ARL-TN-0738 ● FEB 2016

US Army Research Laboratory

Mapping Boron Dioxide (BO2) Light Emission 

During Ballistic Initiation of Boron

by Kevin L McNesby, Matthew M Biss, Richard A Benjamin,

Ronnie A Thompson, and Anthony Rozanski

Approved for public release; distribution is unlimited.
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ARL-TN-0738 ● FEB 2016

US Army Research Laboratory

Mapping Boron Dioxide (BO2) Light Emission 

During Ballistic Initiation of Boron

by Kevin L McNesby, Matthew M Biss, Richard A Benjamin,

and Ronnie A Thompson

Weapons and Materials Research Directorate, ARL

Anthony Rozanski

General Sciences Inc., Souderton, PA

Approved for public release; distribution is unlimited.

FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY (delete if not FOUO)
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February 2016

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Technical Note

3. DATES COVERED (From - To)

February 2013–February 2015

4. TITLE AND SUBTITLE

Mapping Boron Dioxide (BO2) Light Emission During Ballistic Initiation of 

Boron

5a. CONTRACT NUMBER

5b. GRANT NUMBER

5c. PROGRAM ELEMENT NUMBER

6. AUTHOR(S)

Kevin L McNesby, Matthew M Biss, Richard A Benjamin, Ronnie A

Thompson, and Anthony Rozanski

5d. PROJECT NUMBER

5e. TASK NUMBER

5f. WORK UNIT NUMBER

7. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION NAME(S) AND ADDRESS(ES)

US Army Research Laboratory

ATTN: RDRL-WML-C

Aberdeen Proving Ground, MD 21005-5066

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ARL-TN-0738

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Approved for public release; distribution is unlimited.

13. SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES

14. ABSTRACT

This work describes chemical imaging of boron dioxide (BO2) formed during ballistic initiation of 1:1 by weight powdermixtures of boron (B) and potassium nitrate (KNO3) contained within a polyethylene spherical projectile (25-mm diameter). 

Initiation was achieved by impact of the gas-gun-launched B/KNO3-filled projectile with an anvil in a windowed, air-filled 

chamber. To monitor the subsequent chemical reaction, a 2-camera, optically filtered method to map discrete chemical 

emission from the BO2 molecule was used. This technique distinguishes incandescence of hot particles produced during the 

event from discrete chemical emission by BO2 near a wavelength of 546 nm. The dependence of delay in BO2 chemical 

emission (that exceeded particle incandescence) with impact velocity was investigated, and chemical emission movies, which 

ratio the intensity of discrete to thermal emission, are discussed. Emission spectra (300- to 1000-nm wavelength) were 

recorded during the impact event and used to determine a gray-body temperature of the hot particles during the time when 

BO2 emission was most intense.

15. SUBJECT TERMS

boron, impact initiation, spectroscopy, ignition delay, explosions

16. SECURITY CLASSIFICATION OF:

17. LIMITATION

OF ABSTRACT

UU

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OF PAGES

22

19a. NAME OF RESPONSIBLE PERSON

Kevin L McNesby

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Unclassified

b. ABSTRACT

Unclassified

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410 306-1383

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iii

Contents

List of Figures iv

Acknowledgments v

1. Introduction 1

2. Background 1

3. Experiment 2

3.1 B/KNO3 Emission Spectra 2

3.2 BO2 Imaging 3

3.3 Two-Camera Image Registration 4

3.4 Particle Temperature Measurements 4

3.5 Light-Gas Gun 4

4. Results 6

5. Discussion 8

6. Conclusion 10

7. References 11

Distribution List 13
iv

List of Figures

Fig. 1 Emission from a burning 1:1 (by weight) powder mixture of a milspec 

B/KNO3 igniter formulation. Spectral lines from gaseous BO2 emission 

(arrows) appear superimposed upon particle incandescence. Not 

corrected for intensity response of the spectrograph. ............................3

Fig. 2 A schematic of the gas gun-catch tank assembly. The photograph of 

the impact event is a single frame from a color camera mounted at the 

top of the catch tank assembly...............................................................5

Fig. 3 The 2-camera rig in position at the side port of the catch tank, prior to 

a gun firing. Note the color camera at the top port of the catch tank. 

The gas gun is positioned to the left of the chamber, out of the field of 

view of the photo. An integrating spectrograph (Ocean Optics HR4000) was mounted out of view of the photograph; however, the 

optical fiber that launched light from the event to the spectrograph 

may be seen at the top right of the catch tank (white arrow). The white 

plastic fixtures in front of each camera lens contain the optical filters. 6

Fig. 4 A series of processed images, time after impact, that are part of an 

emission movie to image B oxidation/BO2 emission. The projectile 

enters at the left of the figure and the anvil is at the right of the figure. 

Red indicates thermal emission (incandescence) near a wavelength of 

700 nm and has a higher overall intensity. Green indicates emission 

from incandescence plus BO2 emission near a wavelength of 546 nm 

and has a higher overall intensity. The x and y scales are pixel indices. 

Each pixel corresponds to approximately 100 μm in length at the focal 

plane of the 2-camera rig. ......................................................................7

Fig. 5 A plot of particle incandescent temperature and time to onset of 

gaseous BO2 emission (i.e., ignition delay) versus impact velocity for 

B/KNO3-containing polyethylene spheres.............................................8
v

Acknowledgments

The authors would like to acknowledge the support of the US Army Research 

Laboratory program on Innovation Research, the Defense Threat Reduction 

Agency, and the Strategic Environmental Research and Development Program.
vi

INTENTIONALLY LEFT BLANK.
1

1. Introduction

High-speed framing cameras have been used for decades to produce movies that 

help to visualize detonations and explosions.

1 While the detailed movies of these 

events can be qualitatively informative, retrieving variables such as pressures, 

temperatures, and chemical species concentrations is difficult.

2,3 Recently, some 

success has been realized imaging fireball surface temperatures and peak shock 

pressures from small- to medium-sized explosions by careful manipulation of 

imaging parameters.

4 These efforts enable peak pressure and temperature “maps” 

to be produced as the explosion proceeeds.

4

In this report, this technique is extended

to mapping of chemical species arising from boron oxidation during a ballistically 

initiated explosion.

The overall approach used 2 synchronized high-speed cameras, filtered at different 

wavelengths, to map the formation of gaseous boron dioxide (BO2 ) when a boron/ 

postassium nitrate (B/KNO3)-filled polyethylene “bullet” is fired against an anvil 

in a windowed, air-filled chamber. Following impact, a ballistically initiated 

explosion of the B/KNO3 powder mixture occurs. The general 2-camera method 

used here has been described previously.

4 To our knowledge, the work reported 

here is the first attempt to use the technique to map the evolution of a chemical 

species in an explosive event.

2. Background

Several metals and metalloids (e.g., Al [aluminum], B , Si [silicon]) may be added 

to propellants and explosives to increase energy.

5 For example, 

Eqs. 1–3 show the combustion energies (enthalpy of combustion, ∆Hc) in kilojoules 

per mole and kilojoules per gram of fuel for the oxidation reactions of B, Al, and 

Si, respectively. The combustion enthalpy of trinitrotoluene (TNT, C7H6N3O6, 

Eq. 4) is also shown for comparison.6

4B + 3O2→ 2B2O3 (l) ∆Hc= –626.8 kJ/mol ∆Hc = –57.97 kJ/g (1)

4Al + 3O2 → 2Al2O3 (l) ∆Hc = –810 kJ/mol ∆Hc = –30.03 kJ/g (2)

Si + O2 → SiO2 (vitreous) ∆Hc = –910.7 kJ/mol ∆Hc = –32.4 kJ/g (3)

2 C7H6N3O6 + 11O2 → 14CO2 + 6H2O + 3N2 ∆Hc = –3410 kJ/mol ∆Hc = –15.1 J/g. (4)
2

Because of the significant gain in combustion energy (weight basis, relative to 

TNT) predicted by combustion calculations, B has received considerable attention 

as an additive to explosive and propellant mixtures.

7 However, practical 

thermodynamic and physical properties inhibit realization of this ideal.

8

In a review 

article, Yeh and Kuo7summarized 2-stage B-particle combustion and measured 

burn times. Stepwise reactions occurring in B oxidation include9

B + O = BO. (5)

BO + O = BO2. (6)

Equations 5 and 6 are of special interest for studies of B oxidation10 and the work 

described here because excited states of the product species are responsible for the 

strong visible (green) light emission and offer the possibility of studying their 

emission as a function of ignition stimuli. Johns has shown11 that the band structure 

seen in emission and fluorescence during B combustion arises from sequences of 2 

electronic transitions in BO2 gas:

A

2Πu – X2Πg. (7)

B

2Σ+

u – X

2Πg. (8)

3. Experiment

3.1 B/KNO3 Emission Spectra

Figure 1 shows the visible emission spectrum of a burning 1:1 (by weight) mixture 

of a military specification compliant (MIL-STD-96112) B/KNO3 igniter 

formulation. The arrows show locations of the strongest observed emission bands 

of the BO2 molecule. Off-scale features near 589 and 760 nm are emissions from 

sodium and potassium atoms, respectively. To obtain this spectrum, approximately 

250 mg of the igniter formulation was placed on a resistively heated nickelchromium wire ribbon. When ignited, visible light emission was measured using 

an Ocean Optics HR2000+ spectrograph for an integration time of 100 ms after 

trigger. The spectrograph was externally triggered by a Si photodiode (New Focus) 

coupled to a Stanford Research Systems DG535 Pulse/Delay generator.
3

Fig. 1 Emission from a burning 1:1 (by weight) powder mixture of a milspec B/KNO3

igniter formulation. Spectral lines from gaseous BO2 emission (arrows) appear superimposed 

upon particle incandescence. Not corrected for intensity response of the spectrograph.

3.2 BO2 Imaging

The emission spectrum of burning B/KNO3 shown in Fig. 1 was used as a guide to 

devise a scheme for imaging emission from BO2 following ballistic initiation. 

Early-time imaging of metal oxidation products was suggested by Dreizin for AlO 

emission from aluminized explosives and modified here for imaging of BO2

emission (2012 discussion between K McNesby and EL Dreizin; unreferenced).

Essentially, 2 light sensors (cameras), each filtered over a narrow wavelength 

region, observe an event over the same line of sight. The wavelength regions are 

selected so that one region coincides with a known emission band of the molecule 

of interest. The second region is selected so that it sees only particle incandescence

(gray body emission13). The light signals are then ratioed to minimize the intensity

from the background incandescence (subtraction gave a qualitatively similar 

result). For imaging BO2 emission, the light sensors were 2 Phantom V7.3 

monochrome cameras (Vision Research, Inc.) looking through a glass plate beam 

splitter (Edward Scientific) along a common line of sight. The cameras were run 

from the same time base (slave and master setup) using identical lenses, apertures, 

frame rate (typically 40 kHz), and exposure duration (typically 1/frame rate). For 

measurements of BO2 emission, one 50-mm-diameter filter had a bandpass (10 nm) 

centered at 546 nm, and the other 50-mm-diameter filter had a bandpass (10 nm) 

centered at 700 nm. Selection of these optical regions was based upon the spectrum 

0

10000

20000

30000

40000

50000

60000

70000

400 500 600 700 800 900 1000 Intensity (arbitrary units)

Wavelength (nm)

Na K

546 nm
4

shown in Fig. 1. Filters were obtained from Aurora Optical, Inc. The sensitivty of 

the cameras at wavelengths of 546 and 700 nm are approximately equal13; however,

no correction was made to account for absolute differences in sensitivity. 

3.3 Two-Camera Image Registration

Although an effort was made to adjust the cameras to a common line of sight, it 

was found that a perfectly matched, hardware-based pixel-by-pixel overlap from 

the 2 cameras was never actually attainable. A software program was written in the 

computer program MATLAB to obtain a calibration image, create a transfer matrix, 

and then apply this matrix pixel-by-pixel to the slave-camera images. Using this 

software program, a fresh camera placement and fully aligned, registered system 

could be achieved in approximately 10 min.

3.4 Particle Temperature Measurements

A 400-μm-diameter Si core-Si clad optical fiber (Aurora Optics, Hanover, NH) was 

inserted into the top of the test chamber and the distal end coupled to an Ocean 

Optics HR4000 visible wavelength spectrograph. As a check, light launched into 

this optical fiber at the spectrograph end illuminated approximately the full volume 

imaged by the 2-camera rig. Therefore, any light emitted during the ballistic event 

within the chamber would be sampled by the spectrograph. Wavelength-resolved 

spectra, triggered by the gas gun firing, were recorded at 15-ms intervals during the 

event (timing limited by the spectrograph). To measure temperature, the Ocean 

Optics HR-4000 spectrograph was calibrated for intensity response using an Omega 

Inc. Model BB-4A calibrated blackbody. Corrected intensities reported at 850 and 

990 nm were used to calculate a gray-body temperature according to the Planck 

function.

14 This wavelength region was selected because it is free from discrete 

spectral emission, some spectra were saturated from 650 to 800 nm, and it was 

decided to use a common wavelength range for all temperature calculations. A 

check of the temperature measurement technique using emission from an 

acetylene/air diffusion flame gave reasonable results (1,800 K outer soot 

temperature).

15

3.5 Light-Gas Gun

The light-gas-gun facility at General Sciences Inc. (GSI, Souderton, PA) was used 

to investigate the impact-velocity dependence of ignition of the B/KNO3-filled 

polyethylene spheres. The gas gun consists of a high-pressure He tank, a dump 

valve that exhausts the high-pressure gas to the gun breech, and a 25-mm-diameter, 

unrifled, 4.9-m-long gun barrel. The projectile, equipped with a sabot,

16 can achieve 
5

velocities approaching 1,200 m/s. Precise velocities are measured photonically 

following stripping of the sabot as the projectile exits the barrel. KNO3 powder (50-

μm particle diameter) and B powder (30-μm particle diameter) were obtained from 

Fisher Scientific. The hollow 25-mm-diameter polyethylene spheres were 

manufactured in-house at GSI.

After the velocity is measured, the spherical projectile travels 0.5 m through free 

space and then enters a 50-mm-diameter, burst-disk-equipped (0.18-mm thickness, 

Al sheet) aperture at the near end of a 2-m3catch tank. The far end of the cylindrical 

catch tank is equipped with 30-mm-thick pyrex windows that allow visualization 

of the projectile impact with a steel anvil at the interior wall of the tank. A schematic 

of the gas-gun catch-tank assembly is shown in Fig. 2, along with a color camera 

image (camera mounted to an optical port on top of the chamber) of an impact event 

using the B/KNO3-filled polyethylene projectile.

Fig. 2 A schematic of the gas gun-catch tank assembly. The photograph of the impact event 

is a single frame from a color camera mounted at the top of the catch tank assembly.

The field of view of the 2-camera rig was approximately 15 cm. The spherical 

polyethylene projectile weight was 1.25 g, the weight of the 1:1 by weight B/KNO3

fill was 1 g (± 0.05 g), and the total projectile weight per shot was approximately 

2.25 g. The 2-camera imaging rig was positioned to enable side-on imaging of the 

B/KNO3-filled polyethylene sphere impacting the steel anvil at the rear interior of 
6

the catch chamber. The focal plane of the 2-camera rig contained the projectile shotaxis. Figure 3 is a photograph of the catch chamber with the 2-camera rig in position 

at the experimental facility at GSI.

Fig. 3 The 2-camera rig in position at the side port of the catch tank, prior to a gun firing. 

Note the color camera at the top port of the catch tank. The gas gun is positioned to the left of 

the chamber, out of the field of view of the photo. An integrating spectrograph (Ocean Optics 

HR-4000) was mounted out of view of the photograph; however, the optical fiber that launched 

light from the event to the spectrograph may be seen at the top right of the catch tank (white 

arrow). The white plastic fixtures in front of each camera lens contain the optical filters.

4. Results 

The monochrome cameras in the 2-camera rig were filtered at 546 and 

700 nm (each using a 10-nm bandpass width). An examination of the emission 

spectrum of burning B/KNO3 (Fig. 1) and comparison to measured spectral 

emission wavelengths for combusting B/KNO3 mixtures17 shows that the emission 

near 546 nm is a combination of incandescing hot particles and gas phase BO2

emission, and the emission near 700 nm is likely due only to incandescing hot 

particles.

 

Two-camera rig at

light gas gun facility

at GSI, Inc.

(courtesy A. Roszans
7

After recording a movie from each synchronized camera and registering the images 

as described previously, data were prepared by doing a pixel-by-pixel ratio of 

intensities (I546nm / I700nm) of each corresponding frame from each camera. If the 

ratio result was less than one, indicating higher intensity near 700 nm, the pixel was 

given a red color. If the ratio result was greater than one, indicating a higher 

intensity from BO2 emission, the pixel was given a green color. Each frame-toframe ratio produced a frame of a new movie (Fig. 4), consisting of green and red 

pixels only. The goal was to obtain a simple measure of how the impact velocity 

influenced the ratio of excited BO2 molecules to incandescent particles.

Fig. 4 A series of processed images, time after impact, that are part of an emission movie 

to image B oxidation/BO2 emission. The projectile enters at the left of the figure and the anvil 

is at the right of the figure. Red indicates thermal emission (incandescence) near a wavelength 

of 700 nm and has a higher overall intensity. Green indicates emission from incandescence 

plus BO2 emission near a wavelength of 546 nm and has a higher overall intensity. The x and 

y scales are pixel indices. Each pixel corresponds to approximately 100 μm in length at the 

focal plane of the 2-camera rig.

160 us after impact 480 us after impact

800 us after impact 2000 us after impact
8

To evaluate whether impact velocity has a real influence on time to appearance of 

BO2 emission using an arbitrary fixed ratio (I546nm / I700nm = 1), it is necessary to 

measure the temperature of the hot particles. Figure 5 shows a plot of average

particle (incandescence) temperature (850 and 990 nm) during time of peak BO2

emission and time to onset of BO2 emission (I546nm / I700nm > 1) versus impact 

velocity for impact experiments of B/KNO3-containing polyethylene spheres. Shots 

with polyethylene spheres that did not contain the B/KNO3 mixture did not exhibit 

any of the discrete emission here attributed to B oxidation/BO2 emission.

Fig. 5 A plot of particle incandescent temperature and time to onset of gaseous BO2

emission (i.e., ignition delay) versus impact velocity for B/KNO3-containing polyethylene 

spheres. 

5. Discussion

Figure 5 shows that the average measured particle temperature for all experiments, 

during the time of most intense BO2 emission, is near 1,400 K (± 100 K). At this 

average temperature the intensity of BO2 gas emission/particle incandescence near 

546 nm exceeds that of particulate emission intensity alone near 700 nm (I546nm / 

I700nm > 1). In their review, Yeh and Kuo estimate the ignition of B in air to occur 

at approximately 1,900 K and in oxygen at approximately 1,580 K.7 No data are

given for ignition of B/KNO3 mixtures. The data shown in Fig. 5 suggest that onset 

of BO2 emission near 546 nm in the experiment described here is dependent upon 

0

200

400

600

800

1000

1200

1400

1600

1800

2000

0

500

1000

1500

2000

2500

3000

700 750 800 850 900 950 1000 1050 1100 Particle Temperature (K) Ignition Delay (microseconds)

Impact Velocity (meters per second)

Ignition Delay (microseconds)

Particle Temperature (K)
9

particle temperature and has a more complicated dependence upon impact velocity. 

That is, once the powder mixture of B and KNO3 reaches approximately 1,400 K, 

BO2 emission becomes intense.

However, there is a shortcoming of the work presented here that should be pointed 

out. The camera measurements used to make the maps of BO2 emission intensity 

have a temporal resolution of 20 μs. The wavelength-resolved spectral 

measurements, from which particle temperature is derived, have a temporal 

resolution of 15 ms. For each impact event, there was only one emission spectrum 

showing appreciable intensity, meaning the full duration of the emission event was 

less than 15 ms. Therefore, the temperature measurements are an average 

temperature during the emission event. To fully validate conclusions made in this 

report, it is necessary to repeat these experiments using temperature measurements 

at the same time resolution as the camera time resolution. If there was a brief time 

of high temperature (higher than the average reported here) the T4dependence of 

gray-body emission18 intensity may still influence the average temperature. 

However, temperature measurements in smaller time increments than those 

reported here are needed to fully validate this technique.

With that caveat in mind, the data shown in Fig. 5 suggest that the imaging method 

described here may be of use in investigating when a metal additive participates in 

energy release in an energetic material formulation. The impact velocity versus 

onset of reaction time data shown in Fig. 5 suggests that at low velocity there is an 

ignition delay during which the particle is heated to approximately 1,400 K, 

presumably by oxidation reactions, and the ignition delay decreases as the projectile 

velocity increase to 800 ms-1. At higher velocities, there is an apparent rise in 

ignition delay with impact velocity. It is conceivable that the apparent increase in 

ignition delay time at impact velocities above around 850 ms-1 may be caused by 

the hottest particles leaving the camera field of view as these particles are expected 

to have high velocities relative to particles produced at lower impact velocities. 

This suggests a “sweet spot”, or an optimum impact velocity for minimizing time 

to onset of B oxidation, with these experimental parameters, for the field of view 

achieved with the 2-camera rig. Additionally, although it is implied that the onset 

of green pixels in the individual images indicates ignition delay times, the onset of 

green pixels actually means that the intensity of emission at 546 nm, at this time 

after impact, exceeds that of incandescent emission at 700 nm. For the data shown 

in Fig. 5, the projectile velocity at impact is believed to have an error approaching 

10%, the uncertainty in time to BO2 emission is believed to be approximately 100 

μs, and the error in calculated temperature is believed to be approximately 100 K, 

based upon calibration measurements using emission from an acetylene/air flame. 
10

6. Conclusion

The demonstrated chemical imaging technique may have merit, and extension to 

other testing scenarios may prove valuable, provided that particle temperature is 

always measured at similar time resolution. The ability to predetermine the time of 

metals participation during energy release by an explosive is not yet achievable but 

would be a significant accomplishment. This technique, or a refined version, may 

have real utility in optimizing new formulations that attempt to control the time to 

reaction. Additionally, as testing costs rise, the need for maximizing data per shot 

will mean methods similar to (or better than) those proposed here will become more 

important. As a practical consideration, the implementation of the software 

correction to register images between cameras makes the rig truly portable, with

setup time approximately that for a single camera. A straightforward extension of 

this technique would be the incorporation of the filters into a Bayer-type chip mask, 

enabling a single camera rig capable of reproducing the results shown here with 

slightly reduced fidelity but with far simpler data manipulation.
11

7. References

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transparent media. Berlin (Germany): Springer-Verlag; 2001.

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3. McNesby KL, Biss MM, Benjamin RA, Thompson RA. Optical measurement 

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4. Densmore JM, Biss MM, McNesby KL, Homan BE. High speed digital color 

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8. Miller WJ. Boron combustion product chemistry. Princeton (NJ): AeroChem 

Research Laboratories, Inc.; 1976 Oct. Report No.: AeroChem TP-349.

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1961;39(12):1738–1768.

12. MIL-STD-961. Department of defense standard practice for defense 

specifications. Falls Church (VA): Office of the Assistant Secretary of Defense 

(Economic Security); 1995 Mar 22.
12

13. Densmore JM, Biss MM, Homan BE, McNesby KL. Thermal imaging of 

nickel-aluminum and aluminum-polytetrafluoroethylene impact initiated 

combustion. Journal of Applied Physics. 2012;112:(8)084911–084911-5.

14. Herzberg G II. Infrared and raman spectra D. New York (NY): Van Nostrand 

Company, Inc.; 1950.

15. Sivathanu YR, Faeth GM. Temperature/soot volume fraction correlations in 

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16. Burns BP, Burton L, Drysdale WH. Methodologies for forecasting sabot mass 

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Sons; 1979.
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1 OFC OF NAVAL RSRCH 

(HC) C BEDFORD 

875 N RANDOLPH ST RM 653 

ARLINGTON VA 22203-1927 

2 NAVAL AIR WARFARE CTR

(HC) CODE 470000D

A ATWOOD

S BLASHILL

2400 E PILOT PLANT RD STOP 5001

CH1NA LAKE CA 93555-6107

2 DTRA

(HC) S PEIRIS

B WILSON

8725 JOHN J KINGMAN RD MS 6201

FORT BELVOIR VA 22060-6201
14

30 DIR USARL

(26 PDF RDRL WM

3 HC P BAKER

1 CD) B FORCH

RDRL WML

M ZOLTOSKI

RDRL WML A

F DE LUCIA

W OBERLE

RDRL WML B

J GOTTFRIED

J CIEZAK-JENKINS (3 HC, 1 CD)

J MORRIS

B RICE

W MATTSON

R PESCE-RODRIGUEZ

B HOMAN

R SAUSA

N TRIVEDI

I BATYREV

RDRL WML C

B ROOS

K MCNESBY

E BUKOWSKI

S AUBERT

RDRL WML D

R BEYER

RDRL WML E

P WEINACHT

RDRL WML F

D LYON

RDRL WML G

T BROWN

RDRL WML H

J NEWILL

RDRL WMM

J ZABINSKI

RDRL WMP

T BJERKE