116TH CONGRESS 1ST SESSION/SENATE DOCUMENT 116–5

NATIONAL DEBATE TOPIC FOR HIGH 

SCHOOLS, 2019–2020 

Resolved: The United States Federal 

Government Should Substantially Reduce 

Direct Commercial Sales and/or Foreign 

Military Sales of Arms from the United States 

NATIONAL DEBATE TOPIC FOR HIGH SCHOOLS, 2019–2020 

Pursuant to 44 U.S.C. Section 1333 

Compiled by the Congressional Research Service 

Library of Congress 

U.S. Government Publishing Office 

Washington, DC 2019 
(II)

44 U.S.C., SECTION 1333 

CHAPTER 13—PARTICULAR REPORTS AND DOCUMENTS 

Sec. 1333. National high school and college debate topics 

(a) The Librarian of Congress shall prepare compilations of pertinent excerpts, 

bibliographical references, and other appropriate materials relating to: 

(1) the subject selected annually by the National University Extension Association as the national high school debate topic and 

(2) the subject selected annually by the American Speech Association as the 

national college debate topic. 

In preparing the compilations the Librarian shall include materials which in his 

judgment are representative of, and give equal emphasis to, the opposing points of 

view on the respective topics. 

(b) The compilations on the high school debate topics shall be printed as Senate 

documents and the compilations on the college debate topics shall be printed as 

House of Representative documents, the cost of which shall be charged to the 

congressional allotment for printing and binding. Additional copies may be 

printed in the quantities and distributed in the manner the Joint Committee 

on Printing directs. 

(P.L. 90–620, Oct. 22, 1968, 82 Stat. 1270) 

Historical and Revision Notes 

Based on 44 U.S. Code, 1964 ed., Supp. III, Sec. 170 [Sec. 276a] (Dec. 30, 1963, Pub. 

L. 88–246, Secs. 1, 2, 77 Stat. 802) 
(III)

C O N T E N T S 

Page

FOREWORD ............................................................................................................ V 

INTRODUCTION .................................................................................................... 3 

SUMMARY ............................................................................................................... 3 

BASIC CONCEPTS AND DEFINITIONS ............................................................. 4 

GENERAL OVERVIEWS ........................................................................................ 5 

SELECTED LEGISLATION, TREATIES, AND POLICY DOCUMENTS ...... 5 

REQUEST AND PROCUREMENT PROCESS ................................................. 7 

IMPACT ON THE DEFENSE INDUSTRIAL BASE ........................................ 9 

IMPACT OF INTERNATIONAL ORGANIZATIONS 

AND MILITARY ALLIANCES ........................................................................ 11 

SPECIFIC CASES ................................................................................................... 12 

ASIA AND THE PACIFIC ................................................................................... 12 

MIDDLE EAST .................................................................................................... 17 

SUBJECT BIBLIOGRAPHY ................................................................................... 23 

(V)

Foreword

The 2019–2020 high school debate topic is: ‘‘Resolved: The United States 

Federal Government Should Substantially Reduce Direct Commercial Sales and/or 

Foreign Military Sales of Arms from the United States.’’ 

In compliance with 44 U.S.C., Section 1333, the Congressional Research 

Service (CRS) and the Researcher and Reference Services Division of the Library 

of Congress prepared this bibliography to assist high school debaters in researching 

this topic. This bibliography is intended to assist debaters in the identification of 

references and resources on the subject. In selecting items for inclusion in this bibliography, the Library of Congress has sampled a wide spectrum of opinions reflected 

in the current literature on this topic. No preference for any policy is indicated by 

the selection or positioning of articles, books, or websites cited, nor is the Library’s 

disapproval of any policy, position, or article to be inferred from its omission. 

The bibliography was prepared by Audrey Crane-Hirsch, Caitlin Curran, 

and Laura Deal of the Knowledge Services Group, CRS, and by Kenneth Drexler 

and William R. Elsbury, of the History and Genealogy Section, Library of Congress, 

under the direction of project team leader Elizabeth Larson, with assistance from 

Paul K. Kerr. 

We wish the best to each debater as they research, prepare, and present 

arguments on this year’s topic. 

Mary B. Mazanec, Director 

Congressional Research Service 
lotter on DSKBCFDHB2PROD with REPORTS

NATIONAL DEBATE TOPIC FOR HIGH SCHOOLS, 2019-2020

RESOLVED: THE UNITED STATES FEDERAL GOVERNMENT 

SHOULD SUBSTANTIALLY REDUCE DIRECT COMMERCIAL 

SALES AND/OR FOREIGN MILITARY SALES OF ARMS

FROM THE UNITED STATES

AN ANNOTATED BIBLIOGRAPHY ON THE 2019-2020

HIGH SCHOOL DEBATE TOPIC

Compiled by

Audrey Crane-Hirsch,

Caitlin Curran,

Laura Deal,

Knowledge Services Group,

Congressional Research Service

and by

Kenneth Drexler,

William R. Elsbury,

History and Genealogy Section,

Library of Congress

Under the direction of Elizabeth Larson,

Knowledge Services Group,

Congressional Research Service

June 2019

(3)

Introduction

The 2019-2020 high school debate topic is: “Resolved: The United States Federal Government 

Should Substantially Reduce Direct Commercial Sales and/or Foreign Military Sales of Arms 

from the United States.” The topic is selected annually by ballot of the delegates from the 

National Catholic Forensic League, the National Debate Coaches Association, and the 

National Speech and Debate Association, all organized under the umbrella organization, 

the National Federation of State High School Associations.

This selective bibliography, with brief annotations, is intended to assist debaters in identifying 

resources and references on the national debate topic. It lists citations to journal articles, books, 

congressional publications, legal cases, and websites. The bibliography is divided into three broad 

sections: basic concepts and definitions, general overviews, and specific cases.

Summary

The purpose of the bibliography is to provide students with a brief overview of information 

related to the 2019-2020 high school debate topic.

This compilation is not intended to provide complete coverage of the topic. Further research

on the topic may be accomplished at high school, public, and research libraries.

In addition to the resources included in this bibliography, there are many more international 

organizations, U.S. government agencies, and non-governmental organizations that provide 

information on the debate topic and sub-topics on their websites. Debaters are encouraged

to consult library resources as well as the internet for their research.
4

Basic Concepts and Definitions

Books

McCallister, Ernest B., ed. The Management of Security Cooperation. “Green Book” 39th ed. 

Wright-Patterson Air Force Base, OH: DISCS, 2019.

Available at 

https://www.discs.dsca.mil/_pages/resources/default.aspx?section=publications&type=greenbook.

This annually revised publication is used by Defense Institute of Security Cooperation Studies

to help in understanding the policy, precedent and procedure of security cooperation activities. 

It is an academic document and should not be construed as representing official policies of the

U.S. government. Annex A and Annex B contain abbreviations, acronyms and a glossary

of selected terms.

Office of the Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff. DOD Dictionary of Military and Associated 

Terms. Washington, DC: The Joint Staff, 2019.

Available at https://www.jcs.mil/Portals/36/Documents/Doctrine/pubs/dictionary.pdf.

The purpose of this dictionary is to standardize terminology so that communication and mutual 

understanding may be improved between Department of Defense (DOD) agencies, other U.S. 

government agencies, and U.S. allies. The definition for Foreign Military Sales (FMS) is found

on page 89.

Reports

U.S. Department of State. Bureau of Political-Military Affairs. “U.S. Arms Sales and Defense 

Trade: Fact Sheet.” Last revised May 21, 2019.

Available at https://www.state.gov/u-s-arms-sales-and-defense-trade/.

The Department of State’s Bureau of Political-Military Affairs (PM) oversees most governmentto-government arms sales. Under Foreign Military Sales (FMS), PM’s Office of Regional 

Security and Arms Transfers (PM/RSAT) manages the FMS process in close cooperation 

with the Department of Defense’s Defense Security Cooperation Agency (DSCA).

U.S. Government Accountability Office. Foreign Military Sales: Controls Should Be 

Strengthened to Address Substantial Growth in Overhead Account Balances, GAO-18-401.

May 10, 2018.

Available at https://www.gao.gov/products/GAO-18-401.

This report describes the growth of the Foreign Military Sales (FMS) administrative account 

and the FMS contract administration services (CAS) account and recommends changes in account 

controls to better manage these FMS fee accounts.

Websites

National Defense Industrial Association. “Foreign Military Sales vs Direct Commercial Sales.”

Available at http://www.ndia.org/policy/international/fms-vs-dcs.

This webpage from the National Defense Industrial Association describes and compares Foreign 

Military Sales and Direct Commercial Sales.

U.S. Defense Security Cooperation Agency. “FAQ.”

Available at https://www.dsca.mil/resources/faq.

Frequently asked questions about Foreign Military Sales, including a description of the program 

and comparisons to Direct Commercial Sales.
5

U.S. Defense Security Cooperation Agency. “Foreign Military Sales (FMS).”

Available at https://www.dsca.mil/programs/foreign-military-sales-fms.

This webpage contains a description of the Foreign Military Sales program, with links 

to information about related programs.

U.S. Defense Security Cooperation Agency. “Foreign Military Sales (FMS) Video.”

Available at https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hlAghDl_fJ0.

A video tutorial of the Foreign Military Sales (FMS) process presented by Lieutenant General 

(LTG) Charles Hooper. General Hooper is the Director of the Defense Security 

Cooperation Agency.

U.S. Defense Security Cooperation Agency (DCSA). “Publications.”

Available at https://www.dsca.mil/publications.

A list of the guides, handbooks, manuals, and videos on the policies and procedures of the 

Foreign Military Sales (FMS) program published by the DCSA.

U.S. Department of State. “Bureau of Political Military Affairs (PM).”

Available at https://www.state.gov/bureaus-offices/under-secretary-for-arms-control-andinternational-security-affairs/bureau-of-political-military-affairs/.

The Bureau of Political Military Affairs (PM) provides policy direction in the areas of 

international security, security assistance, military operations, defense strategy and plans, 

and defense trade.

U.S. Department of State. “Third Party Transfers and Foreign Military Sales Teams 

and Functions.”

Available at https://2009-2017.state.gov/t/pm/rsat/c14021.htm.

This site describes the responsibilities and functions of the Third Party Transfers Team and the 

Foreign Military Sales Team, and provides links to related topics such as the transfer process 

and the legal basis for arms transfers.

General Overviews

Selected Legislation, Treaties, and Policy Documents

The following resources give examples of legislation, treaties, and policy documents that have 

had an impact on arms sale policy. This list is not intended to be comprehensive.

Foreign Assistance Act of 1961, Pub. L. No. 87-195, 22 U.S.C. 2151. 

Available at https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/STATUTE-75/pdf/STATUTE-75-Pg424-2.pdf.

The Foreign Assistance Act of 1961 outlines the basis of the United States' foreign assistance 

policies and programs. Part II of the law authorizes military assistance to allied countries, 

including Foreign Military Sales "to any friendly country or international organization."

House Office of the Legislative Counsel. Compilation of the Arms Export Control Act 

[Pub. L. 90-629, as amended through Pub .L. 115-232]. Sept. 25, 2018.

Available at https://legcounsel.house.gov/Comps/Arms%20Export%20Control%20Act.pdf.

The Arms Export Control Act (AECA) of 1976 amended the Foreign Assistance Act of 1961 

and updated the laws regulating Foreign Military Sales. It authorizes the President to control the 

import and export of defense articles and defense services. It also requires congressional 

notification for Foreign Military Sales valued over specific amounts. Note: This compilation does 

not represent the official version of any federal statue. The official version of federal law is found 

in the United States Statutes at Large and in the United States Code.


,QWHUQDWLRQDO7UDIILFLQ$UPV5HJXODWLRQV&)5

$YDLODEOHDWKWWSVSPGGWFVWDWHJRYGGWFBSXEOLF"LG GGWFBSXEOLFBSRUWDOBLWDUBODQGLQJ

7KH,QWHUQDWLRQDO7UDIILFLQ$UPV5HJXODWLRQV,7$5LPSOHPHQWVWKHH[SRUWRIGHIHQVHDUWLFOHV

DVDXWKRUL]HGE\WKH$(&$,WFRYHUVDUWLFOHVVHUYLFHVDQGUHODWHGWHFKQRORJ\GHVLJQDWHGE\WKH

860XQLWLRQV/LVW

1DWLRQDO6HFXULW\3UHVLGHQWLDO0HPRUDQGXP5HJDUGLQJ86&RQYHQWLRQDO$UPV7UDQVIHU3ROLF\

1630$SU

$YDLODEOHDWKWWSVZZZZKLWHKRXVHJRYSUHVLGHQWLDODFWLRQVQDWLRQDOVHFXULW\SUHVLGHQWLDO

PHPRUDQGXPUHJDUGLQJXVFRQYHQWLRQDODUPVWUDQVIHUSROLF\

7KLV1DWLRQDO6HFXULW\3UHVLGHQWLDO0HPRUDQGXPXSGDWHGWKH&RQYHQWLRQDO$UPV7UDQVIHU

&$73ROLF\XVHGE\WKH86'HSDUWPHQWRI6WDWHWRGHWHUPLQHLIDWUDQVIHURIDUPVLVFRQVLVWHQW

ZLWK86QDWLRQDODQGHFRQRPLFVHFXULW\LQWHUHVWV

7KH8QLWHG6WDWHV0XQLWLRQV/LVW&)5

$YDLODEOHDWKWWSVZZZHFIUJRYFJLELQWH[WLG["6,' GHGFHDEIGIHEFGG

	PF WUXH	QRGH VHB	UJQ GLY

7KH860XQLWLRQV/LVW860/GHILQHVZKDWDGHIHQVHDUWLFOHRUGHIHQVHVHUYLFHLVDVUHJXODWHG

E\,7$5

$UWLFOHV

6KHU]HU+DUYH\*0LFKDHO7-DQLNDQG$OOHQ%*UHHQ)RUHLJQ0LOLWDU\6DOHV$*XLGH

WRWKH8QLWHG6WDWHV%XUHDXFUDF\Journal of International Law and EconomicsQR



7KLVROGHUDUWLFOHSURYLGHVDQRYHUYLHZRI&RQJUHVV¶VRULJLQDOLQWHQWLRQVLQZULWLQJWKH$UPV

([SRUW&RQWURO$FWDQGLQFKDQJLQJWKHODZVJRYHUQLQJ)RUHLJQ0LOLWDU\6DOHV1RWHWKDWLWV

GHVFULSWLRQRIWKHSURFHVVDQGEXUHDXFUDF\VXSSRUWLQJ)RUHLJQ0LOLWDU\6DOHVLVQRZRXWGDWHG

6RPH3DXO7UXPS$GPLQLVWUDWLRQ/RRNVWR(QFRXUDJH86$UPV6DOHV$EURDG,QFOXGLQJ

'URQH([SRUWVWashington Post$SU

$YDLODEOHDWKWWSVZZZZDVKLQJWRQSRVWFRPZRUOGQDWLRQDOVHFXULW\WUXPSDGPLQLVWUDWLRQ

ORRNVWRHQFRXUDJHXVDUPVVDOHVDEURDGLQFOXGLQJGURQHH[SRUWVHDDDF

HEDDIEFDGDBVWRU\KWPO

7KLVQHZVSDSHUDUWLFOHGHVFULEHV7UXPS$GPLQLVWUDWLRQSROLFLHVLPSOHPHQWHGLQWRLQFUHDVH

86DUPVVDOHVWRIRUHLJQFRXQWULHV

6WRKO5DFKHO8QGHUVWDQGLQJWKH&RQYHQWLRQDO$UPV7UDGHAIP Conference Proceedings 

QR

$YDLODEOHDWKWWSVDLSVFLWDWLRQRUJGRLSGI

7KLVDUWLFOHSURYLGHVDQRYHUYLHZRILQWHUQDWLRQDODQGQDWLRQDOOHYHOPHFKDQLVPVIRUFRQWUROOLQJ

WKHFRQYHQWLRQDODUPVWUDGH

7KUDOO7UHYRUDQG&DUROLQH'RUPLQH\$1HZ)UDPHZRUNIRU$VVHVVLQJWKH5LVNVIURP86

$UPV6DOHVWar on the Rocks-XQH

$YDLODEOHDWKWWSVZDURQWKHURFNVFRPDQHZIUDPHZRUNIRUDVVHVVLQJWKHULVNVIURP

XVDUPVVDOHV

7KLVDUWLFOHGLVFXVVHVULVNVDVVRFLDWHGZLWKIRUHLJQDUPVVDOHVDQGSURSRVHVDQHZULVNLQGH[

IRUXVHLQHYDOXDWLQJSRWHQWLDODUPVUHFLSLHQWV
7

Waltz, Susan. "U.S. Small Arms Policy: Having it Both Ways." World Policy Journal 24, no. 2 

(Summer 2007): 67-80. 

Available at https://read.dukeupress.edu/world-policy-journal/article/24/2/67/100195/U-S-SmallArms-Policy-Having-It-Both-Ways.

The author reviews U.S. laws and regulations regarding foreign sales of small arms and argues 

that there is a gap between the stated policy of accountability and transparency and 

actual practice.

Reports

Mahanty, Daniel and Annie Shiel. With Great Power: Modifying U.S. Arms Sales to Reduce 

Civilian Harm. Washington, DC: The Center for Civilians in Conflict and the 

Stimson Center, 2018. 

Available at 

https://www.stimson.org/content/great-power-modifying-us-arms-sales-reduce-civilian-harm-0.

This report provides an overview of existing international and domestic arms sale regulations 

and proposes changes to existing U.S. laws and policy in order to reduce civilian harm associated 

with U.S.-sold weapons.

U.S. Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service. The U.S. Export Control System 

and the Export Control Reform Initiative, by Ian F. Fergusson and Paul K. Kerr. R41916.

Available at https://crsreports.congress.gov/product/details?prodcode=R41916.

This report describes the federal regulations and government agencies involved in the export 

of sensitive materials and technologies from the United States, including defense articles 

and services.

Websites

Office of Export Control. Bureau of International Security and Nonproliferation. "Overview 

of U.S. Export Control System." 

Available at https://2009-2017.state.gov/strategictrade/overview/index.htm.

This site from the Department of State explains the policy goals and building blocks of the U.S. 

export control system. It outlines the parts of U.S. law related to exports, including the Arms 

Export Control Act, International Traffic in Arms Regulations, and the U.S. Munitions List.

Request and Procurement Process

Articles

Little, Thomas D. "End-use Monitoring is the Key to Success in Foreign Military Sales." 

Army Sustainment Magazine, Sept.-Oct. 2017. 

Available at 

https://www.army.mil/article/192447/end_use_monitoring_is_the_key_to_success_in_foreign_

military_sales.

This article explains how the United States verifies that arms transferred via Foreign Military 

Sales and Direct Commercial Sales are not used for purposes which violate the Arms Export 

Control Act.


5HSRUWV

*LOPDQ'HUHN5REHUW1LFKROV-DGH&7RWPDQ&KULVWLQH0LQDULFKForeign Military Sales 

and Direct Commercial Sales6HSW

$YDLODEOHDWKWWSVZZZGVFDPLOVLWHVGHIDXOWILOHVILQDOIPVGFVBBVHSSGI

7KLVUHSRUWSURGXFHGIRUWKH'HIHQVH6HFXULW\&RRSHUDWLRQ$JHQF\SURYLGHVDQRYHUYLHZ

RIWKHEXUHDXFUDWLFSURFHVVIROORZHGIRU)RUHLJQ0LOLWDU\6DOHVDQG'LUHFW&RPPHUFLDO6DOHV

DQGWKHOHJDOIUDPHZRUNRIERWK

86&RQJUHVV+RXVH&RPPLWWHHRQ)RUHLJQ$IIDLUV. Foreign Military Sales: Process 

and PolicyKHDULQJWK&RQJVWVHVV-XQH:DVKLQJWRQ'&86*RYHUQPHQW

3XEOLVKLQJ2IILFH

$YDLODEOHDWKWWSVZZZJRYLQIRJRYFRQWHQWSNJ&+5*KKUJSGI&+5*

KKUJSGI

,QWKLVKHDULQJWKHWHVWLPRQ\RI$PEDVVDGRU7LQD6.DLGDQRZDQG9LFH$GPLUDO-RVHSK5L[H\

SURYLGHVDQRYHUYLHZRIWKHSURFHVVRI)RUHLJQ0LOLWDU\6DOHVDQG'LUHFW&RPPHUFLDO6DOHV

DQGWKHOHJLVODWLRQDQGSROLFLHVZKLFKUHJXODWHWKHP

86'HSDUWPHQWRI6WDWH%XUHDXRI3ROLWLFDO0LOLWDU\$IIDLUV386$UPV6DOHVDQG'HIHQVH

7UDGH)DFW6KHHW ́/DVWUHYLVHG0D\

$YDLODEOHDWKWWSVZZZVWDWHJRYXVDUPVVDOHVDQGGHIHQVHWUDGH

7KLVIDFWVKHHWH[SODLQVWKHSXUSRVHRIDUPVVDOHVDQGGHIHQVHWUDGHDQGSURYLGHVDEDVLFRYHUYLHZ

RIWKHSURFHVVRI)RUHLJQ0LOLWDU\6DOHVDQG'LUHFW&RPPHUFLDO6DOHV

86/LEUDU\RI&RQJUHVV&RQJUHVVLRQDO5HVHDUFK6HUYLFHArms Sales: Congressional Review 

ProcessE\3DXO..HUU5/

$YDLODEOHDWKWWSVFUVUHSRUWVFRQJUHVVJRYSURGXFWGHWDLOV"SURGFRGH 5/

7KH$UPV([SRUW&RQWURO$FWUHTXLUHVWKDW&RQJUHVVEHQRWLILHGE\WKH3UHVLGHQWRI)RUHLJQ

0LOLWDU\6DOHVZKLFKH[FHHGFHUWDLQGROODUDPRXQWV7KLVUHSRUWGHVFULEHVWKHSURFHVVE\ZKLFK

&RQJUHVVUHYLHZVWKRVHSURSRVHGVDOHV

86/LEUDU\RI&RQJUHVV&RQJUHVVLRQDO5HVHDUFK6HUYLFHConventional Arms Transfers 

to Developing Nations, 2008-2015 E\&DWKHULQH$7KHRKDU\5

$YDLODEOHDWKWWSVFUVUHSRUWVFRQJUHVVJRYSURGXFWGHWDLOV"SURGFRGH 5

7KLVUHSRUWSURYLGHVGDWDRQFRQYHQWLRQDODUPVWUDQVIHUVE\WKH8QLWHG6WDWHVWRGHYHORSLQJ

QDWLRQVYLD)RUHLJQ0LOLWDU\6DOHV

86/LEUDU\RI&RQJUHVV&RQJUHVVLRQDO5HVHDUFK6HUYLFHU.S. Security Assistance 

and Security Cooperation Programs: Overview of Funding Trends, E\6XVDQ%(SVWHLQ

DQG/LDQD:5RVHQ5

$YDLODEOHDWKWWSVFUVUHSRUWVFRQJUHVVJRYSURGXFWGHWDLOV"SURGFRGH 5

7KLVRYHUYLHZGLVFXVVHVFKDQJHVSURSRVHGE\WKH7UXPSDGPLQLVWUDWLRQWRWKH)RUHLJQ0LOLWDU\

)LQDQFLQJSURJUDPZKLFKSURYLGHVJUDQWVDQGORDQVWRFRXQWULHVSXUFKDVLQJ86GHIHQVHDUWLFOHV

DQGVHUYLFHV

:HEVLWHV

86'HIHQVH6HFXULW\&RRSHUDWLRQ$JHQF\3'HIHQVH7UDGHDQG$UPV7UDQVIHUV. ́

$YDLODEOHDWKWWSVGVFDPLOSURJUDPVGHIHQVHWUDGHDQGDUPVWUDQVIHUV

7KH'HIHQVH6HFXULW\&RRSHUDWLRQ$JHQF\RYHUVHHV)RUHLJQ0LOLWDU\6DOHVDVDXWKRUL]HGE\WKH

$UPV([SRUW&RQWURO$FW7KHDJHQF\
VZHEVLWHFRQWDLQVDEDVLFRYHUYLHZRI)RUHLJQ0LOLWDU\

6DOHVDQGUHODWHGSURJUDPVOLNH)RUHLJQ0LOLWDU\)LQDQFLQJ,WVQHZVVHFWLRQFRQWDLQVSUHVV

UHOHDVHVDERXWPDMRUDUPVVDOHVDQGWRWDODQQXDO86DUPVVDOHVRYHUVHDV


86'HIHQVH3ULFLQJDQG&RQWUDFWLQJ'3&Defense Federal Acquisition Regulation 

Supplement 225.73, Acquisitions for Foreign Military Sales

$YDLODEOHDWKWWSVZZZDFTRVGPLOGSDSGDUVGIDUVKWPOFXUUHQWBKWP

2IILFLDOSROLFLHVDQGSURFHGXUHVRIWKHDFTXLVLWLRQVSURFHVVIRU)RUHLJQ0LOLWDU\6DOHV)06

XQGHUWKH$UPV([SRUW&RQWURO$FW86&&KDSWHU,WZDVODVWUHYLVHGRQ-XQH

,PSDFWRQWKH'HIHQVH,QGXVWULDO%DVH

$UWLFOHV

%HQDUG$OH[DQGHU$PHULFDQ1HHGVWR6HOO0RUH:HDSRQVWall Street Journal-XO\

,QWKLVRSHG%HQDUGDUJXHVWKH8QLWHG6WDWHV¶DUPVWUDQVIHUUHJXODWLRQVDUHWRRUHVWULFWLYHDQG

VKRXOGEHORRVHQHG

&DYHUOH\-RQDWKDQ'6ORZLQJWKH3UROLIHUDWLRQRI0DMRU&RQYHQWLRQDO:HDSRQV7KH9LUWXHV

RIDQ8QFRPSHWLWLYH0DUNHWEthics & International AffairsQR:LQWHU

$YDLODEOHDWKWWSVZZZFDPEULGJHRUJFRUHMRXUQDOVHWKLFVDQGLQWHUQDWLRQDO

DIIDLUVDUWLFOHVORZLQJWKHSUROLIHUDWLRQRIPDMRUFRQYHQWLRQDOZHDSRQVWKHYLUWXHVRIDQ

XQFRPSHWLWLYHPDUNHW''&%)))%%'''$

,QWKLVDUWLFOH&DYHUOH\DUJXHVWKDWWKH8QLWHG6WDWHV
GRPLQDQFHRIWKHJOREDODUPVPDUNHWVHUYHV

WRVORZWKHSUROLIHUDWLRQRIFRQYHQWLRQDOZHDSRQVDQGORZHUZRUOGZLGHOHYHOVRIFRUUXSWLRQDQG

DVVRFLDWHGYLROHQFHLQWKHDUPVLQGXVWU\$VWKHLQWHUQDWLRQDOPDUNHWEHFRPHVPRUHFRPSHWLWLYH

KHSURSRVHVWKDWWKH8QLWHG6WDWHVVKRXOGIRUPDQLQIRUPDOFDUWHOZLWKRWKHUDUPVVXSSOLHUVWR

FRQWLQXHWRPRGHUDWHWKHVSUHDGRIZHDSRQV

&DYHUOH\-RQDWKDQ'$PHULFD
V$UPV6DOHV3ROLF\6HFXULW\$EURDG1RW-REVDW+RPH

War on the Rocks, $SU

$YDLODEOHDWKWWSVZDURQWKHURFNVFRPDPHULFDVDUPVVDOHVSROLF\VHFXULW\DEURDGQRW

MREVDWKRPH

&DYHUOH\DQDO\]HVWKHQXPEHURIMREVFUHDWHGE\LQFUHDVLQJ86DUPVH[SRUWVDQGDUJXHVWKDWWKH

LQGXVWU\LVDQLQHIILFLHQWMREFUHDWRUZKHQFRPSDUHGWRRWKHUVHFWRUVDQGWKHUHIRUHLQVWHDGRI

IRFXVLQJRQHFRQRPLFEHQHILWV86DUPVH[SRUWSROLF\VKRXOGSULRULWL]HIRUHLJQSROLF\JRDOVDQG

LQWHUQDWLRQDOVHFXULW\FRQFHUQV+HDOVRDUJXHVWKDWFXUUHQW86H[SRUWUHJXODWLRQVDUHD

SRZHUIXOODWHQWIRUHLJQSROLF\WRRODQGVKRXOGQRWEHORRVHQHG

*KRO](XJHQH&RQYHQWLRQDO$UPV7UDQVIHUVDQG86(FRQRPLF6HFXULW\Strategic Studies 

QuarterlyQR6SULQJ

$YDLODEOHDW

KWWSVZZZDLUXQLYHUVLW\DIHGX3RUWDOV664GRFXPHQWV9ROXPHB,VVXH*KRO]SGI

*KRO]H[DPLQHVWKH7UXPS$GPLQLVWUDWLRQ
V$SULOUHYLVLRQVWRWKH86&RQYHQWLRQDO$UPV

7UDQVIHUSROLF\VHH1630DERYHZLWKDIRFXVRQWKHQHZUHTXLUHPHQWWKDWGHFLVLRQPDNLQJ

WDNHLQWRFRQVLGHUDWLRQWKHWUDQVIHU
VILQDQFLDORUHFRQRPLFHIIHFWRQ8QLWHG6WDWHVLQGXVWU\DQG

LWVHIIHFWRQWKHGHIHQVHLQGXVWULDOEDVH*KRO]SURYLGHVDQRYHUYLHZRIDUPVWUDQVIHUV
SRWHQWLDO

HFRQRPLFHIIHFWVDQGSURSRVHVZD\VWRPHDVXUHWKHP

7KH*OREDO$UPV7UDGHLV%RRPLQJ%X\HUVDUH6SRLOHGIRU&KRLFHThe Economist

$XJ

$YDLODEOHDWKWWSVZZZHFRQRPLVWFRPLQWHUQDWLRQDOWKHJOREDODUPVWUDGHLV

ERRPLQJEX\HUVDUHVSRLOHGIRUFKRLFH

7KLVQHZVDUWLFOHUHSRUWVRQWKHJURZLQJJOREDOGHPDQGIRUDUPV7KHDXWKRUFRQWHQGVWKDW

DOWKRXJKWKH8QLWHG6WDWHVLVVWLOOWKHOHDGLQJVXSSOLHURIFRQYHQWLRQDOZHDSRQVWKHUHLV

LQFUHDVLQJLQWHUQDWLRQDOFRPSHWLWLRQIRUDUPVVDOHV
10

Korte, Gregory. "Hawking Drones to U.S. Allies, Trump Loosens Policy on Arms Sales 

to Foreign Countries." USA Today, Apr. 19, 2018.

Available at https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/politics/2018/04/19/trump-militaryequipment-loosens-restrictions-arms-sales/532668002/.

This article reports on the Trump Administration's policy on the sale of drones to foreign 

governments and the processing of arms sales.

Stockholm International Peace Research Institute (SIPRI). "Asia and the Middle East Lead 

Rising Trend in Arms Imports, U.S. Exports Grow Significantly, Says SIPRI." SIPRI,

Mar. 12, 2018.

Available at https://www.sipri.org/news/press-release/2018/asia-and-middle-east-lead-risingtrend-arms-imports-us-exports-grow-significantly-says-sipri.

This press release discusses data released by the Stockholm International Peace Research Institute 

covering international arms sales from 2013-2017. 

Reports

Eaglen, Mackenzie, and Eric Sayers. Maintaining the Superiority of America's Defense

Industrial Base. Washington, DC: The Heritage Foundation, 2009.

Available at https://www.heritage.org/defense/report/maintaining-the-superiority-americasdefense-industrial-base.

This report asserts that America’s defense industrial base plays a vital part in providing the U.S. 

military with the equipment necessary to accomplish its goals. It also states that Congress should 

seek out Foreign Military Sales opportunities and streamline the sales process in order to maintain 

a healthy industrial base.

Hartung, William and Christina Arabia. Trends in Major U.S. Arms Sales in 2018: The Trump 

Record—Rhetoric vs. Reality. Washington, DC: Center for International Policy, 2019.

Available at https://static.wixstatic.com/ugd/3ba8a1_44475f2b94464e77b57c6d33953dc939.pdf.

This report argues that Foreign Military Sales contracts are concentrated in a small number 

of companies, and discusses factors relating to arms sales and job creation. It also makes 

recommendations aimed at improving the transparency and accountability of the 

arms sales process.

Herbert, Wayne M. "The effects of the U.S. Foreign Military Sales (FMS) program in preserving 

the Defense Industrial Base." PhD diss., Naval Postgraduate School, 1998.

Available at https://apps.dtic.mil/docs/citations/ADA357006.

This thesis examines the impact that Foreign Military Sales can have on the preservation of the 

defense industrial base as well as offers recommendations for the arms transfer process.

U.S. Congress. House. Committee on Armed Services. U.S. Industry Perspectives on the 

Department of Defense's Policies, Roles, and Responsibilities for Foreign Military Sales, hearing. 

114th Cong., 2nd sess., May 11, 2016. Washington, DC: U.S. Government Publishing 

Office, 2016.

Available at https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/CHRG-114hhrg20790/pdf/CHRG114hhrg20790.pdf.

Transcript of the hearing before the Subcommittee on Oversight and Investigations where a 

representative from the National Defense Industrial Association and another from the Aerospace 

Industries Association testified on industry’s experience with the FMS.
11

U.S. Department of Defense. Assessing and Strengthening the Manufacturing and Defense 

Industrial Base and Supply Chain Resiliency of the United States: Report to President 

Donald J. Trump by the Interagency Task Force in Fulfillment of Executive Order 13806.

Sept. 2018.

Available at https://media.defense.gov/2018/Oct/05/2002048904/-1/-1/1/ASSESSING-ANDSTRENGTHENING-THE-MANUFACTURING-AND%20DEFENSE-INDUSTRIAL-BASEAND-SUPPLY-CHAIN-RESILIENCY.PDF.

Following an executive order, this report details the factors impacting the defense industrial base. 

It assesses the risks, identifies the impacts, and offers recommendations for improvements.

Websites

Security Assistance Monitor, Center for International Policy. "Arms Sales Dashboard."

Available at https://securityassistance.org/content/arms-sales-dashboard.

The Arms Sales Dashboard is a data visualization tool which shows U.S. arms sales by country 

with data from 2000 to present. It also shows the sales by categories, including Foreign Military 

Sales and Direct Commercial Sales and the recipients.

U.S. Department of Homeland Security “Defense Industrial Base Sector.”

Available at https://www.dhs.gov/cisa/defense-industrial-base-sector.

This site provides background and information on the defense industrial base sector.

Impact of International Organizations and Military Alliances

Articles

Elliot, Adriane. “Maximizing Foreign Military Sales Provides Multiple Benefits: Mission 

Strengthens Readiness, Partnerships, Finances.” Army Magazine 68, no. 8 (Aug. 2018): 34-35.

This article discusses the role of the U.S. Army Security Assistance Command, which manages 

foreign arms sales. It argues that Foreign Military Sales increase Army readiness, strengthen 

international partnerships, and have a financial value.

Stohl, Rachel. “Questionable Reward: Arms Sales and the War on Terrorism.” Arms Control 

Today 38, no. 1 (2008): 17-23.

Available at https://www.armscontrol.org/act/2008_01-02/stohl.

The author discusses the United States’ use of arms sales to countries identified as key allies in 

the war on terrorism and presents possible negative long-term effects.

Van Horn, Bob. "Using Foreign Military Sales to Support Military-to-Military Cooperation." 

Defense Institute of Security Assistance Management (DISAM) Journal 29, no. 2 (Apr. 2007): 

149-153.

Available at https://www.discs.dsca.mil/Pubs/Indexes/Vol%2029_2/Van%20Horn.pdf.

The author argues that in some circumstances, the use of Foreign Military Sales can support 

military-to-military cooperation, but should not completely replace other programs that 

support cooperation.

Yarhi-Milo, Keren, Alexander Lanoszka, and Zack Cooper. “To Arm or to Ally? The Patron's 

Dilemma and the Strategic Logic of Arms Transfers and Alliances.” International Security 41, 

no. 2 (2016): 90-139. 

Available at https://www.mitpressjournals.org/doi/10.1162/ISEC_a_00250.

The authors present the conditions under which great powers offer client state arms, alliance 

agreements, or in some cases both.
12

Books

Root, Hilton L. "Economic Logic of the Alliance Curse." In Alliance Curse: How America Lost 

the Third World, 3-14. Washington, DC: Brookings Institution Press, 2008.

Available at https://www.brookings.edu/wp-content/uploads/2016/07/alliancecurse_chapter.pdf.

In this chapter, the author discusses the creation of asymmetric alliances through the use of arms 

sales, which may result in future liabilities.

Websites

North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO). “Arms-control, disarmament and non-proliferation 

in NATO.”

Available at http://www.nato.int/cps/en/natohq/topics_48895.htm.

This site provides an overview of NATO’s role in arms control, disarmament, and 

non-proliferation policy.

U.S. Department of State. Bureau of Arms Control, Verification and Compliance. 

“World Military Expenditures and Arms Transfers.”

Available at https://www.state.gov/world-military-expenditures-and-arms-transfers/.

Website includes the "World Military Expenditures and Arms Transfers" (WMEAT), a series 

of publications that provide data accompanied by analyses and highlights on military spending 

and arms transfers worldwide.

Specific Cases

U.S. Defense Security Cooperation Agency. “Major Arms Sales.”

Available at https://www.dsca.mil/major-arms-sales.

Listing of the notifications to Congress of possible major arms sales approved by the Department 

of State. The notifications contain the name of the country, the type of equipment, and the 

estimated cost of the sale. The listings on this page are of all countries in reverse chronological 

order. Country-specific information can be found by typing the country name in a search bar 

at the top right of the page.

Asia and the Pacific

Articles

Abercrombie, Cara. “Removing Barriers to U.S.-India Defense Trade.” Carnegie Endowment for 

International Peace, Jan. 10, 2018.

Available at https://carnegieendowment.org/2018/01/10/removing-barriers-to-u.s.-india-defensetrade-pub-75206.

Abercrombie contends that increased defense trade between the U.S. and India will strengthen 

the strategic partnership between the two countries. The author investigates bureaucratic obstacles

that might currently hinder arms trade and offers suggestions for improving existing policies.
13

Bitzinger, Richard. “Asia’s Arms Bazaar: Growing Market for China, US.” RSIS Commentaries,

no. 158 (Oct. 2018).

Available at https://www.rsis.edu.sg/rsis-publication/rsis/co18159-asias-arms-bazaar-growingmarket-for-china-us/.

The author provides an overview of the current state of the Asian arms market, including recent 

sales data. He contends that an increasing demand in the region for more sophisticated weapons 

is good news for both Chinese and American defense companies.

Caverley, Jonathan D. and Ethan B. Kapstein. “Who's Arming Asia?” Survival 58, no. 2 (Mar. 18, 

2016): 167-184.

The authors contend that U.S. arms sales are a critical component of maintaining influence in 

Asia. They argue that a recent decline in U.S. market share puts American foreign policy goals 

in the region at risk.

Dasgupta, Sunil and Stephen P. Cohen. "Arms Sales for India: How Military Trade could 

Energize U.S.-Indian Relations." Foreign Affairs 90, no. 2 (Mar. 2011): 22-26.

The authors examine the strategic benefits of arms sales between the U.S. and India, as well as 

current obstacles to growth. The authors contend that political concessions will need to be made 

by both countries in order to increase military trade.

Dorschner, Jon P. "Are South Asian Arms Sales in the U.S. National Interest?" American 

Diplomacy (Apr. 27, 2016): 1-3.

Available at http://americandiplomacy.web.unc.edu/2016/05/are-south-asian-arms-sales-in-the-us-national-interest-the-foreign-policy-implications/.

Dorschner argues that India’s reliance on arms purchased from the United States and other 

nations is detrimental to the national interests of both countries. The author states that both liberal 

and realist arguments can be used to back his viewpoint.

Farley, Robert. “Can China Replace the United States as the World's Top Arms Dealer?” The 

Diplomat, Nov. 21, 2017.

Available at https://thediplomat.com/2017/11/can-china-replace-the-us-as-the-worlds-toparms-dealer/.

The author contends that China may soon replace the U.S. as the global leader in the international 

arms market.

Harold, Scott W. “Why Has Obama Lifted the Arms Sales Ban on Vietnam?” Newsweek,

May 25, 2016.

Available at https://www.newsweek.com/why-has-obama-lifted-arms-sales-ban-vietnam-463435.

This article examines the reasons behind the decision to lift the arms sales ban on Vietnam. The 

author contends that U.S. arms sales will help further enhance U.S. influence in Vietnam and the 

entire region.

Harper, Jon. "Industrial Concerns Shaping Asia-Pacific Arms Market." National Defense 102, 

no. 775 (June 2018): 27-29.

Available at http://www.nationaldefensemagazine.org/articles/2018/6/6/industrial-concernsshaping-asia-pacific-arms-market.

This article explores the current state of the Asian-Pacific weapons market, with an emphasis 

on U.S. arms deals. It predicts that demand in the Asia-Pacific market will remain strong in the 

foreseeable future, offering the U.S. strategic and commercial opportunities.


,QVLQQD9DOHULH386ORRNVWRLQFUHDVHZHDSRQVH[SRUWVWR9LHWQDPGHFUHDVH5XVVLDQLQIOXHQFH ́

Defense News)HE

$YDLODEOHDWKWWSVZZZGHIHQVHQHZVFRPGLJLWDOVKRZGDLOLHVVLQJDSRUHDLUVKRZXV

ORRNVWRLQFUHDVHZHDSRQVH[SRUWVWRYLHWQDPGHFUHDVHUXVVLDQLQIOXHQFH

86HIIRUWVWRLQFUHDVHDUPVGHDOVZLWK9LHWQDPDUHH[SORUHGLQWKLVDUWLFOH&XUUHQWREVWDFOHV

WR86DUPVVDOHVWR9LHWQDPDUHGLVFXVVHG

.DSVWHLQ(WKDQ%3$UPV6DOHVDQG$PHULFDQ,QWHUHVWV ́&HQWHUIRUD1HZ$PHULFDQ6HFXULW\

6HSW

$YDLODEOHDWKWWSVZZZFQDVRUJSXEOLFDWLRQVFRPPHQWDU\DUPVVDOHVDQGDPHULFDQLQWHUHVWV

7KHDXWKRUDUJXHVWKDW86DUPVVDOHVDUHDQLPSRUWDQWIDFWRULQPDLQWDLQLQJLQIOXHQFHLQ$VLD

%\VHOOLQJVLPSOHUDQGPRUHFRVWHIIHFWLYHZHDSRQVWR$VLDQFRXQWULHV.DSVWHLQFRQWHQGVWKDW

WKH86FDQERRVWLWVRZQGRPHVWLFHFRQRP\DQGSURPRWHLWVIRUHLJQSROLF\LQWHUHVWVLQWKH

UHJLRQ

.DVWQHU6FRWW/:LOOLDP5HHGDQG3LQJ.XHL&KHQ0RVWO\%DUN/LWWOH%LWH"0RGHOLQJ

86$UPV6DOHVWR7DLZDQDQGWKH&KLQHVH5HVSRQVHIssues and StudiesQR6HSW



7KHDXWKRUVFUHDWHDPRGHOWKDWH[DPLQHV&KLQHVHUHDFWLRQWR86DUPVVDOHVWR7DLZDQ7KH

PRGHOH[SORUHVGRPHVWLFDQGLQWHUQDWLRQDOWUDGHRIIVWKDW&KLQDPXVWIDFHZKHQUHVSRQGLQJWR

86DUPVVDOHV

0DOLN1XNKEDW3&KLQD2XWSDFHV86LQ$UPV6XSSO\WR3DNLVWDQ ́ Voice of America

0DU

$YDLODEOHDWKWWSVZZZYRDQHZVFRPDFKLQDRXWSDFHVXVDUPVVXSSO\SDNLVWDQKWPO

%DVHGRQDUHSRUWLVVXHGE\WKH6WRFNKROP,QWHUQDWLRQDO3HDFH5HVHDUFK,QVWLWXWH6,35,WKH

DXWKRUZULWHVWKDW86DUPVVDOHVWR3DNLVWDQKDYHGHFUHDVHGGUDPDWLFDOO\LQWKHSDVWILYH\HDUV

GXHWRGHWHULRUDWLQJUHODWLRQVEHWZHHQWKHWZRFRXQWULHV

.DVKLVK3DUSLDQL3,QVWLWXWLRQDOLVLQJ,QGLD86'HIHQFH7LHVLQ$PHULFDQ/HJLVODWLYH

3UHFHGHQWV ́ORF Issue BriefQR)HE

$YDLODEOHDWKWWSVZZZRUIRQOLQHRUJUHVHDUFKLQVWLWXWLRQDOLVLQJLQGLDXVGHIHQFHWLHVLQ

DPHULFDQOHJLVODWLYHSUHFHGHQWV

7KHDXWKRUH[DPLQHVWKHUROHRIWKHWK&RQJUHVVDVLWUHODWHVWR86,QGLDDUPVWUDGH

DQGWHFKQRORJ\WUDQVIHUV+HFRQWHQGVWKDWWKHWK&RQJUHVVZLOOSURYLGHJUHDWHURYHUVLJKW

RQ86DUPVH[SRUWV

0LVWU\'LQVKDZ386$UPV6DOHVWR,QGLD ́Asia Pacific BulletinQR-XO\

$YDLODEOHDWKWWSVZZZHDVWZHVWFHQWHURUJSXEOLFDWLRQVXVDUPVVDOHVLQGLD

7KLVDUWLFOHFRQWDLQVDQDQDO\VLVRI86DUPVVDOHVWR,QGLDIURPWR

3UDPRQR6XJLUDWR0RUH*XQV/HVV%XWWHU"&KLQD86$UPV5DFH%HKLQG6RXWKHDVW$VLD¶V

(FRQRPLF%RRPChina Quarterly of International Strategic StudiesQR6SULQJ



$YDLODEOHDWKWWSVGRLRUJ6

7KHDXWKRUDUJXHVWKDWWKHDUPVUDFHEHWZHHQWKH86DQG&KLQDLQ6RXWKHDVW$VLDKHOSVGULYH

HFRQRPLFJURZWKDQGSURPRWHVSROLWLFDOVWDELOLW\LQWKHUHJLRQ

6WHLQERFN'DQ36KDQJUL/D$UPV5DFH2U)ROORZWKH0RQH\ ́Foreign Policy Journal

-XQH

$YDLODEOHDW

KWWSVZZZIRUHLJQSROLF\MRXUQDOFRPVKDQJULODDUPVUDFHRUIROORZWKHPRQH\

7KLVDUWLFOHH[DPLQHV86DUPVVDOHVLQ$VLDDQGPDUNHWFRPSHWLWLRQIURP5XVVLDDQG&KLQD

$QRYHUYLHZRIWKHFXUUHQWDUPVPDUNHWLQ$VLDLVSUHVHQWHG


6WRUH\,DQ386DVVDXOWRQ5XVVLDQDUPVH[SRUWVFRXOGPLVILUHLQ$VLD ́Nikkei Asian Review

1RY

$YDLODEOHDW

KWWSVDVLDQLNNHLFRP2SLQLRQ86DVVDXOWRQ5XVVLDQDUPVH[SRUWVFRXOGPLVILUHLQ$VLD

7KHDXWKRUDUJXHVWKDW86DWWHPSWVWROLPLW5XVVLDQZHDSRQVH[SRUWVPD\LQDGYHUWHQWO\KHOS

&KLQDE\LQFUHDVLQJ&KLQHVHDUPVVDOHVWR6RXWKHDVW$VLDQFRXQWULHV

:RRG\&KULVWRSKHU37UXPS:DQWVWR5DPSXS86$UPV6DOHVDQGD7RS'LSORPDWLV3XVKLQJ

:HDSRQV'HDOVLQ&KLQD
V%DFN\DUG ́Business Insider)HE

$YDLODEOHDWKWWSVZZZEXVLQHVVLQVLGHUFRPXVGLSORPDWVLQJDSRUHDLUVKRZWUXPSZHDSRQV

VDOHVSXVK

'LVFXVVHVWKH7UXPS$GPLQLVWUDWLRQ¶V%X\$PHULFDQSODQDVLWUHODWHVWRDUPVVDOHVLQ$VLD

([SODLQVWKDW86PLOLWDU\DWWDFKHVDQGGLSORPDWVZLOOEHXVHGWRSURPRWHGHIHQVHWUDGH

WKURXJKRXWWKHUHJLRQ

%RRNV

7DQ$QGUHZ7+The Arms Race in Asia: Trends, Concepts and Implications/RQGRQ

5RXWOHGJH

3UHVHQWVDV\VWHPDWLFH[DPLQDWLRQRIWKHHPHUJLQJDUPVUDFHLQ$VLD7KHDXWKRUFRQFOXGHVWKDW

WKHDUPVUDFHLQ$VLDZLOOOHDGWRLQVWDELOLW\DQGPLOLWDU\FRQIOLFWVLQWKHUHJLRQLIOHIWXQFKHFNHG

5HSRUWV

&URQLQ3DWULFN0-RQDWKDQ:*UHHQHUW6KLUOH\.DKQ3HWHU0DWWLVDQG0LFKDHO0D]]D

Strengthening U.S.-Taiwan Defense Relations:DVKLQJWRQ'&7KH1DWLRQDO%XUHDXRI$VLDQ

5HVHDUFK0D\

$YDLODEOHDWKWWSVZZZQEURUJZSFRQWHQWXSORDGVSGIVXV

WDLZDQBGHIHQVHBUHODWLRQVBURXQGWDEOHBPD\SGI

7KLVUHSRUWFRQWDLQVIRXUHVVD\VWKDWH[SORUH867DLZDQGHIHQVHUHODWLRQVLQFOXGLQJUHIHUHQFHV

WRSDVWDQGFXUUHQW86DUPVVDOHVWR7DLZDQ7KHHVVD\VH[DPLQHFRQJUHVVLRQDOVXSSRUWIRU

7DLZDQWKH1DWLRQDO'HIHQVH$XWKRUL]DWLRQ$FWDQG7DLZDQWKH7UXPS$GPLQLVWUDWLRQ¶V

7DLZDQSROLF\DQG&KLQD¶VSUHVVXUHRQ7DLZDQ

*RSDODVZDP\%KDUDWK. India's Quest for Fighter Jets: Make in India vs. Make America Great 

Again:DVKLQJWRQ'&$WODQWLF&RXQFLO

$YDLODEOHDWKWWSZZZDWODQWLFFRXQFLORUJLPDJHVSXEOLFDWLRQV,QGLD5HSRUW),1$/SGI

7KHDXWKRUVXJJHVWVWKDWWKHVDOHRI86ILJKWHUMHWVWR,QGLDZLOOERRVWWKHVWUDWHJLFFRQYHUJHQFH

EHWZHHQWKHWZRFRXQWULHVDQGZLOOKHOSFRQWDLQ&KLQD¶VLQIOXHQFHLQWKHUHJLRQ

.RN3LLQ)HQDQG'DYLG-)LUHVWHLQ. Threading the Needle: Proposals for U.S. and Chinese 

Actions on Arms Sales to Taiwan1HZ<RUN(DVW:HVW,QVWLWXWH

$YDLODEOHDWKWWSVZZZHDVWZHVWQJRLGHDWKUHDGLQJQHHGOHSURSRVDOVXVDQGFKLQHVHDFWLRQV

DUPVVDOHVWDLZDQ

7KH(DVW:HVW,QVWLWXWH¶VUHSRUWH[SORUHVSROLWLFDODQGPLOLWDU\LVVXHVUHODWHGWR86DUPVVDOHV

WR7DLZDQ3ROLF\SURSRVDOVDUHRIIHUHGWRPDQDJHWKHELODWHUDOUHODWLRQVKLSEHWZHHQWKH86

DQG&KLQDDQGWRKHOSGHFUHDVHWHQVLRQVRYHU86DUPVVDOHVWR7DLZDQ
16

U.S. Congress. House. Committee on Armed Services. The Military Posture and Security 

Challenges in the Indo-Asia-Pacific Region, hearing. 115th Cong., 2nd sess., Feb. 14, 2018. 

Washington, DC: U.S. Government Publishing Office, 2018.

Available at https://www.govinfo.gov/app/details/CHRG-115hhrg28993/CHRG-115hhrg28993.

This hearing looks at defense and security issues related to the Indo-Asia-Pacific Region. The 

statement of Admiral Harry B. Harris Jr, U.S. Navy Commander, U.S. Pacific Command, presents 

an overview of military relations in the region, including some references to Direct Commercial 

Sales (DCS) and Foreign Military Sales (FMS) to specific countries.

U.S. Congress. House. Committee on Foreign Affairs. Subcommittee on Asia and the Pacific. 

Renewing Assurances: Strengthening U.S.-Taiwan Ties, hearing. 115th Cong., 1st sess., 

June 15, 2017. Washington, DC: U.S. Government Publishing Office, 2017.

Available at https://www.govinfo.gov/app/details/CHRG-115hhrg25846/CHRG-115hhrg25846.

This hearing looks at the current state of U.S.-Taiwan relations that includes testimony and 

statistics related to U.S. arms sales. It contains testimony from the U.S.-Taiwan Business Council, 

American Enterprise Institute, and the Global Taiwan Institute.

U.S. Congress. Senate. Committee on Foreign Relations. Subcommittee on East Asian and Pacific 

Affairs. Evaluating U.S. Policy on Taiwan on the 35th Anniversary of the Taiwan Relations Act 

(TRA). 113th Congress, 2nd sess., Apr. 3, 2014. Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing 

Office, 2014.

Available at https://www.govinfo.gov/app/details/CHRG-113shrg91138/CHRG-113shrg91138.

This hearing looks at U.S. policy on Taiwan on the 35th anniversary of the Taiwan Relations Act 

of 1979. References to U.S. arms sales to Taiwan can be found throughout the hearing.

U.S. Department of State. Bureau of Political-Military Affairs. “U.S. Security Cooperation 

with Japan: Fact Sheet.” Last revised May 21, 2019.

Available at https://www.state.gov/u-s-security-cooperation-with-japan/.

This fact sheet presents an overview of U.S. security cooperation with Japan, including a brief 

summary of U.S. arms sales.

U.S. Department of State. Bureau of Political-Military Affairs. “U.S. Security Cooperation 

with Korea: Fact Sheet.” Last revised May 21, 2019.

Available at https://www.state.gov/u-s-security-cooperation-with-korea/.

This fact sheet presents an overview of U.S. security cooperation with South Korea, including 

a brief summary of U.S. arms sales.

U.S. Department of State. Bureau of Public Affairs. “U.S. Security Cooperation with Vietnam: 

Fact Sheet.” Last revised Aug. 16, 2018.

Available at https://www.state.gov/u-s-security-cooperation-with-vietnam/.

This fact sheet presents an overview of U.S. security cooperation with Vietnam, including a brief 

summary of U.S. arms sales.

U.S. Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service. India-U.S. Relations: Issues 

for Congress, by K. Alan Kronstadt and Shayerah Ilias Akhtar. R44876.

Available at https://crsreports.congress.gov/product/details?prodcode=R44876.

This report explores the current state of U.S.-Indian relations, including a brief overview 

of defense trade between the two countries.

U.S. Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service. Taiwan: Issues for Congress,

by Susan V. Lawrence and Wayne M. Morrison. R44996.

Available at https://crsreports.congress.gov/product/details?prodcode=R44996.

This report presents an overview of U.S. relations with Taiwan. It contains a detailed section on 

U.S. arms sales to Taiwan.
17

U.S. Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service. The U.S.-Japan Alliance, by Emma 

Chanlett-Avery and Ian E. Rinehart. RL33740.

Available at https://crsreports.congress.gov/product/details?prodcode=RL33740.

This report offers an overview of the U.S.-Japan alliance. It includes sections on U.S. arms sales 

to Japan and defense industry cooperation and co-production of weapons systems.

U.S. Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service. U.S.-Vietnam Economic and Trade 

Relations: Key Issues in 2018, by Michael F. Martin. R45172.

Available at https://crsreports.congress.gov/product/details?prodcode=R45172.

This report provides an overview of U.S.-Vietnam trade relations. It includes a section 

on U.S. arms sales to Vietnam.

Middle East

Articles

Bacher, Ariel. “JCPOA: Implications and Effects on Our Foreign Military Sales Program.” Public

Contract Law Journal 46, no. 4 (Summer 2017): 873-893.

The author argues that Israel’s ability to engage in a preemptive strike against potential Iranian 

nuclear weapon development, possibly facilitated by Iran’s 2015 Joint Comprehensive Plan 

of Action (JCPOA), is a military and foreign policy benefit to the United States, made possible 

primarily through Israeli acquisition of U.S. weapons through the Foreign Military Sales (FMS) 

program. The author contends that the Arms Export Control Act (AECA) should be amended, 

to ensure that Israel’s access to the FMS program is not curtailed on grounds that such a 

preemptive attack might not be considered “legitimate self-defense” under the current 

AECA statute.

Dewan, Angela. Graphics by Henrik Petterson. “These Are the Countries Still Selling Arms 

to Saudi Arabia.” CNN, Nov. 23, 2018.

Available at 

https://www.cnn.com/2018/11/22/middleeast/arms-exports-saudi-arabia-intl/index.html.

This article provides statistics on the countries selling arms to Saudi Arabia. The United 

Kingdom, the second-largest supplier to Saudi Arabia, decreased its deliveries by almost 50% 

from 2016 to 2017, while the U.S. nearly doubled its exports.

Gilsinan, Kathy. “Why the U.S Can’t Quit Saudi Arabia.” The Atlantic, Oct. 16, 2018.

Available at https://www.theatlantic.com/international/archive/2018/10/jamal-khashoggiamerican-saudi-counterterrorism-relationship/573148/.

The author traces the history of U.S.-Saudi relations with a focus on recent events. She examines 

the tensions of a relationship described as founded on shared interests, but not shared values.

“The Global Arms Trade: Masters of War.” The Economist 428, no. 9105, 

Aug. 18, 2018: 47-48.

The article reports that the international arms market is volatile, with total demand growing, more 

sellers, and a buyer’s market for developing nations. It contends that U.S. arms-export policy 

delicately balances economic and geopolitical opportunity against preventing the transfer of 

technologies that could destabilize war zones or be used against the United States—a strategy 

some commentators argue can be counter-productive.
18

Harper, Jon. “Middle East Arms Imports Expected to Remain Robust.” National Defense 102, 

no. 775 (June 2018): 24-26.

Available at http://www.nationaldefensemagazine.org/articles/2018/6/8/middle-east-armsimports-expected-to-remain-robust.

The author surveys military sales orders by multiple countries in the Middle East, including 

defensive systems such as aircraft and missile defense, as well as offensive technology such as 

fighter jets, transport aircraft, helicopters, airborne platforms for intelligence, surveillance and 

reconnaissance, and drones. The article observes that some countries in the Middle East 

have had little trouble finding new arms sources when long-time suppliers have reduced 

or ended their sales.

Osborne, Tony. “UAE Leaning to Russia Could be Price of U.S. Arms Sale Inaction.” Aviation 

Week & Space Technology, Feb. 27, 2017.

The author depicts the United Arab Emirates (UAE) as a key U.S. and NATO ally in the Persian 

Gulf and Middle East, but reports that the United States’ refusal to let the UAE (and other Gulf 

states) acquire advanced combat aircraft, such as the U.S. F-35 fighter jet, has pushed the UAE 

to partner with Russia to develop new fighter aircraft for the 2020s.

Vittori, Jodi. “American Weapons in the Wrong Hands.” Carnegie Endowment for International 

Peace, Feb. 19, 2019.

Available at 

https://carnegieendowment.org/2019/02/19/american-weapons-in-wrong-hands-pub-78408.

The article discusses arms purchases by Saudi Arabia and the United Arab Emirates. It articulates 

reasons the United States should conduct a full-scale review of U.S. Army sales to the Gulf region 

and provides examples of Gulf States diverting U.S. arms. It calls for the Department of Defense, 

the Department of State, and the Department of Commerce to do a better job monitoring 

arms sales.

Books

Riedel, Bruce. Kings and Presidents: Saudi Arabia and the United States since FDR. Washington, 

DC: Brookings Institution Press, 2018.

The author, a former National Security Council staffer and CIA analyst, uses declassified 

documents, Saudi and American memoirs, and eyewitness accounts to provide an inside look 

at the complex partnership between the two countries. Includes discussions of U.S. weapons sales 

to Saudi Arabia and Israel.

Reports

Council on Foreign Relations. U.S.-Saudi Arabia Relations. New York: Council on Foreign 

Relations. Last updated Dec. 7, 2018.

Available at https://www.cfr.org/backgrounder/us-saudi-arabia-relations.

This report provides background on the relationship between Saudi Arabia and the United States. 

It discusses the seventy-year alliance, oil, defense and counterterrorism, the war in Yemen, 

and financial ties.


7KUDOO$7UHYRUDQG&DUROLQH'RUPLQH\Risky Business: The Role of Arms Sales in U.S. 

Foreign PolicyPolicy Analysis&DWR,QVWLWXWH1R0DU

$YDLODEOHDWKWWSVZZZFDWRRUJSXEOLFDWLRQVSROLF\DQDO\VLVULVN\EXVLQHVVUROHDUPVVDOHVXV

IRUHLJQSROLF\

7KLVDQDO\VLVLVVXHGE\WKHOLEHUWDULDQ&DWR,QVWLWXWHSURYLGHVDGHWDLOHGGLVFXVVLRQRIWKHIRUFHV

WKDWVKDSH86DUPVVDOHV7KHDXWKRUVILQGWKDWWKHHFRQRPLFDQGVWUDWHJLFEHQHILWVIURP

ZLGHVSUHDGDUPVVDOHVDUHOLPLWHGDQGXQFHUWDLQDQGDUHJUHDWO\RYHUVKDGRZHGE\QHJDWLYH

XQLQWHQGHGFRQVHTXHQFHVIRUWKH86WKRVHEX\LQJZHDSRQVDQGWKHUHJLRQDOFRQIOLFWVZKHUH

86ZHDSRQVDUHSXWWRXVH7KHDXWKRUVXUJHWKH86WRUHYLVHLWVSROLFLHVWRLPSURYHULVN

DVVHVVPHQWVEDQVDOHVWRFRXQWULHVZKHUHWKHULVNVRIQHJDWLYHFRQVHTXHQFHVDUHWRRKLJKDQG

DOORZVDOHVRQO\LQWKHOLPLWHGFDVHZKHUHWKH\ZLOOGLUHFWO\HQKDQFH$PHULFDQVHFXULW\

86&RQJUHVV+RXVH&RPPLWWHHRQ)RUHLJQ$IIDLUV6XEFRPPLWWHHRQWKH0LGGOH(DVW

DQG1RUWK$IULFDChallenges and Opportunities for the U.S.-Saudi Arabia RelationshipKHDULQJ

WK&RQJVWVHVV-XQH:DVKLQJWRQ'&86*RYHUQPHQW3XEOLVKLQJ2IILFH

$YDLODEOHDW

KWWSVZZZJRYLQIRJRYFRQWHQWSNJ&+5*KKUJSGI&+5*KKUJSGI

7KLVKHDULQJH[DPLQHVWKHH[WHQWWRZKLFKLIDWDOO6DXGL$UDELDKDVXVHGDUPVSXUFKDVHGIURP

WKH86WRHQJDJHLQKXPDQULJKWVYLRODWLRQVHVSHFLDOO\LQWKHZDULQ<HPHQ:LWQHVVHVWHVWLI\

RQZKHWKHUWKH86VKRXOGUHGXFHDUPVVDOHVWR6DXGL$UDELDVHOORQO\GHIHQVLYHZHDSRQV

V\VWHPVWR6DXGL$UDELDRULPSRVHDGGLWLRQDOFRQVWUDLQWVRQ6DXGL$UDELD¶VXVHRIZHDSRQV

SXUFKDVHGIURPWKH8QLWHG6WDWHV

86&RQJUHVV+RXVH&RPPLWWHHRQ)RUHLJQ$IIDLUV6XEFRPPLWWHHRQWKH0LGGOH(DVWDQG

1RUWK$IULFDImplications of a U.S.-Saudi Arabia Nuclear Cooperation Agreement for the Middle 

EastKHDULQJWK&RQJQGVHVV0DU:DVKLQJWRQ'&86*RYHUQPHQW

3XEOLVKLQJ2IILFH

$YDLODEOHDW

KWWSVZZZJRYLQIRJRYFRQWHQWSNJ&+5*KKUJSGI&+5*KKUJSGI

7KLVKHDULQJH[DPLQHG6DXGL$UDELD¶VSODQVWRGHYHORSQXFOHDUSRZHUSODQWVDQGWKH

SRVVLELOLW\WKDWLWFRXOGXVHXUDQLXPDQGQXFOHDUHQULFKPHQWUHVRXUFHVIURPWKH86DQG

RWKHUFRXQWULHVWRGHYHORSQXFOHDUZHDSRQV:LWQHVVHVGLVFXVVHGZKHWKHU6DXGL$UDELDPHW

FXUUHQWFULWHULDIRUDSSURYDORI86VDOHVXQGHU6HFWLRQRIWKH$WRPLF(QHUJ\$FW

DQGZKDWFRQGLWLRQVLIDQ\VKRXOGEHSXWRQSRWHQWLDODXWKRUL]DWLRQVIRUWKHWUDQVIHU

RI86WHFKQRORJ\

86&RQJUHVV+RXVH&RPPLWWHHRQ)RUHLJQ$IIDLUV6XEFRPPLWWHHRQ7HUURULVP

1RQSUROLIHUDWLRQDQG7UDGHThe U.S. Saudi Arabia Counterterrorism RelationshipKHDULQJ

WK&RQJQGVHVV0D\:DVKLQJWRQ'&86*RYHUQPHQW3XEOLVKLQJ2IILFH

$YDLODEOHDW

KWWSVZZZJRYLQIRJRYFRQWHQWSNJ&+5*KKUJSGI&+5*KKUJSGI

$KHDULQJWRH[DPLQHWKHSURJUHVVRI6DXGL$UDELD¶VHIIRUWVWRFRPEDWWHUURULVP:LWQHVVHV

GLVFXVVKRZWKH8QLWHG6WDWHVDQG6DXGL$UDELDKDYHZRUNHGWRJHWKHUWRFRPEDWWHUURULVP

DVZHOODVDGGUHVVLQJDVSHFWVRI6DXGLVRFLHW\DQGGRPHVWLFSROLFLHVWKDWLPSDFWWKDWZRUN

86&RQJUHVV+RXVH&RPPLWWHHRQ)RUHLJQ$IIDLUV6XEFRPPLWWHHRQ7HUURULVP

1RQSUROLIHUDWLRQDQG7UDGHForeign Military Sales: Process and Policy KHDULQJWK&RQJ

VWVHVV-XQH:DVKLQJWRQ'&86*RYHUQPHQW3XEOLVKLQJ2IILFH

$YDLODEOHDW

KWWSVZZZJRYLQIRJRYFRQWHQWSNJ&+5*KKUJSGI&+5*KKUJSGI

+HDULQJRQWKH)RUHLJQ0LOLWDU\6DOHVSURFHVVDQGVRPHRIWKHLQHIILFLHQFLHVZLWKWKHSURFHVVWKDW

UHVXOWLQDOOLHVWXUQLQJWRIRUHLJQFRPSHWLWRUV,WGLVFXVVHVWKH86LQWHUHVWLQSURYLGLQJ6DXGL

$UDELDZLWKDUPVWRFRXQWHUWKUHDWVDJDLQVWWKH86SRVHGE\,UDQ,WDOVRGLVFXVVHV86FRQFHUQV

ZLWKWKH6DXGLOHGPLOLWDU\FRDOLWLRQFRPPLWWLQJZDUFULPHVLQ<HPHQDQGWKH6DXGLFDPSDLJQ

WRH[SRUWDQWL:HVWHUQOLWHUDWXUHDQGLGHRORJ\WKURXJKRXWWKHZRUOG
20

U.S. Congress. House. Committee on Foreign Affairs. U.S. Policy toward a Turbulent 

Middle East, hearing. 115th Cong., 2nd sess., Apr. 18, 2018. Washington, DC: U.S. Government 

Publishing Office, 2018.

Available at 

https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/CHRG-115hhrg29814/pdf/CHRG-115hhrg29814.pdf.

This hearing addressed U.S. interests concerning commercial, diplomatic, human rights, and other 

issues in the Middle East. Responses from State Department officials to written “questions for the 

record” after the hearing address arms sales to Libya.

U.S. Department of State. Bureau of Near Eastern Affairs. “U.S. Relations with Egypt: Fact 

Sheet.” Last revised July 18, 2018.

Available at https://www.state.gov/u-s-relations-with-egypt/.

This fact sheet presents an overview of United States relations with Egypt, including sections 

on military and economic assistance; and bilateral economic relations.

U.S. Department of State. Bureau of Near Eastern Affairs. “U.S. Relations with Israel: Fact 

Sheet.” Last revised May 14, 2018.

Available at https://www.state.gov/u-s-relations-with-israel/.

This fact sheet presents an overview of United States relations with Israel, including sections 

on military assistance and bilateral economic relations.

U.S. Department of State. Bureau of European and Eurasian Affairs. “U.S. Relations with Turkey: 

Fact Sheet.” Last revised Mar. 27, 2019.

Available at https://www.state.gov/u-s-relations-with-turkey/.

This fact sheet presents an overview of United States relations with Turkey, including security 

cooperation and bilateral economic relations.

U.S. Department of State. Bureau of Near Eastern Affairs. “U.S. Relations with United Arab 

Emirates Fact Sheet.” Last revised Sept. 13, 2018.

Available at https://www.state.gov/u-s-relations-with-united-arab-emirates/.

This fact sheet presents an overview of United States relations with United Arab Emirates, 

including United States’ security assistance and bilateral economic relations.

U.S. Department of State. Bureau of Political-Military Affairs. “U.S. Security Cooperation with 

Saudi Arabia: Fact Sheet” Last revised May 21, 2019.

Available at https://www.state.gov/u-s-security-cooperation-with-saudi-arabia/.

This fact sheet presents an overview of United States security cooperation with Saudi Arabia, 

the United States’ largest Foreign Military Sales customer, including its role in counterterrorism 

efforts and regional stability.

U.S. Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service. Arms Sales in the Middle East: 

Trends and Analytical Perspectives for U.S. Policy, by Clayton Thomas. R44984.

Available at https://crsreports.congress.gov/product/details?prodcode=R44984.

This report analyzes arms sales in the Middle East. It includes discussions on the role of arms 

sales in U.S. policy, regional developments, major regional country profiles, and potential issues 

for Congress.

U.S. Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service. Conventional Arms Transfers to 

Developing Nations, 2008–2015, by Catherine A. Theohary. R44716.

Available at https://crsreports.congress.gov/product/details?prodcode=R44716.

This report provides context to understand the scope and significance of foreign arms sales, both 

from the United States and from other countries. Numerous tables provide quantitative data, 

distinguishing the monetary value of arms agreements from arms deliveries. The report also 

surveys trends and historical reasons for particular nation-to-nation relationships.
21

U.S. Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service. Egypt: Background and U.S. 

Relations, by Jeremy Sharp. RL33003.

Available at https://crsreports.congress.gov/product/details?prodcode=RL33003.

This report presents an overview of United States relations with Egypt. It includes sections 

on U.S. military aid and arms sales, terrorism and Islamist militancy, and Egypt’s foreign policy 

with other key countries.

U.S. Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service. Israel: Background and U.S. 

Relations, by Jim Zanotti. RL33476.

Available at https://crsreports.congress.gov/product/details?prodcode=RL33476.

This report provides background and analysis on United States relations with Israel. It includes 

sections on U.S. aid and arms sales, Israeli security and challenges, and security cooperation 

between the two countries.

U.S. Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service. Turkey: Background and U.S. 

Relations in Brief, by Jim Zanotti and Clayton Thomas. R44000.

Available at https://crsreports.congress.gov/product/details?prodcode=R44000.

This report provides background and analysis on United States relations with Turkey. It includes 

sections on F-35 aircraft acquisition, Turkey’s military operations in Syria, and Turkey’s political 

and economic trajectories.

U.S. Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service. United Arab Emirates: Background 

and U.S. Relations, by Kenneth Katzman. RS21852.

Available at https://crsreports.congress.gov/product/details?prodcode=RS21852.

This report provides background and analysis on United States relations with the United Arab 

Emirates (UAE). It includes discussions on defense cooperation with the United States, including 

U.S. and other arms sales; UAE policy toward regional conflicts; and human rights-related issues.

Zenko, Micah and Sarah Kreps. Limiting Armed Drone Proliferation. New York: Council on 

Foreign Relations, 2014.

Available at https://www.cfr.org/report/limiting-armed-drone-proliferation.

The authors observe that although the U.S. is the world’s leader in possessing and using armed 

drones, other nations are eager for the technology, either by developing internal capacities, or, 

in the cases of Pakistan, Turkey, Saudi Arabia, and the United Arab Emirates (UAE), by buying 

them. The authors argue that the U.S. has a critical opportunity and a unique responsibility to 

shape worldwide norms for the sale of armed drones. They urge that the U.S. should adopt a strict 

export control policy.

23

SUBJECT BIBLIOGRAPHY

This section of the bibliography was compiled by the U.S. Government Publishing Office

Library Services and Content Management.

These resources are freely available through the Catalog of U.S. Government Publications, 

https://catalog.gpo.gov.

Some are also available for purchase from the GPO bookstore, 

https://bookstore.gpo.gov.

“Resolved: The United States Federal Government Should Substantially Reduce 

Direct Commercial Sales and/or Foreign Military Sales of Arms from the United States.”

Assessing the Department of Defense’s Execution of Responsibilities in the U.S. Foreign 

Military Sales Program (hearing, May 17, 2016)

Available at: http://purl.fdlp.gov/GPO/gpo77715

Publisher: U.S. Congress, House, Committee on Armed Services, Subcommittee 

on Oversight and Investigations

Year/Pages: 2017; 79 p.

Print price: N/A

Code of Federal Regulations, Title 15, Commerce and Foreign Trade, Parts 300-799, 

Revised as of January 1, 2019

Available at: http://purl.access.gpo.gov/GPO/LPS494

Publisher: National Archives and Records Administration, Office of the Federal Register

Year/Pages: 2019; 1,173 p.

Print price: $68.00 

Code of Federal Regulations, Title 32, National Defense, Parts 1-190, Revised 

as of July 1, 2018 

Available at: http://purl.access.gpo.gov/GPO/LPS494

Publisher: National Archives and Records Administration, Office of the Federal Register

Year/Pages: 2018; 1,115 p.

Print price: $67.00
24

Code of Federal Regulations, Title 32, National Defense, Parts 191-399, Revised 

as of July 1, 2018 

Available at: http://purl.access.gpo.gov/GPO/LPS494

Publisher: National Archives and Records Administration, Office of the Federal Register

Year/Pages: 2018; 1,206 p.

Print price: $69.00

Code of Federal Regulations, Title 32, National Defense, Parts 400-629, Revised 

as of July 1, 2018

Available at: http://purl.access.gpo.gov/GPO/LPS494

Publisher: National Archives and Records Administration, Office of the Federal Register

Year/Pages: 2018; 465 p.

Print price: $56.00

Commercial Sales of Military Technologies (hearing, June 4, 2009)

Available at: http://purl.fdlp.gov/GPO/gpo26094

Publisher: U.S. Congress, House, Committee on Energy and Commerce, Subcommittee 

on Oversight and Investigations

Year/Pages: 2012; 121 p.

Print price: N/A

Export Controls, Arms Sales, and Reform: Balancing U.S. Interests, Part 1 (hearing, 

May 12, 2011)

Available at: http://purl.fdlp.gov/GPO/gpo11661

Publisher: U.S. Congress, House, Committee on Foreign Affairs 

Year/Pages: 2011; 105 p.

Print price: $11.00
25

Export Controls, Arms Sales, and Reform: Balancing U.S. Interests, Part 2 (hearing, 

February 7, 2012)

Available at: http://purl.fdlp.gov/GPO/gpo11661

Publisher: U.S. Congress, House, Committee on Foreign Affairs 

Year/Pages: 2012; 75 p.

Print price: $8.00

Reforming U.S. Export Controls Reforms: Advancing U.S. Army Interests

Available at: http://purl.fdlp.gov/GPO/gpo64722

Publisher: Defense Dept., Army, U.S. Army War College, Strategic Studies Institute

Year/Pages: 2015; 103 p.

Print price: $14.00

Additional Resources to Search

https://catalog.gpo.gov

The Catalog of U.S. Government Publications (CGP) is the finding tool for information 

products published by all three branches of the U.S. Government. It includes descriptive 

information for current and historical publications as well as direct links to full-text documents, 

when available. The catalog also offers the option to locate a nearby Federal Depository Library 

that has a particular publication or that can provide expert assistance in finding and using related 

U.S. government information.

https://www.govinfo.gov

govinfo provides free public access to official publications from all three branches of the Federal 

Government. In addition to providing an advanced, metadata-powered search experience, govinfo

also includes a content management system and a standards-compliant preservation repository.

ż