half a year ago in a bid to play up to the required 

nominee at the November presidential election and, having failed to achieve the 

desired effect, has been trying to justify its failure by taking it out with a 

vengeance on Russian-US relations. 

However, the truth about the White House-orchestrated provocation is bound to 

surface sooner or later. In fact, this is already happening. On December 8, US 

media quoted Georgia's Secretary of State Brian Kemp as saying that the local 

authorities tracked down the origin of a hacker attack on his voter registration 

database after the election. The attack was traced to an IP address of the 

Department of Homeland Security. This was followed by an ·attempt to quickly 

cover up this information by a flood of new anti-Russian accusations that did not 

contain a single piece of evidence. 

We can only add that if Washington takes new hostile steps, it will receive an 

answer. This applies to any actions against Russian diplomatic missions in the 

United States, which will immediately backfire at US diplomats in Russia. The 

Obama administration probably does not care at all about the future of bilateral 

relations, but history will hardly forgive it for this apres-nous-le-deluge 

attitude. 5015 

\., 

(U) The following day, December 29, the Obama administration announced the 

sanctions, and expelled and declared persona non grata 35 Russian officials. The administration 

also closed two Russian diplomatic compounds in the United States.5016 

(U) That afternoon, Transition Team officials began discussing amongst themselves how 

the sanctions would impact the incoming administration's relationship with Russia.5017 During 

this time, McFarland's assistant, Sarah Flaherty, texted Flynn a link to a New York Times article 

discussing the sanctions.5018 McFarland also tried to call Flynn, but did not reach him.5019 

McFarland then discussed the sanctions with Bannon, who assessed that the sanctions would 

5015 (U) Ministry ofForeign Affairs of the Russian Federation, "Comment by Foreign Ministry Spokesperson Maria 

Zakharova on new threats of sanctions from the United States," Mid.ru, December 28, 2016 ( emphasis added). 5016 (U) White House, "Statement by the President on Actions in Response to Russian Malicious Cyber Activity and 

Harassment," December 29, 2016; sea Report, Vol. I, pp. 168-169; Missy Ryan, etal., "Obama administration 

announces measures to punish Russia of2016 election interference," The Washington Post, December 29, 2016. 5017 (U) sea Report, Vol. I, p. 169. 5018 (U) Text Message, Flaherty to Flynn, December 29, 2016 (SF-SSCI-000001). 5019 (U) sea Report, Vol. I, p. 170. 

768 
COMMITTEE SENSITIVE - RUSSIA INVESTIGATION ONLY 

prevent the Trump administration from improving relations with Russia, and would lead to a 

retaliatory and possibly escalatory response from Russia.5020 

(U) According to McFarland, Bannon also indicated he was aware that Flynn planned to 

call Kislyak.5021 However, in testimony to the Committee, Bannon said he did not recall 

knowing about Flynn's plans to call Kislyak.5022 

(U) McFarland told the SCO that she believed that she told both Bannon and Priebus that 

Flynn was scheduled to talk with Kislyak that night. 5023 Later that afternoon, Flynn texted Sarah 

Flaherty, asking if she had "Time for a call???"5024 Flaherty responded that McFarland was 

talking with another Transition Team member, after which Flynn to responded, "Tit for tat w[ith] 

Russia [is] not good. Russian [Ambassador is] reaching out to me today."5025 

(U) Flynn delayed his .conversation with the Ambassador until he had an opportunity to 

speak to the Transition Team.5026 He eventually spoke with McFarland at around 4:00 p.m., 

discussing with her what message he should share with the Russian Ambassador.5027 McFarland 

and Flynn spoke generally about their concerns about Russian aggression. The discussion 

included the impact of the sanctions on the incoming Trump administration's foreign policy 

go~ls, and the desire that Russia not escalate the situation through counter sanctions and exile of 

U.S. dipfomats.5028 They agreed that Flynn should pass that message along in hopes of avoiding 

an escalating confrontation.5029 Flynn told McFarland he would "feel out" Kislyak on sanctions 

to see if sanctions would derail the possibility of a new relationship between the United States 

and Russia. McFarland does not remember if she relayed her conversation with Bannon to 

Flynn. McFarland wanted Flynn to report back on the next call with Kislyak.5030 

5020 (U) McFarland Tr., p. 212; sea Report, Vol. I, pp. 169-170; FBI, FD-302, McFarland 12/22/2017. 5021 (U) FBI, FD-302, McFarland 12/22/2017. 5022 (U) Bannon Tr., p. 414. 5023 (U) sea Report, Vol. I, p. 170. 5024 (U) Text Message, Flaherty to Flynn, December 29, 2016 (SF-SSCI-000001). 5025 (U) Text Message, Flynn to Flaherty, December 29, 2016 (SF-SSCI-000001). 5026 (U) sea Report, Vol. I, p. 170. 5027 (U) Ibid Flynn and McFarland traded several calls, and connected once for seven minutes and once for 28 

minutes. See Verizon toll records, Flynn, December 29, 2016 (FL YNN_SSCI_0000052); Verizon toll records, 

Simmons, December 29, 2016 (KTMF _SSCI_00000141). 5028 (U) sea Report, Vol. I, p. 170; McFarland Tr., pp. 181-183. In her testimony to the Committee, McFarland 

said that, "I'm not sure that the word 'sanctions' was used, but the implication was sanctions." McFarland Tr., pp. 

182-183. 

5029 (U) sea Report, Vol. I, p. 170. 5o3o (U) FBI, FD-302, McFarland 12/22/2017. 

769 
COMMITTEE SENSITIVE - RUSSIA INVESTIGATION ONLY 

(U) Meanwhile, throughout the day, the Russian Embassy in the United States continued 

to threaten retaliation in a series of tweets.5031 

(U) On December 29, 2016, after speaking with McFarland, Flynn called Kislyak and 

discussed multiple issues, including the sanctions. As to sanctions, Flynn asked that Russia no( 

escalate the situation, and to instead respond in a reciprocal manner in order to avoid a "tit for 

tat."5032 

(U) McFarland had notified several Transition Team members about Flynn's planned· 

call with Kislyak. She first emailed several Transition Team officials to inform them that "Gen 

Flynn is talking to [the] Russian ambassador this evening."5033 She later briefed Trump, along 

with multiple senior Transition Team officials, including Bannon, Priebus, and Sean Spicer.5034 

During the meeting, Trump asked whether Russia interfered with the 2016 election, and 

McFarland said that it had.5035 In discussing the sanctions, McFarland informed Trump that 

Russia's response to the sanctions would be an indicator of the type of relationship Russia 

wanted to have with the incoming administration.5036 McFarland also recalled that at the end of 

the meeting, it might have been mentioned that Flynn was going to speak to Kislyak that 

evening.5037 

(U) At 6:08 p.m., after the Kislyak call and Trump's briefing had taken place, Flynn 

called McFarland to tell her that he had talked to the Russian Ambassador, informing McFarland 

5031 (U) Tweets, @RusEmbUSA, December 29, 2016. 5032 (U) sea Report, Vol. I, p. 171. According to FBI notes of their January 24, 2017 interview of Flynn: "The 

interviewing agents asked Flynn ifhe recalled any conversation with Kislyak surrounding the expulsion of Russian 

diplomats or closing of Russian properties in response to Russian hacking activities surrounding the election. Flynn 

stated that he did not. Flynn reiterated his conversation was about the Putin/Trump [ video teleconference] and the 

'Astana thing' [ a counterterrorism conference to be held in Kazakhstan in January 2017.] Flynn noted he was not 

aware of the then-upcoming actions .... The interviewing agents asked Flynn ifhe recalled any conversation with 

Kislyak in which the expulsions were discussed, where Flynn might have encouraged Kislyak not to escalate the 

situation, to keep the Russian response reciprocal, or not to engage in a 'tit-for-tat.' Flynn responded, 'Not really. I 

don't remember. It wasn't, 'Don't do anything."" FBI, FD-302, Flynn 2/15/2017. Flynn conveyed a similar set of 

topics by email to Transition officials the following day, but not mentioning sanctions. See Email, Flaherty to 

McFarland, Kushner, S. Miller, Bannon, Priebus, Flynn, and Kellogg, December 30, 2016 (NSSCIO0000l 14) 

(forwarding email from Flynn). Flynn added that he knew Kislyak from "previous engagements" and that he and 

Kushner had met with Kislyak the prior month in Trump Tower. Ibid · 

so33 (U) seo Report, Vol. I, p. 171. 

so34 (U) McFarland Tr., p. 60; sea Report, Vol. I, p. 171. 

so3s (U) sea Report, Vol. I, p. 171. 

S036 (U) Ibid 5037 (U) Ibid. Despite being in the room for this discussion, Spicer repeatedly told the press that the issue of 

sanctions was not raised by Flynn in his conversation with Kislyak. Glenn Kessler, "The fall of Michael Flynn: A 

timeline," The Washington Post, February 15, 2017. 

770 
COMMITTEE SENSITIVE - RUSSIA INVESTIGATION ONLY 

that "I think we are going to be ok."5038 McFarland recalled that Flynn told her that the Russian 

-response to the sanctions would not be escalatory because they wanted a good relationship with 

the incoming Trump administration.5039 

(U) Nonetheless, Russia's public threats ofretaliation against the United States 

continued throughout the evening of December 29,5040 and continued until December 30, 2016, 

when, at 5:32 a.m. Washington time, Russia's Foreign Minister Sergey Lavrov released a 

· statement saying: 

The US administration announced a new series of sanctions against the Russian 

Federation yesterday without providing any facts or other evidence. 

We will definitely respond to these actions. Reciprocity is a basic tenet of 

international diplomacy and international relations. Therefore, the Russian 

Foreign Ministry and colleagues from other agencies have submitted a proposal 

to the President of Russia to declare ''persona non grata" 31 diplomats from the 

US Embassy in Moscow and four diplomats from the US Consulate General in St 

Petersburg. Furthermore, we have proposed shutting down the US dacha 

(recreation facility) in Serebryanny Bor and the US Embassy warehouse on 

Dorozhnaya Street. We hopr these proposals will be considered as a priority. 5041 

(U) However, two hours later, President Putin released a statement reversing that 

decision. Putin's statement made clear that steps against U.S. interests would not be taken, and 

that Russia planned to wait until the incoming Trump administration took office to try and 

restore relations with the United States.5042 · 

We regard the recent unfriendly steps taken by the outgoing US administration as 

provocative and aimed at further weakening the Russia-US relationship. This 

runs contrary to the fundamental interests of both the Russian and American 

people. Considering the global security responsibilities of Russia and the United 

States, this is also damaging to international relations as a whole. 

5038 (U) FBI, FD-302, McFarland 12/22/2017; Verizon toll records, Flynn, December 29 (FLYNN SSCI 00000052); 

Verizon toll records, McFarland, December 29 (KTMF SSCI _ 00000141 ). 5039 (U) SCO Report, Vol. I, p. 172. 5040 (U) Tweets, @RusEmbUSA, December 29, 2016. 5041 (U) Mid.ru, "Comment by Foreign Minister Sergey Lavrov on recent US sanctions and the expulsion of Russian 

diplomats,.Moscow, December 30, 2016," Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Russian Federation, December 30, 

2016. 

; 5042 (U) Tweet, @mfa_russia, December 30, 2016. 

771 
As it proceeds from international practice, Russia has reasons to respond in kind. 

Although we have the right to retaliate, we will not resort to irresponsible 

'kitchen ' diplomacy but will plan our further steps to restore Russian-US 

relations based on the policies of the Trump Administration. 

The diplomats who are returning to Russia will spend the New Year's holidays 

with their families and.friends. We will not create any problems for US diplomats. 

We will not expel anyone. We will not prevent their families and children from 

using their traditional leisure sites during the New Year's holidays. 5043 

(U) Later that day, Trump tweeted his approval of Putin's decision, saying, "Great move 

on delay (by V. Putin)-1 always knew he was very smart!"5044 

(U) On December 31, Kislyak called Flynn to credit Flynn with avoiding a reciprocal 

response from Russia. Kislyak said that Flynn's request that Russia not respond in kind had been 

passed to senior Russian officials, and they had decided not to take action at the time. 5045_ 

(U) That same day, in a phone call, McFarland told Flynn that she was surprised by 

Putin's non-escalation after the sanctions, and told Flynn that the "four amigos" (i.e., Admiral 

Rogers, Director Brennan, Director Corney, and Director Clapper) would be briefing Trump on 

Russia. Flynn commented that Russia wanted a better relationship with the United States, and 

that the relationship was back on track. 5046 Flynn commented that the four properties seized by 

the United States from Russia could have been platforms for spying.5047 

(U) In an interview with the FBI, McFarland initially said that Flynn did not tell her 

anything about his December 31 call with Kislyak. However, she later corrected her statement to 

say that Flynn did talk to her about Kislyak and told her that the "relationship is back on track" 

and that they had a good call; Flynn seemed to think that his phone call had made a 

difference. 5048 

vii. (U) Scrutiny of Flynn's Ties to Russia 

5043 (U) Kremlin.ru, "Statement by the President of Russia," President of Russia, Dece!l}ber 30, 2016. 5044 (U) Tweet, @realDonaldTrump, December 30, 2016. 5045 (U) Despite this backchannel diplomacy, in July 2017, Russia would expel hundreds of_U.S. diplomatic 

personnel, and close two U.S. facilities in Russia. · 5046 (U) SCO Report, Vol.I, p. 172. 5047 (U) FBI, FD-302, McFarland 12/22/2017. 

504s (U) Ibid 

772 
COMMITTEE SENSITIVE - RUSSIA INVESTIGATION ONLY 

(U) Flynn's relationship with Russian leaders continued to face scrutiny by both.the 

press and the U.S. Government. His lack of candor in addressing questions about his 

communications with Russian officials led to his short tenure as National Security Advisor, and 

his eventual guilty plea in December 2017 to making false statements to the FBI. 

(U) On January 22, 2017, Vice-President Mike Pence swore Flynn in as the National 

Security Advisor.5049 Two days later, on January 24, 2016, the FBI interviewed Flynn about his 

contacts with foreign officials during his time with the Transition. 5050 During that voluntary 

interview, Flynn provided false statements about his interactions with Russia: 

During the interview, FLYNN falsely stated that he did not ask Russia's 

Ambassador to the United States ("Russian Ambassador'') to refrain from 

escalating the situation in response to sanctions that the United States had 

imposed against Russia. FLYNN also falsely stated that he did not remember a 

follow-up conversation in which the Russian Ambassador stated that Russia had 

chosen to moderate its response to those sanctions as a result of FLYNN's 

request .... 

FLYNN also made additional false statements about calls he made to Russia and 

several other countries regr;rrding a resolution submitted by Egypt to the United 

Nations Security Council on December 21, 2016. Specifically, FLYNN falsely 

stated that he only asked the countries 'positions on the vote, and that he did not 

request that any of the countries take a particular action on the resolution. 

FLYNN also falsely stated that the Russian Ambassador never described to him 

Russia's response to FLYNN's request regarding the resolution. 5051 

(U) Knowing that Flynn continued to lie to White House officials and now the FBI about 

his contacts with foreign officials, Acting Attorney General Sally Yates informed White House 

Counsel Don McGahn on January 26, 2017, that Flynn's lack of honesty about his interactions 

with Russian officials put Flynn at risk of compromise by Russia. 5052 

5049 (U) David Nakamura, "Trump, Pence preside over East Room ceremony to swear in senior staff," The 

Washington Post, January 22, 2017. 5050 (U) Flynn Statement of Offense. 

SOS! (U) Ibid., pp. 3-4. 

so52 (U) Adam Entous, et al., "Justice Department warned White House that Flynn could be vulnerable to Russian 

blackmail, officials say," The Washington Post, February 13, 2017. Yates was fired on January 30, 2017, from her 

role as Acting Attorney General for refusing to defend the President's executive order on refugees. Evan Perez and 

Jeremy Diamond, "Trump Fires acting AG after she declines to defend travel ban," CNN, January 31, 2017. 

773 

COMMITTEE SENSITIVE-RUSSIA INVESTIGATION ONLY 
(U) On February 9, 2017, The Washington Post reported that the transcript of Flynn's 

calls showed that he had discussed sanctions, in spite of the repeated denials by Flynn and White 

House officials.5056 While Flynn initially denied that he had discussed sanctions in an interview 

with The Washington Post, he later amended his position, indicating through a spokesman that 

"while he had no recollection of disc1,1ssing sanctions, he couldn't be certain that the topic never 

came up."5057 In the same article, Ambassador Kislyak suggested that he had been in contact 

with Flynn since before the election, but declined to answer any questions about the subjects they 

discussed. 5058 

(U) On February 13, 2017, Senior Counselor to the President Kellyanne Conway said 

during a television appearance that the President maintained "full confidence" in Flynn.5059 That 

same day, Flynn phoned a reporter for the Daily Caller to say the President "expressed 

confidence" in him and urged him to "go out and talk more."506° Flynn said he did not violate 

the law, and that "[i]f I did, believe me, the FBI would be down my throat, my clearances would· 

be pulled .... There were no lines crossed."5061 However, later that day, The Washington Post 

broke the story ofYates's January 26, 2017, warning to the White House that Flynn was 

potentially compromised by Russia.5062 Later that night, Flynn submitted his resignation letter, 

5053 (U) SSCI Transcript of the Interview with Sally Caroline Yates, August 15, 2017, p. 49. Yates defined 

compromise as, "whether or not the Russians have information that they could use as leverage over you to get you to 

do things they want you to do or to prevent you from doing things they don't want you to do." Ibid. 5054 (U) Ibid., pp. 52-56. 5055 (U) SSCI Transcript of the Closed Hearing, Testimony of James Corney, June 8, 2017, p. 26. 5056 (U) Greg Miller, et al., "National security advisor Flynn discussed sanctions with Russian ambassador, despite 

denials, officials say," The Washington Post, February 9, 2017. 5057 (U) Ibid 

5o5s (U) Ibid. 5059 (U) Steve Komacki, "Conway: Flynn has 'full confidence' of Trump," MSNBC, February 13, 2017. 5060 (U) Richard Pollock, "EXCLUSIVE: In Final Interview, Defiant Flynn Insists He Crossed No Lines, Leakers 

Must Be Prosecuted," The Daily Caller, February 14, 2017. 5061 (U) Ibid. 5062 (U) Adam Entous, et al., "Justice Department warned White House that Flynn could be vulnerable to Russian 

blackmail, officials say," The Washington Post, February 13, 2017. 

774 
COMMITTEE SENSITIVE - RUSSIA INVESTIGATION ONLY 

saying he "inadvertently briefed the Vice President Elect ... with incomplete information 

regarding my phone calls with•the Russian· Ambassador."5063 

(U) In February and June 2017, former F:SI Director Corney told the Committee that 

there had been a counterintelligence investigation· into Flynn that he (Corney) had been close to 

closing, until information about the phone calls to Kislyak came to light. 5064 

We had a case open on Mike Flynn starting in the summertime [2016], a 

counterintelligence case. I was about to close it in late December because we 

had found nothing, after extensively looking, about any contacts between Flynn 

and the Russians, except the ones you've s,een in the media. He went and gave a 

speech for RT and when he was dir~ctor of DIA he went and did a meeting at the 

GRU Our jolks had looked hard and had found nothing. I was about to close the 

Flynn case when these calls were brought to our attention. This obviously gave 

us a reason to try to understand, is there something about him that we 're missing. 

(U) On May 17, 2017, Deputy Attorney General Rosenstein issued an order appointing a 

Special Counsel te> investigate issues related to Russian interference in the 201'6 presidential 

election.5065 On August 17, 2017, in his capacity as then Acting Attorney General, Rosenstein 

sent the Special Counsel a memo clarifying the scope of the investigation. 5066 In that memo, 

Rosenstein noted that Mueller had the authority to investigate the following: · 

Allegations that Michael Flynn: 

• Committed a crime or crimes by engaging in conversations with Russian 

government officials during the period of the Trump transition; 

'• Committed a crime or crimes by making false statements to the FBI when 

interviewed about his contacts with the Russian government; 

• Committed a crime or crimes by failing to report foreign contacts and 

income on a Form SF-86 that he completed in anticipation of his being 

selected to serve as the National Security Advisor to President Trump; 

5063 (U) "Read Michael T Flynn's resignation letter," CNN, February 14, 2017 5064 (U) SSCI Transcript of the Closed Hearing, Testimony of James Corney, February 17, 2017, p. 46; SSCI 

Transcript of the Closed Hearing, Testimony of James Corney, June&, 2017, p. 34. . 5065 (U) Memorandum, "Re: The Scope of Investigation and-Definition of Authority," Rod Rosenstein, August 2, 

2017 . 

5066 (U) Ibid. 

775 

COMMITTEE SENSITIVE - RUSSIA INVESTIGATION ONLY 
COMMITTEE SENSITIVE - RUSSIA INVESTIGATION ONLY 

• Committed a crime or crimes by acting as an unregistered agent for the 

government of Turkey. 5067 

(U) On December 1, 2017, Flynn pleaded guilty to providing•faise statements to the FBI, 

and providing false information and omissions on his registration with the Justice Department as 

an agent of a foreign government in March 2017. 5068 

r 

5061 (U) Ibid. 5068 (U) Flynn Statement of Offense. 

776 

COMMITTEE SENSITIVE - RUSSIA INVESTIGATION ONLY 
COMMITTEE SENSITIVE - RUSSIA INVESTIGATION ONLY 

L. (U) Other Incidents and Persons of Interest 

1. (U) Peter W. Smith 

i. (U) Introduction and Findings 

(U) Several efforts by individuals connected to the Trump Campaign to locate and obtain 

"missing" emails5069 belonging to Hillary Clinton took place during the 2016 presidential 

election. One of these efforts was initiated by Peter W. Smith, a now-deceased businessman and 

Republican operative, while another involved Barbara Ledeen, a Republican Senate staffer 

whose husband had co-authored a book with Lieutenant General Michael Flynn. Smith told 

associates that his effort involved meetings with Russian hackers who claimed to have access to 

the emails. The Committee examined Smith's initiative,50.7° any potential relationship to Russian 

election interference, and its connections to the Trump Campaign. The Committee was 

hampered in these efforts by its inability to interview Smith, who committed suicide on May 14, 

2017, and Flynn, who was in touch.with Smith but asserted his Fifth Amendment rights.5071 

(U) The Committee found that Smith's activities were known to some Campaign 

officials, including Flynn and Sam Clovis, and connected to the Campaign's focus on obtaining 

Clinton's "missing" emails. 'Although Smith claimed he had been in touch with Russian hackers 

who had located these materials (and also sought to connect with WikiLeaks), the Committee did 

not identify evidence to corroborate Smith's claims that he had access to any Clinton emails or 

communicated successfully with Russian hackers or WikiLeaks about his initiative. 

ii. (U) Efforts to Find the "Missing" Emails 

(U) During the summer of 2016, following the Democratic National Convention and the 

July 22 WikiLeaks release ofDNC documents, Trump renewed attention on Clinton's emails. 

Within the Campaign, Trump expressed frustration that the emails had not been located.5072 

Trump repeatedly asked individuals affiliated with the Campaign, including Flynn, to find the 

5069 (U) The "missing" Clinton emails were used as a short-hand reference to emails maintained on Hillary Clinton's 

personal server that were deleted and not produced in response to subpoenas because deemed personal and nonresponsive. 

5070 (U) The Committee did not delve into Ledeen's activities, but encountered info~ation concerning Ledeen 

when pertinent to Smith's activities, as noted infra. In addition, the Committee did not investigate activity by 

Flynn's son, Michael G. Flynn, who was also in contact with Smith about Smith's effort. 5071 (U) The Committee received a limited document production from Smith's estate, along with a copy of his 

computer's hard drive. Productions from other witnesses, in particular individuals who worked with Smith on his 

email initiative and had relevant copies of his communications, helped to supplement that information. 5072 (U) SCO Report, Vol. I, p. 62. 

777 

COMMITTEE SENSITIVE - RUSSIA INVESTIGATION ONLY 
emails. Flynn said he could "use his intelligence sources" to obtain them, and Flynn reached out 

to multiple people based on that directive, including both Smith and Ledeen.5073 Trump also 

publicized his interest. On July 27, 2016, in reference to deleted Clinton server emails, Trump 

proclaimed: "Russia, if you're listening, I hope you're able to find the 30,000 emails that are 

missing. I think you would be mightily rewarded by our press"; approximately five hours later, 

GRU hackers began spearphishing private email accounts at Clinton's personal office for the 

first time.5074 

(U) Smith's initiative relating to Clinton's missing emails began to take shape 

approximately one month later, in late August 2016. On August 28, 2016, according to the SCO, 

Smith sent an email with the subject "Sec. Clinton's unsecured private email server" to various 

recipients, including Sam Clovis. The email stated that Smith was "[J]ust finishing two days of 

sensitive meetings here in DC with involved groups to poke and probe on the above. It is clear 

that the Clinton's home-based, unprotected server was hacked with ease by both State-related 

players, and private mercenaries. Parties with varying interests, are circling to release ahead of 

the election."5075 

(U) On August 31, Smith sent a fundraising email to multiple recipients from his 

ProtonMail-account.5076 The subject line was "2016 Political Reconnaissance," and the email 

described Smith's formation of a corporate entity to obtain the Clinton emails5077: 

5073 (U) FBI, FD-302, Gates 4/10/2018; sea Report, Vol. I, p. 62. Smith and Flynn first met in November and 

December 2015, when they, along with their respective business associates, began discussing cybersecurity business 

initiatives. See Email, Lee to Smith and Flynn, November 21, 2015 (SSCI-2017-4309-000766) (introducing Smith 

and Flynn by email); SSCI Transcript of the Interview with John Szobocsan Tr,; p. 20. On November 25, Smith and 

Szobocsan met with Flynn, Flynn's son (Michael G. Flynn), and Flynn's partner, Bijan Kian, at the Army-Navy 

Club. Szobocsan Tr., pp. 43-46; see Email, Smith to M. G. Flynn, November 23, 2015 (FLYNN- SSCI- 00007680) 

(arranging meeting). Two weeks later, on December 7, Smith followed up with a conference call with Kian, Flynn, 

Spillane, and Szobocsan. See Email, Smith to Flynn, M. G. Flynn, Kian, Szobocsan, and Spillane, December 3, 

2015 (SSCI-2017-4309-000785) (arranging December 7 call); Szobocsan, Tr. p. 47. Although these discussions did 

not appear to materialize in a deal, it appears Smith and Flynn stayed in contact. 5074 (U) sea Report, Vol. I, p. 49. 5075 (U) Ibid, Vol. I, p. 63. The Committee did not obtain this email. 5076 (U) ProtonMail advertises itself as a Switzerland-based end-to-end encrypted email service. 5077 (U) Email, Smith to Smith, August 31, 2016 (Szobocsan Production). 

778 

COMMITTEE SENSITIVE - RUSSIA I~VESTIGATION ONLY 
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Subject: 2016 Pohltcal Reconnaissance 

From : ptrs1h (ptrsih@protonmail ch) 

To: ptrs1h@protonma1l.ch 

Date: Wednesday. August 31 2016 945 AM 

All. 

In the '.!01:::! campaign cycle we fom1ed a Delaware Limned Liability Company (Pohtical Campaign 

Analytics. LLC). In the '.!016 cycle. we have a similar strucnrre to conduct political recowiaissauce winch 

involves research relanng: to cemun relevant public affairs topics The entity fom1ed for this purpose~ KSL 

::!016. llC ("K SL"). Similar to otrr effort in '.!01'.! . this entity will raise and spend $::!50.000. pnnc1pally Ill 

$10.000 indfridual contribullous. several of which have been coOllllltted. 

The primary ::!016 focus is to conduct research regarding: the starus of issues winch are positive to the 

Republican nominee . and are negative to the Democra11c nominee . Primary focus on the latter has been to 

detennine when the emails wluch Sec. Clinton had on her personal ser,:er and deleted v.ill emerge from 

sources wl11ch maiiaged to capmre those. because of the namre of the server itself and 1he failure of tl1e server 

to be protected 

(U) The fundraising email referenced several steps Smith had already taken as part of his 

initiative, which included "daily conference calls with about a dozen individuals and 

organiz ations with interest in learning of third parties which had access to these emails, and of 

their plans for disclosure and distribution."5078 Contemporaneous emails from John Szobocsan 

indicate that this activity included " several early morning conference calls with Flynn's son and 

a group of nebulous individuals across the globe on issues relating to DT," 5079 referring to 

Trump. 

(U) Smith also described holding four meetings in Virginia on August 27 and 28 with 

individuals who claimed to have access to the emails and were interested in selling their 

information.

5080 Smith's email suggested that he believed that the emails had been found and 

was willing to pay for them if the documents could be authenticated.

5081 The email also 

mentioned a connection between these individuals and Russia5082: 

5078 (U) Ibid 5079 (U) Email, Szobocsan to Bear, August 24, 2016 (Szobocsan Production). 5080 (U) Email, Smith to Smith, August 3 1, 20 I 6 (Szobocsan Production). 

508 1 (U) Ibid. 

so82 (U) Ibid. 

779 

COMMITTEE SENSITIVE - RUSSIA INVESTIGATION ONLY 
Our actinues U1 tlus regard commenced on August 25 . and ha,·e iuvolYed daily conference calls with about a 

dozen individuals and orgaruzatlons with lllterest u 1 leaming of tlurd partles wluch had access co these emails. 

and of their plans for disclosure and distribution. On the weekend of August '.!7-:!8, KSL organized four 

meetings in Virglllla with such parties who clill.ll1 to have access. and separate meetings with the paroes were 

conducted. Our conclusion is that this access was made by more than these groups. all of \Yhom are non-state 

players. The parties hanng the access are motivated by the desire 10 receive compensation. \\"estated that our 

desire was not to purchase such. and specifically avoided any d1scuss1011 of sums that such parties may seek. 

and made clear that we were not a source of compensa11on to them. 

Our advice to these parues was that they needed to demonstrate that they mdeed did have access. and that the 

emails that they have were not altered or have any deletions been made. Despite this. the parries seek to 

remalll engaged. and we plan subsequeur contact to verify autheullciry. as if such could be demonstrated. then 

the market would exist for them. These parues have ties and affiliations to Russia. and ha,·e concems abom 

their safery. 

Between no\\· and September 30. ''"e plan similar reco1ma1ssance extending to Cluna through a meetmg we 

will have in Los Angeles oed to a defense contractor facility there. Our current plan 1s to follow up the 

Virginia meetings \\ith a trip to Mosco\\'. 

(U) John Szobocsan, a business associate of Smith's, recalled a meeting that Smith 

reported having with "nervous acting students he thought were from Russia" and who Smith said 

"were concerned about Putin"; Szobocsan understood that these were "hackers."5083 In an 

August 26 email, Szobocsan wrote that "PWS will be near DC tomorrow and Sunday allegedly 

reviewing some WikiLeaks related documents."5084 According to Szobocsan, the alleged 

documents were not in WikiLeaks's possession yet; rather, Smith wanted to retrieve the 

documents from the hackers and then provide them to WikiLeaks.

5085 In another 

contemporaneous email, after noting that "nothing worthwhile" had come from Smith's D.C. 

trip, Szobocsan referenced Flynn's son's involvement in the purported meetings.5086 

(U) Szobocsan told the Committee that he did not attend the August meetings Smith 

referenced in his fundraising email, and only heard about them from Smith at the last minute.

5087 

In emails to a third person shortly after Smith returned, Szobocsan wrote "Doesn't seem as 

5083 (U) Szobocsan Tr., pp. 136-37. 5084 (U) Email, Szobocsan to Bear, August 26, 20 I 6 (Szobocsan Production). Szobocsan continued: "If these are 

really unreleased documents, would a i2 data entry project be worthwhile? I'm sure we can get the funds from the 

group." 5085 (U) Szobocsan Tr., pp. 144--45. 5086 (U) Emails, Szobocsan and Bear, August 30, 2016 (Szobocsan Production) ("Involving Flynn's son this time."). 

In their correspondence, both Szobocsan and his interlocutor expressed skepticism toward Smith's endeavor. 5087 (U) Szobocsan Tr., pp. 107- 108. Safron had no awareness of any of these meetings either. Safron Tr., pp. I 19-

120. 

780 

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COMMITTEE SENSITIVE - RUSSIA INVESTIGATION ONLY 

anything worthwhile came from the trip. "5088 In statements to the Committee, he claimed to be 

skeptical of what Smith told him: 

I get the call in the morning: I'm not going to be in the office; I'm going to be 

gone; I'm in Washington. He comes back, he tells me he had this meeting in this 

hotel. It was like really clandestine. He's trying to make it up, and all these 

things. 

He goes out and he said that they were meeting in separate rooms and they were 

looking about getting these Clinton emails that these hackers had recovered. And -

one of them he thought might have been a Russian group, with like Russian 

students, but they were real fearful of Putin and all this stuff, that they might get 

caught; and another group, and all these things. 5089 

(U) In a follow-up email on September 6, Smith announced the formation of a new . 

corporate entity to channel his initiative, KLS Research, LLC ("KLS"), 5090 and provided wiring 

instructions for donations. Smith also suggested that he had obtained possession of two sample 

Clinton emails and had retained a law firm to review them: 

We have engaged the e-discovery team of a prominent DC law firm to work over 

the Labor Day weekend to "Test Match" two separate email files captured.from 

the Clinton private server by two different third parties. The purpose is to insure 

the integrity of the data by random check points in same locations of each file as 

we determine that nothing has been "added" or "left out. "5091 

(U) Smith distributed a summary document for the KLS effort, captioned the "Clinton 

Email Reconnaissance Initiative."5092 The document listed individuals and groups purportedly 

affiliated with the effort, including people employed by or associated with the Trunip Campaign: 

5088 (U) Email, Szobocsan to Bear, August 30, 2016 (Szobocsan Production). 5089 (U) Szobocsan Tr., pp. 107-108. 5090 (U) Although the entity Smith formed was formally registered as "KLS Research, LLC," Smith also 

occasionally referred to the name of this entity as "KSL." Szobocsan assisted with the corporate registration. On 

September 2, Szobocsan received an email confirmation with a Certificate of Good Standing for KLS Research, 

LLC from Delaware, certifying that the company was formed on September 2, 2016.: See Email, Aunet to 

Szobocsan, September 2, 2016 (Szobocsan Production). . 5091 (U) Email, Smith to Smith, September 5, 2016 (Szobocsan Production). Financial records produced to the 

Committee by Szobocsan suggested that Smith's fundraising was not very successful, although the Committee did 

not independently verify that information. See "TNT Account Flows," KLS Research LLC (Szobocsan Production) 

( documenting alleged financial transactions for KLS financial accounts). 5092 (U) See Smith, Szobocsan, Safron, "Initial List of Independent Groups, Organizations and Individuals, Clinton 

Email R~connaissance Initiative," September 9, 2016 (Smith Production). · 

781 
Initial List of Independent Groups, Organizations and Individuals 

Clinton Email Reconnaissance Initiative 

September 9, 2016 

KLS Research, LLC, a Delaware.Umited Uabllity Company, Has Been Formed for This Purpose, 

(Cfick on·• Name/ Description to View Additional Biog,aphical Information.) 

.TRUMP CAMPAIGN (IN COORDINATION TO THE ElrrENT PERMITTED As AN INDEPENDENT EXPENDITURE ORGAN1ZATI0N) 

Steve Bannon, CEO of Campaign, CEO of Breitbart 

Kellyanne Conway, Campaign Manager (Husband, George Conway ofWachtell lipton, Has Been Involved iO'Our Prior Initiatives) 

Sam Clovis, Co-Chairman of Campaign 

Lt. Gen (Ret.) Mike Flynn, Primary Military Advisor to.Campaign 

Lisa Nelson, Colleague of Former Speaker Newt Gingrich, (Who Has Ties to the Campaign) 

Smith attached this ·summary document in follow-up fundraising solicitations to several 

individuals.5093 In one September 20, 2016 email, Smith also claimed that "The Kushner Group 

is behind the initiative."5094 

(U) Smith presented himself to others as a political "operator,"5095 and the Committee 

found evidence that Smith communicated with some individuals associated with the Trump 

Campaign, including about his email initiative. In addition to the August 28 email that was sent 

to Sam Clovis and others, Smith wrote on September 6, 2016, to David Bossie, who had just 

been named the deputy Trump Campaign manager5096: 

Congratulations ... for your continued front line work on the search for the 

missing/deleted Clinton emails. We have our .own initiative on this that I wpuld 

like to discuss with you by phone, as we believe these were taken from the totally 

unsecured clintonmail account by numerous parties, several of whom we have 

contacted. 5097 

5093 (U) See, e.g., Email, Smith to Ryan, September 22, 2016 (Szobocsan Production) (attaching a "one-page 

summary of the Clinton Email Reconnaissance Initiative" and "two back-up pages on relevant articles and parties 

who are providing assistance to us"). 5094 (U) Email, Smith to Elliot and Szobocsan, September 20, 2016 (Szobocsan Production). Safron was not aware 

of any actual connections to the Kushners, Safron Tr., p. 165, and the Committee found none. 5095 (U) Safron Tr., p. 24. 5096 (U) See, e.g., Robert Costa, "Trump enlists veteran operative David Bossie as deputy campaign manager," The 

Washington Post, September 1, 2016. 5097 (U) Email, Smith to Bossie, September 6, 2016 (Szobocsan Production). It is not clear if Bossie responded. 

Smith also reached out to Sam Clovis about other issues. Email, Smith to Clovis, September 16, 2016 (Szobocsan 

Production). 

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COMMITTEE SENSITIVE - RUSSIA INVESTIGATION ONLY 
(U) In mid-September, 2016, Smith also reconnected•with Barbara Ledeen,5098 a Senate 

staffer who had reach~d out to Smith in December 2015 to ask for funding for a similar Clinton 

email effort.5099 Although Smith had declined to get involved in Ledeen's project at that 

time,5100 a mutual acquaintance recommended that Smith get in touch with Ledeen, who 

"approached [her] months ago about having someone who could access emails quite 

thoroughly."5101 Ledeen responded to Smith's outreach: 

Saw the very interesting note below and was wondering if you had some more 

detailed reports or memos or other data you could share because we have come a 

long way in our effortS,,since we last visited. I think that if we had a chance t~ ' 

review what the UK folks surfaced, we could contribute on our side and give you 

an update on new findings. We would need as much technical discussion as 

possible so we could marry it against the new data we have found and then could 

share it back to you "your eyes only. "5102 

(U) Shortly thereafter, on September 15, Le<;leen signed a non-disclosure agreement with 

KLS.5103 That day, Ledeen also emailed Flynn to tell him that "[t]he email project is mostly 

funded," likely in reference to her parallel effort to locate the Clinton emails.5104 

(U) Smith tried to recruit a number of cybersecurity professionals to assist the effort. 

One of these was Matt Tait, a cybersecurity researcher who Smith contacted in September 

5098 (U) Email, Smith to Nelson, September 13, 2016 (Szobocsan Production). 5099 (U) In her December 2015 communications with Smith, Ledeen had described an unnamed person who "can get 

the emails which 1. were classified and 2. were purloined by our enemies." Email, Ledeen to Smith, December 3, 

2015 (Szobocsan Production). Ledeen had also shared a 25-page proposal describing, in part, a "Multi-Phase Email 

Recovery Approach" to find the Clinton emails. 5100 (U) Szobocsan, who in December 2015 met in person with Ledeen and her business partner, Don Berlin, about 

their proposal, recalled: "[T]here was really nothing of substance there. They were kind of like: Just give tis a pile 

of money and we'll go out there and look for Clinton's emails. The whole prospect was:_Let's go out there; We 

knew she had an unsecure email server, probably picked up by some intelligence agency someplace, and this could 

be in the deep and dark web." Szobocsan Tr., p. 59. On December 16, 2015, Smith wrote to Ledeen: "gave it a very 

hard look, but we do not feel this is a viable alternative for us to support." Email, Smith to Ledeen, December 16, 

2015 (Szobocsan Production). 5101 (U) Email, Nelson to Smith, September 13, 2016 (Szobocsan Production). 5102 (U) Email, Ledeen to Smith, Nelson, Szobocsan, September 15, 2016 (Szobocsan Production). 5103 (U) Email, Szobocsan to Smith, September 15, 2016 (Szobocsan Production) (attaching "KLS-BarbaraLedeen · 

Mutual NDA 20160915"). 5104 (U) Email, Ledeen to Flynn, September 15, 2016 (FL YNN_SSCI_00015867). Flynn may have received the 

proposal from Ledeen·directly in June 2016, judging from an email he sent to Ledeen. Email, Flynn to Ledeen, June 

16, 2016 (FL YNN_SSCI_00009821-9822) ("[P]lease tell Don, I received and was able to download the file ... 

amazing! I'll speak more off line with you about it this evening or tomorrow."). 

783 

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2016.5105 Tait assumed the request was in relation to the DNC emails previously released by 

WikiLeaks, not the Clinton server emails.5106 During a phone call on September 5, Smith touted 

his political connections, including with people who were in the Trump Campaign, like 

Flynn.5107 Tait recalled that Smith was interested in the Clinton server emails, and then Smith 

"dropped this bombshell": 

[H]e was in contact with someone who was a dark web specialist, who was in 

contact with someone who had these emails; that these emails had been hacked 

from Hillary Clinton. There was this person on the dark web who wanted to 

expose them, but just wanted money in exchange for doing them. He didn't want 

to give them up for free. 5108 

(U) Smith wanted Tait to help him validate the purported Clinton emails. Smith was 

very explicit that he wanted the emails before the election to help the GOP candidates, including 

on lower down tickets.5109 During a subsequent call on September 12, Smith explained that he 

had received a sample from a credible source through a "dark web specialist."5110 Tait had not 

signed an NDA provided by Smith, so Smith did not give him the emails and their conversation 

was limited to discussing some of the technical attributes of the Clinton server.5111 Tait made it 

clear that his view was that if the hackers were likely Russians, they would be acting in the best 

interests of Russia, and warned: "this is a fire, you will get burnt." 5112 But Tait got the 

impression that Smith did not care who was selling the emails; Smith just wanted access to 

them.5113 Smith followed up with further emails to Tait indicating he believed the Clinton emails 

5105 (U) SSCI Transcript of the Interview with Matt Tait, October 6, 2017, p. 7; Email, Smith to Tait, September 4, 

2016 (TAIT00000l) (stating in relevant part: "As a firm we have interests in cyberspace investments, and 

individually in the election process ,(from the political right) especially in its heavy internet overlay. We find your 

posts to be the most informative, insightful and comprehensive available, and would most welcome the chance to 

chat with you by phone on how we could collaborate with you."). 5106 (U) Tait Tr., p. 9. 5107 '(U) Ibid., p. 10; see Email, Smith to Tait, September 6, 2016 (TAIT000003) ("As I mentioned on the call, I will 

want to connect you with Michael G. Flynn, who is Gen. Mike Flynn's son, and serves as his Chief of Staff, after the 

election."). 

5108 (U) Tait Tr., pp. 16-17. 5109 (U) Ibid., p. 23. 

SIIO (U) Ibid., p. 34. 5111 (U) Ibid., pp. 30--33. This was reflected in a follow-up email from Smith to Tait. Email, Smith to Tait, 

September 13, 2016 (TAIT000036-37) ("We know of at least four groups that claim access to the content of this 

email account, and there are countless others."). 5112 (U) Tait Tr., pp. 30-33. 

SI 13 (U) Ibid. 

784 
COMMITTEE SENSITIVE - RUSSIA INVESTIGATION ONLY 

had been placed on the dark web, potentially by Russian actors.5114 Tait declined to participate 

in Smith's effort.5115 

(U) Nevertheless, based on his conviction that the Clinton emails were on the dark web, 

Smith worked with others to develop an approach to locate them .. This involved creating a list of 

terms and phrases that he believed could be used to search the dark web. Smith distributed the 

'list, including to Ledeen and others.5116 Smith had assistance from Erik York, a former IBM 

consultant,5117 and Royal O'Brien, CEO of a video game streaming company.5118 

(U) Smith claimed to be working with a Washington, D.C., law firm to help authenticate 

Clinton emails he claimed to have located. Two lawyers were identified on Smith's summary 

initiative documents, and Safron believed it was "possible" that Smith had retained one of them, 

to assist with that task.5119 However, the Committee could not determine that 

Smith had successfully located hacked emails that had been deleted from Clinton's email server 

or that this testing occurred. Separately, Ledeen obtained fmancial backing from Erik Prince to 

test Clinton emails that she had located; Prince provided Ledeen with a technical advisor who, 

according to Prince, determined that the emails were not authentic.5120 

(U) In October, Smith began to focus on the WikiLeaks releases of Podesta emails and 

tried to leverage the WikiLeaks documents for his initiative. Smith "batch downloaded" the 

WikiLeaks documents every time they came out5121 and expressed an interest in connecting with 

Assange.5122 In an email dated October 6, 2016, Szobocsan described a purported WikiLeaks 

"distribution arrangement" in correspondence with Charles Johnson-a political operative who 

had arranged a meeting between Assange and then-Congressman Dana Rohrabacher5123-but 

disclaimed having viewed any of the documents: 

5114 (U) Email,. Smith to Tait et al., September 17, 2016 (TAIT000038) ("As soon seen, certain Russian students put 

all their material (following their scholarship grants on Thursday) via TOR onto the deep/dark web."); Email, Smith 

to Tait, September 19, 2016 (TAIT000040) ("The 'missing' Hillary emails have been re-inserted into the dark/deep 

web. I look forward to discussing with you how this was done, and what is next."); Email, Smith to Tait, September 

22, 2016 (TAIT000049) ("[W]e would welcome the opportunity to talk with you by phone about how these could be 

accessed by the media and other parties with interest in them. It has come to our attep.tion that more than the one 

party referred to here has placed the same or similar files in the Deep Web."). 5115 (U) Tait Tr., p. 39. 5116 (U) See, e.g., Email, Szobocsan to Ledeen, Smith, and Safron, October 4, 2016 (Szobocsan Production) 

(attaching "keywords document"). · 5117 (U) See, e.g., Email, York to Szobocsan, Smith, and Safron, October 7, 2016 (Szobocsan Production). 5118 (U) See, e.g., Email, O'Brien to Smith, November 1, 2016 (Szobocsan Production). 5119 (U) Safron Tr., pp. 143-144. 5120 (U) sea Report, Vol. I, p. 64. 5121 (U) Safron Tr., p. 135. 5122 (U) Ibid., pp. 133-134. 5123 (U) See infra Vol. 5, Sec. ill.B. 

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We have not seen the content. This is all done by third parties. We believe the 

emails are accurate but are unable to definitely confirm such. 

The distribution arrangements involve a sharing with Wikileaks, who would then 

release them. The second means of distribution is to identify .these emails through 

key phrase/sentence identifiers in the dark and deep web. 5124 

(U) On October 10, Smith sent a new email solicitation to "supporters and prospective 

supporters" with updates about the WikiLeaks documents and requesting additional funding. 5125 

In November 7, 2016, Smith mentioned by email a "contact I had with one of its [WikiLeaks J 

legal team members."5126 

(U) Smith also kept Flynn and Clovis in the loop. On October 10, he forwarded Flynn's 

son the update on his initiative and the WikiLeaks materials.5127 On October 15, he updated 

Flynn, Flynn's son, Barbara Ledeen, and Sam Clovis5128: 

We were fortunate enough to have had the Clinton-related emails .which ·came .to our attention from several 

separate sources placed in Wikileaks hands, which we are certain they had from countless other parties. In a few week 

period we identified a handful of individuals that had obtained access to the unprotected Clinton emails, All were. 

relatively 

inexperienced persons looking for notoriety. This is similar to the novice level hackers groups who with ease accessed ~ . 

commercial email accounts of.senior national security figures. 

(U) Some recipients of Smith's updates appeared to believe Smith had been successful. 

On October 24, after Smith sent another email about WikiLeaks, he received a response from 

Charles Johnson threatening that "Steve," likely a reference to Bannon, would sue him for the 

documents5129: 

5124 (U) Email, Szobocsan to Johnson, October 6, 2016 (Szobocsan·Production). 5125 (U) Email, Smith to Smith, October 10, 2016 (SSCI-2017-4309-001415). 5126 (U) Email, Smith to Braden, November 7, 2016 (Szobocsan Production). The Committee did not identify the 

communication Smith was referring to, but did obtain a subsequent email that Smith sent to Barry Pollack, an 

attorney for Julian Assange, in January 2017. · 5127 (U) Email, Smith to M. G. Flynn, October 11, 2016 (Szobocsan Production) ("WikiLeaks Clinton-Related 

Email Release and Disinformation About Secretary Clinton's Health"). 5128 (U) Email, Smit!1 to Flynn, M. G. Flynn, Ledeen, and Clovis, October 15, 2016 (FL YNN_SSCI_00013940). 5129 (U) Email, Johnson to Smith, October 24, 2016 (SSCI-2017-4309-001350). 

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---Original Message --

Subject Re: Fw: \Nikileaks Releases Continue on Schedule 

Local Time: October 24, 201611:51 PM 

UTC ·m · 

I talked to Steve who will compel you to tum 

over to us all 30.000 emails you located and 

referred to Wikileaks. BB wants to publish them 

first. 

We do not give a rats ass what happens to you, 

and will turn you over the the Feds for prosecution 

if you do not comply. 

(U) The Committee examined whether Smith had in fact obtained any non-public 

information through his initiatives. Its review of Smith's hard drive produced two documents 

released by WikiLeaks that Smith had obtained and which showed file creation dates of October 

2, 2016, dates that predated the public release of these documents by Julian Assange. 5 130 These 

documents were not otherwise available on the public internet at that time, which raised the 

possibility that Smith had in fact obtained hacked Clinton emails in advance. The Committee 

identified these documents for the SCO for forensic review, which then established that the file 

creation date did not reflect when the files were downloaded to Smith's computer. Rather, the 

SCO determined: "Smith used an older Apple operating system that would have preserved that 

October 2, 2016 creation date when it was downloaded by Smith (no matter what day it was in 

fact downloaded by Smith)." Instead, the file creation date on these documents appears to be 

"when WikiLeaks staged the document for release."5131 As a result, the Committee found no 

evidence that Smith obtained any of the WikiLeaks materials in advance of their public release 

or any of the "missing" Clinton emails. 

2. (U) The Alfa Bank Server Story 

i. (U) Introduction and Findings 

(U) In July 2016, a group of "prominent computer scientists" identified unusual internet 

activity connecting two servers registered to Alfa Bank, a Russian financial institution, with an 

5130 (U) Both documents were attachments to Podesta emails that WikiLeaks later released. See SCO Repor1, Vol. I, 

p. 64. 

Sill (U) Ibid. 

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email domain associated with the Trump Organization.5132 The unusual internet activity 

reflected thousands of Domain Name System queries--commonly referred to as a "DNS 

lookup"-for an email domain used by the Trump Organization and originating from those two 

Alfa Bank servers. Public reporting in October 2016 suggested the possibility that this activity 

reflected the existence of communications between the two organizations.5133 That suggestion 

was denied by both entities, but their alternative explanations were not consistent. 

(U) The Committee spoke with Trump Organization IT staff about its understanding of 

and response to the activity and also considered the results of an FBI investigation. Based on the 

FBI' s assessment, the Committee did not find that the DNS activity reflected the existence of 

substantive or covert communications between Alfa Bank and Trump Organization personnel. 

However, the Committee also could not positively determine an intent or purpose that would 

explain the unusual activity. 

ii. (U) The DNS Connection Between the Trump Organization and 

AlfaBank Servers 

(U) Moscow-based Alfa Bank is part of the Alfa Group consortium and, as of 2017, was 

the largest private bank in Russia based on total assets, total equity and deposit and loan 

portfolios: As of 2017, the bank's top four majori~areholders were Mikhail Fridman, 

German Khan, Aleksey Kusmichev, and Petr A verflll 

I 

5132 (U) According to public reporting in 2018, following disclosure of the Russian hack of the DNC, the computer 

scientists began searching for evidence that Russian hackers might also have infiltrated Republican-affiliated 

organizations and identified this activity through that process. See, e.g., Dexter Filkins, "Was There a Connection 

Between a Russian Bank and the Trump Campaign?" The New Yorker, October 8, 2018. The computer scientists 

were not identified publicly by name. 5133 U See, e . . , Franklin Foer "Was a Trum Server Communicating With Russia," Slate, October 31, 2016. 

-

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• 

(U) According to logs and documents purporting to reflect analysis by computer 

scientists, along with public reporting about the DNS lookups, during the 90-day period between 

June 17, 2016 and September 14, 2016, two servers registered to Alfa Bank (IP addresses 

217.12.96.15 and 217. 12.97.15) conducted DNS lookups of the domain "maill.trumpemail.com" a total of2,817 tirnes.5137 An additional 729 DNS lookups were conducted by a third 

server registered to Spectrum Health, based in Michigan.

5138 Of the total number of DNS 

lookups of the Trump Organization server, approximately 99.8% originated with these three 

servers during that three-month period, as reflected below5139 : 

DNS-Lookups-For-maill .trump-email.com-Through-9-14.txt 

1422 I AS15632 I 217 .12 . 96.15 I 217 .12. 96. 0/ 23 I JSC "'Alfa-Bank" IMoscow!Moskva I Russian 

Federation I RU 

139SIA515632 l217.12.97.1Sl217.12.96.0/23IJSC "Alfa-Bank" IMoscow!MoskvalRussian 

Federation I RU 

729IAS30710l167.73. 110. 8ll67.73 .96.0/ 20 ISpectrum Health lGrand RapidslMichiganlus 1us 

2IAS306ll74.118.76.182 l74. 118. 72.0/ 211Peer t o Peer lRehobothlRhode Island lus 1us 

11AS4071Sl71.5 .34.Sl71.5.34.0/ 241Datacenter.BZ, LLCIWorthington !Ohiolus 1us 

l lAS3249l l64.98.42.242 l64.98.32.0/ 20ITucows.com Co. ITorontolOntariolCA!CA 

l lAS32392l98.130.1.253 l98.130.0.0/ 1SIEcommerce Corporation lColumbus!Ohio lUS IUS 

l lAS226lll205.134.252.154l205.134.252.0/24IInMotion Hosting!Los 

AngeleslCalifornialuslus 

llAS16509l54.206 .26.93l 54.206.0.0/ 17IAmazon.com, I nc. I Seattle I New South WaleslUS !AU 

(U) Generally speaking, a DNS lookup is used by internet-connected devices to translate 

a human-readable domain into the corresponding Internet Protocol (IP) address that the device 

5136 (U) Ibid. 5137 (U) The Committee reviewed logs and analytical documents describing this activity, but did not independently 

assess their validity or authenticity. They are described here for background purposes only, and are consistent with 

the contemporaneous public reporting. The Committee was provided with these logs and documents in response to 

a document request. See DNS-Lookups-For-mail l .trump-email.com-Through-9-14.txt (PERKINSCOIE-SSCI0000140); "White Paper #1 - Auditable v3," (PERKINSCOIE-SSCI-0000126-131). They also appear to be 

publicly available. See, e.g. , ljean.com/NetworkData.php (providing links to text files containing logs and analysis); 

ljean.com/Network.Records/Log-Of-DNS-Lookups-For-mail l .trump-email.com-851 .txt (text file of DNS lookups 

for mail I .trump-email.com); ljean.com/Network.Records/DNS-Lookups-For-mail l .trump-email.com-Through-9-

14.txt (text file compiling number of lookups based on requesting [P address). 5138 (U) See DNS-Lookups-For-mail l .trump-email.com-Through-9-14.txt (PERKINSCOIE-SSCI-0000140). 

5139 (U) Ibid. 

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uses for communicating.5140 DNS lookups of a particular domain can suggest the existence of 

corresponding Internet communications to that domain, but they are not conclusive. One 

possible explanation for this activity was t~at someone was using the Alfa Bank servers to 

communicate ( or try to communicate) with the Trump Organization. 

(U) When press inquiries relating to this information began in September of 2016, the 

Trump Organization tasked Jae Cho, its corporate IT director, with identifying any potential Alfa 

Bank connection.5141 The Committee interviewed Cho about his investigation and conclusions. 

(U) According to Cho, at the time of the suspicious activity, the domain maill.trumpemail.com belonged to the Trump Organization's email marketing company, Cendyn Hospitality 

Marketing.5142 Cho learned from Cendyn that the trump-email.com domain was originally 

created for Trump Hotels email marketing sometime between 2009 and 20115143 and the domain 

had been used as recently as November 2015 for Trump Hotel marketing emails.5144 At some 

point prior to September 29, 2016, the domain registration was transferred from Cendyn to the 

Trump Organization; internal emails suggested it may have occurred on September 23, 2016, 

around the time the press began inquiring, although Cho could not identify any specific date with 

certainty.5145 According to Cho, the Trump domain had been used to send mass marketing 

emails, but not to receive email.5146 

(U) Cho looked up the IP addresses belonging to the two Alfa Bank servers. Based on a 

port scan of one server's IP address on October 1, 2016, Cho found that it was not configured as 

an email or web server: "It only had port 53 open, which is a port for DNS lookup."5147 From 

5140 (U) This is sometimes referred to as a "forward" DNS lookup. DNS lookups can also be used to determine a 

domain based on an IP address, which are referred to as "reverse" DNS lookups. 5141 (U) The tasking o~curred after the Trump Organization began receiving press inquiries about the DNS lookups. 

SSCI Transcript of the Interview with Jae Cho, February 15, 2018, p. 7. 5142 (U) Ibid, p. 12. 5143 (U) Ibid, p. 13. 5144 (U) Email, Trump Hotels to Spectrum Health, November 25, 2015 (TRUMPORG_6_001619-1622) (containing 

header information identifying maill.trump-email.com); Eniail, McMullin to LaDolcetta and Deyo, November 25,. 

2015 (TRUMPORG_6_001627) ("The email header provided is a valid email that was sent out for a Trump 

marketing campaign on behalf of Trump Hotel Collection. The campaign was sent out to 930,427 email addresses .. 

. . · The email sent to Spectrum Health was sent out from a 3rd party external mail server that is used for marketing 

purposes."). 

5145 (U) Cho Tr., pp. 37--46; Email, McMullin to LaDolcetta, Deyo, Cho and Cohen, September 29, 2016 

(TRUMPORG_6_001447) ("I can verify that the domain has been transferred into Trump's Go Daddy accountCendyn is no longer the registrar."); Email, LaDolcetta to McMullin, Hicks, & Cho, cc: E. Trump, September 30, 

2016 (DJTFP00018140). · . 5146 (U) Cho Tr., pp. 14, 31. '-· 5147 (U) Ibid, pp. 17-18; see Email, Cho to Miller and Hicks, bee: LaDolcetta, Martin, E. Trump, September 30, 

2016 (TRUMPORG_6_001474-1475) (screenshot ofport scan of IP address 217.12.96.15 using mxtoolbox). 

790 

COMMITTEE SENSITIVE - RUSSIA INVESTIGATION ONLY 
_) 

\ 

this, he inferred that both of the Alfa Bank servers were configured as DNS servers, and 

therefore could not have been used to transmit email communications to the Trump domain. 5148 

Cho did not explain if he also conducted a port scan of the other Alfa Bank IP address, or how he 

determined that the configuration on October 1, 2016 would have been the same as the server's 

configuration during the time period in question. 

(U) Cho did not recall conducting a system-wide review of the Trump Organization 

network to determine if there wer~ any connections from the Trump Organization side with any 

of the Alfa Bank servers.5149 Instead, he looked up the public IP addresses for two separate Alfa 

Bank email servers he had identified, which he then provided to Cendyn to check if Cendyn 

could identify communications involving those servers.5150 In response, Cendyn found six 

messages to Alfa Bank recipients from clients using one of its email applications, but stated that 

these communications were not connected to the Trump Organization.5151 Cendyn identified 

these as emails sent by existing banking or hotel customers of Cendyn through a meeting 

management application to an Alfa Bank email address.5152 Cho did not locate any substantive 

communications between the Trump Organization and the two Alfa Bank servers and did not 

pursue further investigation of the DNS activity.5153 

) 

(U) Cendyn did not explain how the unusualDNS lookup activity might relate to those 

emails and did not filter its records to find information like the DNS logs at issue.515~ 

Nonetheless, based on Cendyn's findings, Cho concluded that the rough "correlation" between 

these email~ and the DNS logs might explain how the press had "put these together as some kind 

of activity between Alfa Bank and Cendyn, which happened to have one of their host names with 

our Trump name in it, 'Trump-email.com."'5155 The Committee did not engage C,endyn on this 

matter. 

(U) Unprompted, the Committee also received two letters, dated March 16 and July 20, 

2018, from an attorney representing Alfa Bank conveying the findings of internal investigations 

into the unusual DNS activity. The letters represented that Alfa Bank had retained Mandiant, a• 

5148 (U) Cho Tr., pp. 16-18. 5149 (U) Ibid., pp. 19-20. 5150 (U) Ibid.; pp. 18-19, 21; see Email, Cho to McMullin, LaDolcetta, and Cardena, September 30, 2016 

(DJTFP000 18534 ). 5151 (U) See Email, McMullin to Cho and LaDolcetta, October 4, 2016 (DJTFP00018533-18534) ("We did find a 

total of 6 messages to recipients of Alpa-Bank [sic] that were sent out of our applications. Cendyn does use internal 

SMTP servers for our various applications and are not dedicate [sic] to specific clients."). 5152 (U) According to Cendyn, emails were sent on March 15, June 22, June 28, August 2, and August 15. Ibid. 5153 (U) Ibid, pp. 24-25, 30-31. 5154 (U) Email, McMullin to LaDolcetta, October 5, 2016 (DJTFP00018919) ("The logs [of A record lookups] do 

not contain the details to allow us to filter out the requests on a per domain basis."). 5155 (U) Cho Tr., p. 31. . 

791 
cyber incident response firm, to conduct an internal investigation based on the DNS logs and had 

found no evidence of substantive communications between Alfa Bank and the Trump 

Organization.5156 However, one letter noted that Alfa Bank had "continue[d] to receive 

unsolicited marketing emails from an address allegedly affiliated with the Trump Organization," 

which it did not identify.5157 As to the cause of the DNS activity, that letter posited Mandiant's 

"working hypothesis is that the activity was caused by a marketing or spam campaign directed at 

Alfa Bank employees by a marketing server affiliated with the Trump Organization."5158 

The Committee has no reason to dispute those 

determinations. 

3. (U) Changes to the RNC's Platform 

i. (U) Introduction and Findings 

(U) The Committee investigated whether or not changes to the RNC's platform were the 

result of any Russian attempts to interfere with or otherwise influence the platform. Media 

speculation surrounding this issue stemmed from an incident involving a Republican delegate 

named Diana Denman and Trump Campaign staffer J.D. Gordon. Denman, a member of the 

5156 (U) See Letter, Dinh to Burr and Warner, March 16, 2018; Letter, Dinh to Burr and Warner, July 20, 2018. 5157 (U) Letter, Dinh to Burr and Warner, March 16, 2018. 

51ss U Ibid. 

792 
Platform Committee, proposed an amendment to provide "lethal defensive assistance" to 

Ukraine. After Trump Campaign staffers intervened, Denman's language was modified to 

"appropriate assistance" before delegates adopted the amendment 

(U) After interviewing Denman, Gordon, and all of the individuals directly involved in 

the matter, the Committee founa that the changes to the RNC's platform with respect to arming 

Ukraine were not the result of Russian interference, nor were they a coordinated attempt by tlie 

Trump Campaign to "weaken" the platform on Ukraine. 

ii. (U) Before Platform Week 

a. (U) Denman's involvement on the Platform Committee 

(U) Diana Denman first became involved in Republican politics and foreign affairs 

during her tenure as Vice Chairman of the Republican Party of Texas, and continued in her role 

as a delegate for the Reagan Campaign in 1984.5161 Denman described herself to the Committee 

as "very supportive of the freedom fighters and those who were involved in the eighties in El 

Salvador and Nicaragua."5162 In addition to her involvement in Latin America, Denman also 

traveled to Eastern Europe in 1989 and witnessed the first free elections in Ukraine on a, trip with 

the International Republican Institute (IRl).5163 

(U) Between her role as a Reagan delegate in the 1980s and the 2016 election cycle, 

Denman stayed involved with foreign affairs through her service on two boards at the 

Department of Defense: the Defense Advisory Committee on Women in the Services and the 

Western Hemisphere Institute for Security Cooperation, which supports a bipartisan exchange 

with military leadership in Latin American countries.5164 

(U) Denman started in the 2016 election cycle as a delegate for Senator Ted Cruz at the 

Texas state party level, and she was later chosen as a Texas delegate to the Republican National 

Convention. 5165 After securing a delegate spot, Denman asked to b.e assigned to the Platform 

Committee; specifically, she wanted to be on the subcommittee handling military and national 

security issues.5166 

b. (U) Denman's Draft Amendment 

. 5161 (U) SSCI Transcript of the Interview with Diana Denman, Deceμiber 4, 2017, pp. 4-5. 

S162 (U) Ibid., p. 7. 

S163 (U) Ibid., p. 8. 5164 (U) Ibid., p. 6. 

5165 (U) Ibid., p. 5. 5166 (U) Ibid., pp. 5-7. 

793 
(U) After being assigned to the Platform Committee, Denman began to receive emails 

from delegates on other committees requesting her support for their amendments to the 

Republican platform.5167 On July 8, 2016, Denman began an email exchange with Ilan Berman, 

of the American Foreign Policy Council, to discuss language for her own platform amendment 

on Ukraine.5168 Herman Pirchner, Jr., President of the American-Foreign Policy•Council, also 

provided input to Denman's amendment.5169 Denman told the Committee that she was motivated 

to draft something on Ukraine because: 

[L]ooking back to my involvement in Latin America, Central America, the only 

country that I could identify ... -that had . .. their borders encroached and 

crossed by another country was the Ukraine. So it seemed to me that that was 

something that I might address because of the support that America gave during 

the eighties to other countries thatwere invaded by a neighbor. 5170 

(U) Denman felt strongly that her amendment should provide for "lethal defensive 

assistance" to Ukraine because of her experiences in Latin America and her understanding of 

current weapons technologies: 

When I was down in El Salvador and Nicaragua, I saw the weapons used against 

the freedom fighters, and they had their hearts in their hands and their beliefs for 

their country. But when I saw first-hand what was being used against them ... I 

wondered how they would ever prevail for their own countries . . . . And .. .in 

reading now . . . the high level of weapons today being produced by other 

countries in the world, that goes into my thinking of what they 're able-what the 

two sides are up against. 5171 

(U) Once her draft amendment was finalized, Denman emailed her language to all of the 

other delegates on her subcommittee.5172 She also submitted language for an amendment related 

to the Monroe Doctrine.5173 She brought a paper copy of her amendment to the Platform 

Committee meeting in Cleveland on July 11, 2016.5174 

5167 (U) Ibid, p. 9. ' 5168 (U) Ibid, pp. 10--11. See also Emails, Berman, Pirchner, and Denman, July 8, 2016 (DENMAN00000l-2); 

Emails, Potapenko, Berman, Pirchner, and Denman, July 8, 2016 (DENMAN000140-142). 5169 (U) Denman Tr., p. 12. 

mo (U) Ibid, p. 10. 5171 (U) Ibid, pp. 24-25. 5172 (U) Ibid, p. 16. 

S!73 (U) Ibid., p. 13. 5174 (U) Ibid 

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iii. (U) Platform Week 

a. (U) The Amendment Process , 

(U) The week before the Republican National Convention in Cleveland, the delegates , 

selected for the Platform Committee met to discuss and finalize the Republican platform.5175 

The Platform Committee was divided into subcommittees of interest, one of which covered 

national security.5176 

(U) · There were three entities involved in overseeing the Platform Committee and 

subcommittee process: RNC officials (chairs or co-chairs of the subcommittees), Trump 

Campaign officials, and the delegates themselves.5177 The Trump Campaign staff involved in the 

national security subcommittee were John Mashburn, Trump Campaign Policy Director; Rick 

Dearborn, Trump Campaign staff; J.D. Gordon, Director for the Trump Campaign's National. 

Security Advisory Committee; and Matt Miller, National Director of Veterans for Trump.5178 

Mashburn acted as the senior-most advisor and gave the other Campaign staff instructions 

regarding how to handle any issues in the subcommittee meetings.5179 Gordon and Miller were 

stationed in the national security subcommittee room to monitor the process.5180 

(U) Mashburn told staff that he believed that, in 2012, the Romney campaign had 

"gotten really really involved in the writing of the platform planks, and it had caused a lot of 

problems with a lot of delegates."5181 His:goal was to avoid that mistake and to let the delegates 

write the platform as they wished.5182 Three or four weeks prior to the draft platform coming 

from the RNC, Mashburn spoke with Dear6orn and then, later, with Manafort, about his views 

that the Campaign staffers at the convention should not insert themselves in the delegates' 

drafting processes.5183 Mashburn told the Committee that Manafort agreed with him that the 

Campaign "should only get involved if it's something directly contrary to where the candidate 

has a stated position."5184 Mashburn seems to have delivered those instructions successfully, at 

5175 (U) SSCI Transcript of the Interview with Matt Miller, December 20, 2017, pp. 9, 12. 5176 (U) Gordon Tr., p. 14; M. Miller Tr., p. 13. · 5177 (U) SSCI Transcript of the Interview with John Mashburn, February 5, 2018, pp. 102-104. 5178 (U) Ibid., pp. 97-98. 

5119 (U) Ibid. 5180 (U) Gordon Tr.~ pp. 12, 14; M. Miller Tr., p. 11. 

, 5181 (U) Mashburn Tr., p. 94. 

5182 (U) Ibid. 5183 (U) Ibid., p. 95. 5184 (U) Ibid., pp. 95-96. 

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least at first, to Dearborn and Gordon.ms However, Miller could not recall any guidance he was 

given about platform discussions or amendments prior to the platform committee meeting.5186 

(U) Miller and Gordon asked to preview amendments to the ·platform the evening prior 

to the breakout sessions for each interest group.5187 Miller did not seethe amendments, but 

Gordon reviewed them and submitted them to Mashburn.ms 

b. (U) Deriving Candidate Trump's Views on Ukraine 

(U) Prior to the Platform Committee meeting on Jqly 11, 2016, Trump Campaign 

advisors did not have a clear view of Trump's position on Ukraine beyond comments he made in 

speeches and one comment at the March 31, 2016, meeting of his National Security Advisory 

Committee (NSAC). Gordon was present for both the NSAC meeting in March 2016 and the 

Platform Committee meeting;5189 

(U) Mashburn told the Committee that "the candidate had never taken a position about 

assistance to Ukraine, lethal assistance ... humanitarian assistance. He had said stuff about 

Russia, Crimea, the Ukraine ... but he had never said anything about the type of military 

assistance or humanitarian assistance we could provide."5190 

(U) J.D. Gordon told the Committee that he had "a little bit of visibility" about Trump's · 

views from the March 2016 NSAC meeting at the Old Post Office.5191 At that meeting, 

according to Gordon, Trump mentioned "that he didn't want a World War III over Ukraine. But 

he had also been saying that on the campaign trail."5192 

(U) When asked whether he was aware of the Campaign's position on aid to Ukraine 

prior to the convention, Dearborn responded "not really at the time going into the convention. It 

may have been listed in one of the speeches that he had. He gave a ton of speeche~, so I wasn't 

5185 (U) Gordon said: "The process was for all of the six subcommittee sessions to review the platform and submit 

amendments, the process was that if there was anything that was very different than Mr. Trump's policy statements 

and view, we should let the co-chairman know, so the co-chairman can have a robust debate." Gordon Tr., p. 14. 

Dearborn understood the instructions to the Campaign staffers in.each subcommittee room to be "monitor what 

happens in the subcommittee ... make sure that what we've been saying and where we are on the issues tracks and 

just monitor it." Dearborn Tr., pp. 123-125. 5186 (U) M. Miller Tr., p. 9. 

5181 (U) Ibid, p. 13. 5188 (U) Ibid, pp. 13-14. r 5189 (U) Gordon Tr., pp. 14, 26-28. 5190 (U) Mashburn Tr., p. 100. 5191 (U) Gordon Tr., p. 26. 

5192 (U) Ibid 

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up on every single one."5193 Matt Miller, a Trump Campaign staffer also in the platform 

committee room with Gordon, told the Committee that he "did not find out until later, in reading 

some press accounts ... that it [the language regarding lethal assistance] did not match what 

candidate Trump had said at the time. It went further than what candidate Trump had said about 

Russia and the Ukraine."5194 

(U) Both Mashburn and Gordon expressed to the Committee that the Republican party's 

position on whether or not to arm Ukraine was not unified at the time. Gordon believed "it was 

debatable within Republican circles whether to arm the Ukraine or not."5195 Mashburn told the 

Committee that "there were people in the House that wanted 'lethal assistance.' · Then there was 

the distinction between offensive and defensive assistance. So there was a split among 

Republicans on that issue before we ever got there."5196 

c. (U) The Denman Amendment in Subcommittee 

(U) Inside the subcommittee room, there was a long conference table with platfo11I1 

committee Chairman Steve Yates and Vice Chairman Ron Rabin at one end ofa long rectangular 

table, Denman at the opposite end, and delegates along either side.5197 Miller and Gordon sat a 

side table with an attorney from Jones Day ( counsel to the Campaign), who served as a 

parliamentarian, according to Miller.5198 Miller recalled that prior to the Denman amendment, 

the subcommittee had "debates on trans-gender [people] serving in the military, LBGTQ issues, 

and there were votes on that," along with two other amendments that Miller had himself 

drafted.5199 

(U) There was significant media discussion about changes to the language ofDenman's 

amendment.5200 According to Denman and Gordon, Denman's original amendment text called 

for "lethal defensive weapons" in Ukraine, 5201 After the subcommittee meeting and the Platform 

Committee meeting, the language was changed to "appropriate assistance."5202 

5193 (U) Dearborn Tr., p. 125. 5194 (U) M. Miller Tr., p. 17. 5195 (U) Gordon Tr., p. 28. 5196 (U) Mashburn Tr., p. 100. 5197 (U) M. Miller Tr., pp. 10-11. In addition, during his interview with the Committee, Miller drew the layout of 

the platform committee room. Ibid, p. 10, Exhibit 1. 5198 (U) Ibid, p. 11. 5199 (U) Ibid, p. 15. 5200 (U) See Josh Rogin, "Trump Campaign Guts GOP's anti-Russia stance on Ukraine," The Washington Post, July 

18, 2016; see also Brian Naylor, "How the Trump Campaign Weakened The Republican Platform on Aid to 

Ukraine," NPR, August 6, 2016. 5201 (U) Denman Tr., pp. 14, 22-23; see also Gordon Tr., p. 16. 5202 (U) Gordon Tr., p. 16. 

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(U) Some of the details of Denman' s recollection of events vary significimtly from the 

Campaign staffers who the Committee interviewed, but all parties agree on the following: 

Denman submitted her original amendment to the Platform Committee delegates; the amendment 

came up in the subcommittee; J.D. Gordon asked the subcommittee Chairman to table Denman's 

amendment because he thought the language contradicted Trump's position on Ukraine; J.D. 

Gordon called Campaign advisers for assistance; and the language was eventually modified and 

voted out of the subcommitt~e. Denman did not recall re-raising the issue, but Miller recalled 

that the following day Denman attempted to vote the original language out of the full platform 

committee, and the vote failed. 5203 

d. (U) Gordon's Concerns with the Language 

(U) _Gordon's role was to raise concerns if any amendments contradicted the candidate's 

stated positions, Given his understanding of Trump's stated position on Ukraine, such as it was, 

"Diana·Denman's amendment had those three words [lethal defensive assistance], which I 

viewed as problematic because that would result, if adopted as it was, in a major policy 

difference than Mr. Trump."5204 Gordon told the Committee that "Mr. Trump had stated publicly 

and privately that he didn't want World War III over Ukraine and he wanted better relations with 

Russia. So arming Ukraine is inconsistent with that view."5205 

(U) Gordon called Mashburn and Dearborn "so they had a chance to discuss it and make 

sure they could pose an objection if they wanted to"5206; he also asked Miller to speak with either 

Steve Yates, the subcommittee Chairman, or Rob Rabin, the Vice Chairman, "and basically ask 

them to table the amendment, and we could work with Ms. Denman to get something that wasn't 

as ... restrictive."5207 This interference in the subcommittee process was precisely what 

Mashburn had hoped to avoid. 5208 Campaign staff who were interviewed by the Committee 

could not remember if any other amendments were tabled, but there were no other amendments 

that Gordon asked Miller to approach Yates or Rabin about. 5209 

(U) Gordon told the Committee that he discussed his concerns about Trump's views on 

Ukraine and Denman's amendment language with Dearborn and Mashburn and "they understood 

5203 (U) Denman Tr., pp. 29-30; see also M. Miller Tr., pp. 19, 31. 5204 (U) Gordon Tr., p. 14. 5205 (U) Ibid, pp. 14-15. 5206 (U) Gordon Tr., p. 17; Mashburn Tr., pp. 101-103. 5207 (U) M. Miller Tr., pp. 15-16. 5208 (U) Mashburn Tr., pp. 99-104. Mashburn stated that "J.D. didn't do what we told him" because Gordon had 

table,d the Amendment and negotiated new language, rather than first contacting Mashburn and Dearborn for advice 

or allowing the delegates to proceed on their own. Ibid 5209 (U) M. Miller Tr., p. 23. 

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Mr. Trump's views. It wasn't a secret he felt the way he did."5210 Dearborn also recalled that 

Gordon "said that [Ms. Denman's Ukraine amendment] may be different from what our position 

was in some speech that was given by the then-candidate, now nominee."5211 Both Mashburn 

and Dearborn relied on Gordon's interpretation of Trump's policy and the amendment text. 

Dearborn said that he had not even reviewed the amendment's text at the time of his discussions 

with Gordon.5212 

e. (U) Denman/Gordon exchanges 

(U) Denman told the Committee that after she read her plank in the national security L 

subcommittee during the morning of July 11, 2016, Gordon and Miller left their seats to speak 

with Yates and Rabin.5213 Yates and Rabin then asked Denman for a copy of her amendment.5214 

, Then Gordon and Miller returned to their seats, a~d the subcommittee proceeded to consider 

other amendments.5215 Denman was confused about why her plank was not being considered 

and approached Gordon and Miller, neither of whom she recognized; both men explained that 

they were there on behalf of the Trump Campaign, and Miller .reminded Denman that he had 

called her prior to the convention to offer assistance.5216 

(U) Denman did agree to table her amendment "for the time being" at the request of 

Gordon and Miller.5217 Denman's understanding was that "there was a·voice agreement that it 

would be handed over [to the Trump Campaign staffers and the subcommittee leadership] ... 

that they would refine it and work with it."5218 ' Miller's account of the interaction comports with 

Denman's, as he told the Committee, "We got her agreement to change it to 'appropriate means,' 

and it was voted on in committee and passed. Then the next day I think she tried to insert 

'lethal' again in the full committee and it was voted down again. So the language that appears 

[in the platform] is 'appropriate."'5219 

(U) During the July 11 ·session, Denman raised her hand to ask about the status of her 

amendment, at which point there was "some discussion and a suggestion that other wording 

5210 (U) Gordon Tr., p. 17. 5211 (U) Dearborn Tr., pp. 125-126. 5212 (U) Ibid., p. 126. 5213 (U) Denman Tr., pp. 14-15. 5214 (U) Ibid., p. 16. 5215 (U) Ibid.' p. 17. 5216 (U) Ibid., pp. 17-18. 5217 (U) Ibid., p. 32. 5218 (U) Ibid., p. 40. 5219 (U) M. Miller Tr., p. 19. A memorandum drafted by Dearborn for Manafort to describe the "tick tock" of 

events also supports that Denman offered the Amendment in the full committee on July 12, 2016, and the 

Amendment was voted down. Memorandum, Dearborn to Manafort, August 1, 2016 (DJTFP00004698). 

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should be put in."5220 During that discussion, Denman approached Gordon at _the side table, who 

she recalled being on a cellular phone. 5221 Denman told the Committee that Gordon told her he 

had to clear the language with ''New York" but that she didn't believe him.5222 Denman told the 

Committee that she pressed Gordon on who he was speaking to and he told her three times that 

he was speaking to "Mr. Trump."5223 

(U) Gordon disputes this account, and told the Committee that he was "talking to my 

policy colleagues" and that he never told Denman that he was speaking to Trump.5224 Gordon 

further told the Committee that he never spoke to Manafort or Trump about the subcommittee 

discussions while they were happening. 5225 

(U) Mashburn and Miller were present that day and do not have ariy recollection of 

Gordon calling anyone in New York or speaking with Trump.5226 In fact, Mashburn told the 

Committee that "if I had every one of the people in each of these subcommittees calling New 

York for advice and skipping me and Rick [Dearborn], me and Rick [Dearborn] would have been 

fired for not doing our job supervising what was going on."5227 Mashburn also testified that 

Campaign staff did not escalate a single platform issue to New York during the entire 

subcommittee day. 5228 

(U) Denman told the Committee that she "felt that it was better to be sure" the Ukraine 

language remained in the platform at all-"that it not be dropped"-so she agreed to the change 

in language from "lethal defensive assistance" to "appropriate assistance."5229 'f6e final 

Republican platform reflected this change. 

iv. (U) Media coverage of the platform issue 

(U) Denman never spoke with Miller, Gordon, Mashburn, or Dearborn about the 

amendment after the vote.5230 However, after the committee vote, during the convention, and 

after the convention ended, the Campaign received press inquiries about what happened.5231 On 

5220 (U) Denman Tr., p. 19. 5221 (U) Ibid., p. 20. 

5222 (U) Ibid. 5223 (U) Ibid., p. 21. 5224 (U) Gordon Tr., p. 18. 5225 (U) Ibid., p. 19. I 

5226 (U) Mashburn Tr., pp. 101-102, 128; M. Miller Tr., p. 22. 5227 (U) Mashburn Tr., p. 128. 5228 (U) Ibid., p. 129. 5229 (U) Denman Tr., p. 19. 5230 (U) M. Miller Tr., p. 26; Denman Tr. p. 36; Mashburn Tr., p. 142. 5231 (U) M. Miller Tr., p. 33. 

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\. 
July 18, 2016, The Washington Post published an opinion column chronicling the change in 

amendment language; on August 6, 2016, NPRpublished its own account of the amendment 

changes on its website.5232 

(U) During a July 31, 2016, segment on Meet the Press, Chuck Todd asked Paul 

Manafort "how much influence" Manafort had in what Todd characterized as "something in the 

Republican Party platform that essentially changed the Republican Party's views when it comes 

to Ukraine."5233 Manafort told Todd: "I had none. In fact, I didn't even hear of it until after our. 

convention was over."5234 Later in the interview, Todd clarified with Manafort, "so nobody in 

the Trump Campaign wanted that change in the platform?"5235 Manafort responded: "No one, 

zero."5236 

(U) The Committee did not speak with Manafort about the Platform Committee, but 

Manafort's statement on Meet the Press that he was not involved in the change is corroborated 

by documents the Committee received. J.D. Gordon participated at the platform week as part of 

the Campaign and asked for the amendment to be tabled, but other witness testimony and 

document production indicates that Manafort did not have any awareness of "Campaign" 

involvement until the day aft~r his.Meet the Press interview.5237 Manafort emailed Dearborn on 

August 1, 2016, with the subject line "Ukraine," asking "did you find out what happen? [sic] I 

need to understand the precise tick tock and how it happened."5238 Dearborn responded to 

Manafort attaching a memo with the "tick tock," writing "I can attest to the fact that neither you, 

Gates or anyone else on the campaign knew of these events other than those listed above 

[Gordon, Mashburn, Miller, Brian Jack, and Dearbom]."5239 When the Committee asked 

Dearborn about his use of the word "attest," he did not know why he chose that word or phrased 

the email that way, as it looked to be reassuring Manafort that Manafort did not have prior 

knowledge.5240 However, Dearborn's language makes sense when viewed through the context 

that Manafort was following up on press inquiries and wanted to be sure that he had the story 

5232 (U) Josh Rogin, "Trump Campaign Guts GOP's anti-Russia stance on Ukraine," The Washington Post, July 18, 

2016; Brian Naylor, "How the Trump Campaign Weakened The Republican Platform on Aid to Ukraine," NPR, 

August 6, 2016. 5233 (U) "Transcript of Meet the Press," NBC, July 31, 2016. 

5234 (U) Ibid 

5235 (U) Ibid 

5236 (U) Ibid . 5237 (U) On August 1, 2016, Manafort requested a "tick-tock" of the events from the subcommittee, which J.D. 

Gordon provided to Rick Dearborn, and which Dearborn eventually provided to Manafort, and which the Committee 

received as part ofa voluntary document production. See Email, Dearborn to Manafort and Gates, August 1, 2016 

(DJTFP00004696-4698) (attaching a timeline of events); Dearborn Tr., p. 127. 5238 (U) Email, Manafort to Dearborn, August 1, 2016 (DJTFP00004696). 5239 (U) Email, Dearborn to Manafort, August 1, 2016 (DJTFP00004696). 5240 (U) Dearborn Tr., pp. 129-134. 

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straight, since Manafort had been questioned about the subject on national television less than 24 

hours before his email to Dearborn. · 

(U) J3ased on the Committee's interviews with Campaign staff at the event, Manafort 

was never a participant in any discussions related to tabling or editing Denman's · 

Amendment.5241 Further, the Committee found that the changes to the Denman Amendment 

were the result of Gordon deriving a foreign policy position from Trump's limited public 

remarks, not the result of any foreign interference or undue influence. 

4. (U) Russia's Efforts to Support Third Party Candidates · 

i. (U) Introduction and Findings 

(U) Russia's attempts to influence the 2016 U.S. election sought to sow discord, to create 

doubt in democracy, and to expand social divisions. Historically, Russia has accomplished this 

by supporting third party candidates in an attempt to drive a national political conversation to 

potentially more extreme points of view. The Committee notes that "support" in this context 

does not indicate that the supported candidates are necessarily witting as to why Russia or 

Russian organizations are promoting their campaigns. 

(U) The Committee found that RT took an interest in Dr. 'Jill Stein's candidacy for U.S. 

president as an alternative third party candidate, culminating in her attendance at the RT 

anniversary dinner in Moscow, which was also attended by Lt. Gen. Flynn and Russian President 

Vladimir Putin. Because of her attendance at the RT dinner, and her interactions with several 

Russian government officials while a candidate for president, the Committee sought to interview 

Stein and understand how the Russian government may have viewed her campaign as a potential 

vector to influence the U.S. election. After many months of negotiation, the Stein campaign 

produced documents to the Committee, and Stein participated in a voluntary interview with the 

Committee. 

(U) The Committee thanks Dr. Stein for her cooperation with the Committee's inquiry. 

This section's focus on her campaign's interactions with Russian officials and Russian 

organizations should not be read as meaningful in any way except that Dr. Stein agreed to 

cooperate with the Committee's inquiry while some other Americans present at the RT 

anniversary dinner did not. 5242 

5241 (U) See, e.g., Gordon Tr., p. 19. 5242 (U) Flynn declined to speak with the Committee on multiple occasions, invoking his Fifth Amendment rights 

against self-incrimination. The Committee did speak to William Stevens, a career foreign service officer. who 

served as spokesman for Embassy Moscow from August 2014 until August 2016. Stevens, whose official duties 

required him to engage with Russian media, attended the December 15, 2015, RTDinner in his official capacity. 

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ii. (U) Jill Stein and RT/RT America 

(U) The IC has described RT as the Kremlin's "principal international propaganda 

outlet" and as actively collaborating with entities such as Wikileaks. 5243 In the United States, RT 

operates as RT America TV, th'.e English-language channel of RT America, which the Russian 

government created and financed.5244 RT America is an important messaging tool for the 

Kremlin. 5245 The IC assesses that "RT America has positioned itself as a domestic US channel 

and has deliberately sought to obscure any legal ties to the Russian. govemment."5246 On 

December 11, 2017, RTTV America, Inc. registered as a foreign agent under the Foreign Agents 

Registration Act (F ARA).5247 Several corporate entities related to other pro-Kremlin media 

sources, including Sputnik, RIA Novosti, and RIA Global LLC, registered soon thereafter.5248 

(U) Part ofRT's efforts to impugn the U.S. democratic process involve its support for 

third-party candidates and pushing messaging that 1'the US two-party system does not represent 

the views of at least one-third of the population and is a 'sham. "'5249 The content of RT' s 

coverage of Stein, and other candidates, is consistent with this messaging. 

(U) Dr. Jill Stein has been involved in Green Party politics since 2002.5250 Stein first 

entered politics through Physicians for Social Responsibility (PSR); as part of PSR, Stein was 

involved in advocating against nuclear testing.5251 After her work with PSR in Massachusetts, 

the Green Party approached Stein and, in her words, asked her to "keep doing what you're doing 

but call it a race for governor [of Massachusetts,] and reach a broader group of people."5252 Stein 

The Committee appreciates his insights into this and other matters. See generally Stevens Tr.; see also Emails, 

Stevens and Kavalec, December 12, 2016 (CDP-2017-0001 lF-000267). 5243 (U) Declassified ICA, p. 3. 5244 (U) Ibid, Annex A, p. 6. 

5245 (U) Ibid. 5246 (U) Ibid \ 5247 (U) See, e.g., Registration Statement Pursuant to the Foreign Agents Registration Act of 1938, RTTV America, 

Inc., December 11, 2017. RTTV America's registration states that "the registrant does not agree that it is 

acting/acted as an agent of a foreign principal, but it is registering because DOJ has taken the position that the 

contractual relationship with ANO-TV Novosti falls under the registration obligations ofF ARA." Ibid 5248 (U) See, e.g., Registration Statement Pursuant to the Foreign Agents Registration Act of 1938,. RIA Global, 

LLC, February 16, 2018. 5249 (U) Declassified ICA, Annex A, p. 6. 

5250 (U) SSCI Transcript of the Interview with Jill Stein, December 19, 2018, pp. 5-8. 5251 (U) Ibid, pp. 5--6, 11. 5252 (U) Ibid, p. 7. Stein's opponents were eventual winner Senator Mitt Romney and Shannon O'Brien. 

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described her campaigns as "a form of citizen participation. "5253 In both 2012 and 2016, Stein 

ran for president as the Green Party's nominee.5254 

a. (U) Jill Stein's relationship with RT 

(U) During both the 2012 and 2016 campaigns, Stein was interviewed on RT programs 

and believed the amount of coverage RT provided to third party campaigns was the same during 

both election cycles.5255 According to Stein, RT covers third party campaigns regularly and had 

done so "as long as I have been aware ofthem."5256 Stein explained that RT requests for her to 

cover an event or interview generally went through Stein's press staff, and she did not have 

"special relationships" herself with RT producers.5257 ' 

(U) During the 2012 presidential election campaign, RT hosted the Green Party 

debate.5258 During the 2016 campaign, there was a Green Party debate on RT, though Stein 

clarified that it "wasn't the Green Party presidential debate" but was instead a small "debate" 

that was part of one of RT's regular programs, called "Watching the Hawks."5259 Stein 

explained that this "was a relatively small production" compared to the 2012 debate hosted on 

RT.5260 

(U) Stein recalled that during the 2012 and 2016 election cycles, she did not think twice 

about media requests from RT, because she "was happy to get [her] message out through any 

media source ... [she] was just really glad when anyone would cover us."5261 When asked about 

her understanding of the relationship between RT and the Russian government, Stein responded 

that during the 2016 election: 

I just assumed that they had some kind of relationship with the Russian 

government and now my understanding is that they are probably state media, 

though they go through some nonprofit. Whatever, you know. Is their structure 

any different from Voice of America? Or BBC? I can't tell you. 5262 

5253 (U) Ibid, p. 8. 5254 (U) Ibid, pp. 8-9; see also Jill2016.com, "About Jill." 5255 (U) Stein Tr., pp. 14--15. 5256 (U) Ibid, p. 14. 5257 (U) Ibid, p. 16. 5258 (U) Ibid, pp. 73-74. 5259 (U) Ibid 5260 (U) Ibid, p. 74. 5261 (U) Ibid, p. 18. 5262 (U) Ibid, p. 19. 

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(U) Stein told the Committee that the relationship between RT and the Russian 

government was not a cause of concern for her during the 2016 election cycle, 5263 and stated that 

• she doubted there was "formal Russian support for my candidacy."5264 Stein attributed_this ,_ 

belief to RT's coverage of Gary Johnson, another third party candidate, and her own past policy 

statements, such as her past criticism of a Russia's bombing campaign in Syria and her advocacy 

for shifting money from military spending toward a transformative climate program. 5265 Though 

several RT employees expressed personal support for Stein through emails, Stein viewed these 

emails as routine interactions and not as official support of her ~andidacy. 5266 

b. (U) September 5, 2015 RT Gala in New York City 

(U) In September 2015, Stein was invited to attend a gala in New York City celebrating 

RT's tenth anniversary.5267 Stein described the event as "a reception where people stood around 

and I mostly talked to my colleagues from the peace community, who are also guests on RT."5268 

Stein recalled seeing Russian Foreign Minister Sergei Lavrov at the event, where Lavrov gave a 

speech.5269 Stein sought out Lavrov in order to engage him in a discussion on nuclear weapons. 

Stein recalled that her exchange with Lavrov was brief and that Lavrov "was not optimistic that 

nuclear weapons discussions could be resumed."5270 Stein told the Committee that the encounter 

lasted around a minute, and she did not think that Lavrov recognized her.5271 After the event, 

Stein posted a photograph on her Face book page of herself and Lavrov at the event, writing "Dr. 

Stein and Russian Foreign Minister Lavrov were introduced and had a good discussion."5272 

Stein did not recall any other interactions with Russian government officials at the event, but she 

did attempt to set up follpw-up meetings with Russian officials.5273 

c. (U) Attempt to meet with Putin and Lavrov 

(U) Following the September RT Gala event in New York City, Stein was invited to 

attend RT's anniversary gala in Moscow in December 2015.5274 Prior to this trip, Stein recalled 

5263 (U) Ibid, pp. 22, 27-28. 5264 (U) Ibid, p. 22. 5265 (U) Ibid, p. 23. 5266 (U) Ibid John Mecham, a senior news editor at RTAmerica, wrote in a text message to Stein's press staff: "I 

feel like I've been part of the campaign:)" and "You guys have been good friends of RT when others have not." 

Text messages, Mecham and [Stein press staff], November 4, 2016 (JSTEIN-002-0000056). 5267 (U) Stein Tr., pp. 24, 28-29. 5268 (U) Ibid, pp. 28-29. 5269 (U) Ibid, pp. 29-31. 5270 (U) Ibid, p. 29. 

5211 (U) Ibid 5272 (U) Facebook post, Jill Stein, September 30, 2015 (JSTEIN-001-00000018). 5273 (U) Stein Tr., pp. 29-30, 59. 5274 (U) Email, Volokhonovich to Stein, October 14, 2015 (JSTEIN-001-00000140). 

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attempting to set up meetings w_ith both Putin and Lavrov.5275 On October 28, 2015, Stein 

communicated with Nadia lvanova, an employee at RT TV, about setting up meetings with 

Russian politicians and representatives from the Russian Ministry of Foreign Affairs (MF A).5276 

, Ivanova told Stein that RT was engaged in negotiations to set up government meetings for Stein 

during her trip. 5277 

(U) Stein told the Committee that her motive for seeking these meetings with Russian 

government officials was that "my campaign said 'go to the top. Ask to meet with Putin.' Why 

not? So, Putin. Lavrov. They badly needed to hear_what I have to say [about disarmament]."5278 

On November 9, 2015, Stein again requested a meeting with Putin or Lavrov, suggesting that "a 

direct meeting with President Putin will allow us to open a second track dialogue that will 

facilitate greater understanding by the American people of the actual situation involving Russia 

and the enormous potential and constructive cooperation between our nations."5279 

(U) Although Stein told the Committee that she did not understand RT to be state media 

at the time, she exclusively asked RT to set up meetings with Russian officials.5280 Stein stated 

that she "wanted to explore" whether RT could set the meetings up "regardless of whether they 

could or not" because it was a matter of "shooting for the top."5281 Stein explained that she did 

not go through the Russian embassy to set up meetings with Russian officials because she did not 

have any contacts at the Russian embassy and did not know who else to contact, apart from 

RT. 5282 RT officials never told Stein she needed to go through the embassy, or refused her 

requests; their back-~nd-forth with Stein's campaign amounted to asking her to put her requests 

in writing "as a matter of protocol."5283 

(U) Eventually, Stein was told that a meeting with Putin and Lavrov would be 

unlikely.5284 Ivanova, however, stated that Stein would "be able to see and talk with our 

President at the gala dinner after our conference (we will seat you at the same table)."5285 

Ivanova also offered meetings with Alexey Pushkov, the Head of the Foreign Affairs Committee 

5275 (U) Stein Tr., p. 59. 5276 (U) Ibid; Email, Ivanova to Stein, October 28, 2015 (JSTEIN-001-00000141-142). In an email, Ivanova 

wrote: "We are currently working on meeting organization options with Russian politicians and representatives of 

the Ministry of Foreign Affairs, that you could meet with during your visit to Moscow. Could you please let me 

know when you will be able to confirm your visit, so that we can proceed further with these negotiations." 5277 (U) Email, Ivanova to Stein, October 28, 2015 (JSTEIN-001-00000141-142). 5278 (U) Stein Tr., p. 59. 5279 (U) Ibid, p. 62; Email, Stein to Ivanova, November 9, 2015 (JSTEIN-001-00000146). 5280 (U) Stein Tr., p. 61. 5281 (U) Ibid, pp. 64---o5. 5282 (U) Ibid, p. 65. 

5283 (U) Ibid 5284 (U) Email, Ivanova to Stein, November 13, 2015 (JSTEIN-001-000000148). 5285 (U) Ibid; Stein Tr., p. 51. 

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in the State Duma, and Konstantin Kosachev, the Chairman of the Federation Council 

Committee on International Affairs, instead. 5286 

. d. (U) December RT Dinner in Moscow 

(U) In December 2015, RT organized and offered to pay for Stein's travel to Russia to 

attend the RT Anniversary Gala.5287 Stein's attendance at this dinner has been widely reported 

by the press, including by publishing a photograph of Stein sitting next to Putin at the dinner.5288 

(U) On December 9, 2015, Stein flew to Moscow to attend the RT Anniversary Gala.5289 

However, Stein paid for all of her own expenses and was reimbursed by her campaign because 

"it was very important that we [the campaign] were not going to he accepting money from a 

foreign entity of any sort, let alone something connected with a foreign govemment."5290 Stein 

also was not paid to participate on any panels at the event.5291 

(U) After arriving on December 9, 2015, Stein and her communications director went to 

the hotel to rest.5292 Stein told the Committee that she never felt surveilled or followed during 

her time in Russia. 5293 

(U) On December 10, 2015, Stein attended a full day of panels and conferences before 

attending the dinner and gala that evening.5294 Stein participated in a panel with Cyril Svoboda, 

the former Deputy Prime Minister of the Czech Republic; Willy Wimmer, the former Vice 

President of the Organization for Security and Economic Cooperation in Europe; and Ken 

Livingstone,_ the former mayor ofLondon.5295 RT provided a topic for Stein's panel: 

5286 (U) Email, Ivanova to Stein, November 13, 2015 (JSTEIN-001-000000148); see also Stein Tr., pp. 65---67. 

Stein did eventually meet with Pushkov during her trip to Moscow, as described below. For more on Kosachev, see 

infra-Vol. 5, Sec. III.C.5.i.a._ 5287 (U) Emails, Ivanova and [Stein staff members], November 9-19, 2015 (JSTEIN-001-00000150-152) (regarding 

the campaign paying for Stein's expenses, rather than accepting complimentary accommodations from RT). 5288 (U) See, e.g., Robert Windrem, "Guess Who Came to Dinner with Flynn and Putin," NBC News, April 18, 

2017. . 5289 (U) Stein Tr., p. 39; Email, Ivanova to [Stein staff member], December 7, 2015 (JSTEIN-001-00000179-180)1 

(attaching Stein's Moscow trip itinerary). 5290 (U) Stein Tr., p. 37; see also Emails, Ivanova and [Stein staff members], November 9-19, 2015 (JSTEIN-001-

00000150-152). 

5291 (U) Stein Tr., p. 38; Emails, Ivanova and [Stein staff members], November 9-19, 2015 (JSTEIN-001-

00000150-152). 

5292 (U) Stein Tr., p. 39. 5293 (U) Ibid., pp. 45-46, 56-57, 70-71. 5294 (U) Ibid., p. 40. · 5295 (U) Ibid., pp. 40-41 

807 
COMMITTEE SENSITIVE - RUSSIA INVESTIGATION ONLY 

"Frenemies: defining foes and allies in proxy politics."5296 Stein felt that the topic provided her 

an opportunity to "reiterate [her] campaign platform on foreign policy, particularly with regard to 

war, and war in the Middle East."5297 Stein recalled seeing Flynn at points throughout the day 

prior to the dinner, but she told the Committee that she did not have any substantive 

conversations with him.5298 Stein's explained that her focus throughout much of the day was on 

interacting with the international news media, attending some of the panels, and networking. 5299 

Stein left the conference in the evening to go back to the hotel and get ready for the dinner.5300 . 

(U) Prior to the seated dinner, there was a cocktail reception where Stein recalled 

socializing with Jesse Ventura and his wife and networking with "the peace community."5301 At 

the dinner, Stein was seated next to Willy Wimmer, who had been on her panel that morning, 

and Flynn.5302 Despite being seated at his table, Stein stated that she only spoke briefly with 

Flynn because Flynn "seemed completely disinterested" in Stein's discussion of a "peace 

offensive in the Middle East. "5303 Stein found it strange that Flynn would be at the gathering. 5304 

(U) Later in the evening, somewhere between five and thirty minutes prior to Putin's 

speech, additional dinner guests arrived at Stein's table: President Putin; 'President Putin's Press 

Secretary, Dimitry Peskov; President Putin's Deputy Chief of Staff Alexey Gromov; and . · 

President Putin's then-Chief of Staff Sergey lvanov.5305 Margarita Simonyan, the Editor-inChief of RT, was also seated between Flynn and Putin.5306 Stein said she was surprised to be at 

the head table seated with Putin, despite Ivanova's previous statement to Stein via email that 

Stein would be seated with Putin.5307 During the dinner, Stein recalled that she did not speak 

directly with Putin, though she did remember Putin shook hands with those seated around the 

table.5308 Stein recalled that Simonyan introduced Putin, who gave his remarks, and departed 

5296 (U) Ibid, pp. 41--42; see also RT, "10 Years on Air" International Conference Booklet (JSTEIN-001-

00000041). . 5297 (U) Stein Tr., p. 42. 5298 (U) Ibid, pp. 42--43. 5299 (U) Ibid, pp. 43--44. 5300 (U) Ibid, p. 44. 5301 (U) Ibid, pp. 46-47. 5302 (U) Ibid, pp. 47--48. Stein described Wimmer as "the only person within earshot who spoke English" though 

President Putin's Press Secretary Dimitry Peskov, who also speaks English, was seated on the other side of Stein. 

See ibid. Stein said that she did not know Peskov spoke English, and that she originally thought he was a bodyguard 

for President Putin. See ibid, pp. 47--48, 52. 5303 (U) Stein Tr., p. 49. 5304 (U) Ibid, p. 48. 5305 (U) Ibid, pp. 47-51; see also ibid, Exhibit A (photogral'h of Stein's table at the RT Anniversary Gala in 

Moscow). 

5306 (U) Ibid, p. 51. 5307 (U) Ibid, pp. 50-51; see also Email, lvanova to Stein, November 13, 2015 (JSTEIN-001-000000148). 5308 (U) Stein Tr., pp. 49-50. 

808 

COMMITTEE SENSITIVE - RUSSIA INVESTIGATION ONLY 
shortly thereafter along with Peskov, Gromov, and Ivanov.5309 Stein's earpiece did not work, so 

she did not know what Putin said.until the following day.5310 Stein did not witness any 

communications or interactions between Flynn and Putin.5311 After Putin's departure, Stein and 

her communications director left the dinner and went back to the hotel.5312 

(U) On December 11, 2015, Stein sent her followers a newsletter, entitled "My · 

encounter with Putin and other news," which recounted the prior evening's events.5313 Stein 

claimed in her newsletter that Putin's comments about agreeing with politicians from other 

countries on "many issues" referred to her panel from December 10, 2015.5314 However, Stein 

explained that this was her own theory after reading a translation of Putin's remarks and not the 

result of any direct suggestion of this by Putin.5315 That same day, Stein also met with Pushkov 

at a restaurant over coffee, for about an hour.5316 Stein characterized Pushkov's aff~ct during the 

meeting as "polite interest."5317 Stein was told that Kosachev could not attend.5318 After her 

meeting with Pushkov, Stein texted Nadia Ivanova from RT, asking for contact information for 

Pushkov's assistant.5319 Stein characterized this as routine follow-up to "leave a door open after 

making contacts."5320 Stein never received nor inhiated any additional follow-up to her meetings 

in Moscow.5321 

(U) Later on December 11, 2015, Stein participated in an excursion to the Kremlin 

organized by RT, which she described as a bus tour with the other guests at the conference which 

Stein used as an opportunity to network with other attendees.5322 That evening, Stein attended a 

theater event and a dinner ev~nt with other members of the group.5323 On December 13, 2015, 

Stein returned home. 5324 

' 

I 5309 (U) Ibid., pp. 51-53. 5310 (U) Ibid., p. 49. 5311 (U) Ibid., p. 53. 5312 (U) Ib'id., pp. 55-56. 5313 (U) Ibid., p. 57; see also Newsletter, "My encounter with Putin and other news from Russia," December 18, 

2015 (JSTEIN-001-00000027). 5314 (U) Stein Tr., pp. 57-58. 5315 (U) Ibid., p. 58. 5316 (U) Stein Tr., pp. 66--67. 5317 (U) Ibid., p. 66. 5318 (U) Ibid., p. 67. 5319 (U) Ibid.; Text Messages, Stein and lvanova, December 13-14, 2015 (JSTEIN _ 001_00000128). 5320 (U) Ibid., p. 68. 5321. (U) Ibid. 5322 (U) Ibid., p. 69. 5323 (U) Ibid. 5324 (U) See Email, [Stein staff member] to lvanova, November 30, 2015 (JSTEIN-001-00000062-63) (attaching 

visa and flight information). 

809 
COMMITTEE SENSITIVE - RUSSIA INVESTIGATION ONLY 

(U) Following the conference, Stein continued to receive media outreach from, and 

regularly appear on, RT, including when RT broadcast Periscope coverage of Stein's reactions to 

the Trump/Clinton debates during the 2016 election cycle.5325 During ~he 2016 election cycle, 

Stein also had contact with Julian Assange, who was a speaker at the Green Party convention in ' 

August 2016.5326 Stein stated that all of her communications with Assange were related to 

preparing him for interviews at the Green Party events.5327 Stein told the Committee that she 

never gained any non-public knowledge about Wikileaks releases during the 2016 election 

cycle.s32s 

5325 (U) Ibid., pp. 76--77. 5326 (U) Ibid., pp. 86--87. 5327 (U) Ibid, pp. 86--88. 5328 (U) Ibid, pp. 87-89. For more on WikiLeaks, see infra Vol. 5, Sec. ill.B.6. 

810 

COMMITTEE SENSITIVE - RUSSIA INVESTIGATION ONLY 
IV. (U) EXECUTIVE BRANCH INVESTIGATIONS 

(U) In the summer of 2016, the U.S. Intelligence Community (IC) began collecting and 

analyzing information related to potential Russian interference in the upcoming U.S. elections. 

The IC obtained intelligence information that indicated the Russian government, at Putin's 

direction, was seeking to interfere in the U.S. presidential election. As a result, the IC began a 

small, highly compartmented effort to understand the full scope of this activity.5329 The FBl's 

Cyber Division had already opened a separate investigation into Russian-government sponsored 

cyber intrusions into th~ Democratic National Committee (DNC) based on Russian intelligence 

services' cyber intrusions in the summer of2015 and again in early 2016. Cyber Division's 

investigation related to the DNC breach resulted in a series of interactions between the FBI and 

the DNC, which are described in detail below. 

Shortly after WikiLeaks released thousands of documents 

stolen by Russian hackers from the DNC,5330 the- government provided information 

related to a potential Russian influence operation targeting the U.S. election. That information 

suggested that the Russian government had made an offer to the Trump Campaign to assist the 

Campaign with the anonymous release of information harmful to Hillary Clinton's electoral 

chances.5331 Based on this information, and with the context of the Russian hacking 

investigation, FBl's Counterintelligence Division initiated a full counterintelligence investigation 

on July 31, 2016, "to determine.whether individual(s) associated with the Trump campaign are 

witting of and/or coordinating activities with the Government of Russia.''5332 This umbrella 

investigation was codenamed Crossfire Hurricane. 

- FBI provided a basic counterintelligence briefing5333 to Trump and two 

members of his Campaign staff on August 17, 2016.5334 An FBI agent delivered this briefing at 

the outset of a larger intelligence briefing the ODNI traditionally offers to both candidates at the 

5329 (U) See irifra Vol. 4. 5330 (U) See irifra Vol. 5, Sec. ill.B. 5331 (U) FBI, FD-1057, "Dissemination oflnvestigation Opening," July 31, 2016. 5332~ · . , .· 

5333 -The FBI's notes suggest that the same counterintelligence briefing w~ offered to the Clinton 

Campaign. However, the Committee did not verify with DNC officials, campaign staff, or the FBI that Clinton or 

her senior staff received this briefing. · 5334--FBI "Documentation ofCounterintell_igenc~ ~d Security Briefin~ to the_Republican Candidate for 

Pre~d J. Trump, New Jersey Governor Chns Christie, and General (retired) Michael Fl~," Dated 

August 30, 2016. 

811 

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COMMITTEE SENSITIVE - RUSSIA INVESTIGATION ONLY 

SECRET level after the conventions.5335 Flynn was one of Trump's two advisors in 

attendance.5336 

-The Committee was able to review the talking points FBI used at the 

briefin~emo5338 the agent wrote to record the briefing afterward. Both reflect a 

cursory overview by FBI focused on encouraging awareness of counterintelligence issues. The 

briefing provided basic facts about foreign adversary intelligence operations and encouraged the 

campaign to use adequate communications security. For example, it cautioned that Trump and 

his staff were a target for foreign HUMINT, SIGINT, and cyber operations, and it said that 

intelligence officers from foreign countries could pose as diplomats or use non-official cover to 

approach those close to the candidate.5339 

The briefing discussed Russia as a U.S. adversary with a robust intelligence 

presence. It did not provide any specific warnings to the Campaign regarding the allegations FBI 

was pursuing in Crossfire Hurricane.5340 According to the Agent's record of the encounter, FBI 

told Trump and his staff that "[Foreign intelligence services] will send their !Os in diplomatic 

cover, business NOCs, as well as sources they have developed around you to elicit information 

and gain assessments on you."5341 The agent's notes do not refer to FBI's suspicions about Page, 

Papadopoulos, Manafort, or Flynn's contacts with Russian officials.5342 

-Shortly after opening Crossfire Hurricane, FBI's Counterintelligence Division 

opened counterintelligence investigations on four separate U.S. persons under this umbrella 

investigation: George Papadopoulos (Crossfire Typhoon), Carter Page (Crossfire Dragon), Paul 

5335 (U) Ibid. 

5336 (U) Ibid 

5331 (U) Ibid. 

533s (U) Ibid. 

5339 (U) Ibid. 

5340 (U) Ibid. 

5341 Ibid. 

812 

COMMITTEE SENSITIVE - RUSSIA INVESTIGATION ONLY 
COMMITTEE SENSITIVE - RUSSIA INVESTIGATION ONLY 

Manafort (Crossfire Fury), and Michael Flynn (Crossfire Razor).5343 Subsequent to the original 

cases, the FBI opened a number of other cases on both U.S. ersons and forei nationals related 

to these investigations, including on 

then-Attorney General Jeffrey Sessions -)-

(U) The FBI, as part of its investigation into Russian interference, successfully obtained 

a warrant to conduct Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Act (FISA)-authorized surveillance 

against Page. 5344 The initial FISA application was approved on October 21, 2016, after Page had 

left his role as an advisor to the Trump Campaign. The Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Court 

reauthorized surveillance three times, but authorization ultimately expired on September 22, 

2017. In its application and renewals seeking FISA authorities, the FBI and the Department of 

Justice relied heavil -. but not solely-on information provided by Christopher Steele, a former 

officer and FBI confidential human source.5345 Steele'~ 

information and. the FBI's response to Steele's information is described in detail below. 

- In May 2017, Deputy Attorney General Rod Rosenstein appointed Robert 

Mueller III as Special Counsel to investigate Russian interference in the 2016 U.S. election. 

Two memoranda provide the clearest articulation of the scope of the Special Counsel's Office 

(SCO) investigation. First, an August 2, 2017, memorandum from Rosenstein to Mueller 

authorized SCO to conduct investi~ to Carter Page, Paul Manafort, George 

Papadopoulos, Michael Flynn, and-.5346 Second, an October 20, 2017, 

memorandum from Associate Deputy Attorney General Scott Schools to Rosenstein clarified 

that SCO had the authority to pursue certain additional, related ~~s. 5347 These 

additional investigations included Michael Cohen, Rick Gates,_, 

5343 (U) At the time FBI' s Counterintelligence Division opened a counterintelligence case on Manafort, the FBI' s 

Criminal Investigative Division had an existing criminal investigation into Manafort that related to Manafort's past 

work in Ukraine. This investigation was handled by the FBI's Washington Field Office. See L. Page Tr., pp. 38, 53. 

Separately, the New York Field Office had opened a counterintelligence "contact" investigation on Page in April 

2016, but limited investigative activity took place. See DOJ OIG FISA Report, p. 64. Both investigations were 

eventually transferred to the.Crossfire Hurricane team. · 5344 (U) FISA orders are intelligence gathering tools, and as such, the government must submit a sworn statement 

explaining the basis for its belief that the target is an agent of a foreign power and that the facilities-phone 

numbers, email addresses, and the like-that the government proposes to surveil are used by that foreign power. See 

50 u.s.c. § 1804. 5345 (U) The Committee reviewed the FISA applications filed with the Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Court and a 

limited set of underlying materials related to those applications. As described by the Department of Justice's Office 

of the Inspector General (OIG), these applications relied on erroneous information and included a number of 

omissions. and inaccuracies. See DOJ OIG FISA Report. 5346 (U) Memorandum from Deputy Attorney General Rod J. Rosenstein to Robert S. Mueller, ill, August 2, 2017. 5347 (U) Memorandum from Associate Deputy Attorney General Scott Schools to Deputy Attorney General Rod J. 

Rosenstein, October 20, 2017. 

813 
COMMITTEE SENSITIVE - RUSSIA INVESTIGATION ONLY 

Roger Stone, and 5348 In addition to those individuals, the memorandum 

specified links from primary targets to secondary targets approved for investigation. These 

~econdary targets related to Paul Manafort, Michael Flynn, Michael Cohen, and 

__ 5349 The SCO's mandate, however, did not expressly retain a priority on 

counterintelligence matters. 

-Shortly after its creation, SCO was reassigned a number of open FBI case files 

related to SCO's mandate. These case files included existin FBI investi ations of 

ire Hurrica stigation); 

50 

(U) Over the course of its investigation, the SCO successfully secured numerous 

criminal indictments and convictions. This included indictments of Russian nationals associated 

with a Russian government-sponsored social media campaign and GRU personnel who hacked 

into the DNC and other related targets.5351 It also secured convictions of Paul Manafort and Rick 

Gates for activity stemming from their work in Ukraine, as well as nμmerous other convictions 

related to conduct which criminally misled or obstructed investigations into Russian election 

interference.5352 This latter category included convictions of Roger Stone, Michael Cohen, and 

Michael Flynn. 5353 These criminal cases, prosecuted while under immense public ·and political 

scrutiny, brought to light significant criminal conduct. 

(U) While criminal prosecutions are a vital tool in upholding our Nation's laws, 

protecting our democratic system from foreign interference is a broader national security mission 

that must be appropriately balanced with the pursuit of criminal prosec\}tions. It is the 

Committee's view that this balance was not achieved. Russian interference with the U.S. 

electoral process was inherently a counterintelligence matter and one not'well-suited to criminal 

prosecutions. As a result, the Committee found that some of the counterintelligence aspects of 

the FBI's original Crossfire Hurricane investigation were crowded out by the SCO's effort to 

identify, charge, and prosecute crimes. In other cases, nascent counterintelligence efforts by FBI 

were subsumed by SCO, and were neither fully pursued nor returned to FBI until SCO's 

conclusion almost two years later. Because the SCO's investigation was ultimately a criminal 

5348 (U) Ibid. 

5349 (U) Ibid. 5350 (U) Enclosure to FBI September 5, 2019, Letter to Chairman Richard Burr. 5351 (U) SCO Report, Appendix D. 

5352 (U) Ibid. 

5353 (U) Ibid. 

814 

COMMITTEE SENSITIVE - RUSSIA INVESTIGATION ONLY 
COMMITTEE SENSITIVE - RUSSIA INVESTIGATION ONLY 

inquiry, it did not fully address the depth and complexity of Russian interference in the 2016 

election, an effort that this Committee has itself undertaken. 

A. (U) The DNC Hack and FBl's Response 

1. (U) Introduction and Findings 

inning in 

July 2015 and continuing until at least October 2016, at least one Russian 

intelligence services compromised the DNC's computer networks. The DNC hack presented 

a novel scenario for the IC and federal law enforcement: political entities had been hacked 

before, but never before had a nation-state actor hacked a private political party in the United 

States, exfiltrated information, and then weaponized that information through public leaks. The 

scenario was further complicated by the fact that the DNC was a private political party with 

significant public presence, and the FBI was also looking at the domestic effects of a foreign 

threat during a U.S. presidential campaign. 

(U) , the DNC was hesitant to engage with the Bureau on the 

matter of the political organization's being under attack by a foreign country's intelligence 

services, owing to resonant tensions stemming from the FBI' s investigation into Hillary 

Clinton's email servers.5356 Further complicating matters, the DNC's IT staff did not understand 

the nature of the threat it faced, despite multiple entreaties from an FBI agent at the Washington 

Field Office. The Committee investigated allegations that the FBI did not properly escalate its 

concerns about the DNC hack and that the DNC did not fully cooperate with the FBI. The 

Committee found that communication on both sides was inadequate, further confusing an already 

complex situation. 

(U) The Committee appreciated the voluntary cooperation it received from the 

individuals associated with the DNC, as well as from former FBI officials now in the private 

sector. The DNC and its counsel were extremely accommodating in allowing the Committee to 

access potentially privileged materials, and provided staff with copies of incident response 

5354 (U) SSCI Transcript of the Interview with Jim Trainor, December 8, 2017, p. 6. Jim Trainor is a 20-year 

veteran of the FBI who was the Assistant Director of the FBI Cyber Division from June 2013 until Se tember 16, 

2016. Durin his interview with the Committee, Trainor rovide 

(U) Declassified ICA; Netyksho indictmenill,L__ 5356 (U) SSCI Transcript of the Interview with __ ,May 14, 2018, pp. 21-25. 

815 
repbrts prepared by the DNC's cybersecurity vendor, CrowdStrike.5357 Several Hillary for 

America (HF A) Campaign staffers, including Clinton Campaign Manager Robby Mook and 

Clinton Campaign Chairman John Podesta, also submitted to voluntary staff interviews, which 

provided limited insights into the DNC hack but did provide helpful information in other areas of 

the Committee's inquiry.5358 r 

(U) After conducting witness interviews and reviewing documents from the IC and third 

parties, the Committee found the FBI lacked an appropriate process to escalate their warnings of 

the DNC hack within the DNC and that the FBI's victim-driven response paradigm hindered its 

ability to investigate the hack with the necessary urgency. 

2. (U) FBl's Role Responding to Nation-State Cyber Attacks on Private Entities 

-

i. (U) The I C's Division of Labor for Cybersecurity 

(U) Within the U.S. Government, the FBI,. and Department of Homeland Security 

have different but com lementa roles related to c her incident response. - . 

, has insights into foreign adversary 

activity, and is often one of the first to know that a foreign intelligence service has attempted to 

compromise, or has successfully compromised, a victim network. - will then pass that 

notification to fBI, which engages with the victim, and DHS sometimes provides additional 

services to assist in remediation or ongoing engagement with the IC.5359 

- Because information about an attack can come from-- or even a 

foreign partner, FBI must first work with- or ■ to protect their equities before sharing 

information with the victim.5360 Jim Trainor, Former Assistant Director of the Cyber Division at 

FBI, described the Bureau as "always the one that's more forward-leaning" about sharing 

information with victim entities because FBI agents are "the ones on the hook to try to provide 

the notification." 5361 Once FBI receives permission to share threat indicators, field office agents 

will contact the victim entity.5362 FBI agents use to "have 

complete visibility on ... victim notifications."53 Trainor noted that the best scenario is for 

agents to do "a lot of outreach" in their area of responsibility, so that when an incident occurs, 

5357 (U) As is common practice with incident response, Crowdstrike was h'ired through the DNC's private ·counsel, 

Perkins Coie LLP. · . ' 5358 (U) In general, HF A's production to the Committee was limited, given that the Campaign had a mandatory 30-

day automatic age-off processes for its staff email accounts. 5359 (U) Trainor Tr., p. 21. 5360 (U) Ibid 5361 (U) Ibid 5362 (U) Ibid, p. 22. 5363 (U) Ibid, pp. 18-19. 

816 

COMMITTEE SENSITIVE"'." RUSSIA INVESTIGATION ONLY 
COMMITTEE SENSITIVE - RUSSIA INVESTIGATION ONLY 

the FBI is dealing with "victims [who] have a relationship and a confidence and a trust ... [ who 

know] who the agent is, who the cyber squad is."5364 The FBI has cyber 

squads, and victim notifications are - a ortion of a c her s ua k. When 

dealin with a lar er c her attack, the FBI 

When asked whether the FBI tria es its victim notifications, Trainor describe 

3. (U) FBl's Role: The Victim-Driven Response 

(U) Instead of treating hacked entities as crime scenes, where the FBI can collect 

evidence as needed the FBI treats hacked entities as victims, 

. Washington Field Office Assistant 

Special Agent in Charge (ASAC) told the Committee that it is "very typical" in the 

"majority of cyber cases" that after the FBI a roaches a potential victim about a c ber intrusion, 

"we ma never hear from them a ain."5368 testified that the FBI 

and that even in those cases "it's quite a bit of a 

struggle ... as the entity decides what level of cooperation they're going to provide."5369 

(U) As a first step, FBI agents_, the FBI's case record system, to access 

contact information that may already exist for the victim. 5370 If there is no contact information, 

agents will call the organization and convey: 

5364 (U) ~- 19. 

5365 (U) - Tr., p. 8. 5366 (U) Tramor Tr., pp. 22-23. "Doxing" is the practice ofleaking stolen documents from a compromised victim's 

files. 

5367 (U) Trainor Tr., p. 22. 

536s (U) 1111 Tr., p. 13. 5369 (U) Ibid., pp. 14--15. 

5310 (U) Ibid., p. 11. 

817 

COMMITTEE SENSITIVE - RUSSIA INVESTIGATION ONLY 
Agents 

72 After engaging with the victim 

, working side by side" and_ 

But the FBI is "not there to rebuild the network and 

remediate the network" following a cyber incident; generally, a victim organization will hire a 

third-party cybersecurity vendor to complete that process.5374 

(U) One cons~ce of the victim-driven response is that victims who do cooperate do 

so at their own pace. - recognized that "every organization ... [has] valid reasons why they 

don't want the FBI in their building, on their computer systems."5375 Put simply: "half the time, 

the entity we're calling just doesn't want to deal with us."5376 

(U) As of May 2018, there was no formal policy within the FBI for escalating 

notifications up the chain of command at a victim entity.5377 - testified that "if an 

organization decides that they have it[under control or the don't want to do it I don't think we 

icall will escalate it much further ... 

(U) There are reasons why, to date, the FBI does not compel victims to cooperate. The 

FBI needs the victim organization's help to investigate the crime because the victim knows its 

own systems best, so forcing cooperation could potentially alienate the very people whose help 

the FBI needs. Additionally, the FBI recognizes that using compulsory process to force 

cooperation would be adding hassle to the hacked entity, which has already been the victim of a 

crime. 

(U) When asked about using compulsory process to force victims to cooperate, Trainor 

admitted that the FBI could "get a grand jury subpoena to compel them ... ; But that's a little 

challenging."5379 Even with compulsory process, Trainor told staff that "FBI doesn't know the 

network as well as the DNC or any other victim. It becomes very complicated ... that's the 

collaborative part of being on scene together. So ... we're not going to get that even with a 

grand jury subpoena."5380 Trainor's opinion was that compulsory process should be a last resort 

5371 (U) Ibid 5372 (U) Traino,rTr., pp. 17-19. 5373 (U) Ibid, pp. 23-24. 5374 (U) Ibid 

5375 (U) Ill Tr., p. 14. 5376 (U) Ibid, p. 21. 5377 (U) Ibid, pp. 28-29. 5378 (U) Ibid, pp. 28-29. 5379 (U) Trainor Tr., pp. 33-34. The Committee notes that search warrants might also be available. 5380 (U) Ibid, pp. 36-37. 

818 

COMMITTEE SENSITIVE - RUSSIA INVESTIGATION ONLY 
because "it would have a serious chillin 

it should only be 1:1sed 

4. (U) Private Cybersecurity Vendors 

anies wanting to work with us" and so 

5381 

(U) Typically, after the FBI notifies a victim organization, the organization will hire 

outside counsel who can then bring in a cybersecurity firm to address the intrusion and 

recommend remediation. 5382 Depending on how the cybersecurity firm is retained, and how 

outside counsel and the victim organization want to work, the cybersecurity firm's work 

product-including the technical details related to the intrusion and attribution theories-could 

be covered under the privileged umbrella of attorney work product. 5383 Many victim 

organizations are wary of publicly announcing cyber intrusions because of negative media 

attention and perceived reputational harm. This creates a tension as the cybersecurity 

community and law enforcement are better equipped to defend against cyber attacks when more 

information is shared. 5384 

. (U) Trainor described the ideal incident res onse coo eration as when ''the internal staff 

Tra· 

where FBI agents 

in order to speed up the review of 

them through 

cooperating with the FBI, navigating various regulatory requirements, and dealing with any data privacy issues that . . . . 

Some ven ors mitigate this by mputtmg threat indicators into a 

co ective efense mechanism for their chents, or y participating in organizations like the Cyber Threat Alliance. 

But, there is currently no requirement that cybersecurity vendors report new indicators from every cyber intrusion 

into any collective repository. 5385 (U) Ibid, p. 35. 5386 (U) See, e.g., Andrea Peterson, "The Sony Pictures Hack, Explained," The Washington Post, December 18, 

2014. 

5387 (U) Trainor Tr., p. 36. 

819 

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COMMITTEE SENSITIVE - RUSSIA INVESTIGATION ONLY 

i, (U) The DNC Hack: A Case Study in the FBI Victim Notification Process 

(U) The FBI agents and headquarters personnel working the DNC case were frustrated 

by the lack of responsiveness at the DNC, while witnesses from the DNC repeatedly told the 

Committee that they did not thirik the FBI ap ro riatel conve ed the threat icture. FBI 

ersonnel told the Committee that the were 

Trainor asked the Committee to "just imagine the FBI having the 

Washington Field Office giving a grand jury subpoena to the DNC."5389 Yet DNC witnesses 

repeatedly told the Committee that there was no "alarm bell" from the FBI, and DNC staff 

believed that the FBI received everything it needed from CrowdStrike and the DNC.5390 

- None of the Committee's witnesses expected that the compromise of the DNC's 

networ~ lead to the exfiltration and ex osure of the DNC's emails and information.5391 At 

the time of the compromise, FBI saw the 

consistent" with ast behavior, that i 

~ 

Trainor told the Committee that although he was familiar with the 

assume that was a possibility with the DNC hack because the FBI 

-••5393 

- In reviewing staff interviews, , and witness document 

produc~mmittee gained insights into the challenges facing both the DNC and the FBI 

. in confronting a new kind of attack on America's democracy. The uniquely political nature of 

the DNC as an organization and the FBI's approach towards victims of cyber attacks led to 

miscommunications and missed opportunities to thwart, or eradicate, the Russian cyber actors 

from the DNC systems. The below timeline conveys the Committee's understanding of the DNC 

hack, the FBI's response, and how the FBI, CrowdStrike, and the DNC worked together during 

this historic attack. -~. 

5388 (U) Ibid, p. 37. 5389 (U) Ibid, p. 34. 5390 ~serman Schultz Tr., pp. 8, 23, 32-24; Brazile Tr., pp. 18, 86. 5391 -However, Wasserman Schultz told the Committee that she was concerned based on her 

ex eriences, that: 

not raise these concerns wit Crow Strike or DNC counsel at e time o the intrusion. SSCI Transcript of the 

Interview with Debbie Wasserman Schultz, October 2, 2017, p. 19. 5392 (U) Trainor Tr., p. 29. 5393 (U) Ibid, p. 55. 

820 

COMMITTEE SENSITIVE - RUSSIA INVESTIGATION ONLY 
COMMITTEE SENSITIVE - RUSSIA INVESTIGATION ONLY 

5. (U) Summary of Events 

(U) Prior to the multiple- GRU intrusions into the DNC, the DNC networks 

were protected by a firewall, spam filters, an IT directory that managed password rotation, the 

Windows Defender system, and two-factor authentication on the VPN system.5394 The DNC 

trained new staff on computer use; part of that training included simulating phishing attacks and 

senior employees received a high-level cybersecurity briefing from a third-party vendor.5395 

DNC CEO Amy Dacey told the Committee that cybersecurity was "a priority" for both her and 

DNC Chair Debbie Wasserman Schultz.5396 The DNC had also hired a third-party vendor to 

conduct penetration testing on the DNC's publicly available assets.5397 The DNC contracted 

with The MIS Department, Inc. (MIS) to provide some IT services. Yared Tamene, a contractor 

for MIS and the DNC's IT Director, was responsible for IT and network security, and he 

reported to Andrew Brown, the Technology Director, who in tum reported to both DNC COO 

Lindsey Reynolds and DNC CEO Amy Dacey.5398 

From August 2015 until early May 2016, the FBI 

attempted to assist the DNC in recognizing and responding to Russian intrusions into the DNC 

network. 5400 

(U) Despite multiple conversations with the FBI in 2015 and early 2016, Tamene told 

the Committee that the first indication he had "of confirmed foreign actors on our network, 

meaning unauthorized access to the network," was April 28, 2016.5401 In May 2016, the DNC 

hired CrowdStrike, a third-party cybersecurity vendor, to respond to what they by then 

understood to be a foreign nation-state attacking their network.5402 On June 12, 2016, the DNC 

completed remediation related to the incident and transitioned to new systems.5403 On June 14, 

2016, the DNC approached and cooperated with the The Washington Post to publish an article 

announcing that the Russian intelligence services had hacked the DNC.5404 

5394 .(U) Tamene Tr., p. 18. 5395 (U) Ibid., p. 18; SSCI Transcript of the Interview with Amy Dacey, September 20, 2017, p. 14. 5396 (U) Dacey Tr., p. 14. 5397 (U) Tamene Tr., p. 18; Brown Tr., p. 13. 5398 (U) Tamene Tr., pp. 4-5; Brown Tr., pp. 5-7. 

5399 (U) ~ pp. 5-6; Trainor Tr., p. 6. 5400 (U) SeeJIIIIIII Tr., pp. 5, 44; Tamene Tr., pp. 10, 53. 5401 (U) Tamene Tr., p. 9. 

5402 (U) 1111 Tr., p. 44. 5403 (U) Tamene Tr., p. 58. 5404 (U) Ellen Nakashima, "Russian government hackers penetrated DNC, stole opposition research on Trump," The 

Washington Post, June 14, 2016. 

821 
COMMITTEE SENSITIVE - RUSSIA INVESTIGATION ONLY 

(U) In the June 14, 2016 The Washington Post article, CrowdStrike's CTO Dmitri 

Alperovitch associated one threat actor, dubbed "Fancy Bear," with the GRU and associated 

another threat actor, dubbed "Cozy Bear," with the FSB. The following day, Alperovitch 

published an article on CrowdStrike's blog associating Fancy Bear with the GRU, but allowing 

that Cozy Bear could have been either the SVR or the FSB. 5405 Through the remainder of the 

summer and fall of 2016, emails obtained from the DNC hack were published by online GRU 

persdnas DCLeaks and Guccifer 2.0, as well as WikiLeaks.5406 In September 2016, the DNC's 

cloud environment, hosted by Amazon Web Services (AWS), was the victim of another intrusion 

attempt, detected by CrowdStrike. 5407 

(U) On October 7, 2016, the Department of Homeland Security (DHS) and the Office of 

the Director of National Intelligence (ODNI) released a public statement that the IC was 

"confident that the Russian Government directed the recent compromise of e-mails from US 

persons and institutions, including from US political organizations."5408 

· 6. (U) Detailed Timeline 

(U) April 2015 

- In April 2015, the FBI's Washington Field Office (WFO) hosted a threat 

awaren~fing in Washington, D.C. to advise industry, think tanks, and universities about 

the increased risk of cyber attacks during the spring and summer timeframe. 5409 During April 

2015, the FBI engaged with a university on the west coast and one think tank in Washington, 

D.C~ to alert them that their infrastructure had been compromised by- cyber actors.5410 The 

- actors were using U.S. infrastructure in an attempt to conceal the true origins of their 

attacks and blend in to normal internet traffic.5411 FBI's WFO engaged with both victims and 

(U) See infra Vol. 5, Sec. III.B. 5407 (U) Tamene Tr., p. 62. 5408 (U) ODNI and DHS, "Joint Statement from the Department of Homeland Security and the Office of the 

Director ofNational Intelligence on Election Security," October 7, 2016. 5409 (U) Trainor Tr., pp. 13-14. - 5410 (U) Ibid, pp. 8-10 .. 5411 (U) Ibid, p. 9. 

822 
(U) August 2015 

pecial Agent (SA) was 

was the FBI' s main point of contact for 

the DNC notification process. Both Trainor and characterized the initial DNC 

notification as one of approximately ■ priority victim notifications from the larger pool of 

-5415 

On August 6, 2015, 

received approval from to share information.related to the incident 

and to notify theitential victims.5416 one of■ agents on his squad, was responsible 

for notifying the prioritized, potential victims.5417 Trainor told the Committee that the 

notifications would have conveyed: "you very well may have been ciim romised, you may have 

been a victim ... thiit ou've received a spear .ishing email."5418 testified that in this 

particular case, the allowed FBI to share IP addresses with victims to help them search 

for nefarious activity on their networks.5419 · 

. (U On August 6, 2015,_ called Tamene, the DNC's IT Director, and assed 

alon the IP addresses. 5420 On that same phone call, 

but he did suggest that Tamene look up public reporting on 

the cyber actors mini-DUKE and mini-DIONIS.54215422 Tamene told the Committee that on that 

5412 ( • p. 8-13. 5

413 Tr., p. 5; Trainor Tr., p. 6; Brown~7. 5414 Tr., . 6. The FBI did not make- available for a Committee interview; the Committee 

interv siiervisors and othe~ FBI personnel instead. 5415 Tr., p. 6; Tr., p. 8; Tramor Tr., p. 25. 

541 Tr. p. 6. 5417 Tr., p. 15. The Committee notes that in late summer 2015, the FBI's Cyber Division accounted 

for ofFBI resources-as a comparison, the Counterterrorism Division accounted for. of the FBI's 

resources. FBI had. agents in Cyber, split between headquarters and the field offices. Trainor Tr., p. 26. 

541s (U) Ibid. 

5419 (U) Ill Tr., p. 7. 5420 (U) Ibid., pp. 11-12. 5421 (U) Ibid., p. 12. 5422 (U) In general, both Tamene's testimony and the FBl's timeline of the interactions indicate that there were three 

phone calls from the FBI to the DNC in the fall of 2015. - created a contemporaneous timeline that the 

Committee was able to view. Tamene's testimony of the timing and content of the calls was reliant on his memory. 

823 
COMMITTEE SENSITIVE-RUSSIA INVESTIGATION ONLY 

first phone call, which he remembered happening in September of 2015, - reached him 

through the DNC switchboard and told him that the FBI thought "there m~me activity that 

is nefarious" and rovided the out oin IP address.5423 Tamene said that- also gave him 

the FBI in case the DNC systems 

(U) After speaking with- Tamene called DNC Technology Director Andrew 

Brown and went through the DNC firewall l~s assistant engineer.5425 No one on the 

DNC's IT staff saw anything to substantiate- concems.5426 Brown told the Committee 

that "there was no indication like: Hey, the FBI is ringing a fire bell; we think you're getting 

hacked."5427 Brown said he did raise the FBI's outreach with Dacey in his biweekl meetin , but 

he "didn't flag for her any direct actions" related to the FBI call.5428 

■ FBI did not hear from the DNC after-initial call.5429 

(U) CrowdStrike would eventually report that COZYBEAR had been sitting on the 

DNC's email server since the summer of 2015.5430 According to their report, after gaining 

access to an individual DNC staffer's computer through a spearphishing campaign, COZYBEAR 

actors moved laterally through the DNC's system and gained access to the email server.5431 

(U) December 2015 

On December 24, 2015 FBI that it continued to 

see efforts against the DNC.5432 On December 28, 2015, again contacted Tamene 

and told him that the DNC may have been compromised. He provided the same IP addresses, 

but included another indicator that he thought might help the DNC find the bad actors.5433 -

Tamene recalled two conversations with- not one. Tamene remembers that called him 

approximately a month after the initial p~ and that that second conversation 1s when told Tamene 

that the "actor is probably an entity called 'DUKES."' Tamene Tr., pp. 10-13. At the time of outreach, 

open source reporting was widely available on the internet linking "Dukes" to sophisticated Russian cy er actors. 5423 (U) Tamene Tr., pp. 10-11. 5424 (U) Ibid., p. 12. 

5425 (U) Ibid. 

5426 (U) Ibid. 5427 (U) Brown Tr., p. 15. 

542s (U) ~- 19_ 5429 (U) - Tr., p. 17. 5430 (U) Brown Tr., p. 27. 5431 (U) Ibid., . 49. 

5432 (U) Tr., p. 17. 5433 (U) Tr., p. 17. Tamene remembers this second phone call as happening approximately a month after the 

initial notification, so in October 2015, not December, but DNC Technology Director Andrew Brown remembered 

that it was a December engagement. Tamene Tr., p. 13; Brown Tr., p. 16. 

824 

COMMITTEE SENSITIVE - RUSSIA INVESTIGATION ONLY 
characterized this second notification as ~scalation because "there was still a persistent 

presence, at least through attempts."5434 - again received no follow-up information from 

Tamene or anyone else at the DNC after his December 28, 2015., outreach.5435 

(~ told the Committee that the DNC searched again and did not find any of the 

indicators - had passed to them. 5436 Brown again told Dacey about the interaction with 

the FBI, characterizing his response as: "we're treating it seriously and we're dealing with it."5437 

The DNC had purchased a new firewall in late December 2015 and Tamene's team was "in the 

process of putting it in as sort of transparent to the existing firewall" to ensure better logging 

capabilities.5438, During this timeframe, the DNC also purchased Splunk, a tool that aggregates 

and enables quicker searching of logs.5439 

, 

(U) January 2016 

After two weeks following the second notification without any word from Tamene, 

that Tamene might not be the appropriate contact within the 

16 called the DNC switchboard and asked to speak to the 

person .

5441 Again,_ was directed to 

Tamene. On January 15, 2016, called Tamene to check in, and Tamene told 

- that he would search the DNC systems and get back to the FBI.5443 Tamene told the 

Committee that, prior to April 2016, "there was no sense o~" to -

notifications.5444 Yet both Trainor and-testified that- would have co~ 

sense ofurgency.5445 Tamene also told the Committee that he had no awareness of~ ever 

asking to speak to his supervisor or attempting to escalate the conversation within the DNC. 446 . 

(U) Trainor told the Committee that he "first became aware of the challenges associated 

with the DNC ... [the] lack of cooperation, lack of response, the fact that the exfil was going 

5434 (U) - Tr., p. 18. 

5435 (U) 'mT,p. 19. 5436 (U) Brown Tr., p. 16. 5437 (U) Ibid., pp. 19-21. 5438 (U) Tamene Tr., p. 17. 5439 (U) .bid.,. 27. 5440 (U) Tr., p. 19. 5441 (U) J, id. 

5442 (U) Ibid. , 

5443 (U) Ill Tr., p. 23. 5444 (U) Tamene Tr., p. 28. 5445 (U) Trainor Tr., p. 16. 5446 (U) Tamene Tr., p. 28. 

825 
COMMITTEE SENSITIVE - RUSSIA INVESTIGATION ONLY 

on" in January 2016. 5447 Around this time, Trainor said the FBI Section Chief escalated the 

matter to a more senior level within the DNC.5448 Trainor was confident that "it got raised 

beyond a working level and got raised within the DNC ... the bottom line is they were able, 

from what I understand, were able to convince them [the DNC]."5449 The Committee notes the 

conflicting testimony, but could not find any record of any FBI attempts to raise the rofile of 

their warnings during this time period. ASAC- told the Committee that had 

- in the DNC IT staffs technical abilities, and that, during early 2016, "was 

comfortable he was dealing with people that actually understood the consequences of what was 

happening and how to remediate it."5450 · 

(U) February 2016 

(U) On February 8, 2016,_ still had not heard back from Tamene, soleft a voicemail telling Tamene that he wanted to meet to provide Tamene with some additional 

threat intelligence.5451 The next day,_ spoke with Tamene by telephone and they set up 

an in-person meeting for February 10, 2016, so that- could provide Tamene with 

additional information. 5452 

(U) On February 10, 2016,~ Tamene, and Suraj Gaur, anotherDNC IT staffer, 

met at a coffee shop in Sterlin , VA. The FBI rovided the DNC IT staff with additional 

threat information, includin 

e recalled that at this meeting, provided 

indicating nefarious activity, including 

55 Tamene told-that he would review 

the indicators that provided.5456 For Tamene, 

he realized that the DNC's logging capabilities did not go back far enough to 

described. 5457 

5447 (U) Trainor Tr., p. 31. Trainor told the Committee that, during the December-January timeframe, he "start[ ed] 

to hear, either from my staff or maybe even from the seventh floor at headquarters, whether it's the Deputy or the 

EAD or somebody, that the DNC may not be takingthis as seriously." Ibid, p. 47. 5448 (U) Ibid 

5449 (U) ~P- 48, 50. 

5450 (U) - Tr., p: 26. 5451 (U) Ibid, p. 24. 5452 (U) Tamene recalled that this in-person meeting with- was in late January 2016, not February. Tamene 

Tr., p. 14. See alsollll Tr., p. 24. 5453 (U) Ibid., pp. 24-25. 5454 (U) Ibid., p. 25. . 5455 (U) Tamene Tr., p. 16. 

5456 (U) 1111 Tr., p. 25. 5457 (U) Tamene Tr., p. 16. 

826 

COMMITTEE SENSITIVE - RUSSIA INVESTIGATION ONLY 
(U) Tamene told the Committee that he remembered- telling him at this meeting 

that the FBI "believes these to be Russian state actors, Russian state-sponsored actors. "5458 

Tamene relayed- statement about the foreign actors to Brown, and they both agreed that 

t.he DNC should con~n ca abilities.5459 also suggested that 

Tamene run a script- , which could 

discover nefarious activity. Tamene was nervous about on the network if 

the environment was compromised, so he and his team tried to figure out ways to - without 

alerting the malicious actors. 5461 

(U) Tamene told the Committee that, after their meeting, he told- by email or 

text message that the logs did not go ba~at the DNC had not found anything 

yet, but that they were still working on-.5462 He also told-that the 

DNC had purchased Splunk, a tool to aid its investigation, and had extended its logging 

capabilities. 5463 

ter, on February 29, 2016, 

, to Tamene, Gaur, and a 

(U) Tamene recalled that sometime in February, - called to invite him to an FBI 

tabletop exercise on April 5, 2016.5466 , 

(U) March 2016 

5458 (U) Ibid, pp. 32-33. 5459 (U) Ibid, p. 32. 5460 (U) Ibid. WMI is Windows Management Infrastructure, a Microsoft tool that allows system administrators to 

access and audit system management information across an enterprise's networks. See Microsoft.com,.Microsoft 

Windows Dev Center, "About WMI." Because WMI works across the entire system, attackers sometimes use it to 

"create an initial foothold on a system." See Timothy Parsi and Evan Pena, "WMI vs. WMI: Monitoring for 

Malicious Activity," Fireeye.com, August 18, 2016. Running a WMI Bindings Script could enable a system 

administrator to see an adversary manipulating the WMI system. 5461 (U) Tamene Tr., p. 32. 

5462 (U) Ibid., p. 29. 

5463 (U) Ibid. 

5464 (U) - Tr., p. 27. 

5465 (U) W.- 5466 (U) Tamene Tr., p. 29. 

827 

COMMITTEE SENSITIVE - RUSSIA INVESTIGATION ONLY 
COMMITTEE SENSITIVE - RUSSIA INVESTIGATION ONLY 

(U) On March 1, 2016, Su.raj Gaur responded to - and reported that the DNC had 

not found any malicious traffic but that they would increase their logging capability.5467 On 

March 24, 2016, FBI identified additional spea hishin activi at the DNC. The next da , FBI 

~tors of that activity to the DNC, 

-5468 . 

(U) April 2016 

you do if you have an incident and what are some of the ways you can interact with [the 

FBI]."5472 

e 

(U) Tamene thought the exercise was helpful because it h~lped him understand how to 

leverage the Splunk program and because it confirmed, for him, that he was "moving in the right 

direction" with the DNC's cybersecurity posture.5473 Tamene remembered that the FBI asked for 

the DNC's logs on April 10, 2016. Tamene started collecting the log information and asked 

Andrew Brown and DNC COO Lindsey Reynolds for permission to share the logs.'5474 

(U) On April 15, 2016, the FBI notified the DNC-that it was still seeing signs of 

compromise, and provided additional for the DNC to use.5475 The FBI also 

made another request for the DNC's logs. Brown described this request for logs as a shift 

in the FBI engagement, telling the Committee that "all of a sudden the FBI asked us to send them 

5467 (U) Ill Tr., p. 30. 5468 (U) Ibid, pp. 31-32. FBI also saw some spearphishing attempts directed at the HFA Campaign; it also notified 

HFA on March 25, 2016. 5469 (U) Tr., p. 33; Tamene Tr., p. 29. 

5410 (U) Tr., p. 33. 5471 (U) Tr., pp. 33-34. 5472 (U) Brown Tr., p. 16. 5473 (U) Tamene Tr., p. 30. 

5474 (U) ~-33_ 5475 (U) - Tr., p. 36. 5476 (U) Tamene indicated to the Committee that in addition ~agement with Agent 

received one or two emails about spear phishing from Agent- colleague, Agent 

March-A~016 timeframe. Tamene Tr., p. 55. 5477 (U) - Tr., p. 36. 

828 

he also 

during the 

\ 

COMMITTEE SENSITIVE - RUSSIA INVESTIGATION ONLY 
COMMITTEE SENSITIVE - RUSSIA INVESTIGATION ONLY 

logs," which was a "new request."5478 At that point, the FBI had been requesting logs for almost 

two months. 

(U) Three days later, on April 18, 2016, Tamene told 

to install and configure a new firewall; he also relayed that, so far, the 

had not yielded any results.5479 On that same day, FBI learned that a second Russian cyber actor, 

FANCYBEAR, was also operating within the DNC network.5480 On April 19, 2016, the FBI 

again provided additional information to the DNC and again asked for the logs-the second 

request in two days, and the fifth request for logs cumulatively.5481 

(U) Tamene told the Committee that the repeated requests for logs did not "seem like an 

escalation" to him, and that "Agent- never used alarming language."5482 

o the point where DNC could search its own logs for those same indicators. 

ASAC told the Committee that the DNC had enough information to find the nefarious 

activity, but that "it was going to take them a lot longer and a lot more manpower to do it."5484 

After the fifth request for the logs, Tamene told the FBI that Brown would have to approve the 

request for any logs.5485 Tamene told-that Brown was aware of the compromise and 

that he had briefed Lindsey Reynolds, the DNC's chief o eratin officer.5486 On A ril 20, 2016, 

sent Tamene and Gaur a 

(U) The following day, Tamene told he did not have authorization to share the 

logs.5488 On April 25, 2016, the FBI the DNC's general counsel to request a meeting.5489 

The next day, on April 26, 2016, called Michael Sussman, a partner at the law firm of 

Perkins Coie and the DNC's external cybersecurity counsel.5490 Sussmann told-that · 

5478 (U) Brown Tr., p. 18; Brown Tr., p. 23. 

5479 (U) Ill Tr., p. 36. 5480 (U) Ibid., p. 47. 5481 (U) Ibid., p. 40. 5482 (U) Tamene Tr., p. 37. 5483 (U) - Tr., pp. 39--40. 

5484(U) m- 5485 (U) Ibid.' p. 41. 

5486 (U) Ibid. 

5487 (U) lb id. 

5488 (U) Ibid. 

5489 (U) Ibid. 5490 (U) Ibid., p. 42 

829 

COMMITTEE SENSITIVE- RUSSIA INVESTIGATION ONLY 
COMMITTEE SENSITIVE - RUSSIA INVESTIGATION ONLY 

- should engage with Tamene and that Sussman would enc~amene to cooperate 

with the FBI.5491 On April 27, 2016, Sussman and Tamene called- and told him they · 

were planning to ineet with Dacey on April 28, 2016. Sussmann relayed that he expected Dacey 

to approve sending the FBI the logs. 5492 

(U) On April 28, 2016, Tamene discovered APT-28, or FANCYBEAR, on the DNC's 

netw~ht months after the FBI first contacted the DNC. Despite his earlier conversations 

with- about APT-29, or COZYBEAR, Tamene described the discovery of 

F ANCYBEAR as "the first indication that I had of confirmed foreign actors on our network."5493 

(U) Tamene saw that a utility server that the DNC used to manage adding users to the 

domain had been compromised.5494 On that domain server, the DNC used a program called-

- to manage passwords.5495 - had two-factor authentication, but the IT team received 

an alert that an IP address was tryin~nto the- account by guessing the 

password.5496 After examining the- accesses, Tamene and his team could see that there 

were nefarious JIIIIII access attempts that Tamene described as "irrefutable" indicators of 

compromise. 54 

(U) In addition to the- activity, Tamene and his team also found a "process that 

[they] didn't recognize" running on the utility server.5498 Tamene told the Committee that 

F ANCYBEAR was running processes at system-level privileges, which could have given them 

access to "potentially everything ... they could delete _things, they could copy things, they could 

exfiltrate things."5499 Brown told the Committee that "they were kind of at the heart of the 

network at that point, by the time we saw them getting administrative passwords."5500 

(U) On April 29, 2016, after confirming the GRU/FANCYBEAR activity, when he 

"knew for sure" that the DNC was compromised, Tamene called Brown, and then Reynolds, to 

obtain permission to reach out to the FBI.5501 Brown separately called Dacey and Reynolds to 

alert them to the problem, but could not reach Dacey.5502 Dacey told the Committee that she 

5491 (U) Ibid, p. 43 5492 (U) Ibid 5493 (U) Tamene Tr., p. 9. 5494 (U) Ibid, p. 42. 

5495 (U) Ibid 5496 (U) Ibid, p. 43. 5497 (U) Ibid, Pi 43; Brown Tr., p. 9. 5498 (U) Tamene Tr., p. 43. 5499 (U) Ibid, pp. 45--46. 5500 (U) Brown Tr., p. 14. 5501 (U) Tamene Tr., p. 37. 

5502 (U) Brown 10. 

830 
COMMITTEE SENSITIVE - RUSSIA INVESTIGATION ONLY 

received a call Friday evening from Reynolds explaining that "the IT team ... had noticed 

unusual activity on our system and they said that they thought that a breach had occurred and it 

was not something they had seen before and they were concerned about it and needed help to 

figure out what was going on."5503 Dacey immediately called Sussmann. 5504 Tamene and the 

DNC team, including counsel, "spent several hours on the phone thinking through what [their] 

~were."5505 That same day-11 weeks after the FBI's first request-Tamene sent 

- an email stating that the DNC IT department had permission to provide the logs, and 

subsequently provided the logs to the FBI. 5506 _ 

(U) Tamene told the Committee that he texted- on the night of April 29 and said 

"we have evidence that we're compromised; I have the logs ready for you; let me know what you 

can do."5507 - responded by text and told Tamene "if you need us to help you _ne:xt week, 

let me know. I see that you sent us the logs. Thank you."5508 Tamene told the Committee, "the 

tone here still wasn't 'fire drill' or 'evacuate.': It wasn't that. It was never that. Even after we 

had confirmed a co~.;.there was no sense of urgency from him [SA-"5509 

Tamene attributed- relative calm to the fact that he was a "cool customer" or that he 

had not seen the activity Tamene had seen.5510 Tamene was nervous to attempt any remediation 

on his own because he did not want to "show [his] hand to the adversary, who may have full 

control of [the] network."5511 ' 

. . 

(U) On Saturday, April 30, 2016, Sussmann emailed CrowdStrike President Shawn 

Henry to discuss a potential incident; on a phone call later that afternoon, Sussmann told Henry 

. that "somebody at the DNC had seen some activity" and that there had been "prior 

,. communications ... with the FBI," and that Sussmann wanted CrowdStrike's help.5512 Later that 

day, Dacey, Reynolds, Brown, Tamene, Perkins Coie attorneys, and CrowdStrike employees 

Shawn Henry and Chris Scott had a phone call to discuss incident response options. 5513 

(U) May2016 

5503 (U) Dacey Tr., .p. 5. 5504 (U) Ibid., p. 6. 5505 (U) Tamene Tr., pp. 9-10; Dacey Tr., p. 6. 5506 (U) .. Tr., p. 43; Brown Tr., p. 23. 5507 (U) Tamene Tr.; p. 37. 5508 (U) Ibid, p. 38. 5509 (U) Ibid, p. 40. 5510 (U) Ibid, pp. 40-4L 5511 (U) Ibid., p. 39. 5512 (U) Henry Tr., pp. 39-40. 5513 (U) Tamene Tr., pp. 38-39; Brown Tr., p. 10. Henry doesn't remember this phone call with the DNC but 

Brown, Tamene, and Dacey all recalled that CrowdStrike participated in this call. 

831 

COMMITTEE SENSITIVE - RUSSIA INVESTIGATION ONLY 
(U) On May 1, 2016, Srissmann, Henry, and one or two CrowdStrike employees 

discussed more information about the breach and started the paperwork for the DNC to retain 

CrowdStrike.5514 Dacey called Congresswo:tpan and then-DNC Chair Debbie Wasserman Shultz 

that Saturday to let her know "that there was a concern, that we had a problem that they thought' 

was significant in the system and we needed more informatiqn, so that we had brought on 

CrowdStrike to help."5515 

(U) Dacey told the Committee that one of the reasons she chose CrowdStrike was 

because of Henry's fomier FBI career, and that the DNC "encouraged [CrowdStrike] to talk 

directly to the FBI and that we wanted them to be coordinating and working with them once we 

knew about the breach."5516 That weekend, Tamene and his team wiped their computers and 

began using a newly created Grnail account to communicate about the incident.5517 

(U) On May 2, 2016, CrowdStrike inciden,t responder Robert Johnston called Tamene to. 

discuss communication and securi rotocols.5518 Johnston also ave Tamene a list of technical 

assets he needed from Tamene, 55 19 

Johnston gave Tamene one of CrowdStrike's Falcon sensors, a tool which detects nefarious 

activity presently occurring in the environment.5520 Later on, the DNGIT team also installed 

CrowdStrike's Falcon Forensic Collector, which detects historical sus icious activi .•5521 

Tamene told CrowdStrike aboμt his earlier conversation with A ent about 

and CrowdStrike hel ed Tamene to 

to figure out what was going on." Henry recalled 

that during that initial week, CrowdStrike deployed 200 sensor devices on the DNC network.5523 

CrowdStrike did not do an assessment of the DNC's defenses at the time of the attack because 

their focus was responding to the active intrusion.5524 At the end of the investigation, the DNC 

' ss14 (U) Henry Tr., pp. 40--41. 

ms (U) Dacey Tr., p. 7. Wasserman Schultz remembered that Dacey came to speak with her on "April 20-

something" and told Wasserman Schultz that there were two Russian spy agencies on the DNC's network. 

Wasserman Schultz Tr., pp. 4-5. Based on Dacey's testimony and CrowdStrike's timeline of when it discovered the 

second actor, it seems likely that either Dacey and the Chair had multiple conversations relaying this information, or 

that the only conversation occurred in May, as Dacey remembered. 5516 (U) Dacey Tr., p. 15. 5517 (U) Tamene Tr., p. 47. 

SSIS (U) Ibid., p. 47. 5519 (U) Ibid., p. 48. 5S20 (U) Ibid. 

5S21 (U) lb id. 5522 (U) Ibid., pp. 48--49. 5523 (U) Henry Tr., p. 41. 5524 (U) Ibid., p. 48. 

832 
COMMITTEE SENSITIVE - RUSSIA INVESTIGATION ONLY 

discovered that 37 of 700 hosts on the DNC's network were compromised, including a domain 

controller.5525 ' 

had technical conversations 

26 Tamene recalled that he 

wdStrike was working on the 

ene of some areas where 

FBI notes show that on May 3, 2016, Robert 

Johnston, of CrowdStrike, reached out to the FBI to tell them that the DNC had retained 

CrowdStrike for the incident response. 5530 

(U) During the first week of May, Tamene worked with CrowdStrike and participated in 

daily calls with Brown, Reynolds, Dacey, CrowdStrik~aham Wilson of Perkins Coie.5531 

Tamene told the Committee that he spoke with Agent-- after CrowdStrike was retained to 

confirm that- was "getting the information he need[ed] from CrowdStrike."5532 When 

pressed about what exactly was shared with the FBI, Tamene told the Committee that he did not 

"know for a fact exactly what CrowdStrike gave Agent- but that "every time that the 

FBI asked the DNC, the DNC cooperated."5533 Tamene told the Committee that he believed that, 

during the incident response phase, he "passed the baton" to CrowdStrike to deal with the 

FBl.ss34 

(U) Within a few days, CrowdStrike's sensors relayed that one threat actor, 

COZYBEAR, "had compromised certain email accounts. . . . Voice over IP servers ... servers 

related to internal text messaging, [ and] text messages in the environment ... they had 

apparently been collecting intelligence going back to July of 2015."5535 By mid-May, 

5525 (U) Tamene Tr., p. 77. 

5526 (U) 11111 Tr., p. 44. 5527 (U) Tamene Tr., p. 53. 

552s (U) 11111 Tr., p. 44. 5529 (U) Ibid., p. 44. 5530 (U) Ibid., p. 54 ~ referred to notes during his interview). 5531 (U) Tamene Tr., p. 50. 5532 (U) Ibid., p. 53. 

5533 (U) Ibid., p. 54. 5534 (U) Ibid., p. 56. 5535 (U) Henry Tr., pp. 50-52. 

833 

COMMITTEE SENSITIVE - RUSSIA INVESTIGATION ONLY 
COMMITTEE SENSITIVE - RUSSIA INVESTIGATION ONLY 

CrowdStrike "recognized that F ANCYBEAR ... haμ been in the environment as early as April 

18th [2016]."5536 Henry characterized the compromise of the networkas "widespread."5537 

(U) Dacey told the Committee that "within a week a:(tef' bringing on CrowdStrike, 

Michael Sussmann called to tell her that CrowdStrike had identified one of the perpetrators of 

the attack as FANCYBEAR, "a state-sponsored foreign entity, Russian in nature."5538 During 

this same conversation, Sussmann told Dacey that .F ANCYBEAR had been "interested in the 

research files at the DNC" and that they "had exfiltrated a few files from the system" related to 

Trump research."5539 A short time after her conversation with Sussmann, CrowdStrike alerted 

Dacey that they had found a second actor-COZYBEAR-that had been in the system for a 

longer time, and "seemed to be ."554° CrowdStrike told Dacey that "there was 

no indication" that COZYBEAR and FAN CYB EAR had known of the other's presence on the 

system. 5541 

(U) At some point during the remediation process, the DNGIT staff did see one 

indicator of potential exfiltration. According to Tamene, "it looked like someone took a bunch 

of files, zipped them, and then charred them to be a bunch of other files so that they can be small, 

5-meg uploads out of that system."5542 Tamene told the Committee that the folder in the file 

share was called "Trump.zip."5543 Henry testified that CrowdStrike was "able to see some 

exfiltration and the types of files that had been touched" but not the content of those files.5544 

, (U) In mid-May, Tamene met with vendors as MIS, not as DNC IT staff, about obtaining 

new email systems and preparing the new technical infrastructure for remediation. 5545 

CrowdStrike and the DNC IT staff determined that June 10, 2016, would be the day when the 

DNC switched tp new systems.5546 

(U) The Committee notes there is discrepancy in witness testimony regarding how 

communicative CrowdStrike was with the FBI during the incident response phase. On May 20, 

2016, Agent- contacted Tamene for an update on the incident response; Tamene told. 

5536 (U) Ibid., p. 58. 5537 (U) Ibid., p. 52. 5538 (U) Dacey 9. 5539 (U) Ibid., p. 10. The Committee appreciated the DNC's cooperative approach to sharing information that may 

have properly been protected by the attorney-client privilege. 5540 (U) Ibid, p. 11. 

5541 (U) Ibid., p. 1 I. 5542 (U) Tamene Tr., pp. 58-59. 5543 (U) Ibid., p. 58. 5544 (U) Henry Tr., p. 60. 5545 (U) Tamene Tr., p. 56. 5546 (U) Ibid., p. 57. 

834 
- there had been some developments but that Tamene was unsure what he was authorized 

to share with the FBI. 5547 On May 26, 2016, - reached out to Tamene again, and Tamene 

told- he was authorized to share some information with the FBI, but did not actually 

share any additional information on that call. On May 31, 2016, ~ · 

a ain.5548 Durin this call, asked for an update and pro- · 

•

5549 Henry told the Committee that one of CrowdStrike's 

consultants spoke with in May after the Falcon sensors were deployed.5550 -

timeline only includes one CrowdStrike call in May: the initial May 3, 2016 call from Robert 

Johnston to alert the FBI that CrowdStrike was working on the incident response. 

(lJ) June 2016 

(U) On June 10, 2016, the DNC had an all-staff meeting and asked its personnel to return 

their laptops and devices to the IT staff.5551 Brown told the Committee: "most people thought 

they were getting fired. But we had to maintain operational secrecy ... we didn't want to tip our 

hand to the intruders that we knew they were there."5~

52 From June 10, 2016, to June 12, 2016, 

the DNC IT staff and CrowdStrike unplugged all·of the old, potentially compromised systems, 

and worked to re-ima e devices and hardware for the new systems.5553 DNC IT staffers used 

•

5554 The new network had security "baked in," 

(U) On June 13, 2016, Agent- contacted Tamene-to ask for an update 

on the incident response.5556 Later that day, Sussmann and Henry called then-FBI Assistant 

Director for Cyber Jim Trainor to tell him that the DNC hack was going to be made public.5557 

On June 14, 2016, the DNC told the FBI that the workstations had been re-imaged and 

compromised servers were remediated. 5558 That afternoon, i~ediately prior to the release of an 

article in The Washington Post, Wasserman Shultz held a call with DNC officers, including 

Donna Brazile, to tell them that the DNC had been hacked by a foreign entity and that 

5547 (U) 1111 Tr., p. 48. 5548 (U) Ibid., pp. 48-49. 

5549 (U) Ibid., p. 49. 5550 (U) Henry Tr., p. 70. 5551 (U) Brown Tr., p. 26. 

5552 (U) Ibid. 5553 (U) Tamene Tr., p. 57; Brown Tr., pp. 26-27. 5554 (U) Tamene Tr., p. 57. 5555 (0)~.59. 

5556 (U) - Tr., p. 49. 

5551 (U) ~ Tr., pp. 68-72. 5558 (U) - Tr., p. 49. 

835 
COMMITTEE SENSITIVE - RUSSIA INVESTIGATION ONLY 

remediation was underway. 5559 Brazile remembered that the call occurred about five minutes 

prior to the Post story breaking.5560 On the evening of June 14, 2016, The Washington Post 

published an article about the DNC hack, with quotes from DNC staff, Sussmann, and 

CrowdStrike employees. 5561 

(U) On June·1s, 2016, Alperovitch published excerpts from CrowdStrike'sanalysis of 

the FANCYBEAR and COZYBEAR intrusions on CrowdStrike's blog.5562 Later that day, after 

reading CrowdStrike's blog post, the FBI reached out to the DNC to ask for copies of the 

malware that CrowdStrike had collected. 5563 

(U) That same day, the GRU online persona Guccifer 2.0 made its first public 

appearance on a newly created website where it released ''just a few docs from many thousands . 

. . I extracted when hacking into DNC's network."5564 The initial Guccifer 2.0 blog release 

included the DNC's Trump research file.5565 The Guccifer 2.0 persona's Twitter account became 

operational on June 20, 2016.5566 

(U) As Brown remembers it, a day or two after The Washington Post story, "all of a 

sudden this Guccifer 2.0 persona pops up purporting to be the person, the individual, he claimed, 

who hacked into the DNC systems and started releasing files that had been purportedly· stolen 

from the DNC."5567 Brown told the Committee that there was "definitely an effort to review the 

materials that were being released by Guccifer ... [by the] folks on the DNC research team and 

our legal counsel."5568 CrowdStrike coordinated with the DNC to look at timelines of what had 

been exfiltrated. 5569 

5559 (U) SSCI Transcript of the Interview with Donna Brazile, January 22, 2018, p. 17. 

5560 (U) Ibid 5561 (U) Ellen Nakashima, "Russian government hackers penetrated DNC, stole opposition research on Trump," The 

Washington Post, June 14, 2016. , ' 

-

5562 (U) Dmitri Alperovitch, "Bears in the Midst: Intrusion into the Democratic National Committee," CrowdStrike, 

June 15, 2016. 5563 (U) .. Tr., p. 50., Through CrowdStrike's investigation, the FBI learned that the DCCC had also been 

compromised. The FBI worked with the DCCC to remediate the issues and found the DCCC to be cooperative. 

Trainor 89-93. 5564 (U) David Sanger, et al., "Tracing Guccifer 2.0's Many Tentacles in the 2016 Election," The New York Times, 

July 15, 2018. For more on the GRU's use ofGuccifer 2.0 for its hack-and-leak campaign, see infra Vol. 5, Sec. 

III.B. 

5565 (U) Ibid 

5566 (U) Ibid 5567 (U) Brown Tr., p. 31. 5568 (U) Ibid, p. 32. 5569 (U) Henry Tr., p. 93. 

836 

COMMITTEE SENSITIVE- RUSSIA INVESTIGATION ONLY 
(U) Henry told the Committee that Guccifer's claim of sole responsibility for the DNC 

hack was ''very interesting ... as an investigator ... [as] an attempt just to refocus blame and 

throw investigators off the track."5570 Henry told the Committee that "operationalizing the 

intelligence" through leaks ''was a major change in the stakes ... Collection of intelligence and 

espionage is acceptable. The actioning of intelligence to have some type of an operational 

impact [was] ... kind of a new paradigm."5571 

_____ilD_ On June 16, 2016, FBI ersonnel includin AD Trainor, Cyber Division Unit Chief 

-• Section Chief DNC CEO Amy Dacey, 

CrowdStrike President Shawn Henry, CrowdStrike employee Robert Johnston, and Michael 

Sussmann from Perkins Coie met to discuss how CrowdStrike and the FBI would work together 

going forward and any outstanding requests from the FBI.5572 Henry characterized the 

collaboration as "absolutely" a "two-way street," stating that the FBI and CrowdStrike had 

' " throughout the investigation. 5573 

(U) Wasserman Schultz told the Committee that she "was never told that the FBI had 

any interest in or requested access to [the DNC] servers."5574 In fact, Wasserman Schultz said 

that she understood that the DNC cooperated with the FBI through the transition to the new 

servers, and that "if there was a request, we most definitely would have provided access to our 

servers."5575 Wasserman Schultz told the Committee that she believed her imperative as Chair 

was to "address. the intrusions and make sure that whatever information the FBI would have 

needed, that they got it."5576 

(U) Trainor recalled that Henry and Sussmann had expressed frustration that the FBI had . 

not notified the DNC of the FANCYBEAR and COZYBEAR intrusions earlier.5577 But, as 

Trainor pointed out to Henry and Sussmann, the FBI had notified the DNC quickly and 

repeatedly about the F ANCYBEAR intrusions in March-April of 2016. 5578 Trainor remembered 

describing the FBI's ideal cooperation scenario at this meeting, and he recalled that the DNC 

5570 (U) Ibid, p. 91. 5571 (U) Ibid, pp. 91-92. 5572 (U) Dacey Tr., p. 22, 1111 Tr., p. 52, Trainor Tr., p. 56. 5573 (U) Henry Tr., p. 69. 5574 (U) Wasserman Shultz Tr., p. 23. 5575 (U) Ibid, p. 23. 5576 (U) Ibid, p. 25. 5577 (U) Trainor Tr., p. 59. 

551s (U) Ibid 

837 

COMMITTEE SENSITIVE - RUSSIA INVESTIGATION ONLY 
COMMITTEE SENSITIVE - RUSSIA INVESTIGATION ONLY 

response was: "we'll give you everything you need."5579 Subsequently, Trainor had "several 

conversations with the law firm nearly every day from there on out."5580 

(U) On June 17, 2016, the da 

reached out to Tamene askin for 

ask for authorization to 

.fact that the DNC' 

at FBI Head uarters, Agent-

; Tamene said he would 

it h initial meeting, and the 

layed to Trainor that it would give the FBI 

5582 

(U~e 20, 2016, CrowdStrike reached out to the FBI, and provided some of the 

indicators- had requested.5583 CrowdStrike still had not provided the FBI with forensic 

images nor an unredacted copy of their report.5584 Around this time, Trainor spoke to John 

Carlin, then-Assistant Attorney General of the National Security D~djury 

subpoena in the DNC matter.5585 Ultimately, Trainor believed that-was 

unnecessary because he "was able to get the DNC to cooperate to some degree or level that was 

satisfactory and allowed [the FBI] to pursue the investigation."5586 Trainor told the Committee 

that he was not aware of any situation during his tenure in the Cyber Division where the FBI ever 

used to secure victim cooperation.5587 

(U) July 2016 

(U) On July 22, 2016, WikiLeaks began releasing emails captured from the DNC 

hack.5588 Although Donna Brazile's emails were among those publicly released, she said that she 

never received any official victim notification prior to or subsequent to those releases.5589 

(U) On July 24, 2016, immediately prior to the start of the Democratic National 

Convention, Wasserman Schultz resigned as DNC Chair and Donna Brazile became Interim 

5579 (U) Ibid., pp. 57, 60. 5580 (U) Ibid., p. 57. During one of those calls, Trainor offered to brief the DNC, DCCC, RNC, and the Clinton 

Campaign at the classified level. Ibid. Trainor cannot remember if a classified threat briefing was offered to the 

Trump Ciim aign. 5581 (U) Tr., p. 52. 5582 (U) Tramor Tr., p. 61. 

5583 (U) Ill Tr., p. 53. 5584 (U) Ibid., p. 53. 5585 (U) Trainor Tr., pp. 24, 41. 5586 (U) Ibid., p. 40. 

5587 (U) Ibid.' p. 41. 5588 (U) Tom Hamburger, Karen Tumulty, "WikiLeaks releases thousands of documents about Clinton and internal 

deliberations," The Washington Post, July 22, 2016. 5589 (U) Ibid., p. 32. 

838 

COMMITTEE SENSITIVE - RUSSIA INVESTIGATION ONLY 
COMMITTEE SENSITIVE - RUSSIA INVE TIGATION ONLY 

Chair.5590 At around 1 :00 p.m. that day, after speaking with Wasserman Schultz, Brazile ran into 

Mark Elias in the Logan Hotel lobby in Philadelphia.5591 Elias told Brazile details of the hack, 

including background on the Russian actors and background on CrowdStrike, and he also told 

B,razile about the work Sussmann had been doing for the DNC~5592 Elias also told Brazile that 

127 of her emails had been released.5593 Brazile asked Elias to have Sussmann set up a briefing 

from the FBI.5594 

(U) In July, as additional material purportedly from the DNC was being released, 

Johnston called Tamene to ask for help in substantiating that some of the leaked emails were 

legitimate DNC emails. Specifically, Johnston wanted to know where emails that were older 

than the DNC retention policy were stored.5595 As leaked emails were published, the DNC IT 

staff saw phishing attempts on staffs personal email accounts "or <loxing from details that were 

released publicly through Wikileaks ... there was a lot of activity targeting DNC staff."5596 

According to DNC IT Director Brown, activity targeting DNC staff was reported to the FBI on 

an ongoing basis.5597 

(U) August 2016 

I 

(U) Brazile told the Committee that "as Interim Chair in August, her "total focus" was 

cybersecurity.5598 Brazile wanted to ensure that the DNC was making appropriate notifications 

to donors and staff whose personally identifiable information (PII) had been compromised, since 

she herself had PII compromised and had not been notified.5599 Brazile also reviewed invoices at 

the DNC and discovered that the DNC had "recreated everything the FBI wanted ... at a cost of 

over $65~000."5600 

· - On August 2, 2016, the FBI asked CrowdStrike for additional information but 

"they [CrowdStrike] insisted DNC legal be involved so ... that [didn't go] very far."5601 

5590 (U) Ibid., pp. 5-6. 5591 (U) Ibid., p. 37. 5592 (U) Ibid., p. 38. 5593 (U) Ibid., p. 38, 42. 5594 (U) Ibid., p. 39. 5595 (U) Tamene Tr., p. 61. 5596 (U) Brown Tr., p. 47. 

5591 (U) Ibid., p. 47. 5598 (U) Brazile Tr., p. 67. 

5599 (U) Ibid., p. 67. 

5600 (U) ~- 90. 

5601 (U) - Tr., p. 55. 

839 

COMMITTEE SENSITIVE - RUSSIA INVESTIGATION ONLY 
COMMITTEE SENSITIVE - RUSSIA INVESTIGATION ONLY 

(U) In early August, DHS reached out to Andrew Brown to provide assistance to the 

DNC.5602 Brown directed DHS to contact Sussmann.5603 Brazile's response to additiqnal aid 

from DHS was "let's get some help. We need help."5604 On or about August 5, 2016, Brazile 

attended President Obama's birthday party at the White House. During the party, both National 

Security Adviser Susan Rice and Attorney General Eric Holder told Brazile that the DNC needed 

to cooperate with the FBI.5605 

(U) On August 11, 2016, Brazile received a briefing at the FBI, which DNC Director of 

Transition Tom McMahon and DNC officers Henry Munoz and Ray Buckley also attended, 

along with Sussmann and Henry.5606 At that briefing, AD Trainor and Cyber Division personnel 

walked through the Russia cyber threat.5607 Brazile told the Committee that she thought the 

briefing was "professional" and "thorough" and that she believed it was her "duty as an 

American citizen" the direct the DNC to cooperate.5608 Brazile said that the FBI never raise.cl any 

issue with the DNC's cooperation during the briefing.5609 Brazile told the Committee that when 

she left the FBI she "wanted to go straight to the Pentagon" because she felt like the DNC hack 

"was a major attack on our country."5610 

(U) After meeting with the FBI, Brazile organized the DNC's Cyber Security Task 

Force, a group of about 30 volunteers from Silicon Valley, to conduct penetration testing, 

security assessments, and ongoing cybersecurity support for the DNC.5611 Tamene told the 

Committee that the Task Force included the Chieflnformation Security Officer (CISO) of 

Google, the former CISO ofFacebook, and employees from Lyft, Uber, and Coinbase, among 

others.5612 

(U) On August 31, 2016, more than two months after AD Trainor met with senior DNC 

officials at FBI Headquarters, the FBI received a draft of CrowdStrike's report that ASACdescribed as "heavily redacted."5613 Trainor became frustrated and he told the Committee that 

5602 (U) Brazile Tr., p. 81. Brazile recalled this as occurring on either August 4, 2016, or August 6, 2016. 5603 (U) Brown Tr., p. 44. 5604 (U) Brazile Tr., p. 82. 5605 (U) Ibid, p. 73. 5606 (U) Ibid., p. 69. 5607 (U) Ibid, p. 70. 5608 (U) Ibid, p. 79. 5609 (U) Ibid, p. 81. 5610 (U) Ibid, p. 80. 5611 (U) Ibid, p. 91. 5612 (U) Tamene Tr., p. 63. 

5613 (U) Ill Tr., p. 55. 

840 
COMMITTEE SENSITIVE - RUSSIA INVESTIGATION ONLY 

when he finally received a copy of CrowdStrike's report, he doubted its completeness because he 

knew that outside counsel had reviewed it.5614 

(U) September 2016 

(U) On or about September 21, 2016, Robert Johnston of CrowdStrike called Tamene to 

alert him to nefarious activity on the DNC's Amazon Web Services (AWS) cloud account.5615 

The intrusion involved an actor using a compromised access key to look at the assets in A WS 

and determine what type of equipment the DNC had.5616 CrowdStrike's Falcon sensors triggered 

an alert on the DNC's Command Hub which hel ed the IT team find a Se tember 2 2016 lo 

After discovering that the AWS activity started September 2, 2016, DNC IT staff, CrowdStrike, 

Amazon Support staff, and the DNC's Cyber Security Task Force worked together to remediate 

the incident.5619 Tamene told the Committee that CrowdStrike was coordinating with the FBI 

about the intrusion, but he himself never spoke with Agent- or anyone from the FBI 

during this remediation.5620 Brown told the Committee that the DNC had "worked with law 

enforcement around" the A WS incident; but, when asked about whether the FBI was involved, 

he said he did not know "the specifics of how law enforcement was involved at that point."5621 

(U) October 2016 

(U) Henry told the Committee that "the FBI provided a request [for forensic images] to 

the DNC through Perkins Coie" and that Perkins Coie told CrowdStrike to "give the FBI what 

you have access to, what you can."5622 Henry recalled that CrowdStrike provided the FBI with 

forensic images, a copy of their report, and a USB with some malware on it. 5623 

(U) Brown, Tamene, Dacey, and Wasserman Schultz all told the Committee that the 

DNC cooperated with the FBI as much as possible. Brown said: "we gave the FBI everything 

they ever asked.for. I'm not aware of any decision ever being made to deny a request that the 

5614 (U) Trainor Tr., pp. 61, 63. 5615 (U) Tamene Tr., p. 62; Brown Tr., p. 35. 5616 (U) Tamene Tr., p. 66. 5617 (U) Ibid., pp. 66--67. 5618 (U) Ibid, pp. 69-70. 5619 (U) Ibid, pp. 62-63. 5620 (U) Ibid, pp. 64-65. 

5621 (U) Brown Tr., pp. 36-37. 5622 (U) Henry Tr., p. 83. 5623 (U) Ibid., pp. 83-86. 

841 
COMMITTEE SENSITIVE - RUSSIA INVESTIGATION ONLY 

FBI made for something."5624 With respect to the confusion about whether or not the FBI had 

gotten direct access to the DNC's servers, Brown told the Committee that "a lot of the servers 

were actually virtual servers" and that the DNC had taken and of all of 

the runnin servers.5625 Brown told the Committee that 

, as far as I'm aware. And that was the level of access that was requested." 26 

According to ASAC- on October 13, 2016, CrowdStrike sent the FBI a bill for $4,000 for 

the forensic images that FBI requested. 5627 · 

(U) In October 2016, DHS briefed DNC and RNC staff on DHS's Election Day 

activities, making both organizations aware that DHS was working with the states to secure 

voting infrastructure.5628 Throughout October, the DNC IT staff continued to see intrusion 

attempts on their network.5629 Brazile told the Committee that the DNC kept the FBI aware of 

each attempted intrusion. 5630 After each attempted intrusion, Brazile had a notification process 

whereby the DNC would alert the'DCCC, the DGSC, the DGA, HFA, and the RNC.5631 Brazile 

herself would notify the RNC.5632 Brazile told the Committee that the last attempted intrusion 

she was aware of took place on October 26, 2016.5633 

7. (U) Conclusions 

(U) In many ways, the DNC hack was a novel scenario, fraught with confusion and 

miscommunication, inherently enmeshed in the domestic political space that FBI traditionally 

avoids. But in other ways, the DNC hack played out like a typical FBI cyber case-a victim 

reticent to cooperate with the FBI, a victim who subsequently hires a third-party cybersecurity 

vendor through counsel, potentially limiting the FBI's access and insights. While the Committee 

understands that the FBI operates with limited resources and currently follows a victim-driven 

model when responding to cyber threats, it is clear to the Committee that the FBI could have, and 

should have, escalated its messages within the DNC much sooner than it did. The FBI 

complained about lack of access to the DNC servers and the refereeing of information by Perkins 

5624 (U) Brown Tr., p. 34. 5625 (U) Ibid . 5626 (U) Ibid, p. 35. The Committee ·notes that using forensic images of compromised systems is standard protocol 

in cyber investigations, because it removes the chance that information on the compromised systems could be 

altered or deleted by mistake. 

5621 (U) - Tr., p. 55. 5628 (U) ~e Tr., pp. 122-123. 5629 (U) Tamene Tr., p. 72. 5630 (U) Brazile Tr., p. 93. 5631 (U) Ibid, p. 97. 5632 (U) Ibid 5633 (U) Ibid, pp. 99-100. 

842 

COMMITTEE SENSITIVE -RUSSIA INVESTIGATION ONLY 
Coie, but ultimately it did not pursue compulsory process, and witnesses admitted that the FBI 

did eventually get what it needed. 

i. (U) Escalation 

- By the time the.DNC retained CrowdStrike in May 2016, the FBI had identified 

two act~er intrusions on the DNC's network-F ANCYBEAR and COZYBEAR-both of 

which are associated with the Russian intelligence services.5634 As Trainor told the Committee: 

"they had a real mess on their hands."5635 Trainor, a 20-year veteran of the FBI who spent the 

last third of his career on c ber issues, could not think of any other FBI investigation where the 

.

5636 As Henry put it, "the Russians are probably the 

most sophisticated foreign adversaries that we have seen in terms of their tactics ... their 

stealthiness, and their creativity."5637 

(U) But the FBI did not treat the initial intrusion into the DNC like the mismatch it was: 

sophisticated foreign adversa versus non rofit. When asked wh the FBI did not just escalate 

the situation at the DNC, ASACtold the Committee that he wanted to protect equities. But whep. pressed about whether 

the FBI ever discussed finding a cleared person at the DNC to receive a defensive briefing, 

- said he did not know whether those conversations had taken place.5638 The FBI could 

have engaged with the DNC Chair, a sitting member of Congress, with a classified briefing, but 

they continued to engage the DNC's IT staff, despite the futility of those efforts over a period of 

months. 5639 · 

(U) DNC IT staffers suggested that more urgent warnings could.have helped mitigate the 

threat sooner, and they contrasted the FBI's efforts during the 2016 cycle to the 2008 cycle.5~

40 

As Brown:told the Committee: "the DNC had been targeted by Chinese APTs in 2008 ... [and] 

law enforcement had come to the office and met with the -Chairman to tell them: we think you're 

under attack ... that was not the level of outreach we were getting from the FBI in the.fall of 

2015."5641 

S634 (U) 1111 Tr., p. 48. . 5635 (U) Trainor Tr., p. 51. 5636 (U) Ibid, p. 55. 5637 (U) -e Tr., p. 37. S638 (U) Tr., p. 35. 5639 (U) Wasserman Schultz Tr., pp. 32-33. 5640 (U) .See, e.g., Tamene Tr. p. 80 ("it would have been better if people higher up than me were talking about these 

things."); Brown Tr. p. 23 ("I would think that if the FBI had reason to believe that they thought we were actually 

compromised and that the actors were an APT-type of actor, that they would have given us a little more information, 

a little more urgency on that notification."). · 5641 (U) Brown Tr., p. 22. 

843 
(U) During an all-members brief to Congress about the Intelligence Community 

Assessment (ICA) in January of 2017, Congresswoman Wasserman Schultz confronted then-FBI 

Director Corney about the lack of engagement with DNC leadership during the hack.5642 During 

that exchange, Director Corney defended the FBI and said they had properly engaged and that 

the Congresswoman should have a follow-up meeting with the FBI. 5643 Wasserman Schultz then 

met with the FBI, which she told the Committee "confirmed ... that they didn't do anything · 

proactive to go up the chain of command in the DNC to ensure that we would know about their 

concerns that a Russian spy agency was on our network. "5644 

ii. (U) Engagement with CrowdStrike/Obtaining Necessary Investigative 

Materials · 

(U) The biggest miscommunication between the DNC, CrowdStrike, and the FBI was the 

extent to which FBI received or did not receive the materials it needed for its ongoing 

investigations in a timely manner. 

(U) DNC witnesses and CrowdStrike's Shawn Henry indicated that the FBI received all 

of the materials it asked for, and that the FBI never complained about the DNC's cooperation to 

Wasserman Schultz or Brazile. 

(U) Henry told the Committee that CrowdStrike "had more than 100 exchanges back and 

forth with the FBI," including FBI field offices, from May 2016 until September 2017.5645 But 

Trainor characterized the DNC's cooperation as "moderate" overall, and lamented that getting 

materials from CrowdStrike and the DNC was "slow and laborious in many respects."5646 

Trainor testified that the manner in which the FBI received information from CrowdStrike-in a 

report reviewed by counsel-was not his preference. As Trainor told the Committee: "having 

that information [raw data about the computer intrusion] collected, fully viewed by an attorney, 

scrubbed, sent over to the FBI in a stripped-down version three weeks later is not optimal."5647_ 

(U) Trainor told the Committee that while it was common for victims to retain 

cybersecurity vendors, it was uncommon to have "everything thoroughly reviewed and vetted 

[by outside counsel] before being shared."5648 Trainor told the Committee that Perkins Coie 

5642 (U) Wasserman Schultz Tr., p. 51. 5643 (U) Ibid, p. 53. 5644 (U) Ibid, p. 56. 5645 (U) Henry Tr., pp. 67--68. 5646 (U) Trainor Tr., pp. 45, 65. 5647 (U) Ibid, p. 35. 5648 (U) Ibid, pp. 63--65. 

844 

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COMMITTEE SENSITIVE -RUSSIA INVESTIGATION ONLY 

asked the FBI for a list of forensic images and other technical information that the FBI wanted, 

and the FBI gave Perkins Coie that list.5649 Ultimately, the FB_I got what it needed, including the 

forensic images from CrowdStrike. 

only does the victim entity know the system best, but multiple personnel on-site allows for skill 

gaps to be addressed and for expertise to be appropriately marshaled to meet the threat. Further, 

the use of a cybersecurity vendor and cybersecurity counsel as potential filters for information 

creates the impression-true or not-that the organization is not~ith the 

FBI. Des ite what FBI felt was dela ed or filtered cooperation, -

given political sensitivities and the lack of any 

precedent for doing so. 

5649 (U) Ibid, pp. 66, 69. 

845 

CO~TTEE SENSITIVE - RUSSIA INVESTIGATION ONLY 
f 

B. (U) The Steele Dossier: Its Origins and Handling 

1. (U) Introduction and Findings 

(U) In the summer and fall of 2016, a set of memos that came to be known as the Steele 

dossier ("dossier")5650 circulated among limited circles in Washington and played a role in 

spurring Federal Bureau oflnvestigation (FBI), Congressional, and privat~d 

to Russian interference in the 2016 elections. These memos, compiled byChristopher Steele, alleged cooperation between 

Russian government officials and Trump Campaign officials, Trump Organization employees, 

and Trump himself, as well as information regarding Hillary Clinton, Russian cybercrime, and 

other topics. Nearly four years after Steele deliyered the first of these memos, many of the 

dossier's specific allegations about the activities of individuals are uncorroborated. 

(U) The Committee did not seek to prove or disprove the assertions in the dossier. 

Instead, the Committee explored Steele's methodology, explored the information available on 

Steele's subsources, examined how the FBI handled Steele as a source, and sought to understand 

how the FBI investigated the assertions in Steele's r.eporting. 

(U) The Committee found that the tradecra.ft reflected_ in the dossier is generally poor 

relative to IC standards; the Department of Justice (DOJ) Office of the Inspector General 

(OIG)5651 and many who the Committee spoke with at the FBI also found serious fault with 

Steele's tradecraft. For example, FBI and·DOJ OIG investigations discovered that Steele's 

sources were sometimes several steps removed from the information they provided, and Steele 

did not adequately convey that separation in the memos. Further, some information Steele 

logically would have known did not appear in the documents for unclear reasons, and the 

Committee found several opportunities for interested parties to inset1 disinformation. The 

5650 (U) This report refers frequently to a collection of memos Christopher Steele produced in the summer and fall 

of2016 as "the dossier." This term encompasses 20 memos-17 of them have been publicly released, and the 

Committee received three additional memos from FBI, which FBI had received from Steele. Rather than repeatedly 

refer to a particular memo written by Steele by its date and number, the Committee discusses the collection of 

memos as the dossier. The Committee notes that the memos that make up the dossier appear less polished than 

reports that Orbis Intelligence produced for its corporate clients and shared with the Department of State. Two of 

the additional memos the FBI provided the Committee did not originate with Steele: FBI got them from Steele, 

Steele got them from Jonathan Winer, who got them from Sydney Blumenthal, who got them from Cody Shearer, a 

freelance journalist. Shearer had compiled them as source notes for an eventual story. The Committee does not 

refer to those additional two memos as part of the larger Steele dossier. See infra Vol. 5, Sec. IV.B.4.viii. 5651 (U) The DOJ OIG conducted_ three investigations cited in this Report: the DOJ OJG FISA Report; "Audit of the 

Federal Bureau oflnvestigation's Management of its Confidential Human Source Validation Processes," November 

2019; and "A Review of Various Actions by the Federal Bureau of Investigation and Department of Justice in 

Advance of the 2016 Election, Appendix One," June 2018. 

846 
Committee was unable to establish a clear picture of the access and credibility of Steele's 

subsource network due to Steele's unwillingness to talk to the Committee, other than through 

written questions. 

(U) The Committee found that, within the FBI, the dossier was given a veneer of 

credibility by lax procedures, and layered misunderstandings. Before corroborating the 

information in the dossier, FBI cited that information in a FISA application. After a summary of 

the uncorroborated information was later appended to the ICA, the FBI also briefed it to the 

President, President-elect, and Gang of Eight, while noting that it was unverified. 5652 That highlevel attention likely prompted the press to publish the dossier memos in January 2017. 

(U) The dossier's creation was rooted in the end of the 2016 primary season. As Trump 

emerged as the Republican front-runner, Fusion GPS cofounder Glenn Simpson reached out to 

Democratic Party contacts to offer opposition research bn Donald Trump, building on the 

research he had begun for a different client the year before. Fusion GPS is a consulting firm that 

claims to conduct in-depth research, largely focused ori public records. Simpson had frequently 

worked on Russia-related issues in the past and represented different clients with different 

interests, including sometimes working for Russian oligarchs and sometimes against them. 

(U) The Democratic National Committee (DNC) and the Hillary for America Campaign 

("Clinton Campaign") worked through a law firm, Perkins Coie, to obtain opposition research, in 

part to preserve attomey-client·privilege claims over the information.5653 Perkins Coie, with 

Mark Elias acting as the main intermediary, hired Fusion GPS. Under that contract, Fusion GPS 

provided previously completed research and offered to continue to pursue several lines of 

inquiry: the outsourcing of Trump brand products overseas; Trump's taxes; and Trump 

Organization's overseas business projects, bankruptcies, casino issues, and alleged associations 

with organized crime. Simpson told the Committee that it was Fusion GPS's idea to pursue 

overseas ~ies-that research was not directed by Perkins Coie, the DNC, or the Clinton 

Campaign. , 

(U) Fusion GPS sought to go beyond the public records research it had already 

completed on Trump. It subcontracted with Steele's Orbis Business Intelligence (Orbis) in Jup.e 

2016 to conduc~ research overseas, specifically in Russia. Steele turned to one main subsource in 

particular, who reached out to a subsource network in Russia 'and Europe in early June to collect 

5652 (U) The FBI briefed the Gang of Eight the summary of the Steele material that was included in the ICA on the 

morning of January 6, 2017. 5653 (U) Perkins Coie is a law firm that has long provided legal services for both the DNC and Clinton Campaign. 

Marc Elias served as the primary Perkins Coie intermediary. Brazile Tr., pp. 114, 128, 154--155. 

847 
information on Trump's past dealings in Russia .. Steele first debriefed the main subsource5654 on 

June 16, 2016, but he continued to gather additional information through the fall. 

(U) Steele delivered his first memo to Simpson on June 24, 2016, several days after The 

Washington Post published a report describing a Russian government hack into the DNC 

network. By mid-December, the dossier numbered 20 memos in total, spanning a wide range of 

topics and including Russian attempts to gather kompromat on Donald Trump and Hillary 

Clinton, ties between the Russian government and Trump-affiliated individuals, and reactions of 

both the Trump team and Moscow to press reporting on the hack of the DNC.5655 It is unclear 

how many of these memos Perkins Coie actually briefed to the DNC or Clinton Campaign; 

senior staff at the Campaign organizations did not recall much of the information in the dossier 

being discussed. 

(U) At the beginning of July, Steele reached out to FBI Special Agent_, who 

had been Steele's handler for earlier FBI engagements, including Steele's provision ofleads for 

FBI's investigation into the Federation International de Football Association (FIFA). Steele 

expressed concern about information he had received and sought to urgently inform FBI. On 

July 5, 2016,. traveled to-to meet with Steele and review his information. 

(U) - considered Steele a credible sou~ce, and therefore- did not want to 

discount the reporting, despite its sensational nature. - worked to get Steele's first memo in 

the hands of the relevant division within the FBI. _By the end of August, - received a point 

of contact in Counterintelligence Division who would receive the documents, but the Crossfire 

Hurricane team at FBI-responsible for investigating ties between the Trump Campaign and 

Russia-did not receive the documents until mid-September. 

(U) In late July 2016, Steele met with another contact in the U.S. Government to 

communicate his concerns about Donald Trump, Russia, and the election. Steele and Bruce Ohr, 

then Associate Deputy Attorney General at the Department of Justice, who had known Steele in 

a professional capacity since 2007, met for breakfast in Washington, D.C. Steele conveyed his 

deep concern about Russian activities and told Ohr he had given his information to FBI. 

5654 (U) Steele refers to his sources and subsources in a variety of ways. FBI refers to Steele often as a source, 

dropping others in Steele's source network to subsources and sub-subsources. This report refers to Steele as an FBI 

"source," to Steele's "main subsource," and to other "subsources" and "sub-subsources." For more on Steele's 

source network, see infra Vol. 5, Sec. IV.B.4.i. 5655 (U) It remains unclear to what extent the Trump Campaign's members were aware of the dossier's existence, up 

until the President-elect received a briefing from Intelligence Community leaders in early January, 2017, and the 

dossier was published shortly thereafter. 

848 

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-By early October, FBI's Crossfire Hurricane team in the Counterintelligence 

Division had reviewed several of Steele's memos and-related notes. As the team 

evaluated this information, it did not have an adequate understanding of Steele'~ 

-

. t . Steele's reputation as a productive FBI confidential human source andled to the FBI treating the memos as credible before they were corroborated, and FBI's 

vetting process for Steele himself was not sufficiently rigorous or thorough. 

(U) The Crossfire Hurricane team requested a face-to-face meeting with Steele, which 

took place on October 3, 2016. The team attempted to learn more about Steele's subsource 

network, but Steele was unwilling to share details. The parties walked out of that meeting with 

widely varying views of Steele's obligations to the FBI. 

(U) Steele briefed two people at Department of State on his work on the dossier. In 

September, Steele showed the dossier to Jonathan Winer, another long-time contact, then serving 

at the Department of State as Special Envoy to Libya.5656 Winer's background was in countering 

international money laundering and organized crime, and he had done occasional private sector 

work for, and against, Russian oligarchs. Winer knew Steele because they shared a community 

of interest on Russian oligarchs and organized crime. Then, in mid-October, Steele met with 

Deputy Assistant Secretary of State for Europe and Eurasian Affairs Kathy Kavalec, conveying 

to her an overview of the allegations in the still-growing dossier. The Committee found that 

Department of State personnel granted the dossier credence in part based on Steele's past reports 

on Ukrainian political dynamics, which he during the past several years had shared with the 

Bureau of Europe and Eurasian Affairs. 

The FISA application and renewals were approved but later became the subject of an 

investigation by the DOJ OIG, which found "multiple instances in which factual assertions relied 

upon in the first FISA application were inaccurate, incomplete, or unsupported by appropriate 

documentation. "5659 

5656 (U) By 2016, Winer and Steele had kn.own each other for nearly a decade, and the two would pass each other 

business leads occasionally. Winer Tr., pp. 11, 13. Winer told the Committee that he did not disclose to security 

officers at Department of State his ongoing relationship with Steele. Winer Tr. II, p. 25. 5657 (U) For more information about Carter Page, see infra Vol. 5, Sec. III.F. 5658 (U) The Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Court approves information collection under Title 1 for a period of90 

days; then the burden is on FBI to prove that continued surveillance is necessary and fruitful. FISC Rules of 

Procedure, Rule 16. 5659 (U) DOJ OJG FISA Report, p. viii. 

849 
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(U) Simpson and Steele briefed major media outlets during September and October on 

the maiq findings from the dossier. Simpson was not expecting the reporters to write only based 

on these briefings, but he wanted to prompt them to ask questions of government officials, in 

particular of FBI officials. At the time, Stede ~enerally frustrated with the FBI's perceived 

slowness in responding to the allegations, and - said Steele was specifically frustrated that 

then-Director Corney on October 28, 2016, had reopened the investigation into then-candidate 

Hillary Clinton's emails. That frustration prompted Simpson and Steele to renew briefings for 

press outlets on the allegations in the dossier and encourage them to ask questions of the FBI 

about whether they were investigating Donald Trump. On October 31, 2016, Mother Jones was 

the first to publish an article summarizing the contents of Steele's memos and discussing Steele's 

background, though not naming him. Mother Jones was the only organization that published the 

story at that time:·-

(U) FBI officials, shocked by the article and viewing it as a confidential human source 

divulging information to the press, followed normal practice and terminated the relationship with 

Steele. Steele, for his part, had seen no obligation to keep the dossier information confidential. 

(U) After the election, still seeking to prompt U.S. Government attention on the 

allegations in the dossier, Steele asked his friend and occasional business associate Sir Andrew 

Wood5660 to alert Senator John McCain and McCain's staffer, David Kramer, to the existence of 

the dossier at a conference in Halifax, Canada, in mid-November. On November 28; Kramer 

flew to London to meet with Steele and review the dossier. Kramer soon after received copies of 

the memos from Simpson and passed them to Senator McCain. Over the next month, Kramer 

showed the memos to journalists and other contacts in and out of government in Washington, 

D.c.s661 

5660 (U) Wood was the British Ambassador to Russia from 1995-2000 and also served in Russia from 1964-1966 

and 1979-1982. Chathamhouse.org, "Sir Andrew Wood, Associate Fellow." Since his retirement from the British 

Foreign Service he has served as an independent consultant, including to a Russian investment fund called 

Renaissance Capital. Sophie Brodie, "Renaissance Capital hires former Moscow Ambassador," Financial News 

London, February 5, 2003. 5661 (U) See infra Vol. 5, Sec. IV.B.6. 

850 

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(U) While FBI had formally ended its relationship with Steele in early November, Steele 

continued conversations with ADAG Ohr well into 2017. Ohr believed FBI was supportive· of 

his interactions with Steele. By mid-November 2016, FBI began formally debriefing Ohr on his 

interactions with Steele, at one point asking Ohr to ask Steele to provide additional information 

to FBI. The DOJ OIG expressed qualms about this arrangement and found that several in the 

FBI considered it unorthodox. 

(U) Aside from the FISA application and its renewals, the dossier information also 

appeared in summary form as an annex to the ICA, over some author objections. The annex 

noted that there was "limited corroboration" of the.dossier summary information. In early 

December, President Obama tasked the IC with a comprehensive assessment of Russia's 

involvement in the 2016 election. FBI-particularly Deputy Director Andy McCabe-requested 

that the dossier information be included in the assessment, pointing to the President's request for 

comprehensiveness. CIA analysts pushed back on FBI' s request, seeing the memos as 

uncorroborated and questioning the sourcing. All three primary author agencies eventually 

compromised on summarizing the allegations in an annex to the assessment. In early January, a 

principal-level team from ODNI, CIA, FBI, and NSA briefed a highly compartmented version of 

the full assessment to the President, the President-elect, and the Gang of Eight. Then-FBI 

Director Corney briefed Trump one-on-one on the contents of the annex.5662 

' 

(U) On January 10, 2017, BuzzFeed published the contents of the dossier, noting that the 

claims were unverified, and citing a CNN story that the IC had briefed a summary of the 

information to President Obama and President-Elect Trump. The next day, The Wall Street 

Journal named Steele as the author. Over the following months, several of those mentioned in 

the dossier's memos denied the allegations, with one, Aleksej Gubarev, a Russian technology 

- executive, filing ari unsuccessful defamation lawsuit against BuzzFeed. 

(U) In May 2017, the SCO was established, ending FBI's attempts to corroborate 

information in the dossier. In the end, few allegations were definitively corroborated, and SCO 

said its own leads and research overtook work to verify Steele's findings. 

( 

i. (U) Obstacles to the Committee's Investigation 

(U) The Committee attempted several times, over the course of three years, to interview 

Steele about his work, at a time and location of his choosing, with whatever security precautions 

he requested. Several interlocutors purported to represent Steele's interests to the Committee, 

including Adam Waldman? one of Russian oligarch Oleg Deripaska's attomeys5663; Dan Jones, a 

5662 (U) DOJ OIG FISA Report, pp. 179-182. For detailed information on the assessment, see infra Vol. 4. 5663 (U) Waldman Tr., pp. 175-185. Starting in approximately September 2008, Adam Waldman began representing 

Deripaska in the United States. Short-Form Registration Statement pursuant to the Foreign Agents Registration Act 

COMMITTEE SENSITIVE - RUSSIA INVESTIGATION ONLY 
former staffer on the Committee5664; and Steele's attorney, Robert Weinberg. Steele repeatedly 

refused a meeting, but provided one tranche of written answers to Committee questions on 

August 16, 2018.5665 

(U) A further restriction on the Committee's investigative efforts was the centralization 

of information regarding the dossier within the SCO and the SCO' s decision not to share that 

information with the Committee. FBI had begun efforts to corroborate accusations within the 

dossier in the fall of 2016, an effort that progressed slowly through the winter and into the spring 

of 2017. When the SCO began work in May 2017, however, all those efforts ceased at FBI. 

After that point, the Committee has limited insights into how or whether SCO pursued the 

dossier at all. SCO did not share the results of any further inquiries, to the extent any were 

undertaken, with the Committee. Special Agent in Charge David Archey briefed the Committee 

in July 2019 on the SCO's investigative process and information management: 

We [the SCOJ were aware of the Steele dossier, obviously. We were aware of 

some of the efforts that went into its verification ... we did not include Steele 

dossier reporting in the report .... [T]hose allegations go to the heart of things 

that were in our mandate-but we believed our own investigation. The 

information that we collected would have superseded it, and been something we 

would have relied on more, and that's why you see what we did in the report and 

not the Steele dossier in the report. 5666 

Archey declined to provide further information on whether FBI or SCO attempted to verify 

information in the dossier, although he noted that the SCO did not draw on the dossier to support 

its conclusions.5667 

(U) Finally, the Committee repeatedly asked the FBI for several additional pieces of 

information regarding its relationship with Steele and his subsource network. First, the 

of 1938, Registration No. 5934, May 8, 2009. Waldman remained registered under FARA until April 

2018·. Supplemental Statement pursuant to the Foreign Agents Registration Act of 1938, Registration No. 5934, 

May 31, 2018. 5664 (U) Dan Jones told the Committee that "Steele did ask me to assis.t him in communicating with ·some parties." 

When asked who, Jones replied "The Senate Intelligence Committee. . . . At least in the case that I'm thinking of, 

the Senate Intelligence Committee reached out to me." Jones went on to explain that in referring to "the 

-Committee," he meant the Minority StaffDirector, with the consent of the StaffDirector. Steele's attorney later told 

the Committee that Jones did not have the authority to speak for Steele. Jones served as a Professional Staff 

Member on the Committee from 2007 until 2015. SSCI Transcript of the Interview with Dan Jones, March 26, 

2018,p.27. ' 5665 (U) The Committee submitted written questions to Christopher Steele in May 2018. He responded in August 

2018 with 17 pages of answers. See Written Responses, Steele, August 16, 2018. 5666 (U) SSCI Transcript of the Interview with David Archey, July 15, 2019, p. 86. 

5667 (U) Ibid. 

852 
Committee asked FBI to provide additional information on Steele's contributions to the FIFA 

investigation, including whether his leads implicated Russians, in particular associates of Oleg 

Deripaska. An answer to this question would have helped the Committee identify separation or 

alignment of the interests of Steele and Deripaska. The Committee also asked FBI to update and 

clarify its assessment of Steele's subsource network, including its identification of a particular 

person as Steele's main subsource. The FBI did not answer these requests. 

2. (U) Examining the Steele Dossier's Creation and Sourcing 

i. (U) Background on Steele 

(U) In the run up to the dossier's creation, in the spring of 2016, Steele had a reputation 

among his associates for providing generally dependable reporting on issues regarding Ukraine, 

Russia, and countries in the region. In particular, he had a reputation within the FBI for 

providing valuable reporting regarding the FIFA scandal5668 and among several at the Bureau of 

European and Eurasian Affairs at the Department of State for providing information on Ukraine 

that they regarded as largely credible. However, the Committee found information that calls into 

question the accuracy of Steele's reporting. 

a. (U) Steele's professional background 

(U) David Kramer conveyed the following on Steele's credentials: 

Based on what Sir Andrew told me and then based on my direct interaction with 

Steele, he's someone who had extensive background in the Russia area itself, had 

served there for a few years back in the nineties, then left and set up his own 

5668 (U) In May 2015, the U.S. indicted 14 current and former FIFA officials and associates on corruption charges, 

followin an FBI investi ation. See "FIFA Corru tion Crisis: Key Questions Answered," BBC, December 21, 2015. 5669 

853 

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consulting company. And.from what I gather, it seemed like he had impressive 

credentials; and we seemed in sync in terms of our analysis or interpretation of 

what was happening in Russia. 5672 

- Steele 

(Orbis). 

5673 and founded Orbis Business Intelligence 

(U) No witnesses claimed Steele had any orientation toward a U.S. political party. 

Winer, speaking as a long-time acquaintance of-Steele's, said, "He's not political in partisan . 

terms. It's not what he is about, in my opinion, at all. If he has any politics, it's about Putin, as 

in knowing what he is and not liking what he's done domestically and intemationally."5674 

Kramer said "[Steele] felt that the relationship between the UK and the United States was 

unique; he valued it more than anything, and he felt that, as America's closest ally, that he had an 

obligation to bring [the dossier memos] to the attention of the right people and for it to be taken 

seriously ."5675 

- The Committee notes that Steele made an assertion durin 

with FBI and to the DOJ OIG about his relationshi with 

(U) Steele told the DOJ OIG that he was '"favorably disposed' toward the Trump family 

before he began his research because he had visited a Trump family member at Trump Tower 

and 'been friendly' with [the family member] for some years. He described their relationship as 

'personal' and said that he once gifted a family tartan from Scotland to the family member."5677 

The. Committee did not obtain further information about Steele's claim of a friendship with 

5672 (U) Kramer Tr., pp. 7-8. Wood told The Guardian in January 2017 that he believed Steele was a ''very 

competent professional operator," and "I do not think he would make things up. I don't think he would necessarily 

always draw the correct judgment but that's not the same thing at all." Luke Harding and Alice Ross, "Sir Andrew· 

Wood former UK-Moscow ambassador consulted on Trump dossier," The Guardian, January 13, 2017. 5673 

5674 (U) SSCI Transcript of the Interview with Jonathan Winer, July 10, 2017, p. 38. 5675 Kramer Tr., . 29. 5676 

5677 • inal . The report did not specify which family member. 

The Committee notes Steele is likely referring, again, to 

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b. (U) Work with FBI 

-Steele's relationship with FBI began in the spring of 2010, when Bruce Ohr, 

who was then responsible for the transnational organized crime program for DOJ, introduced 

- to Steele. 5678 At that meeting,. sought to determine whether Steele or his firm had 

information that might be useful to FBI. 

He was as he described a Russian expert, had worked over there for a number of 

years. That was his wheelhouse ... he had a source network, a sub-source 

network, still active, which was his means of obtaining information. I did not at 

that time ask to determine who these [sub]sources were or what they did But 

based on Bruce's recommendation, based on my conversation with him, and 

recognizing him as a professional, I assumed that .the source network was for 

real, was solid. 5680 

(U) - described two elements of Steele's motivation for working with FBI: 

He had two motivations at the time when we first met to try and engage with us. 

One was he h-level Russian criminal 

activity, but the law enforcement 

services within London were not interested in it. So he viewed us, the FBL as 

a place where this information could rest, where possibly we could do something 

with it. 5682 

(U) According to - Steele's other motivation was financial. 5683 - said the total 

amount Steele was paid over the course of his work with FBI, unrelated to the dossier, was 

between $95,000 and $96,000.5684 

(U) Steele's relationship with FBI started slowly and picked up significantly with 

collaboration around the FIFA investigation. - indicated that, at the beginning of the 

relationship between Steele and the FBI, in the 2010 timeframe, Steele would send an occasional 

report on "an oligarch or some kind of an activity that was going on." FBI was not paying him 

5678 (U) - Tr., p. 6. 

5679 (U) Ibid., p. 8. 5680 (U) Ibid., pp. 8-9. 5681 (U) - later explained that, while he does not know why British authorities were not interested, he surmises 

it was because "at the time England ... was in a restructuring of their law enforcement and intelligence services. 

They had a serious resource issue." Ibid, p. 12. 5682 (U) Ibid., p. 8. 5683 (U) Ibid, p. 9. 5684 (U) Ibid, p. 24. 

855 
COMMITTEE SENSITIVE - RUSSIA INVESTIGATJON ONLY 

for these reports. 5685 The relationship deepened surrounding the FIFA investigation in 2011. 5686 

- told the DOJ OIG that "minimally corroborated"-the description used in the FBl's 

Human Source Vetting Report on Steele-was consistent with his understanding of the entire 

collection of Steele's reporting to the FBI. 5687 

(U) - said that FBI officially named Steele as a Confidential Human Source in 

October 2013, in part because FBI wanted to compensate Steele for his assistance with the FIFA 

investigation. There was rtever a contract or a regular payment, although the formality •Of the 

relationship between the FBI and Steele was a subject of disagreement between the two 

parties.5688 - told the Committee that FBI agents instructed Steele he was not allowed to 

disclose his work with the FBI. 5689 - said FBI looked for an dero ato information about 

Steele and his business in their databases, advised the of the 

arrangement, and told Steele's former- 5690 None of those steps resulted in concerning 

information. Steele became a confidential human source (CHS) for the FBI in 2013 and 

remained one until November 2016.5691 

3. (U) The Dossier's Origin's 

i. (U) Before Steele's Dossier: Simpson's Preliminary Opposition Research 

into Trump · 

(U) The' gassier, and Steele's activities, were entirely constructed under the umbrella of a 

contract with the DNC and Clinton Campaign, but Fusion GPS's opposition research into Donald 

Trump began months earlier, during the Republican primaries. In the fall of 2015, Fusion GPS 

signed' a contract with Paul Singer and the Washington Free Beacon, in which Fusion GPS 

would conduct research on Trump's business dealings.5692 While he began the research project 

generally neutral on Trump, Simpson said: 

I didn 't know anything about Trump in the beginning and had no opinion of him . . 

. . Over the course of whatever it was, six or seven months, I did develop-I made 

some judgments about this person and his character and integrity, and /felt by 

5685 (U) Ibid., p. 13. 

5686 (U) Ibid., p. 15. 5687 (U) DOJ OIG FISA Report, p. 266. 5688 (U) Tr., p. 23; see also DOJ OIG FISA Report, p. 92. 

5689 (U) Tr., p. 25. 5690 (U) Ibid., p. 33. 5691 (U) Ibid., p. 24. 5692 (U) Fusion GPS invoice, October 20, 2015 (WFB_SSCI_0000004); Simpson Tr., pp. 15-16. 

856 

COMMITTEE SENSITIVE - RUSSIA INVESTIGATION ONLY 
the spring that he was not suitable to be .the President of the United States and 

that he did not have those kind of qualifications or character. 5693 

(U) Simpson said as the primaries progressed, work for the Washington Free Beacon 

"sort of trailed off."5694 Simpson stated, "I just remember it becoming increasingly obvious that 

Donald Trump was going to be the nominee, and it became increasingly obvious to me that 

.Republicans opposed to Donald Trump would have no need for my services soon."5695 However, 

Simpson had six months of research done, and he found the subject interesting. He said: 

At that point, this other opportunity came along to continue to look at these 

issues. And I was also, of course, intellectually interested in continuing the work. 

And so we took on a new client. But our old client and our new client basically 

had the same interest and the same concerns. 5696 

ii. (U) DNC and Clinton Campaign Seek Opposition Research on Trump 

(U) Fusion GPS approached their eventual new clients to offer research on Trump.5697 In 

their recent book, Crime in Progress, Simpson and Fritsch report that the morning of March 1, 

2016, "knowing a Trump nomination was now all but inevitable" and that the Washington Free 

Beacon clients would likely end their contract with Fusion GPS, Fritsch sent an email to a senior 

figure in the Democratic.Party establishment. The subject line was "Trump," and the email read 

"Ok he has to be stopped. We have done the most on him." The contact immediately responded 

"Yes. Let's talk,''5698 While Simpson says he "wasn't a big fan of the Clintons," there was soon' 

"unanimity" on "the need to do what they could to keep Trump out of the White House."5699 

(U) Elias, the primary interlocutor between Perkins Coie and the Clinton Campaign, 

represented to the Committee that he believes he hired Fusion GPS in March or April of 2016 

5693 (U) Simpson Tr., pp. 50-51. 5694 (U) Ibid., pp. 42-43. 

S69S (U) Ibid. 

S696 (U) Ibid., p. 51. 5697 (U) Crime in Progress, p. 54. Simpson would not answer whether Perkins Coie had been a client before and 

said he could not remember ch:arly who had reached out to whom first about Trump research. Simpson Tr., p. 56. 

However, in their book, Simpson and Fritch clearly state they offered their services to Perkins Coie. Crime in 

Progres~, pp. 55-57. Fritsch and Simpson published this book two years after Simpson's interview with the 

Committee. Given Simpson's unwillingness to share many details during that interview, the Committee cites this 

book to fill in gaps, much as the Committee cites press reporting, in full awareness that neither is considered 

testimony or bound by laws regarding lying to Congress. The Committee cites the book not to confirm the veracity 

of the information, but to point out Simpson's purported view of the situation and the discrepancy between 

Simpson's willingness to share information with Congress and the detail included in the book. 5698 (U) Crime in Progress, p. 54. 5699 (U) Ibid., p. 55; Simpson Tr., p. 51. 

857 

COMMITTEE SENSITIVE - RUSSIA INVESTIGATION ONLY 
after Fusion GPS reached out to partners at Perkins Coie, but said at the time there was no Russia 

focus to the information provided. 5700 Simpson and Fritsch said in their book they sat down with 

Elias on April 20 to discuss the business arrangement. Elias told the two of them that the Clinton 

Campaign wanted to understand how Trump had managed to recover from a string of 

bankruptcies that should have ruined him: "Where did his money come from, how much did he 

really have, and who helped him?"5701 

(U) Simpson understood the ultimate client for the research to be the DNC and the 

Clinton Campaign.5702 However, for the purpose of the contract, Perkins Coie was the signatory. 

Simpson said the contract was a "general_services agreement." The contract is between "LC," 

which is the corporate name of Fusion GPS, and Perkins Coie. 5703 The two parties likely 

finalized the contract sometime in May 2016. 5704 Elias told Fusion GPS to report only to him, so 

Fusion GPS's communications could be solely with a lawyer and thus covered by attorney-client 

privilege, where the clients, in this case, were the DNC and the Clinton Campaign.5705 

iii. (U) DNC and Clinton Campaign Leadership Awareness of the Contract 

(U) Leadership at the DNC and Clinton Campaign were unaware----or at most marginally 

aware-that Perkins Coie had hired Fusion GPS. John Podesta, the Chairman of the Clinton 

Campaign, told the Committee that he had no reason to believe that anyone on the Clinton 

Campaign had any contact with Steele or Fusion GPS.5706 He said "I have no first-hand 

knowledge about that." When the Committee asked if Podesta had second-hand knowledge of 

Fusion GPS's work with Steele or work on the dossier, Podesta said: 

I never saw a document that looks anything like the dossier. We were getting 

information coming in. Some of it was coming in from press inquiries. I don 't 

know how they got that information. So there's a kind of web of connection that 

may have been fed by s_ome of the stories that have been most sensational that are 

now associated with the dossier or circulating in the press. Where those came 

from, whether they originated with Fusion or other places, I don't know. 5707 

5700 (U) Attorney Proffer, Elias, May 21, 2018. 5701 (U) Crime in.Progress, p. 57. 5702 (U) Simpson Tr., p. 58. 5703 (U) Ibid, p. 60. 5704 (U) Crime in Progress, p. 59. 5705 (U) Ibid, p. 55. 5706 (U) SSCI Transcript of the First Interview with John Podesta, September 18, 2017, p. 42. The Committee notes 

that Elias was representing Podesta at the interview. Elias did not raise his role hiring Fusion GPS or his direct 

knowledge of these matters. Podesta also acknowledged that he knew Glenn Simpson while the latter was working 

at The Wall Street Journal. Ibid, p. 42. 

5101 (U) Ibid, p.44. 

858 
COMMITTEE SENSITIVE - RUSSIA INVESTIGATION ONLY 

Podesta later said that, in his role as Campaign Chair, he would not necessarily have known 

whether the Clinton Campaign contracted with Fusion GPS. 5708 DNC and Clinton Campaign 

officials seemed to not know where the information was originating. Podesta told the Committee 

that "I didn't know who Chris Steele was until after the election. And ... I was unaware of the 

contents of [the dossier] until BuzzFeed, obviously, published it."5709 He also told the Committee 

that he had "no knowledge of who paid [Simpson] to contract with Steele."5710 · 

(U) Donna Brazile, who served as the Interim Chair of the DNC from late July 2016 

until February of 2017, said that she was unaware of Steele's activities. On November 4, 2016, 

she received press inquiries asking if she knew "MI-6 was on our payroll."5711 Brazile sent a text 

message to Elias, because she knew "the lawyers always sign off on contracts."5712 According to 

Brazile, Elias called her and said "You don't need to know." Brazile told the Committee: "And 

you know wqat? I let it go."5713 Brazile further told the Committee that she was not aware · 

during her time as Interim Chair that any funding was used for opposition research.5714 She also 

made clear that if she had known about Steele's work, she would have passed it to FBI.5715 

(U) Elias, the main interlocutor for Perkins Coie to the Clinton Campaign, represented to 

the Committee through counsel that he had independent authority to authorize expenditures on 

research. He had consulted with Clinton Campaign Manager Robby Mook about outside hires 

but only at a "high level." Elias did not share the identity of the person or entity retained.5716 

While he was authonzed to sign off on sub-vendors for Fusion GPS, Elias did not recall being 

told about Steele or Orbis, and he was unaware that Steele was providing p.on-public information 

gathered by human sources. 5717 Elias then became aware of Steele in June or July 2016, 

although the context of that awareness is unclear.5718 

(U) Steele in his written responses to the Committee said that he became aware of 

Perkins Coie in August and met Elias in September.5719 - remembered Steele saying that he 

s108 (U) Ibid., p.47. 

s109 (U) Ibid, p.41. 5710 (U) Ibid., p.43. 5711 (U) Brazile Tr., p. 124. 5712 (U) Brazile told the Committee that her text to Elias said "MI-6 on our payroll? Need to know." Ibid., p. 126. 5713 (U) Ibid., p. 127. For more on "I let it go," see ibid., p. 134. 5714 (U) Ibid, pp. 137, 140. 

,

5715 (U) Ibid., p. 147. 5716 (U) · Attorney Proffer, Elias, May 21, 2018. 

s111 (U) Ibid. 

5718 (U) Ibid., p. 3. 5719 (U) Written Responses, Steele, August 16, 2018. 

859 
was working for a law firm-name unspecified-when they met in early July.5720 Steele told the 

DOJ OIG that by late July 2016, he had met with Simpson and "an attorney" from Perkins 

Coie.5721 

(U) Simpson implied in his interview with the Committee-but would not state 

outright-that Perkins Coie knew he had hired a subcontractor, along with pursuing other 

overseas iines of inquiry. 5722 In his book, Simpson said that Elias "had never even heard of 

Steele. While Elias was aware that Fusion had engaged someone outside the United States to 

gather information on Trump's ties to Russia, he did not ask who it was or what the person's 

credentials were."5723 -

(U) Elias represented that the charges associated with Fusion GPS were around $60,000 

per month, unevenly split between the Clinton Campaign and the DNC, including the $10,000 

per-month fee paid to Perkins Coie.5724 

(U) The Committee was unable to fully establish how much of the Steele information 

was actually transferred to the DNC and the Clinton Campaign. As a general practice, Fusion 

GPS passed research back to Elias weekly, sending both original source materials and summary 

documents.5725 Simpson would not say whether or when he gave the memos to Perkins Coie.5726 

Elias, through counsel, did not provide details on what information he provided to the DNC or 

the Clinton Campaign, citing attorney-client privilege. His attorneys conveyed that he provided 

"advice on communications strategies and the information from.Fusion when warranted. Such 

information was infrequent, provided orally, and given to both the Clinton Campaign and the 

DNC."s121 

(U) Robby Mook told the Committee that counsel starting in the summer had briefed 

him, Podesta, Clinton Campaign Communications Director Jen Palmieri, Jake Sullivan, and 

Glenn Caplan (a communications staffer) on "pieces of the reporting" in the dossier.5728 The 

briefings were oral, generally, but Mook remembered one paper memo that counsel distributed 

then retrieved at the end of the meeting.5729 Palmieri told the Committee she never saw the 

dossier during the campaign, but she also recalled the Elias briefings: "I don't recall the term 

5720 (U) - Tr., p. 38. 5721 (U) DOJ O/G FISA Report, p: 96. 5722 (U) Simpson Tr., p. 100. 5723 (U) Crime in Progress, p. 80. 5724 (U) Attorney Proffer, Elias, May 21, 2018. 5725 (U) Ibid · 5726 (U) Simpson Tr., p. 114. 5727 (U) Attorney Proffer, Elias, May 21, 2018.' 5728 (U) SSCI Transcript of the Interview with Robby Mook, January 26, 2018, p. 27. 5729 (U) Ibid, pp. 28-29. 

860 

COMMITTEE SENSITIVE - RUSSIA INVESTIGATION ONLY 
'dossier' being used. He had reports. Some of the things ... that I know are in the dossier. 

Some of the things that I have read are in the dossier I had heard about from Marc, including the 

famous encounter at the hotel."573° Congresswoman Debbie Wasserman Schultz told the 

Committee she had no awareness of the dossier, Steele, or Simpson, until the dossier and those 

names appeared in the press.5731 

(U) The Committee also asked Mook whether he fourid the briefings by Elias to be 

alarming enough to warrant sharing the information with law enforcement. Mook said "No, I 

don't recall ever feeling like we had sufficient evidence to go to law enforcement with 

anything. "5732 

(U) Simpson told the Committee that the research contract with Perkins Coie was 

generally open-ended, as most of his contracts are. He said that Fusion GPS does n9t let clients 

define the research; rather, Fusion GPS demands the flexibility to pursue whatever research they 

wish.5733 Further, Simpson said he often has some freedom to use the information he collects in 

ways separate from the contract. Simpson said the report belongs to the client, but the 

information is public, and Simpson indicated he could do as he wanted with it.5734 

(U) For this project, Fusion GPS pursued several lines of inquiry: outsourcing o( Trump 

brand produqts, taxes, overseas projects, bankruptcies, casino issues, and associations with 

organized crime. 5735 During their initial meeting, Simpson and Fritsch briefed Elias on Trump 

links to Russia. They said, "This angle was all new to Elias, and he loved it."5736 Simpson said 

it was Fusion GPS's idea to pursue overseas ties: 

We weren't pursuing ties between the Russian government and the Trump 

campaign. . . . We were interested in Donald Trump's business trips to Russia, 

much as we were interested in his other trips elsewhere. . . . It was just kind of my 

general assumption that he couldn't get a deal done over there because of all the 

corruption, and that there might be some [Foreign Corrupt Practices Act] issues 

5730 (U) SSC! Transcript of the Interview with Jennifer Palmieri, February 9, 2018, pp. 37-38. 5731 (U) Wasserman Schultz Tr., pp. 54-55. 5732· (U) Mook Tr., p. 48. 5733 (U) Simpson Tr., p. 18. 5734 (U) Ibid, pp. 19-20. Simpson told the Committee that it is rare he works with a presidential campaign, 

generally because his services are expensive. "Every few years, if the market is there we'll do a presidential 

campaign. Generally speaking, our price structure prices us out of the campaigns and elections market except for in 

presidential years." Ibid, pp. 8-9. 5735 (U) Ibid, p. 58. 5736 (U) Crime in Progress, pp. 58-59. 

861 
COMMITTEE SENSITIVE - RUSSIA INVESTIGATION ONLY 

t. 

that were lurking in all of this. So that's kind of the way I ended up retaining 

Chris Steele. 5737 

iv. (U) Fusion GPS Contract with Steele 

(U) Simpson hired Steele in May or June of 2016.5738 Simpson told the Committee that 

"By the time we got to June, or actually probably May, and I realized I was going to have 

resources to explore some of these issues further .... I realized that we were getting close to 

exhausting the open source .... So I decided that it was time for some human intelligence."5739 

(U) Through networking, Fusion GPS often hired experts from around the globe on 

specific topic areas.5740 Simpson said, "A big part of our work is in fact talent spotting and 

finding people who are reliable. It's something that journalists develop a skill and experience in 

doing. The term 'reliable sources' is out there for a reason. So it's one of those habits that yoμ 

develop in a lifetime of journalism, figuring out who's telling you the truth and who's 

reliable."5741 Simpson assessed that Steele was among the best at research inside Russia.5742 

Simpson recalled that he met Steele after they were introduced by a mutual friend, possibly Alex 

Yearsley, in approximately 2009. Simpson recalled that he and Steele we were "in touch 

intermittently over a period ofl guess six or seven years."5743 

(U) - told the Committee "There are other people who do the ~ame thing Chris does. 

Why Simpson went to him and not somebody else, I have absolutely no idea."5744 Simpson hired 

Orbis-as opposed to a US-based firm, for example-because they had worked together 

successfully in the past and he was impressed with the work, according to David Kramer.5745 

Kramer also thought Simpson and Steele had worked together on the FIFA irtvestigation.5746 To 

the best of Simpson's recollection, he had not hired Steele before on Russia issues.5747 

5737 (U) Simpson Tr., pp. 64--65. 5738 (U) Ibid, p. 42. 5739 (U) Ibid, p."98. 5740 (U) Ibid, p. 10. 5741 (U) Ibid, pp. 11-12. 5742 (U) Simpson Tr., p. 92; Kramer Tr., p. 10. Winer thought perhaps he had introduced Simpson and Steele, but 

he was not sure. Winer Tr., p. 67. Simpson and Steele met in the spring or summer of 2009. Simpson Tr., pp. 78-

79. {"It was a pretty casual relationship for a long time. He would come to Washington and look me up and we 

would talk about oligarchs and kleptocrats and Putin, and I would do the same when I was in London. We tried to 

help each other develop business, corporate clients, the usual thing. Over time we did give each other 

subcontracts.") 

5743 (U) ~on Tr., pp. 68--69, 78. 

5744 (U) - Tr., p. 71. 5745 (U) Kramer Tr., p. 10. 5746 (U) Ibid, p. 22. 5747 (U) Simpson Tr., p. 115. 

862 
(U) - told the Committee that his understanding of the tasking from Simpson to 

Steele was "Find out about Donald Trump's business ties in Russia." The Committee saw no 

indication that information Steele gleaned about Clinton was also part of the tasking. 5748 The 

initial contract between Fusion GPS and Orbis was for one month. Fusion GPS paid a flat rate; 

Simpson remembered between $20,000 and $30,000 per month. Fusion GPS ultimately paid 

Orbis about $160,000, according to Simpson and documents provided to the Committee.5749 

(U) Fusion GPS's work for Perkins Coie ended on Election Day.5750 Steele's final 

memorandum was completed on December 13, 2016. ·Noone paid for it.5751 

v. (U) Steele Creates the Reports that Become the Dossier 

- In early June 2016, under.the contract ~ith Fusion GPS, Steele reached out to 

his existmg subsource network and a small number of new subsources for an information on 

Donald Trum 's business interests.5752 

(U) Several witnesses c~d that Steele was deeply disturbed by the reports. Judging 

from the testimony of Simpson, - and Winer, Steele interpreted the information he received 

as kompromat on Trump---a way for Moscow to influence, _or even blackmail, a presidential 

candidate. Simpson recalled that Steele immediately expressed concern that the information 

reflected a "major security problem; this is a national security issue for [the United States]."5754 

. Steele said he was obligated to report the perceived kompromat to some authority. 5755 Simpson 

did not object, but also did not advocate for it. He deferred to Steele's judgment.5756 Simpson 

said he was not sure who he would tell, even if they were obligated to report it.: 

5748 (U) - Tr., p. 73. , 5749 (U) Simpson Tr., pp. 157-159; Bean LLC, statement of account August 2016 (CLMSSCI000012); Bean LLC, 

statement of account October 2016 (CLMSSCIO000 17); Bean LLC, statement of account November 2016 

(CLMSSCI000021); Bean LLC, statement of account January 2017 (CLMSSCI000025). Fusion GPS's production 

to the Committee shows $162,139.84 paid to Orbis, including a payment in January 2017 for $53,970. Simpson did 

not know the reason for the January payment, but speculated it was closing out the account., Simpson Tr., p. 159. 5750 (U) Simpson Tr., p. 155. · 5751 (U) Written Responses, Steele, August 16, 2018; see also Simpson Tr., pp. 155-156. 5752 Written Res onses Steele, Au st 16, 2018; see also Simpson Tr., p. 70. 5753 

5754 (U) Simpson Tr., p. 113. 5755 (U) Ibid., p. 116. 5756 (U) Ibid., p. 117. 

863 

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COMMITTEE SENSITIVE - RUSSIA INVESTIGATION ONLY 

I'm working for a political campaign and there are rules at the Justice 

Department about getting involved in political campaigns, and it's a stupid thing 

to do to try to sort of get a law enforcement investigation of the other side. It's 

just dumb. 5151 

(U) Simpson was unspecific with the Committee about his client's awareness of Steele's 

interactions with FBI on this issue. He said, "I can tell you that I did not ask my client whether 

we could [report it], and my client didn't direct me to dO'this. At the time it was done, my client 

was not aware it was being done." 5758 Simpson in his book said that he and his business partner 

decided not to tell Elias that Steele was sharing information with the FBI, 5759 Elias represented 

to the Committee through his attorneys that he did not authorize or direct Fusion· GPS to provide 

any information to any U.S. law enforcement or intelligence organizations.5760 

(U) Simpson told the Committee that the first memorandum was couriered hard.copy to 

Fusion GPS's Washington, D.C. offices, sometime near June 20.5761 Simpson read the 

information in the context of the Russian hack ofDNC systems,5762 which had been published in 

The Washington Post on June 14.5763 He described his initial reaction to the first Steele report: 

It wasn't like I was at that point harboring some suspicion that there was some 

connection between the Russian government and the Trump campaign. To the 

contrary. We weren't looking for information about sexual activities and we 

weren't looking for Kremlin KGB conspiracies . ... _J 

I guess a lot of other people would have thrown it in the trash maybe because it 

seemed like it was too crazy to believe. But I had worked with Chris for a long 

time and I had exposure to Russian influence operations from covering that at the 

Journal. So I didn't throw it in the trash, and I was concerned at that point it 

5757 (U) Ibid., p. 117. 5758 (U) Ibid., p. 119. 5759 (U) Crime in Progress, p. 80. 5760 (U) Attorney Proffer, Elias, May 21, 2018. 5761 (U) Simpson Tr., p. 112. In his book, however, Simpson wrote that Steele did not want to send the package via 

email, and a human courier was "expensive and time consuming and carried its own risks. So Steele called FedEx." 

The package did not show up on June 23, when it was due to arrive, because two FedEx delivery attempts failed. 

Simpson finally received the report on or around June 24. Crime in Progress, p. 75. 5762 (U) Crime in Progress, p. 75. It is unclear whether Simpson knew about the hack of the DNC servers before 

The Washington Post article: "The moment was already fraught. Not long before, Fusion had learned that the 

Democratic National Committee's computer systems had been thoroughly breached by Russian hackers in March 

2016, a fact later reported by the Washington Post on June 14, 2016." 5763 (U) Ellen Nakashima, "Russian government hackers penetrated DNC, stole opposition research on Trump," The 

Washington Post, June 14, 2016. 

864 

COMMITTEE SENSITIVE - RUSSIA INVESTIGATION ONLY 
might be true. And my client had just been hacked and told by the FBI that it was 

the Russian government. 5764 

4. (U) Examining the Dossier's Sources and Tradecraft 

(U) Steele defined his subsources in two categories: first, "confidential service providers 

or external 'associates' of Orbis BI and tasked and debriefed by us directly." The Committee 

assesses that the main subsource is one of these "associates." The FBI refers to the same person 

or group of people as "agent handler." The second category are people "who typically have 

direct access to the intelligence, are tasked and debriefed by [ an associate] and who are typically 

unaware of Orbis BI or the identity of the ultimate client and are not paid for information."5765 

The Committee refers to this category as sub-subsources. Steele told the FBI on October 3, 

2016: 

Steele said his associates, who the Committee refers to as subsources, met their sub-subsources 

face-to-face, and also said that some sub-subsources transmitted information to the subsources 

by "encrypted electronic communications systems," but "such exchanges ... were restricted as a 

rule to interactions outside Russia and the CIS." Some subsources, or associates, were paid on a 

fixed monthly retainer, others were not, and "none were financially incentivized to obtain any 

particular information." According .to Steele, his sub-subsources were not paid and were not 

aware that their information was being passed to Orbis or Fusion GPS.5767 

(U) - placed Steele's subsource network generally in the larger picture of Russian 

organized crime and government: 

The Russian and Eurasian environment in terms of criminal activity, you have 

true organized crime members, the guys with the gulag tattoos. You have 

businessmen, some of the wealthiest businessmen in the world. .. You have 

politicians. And from over there, it's all like this [indicating intertwining] ... So if 

he's got a source network that is tapped into whatever level or strata that /just 

5764 (U) Simpson Tr., pp. 65--67. 5765 

5766 

5767 ntten esponses, tee e, ugust , . 

865 

COMMITTEE SENSITIVE - RUSSIA INVESTIGATION ONLY 
COMMITTEE SENSITIVE - RUSSIA INVESTIGATION ONLY 

described over there, it's going to touch-and it did-different aspects of that 

realm_s16s 

i. (U) Questions on the Credibility of Steele's Source Network 

a. (U) Steele's Confidence in His Source Network and Product 

(U) Steele repeatedly expressed confidence in his subsources to a number of Committee 

witnesses while withholding the subsources' identities, in line with the practice of professional 

intelligence services. Steele further told the Committee in his written responses to questions that 

"We judged all of our [sub-subsources] were 'credible."'5769 - said: 

He had confidence in his sources and his source network. [These allegations 

were J so outlandish, and I told him, I said: you've got to be kidding me. People 

are going to look at me when I send this back like: Get out of here. He had 

complete confidence in his sources is what I can say. 5770 

. . 

(U) Simpson said he was less concerned about who the sub-subsources were than their 

credibility and access to the information. "At the end level. it's: Who's this person closest to in 

Moscow? Does he work in Sechin's office? Is she sleeping with so-and-so? ... you want to 

know is that person in a position to know what they're saying."5771 Simpson also emphasized his 

concern that a leak of a subsource's or sub-subsource's identity could be fatal. 

· (U) David Kramer said that, regarding the dossier, "I think he felt quite confident overall 

about it. I do think that there were some pieces in there he felt that were on firmer ground than 

others." Kramer cited the entry in the dossier about an alleged Michael Cohen trip to Prague as 

one example: "it could have been in Prague, it could have been outside of Prague. He also 

thought there was a possibility it could have been in Budapest. .. [but Steele] never backed off 

the idea that Cohen was in Europe."5772 

(U) On one of the central allegations in the intelligence collected by Steele, that Russia 

had compromising information on then-candidate Trump, Kramer also conveyed Steele's level of 

confidence: "I had the impression that he was fairly confident about it. Did he think it was 

ironclad? I didn't have that impression. He did tell me that he had also heard that there was 

5768 (U) - Tr., pp. 11-12. 5769 (U) Written Responses, Steele, August 16, 2018. Emphasis is Steele's. 

5110 (U) - Tr., p. 89. 5771 (U} Simpson Tr., p. 103. 5772 (U) Kramer Tr., p. 31. 

866 

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COMMITTEE SENSITIVE - RUSSIA INVESTIGATION ONLY 

video of a second hotel scene, from St. Petersburg, that was not put in the memos. But I don't 

know the level of confidence he had in that. "5773 -; 

(U) Simpson drew from his own experience as a journalist to qualify the support for the 

memos, stating the memos did not meet journalistic standards for publication: 

What I would liken it to in a journalistic category is my notes. You go out and 

you do a bunch of interviews and you talk to ten people ... and like I said, seven 

of them seem to be telling the truth, but have trouble getting the facts straight, and 

then there's three liars ... if it was a finished Wall Street Journal story, we would 

delete the crackpots and the people who just can't keep track of whatever, and 

[Steele] may have done some of that. But it wasn 't the kind of finished reportyou 

would give a client in ordinary circumstances. 5774 . 

(U) When the Committee asked.if he had ever attempted to independently verify Steele's 

work, Simpson said "I guess I'd put it in a kind of negative context, which is I never had an 

occasion where his work proved to not be reliable."5775 Simpson continued: 

When we got these memos, we would do all kinds of public record work and 

things in my office to figure out whether what people were telling Chris was 

plausible and credible. Does this person really exist? Was he in this place·at the 

time that he said that they were?5776 · 

That research produced nothing conclusively contradictory. According to Simpson: "Nothing 

that I have seen disproves anything in the dossier. Which isn't to say I think it's·all true. I don't 

think Chris thinks it's all true, either. But there's a difference between things being fake or a 

hoax or a fraud or a lie and things being incorrect. "5777 

b. (U) Limited Insight into Subsources' Identity and Access 

5773 (U) Ibid., pp. 34-35. . 5774 (U) Simpson Tr., pp. 106-107. Simpson later said the British style of intelligence collection is more 

journalistic. For example, he said, "When I write a newspaper article for the Washington Post about the plane crash, 

I put ten people in who saw the plane crash and some people say the left engine-was on fire, and other say it was the 

right ... I'm a journalist, so I don't have to figure out who is right." Ibid, p. 110. 5775 (U) Ibid, p. 93. 5776 (U) Ibid, p. 96. 5777 (U) Ibid, p. 171. 

867 

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7 
COMMITTEE SENSITIVE -RUSSIA INVESTIGATION ONLY 

(U) Most recipients of Steele's memos had very little information on the quality of the 

subsource network and took Steele at his word that they were credible.5778 Simpson, for 

example, did not know the identities of Steele's subsource network. He said, "Chris is very 

guarded about this stuff. So I don't have any names."5779 - said he never talked to Steele 

about how he vetted his source network. "From the crimi~e, we weren't concerned about 

the identities of his [sub]sources. From the counterintelligence side, that's the first thing they 

need to know: who are the sources? Who's that chain? ... For [Criminal Division] it's more 

about the lead information."5780 - further said that at that time FBI did not know where 

Steele was getting his information, nor did it know specifics on how or whether Stee=d his 

subsources or how the subsource network transmitted the information to Steele.5781 ~ also 

did not know whether -Steele knew the identities of all those in his subsource network. 

Throughout their relationship, Ohr had never had specifics about Steele's subsource network and 

did not ask, but said the reporting generally seemed good and credible.5783 Ohr told the 

Committee, "[Steele's reports] seemed to be information that was coming from a person who 

was knowledgeable about the situations that they were describing."5784 

(U) One of the people who knew the most about Steele's subsource network is David 

Kramer, from a conversation he had with Steele in the latter's dinin room in late November, 

2016. Kramer said "I was shown a list 5785 and 

He verified to the Committee that 

those people would have had appropriate access to provide the information. 5788 Steele had 

confidence his sub-subsources were good: "I think he felt they were diverse enough and senior 

enough to have known various elements of what he had been told. So I think h~ felt that it lent 

credibility, to what he was reporting."5789 

5778 (U) One clear lesson from the u:s. Intelligence Community's experience in lead up to the 2003 Iraq war was 

that intelligence analysts and consumers of intelligence need to know key details about a source, such as their access 

to the information, reporting history, and motivation for providing information, ifnot their identity. See SSC!, 

"Report of the Senate Select Committee on Intelligence on the U.S. Intelligence Community's Prewar Intelligence 

Assessments on Iraq," July 9, 2004, p. 26. 5779 (U) :son Tr., pp. 100-102. 

5780 (U) - Tr., p. 45. 5781 (U) Ibid., p. 18-19. 5782 (U) Ibid., p. 20. 5783 (U) B. Ohr Tr., p. 24. 5784 (U) Ibid., p. 28. 5785 (U) Kramer Tr., pp. 14, 26. 5786 (U) Ibid., p. 18 5787 (U) Ibid., pp. 26-27. 5788 (U) Ibid., p. 39. 5789 (U) Ibid., p. 17. 

868 
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(U) Kramer told the Committee that Steele knew the identities of his sub-subsources but, 

"He was not in a position to be in touch directly with these individuals. It was through an 

intermediary."5790 According to the DOJ OIG: "Steele did not have good insight into how many 

degrees of separation existed between the Primary Sub-source's sub sources and the persons 

quoted in the reporting, and that it could have been multiple layers of hearsay upon hearsay."5791 

Kramer did not know the name of that main subsource.5792 Kramer further said that the 

intermediary, or main sub source was "somebody [Steele] had full confidence in and had worked 

with before."5793 Kramer did not pass on to anyone-including the FBI or the Committee-the 

names of the subsources or sub-subsources.5794 

(U) Steele conveyed very little to the Committee on how he vetted his sources. He wrote 

that he had known his main subsources for a number of years and that "all came to us 

recommended by professional contacts who knew them and whose judgement we had reason to 

trust." Steele wrote that the main subsources had a "good track record," reporting on Russia 

issues using their subsource networks before the dossier project began. Steele also told the 

Committee that "validation was based on an assessment of their access and motivation and 

especially on their previous reporting track record. Reporting was assessed in terms of its 

consistency with intelligence obtained from other" public and non-p6blic sources.5795 The 

generality of these responses made them difficult for the Committee to evaluate, but the 

Committee found some information that called into question the rigor and thoroughness of this 

process. 

(U) Steele's written responses to the Committee's questions did not include much 

information on the access of his subsource network. He wrote that none of the main subsources 

were new, however, he used a small number of new sub-subsources for this project. He said that 

5790 (U) Ibid., pp. 15-16. 5791 (U) DOJ OIG FJSA Report, p. 190. 5792 (U) Kramer Tr., p. 16. 5793 (U) Ibid., p. 17; A clear lesson from the 2003 Iraq War experience was that depending too heavily on one or two 

sources can create the possibility for misinformation to become accepted as fact. 5794 (U) Kramer Tr., pp. 19-20. 5795 Written Res onses Steele, Au ust 16, 2018. 5796 

869 
COMMITTEE SENSITIVE - RUSSIA INVESTIGATION ONLY 

most subsources were "established, with solid reporting track records on other sensitive 

Russia/CIS issues."5797 

-The person FBI identified as the main subsource presented a less rigorous 

representation than did Steele, telling the FBI that "he/she did not view his/her contacts as a 

network of sources, but rather as friends with whom he/she has conversations about current 

events and ovemment relations."579 

, - The Committee has limited information on the geographical distribution of the 

sub source network. While Simpson told the Committee he did not know the identities of the 

people in the network, he knew some were "Russians who don't live in Russia but talk to people 

' in Russia and can go there." Others were "people who live in Russia and have connections to the 

Govemment."5800 Steele described the geographic arrangement as follows: "Most of the work, 

though not all, was conducted in Euro e where the ma· ori of our sub-subsources were 

based. "5801 

ii. (U) Parsing the Dossier's Subsources 

5797 (U) Written Responses, Steele, August 16, 2018. For U.S. intelligence, "established" is a term of art that 

reflects a record ofreliable reporting. Steele's written responses suggest that he used the term in generally the same 

way. 

5798 (U) DOJ O/G FISA Report, p. 188, fn. 334. 5799 (U) SSCI Memorandum, "FBI Briefing on Steele 'Dossier' Sourcing," February 15, 2018. 5800 (U) Simpson Tr., pp. 102-103. 5801 (U) Written Responses, Steele, August 16, 2018. 5802 (U) SSCI Memorandum, "FBI Briefing on Steele 'Dossier' Sourcing," February 15, 2018. The Committee 

notes that Priestap was so concerned about protecting the identity of the source that he would not allow his briefing 

to be transcribed. 

5803 (U) Ibid 5804 (U) Ibid 5805 (U) See infra Vol. 5, Sec. VIL 

870 

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-Despite limited direct information from Steele and the main subsource, the 

Committee endeavored to determine the ~teele's subsource network. 

Staff drew from FBI's debriefs of Steele_, the subsource descriptions in 

the dossier, Sim son's book, the notes of De artment of State officials, the findings of the DOJ 

OIG,5806 , to compare descriptions of sources. 

(U) Western intelligence services have established as standard practice the importance of 

communicating clearly to a reader any uncertainty about a source's access to information. 

Intelligence collectors convey some context about the identity and access of the original source, 

so analysts and consumers can make an informed evaluation of the credibility of the information. 

Instead of following this best practice, Steele's descriptions are inconsistent and not completely 

transparent about the steps through which the information passed from the origin to Steele, 

making it difficult for the reader to discern how close Steele was to the information. Some of 

this lack of clarity may have been intentional, for source protection purposes, but it makes it 

extremely difficult to evaluate the credibility of Steele's information. For example: 

• - Report 80, the first of the dossier memos com leted on June 20 2016 

"former to level Russian intelli ence officer." 

were several people between Steele and the so 

knowing more about the relationship between 

an intelligence analyst would not use this kind of information without corroboration, 

because the credibility of such distant reporting is difficult to assess. 

5806 (U) The Committee notes that the DOJ OIG included in its report a long discussion of source descriptions and 

Steele's roblematic blendin of anal sis and re orted assertions of fact. Ibid, p. 189-193. 

871 
5810 

5811 

COMMITTEE SENSITIVE - RUSSIA INVESTIGATION ONLY 

These source 

descriptions give an unclear picture of whether this was one source or several, and it is 

not clear whether the FBI, Steele, and Steele's main subsource were in agreement about 

who the named sub-subsource was. 

• (U) Steele describes a set of sub-subsources in his reports that have similar-yet slightly 

different-descriptions. It is difficult to determine if this is a single stream of reporting 

or many different sub-subsources supporting each other's information. Understanding 

this is critically important for evaluating the credibility of a body of reporting. 

I 

If[- Separately, Steele also cites a "senior Kremlin official,"5812 a "Kremlin 

insider,"5813 and a "senior member of the PA"5814 regarding meetings between 

Carter Page and Divyekin, along with other subjects. Some of the re ortin 

from these sub-subsources matches the re ortin 

a different description than all those above. 

5812 (U) Stee e Dossier, "Company Inte ligence Report 2016/080," June 20, 2016; Steele Dossier, "Company 

Intelligence Report 2016/101," August 10, 2016. 5813 (U) Steele Dossier, "Company Intelligence Report 2016/134," Ocotber 18, 2016; Steele Dossier, "Company 

Intelligence Report 2016/135," October 19, 2016. 5814 (U) Steele Dossier, "Company Intelligence Report 2016/111," September 14, 2016. 5815 (U) SSCI Memorandum, "FBI Briefing on Steele 'Dossier' Sourcing," February 15, 2018. 

872 

COMMITTEE SENSITIVE - RUSSIA INVESTIGATION ONLY 
(U) The DOJ OIG report stated that another of Steele's subsources, in discussions with 

the FBI in August 2017, said that his/her reports in the dossier had been "exaggerated" and that 

he/she "did not recognize anything as originating specifically from him/her." The main source, 

on the other hand, said that this subsource was "one of the key sources" for the dossier, in 

particular allegations about Michael Cohen and Prague and the same meetings between Page and 

Divyekin, discussed directly above.5817 The Inspector General report further says that the 

subsource may have been attempting to minimize his/her role. 

I 

• -In the first of Steele's reports, Source D describes events at the Ritz Carlton 

Moscow and is described as "a close associate of Trum who had or anized and mana ed 

and the subsource voicing strong support for can 1date C inton in the 2016 U.S. 

e ect1ons."). 

5818 The Committee saw no credible information that- had a role with the Trum Cam ai . 

The Committee assesses the RACC is almost certain y not a legitimate orgamzatlon. 

(U) SSCI Memorandum, "FBI Briefing on Steele 'Dossier' Sourcing," February 15, 2018. 

873 
COMMITTEE SENSITIVE - RUSSIA INVESTIGATION ONLY 

reason to believe - would have insight into the alleged activity at the Ritz through 

his ties with the Trump Campaign. 

• (U) The main subsource told FBI that a staff member at the Ritz Carlton said there were 

"stories concerning Trump's alleged sexual activities, not that the activities themselves 

had been confirmed by the staff member as stated in Report 80," according to the DOJ 

OIG.ss21 

I 

5820 (U) Ibid. 5821 

5822 

5823 (U) DOJ O/G FISA Report, p. 193, footnote 345 ("The Primary Sub-source told WFO Agent 1 that he/she 

found a YouTube video of the sub-source speaking and that it sounded like the person on the telephone call."). 5824 (U) SSCI Memorandum, "FBI Briefing on Steele 'Dossier' Sourcing," February 15, 2018. Carter Page told the 

Committee that he never met Paul Manafort. Page Tr., p. 214. 

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(U) Regarding Millian's self-described access to Trump Campaign officials, Millian had 

limited interactions with at least two people connected to the Trump Campaign during 2016, and 

Rick Gates, former Deputy Campaign Chairman, told the FBI that Millian appeared on a special 

access list for the Trump Campaign. The Campaign had a "Friends and Family" list for people 

attending campaign events. Each of the Trump children would submit names to the list, as 

would close friends and staff of immediate family members. Rhona Graff-Trump's trusted, 

long-time assistant-was the keeper of the list. Gates had no insight into who might have added 

Millian but said Cohen would have had the opportunity to add Millian to the list.5825 

(U) The earliest contact the Committee is aware of between Millian and the Campaign is . 

an email on March 15, 2016, when Millian emailed Michael Cohen at his Trump Organization 

address and offered to serve on the Trump Campaign's foreign policy team.5826 Cohen appears 

to have dismissed the request.5827 Millian and Cohen had a brief exchange on September 5, 

2016, when Millian re-introduced himself as a Trump supporter and forwarded questions from 

journalists about Millian's role with the Trump Organization.5828 Cohen told the Committee that 

he "just responded to kind ofbe kind."5829 Millian responded a week later, on September 13, 

2016, saying thank you, then following with: "I'm friends with Greek American George 

Papadopoulos, who says he is now your official campaign [sic] advisor on foreign policy from 

Ben Carson group. He asks questions about you. Do you know George?"5830 The Committee 

has no evidence that Cohen responded or furthered the relationship. In his second interview, 

Cohen told the Committee that Millian also proposed that Cohen bring Trump to a function in 

Switzerland, but that Cohen dismissed him completely. Cohen said, "I believed he was a. 

complete con artist and I just wasn't in the mood to deal with him."5831 _Cohen told the 

5825 (U) FBI, FD-302, Gates 11/7/2018. 5826 (U) Email, Millian to Cohen, March 15, 2016 (MDC-S-000261). ("Please feel free to incorporate me in the 

Russian direction as you know I have an insider level knowledge on what is happening in Russia after 10 years of 

hosting Russian ministers, governors, businessman and pyblic leaders. Now, I'm a US citizen after my name having 

been cleared by national security and FBI.") Millian included a link to a Fox News interview he did. 5827 (U) Cohen; in his first interview with the Committee, said he recalled Millian also reaching out via phone 

around the same time as this email. His reaction was "wow, this guy is off the wall .... I was completely 

disinterested in what he had to say." Cohen Tr. I, p. 287. The Committee has no indication that Cohen responded to 

this inquiry. Millian, from his RACC email account, also invited Michael Cohen to an event on March 23, 2016. 

Cohen told the Committee he did not attend, and never signed up for the RACC's mailing list. See Cohen Tr. I, p. 

289; Cohen Tr. II, p. 323. Email, Millian to Cohen, March 23, 20.16 (MDC-S-000258). 5828 (U) Millian wrote, "Just wanted to bring it to your attention. This unexpected and unwelcome pressure only. 

makes me a stronger supporter of your cause .... " Email, Millian to Cohen, September 5, 2016 (DJTFP00018153). 

Cohen responded the same day, in entirety: "They are just I to [sic] negative reporting on trump and everyone 

connected to him. I believe you gave them enough and if they, and I'm sμre they will, want more, ignore him." 

Email, Cohen to Millian, September 5, 2016 (DJTFP00018152). 5829 (U) Cohen Tr. I, p. 292. · 5830 (U) Email, Millian to Cohen, September 13, 2016 (DJTFP00018152). 5831 (U) Cohen Tr. II, p. 320. 

875 
Committee that he never met Millian5832 and that the Trump Organization had no relationship 

with Millian. 5833 

(U) Millian and Papadopoulos exchanged several emails and met at least once. 

Documents the Committee obtained indicate email exchanges through the summer and into the 

fall. Millian was scheduled to pick Papadopoulos. up at the airport in New York in September 

2016,5834 and Papadopoulos told the FBI the two discussed business opportunities in November, 

2016. 5835 

(U) The Committee notes that much about Sergei Millian resembles activities by a 

Russian intelligence officer or cooptee. In attempting to interview Millian, the Committee found 

that his organization, the RACC, has several listed addresses but no apparent actual offices. 

Millian also has four names-Sergei Millian, Sergio Millian, Sergey Kukuts, and Sarhei Kukuts. 

Further, Millian publicly professed his non-involvement in the 2016 campaign, then departed the 

United States for China.5836 

■ 

The DOJ OIG found a document circulated among the Crossfire Hurricane team in early October 

2016, which indicated that "Person 1," who the Committee assesses to be- had historical 

contact with persons and entities suspected of being linked to Russian Intelligence Services. The 

5832 (U) Cohen Tr., p. 286; Cohen Tr. II, p. 319. 5833 (U) Cohen Tr., p. 292. 5834 (U) Email, Papadopoulos to Epshteyn, September 12,.2016 (B&P GP File 2018 000603-608). 5835 (U) FBI, FD-302, Papadopoulos 9/19/2017. For more on the relationship between the two, see infra Vol. 5, 

Sec.ill.E. 

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document further described re orting from 

,,5g3g 

(U) The Committee was unable to fully establish the role - played, if any, in 

Russia's attempts to interfere with the 2016 election. 

iii. (U) Counterintelligence Concerns 

(U) Disinformation is a constant concern in the intelligence profession, particularly for 

those, like Steele, who work against targets well-known for sowing doubt. Collecting usable 

intelligence from human sources necessitates skepticism and diligent effort to corroborate the \ 

information. Steele would have been aware that human sources can vary in their credibility, and 

one source can be credible on one subject and not on a similar subject. Steele wrote to the 

Committee that he saw "no reason to believe" that his subsources or sub-subsources were 

seeking to "influence rather than inform."5839 According to Simpson, Steele was acutely aware 

of that possibility: 

When Chris talks about his work in Russia, the first thing he says is: I've been 

doing Russia all my life professionally, and one of the central problems of my 

profession is disinformation. It's something that we get trained on originally and 

that we deal with for our entire careers. So I am trained to spot disinformation, 

and you should know that any time you gather information in Russia some of it 

may be disinformation. And I'm not telling you that there's not disinformation in 

this material. What I'm telling you is I'm trained to spot it and if I saw it it's not 

there_ss4o 

(U) Kramer was also aware of Steele's concern there could be possible disinformation in 

the dossier: 

[Steele] said that he did his best to try to factor that into what he was putting 

together, but felt that there was not a deliberate dis-or mis-information campaign 

that was launched. And if the sources, the names on that list I saw, were in fact 

the sources, it strikes me as difficult to believe that they would have come together 

to have a disinformation campaign. Can it be ruled out completely? No. Can 

there be parts in there that are true and other parts that are deliberately false? 

5838 (U) DOJ OIG FISA Report, p. 166, footnote 302. 5839 (U) Written Responses, Steele, August 16, 2018. "Influence rather than infonn" is an intelligence 

professional' s tenn of art. An asset handler will say the infonnation may be intended to influence rather than infonn 

ifs/he is concerned the asset has a particular agenda and wants the target government to see things a certain way. 5840 (U) Simpson Tr., p. 107-108. 

877 

COMMITTEE SENSITIVE - RUSSIA INVESTIGATION ONLY 
That's possible. But I think he did-I think he and his intermediary did their best 

to try to factor that in and account for it to the best they could. 5841 

(U) James Baker, former FBI General Counsel, summed up the environment this way: 

This is how it operates. The organized crime. The overlay between the organized 

crime, the oligarchs, the government, the intelligence services. It's all like one 

big giant mess. And so, given that ... how do you sort through that when you are 

trying td do a legitimate investigation and then figure out what's the truth. And 

so you are extremely skeptical of anything that anybody is telling you. 5842 

(U) Dr. Fiona Hill, a Russia expert who served on both the National Intelligence Council 

as National Intelligence Officer for Russia and Eurasia and on the NSC as Senior Director for 

European and Russian Affairs, discussed the possibility of Moscow inserting disinformation in 

the dossier in her deposition in the House: "it's very likely that the Russians planted 

disinformation in and among other information that may have been truthful, because that's 

exactly, again, the way they operate." She went on to say that: 

And this is why I was concerned about the Steele report because that is a 

vulnerability. Christopher Steele going out and looking for information. He's 

obviously out there soliciting information. What a great opportunity to, basically, 

you know, present him with information that he's looking for that can be couched 

with some truth and some disinformation. 5843 

(U) There was ample opportunity for Steele's source network to be coopted by Russian 

security services, which would have allowed the service to shape the information that was 

eventually included in the dossier. 

5841 (U) Kramer Tr., p,. 36. Kramer further clarified that he thinks these sources would not have had a natural way to 

coordinate their information. Ibid., p. 37. 5842 (U) SSCI Transcript of the Interview with James Baker, October 2, 2018, p. 139. 5843 (U) Deposition of Dr. Fiona Hill, in front of the HPSCI, joint with the Committee on Oversight and Reform and 

the Committee on Forei n Affairs, U.S. House of Re resentatives, October 14, 2019, p. 179 and pp. 390-391 5844 

878 
the DOJ OIG said that "In late January 2017, a member of 

the Crossfire Hurricane team received information [redacted] that [Russian Intelligence Services] 

may have targeted Orbis and research (sic) all publicly available information about it." 5846 

Winer, who had received many non-dossier 

Russia and Ukraine-related reports from Steele, said Steele was "concerned about his sources. 

He was concerned about protecting.his sources. He didn't want them [the Russian intelligence 

services] deconstructing his network." Winer told the Committee that in an effort to reduce risk 

the Orbis header was removed from any re orts that Steele sent the De artment of State and 

documents were "password protected." 

5845 (U) Ibid 5846 (U) DOJ OIG FISA Report, p. 191, footnote 342. 5847 (U) Richard Norton-Taylor, "M16: The nightmare scenario as a rogue agent goes public," The Guardian, May 

13, 1999. According to the article, "Britain's secret intelligence service, M16, was thrown into unprecedented 

disarray last night when a renegade former officer published the names of over 100 agents-some said to be falseon the internet."; see also Jane Mayer, "Christopher Steele, the Man Behind the Trump dossier," The New Yorker, 

March 5, 2018. 5848 (U) Winer Tr., pp. 23-25. Winer's interactions with Steele are covered more comprehensively later in this 

section. 

879 

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I 

DOJ, Office of the Inspector General, "A Review of Various Actions by the Federal Bureau of Investigation • • • ■ 

880 

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-Finally, the U.S. Government has 

Russia~on influencing Steele's election re rt 

-First, a January 12, 2017, report describe assessing that a subset of 

Steele's reporting regarding Michael Cohen was part of a Russian disinformation campaign. 

Second, a report from February 27, 2017, is from: 

an individual with reported connections to Trump and Russia who claimed that 

the public reporting about the details of Trump's sexual activities in Moscow 

during a trip in 2013 were false, and that they~ 

"in zltrat in a source into the network" of awho compiled a dossier of information on Trump's activities. 

The noted that it had no iriformation indicating that the 

individual had special access to RJS activities or iriformation. 5854 

iv. (U) Multiple Links Between Steele and Deripaska 

(U) The Committee found multiple links between Steele and Deripaska, including 

through two ofDeripaska's lawyers, and indications that Deripaska had early knowledge of 

Steele's work. Steele had worked for Deripaska, likely beginning at least in 2012, and continued 

881 
COMMITTEE SENSITIVE - RUSSIA INVESTIGATION ONLY 

to work for him into 2017, providing a potential direct channel for Russian influence on the 

dossier.5856 

(U) A February 2016 email strongly suggests Deripaska's awareness of Steele's work, 

generally. Steele wrote to Ohr on February 21, 20165857: 

5856 (U) Several other people who appear in this section also have ties to Deripaska. Simpson told the Committee he 

had written stories about Deripaska for The Wall Street Journal. Simpson Tr., pp. 147, 181. Simpson also said that 

"I believe that I have reached out to his companies and employees on numerous occasions when I was a journalist. 

And beyon~ that, I don't think I've knowingly had any contact with his organization." Ibid., p. 88. However, David 

Kramer said that Simpson had once worked for Deripaska. He said: "Actually, I know Simpson had .... just that he 

had been hired .to do some work for Deripaska in the past. I will tell you that call:sed me a little consternation." 

Kramer Tr., p. 12. The Committee was not able to rectify this discrepancy. Jonathan Winer, a decade-long 

professional contact of Steele's, also worked for Deripaska, but Winer told the Committee in his first interview that 

he never met Deripaska in person and has not been in touch with him for 15 years. In a second interview, Winer 

clarified that Deripaska hired Alston & Bird, specifically Senator Bob Dole, in 2003, to help with an immigration 

issue. Winer, in his capacity as an attorney at Alston & Bird, provided assistance to Senator Dole. Winer cited 

attorney-client privilege in declining to provide details on his work for Deripaska, but he did give a general example: 

"For exampie, if someone, anyone, wanted to travel to the United States and couldn't travel to the United States, I 

could tell somebody, these are the kinds of things you might have to do if you want to be able to come to the United 

States, and they're real; they're not bogus. It's not a matter of doing it half-heartedly, and these are the 

consequences, positive and negative. That's the kind of thing that someone like me might tell an oligarch." Winer 

Tr., pp. 23, 88-89; SSCI Transcript of the Second Interview with Jonathan Winer, April 18, 2018, p. 4. Winer also 

said that Bill Browder was one of his clients. Winer, Tr., p.11. For more, see infra Vol. 5, Sec. ID.C.6. Deripaska 

retained the law firm Alston & Bird from 2003 until approximately 2009. Lobbying Registration pursuant to the 

Lobbying Disclosure Act of 1995, Alston & Bird LLP, November 14, 2003; Lobbying Report pursuant to the 

Lobbying Disclosure Act of 1995, Alston & Bird LLP, October 20, 2009. Deripaska has over time retained a 

number of individuals to assist him in obtaining visas to the United States, with inconsistent success. The 

Committee has limited insight into the network of attorneys and firms retained by Deripaska, but it has included 

B an Cave in the U.S. and the U.K. and the Endeavor Law Firm. Other individuals who have not registered, such 

as have similarly sought' to work with 

Deripaska in the United States, potentially on similar issues. Waldman Tr., pp. 261-262. 5857 (U) Email, Steele to B. Ohr, February 21, 2016 (HPSCI (3-23-18)-DOJ-000004). This email suggests that 

Steele planned to share the Orbis report with the United States Government, initially through , his primary 

contact and handling agent. The Committee notes that neither Steele (through counsel), Ohr, FBI, nor the 

Department of Justice have been able to locate that report or produce it to the Committee. · 

882 

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'On ~eb 2!, 2016 • 9 l<& P'-i Chr s Sttt e 

> 

, ho~ you art ...e I I understan~ tt and Adam W Chat OVO has bffn a•antra an o" c a v sa b>"' s t :he US s 

'a< APEC and a m«I n1 w th- n tne ,...,, ns l;pputnl v "v.~re sorre counter squ ■ Is •rom State but ht 

now hu the v•H I am• r.o :o d ere, be an n•-er·aatncv ,,.ttt n1 on h m th 5 wh ch I auess vou w- be 

attend n1 Mean11th t art c rcu•at n1 some recent ~ns e Orb s report n1 on the llF eadel'Sh p 5 ar,et na o' cera n 

bus ness' svres . th a, ew :o prusur s n1 them nto towtn1 the em t ne, upec,, Iv o,,er up ta ' 1ht O\IO s amon,st 

those iar~ed SUU6t n1 ht s no• the udtrsh o toal some h1,e a tied I sha I bt send n1 th s reoori n1 n tht • rst 

nstancet~ as ht has as~d for e1• rtasonsl understand •o, a such nport,n1 be f tertd throu1h h,m (to'IOO 1t 

OoJ and othersl Nttd us to sa, s rtctn• ind based on n'o 'rom, _ I p ac:td source th dortc accus 

> 

> Wt r c on IN:•tfort that the 'otthcom n1 OV0 contact reprutnts a eood oopon.un tv la< the USG and tha , st,1 now. you 

shou•d ~ push n1 atan open door (IS Ovt> s a so I rt of the :t,,ust o1 ovr ntw ntt I Mtan,~ e oo 0rw11d ro 

d scuss n1 u, sand a ranre of ocher ssues o' muuie nwes• ,,.t,~n e cen If •oee_ther, hopef\i n mrn Europe 

dur n1 tht ~ t v.ttl<s P tHt •'-'P me posted ) 

>!161.Chr s 

(U) The Committee has no further information on what Steele meant by "OVD is also 

aware" of his work. 

(U) The Committee found ample evidence to dispute Steele's assessment that Deripaska 

is "not the leadership tool some have alleged." Rather, Deripaska is a key implementer of 

Russian influence operations around the globe.

5858 

(U) Multiple witnesses, to include Simpson, Ohr, and Waldman, either told the 

Committee or implied to the Committee that Steele had a business relationship with Deripaska. 

One recognized link between the two men was a pair of lawyers: Deripaska's London-based 

attorney, Paul Hauser, and Waldman, Deripaska's D.C.-based attorney. 

• (U) Ohr was aware that Steele had a business relationship with Deripaska.5859 Ohr told 

the Committee that Steele mentioned Hauser at breakfast in the context of " information 

that could make out some kind of a criminal case against Paul Manafort."5860 

• - Further, in two sets of Ohr's handwritten notes provided to the Committee, 

~nces links between Steele and Deripaska. In one set of notes titled "Chris" that 

are undated, Ohr writes "Paul Hauser and OD [Deripaska] almost ready to talk w/ us re$ 

5858 (U) For more information on the relationship between Deripaska and Putin, see infra Vol. 5, Sec. ill.A.8.i. 5859 (U) B. OhrTr., pp.37,41-44, 148,152. 5860 (U) Ibid., pp. 44, 146. 

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COMMITTEE SENSITIVE - RUSSIA INVESTIGATION ONLY 
Manafort stole."5861 The rest of the first set of notes include information that appears in 

the dossier memos. In the second set of notes titled "PARTIAL CHRON,'' Ohr appears 

to list his interactions with Steele from 2007 through October 2016. In that list, he 

includes this notation: "9/30/2015 Met OD & Paul Hauser NY."5862 It is unclear why he 

associates ' that meeting with Steele. 

• (U) While St~ele never confirmed for Simpson that he had worked for Deripaska, 

Simpson told the Committee that the possibility had occurred to him. When asked, and 

oil advice from counsel, Simpson refused to give details on why he thought the two might 

have worked together in the past. 5863 

• (U) As of February 2017, Steele was working for Hauser and for a German client, 

Bilfinger, likely separately.5864 

(U) Steele also had links to Waldman. Steele in his written responses to the Committee 

referred to Waldman as "a former friend and professional associate I met in London when 

working fot a law firm on legal casework."5865 Waldman told the Committee that he met Steele 

while working jointly on an unnamed client possibly between 2012 and 2016, though Waldman 

did not employ Steele. The Committee assesses the unnamed client was probably Deripaska. 

Waldman said that Steele's project in ,this effort was business intelligence related to "his 

relationship with members of the U.S. Government."5866 More recent ties include the following: 

5861 (U) Ohr, handwritten notes (HPSCI (3-23-18)-DOJ-000036) .. Deripaska appears to be engaged in these efforts 

while simultaneously working cooperatively with Manafort to,counter the public revelation involving Russia's 

interference in the 2016 U.S. elections. See infra Vol. 5, Sec. III.A.7. 5862 (U) Ohr, handwritten notes (HPSCI (3-23-18)-DOJ-000037). 5863 (U) Simpson Tr., pp. 85-86, 88-90. Simpson, in response to the question "Were you ever aware that [Steele] 

had in fact done work for Mr. Deripaska7'' said "I don't believe he's ever told me that," thert later, when pressed, "I 

don't-he's never specifically told me that. There was. work-it became-:-the possibility had occurred to me, put it 

that way.' .. Because when we were doing [a] report on Paul Manafort we found this lawsuit, we found this 

liquidation proceeding." Simpson remembered the proceeding as related to business dealings between Manafort and 

Deripaska. "It wasn't a Deripaska matter, it was a Manafort matter, this liquidation proceeding .... [I]n the course of 

researching this, the question of who was trying to collect the debt became a question." Simpson, on advice of 

counsel, refused to answer any more questions. Counsel cited a confidentiality agreement between Fusion GPS and 

Orbis. Intelligence. . . 5864 (U) B. Ohr Tr., p. 152. Ohr told the Committee that his recollection was Steele working for Paul Hauser and 

simultaneously for a German Engineering company called Bilfinger. It was unclear if the tw,o were related. In a 

text between Ohr and Steele on March 16, 2017, Steele provided the name of the DOJ official "responsible for 

overseeing the FCPA/DPA applied to Bilfinger, our non-paying German engineering company client." Text 

message, Steele to Ohr, March 16, 2017 (HPSCI (3-23-18) DOJ-000026). Also see Committee Memorandum from 

December 18, 2017, summarizing FBI, FD-302, B. Ohr 2/14/2017. 5865 (U) Written Responses, Steele, August 16, 2018. 5866 (U) Waldman Tr., pp. 189-194. As of the date of the interview, November 3, 2017, Waldman said he still 

repres~nted the unnamed client. 

884 

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• (U) On January 12, 2016, Steele in an email to Bruce Ohr said, "I heard from Adam 

WALDMAN yesterday that OD [Deripaska] is applying for another official US visa ice 

[sic] APEC business at the end ofFeb."5867 On February 8 and 21, Steele followed up, 

writing Ohr that Deripaska had been granted an official visa.5868 

• (U) In January or early February of 2017, Steele discussed Waldman with Simpson. 

Simpson paraphrased the conversation between the two: 

[Steele said,] "Well, [Waldman] knows [Senator] Mark.Warner 

and he says that he can talk to Warner and the Committee about 

telling them what we know." So I just said: "Okay,fine, 

whatever. " At the time I was encouraging him to meet with the 

Committees, but particularly the Senate Committee, because we 

assumed it was going to be a more substantive and bipartisan 

investigation. 5869 

• (U) Steele in February 2017 asked Waldman to represent him, pro bono, working to 

establish a conversation with the Committee, but in the spring of 2017, · Steele told 

Waldman he had hired a new lawyer. Waldman said the two had not spoken since. 5870 

-The DOJ OIG reported that "sensitive reporting from June 2017 

indicat~] to Russian Oligarch 1 was [possibly aware] of Steele's 

election investigation as of early July 2016,"5871 and later that "an early June 2017 USIC report 

indicated that two persons affiliated with RIS were aware of Steele's election investi ation in 

earl Jul 2016." 5872 

i 

5867 (U) Email, Steele to B. Ohr, January 12, 2016 (HPSCI (3-23-18)-DOJ-000001). 5868 (U) Email, Steele to B. Ohr, February 8, 2016 (HPSCI (3-23-18)-DOJ-000002); Email, Steele to B. Ohr, 

February 21, 2016 (HPSCI (3-23-18)-DOJ-000004A). 5869 (U) Simpson Tr., p. 186-187. See also irifra VoL 5, Sec. 111.A.7. 5870 (U) Waldman Tr., pp. 180, 197-199. 5871 (U) DOJ OJG FISA Report, p. 93, fn. 211. 5872 (U) DOJ OJG FISA Report, p. 191, fn. 342. 5873 U The Committee found that Kilimnik is a Russian intelligence officer. See irifra infra Vol. 5, Sec. III.A.8.ii. 5874 

5875 (U) Ibid. 

885 

COMMITTEE SENSITIVE - RUSSIA INVESTIGATION ONLY 
I 

• (U) Sam Patten, a political cm;isultant who had worked in Ukraine and a former business 

partner to Kilimnik, said, "When [the dossier] was in the news [Kilimnik and I] talked 

about it, that Konstantin saw it as proof of a cooked story being pushed around."5879 

'--'--' The 

OIG reported that "a 2015 report concerning oligarchs written by the FBI's Transnational 

Organized Crime Intelligence Unit (TOCIU) noted that, from January through May 2015, 10 

Eurasian oligarchs sought meetings with the FBI, and five of these had their intermediaries 

contact Steele." That report noted such activity was unusual and recommended a validation 

review of Steele. 5882 

(U) Steele was adamant with the DOJ OIG that "Russian Oligarch 1" had no influence 

on the dossier and that Oligarch 1 had no contact with any of Steele's sources. Steele said he 

5876 (U) Ibid. 5877 (U) McCabe Tr., pp. 85-86. 5878 (U) DOJ OIG FISA Report, p. 191, fn. 342. 5879 (U) Patten Tr., pp. 152-153. 5880 (U) DOJ OJG FISA Report, p. 92. 5881 (U) Ibid, p. 93. 5882 (U) Ibid., pp. 92-93. 

886 

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COMMITTEE SENSITIVE - RUSSIA INVESTIGATION ONLY 

worked for the oligarch's attorney and that he had met the oligarch one time. He also said he had 

no information indicating the oligarch knew of his investigation. 5883 Steele declined to answer 

the Committee's direct questions on whether he worked for Deripaska, but he said no client 

would have known about the dossier or provided input, other than Fusion GPS.5884 

v. (U) A Possible Omission in the Dossier 

(U) Steele and his subsources appear to have neglected to include or missed in its 

entirety Paul Manafort's business relationship with Deripaska, which provided Deripaska 

leverage over Manafort and a possible route of influence into the Trump Campaign. 

(U) Steele mentions Paul Manafort by name roughly 20 times in the dossier, always in 

the context of his work in Ukraine; and, in particular, Manafort's work on behalf ofthenUkrainian President Victor Yanukovych. Deripaska, who had a long-standing business 

relationship with Manafort, is not mentioned once. Neither is Kilimnik, Manafort's right-hand 

man in Kyiv, who himself has extensive ties to Deripaska.5885 Despite Steele's expertise on 

Ukraine and Russia, particularly on oligarchs, the dossier memos are silent on the issue. 

(U) Steele, however, had worked for Deripaska-through Deripaska' s attorneys-on 

matters related to a past business dispute between Deripaska and Manafort. In October 2016, 

Steele told the FBI that he had previously been retained to work on a litigation matter concerning 

debts allegedly owed by Manafort.5886 Deripaska's attorneys had retained Steele to work on a 

Manafort tasking, prior to Steele's Trump-related work with Fusion GPS.5887 At the time, 

Manafort was engaged in a dispute with Deripaska related to an investment that had failed more 

than six years earlier and that had resulted in a distancing of the relationship between Manafort 

and Deripaska. 5888 

(U) Additionally, despite not including the topic in his memos, Steele verbally briefed his 

concern about the Deripaska-Manafort relationship and the leverage that existed, along with 

other topics, to a DOJ official who he hoped would pursue the issue with FBI. 5889 

(U) Written Responses, Steele, August 16, 2018. 5885 U For more on Kilimnik, see in ra Vol. 5, Sec. ill.A. 5886 

5887 cember 2019. 5888 (U) See infra Vol. 5, Sec. ill.A.4.ii. 5889 (U) B. Ohr Tr., p. 37. 

887 

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(U) In his book with Fritsch, Simpson revealed that Fusion GPS was also involved in 

this endeavor. Simpson writes that: 

Weeks before Trump tapped Manafort to run his campaign, Christopher Steele 

had hired Fusion for help investigating Manafort. The matter had nothing to do 

with politics and was a typical commercial assignment. Orbis had recently been 

queried by an American law firm about finding Manafort 's assets. The firm's 

unidentified client claimed that Manafort owed him millions of dollars. 5890 

The Committee notes that Simpson did not tell the Committee about this business 

arrangement.5891 · 

vi. (U) A Confluence of Events: Natalia Veselnitskaya and the June 9, 2016 

Meeting ' 

(U) Glenn Simpson and Fusion GPS had, since 2014, worked with Natalya 

Veselnitskaya, a Russian lawyer with ties to the Russian government, Russian intelligence, and 

Aras Agalarov. The Committee found no evidence that Veselnitskaya used her ties with Fusion 

GPS to influence the contents of the dossier. Nevertheless, the Committee sought to understand 

the significance ofVeselnitskaya's relationship with Simpson because of the timing of their 

interactions, and because Veselnitskaya and Simpson both appear as key players in other events 

related to the 2016 election.5892 · 

5890 (U) Crime in Progress, pp. 50-51. Simpson later says that he and his partner debated whether the situation 

presented a possible conflict of interests, given that they were also investigating Manafort for the DNC, but they 

decided there was no conflict "since the parties were not adverse to each other." 5891 (U) The Committee sought to understand the reasons for apparent omissions in the dossier and several 

explanations are possible. One explanation is that Steele was compartmenting his work between clients. Steele's 

claimed business practice was to not use information from one client's project on another. This asserted business 

practice, however, is partially refuted by the above mentioned October 2016 FBI interview, where Steele presented 

some information as stemming from his past work related to the project targeting Manafort. DOJ OIG FISA Report, 

p. 112. Another explanation is that Steele was self-censoring his findings, in ari attempt to protect his own business 

relationship with Deripaska. Alternatively, Deripaska or his associates could have requested that Steele shape the 

content of the dossier. Finally, Steele could have judged that the information on Manafort and Deripaska was 

somehow unreliable or irrelevant; this seems unlikely, however, given that Steele had recently done extensive work 

on Manafort on behalf ofDeripaska's attorneys. Steele would have known that Manafort's debts and ties to 

Ukrainian political figures could-and eventually did-prove a problem for the Trump Campaign and an entry point 

for Deripaska to attempt to exert influence. 5892 (U) For more on Veselnitskaya's links with Russian officials, see infra Vol. 5, Sec. III.C. 

888 
' (U) Fusion GPS, specifically Simpson, conducted research for Veselnitskaya related to 

Bill Browder, Prevezon, and the Magnitsky Act.5893 Veselnitskaya worked with a U.S. law firm, 

BakerHostetler, who hired Fusion GPS in early 2015 to conduct that research.5894 Simpson told 

the Committee that: 

[BakerHostetler] is an old client of mine, very respectable lawyers, and they have 

their ethical obligations to know who their clients are, and I relied on that. And 

Natalya was-represented to me as the lawyer for the client. So her identity was 

not actually something that I was terribly curious about . .. she was just the 

lawyer who hired my lawyers. 5895 

(U) On June 9, 2016, Simpson went to New York City to attend a hearing on 

BakerHostetler's role in the Prevezon case. Veselnitskaya was there to represent Prevezon. 

Later that day, Veselnitskaya attended a meeting with several associates in Trump Tower with 

representatives of the Trump Campaign and Trump Organization. 5896 Simpson told the 

Committee that he had no knowledge of the meeting before it occurred and was unaware that 

Veselnitskaya had any meeting related to the Trump Campaign planned.5897 Soon after the 

meeting, Veselnitskaya attended a dinner organized by one of the Baker Hostetler lawyers in 

WashingtonD.c.·with Simpson, RinatAkhmetshin, who also attended the Trump Tower 

meeting, and others. Simpson recalled to the Committee that while he may have briefly 

interacted with Veselnitskaya, he did not recall having any substantive conversation with her and 

stated that he remained unaware of the existence of the June 9, 2016 meeting in Trump Tower 

until 2017, when the meeting became public.5898 

(U) Although Simpson told the Committee he was unaware Veselnitskaya planned to 

meet with Trump Campaign staff and family members in June 2016, he had supplied at least 

some of the research she presented to the June 9, 2016 meeting-the purported "dirt" on Hillary 

Clinton's donors. Veselnitskaya told the Committee that "The first person who ever told us 

5893 (U) Bill Browder is the founder and CEO of Hermitage Capital Management and was the largest foreign 

investor in Russia until 2005. According his profile in Time, "Since 2009, when his lawyer, Sergei Magnitsky, died 

in prison after uncovering a $230 million fraud committeed by Russian government officials, Browder has been 

leading a campaign to expose Russia's endemic corruption and human rights abuses." See Bill Browder, "I'm Bill 

Browder. Here's the biggest mistake Putin made when trying to get access to me through Trump," Time, July 16, 

2018. 

5894 (U) Simpson Tr., p. 195. Fusion GPS was retained by the law firm BakerHostetler to assist its client-Russian 

oligarch Denis Katsyv-in the Prevezon case [(U.S. v. Prevezon Holdings, Ltd., et al., No. 13 Civ. 6326)]. 5895 (U) Simpson Tr., p. 195. 5896 (U) For More on the Agalarovs, see infra Vol. 5, Sec. ill.C. 5897 (U) Simpson Tr., pp. 166-167. 5898 (U) Ibid, pp. 166-167, 201; Transcript of the Interview of Glenn Simpson, HPSCI, November 14, 2017, p. 118. 

"And I found out about it ... within a day ofit being disclosed in the New York Times. Someone called me and said 

'you heard about this meeting? And I said no." 

889 

COMMITTEE SENSITIVE - RUSSIA INVESTIGATION ONLY 
COMMITTEE SENSITIVE - RUSSIA INVESTIGATION ONLY 

about the involvement or existence of Ziff Brothers5899 was Mr. Glenn Simpson. The first report 

that I obtained from him was dated December 2014. That was the very report ... that Ziff 

Brothers was one of the DNC sponsors."5900 She went on to say that "I have his reports in the 

number of hundreds of pages."5901 Simpson, however, thought the Ziff brothers research was 

mostly useless, and was puzzled by Veselnitskaya's use of it as derogatory information at the 

June 9, 2016 meeting.5902 

(U) Veselnitskaya said that she was unaware of Steele, and that Simpson had never 

mentioned him.5903 Veselnitskaya suggested that she would have appreciated Steele's help on a 

project, but Simpson had not made the introduction. She told the Committee: 

For a sort of unknown reason, Glenn Simpson avoided.approaching {Steele J in 

2014, and I had to grab all the pieces of information myself. . .[Simpson] even 

emphasized that he had no capabilities to work in London because he had no one 

he used to know there. 5904 

(U) The Committee has no indication that Veselnitskaya and Simpson's relationship 

extended past his work on the Prevezon case and related work. However, the two have different 

recollections of their last communications. The last time, in Simpson's recollection, was the 

dinner discussed above at some point after the June 9, 2016 meeting. Simpson told the 

Committee that "in neither of these encounters did she say she was going to go meet with the 

Trump campaign [for the June 9, 2016 meeting]. She didn't ask me for information. I'm not 

familiar with the information she gave them."5905 

(U) Veselnitskaya did not recall these interactions. 5906 Her memory of their last 

communication is an October 2016 communication, through Simpson's lawyer. She said: "You 

understand I cannot disclose what it was about, but it has nothing to do [with] the subject matter 

of your investigation. "5907 

5899 (U) The Ziff brothers are American inyestors. Juliet Chung, "Ziff Brothers Investments Set to Gradually Close 

U.S. Hedge Fund," Wall Street Journal, October 31, 2013. 5900 (U) Veselnitskaya Tr., p. 52. 5901 (U) Ibid., p. 72. 5902 (U) Simpson Tr., p. 210. 5903 (U) Veselnitskaya Tr., p. 75. 5904 (0) Ibid,pp.117-118. 5905 (U) Simpson Tr., p. 201. If Simpson's recollection is correct, Veselnitskya saw him both before and after the 

meeting at Trump Tower and in neither instance mentioned to him that she had used his information to brief senior 

members of the Trump Campaign. 5906 (U) Veselnitskaya Tr., pp. 100-101. 5907 (U) Ibid, p. 100. . 

890 
vii. (U) A Separate Information Stream Joins the Dossier: Two Additional 

Memos 

(U) Separate from the memos that comprise the dossier, in September 2016 a set of 

documents emerged alleging sexual and financial misconduct by then-candidate Trump and 

those associated with his businesses. Cody Shearer, a sometimes freelance journalist, had 

compiled his notes in the course of "an ongoing news reporting project," and "No person or 

organization with whom Shearer shared his notes had permission to transmit them to anyone," 

according to Shearer's attorney.5908 Sidney Blumenthal, an associate of Shearer's and longtime 

associate of Hillary Clinton, who received the documents from Shearer, described them as. "just 

raw notes ... raw, preliminary, investigative, uncorroborated notes."5909 

(U) The notes were contained in two documents. · The first document, entitled "The 

Compromised Candidate," alleged sexual misconduct and financial misconduct involving Trump 

and financial misconduct involving members of Trump's family.5910 That document references 

an FSB agent and a Turkish businessman, but no other sources are discussed. The second 

document, entitled "FSB Interview," states that there was a split within the FSB on "how far this 

should go," referring to an intelligence operation against Trump, and it describes in some detail 

the kompromatthe FSB allegedly held on Trump.5911 • 

(U) Blumenthal said he would be surprised if Shearer was talking to an actual member of 

the FSB, but Blumenthal said he knew nothing about the sources of the documents.5912 

According to Blumenthal, "[Shearer] has a· wide network of contacts, and I've been surprised in 

the past that some of the things he turns up, which seem wild, turned out to be true."5913 

(U) The original provenance of the information in the documents is still unclear. 

Blumenthal told the Committee that Shearer sent him the documents unsolicited. The first 

document arrived on September 24, 2016, and the second arrived on October 12, 2016.5914 

(U) Winer received the first document, "The Compromised Candidate," from · 

Blumenthal following a dinner on September 24, 2016.5915 Winer described Steele's work to 

Blumenthal during dinner, based on Winer's memory of the documents, and Blumenthal noted 

5908 (U) Letter, [Attorney] to SSCI, February 28, 2018. 5909 (U) SSCI Transcript of the Interview with Sidney Blumenthal, March 23, 2018, p. 43. _ 5910 (U) Winer Tr. II, p. 13; Document, produced by Blumenthal to SSCI, (SSCI-Blum-enthal-0003-6) 5911 (U) SSCI-BLUMENTHAL-0003-0010. ,· 5912 (U) Blumenthal Tr., p. 40. 5913 (U) Ibid, p. 43. 5914 (U) Ibid, pp. 20-22. 5915 (U) Ibid, pp. 30, 32-34. Shearer did not attend the dinner. 

891 
COMMITTEE SENSITIVE - RUSSIA INVESTIGATION ONLY 

that he.had received notes from Shearer earlier that day that sounded similar.5916 Blumenthal 

provided the first document to Winer, which Winer then shared with Steele. 5917 Winer said, "I 

thought Chris should see it. He was in town, and I shared it with him." 5918 According to Winer, 

Steele thought the document might corroborate some of his own work.5919 In mid-October, 

Blumenthal received the second document from Shearer, "FSB Interview," and passed it to 

Winer as well. 5920 

·v (U) Steele provided the second document, "FSB Interview," to the FBI, after receiving it 

from Winer.5921 Before doing so, he appended a description of the document to the.top entitled 

"Company Note," dated October 19, 2016, which stated: 

We received this report from Jon WINER, US State Department on 18 October 

2016. It is the second in this series we have seen. We consider it potentially 

significant and apologize in advance for its rough format. The sub-source, as we 

understand it, is a Turkish businessman with strong Russian, including FSB, links. 

He is in touch with Cody SHEARER, a contact of Sidney BLUMENTHAL, a.friend 

of the CLINTONs, who passed it to WINER. We have no means of verifying the 

source/s or information but note that some of the report is remarkably similar to 

our own, albeit from completely different sourcing chain, and therefore could be 

important collateral, especially on the reported Ritz Carlton incident in 2013; 

TRUMP's compromise by the FSB (and knowledge ofit); and subsequent Kremlin 

funding of the TRUMP campaign (through the AGALAROVs). We judge that 

WINER at least would be happy to discuss all this further with you. 5922 

5916 (U) Ibid, pp. 32-34. In response to a question, Blumenthal said that it was "totally coincidental, very, very 

coincidental" that he received Shearer's notes on the same day he had dinner with Winer. 5917 (U) Winer Tr. II, p. 11. Winer, in his first interview with the Committee, did npt mention the existence of these 

documents, but he described how he came to possess them in an op-ed in the The.Washington Post in February of 

2018. The Committee then called Winer in for a second interview to discuss this issue and other follow-up 

questions. 

5918 (U) Ibid, p. 15. 5919 (U) Ibid, p. 16. 5920 -bid, pp. 13-15. Blumenthal Tr., pp. 22, 48. 5921 FBI, Background on Documents Known to the FBI Comprising the "Steele Dossier." Steele does not 

a ear to ave rovided the first document ("The Compromised Candidate") to the FBI; see als 

An October 19, 2016 internal FBI email sa s 

(U) FBI, Background on Documents Known to the FBI Comprising the "Steele Dossier." 

892 

COMMITTEE SENSITIVE - RUSSIA INVESTIGATION. ONLY 

( 
(U) Winer recalled that he did not share the documents with FBI or any security officer 

at Department of State. 5923 Winer also told the Committee that, at the time, he was unaware that 

Steele had passed one of the documents to the FBI, and he found out from journalists that Steele 

gave the document to the FBI.5924 

(U) The Committee was unable to fully pursue questions about the information in these 

two additional documents, their origins, or their credibility. The Committee requested 

documents from and an interview with Shearer, but he refused. In a le:tter, his attorney cited "an 

ongoing news investigation ... therefore protected by the Reporter's Privilege grounded in the 

First Amendment."5925 Steele, in his written responses to Committee questions, said: "We are 

(post-dossier) aware of the sourcing details of Shearer's information on the relationship between 

Russia and Donald Trump and his campaign but we are restricted from being able to share this· 

with the Committee."5926 

5. (U) FBI's Handling of the Dossier 

(U) Personnel at the FBI, from Steele's handling agent to FBI leadership, considered 

Steele's information to be extremely sensitive and potentially relevant to ongoing investigations. 

They assigned Steele's reporting credibility based on a flawed understanding of his past work 

with the FBI and likely assuming that the source and subsource descriptions in the dossier 

memos accurately reflected those subsources' access. The dossier joined a stream of intelligence 

and investigative reporting about Russia's attempts to interfere in the 2016 elections, and FBI in 

its pursuit of the Crossfire Hurricane investigation never fully explored the allegations in the 

dossier or Steele's tradecraft. 

i. (U) The Dossier's Path Through the FBI 

a. (U) FBl's First Awareness 

(U) An urgent phone call from Steele to Special Agent-in early July 2016 led 

tq two months of cautious confusion, as FBI tried to decide how to handle information that was 

uncorroborated, concerning, and extremely politically sensitive. 

5923 (U) Winer Tr. II, pp. 20-22. 5924 (U) Ibid, p. 22. 5925 (U) Letter, [Attorney] to SSCI, February 28, 2018. The Committee's decision not to compel testimony does not 

signal its agreement with this position. 5926 (U) Written Responses, Steele, August 16, 2018. 

893 

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(U) On July 2 or 3, 2016, Steele called- his FBI handler who was posted inand said "We need to talk."5927 • said Steele showed an "extreme" sense of urgency, and 

"he was not an excitable guy. "5 Steele did not want to give additional details over the phone, 

so - agreed to meet in person. 5929 

(U) - went to - on July 5 to meet with Steele, who likely gave him the first 

two dossier memos (Reports 80 and 86).5930 - told the Committee: "I know for sure the first 

one I read was the report talking about hiring hookers to urinate on the bed ... [Steele] put the 

report in front ofme and said: You have to read this. At which time I did. And I said okay, to 

myself; this is now going to change things a little bit."5931 

(U) - recalled Steele giving a little background on his clients. - paraphrased 

the conversation as: 

So he said: Look, here's the story: I was hired by a guy named Glenn Simpson to 

develop information on Donald Trump's business activities in Russia. [Simpson] 

was hired by a law firm; I don't know who is behind the law firm, but I know 

there's a law firm who hired Simpson and Simpson hired me. 5932 

(U) At the time, - did not recognize Simpson's name. - said that "in the first 

conversation we had, I said: you know, clearly if this is politically motivated, which obviously it 

is-he wasn't aware from which side-somebody's doing this to ultimately do something with 

it. They're not just going to keep it under a rock."5933 At the point of their early July meeting, 

Steele had already sent at least the first memorandum to Simpson.5934 

(U) - said Steele's main motivation for collecting the information was to fulfill his 

contract with the client. However, - also recalled that Steele wanted to deliver the 

information to FBI because of "his concern that the possible President of the United States could 

have these ties to Russia ... [and] Russia being able to somehow compromise ultimately the next 

5927 (U) - Tr., pp. 34-35. 592s (U) Ibid. 

5929 !J}J,,,,,!!11,d. 5930 - Ibid., pp. 35-36. - thought he ma 

was certain that he received Report 80. See also 

5931 (U) - Tr., p. 37. 

5932 (U) Ibid. 5933 (U) Ibid., pp. 55-56. 5934 (U) Ibid., p. 59. 

have received two memoranda in total, but he was not sure. He 

894 
COMMITTEE SENSITIVE - RUSSIA INVESTIGATION ONLY 

President of the United States." 5935 At th~t, Steele was not arguing that the information 

should be made public. 5936 According to - · . 

He said: You know, people have to see this. I said, okay. I said, but right now we 

don't know who has to see this ... I've got to determine within the Bureau who 

needs to know this, who has to see this, because the issue at this point was I have 

a credible source of information with a very kind of explosive document that is 

completely u11corroborated and unverified. 5937 

(U) ~ made the point that FBI could not act on the information without 

corroboration. Steele said he had not corroborated the information yet,' but that he was 

working to, and he was working on other memos. 5939 - also made clear the FBI was not 

tasking Steele to gather more information.5940 

(U) - flew back to- with a hard copy of the first memo. He told the 

Committee he was worried about getting the memo into the right hands within FBI, discreetly, 

given the sensitivity of the information. He said that: 

Because of the nature of this information it had to be really as much as possible 

directed to the people who needed to know about it, without broadcasting it. It 

had to be done discreetly even within the Bureau. And . .. those people who 

ultimately needed to know about it are not advertising themselves throughout the 

Bureau. They 're not saying: hey, we are doing the super-secret stuff, the counterespionage stuff,· here's our office. 5941 

(U) - had a trusted colleague at the FBI in New York who had experience with 

political corruption cases.5942 While he said he did not consider this information political 

corruption, he wanted to start with an FBI colleague who, as he put it, was "somebody at least 

who had been involved in matters with those names, or at least with Hillary Clinton's name."5943 

In mid-July,_ colleague in New York told him to send the Steele memos.5944 - sent 

5935 (U) Ibid., -p. 43. 

5936 (U) Ibid., p. 44. 5937 (U) Ibid., p. 40. 

593s (U) Ibid., p. 42. 5939 (U) Ibid, p. 40. 5940 (U) Ibid, p. 42. 5941 (U) Ibid, p. 47. 5

~

42 (U) Ibid, p. 49. 5943 (U) Ibid 5944 (U) Ibid, p. 51. - did not reveal the name of his colleague to the Committee. 

895 
COMMITTEE SENSITIVE - RUSSIA INVESTIGATION ONLY 

them via secure email on July 28, 2016.5945 His colleague reported back in late July that 

"Executive Management" in New York was aware, as was FBI Headquarters "to the [Executive 

Assistant Director] level."5946 Then, in early~st, one of the division counsels in the New 

York Office and another executive spoke to - and- sent them the memos. The counsel 

told-that a group in FBI heiid uarters may already be investigating something similar, but 

he did not provide specifics.5947 recalled, "Then throughout the month of August, I was 

waiting to hear back who the people were at headquarters who I could send this to."5948 

(U) At some point during August 2016, Bruce Ohr called- to say that he had seen 

the dossier, and to ask how FBI was responding. - did not ask how Ohr knew about or had 

seen the dossier, but- communicated that the EAD-level of FBI headquarters was aware of 

. the memos and their contents.5949 

(U) Finally, in mid-September 2016, FBI headquarters passed- the name of the 

individual at FBI headquarters who was responsible for the related investigation. -

paraphrased the message as "There is a group working something and ... they're going to need 

to see this."5950 The group was in the Counterintelligence Division (CD).5951 

(U) Deputy Assistant Director Pete Strzok, at that point the lead for FBI' s Crossfire 

Hurricane investigation, told the Committee that his team became aware of the Steele 

information in September 2016. He said, "We were so compartmented in what we were doing, 

[the Steele reporting] kind of bounced around a little bit," also, in part, because- and Steele 

did not normally report on counterintelligence matters. 5952 Strzok said that the information was 

"certainly very much in line with things we were looking at" and "added to the body of 

knowledge of what we were doing."5953 

(U) Steele, meanwhile, was still under contract with Fusioμ GPS and simultaneously 

discussing his memos with other contacts in the U.S. Government. Steele called Simpson in late 

September 2016 and said that FBI wanted his memos; Simpson's response was "okay, give it to 

5945 (U) Ibid, p. 54; see also DOJ OIG FISA Report, p. 100. The report describes in detail the meetings inside FBI · 

establish~ho should receive the memos from Steele. 

S946 (U) - Tr., p. 51. 5947 (U) Ibid, pp. 53-54. 5948 (U) Ibid, p. 53. 5949 (U) Ibid, pp. 62-63. 5950 (U) Ibid, p. 59. 

' 5951 (U) Ibid, p. 61. 5952 (U) SSCI Transcript of the Interview with Peter Strzok, November 17, 2017, pp. 29-30. The team received six 

Steele memos on September 19. DOJ OIG FISA Report, p. 103. 5953 (U) Strzok Tr., p. 31. 

896 

COMMITTEE SENSITIVE - RUSSIA INVESTIGATION ONLY 

J 
them." 5954 Steele called~ on September 30, 2016, to report that he had also given the 

memos to Jonathan Winer. 

b. (U) FBI Headquarters Takes the Lead on the Dossier 

(U) In September and October 2016, FBI Headquarters worked to corroborate Steele's 

reporting and validate the identity and access of his subsource network. McCabe told the 

Committee he remembered getting the information in mid-September 2016, and recalled: 

It was concerning to us. It was concerning to us all. The Steele information 

raised a lot of questions. Steele was somebody who [had] a productive history 

with us as a source. ,We took his information seriously. But it was obviously very 

detailed, significant, kind of serious allegations. So·we immediately went into a 

mode of trying to understand how should we think about Steele's information, 

how accurate is it, how credible is it, how significant is it? That kind of 

unleashed the whole process of trying to figure out how we could confirm it or 

disprove it, and what ultimately we should do with it. 5956 

(U) The first step was for FBI Counterintelligence Division personnel to interview Steele 

directly.5957 That meeting happened,on Octoberl, 2016, in- 5958 - attended and 

served as interlocutor. The FBI personnel discussed with Steele his subsources, FBI's Crossfire 

Hurricane investigation, and the outlines of a future arrangement with Steele to gather more 

information. They also discussed restrictions on Steele'.s sharing of his information.5959 

(U) ~ the Committee that the FBI agents asked Steele for information about his 

source network.JIii reminded Steele that "if you want ultimately this stuff to be deemed 

credible, they're going to have to know [the identity of your sources]."5960 Steele described the 

sources' access, but did not provide names. - said, "That's his bread and butter, is his 

sources ... he doesn't want to divulge that to anybody."5961 

(U) The FBI agents discussed their counterintelligence investigation into Russian 

activities with Steele, including George Papadopoulos's conversation with the Australians 

related to outreach from Russia on damaging information about Clinton. Steele said he was not 

5954 (U) ~on Tr., p. 121. 

, s9ss (U) - Tr., p. 64. 5956 (U) McCabe Tr., p. 61; DOJ OIG FISA Report, pp. 116-117. 

s9s1 (U) - Tr., p. 62. 

S9S8 (U) Ibid. . ' 5959 (U) DOJ OIG FISA Report, pp. 110-117. 

S960 (U) - Tr., pp. 66-67. S961 (U) Ibid. 

897 
COMMITTEE SENSITIVE - RUSSIA INVESTIGATION ONLY 

aware of Papadopoulos. FBI also raised their investigation into Manafort, Flynn, and Page. 5962 

The Committee questions whether this is common or appropriate practice-sharing details from 

an ongoing counterintelligence investigation with a human source, in this case a foreign citizen, 

even if the goal is to ask that source to collect additional information. Simpson may have 

become aware of the FBI's interest in Papadopoulos based on the FBI's discussion with Steele 

during this interview. Simpson says in his book that Steele passed that information along to 

Fusion GPS: "The session yielded an important bit of intelligence for Fusion. .FBI agents 

surprised Steele by asking him what he knew about Trump adviser George Papadopoulos ... 

suggesting that there was an active Bureau investigation that relied on sources other than 

Steele."5963 

(U) The Counterintelligence Division agents asked Steele to collect more information 

that might corroborate what he had found. 5964 However, - said, "It was specifically stated 

that, look, anything you collect from today g~orward, we want to be exclusively for us, the 

Bureau, not to be provided to anybody else."- said Steele's response was "okay," but there 

was no signed contract. 5965 Steele told the agents that he had given information to "a longtime 

friend at the State Department to be sure it's getting to the right place in the USG," almost 

certainly meaning Jonathan Winer. The agents told Steele to "stand down" on efforts to further 

disseminate the information and only deal with the FBI. 5966 The content of this conversation 

later became a point of contention between Steele and the FBI. 

___!U) - summarized that the agents offered Steele payment for "his efforts for coming 

to - and for the reports~ust for agreeing to engage in further activity and taskings in 

this regard." According to-the agents further said "if you can corroborate this 

information we will pay you." Steele accepted, but he was ultimately never paid by FBI for any 

reports related to the election.5967 The FBI began the process to approve a $15,000 payment to 

Steele, but-recalled that "we didn't get authority and we didn't actually have the money set 

aside and in hand until the end of October [2016]."5968 By that point, FBI had broken off the 

relationship because FBI learned that Steele had broken the exclusivity arrangement by speaking 

with the press.5969 

596~DOJ OJG FISA Report, pp. 116-117; 5963~me in Progress, p. 114. 5964 (U) DOJ OIG FISA Report, pp. 111-112. 

5965 Tr. . 67. 5966 - Tr., pp. 85-87; DOJ OJG FISA Report, .pp. 110, 

898 

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COMMITTEE SENSITIVE - RUSSIA INVESTIGATION ONLY 

.illl,_Later in October 2016, Steele forwarded- other memos as he completed them, 

which 1111 forwarded to FBI headquarters. 5971 

c. (U) The Official End to the FBI's Relationship with Steele 

(U) Steele's official reporting relationship with the FBI ended in early November 2016, 

immediately after Mother Jones published an article on October 31, 2016, which outlined 

Steele's allegations. The article said, in part: 

A former senior intelligence officer for a Western Country who specialized in 

Russian counterintelligence tells Mother Jones that in recent months he provided 

the bureau with memos, based on his recent interactions with Russian sources, 

contending the Russian government has for years tried to co-opt and assist 

Trump-and that the FBI requested more information from him. 5972 

(U) ~alled Steele to ask if he was the source for the article. Steele admitted that he 

was, to whi~ responded: 

That's going to change everything. I said: "Firstly, you 're not going to get the 

money, because nobody's going to authorize giving you the money because you 

were not supposed to talk to anybody, as you know. " And then secondly, I said, 

"odds are likely we are not going to be working together going forward, because 

of this disclosure,. "5973 

5910 (U) Ibid. 

5911 (U) - Tr., p. 78. 5972 (U) David Com, "A Veteran Spy Has Given the FBI Information Alleging a Russian Operation to Cultivate 

Do~otherJones, October31 2016. 5

973--Tr., pp. 80-81; see also 

899 

COMMITTEE SENSITIVE - RUSSIA INVESTIGATION ONLY 
COMMITTEE SENSITIVE - RUSSIA INVESTIGATION ONLY 

(U) - communicated his surprise and disbelief with the sit,uation to the Committee, 

saying "I've seen crazy source-related stuff in 20 years in New York and this was one of the 

craziest."5974 He paraphrased his conversation with Steele: 

So I said: "Listen, is it about the money?" I said, "because we have the money 

now. Is it about the money?" ... because I couldn't understand why on earth, 

because there had literally been no indication between our meeting in October, 

early October, to then that he would do anything like this, nothing. Nothing led 

up to it. He wasn't getting increasingly angry, aggravated, .frustrated, making 

comments about our lack of effort or lack of work. There was nothing that led me 

to believe anything was wrong. 5915 

- continued: 

[Steele says], 'yes, I'm owed the money, but that's secondary" .... He goes-and 

I'm paraphrasing. . . "I'm very upset about, we 're very upset, about the actions 

of your agency." I had no idea what he was talking about . ... He goes: "Last 

Friday, Director Corney reopening the "-he said something like ''your Director, " 

or "the reopening of the investigation. " So at that point I'm now understanding 

that he did this because he was upset that the Director's reopening of the 

investigation was going to negatively affect the election for Hillary Clinton, 

meaning he's working to provide information regarding Trump and compromise 

of Trump's organization and then Director Corney provides this blast, a shot to 

the side. 5916 

- later clarified: "This was my impression only at 

0

the time and not based on anything I 

asked him ... he was so upset because this was g9ing to allow Russia to get-it was going to 

allow Russia's candidate to get into office."5977 

(U) - explained the next steps: "After that point-after everybody digests what 

happened, becaus<? phones were ringing at that point, people's ears were bleeding. Management 

said we were going to close him. At that point it's just obvious. That's all you could do." 5978 

- explained that ''[o]nce he's closed, nobody is allowed-we can't talk to him, we cannot 

5974 (U) - Tr., p. 83. 5975 (U) Ibid., pp. 80-81. 5976 (U) Ibid., p. 82. 5977 (U) Ibid., p. 90. 5978 (U) Ibid., p. 87. 

900 

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COMMITTEE SENSITIVE - RUSSIA INVESTIGATION ONLY . 

operate him, we cannot task him."5979 - summed up the situation as "Frankly, when he went 

to the press there were no more agreements in place."5980 

(U) Steele, on the other hand, did not believe he was under any obligation to report only 

to FBI. In his written answers to the Committee, he said 

At no point were we ever asked about contacts with the media by the FBL let 

alone instructed not to have any. The FBI were not our client on this project, did 

not own the product and had no right to determine what we did with it. This was 

made clear to them at the time. 5981 

d. (U) Simpson and Steele Seek Other Outlets for the Dossier 

(U) Simpson and Steele continued to reach out to the press and, later, Steele made 

contact with an associate of Senator John McCain. Simpson described to the Committee his 

logic on going back to the press: 

So I'm sitting on a real bombshell piece of information now, which is that the 

FBJ's investigating the Russians, the Trump campaign and whether they've 

connected with the Russians, and Corney comes out with a thing about Hilary 

Clinton .... 5982 

Simpson continued: 

I felt that if the standards had changed and the FBI was willing to disclose 

investigations, then the press should go back to the FBI and ask them whether 

they 're investigating Donald Trump. And I was expecting all this to be exposed 

after the election, but when this happened I said they should expose it now. 5983 

(U) Contributing to Simpson's calculation was an October 31, 2016 article in The New 

York Times: "Investigating Donald Trump, FBI Sees No Clear Link to Russia." The story said 

that "for much of the summer, the FBI pursued a widening investigation into a Russian role in 

the American presidential campaign," but concluded that: 

5979 (U) Ibid, p. 91. 5980 (U) Ibid, p. 73. 5981 (U) Written Responses, Steele, August 16, 2018., 5982 (U) Simpson Tr., p. 135. 5983 (U) Ibid., p. 136. 

901 

COMMITTEE SENSITIVE- RUSSIA INVESTIGATION ONLY 
[L Jaw enforcement officials say that none of the investigations so far have found 

any conclusive or direct link between Mr. Trump and the Russian government. 

And even the hacking into Democratic emails, FBI and intelligence officials now 

believe, was aimed at disrupting the presidential election rather than electing Mr. 

Trump.5984 

(U) While the article said that FBI officials declined to comment, it cited as sources "an 

official" and "senior officials" in outlining a wide counterintelligence investigation. Simpson in 

his book said other news outlets saw this article as a definitive reason to stop pursuing the story 

Simpson had been advocating. Simpson further alleges that FBI was intentionally trying to 

dissemble. 5985 

(U) Simpson began advocating with Steele to go public with what he knew: 

I said to Chris right before the election: you know, maybe you should come back 

and we should just do a press conference on the Capitol steps and tell everyone 

what we know. And he said: I'm not coming back, because I don't understand 

what's happening at the FBI and I don't know why they would tell the press that 

they weren't investigating Trump when I know they are . ... Chris was concerned, 

as was L that something had happened in the FBL there had been some sort of a 

faction or a political division within the FBI that had caused them to dredge up 

new allegations against Hillary Clinton and suppress information about Donald 

Trump.5986 

ii. (U) FBl's Investigative Approach 

(U) FBI Counterintelligence Division's efforts to investigate the allegations in the 

dossier were focused on identifying Steele's source network and recruiting those people to serve 

as sources for, or provide information to, the FBI. FBI also made efforts to corroborate the 

information in the dossier memos, but the Committee found that attempt lacking in both 

thoroughness and rigor. The FBI pursued FISA coverage of Carter Page in October 2016, 

including information from the dossier, but at the time it had very little information on Steele's 

subsources or corroboration of Steele's information. 

(U) As of May 2017, when the SCO began its own investigation, the FBI had taken the 

following investigative steps: 

5984 (U) Eric Lichtblau and Steven Lee Myers, "Investigating Donald Trump, FBI Sees No Clear Link to Russia," 

The New York Times, October 31, 2016. 5985 (U) Crime in Progress, pp. 120-121. 5986 (U) Simpson Tr., pp. 145-146; see also Kramer Tr., p. 28. 

902 

COMMITTEE SENSITIVE - RUSSIA INVESTIGATION ONLY 
COMMITTEE SENSITIVE - RUSSIA INVESTIGATION ONLY 

a. (U) Steele's Reputation as a Proven Source 

(U) Steele had built a solid reputation as a source in the FBI's work on the FIFA 

investigation, which predisposed the FBI to give credence to his reporting on counterintelligence 

issues. The' Committee has very little insight into exactly what Steele provided to FBI regarding 

FIFA, so it wa~ossible to independently judge Steele's contributions to the multi-year 

investigation. - told the Committee that Steele provided valuable investigative leads that 

were later borne out by further investigation. - said: 

Our squad initiated the FIFA investigation. Steele made a CQuple of introductions 

to individuals who provided different levels of information regarding corruption 

within FIFA and ultimately had provided a very interesting piece of intelligence 

that really highlighted the highest level of corruption for us. 5990 

(U) The DOJ OIG report reflected this understanding as well: Steele introduced FBI to a 

contact, and "but for Steele's assistance in arranging this meeting, the FBI would not have had 

the impetus to open the FIFA investigation in 2010."5991 - also told DOJ OIG that Steele 

provided two other investigative leads to the FBI in connection with FIFA. One was a report that 

Putin acknowledged a Russian oligarch had bribed the President of FIFA so Russia could win its 

bid to host the 2018 World Cup tournament. In 2012, Steele also introduced FBI to two British 

5987 (U) SSCI Memorandum, "FBI Briefing on Steele 'Dossier' Sourcing," February 15, 2018; DOJ OJG FJSA 

Report . 189-190. 5988 DOJ OJG FJSA Re ort . 195 

(U) SSCI Memorandum, "FBI Brie mg on Stee e 'Dossier' Sourcing," Fe ruary 15, 2018. On standup of the 

SCO, the Committee lost access to all relevant information regarding FBI's efforts to verify the dossier, as it did 

with all information the SCO declared to touch its "equities." 

5990 U Tr., p. 13. 5991 DOJ OJG FJSA ~ pp. 87-88. The Committee notes that the unnamed Handling Agent 1 for the 

DOJ OIG 1s also Special Agent903 

COMMITTEE SENSITIVE - RUSSIA INVESTIGATION ONLY 
COMMITTEE SENSITIVE - RUSSIA INVESTIGATION ONLY 

officials who had more information on this topic.5992 Other FBI sources had corroborated 

Steele.' s reporting;5993 - said it was "Not exactly similar, but very close." 5994 . 

(U) The DOJ OIG report also made clear, however, that Steele did not.provide testimony 

in any court proceeding and his information was not used to obtain any compulsory ~ . 

process.5995 That report. discusses the gap in understanding of Steele's role between- and 

those on the Crossfire Hurricane investigation, saying that "SSA 1 told us the [Crossfire 

Hurricane] team had 'speculated' that Steele's prior reporting had been corroborated and used in 

criminal proceedings because they knew Steele had been 'a part of, if not predicated, the FIFA 

investigation."'· However, - told the DOJ OIG that "only 'some' of Steele's prior reporting 

had been corroborated-most of it had not-and ... Steele's information was never used in a 

criminal proceeding. "5996 - told the Committee, that "In the criminal world ... Christopher 

Steele would never be a witness in a criminal case for us. The individuals who he introduced us 

to would not be witnesses in a criminal case for us. But the intelligence that he provided is 

significant for us in terms ofleads, in terms of which direction to go."5997 

(U) Steele had provided information to the FBI on subjects other than FIFA. - told 

the Committee that "[Steele's] information was put into a number ofIIRs that were sent out to 

the [intelligence] community. A few times-I can't say exactly how many-we would receive a 

~nse saying: that looks to be on point; can you develop more information on that line?"5998 

- said the information from Steele "ran the spectrum of average to very good."5999 FBI also 

told the DOJ OIG that St~ele in 2013 provided "lengthy and detailed reports to FBI on three 

Russian oligarchs, one of whom was among the FBI's most wanted fugitives."6000 

(U) Steele and the FBI had different views on the nature of their relationship. The FBI 

had Steele officially enrolleid as a CHS as of 2013.6001 Steele, however, saw the relationship as 

contractual.6002 Steele told the DOJ OIG that the nature of his relationship with the FBI "was 

never really resolved and both sides turned a blind eye to it. It was not really ideal."6003 FBI 

5992 (U) DOJ OIG FISA Report, p. 88. 

5993 (U) - Tr., p. 14. 5994 (U) Ibid, p. 15. 5995 (U) DOJ OIG FISA Report, p. 88. 5996 (U) Ibid, p. 371. 

s991 (l!) - Tr., p. 14. 5998 (U) Ibid., p. 17. 5999 (U) Ibid., p. 21. 6000 (U) DOJ OIG FISA Report, p. 88. 6001 U Ibid, p. 90. 6002 Ibid . 89. 

904 
paid Steele $95,000 between 2013 and 2016 for a variety of work, but largely because of his 

work on the FIFA investigation. 6004 

b. (U) FBl's Vetting of Steele 

(U) FBI examined Steele's history as a source using official procedures, but the review 

was lacking in thoroughness. Peter Strzok explained that generally the procedure for a "human 

validation review" is for FBI' s Directorate oflntelligence to analyze an asset's entire case file, 

looking at the reporting history, the circumstances of recruitment, their motivation, and their 

compensation history.6005 Strzok recalled that the result was "good to continue; that there were 

not significant concerns, certainly nothing that would indicate that he was compromised or 

feeding us disinformation or he was a bad asset."6006 However, Strzok also said that after 

learning that reporters and Congress had Steele's information: 

[FBI] started looking into why he was assembling [the dossier], who his clients 

were, what the basis of their interest was, and how they might have used it, and 

who would know, it was apparent to us that this was not a piece of information 

simply provided to the FBI in the classic sense of a kind of a confidential source 

reporting relationship, but that it was all over the place. 6007 

-Steele's handling agent submitted quarterly and annual source reports on Steele 

over the years, which raised no derogatory information and generally reflected positively on 

Steele's reporting, according to the DOJ OIG.6008 In November 2016, a supervisory special 

agent on the Crossfire Hurricane team requested a Human Source Validation Review on Steele, 

which Counterintelligence Division delayed until early 2017 due to concerns about leaks of 

sensitive information. The Validation Unit com leted its re ort on March 23, 2017. 

VMU assesses it is likely [Steele] has contributed to the FBI's Criminal Program. 

VMU makes this assessment with medium confidence, based on the fact that 

[Steele's] reporting has been minimally corroborated. 6010 

6004 (U) Steele never received any compensation for his work on the dossier. - Tr., pp. 23-25, 74-76. 6005 (U) Strzok Tr., p. 39. 

6006 (U) Ibid., p. 41. 

6007 (U) Ibid., p. 32. 6008 (U) DOJ OIG FISA Report, p. 185. 6009 (U) Ibid., p. 186. 6010 (U) Ibid., p. 186. 

905 

COMMITTEE SENSITIVE - RUSSIA INVESTIGATION ONLY 
COMMITTEE SENSITIVE - RUSSIA INVESTIGATION ONLY 

Priestap later told the DOJ OIG that he was surprised by the assessment of"minimally 

corroborated," which conflicted with his. general understanding that Steele had a "long, 

successful track record of reporting, that had withstood, in effect, judicial or court-of-law 

scrutiny." It had not. Priestap also expressed concern that the FBI's internal report on Steele did 

not address whether Steele's reporting could be corroborated.6011 

(U) The DOJ OIG in November of 2019 investigated the integrity ofFBI's vetting of 

human sources. The report says "We found that the FBI's vetting process for CHSs, known as 

validation, did not comply with the Attorney General Guidelines. We also found deficiencies in 

the FBI's long-term CHS validation reports, which are relied upon by FBI and DOJ officials in 

determjning the continued use of a CHS."6012 The DOJ OIG further found that the FBI's longterm CHS validation reports were insufficient "because they did not ensure the full scope of a 

long-term CHS's operation was reviewed," and FBI validation personnel told OIG "they were 

discouraged from documenting conclusions and recommendations."6013 

(U) The Committee notes that prior to Steele's dossier reporting in 2016, Steele's 

interactions with the FBI had been exclusively with the Criminal Division of FBI, rather than 

Counterintelligence Division. In the case of Steele, Counterintelligence Division assumed 

Criminal Division had fully vetted Steele and that the credibility of his work transferred into a 

new topic area. - Steele's original handler, said that he had assumed Counterintelligence 

Division was doing its own checking on Steele.6014 The DOJ OIG pointed out the incomplete 

efforts to explore Steele's credibility in a footnote: 

We found that the first time the Crossfire Hurricane team accessed Steele's Delta 

file was in November 2016. The Supervisory Intel Analyst told us that the team 

was in contact with be inning in September and relied on himfor 

iriformation about Steele. expressed surprise that the Crossfire 

· Hurricane team did not access Steele's Delta file earlier. He said that the team 

should have "turned the file upside down" looking for iriformation two months 

earlier and that he assumed that some members of the team had thoroughly 

reviewed the file. 6015 

6011 (U) Ibid, pp. 186--187. 6012 (U) DOJ, Office of the Inspector General, "Audit of the Federal Bureau oflnvestigation's Management of its 

Confidential Human Source Validation Processes," November 2019, p. i. 6013 (U) Ibid Generally, a CHS is considered "long-term" after five years. FBI never answered the Committee's 

question on whether Steele was considered a "long-term" source. 

6014 (U) - Tr., p. 45. . . 6015 (U) DOJ OIG FISA Report, p. 105. A "Delta file" refers to FBI's Delta database, "which FBI agents use to 

record their interact~ons with, and information derived from, CHSs," according to the DOJ OIG. Ibid., p. 13. 

' 

906 
COMMITTEE SENSITIVE - RUSSIA INVESTIGATION ONLY 

(U) The Committee also found that FBI' s vetting process for Steele was lacking in rigor 

and thoroughn~ss. · 

c. (U) FBl's Attempts to Corroborate Steele~s Allegations 

(U) FBI worked to find corroborating information for the allegations in the dossier. The 

Committee saw few indications, however, that efforts to establish corroboration were either 

robust or successful, and FBI's other investigative steps were completed after critical junctures in 

the fall of 2016. Finding additional facts was difficult with Steele's reporting, according to. 

- who said "[corroboration] didn't happen often with his information because from our 

position his information was at such a unique level that it's very difficult to corroborate that type 

of information."6016 - said Steele's information was "at a unique level" 6017 because Steele 

had "a very small number" of "highly placed" individuals who were providing information but 

were unaware that that information was going to Steele.6018 · 

(U) Baker confirmed the challenge FBI faced on the 2016 Steele memos: 

It pretty quickly led into some type of a conversation about how in the world are 

we going to go about validating this? . . . There were discussions about how to 

get back in touch with him about this material to gei more details and to start to 

dig down to identify as quickly as possible his sub-sources and for the Bureau to 

go out and interact with the sub-sources to try to validate what was going on. 6019 

(U) In an attempt to corroborate individual allegations in the dossier, FBI laid out the 

allegations in Steele's memos in a detailed spreadsheet. McCabe said the spreadsheet was 

"really just the most general stuff that you could prove with travel records and kind of publicly 

known information, which, quite frankly, is not very satisfying."6020 Strzok said that, starting in 

September 2016, "there were people, agents and analysts, whose job specifically it was to figure 

this out and to do that with a sense of urgency."6021 

(U) The Committee reviewed a redacted version of that spreadsheet, which reflected 

progress made until May 2017, when the SCO began its work and FBI halted efforts on the 

dossier. 

6016 (U) - Tr., p. 17. 6017 (U) ibid 6018 (U) Ibid., p. 18. 6019 (U) Baker Tr., pp. 126-127. 6020 (U) McCabe Tr., pp. 89-90. 6021 (U) Strzok Tr., p. 54. 

907 
(U) One column of the spreadsheet was devoted to any information FBI had found to 

corroborate the allegations. Much of the information cited there as corroboration was press 

reporting. Given that Simpson and Steele briefed the press extensively on their information, the 

press pieces cited might also pe sourced back to the Steele memos, rather than to additional, 

corroborating information. 

(U) FBI also was unable to disaggregate some of the subsources' original reporting from 

information that had already appeared in the press. McCabe said: 

Were these things that Steele was telling us or that his sub-sources were telling 

him were already widely known in the press or otherwise and they were just 

reporting on what they were picking up in open source, or did they come across 

these facts before they were widely known and therefore you got pretty good 

intel? Quite frankly, for a lot of the Steele information it's quite hard to make 

that distinction. 6022 

(U) As described by the DOJ OIG, as of September 2017, the FBI had corroborated 

limited information in the dossier, and much of that information was publicly available.6023 This 

included basic facts such as Carter Page's travel to Moscow and the titles for some Russian 

government officials mentioned inthe dossier.6024 Further, many of the substantive allegations 

contained in numerous key reports in the dossier, including Reports 80, 94, 95, and 102, 

"remained uncorroborated and, in several instances, were inconsistent with information gathered 

by the Crossfire Hurricane team."6025 The Committee was unable to secure from the SCO a final 

accounting of which allegations SCO pursued or was able to corroborate. 

6. (U) Other Recipients of the Dossier 

ii. (U) Bruce Ohr and the Department of Justice 

(U) Bruce Ohr, an Associate Deputy Attorney General who had known Steele for a 

number of years, acted as a conduit for Steele's information into the FBI and DOJ from about 

2009 through the summer and fall of 2016 and into 2017, well after FBI officially cut ties with 

Steele in early November 2016. \ 

- Ohr met Steele in 2007 in London, where they were both working in 

their of~. Ohr was Chief of the then-Organized Crime and Racketeering Section 

6022 (U) McCabe Tr., p. 195. 6023 (U) DOJ OIG FISA Report, p. 198. 

6024 (U) Ibid 6025 (U) Ibid 

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ofDOJ, and Steele was working for the British Government on Russia-related matters.6026 Ohr 

told the Committee that he re orted his contacts with Steele to the appropriate section ofDOJ, 

•

6027 Ohr said: 

Generally the impression that I got was that Chris Steele was very concerned 

about the power and reach of Russian organized crime and its ability to corrupt 

the Russian government, and that includes ... mobsters, oligarchs, government 

officials, all working together in various ways. 6028 

(U) The two stayed in touch after Steele left British Government service to establish 

Orbis. Ohr and Steele did not discuss ongoing investigations; Steele would occasionally-about 

once a year-provide Ohr copies of his memos. Ohr received these memos acting in his official 

capacity, and he typically would pass them to the FBI.6029 , 

(U) Ohr introduced Steele t~ - in the spring of 2010 so that- could be Steele's 

main FBI point of contact.6030 The intent was for FBI to get Steele's memos directly, rather than 

have Ohr serve as an informal intermediary.6031 Ohr maintained his own direct contact with 

Steele, in a professional capacity.6032 

(U) In late July 2016, Steele communicated the contents of his first dossier memoranda 

to Bruce Ohr and his wife, Nellie, who at the time was working on contract as a researcher with 

Fusion GPS.6033 On July 30, 2016, Steele asked Ohr and his wife to meet for breakfast the 

following day.6034 Nellie Ohr told the Committee that she thought it would be a mostly social 

breakfast.6035 However, according to Bruce Ohr, Steele "conveyed his fears that there ... were 

contacts between the Russian government and the Trump campaign."6036 Steele also told the 

Ohrs that Carter Page had contacts with high-level Russian officials, that a source close to the 

6026 (U) B. Ohr Tr., pp. 9, 12. 6027 (U) Ibid., pp. 15-16. 6028 (U) Ibid., p. 11-12. 

6o29 (U) B. Ohr Tr., pp. 19, 22-23. · 6030 (U) Ibid., pp. 17-18; see also- Tr., p. 6. 6031 (U) B. Ohr Tr., p. 22. 6032 (U) Ibid., pp. 34, 40. 6033 (U) B. Ohr Tr., p. 35. Nellie Ohr left Fusion GPS in September 2016. B. Ohr Tr., p. 62. Nellie Ohr told the 

Committee that Steele knew she worked for Fusion GPS. ~he stated "He told me that Glenn knows that we're 

meeting. Glenn knows I'm meeting you." When asked if that was surprising to her, she said yes, that "I hadn't been 

aware that they knew each other." N. Ohr Tr., pp. 17-18. 6034 (U) Email, Steele to Ohr, July 29, 2016 (HPSCI (3-23-18)-DOJ-000008-9). Ohr and Steele also met for 

breakfast on Friday, September 23, at Steele's hotel (Capital Hilton). See Email, B. Ohr to Steele, September 21, 

2016 (HPSCI (3-23-2018)-DOJ-000011). 6035 (U) N. Ohr Tr., p. 25. 6036 (U) B. Ohr Tr., p. 35. 

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former head of the SVR had heard that the Russians "have Trump over a barrel," and that 

Deripaska and his attorney had "infol'l11ation that could make out some kind of a criminal case 

against Paul Manafort. "6037 Bruce Ohr also told the Committee that, at the meeting, Steele 

discussed that he had shared the information with Fusion GPS.6038 Further, Ohr said that, while 

he was not certain when he learned the information was also being shared with the Clinton 

Campaign, he recalled that he "probably was aware from the beginning."6039 

(U) After the meeting, Ohr recalled being troubled by the information he received 

unex ectedl from Steele and contacted both Deputy Assistant Attorney General Bruce Swartz 

and told Ohr that an Executive Assistant Director at FBI Headquarters and 

executive management in the New York Field Office knew about Steele's reporting and were 

addressing it. 6040 

(U) Ohr met with Glenn Simpson in late August 2016. Simpson told the Committee that 

"Chris [Steele] also told me that he had provided some of this stuff to a Justice Department 

prosecutor named Bruce Ohr and ... told me that Bruce wanted to talk to me. So I also met with 

Bruce."6041 The Committee received documents indicating that on August 22, 2016, Simpson 

reached out to Ohr on email, asking Ohr to call Simpson and providing his phone number.6042 

According to the DOJ OIG, the two met later that day at Simpson's request.6043 Ohr told the 

Committee that at the meeting: 

[Simpson] passed some leads or possible intelligence. I think he may have been 

the one to say, or one of the ones saying: Look at Alfa Bank, look at this guy 

Torshin. So he provided some information at that time, and then I provided that 

to the FBI 6044 

(U) Ohr said he knew Simpson was working on behalf of a client, and he assumed the 

information he was gathering would be beneficial to the Democrats.6045 

6037 (U) Ibid., p. 37. Ohr clarified that the Attorney was Paul Hauser. He would not provide further information on 

his interactions with Hauser because it "might touch on other FBI investigative matters." Ibid., pp. 41--43:· 6038 (U) Ibid., p. 38. ' 6039 (U) Ibid., pp. 38-39. Ohr's recollection of when he became aware of who was funding Steele's work was hazy 

and not specific as to a date. According to the DOJ OIG, it was at a second meeting with Steele on September 23, 

2016, that Steele identified the person who was funding Fusion GPS's opposition research, "however, [Ohr] did not 

recognize the name and could not remember it long enough to write it down after the meeting." DOJ OIG FISA 

Report, pp. 278-279. 6040 (U) DOJ OIG FISA Report, p. 277. 6041 (U) Simpson Tr., p. 179. 6042 (U) Email Simpson to Ohr, August 22, 2016 (HPSCI (3-23-18)-DOJ-000010). 6043 (U) DOJ OIG FISA Report, p. 278. . . 6044 (U) B. Ohr Tr., p. 115. 6045 (U) Ibid., p. 128-129. 

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COMMITTEE SENSITIVE-RUSSIA INVESTIGATION ONLY 
(U) Steele again reached out to Ohr in mid-September 2016 to request a meeting on 

matters of "mutual interest."6046 Ohr and Steele met on September 23, 2016.6047 The DOJ OIG 

reports that, at the meeting, Steele discussed several topics, including more of Steele's ongoing 

efforts related to the 2016 U.S. election and Deripaska's6048 willingness to come to the United 

States to testify against Manafort. 6049 

(U) Steele and Ohr talked again at Steele's request about a month later, on October 18, 

2016.6050 In interviews with the DOJ OIG, neither Ohr nor Steele could recall the substance of 

the call, but both believed it might have been about Deripaska.6051 The Committee obtained 

documents that support the idea they discussed Deripaska, perhaps primarily. After the call, 

Steele sent Ohr an email "[f]urther to our Skypecon earlier today and in terms of background." 

In his email, Steele relayed that Hauser had asked if Steele would forward information about the 

"unfolding Government ofUkraine-RUSAL dispute."6052 Steele attached information about a 

dispute between the Ukrainian government and RUSAL related to the latter's assets in Ukraine. 

• Steele noted that Hauser was concerned about the politicization of the dispute and "rumours 

circulating this mom (sic) about new USG sanctions against RUSAL."6053 

(U) Shortly after his Skype call with Steele, Ohr contacted McCabe, and they agreed to 

meet later that day.6054 Ohr told the Committee that he reached out to McCabe in particular 

because McCabe had a backgroun&in Russia-related cases and had previously worked with 

Ohr.6055 Later that day, Ohr met with McCabe and Lisa Page, who was then serving as special 

counsel to McCabe.6056 Ohr told the Committee his motivation was to pass Steele's information 

to FBI,6057 but Page's notes from the meeting indicate that the group also discussed 

Deripaska.6058 McCabe told the Committee that Ohr's goal at the meeting was to find out who at 

FBI headquarters he should talk to about Steele: "I kind of handed him off to the team, the CI 

team, which would have been some combination of Bill [Priestap] or Pete [Strzok] or John 

6046 

6047 

6048 

6049 (U) 1 i ., pp. 278-279. 

6, 2016 (HPSCI (3-23-18)-DOJ-000011-000012) 

6050 Email Steele to Ohr, October 18, 2016 (HPSCI (3-23-18)-DOJ-000013); DOJ 0/G FISA Report, p. 280. 6051 

6052 (U) Email, Steele to Ohr, October 18, 2016 (HPSCI (3-23-18)-DOJ-000014--000015). 

6053 Ibid 6054 

6055 (U) B. O Tr., p. 51. O was as ed whether McCabe's past work on matters related to Deripaska had any 

relation to his reaching out to McCabe in particular. Ohr stated he was unable to answer the question because of 

concerns that doing so would rev~. 6056 (U) McCabe Tr., pp. 92-93;-----

6057 B. Ohr Tr. . 49-50. 6058 

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[Moffa]."6059 Ohr recalled that he conveyed to McCabe and Page the information Steele had 

raised on the Skype call, provided context about his relationship with Steele, and explained his 

wife's connection to Fusion GPS.6060 The Committee was unable to obtain any further 

information about the Deripaska-related discussion. 

(U) At some point after his initial meeting with Steele in July 2016-0hr did not recall 

when-Ohr told a limited number of colleagues at DOJ who were responsible for international 

crime and fraud about his discussions with Steele and Simpson, the meeting with McCabe, and 

that he had passed the information to the FBI. However, he did not inform anyone in the DOJ 

front office or DOJ leadership.6061 

(U) Ohr said he continued to pass information back to ·FBI from Steele as it came in. On 

November 21, 2016, Ohr met with several members of the Crossfire Hurricane team, along with 

FBI Supervisory Special Agent--to discuss Steele. This interview was memorialized 

in an FBI memorandum called ~ 62 Ohr was in contact with the FBI about Steele's 

allegations beginning in late July or early August 2016, but the FBI did not take steps to 

formalize the intake of that information until mid-November, after FBI had terminated its direct 

relationship with Steele.6063 The Committee is aware of 13 FBI FD-302s total regarding 

interviews with Ohr; Ohr estimated those reflected somewhere between 15 and 20 interviews.6064 

(U) In December, Ohr met Simpson again. At that meeting Simpson passed Ohr a thumb 

drive. Ohr told the Committee: "My guess at that time was that had the dossier on it, but I don't 

remember specific-he didn't say and I didn't ask." 6065 Ohr did not look at it and passed it to the 

FBI. 6066 

(U) On December 20, Bruce Ohr also gave DOJ6067 a thumb drive from Nellie Ohr. He 

never saw the contents, but he told the Committee he was generally aware of them. 6068 He told 

the Committee that it was different from the contents of Glenn Simpson's thumb drives and 

6059 (U) McCabe Tr., p. 93. 6060 (U) B. Ohr Tr., p. 53. Ohr said he considered the information about his wife's affiliation to be "an important 

disclosure to make." 6061 (U) Ibid., pp. 57-59. For more information on the knowledge ofOhr's activities within DOI, see DOJ OIG 

·, FISA Report. 6062 (U) B. Ohr Tr., pp. 63-64. 6063 (U) B. Ohr Tr., p. 88-90. 6064 (U) Ibid., p. 93. 6065 (U) Ibid., p. 118. 6066 (U) Ibid., p. 118. . 6067 (U) The Committee notes that Ohr's testimony suggests he gave the Simpson thumb drive to FBI but the Nellie 

Ohr thumb drive to DOJ; It is not clear ifby "DOI" Ohr meant FBI. 6068 (U) Ibid., p. 142. 

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COMMITTEE SENSITIVE-RUSSIA INVESTIGATION ONLY 

included Nellie Ohr's work on the 2016 election for Fusion. "I believe it was on some of the 

same characters," Ohr said. 6069 

(U) Steele in early 2017 seemed to use Ohr as a venue for expressing concerns about 

investigations into Russian interference and for insight into the U.S. Govemrnent, judging from 

documentation provided to the Committee. 

• (U) In March 2017, Steele expressed concern about the U.S. Senate, saying he had 

received a letter from Senator Charles Grassley, then Chairman of the Judiciary 

Committee, and expressed concern about "its possible implications for us, our 

operations and our sources. We need some reassurance." 6070 After a phone call with 

Ohr, Steele said, "Thanks for that, old friend. Please do fight our cause and keep in 

touch. Really fundamental issues at stake here."6071 

• (U) Also in late March 2017, Steele texted Ohr that "we understand an approach 

from the Senate Intelligence Committee to us is imminent. I would like to discuss 

this and our response with you in the next couple of days if possible."6072 They 

agreed to speak on Sunday, March 26.6073 On the 30th, Steele expressed further 

reservations about engaging with the Committee and asked for an update.6074 Ohr 

said he had none.6075 

(U) FBI continued to capitalize on Ohr's discussions with Steele through 2017. In May, 

the agent assigned as Ohr's primary point of contact6076 asked Ohr to ask Steele whether he 

would consider a meeting with FBI. Ohr told the Committee: 

I asked Chris Steele whether he would be willing to talk to the FBI . .. I recall 

putting a caveat on that, saying: They just want to talk; it 's not going to 

necessarily be resuming a relationship; they j ust want to talk; would you be 

interested in that? And his response was: Yes; I need to check with my business 

partner and my f ormer employer, but yes. 

6077 

6069 (U) Ibid., p. 144. 6070 (U) Text message, Steele to B. Ohr, March 7, 2017 (HPSCI (3-23-18) DOJ-000025). Although these 

documents are labeled for distribution to the HPSCI, DOJ and FBI provided them to this Committee. 6071 (U) Text message, Steele to B. Ohr, March 7, 2017 (HPSCI (3-23-18) DOJ-000026). 6072 (U) Text message, Steele to B. Ohr, March 24, 2017 (HPSCI (3-23-18) DOJ-000026). 6073 (U) Text messages, Steele and B. Ohr, March 24, 2017 (HPSCI (3-23-18) DOJ-000026). 6074 (U) Text message, Steele to 8 . Ohr, March 30, 2017 (HP SCI (3-23-18) DOJ-000027). 6075 (U) Text message, B. Ohr to Steele, March 30, 2017 (HPSCI (3-23-18) DOJ-000027). 6076 (U) At this point in time, the primary agent serving as Ohr's point of contact had changed. DOJ OIG FISA 

Report, p. 287. 6077 (U) B. Ohr Tr., p. 157. 

913 

COMMITTEE SENSITIVE - RUSSIA INVESTIGATION ONLY 
( 

(U) On May 15, 2017, Steele texted Ohr, telling him that "having now consulted my 

wife and business partner about the question we discussed on Saturday I'm pleased to say yes, 

we should go ahead with it. "6078 As of August 2017, the reengagement between FBI and Steele 

had not happened, and Steele was frustrated by the delay.6079 Steele eventually met with FBI 

representatives assigned to the SCO in September 2017.6080 , 

(U) Ohr and Steele stayed in contact through at least November 2017.6081 

(U) In response to a Committee question on whether Ohr being interviewed by the FBI 

was a normal arrangement, particularly for a lawyer at DOJ, Ohr said he was not surprised that 

FBI memorialized the conversations, but he thought the information flow in general was "an 

unusual situation."6082 Ohr said, "I thought that as long as he's calling me and there is 

information that might be important I should pass it to the FBI, whether or not they had a 

relationship with him. So I can't really say whether they were using me as a cutout or not."6083 

Ohr said he had never handled an asset or confidential human source before, and reiterated that 

he would have preferred if FBI had talked to Steele directly.6084 He also said he viewed his 

engagements with FBI regarding Steele as in his official capacity. 6085 Ohr explained how he 

understood his ongoing reporting to the FBI: "I don't think they ever said 'You must call us· 

every time you hear from him.' But they gave me a point of contact to give information to. So I 

continued to do that. "6086 

(U) McCabe clearly conveyed to the Committee that he did not realize the Ohr-Steele 

discussions would be an ongoing interaction. McCabe said, "I had one meeting with Bruce ... I 

was not aware that we were continuing to interview Bruce until recently." He also said that "My 

guess is that Bruce continued to [interact] with Steele in the same way that he had for many 

years, and presumably before we were even in touch with him. And if Bruce was so inclined to 

bring that information to our attention, we would document it."6087 

6078 (U) Text message, Steele to B. Ohr, May 15, 2017 (HPSCI{3-23-18) DOJ-000027). 6079 (U) Text message, Steele to B. Ohr, August 6, 2017 (HPSCI (3-23-18) DOJ-000028) ("Hi Bruce, hope you're 

well and getting some holiday with the family. Whenever convenient I would like a chat, there's a lot going on and 

we are frustrated with how long this reengagement with the Bureau and Mueller is taking. Anything you could do to 

accelerate the process would be much appreciated. There are some new, perishable, operational opportunities which 

we do not want to miss out on:Best to All, Chris."). 6080 (U) DOJ OIG FISA Report, p. 288. 6081 (U) Text message, B. Ohr to Steele, November 27, 2017 (HPSCI (3-23-18) DOJ-000030). 6082 (U) B. Ohr Tr., p. 64. 6083 (U) Ibid., p. 85. 6084 (U) Ibid., p. 85. 6085 (U) Ibid., p. 18. 6086 (U) Ibid., p. 86. 6087 (U) McCabe Tr., pp. 92-99. 

914 

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\, 

(U) The DOJ OIG interviewed leadership at FBI and supervisory-level agents about their 

interactions with Ohr. Those conversations reflect a divergence of understandings of Ohr's role. 

For example, one of the four agents who served as Ohr's official point of contact with FBI on 

Steele material said that Ohr was "just some [person] you [had] to talk tb when [he] call[ed]."6088 

That agent had concerns about the arrangement, and the DOJ OIG wrote that tJ;ie agent "did not 

task Ohr because of the appearance of using Ohr to obtain information from a closed source, 

calling that 'out of the norm."'6089 Similarly, another of the agents assigned to be Ohr's point of 

contact told the DOJ OIG that he discussed with a colleague who also served as one of Ohr' s 

points of contact "it being a 'bad idea' to continue engaging with Ohr regarding his contacts with 

Steele. "6090 

(U) FBI Lea,dership, conversely, seemed to regard the relationship as informal. For 

example, Bill Priestap told the DOJ OIG that he was surprised to learn that the FBI treated Ohr 

more like a witness or a source. He further said that, had he known the extent ofOhr's activities, 

it would have raised "red flags" for him.6091 James Baker told the DOJ OIG that he viewed the 

arrangement as "imprudent" and "a bit of a mess" but that he believed McCabe, [Executive 

Assistant Director Mike] Steinbach, and Priestap were "on top of it. "6092 The Committee found 

that somewhere between the agent level and the leadership level, communication broke down 

regarding the formality and nature of FBI' s relationship with Ohr.· 

ii. (U) Department of State 

(U) In September 2016,-after- Ohr, and ·s~ress became aware of the dossier. 

memos but before the October 3 FBI debrief of Steele in--Steele also shared the 

allegations in the dossier with a small number of Department of State officials, apparently 

motivated by a concern that the FBI was not moving quickly enough to investigate. Steele first 

shared his information, in summary form, with Jonathan Winer (then-Special Envoy to Libya), 

who shared the summary with Victoria Nuland (then-Assistant Secretary for European Affairs), 

Jonathan Finer (then-Chief of Staff to the Secretary and Director of Policy Planning), and Anne 

Patterson (then-Assistant Secretary for Near Eastern Affairs). Finer likely briefed then-Secretary 

of State John Kerry at some point on the Steele allegations. Steele also met with Winer and 

then-Deputy Assistant Secretary of State Kathleen Kavalec in September and October to discuss 

his findings. · · 

6088 (U) DOJ OIG FISA Report, p. 292 .. Brackets in original. 6089 (U) Ibid. 6090 (U) Ibid, p. 292. 6091 (U) Ibid, p. 293-294. 6092 (U) Ibid, p. 294. The Committee notes that Baker told the Committee during his interview that he was not 

aware of the extent ofOhr's involvement with Steele. Baker Tr., pp. 149-153. I 

915 
COMMITTEE SENSITIVE - RUSSIA INVESTIGATION ONLY 

(U) Steele had established ties to Department of State officials, through his relationship 

with Winer. Winer described his early relationship with Steele as: 

In 2009, after I had moved to APCO Worldwide and was still engaged in various 

types of Russian representation all over the map-some might be pro-Putin, some 

might be anti-Putin; it was any work that was consistent with their needs and my 

values-I met Christopher Steele, who had just left [British Government --

. , Service}. 6093 

(U) Winer said that he and Steele never formally worked together. According to Winer: 

· [Steele J never paid me anything. I never paid him anything. Our decision to try 

and work with one another and to stay in touch was based on mutual affinity in 

light of mutual knowledge and interest in ... this esoteric topic {Russian 

organized crime}. 6094 

(U) Starting in 2013, Steele offered Winer, who was then at Department of State, reports 

he had written for clients on Russian-Ukrainian political leadership, economic issues, and 

political security.6095 Winer showed them to Nuland, who asked Winer to share them with her 

Principal Deputy, Paul Jones.6096 Winer recounted Nuland's reaction: "She said, these are good 

reports; they're valuable; keep them coming."6097 Winer further said that State officials thought 

the reports were "shockingly real-time." 6098 Nuland, who said that she never met Steele, told the 

Committee, "I found his stuff to be 70, 75 percent accurate, credible ... when he was off base, it 

generally looked to me, felt to me, like he had been paying human sources who were 

exaggerating or getting extra money by pumping up what they knew or extrapolating."6099 The 

Department of State did not pay Steele for the reports, 6100 and the Committee does not know who 

Steele's private clients were. 

saw no need for any contact report, for ot t ose reasons." Wmer Tr. II, p. 25. 6094 (U) Winer Tr., p.13. 6095 (U) Ibid, pp. 19, 24, 28. 6096 (U) Ibid, pp. 19-20. For example, see Email, Winer to [Sr. Admin. Associate to Amb. Brett McGurk], March 

5, 2015 (CDP-2017-000llE-001810-1811). 6097 (U) Winer Tr., pp. 19-20. 6098 (U) Ibid, p. 22. 6099 (U) Nuland Tr., pp. 41--42. 6100 (U) Ibid., p. 45. 

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l 
COMMITTEE SENSITIVE - RUSSIA INVESTIGATION ONLY 

(U) Between late 2013 and,January of 2016,6101 Steele provided at least 110 reports to 

Winer.6102 Winer reported that he and his colleagues at State attempted to conceal the origin of 

the information to protect Steele and his sources. "We would denature it. It wouldn't say 

'Orbis' any more. It would say 'O Report,' for example." 6103 Winer would also transfer the 

reports from State's unclassified systems to State's classified.systems.6104 Winer also said that: 

None of these related to Trump, Manafort, or any other name that has emerged on 

the American side. None of this related to any American, period, or to any 

political person in the United States, period. It related to Ukrainians and 

Russians, nobody else. It was about their deal, about Crimea, Ukraine issues, 

Russia 's undermining of Ukraine, the various stratagems of Ukrainian officials, 

various stratagems of Russian officials, Russia's economic problems as oil prices 

decreased, the strength or weaknesses of particular banks ~n terms of what they 

were facing, that kind of thing. 6105 1 

(U) The frequency of these reports ebbed, then nearly stopped early in 2016. Winer told 

the Committee that Steele was no longer producing reports because his client stopped paying 

him, and that the client's "needs had been answered."6106 

a. (U) The Dossier at Department of State 

(U) As with previous Steele reports, Winer served as the main conduit for the dossier 

materials into the Department of State. Winer met Steele in D.C. in September 2016, and Steele 

conveyed the core of his election-related findings in an oral briefing.6107 Winer told the 

Committee: "He was extraordinarily distressed about it. He also said he was as certain, if not 

more certain, about the information that he had acquired as anything he'd ever acquired in his 

career." When asked why Steele was so certain, Winer said "the amount of sourcing is my 

guess, but I don't know.6108 

(U) Shortly thereafter, still in September, Winer asked the heads of Fusion GPS if he 

could read the actual documents. Fritsch and Simpson showed him the memos and let him take 

6101 (U) Winer Tr., p. 24. 6102 (U) Ibid, pp. 21-22. 6103 Ibid . 21-22. 

(U) Winer Tr., p. 27. 6106 (U) Ibid, p. 27, 29-30. 6107 (U) Ibid, p. 48. 6108 (U) Ibid, p. 37. 

917 

COMMITTEE SENSITIVE - RUSSIA INVESTIGATION ONLY 
notes. Winer said "I created a two-page document of the highlights from it for sharing with key 

people at the Department of State I thought would need to know." 6109 

(U) Winer shared his summary with Nuland, who directed Winer to share it with Finer, 

under the instruction that it not be shared with anyone other than Kerry.6110 Winer told the 

Committee that he also shared it with Patterson, who was Winer's boss.6111 In addition, 

Kavalec's notes from a September 27, 2016, meeting include references to "Orbis," "Winer," 

"20-30 reports," "Trump+ Rs," "feeding Kremlin kompromat on R oligarchs," "wanted·real 

estate," "prostitutes" and "Ritz Carlton."6112 

(U) Nuland told the Committee that she was concerned about the information and 

suggested that in addition to it being shared with Finer, as Kerry's Chief of Staff, that Winer ask 

Steele whether Steele would be willing to be interviewed by CIA or FBI.6113 In Winer's 

recollection, Nuland immediately asked him whether FBI also had the information; Winer 

responded that he didn't know. Winer relayed to the Committee that: 

[Nuland] had some conversation with the FBI and became convinced their wires 

were not fully integrated, tha( there were different people in the Bureau who 

didn 't have access to the same information, and that they needed to be brought 

together so they could deal with it as an institution. 6114 

(U) Related to these inquiries, Steele told Winer about the upcoming meeting in-in 

iiarl October 2016 with FBI personnel and said he was in contact with the FBI Legal Attache in 

6115 . 

(U) Finer told the Committee that he got a roughly four- or five-page summary of the 

dossier's contents from Winer, perhaps in August, but his memory of the date was unclear.6116 

Winer remembered Finer briefing Kerry in September.6117 Finer said he treated it as extremely 

sensitive: 

6109 (U) Ibid, p. 49. Other witnesses, in particular Victoria Nuland and Jonathan Finer, remembered a four-page 

summary document. Nuland Tr., p. 44; Finer Tr., p. 32. 6110 (U) Nuland Tr., p. 44. 6111 (U) Winer Tr., p. 50. 6112 (U) Kavalec, handwritten notes (CDP-2017-0001 lF-000160). 6113 (U) Nuland Tr., pp. 44--50. . , 6114 (U) Winer Tr., p. 52. 6115 (U) Ibid., pp. 52-53. 6116 (U) SSCI Transcript of the Interview with Jonathan Finer, July 11, 2017, p. 32. 6117 (U) Winer Tr., pp. 51-52. 

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I Locked it up in my safe every night. I don 't think I brief ed anyone at the State 

Department on it at all other than Secretary Kerry. And I didn 't even tell him 

right away . . . I wasn 't honestly sure what to make of it, because Jonathan 

[Winer] I think had a relationship with Steele or knew Steele or trusted him. I 

didn 't [have a relationship with Steele] and some of the stuff in there . . . is pretty 

salacious and shocking. So what I didn 't want was to get the Secretary of Stale 

all spun up about something that I didn 't know how to vouchjor or validate. But 

at a certain point, when I got the sense that lots of other people in Washington 

had this, I didn 't also want lo leave him in the dark. 6118 

(U) When Finer told Secretary Kerry about the allegations, he contextualized his briefing 

as " l don't have any way to know what in here is true or not true; 1 don't know that this requires 

or suggests any action on our part." He told the Committee, "my advice was, let's just leave this 

with [FBI] and see what happens."6119 Secretary Kerry told the Committee that he remembered 

hearing rumors, but he did not recall being briefed or otherwise learning about the existence of 

the dossier prior to its publication, a discrepancy the Committee was unable to resolve.6120 

b. (U) October Meeting at State 

(U) On October 11 , 2016, Steele met with Winer and Kavalec at the Department of 

State.6121 It is unclear how the meeting was initiated. Winer likely set up the meetings, judging 

from his long-time role as an interlocutor between Steele and the Department of State, his 

signing Steele into the building,

6122 his name appearing in Kavalec's notes from the meeting,6123 

and Steele's assertion that Winer invited him to the Department of State to brief.61 24 Steele 

indicated in his written answers to the Committee that he thought he would meet Nuland, but she 

intentionally avoided the meeting.6125 Nuland told the Committee she "made a conscious 

decision to have a cut-out relationship with [Steele], again because I'm worried about any 

perception that I'm involved in something that could come back to be a Hatch Act violation."6126 

6118 (U) Finer Tr., p. 33. 6119 (U) Ibid., p. 34. 6120 (U) SSCI Memorandum, Staff interview with Former Secretary Kerry, October 27, 2017. 6121 (U) State, Virtual Reading Room Documents "Notes from Meeting with Chris Steele and Tatyana Duran of 

Orbis Security," Ocotber 11 , 2016. 6122 (U) Visitor log entry from Department of State, October 11 , 2016 (CDP-2017-000 I IF-000530) (indicating that 

Winer signed for Steele's entry to the Department of State; Winer Tr. II, p. 27. 6123 (U) State, Virtual Reading Room Documents "Notes from Meeting with Chris Steele and Tatyana Duran of 

Orbis Security," October 11 , 2016; Kavalec, handwritten notes (CDP-2017-000I IF-000162). 6124 (U) Written Responses, Steele, August 16, 2018. 

612s (U) Ibid 6126 (U) Nuland Tr., p. 45. 

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(U) In his first interview with the Committee, Winer discussed how he shared a summary 

of Steele's reports within the Department of State and his other activities in September or 

October of 2016,6127 but he omitted facilitating meetings between Steele and U.S. Government 

officials during September and October 2016. However, in his second interview, when shown 

visitor logs froin the Department of State listing Steele as his visitor, Winer said he remembered 

bringing Steele to the Department of State but did not recall when.6128 Winer recalled that: 

Steele "wanted to meet someone in the Russia territory of the Department of State, in light of the 

information he had."6129 As a result, Winer said he "touched base with [Nuland] and she was 

out, and-so Kathy agreed to take the meeting."6130 Winer recalled that at the meeting between 

Steele and Kavalec: 

I think [Steele] provided a summary of what he'd already provided me earlier 

relating to the dossier. But] don't remember any of the details at this point at all. 

I remember where the meeting took place. The only meeting I recollect him 

having was with Kathy Kavalec. I remember it being in her office, and . .. I 

escorted him to her office. And it was about the Russia intrusion into our election 

system and the question of whether there'd been Russian compromise. 6131 

(U) Steele stated in his written responses to the Committee that he met with Kavalec and 

Winer for about an hour.6132 According to Steele, they talked about the substance of the dossier 

but Steele did not show Kavalec the memos nor did he bring them to the meeting.6133 Kavalec's 

notes from the meeting reflect that substance. They also mention that a "Tatyana Duran" from 

"Orbis Security" attended the meeting.6134 Winer understood that Duran worked for Steele.as a 

researcher. 6135 

(U) Kavalec's notes outline many of the dossier's major themes and allegations. For 

example, a typed version of her notes shows, "the Russians have not needed,to use that 

6127 (U) Winer Tr., pp. 50-51. 6128 (U) State, visitor logs, October 11, 2016 (CDP-2017-0011F000530); Winer Tr. II, p. 27. Before he saw the 

logs, Winer answered the question "Did you help facilitate any meetings with Mr. Steele and,U.S. Government 

officials during September and October 2016?" by saying "I don't think so." Ibid., p. 8. In addition to the October 

2016 meeting, Winer believed he may have facilitated a meeting at the Department of State between Steele and Paul 

Jones, although Winer was uncertain if such a meeting had occurred. Winer stated that if it had, it was prior to any 

work Steele had done related to Trump. Winer Tr. II, pp. 27-28. 6129 (U) Winer Tr. II, p. 37. 6130 (U) Ibid, p. 37. 6131 (U) Winer Tr. II, pp. 30-31. 6132 (U) Written Responses, Steele, August 16, 2018. 

6133 (U) Ibid. 6134 (U) State, Virtual Reading Room Documents "Notes from Meeting with Chris Steele and Tatyana Duran of 

Orbis Security," Ocotber 11, 2016. 6135 (U) Winer Tr. II, p. 38. 

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'kompromat' on [Trump] as he was already interested in cooperation," and "Manafort has been 

the go-between with the campaign," and "Ivanov persuaded Putin it was possible to use the 

hacked information and run an operation without being detected, while others argued against it." 

Further, Kavalec's notes reflect some sourcing information, such as, "Steele also mentioned an 

emigre Amcit by the name of Serge Millian who may be involved in some day [sic]. Steele 

noted Millian had leRthe U.S. and seemed to have disappeared."6136 

(U) Department of State officials did not specify to the Committee any particular actions 

they took on the substance of the dossier, other than to ask FBI if they were engaging with Steele 

and investigating the allegations about Alfa Bank's relationship with Putin. Nuland told the 

Committee that she found those allegations, as outlined in the dossier, unlikely to be true.6137 

Nuland said, regarding Alfa Bank in particular: "[the FBI said] we've looked atit; we don't think 

there's·anything. And we said: Okay. This is not ourjob. Our job is working with Russia. So 

as long as the right people are talking to the right people, fine._"6138 

(U) After Steele's memos were published in the press in January 2017, Steele asked 

Winer to make note of having them, then either destroy all the earli~r reports Steele had sent the 

Department of State or return them to Steele, out of concern that someone would be able to 

reconstruct his source network. Winer told the Committee, "So I destroyed them, and I basically 

destroyed all the correspondence I had with him" on Winer's personal devices. 6139 Department 

of State was able to produce for the Committee, from their archives, many Steele memos from 

2015 and some from 2016, but most of his reports from 2014 are missing. 

iii. (U) McCain and Kramer 

6136 (U) State, Virtual Reading Room Documents "Notes from Meeting with Chris Steele and Tatyana Duran of 

Orbis Security," October 11, 2016. For complete handwritten notes, see Kavalec, handwritten notes (CDP-2017-

000llF-000162-172). Another typed version ofKavalec' s notes also lists information that appeared in the dossier, 

see Kavalec, handwritten notes (CDP-2017-0001 lF-000389-390). 6137 (U) Nuland Tr., p.42. 6138 (U) Ibid., p. 51. 6139 (U) Winer Tr., p. 62; Winer noted, "I also in the same period of time, by the way, in accordance with State 

Department strictures, destroyed essentially every email I had from the State Department during my tenure, because 

I'm not supposed to retain anything relating to my State Department work. That's owned by the government; it's not 

owned b me." Ibid. . 62-63. 6140 

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(U) After FBI had cut ties with Steele, and Trump won the election, Ste.ele sought 

another audience to help ensure that FBI was pursuing his information: Senator John McCain. 

Simpson told the ·Committee that Steele approached him around Tfoinksgiving and raised the 

idea of talking to David Kramer, a longtime aid to McCain, as an intermediary with the Senator. 

6141 Simpson also knew Kramer, who had once given Simpson some information on Deripaska: 

"I had to deal with him when I broke a story [in 2007] about Deripaska being excluded from the 

United States, the fact that he couldn't get a visa, and that he was lobbying to get his visa 

restrictions lifted."6142 Simpson told Steele that Kramer was "on the right side of the. Russia 

issue" and that they could trust him. 6143 

(U) Sir Andrew Wood, former British Ambassador to Russia and Yugoslavia and an 

associate ofOrbis,6144 approached Kramer, who introduced him to Senator McCain on November 

19, 2016, in Halifax, at an annual conference there, to describe Steele's research.6145 Kramer 

told the Committee that he had known Wood for a few years, and that he has "enormous respect" 

for him.6146 At Senator McCain's direction, Kramer traveled to London on November 28, 

2016.6147 Kramer told the Committee that Wood "arranged for Steele to meet me at Heathrow 

airport."6148 Kramer continued: 

The whole purpose was for me to convey [the memos J to Senator McCain ... 

[Steele J was very concerned with what he had discovered and felt that having 

Senator McCain do whatever it was that Senator McCain might decide to do 

would be a necessary push to get this taken more seriously. 6149 

(U) .Kramer read the memos and reviewed Steele's source list sitting at Steele's dining 

, room table.6150 Kramer did not take any documents with him.6151 Kramer said that he-was 

informed by Steele that Steele had given the memos to the FBI through a contact, but that 

communication with th~ FBI had "abruptly ended a month or ~o" before Kramer flew to London 

6141 (U) Simpson Tr., pp. 146-147. 

6142 (U) Ibid 6143 (U) Ibid, p. 147. 6144 (U) Defence, Aleksej Gubarev, et al, and Orbis Business Intelligence Ltd, et al., Claim No HQl 7D00413 (High 

Court of Justice April 4 2017). 6145 (U) Written Responses, Kramer, August 25, 2017. 6146 (U) Kramer Tr., p. 6. 6147 (U) Written Responses, Kramer, August 25, 2017; Kramer Tr., p. 5. 6148 (U) Kramer Tr., p. 6. 6149 (U) Ibid, p. 8. 6150 (U) Ibid, p. 26 6151 (U) Ibid, p. ~6 

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to meet with him.6152 Kramer did not indicate ifhe knew why Steele's affiliation with FBI had 

ended. 

(U) The next day, when Kramer arrived back in the United States, he met with Simpson 

at Steele's request.6153 Simpson gave Kramer two copies of the dossier--one redacted and one 

not.6154 Kramer recalled that the redacted version had on,ly 20 pages, while the unredacted 

version, which he had first read in London, consisted of 33 pages.6155 Simpson told the 

Committee that "I walked [Kramer] through this and told him we didn't know whether a lot of 

stuff was true, but that we knew a lot of stuff-I remember talking to him about my suspicion 

that the Russians were also helping Trump in the primaries."6156 Simpson refused to provide 

additional information about Kramer, again citing First Amendment privilege.6157 

(U) On November 30, 2016, Kramer gave unredacted copies of the memos to 

McCain.6158 According to Kramer, McCain directed him to share the information with Celeste 

Wallander, who was then Senior Director for Russian and Eurasian Affairs at the National 

Security Council.6159 Kramer recalled that he at first just discussed the dossier with Wallander, 

but that later she received a copy.6160 McCain gave a copy to FBI Director Corney on December 

9, 2016, and mentioned the contents of the dossier to Chairman Richard Burr, who in tum spoke 

to Corney to confirm FBI's awareness of the allegations.6161 

(U) Kramer discussed and, in some cases, eventually passed copies of the dossier to 

several other individuals, some of whom were joumalists.6162 Kramer recalled that Steele had 

requested. he speak with two other individuals who were not in government and who had 

previously contacted Steele. Kramer said that Steele "had reached a point where he didn't want 

6152 (U) Written Responses, Kramer, August 25, 2017. 6153 (U) Kramer Tr., p. 4. 6154 (U) Written Responses, Kramer, August'25, 2017. 

6155 (U) Ibid . 

6156 (U) Simpson Tr., pp. 148. 6157 (U) Ibid., p. 153. 6158 (U) Kramer Tr., p. 4--5. 6159 (U) Ibid, p. 13; Crime in Progress, p. 141. 6160 (U) Kramer Tr., p. 13. 6161 (U) DOJ OIG FISA Report, p. 180. The DOJ OIG cites Corney's email to his staff, which reads in part: "I 

added [to DNI Clapper] that I believed that the material, in some form or fashion, had been widely circulated in 

Washington and that Senator McCain had delivered to me a copy of the reports and Senator Burr had mentioned to 

me the part about Russian knowledge of sexual activity by the President-Elect while in Russia." 6162 (U) DOJ OIG FISA Report, p. 178. According to Steele's written responses to the Committee, he also gave 

information from the dossier to a British national security official and to Strobe Talbott, who was then at the 

Brookings Institution, with the intent that Talbott would share the memos with senior U.S. Government officials. 

See Written Responses, Steele, August 16, 2018. The Committee does not know how Talbott received the 

documents or if Talbott further shared them. 

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to talk to other people about it. So he requested that I do so."6163 In his written answers, Kramer 

put his communications regarding the dossier in the context of news outlets already having the 

information. 6164 

(U) According to Kramer, several news outlets, including Mother Jones, The Guardian, 

The Washington Post, and ABC News, contacted Kramer. His interpretation was that these 

outlets had already either seen or had copies of the memos;6165 According to Kramer, the outlets 

had also heard, "not from me, that I had given the memos to Sen. McCain. I confirmed th;it 

indeed I had."6166 Kramer also knew that Steele and Simpson had given "a version of the memos 

to the New York Times but were frustrated that the paper had not done, in their view, anything 

with them."6167 In response to subsequent foreign litigation, Kramer has stated that Steele 

requested that Kramer meet with BuzzFeed, and that Steele had neither asked nor prohibited 

Kramer from sharing a copy of the dossier with BuzzFeed.6168 As part of the same litigation, 

Kramer stated that Steele was aware that Kramer was also sharing the dossier with The 

Washington Post.6169 

(U) In mid-December 2016, Simpson gave Kramer the final two pages of the dossier, 

which are dated December 13.6170 In total, Kramer had a series of 17 memos totaling 35 pages, 

dated from June 20, 2016 and ending with December 13, 2016.6171 

(U) Kramer says he spoke with Steele a total of eight to ten times, almost entirely by 

phone. Their last contact was in late February or early March of 2017.6172 

iv. (U) Simpson's and Steele's Efforts to Briefthe Press 

(U) Over the late summer and into the fall of 2016, as Steele was sharing his findings 

with the FBI, DOJ, and Department of State, Glenn Simpson was briefing members of the press 

corps on Steele's research, sometimes with Steele present. Marc Elias, Simpson's client for the 

work, represented to the Committee through counsel that he had not authorized Fusion GPS to 

share research in the dossier withjoumalists.6173 The conversations with the press eventually 

6163 (U) Kramer Tr., p. 27. 6164 (U) Written Responses, Kramer, August 25, 2017. 

616s (U) Ibid 6166 (U) Ibid 

6167 (U) Ibid 6168 (U) DOJ OIG FISA Report, p. 178. 6169 (U) Ibid 6170 (U) Kramer Tr., p. 4; Written Responses, Kramer, August 25, 2017. 6171 (U) Written Responses, Kramer, August 25, 2017. 6172 (U) Ibid 6173 (U) Attorney Proffer, Elias, May 21, 2018. 

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culminated in a Mother Jones article on October 31 summarizing the allegations and in BuzzFeed / 

publishing most of the contents of the dossier on January 11, 2017. 

a. (U) Initial Briefings for the Press 

(U) In early August, Simpson and Fritsch traveled to New York to meet with New 

Yorker editor David Remnick and features editor Daniel Zalewski. Later that day they gave the 

same briefing to two editors at Reuters.6174 In September and October 2016, Simpson and Steele 

gave two off the record briefings to small groups of reporters from major media outlets at 

gatherings in Washington, D.C.6175 Neither Simpson nor Steele would identify for the 

Committee which outlets.6176 Steele and Simpson both stated that contacting the press was 

Simpson's initiative.6177 Simpson told the Committee that he did not provide the actual memos 

to reporters, because "if you thought that this information might be genuine, you wouldn't be 

passing it to a bunch of different journalists, because people could get killed."6178 

(U) According to Simpson, he and Steele intended to provide leads, not for news outlets 

to report on the dossier itself. Simpson's goal was for reporters to "do their own journalism" 

and "to ask the government whether the government's doing its job."6179 According to Simpson: 

[T]he general reaction was: "You 're not expecting me to write a story about this, 

are you? Because you've got this anonymous [person] telling me a bunch of wild 

stuff for which you have no documentation, and you're not willing to go on the 

record, and I don't even know who's paying. "6180 

(U) Simpson continued the briefings, despite those reactions, because he wanted to 

"educate" the media and he "figured it was going to be a big issue later and that no one was 

going to say boo about this in the final weeks of a presidential election."6181 

b. (U) Renewed Press Briefings: Mother Jones and The New York Times 

(U) FBI Director Corney's decision to publicly reopen the investigation into Hillary 

Clinton's emails affected Simpson's and Steele's calculus as well as their sense of urgency. On 

Friday, October 28, 2016, Director Corney sent a letter to Congress disclosing that the FBI had 

· 6174 (U) Crime in Progress, pp. 98-99. 6175 (U) Simpson Tr., pp. 126-127; Written Responses, Steele, August 16, 2018. 6176 (U) Simpson Tr., pp. 126-127; Written Responses, Steele, August 16, 2018. 6177 (U) Simpson Tr., p. 130; Written Responses, Steele, August 16, 2018. 6178 (U) Simpson Tr., p. 139. 6179 (U) Ibid., p. 128. 

6180 (U) Ibid., p. 131. 

6181 (U) Ibid. 

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possibly found additional emails that "appear to be pertinent" to the Clinton email 

investigation.6182 The following Monday, October 31, David Com published an article in Mother 

Jones entitled "A Veteran Spy has Given the FBI Information ~ng a Russian Operation to 

Cultivate Donald Trump."6183 As described above, Steele told-that he had gone to Mother 

Jones because he was upset about Director Corney's October 28 letter and about the FBI's 

reopening of the Clinton investigation.6184 

(U) Winer told the Committee that he thought Steele "got increasingly personally 

concerned about the Russia relationship" because Steele "believed what was in [the dossier]."6185 

According to Winer, "In October [Steele] got to the point where he wanted people to know about 

it."6186 Simpson told the Committee that "I'm sure more than half of America will never believe 

this, but it really wasn't a thing where we were trying to use this information to win the election, 

because we thought-we already thought we were going to win the election.6187 However, 

according to Bruce Ohr, it was Simpson who asked Steele to speak with a reporter from Mother 

Jones.6188 Ohr understood that having Steele speak with the reporter was Simpson's "Hail Mary 

attempt" to stop Trump from being elected.6189 Simpson and Fritsch said in their book that they 

briefed additional reporters in mid-December.6190 

c. (U) BuuFeed Publishes the Dossier on January 10, 2017 

(U) On Tuesday, ,J:anuary 10, 2017, Ken Bensinger published an article in BuzzFeed 

entitled "These Reports Allege Trump Has Deep Ties to Russia," which included a link to 

images of most of Steele's memos.6191 

6182 (U) Letter, Corney to Chairmen and Ranking Members, October 28, 2016 ("Due to recent developments, I am 

writing to supplement my previous testimony. In connection with an unrelated case, the FBI has learned of the 

existence of emails that appear to be pertinent to the investigation. I am writing to inform you that the investigative 

team briefed me on this yesterday, and I agreed that the FBI should take appropriate investigative steps designed to 

allow investigators to review these emails."). 6183 (U) David Corn, "A Veteran Spy Has Given the FBI Information Alleging a Russian Operation to Cultivate 

ponald '=r," Mother Jones, October 31, 2016. 6184 (U) - Tr., pp. 82-83. 6185 (U) Winer Tr., p. 69. 6186 (U) Ibid, p. 69. 6187 (U) Simpson Tr., pp. p. 129. 6188 (U) DOJ OIG FISA Report, p. 287. 6189 (U) Ibid 6190 (U) Crime in Progress, p. 139-141. . 6191 (U) Ken Bensinger, et al., "These Reports Allege Trump Has Deep Ties to Russia," BuzzFeed News, January 

10, 2017. 

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(U) Kramer described Steele's reaction to the BuzzFeed article as "shocked," and told 

the Committee that Steel~ "knew he was probably going to have to go into hiding."61'92 Winer 

similarly characterized Steele as "beside himself' and very concerned for h1s sources.6193 As 

· noted above, Steele asked Winer to return or destroy any copies of the· dossier material that 

Winer had in his possession; Winer said he destroyed the material a:nd all correspondence he had 

with Steele .on Winer' s personal device, as he did with all Department of State communications 

on that device when he left the'Department.6194 

.d. (U) The Wall Street Journal Publishes Steele's Identity 

. . 

(U) On January 11, 2017, the day after the BuzzFeed article; Kramer contacted The Wall 

Street Journal, because he had "received a tip froin a friend at the Journal" that the paper was 

planning to publish Steele's name.6195 Kramer told the Committee that he spoke with two editors 

in an attempt to prevent them from publishing Stede_'sname, and "tried to stress that putting his 

name out there would put him. in grave danger, but they didn't seem to care."6196 Later that'day, 

The Wall Street Journal published an article entitled, "Christopher St~ele, Ex-Brit~sh Inteiligence 

Officer, Said to Have Prepared Dossier on Trump."6197 The article identified Steele as "the 

author of the dossier of unverified allegations about President-elect Donald Trump," a "director · 

of London-based Orbis Business Intelligence Ltd;" and "a former British Intelligence 

officer."6198 

v. - A Summary of the Dossier is Attached as an Annex to the 

Compartmented Version of the Intelligence Community Assessment 

(U) In late December 2016, when the IC wrote a comprehensive assessment on "Russian 

Activities and Intentions in Recent US Elections," FBI insisted that the authors include a 

summary of the dossier. FBI leaders believed the information was responsive to the President"s 

tasking, even though FBI had officially broken ties with Steele and had corroborated very little 

of the information. The IC did not use the dossier to reach the conclusions 'in the assessment. 

I 

6192 (U) Kramer Tr., p. 30. 6193 (U) Winer Tr., p. 61. · 6194 (U) Ibid., p. 62.-63 

~195 (U) Kramer Tr., p. 30. 

6196 (U) Ibid. 6197 (U) Bradley Hope, et al., "Christopher Steele, Ex-British Intelligence Officer, Said to Have Prepared dossier on 

Trump," The Wall Street Journal, January 11, 2017. 

6198 (U) Ibid. 

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As previously mentioned, the dossier 

material was not used in the ICA and did not contribute to its findings. 

vi. (U) Dan Jones 

(U) Dan Jones, a former FBI analyst and former SSCI staffer, worked with Steele and 

Fusion GPS in 2017.6200 Jones, as head of the Penn Quarter Group, and then as head of The 

Democracy Integrity Project (TDIP), appears to have contacted Steele in 2017 regarding Russian 

interference in the 2016 election.6201 As of March 26, 2018, Steele appeared to be a contractor 

for Jones's TDIP projects.6202 

• (U) Jones said.that he was first introduced to Steele in 2017, after Orbis began 

contracting for TDIP, but declined to answer any questions about how that introduction 

6199 (U) For an in-depth discussion of the negotiation over and creation of the annex, see irifra Vol. 4. 6200 (U) HPSCI, Report on Russian Active Measures, March 22, 2018, pg. 113. fu. 5. Due to Jones' s prior 

relationship with some Committee staff conducting the investigation on behalf of the Chairman and Vice Chairman, 

a limited subset ofCommittee staff who had no prior relationship with Jones conducted Jones's interview, to avoid 

any conflicts of interest. 6201 (U) Ibid 6202 (U) Jones Tr., p. 17-20. 

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took place,6203 whether he knew of any of Steele's subsources,6204 whether he had spoken 

with the FBI about Steele, 6205 or whether he had ever given the FBI a thumb drive of the 

research he himself had conducted.6206 Simpson refused to answer any questions about 

any contractual work with Jones.6207 

• (U) Jones told the Committee that he "wasn't aware of any work that Steele did outside 

of what was publicly known at the time in 2016" and that he had "no special access or 

information on Steele's activities" prior to 2017.6208 

• (U) Jones told the Committee he had met Winer once, in January 2017, to discuss a 

project unrelated to Jones's work, and that they had been introduced by Steele, who Jones 

referred to as a "professional associate."6209 

-During an FBI interview on March 28, 2017, Jones said his Penn Quarter 

Group ~ted with Steele, Burrows, and Fusion GPS to expose Russian interference in 

the 2016 U.S. presidential election.6210 Jones further indicated to the FBI that "he had possible 

access to a witness that could share direct knowledge of information in support of Chris Steele's 

published Trump/Russia manifesto."6211 Jones did not share this fact with the Committee during 

his interview, and the Committee has no further information on who the "witness" might be. 

(U) Jones indicated that, separate from Steele's work for him on TDIP matters, 

he attempted to serve as an intermediary between the Committee and Steele in response 

to the Committee's attempts to interview Steele.6212 Winer was also under the impression 

that Jones was communicating to the Committee on Steele's behalf.6213 To further those 

liaison efforts, Steele introduced Jones to Waldman in March of 2017; Jones recounted 

his and Waldman's conversation: "[Waldman] spoke with me about his relationship with 

Vice Chairman Warner at great lengt~." Jones added, "Waldman told me he was going to 

6203 (U) Ibid., p. 17-20. Jones declined to respond to these questions, among others, on advice of his counsel, who 

asserted that Jones would not be answering questions that would jeopardize the "confidentiality" ofTDIP's work. 

See, e.g., ibid., pp. 21-22. 6204 (U) Ibid., p. 17-20. 6205 (U) Ibid., p. 22. 6206 (U) Ibid., p. 24. 6207 (U) 'Simpson Tr., pp. pp. 183-184. Simpson's attorneys stated: "[I]nsofar as Mr. Jones and any entity affiliated 

with Jones and Fusion GPS have a contractual relationship, it's a confidential client matter and he's going to decline 

to answer questions." 6208 (U) Jones Tr., p. 23. 6209 U Ibid., . 17-20. 6210 Jones refused to discuss this contract with the Committee. 

6211 (U) I i . 6212 (U) Jones Tr., pp. 26-32. 6213 (U) Winer Tr., p. 70. 

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a hockey game in Washington, D.C., that night with the Vice Chairman; and he would 

mention to the Vice Chairman [ arranging] a meeting between the Committee and Steele 

or providing information from Steele to the Committee."6214 

(U) Following the meeting, Jones "did not think it wise to continue the relationship" with 

Waldman. He implied, but did not state outright, that he was concerned about Waldman's link to 

Deripaska, and he also said that he thought Waldman lacked credibility and was unsure if 

Waldman actually represented Steele.6215 

(U) Jones declined to discuss with the Committee any other instances during which he 

may have negotiated or been authorized to negotiate on Steele's behalf.6216 Steele's counsel 

made very clear to the Committee that only Steele's counsel was authorized to enter into any 

agreements with the Committee on Steele's behalf.6217 

(U) The exceedingly limited amount of useful information Jones provided during his 

interview about TDIP's structure, operations, and funding renders the Committee's complete and 

accurate portrayal of the organization and its work an impossibility.6218 However, an abundance 

of detail concerning the inner workings of TDIP appears to have been furnished in support of 

Simpson and Fritsch's Crime in Progress.6219 

6214 (U) Jones Tr., pp. 45--48 6215 (U) Ibid, pp. 47--49, 54-57. 6216 (U) Ibid, pp. 26--32. 6217 (U) Email, [Steele's counsel] to SSCI, October 13, 2017. 6218 (U) Jones shared some limited information about the makeup ofTDIP's board, its mission, and the general 

characteristics of its donors. Jones identified himself, Adam Kaufman, and Michael Belasio as TDIP's board 

· members, described TDIP's mission as being "to investigate foreign interference in elections around the world," and 

characterized TDIP as a nonprofit organization funded by nonpartisan donors. Jones Tr., pp. 8-11. 6219 (U) Crime in Progress. 

930 

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V. (U) RECOMMENDATIONS 

(U) The Committee's inquiry highlighted several ways in which hostile actors were able 

to capitalize on gaps in laws or norms and exert influence. Those areas included unclear laws 

regarding foreign aqvocacy, flawed assumptions about what intelligence activity looks like, and 

a campaign's status as a private entity intertwined with the structures of democracy. Further, the 

freedom of expression at the root of our democratic society became an opportunity for Russian 

influence to hide in plain sight. 

(U) The Committee's recommendations, outlined below, present a variety of paths 

through which Congress, the executive branch, and private entities and individuals can and 

should begin to respond to these threats, both jointly and independently. These 

recommendations, however, do not mark the end of the Committee's work in this space, which 

requires ongoing vigilance by the United States government and further consideration of 

legislative and policy responses. To that end, the Committee will continue to evaluate and 

consider the results of this investigation as part of its ongoing oversight and legislative 

responsibilities and its efforts to understand and address malign foreign interference targeting 

U.S. democratic processes. 

1. (U) Review, Update, and Enforce the Foreign Agents Registration Act and Related 

Statutes 

(U) The Committee recommends that Congress update the Foreign Agents Registration 

Act (FARA), and that the Department of Justice (DOJ) clarify the statute's requirements by 

issuing public guidance on enforcement and more stringently enforcing the existing statute. 

FARA was enacted over 80 years ago, in large part to target Nazi propaganda. FARA seeks to 

aid the U.S. Government and the American people in understanding and evaluating the activities, 

statements, and motives of individuals and entities functioning as agents of foreign principals in 

the United States. Since that time, Congress has made some modifications to the statute to 

increase transparency with respect to lawyers a,nd lobbyists who also engage in political activity 

on behalf of foreign powers inside the United States. However, loopholes still exist, and foreign 

. actors exploited those loopholes in 2016. The Committee'.s investigation revealed a number of 

lawyers, public relations experts, businesses, political consultants, and campaign operatives 

working in the United States in qoordination with,. or at the request of, foreign principals. Many 

of these individuals and businesses did not register under FARA, 

• (U) DOJ should increase enforcement of FARA. For years, DOJ failed to pursue 

criminal penalties for even the most flagrant violations of the statute. While recent 

enforcement efforts have resulted in several successful criminal prosecutions, the 

Committee found numerous incidents where FARA registrations were excessively 

delayed, retroactive, incomplete, inaccurate, or otherwise insufficient to accomplish the 

objectives of the law. 

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• (U) DOJ should publish comprehensive public guidance on FARA. In part as a result of 

limited enforcement, the public has insufficient information about the statute's scope and 

application. DOJ' s interpretation of the statute is largely untested and undefined. While 

DOJ has made efforts to publish more information about its interpretation of the statute, 

including through the publication of advisory opinions, these are overly redacted and 

incomplete. Comprehensive public guidance has been beneficial for other similarlysituated statutes, and those publications, such as DOJ's Resource Guide to the US. 

Foreign Corrupt Practices Act, may serve as a helpful model in issuing useful and 

practical guidance on FARA. 

• (U) Congress should update FARA to more clearly define the activities covered by the 

statute. This may include narrowing or redefining the breadth of some provisions, such 

as ·those that may apply to purely foreign consulting, while strengthening other 

provisions, such as activities targeting the U.S. Government or the American people. , 

• (U) Congress should remove the Lobbying Disclosure Act (LDA) exemption to FARA 

registration. Currently, FARA registrants for foreign principals who are not themselves 

foreign governments or political parties may register under the LDA regime rather than 

the more comprehensive registration regime under FARA. The Committee found that 

individuals not formally affiliated with a foreign government may nonetheless 

sufficiently represent that government's interest, even if that government is not the 

principal beneficiary, to merit the application ofFARA's heightened requirements. 

(U) Congress should also examine whether other foreign agent laws and the Espionage 

Act need to be updated to more effectively address the reality of modem intelligence operations 

targeting the United States. 

• (U) For example, 18 U.S.C. § 951 makes it a crime to operate as an agent ofa foreign 

government, to include an agent with respect to non-political activity, without first 

notifying the Attorney General. While DOJ has generally reserved prosecutions under 

this statute for behavior that resembles espionage, the statute's overlap with FARA and 

its general scope may need refined and updated. 18 U.S.C. § 219 provides criminal 

penalties for a public official of the United States to be or act as an agent of a foreign 

principal required to register under FARA. Together, these and other interrelated law 

make up a patchwork of overlapping and ill-defined prohibitions that are overdue for a 

more thoro,ugh review. 

(U) Although DOJ makes FARA registration filings publicly available on its website, 

there is no obligation on registrants to disclose this information when they are engaged in 

covered political activities. As a result, the registration materials do little to further the statute's 

goal of transparency for the American public. This lack of transparency is especially acute in the 

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media space, where messaging by a single FARA registrant has the potential to reach millions of 

Americans. 

• (U) Congress should amend FARA to mandate, or the Federal Communications 

Commission (FCC) and other relevant authorities should impose a requirement, that 

FARA-registered news agencies operating in the United States provide clear, prominent, 

and regular notifications to audiences regarding the outlet's FARA-registered status. 

Transparency should be affirmatively provided to audiences on a regular basis so that the 

American public is able to make informed decisions about information consumption. 

• (U) In addition, all U.S. media outlets should clearly label or otherwise identify content 

that appears in connection with FARA-registered work, even if it comes in the form of an 

opinion column. It is the ultimate responsibility of the editorial staff at U.S. media 

outlets to understand the origins of the information that their journalists and outside 

contributors are promoting, and to inform their audiences when that information is ,in 

some way sponsored or influenced by a foreign agent. 

• (U) More broadly, all U.S. media outlets should clearly label opinion content as such, in 

particular when opinion content, in tone or in format, could be mistaken for journalistic 

reporting. 

2. (U) Recognize Russia's Use of Non-Traditional Intelligence Actors for Influence 

(U) The Russian government treats oligarchs, organized crime, and associated businesses 

as tools of the state, rather than independent, private entities. The Kremlin uses these entities to 

pursue-Kremlin priorities, including money laundering, sanctions evasion, and influence 

, operations. This is a fundamentally different model than in the United States. 

• (U) While U.S. companies can and should conduct business as they see fit within the 

bounds of the law, they should proceed with maximum caution when doing business in 

Russia. Business exchanges can be a vehicle for compromise of electronic devices, 

collection of compromising information for influence efforts, theft of proprietary 

business information, and recruitment by intelligence services. Such efforts can be overt 

or covert, and can target national security information and hamper the competitiveness of 

U.S. companies. American business leaders need to understand that they, too, are a target 

and take precautions. 1 

• (U) Politically-active U.S. organizations, including non-profits and advocacy groups, 

should likewise recognize that they can also be, and likely are, targeted by foreign 

intelligence services. Although the known targeting in 2016 was directed toward 

conservative organizations, organizations of all political and ideological stripes should be 

prepared for it. Hostile foreign governments may seek to influence U.S. policy in foreign 

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affairs, energy and environmental policy, military conflict, and others matters involving 

international relations, through indirect channels like these. Leadership in such 

organizations should consider conducting due diligence, as appropriate, when dealing 

with counterparts from adversarial countries, and adopting sound cyber security practices 

to protect their networks and sensitive information. 

• -Just as business leaders need to recognize their counterparts may be e~tensions 

of the Russian state, the U.S. Government should similarly treat non-governmental 

entities close to the Kremlin as legitimate targets for intelligence collection and 

surveillance. The U.S. Government needs the tools and authorities in place to determine 

whether a non-governmental entity is operating on behalf of the Russian state and 

mitigate the counterintelligence threat, particularly if that entity seeks to operate in the 

United States or allied countries. These tools and authorities should augment the entire 

spectrum of U.S. Government activities, including to the ability to deny visas, the ability 

to conduct surveillance akin to that used against suspected intelligence officers, and the 

ability to target financial operations, such as the ability to deny transactions or seize 

assets. 

3. (U) Protect Campaigns from Foreign Influence Efforts 

(U) As part of its counterintelligence mission, FBI should offer defensive briefings to all 

presidential campaigns, including during the primaries, for both candidates and staff. FBI should 

provide detailed briefings as specific issues arise. When nominees are official, FBI should 

undertake a renewed effort to educate campaigns-from leadership to schedulers-about the 

avenues of influence adversaries use. These briefings should include specific, if hypothetical, 

examples and clear defensive steps campaigns can take. FBI has traditionally delivered these 

briefings as brief conversations; given the aggressive efforts Russia undertook in 2016 and the 

likelihood of similar future efforts by Russia and others, these conversations should cover 

cybersecurity best practices and how to recognize approaches that are outside ordinary 

relationship building. 

(U) Future presidential campaigns should perform thorough vetting of staff, particularly 

those staff who have responsibilities that entail interacting with foreign governments. Diligence, 

experience, and caution are all the more critical when interacting with representatives of 

adversaries' governments. 

(U) Campaigns should recognize that campaign staff are attractive targets for foreign 

intelligence services, and that staff who have not previously been sensitized to 

counterintelligence threats are especially vulnerable to targeting .. and exploitation. Presidential 

campaigns should require staff who interact with foreign governments to receive 

counterintelligence training from the FBI. Further, that staff should report to designated 

campaign leadership any foreign contacts, including any offers of foreign assistance, so that the 

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campaign can recognize patterns in foreign outreach. Campaigns should institute a centralized 

reporting structure to ensure that suspicious contacts with foreign governments or their proxies 

are documented and can be shared with law enforcement when appropriate, in a timely and 

accurate manner. This information would assist U.S. counterintelligence efforts to more quickly 

ideptify patterns and a clearer picture of nation-level threats. FBI and law enforcement should 

treat the information passed by campaigns as extremely sensitive, and protect the information 

from inadvertent disclosure, such as by limiting the number of personnel with access. In 

addition, a full understanding of the problem will encourage law enforcement agencies to pass 

defensive information back to campaigns~ 

(U) To facilitate these activities, campaigns should designate specific individuals to be · 

responsible for counterintelligence and· for cybersecurity issues. These individuals should be 

clearly identified within the campaign as a point of contact for security-related questions or 

concerns, but will also serve as an accountable entry point for the FBI' s interaction and 

information sharing with the campaign. 

(U) Campaigns should notify FBI of all foreign offers of assistance, ·and all staff should 

be made aware of this expectation. In order to not encourage, or amplify, foreign influence 

efforts, campaigns should reject the use of foreign origin material, especially if it has potentially 

been obtained though the violation of U.S. law. 

(U) The Russian Government has so:ught to understand, and. potentially exploit, 

v_ulnerabilities in the U.S. campaign finance system in furtherance of Russia's election influence 

activities. Russia's interest in this tactic· is longstanding'. The Committee is not aware of specific 

successful efforts in this regard related to the 2016 U.S. election, however the Committee's . 

insight is limited, and· in other countries Russia has gone to great lengths to launder money 

intended for election influence. The DOJ, the Intelligence Community, regulators ~nd legislators 

should work together to identify and address any loopholes that coμld be abused, by Russia or 

any other foreign actor, in malign influence operations targeting U.S. elections. 

4. Protect Government Employees from Foreign Influence Efforts 

(U) Congressional leadership should work with the IC and federal law enforcement to 

assess the counterintelligence and foreign influence risk associated with foreign governmentfunded travel by congressional staff, in particular the Mutual Educational and Cultural Exchange 

Act. Congress does not allow registered lobbyists to pay for the travel or the meals of 

congressional staff due to concerns about undue influence. This same logic should apply to 

foreign governments. Congressional leadership should explore increasing the budget for staff 

travel, so that it is funded and managed by Congress and not by foreign governments. 

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(U) In addition to enhanced cybersecurity training for all U.S. Government personnel, all 

federal government employees who travel internationally, regardless of agency or department, 

should be required to receive counterintelligence training. 

5. (U) Bolster Resources for IC Elements to Uncover Influence Campaigns and Focus 

the.NIPF on Foreign Government Influence 

These terms are vague and vast, 

and do not acknowledge the growing threat of disruption by foreign actors conducting malign 

influence activities targeting the United States. 

• (U) The Committee recommends, therefore, that all future iterations of the NIPF, which 

is an exercise and tool used to distribute finite IC resources across a wide variety of 

threats, specify and prioritize foreign malign influence activities. 

(U) FBI should empower its analysts to check assumptions underpinning FBI operations, 

to apply the rigor of intelligence analysis to assessments and confidential human sources, and to 

create a culture where questioning previously held assumptions is acceptable and encouraged. · 

6. (U) Improve Victim Notification and Information Sharing 

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(U) While the Committee understands FBI's reluctance to force solutions on hacked 

victims, FBI should develop a clear policy to address how to escalate victim notifications within 

a hacked entity, particularly for those involved in an election, when it appears that entity has not 

successfully remediated a cyber breach. 

(U) In addition, the FBI's Cyber Division should have an escalation policy for how to 

engage a victim entity when the victim is not responsive to the FBI's investigative needs. The 

policy should include how to communicate with the victim entity about escalation, and, in 

narrow situations where the security of the election is at risk, the potential use of compulsory 

process. Channels of communication, both within the FBI and with political organizations, 

should be established early in a campaign cycle. 

(U) The FBI should seek to downgrade and share classified information for defense 

against cyber intrusions whenever possible. If downgrading the information is not feasible, the 

FBI should work to find a cleared individual at the victim entity and brief that individual at the 

highest possible level about the incident, prior to or contemporaneous with engaging with the 

entity's IT staff. 

(U) The FBI should develop clear best practices for dealing with cybersecurity vendors 

in incident response. Congress should consider legislation that mandates third-party 

cybersecurity vendors to report indicators of nation-state compromise to the U.S. Government, 

be it through FBI or other entities, which may include sharing malware, network traffic, forensic 

images, and other appropriate data to enable the U.S. Government to protect against nation-state 

cyber adversaries. Any sharing mandate should also include suitable protections for personally 

identifiable information or other sensitive or privileged material. 

7. (U) Strengthen Congressional Authority to Challenge Executive Privilege 

(U) Congress should consider amending the Senate's subpoena enforcement statute to 

remove or otherwise limit the carve out in 28 U.S.C. § 1365(a) that precludes enforcement 

against government officials asserting a "governmental privilege or objection." This exception, 

the Committee's investigation showed, allows for the potential abuse of executive privilege 

claims. Such an amendment should include a process to expedite judicial review of disputes 

between Congress and the executive branch over subpoena compliance, and clarify that a 

government official's mere assertion of a government privilege does not strip a federal court of 

jurisdiction. 

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VI. (U) ANNEX A

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VII. (U) ANNEX B 

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VIII. (U) ANNEX C 

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ADDITIONAL VIEWS OF SENATORS RISCH, RUBIO, BLUNT, 

COTTON, CORNYN, AND SASSE 

(U) Volume 5 of the report on Russian Active Measures Campaigns and Interference is 

the last body of work relating to the Committee's investigation into Russian meddling in the 

2016 U.S. presidential election. This final volume brings an end to more than three years of 

investigative work. Bipartisan professional staff reviewed more than one million documents and 

interviewed more than 200 witnesses to produce over 1,000 pages of analysis. Volume 5 

exhaustively reviews the counterintelligence threats and vulnerabilities to the 2016 election, but 

never explicitly states the critical fact: the Committee found no evidence that then-candidate 

Donald Trump or his campaign colluded with the Russian government in its efforts to meddle 

in the election. 

(U) The Trump campaign publicly and repeatedly promoted a policy of improving 

relations with Moscow which, in some ways, was a view not much different than the effort by 

the Obama administration to "reset" relations between the two countries. Such a policy does not 

itself constitute collusion or a counterintelligence threat. Volume 5 includes sections that 

address foreign policy actions taken by the Trump transition team in line with this policy, not 

because the Committee found any evidence that these foreign policy actions were the result of 

collaboration with the Russian Government, but to show that after an exhaustive investigation 

allegations of cooperation can be put to rest. Decisions taken were the result of a foreign policy 

viewpoint, not illicit Russian influence. We feel Volume 5 should have explicitly stated this. 

(U) More than three and a half years later, the Trump administration's record on Russia 

shows a consistent attempt to cooperate with Russia where possible, while responding firmly to 

Russia's nefarious activity worldwide. For instance, under the leadership of President Trump, the 

administration effectuated the largest expulsion of Russian spies in U.S. history after Russian 

operatives poisoned Sergei Skripal in London, provided Javelin anti-tank missiles to Ukraine to 

deter Russian aggression, and led the U.S. withdrawal from the Open Skies Treaty and 

Intermediate-Range Nuclear Forces (INF) Treaty-international agreements that the Russians 

have been violating for years and wish to preserve. 

(U) While this Volume did not find evidence of collusion between President Trump and 

the Russians, it does detail a stunning accounting of the FBl's sloppy work and poor judgment. 

In 2016, the Democratic Party, using a series of arm's length transactions, hired a foreign citizen 

to seek out dirt on a political opponent, provided by foreign sources. This Volume confirms that 

Christopher Steele used information gained from sources in Russia-some with direct ties to the 

Russian Government. That unverified, uncorroborated, foreign information was then actively 

circulated with the press to disparage a U.S. political candidate. 

(U) Meanwhile, the FBI should have followed the advice of other intelligence agencies to 

view Steele's reports skeptically, and the Bureau should have verified the methodology and the 

information before using it. Instead, the Bureau used the material in PISA applications and 

insisted on its inclusion in the Intelligence Community Assessment. Other IC agencies wanted 

to exclude the Dossier from the ICA because they had not verified its sources or its data. All 

941 
Americans should be deeply troubled that the FBI was willing to accept and use Steele's 

information without verifying its sourcing or methodology. 

(U) Volume 5 is an important contribution to the historical record from which historians 

will someday draw. As is evident to those who read all five volumes of the Committee's report, 

the Russian government inappropriately meddled in our 2016 general election in many ways but 

then-Candidate Trump was not complicit. After more than three years of investigation by 

this Committee, we can now say with no doubt, there was no collusion. 

942 
~()~fmmE~;t}'.N·SljDP~~ 

ADDITIONAL VIEWS OF SENATORS HEINRICH, FEINSTEIN, 

WYDEN, HARRIS, AND BENNET . . 

(U) Almost four years after the 2016 U.S. presidential election, the Committee has now 

published the bipartisan results of its investigation of the Russian government's election 

interference and efforts- to aid Donald Trump's candidacy. The Committee's work product is 

voluminous, fact-oriented, and essential reading for all Americans. But the Committee has not. 

sought to dra:w overarching conclusions about its investigation, opting instead to let the reader 

determine the significance of these events. These additional views provide necessary context for 

the reader regarding (1) the Trump Campaign's cooperation with Russia; (2) investigative 

limitations; and (3) significant ongoing concerns. 

(U) The Trump Campaign's Cooperation with Russia 

(U) The Committee's bipartisan Report unambiguously shows that members of the 

Trump Campaign cooperated _with Russian efforts to get Trump elected. It recounts efforts by 

Trump and his team to obtain dirt on their opponent from operatives acting on behalf of the 

Russian government. It reveals the extraordinary lengths by which Trump and his associates 

actively_sought to enable the Russian interference operation by amplifying its electoral impact 

and rewarding its perpetrators - even after being warned of its Russian origins. And it presents, 

for the first time, concerning evidence that the head of the Trump Campaign was directly 

connected to the Russian meddling through his communications with an individual found to be a 

Russian intelligence officer. 

(U) These are stubborn facts that cannot be ignored. They build on the Committee's 

bipartisan findings in Volume 2 and Volume 4 that show an extensive Kremlin-directed effort to 

covertly help candidate Trump in 2016, and they speak to a willingness by a major party 

candidate and his associates, in the face of a foreign adversary's assault on the political integrity 

of the United States, to welcome that foreign threat in exchange for advancing their own selfinterest. 

(U) The Committee's bipartisan Report found that Paul Manafort, while he was 

Chairman of the Trump Campaign, was secretly communicating with a Russian intelligence 

officer with whom he discussed Campaign strategy and repeatedly shared internal Campaign 

polling data. This took place while the Russian intelligence operation to assist Trump was 

ongoing. Further, Manafort took steps to hide these communications and repeatedly lied to 

federal investigators, and his deputy on the Campa~gn destroyed evidence of communications 

with the Russian intelligence officer. The Committee obtained some information suggesting that 

the Russian intelligence officer, with whom Manafort had a longstanding relationship, may have 

been connected to the GRU's hack-and-leak operation targeting the 2016 U.S. election. This is 

what collusion looks like. 

(U) The Committee's bipartisan Report found that a member of the Trump Campaign's 

foreign policy advisory team was provided with advance notice of the Russian plot to 

anonymously release hacked emails that would damage Trump's oppone:qt, and the Report found 

943 
that it is implausible that this information was. not passed to the Campaign. The advance notice 

of a forthcoming covert Russian intervention on Trump's behalf came from an individual linked 

to the Russian government, and took place in April 2016, prior to any public awareness of the 

Russian meddling effort. No authorities were notified. 

(U) The Committee's bipartisan Report found that Russia's goal in its unprecedented 

hack-and-leak operation against the United States in 2016, among other motives, was to assist 

the Trump Campaign. Candidate Trump and his Campaign responded to that threat by 

embracing, encouraging, and exploiting the Russian effort. Trump solicited inside information 

in advance of WikiLeaks's· expected releases of stolen information, even after public reports 

widely attributed the activity to Russia, so as to maximi:~;e his electoral benefit. The Campaign 

crafted a strategy around these anticipated releases to amplify the dissemination and promotion 

of the stolen documents. Even after the US. governmentfornially announced the hack-and-leak 

campaign as a Russian government effort, Trump's embrace of the stolen documents and his 

efforts to minimize the attribution to Russia only continued. The Committee's Report clearly 

shows that Trump and his Campaign were not mere bystanders in this attack - they were active 

participants. They coordinated their activities with the releases of the hacked Russian data, 

magnified the effects of a known Russian campaign, and welcomed the mutual benefit from the 

Russian activity. 

(U) Additionally, the Committee's bipartisan Report shows that, at the June 9, 2016 

meeting in Trump Tower, senior members of the Campaign sought, explicitly, to receive 

derogatory information for electoral benefit from a Russian lawyer known to have ties to the 

Russian government, with the understanding that the information was part of "Russia and its 

government's support for Mr. Trump." Prior to and during that meeting, members ofthe Trump 

Campaign's leadership clearly stated their desire to receive the promised derogatory Russian 

information, and ultimately they also clearly expressed their displeasure that the Russian 

information that was presented was not sufficiently damaging. That the Campaign leadership's 

desire to coordinate with Russia failed in this particular instance is hardly exculpatory; instead, it 

is emblematic of the leadership's mindset, intent and willingness. to work with Russia in hopes of 

influencing the U.S. election to their benefit. The Committee's investigation found that the 

Russian lawyer that the Campaign leadership met with in Trump Tower, and one of her 

colleagues who also participated in the meeting, both have significant and concerning ties to 

Russian intelligence. 

(U) Trump's Russia-friendly statements and policies during the Campaign did not occur 

in isolation. The Committee's bipartisan Report shows that, during the campaign, Donald ' 

Trump and the Trump Organization were pursuing a business deal in Russia. This is a topic 

about which the Campaign and its associates misled the public and Congress. The Committee's 

Report shows that Trump's outreach to the Kremlin began early and that during the Republican ' ' 

primary campaign, around the time that Trump authorized pursuit of the Russia deal, Trump 

asked for an in-person meeting with Putin. That request was relayed to the Kremlin. The 

Committee's Report shows that, during the campaign; Trump was kept up-to-date on the 

.progress of the Russia deal and made positive public comments about Putin, in connection with 

the campaign, while deal negotiations were ongoing. During the campaign individuals working 

. 944 
for or with the Trump Organization were in contact with the Kremlin regarding the deal and 

sought to leverage Trump's positive comments about Putin to advance the deal. A U.S. 

intelligence assessment indicates that Putin, who ordered the Russian operation that assisted 

Trump in the 2016 election, had a preference for leaders whose business interests made them 

more likely to deal with Russia. This made Trump uniquely appealing in Moscow, and the 

Committee's investigation found that Kremlin-directed influence efforts worked to undermine 

Republican candidates who ran against Trump in the U.S. presidential primary. 

(U) There may be some who attempt to minimize the seriousness of Trump's actions, or 

the actions of his associates, by arguing that thes.e individuals were motivated simply by selfinterest or self-promotion. This argument overlooks thatwhen self-interest is intertwined with 

the goals of a malign Russian influence operation, and when self-foterest promotes the known 

Russian effort while also being promote~ by that same Russian effort, then self-interest and 

Russia's interest become one and the same. Moreover, this argument misunderstands the deep 

counterintelligence vulnerability that is created when those who seek positions of great power, or 

proximity to that power, are willing to trade away national security for personal gain. There is 

good reason that such individuals are Putin's preferred interlocutors, and there is good reason 

why the U.S. security clearance application asks extensively about vulnerabilities that could be 

used as leverage, including foreign financial interests. 

(U) Candidate Trump's pursuit of private business in Russia during the campaign, and his 

Campaign Chairman Paul Manafort's deep financial ties to a Kremlin-aligned Russian.oligarch 

during the campaign, are not the only sources of leverage to which Trump and his Campaign 

were vulnerable. The Committee's bipartisan Report shows that dt1ring the campaign Trump 

maintained personal correspondence with a Russian oligarch and his adult son on topics 

including the upcoming U.S. election. The Moscow-based oJigarch and his son, who were 

involved in offering the Trump Campaign derogatory information related to the election and who 

gave Trump a sizable gift during the Campaign, maintain significant and concerning connections 

'not only to Kremlin leadership but also to Russian organized crime. Trump had previously done 

business with the oligarch in Moscow. The Committee's Report also shows that prior to and 

during the campaign, Trump was informed of alleged compromising tapes of him in Moscow. 

These allegations are separate from Christopher Steele's reports, which were not used to support 

the Committee's work. The Committee found that the Russian intelligence services clearly 

engage in the collection of compromising information for lev~rage, and that there may be 

substance to some of the allegations regarding Trump, which leaves open an ongoing concern 

about Russian influence operations. 

(U) Finally, the Committee's bipartisan Report shows that almost immediately following 

Election Day in 2016, the Trump transition responded to Russia's election-'interference not by 

supporting punitive action, but rather by holding a series of secretive meetings and 

communications with Russian representatives that served to undercut the outgoing 

administration's efforts to hold Russia accountable. The transition's openness to this private 

Russian outreach prior to taking office, so soon after Russia's interference on Trump's behalf, 

combined with Trump publicly questioning Russia's involvement, signaled that there was little 

945 

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intention by the incoming administration to punish Russia for the assistance it had just provided 

in its unprecedented attack on American democracy. 

(U) Investigative Context 

(U) There is also important additional context that should be provided to the reader 

regarding what the Committee's Report is, and what itis not. The Committee's Report does not 

duplicate the Special Counsel's investigation. The Special Counsel's work was criminal in 

nature, not a counterintelligence investigation. Counterintelligence investigations address 

intelligence questions pertaining to national security threats, not merely statutorily prohibited 

crimes. That is why the Committee pursued its investigation from a counterintelligence, 

perspective. And it is why the Special!Counsel's inability to "establish" a criminal conspiracy 

between the Trump Ca~paign and Russia does not convey the breadth and complexity of the 

threat presented by their actions. 

(U) In its Report, the Committee described the events of 2016 in as much relevant detail 

as it could. Even so, the Committee's power to investigate-which does not include search 

warrants or wiretaps-falls short of the FBI' s. So too do its staffing, resources, and technical 

capabilities. The result is that the American people still do not, and may never, have all the facts 

necessary to determine the full extent of the cooperation between Russia and the Trump 

Campaign in 2016. 

(U) In addition, the Committee did not cover all areas of concern. For example, the 

Committee's investigation, for a variety of reasons, did not seek, and was not able to review, 

records regarding Donald Trump's finance's and the numerous areas where those financial 

interests appear to have overlapped with Russia. In tum, the reader should not interpret the 

Report's absence of information on this topic to indicate that nothing of interest was found. 

Rather, it should be acknowledged that this was a potentially meaningful area that the Committee 

did not probe. 

(U) Nevertheless, the facts above, which are further examined in the Committee's 

bipartisan Report, clearly show that what did happen between Russia and the Trump Campaign 

in 2016 is far worse than has been publicly revealed thus far. Furthermore, in nearly 1,000 pages 

_ of text, we are not aware of a single case where the information that is redacted makes the 

conduct of Trump or his associates less concerning. To the contrary, across the Report's most 

critical sections, the redacted information makes the already alarming public findings even more 

granular, explicit, and concerning. 

(U) Significant Ongoing Concerns 

(U) The value of the Committee's investigation is not purely historical. The 

counterintelligence lessons contained in this report regarding what happened to the United States 

in 2016 should be an alarm bell for the nation, and for those preparing to defend the nation 

against current and evolving threats targeting the upcoming U.S. elections. Indeed, Russia is 

actively interfering again in the 2020 U.S. election to assist Donald Trump, and some of the 

946 
President's associates are amplifying those efforts. It is vitally important that the country be 

ready. 

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(U) It is our conclusion, based on the facts detailed in the Committee's Report, that the 

Russian intelligence services' assault on the integrity of the 2016 U.S. electoral process and 

Trump and his associates' participation in and enabling of this Russian activity, represents one of 

the single most grave counterintelligence threats to American national security in the modem era. 

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ADDITIONAL VIEWS OF SENATOR WYDEN 

(U) The fifth and final volume of the Committee's report_ includes a wealth of extremely.-

troubling new revelations about the counterintelligence threat posed by Donald Trump and his 

campaign. Much of the new information in this report, however, remains needlessly classified. 

That is unfortunate, not only because the counterintelligence concerns that surround Donald 

Trump constitute an ongoing threat to national security, but because this report includes redacted 

information that is directly relevant to Russia's interference in the 2020 election. 

(U) As the report details, the Committee was hindere.d in numerous ways by the subjects 

of its investigation. In other respects, however, the impediments to the investigation were selfinflicted. First, while the Committee investigated interactions between Donald Trump and 

particular Russians and identified deeply concerning financial links, it did not seek to answer key 

questions about Donald Trump's finances that relate directly to counterintelligence. In short, the 

Committee did not follow the money. 

(U) Second, the Committee's arbitrary limits on staff access undermined members' 

ability to engage fully in the investigation. As a result, my support for the report as well as some 

of the directions the Committee did and did not take must be qualified. 

(U) Excessive redactions 

(U) The report includes new revelations directly related to the Trump campaign's 

cooperation with Russian efforts to get Donald Trump elected. Yet significant information 

remains redacted. One example among many is the report's findings with regard to the 

relationship between Trump campaign manager Paul Manafort and Russian intelligence officer 

Konstantin Kilimnik. 

(U) The report includes significant information.demonstrating that Paul Manafort's 

support for Russia and pro-Russian factions in Ukraine was deeper than previously known. The 

report also details extremely troubling information about the extent and nature ofManafort's 

connection with Kilimnik and Manafort's passage of campaign polling data to Kilimnik. Most 

troubling of all are indications that Kilimnik, and Manafort himself, were connected to Russia's 

hack-and-leak operations. 

(U) Unfortunately, significant aspects of this story remain hidden from the American 

public. Information related to Manafort's interactions with Kilimnik, particularly in April 2016, 

are the subject of extensive redactions. Evidence connecting Kilimnik to the GRU's hack-and- . . 

leak operations are likewise redacted, as are indications ofManafort's own connections to those 

operations. There are redactions to important new information with regard to Manafort's 

meeting in Madrid with a representative of Oleg Deripaska. The report also includes extensive 

information on Deripaska, a proxy for Russian intelligence and an associate of Manafort. 

Unfortunately, much of that information is redacted as well. 

(U) The report is of urgent concern to the American people, in part due to its relevance to 

the 2020 election and Russia's ongoing influence activities. The public version of the report 

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details how Kilimnik disseminated propaganda claiming Ukrainian interference in the 2016 

election, beginning even before that election and continuing into late 2019. 

And the report 

includes information on the role of other Russian government proxies and personas in spreading 

false narratives about Ukrainian interference in the U.S. election. This propaganda, pushed by a 

Russian intel'ligence officer and other Russian proxies, was the basis'on which Donald Trump 

sought to extort the current government of Ukraine into providing assistance to his reelection 

efforts and was at the center of Trump's impeachment and Senate trial. That is one of the 

reasons why the extensive redactions in this section of the report are so deeply problematic. 

Only when the American people are informed about the role of an adversary in concocting and 

disseminating disinformation can they make democratic choices free of foreign interference. 

(U) As the Committee stressed .in Volume 3 of its investigation, the public must be 

informed as soon as possible about ongoing foreign influence campaigns. The American people 

are not served by aggressive redactions to a narrative describing the continuity of Russian 

interference before and after the 2016 election. The American people also deserve better than a 

double standard in which information related to Russian interference in U.S. elections remains 

heavily redacted while information that might cast doubton investigations into that interference 

is released wholesale. 

(U) Follow the money 

(U) From day one, I said that the Committee must follow the money - that is, scrutinize 

Donald Trump's extensive financial entanglements with foreign adversaries. Following the 

money is, after all, Counterintelligence 101. The way to compromise people is through money. 

Donald Trump, had he been an applicant for a national' security position in the U.S. government, 

would never have obtained even the lowest level security clearance. What's more, no review of 

his suitability for a clearance would have ignored his finances. It is therefore derelict that the 

Committee, having set out to conduct an investigation of counterintelligence threats and 

vulnerabilities, would have failed to scrutinize so much information that would be relevant to 

any application for a security clearance. This must be the last time that the Committee gives 

short shrift to this issue. 

(U) The Committee investigated specific counterintelligence threats and did uncover 

concerning new financial connections. The section on Donald Trump's pursuit of a Trump 

Tower Moscow, while he was publicly praising Vladimir Putin, is deeply troubling, particularly 

given the revelation that Putin was almost certainly aware of the 'deal by January 2016. The 

report also describes important new information about the Agalarovs, with whom Donald Trump 

had a long-standing financial relationship, noting that Aras Agalatov has significant ties to the 

Russian government, including to individuals involved in influence operations targeting the 2016 

election. Unfortunately, this section also suffers from extensive redactions. 

(U) These and other revelations in the report suffice to establish that Donald Trump poses 

a counterintelligence threat to the United States, no less because he is President of the United 

States and not a government employee with a low level security clearance. But the report falls 

far short of telling the full story. As has been extensively reported in the media, Donald Trump 

950 
has spent decades developing, maintaining, and relying on financial relationships with Russia. 

The details of these relationships would almost certainly lead investigators to specific 

counterintelligence concerns. But the sheer volume of Trump's financial entanglements with 

Russia also point toward the inescapable conclusion that Donald Trump has been, as Donald Jr. 

acknowledged publicly, financially dependent on Russia and that, in itself, is a 

counterintelligence threat. 

(U) A thorough investigation into this threat would have required a review of Donald 

Trump's finances. In the House of Representatives, three committees issued subpoenas for 

financial records, including the House Permanent Select Committee on Intelligence which did so 

for the express purpose of conducting an investigation into foreign influence. In the Mazars 

case, the U.S. Supreme Court considered these subpoenas and upheld the principle that Congress 

may subpoena information, including the president's personal information, if it is related to and 

in furtherance of a legitimate task of the Congress. Given that the Committee has undertaken 

this counterintelligence investigation as a legitimate task of Congress and that 

counterintelligence investigations indisputably encompass financial entanglements, I regret that 

the Committee did not pursue the records sought by the House. · 

(U) By remanding the cases, the Supreme Court effectively delayed the House's access to 

these documents until after the 2020 election, thereby preventing Congress and the voting public 

from fully considering the counterintelligence threat posed by the incumbent. On a matter of 

such urgency, one that implicates the national security of the United States and the defense of its 

democracy, this delay js unacceptable. Congress must therefore pursue additional means to 

obtain and release financial information, including S. 20, the Presidential Tax Return Bill, which 

codifies the long-standing practice of presidents and presidential candidates releasing their 

finances to the public. Congress should also pass legislation that would reveal foreign influence 

efforts behind financial transactions, such as S.1978, the Corporate Transparency Act, which 

prevents the use of anonymous shell companies for illicit activities. 

(U) Concerns about access 

(U) As I have noted, publicly and privately since the beginning, the Committee's 

arbitrary limits on staff access to documents and witness interviews have impeded members' 

J ability to fully engage in and help shape this investigation. Some limitations were at the behest 

of Executive Branch agencies, although the extent to which the Committee could have negotiated 

on behalf of broader staff access is unclear. Other limitations, including with regard to both 

classified and unclassified information, were imposed by the Committee itself. 

(U) The Committee's actions run counter to the intent of the U.S. Senate and the 

Committee's previous practices. In 2004, the Senate amended the resolution establishing the 

Committee to require that each member have staff to serve as his or her "designated 

representative" on the Committee. This amendment has allowed individual members of the 

Committee to engage fully in the Committee's previous investigations. The exclusion of those 

designated representatives from this investigation represents both a departure from previous 

practice as well as an extremely unfortunate precedent. It is my fervent hope that the Committee 

will recognize that its investigations, as well as its oversight more generally, are strengthened 

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when each of its members is granted access to the staff resources required to fully and 

independently engage in those investigations. 

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