Data from the

NATIONAL HEALTH SURVEY

Series 11

Number 153

Health Attitudes and Behavior

Of Youths 12-17Years:

Demographic and Socioeconomic Factors

United States

Distributions of responses to selected questions on general health,

attitudes, mental and physical development, social adjustment and

behavior of adolescents are presented by certain demographic and

socioeconomic variables.

DHEW Publication No. (HRA) 76-1635

U.S. DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH, EDUCATION, AND WELFARE

Public Health Service

Health Resources Administration

National Center for Health Statistics

Rockville, Md. October 1975
Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data

Vogt, Dorothee K.

Health attitudes and behavior of }ouths 12-17 years.

(Vital and health statistics: Series 11, data from Nationa

(DHEW publication; no. (HRA) 76-1 635)

Bibliography: p.

Health Survey; no. 153)

1. Youth–Health and hygiene–United States–Statistics. 2. Health attitudes–United

States–Statistics. 3. Youth–United States–Statistics. I. Title. 11. Series: United States.

iNational Center for Health Statistics. Vital and health statistics. Series 11, data from the

National Health Survey, data from the health examination survey; no. 153. 111. Series:

United States. Dept. of Health, Education, and Welfare. DHEW publication; no. (HRA)

76-1635. [DNLM: 1. Attitude to health–In adolescence. 2. Behavior–In adolescence. 3.

Socioeconomic factors. W2A N148vk no. 153]

RA407.3.A347 no. 153 [RA564.5] 312’.0973s

ISBN 0-8406-0042-9 [613’.04’330973] 75-11667

For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing office, W’ashingto!,, D.C. 2040’2- PrlL%$1.30
NATIONAL CENTER FOR HEALTH STATISTICS

HAROLD MARGULIES, M.D., Acting Director

ROBERT A, ISRAEL, Acting Deputy Director

GAIL F. FISHER, Associate Director for the Cooperative Health Statistics System

ELIJAH L. WHITE, Associate Director for Data Systems

EDWARD E. MINTY, Associate Director for Management

PETER L. HURLEY, Acting Associate Director for Operations

JAMES M. ROBEY, Ph.D., Associate Director for pro~am Development

ALICE HAYWOOD, Information Officer

DIVISION OF HEALTH EXAMINATION STATISTICS

ARTHUR J. MCDOWELL, Director

JEAN-PIERRE HABICHT, M.D., Ph.D., Special Assistant to Director

PETER V. V. HAMILL, M.D., Medical Adviser

HAROLD J. DUPUY, Ph.D., %ychoZo&”ca2Adviser

ROBERT S. MURPHY, Chiej Survey P2anning and Development Branch

LINCOLN I. OLIVER, Chief Psychojog”cal Statistics Branch

COOPERATION OF THE BUREAU OF THE CENSUS

In accordance with specifications established by the National Health

Survey, the Bureau of the Census, under a contractual agreement, participated

in the design and selection of the sample, and carried out the first stage of

the field interviewing and certain parts of the statistical processing.

Vital and Health Statistics–Series 11-No. 153

DHEW Publication No. (HRA) 76-1635

Library of Congress Catalog Card Number 75-1167
CONTENTS

Page

Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1

QuestionnaireData . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2

Findings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2

General Health Status . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2

Health-Related Behavior.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4

Appearance andSocialPatterns . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6

School- andWork-Related Behavior . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7

UseofLeisure Time . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8

Summary and Conclusions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9

References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11

ListofDetailed Tables . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12

AppendixI. TechnicalNotes on Methods . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46

The Survey Design . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46

Reliability . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47

Extent ofMissingQuestionnaire Data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48

SamplingandMeasurement Error . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48

Hypothesis Testing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50

Small Categories . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51

AppendixII. Definitions ofCertain Terms Used inThisReport . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52

Appendix III .SelectedPortions from the Administered Questionnaires . . . . . . . . . . 54

Medical History ofYouth(Parent’s Questionnaire) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54

Health Habits andHistory ofYouth (Youth’s Questionnaire) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57

Health Behavior (Youth’s Questionnaire) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61

SupplementalInformation from School . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66

...

III
SYMBOLS

Data not available --------------------------------------- ---

Category not applicable ------------------------------ . . .

Quantity zero --------------------------------------------- -

Quantity more than O but less than 0.05---- 0.0
HEALTH ATTITUDES AND BEHAVIOR

OF YOUTHS 12-17 YEARS:

DEMOGRAPHIC AND SOCIOECONOMIC FACTORS

Dorothee K. Vogt, Ph.D., Division of Health Examination Statistics

INTRODUCTION

This report presents findings on attitudes and

behavior patterns of American youths based on

responses to selected questionnaire items. These

questionnaire data were obtained as part of the

Health Examination Survey which was conducted from March 1966 to March 1970 by the

National Center for Health Statistics.

The Health Examination Survey (HES) is an

ongoing program which collects data by direct

examination of representative samples of the

noninstitutionalized population of the United

States. Since 1960 the survey has conducted a

series of separate programs (called “cycles”)

concerned with segments of the total population

and has focused on certain aspects of the health

of the selected subpopulation. The data in this

report, were obtained during Cycle III, in which

noninstitutionalized youths aged 12-17 were

examined, That program was a continuation of

the immediately preceding cycle, a survey of

children aged 6-11 years focusing on health

factors related to growth and development.

Details regarding the surveys can be obtained in

comprehensive reports on the children’s programl ~~ and on the youths’ program.3 Further

information about the Cycle HI survey design is

presented in appendix I, including a table that

shows the frequency distribution of the sample

youths by age and sex and the estimated size of

the population they represented at midsurvey.

Each youth was examined during a single visit

to a specially designed mobile unit. Along with

the standardized examinations by,., a physician

and dentist and a variety of tests and measurements performed by technicians, a 70-minute

psychological test battery was given by a

psychologist. The battery included the following

procedures, which were administered in the

order listed: Wide Range Achievement Test,

arithmetic and reading sections; Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children, vocabulary and block

desi~ subtests; Thematic Apperception Test, a

five-card, tape-recorded version; GoodenoughHarris Drawing Test, a modified version; the

Brief Test of Literacy; and two self-administered

questionnaires concerning the youth’s attitude

and behavior relating to certain aspects of

health. A critical evaluation of the psychological

tests used in the survey, including a literature

review of previous research and evaluations, was

made by S. B. Sells of Texas Christian University. This evaluation was published in Vital and

Health Statistics, Series 2-Number 15.4

Before the sample youths were examined,

certain information was obtained by questionnaire from their parents. This information included demographic and socioeconomic data on

household members, as well as behavioral data

on and a medical history of the sample youth.

Information regarding performance and adjustment was also requested in a questionnaire sent

to the youth’s school. All information was

collected under assurance of confidentiality.

Of the 7,514 youths composing the sample,

6,768 (90 percent) were examined. Because of

the sample design, the adjustment for nonre1
sponse, and the weighting procedures used,

examination results can be considered representative of the approximately 23 million noninstitutionalized U.S. youths aged 12-17 at the time

of the survey. Estimates of approximate sampling variability for selected statistics are either

included in the detailed tables or can be computed from appendix table IV.

QUESTIONNAIRE DATA

As mentioned above, four different questionnaires were included as part of the Health

Examination Survey. Two were completed by the

youths themselves, one by the parents, and one

by the teachers or other personnel at the schools

which the youths attended. The questions analyzed in this report are shown in appendix III.

While some of the items in the questionnaires

were repeated so that responses from different

sources could be compared, the content of the

three questionnaires was essentially different.

Previous reports5 ~6Y7 have presented analyses

regarding relationships of sex and age to information obtained from these questionnaires. The

aim of the present study was to identify the

relationship of selected response distributions

(and, by implication, attitudes of the target

population) to other demographic and socioeconomic variables.

The items selected can be grouped into five

broad content categories: (1) general health

status; (2) health-related items; (3) appearance

and social patterns; (4) school- and work-related

behavior; and (5) use of leisure time. For some

categories, for example, that of general health

status and values or priorities, identical questions were asked of both parents and youths.

The relationship between the responses of the

parents and those of the youths will be the

subject of a separate report.

The particular demographic and socioeconomic factors selected for this report are parental income, geographic region, type of community (urban or rural), parental education, and race

(for definitions see appendix 1). While it is

recognized that these background variables are

related among themselves, no systematic attempt has been made at this point to control for

the effects of their relationships or interactions.

In several cases, however, controls were used for

particular single variables. This usually resulted

in very small sample frequencies for some

response options, and in this first study, tables

based on such comparisons are given only when

this procedure resulted in essentially divergent

response patterns. Because income is one variable shown to be rekted to many attitudes and

behavior patterns, distribution by geographic

area and race is included (appendix table III).

FINDINGS

General Health Status

Two identical questions were asked about the

youth’s present health, one of the parent and

one of the youth himself. Ratings on a 5-point

scale from “poor” to “excellent” revealed that

the fraction of the total target population in

poor or fair condition was around 4 percent

according to the parents’ estimate, and about 5

percent according to the youths’ own estimate.

The responses to these items, especially those of

the parents, showed some variation when certain

background factors were considered. For example, according to parental ratings, the percent

distribution of white youths increased over the

response range, from poor to excellent, while

that of Negro youths showed a peak at the

middle, or “good” category (figure 1). In other

words, the greatest number of white youths

were considered by their parents to be in

“excellent” health, followed by those in “very

good” health, who in turn outnumbered the

white youths in “good” health, and so on. In

contrast, most Negro parents reported their

youths to be in “good” health, with fewer in

“very good” and even fewer in “excellent”

health.

Increasing distributions were observed in parental responses of the high-income groups

(having annual family incomes of $10-$15,000

and $15,000 or more), in the Northeast and

Midwest Regions, in the urban population, and,

where parental educational level was “beyond

high school,” in responses of youths and parents

alike. But with respect to the other socioeconomic categories, the increase in reported. good

health was not as steady. Generally speaking, all

2
5C

40

g 30

~

~

+

5

u

a

20

u

n.

10

0

....... white youths

— Negro youths

Poor Fair Good Very good Excellent

PARENTS’ RATING

Figurel, Percent distribution of youths aged 12-17 years by

parents’ rating of youths’ present health status: United

States, 1966-70.

of the youths’ response distributions showed

greater concentration in the middle levels. Parents seemed to be more satisfied with the health

of their sons and daughters than the youths

themselves. While the response distributions for

the other ,questionnaire items were not always as

informative, those shown in table 1 typify a

large class of attitudes, problems, and habits in

the area of health and health care. Furthermore,

there exists throughout a relationship between

response and parents’ socioeconomic status, as

exemplified by income and parents’ education.

The parents’ responses to the question on

physical growth showed a difference by race

only: Ninety-three percent of the white parents

as compared with 90.3 percent of the Negro

parents thought their children grew at the right

rate.

Both parents and youths were asked for their

opinions regarding the youths’ weight. There

was not much difference in the parents’ responses by any of the socioeconomic factors

except in the lowest income bracket, where a

preponderance of youths were thought to be

underweight (table 2). However, the youths’

responses reflected a large racial difference:

whereas two-thirds of all youths thought they

were about the right weight, about 21 percent of

the white youths thought they were overweight,

as compared with roughly 15 percent of the

Negro youths; and about 20 percent of the

Negro youths, but only about 13 percent of the

white youths, thought of themselves as underweight. In the lowest income bracket there was a

somewhat greater proportion of youths describing themselves as underweight than as overweight, but in the highest income bracket a

larger proportion described themselves as overweight. However, the general effect of income

was not very marked. The regional patterns were

very uniform, except that fewer southerners

considered themselves overweight.

Questions on physician and dentist visits

appeared solely on the youths’ questionnaires.

As shown in table 3, although almost half of all

youths reported having a physical checkup

during the past year, the variation in the

distribution by income ranged from roughly 35

percent of the youths in families with the lowest

incomes to about 66 percent of those in families

with the highest incomes. There were large

differences in the responses by race and parental

education: a greater proportion of white youths

than.of Negro youths reported having had recent

checkups, as did those youths whose parents had

educational attainment beyond the high school

level. There were also different response patterns

among the regions-a higher than average proportion of youths in the Northeast and a lower

proportion of those in the South reported recent

checkups. Fewer youths in rural areas than in

urban areas reported recent checkups. Since

these reports were based on memory, they are,

of course, subject to errors. It is assumed that

the errors were random and did not affect the

reliability of the average rates. The responses to

a further question indicated that in the past year

fewer youths visited a doctor for medical treatment (about 43 percent) than for checkups

(about’ 48

differences

background

percen~). Here again, there we~e

in the response rates related to

factors, but the regional differences

3
were only slight and those by type of community almost negligible (table 3). The overlap in the

responses to these two questions showed that in

a large number of cases a checkup and some

form of treatment were given in the same time

interval. This occurrence was also very common

in the case of dental visits, and the background

factors appeared to be related more to dental

care habits than to the medical. When the

average rates for dental visits (table 4) were

compared with those for physician visits, it was

clear that (1) cases of checkup and treatment

combinations were common to both; and that

(2) the total rates for dental visits were higher,

and the variations by income, race, and parental

education were correspondingly greater. Differences also existed with regard to regional distributions. However, ignoring those who responded

“don’t remember, “ it would appear from tables

3 and 4 that more youths had never been seen

by a dentist than had never been seen by a

physician.

For additional information, the youth was

asked if he had problems to discuss with a

doctor at the time of the survey. Of the 1 in 10

youths who answered affirmatively, a significantly larger number were Negro (13.8 percent)

than white (9.7 percent). Comparison by other

background factors did not seem to result in

differential rates.

Questions dealing with specific health problems are treated elsewhere, but a breakdown of

the regular use of medicines and of hospital

stays in general is given in table 5, where it is

shown that higher family income and parental

education were associated with higher frequeficies in the regular use of medication and

with a higher incidence of hospitalization.

Health-Related Behavior

The questions grouped together under the

description “health-related” dealt with attitudes

toward the consumption of food; typical adolescent disorders such as acne; the parents’ perception of the youths’ mental development; nervousness and tension; and certain sleep-related

patterns. Also included were items dealing with

the youths’ awareness of and reaction to physical disorders, that is, whether they thought

certain perceived conditions or symptoms

should be brought to the attention of a physician.

The youths’ ratings of the amount of food

they consumed did not differ much by family

income or geographic regions (table 6). Understandably, few adolescents from the higher

income group and few whose parents had gone

beyond high school thought they ate too little.

(Of the youths who thought they ate too much,

the responses showed some relationship to their

desire to be thinner (table 13) ). More rural

youths thought they ate the right amount, and

as a group showed fewer extremes in either

direction than their urban counterparts; that is,

fewer rural youths thought they ate too much

and fewer thought that they ate too little, and

their parents’ responses were similar (table 6).

Parents also rated the youths’ attitudes toward

food. The fact that more youths in the lowest

‘income groups were rated as “very fussy” eaters

may reflect a limited and poorer quality food

supply available to them. Not unexpectedly the

rural youths were less fussy eaters than the

urban.

Among the physical disorders most widespread in the adolescent age group, acne ranks

high. Self-reported responses to questions on

this subject revealed a significant racial difference in the prevalence of the condition—51. 1

percent of the white youths as compared with

36.8 percent of the Negro youths reported

having acne (table 7). Most of the youths who

suffered from acne worried about it to a certain

extent; more Negro youths than white worried

“a lot” or “not at all,” and more white youths

than Negro worried “some” or “a little.” Also,

more white youths who had acne received some

kind of treatment for it or saw a physician. The

survey data also showed a difference by geographic region, with the Midwest and West

having the highest prevalence rates. Although

the prevalence of acne did not show much

variation by socioeconomic level, the extent and

type of treatment certainly did: a strong, positive correlation was found between family income and parents’ education and whether the

acne was treated and the youth was seen by a

doctor.

Regarding the subject of mental development,

over 95 percent of all parents thought their

children progressed at the right rate (table 8),

4
but a somewhat larger proportion of Negro

parents than of white parents thought their

youths’ development was slow; responses also

varied somewhat by income and parents’ education. Very few parents (about 1 percent)

thought the mental development of their children was too fast. There was little apparent

difference in response by region and none by

type of community (table 8).

Very few parents reported that their children

had been patients at mental cIinics or hospitals,

less than 1 percent in the past year and around 2

percent prior to that time. The estimates by

other background factors are not reliable since

the number of “yes” responses was really too

small to be broken down into several categories

(table 8). Consulting a psychologist or psychiatrist was a more common experience. According

to their parents, around 6 percent of the youths

had seen one, and about one-third of these visits

had taken place in the past year. Higher income,

parents’ education, and urban residence were

?ssociated with a higher proportion of youth

consultations with mental health specialists.

Questions relating to the youths’ nervousness

and tension were asked of both parents and

youths, While parental responses did not seem to

be related to any of the background characteristics considered here, the percentage of those

youths who reported never feeling tense was

lower in the higher income groups (table 9). At

the same time, however, the proportion of those

who frequently suffered from tension also decreased somewhat in those groups. The differences by race, which were less marked in the

parents’ responses, suggest that Negro youths

tend to be less tense than white youths.

Three questions on the questionnaires addressed to the youths themselves were designed

to find out about sleep-related problems: One

dealt with sleeplessness, one with nightmares,

and the third with sleepwalking (table 10).

There were only minor differences by type of

community. Also while on the average about

half the youths slept alone, there were vast

differences in sleeping arrangements for various

income and education groups. Only about 30

percent of the Negro youths, as compared with

50 percent of the white youths, slept in a room

by themselves. In terms of family income, the

percentage of those who slept alone just about

doubled from the lowest to the highest groups.

However, as the table below shows, sleeping

alone or sharing a room does not seem to have

much of an effect on the sleep disorders

considered.

Thus, whatever relations emerge between socioeconomic status and sleep disorders, they exist

over and above the youths’ sleeping arrangements.

From the parents’ reports on children’s behaviors it was seen that the prevalence of bedwetting was shown to decrease substantially with

age and this also holds true for the 12- to

17-year-olds.5 Differences by income, parental

education, and race (table 10) indicate that

bigher socioeconomic status is associated with

less reported bedwetting.

A list of complaints for which one might or

might not wish to consult a physician was

presented to the youths. From their reactions, a

rank order of seriousness can be inferred: They

considered “blood in urine” and “lump in

stomach” as serious conditions while “stomach

ache” or “headache” were considered minor

ailments. The differences by background factors

in the “serious” determinations were very small,

although the availability of a doctor to the

higher income group and to those whose parents

had more education might account for a slightly

larger proportion of youths in these groups

wishing to see a doctor (table 11). For the less

serious conditions or symptoms the proportion

of youths who wanted to see a physician was

*

Bad dreams or nightmares Trouble falling asleep

SleepSleep alone

walldng

Often Sometimes Never Often Sometimes Never Yes No

Yes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.2 43.0 54.8 6.5 45.9 47.5 5.4 94.6

No . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.3 42.5 64.2 6.7 41.6 51.7 4.9 ‘95.0

5
generally larger for the low income and lower

education groups (table 12) than for groups with

higher socioeconomic status.

Appearance and Social Patterns

The questionnaires contained items on the

youths’ perception of their height and weight

and also questions on whether they would wish

to change their appearance if they could. As the

results show, quite a few of them would prefer a

different appearance (table 13). Wishes about

changing height were not as pronounced as

wishes about weight, maybe because it is not

easily possible to alter one’s height. In table 13

we see that over half of all youths were content

with their height. By race, however, nearly 35

percent of both white and Negro youths wanted

to be taller, and only about 7 percent of white

and almost 13 percent of the Negro youths

wanted to be shorter. There were few differences by the other background variables.

Even though two-thirds of all youths thought

that they were about the “right” weight (table

2), only about 48 percent wanted their weight

to remain the same, about 35 percent of the

white youths wanted to be thinner, and a little

more than 30 percent of the Negro youths

wanted to be heavier (table 13). Here the

variation with income was marked, with the

number of those who wanted to be thinner

increasing steadily with income. A similar relationship existed with respect to parents’ education. There was little variation by region except

in the South, where fewer adolescents than in

the other regions wanted to be thinner, and

somewhat more wanted to be heavier. A slightly

larger proportion of the rural youths than of

urban wanted to stay the same weight; but even

among them, weight loss was favored over

weight gain. It was conjectured that popularity

and appearance might be associated in the teen

years, and the data confirmed that more than

half of the girls who were “below average” in

popularity would rather be thinner. Among the

boys, though, about half wanted to be taller

irrespective of popularity.

According to analysis of parental responses,

none of the background variables considered

here seemed to influence the youths’ ability to

make friends (table 14). Most friends were

known to the parents, but the higher the family

income and the higher the parents’ education,

the greater the contact between a youth’s family

and his or her friends. Also fewer Negro parents

reported that they knew most of their children’s

friends. There were no regional patterns; and

only a small difference was seen by type of

community, with urban youths having a somewhat higher number of friends known to their

parents.

Although making friends seemed a relatively

stable phenomenon, visiting with them overnight

was much more dependent on socioeconomic

status of the family (table 15). The proportion

of youths who often visited overnight with their

friends increased steeply with increasing income

and parentaI education. Type of community had

little influence, but geographic region had

some—the proportion of youths in the Northeast

and South who often visited overnight was less

than that in the Midwest and West. There was an

even greater influence by race, only 13 percent

of the white youths but more than 48 percent of

the Negro youths stated that they had never

visited overnight.

The distribution of youths by the number of

daily meals eaten with their families varied quite

a lot with economic differences (table 15). More

youths in fam”ilies with low incomes than in

families with high incomes had two meals or

more with their families but also had more meals

completely alone. In the medium income groups

there were more youths who had just one meal a

day with their families. More rural youths than

urban had two meals or more with their families.

In the Midwest it was less common to have two

family meals or more, but this practice was very

frequent in the South. Similar patterns emerged

in the Northeast and West, where about 60

percent of the youths enjoyed two or more

meals with their families and about 40 percent

had one family meal.

Long absences (of 2 months or more) from

home were not very common among the 12- to

17-year-olds (table 15), but the higher the

family income the more usual it seemed for the

youth to be home all the time. Education of

parents played a similar role. Racial differences

emerged in that more Negro youths had spent

extended periods away from home on one

occasion or more. Type of community did not

6
show ally differential behavior, but in the

geographic regions there were some patterns–

fewer youths in the Northeast and Midwest than

the South and West reported extended absences.

No systematic differences by income and

education were found in the responses to a

question on whether the youths had been

difficult to raise, but a slight racial difference

was found: fewer Negro parents reported having

“no trouble” in raising their children (table 16).

When teachers were asked about the students’

popularity, they rated almost two-thirds of them

as average. This proportion remained fairly

stable over socioeconomic and racial groups

(table 16). However, the percentage of youths of

below-average popularity decreased steadily with

increasing income, and the above-average group

showed an upward trend as income increased.

Having had a date at one time or another

seemed to depend somewhat on parental income

and education (table 16), and-understandably—a slightly larger proportion of urban

than rural youths had had a date at some time.

Just about half the youths got a regular

allowance (table 17), a slightly higher proportion of the Negro youths than of the white. The

proportion increased with increasing income,

and was higher in urban areas than in rural.

Oddly enough, relatively more youths got allowances in the South and West than in the

Northeast and Midwest. In the majority of cases

some duties were connected with allowances,

particularly among white youths. There was

more emphasis on duties in the higher and

middle income groups, but not in the highest,

possibly reflecting “middle class standards.”

About 25 percent of the youths who received

allowances had them withheld occasionally as

penalties, but there were no easily discernible

patterns by income or education of parents.

One set of questions concerned personal

values and priorities. The youths were asked

how important they considered it to obey the

law, to obey their parents, to be neat and clean,

and so forth. Some of the items defined a more

self-oriented attitude like “ambition”; others, a

more society-oriented attitude like “being considerate of others,” Ambition was said to be of

extreme importance more by youths from the

lowest and the highest income groups. Otherwise

the importance of ambition did not change

much when viewed against different background

factors (table 18). However, consideration of

others was stressed increasingly with socioeconomic status (table 18).

A number of questions were asked about the

decisionmaking processes in the youths’ lives.

These were grouped together to yield a sum

score that gave some measure of the youth’s

independence. The percent distribution of

youths with low, medium, and high independence scores are shown in table 19. It is evident

that more adolescents in the older age groups

had a higher independence score, and that more

boys than girls had independence scores above

the average in every age range. When grouped by

socioeconomic variables, there were some differences by income and parental education—i.e.,

the mean independence scores showed increases

for youths whose parents income was higher

and for those whose parents had more education

(table 20).

School-Related and Work-Related Behavior

The aptitude and achievemen~ of the youth

sample—as well as that of the 6- to 11-year

sample—were tested directly by subtests of the

Wide Range Achievement Test (WRAT),9 the

We ch sle r Intelligence Scale for Children

(WISC),l 0 and the Harris-Goodenough Drawing

Test.l 1 Through the school questionnaire more

subjective data were obtained from the youths’

teachers. Relations between teacher ratings and

achievement are reported in another publication.6 Here the emphasis is again on socioeconomic and demographic factors. In addition, a

few early school experiences are discussed in

relation to the youths’ background.

The age at which a student first entered

school showed a definite connection to aspects

of his home environment. The distributions by

income and parents’ education showed that the

more “advantaged” a household a youth came

from, the earlier he or she entered the school

system (table 21). Even more strikingly, the

proportion of late starters declined from about

13 percent in the lowest income group to about

2 percent in the highest. Furthermore, parents

from higher income and education groups reported a greater percentage of happier and

better adjusted children than parents from lower

7
income and education groups. In addition, the

proportion who continued school throughout

showed the same positive relationship to the

socioeconomic variables discussed (table 22).

There were some regional differences in early

school behavior. In the South there existed a

tendency to start school later than the general

average and the reverse was true of the Northeast (table 21). The first reactions to school dld

not differ much by region, 9 of every 10

chilchen were reported to have been quite happy

or only a little upset when they began school.

Rural children were a little later in starting

school, but hardly less happy, nor did they tend

to be earlier dropouts. However, a larger percentage of the 12-17 year olds in the South were

no longer in school at the time of the survey.

Also, there was a larger proportion of Negro

youths not in school any more, although their

ages at first grade and their reactions to starting

school were not very different from those of the

white youths.

Working during vacations was not as related

to family income as one might have expected

(table 22). It did vary with the type of community, geographic region, and race. The fraction of white youths without either a full-time

or part-time job during vacations was somewhat

smaller than that of Negro youths.

Not many youths received double promotions

or skipped grades (table 23). The number of

repeated grades varied inversely with income and

parents’ education, and there was a larger

number of repeaters in the South and among

Negro youths (table 23).

Analysis of the teachers’ reports on unusually

frequent absences confirmed the expectation

that the absence varied with parents’ income and

education (table 23). There was a slightly higher

rate of absence also among Negro youths, urban

youths, and youths in the Northeast region.

Teachers’ reports on the youths’ adjustment,

intellectual ability, and academic achievement

all show a parallel pattern (table 24). The higher

the parents’ income and education, the higher

the youths’ ranking on the teacher’s three

ratings. Some differences by race were significant, but the differences by geographic region

and type of community were mostly slight.

Both youths and parents were asked about

their desires and expectations for the youth’s

further school career. In general the parents’

desires and expectations were further apart. This

does not mean that the parents’ ambitions were

always higher; in fact the proportion of adults

who wanted more than a college education for

their offspring was slightly lower than that of

the youths who wanted to aim at graduate work.

An analysis of the distributions by background

factors showed that for both youths and adults

desires and expectations increased with income,

and they were markedly higher when family

income was in the highest bracket ($15,000 or

more) and when parents had more education

themselves (tables 25-28).

Use of Leisure Time

As far as leisure time pursuits are concerned,

there was wide variety in the patterns of the

four sets of responses to the questionnaire items.

The activities investigated were: watching television; listening to the radio; reading magazines,

comic books, and so forth; and reading books

other than the aforementioned. It has been

brought out before that the patterns of these

activities differed in the sex and age groups.’

They also varied among themselves, e.g., the

patterns for watching television and for reading

serious books were quite different. Three of the

four distributions had more than one mode;

there was a relatively high proportion of youths

who answered “no time” and only a small

proportion who responded “less than one-half

hour,” because in general, it is not worth

watching a TV program, listening to the radio,

or reading a serious book for just a few minutes.

However, the distribution for reading magazines

only had one mode, since one can and quite

frequently does spend less than a half hour on

this activity. Responses revealed that all of the

four activities had definite relationships to income. Table 29 gives a breakdown of the actual

response categories for watching TV. When the

percentages of youths who watched TV for 3

hours or more a day were totaled, it was found

that over half of the youths in the lowest

income group and less than 30 percent of those

in the highest income group watched TV for this

much time each day. The same phenomenon

occurred when parents’ education was the independent variable. In the highest income group,

8
the proportion

hours or more

of youths who watched TV for 3

was not only lower than that in

the other income groups’ but it reached a

maximum at “1-2 hours” as compared with “2-3

hours” for the other groups. Parents’ education

was similarly related to the shift of the peak for

TV watching. The conclusion to be drawn is

obviously that in the higher socioeconomic

groups teenagers have the opportunity and

motivation to engage in other activities. The

relation between listening to the radio and

income was not as marked (table 30), but in the

high-income groups a somewhat larger proportion of the youths listened for shorter periods of

time. Reading magazines (table 31) also showed

a relation to family income; the proportion of

youths who spent no time reading magazines

decreased steadily, from 25 percent in the

lowest group to less than 7 percent in the

highest. Also the proportions increased steadily

with income for those youths who spent less

than a half hour or one hour a day looking at

magazines or similar literature. For those who

spent more time on this activity the effect of

income was not very distinct. When parents’

education was taken into account also, the

results suggest that as socioeconomic status

increases a youth receives increasing positive

stimulus to spend some time (less than one

hour) reading magazines, but an increasing negative stimulus to do so for a longer period of

time. A similar statement can be made concerningreading books (table 32), but the variations

in the percentages for “no time” were not as

large and maybe the discouragement not to read

for too long a time interval not as definite.

Regionally the patterns were less distinct.

Long periods of TV watching occurred. somewhat more often in the South and fewer youths

read magazines there. The urban-rural classification showed a small differential for watching

television, listening to the radio, and reading

magazines but not for reading books. The

breakdown by race revealed one striking difference: whereas all other distributions had a

second mode in the range from half an hour to 5

hours or more, the proportion of Negro youths

who watched TV showed an increasing trend

throughout this range. The interpretation of this

fact might be found in the realization that the

many alternatives open to white youths are only

gradually becoming more accessible to Negro

adolescents.

SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS

Selected findings have been presented on the

relationship between certain socioeconomic and

demographic factors and health status, health

care, and attitudes toward health, both physical

and mental, of youths 12 to 17 years of age in

the United States. Also included is some information about attitudes toward appearance, certain social patterns and various aspects of

schooling, work, and use of leisure time.

The relationship of family background, socioeconomic status, and so forth, to the cognitive

domain including educational achievement and

intellectual development, has been rather extensively explored. Various models have been constructed to elucidate these relationships.1 * J13

Developments in this area have been facilitated

by the availability of standard instruments to

quantify and measure cognitive factors. As for

the noncognitive traits, there exist as yet difficulties in describing, let alone measuring them.

However, as the data presented earlier already

show, there are definite relationships between

the background variables included in this study

and a wide range of important attitudes and

habits of the youths.

In the areas of general health status and

health care the responses to almost every item

were distributed differently at each level of

family income observed. The strongest relationships were found between higher income and

higher evaluation of present health, more visits

to and treatments by physicians and dentists,

and more hospital stays and use of medication.

Attitudes tow~rds foo-d and food consumption

were also related to income. Even the youths’

self-perception and whether they wanted to

appear thinner or heavier, their mental development, the emotional tensions they felt, and their

sleep-related behavior showed at least a trend

when considered against income. The prevalence

of reported acne was one exception to this

pattern.

In the social patterns it appears that certain

fundamental traits are less sensitive to family

9
background-e.g., ease in making friends did not

seem to be related to the parents’ income, nor

did the degree of difficulty experienced by

parents in raising their children. But the habits

which are formed—e.g., visiting the homes of

friends, parents’ knowledge of one’s friends, and

meals eaten with the family-showed that income played a role; this was further reflected in

the measure of the youths’ independence.

School-related questions similarly exhibited

differences according to income: the number of

teenagers no longer in school was larger in the

low-income groups; the teachers’ ratings of

adjustment, intellectual ability, and achievement

was higher for the high-income groups; and the

ratings of popularity showed an increase for the

more advantaged. Different patterns emerged

when the leisure time activities investigated—

e.g., watching television or reading-were

grouped against family income.

Most of the items mentioned here varied with

parental education in a manner parallel to

income. It is probable that the other factors

studied (race, geographic region, and type of

community), which showed numerous differential relationships to the youths’ responses, are

heavily confounded with the socioeconomic

status of the family. Unfortunately, no attempt

has yet been made to dissociate these factors.

Further research in this area is indicated. It is

believed that the relationships demonstrated in

this report may be found useful in support of

efforts to build theoretical models in the affective domain.

000

10
1National Center for Health Statistics: Plan, operation, and response results of a program of children’s

examinations. Vital and Health Statistics. PHS Pub. No.

1000-Series l-No. 5. Public Health Service. Washington.

U.S. Government Printing Office, Oct. 1967.

2National Center for Health Statistics: Sample design

and estimation procedures for a national Health Examination Survey of children. Vital and Health Statistics.

Series 2-No. 43. DHEW Pub. No. (HRA) 741005.

Health Resources Administration. Washington. U.S. Government Printing Office, Aug. 1973.

3National Center for Health Statistics: Plan and

operation of a Health Examination Survey of U.S.

youths 12-17 years of age. Vital and Health Statistics.

PHS Pub. No. 1000-Series l-No. 8. Public Health

Service. Washington. U.S. Government Printing Office,

Sept. 1969.

4Nation~ Center for He~th Statistics: Ev~uation of

psychological measures used in the Health Examination

Survey of chilcken ages 6-11. Vital and Health Statistics.

PHS Pub. No. 1000-Series 2-No. 15. Public Health

Service. Washington. U.S. Government Printing Office,

Mar. 1966.

5National Center for Health Statistics: Parent ratings

of behavioral patterns of youths 12-17 years, United

States. Vital and Health Statistics. Series 1l-No. 137.

DHEW Pub. No. (HRA) 74-1619. Health Resources

Administration. Washington. U.S. Government Printing

Office, May 1974.

6National Center, for Health Statistics: Behavior

patterns in school of youths 12-17 years. Vital and

Health Statistics. Series 1l-No. 139. DHEW Pub. No.

(HRA) 741621. Health Resources Administration.

Washington. U.S. Government Printing Office, May

1974.

7Nation~ Center for Health Statistics: Self-reported

health behavior and attitudes of youths, United States.

Vital and Health Statktics. Series 1 l-No. 147. DHEW

Pub. No. (HRA) 75-1629. Health Resources Administration. Washington. U.S. Government Printing Office, Dec.

1974.

8National Center for Health Statistics: Parent ratings

of behavioral patterns of children, United States. Vital

and Health Statistics. Series 1l-No. 108. DHEW Pub.

No. (HSM) 72-1010. Health Service and Mental Health

Administration. Washington. U.S. Government Printing

Office, Nov. 1971.

9Nation~ Center for Health Statistics: Reading md

arithmetic achievement among youths 12-17 yews as

measured by the Wide Range Achievement Test, United

States. Vital and Health Statistics. Series 1l-No. 136.

DHEW Pub. No. (HRA) 74-1618. Health Resources

Administration. Washington. U.S. Government Printing

Office, Feb. 1974.

10 Nation~ Center for Health Statistics: Intellectual

development of youths as measured by a short form of

the Wechsler Intelligmce Scale, United States. Vital and

Health Statistics. Series 1l-No. 128. DHEW Pub. No.

(HRA) 741610. Health Resources Administration.

Washington. U.S. Government Printing Office, Sept.

1973.

11 Nation~ Center for Health Statistics: The

Goodenough-Harris Drawing Test as a measure of intellectual maturity of youths 12-17 years, United States.

Vital and Health StatMics. Series 1l-No. 138. DHEW

Pub. No. (HRA) 741620. Health Resources Administration. Washington. U.S. Government Printing Office, May

1974.

12Jencks, C., et al.: Inequality: A Reassessment of

the Effect of Family and Schooling in America. New

York. Basic Books, Inc. 1972.

13Dunc~, 0. Do; Featherm~, D. L.; Duncan, B.:

Socioeconomic Background and Achievement. New

York. Seminar Press, 1972.

14National center for He~th Statistics: Replication:

An approach to the analysis of data from complex

surveys. Vital and Health Statistics. PHS Pub. No.

1000-Series 2-No. 14. Public Health Service. Washington.

U.S. Government Printing Office, Apr. 1966.

15 National Center for Health Statistics: Pseudoreplication: Further evaluation and application of the balanced half-sample technique. Vital and Health Statistics.

PHS Pub. No. 1000-Series 2-No. 31. Public Health

Service. Washington. U.S. Government Printing Office,

Jan. 1969.

11
LIST OF DETAILED TABLES

Page

Table 1. Percent distribution of youths aged 12-17 years by health ratings, according to salected socioeconomic variables:

United States, 1966-70 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

2. Percent distribution ofyouths aged 12-17years byweight perception, according toselected socioeconomic variables:

UnitedStates,1966-70 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

3. Percent distribution of youths aged 12-17 years by doctor visits, according to selected socioeconomic variables:

UnitedStates, 1966-70 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

4. Percent distribution of youths agad 12-17 years by dentist visits, according to selected socioeconomic variables:

UnitedStates,1966-70 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

5. Percent distribution of youths aged 12-17 years by use of medicines and hospital stays, according to selected

socioeconomicvariables: United States, 1966-70 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

6. Percent distribution of youths aged 12-17 years by food consumption ratings andattitudes toward food, according

toselected socioeconomic variables: United States, 1966-70 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

7. Percent distribution of youths aged 12-17 years by incidence of acne, its treatment, doctor consultation, and

atiitude toward acne, according towlected socioeconomic variables: United States, 1966-70 . . . . . . . . . . . .

8. Percent distribution of youths aged 12-17 years by rate of mental development and visits to a mental hospital,

psychologist, orpsychiatrist, according toselected socioeconomic variable= United States, 1966-70 . . . . . . . .

9. Percent distribution of youths aged 12-17 years by degree of newousness and tension, according to selected

socioeconomicvariables: United States, 1966-70 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

10. Percent distribution of youths aged 12-17 years by sleep-related disordersr andparcentof all youths who wet the

bed, according toselected socioeconomic variables: United States,l966-7O . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

11. Percent distribution ofyouths aged 12-17years bytheir attitudes toward consulting adoctor about serious ailments,

according toselected socioeconomic variables: United States, 1966-70 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

12. Percent distribution of youths aged 12-17years bytheir attitudes toward consulting adoctor about minor ailments,

according toselected socioeconomic variables: United States, 1966-70 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

13. Percent distribution of youths aged 12-17 years by height and weight preference, according to selected

socioeconomic variables: United States, 1966-70 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

14. Percent distribution of youths aged 12-17years byeasein making friends andwhether friends areknownto paren@,

according toselected socioeconomic variables: United States, 1966-70 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

15. Percent distribution of youths aged 12-17years by frequency ofovernight visits with friends, number ofmeals eaten

with family, and extended absences from home, according to selected socioeconomic variables: United States,

1966-70 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

16. Percent distribution of youths aged 12-17 years by difficulty in upbringing, popularity, and dating, according to

selected socioeconomic variables: United States, 1966-70 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

17. Percent distribution of youths aged 12-17years bywhether they received anallowance andtheduties and penalties

connected with it, according toselected socioeconomic variables: United States, 1966-70 . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

18. Percent distribution of youths aged 12-17years byatiitude toward being amWtious and Mngconsidarate tb others,

according toselected socioeconomic variables: United States, 1966-70 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

14

15

16

17

18

19

20

21

22

23

24

25

26

27

28

29

30

31

12
LIST OF DETAILED TABLES–Con.

Table 19.

20.

21.

22.

23.

24.

25.

26.

Percent distribution of youths aged 12-17 years by mean independence scoras, according to age and sex: Unitad

States, 1988-70 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Mean independence scores of youths agad 12-17 years, byraceand selected socioeconomic variables: United States,

1966-70 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Percent distribution ofyouths agad 12-17 years by ageatwhichthay started first grade andfirstreaction toschool,

according tosalected socioeconomic variables: United Statas,1966-70 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Percent distribution of youths agad 12-17 years by school attendance and vacation work patterns, according to

selectad socioeconomic variables: Unitad Statas,1966-70 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Percent of youths aged 12-17years tioskip~d gradas, repeated grades, andhadunusual absencasfrom whool, by

selacted socioeconomic variables: United Statas, 1966-70 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Percent distribution of youths aged 12-17 years by teacher’s rating of adjustment, intellectual ability, and school

achievement, according to selected socioeconomic variables: United States, 1866-70 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Percent distribution of youths agad 12-17 years by parent’s dasire regarding youth’s education, according to selected

socioeconomic variables: United States, 1966-70 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Percent distribution of youths aged 12-17 years by parent’s expectation regarding youth’s education, according to

Page

32

33

34

35

36

37

38

selected socioeconomic variables: Unitad States, 1866-70 . . . . . . . . . . . . ‘. . . . . . . . . . j . . . . .. . . 39

27. Parcent distribution of youths aged 12-17 years by their own dasires regarding education, according to salactad

socioeconomic variables: Unitad States, 1966-70 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40

28. Percent distribution of youths aged 12-17 years by their own expectations regarding education, according to selected

socioeconomic variables: United States, 188&70 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41

29. Percent distribution of youths agad 12-17 years by time spent watching television, according to selected

socioeconomic variables: Unitad States, 1968-70 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42

30. Percent distribution of youths agad 12-17 years by time spent listening to the radio, according to salacted

socioeconomic variables: United Statas,1986-70 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43

31. Percent distribution of youths aged 12-17 years by time qent raading magazines and comic books, according to

selected socioeconomic variable~ Unitad States, 1966-70 . . . . . . . . . . , . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44

32. Percent distribution of youths agad 12-17 yaars by time spent reading serious books, according to selected

socioeconomic variables: Unitad Statas, 1966-70 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45

NOTE: The percentages shown represent distributions of the youths within demographic or socioeconomic categories. Standard

errors of the percentages for the totals only are also Included.

13
Table 1. Percent distribution of youths aged 12-17 years by haalth ratings, according to selected socioeconomic variables: United

Selected variables

Total . . . . . . . . . . .

Standard error . . . . . . . . . .

Race

White . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Negro . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Income

Leasthan $3,000 . . . . . . . .

$3,000-$5,000 . . . . . . . . . .

$5,000-$7,000 . . . . . . . . . .

$7,00@$lo,ooo . . . . . . . . .

$10,000-$15,000 . . . . . . . .

$15,0000 rmore . . . . . . . .

Region

Northeast . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Midwest . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

South . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

West . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Type of community

Urban . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Rural . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Parentsr education

Elementary . . . . . . . . . . . .

High school . . . . . . . . . . .

Beyond high school . . . . . .

States, 1966-70

Parent ratings Youth ratings

Poor Fair Good Very good Excellent Poor Fair Good Very good Excellent

Percent distribution

0.3

.06

0.3

0.3

1.3

0.7

0.1

0.2

.-

...

0.2

0.1

0.7

0.3

0.2

0.4

0,6

0.2

0.0

3.3

0.22

2.9

6.0

8.1

6.3

2.6

2.5

1.3

0.7

2.3

2.1

5.8

3.3

3.1

3.7

5.6

2.9

0.9

29.5

1.17

26.9

45.9

46.2

37.0

32.9

25.8

21.3

15.0

24.7

25.6

37.5

30.6

28.9

30.4

3a.3

28,0

18.8

33.9

0.81

34.7

28.6

26.9

32.9

35.2

37.4

35.9

31.7

34.3

35.4

31.7

34.1

32.9

35.7

31.7

36.4

33.2

33.0

0.94

35.2

19.1

17.5

23.0

29.2

34.1

41.6

52.6

36.6

36.8

24.4

31.8

34.8

29.8

23.7

32.4

47.0

0.4

.06

0.3

0.8

1.6

0.3

-.

0.1

0.3

-.

0.2

0.2

0.8

0.3

0.3

0.5

0.5

0.3

0.2

4.2

0.21

3.5

8.8

9.6

7.1

3.7

3.6

1.7

1.2

3.2

3.3

6.8

3.6

3.9

4.6

6.4

3.8

1.9

35.7

1.01

33.8

47.7

49.3

43.4

39.5

33.5

28.0

20.2

32.4

31.7

43.1

36.1

35.2

36.6

46.2

35.0

23.1

33.2

0.76

34.5

24.7

24.0

28.0

31.7

37.8

36.3

39.5

34.0

36.2

28.2

33.9

32.6

34.3

27.9

35.0

37.1

26.6

0.96

27.9

18.0 ‘

15.4

21.1

25.1

25.1

33.7

39.2

30.2

28.6

21.1

26.1

28,0

24.0

19.0

25.9

37.7

14
Table 2. Percent distribution of youths aged 12-17 years byweight perception, accordng toselected socioeconomic variables: United

States, 1966-70

Selected variables

Total . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Standarderror, . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

me

White . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Negro, . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Income

Lessthan$3,000 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

$3,000-$5,000 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

$5,000-$7,000 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

$7,000-$10,000 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

$10,000-$15,000 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

$15,0000rmore . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Region

Northeast . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Midwest, ., .,, .,....... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

South . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

West . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Typaofcommunity

Urban . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Rural, . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Parents’ education

Elementary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

High school . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Beyondhigh school . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Parent ratings I

Youth ratings

Too IOW Right Too high Underweight Right Overweight

Percent distribution

7.2

0.32

7.0

8.5

11.5

7.9

6.2

7.0

6.3

6.5

7.5

6.1

7.7

7.8

7.4

6.9

7.8

6.5

7.7

80.3

0.40

80.3

80.5

76.3

79.2

81.4

80.2

83.0

79.4

79.6

80.8

81.3

79.4

79.7

81.3

79.8

80.2

81.2

12.5

0.38

12.6

10.9

12.2

12.9

12.5

12.8

10.7

14.1

12.9

13.1

11.0

12.8

12.9

11.8

12.3

13.2

11.1

13.5

0.63

12.6

19.5

19.1

14.6

12.5

12.2

12.7

12.6

13.6

13.2

14.0

13.3

14.0

12.7

13.2

13.3

13.1

66.4

0.83

66.5

65.9

63.1

68.6

66.6

66.6

67.8

64.4

65.1

65.3

69.6

65.7

65.4

68.2

66.9

66,3

67.0

20.1

0.45

20.9

14.6

17.8

16.9

21.0

21.1

19.5

23.1

21.2

21.5

16.4

21.0

20.6

19.1

19.9

20.4

19.9

15
Table3. Percant distribution of youths aged 12-17yaars bydoctor visits, according toselected socioeconomic variables: United States,

1966-70

Selected variables

Total . . . . . .

Standard error . . . . .

Race

Whita . . . . . . . . . . .

Nagro . . . . . . . . . .

Income

Lessthan $3,000 . . .

$3,000-$5,000 . . . . .

$5,000-$7,000 . . . . .

$7,000-$10,000 . . . .

$10,000-$ 15,000...

$15,000 Or more . . .

Northeast . . . . . . . .

Midwest . . . . . . . . .

South . . . . . . . . . .

West . . . . . . . . . . .

Type of community

Urban . . . . . . . . . .

Rural . . . . . . . . . . .

Parents’ education

Elementary . . . . . . .

High school . . . . . . .

Beyond hi@r school . .

Checkup by doctor Treatment by doctor

Within 1-2

More than Don’t

Within 1-2

last years Never last

More than Don’t

2 years ago

years Naver

year

remamber 2 years ago remember

ago year ago

Percent distribution

46.1

1.39

49.7

37.2

35.4

37.8

43.3

49.9

54.2

65.9

60.0

45.9

40.2

47.5

50.5

43.7

36.8

48.7

62.7

14.9

0.78

15.4

11.9

10.0

13.4

15.2

16.9

17.0

14.0

12.9

17,5

13.8

14.7

15.5

14.0

12.7

16.4

14.9

12.1

0.55

12.4

10.5

11.7

13.6

13.9

12.1

12.8

8.9

8.6

15.0

12.9

11.1

11.5

13.1

12.8

12.9

10.1

7.6

1.09

6.6

12.9

18.3

14.1

7.9

4.5

3.6

1.4

2.9

5.7

11.7

9.8

5.9

10.5

14.6

5.4

2.2

17.4

0.69

15.9

27.4

24.7

21.0

19.7

16.6

12.5

9.8

15.6

15.8

21.4

16.9

16.6

18.7

23.2

16.7

10.1

43.5 —

0.88

45.4

31.3

37.4

37.6

42.2

44.4

46.6

52.0

44.1

41.1

41.2

47.7

43.4

43.6

37.0

43.0

53.2

13.4

0.51

13.8

10.2

8.5

12.3

12.2

13.3

17.4

14.6

13.5

14.1

13.1

12.5

13.0

13.9

11.6

14.2

14.5

14.1

0.54

14.4

11.9

10.8

13.7

15.2

14.7

14.4

16.6

12.2

16.0

14.7

13.0

13.6

14.9

13.9

14.1

14.6

11.4

1.01

10.1

19.0

19.6

16.3

12.0

8.6

9.4

6.0

11.6

11.0

12.0

11.1

11.9

10.5

15.5

11.2

6.0

17.7

0.39

16.2

27.6

23.6

20.2

18.4

19.0

12.2

10.9

18.6

17.7

19.0

15.8

18.1

17.0

22,0

17.6

11.7

16
Table 4. Parcent distribution of youths aged 12-17 years by dentist visits, according to selected socioeconomic variables: United States,

1966-70

Selected variables

Total . . . . . .

Standard error . . . . .

Race

White . . . . . . . . . . .

Negro . . . . . . . . . .

Income

Lessthan $3,000 . . .

$3,000-$5,000 ... . .

$5,000-$7,000. , , . .

$7,000-$ 10,000 . . . .

$10,000-$ 15,000...

$15,000 or more . . .

!&&!!l

Northeast . . . , . . . .

Midwest . . . . . . . . .

South . . . . . . . . . .

West . . . . . . . . . . .

Type of community

Urban . . . . . . . . . .

Rural . . . . . . . . . . .

Parents’ education

Elementary . . . . . . .

High school . . . . . . .

Bayond high school. .

Checkup by dentist ITreatment by dantist

Nithin 1-2

last

More than

years

2 yaars ago

yaars ago

56.3

1.93

60.7

27.4

28.9

37.5

52.2

62.5

70.3

79.1

65.5

63.6

43.0

52.4

58.9

51.6

38.1

59.3

76.0

13.4

0.64

13.6

12.5

11.8

15.7

15,8

13.6

14.3

9.4

14.5

15.1

13.0

11.0

13.2

13.9

15.0

14.3

10.5

10.0

0.50

9.5

13.4

12.6

12.8

10.0

10.4

7.5

5.7

7.6

8.1

12.1

12.4

9.3

11.3

11,8

10.2

6.4

Navar

11.6

1.76

9.1

27.7

30.7

22.3

11.3

6.6

3.6

1.2

5.5

6.4

19.7

15.3

10.2

14.2

22.2

8.4

2.4

Don’t

remember

Percent distribution

8.6

0.55

7.0

19.1

15.1

11.6

10.6

6.8

4.3

4.6

6.9

6.7

12.2

8.9

8.4

9.0

12.9

7.7

4.7

46.4

1.55

51.9

26.2

27.4

34.4

46.1

54.1

59.0

63.4

58.0

52.8

38.8

44.2

50.2

45.3

36.2

50.3

62.7

15.0

-

0.56

15.5

11.8

10.9

15.8

16.0

15.2

16.8

14.7

15.5

16.7

13.8

13.9

14.5

16.0

14.9

15.4

15.4

12.5

0.41

12.4

13.4

13.1

14.0

13.5

13.0

11.3

9.3

9.2

12.1

14.2

14.3

11.9

13.6

13.4

13.0

9.4

15.0

1.59

12.5

30.9

33.3

25.2

13.7

10.4

7.6

-6.0

8.7

11.1

21.4

18.7

14.2

16.3

22.8

13.2

6.5

Don’t

remember

9.0

0.46

7.7

17.8

15.2

10.6

10.7

7.3

5.3

6.6

8.5

7.3

11,8

8.9

9.2

8.7

12.7

8.1

6.0

17
Table 5. Percent distribution of youths aged 12-17 years by use of medicines and hospital stays, according to selected socioeconomic

variables: United States, 1966-70

Selectad variables

Total . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Standard error . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

@

Whita . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Negro . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

income

Lessthan $3,000 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

$3,000-$5,000 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

$5,000-$7,000 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

$7,000-$10,000 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

$10,000-$15,000 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

$15,0Mor more . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Region

Northeast . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Midwest . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

South . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

West . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Typeofcommunity

Urban . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Rural . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Parents’ education

Elementary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

High school . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Beyond high school . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Regular use of medicine

I

Hospital stay

Yes No I

Don’tknow Once More than once Never I

Don’t know

Percent distribution

7.4

0.41

7.5

6.7

6.7

6.5

6.2

7.4

6.4

10.1

6.5

7.6

7.2

7.9

7.7

6.7

5.7

7.2

9.4

92.0

0.42

92.0

91.4

91.7

92.4

93.1

92.1

93.2

89.8

92.9

92.3

91.6

91.2

91.7

92.4

93.3

92.3

90.2

0.7

0.1

0.5

1.9

1.6

1.1

0.6

0.5

0.3

0.1

0.6

0.2

1.1

0.9

0.6

0.9

1.0

0.4

0.4

32.6

0.92

34.3

21.3

23.3

27.1

30.3

36.2

36.3

38.0

34.2

33.3

28.2

34.5

32.1

33.4

26.1

34.8

36.6

17.1

0.84

18.2

10.2

12.8

13.4

17.1

17.0

19.1

19.8

18.1

17.9

15.2

17.0

17.6

16.1

13.2

18.2

19.4

49.4

1.16

46.6

66.8

62.3

58.2

51.8

46.1

43.7

41.7

46.8

47.4

55.8

47.9

49.2

49.6

59.2

46.1

43.4

1.0

0.14

0,9

1.7

1.6

1.4

0.7

0.7

1.0

0.5

0.9

1.5

0.8

0.7

1.1

0.8

1.5

0.9

0.6
Table 6. Percent distribution of youths aged 12-17 years by food consumption ratings and attitudes toward food, according to selected

Selected variables

Total, . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Standard error . . . . . . . . . . . .

Race

White . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Negro . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Income

Le.ssthan $3,000 . . . . . . . . . . .

$3,000-$5,000 . . . . . . . . . . . .

$5,000-$7,000 . . . . . . . . . . . .

$7,000-$10,000 . . . . . . . . . . .

$10,000-$15,000 . . . . . . . . . . .

$15,01Y20r more . . . . . . . . . . .

Northeast, . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Midwest . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

South, . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

West, . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Typaofcommunity

Urban, , .,, ., .,, ,., . . . . .

Rural . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Parents’ education

Elementary . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Highschool . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Beyondhighschool . . . . . . . . .

socioeconomic variables: United States, 1966-70

Youth ratings IParent ratings I

Attitudes toward food

Too

much

18.7

0.47

18.6

19.0

20.6

18.3

18.1

18.1

17.6

20.8

18.8

18.1

18.0

19.8

19.4

17.4

17.7

19.4

18.9

Right

74.0

0.67

74.5

70.8

69.6

73.4

74.6

75.1

75.2

73.6

73.2

75.1

74.2

73.2

72.7

76.2

74.2

73.5

75.0

7.3

0.38

6.9

10.2

9.8

8.3

7.3

6.7

7.2

5.6

8.0

6.8

7.8

7.0

7.9

6.4

8.0

7.2

6.0

11.9

0.57

11.1

17.1

16.4

13.6

12.8

10.7

9.6

11.2

13.1

11.4

11.0

12.2

13.1

9.9

12.9

12.0

9.6

Percent distribution

81.5

0.56

82.9

72.6

74.2

79.3

82.0

82.0

84.6

84.4

80.9

83.3

80.6

81.0

79.8

84.5

80.0

81.2

84.8

6.6

0.28

6.0

10.3

9.5

7.2

5.2

7.3

5.8

4.3

6.0

5.3

8.4

6.8

7.1

5.7

7.1

6.8

5.5

48.3

0.82

48.2

47.7

49.5

52.5

48.8

45.3

46.4

48.1

47.7

47.6

48.6

49.4

46.6

51.2

50.0

46.7

46.7

44.3

0.88

45.0

40.2

39.5

39.8

44.9

47.1

46.9

45.1

43.8

46.3

43.1

43.5

45.2

42.7

42.1

45.5

45.2

Very fussy

7.4

0.33

6.7

12.1

11.0

7.7

6.4

7.5

6.7

6.9

8.5

6.2

8.4

7.1

8.2

6.1

7.9

7.8

6.1

19
Table 7. Percent distribution of youths aged12-17years byprevalenceof acne, itstreatment, doctor consultation, andattitudes toward

acna, according tosalected socioeconomic variables: United States, 1866-70

Selected variables

Total . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Standarderror . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Reca

White . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Negro . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Income

Lessthan $3,000 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

$3,000-$5,000 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

$5,000-$7,000 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

$7,000-$10,000 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

$10,000-$15,000 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

$15,0000rmore . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

!@@

Northeast . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Midwest . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

South . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

West . . . . . . . , . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Typeofcommunity

Urban . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Rural . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Parents’ education

Elementary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

High achool . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Beyondhighschool . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

49.2

0.86

51.1

36.8

45.8

45.4

46.8

52.1

50.4

48,8

42.7

50.3

46.7

53.9

48.2

50.8

46.5

50.3

47.1

58.3

138

59.4

49.4

49.0

49.6

63.2

57.7

@.7

64.5

58,4

60.5

53.6

59.9

59,1

57.0

48.6

59.7

66.8

Worries about acne

A lot Some A little Notatall

Percent distribution

11.4

0.61

12.0

6.0

8.3

7.1

10.9

8.7

11.7

24.7

11,4

11.2

10.5

12.4

12.9

9.0

8.3

10.4

17.8

13.7

0.66

13.2

17.6

16.0

14.4

13.7

13.6

13.6

9.6

14.7

13.5

11.2

15.1

14.6

12.1

14.5

13.7

11.8

35.0

0.97

36.3

23.6

32.7

32.4

36.6

33.5

36.2

41.8

33.8

37.5

33.3

34.7

34.9

35.2

33.2

35.1

38.1

35.5

0.97

36.1

30.3

37.0

32.9

34.0

36.7

38.6

35.9

37.0

35.7

35.6

34.2

35.3

35.9

32.7

37.0

36.8

15.8

0,61

14.4

28.5

20.3

20.4

15.7

16.2

11.5

12.8

14.5

13.3

19.9

16.0

15.2

16.8

19.6

14.2

13.4

20
Table 8. Percent distribution of youths aged 12-17 years by rate of mental development and visits to a mental hospital, psychologist, or

psychiatrist, according toselected socioeconomic variables: United States, 1966-70

Mental development Visit to mental hospital

I

Visit to psychologist or psychiatrist

Selected variables

%

Last

year

Don’t

know

Last Don’t Before last year No

year know

Too

slow

Percent distribution

Total . . . . .

Standard error . . .

Rata

White . . . . . . . . .

Negro, . . . . . . . .

Income

Lessthan $3,000 . .

$3,000-$5,000 . . .

$5,000.$7,000 .,.

$7,000-$10,000 . .

$10,000-$ 15,000..

$15,0rM or more . .

Region

Northeast . . . . . . .

Midwest . . . . . . . .

South . . . . . . . . .

West . . . . . . . . . .

Type of community

Urban ...,.....

Rural . . . . . . . . .

Parents’ education

Elementary . . . . .

High school . . . . .

Beyond high school .

3.7 95.4 0.9 0.8 2.1 96.7 0.4 2.0 4.1 93.4 0.5

0.08

0.4

1.2

1.5

0.6

0.6

0.3

...

0.1

0.4

0.5

0.6

0.4

0.3

0.9

1.3

0.2

--

0.32

3.1

7.2

5.2

4.4

5.3

2.9

2.2

1.6

3.1

2.7

4,4

4.5

3.9

3.2

4.4

3.6

2.5

0.36

96.0

91.6

93.7

94.6

94.2

96.3

96.7

97.1

95.7

96.4

94.7

94.7

95.0

96.1

94.9

95.4

96.5

0.09

0.9

1.2

1.1

1.0

0.5

0.8

1.0

1.3

1.2

0.9

1.0

0.8

1.1

0.6

0.6

1.0

1.0

0.12

0.7

1.7

0.9

1.3

1.2

0.4

0.8

0.3

1.0

0.6

0.7

1.0

0.9

0.7

0.8

0.8

0.8

0.73

2.2

2.1

1.8

2.4

1.5

3.2

1.6

1.7

1.6

1.0

1.8

4.2

2.4

1.6

1.5

2.3

2.7

0.74

96.9

95.2

96.6

95.7

96.7

96.2

97.6

98.1

96.9

97.9

97,2

94.6

96.4

97.2

96.7

96.7

96.5

0.07

0.3

1.1

0.7

0.6

0.6

0.2

0.0

0.0

0.4

0.4

0.3

0.3

0.3

0.5

1.0

0.2

0.0

0.19

2.0

2.0

1.2

2.1

2.1

1.8

2.3

2.3

2.0

1.5

1.3

3.0

2.3

1.3

1.4

2.1

2.4

0.67

9.3

3.2

3.1

3.5

3.2

4.8

3.6

7.3

3.8

3.2

2.7

6.7

4.7

3.1

2.6

4.3

6.2

0.78

93.4

93.6

94.3

93.8

94.1

93.1

94.1

90.2

93.7

94.7

95.4

89.9

92.6

94.8

94.8

93.4

91.4

21
Table9. Percent distribution of youths aged 12-17 years by degree of nervousness and tension, according to selected socioeconomic

Selected variables

Total . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Standard error . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

&

White . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Negro . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Income

Lessthan$3,000 . . . . . . . . . . . .

$3,000-$5,000 . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

$5,000-$7,000, . . . . . . . . . . . . .

$7,000-$10,000 . . . . . . . . . . . . .

$10,000-$15,000 . . . . . . . . . . . .

$15,0000rmore . . . . . . . . . . . .

Ragion

Northeast . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Midwest . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . .

South . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

West . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Type ofcommunity

Urban . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Rural . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Parents’ education

Elementary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

High school . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Beyondhighschool . . . . . . . . . . .

variables: United States, 1966-70

Nervousness I

Tension

1

Not nervous Somewhat nervous

I

Very nervous Often Sometimes Rarely Never

Percent distribution

49.8

0.98

48.9

55.2

50.2

49.7

46.6

50.6

49.7

52.3

51.0

46.7

51.9

50.2

50.3

48.7

49.9

48.6

51.4

46.3

0.91

47.2

40.1

42.6

47.0

49.2

45.3

47.5

45.6

45.5

49.6

43.8

45.5

45.8

47.1

45.0

47.5

45.7

4.0

0.20

3.9

4.7

7.2

3.3

4.2

4.1

2.8

2.2

3.6

3.8

4.2

4.3

3.9

4.2

5.1

4.0

2.9

7.6

0.30

7.7

7.2

8.5

7.6

7.7

8.2

6.6

6.3

6.4

8.6

7.9

7.4

7.5

7.9

8.3

7.7

7.1

36.1

0.65

36.4

34.1

36.2

37.2

37.4

34.9

35.9

36.7

31.9

38.1

37.2

36.3

35.0

37.9

37.2

34.9

36.4

36.0

0.53

38.4

20.4

26.1

28.8

34.5

39.6

41.1

42.9

40.3

37.5

30.0

36.1

36.5

35.0

28.1

38.0

42.4

20.3

0.61

17.4

38.4

29.3

26.4

20.5

17.2

16.4

14,1

21.5

15.8

24.9

20.1

21.0

19.2

26.0

19,2

14.0

22
Table 10. Percent distribution of youths aged 12-17 years by sleep-related disorders, and percent of all youths whowet the bed,

according toselected socioeconomic variables: United States, 1966-70

Selected variables

Total . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Standard error . . . . . . . . . . . .

Rata

White . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Negro, . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

income

Less than $3,000 . . . . . . . . . .

$3,000-$5,000 . . . . . . . . . . . .

$5,000-$ 7,000 . . . . . . . . . . . .

$7,000-$10,000 . . . . . . . . . . .

$10,000-$15,000 . . . . . . . . . .

$15,0000 rmore . . . . . . . . . .

Region

Northeast . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Midwest . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

South . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Wast. ,, m. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Type of community

Urban . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..m.

Rural . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Parents’ education

Elementary . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

High school . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Bayond high school . . . . . . . . .

Sleeplessness

!

Nightmares

Sleep I I 1 I

alone I

Often

Soma- 1

Never IOften

Sometimas

Nevar

times

47.8

1.15

50.6

29.4

32.3

39.4

45.1

48.6

53.9

64.1

51.3

49.0

41.0

49.6

49.8

44.1

37.8

47.8

61.9

6.6

0.34

6.5

7.4

8.1

6.7

6.5

6.6

7.1

5.2

6.4

5.9

7.9

6.4

6.7

6.5

7.6

6.5

5.5

43.6

0.60

45.3

33.5

36.6

37.8

39.2

48.5

47.1

48.0

43.8

48.2

39.2

42.6

43.7

43.6

37.7

44.0

50.8

49.7

0.66

48.1

59.1

55.3

55.5

54.3

44.9

45.8

46.8

49.8

45.9

53.0

51.0

49.6

50.0

54.7

50.0

43.7

Percant distribution

2.8

0.20

2.6

4.3

5.8

3.2

2.1

2.4

1.8

1.9

2.7

2.5

3.1

2.9

2.6

3.0

3.8

2.6

1.5

42.7

0.89

43.1

41.0

41.6

38.3

42.4

44.6

43.3

45.1

43.9

42.4

43.6

41.4

41.9

44.2

41.3

42.6

45.9

54.5

0.85

54.4

54.7

52.6

58.4

55.5

53.1

54.9

53.0

53.4

55.1

53.3

55.7

55.4

52.8

55.0

54.7

52.5

Sleep- Percent of all youths

walking who wetthebed

5.2

0.36

5.4

3.6

5.1

5.7

4.9

5.1

5.8

4.1

4.8

5.0

6.1

4.8

4.5

6.4

6.1

5.0

4.7

4.7

0.30

4.1

8.7

6.7

6.1

4.0

4.5

3.8

3.3

4.1

4.8

6.4

3.6

4.3

5.4

6.1

4.7

3.1

23
Table 11. Percent distribution of youths aged 12-17 years by their attitudes toward consulting a doctor about serious aihnants,

according toselected socioeconomic variables: United States, 1966-70

Salected variables

Total . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Standerderror . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Race

White . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Negr o . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Income

Lessthan$3,000 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

$3,000-$5,000 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..

$5,000-$7,000 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

$7,000-$10,000 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

$10,OOCS-$I5,OOO . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

$15,0000rmore . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

-n

Northeast . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Midwest . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

South . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

West . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Typeofcommunity

Urban . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Rural . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Parents’education

Elementary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

l-iigh school . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Beyond high school . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Doctor for blood in urine Doctor for lump in stomach

Definitely Probably No Definitely Probably No

Percent distribution

74.5

0.63

74.6

73.1

74,3

70.2

73.7

76.4

74.0

77.1

76.8

72.8

72.8

75.9

74.8

73.9

72.6

74.2

77.3

19.6

0.52

20.0

17.5

18.5

21.4

20.8

17.9

21.0

17.9

17.6

21.1

20.5

19.0

19.5

19.9

20.3

20.2

18.0

5.9

0.34

5.4

9.4

7.2

8.4

5.5

5.7

5.0

4.9

5.6

6.1

6.7

5.2

5.7

6.2

7.1

5.6

4.7

71.7

0.75

71.4

72.8

71.3

69.7

70.2

72.5

74.2

71.6

74.7

71.4

70.7

70.3

72.2

70.7

71.1

72.3

71.7

22.9

0.57

23.7

17.9

21.8

23.5

25.0

22.5

21.6

23.9

20.7

23.9

22.9

23.8

22.7

23.3

22.8

22.4

24.1

5.4

0.31

4,8

9.3

6.9

6.9

4.8

5.0

4.2

4.5

4.7

4.7

6.4

6.0

5.1

6.0

6.0

5.3

4.3

24
Table 12. Percent distribution of youths eged 12-17 years by their attitudes toward consulting a doctor about minor ailments,

according toselacted socioeconomic variables: United States, 1966-70

Selected variables

Total . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Standarderror . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

&e

White . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Negro . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Income

Lessthan $3,000 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

$3,000-$5,000 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

$5,000-$7,000 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

$7JXIO-$10,000. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

$10,000-$15,000 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

$15,0000r more . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Region

Northeast . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Midwest . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

South . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Waft . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Typeofcommunity

Urban . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Rurel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Parents’ education

Elementary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

High school . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Beyond high school . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Doctor for stomach ache Doctor for headache

Definitely Probably No Definitely Probably No

Parcant distribution

4.3

0.31

3.2

11.5

9.8

7.1

5.5

2.6

1.4

0.3

3.8

2.6

7.7

4.1

4.1

4.6

7.2

3.6

1.3

19.6

0.64

17.6

32.5

33.0

26.0

21.7

15.9

14.3

13.7

18.2

15.3

26.9

19.0

18.5

21.5

27.1

18.1

13.0

76.1

0.86

79.2

56.0

57.2

66.9

72.7

81.5

64.3

86.0

78.0

82.1

66.0

76.9

77.4

73.8

65.7

78.3

85.7

2.8

0.28

2.1

7.2

6.8

4.6

2.2

2.3

0.8

0.6

2.4

1.8

4.5

2.6

2.5

3.2

4.4

2.2

1.4

14.0

0.56

11.9

28.0

23.9

22.1

15.5

11.5

9.2

6.1

11.9

10.7

20.2

13.9

13.3

15.3

21.1

13.4

7.0

83.2

0.77

86.0

64.7

69.3

73.3

82.3

86,3

90.0

93.3

85.7

87.5

75.3

83.5

84.2

81.4

74.6

84.5

91.6

25
Table 13. Per$ent distribution of youths aged 12-17 years by height and weight preference, according to selected socioeconomic

variables: United Statesr 1966-70

Selected variables

Total . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Standarderror . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Race

White . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Negro . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

1ncome

Lessthan $3,000 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

$3,000-$5,000 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

$5,000-$7,000 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

$7,000-$10,000 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

$10,000-$15,000 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

$15rOO0 ormore . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Region

Northeast . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Midwest . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

South . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

West . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Typaofcommunity

Urban . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Rural . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Parents’ education

Elementary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Highschool . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Beyondhigh school . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Preferred height Preferred weight

Less tall Same Taller Thinner Same Heavier

Percent distribution

7.3

0.38

6.5

12.6

10.1

7.5

5.7

6.4

7.8

6.1

6.7

7.1

8.0

7.4

8.0

6.1

7.6

7.4

6.6

57.8

0.74

58.7

52.6

55.5

58.2

57.5

55.9

59.7

62.9

56.3

57.7

58.3

58.9

57.5

58.5

58.2

57.3

59.2

34.9

0.68

34.8

34.8

34.4

34.3

36.8

37.7

32.5

31.0

37.0

35.3

33.7

33.6

34.5

35.5

34.2

35.3

34.2

32.9

0.43

34.5

23.0

25.3

27.0

33.2

33.6

36.7

39.4

35.1

36.7

26.7

32.7

34.1

31.0

29.7

34.0

35.4

48.0

0,66

48.0

46.9

48.8

52.2

46.5

49.0

46.2

42.2

46.9

44.5

51.7

49.3

46.3

51.0

51.0

47.3

46.1

19.1

0.51

17.5

30.1

25,9

20,8

18.3

17.4

17.1

18.4

18.0

18.8

21.6

18.0

19.7

18.0

19.4

18.7

18.5

26
Table 14. Percent distribution of youths aged 12-17 years by ease in making friends and whether friends are known to parents,

according toselected socioeconomic variables: United States, 1966-70

Selected variables

Total . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Standard error . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Race

White . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Negro . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Income

Lassthan $3,000 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

$3,000-$5,000 .. . . .. 0 . .. . . . .. .. . . . .

$5,000-$7,000 . . . . .. . . . . . .. . . . . . .. .

$7,000-$10,000 .. . .. . . . .. . . . . . . .. . . .

$10,000-$15,000 . .. . . . .. . . . .. . . . .. . .

$15,0000r more .. m....... . . . . . . . . . .

Region

Northeast . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Midwest .,, .,, . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

South . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

West . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Typeofcommunity

Urban ., . .,, ,,, . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Rural . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Parents’ education

Elementary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Highschool . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Bayond high school......,.. . . . . . . . . .

Ease in making friends I

Friends known to parents

Easily I Little trouble I Lot of trouble I Mostl Lessthanhalf l Almostnone

82.0

0.58

82.0

82.4

82.7

84.4

82.3

80.8

81.2

82.0

83.7

80.7

83.9

80.4

81.9

82.4

82.5

82.6

80,0

16.9

0.57

16.9

16.4

16.4

14.9

16.7

18.2

17.4

16.9

15.7

18.1

15.2

18.0

16.9

16.8

16.8

16.1

19.1

Percent distribution

1.1

0.12

1.1

1.2

0.9

0.7

1.0

1.0

1.4

1.1

0.6

1.2

0.9

1.6

1.2

0.9

0.7

1.3

0.9

77.0

0.92

78.2

70.1

65.5

75.1

74.1

80.4

80.0

83.4

81.3

77.7

75.1

74.3

78.4

74.6

70.7

79.7

81.4

17.2

0.70

16.6

20.0

22.9

18.1

18.7

15.3

15.6

15.5

14.8

16.8

17.3

19.7

16.9

17.8

20.0

15.4

15.6

5.8

0.38

5.1

9.9

11.6

6.9

7.2

4.3

4.4

1.1

3.9

5.5

7.6

6.0

4.7

7.6

9.3

4.8

3.0

27
Table 15. Percent distribution of youths agad 12-17 years by frequency of overnight visits with friends, number ofmeals eaten with

family, andextended absences from home, according toselactad socioeconomic variables: United Statas,1966-70

Selected variables

Total . . . . . . . . . . . .

Standard error . . . . . . . . . .

he

Whita . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Negro . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Income

Lassthan $3,000 . . . . . . . . .

$3,000-$5,000 . . . . . . . . . .

$5,000-$7,000 . . . . . . . . . .

$7,OOO-$1O,OOO . . . . . . . . .

$10,000-$15,000 . . . . . . . .

$15,0000r more . . . . . . . . .

I&!@

Northeast . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Midwest . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

South . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

West . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Type of community

Urban . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Rural . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Parents’ education

Elementary . . . . .. . . . . . . .

Highschooi . . . . . . . . . . . .

Beyond high school . . . . . . .

Overnight visits with friends

Naver 1 or2times I

Often

17.7

1.55

13.0

48.5

36.9

29.1

20.3

13.0

7.9

5.3

21.4

11.0

23.8

16.4

19.7

14.2

28.4

15.4

6.6

27.6

0.85

27.1

30.0

27.3

31.0

28.8

31.2

26.0

17.9

31.8

26.8

27.2

25.2

27,3

28.2

30,3

28.4

22.5

54.7

1.66

59.9

21.5

35.8

39.9

50.9

55.9

66.1

76.8

46.7

62.2

49.0

58.3

53.0

57.6

41.3

56.2

70.9

Numberofmeals

with family

I

Extended absence from homal

2 or more I 1 I O I Yes, onca I Morethan once I No

Percent distribution

61.0

1.28

61.5

58.2

70.3

68.9

61.5

59.4

53.8

56.7

60.7

55.1

70.4

59,0

56.2

69.3

69.0

56.4

60.0

37.6

1.32

37.2

38.1

27.1

29.4

36.9

38.8

45.3

42.0

38.1

43,0

28.3

38.8

42.1

29.7

28.8

42.3

38.1

1.4

0.23

1.3

2.7

2.6

1.7

1.6

0.9

1.0

1.2

1.2

2.0

1.2

1.2

1.7

1.0

2.2

1.3

0.9

8,3

0.36

7.6

12.4

13.6

11.8

8.1

6.7

5.6

5.8

6.7

6.4

10.2

10.2

8.2

8.5

10,5

7.8

6.7

7.4

0.31

6.5

12.9

10.6

8.5

7.0

5.9

4.9

8.2

8.2

6.2

8.6

6.8

7.8

6.5

7.8

6.9

6.7

84.3

—

0.53

85.9

74.7

75.8

79.6

85.0

87.4

89.5

86.1

85.1

87.4

81.2

83.1

84.0

85.0

81.8

85.3

86.6

lAbsenCesof 2months or more.

28
Table 16. Percent distribution of youths aged 12-17 years by difficulty in upbringing, popularity, anddating, according to selected

socioeconomic variables: United States, 1968-70

Trouble to raise Popularity Dating

r

Don’t Above

know avarage

Selected variables Below

average

Average

Percent distribution

Total . . . . . . . . . . . .

Standard error . . . . . . . . . . .

Race

White, . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Negro . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Income

Less than $3,000 . . . . . . . . .

$3,000-$5.000 . . . . . . . . . . .

$5,000-$ 7,000 . . . . . . . . . . .

$7,000-$10,000 . . . . . . .. . . .

$10,000-$15,000 . . . . . . . . .

$15,0000 rmore . . . . . . . . .

Region

Northeast . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Midwest . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

South . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

West, . ., .,, , ., ..,,...,

Type of community

Urban, , . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Rural, . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Parents’ education

Elementary . . . . . . . . . . . . .

High school . . , . . . . . . . . . .

Beyondhigh school . . . . . . . .

59.3 26.9 10.7 2.1 0.9 12.4 64.0 10.4 13.3 47.8 52.2

-

0,96

59.9

55.2

57.4

59.0

60.3

59.6

62.0

55.2

61.4

61.2

58.0

56.6

59.3

59.3

57.6

61.8

55.6

0.72

26.4

30.0

24.9

27.1

27.2

28.2

25.0

28.3

27.0

25.1

27.9

28,o

27.3

26.2

28.0

25.6

29.5

0.51

10.7

10.8

13.9

10.3

9.0

9.8

11.1

13.0

9.2

11.0

10.9

11.5

10.3

11.4

10.4

9.8

13.3

0.11

2.0

3.1

2.1

2.6

2.7

1.9

1.5

2.3

1.9

2.1

2.1

2.4

2.3

1.8

2.5

2.2

1.1

0.17

1.0

0.9

1.5

1.1

0.8

0.5

0.5

1.3

0.6

0.7

1.0

1.5

0.8

1.2

1.5

0.6

0.5

0.88

12.7

9.2

8.6

7.5

9.5

13.8

15.0

19.2

10.1

13.0

12.0

13.9

12.2

12.8

9.7

10.8

19.5

1.12

84.0

63.9

84.4

66.9

84.5

62.0

63.6

63.4

60.4

84.2

67.3

64.0

62.4

66.8

84.5

84.4

62.1

0.50

10.4

10.5

15.7

14.2

12.7

9.8

6.5

5.8

7.5

11.0

10.4

12.1

9.7

11.5

14.4

9.9

6.4

0.93

12.9

16.3

11.3

11.4

13.3

14.3

14.9

11.5

22.1

11.9

10.3

10.0

15.7

9.0

11.5

14.9

12.0

1.05

48.5

44.3

45.1

45.0

43.0

46.5

50.3

56.2

49.9

45.4

48.0

48.7

49.6

44.8

45.4

47.5

51.5

1.05

51.5

55.7

54.9

55.0

57.0

53.5

49.7

41.8

50.1

54.6

52.0

51.3

50.4

55.2

54.6

52.5

48.5

28
Table 17. Percent distribution of youths aged 12-17 years by whether they raceived an allowance and the duties and penalties

connected with it, according toselected socioeconomic variables: United States, 1966-70

Selected variables

Total . . .

Standard error .,

White . . . . . . . .

Negro . . . . . . . .

Less than $3,000

$3,000-$5,000. .

$5,000-$7.000. .

$7,000-$10,000 .

$10,000-$15,000

$15,000 or more

Northeast . . . . .

Midwest . . . . . .

South . . . . . . . .

West . . . . . . . .

Urban . . . . . . .

Rural . . . . . . . .

Elementary . . . .

High school . . . .

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Race

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Income

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Region

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Typeofcommunity

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Parents’ aducation

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Beyondhighschool . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Receipt of allowance

E_.k4Ez

Percent distribution

50.5

1.10

49.8

55.4

43.6

48.9

48.4

50.2

54.4

59.4

47.0

49.8

53.4

51.6

53.2

45.7

48.4

48.0

60.2

70.8

1.52

73.6

55.8

53.6

60.8

73.0

76.3

80.6

70.7

68.3

81.7

57.5

73.8

71.8

68.8

61.6

76.1

73.2

25.4

1.23

24.9

28.6

25.7

23.1

24.3

25.9

26.4

24.0

27.1

25,5

22.7

26.6

26.9

22,3

23.5

26.3

26.1
Table 18, Percent distribution of youths aged 12-17 years by attitudes toward being ambitious and being considerate to others,

according toselected socioeconomic variables: United States, 1966-70

Selected variables

Total .,......

Standard error . . . . . .

Race

White . . . . . . . . . . . .

Negro, , . . . . . . . . . .

Income

Lessthan $3,000 . . . .

$3,000-$5,000 . . . . . .

$5,000-$7,000 ., . . . .

$7,000-$10,000 . . . . .

$10,000-$15,000 . . . .

$15,000 or more . . . . .

Region

Northeast ...,.....

Midwest . . . . . . . . . .

South . . . . . . . . . . . .

West . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Type of community

Urban, . . . . . . . . . . .

Rural, ., .,,......

Parents’ education

Elementary , , , . . . . .

High school .,, . . . . .

Beyond high school . . .

Importance of being ambitious I

Importance of being considerate

Extreme] y

important

34.1

0.70

33.7

36.5

36.8

33.8

33.3

32.7

34.3

36.2

31.6

33.5

39.1

32.3

34.4

33.6

34.3

33.6

34.8

*

53.0

0.67

53.7

48.8

48.6

52.4

53.5

55.1

53.5

52.6

53.6

54.6

50.6

53.0

51.9

55.0

51.0

54.5

51.8

10.4

0.55

10.2

11.5

10.4

10.8

10.7

10.4

10.5

9.0

12.0

9.6

8.4

11.6

11.1

9.2

10.4

9.7

11.0

Unimportant

Extremely

Important

I

Slightly I

Unimportant important important

2.5

0.25

2.4

3.1

4.2

3.1

2.5

1.7

1.7

2.1

2.8

2.3

1.9

3.0

2.7

2.2

3.3

2.0

2.2

51.1

1.03

52.4

41.9

43.3

44.5

52.9

51.9

55.0

57.8

49.7

51.1

50.0

53.1

51.1

51.1

45.3

51.7

57.4

44.2

0.82

43.8

47.2

47.2

48.4

41.9

44.2

42.4

40.0

44.9

45.1

44.6

42.1

43.9

44.7

47.3

44.0

40.7

3.8

0.30

3.1

8.5

8.0

5.7

3.8

3.1

2.2

1.9

4.4

3.2

4.2

3.6

4.1

3.4

5.7

3.5

1.8

1.0

0.17

0.7

2.4

1.5

1.4

1.3

0.8

0.4

0.4

0.9

0.6

1.2

1.2

1.0

0.8

1.7

0.8

0.1

31
Table 19. Parcent distribution of youths aged 12-17 years by mean independence scores, according to age and sex: United States,

1966-70

Age and sex

All ages, twth sexes

Total, 12-17 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

12years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

13 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

14 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

15years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

16years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

17 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Boys

Total, 12-17years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

12years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

13years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

14years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

15 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

16years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ,. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ., . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

17years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Girls —

Total, 12-17years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

12yaars . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

13years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ,. , . . . . . . . . . . . , . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

14years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

15years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

16years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

17yaars . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Mean independence scorei

EEIzEEE

Percant distribution

5.1

10.5

7.4

4.6

3.3

2.5

1.9

5.1

10.9

6.9

4.6

3.2

2,0

2.5

.5.2

10.2

7.8

4.6

3.5

3.0

1.2

49.4

61,8

61.0

51.6

47.0

41.6

30.6

45.8

60.0

60.2

48.1

42.9

36.0

24.0

53.1

63.6

61.8

55.3

51.2

47.3

37.3

45.4

27.6

31.6

43.7

49.6

55.9

67.5

49.0

29.1

32.9

47.3

53.9

61.9

73.4

41.7

26.2

30.3

40.1

45.2

49.7

61.4

i Tha range of possible scoreswas O-12.

32
Table 20. Mean independence score of youths aged 12-17 years, by race and selected socioeconomic variables: United States, 1966-70

Selected variables

Income

Lessthan $3,000 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

$3,000-$5,000 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

$5,000-$7,000 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

$7,000-$10,000 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

$10,000-$15,000 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

$15,0000r more . . . .. o....... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Region

Northeast . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Midwest .,, . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

South . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

West . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Tvoeofcommunitv

Urban . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Rural . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..-. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Parents’ education

Elementary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Highschool . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Beyond high school . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Race

E

Mean independence

7.7

7.8

8.0

8.2

8.4

8.7

8.2

8.3

7.9

8.2

8.2

8.1

7.8

8.2

8.5

score1

7.7

7.9

8.0

8.3

8.4

8.7

8.3

8.3

8.1

8.3

8.3

8.1

7.9

8.3

8.6

7.6

7.7

7.6

7.9

8.1

7.5

::7

7.5

8.0

7.8

744

7.5

7.8

8.1

i Tha range of possible scoreswas O-12.

33
Table 21. Percent distribution of youths aged 12-17 years by age at which they started first grade and first reaction to school,

according toselected socioeconomic variables: United States, 196B-70

Selected variables

Total . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Standard error . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Race

White . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Negro . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Income

Lessthan $3,000 . ..>.... . . . . . . . . .

$3,000-$5,000 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

$5,000-$7,000 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

$7,000-$10,000 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

$10,000-$15,000 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

$15,0000rmore . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Region

Northeast . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Midwest . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

South . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

West . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Tvwofcommunitv

Urban . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Rural . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Parents’ education

Elementary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Highschool . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Beyondhighschool . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Ageatfirstgrade 1First reaction to school

5yearsor

under

19.9

0.87

20.1

18.1

15.2

13.5

20.4

20.7

22.7

22.6

27.7

20.0

13.0

19.3

21.4

17.1

15.6

21.0

23.0

*

74.2

0.97

74.1

75.0

71.3

77.5

74.0

75.4

73.5

75.0

66.5

75.6

7B.I

74.1

73.2

75.9

74.3

74.6

73.9

5.7

0.67

5.6

6.3

13.2

8.6

5.1

3.7

3.6

2.4

3.6

3,9

8.9

6.4

5.2

6.6

9.7

4.2

3.1

Was

quite

happy

Little

upset

Percent distribution

74.7

0.87

75.1

72.3

65.4

71.1

71.2

75.7

79.6

81.5

75.8

76.1

71.6

75.0

75.2

73.7

66.7

76.7

81.9

14.8

0.47

14.6

16.4

19.3

17.3

15.8

15.2

13.0

10.0

14.7

13.3

17.5

14.2

14.6

15.2

18.1

13.8

12.4

Quite

upset

3.1

0.29

3.1

3.1

3.4

4.0

3.9

2.8

2.5

2.6

2.9

2.9

3.5

3.0

3.2

3.0

4.0

3.1

1.9

Got sick

0.6

0.08

0.7

0,4

0.6

0.5

0.6

0.5

0.4

0.8

0.5

0.8

0.5

0.6

0.7

0,5

1.0

0.5

0.5

Don’t

remember

6.8

0.51

6,6

7.9

11,3

7.1

8.4

5,8

4.5

5.1

6.1

6.9

6.9

7.2

6.3

7.6

10.1

5.9

3.4

34
Table 22. Percent distribution of youths aged 12-17 years byschool attendance andvacation work patterns, according to selected

socioeconomic variables: United States, 1966-70

Selected variables

Total . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Standarderror . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Race

White . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Negro . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ...”..... . ..”. .1..-..

Income

Lessthan $3,000 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

$3,000-$5,000 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

$5,000-$7,000 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

$7,000-$10,000 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

$10,000-$15,000 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

$15,0000rmore . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Region

Northeast . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Midwest . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

South . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

West . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Typeofcommunity

Urban . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Rural . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Parents’ education

Elementary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

High school . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Beyond high school . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Going to

I

Work in vacation

school

Yes I No I Full-time ] Part-time I No

96.0

0.42

96.5

92.5

90.5

93.3

96.9

97.3

97.7

98.9

96.6

96.9

93.1

96.9

96.0

95.9

93.2

96.9

9B.7

4.0

0.42

3.5

7.5

9.5

6.7

3.1

2.7

2.3

1.1

3.4

3.1

6.9

3.1

4.0

4.1

6.8

3.1

1.3

Percent distribution

11.6

0.63

11.4

12.5

12.1

12.9

13.0

11.2

10.7

10.2

11.5

12.2

10.1

12.3

10.5

13.5

13.9

11.3

8.6

36.3

1.00

37.3

29.3

36.7

34.1

35.2

37.5

36.2

35.3

28.4

40.1

33.2

41.3

32.9

42.2

35.3

36.6

36.7

52.2

0.83

51.2

58.3

51.2

53.0

51.8

51.3

53.0

54.5

60.1

47.7

56.7

46.3

56.6

44.4

50.8

52.2

54.7

35
Tabla 23.. Percent of youths aged 12-17 years tioskippad grades, rapeated gra&s, andhadunusual abences from school, byselectd

socioeconomic variables: United States, 1966-70

Selectad variables

Total . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Standardarror . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Rata

Whita . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Nagro . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Income

Lessthan $3,000 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

$3,00@$5,000 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

$5,000-$7,000 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ...”..... . . . . . . . . .

$7,000-$10,000 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

$10,000415,000 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

$15,0000r more . . .. m........ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Region

Northeast . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..O

Midwest . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

South . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

West . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Typeofcommunity

Urban . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Rural . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..O..

Parants’ education

Elementary. . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

High school . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Beyond high school . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Grades skipped Grades rapeatad Unusual absences

percent of youths

0.9

0.17

0.7

1,7

1,9

1.2

0.7

0.5

0.5

1.3

0.9

0.3

1.2

1.4

1.0

0.7

0.9

0.7

1.2

15.8

1.02

14.1

28.5

30.4

23.0

19.3

14.1

9.1

5.1

16.3

10.9

22.9

15.2

16.3

15.0

26.4

14.7

5.8

12.8

0.73

12.1

18.1

19,8

16.7

14,0

11.7

8.8

7.0

15.4

11,0

12.0

13.5

14.0

10.8

15.9

13.0

8,5

36
Table 24. Percant distribution of youths wed 12-17 yearabyteacher’a rating of @ustment, intellectual ability, andschooI achiemment, according toselected

Selected

variables

Total ,,, ,,, ,..

Stsmdardarror . . . . . . . .

—Rata

White . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Negro . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Income

Less than $3,000 .,, ,.,

$3,000-$5,000 ..,.,...

$6,000-$7,000 . . . . . . . .

$7,000-$10,000 . . . . . . .

$10,000-$15,000 . . . . . .

$15,000 or more . . . . . .

Region

Northeast . . . . . . . . . . .

Midwest . . . . . . . . . . . .

South . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

West . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Type of community

Urban . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Rural . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Parents’ education

Elementary, . . . . . . . . .

Highschool . . . . . . . . . .

Bevondhiahschool ., . .

socioeccmomic variables: United States, 1966-70

Adjustment Intellectual ability Acadamic achievement

Well .%mawhat Seriously No Above

Upper Middle LOW

Below NO

Average

Don’t

third third

Idjustad

third

maladjusted maladjusted baais average avarage basis know

in class in class in class

Percent distribution

76.8

0.67

77.B

68.5

67.6

72.5

73.0

77.6

82.4

S5.4

75.7

77.3

76.4

77.3

75.9

78.3

71.4

76,1

84.9

14.1

0.45

13.4

19.1

20.7

17.8

16.2

13.4

10.0

S.5

10.7

14.1

14.3

16.S

14.6

13.4

1s,0

14.4

8.7

1.4

0.17

1.2

2.6

2.5

1.7

1.6

1.2

0.s

0.5

1.1

1.2

1.7

1.5

1.5

1.2

1.6

1.4

0.8

7.7

0.61

7.5

9.s

9.2

8.0

9.2

7.7

6.7

5.6

12.5

7.3

7.6

4.3

8.1

7.1

9.0

8.1

5.6

27.7

1.25

30.2

9.3

10.2

15.2

21.2

28,9

3B.o

49.9

28.0

29.6

23.2

28.1

28.8

25.9

13.9

26.0

51.2

50.4

0.95

50.5

50.4

52,6

50.5

51.7

51.6

50.8

40.9

50,2

50.9

51,2

49.1

49.4

52.0

51.0

54.4

41.2

19.5

0.89

17.2

35.7

33.6

30.8

24.3

17.3

9.s

7.4

15.4

17.5

23.4

21.7

19.3

19.7

31.s

17.5

6.5

2.4

0.21

2.1

4.7

3.7

3.5

2.9

2.2

1.4

1.6

5.4

1.7

2.1

1.1

2.6

2.4

2.3

3.1

1.1

26.2

0,B8

27.8

13.5

16.1

16.9

20.9

26.S

35.7

39.s

25.4

27.3

27.0

24.9

26.3

26.0

17.0

24.0

43.4

39.5

-

0.57

40.1

36.1

36.4

39.7

38.4

40.7

39.1

40.2

35.8

43.2

37.4

40.2

3s.4

41.5

3s.3

41.7

37.1

2S.9

1.0s

26.9

43.2

44.0

37.7

33.6

25.9

20.s

16.3

26.6

25.3

31.1

32.9

29.5

27.8

40.s

27.8

16.2

5.4

0.55

5.2

7.2

4,5

5.6

7.0

6.5

4.4

3.7

12.2

4.1

4.5

2.0

5.6

4.7

4.0

6.6

4.3

37
Table 25. Percent distribution of vouths aqed 12-17 Yeers by parent’s desire regarding youth’s education, according to selected

so;oeconomic variables~ United States, 1966-70

Selected variables

Total . . . . . . .

Standard error . . . . .

Race

White . . . . . . . . . . .

Negro . . . . . . . . . . .

Income

Less than $3,000 . . .

$3,000-$5,000 . . . . .

$5,000-$7,000 . . . . .

$7,000-$10,000 . . . .

$10,000-$15,000 . . .

$15,000 or more . . . .

Region

Northeast ..,.....

Midwest . . . . . . . . .

South . . . . . . . . . . .

West . . . . . . . . . . . .

Type of community

Urban . . . . . . . . . . .

Rural, . . . . . . . . . .

Parents’ education

Elementary . . . . . . .

High school . . . . . . .

Beyond high school . .

Parent’s desire

Quit as soon as possible Finish high school College or training Finish college Additional training

Percent distribution

0.5

0.14

0.5

0.4

2.1

0.9

0

0.1

0

0

0.1

0.3

1.0

0.5

0.3

0.7

0.9

0.2

0

16.9

0.99

15.8

24.5

37.5

26.1

21.6

12.6

6.4

2.4

18.3

14.9

22.5

13.0

15.6

19.2

32.4

13.4

2.7

35.5

1.08

35.7

34.8

31.3

39.8

43.1

39.1

35.2

20.4

33.4

41.6

30.2

35.5

33.7

38.6

37.5

42.2

19.3

31.3

0.92

32.4

24.6

17.6

19.3

24.0

33.1

41.7

46.2

32.5

31.4

27.1

33.8

33.0

28.2

17.6

30.9

50.1

15.8

0.64

15.7

15.7

11.5

13.9

11.2

15.1

16.7

31.0

15.7

11.9

19.2

17.2

17.3

13.3

11.6

13.4

27.9

38
Table 26. Percent distribution of youths aged 12-17 years by perent’s expectation regarding youth’s education, according to selected

socioeconomic variables: United States, 1966.7Cr

Selected variables

Total . . . . . . . .

Standssrderror . . . . . .

White . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Nag, .,, . . . . . . . . .

Incoma

Lessthan$3,000 . . . .

$3,000-$5,000 . . . . . .

$5,000-$7,000 . . . . . .

$7,000-$ 10,000 . . . . .

$10,000-$15,000 . . . .

$15.000 or more . . . .

Region

Northwest . . . . . . . . . .

Midwest . . . . . . . . . . .

South . . . . . . . . . . . . .

West . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Type of community

Urban . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Rural . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Parents’ education

Elementary . . . . . . . .

High school . . . . . . . .

Beyond high school ,.

Parent’s expectation

Quit as soon as possible Finish high school Coi Iege or training Finish college Additional training

Percent distribution

3.4

0.46

3.2

5.1

10.8

6.5

2.6

1.8

0.9

0,1

2.8

2.4

5.7

3.1

2.9

4.3

6.8

2.2

0.4

26.7

1.16

25.3

36.2

47.5

38.9

33.8

23.8

14.7

6.2

27.4

25.7

32.8

21.5

24.9

29.7

44.7

25.1

5.7

36.1

1.08

36.6

32.9

24.8

32.5

41.3

41.6

40.2

29.2

33.1

40.5

29.9

39.4

34.9

38.2

31.4

42.6

28.8

23.6

0.96

24.6

17.3

12.7

13.8

15.2

24.9

31.5

40.3

26.1

23,0

21.4

24.2

26.0

19.5

11.0

22.4

43.2

10.2

0.52

T0.3

8.5

4.3

8.3

7.0

7.9

12.7

24.1

10.7

8.4

10.2

11.7

11.3

8.3

6.1

7.6

21.9

39
Table i!7. Percent distribution of youths acied 12-17 years by their own desires regarding education, according to selected

[ I

Setetied variables

Tcita l........

Standard error . . . . . .

White, . . . . . . . . . . . .

Negro ~ . . . . . . . . . . . .

!!x!m

Less than $3,000 . . . .

$3,000.$5,000 . . . . . .

$5,000-$7,CQ0 . . . . . .

$7,000-$iOOo . . . . .

$10,000-$ 15,000 . . . .

$15,000 Or more . . . .

Northeast, . . . . . . . . .

Midwest . . . . . . . . . . .

Sooth . . . . . . . . . . . . .

West . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Typd of community

Urbari . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Rur~l. A. . . . . . . . . . .

Parar-@’ education

Elementary . . . . . . . .

High school . . . . . . . .

Beyond hi~h school . .

Socioeconomic variables: United States, 1966.70-

Youth’s desire

Quit as soon as possible Finish high school College or training Finish college Additional training

Percent distribution

1.9

0.24

2.0

1.4

5.8

3.3

1.8

0.8

0.7

0.1

1.6

1.5

3.0

1.7

1.8

2,1

3.9

1.4

0.2

22.1

1.07

20.6

31.8

39.1

32.0

26.6

19.3

12.4

4.6

20.1

21.7

27.9

lB.8

20.4

25.0

35.5

20.1

6.7

32.7

0.77

32.8

32.5

27.3

30.9

39.!3

34.3

34.5

22.B

32.6

34.0

31.8

32.1

30.B

35.8

33.3

36.9

23.4

26.0

0.87

27.2

18.2

16.3

19.2

19.3

28.7

32.8

3B.9

27.8

26.6

22.5

27.1

27.6

23.3

15.9

26.2

39.9

17.3

0.68

17.4

16.1

11.6

14.7

12.5

15.9

19.6

33.5

17.9

16.2

14.9

20,3

19.4

13.8

11.4 I

15.4

29.9

.

I

I

*,

,

40
Table 28. Percent distribution of vouths arred 12-17 years by their own expectations regarding edumtion, according to sel~ted

Selected variables

Total . . . . . . . .

Stendard error . . . . . .

Race

White . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Nemo . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Income

Lessthan $3,000 . . . .

$3,000$ 5,000 . . . . . .

$5,000-$7,000 . . . . . .

$7,000-$ 10,000 . . . . .

$10,000-$ 15,000 . . . .

$15,000 or more . . . .

Region

Northeast . . . . . . . . . .

Midwest . . . . . . . . . . .

South . . . . . . . . . . . . .

west . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Tvoe of communitv

Urban . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Rurel . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Parents’ education

Elementary . . . . . . . .

High school . . . . . . . .

Bayond high school . .

so;oeconomic variables: United States, 1966-70

Youth’s expectation

r

Quit as soon as possible Finish high school College or training Finish college Additional training

Parcent distribution

2.4

0.33

2.5

2.1

7.5

4.9

2.0

0.9

0.6

0,1

1.9

1.8

3.4

2.7

2.3

2.7

4.8

1.6

0.3

26.0

1.18

24.9

33.5

42.6

36.7

31.7

24.5

15.3

6.5

23.7

26.1

31.8

22.7

24.1

28.4

41.6

24.8

7.3

32.5

0.90

33.0

30.2

23,9

28.6

39.8

35.8

34.6

27.1

32.0

34.5

29.9

33.4

31.6

34.2

29.0

37.3

27.2

24.4

0.73

25.3

18.4

15.0

16.3

16.7

26.3

32.6

39.4

26.7

24.5

21.3

25.2

25.9

21.8

14.4

23.7

40.3

14,3

0.57

14.0

15.6

10.6

13.0

9.6

12.3

16.8

26.7

15.3

j3.o

13.1

16.0

15.9

11.5

9.9

12.4

24.8

I
Table 29. Percent distribution of youths aged 12-17 years by time swntmtching television, according toseletied socioeconomic

Selected variables

Total . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Standard error . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Race

White . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Negro . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Income

Less than $3,000 . . . . . . . . . . . .

$3,000-$5,000 . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

$5,000-$7,000 . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

$7,000-$10,000 . . . . . . . . . . . . .

$10,000-$15,000 . . . . . . . . . . . .

$15,0000rmore . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Region

Northeast . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Midwest . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

South . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

West . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Tvoeofcommunitv

Urban . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Rural . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Parents’ education

Elementary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

High school . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Bevondhiah school . . . . . . . . . .

variables: United States, 1966-70

Watching TV

No time

5.3

0.49

5.5

4.4

8.4

5.6

3.7

4.7

4.4

6.1

5.4

3.8

6.7

5.7

4.5

6.9

6.8

3.6

7.4

Less than

I

‘%-l hour

YZhour

1.1

0.19

1.1

1.1

0.7

0.7

1.6

0.9

1.0

2.2

1.2

1.0

0.7

1.6

1.0

1.4

0.7

1.2

1.6

4,6

0.34

4.8

3.3

3.3

3.3

3.1

4.0

4.1

11.5

4.9

4.8

3.6

5.2

4.8

4.4

3.1

3.6

9.1

l-2 hours 2-3 hours 3-4 hours 4-5 hours :rh:o:

Percent distribution

18.9

0.56

20.5

8.6

11.4

13.2

17.3

21.3

23.0

27.1

21.1

19,8

13.3

21.2

19.5

17.9

13.7

18.3

27.0

26.7

0.75

27.9

19.4

23.4

24.9

25.3

28.9

28.9

25.0

26.8

28.2

25.7

25.9

27.1

26.1

25.5

28.6

25.5

19.1

0.65

19.3

17.7

19.9

20.3

21.5

19.2

18.8

13.8

18.3

19.0

20.2

19.0

18.6

20.0

19.9

20.1

15.3

11.9

0.35

11.0

18.1

15.2

14.6

14.8

9.7

10.8

6.8

11.0

10.5

14.5

12.0

11.8

12.1

14.8

11.9

7.4

12.2

0.56

9.9

27.4

17.6

17.5

12.7

11.4

7.9

7.4

11.2

13.0

15.3

9,5

12.8

11.2

15.5

12.7

6.6

,

,

42
Table 30. Percent distribution of youths aged 12-17 years by time spant listening totheradio, according to selected socioeconomic

variables: United States, 1966-70

Selected variables

Total . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Standard error . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Race

White . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Negro . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Income

Less than $3,000 . . . . . . . . . . . .

$3,000-$5,000 . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

$5,000-$7,000 . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

$7,000-$10,000 . . . . . . . . . . . . .

$10,000.$15,000 . . . . . . . . . . . .

$15,0000r more . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Region

Northeast . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .,

Midwest . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

South . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

West . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Type of community

Urtxm . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Rural . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Parents’ education

Elementary, . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Highschool . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Beyond high school . . . . . . . . . .

Listening to radio

No time

Less than

‘/2-1 hour

l%hour

1-2 hours 2-3 hours

15.3

0.55

15.0

16.3

21.1

16.8

15.9

14.0

12.0

14.2

14.1

12.7

17.8

16.8

13.5

18.4

19.1

13.3

13.6

7.5

0.49

7.8

5.6

5.3

6.2

7.8

7.7

9.9

8.1

8.1

7.0

6.7

8.2

7.6

7.3

6.1

7.7

9.3

16.6

0.54

17.1

13.6

11.6

14.8

15.1

17.3

17.7

22.2

17.6

18.0

13.5

17.2

16.7

16.6

13.2

16.3

21.9

Percent distribution

26.0

0.64

26.5

22.9

26.3

26.2

26.6

26.3

25.3

26.7

26.4

24.5

29.1

24.5

25.5

26.9

26.1

25.8

27.0

14.5

0.33

13.9

17.8

16.5

15.8

14.1

13.8

15.4

9.6

15.2

14.7

16.2

11.9

15.0

13.5

14.7

15.3

12.4

3-4hours I 4-5 hours

7.8

0.51

7.4

10.7

7.1

7.1

8.2

7.8

8.4

7.5

5.9

8.1

7.3

9.6

8.6

6.5

7.7

8.1

7.0

4.7

0.44

4.8

4.5

5.3

4.7

3.9

5.0

4.6

4.7

4.3

5.4

4.0

4.9

4.8

4.6

4.6

5.0

4.0

5 hours

or more

7.6

0.62

7.5

8.5

6.9

8.5

8.4

8.0

6.7

7.0

8.3

9.6

5.3

6.9

8.4

6.2

8.5

8.4

4.8

43
Tabla 31. Percent distribution of youths eged12-17years by time spent reading magazines andcomic books, according to selected

Selected variables

Total . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Standard error . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Race

White . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Negro . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

income

Lessthan $3,000 . . . . . . . . . . . .

$3,000-$5,000 . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

$5,000-$7,000 . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

$7,000-$10,000 . . . . . . . . . . . . .

$10,OOO-$I5,OOO . . . . . . . . . . . .

$15,0000r mode m. . . . . . . . . . . .

Region

Northeast . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Midwest . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

South . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

West . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Type of mmmunity

Urban . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Rural . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Parents’ education

Elementary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

High school... . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Beyond high school . . . . . . . . . .

socioeconomic variables: United States, 1966-70

Reading magazines and comic books, etc.

No time Lessthan ‘A-1 hour ~%hour 1-2 hours 2-3 hours 34 hours 4-5 hours :rh:”

Percent distribution

13.8

0.80

13.4

16.6

25.3

19.1

14.1

11.4

%0

6.6

10.6

11.5

20.6

12.7

11.7

17.4

21.8

11.5

6.6

21.1

0.79

21.7

17.3

14.2

14.9

21.4

24.5

24.7

22.6

18.4

22.9

18.1

24.3

20.6

22.1

17.6

21.5

25.4

34.2

0.88

35.3

26.4

23.8

30.3

32.8

37.2

39.0

38.9

37.5

35.2

30.8

33.2

35.0

32.7

27.5

36.0

39.9

24.4

0.45

24.0

26.6

26.7

26.0

23.9

22.1

23.7

26.3

27.1

24.1

22.6

24.0

25.4

22.5

24.2

25.0

23.8

4.6

0.36

4.0

8.7

6.2

6.6

5.7

3.6

2.7

4.2

4.7

4.4

5.5

3.9

4.9

4.1

6.1

4.2

3.1

1.1

0,11

0.9

1.9

2.0

1.9

1.1

0.7

0.5

0.7

0.8

1.2

1.4

0.8

1.3

0.6

1.7

0.9

0.7

0.5

0.10

0.4

1.3

1.3

0.4

0.9

0.3

0,2

.-.

0.2

0.5

0.6

0.6

0.5

0.5

0.5

0.5

0.2

0.4

0.09

0.3

1.2

0.5

0.7

0.4

0.1

0.2

0.7

0.6

0.3

0.3

0.5

0.5

0.2

0,6

0.4

0.2

44
I

I

Table 32. Percent distribution of youths aged 12-17 yaarsbytima spent readngsarious hoks, according tosalectad s~ioeconomic

Selected variables

Total . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Standard error . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Race

White . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Negro . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Income

Lessthen $3,000 . . . . . . . . . . . .

$3,000-$5,000 . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

$5,000.$7,000 . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

$7,000-$10,000 . . . . . . . . . . . . .

$10,000-$15,000 . . . . . . . . . . . .

$15.0000rmore . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Region

Northeast . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Midwest . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

South, . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

West, . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Type ofcommunity

Urban . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Rural . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Parents’ education

Elementary ...,....,....,.. .

High school . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Beyond high school . . . . . . . . . .

variablas: United States, 1966-70

Reading serious books

No time

Less than

%-l hour l-2hours 2-3 hours 34 hours 4-5 hours

5 hours

YZhour or mora

Percant distribution

19.7

1.18

19.9

18.5

22.6

23.8

18.7

19.7

17.7

14.3

19.2

21.6

21.5

16.2

19.4

20.2

23.5

20.0

13.0

7.1

0.45

6.9

8.0

7.5

7.3

5.3

8.4

7.0

7.4

5.3

8.3

6.7

7.6

7.0

7.3

6.4

7.6

7.0

19.9

0.59

20.5

16.1

16.5

19.0

19.7

19.1

21.1

23.9

21.6

19.2

18.4

20.4

20.2

19.2

17.8

19.9

22.1

37.4

0.81

31.7

28.7

27.2

25.8

32.8

32.8

34.7

34.6

33.7

29.7

31.6

31.2

32.4

29.8

28.9

31.1

36.1

13.2

0.66

13.1

14.4

14.5

13.8

15.3

11.5

12.8

10.9

12.9

11.8

13.5

14.9

12.3

14.9

14.6

12.3

13.8

4.6

0.28

4.2

7.2

5.2

4.8

4.0

4.8

4.2

5.5

4.2

5.0

4.6

4.7

4.7

4.5

4.1

4.9

5.0

1.9

0.21

1.7

3.1

3.6

2.8

2.0

1.5

1.0

1.1

1.3

1.8

2.2

2.2

1.9

1.9

2.7

1.9

1.0

2.2

0,23

2.0

2.9

3.0

2.8

2.1

2.1

1.5

2.3

1.8

2.5

1.4

2.8

2.1

2.3

2.0

2.2

2.0

45
APPENDIX I

TECHNICAL NOTES ON METHODS

The Survey Design

The sample designs for the first three programs, or Cycles I-III, of the Health Examination Survey have been essentially similar, in that

each has been a multistage, stratified probability y

sample of clusters of households in land-based

segments. The successive elements for this sample design are primary sampling unit (PSU),

census enumeration district (ED), segment (a

cluster of households), household, eligible

youths, and finally, the sample youth.

The 40 sample areas and the segments utilized

in the design of Cycle III were the same as those

in Cycle II. Previous reports describe in detail

the sample design used for Cycle II and in

addition discuss the problems and considerations

given to other types of sampling frames and

whether or not to control the selection of

siblings.1 ~z

Requirements and limitations placed on the

design for Cycle III, similar to those for the

design for Cycie II, were that:

1. The target population be defined as the

civilian noninstitutional population of the

United States, including Alaska and Hawaii,

in the age range of 12 through 17 years,

with the special exclusion of children residing on reservation lands of the American

Indians. The latter exclusion was adopted

as a result of operational problems encountered on these lands in Cycle I.

2. The time period of data collection be

limited to about 3 years for each cycle and

the length of the individual examination

within the specially constructed mobile

Note.–A list of references follows the text.

examination center be between 2 and 3

hours.

3. Ancillary data be collected on specially ~

designed household, medical history, and

school questionnaires, and from copies of

birth certificates.

4. Examination objectives be related primarily

to factors of physical and intellectual

growth and development.

5. The sample be sufficiently large to yield

reliable findings within broad geographic

regions and population density groups as

well as within age, sex, and limited socioeconomic groups for the total sample.

The sample was drawn jointly with the U.S.

Bureau of the Census, beginning with the 1960

Decennial Census list of addresses and the nearly

1,900 PSU’S into which the entire United States

was divided. Each PSU is either a standard

metropolitan statistical area (SMSA), a county,

or a group of two or three contiguous counties.

These PSU’S were grouped into 40 strata, with

each stratum having an average size of about 4.5

million persons. Stratification was accomplished

so as to maximize the degree of homogeneity

within strata with regard to the population size

of the PSU’S, degree of urbanization, geographic

proximity, and degree of industrialization. The

40 strata were than classified into four broad

geographic regions of 10 strata each and then ‘

within each region, cross-classified by four population density classes and classes of rate of ,

population change from 1950 to 1960. Using a

modified Goodman-Kish controlled-selection

technique, one PSU was drawn from each of the

40 strata.

Generally, within each PSU, 20 census enumeration districts were selected, with the proba46
bility of selection of a particular ED proportional to its population in the age group 5-9

years in the 1960 Census, which by 1966

approximated the target population for Cycle

III. A similar method was used for selecting one

segment (a smaller cluster of households) in each

ED. Because of the approximately 3-year time

interval between Cycle II and Cycle III, the

Cycle III sampling frame was updated for new

construction and to compensate for segments

where housing was partially or totally demolished to make room for highway construction or

urban redevelopment. Each of the resulting 20

segments within a PSU was either a bounded

area or a cluster of households (or addresses).

.

All youths in the appropriate age range who

resided at the address visited were eli@ble

youths, i.e., eligible for inclusion in the sample.

Operational considerations made it necessary to

reduce the number of prospective examinees at

any one location to a maximum of 200. When

the number of eligible youths in a particular

location exceeded this number, the “excess”

eligible youths were deleted from the sample

through a systematic sampling technique.

Youths who were not selected as sample youths

in the Cycle III sample, but who were previously

examined in Cycle II, were scheduled for examination if time permitted and will be included in

special longitudinal analyses. In addition, individual twins who were deleted from the Cycle

111 sample were also scheduled for examination,

as they were in Cycle II, to provide data on pairs

of twins for future analysis. These data are not

included in the report as part of the national

probability sample of youths.

The sample was selected in Cycle III, as it had

been for the children in Cycle 11, to contain

proportional representation of youths from

families having only one eligible youth, two

eligible youths, and so on, so as to be representative of the total target population. However,

1 since households were one of the elements in the

sample frame, the number of related youths in

the resulting sample is greater than would result

, from a design which sampled youths 12-17 years

without regard to household. The resulting

estimated mean measurements or rates should be

unbiased but their sampling variabilities will be

somewhat greater than those from a more

costly, time-consuming, systematic sample design in which every kth youth would be selected.

The total probability sample for Cycle III

included 7,514 youths representative of the

approximately 22.7 million noninstitutionalized

United States youths of 12-17 years. The sample

contained youths from 25 different States, with

approximately 1,000 in each single year of age.

The response rate in Cycle III was 90 percent,

with 6,768 youths examined out of the total

sample. These examinees were closely representative of those in the population from which the

sample was drawn with respect to age, sex, race,

region, population density, and population

growth in area of residence. Hence it appears

unlikely that nonresponse could bias the findings appreciably.

Reliability

While measurement processes in the surveys

were carefully standardized and closely controlled, the correspondence between true population figures and HES results cannot be expected to be exact. Survey data are imperfect

for three major reasons: (1) results are subject to

sampling error, (2) the actuar conduct of a

survey never agrees perfectly with the design,

and (3) the measurement processes themselves

are inexact, even though standardized and

cent rolled.

Data recorded for each sample youth are

inflated in the estimation process to characterize

the larger universe of which the sample youths

are representative. The weights used in this

inflation process are a product of the reciprocal

of the probability of selecting the youth, an

adjustment for nonresponse cases, and a poststratified ratio adjustment tkat increases precision by bringing survey results into closer

alinement with known U.S. population fi~res

by color and sex within single years of age for

ages 12-17.

In the third cycle of the Health Examination

Survey, as for the children in Cycle II, the

sample was the result of three principal stages of

selection: the single PSU from each stratum, the

20 segments from each sample PSU, and the

sample youth from the eligible youths. The

probability of selecting an individual youth is

the product of the probability of selection at

each stage.

47
Because the strata are roughly equal in population size and a nearly equal number of sample

youths were examined in each of the sample

Pf+J’s, the sample design is essentially selfwelghting with respect to the target population;

that is, each youth 12 through 17 years of age

had about the same probability of being &awn

into the sample.

The adjustment upward for nonresponse is

intended to minimize the impact of nonresponse

cm final estimates by imputing to nonrespondents the characteristics of “similar” respondents.

Here, “similar” respondents in a sample PSU

were defined as examined youths of the same

age in years and sex as youths not examined in

that sample PSU.

The postratified ratio adjustment used in the

third cycle achieved most of the gains in

precision that would have been attained if the

sample had been drawn from a population

stratified by age, color, and sex and makes the

final sample estimates of population agree exactly with independent controls prepared by the

Bureau of Census for the U.S. noninstitutional

population as of March 9, 1968, approximate

midpoint of the survey for Cycle III, by color

and sex for each single year of age 12-17. The

weight of every responding sample youth in each

of the 24 age, color, and sex classes is adjusted

upward or downward so that the weighted total

within the class equals the independent population control. Final sample frequencies and estimated population frequencies as of the approximate midpoint of th~ survey are presented in

table I by age and sex. The percent distributions

of youths by race and family income and by

geographic region are shown in tables II and III.

Extent of Missing Questionnaire Data

In addition to persons who were selected for

the sample but for various reasons did not participate, there were some whose questionnaires

were missing or incomplete. The extent of missing

self-report questionnaires was very small, less

than one percent for each of the two youth

questionnaires and also for the parents’ questionnaires.5 For the school questionnaire, the

nonresponse rate was about 8 percent.G In the

analysis of the items for this report the assumption was made that missing questionnaires or

items were distributed in the same manner as the

ones that were available.

Sampling and Measurement Error

In the present report, reference has been

made to efforts to minimize bias and variability

of measurement techniques. The probability

design of the survey makes possible the calculation of sampling errors. The sampling error is

used here to determine how imprecise the survey

test results may be because they result from a

Table 1. Sample and estimated population frequency distributions of youths aged 12-17 years in the noninstitutiona lized population of

the United States: Health Examination Survey, 1966-70

Age

Totai,12-17 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

12 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

13years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

14years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

15years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

16years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

17 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Number of youths Estimated number of youths

in sample in population as of midsurvay

Total

I

Boys Girls Total Boys Girls

Numbsr in thousands !

6,768 It 3,545

1,190 643

1,206 626

1,204 618

1,116 613

1,092 556

958 489

3,223

547

532

5S6

503

536

469

22,692

4,002

3,952

3,852

3,751

3,625

3,510

11,489

2,032

2,006

1,951

1,900

1,836

1,764

11,203

1,970

1,946

1,901

1,851

1,789

1,746

48
Table 11, Percent distribution of youths aged 12-17 years by race and annual family income, according to geographic region: United

States, 1966-70

Race and family income

Total, . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Al I races

Lessthan $3,000 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

$3,000-$4,999 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

$5,000-$6,999 ., .,.... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

$7,000-$9,999 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

$10,000-$14,889 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

$15,0000rm0re . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Unknown . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

White

Less than $3,000 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

$3,000-$4,999 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

$5,000-$6,999 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

$7,0Q0-$9,999 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

$10,000-$14,889 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

$15,0000rm0re . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Unknown . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Negro

Less than $3,000 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

$3,000-$4,999 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

$5,m0-$6,999 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

$7,000-$9,999 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

$10,000-$14,889 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

$15,000 or more ., .,.... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Unknown . ! . . . , . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

sample rather than from the measurements ofall

elements in the universe. The estimation of

sampling errors for a study such as the.Health

ExaminationSurvey is difficuh forat Ieast three

reasons: (1) measurement error and “pure”

sampling error are confoundedin the data, and

it is difficult to find aprocedure that will either

completely include both or treat one or the

other separately; (2) the survey design and

estimation procedure are complex, and accordingly, require computationally involved techniques for the calculation of variances; and(3)

thousands of statistics are derived from the

survey, many for subclasses of the population

for which the number of sample cases is small.

Estimates of sampling error are obtained from

West

100.0

6.6

10.7

16.2

26.1

20;8

10.6

9.0

4.4

8.4

16.1

27.3

23.3

12.1

8.5

21.5

26.5

16.7

18.2

3.8

.5

12.7

Percent distribution

100.0

4.5

10.3

15.9

27.0

23.9

14.1

4.3

3.5

9.1

15.3

28.0

24.8

15.0

4.3

16.5

24.0

23.0

15.1

13.8

4.1

3.5

100.0

26.0

20.4

13.2

16.5

12.0

7.2

4.7

19.0

16.8

13.5

20.5

15.9

9.8

4.4

44.9

30.3

12.3

5.8

1.6

.-

5.1

100.0

11.4

12.9

16.6

21.1

19.4

10.1

8.5

10.2

12.6

16.1

21.8

20.1

10.6

8.6

26.8

16.7

23.6

11,8

10.5

4.3

6.3

the samde A data and are themselves subiect to

sampling error, which may be large w~en the

number of cases in a cell is small or, occasionally, even when the number of cases is substantial.

Estimates of approximate sampling variability

for most statistics presented in this report are

included in the detailed tables or can be computed from table IV. These estimates, called

standard errors, have been prepared by areplication technique that yields overall variability

through observation of variability among random subsamples of the total sample. The

method reflects both “pure” sampling variance

and a part of the measurement variance, and is

described in previously published reports.14~15

49
Table I I1. Percent distribution of youths aged 12-17 yaars by geographic region, according to race and annual family income: United

States, 1966-70

Race and Income

Total . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Al i racas

Lessthan $3,000 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

$3,0WX$4,999 . . . . . . . . . . . . . , . . . . . , . . . . . . . . . , . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

$5,000$6,999 . . . . . . , . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . , . . . . . . . . , . . . . . . . . . , . . . . . . . . . . .

$7,000-$9,999 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

$10,000-$14,999 . . . . . . . . , . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ,

$15,000 or more . . . . . , . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . , . .

White

Lessthan$3,000 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

$3,000-$4,988 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ., . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

$5,00G$6,999 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . , . , . . . . , . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

$7,000-$9,999 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

$10,000$14,889 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

$15,000 or more . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Negro

Lessthan$3,000 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ., . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

$3,000$4,999 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

$5,000-$6,999 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

$7,00CH$8,999 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

$10,000-$14,999 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

$15,0000rmore . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . , . . . . . . , . . . . . . . .

Generally, the percentages or rates shownin

the detailed tables for all youths are accompanied by their standard errors. Standard errors

associated with estimates for subgroups, e.g., all

youths whose parents’ income was between

$3,000 and $4,999, could not be shown conveniently in the detailed tables but can be

estimated from table IV. For example, the

percentage of youths whose parents’ income was

less than $3,000 who considered themselvesin

poor health was 1.6 (from table 1) when

entering this figure in table IV, on the line for

“income less than $3,000’’, the standard error is

seen to lie between 0.57 and0.70, the entries in

the columns headed l% and 2?Z0.Linear interpolation between these values yields an estimated standard error of 0.65.

North Midwest South West

Percent distribution

100.0

12.4

17.7

23.1

25.4

23.9

22.0

11.4

16.3

23.4

24.6

24.3

22.2

14.2

21.4

21.6

36.0

15.2

7.5

100.0

11.0

21.8

28.3

33.8

35.5

37.8

12.2

24.1

30.2

34.5

35.2

37.5

8.8

15.6

24.0

24.1

44.3

51.0

100,0

51.9

35.9

20.1

17.1

14.7

15.9

43.8

29.2

17.6

16.5

14.7

16.2

66.0

54.5

35,4

25.3

14.3

.-

100.0

24.7

24.6

27.4

23.7

25.8

24.3

32,6

30.4

28.8

24.4

25.8

24.0

11.1

8.5

19.1

14.6

26.2

41.5

Hypothesis Testing

In accordance with usual Practice, the interval

estimate for any statistic w-as considered to be

the range within one standard error of the

tabulated statistic with 68-percent confidence,

and the range within two standard errors of the ..

tabulated statistic with 95-percent confidence.

The latter is used as the level of statistical

significance in this report. d

An approximation of the standard error of a

difference d = x – y of two statistics x and y is

given by the formula Sd = (S2 + S; )% where SX

and SY are the standard errors, respectively, of x

and y. Of course, where the two groups” or

measures are positively or negatively correlated,

50
Table IV. Standard errors of estimates for selected percentages of population subgroups

Selacted variables

of population

subgroups

Race

Whit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Negro, . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

.

Income

Lessthan $3,000 . . . . . . . . . . .

●

$3,000-$5,000 . . . . ..# . . . . . .

$5,W0-$7,000 . . . . . . . . . . . . .

$7,000-$ 10,000 . . . . . . . . . . . .

$10,000-$15,000 . . . . . . . . . . .

$15,000 or more . . . . . . . . . . .

Northeast . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Midwest . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

south . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

West . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Typa of community

Urlxm . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..o.

Rural . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Parents’ education

Elemental y. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

High school . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Seyond high school . . . . . . . . .

Percent of

total

86.2

13.3

11.8

13.4

15.5

22.8

19.3

10.7

22.1

28.6

23.6

25.7

63.6

36.4

26.2

48.1

21.6

5

0.34

0.48

0,49

0.48

0.46

0.41

0.43

0.51

0.42

0.39

0.41

0.40

0.35

0.38

0.40

0.36

0.42

1

0.35

6.55

0.57

0.55

0.52

0.46

0.49

0.59

0.47

0.44

0.46

0.45

0.37

0.41

0.45

0.39

0.47

Standard error of astimate

2

0.38

0.67

0.70

0.67

0.63

0.55

0.58

0.73

0.55

0.51

0.54

0.53

0,41

0.47

0.52

0.44

0.56

5

0.46

0.93

0.99

0.93

0.87

0.74

0.79

1.03

0.75

0.67

0.73

0.70

0.50

0.61

0.70

0.55

0.76

10

0.55

1,23

1,31

1.23

1.15

0.96

1.04

1.37

0.97

0.87

0.94

0.91

0.62

0.78

0.90

0.69

0.88

15

0.64

1.45

1.53

1.44

1.34

1.12

1.21

1.61

1.13

1.00

1.10

1,06

0.70

0.90

1.05

0.79

1.15

20

0.71

1.61

1.70

1.60

1.49

1.24

1.34

1.79

1.26

1.11

1.22

1.17

0.77

0,99

1.16

0.87

1.27

25

0.72

1.73

1.64

1.73

1.61

1.33

1.44

1.93

1.35

1.20

1.31

1.26

0.82

1.07

1,25

0.93

1.37

30

0.75

1.83

1.84

1.82

1.70

1.41

1.52

2.04

1.43

1.26

1.38

1.33

0.86

1.12

1.31

0.88

1.44

40

0.79

1.95

2.07

1.94

1.81

1.50

1.62

2.17

1.52

1.34

1.47

1.41

0.91

1.19

1.40

1.04

1.54

50

0.81

1.99

2.11

1.98

1.64

1.53

1.66

2.21

1.55

1.37

1.50

1.44

0.93

1.21

1.42

1.06

1.57

this formula will give an underestimate or an the estimated sampling error may be larger than

overestimate of ;he actual standard error. the statistic itself. Such statistics areincludedin

Small Categories

In some tables, statistics may be shown for

cells for which the sample size is so small that

)

00

this report in the belief that the information,

while not meeting strict standards of precision,

may lend an overall impression of the survey

findings andmay beofinterestto subject-matter

specialists.

o

51

I
I

APPENDIX II

DEFINITIONS OF CERTAIN TERMS

USED IN THIS REPORT

\

I

Age. –A youth’s age as of his lastbirthday on

the date of first interview was used as the basis

for deciding whether or not he was to be

included in the sample. However, the age recorded for each youth was his age as of his last

birthday on the date of examination. Age was

confirmed by comparison with the date of birth

as given on the youth’s birth certificate. Since

the examination usually took place two to four

weeks after the interview, some of those who

were 17 years old at the time of interview had

become 18 years old by the time they were

examined. There were 58 such cases. In the

adjustment and weighting procedures these cases

were included in the 17-year-old group.

Race. –The race classification recorded by

observation was confirmed whenever possible by

comparison with the race classification on the

youth’s birth certificate. .Race was recorded as

“white,” “Negro,” or “other.” “Other” included

American Indians, &inese, Japanese, and all

races other than white or Negro.

Parent. –A parent was the natural parent or,

in the case of adoption, the legal parent of the

youth.

Guardian.–A guardian was the person responsible for the care and supervision of the

youth. She [or he) did not have to be the legal

guardian to be considered the guardian in this

survey. A guardianship could exist only when

neither parent resided in the sample household.

Family Income. –The income recorded was

the total income received during the past twelve

months by the head of the household and all

other household members related to the head.

This income was the gross cash income (exclud.

ing pay in kind) except in the case of a family

with its own farm or business. In that instance,

net income was recorded. Also included in the

family income figure were allotments and other

money received by the family from a member of ‘!

the Armed Forces.

Education of Parent or Guardian. –This item .,

was recorded as the highest grade that had been

attended in school. Also recommended was

whether that grade had been completed. The

only grades counted were those which had been

completed in a regular school where persons

were given formzd education in graded public or

private schools, either day or night, whether

attendance was full-time or part-time. A “regular” school is one which advances a person

toward an elementary or high school diploma, or

a college, university, or professional school

degree. Education or training received in vocational, trade, or business schools outside the

regular school system was not counted in determining the highest grade of school completed.

Geographic Reg”on. –The United States was

stratified into four broad geographic regions of

approximately equal population. These regions,

which deviate somewhat from those used by the

Bureau of the Census, are as follows:

Reg”ons

Northeast . . . . . .

South . . . . . . . . .

States included

Maine, Vermont, New

Hampshire, Massachusetts,

Connecticut, Rhode Island,

New York, New Jersey, and

Pennsylvania

Delaware, Maryland, District of Columbia, West Virginia, Virginia, Kentucky,

Tennessee, North Carolina,

South Carolina, Georgia,

Florida, Alabama, Mississippi, Louisiana, and Arkansas
Midwest . . . . . . . Ohio, Illinois, Indiana,

Michigan, Wisconsin, Minnesota, Iowa, and Missouri

West . . . . . . . . . . Washington, Oregon, California, Nevada, New Mexico, Arizona, Texas, Oklahoma, Kansas, Nebraska,

North Dakota, South Dakota, Idaho, Utah, Colorado, Montana, Wyoming,

Alaska, and Hawaii

Type of Community .–The classification of

urban-rural areas used in the determination of

Size of Place was that used in the 1960 Census.

According to the 1960 definition, those areas

considered urban were (a) places of 2,500

inhabitants or more incorporated as cities, boroughs, villages, and towns (except towns in New

England, New York, and Wisconsin); (b) the

densely settled urban fringe, whether incorporated or unincorporated, of urbanized areas; (c)

towns in New England and townships in New

Jersey and Pennsylvania which contained no

incorporated municipalities as subdivisions and

had either 2,500 inhabitants or more, or a

population of 2,500 to 25,000 and a density of

1,500 persons or more per square mile; (d)

counties in States other than the New England

States, New Jersey, and Pennsylvania that had

no incorporated municipalities within their

boundaries and had a density of 1,500 persons

or more per square mile; and (e) unincorporated

places of 2,500 inhabitants or more which were

not included in any urban fringe. The remaining

population was classified as rural.

t

t

000

53
APPENDIX Ill

SELECTED PORTIONS FROM THE ADMINISTERED

QUESTIONNAIRES

MEDICAL HISTORY OF YOUTH (PARENT’S QUESTIONNAIRE)

PH.S 4733-4 (Page 1)

REV. 3/66

FORM APPROVED

BUDGET BUREAU NO. 68- R1700

CONFIDENTIAL - All in~onnation which would permit identification of the individual will be held strictly

confidential, will be used onl,{ by persons engaged in and for the purposes of the survey and will not

be disclosed or released to others [or any other purposes (22 FR 1687).

DEPARTMENT OF

HEALTH, EDUCATION, AND WELFARE

PUBLIC HEALTH SERVICE

NATIONAL HEALTH SURVEY

MEDICAL HISTORY OF YOUTH

Parent’s Questionnaire Y

I

NAME OF CHILD (Last, First, Middle) SEGMENT SERIAL COL. NO.

{ I I

NOTE: Please answer the questions by checking the correct boxes or by filling in the blanks,

as required. If a question is unclear leave the answer blank and draw a line around the ques-

@ A representative of the Public Health Service will collect your filled in questionnaire

in a few days and she will help you answer the unclear questions. Thank you for your

cooperation.

11. How would you describe his or her present health?

I ❑ Poor 2 Fair

Q

3 ❑ Good 4 ❑ Very Good 5 a Excellent

+

21. Has he or she wet the bed during the past year?

*n Yes 2DN0 3 ❑Don’t know

39. At the present time is he or she:

I ❑ Underweight 2 ❑ About the right weight 3 ❑ Overweight

40. As far as physical growth is concerned, is he or she ccming along:

1 ❑ Too slowly 2 u M about the right rate 3 D Too fast

54
41.

42.

M.

46.

47.

48.

49,

./

f

\

50.

As far as mental development is concerned, is he or she coming along:

1 ❑ Too slowly z ❑ At about the right rate 3 ❑ Too fast

How often has he or she stayed overnight at a friend’s house?

1 D Never 2 El Only once or

At what age did he or she start first grade?

❑ Five or younger ❑ Six

twice 3 ❑ Quite a few times

~ Seven or older

What was his or her reaction

I ❑ Was quite happy

2 c1 Was a little upset

3 El Was quite upset

to school during the first few weeks of 1st grade?

4 U Was so upset, he or she got sick

5 D I don’t remember or don’t know

In general, how easily does he or she make friends?

~ ❑ Easily

2 a Has a little trouble

3 a Has a lot of trouble

How many of his or her friends do you know well?

I ❑ Most of them

2 ❑ Half or less

s ❑ Almost none

How much trouble was he or she to bring up?

n

1 U None

2 n Just a little

3 U Some

4U Alot

5❑ Don’t know

Some people are calm, others

her b&t?-

are nervous (tense, Aigh-sz%tmg). Which describes him or

1 L.-l Not nervous at all

2 U Somewhat nervous

3 •1 Very nervous

55
51. Has this youth ever been to a mental hospital or guidance clinic?

1 c1 Yes, within past year 3 UN()

2 ❑ Yes, but not within past year 4 ❑ Don9~ know

52. Has he (she) ever seen a psychiatrist, or a psychologist, or have you talked to one about

him (her)?

1 c1 Yes, within past year 30No

*O Yes, but not within past year 4 0 Don’t know

HERE ARE THREE QUESTIONS ABOUT EATING HABITS:

53.

54.

55.

58.

59.

5s

Would you say he or she eats:

1 ❑ Too much

2 n About the right amount

30 Too little

How fussy an eater is he (she):

1 ❑ Not fussy at all

2 ❑ A little fussy

3 ❑ Very fussy

On a usual day (that is, school or work da~), how many meals does he or she eat with adult

family members?

1❑ Two or more 2 Cl Only one 3 ❑ None

Looking ahead, what would you like him or her to do about school? (Check one onl~.)

1 D Quit school as soon as possible

* D Finish high school

3 n Get some college or other training after high school

4 ❑ Finish college and get a college degree

s ❑ Finish college and take further training (medical, law, or otfier professional 8choo/, etc.) ~

What do you think will happen, as far as school goes? (Check one only.)

1 ❑ Quit school as soon as possible

,

2 D Finish high school

3 ❑ Get some college or other training after high school

4 ❑ Finish college and get a college degree

5 n Finish college and take further training (medical, law, or other m’afe88$onaZ 8chooz, etc.)
HEALTH HABITS AND HISTORY OF YOUTH (YOUTH’S QUESTIONNAIRE)

:; S6:733- 6 (PKiE 1) FORM APPROVED

. BUDGET BUREAU NO. 6S-R620S4

CONFIDENTIAL - All information wbicb would permit identification of tbe individual will be held

strictly confidential, will be used only by persons engaged in and /or tbe pur#oses of tbe survey and

will not be disclosed or released to others for any other purposes (22 FR 1687).

DEPARTMENT OF HES

I HEALTH, EDUCATION, AND WELFARE

PUBLIC HEALTH SERVICE

NAITONAL HEALTH SURVEY

~

HEALTH HABITS AND HISTORY - youth I

Name (Last, First, Middle) SEGMENT SERIAL COL. NO.

1 I I

INSTRUCTIONS: On the following pages you will find a set of questions dealing with

your health. Since every person is different, there are no “standard” answers to the

questions; just answer them as fully and honestly as you can. Your answers will be

kept confidential. Do your best to pick the most likely answer from among the choices

given. Only if you really don’t know the answer check “Don’t know. ”

4. How would you describe your present health?

1 •l Poor 2 ❑ Fair 3 ❑ Good 4 ❑ Very good 5 ❑ Excellent

5. Do you have any problems you might like to talk over with a doctor?

1 •l Yes 20No

6. Do you now use any medicine regularly, not counting vitamins?

1 •l Yes 20No 3 ❑ Don’t know

Y

10. Have you ever stayed in a hospital (overnight or longer)?

1 ❑ Yes, just once 30No

2 ❑ Yes, more than once 4 ❑ Don’t know

24. At the present time, do you think you are:

1 ❑ Underweight

2 ❑ About the right weight

3 B Overweight

57
25.

26.

27.

29.

Would you say that you appear to be:

1 ❑ Thinner than most persons of your age

2 ❑ Atmut the same as most persons your age

3 ❑ Heavier than most persons of your age

At this time, would you like to be:

1 D Thinner than you are

2 ❑ About the same weight as you are

3 ❑ Heavier than you are

At this time, would you like to be:

1 ❑ Less tall than you are

2 ❑ About as tall as you are

3 n Taller than you are

Do you sleep alone in your own room?

1 •l Yes 20No

IF NO:

a. Who else sleeps in the room?

1 ❑ &other(s) 3 ❑ Father

2 El Sister(s) 4 ❑ Mother

5 ❑ Other person(s)

30.

31.

32,

How often do you have trouble getting to sleep or staying asleep?

1 •l Very often 2 Cl Only from time to time 3 n Never

How often do you have bad dreams or nightmares?

1 ❑ Quite frequently 2 Cl Only from time to time 3 ❑ Never

As far as you know, have you walked in your sleep in the last year or so?

1 •l Yes 20No

5s
33. Do you have acne (pimptes or blackheads)?

1 Cl Yes XDNO

IF YES:

a.

b.

c.

d.

At what age did it start? years

Do you use any treatment for it? 1 •l Yes 20No

Have you seen a doctor about it? 1 •1 Yes 20No

How much does it bother or worry you?

1 ❑ Quite a lot

34. Have you ever been

1 •l Yes, once

2 ❑ Some but not too much 3 ❑ Very little

4 ❑ Not at all

away from your family (home ) for at least two months?

30No

2 U Yes, more than once

85. Are you going to school? (If you are now on vacation and will return to school, check “Yes.”)

~ 2nN0

?

A

36.

,

,

b

Do you work during vacation time?

1

Do

1

c.

1

d.

1

❑ Yes, full-time 20 Yes, part-time 30No

you get an allowance from your family (80 muc?b money per week,

•l Yes XDNO

for example)?

Are there duties or chores you have to perform to get this allowance?

•l Yes 20No

Is your allowance ever held back as a punishment?

•l Yes 20No

Now about ywr eating habits, do you think you eat

1 ❑ Too much 2 ❑ About the right amount 3 ❑ Too little

59
39. When did you last see a doctor for a checkup (routine examination)?

1 ❑ In the last year 4 ❑ Never

2 •l 1-2 years ago 5 ❑ I don’t remember

3 ❑ Over 2 years ago

40. When did you last see a doctor for treatment?

10 In the last year 4 ❑ Never

2 ❑ 1-2 years ago 5❑ I don’t remember

3 •l Over 2 years ago

41. When did you last see a dentist for a checkup (rou$ine examination)?

1 ❑ In the last year 4 ❑ Never

2 Cl 1-2 years ago 5 ❑I don’t remember

30 Over 2 years ago

42. When did you last see a dentist for treatment?

1 ❑ In the last year 4 ❑ Never

2 •l 1-2 years ago 50 I don’t remember

3 ❑ Over 2 years ago

ONE LAST QUESTION

43. About how much time would you guess you spend in the usual day (enter number of how

or fraction of hours, or zero, as appropriate)?

,-

/

a. Watching television

/

b. Listening to radio

/

c. Reading newspapers, comics, magazines I

1

d. Reading books (except comic books)

,,

.

60
HEALTH BEHAVIOR (YOUTH’S QUESTIONNAIRE)

I

COPJF/DEN7’lAL - Allinforrnation which would permit identification of the individual wiIlbebeIdstrictIy

confidential, will be used only by persons engaged in and for the purposes Of tbe survey and will not be disclosed or released to others for any other @rposes (22 FR 1687).

DEPARTMENT OF

HEALTH, EDUCATION, AND WELFARE

PUBLIC HEALTH SERVICE

NATIONAL HEALTH SURVEY

~

HEALTH BEHAVIOR

1

1 I

NAME OF YOUTH (Last, First, Middle) SEX

❑ Mak

AGE

❑ Female

. .

INSTRUCTIONS: On the following pages you will find a set of questions dealing with your health

behavior. Since every person is different, there are no “standard” answers to the questions; just

answer them as fully and honestly as you can. Your answers will be kept confidential. Do your

best to pick the most likely answer from among the choices given. Only if you really don’t know

the answer check “Don’t know. ”

1. Looking ahead, what would you like to do about school? (Check one only)

I U Quit school as soon as possible 4 U Finish college and get a college degree

z ❑ Finish high school 5 D Finish college and take further training

~

(medical, law or other professional

3 •1 Get some college or other training school, etc. )

after high school

2. What do you think will happen about school? (CHECK ONE ONLY)

I

1❑ Quit school as soon as possible

I

I

4

2 ❑ Finish high school

3 ❑ Get some college or other training after high school

*

4 ❑ Finish college and get a college degree

5 ❑ Finish college and take further training (medical, law o? otiieT professional school, etc.)

●

3. Have you ever had a date? (That is, a boy and girl going out together, whetheT or not anyone eise

was aiong.)

1

7

Yes XDNO

IF YES: How old were you when you first had a date? years

61
4. Who makes most of the decisions on the following: (Check one in each row.)

(1) (2) (3) (4)

a. Choosing your clothes

b. How to spend your money

c. Which friends to go out

with

d. How late you can stay out

11. Do you ever feel tense, nervous, or fidgety?

1 ❑ Yes, often

z •l Yes, sometimes

. .

s ❑ Yes, but rarely

4 ❑ Never

62
12. How important do you think it is for a young person to have each of the qualities or

characteristics listed below? (Put one check-mark in each row.)

Extremely Slightly

Important Important Important Unimportant

(1) (2) (3) (4)

a. To be neat and clean

b..To be able to defend oneself

c. To have self-control

d. To be happy

e. To obey one’s parents

L To be dependable

g. To be considerate of others

h. To face life’s problems calmly

i. To obey the law

j. To be ambitious

L To ‘know how to keep in

good health
13. If you had any of the following conditions, would you want a doctor to know about it?

fhcludes your seeing him or a telephone call about It. ) (Place one checkma~k in each row.

. .

If I had this condition, I would:

a. Stomach ache

b. Sore throat

c. Hurt all over

d. Stiff neck or back

e. Headache

f. Vomit (throw up)

Definitely want to

see a doctor

(1)

Probably want tm

see a doctor

(2)

g. Loss of appetite

h. Overtiredness

i. Pain in chest

j. Lump in stomach or

abdomen

k. Blood in urine or bowel

movement

1.. Nervousness

Not want to

see a doctor

(3)

64

I
14. If you had any of the fol.lowifig conditions

(Place one cht’ckmark in each row.)

, would you want to see a den~ist about it’?

If I had this condition, I would:

Definitely want to Probably want to Not want to

see a dentist see a dentist see a dentist

(1) (~) (3)

a. Crooked teeth

b. .Sore gums

~. Bad breath

d. A toothache

e. Sores in the mouth

f. Stains on the teeth that

would not brush off

g . Hole or cavity in a tooth–

even though it did not hurt

I
SUPPLEMENTAL INFORMATION FROM SCHOOL

All information which would permit identification of an individual w of an establishment will be held confidential, will be used

only by persons engaged in and for the purpose of the survey and will be praected against disclosure in accordance with the

provisions of 42 CFR Part I.

PHS-4733-5 (PAGE 1) Form Approved:

REV. 9-66 DEPARTMENT OF Budger Bureau No. 6S-R1700

HEALTH, EDUCATION, AND WELFARE

PUBLIC HEALTH SERVICE

NATIoNA&CENTER FOR HEALTH STATISTICS

HEALTH EXAMINATION SURVEY

SUPPLEMENTAL INFORMATION FROM SCHOOL

The student whose name appears below is one of the.vampleof students being studied inthe Heakh Examination Sutvey.

This student’s parent orguardian hasgiven unwritten authorization to obtain information from the school. Please cornpletethisform on the basis of school records and/or information thestudent’s teacher orother school official may have.

Apre-addressed envelope, requking nopostage, is funished foryowconvenience inretunkg this form.

NAMEOF YOUTH(LLWO (Fkf) (Mfddls> SAMPLE NUMBER

140ME ADDRESS

(For identification)

I

3. HAVE ANY GRADES BEEN SKIPFED OR DOUBLE FRfX!CfrlONS BEEN GIVEN?

2 ❑ NO s u DON*T KNOW

* ❑ YES+

4. HAVE ANY GRADES BEEN REPEATED FOR ANY REASON?

2UN0 3 ❑ DON’T-KNOW

1 •YES~

6. HAS THIS STUOENT BEEN AESENT FRM SCHCS3L AN UNUSUAL NO. OF DAYS DURING THE MOST RECENTLY CCMPLETED

SCHOOL YEAR?

20N0 S u DON’T KNOW

9. IN TERMS OF ADJUSTMENT, WHICH OF THE FOLLOWING BEST DESCRIBES THIS STUDENT?

1 n sEEMS WELL ADJUSTEO.

2 ❑ SEEMS SOMEWHAT MALADJUSTED.

S ❑ SEEMS SERIOUSLY MA LA OJUSTEO.

4 ❑ No BASIS FOR JuDGING WHICH OF THE ABOVE FITS THIS 3,1JDENT,

66

I
10, IN TERMS OF INTELLECTUAL ABILITY, WHICH OF THE FOLLOWING BEST DESCRIBES THIS STUDENT?

1 ❑ ABoVE AVERAGE

2 ❑ AvERAGE

S ❑ BELOW AVERAGE

4 ❑ DON*T KNOWSTUDENT WELL ENOUGH TO JUDGE.

11. IN TERMS OF ACADEMIC ACHIEVEMENT, ISTHISSTUOENT:

1 ❑ IN THE UPPER THIROOF HIS CLASS

2 ❑ IN THE MIOOLE THIRD OF HIS CLASS

S ❑ IN THE LOWER THIROOF HIS CLASS

4 ❑ DON*T KNOW ~.lF DON’T KNOW, speci/jJreason

12. IN TERMS OF POPULARITY WITH OTHER STUDENTS, IS THIS STUDENT:

1 ❑ ABOVE AVERAGE IN POPULARITY

7. a ABOUT AVERAGE IN POPULARITY

s ❑ BELOW AVERAGE IN POPULARITY

4 ❑ DON*T KNOW

* U. S. GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE :1975 210-981/19

67
Series 1.

Series 2.

Series 3. .

Series 4.

Series 10.

Sem”es 11.

Sw”es 12.

Sm”es 13.

Series 14.

Series 20.

Sm”es 21.

Series 22.

VITAL AND HEALTH STATISTICS PUBLICATION SERIES

Formerly Public HealthSetvicsPublicationNo. 1000

Prognams and collection procedures. —Reports which describe the general programs of the National

Center for Health Statistics and its offices and divisions, data collection methods used, definitions,

and other material necessary for understanding the data.

Dab evahmtion and methods reseurch. —Studies of new statistical methodology including: experimental tests of new survey methods, studies of vital statistics collection methods, new analytical

techrdques, objective evaluations of reliability of collected data, contributions to statistical theory.

Analytical shuiies. -Reports presenting analytical or interpretive studies based on vital and health

statistics, carrying the analysis further than the expository types of reports in the other series.

Documents and committee reports.— Final reports of major committees concerned with vital and

health statistics, and documents such as recommended model vital registration laws and revised

birth and death certificates.

Data f%om the Health Interm”ew Survev.— Statistics on illness, accidental injuries, disability, use

of hospital, medical, dental, and other services, and other health-related topics, based on data

collected in a continuing national household interview survey.

Data from the Health Examination Survey. —Data from direct examination, testing, and measurement of national samples of the civilian, noninstitutional population provide the basis for two -s

of re~rts: (1) estimates of the medically defined prevalence of specific diseases in the United

States and the distributions of the population with respect to physical, physiological, and psychological characteristics; and (2) amlysis of relationships among the various measurements without

reference to an explicit finite universe of persons.

fkzta from the Institutional Population Surveys. —Statistics relating to the health characteristics of

persons in institutions, and their medical, nursing, and personal care received, based on national

samples of establishments providing these services and samples of the residents or patients.

Data from the Hospikzl Discharge SWvey. —Statistics relating to discharged patients in short-stay

hospitals, based on a sample of patient records in a national sample of hospitals.

Data on health resources: man@wer and facilities. —Statistics on the numbers, geographic distribution, and characteristics of health resources including physicians, dentists, nurses, other health

mcupations, hospitals, nursing homes, and outpatient facilities.

&ati on mortality.— Various statistics on mortality other than as included in regular annual or

monmly reports-special analyses by cause of death, age, and other demographic variables, also

geographic and time series analyses.

Data on natality, marriqe, and diviwce. —Various statistics on natality, marriage, and divorce

other than as included in regular annual or monthly reports+pecial analyses by detmgraphic

variables, also geographic and time series analyses, studies of fertility.

Datu from the National Natality and Mortality Surveys. — Statistics on characteristics of births

and deaths not available from the vital records, based on sample surveys stemming from these

records, including such topics as mortality by socioeconomic class, hospital experience in the

last year of life, medical care during pregnancy, health insurance coverage, etc.

For a list of titles of reports published in these series, write to: scientific and Technical Information

Branch

National Center for Health Statistics

hbliC Health SeMca, HRA

Rockville, Md. 20852

I

-\.-