2022 IL App (2d) 210299-U 

No. 2-21-0299 

Order filed March 25, 2022

NOTICE: This order was filed under Supreme Court Rule 23(b) and is not precedent 

except in the limited circumstances allowed under Rule 23(e)(l).

______________________________________________________________________________ 

IN THE

APPELLATE COURT OF ILLINOIS

SECOND DISTRICT

______________________________________________________________________________ 

CHICAGO TITLE AND LAND TRUST, ) Appeal from the Circuit Court

COMPANY, as Trustee for Land Trust ) of Kane County.

Agreement No. 8002353688, 3006 Fox Glen ) 

Ct., St. Charles, Illinois, ) 

NICHOLAS FITZ, P.C., and ) 

NICHOLAS FITZ, individually, ) 

) 

Plaintiffs-Appellants, ) 

) 

v. ) No. 20-CH-359 

) 

UNITED STRUCTURAL SYSTEMS ) 

OF ILLINOIS, INC., RICK THOMAS, ) 

and ROBERT VANN, ) 

) 

 Defendants ) Honorable 

) Kevin T. Busch, 

(Robert Vann, Defendant-Appellee). ) Judge, Presiding.

______________________________________________________________________________ 

JUSTICE JORGENSEN delivered the judgment of the court.

Justices Hutchinson and Birkett concurred in the judgment.

ORDER

¶ 1 Held: Trial court did not err in dismissing with prejudice plaintiff’s complaint against an 

individual defendant. Affirmed.

¶ 2 Plaintiff, Nicholas Fitz, is the beneficiary of a land trust. He began an expansion project 

on the land trust’s property, located at 3006 Fox Glen Court in St. Charles, with the intent that his 
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law firm would use the improved area to entertain clients and generate business. Ultimately, a 

dispute arose between Fitz and one of the construction contractors, interfering with the permitting 

process. As such, Fitz, his law firm (Nicholas Fitz, P.C.), and Chicago Title and Land Trust 

Company (as trustee for Land Trust Agreement Number 8002353688, 3006 Fox Glen Court., St. 

Charles, Illinois) (collectively, “plaintiffs”) sued contractor United Structural Systems of Illinois, 

Inc. (USS), Rick Thomas (USS’s owner), and Robert Vann (St. Charles’s inspector) (collectively 

“defendants”). Vann moved to dismiss plaintiffs’ complaint pursuant to section 2-619.1 of the 

Code of Civil Procedure (Code) (735 ILCS 5/2-619.1 (West 2020)). The trial court granted Vann’s 

motion with prejudice and denied plaintiffs’ request for an opportunity to amend the complaint. 

Plaintiffs appeal. We affirm.

¶ 3 I. BACKGROUND

¶ 4 A. Complaint against Vann

¶ 5 On November 10, 2020, plaintiffs filed their complaint. In relevant part, the complaint’s 

introductory paragraphs identified the parties, describing Vann as “an individual being sued in his 

individual capacity and who at all relevant times in this complaint, was the Village of St. Charles 

City Inspector but is now retired.”

¶ 6 Plaintiffs alleged that the property at issue is a 5,000-square-foot residence with a large 

outdoor area. The outdoor area was to be expanded to include a large, self-supported balcony, a 

veranda with outdoor kitchen, a pool, and a seating area for seasonal entertainment. Ultimately, 

plaintiffs desired to entertain clients and generate business. The outdoor area expansion required 

support by “heli coils” encased in concrete and rebar under the rear balcony. To that end, plaintiffs 

alleged, they accepted USS’s proposal of $17,310 to install 10 helical piers and steel bolt caps to 

support the balcony foundation pillars. The parties entered into a written contract, which was 
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attached to the complaint. USS required an initial payment of $7,000 for materials, before work 

was performed, and plaintiffs paid that amount. 

¶ 7 Plaintiffs further alleged that the City of St. Charles1 required that certain testing be 

performed on the helical coils after their installation and that USS and Thomas agreed to perform 

that work in accordance with the structural engineering plans that Vann had approved. Further, 

plaintiffs alleged, the City required that USS submit compression logs prior to additional permits 

being issued for work on the helical coil foundation by subsequent contractors. 

¶ 8 Plaintiffs alleged that, “upon information and belief compression testing was performed by 

USS for the helical coils and compression logs were created and given to Robert Vann.” However, 

the compression logs were not given to plaintiffs, nor did USS tender any “official” compression 

logs to the City. Plaintiffs alleged that they asked the City for the logs, but the City represented 

none were received. 

¶ 9 According to the complaint, the property was damaged and there were disputes about 

correcting the damage. USS then demanded that plaintiffs pay $8,500 before it would release the 

compression logs. 

¶ 10 Around November 2017, plaintiffs alleged, Kevin Ciccone (relationship to plaintiffs not 

specified in the complaint, although the record reflects that he is the president of plaintiffs’ general 

contractor) asked Thomas about USS’s submission of the compression logs to the City. Thomas 

stated that “Bob Vann is a friend of mine” and that he had “Vann on speed dial.” Further, “Ciccone 

conversed with Robert Vann, then Inspector for the [City] of St. Charles. Robert Vann said that 

1 The complaint actually repeatedly referred to St. Charles as a village, but it is a city and 

we refer to it as such. See, e.g., http://www.stcharlesil.gov. 
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no compression logs would be provided until Rick Thomas and USS were paid. Robert Vann’s 

conduct was intentional and willful and outside the scope of his employment.”

¶ 11 Plaintiffs alleged that, as a result of “USS’s actions and conduct,” the City “pulled” the 

permit, as Thomas said would happen, and no further action may be taken with respect to the 

outdoor area and foundation. They alleged that the real property lost value, along with the intended 

use of the outdoor area, and that plaintiffs have been denied use of their outdoor area. Further, the 

purchased materials have aged beyond use and defendants’ “malfeasance and incompetence 

caused a pestilence that resulted in damages in excess of $75,000.”

¶ 12 The complaint alleged seven counts, six of them against Vann. Specifically, in count II, 

“waste” (also alleged against USS and Thomas), plaintiffs alleged that their property and outdoor 

area required protection, and defendants’ malfeasance, incompetence, and affirmative actions 

resulted in waste, disuse of the property, and interruption of other work. Further, Vann and 

Thomas “acted together to prevent the release of the compression logs along with the revocation 

or pulling of the permit so as to impede progress and completion of the work.” Plaintiffs sought 

damages, costs, and interest.

¶ 13 In count III, “intentional interference with prospective advantage” (also alleged against 

Thomas), plaintiffs alleged that they had a valid business expectancy to use the outdoor area to 

entertain prospective clients, yet Vann and Thomas intentionally acted to (1) halt renovations; (2) 

prevent the property owners from obtaining other permits; and (3) thwart plaintiffs’ ability to 

entertain clients and generate business. They alleged that defendants’ actions were arbitrary, 

capricious, and willful, and purposefully interfered with plaintiffs’ prospective advantage and 

business expectancies. Plaintiffs sought compensatory and punitive damages and costs in excess 

of $75,000.
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¶ 14 In count IV, “fraudulent concealment” (also alleged against Thomas), plaintiffs alleged 

that, while they had believed that they were simply involved in a contractual dispute, it was 

concealed that, by withholding and concealing the compression logs, Thomas and Vann were 

acting in concert to prohibit the progression and completion of the construction. Specifically, 

plaintiffs alleged, prior to Ciccone’s November 2017 conversations with Thomas and Vann, 

plaintiffs justifiably believed that they were in a contractual dispute with USS and Thomas. 

However, “[h]ad [they] known prior to November of 2017 of Messrs. Thomas and Vann’s covert 

conduct they would have taken a course of action with the [City] of St. Charles to rectify the 

situation.” Plaintiffs sought compensatory and punitive damages and costs in excess of $75,000.

¶ 15 In count V, “consumer fraud: deceptive trade practice” (also alleged against Thomas),

plaintiffs alleged that it was unfair and deceptive for defendants to act together and in concert to 

withhold the compression logs as leverage so that USS and Thomas would get paid. Plaintiffs 

alleged that it was concealed from them that defendants were acting in concert to prohibit the 

progression and completion of the additions by withholding and concealing the compression logs. 

They also alleged that the conduct was immoral, unethical, oppressive, and unscrupulous, and, 

further, that “Vann’s conduct offends public policy for Mr. Vann acted outside of the scope of his 

public employment and placed the self-interest of his friend ahead of his responsibilities [to] the 

citizens.” Plaintiffs sought compensatory and punitive damages and costs in excess of $75,000.

¶ 16 In count VI, “civil conspiracy” (also alleged against Thomas), plaintiffs alleged that 

defendants acted in concert, knowingly and willingly, to deprive plaintiffs of the use, expected 

use, and enjoyment of the property. The conspiracy included acts to (1) deprive plaintiffs by 

pulling and/or revoking the construction permit; (2) deprive plaintiffs of the compression logs; (3)

deprive plaintiffs of the ability to continue and complete construction; (4) “engage in an intensified 
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program of harassment”; and (5) “cause the plaintiffs misery.” Plaintiffs alleged that, on account 

of defendants’ malicious conduct, they were entitled to compensatory and punitive damages and 

costs in excess of $75,000. 

¶ 17 Finally, in count VII, “injunctive relief” (also alleged against Thomas), plaintiffs alleged 

that it is “evident from the admissions of Robert Vann to Mr. Ciccone that either Mr. Vann or Mr. 

Thomas are in possession of the compression logs.” Plaintiffs alleged that defendants’ collective 

or singular possession of the compression logs is unlawful, the logs are needed to complete 

construction, and plaintiffs have the right to “return” of the compression logs. Plaintiffs alleged 

that they had no adequate remedy at law to secure the return of the compression logs and that 

defendants’ possession of the logs will cause irreparable harm. Plaintiffs requested a temporary 

restraining order or preliminary injunction ordering defendants to return the logs pending 

resolution of the case on the merits or, alternatively, ordering them to return the logs to plaintiffs

to prevent further waste on the property. 

¶ 18 B. Motion to Dismiss

¶ 19 Vann filed a section 2-619.1 motion to dismiss the complaint and attached an affidavit, 

sections of the City’s code, and certain business records, including emails between Vann and 

Ciccone. In sum, Vann argued that the complaint allegations all concerned his performance as the 

City’s Building and Code Enforcement Division Manager, and, further, that plaintiffs failed to 

state claims upon which relief could be granted. Moreover, to the extent that plaintiffs’ claims 

constituted civil actions, Vann argued that they were barred by the one-year statute of limitations 

provided by the Local Governmental and Governmental Employees Tort Immunity Act (Tort 

Immunity Act) (745 ILCS 10/8-101(a) (West 2020)). Alternatively, Vann argued that, to the extent 

that plaintiffs’ claims against him arose from the issuance or revocation of a building permit, or 
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from some negligent misrepresentation, sections 2-206 and 2-210 of the Tort Immunity Act 

afforded him immunity (id. §§ 2-206, 2-210). Specifically, Vann moved to dismiss counts II, III, 

IV, and VI against him pursuant to both sections 2-615 and 2-619 of the Code.

¶ 20 C. Hearing and Court’s Ruling

¶ 21 On May 6, 2021, the court held a hearing on Vann’s motion. As a preliminary matter, the 

court allowed plaintiffs to voluntarily non suit count V (consumer fraud/deceptive trade practice)

against Vann. 

¶ 22 Next, after hearing argument, the court found that the complaint was based almost entirely 

on alleged fraud. However, the court found, none of the pleaded allegations satisfied the level of 

specificity needed to establish claims such as fraudulent concealment or civil conspiracy. 

Moreover, as to count II, “[t]he waste claim. It is impossible for plaintiff[s] to establish a waste 

claim against [Vann] because [Vann] wasn’t in a position to control the property. His position as 

a City inspector issuing permits or denying permits could not, as a matter of law, [have] resulted 

in waste to the property.” Regarding count III (intentional interference with prospective 

advantage), the court found the claim lacked allegations that could substantiate such a claim, as 

plaintiffs did not plead that Vann knew what the prospective advantage was and with whom. As 

for counts IV and VI (fraudulent concealment and civil conspiracy, respectively), the court found 

both lacking any specific allegations of fraud.

¶ 23 The court dismissed with prejudice all counts for failing to state a claim and, further, as 

outside the statute of limitations. It noted, “when a party knowingly pleads an action that is 

obviously outside the statute of limitations, that party must specifically plead why they’re exempt 

from the statute of limitations. [Plaintiffs] have not. [Plaintiffs] haven’t even gotten close to 
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pleading any allegations that rise to the level of alleging fraudulent concealment or civil 

conspiracy.” 

¶ 24 As the court had dismissed counts IV and VI based on the statute of limitations, but also

for lacking specific allegations of fact, plaintiffs’ counsel requested, at the end of the hearing, the 

opportunity to amend the complaint with regards to the “defraud counts.” The court responded, “I 

dismissed it with prejudice.” The written order reflects that the court dismissed counts II, III, IV 

and VI for failing to allege facts sufficient to state a claim and also pursuant to section 2-619(a)(5) 

for failing to timely file within the one-year statute of limitations. Plaintiffs appeal.

¶ 25 II. ANALYSIS

¶ 26 A. Jurisdiction and Standard of Review 

¶ 27 Preliminarily, although not raised by the parties, we briefly comment on our jurisdiction. 

See, e.g., Fligelman v. City of Chicago, 264 Ill. App. 3d 1035, 1037 (1994) (appellate court has an 

independent obligation to verify jurisdiction). We note that Vann moved to dismiss all counts 

against him except count VII, which concerned injunctive relief. The record does not reflect that 

the count was nonsuited (like count V), nor was count VII addressed by either party in the motion 

to dismiss briefing, at hearing on the motion, or the court’s dismissal order. Nor do the parties 

mention count VII in the briefing before this court. The May 6, 2021, dismissal order dismisses 

counts II-IV and VI, then sets a date for a hearing on claims against only USS and Thomas. Thus, 

it is not clear whether count VII remains pending against Vann and, if it does, then contrary to 

plaintiffs’ jurisdictional statement (left uncorrected by defendant), our jurisdiction is not proper 

under Illinois Supreme Court Rules 301 (eff. Feb. 1, 1994) and 303 (eff. July 1, 2017), as the order 

was not a final one disposing of all claims. Nevertheless, dismissal of this appeal is unnecessary 

because Illinois Supreme Court Rule 304(a) (eff. Mar. 8, 2016) provides that we do have 
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jurisdiction over judgments that dispose of fewer than all claims against fewer than all parties if 

the order expressly reflects that there is no just reason for delaying either enforcement or appeal. 

The written order here just barely meets Rule 304(a)’s standards, as it states that the judgment is 

“final and immediately appealable.” Cf., Palmolive Tower Condominiums, LLC v. Simon, 409 Ill. 

App. 3d 539, 544 (2011) (noting that circuit court’s finding that an order was “final and 

appealable,” without reference to an immediate appeal or the justness of delay, is insufficient to 

trigger Rule 304(a)). Thus, our jurisdiction is proper. 

¶ 28 Next, we define our standard of review. Vann’s motion was filed pursuant to section 2-

619.1 of the Code and included arguments for dismissal under both sections 2-615 and 2-619 of 

the Code. See, e.g., Downey v. Wood Dale Park District, 286 Ill. App. 3d 194, 199 (1997) 

(combined motion to dismiss pursuant to section 2-619.1 of the Code is proper if movant indicates 

under which section of the Code each part of the combined motion to dismiss is brought). The 

court dismissed the complaint, citing 2-615 (failure to state a claim) and 2-619 (affirmative 

matter/statute of limitations) bases. We review de novo dismissals under both 2-615 and 2-619. 

See, e.g., Zahl v. Krupa, 365 Ill. App. 3d 653, 658 (2006). Further, when reviewing a dismissal 

under either section, we accept all well-pleaded facts as true and make all reasonable inferences 

therefrom. Id. 

¶ 29 B. Dismissal With Prejudice Was Proper 

¶ 30 On appeal, plaintiffs ask that we reverse and vacate the court’s order dismissing the 

complaint against Vann and remand so that they can file an amended complaint. Plaintiffs assert 

that, had they been afforded leave to amend, they could have alleged additional facts to support 

their causes of action and establish their exemption from the “allegedly expired” statute of 

limitations. They note that discovery might uncover information reflecting that the statute of 
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limitations did not commence until they knew or reasonably should have known that they were 

injured. Plaintiffs emphasize that the Tort Immunity Act does not apply because they sued Vann 

in his individual capacity for actions and conduct that were intentional, malicious, and exceeded

his authority and position. Specifically, plaintiffs alleged that Vann, “the Building Code and 

Enforcement Division Manager of St. Charles,” sought to defraud plaintiffs and concealed his 

deception. Further, plaintiffs alleged that Vann misrepresented that no compression logs were 

submitted to maintain the permit, when they allege that Thomas had, in fact, provided the logs. 

They argue that they further alleged that Vann maliciously pulled the permit for the construction 

project at the subject property to aid Thomas in his contract dispute with plaintiffs. As such, 

plaintiffs contend, the Tort Immunity Act does not apply to immunize Vann nor, by extension, 

does the one-year statute of limitations apply. 

¶ 31 We note that, although, in their prayer for relief, plaintiffs request that we reverse the 

dismissal of the entire complaint, plaintiffs’ counsel below requested leave to amend only counts 

IV and VI, which he referred to as the “defraud” counts. Further, in their brief’s statement of the 

issues, plaintiffs question whether they should be permitted to “amend and re-plead fraudulent 

concealment or civil conspiracy.” Thus, it is not clear whether plaintiffs seek leave to amend only 

those counts or the entire complaint. In any event, plaintiffs argue that, had the court given them 

leave to amend, they might have been able to cure the defects. Vann responds, in part, that 

plaintiffs were not entitled to amend because their request came after a final judgment, since the 

court dismissed the complaint “with prejudice.” We need not address Vann’s argument in this 

regard. We conclude that, even if plaintiffs’ request for leave to amend was a valid one, the trial 

court properly denied it and dismissed the claims as barred by the statute of limitations. 
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¶ 32 Specifically, section 2-616(a) of the Code provides that, at any time before final judgment, 

amendments to the pleadings may be allowed on just and reasonable terms. See 735 ILCS 5/2-

616(a) (West 2020). “Courts are given broad discretion in liberally allowing amendments of 

pleadings to foster the policy of resolving controversies on their merits.” Boffa Surgical Group 

LLC v. Managed Healthcare Associates Ltd., 2015 IL App (1st) 142984, ¶ 32. However, the ability 

to amend the pleadings is not unlimited; “[a]mong the factors to be considered in deciding that 

discretion was properly exercised is whether the proposed amendment would cure the defective 

pleading; whether it could cause prejudice or surprise to other parties; the timeliness of the 

proposed amendment; and whether previous opportunities to amend the pleadings could be 

identified.” Talas v. Youngstown Sheet & Tube Co., 134 Ill. App. 3d 103, 107 (1985). Here, by 

dismissing four counts as falling outside the applicable statute of limitations, the court inherently 

determined that no amendment could cure the pleading’s defects and would, therefore, be 

untimely. 

¶ 33 Section 8-101(a) of the Tort Immunity Act provides that no civil action may be commenced 

against a local entity or any of its employees for any injury “unless commenced within one year 

from the date that the injury was received or the cause of action accrued.” 745 ILCS 10/8-101(a)

(West 2020). Section 8-101(c) clarifies that a “civil action” includes “any actions, whether based 

upon the common law or statutes or Constitution of this State.” Id. § 8-101(c). Section 1-202 

defines “employee” as a present or former servant or employee. 745 ILCS 10/1-202 (West 2020). 

As such, here, at all times relevant to the complaint, Vann was a City employee as defined by the 

Tort Immunity Act. In fact, the complaint alleges this. Further, there is no dispute that the claims 

plaintiffs pursued against Vann are “civil actions” as defined by the Tort Immunity Act. Moreover, 

the complaint allegations, taken as true, reflect that, in November 2017, Vann made his comments 
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to Ciccone that the compression logs would not be provided until Thomas and USS were paid. In 

addition, documents attached to the motion to dismiss (which plaintiffs did not rebut) reflect that, 

in April 2018, Ciccone wrote to Vann concerning the building department’s request for the 

compression results, stating that USS would not provide them and urging that the building 

department should “subpoena” them. Vann emailed back, reiterating the permit review and plan 

requirements, as well as noting that the department did not have the resources to pursue legal action 

against contractors to provide information that is the property owner’s obligation to provide. 

Although the complaint alleged that the permit was later “pulled,” it did not specify the date. 

However, the record reflects that, on October 26, 2018, Vann informed plaintiffs that, because 

information necessary to complete review of the application had not been received, the application 

for construction of the residential addition was voided. Accordingly, at the very latest, by October 

26, 2018, plaintiffs clearly knew of their injury. Yet, plaintiffs did not file their complaint until 

November 10, 2020, more than two years later. 

¶ 34 Plaintiffs seek to remove their allegations from the Tort Immunity Act’s purview by 

asserting that Vann’s conduct was willful and wanton. They seek leave to “amend and re-plead 

fraudulent concealment or civil conspiracy with more specific factual allegations to determine 

whether the matter is within the applicable statute of limitations.” (Emphasis added.) They 

emphasize that they sued Vann in his individual capacity and alleged that Vann was acting

willfully, wantonly, and engaged in fraud; thus, it is improper to dismiss the claims on the basis 

that Vann was operating in his official capacity, such that the Tort Immunity Act and its one-year 

statute of limitations applies. 

¶ 35 First, these arguments more concern pleading requirements to state a claim under section 

2-615, as opposed to the statute of limitations dismissal under section 2-619. For example,
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plaintiffs cite McKay v. Kusper, 252 Ill. App. 3d 450, 460 (1993), as authority for the proposition 

that immunity applies only to officials who make discretionary judgments based upon the public 

needs (arguing that Vann’s actions did not concern public needs), and that “immunity does not 

extend to a public employee’s acts based on corrupt or malicious motives or willful and wanton 

acts.” Similarly, plaintiffs also cite Loman v. Freeman, 229 Ill. 2d 104, 112 (2008), for the 

proposition that whether an action is one against the State depends on the issues involved and relief 

sought, and a State employee who breaches a duty is no more entitled to immunity than is a private 

individual who breaches that same duty. Their reliance is misplaced, as plaintiffs conflate the 

concepts of immunity, which the trial court did reach, and statutory limitations. See, e.g., Griffin 

v. Willoughby, 369 Ill. App. 3d 405, 412 (2006) (rejecting the plaintiff’s argument that, if the 

defendant would not be immune for his actions, the limitations period in section 8-101 of the Tort 

Immunity Act should not apply and noting that the limitations period and the likely success of an 

immunity defense are not connected).

¶ 36 Second, we also note that plaintiffs did not plead willful and wanton conduct; rather, 

although the word “willful” occasionally appears in the complaint, the “defraud” counts IV and 

VI alleged “malicious” conduct. Our supreme court has held that there is no “corrupt or malicious 

motives” exception contained in the Tort Immunity Act. Village of Bloomingdale v. CDG 

Enterprises, Inc., 196 Ill. 2d 484, 494 (2001). Further, there are specific pleading requirements to 

sufficiently allege the willful and wanton conduct exceptions to the Tort Immunity Act, none of 

which were pleaded here. See, e.g., Floyd v. Rockford Park District, 355 Ill. App. 3d 695, 700 

(2005) (“To sufficiently plead willful and wanton conduct, a plaintiff must allege not only duty, 

breach, and proximate cause [citation], but also that the defendant engaged in a course of action 
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that showed a deliberate intention to harm or an utter indifference to or conscious disregard for the 

plaintiff’s welfare.”). 

¶ 37 In any event, focusing on the court’s section 2-619 dismissal based on the statute of 

limitations, plaintiffs assert that the one-year statute of limitations cannot apply to “malicious 

actions an individual undertakes outside of the authority of employment,” but they cite no authority 

for this proposition. Moreover, courts have held that, to recover against a local employee, acting 

within the scope of employment, a plaintiff must file suit within one year, even if the plaintiff is 

seeking to recover against the employee in only his or her individual capacity. See, e.g., Sperandeo 

v. Zavitz, 365 Ill. App. 3d 691, 694 (2006); see also Delgadillo v. Paulnitsky, 2007 WL 1655252, 

at *5 (N.D. Ill. June 1, 2007) (citing Sperandeo and noting, “Illinois courts have made clear that 

the Tort Immunity Act’s one-year statute of limitations applies even where an employee is sued in 

his individual capacity”). Here, regardless of the complaint’s statement that Vann was being sued 

in his individual capacity, the allegations reflect that his involvement was entirely connected to 

the scope of his employment and his position and authority within the City’s building department. 

Indeed, all of plaintiffs’ claims against Vann seek damages and stem from information required 

by the building department, communications with Vann over those requirements, the failure to 

release and “officially” submit the logs with the building department, and the resultant harm from 

the ultimately-voided permit application. In other words, but for his position as the City’s Building 

and Code Enforcement Division Manager, Vann’s conduct and communications would be 

irrelevant; an individual not in Vann’s position would have had no ability to cause the harm 

plaintiffs allege against him. As such, the claims clearly are barred by section 8-101’s statute of 

limitations, and the court’s dismissal of them with prejudice was proper. Therefore, as this issue 

is dispositive, we need not reach the propriety of the court’s dismissal for failure to state a claim.
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¶ 38 III. CONCLUSION

¶ 39 For the reasons stated, we affirm the judgment of the circuit court of Kane County. 

¶ 40 Affirmed.