Comparison of Wood 

Preservatives in 

Stake Tests 

2000 Progress Report

United States

Department of 

Agriculture 

Forest Service 

Forest 

Products 

Laboratory 

Research 

Note 

FPL−RN−02 

Research Contributors, 1922–2000 
Abstract 

This report covers stake test results primarily from Southern Pine 2- 

by 4- by 18-in. sapwood, treated by pressure and nonpressure 

processes, and installed by Forest Products Laboratory employees 

and cooperators in decay and termite exposure sites at various times 

since 1938 at Saucier, Mississippi; Madison, Wisconsin; Bogalusa, 

Louisiana; Lake Charles, Louisiana; Jacksonville, Florida; and the 

Canal Zone, Panama. Also included in the tests at Saucier, Mississippi, are smaller pine stakes and those of treated and untreated 

plywood, particleboard, modified woods, laminated paper plastic, 

pine infected with Trichoderma mold, plus other selected wood 

species such as oak, Douglas-fir, and Engelmann spruce. Southern 

Pine untreated control stakes have had an average life of about 1 

year in the Canal Zone, 1.8 to 3.6 years in Mississippi, Florida, and 

Louisiana, and about 6 years in Wisconsin. Superficial treatments 

by 3-min dipping and brushing with preservatives such as coal-tar 

creosote and petroleum oils containing copper naphthenate, zinc 

naphthenate, phenyl mercury oleate, and pentachlorophenol have 

added from a few months to 4 years to the life of the untreated 

stakes. When appropriate preservative retention levels are applied, 

creosote, pentachlorophenol, and selected waterborne salt preservatives give excellent service. In addition, this publication contains 

information regarding the future of the FPL treated-stake testing 

program. 

Keywords: Preservatives, wood preservatives, pressure treated, 

nonpressure treated, Southern Pine, service life

Revised December 2002 

Crawford, D.M.; Woodward, B. M.; Hatfield, C. A., comps. Comparison of 

wood preservatives in stake testsó2000 Progress Report. Res. Note 

FPL-RN-02. Madison, WI: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service,

Forest Products Laboratory. 120 p.

A limited number of free copies of this publication are available to the 

public from the Forest Products Laboratory, One Gifford Pinchot Drive,

Madison, WI 53726ñ2398. This publication is also available online at 

www.fpl.fs.fed.us. Laboratory publications are sent to hundreds 

of libraries in the United States and elsewhere. 

The Forest Products Laboratory is maintained in cooperation with the 

University of Wisconsin. 

The United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) prohibits discrimination in all its programs and activities on the basis of race, color, national 

origin, sex, religion, age, disability, political beliefs, sexual orientation, or 

marital or familial status. (Not all prohibited bases apply to all programs.) 

Persons with disabilities who require alternative means for communication 

of program information (Braille, large print, audiotape, etc.) should contact 

the USDAís TARGET Center at (202) 720ñ2600 (voice and TDD). To file a 

complaint of discrimination, write USDA, Director, Office of Civil Rights,

Room 326-W, Whitten Building, 1400 Independence Avenue, SW, Washington, DC 20250ñ9410, or call (202) 720ñ5964 (voice and TDD). USDA is 

an equal opportunity provider and employer.

Caution 

Crankcase oils may contain chlorinated naphthalenes, which have 

been reported to contribute to ìX-diseaseî (hyperkeratosis) in 

cattle. These oils are therefore not recommended for preservative 

treatment of wood with which cattle may come in contact. 

Pesticides can be injurious to humans, domestic animals, desirable 

plants, and fish or other wildlife if they are not handled or applied 

properly. Use all pesticides selectively and carefully. Follow recommended practices for the disposal of surplus pesticides and 

pesticide containers. 

This publication reports research-involving pesticides. It does not 

contain recommendations for their use, nor does it imply that the 

uses discussed have been registered. All uses of pesticides must be 

registered by appropriate State and/or Federal agencies before they

can be recommended.

Acknowledgments 

This research note is a continuation of progress reports by the same 

title issued periodically from 1950 to 1962 as Report No. 1761 and 

as FPLñRNñ02 since 1963. Several past and current Forest Products Laboratory employees initiated the studies reported herein. 

These individuals are recognized in notes following the appropriate 

tables. The authors of this publication would like to express their 

appreciation to the Statistical Methods in Wood and Fiber Research 

and the Research Facilities Engineering staffs for their contributions to the success of this publication. 

Cover photosóResearchers involved in 80+ years of independent 

evaluation of the durability of preservative in field plots. (Research 

period in parentheses): (Upper left) Roy Baechler (1922ñ1970), 

Oscar Blue (1941ñ1970), Douglas Crawford (1970ñpresent), 

Harley Davidson (1942ñ1979), Rodney DeGroot (1976ñ1999), 

Lee Gjovik (1961ñ1990), David Gutzmer (1960ñ1994), George 

Hunt (1919ñ1946), Bruce Johnson (1965ñ1994), John Kulp (1947ñ

1967), Stan Lebow (1993ñpresent), Ed Panek (1941ñ1968), 

Ray Wirka (1919ñ1942) and Bessie Woodward (1980ñpresent). 

Contents 

Page

Introduction........................................................................... 1

Preservatives and Modified-Wood Products Tested............. 2

Selection and Treatment of Stakes....................................... 2

Installation and Inspection of Stakes ................................... 2

Results................................................................................... 3

Southern Pine and Plywood Stakes................................... 3

Modified-Wood Stakes..................................................... 5

Future Research Program...................................................... 6

Units of Measure................................................................... 7

References............................................................................. 7
Comparison of Wood 

Preservatives in Stake Tests 

2000 Progress Report

Compiled by 

D. M. Crawford, Forest Products Technologist

B. M. Woodward, Microbiologist 

C. A. Hatfield, Statistician 

Forest Products Laboratory, Madison, Wisconsin 

Introduction 

For centuries wood has been one of the most common and 

easiest to use construction materials. It is used practically 

everywhereóin housing and agricultural buildings and as 

posts, utility and telephone poles, railroad ties, wharves, and 

piling. Wood is also a renewable material. Although we have 

consumed tremendous volumes of wood for centuries, the 

United States is growing more wood volume than it is harvesting. 

Wood is a biological material and as such it is subject to

decay, insect, and marine borer attack. These agents are 

natureís way of recycling wood in the natural ecosystem. 

Without natureís recycling system, wood, and other cellulose-based materials, such as grass, leaves, and agricultural 

field residues, would literally bury us. However, when wood 

is used in a more or less permanent application, it must be

protected from biological degradation. Destruction can be 

prevented by a number of individual methods or a combination of methods. 

Results of an international termite exposure test in 1930 

(Hunt and Snyder) indicated that exposing 2- by 4- by 18-in. 

pine sapwood stakes treated with various wood preservatives 

is an effective method to test the protection provided against

decay and termite attack. During 1938, the USDA Forest 

Service, Forest Products Laboratory (FPL), in cooperation 

with others, began treating test stakes of Southern Pine 

sapwood with several preservatives for installation at the 

Harrison Experimental Forest at Saucier, Mississippi. Replicate stakes were treated for installations at Madison, Wisconsin; Bogalusa, Louisiana; Jacksonville, Florida; and the 

Canal Zone, Panama. Since 1938, additional preservatives 

have been added to these tests, principally at the Saucier, 

Mississippi, station. Also installed at that station were stakes 

of treated and untreated modified-wood products, such as 

plywood, impreg, compreg, staypak, papreg, laminated 

acetylated wood, cyanoethylated wood, wood with thiamine 

destroyed, chemically modified wood, wood infected with

Trichoderma mold, embedded fiberboard (western hemlock 

strands in Portland cement), particleboard, and incised and 

unincised wood. 

In 1967, another stake installation that included 11 standard 

wood preservatives was made in cooperation with the Wood 

Products Insect Laboratory, Gulfport, Mississippi, at Lake 

Charles, Louisiana. The area is infested by the destructive 

Formosan termite, Coptotermes formosanus, and stakes 

installed were used for comparison with the stakes at the 

Harrison Experimental Forest, in Saucier, Mississippi. 

Stake tests are useful for screening out ineffective preservative materials. Stake test results can be used to further explore the preservative properties of materials that show 

promise in laboratory toxicity tests. However, limitations of

these accelerated field tests must be recognized. Test results 

should not be considered as a substitute for actual service 

tests on full-size products such as ties, poles, or posts. 

Furthermore, results obtained in these stake tests are applicable only under the set of conditions existing in the particular test. Factors such as exposure, preservative retention, 

preservative distribution, heartwood volume, and size (surface area in relation to total volume) influence the performance of treated wood. 

This publication is primarily a progress report on the condition of the modified-wood products and stakes treated with

various preservatives and oils at the time of the 1999 and 

2000 inspections. The stake tests at Panama were completed 

with a final inspection in January 1956. Those at Jacksonville were terminated in December 1960, and those at Bogalusa in December 1958. Progress reports showing the condition of the test stakes in 1947 and during the years 1949 to

1969, 1971, 1973, 1975, 1977, 1979, 1981, 1983, 1985, 

1987, 1991, and 1995 have been published (Hunt and Snyder 1930, Blew 1948). In addition, this publication contains 

information regarding the future of the FPL treated-stake

testing program. 
Preservatives and ModifiedWood Products Tested 

Table 1 lists the preservatives and products tested and notes 

existing preservative specifications in cases where specifications have been issued. Table 1 also refers to Tables 2 to 76, 

in which test data are listed for the various materials. Formulations of treating solutions and descriptions of the various 

test materials are generally given in the tables. Complete 

information as to the source and composition of the various 

materials can, in most cases, be furnished upon request to 

the FPL. 

Selection and Treatment 

of Stakes 

For the most part, the stakes were 2- by 4- in. (nominal) by

18-in. Southern Pine, uniformly seasoned, surfaced on four 

sides, and selected for freedom from heartwood, wane, 

objectionable knots, and other visible defects. Ten installations included solid-sawn stakes of smaller size for comparison purposes (Tables 6, 35, 37, 42, 45, 54, 56, 57, 59, 68). 

Before treatment, a number, either stamped on the ends or 

marked with lumber crayon, identified the stakes. The stakes 

of modified wood, with one or two exceptions, were 4 by

18 in. with variable thickness. 

All preservative treatments were by pressure impregnation 

unless indicated. Waterborne preservatives were applied by

using the full-cell process, unless noted. Preservative oils

were applied by either empty-cell or full-cell methods (toluene dilution), depending upon the retention level required. 

Complete penetration is desirable and usually noted in the 

pressure treatment used. For this reason, heartwood material

was avoided in the Southern Pine stakes unless noted 

(Tables 5 and 51). In most cases, preservative retention 

levels were computed for individual stakes from the difference in weight before and after treatment. Surplus preservative was permitted to drain from the stakes before the final 

weight measurements were taken. Experience or exploratory

treatments indicated the correct treating schedule or the 

treating solution concentration necessary to produce the 

desired preservative retention. Twenty 2- by 4-in. stakes 

were treated for each test variable, from which 10 acceptable 

stakes were selected for installation. By discarding those 

stakes with retention levels greater or less than desired, the 

10 stakes selected by this procedure were usually found to

have preservative retention levels within the desired 10% 

range. The stakes not acceptable for the test provided material for checking preservative penetrations. For stakes treated 

in liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) (Tables 42 and 45), it was 

impractical to follow this general procedure. These stakes 

were treated at a commercial plant in the presence of an FPL 

representative, and retention levels were determined from

the analysis of either sections of test stakes or additional

matched stakes included for that purpose. 

The test stakes were usually identified by a numbered metal 

tag nailed (riveted in the case of thin modified-wood products) to the wide face approximately 2 in. from the top of the 

stake. 

Installation and Inspection 

of Stakes 

The stakes at Madison, Wisconsin, and Saucier, Mississippi, 

were installed in plots by the randomized-block method 

(Fisher and Yates 1938). The stakes were set in the ground 

in an upright position with about half their length (9 in.) in

the ground. The soil in the plot at the Harrison Experimental

Forest, Saucier, Mississippi, is Poarch fine sandy loam, with 

5% to 12% slope, a pH of 4.85, and an average annual rainfall of 62 in. That area was partially cleared of trees, mostly 

scrub oak and gallberry with a few longleaf and slash pine, 

before the stakes were installed; the ground cover is now 

mostly wiregrass. Until late 1956, the Madison, Wisconsin, 

plot was located in an area of clay loam soil with a pH of 6.5

that was partially shaded by various hardwood trees and 

sumac, with an average annual rainfall of 31in. In October 

1956, it was necessary to move the stakes to a new test plot 

near Madison with similar soil, but without the overstory of 

trees or shrubs. The soil at Bogalusa, Louisiana, is sandy

loam, and that at Jacksonville, Florida, is sandy. Both plots 

are partially shaded. The plot at Lake Charles, Louisiana, is 

located on an open area partially covered with broom sedge 

and marsh grass. The top 10 in. of soil are sandy with some

streaks of clay; underneath is heavy muck and a high water 

level. 

The 1970, 1974, and 1984 inspections at Lake Charles, 

Louisiana, and the final inspection of stakes installed at the 

Canal Zone during January 1956 were made by representatives of the Wood Products Insect Laboratory, Gulfport,

Mississippi, and the FPL. Representatives from the Chapman 

Chemical Company and the FPL did the final inspections of 

the stakes at Jacksonville and Bogalusa in 1960 and 1962, 

respectively. FPL representatives inspected the Madison and 

Saucier installations. 

During these inspections, the stakes are removed individually, scraped to facilitate inspection, examined, and returned

to their original place unless their condition indicates removal. After examination, the stakes are given a numerical 

and letter rating according to the following decay and termite 

attack scale: 

2
In 1985, field data were recorded using a portable computer. 

Until this time, the rating system was alphañnumeric. It was 

desirable to convert to a numericñnumeric rating system that

would compare with the previous rating system and allow 

for some refinement. All ratings from 1991 to the present

were made using the following rating scale: 

Description of condition 

Grade 

no.a Decay grades Termite grades 

10 Sound. Suspicion of 

decay permitted 

Sound. 1 to 2 small nibbles 

permitted 

9 Trace decay to 3% 

of cross section 

Slight evidence of feeding 

to 3% of cross section 

8 Decay from 3% to 

10% of cross section 

Attack from 3% to 10% of 

cross section 

7 Decay from 10% to 

30% of cross section 

Attack from 10% to 30% of 

cross section 

6 Decay from 30% to 

50% of cross section 

Attack from 30% to 50% of 

cross section 

4 Decay from 50% to 

75% of cross section 

Attack from 50% to 75% of 

cross section 

0 Failure Failure

a

This description of the conditions for the different grade 

ratings is slightly different than that given in the 1995 edition 

of this Research Note. The above description is consistent 

with Standard E07ñ01 of the American Wood Preserversí

Association (AWPA 2001). 

In Tables 2 to 76, stakes listed as ìTraceî or ìNoneî had an 

inspection rating of one of the following: 10-10, 10-9, 9-10, 

or 9-9. Stakes listed as ìServiceable but showing some

decayî had one of the following inspection ratings: 8−10, 

7−10, 6−10, 4−10, 8−9, 7−9, 6−9, or 4−9. Those listed as 

ìDegraded but showing some termite attackî were field 

rated on the basis of 10−3, 10−7, 10−6, 10−4, 9−8, 9−7, 9−6, 

or 9−4. Stakes listed as ìDegraded but showing some decay 

and termite attackî were given one of the following ratings:

8−8, 8−7, 8−6, 8−4, 7−8, 7−7, 7−6, 7−4, 6−3, 6−7, 6−6, 6−4, 

4−8, 4−7, 4−6, or 4−4. Under the previous rating system, 

stakes showing limited and heavy decay, termite attack, or 

both are grouped together. In stakes that show some deterioration but are not necessarily seriously decayed, unnecessary 

emphasis is sometimes placed on these ratings. Therefore, in 

making comparisons between preservatives, only the stakes 

actually destroyed should be considered. 

Decay Termite attack

1 No decay A No attack 

2 Slightly soft or suspicious B Nibbles or trails 

3 Partial or limited decay C Limited attack (penetration)

4 Severe decay D Heavy attack 

5 Removed because of 

 decaya E Removed because of 

 termite attacka

a

50% or more of cross section destroyed. 

For stakes classified as ìDestroyed by decay fungi and termites,î both forms of deterioration must be rated at least

with severe decay or heavy attack (4 or D) in the inspection. 

In other words, a stake rated in the inspection, as 7-0 would 

be considered as destroyed by termites rather than by decay 

and termites, while one rated as 0-7 would be considered as 

destroyed by decay. Therefore, the system used in the tables 

for rating the destroyed stakes emphasizes the major factor 

or factors responsible for damage, but it ignores those that

may have been noted but have not seriously contributed to

the destruction. In estimating service life prior to 100% 

removal of stakes, note that the average life is approximately 

at the time when 60% of the stakes in a group has been 

removed. The new rating system is considered well suited to

the requirements of the stake tests rated on the basis of visual examination.

Tables 2 to 76 give the condition of the stakes at the most

recent inspection. Table 77 is a summary of results obtained 

as the Mississippi site on 2- by 4-in. pine stakes treated with

wood preservatives that are in general use. 

Results 

The following summarizes the results of the stake tests 

thus far. 

Southern Pine and Plywood Stakes 

Untreated StakesóThe untreated 2- by 4-in. Southern Pine 

sapwood stakes had an average life of 1.2 years in the Canal

Zone, Panama; 1.8 to 2.4 years at Saucier, Mississippi, 

Bogalusa, Louisiana, and Jacksonville, Florida; and 4 to 6

years at Madison, Wisconsin. At Lake Charles, Louisiana, 

90% of the untreated control stakes were destroyed by Formosan termites, giving an average service life of 2.3 years. 

Untreated 3/4-in. pine sapwood stakes in Mississippi had an 

average life of 1.4 to 2.1 years. 

The untreated Douglas-fir plywood stakes installed at Saucier, Mississippi, had an average life of about 1 to 4 years. 

Those glued with phenolic and urea-resin glues have lasted 

somewhat longer than those glued with casein glue, which 

had an average life of 1 year. The stakes cut from Douglasfir lumber and of thickness similar to that of the plywood 

had an average life of slightly more than 2 years. Untreated 

plywood stakes of yellow birch, sweetgum, and tangile had 

an average life of less than 2 years. 

3
Untreated plywood stakes of Engelmann spruce heartwood 

had average lives of 2.6 years and 3.2 years for Mississippi

and Wisconsin, respectively. Untreated Douglas-fir heartwood plywood stakes had average lives of 3.2 years and 

5.5 years for Mississippi and Wisconsin, respectively. Southern Pine plywood stakes that contained about equal amounts 

of heartwood and sapwood had an average life of 2.8 and 

5.8 years in Mississippi and Wisconsin, respectively 

(Table 51). 

Pressure-Treated StakesóIn the more recent installations 

and those with the more effective preservatives, only a limited number of stakes have thus far been removed, and the 

average life of stakes pressure treated with various preservatives cannot be determined. Estimates on average life were 

made for preservatives with significant failures at the time of

the termination of several installations (Tables 2 to 5, 8, 12,

18, 38). In the Canal Zone, stakes treated with several retention levels of chromated zinc arsenate (CZA) were destroyed 

during the 15-1/3 years of exposure. Stakes with 0.22 lb/ft

3

CZA (oxide basis) had an average life of 9.2 years, and those 

with approximately 0.69 lb/ft

3

 (oxide basis) had an average 

life of 15.3 years. Stakes treated with CZA to retention

levels of 0.22 to 0.70 lb/ft

3 (oxide basis) have had 100% 

failures in Wisconsin after 51-1/2 years, and in Mississippi

failures have been noted only with the lower retention levels 

(Table 4; similar comparison in Table 20). This may be 

attributed to the presence of arsenic-tolerant fungi at the 

Wisconsin test area. 

Of the waterborne preservatives in tests that contain copper 

and arsenic (24 to 45 years in Mississippi), the formulations 

of ammoniacal copper arsenate (ACA) (Table 14) and 

chromated copper arsenate (CCA) (Tables 15, 20, 47) are 

better performers with no failures using retention levels of 

0.29 lb/ft

3

 (oxide basis) or greater for CCA. Again, the 

overall performance of the arsenic containing preservatives 

(Table 20) is better in Mississippi than in Wisconsin. 

Stakes treated with ammoniacal copper borate to retention 

levels of 0.17 and 0.22 lb/ft

3

 (oxide basis) have had 75% and 

65% failure, respectively, in Mississippi after 25 years of 

service. In contrast, the ACA-treated stakes show 95% failure at the 0.17-lb/ft

3 retention level and 30% failure at the 

0.23-lb/ft

3

 retention level for the same exposure (Table 52). 

Results thus far on installations of pentachlorophenol with

similar retention levels and different hydrocarbon solvents

(Tables 17, 42, and 45) show better performance with solutions containing the heavy solvents such as heavy gas oil, 

lube oil extract (Table 17), No. 4 aromatic oil (Table 22), 

and AWPA P9 heavy petroleum solvent (Tables 42 and 45) 

than with volatile LPG or light oils such as Stoddard solvent 

(mineral spirits) (Tables 17 and 42). Preservatives such as 

rosin amine-D-pentachlorophenate (Tables 22 and 23), 

tributyltin oxide (Tables 36 and 41), and copper-8-

quinolinolate (Tables 38 and 43) also show better performance with the heavy petroleum solvent than the light

Stoddard solvent (mineral spirits). The previously mentioned 

heavy petroleum solvents have the following properties:

Distribution (oF) 

Petroleum 

oils 

API 

gravity

60o

F 

Flash 

point 

(PMCC) 

(

o

F) 

Viscosity

SUS at 

100o

F 

Penta 

solvency

at 75o

F 

(%) IBP 50% EP

Heavy

gas oil, 

No. 101

08.3 345 167.4 20−22 600 700 734

Lube oil 

extract 

05.1 295 196.4 28−30 440 696 736

AWPA 

P9, 

heavy

23.8 225 38.4 15 480 538 647

No. 4 

aromatic

06.8 230 72.6 10+ 458 592 Cracked

 (85%) 

Pentachlorophenol retention levels of 0.47 lb/ft

3

 and less are 

showing deterioration on the 3/4-in. stakes after 17 years of 

service in Mississippi. The stakes treated to retention levels 

of 0.34, 0.38, 0.50, 1.30, and 1.84 lb/ft

3

 of a water-soluble 

form of copper-8-quinolinolate gave service lives of 3.3, 3.8, 

4.6, 6.2, 7.3, and 8.6 years, respectively (Table 54). 

Coal-tar creosotes installed in Mississippi during 1940 and 

1941 (Tables 4 to 6) have shown better performance than 

those installed in 1948 (Tables 18 and 19) (Baechler and 

others 1978). In the latter installation, 10 coal-tar creosotes 

with a retention of approximately 8 lb/ft3

 showed 60% to

80% failure after 20 years, and the average life was determined or estimated at 14 to 21 years. Creosotes installed 

earlier than 1941 showed 60% to 90% failures in 481⁄2 to

491⁄2 years for similar retention, which could show a service 

life in excess of 50 years. 

Stakes pressure treated with the fire-retarding formulation 

containing ammonium phosphate and ammonium sulfate 

lasted, on an average, only 2 to 3 years in Mississippi. With 

these ammonium salts plus borax and boric acid, the stakes 

installed in 1943 lasted on the average about 4 years. The 

fire-retarding formulation with borax and boric acid alone 

has provided protection against decay and termites for an 

average of about 6 years (Table 13). The addition of zinc 

chloride and chromium compounds to combinations of 

boron and ammonium salts in fire retardants improved protection against decay fungi and termites (Table 25). An 

exterior-type fire retardant containing urea, dicyandiamide, 

formaldehyde, and phosphoric acid in 2- by 4- by 18-in. 

stakes treated at retention levels of 2.8 lb/ft3

, 6.0 lb/ft

3

 and 

9.5-lb/ft

3 had an average life of 4.8, 9.7 and 15.4 years, 

respectively. Termites caused failures at lower retentions

(Table 53). 

4
The results of stake tests in Mississippi showed copper 

naphthenate provided greater protection than zinc naphthenate with similar retention levels (Table 7). 

Rosin amine-D-pentachlorophenate in Stoddard solvent

performed less satisfactorily than pentachlorophenol with

that solvent and similar retention levels. Products from naval

stores such as rosin oil, oleo resin, and drop liquor concentrate with petroleum solvents appear to have limited value as 

preservatives but are improved by the addition of pentachlorophenol. Urea (Table 10) has also shown limited 

protection. Stakes pressure treated with 5.8 lb/ft

3

 had an 

average life of 9.1 years in Mississippi. Other products

showing limited preservative value in the retention levels 

used are acrylonitrile (cyanoethylation), ammonium hydroxide (thiamine destruction), amyl phenyl acetate, capric acid, 

copper-8-quinolinolate (in Stoddard solvent), diamyl phenol, 

DDT, dodecyl amine, nickel stearate, and tributyltin oxide

(in Stoddard solvent). 

An indication of the influence of size in test stakes is noted 

in Table 6. With a coal-tar creosote retention of approximately 8 lb/ft3

, 1/2-in.-square stakes were destroyed after 

21-1/2 years with an average life of 17 years, 1-in.-square 

stakes after 39-1/2 years with an average life of 23.6 years, 

1-1/2-in.-square stakes after 33-1/2 years with an average 

life of 26.6 years, and 2- by 4-in. stakes showed 70% failure 

after 54-1/2 years. 

Note that aspen particleboard treated with CCA showed less 

degradation than those stakes treated with pentachlorophenol

in light solvents. Stakes treated to 0.22, 0.40, and 0.82 lb/ft

3

of pentachlorophenol showed failures of 100, 100, and 70% 

respectively, and only the low retention level (0.26 lb/ft3

) of 

CCA showed 100% failure (Table 49). Untreated stakes of 

aspen particleboard showed an average life of 2.4 years. 

Nonpressure-Treated StakesóSouthern Pine stakes and 

Douglas-fir plywood stakes treated by superficial applications, such as brushing and brief dipping in coal-tar creosote

and solutions of pentachlorophenol, copper naphthenate, or 

zinc naphthenate, have generally lasted 1 to 4 years longer 

than the untreated control stakes. However, stakes dipped for 

15 min in coal-tar creosote had a life of about 8 years in

Mississippi. 

For the plywood stakes in which the veneer was treated by

dipping or lengthy soaking in the preservatives before gluing, the results have generally been more favorable than for 

plywood similarly treated after gluing. In the Canal Zone, 

stakes soaked 18 h in solutions of pentachlorophenol or 

mixtures of chlorinated phenols lasted 5 to 10 years. In the 

United States, the stakes soaked 18 h in these solutions

lasted 8 to 16 years. However, Douglas-fir plywood stakes 

treated by brushing, dipping, and 18-h soaking in chloro-2-

phenylphenol solution lasted only a few months longer than 

the untreated plywood control stakes. Douglas-fir plywood 

stakes treated by soaking 18 h in pentachlorophenol solution 

had a life of 5 years, while those similarly treated with coaltar creosote have an estimated average life of 24 years. 

At the Mississippi site, pine stakes treated by soaking in urea 

solution lasted about 1 to 1-1/2 years longer than the control

stakes, and those similarly treated with urea-formaldehyde 

solution lasted about 2 to 4 years longer than the controls

(Table 10). Pine stakes with increased retention levels of

copper chromate and copper arsenate applied by doublediffusion have continued to perform well after 49 years in

Mississippi. Failures thus far have been found primarily in

the copper chromate system with 33% and 67% failed 

(Table 9). 

Modified-Wood Stakes 

Plywood stakes impregnated with phenolic resin (impreg) 

and impregnated and compressed (compreg) have been 

considerably more resistant to decay and termite attack than 

have untreated plywood of the same species. Plywood stakes 

with a low resin content have had an average life of approximately 7 years and those with a high resin content have 

lasted 12 years. In Douglas-fir plywood stakes with phenolic-resin-impregnated faces and untreated cores, an average 

life of about 3.5 years has been obtained, and somewhat

better results have been noted when the edges of the plywood have been protected with a phenolic-resin coating. 

Southern Pine 2- by 4-in. stakes impregnated with a low 

resin content had an average life of 12 years, and those with

a greater content of phenolic resin have lasted somewhat

longer. 

Laminated paper plastic made with phenolic resin has shown 

limited resistance to decay and termite attack, with the life of 

the stakes averaging about 6 to 8 years. Heat-stabilized birch 

and maple plywood (staypak) stakes have lasted about 4 to 

6 years. The staypak with veneer of 1/16-in. thickness has 

performed better than that with 1/8-in. veneer, presumably

because the thinner veneer permits a better distribution of 

the phenolic-resin adhesive in the plywood. 

Acetylated birch (laminated veneer) has had reasonably

good resistance to decay and termite attack with an average 

life of 17.5 years in Mississippi. Deterioration has been 

caused primarily by decay fungi. 

Butylene oxide stakes treated to 17% to 22% weight gain

had an average life of 4.7 years, and those treated to 37% to

40% weight gain had an average life of 12.2 years. Almost

67% of the butylene oxide stakes treated to 31% weight gain

are showing attack and 33% have failed after 17 to 21 years 

of service. Propylene oxide-modified stakes gave a service 

life of 2.2 to 6.2 years, depending on the chemical loading 

(Table 50). Stakes, 3/4 in., treated with butylene oxide to 

33.2% weight gain had an average life of 3.5 years (Table 56). 

5
Future Research Program 

As we move into the 21st century, it is critical to develop a 

wood preservative research program that addresses the future demands for durable forest products in light of a heightened public environmental consciousness. One goal of wood 

preservative research is to improve methods to evaluate

degradation and protection. In the past, FPL evaluated and 

analyzed, especially through stake tests, the performance of 

many preservative systems. This work contributed to this

report. Although the importance of these evaluations is 

recognized, research direction necessitates focusing on 

accelerated methods to predict durability. 

The FPL maintains 77 field research plots on the Harrison 

Experimental Forest in Saucier, Mississippi. The objective of 

these plots is to evaluate the performance of wood products

exposed to natural environmental challengers. Many plots 

are approaching 55 years of age, and they represent an investment of millions of research dollars. Many older plots 

cannot be duplicated or replaced because several of the 

preservatives initially used have been discontinued or

banned by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. 

The following listing summarizes the FPL recommendation

for the 77 existing stake plots at the Harrison Experimental

Forest. For plots that will be closed, the stakes will remain in

the ground at the site, but inspections will be discontinued, 

and the database will be maintained in archival records. 

Status of FPL-02 Research Plots

Statusa Table Plot Installed

Last 

inspected Statusa Table Plot Installed

Last 

inspected 

C 2 2 1939 1966 C 40 58 1960 1978

C 3 3 1940 1967 C 42 59 1961 2000

C 4 4 1940 2000 C 45 61 1963 1998

C 5 5 1941 1996 K 43 62 1963 2000

C 6 6 1941 1996 C 44 63 1963 2000

C 7 7 1942 1992 C 46 66 1967 1997

C 8 8 1942 1963 K 47 67 1967 2002

C 9 9 1942 1997 K 48 68 1971 2000

C 10 10 1946 1960 K 49 70 1973 1998

C 11 11 1942 1950 C 50 71 1974 1995

C 12 12 1943 1963 K 51 72 1975 2000

C 13 13 1943 1950 K 52 73 1975 2002

K 14 14 1944 1999 C 53 74 1976 1993

K 15 15 1945 2000 K 54 75 1976 1993

C 16 16 1945 1996 K 55 78 1978 1998

C 17 20 1948 1998 C 56 79 1979 1989

C 18 24 1948 1992 K 57 80 1980 2002

C 19 25 1948 1998 C 58 81 1980 2000

C 20 28 1949 1995 K 59 82 1980 2000

C 21 26 1949 1995 C 60 83 1981 2000

C 22 27 1949 1999 K 61 84 1981 2002

K 26 32 1952 2002 K 62 85 1981 2002

C 24 33 1952 1997 C 63 86 1982 1996

C 23 34 1952 1997 C 64 87 1982 1996

C 25 35 1952 1997 C 65 88 1982 1996

C 28 37 1952 2000 C 66 89 1982 1996

C 29 38 1953 1992 C 67 90 1982 1999

C 30 40 1954 1995 C 68 92 1983 1995

C 31 41 1954 1995 C 68 93 1983 1995

C 32 42 1954 1995 C 69 94 1984 2000

C 33 44 1956 1981 K 70 95 1984 2002

K 34 47 1956 2000 C 71 96 1984 1996

C 35 48 1957 2000 K 72 97 1985 2002

C 36 53 1958 1967 K 73 98 1985 1999

C 37 55 1959 1989 K 74 99 1987 2000

K 38 54 1959 1968 K 75 100 1988 2002

K 41 56 1960 2000 C 76 101 1989 1998

K 39 57 1960 2000

a

C indicates maintain archives, plot closed. K indicates keep plot open, study will continue. 

6
For the 24 plots at Harrison Experimental Forest listed as 

open, the current plans are to report the results of future 

inspections in separate publications. Reporting of results for 

any similar field plots installed since 1989 will also be expected to be in separate publications. Thus, this publication 

is the last revision of FPLñRNñ02. Future inspections will 

normally be conducted each year for the first 5 years after 

installation, every other year for the next 4 years, and every 

3rd year for the next 6 years. After 15 years, stakes will be

evaluated every 5th year. 

Units of Measure 

Measurement values in this document are reported in English units. The following provides equivalent International 

System (SI) units of measure: 

English unit 

Conversion 

factor SI unit

inch (in.) 25.4 millimeter (mm) 

foot (ft) 0.3048 meter (m) 

pound per cubic 

foot (lb/ft3

) 

16.02 kilogram per cubic 

meter (kg/m3) 

o

F (

o

F ñ 32)/1.8 oC 

References 

AWPA. 2001. Standard method of evaluating wood preservatives by field tests with stakes. Standard E7ñ01. Granbury, TX: American Wood-Preserversí Association. 

Baechler, R.H.; Gjovik, L.R.; Davidson, H.L. 1978. 1948 

cooperative creosote project: review and results of field tests 

on costs and 2 × 4 stakes. In: Proceedings of the American 

Wood-Preserversí Association; 1978 April 26−28. 

74: 173ñ180. 

Blew, J.O. 1948. Comparison of wood preservatives in stake 

tests. In: Proceedings of the American Wood-Preserversí 

Association; April 27−29. 88−119. 

Fisher, R.A.; Yates, F. 1938. Statistical tables for agricultural and medical research. London: Oliver and Boyd. 99 p. 

Hunt, G.M.; Snyder, T.E. 1930. An international termite

exposure test. In: Proceedings of the American WoodPreserversí Association, January 28−30. 318−334. [Annual 

progress reports published in the above Proceedings each 

year from 1930 to 1949, 1952, 1956, 1957 (final report).]

7
Table 1ólndex to materials tested 

Material Existing specification or AWPAa

 reference Table number 

Chemical

Acid copper chromate Fed. Spec. TT-W-546; AWPA P5 15, 16, 46, 47 

Acrylonitrile ó 36

Aldrin ó 41

Ammoniacal copper arsenate Fed. Spec. TT-W-549; AWPA P5 14, 47, 51, 52, 55, 72 

Ammoniacal copper borate ó 52 

Ammoniacal copper zinc arsenate ó 62 

Ammonium hydroxide ó 36 

Ammonium sulfateñphosphate Navy Spec. 51C38 13 

Amyl phenyl acetate ó 14 

Basic zinc chloride ó 26 

Basilit UA ó 30 

Boliden salt S-25 ó 24 

Boraxñboric acid Navy Spec. 51C38 13 

Capric acid ó 14 

Chloro-2-phenylphenol ó 5, 8

Chromated copper arsenate Fed. Spec. TT-W-550 Type I; AWPA P5; AWPA P5, Type A 15, 47 

Chromated copper arsenate Fed. Spec. TT-W-550 Type II; AWPA P5, Type B 20, 47 

Chromated copper arsenate Fed. Spec. TT-W-550 Type III; AWPA P5, Type C 48, 49, 51, 55, 57, 72, 73, 74 

Chromated copper fluoride (CFK) ó 59 

Chromated zinc arsenate Formerly in Fed. Spec. TT-W-538; AWPA P5 4, 24 

Chromated zinc chloride Fed. Spec. TT-W-551; AWPA P5 2, 16, 25, 35, 47 

Chromated zinc chloride, copperized Formerly in Fed. Spec. TT-W-562; AWPA P5 31 

Chromated zinc chloride (FR) AWPA P10, Type B 25 

Copper arsenate AWPA Proc. 1941; pp. 23ñ31 9 

Copper carbonate ó 74 

Copper chromate AWPA Proc. 1941; pp. 23ñ31 9 

Copperñchromeñboron (CB) U.S. Patent No. 3,007,844 46 

Copperñchromeñphosphorus ó 48

Copper formate ó 34 

Copper naphthenate AWPA P8 7, 12, 16, 17, 29 

Copper oxide ó 74 

Copper-8-quinolinolate AWPA P8 38, 43, 54, 61 

Creosote, coalñtar Fed. Spec. TT-C-645; AWPA P1 4, 5, 6, 8, 16ñ20, 31, 35, 47, 

63, 66 

Creosote, coalñtar (English) ó 18, 19 

Creosote, coalñtar (low temperature) ó 28 

Creosote, coalñtar (Texas lignite) ó 32 

Creosote, coalñtar solution Fed. Spec. TT-C-650; AWPA P2 18, 47, 70 

Creosote, petroleum solution Fed. Spec. TT-W-568 18, 47, 70 

Creosote, low xylene insolubles ó 75 

Creosote, toluene ó 6 

Diamyl phenol ó 14 

Dichloro-diphenyl-trichloroethane (DDT) ó 14 

Dieldrin ó 41

Dodecyl amine ó 14 

Drop-liquor concentrate ó 27 

Fire retardants ó 53 

Fire retardants AWPA P10 25 

Fluor chrome arsenate phenol Fed. Spec. TT-W-535, Type A; AWPA P5 2, 33, 37, 47, 49 

Fluor chrome arsenate phenol Fed. Spec. TT-W-535, Type B; AWPA P5 47 

Fuel oils ó 5, 17, 27 

(Page 1 of 2) 
Table 1ólndex to materials tested--concluded 

Material Existing specification or AWPA reference Table number 

Chemicalócontinued

Heptadecyltrimethyltetra-

 hydropyrimidine (HTP) ó 44 

KP (copper oxide and chlorophenol) ó 35 

Ligniteñtar extracts ó 39 

Mercuric chloride ó 12 

Minalith AWPA P10, Type C 25 

Nickelñchromiumñarsenic salt ó 15 

Nickelñsterate ó 14

Oleo resin ó 27 

Paraffin ó 32

Pentachlorophenol Fed. Spec. TT-W-570; AWPA P8 5, 8, 12, 16, 17, 22, 23, 27, 29, 31, 32, 

33, 41, 42, 43, 45, 47, 49, 54, 58, 60, 

61, 63, 64, 65, 68, 69, 71, 76 

Petroleum oils (various types) ó 17, 18, 21, 23, 45, 69, 76 

Phenyl mercury oleate ó 12 

Phenol-formaldehyde ó 67

Pyresote AWPA P10, Type D 25 

Rosin amine D copper acetate complex ó 27 

Rosin amine D pentachlorophenate ó 22, 23 

Rosin oil ó 27 

Sodium pentachlorophenate ó 2, 5 

Sodium tetrachlorophenate ó 2 

Tetrachlorophenol ó 65, 69

Toluene ó 6

Tributyltin oxide ó 36, 41, 61 

Urea ó 10

Zincñarsenateñchromium salts ó 20 

Zinc chloride ó 2, 4, 20, 26 

Zinc naphthenate ó 7, 8 

Modified wood, particleboard, 

 plywood, and paper plastic 

ó 14

Acetylated wood 

Butylene oxide U.S. Patent No. 3,985,921 50, 56 

Cyanoethylated wood ó 36 

Embedded fiberboard ó 40 

Epichlorohydrin ó 50

Heat-stabilized wood (Staypak) ó 11 

Impreg and Compreg ó 3 

Laminated paper plastic (Papreg) ó 11 

Mold-infected wood ó 31 

Particleboard ó 49

Plywood ó 3, 8, 16, 33, 51 

Propylene oxide U.S. Patent No. 3,985,921 50 

Wood with thiamine destroyed ó 36 

a

American Wood Preservers Association. 

(Page 2 of 2) 
Table 2--Condition of Southern Pine stakes (2 by 4 in. nominal by 18 in.) treated with chlorinated phenols and with fluor chrome arsenate phenol--Type A, zinc 

chloride, and chromated zinc chloride after 15 to 28 years of service. Stakes placed in test at Barro Colorado Island, Canal Zone, September 1938; Bogalusa, LA,December 1939; Jacksonville, FL, January 1939; Harrison Experimental Forest, Saucier, MS, December 1938; and Madison, WI, November 1939 (Plot 2)

Condition of stakes December 1966c (%)

Serviceable but Destroyed by--

showing some-- Decay

Decay fungi

Num- and and Average

 Retention of saltsa (lb/ft3) ber in Termite termite Decay Termite termite Total removed life

Preservative Location Minimum Maximum Average testb Good Decay attack attack fungi attack attack Number % (year)

Sodium pentachlorophenate Canal 0.24 0.28 0.26 10 -- -- -- -- -- -- 100 10 100 6.9

LA 0.24 0.28 0.26 10 -- -- -- -- 10 -- 90 10 100 9.2FL 0.25 0.28 0.26 9 -- -- -- -- 11 -- 89 9 100 14.2MS 0.24 0.28 0.26 10 -- -- -- -- 10 20 70 10 100 11.9WI 0.24 0.28 0.26 10 -- -- -- -- 100 -- -- 10 100 12.5Canal 0.45 0.54 0.50 10 -- -- -- -- -- 20 80 10 100 11.2LA 0.45 0.53 0.49 10 -- -- -- -- 30 -- 70 10 100 10.7FL 0.46 0.55 0.50 10 -- -- -- -- -- -- 8 8 80 20.0d

MS 0.44 0.54 0.49 10 -- -- -- -- 10 -- 90 10 100 19.2WI 0.44 0.53 0.49 10 -- -- -- -- 100 -- -- 10 100 16.4Canal 0.69 0.81 0.75 10 -- -- -- -- 10 20 70 10 100 11.7LA 0.69 0.85 0.75 10 -- -- -- -- 10 -- 90 10 100 15.6FL 0.68 0.82 0.74 10 -- -- -- 40 10 -- 50 6 60 20.0dMS 0.69 0.84 0.77 10 -- -- -- -- 40 -- 60 10 100 21.6WI 0.67 0.81 0.76 10 -- -- -- -- 100 -- -- 10 100 21.0Canal 0.92 1.06 0.98 10 -- -- -- -- -- 10 90 10 100 14.3LA 0.93 1.09 0.99 10 -- -- -- -- 10 -- 90 10 100 16.2FL 0.92 1.08 0.98 10 -- -- -- 60 10 -- 30 4 40 --MS 0.93 1.09 0.97 10 -- -- -- -- 20 -- 80 10 100 25.0WI 0.86 1.01 0.90 10 -- -- -- -- 100 -- -- 10 100 23.4

Sodium tetrachlorophenate Canal 0.24 0.27 0.25 10 -- -- -- -- -- 60 40 10 100 4.8

LA 0.23 0.27 0.25 10 -- -- -- -- 20 -- 80 10 100 8.1FL 0.23 0.28 0.25 9 -- -- -- -- 22 -- 78 9 100 11.3MS 0.23 0.27 0.25 10 -- -- -- -- -- 10 90 10 100 10.7WI 0.24 0.27 0.25 10 -- -- -- -- 100 -- -- 10 100 11.4Canal 0.47 0.56 0.51 10 -- -- -- -- -- 20 80 10 100 9.9LA 0.46 0.55 0.50 10 -- -- -- -- 20 -- 80 10 100 10.9FL 0.47 0.55 0.52 10 -- -- -- -- -- -- 100 10 100 15.3MS 0.48 0.58 0.52 10 -- -- -- -- -- -- 100 10 100 15.1WI 0.47 0.55 0.52 10 -- -- -- -- 100 -- -- 10 100 14.5

(Page 1 of 4)
Table 2--Condition of Southern Pine stakes (2 by 4 in. nominal by 18 in.) treated with chlorinated phenols and with fluor chrome arsenate phenol--Type A,

zinc chloride, and chromated zinc chloride after 15 to 28 years of service. Stakes placed in test at Barro Colorado Island, Canal Zone, September 1938; Bogalusa, LA,December 1939; Jacksonville, FL, January 1939; Harrison Experimental Forest, Saucier, MS, December 1938; and Madison, WI, November 1939 (Plot 2)--continued

Condition of stakes December 1966c (%)

Serviceable but

showing some-- Decay

Decay fungi

Num- and and Average

ber in Termite termite Decay Termite termite Total removed life

Preservative Location Minimum Maximum Average testb Good Decay attack attack fungi attack attack Number % (year)

Sodium tetrachlorophenate Canal 0.70 0.83 0.76 10 -- -- -- -- -- -- 100 10 100 13.1

(continued) LA 0.71 0.83 0.77 10 -- -- -- -- 30 -- 70 10 100 11.9

FL 0.68 0.83 0.76 9 -- -- -- -- -- 11 89 9 100 16.8MS 0.68 0.82 0.75 10 -- -- -- -- -- -- 100 10 100 19.7WI 0.67 0.81 0.75 9 -- -- -- -- 100 -- -- 9 100 16.7

Fluor chrome arsenate Canal 0.18 (0.11) 0.22 (0.14) 0.20 (0.12) 10 -- -- -- -- -- 100 -- 10 100 2.9

 phenol -- Type A LA 0.19 (0.12) 0.22 (0.14) 0.20 (0.12) 10 -- -- -- -- 50 -- 50 10 100 9.6

FL 0.18 (0.11) 0.21 (0.13) 0.20 (0.12) 10 -- -- -- -- 50 -- 50 10 100 13.9MS 0.18 (0.11) 0.21 (0.13) 0.20 (0.12) 10 -- -- -- -- 10 50 40 10 100 10.2WI 0.13 (0.08) 0.22 (0.14) 0.20 (0.12) 10 -- -- -- -- 100 -- -- 10 100 13.8Canal 0.28 (0.17) 0.33 (0.20) 0.30 (0.19) 10 -- -- -- -- -- 30 70 10 100 6.4LA 0.28 (0.17) 0.32 (0.20) 0.30 (0.19) 10 -- -- -- -- 20 -- 80 10 100 13.7FL 0.29 (0.18) 0.32 (0.20) 0.30 (0.19) 10 -- -- -- -- 100 -- -- 10 100 15.4MS 0.29 (0.18) 0.32 (0.20) 0.30 (0.19) 10 -- -- -- -- 10 -- 90 10 100 18.0WI 0.27 (0.17) 0.30 (0.19) 0.28 (0.17) 10 -- -- -- -- 100 -- -- 10 100 16.5Canal 0.53 (0.33) 0.66 (0.41) 0.60 (0.37) 10 -- -- -- -- 40 -- 60 10 100 14.2LA 0.56 (0.35) 0.64 (0.40) 0.60 (0.37) 10 -- -- -- -- 50 -- 50 10 100 15.6FL 0.57 (0.35) 0.65 (0.40) 0.61 (0.38) 10 -- -- -- -- 100 -- -- 10 100 17.3MS 0.57 (0.35) 0.65 (0.40) 0.61 (0.38) 10 -- -- -- -- 60 -- 40 10 100 24.1WI 0.59 (0.36) 0.68 (0.42) 0.65 (0.40) 10 -- -- -- -- 100 -- -- 10 100 16.0

Sodium pentachlorophenate Canal 0.52 0.55 0.54 10 -- -- -- -- -- 30 70 10 100 8.7

and sodium chloridee LA 0.46 0.53 0.49 10 -- -- -- -- -- -- 100 10 100 13.3

FL 0.48 0.54 0.50 10 -- -- -- 50 10 -- 40 5 50 --MS 0.46 0.53 0.49 10 -- -- -- -- -- -- 100 10 100 16.3WI 0.46 0.53 0.50 10 -- -- -- -- 100 -- -- 10 100 16.8

Zinc chloride Canal 0.44 (0.26) 0.53 (0.32) 0.47 (0.28) 10 -- -- -- -- -- 30 70 10 100 3.9

LA 0.45 (0.27) 0.55 (0.33) 0.50 (0.30) 10 -- -- -- -- 30 -- 70 10 100 8.2FL 0.45 (0.27) 0.53 (0.32) 0.49 (0.29) 10 -- -- -- -- 20 -- 80 10 100 12.9MS 0.45 (0.27) 0.54 (0.32) 0.50 (0.30) 10 -- -- -- -- 40 -- 60 10 100 15.4WI 0.45 (0.27) 0.53 (0.32) 0.49 (0.29) 10 -- -- -- -- 100 -- -- 10 100 18.3

(Page 2 of 4)

 Retention of saltsa (lb/ft3)

Destroyed by--
Table 2--Condition of Southern Pine stakes (2 by 4 in. nominal by 18 in.) treated with chlorinated phenols and with fluor chrome arsenate phenol--Type A,

zinc chloride, and chromated zinc chloride after 15 to 28 years of service. Stakes placed in test at Barro Colorado Island, Canal Zone, September 1938; Bogalusa, LA,

December 1939; Jacksonville, FL, January 1939; Harrison Experimental Forest, Saucier, MS, December 1938; and Madison, WI, November 1939 (Plot 2)--continued

Decay

Decay fungi

Num- and and Average

ber in Termite termite Decay Termite termite life

Preservative Location Minimum Maximum Average testb Good Decay attack attack fungi attack attack Number % (year)Zinc chloride Canal 0.70 (0.42) 0.82 (0.49) 0.76 (0.45) 10 -- -- -- -- -- -- 100 10 100 3.9

(continued) LA 0.70 (0.42) 0.78 (0.47) 0.74 (0.44) 10 -- -- -- -- 40 -- 60 10 100 12.1

FL 0.71 (0.42) 0.82 (0.49) 0.76 (0.45) 10 -- -- -- -- 40 -- 60 10 100 13.5MS 0.70 (0.42) 0.79 (0.47) 0.74 (0.44) 10 -- -- -- -- 20 10 70 10 100 16.7WI 0.65 (0.39) 0.87 (0.52) 0.75 (0.45) 9 -- -- -- -- 100 -- -- 9 100 18.9

Canal 0.94 (0.56) 1.08 (0.64) 1.00 (0.60) 10 -- -- -- -- -- 40 60 10 100 4.0

LA 0.94 (0.56) 1.08 (0.64) 1.01 (0.60) 10 -- -- -- -- 70 -- 30 10 100 11.6FL 0.95 (0.57) 1.08 (0.64) 1.02 (0.61) 10 -- -- -- -- 20 -- 80 10 100 15.2MS 0.94 (0.56) 1.07 (0.64) 1.01 (0.60) 10 -- -- -- -- 10 -- 90 10 100 17.3WI 0.93 (0.56) 1.13 (0.68) 1.02 (0.61) 10 -- -- -- -- 100 -- -- 10 100 19.0Canal 1.40 (0.84) 1.62 (0.97) 1.49 (0.89) 10 -- -- -- -- -- 10 90 10 100 7.3LA 1.44 (0.86) 1.63 (0.97) 1.52 (0.91) 10 -- -- -- -- 40 -- 60 10 100 11.1FL 1.41 (0.84) 1.62 (0.97) 1.50 (0.89) 10 -- -- -- -- 20 -- 80 10 100 15.7MS 1.43 (0.85) 1.63 (0.97) 1.52 (0.91) 10 -- -- -- -- 50 -- 50 10 100 17.9WI 1.36 (0.81) 1.74 (1.04) 1.59 (0.94) 10 -- -- -- -- 100 -- -- 10 100 18.7

Chromated zinc chloride Canal 0.45 (0.28) 0.55 (0.34) 0.49 (0.30) 10 -- -- -- -- -- -- 100 10 100 4.9

LA 0.46 (0.28) 0.55 (0.34) 0.49 (0.30) 10 -- -- -- -- 40 10 50 10 100 8.6FL 0.45 (0.28) 0.53 (0.33) 0.48 (0.30) 8-- -- -- -- 25 -- 75 8 100 14.3

MS 0.45 (0.28) 0.55 (0.34) 0.49 (0.30) 10 -- -- -- -- 30 10 60 10 100 14.2

WI 0.43 (0.26) 0.53 (0.33) 0.46 (0.29) 10 -- -- -- -- 100 -- -- 10 100 16.2

Canal 0.70 (0.43) 0.81 (0.50) 0.76 (0.47) 10 -- -- -- -- -- -- 100 10 100 7.2

LA 0.70 (0.43) 0.80 (0.49) 0.76 (0.47) 10 -- -- -- -- 40 -- 60 10 100 10.6FL 0.73 (0.45) 0.81 (0.50) 0.77 (0.47) 9-- -- -- -- 11 -- 89 9 100 15.9

MS 0.72 (0.44) 0.81 (0.50) 0.76 (0.47) 10 -- -- -- -- 40 -- 60 10 100 20.2

WI 0.70 (0.43) 0.86 (0.53) 0.80 (0.49) 10 -- -- -- -- 100 -- -- 10 100 14.7

Canal 0.95 (0.48) 1.11 (0.68) 1.02 (0.63) 10 -- -- -- -- 10 -- 90 10 100 6.6

LA 0.93 (0.57) 1.07 (0.66) 1.00 (0.62) 10 -- -- -- -- 40 -- 60 10 100 11.9FL 0.96 (0.59) 1.09 (0.67) 1.03 (0.63) 10 -- -- -- 10 20 -- 70 9 90 17.0d

MS 0.96 (0.59) 1.09 (0.67) 1.03 (0.63) 10 -- -- -- -- 50 -- 50 10 100 20.1

WI 0.89 (0.55) 1.13 (0.70) 1.02 (0.63) 10 -- -- -- -- 100 -- -- 10 100 18.3

(Page 3 of 4)

 Retention of saltsa (lb/ft3)

Condition of stakes December 1966c (%)

Serviceable but Destroyed by--

showing some--

Total removed
Table 2--Condition of Southern Pine stakes (2 by 4 in. nominal by 18 in.) treated with chlorinated phenols and with fluor chrome arsenate phenol--Type A,

zinc chloride, and chromated zinc chloride after 15 to 28 years of service. Stakes placed in test at Barro Colorado Island, Canal Zone, September 1938; Bogalusa, LA,

December 1939; Jacksonville, FL, January 1939; Harrison Experimental Forest, Saucier, MS, December 1938; and Madison, WI, November 1939 (Plot 2)--concluded

Decay

Num- Decay fungi

ber and and Average

in Termite termite Decay Termite termite life

Preservative Location Minimum Maximum Average testb Good Decay attack attack fungi attack attack Number % (year)

Untreated controls Canal -- -- -- 10 -- -- -- -- -- 100 -- 10 100 0.7

LA -- -- -- 10 -- -- -- -- 20 20 60 10 100 2.9FL -- -- -- 10 -- -- -- -- -- 10 90 10 100 2.8MS -- -- -- 10 -- -- -- -- -- 70 30 10 100 2.9WI -- -- -- 10 -- -- -- -- 100 -- -- 10 100 5.7

aRetention values in parentheses are based on preservative oxides.bTen stakes were originally installed at each test station; this number has since been reduced either because of failure to locate the stakes at the time of

 inspection or because of damage by fire.

cFinal inspection at Canal Zone, January 1956; at Louisiana, December 1958; at Florida, December 1960; at Wisconsin, October 1964;

 and at Mississippi, December 1966.

dEstimate based on percentage of stakes remaining after final inspection.eRetention values based on sodium pentachlorophenate only. Sodium chloride added was equal to 20% of weight of sodium pentachlorophenate in solution.

This study was initiated by R. M. Wirka.

(Page 4 of 4)

Total removed Retention of saltsa (lb/ft3)

Condition of stakes December 1966c (%)

Serviceable but Destroyed by--

showing some--
Condition of stakes January 1967 (%)

Serviceable but Destroyed by--

showing some-- Decay

Approximate Num- Decay fungi

average ber and and Average

Stake retention in Termite termite Decay Termite termite Total removed life

Group number Treatment (lb/ft3) test Good Decay attack attack fungi attack attack Number % (year)

Plywooda

1 1-1-40 to Each ply impregnated with a 50% aqueous solution 10 8 -- -- -- -- 38 -- 62 8 100 12.4

1-10-40 of phenolic resin, slowly dried, and cured for

1 day at 220° F. Bonded with phenolic-resin film

2 2-1-40 to Same as group 1 except that a 25% solution was 5 10 -- -- -- -- 60 -- 40 10c 100 6.9

2-10-40 used

3 3-1-40 to Face plies impregnated as in group 1 and bonded 10b 10 -- -- -- -- -- 100 -- 10c 100 3.3

3-10-40 to an untreated core with phenolic-resin film

4 4-1-40 to Face plies impregnated as in group 2 and bonded 5b 10 -- -- -- -- -- 100 -- 10c 100 3.5

4-10-40 to an untreated core with phenolic-resin film

5 5-1-40 to Same as group 2 except that edges of specimens 10b 10 -- -- -- -- 20 80 -- 10c 100 4.9

5-10-40 were given a protective treatment by dipping in a

 phenolic resin containing 15% alcohol

6 6-1-40 to Same as group 4 except that edges were protected 5b 9 -- -- -- -- 22 44 33 9c 100 9.4

6-10-40 as in group 5

7 7-1-40 to Untreated plies bonded with phenolic-resin -- 10 -- -- -- -- -- 70 30 10 100 1.9

7-1-40 film

8 8-1-40 to Untreated plies bonded with hot-press urea -- 10 -- -- -- -- -- 70 30 10 100 1.9

8-10-40 resin

9 9-1-40 to Untreated plies bonded with casein glue -- 8 -- -- -- -- -- 88 12 8d 100 1.0

9-10-40 (FPL formula 4B)

10 10-1-40 to Untreated plies (yellow birch) bonded with -- 10 -- -- -- -- 10 30 60 10 100 1.9

10-10-40 phenolic-resin flim

11 11-1-40 to Untreated controls--solid wood -- 10 -- -- -- -- -- 80 20 10 100 2.4

11-10-40 (1/4 by 4 by 18 in.)

(Page 1 of 2)

after about 27 years of service (Plot 3)

Table 3--Condition of plywood stakes and resin-impregnated stakes set January 1940 on Harrison Experimental Forest, Saucier, MS, 
Condition of stakes January 1967 (%)

Serviceable but Destroyed by--

showing some-- Decay

Approximate Num- Decay fungi

average ber and and Average

Stake retention in Termite termite Decay Termite termite Total removed life

Group number Treatment (lb/ft3) test Good Decay attack attack fungi attack attack Number % (year)

Stakes (Impreg)e

12 12-1-40 to Impregnated same as group 1 10 10 -- 10 -- 10 50 -- 30 8 80) 19.5f

12-10-40

13 13-1-40 to Impregnated same as group 2 5 10 -- -- -- -- 50 -- 50 10 100) 11.7

13-10-40

14 14-1-40 to Controls--untreated -- 10 -- -- -- -- -- 80 20 10 100) 2.5

14-10-40

Compressed Plywood (Compreg)g

15 15-1-40 to Douglas-fir--all plies impregnated as in group 1, 10 3 100 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --

15-3-40 dried and assembled without the use of glue on a

 hot press at 330° F and 1,000 lb. pressure

 per square inch

15-4-40 to Yellow-poplar--all plies impregnated and 10 3 -- -- -- -- 1 -- 2 3 100) 19.6

15-6-40 compressed the same as for Douglas-fir

aSpecimens in groups 1 to 9 were three-ply Douglas-fir; in group 10, yellow birch. Specimens were 1/4 by 4 by 18 in. and made of 1/16-in. faces

 and a 1/8-in. core. Specimens in group 11 were solid Douglas-fir, 1/4 by 4 by 18 in.

bIncrease based on treated faces.cDeterioration principally in cores.dSome separation of plies had also occurred.eSpecimens are Southern Pine sapwood, 2 by 4 nominal by 18 in.fBased on estimated life of 2 remaining stakes.gDouglas-fir and yellow-poplar specimens made of 15-1/15-in. plies, compressed to a thickness of 3/8 in. Specimens were 3/8 by 4 by 14 in.

NOTE--Stakes remaining after the 1952 inspection were takien up and reset in the same general area.This study was initiated by R. M. Wirka. (Page 2 of 2)after about 27 years of service (Plot 3)--concludedTable 3--Condition of plywood stakes and resin-impregnated stakes set January 1940 on Harrison Experimental Forest, Saucier, MS, 
Table 4--Condition of Southern Pine stakes (2 by 4 in. nominal by 18 in.) treated with chromated zinc arsenate (Boliden salts), zinc chloride,

and coal-tar creosote after 15 to 60 years of service. Stakes placed in test at Madison, WI, September 1940; Harrison Experimental

arro Colorado Island, Canal Zone, September 1940 (Plot 4)

Condition of stakes January 2000a (%)

Serviceable but Destroyed by--

showing some-- Decay

Average retention Num- Decay fungi

 (lb/ft3) ber and and Average

Dry in Termite termite Decay Termite termite Total removed life

Preservative Location Oil saltb test Good Decay attack attack fungi attack attack Number % (year)

Zinc chloride WI -- 0.50 (0.30) 10 -- -- -- -- 100 -- -- 10 100 14.8

MS -- 0.50 (0.30) 10 -- -- -- -- 60 -- 40 10 100 14.2Canal -- 0.49 (0.29) 10 -- -- -- -- -- -- 100 10 100 3.0WI -- 1.03 (0.61) 10 -- -- -- -- 100 -- -- 10 100 19.8MS -- 1.02 (0.61) 10 -- -- -- -- 60 10 30 10 100 14.4Canal -- 1.01 (0.60) 10 -- -- -- -- -- -- 100 10 100 3.6WI -- 1.51 (0.90) 10 -- -- -- -- 100 -- -- 10 100 22.3MS -- 1.51 (0.90) 10 -- -- -- -- 60 -- 40 10 100 18.1Canal -- 1.49 (0.89) 10 -- -- -- -- -- -- 100 10 100 4.5

Chromated zinc WI -- 0.33 (0.22) 10 -- -- -- -- 100 -- -- 10 100 19.6 arsenate MS -- 0.33 (0.22) 10 -- -- -- -- 30 -- 70 10 100 33.0 (Boliden salts)c Canal -- 0.33 (0.22) 10 -- -- -- -- -- -- 100 10 100 9.2

WI -- 0.44 (0.29) 10 -- -- -- -- 100 -- -- 10 100 26.1MS -- 0.44 (0.29) 9 -- -- -- -- 11 -- 89 9 100 39.3Canal -- 0.44 (0.29) 10 -- -- -- -- 30 10 60 10 100 11.6WI -- 0.60 (0.40) 9 -- -- -- -- 100 -- -- 10 100 24.9MS -- 0.58 (0.38) 10 -- -- -- -- 60 -- 40 10 100 51.7Canal -- 0.58 (0.38) 10 -- -- -- -- 60 40 -- 10 100 14.6WI -- 0.78 (0.52) 10 -- -- -- -- 100 -- -- 10 100 34.6MS -- 0.78 (0.52) 10 -- -- -- 70 10 -- 20 3 30 --Canal -- 0.78 (0.52) 10 -- -- -- -- 100 -- -- 10 100 15.1WI -- 1.06 (0.70) 9 -- -- -- -- 100 -- -- 10 100 36.2MS -- 1.06 (0.70) 10 -- -- -- 10 -- -- -- -- -- --Canal -- 1.05 (0.69) 10 -- -- -- -- 100 -- -- 10 100 15.3

(Page 1 of 2)

Table 4--Condition of Southern Pine stakes (2 by 4 in. nominal by 18 in.) treated with chromated zinc arsenate (Boliden salts), zinc chloride

and coal-tar creosote after 15 to 60 years of service. Stakes placed in test at Madison, WI, September 1940; Harrison Experimental

Forest, Saucier, MS, June 1940; and Barro Colorado Island, Canal Zone, September 1940 (Plot 4)--concluded

Condition of stakes January 2000a (%)

Serviceable but Destroyed by--

showing some-- Decay

Average retention Num- Decay fungi

 (lb/ft3) ber and and Average

Dry in Termite termite Decay Termite termite Total removed life

Preservative Location Oil saltb test Good Decay attack attack fungi attack attack Number % (year)

Coal-tar creosote WI 4.3 -- 10 -- -- -- -- 100 -- -- 10 100 37.9

MS 4.2 -- 10 -- -- -- -- 60 -- 40 10 100 17.8Canal 4.3 -- 10 -- -- -- -- 40 -- 60 10 100 13.4WI 8.0 -- 7 -- 71 -- -- 29 -- -- 2 29 --MS 8.0 -- 10 -- -- -- 10 40 -- 50 9 90 --Canal 8.0 -- 10 -- 60 -- 10 30 -- -- 3 30 19d

WI 11.8 -- 9 33 67 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --MS 11.8 -- 10 -- 10 -- 40 20 -- 30 5 50 --Canal 11.8 -- 10 -- 60 -- -- 40 -- -- 4 40 18dWI 16.3 -- 9 33 56 -- -- 11 -- -- 1 11 --MS 16.5 -- 10 -- 10 -- 80 10 -- -- 1 10 --Canal 16.5 -- 10 -- 90 -- 10 -- -- -- -- -- --WI 1.8e -- 10 -- -- -- -- 100 -- -- 10 100 12.4

MS 1.8e -- 10 -- -- -- -- 10 30 60 10 100 7.7Canal 1.8e -- 10 -- -- -- -- -- 80 20 10 100 4.8WI 0.71f -- 10 -- -- -- -- 100 -- -- 10 100 8.4MS 0.76f -- 10 -- -- -- -- -- 50 50 10 100 4.2Canal 0.76f -- 10 -- -- -- -- -- 90 10 10 100 2.5

Untreated controls WI -- -- 10 -- -- -- -- 100 -- -- 10 100 6.2

MS -- -- 10 -- -- -- -- -- 50 50 10 100 2.2Canal -- -- 10 -- -- -- -- -- 90 10 10 100 1.1

aFinal inspection at Canal Zone, January 1956.bRetention values in parentheses are based on preservative oxides.cRetention based upon total anhydrous salts: ZnSO4 + H3AsO4 + Na2HAsO4 + Na2Cr O2 7.dEstimate based upon percentage of stakes remaining after final inspection.e15-min dip at room temperature.fBrush treatment, two coats.

This study was initiated by R. M. Wirka. (Page 2 of 2)
of service. Stakes placed in test at Barro Colorado Island, Canal Zone, Feburary 1941; Bogalusa, LA, March 1941; Jacksonville, FL, March 1941;

and Harrison Experimental Forest, Saucier, MS, February 1941 (Plot 5)

Condition of stakes January 1996c (%)

Serviceable but Destroyed by--

Retention of showing some-- Decay

 preservativea Num- Decay fungi

(lb/ft3) ber and and Average

Loca- Mini- Maxi- Aver- in Termite termite Decay Termite termite Total removed life

Preservative tion mum mum age testb Good Decay attack attack fungi attack attack Number % (year)Sodium pentachlorophenate Canal 0.23 0.27 0.25 10 -- -- -- -- -- 60 40 10 100 6.4

LA 0.23 0.26 0.25 10 -- -- -- -- 10 -- 90 10 100 10.0FL 0.23 0.36 0.25 9 -- -- -- -- -- -- 100 10 100 14.5MS 0.23 0.36 0.25 10 -- -- -- -- 20 -- 80 10 100 16.9Canal 0.31 0.34 0.33 10 -- -- -- -- -- 10 90 10 100 10.9LA 0.31 0.34 0.33 10 -- -- -- -- -- -- 100 10 100 10.4FL 0.32 0.34 0.33 8 -- -- -- -- -- 12 88 8 100 16.4MS 0.31 0.34 0.33 10 -- -- -- -- 20 -- 80 10 100 19.5Canal 0.47 0.55 0.51 10 -- -- -- -- -- 20 80 10 100 12.9LA 0.48 0.54 0.51 10 -- -- -- -- -- -- 100 10 100 15.5FL 0.47 0.54 0.50 10 -- -- -- 50 -- -- 50 5 50 21.0d

MS 0.47 0.55 0.51 10 -- -- -- -- 10 -- 90 10 100 21.3Canal 0.73 0.81 0.77 10 -- -- -- -- 50 20 30 10 100 14.3LA 0.72 0.82 0.77 8 -- -- -- 50 -- -- 50 4 50 22.0dFL 0.72 0.83 0.77 10 -- -- -- 80 -- -- 20 2 20 27.0dMS 0.72 0.83 0.77 10 -- -- -- -- -- -- 100 10 100 26.2Canal 0.92 1.09 0.99 10 -- -- -- -- 70 -- 30 10 100 14.2LA 0.92 1.09 0.99 7 -- -- -- 57 -- -- 43 3 43 22.0dFL 0.91 1.10 0.99 9 -- -- -- 100 -- -- 0 0 --MS 0.93 1.08 0.99 10 -- -- -- 20 30 -- 50 8 80 --

Sodium pentachlorophenate Canal 0.41 0.47 0.44 10 -- -- -- -- -- 20 80 10 100 11.1 and sodium chromate LA 0.41 0.47 0.44 10 -- -- -- -- -- -- 100 10 100 15.6 3.24:1 chemical ratio FL 0.40 0.47 0.44 9 -- -- -- 44 -- -- 56 5 56 20.3d

MS 0.40 0.47 0.44 10 -- -- -- -- -- -- 100 10 100 23.0

Sodium pentachlorophenate Canal 0.54 0.62 0.58 10 -- -- -- -- -- -- 100 10 100 12.8 and borax LA 0.54 0.62 0.58 9 -- -- -- -- 11 -- 89 9 100 11.3 1:0.76 chemical ratio FL 0.53 0.62 0.57 8 -- -- -- -- -- -- 100 10 100 17.9

MS 0.54 0.61 0.58 10 -- -- -- -- 20 -- 80 10 100 21.0

 1:2 chemical ratio Canal 0.71 0.80 0.75 10 -- -- -- -- -- -- 100 10 100 12.2

LA 0.71 0.81 0.75 10 -- -- -- -- 10 -- 90 10 100 9.9FL 0.72 0.82 0.76 10 -- -- -- -- -- -- 100 10 100 12.9MS 0.71 0.80 0.75 10 -- -- -- -- -- -- 100 10 100 18.8

(Page 1 of 5)

Table 5--Condition of Southern Pine stakes (2 by 4 in. nominal by 18 in.) treated with chlorinated phenols and coal-tar creosote after 15 to 55 years 
Table 5--Condition of Southern Pine stakes (2 by 4 in. nominal by 18 in.) treated with chlorinated phenols and coal-tar creosote after 15 to 55 years 

of service. Stakes placed in test at Barro Colorado Island, Canal Zone, Feburary 1941; Bogalusa, LA, March 1941; Jacksonville, FL, March 1941;and Harrison Experimental Forest, Saucier, MS, February 1941 (Plot 5)--continued

Condition of stakes January 1996c (%)

Serviceable but Destroyed by--

Retention of showing some-- Decay

 preservativea Num- Decay fungi

(lb/ft3) ber and and Average

Loca- Mini- Maxi- Aver- in Termite termite Decay Termite termite Total removed life

Preservative tion mum mum age testb Good Decay attack attack fungi attack attack Number % (year)

 1:1.52 chemical ratio Canal 0.78 0.88 0.83 10 -- -- -- -- 50 -- 50 10 100 13.0

LA 0.77 0.88 0.82 10 -- -- -- -- 30 -- 70 10 100 10.0FL 0.79 0.86 0.82 9 -- -- -- -- -- -- 100 10 100 16.7MS 0.79 0.87 0.83 10 -- -- -- -- -- -- 100 10 100 18.9

 1:3 chemical ratio Canal 0.91 1.06 0.98 10 -- -- -- -- -- -- 100 10 100 11.5

LA 0.90 1.07 0.98 10 -- -- -- -- 10 -- 90 10 100 8.9FL 0.92 1.05 0.98 10 -- -- -- -- -- -- 100 10 100 13.2MS 0.92 1.06 0.98 10 -- -- -- -- 10 -- 90 10 100 16.1

 1:2.27 chemical ratio Canal 1.00 1.19 1.09 10 -- -- -- -- -- -- 100 10 100 12.7

LA 1.01 1.16 1.09 10 -- -- -- -- 20 -- 80 10 100 9.9FL 1.01 1.18 1.09 10 -- -- -- -- -- -- 100 10 100 18.6MS 1.01 1.18 1.09 10 -- -- -- -- -- -- 100 10 100 18.6

 1:1.50 chemical ratio Canal 1.17 1.32 1.25 10 -- -- -- -- 10 -- 90 10 100 12.8

LA 1.17 1.32 1.25 10 -- -- -- -- -- -- 100 10 100 14.6FL 1.17 1.32 1.25 10 -- -- -- 20 10 -- 70 8 80 16.5d

MS 1.17 1.33 1.25 10 -- -- -- -- 10 10 80 10 100 20.9

5% pentachlorophenol Canal 4.0 5.4 4.7 10 -- -- -- -- 40 -- 60 10 100 13.0 in fuel oi el LA 4.0 5.4 4.8 10 -- -- -- -- -- -- 100 10 100 16.6

FL 4.0 5.6 4.8 10 -- -- -- 40 -- -- 60 6 60 20.0dMS 4.2 5.4 4.7 10 -- -- -- -- -- -- 100 10 100 21.0Canal 8.6 10.5 9.6 10 -- -- -- -- 30 -- 70 10 100 14.4LA 8.4 10.9 9.6 7 -- -- -- 57 -- -- 43 3 43 23.0dFL 8.8 10.5 9.6 9 -- -- -- 67 -- -- 33 3 33 24.0dMS 8.6 10.5 9.6 10 -- -- -- -- 10 -- 90 10 100 27.2Canal 14.0 16.5 15.3 10 -- -- -- 40 10 -- 50 6 60 15.0dLA 14.2 16.3 15.3 7 -- -- -- 100 -- -- -- -- -- --FL 14.2 16.3 15.3 10 -- -- -- 100 -- -- -- -- -- --MS 14.0 16.3 15.3 10 -- -- -- 50 10 -- 40 5 50 --Canal 18.6 21.5 20.1 10 -- -- -- 100 -- -- -- -- -- --LA 18.2 21.7 20.1 7 -- -- -- 100 -- -- -- -- -- --FL 18.2 21.7 20.1 9 -- 22 -- 78 -- -- -- -- -- --MS 18.2 21.9 20.0 9 -- -- -- 89 -- -- 11 1 11 --

(Page 2 of 5)
Table 5--Condition of Southern Pine stakes (2 by 4 in. nominal by 18 in.) treated with chlorinated phenols and coal-tar creosote after 15 to 55 years 

of service. Stakes placed in test at Barro Colorado Island, Canal Zone, Feburary 1941; Bogalusa, LA, March 1941; Jacksonville, FL, March 1941;and Harrison Experimental Forest, Saucier, MS, February 1941 (Plot 5)--continued

Condition of stakes January 1996c (%)

Serviceable but Destroyed by--

Retention of showing some-- Decay

 preservativea Num- Decay fungi

(lb/ft3) ber and and Average

Loca- Mini- Maxi- Aver- in Termite termite Decay Termite termite Total removed life

Preservative tion mum mum age testb Good Decay attack attack fungi attack attack Number % (year)

3% pentachlorophenol + Canal 4.2 5.8 4.9 10 -- -- -- -- 20 -- 80 10 100 12.6 2% chloro-2-phenylphenol LA 4.4 5.8 4.9 10 -- -- -- -- -- -- 100 10 100 14.2 in fuel oile FL 4.4 5.8 4.9 9 -- -- -- 22 -- -- 78 7 78 20.0d

MS 4.2 5.8 4.9 10 -- -- -- -- -- -- 100 10 100 19.2Canal 9.1 10.9 10.0 10 -- -- -- -- 50 -- 50 10 100 13.7LA 9.1 10.9 10.0 6 -- -- -- 67 -- -- 33 2 33 24.7dFL 8.9 11.0 10.0 8 -- -- -- 75 -- -- 25 2 25 25.3dMS 8.9 11.0 10.0 10 -- -- -- -- 10 -- 90 10 100 24.4Canal 14.2 16.3 15.4 10 -- -- -- 10 10 -- 80 9 90 12.0dLA 13.8 16.3 15.3 6 -- -- -- 100 -- -- -- -- -- --FL 13.8 16.3 15.3 9 -- -- -- 100 -- -- -- -- -- --MS 14.4 16.1 15.3 10 -- -- -- -- 40 -- 60 10 100 31.9

Coal-tar creosote, grade 1 Canal 3.5 6.7 4.7 10 -- -- -- 10 90 -- -- 9 90 12.0d

LA 3.3 6.7 4.6 6 -- -- -- 33 -- -- 67 4 67 22.0dFL 3.3 6.5 4.7 9 -- -- -- 33 33 -- 33 6 67 19.0dMS 3.5 6.5 4.6 10 -- -- -- -- 40 -- 60 10 100 21.3Canal 8.4 11.6 10.0 10 -- 60 -- 20 10 -- 10 2 20 20.0dLA 8.6 11.2 10.0 4 -- -- -- 75 -- -- 25 1 25 26.6dFL 8.6 11.4 10.0 10 -- -- -- 90 10 -- -- 1 10 --MS 8.4 11.4 10.0 10 -- -- -- 10 60 -- 30 9 90 --Canal 13.5 15.4 14.4 10 10 90 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --LA 13.5 15.9 14.5 6 50 17 17 17 -- -- -- -- -- --FL 13.5 15.9 14.4 9 22 56 -- 22 -- -- -- -- -- --MS 13.3 16.1 14.5 10 -- -- -- 100 -- -- -- -- -- --

Fuel oile Canal 8.2 11.9 9.9 10 -- -- -- -- -- 60 40 10 100 5.9

LA 8.4 11.7 9.8 10 -- -- -- -- 40 -- 60 10 100 8.4FL 8.2 11.7 9.8 8 -- -- -- -- 12 -- 88 8 100 9.7MS 8.2 11.7 9.8 10 -- -- -- -- 20 10 70 10 100 6.3Canal 18.2 21.0 19.4 10 -- -- -- -- -- 30 70 10 100 7.8LA 18.2 21.4 19.4 10 -- -- -- -- 50 -- 50 10 100 11.9FL 18.2 21.4 19.4 9 -- -- -- -- -- -- 100 10 100 12.4MS 18.0 21.9 19.4 10 -- -- -- -- 30 10 60 10 100 9.1

(Page 3 of 5)
Table 5--Condition of Southern Pine stakes (2 by 4 in. nominal by 18 in.) treated with chlorinated phenols and coal-tar creosote after 15 to 55 years 

of service. Stakes placed in test at Barro Colorado Island, Canal Zone, Feburary 1941; Bogalusa, LA, March 1941; Jacksonville, FL, March 1941;and Harrison Experimental Forest, Saucier, MS, February 1941 (Plot 5)--continued

Condition of stakes January 1996c (%)

Serviceable but Destroyed by--

Retention of showing some-- Decay

 preservativea Num- Decay fungi

(lb/ft3) ber and and Average

Loca- Mini- Maxi- Aver- in Termite termite Decay Termite termite Total removed life

Preservative tion mum mum age testb Good Decay attack attack fungi attack attack Number % (year)

5% pentachlorophenol in Canal 0.5 1.4 0.8 10 -- -- -- -- -- 90 10 10 100 2.7 fuel oi el and naphtha LA 0.5 1.2 0.8 10 -- -- -- -- 30 -- 70 10 100 4.2

 3-min dip FL 0.5 1.2 0.8 8 -- -- -- -- 12 -- 88 8 100 5.0

MS 0.5 1.2 0.8 10 -- -- -- -- 10 20 70 10 100 3.2

 18-h soak Canal 2.1 2.6 2.4 10 -- -- -- -- -- -- 100 10 100 9.1

LA 2.1 2.8 2.4 9 -- -- -- -- 33 -- 67 9 100 8.4FL 2.1 3.0 2.4 10 -- -- -- -- -- -- 100 10 100 11.9MS 1.9 3.0 2.4 10 -- -- -- -- -- -- 100 10 100 12.9

5% pentachlorophenol in Canal 0.7 1.2 0.9 10 -- -- -- -- -- 100 -- 10 100 3.3 soybean oil, naphtha and LA 0.5 1.2 0.9 10 -- -- -- -- 50 -- 50 10 100 3.9 fuel oil e,f FL 0.5 1.6 0.9 7 -- -- -- -- -- 14 86 7 100 5.4

 3-min dip MS 0.7 1.2 0.9 10 -- -- -- -- -- 60 40 10 100 4.9 18-h soak Canal 2.3 3.7 2.8 10 -- -- -- -- -- -- 100 10 100 10.4

LA 2.1 3.9 2.8 10 -- -- -- -- 30 -- 70 10 100 7.6FL 2.3 3.2 2.7 10 -- -- -- -- -- -- 100 10 100 12.2MS 2.3 3.5 2.8 10 -- -- -- -- -- -- 100 10 100 16.3

 18-h soakg Canal 1.1 3.0 2.3 10 -- -- -- -- -- 30 70 10 100 7.0

LA 1.8 2.6 2.3 10 -- -- -- -- 20 -- 80 10 100 6.3FL 1.8 2.8 2.3 8 -- -- -- -- 12 -- 88 8 100 9.8MS 1.1 2.8 2.2 10 -- -- -- -- 10 10 80 10 100 11.9

3% pentachlorophenol + 2% Canal 0.9 1.6 1.2 10 -- -- -- -- -- 100 -- 10 100 2.3 chloro-2-phenylphenol in LA 0.9 1.6 1.2 10 -- -- -- -- 40 -- 60 10 100 4.1 naphtha and fuel oile FL 0.7 1.6 1.2 10 -- -- -- -- 10 10 80 10 100 5.0 3-min dip MS 0.5 1.8 1.2 10 -- -- -- -- 20 20 60 10 100 5.3 18-h soak Canal 2.5 4.0 3.1 10 -- -- -- -- -- 10 90 10 100 9.0

LA 2.5 4.0 3.1 10 -- -- -- -- 10 -- 90 10 100 7.2FL 2.3 3.9 3.1 8 -- -- -- -- 12 -- 88 8 100 10.8MS 2.6 4.4 3.1 10 -- -- -- -- -- -- 100 10 100 13.8

(Page 4 of 5)
Table 5--Condition of Southern Pine stakes (2 by 4 in. nominal by 18 in.) treated with chlorinated phenols and coal-tar creosote after 15 to 55 years 

of service. Stakes placed in test at Barro Colorado Island, Canal Zone, Feburary 1941; Bogalusa, LA, March 1941; Jacksonville, FL, March 1941;and Harrison Experimental Forest, Saucier, MS, February 1941 (Plot 5)--concluded

Condition of stakes January 1996c (%)

Serviceable but Destroyed by--

Retention of showing some-- Decay

 preservativea Num- Decay fungi

(lb/ft3) ber and and Average

Loca- Mini- Maxi- Aver- in Termite termite Decay Termite termite Total removed life

Preservative tion mum mum age testb Good Decay attack attack fungi attack attack Number % (year)

3% pentachlorophenol + 2% Canal 0.5 0.9 0.8 10 -- -- -- -- -- 90 10 10 100 1.6 chloro-2-phenylphenol in LA 0.5 0.9 0.7 10 -- -- -- -- 30 -- 70 10 100 3.9 solvent of 80% mineral spirits FL 0.5 0.9 0.8 10 -- -- -- -- 20 10 70 10 100 2.8 and 20% moisture repellant MS 0.5 0.9 0.8 10 -- -- -- -- 20 30 50 10 100 3.6 3-min dip 18-h soak Canal 2.1 5.8 3.4 10 -- -- -- -- -- 90 10 10 100 4.8

LA 2.3 4.6 3.4 10 -- -- -- -- -- -- 100 10 100 9.2FL 2.3 4.9 3.4 10 -- -- -- -- 20 -- 80 10 100 9.6MS 2.3 5.1 3.4 10 -- -- -- -- 20 10 70 10 100 12.7

Untreated controls Canal -- -- -- 10 -- -- -- -- -- 100 -- 10 100 1.2

LA -- -- -- 10 -- -- -- -- 50 20 30 10 100 2.4FL -- -- -- 10 -- -- -- -- 10 20 70 10 100 1.8MS -- -- -- 10 -- -- -- -- 30 40 30 10 100 2.4

aBased upon weight of dry chemical for sodium pentachlorophenate alone or mixed with other chemicals and on weight of solution for other

 treatments. Values for stakes originally installed.

bTen stakes were originally installed in test. This number has since been reduced either because of failure to locate the stakes at the time

 of the inspection or because of damage by fire.

cFinal inspection at Canal Zone, January 1956; at Jacksonville, FL, November 1960; and at Bogalusa, LA, December 1962.dEstimate based upon percentage of stakes remaining after final inspection.ePurchased and reported earlier as No. 2 fuel oil but has since been found to have a distillation range lower than that for typical No. 2 fuel oils.fSolvent contained 1 part soybean oil and 9 parts each of fuel and naphtha by volume.gSpecimens contained some heartwood.

This study was initiated by R. M. Wirka.

(Page 5 of 5)
Table 6--Condition of Southern Pine stakes of different sizes treated with coal-tar creosote, toluene, and creosote-toluene mixtures after

54-1/2 years of service. Stakes placed in test on the Harrison Experimental Forest, Saucier, MS, May 1951 (Plot 6)

Condition of stakes January 1996 (%)

Serviceable but Destroyed by--

showing some-- Decay

Num- Decay fungi

Average ber and and Average

Stake size retention in Termite termite Decay Termite termite Total removed life

Preservative (in.) (lb/ft3) test Good Decay attack attack fungi attack attack Number % (year)

Coal-tar creosote 1/2 by 1/2 by 18 7.8 8 -- -- -- -- 88 -- 12 8 100 17.1

1 by 1 by 18 8.0 10 -- -- -- -- 40 -- 60 10 100 23.61-1/2 by 1-1/2 by 18 7.9 10 -- -- -- -- 50 -- 50 10 100 26.62 by 4 nominal by 18 3.3 10 -- -- -- -- 10 -- 90 10 100 24.9

 7.8 10 -- -- -- 30 20 -- 50 7 70 --

13.2 10 -- -- -- 80 10 -- 10 2 20 --

Toluene 2 by 4 nominal by 18 29.5 10 -- -- -- -- -- 90 10 10 100 2.2Coal-tar creosote

11.25% by weight in toluene 2 by 4 nominal by 18 3.4a 10 -- -- -- -- 30 -- 70 10 100 19.1

25.2% by weight in toluene 2 by 4 nominal by 18 8.1a 10 -- -- -- 30 40 -- 30 7 70 --

39.0% by weight in toluene 2 by 4 nominal by 18 12.6a 10 10 -- -- 90 -- -- -- -- -- --

aCreosote only.

This study was initiated by R. M. Wirka.
Table 7--Condition of Southern Pine stakes (2 by 4 in. nominal by 18 in.) treated with copper naphthenate and zinc naphthenate after about 50 years of service.

Stakes placed in test at Madison, WI, October 1941, and on the Harrison Experimental Forest, Saucier, MS, February 1942 (Plot 7)

Condition of stakes October 1992a (%)

Serviceable but Destroyed by--

showing some-- Decay

Num- Decay fungi

Average ber and and Average

retentionb in TermiteTermite Decay Termite termite Total removed life

Preservative Treatment Location (lb/ft3) testc Good Decay attack attack fungi attack attack Number % (year)

Zinc naphthenate Brush, one coat MS 0.6 (0.012) 10 -- -- -- -- -- 20 80 10 100 2.9

 solution 17% WI 0.5 (0.010) 10 -- -- -- -- 100 -- -- 10 100 6.4 (2% zinc metal)

Dip, 3 min MS 1.0 (0.020) 10 -- -- -- -- -- 40 60 10 100 2.2

WI 0.9 (0.018) 10 -- -- -- -- 100 -- -- 10 100 7.7

1% (0.12% zinc metal) Pressure MS 9.9 (0.012) 10 -- -- -- -- 50 -- 50 10 100 11.2

WI 9.7 (0.011) 10 -- -- -- -- 100 -- -- 10 100 19.1

2.5% (0.29% zinc metal) Pressure MS 10.3 (0.030) 10 -- -- -- -- 50 -- 50 10 100 15.0

WI 9.8 (0.029) 10 -- -- -- -- 100 -- -- 10 100 21.9

5.0% (0.59% zinc metal) Pressure MS 10.2 (0.060) 10 -- -- -- -- 60 -- 40 10 100 13.5

WI 10.3 (0.061) 10 -- -- -- -- 100 -- -- 10 100 22.6

7.5% (0.88% zinc metal) Pressure MS 10.4 (0.092) 10 -- -- -- -- 60 -- 40 10 100 19.7

WI 10.0 (0.088) 9d -- -- -- -- 100 -- -- 9 100 30.8

Copper naphthenate Brush, one coat MS 0.5 (0.010) 10 -- -- -- -- 20 50 30 10 100 3.7

 solution 17.5% WI 0.5 (0.010) 10 -- -- -- -- 100 -- -- 10 100 8.6 (2% copper metal)

Dip, 3 min MS 0.7 (0.014) 10 -- -- -- -- 40 60 10 100 5.2

WI 0.8 (0.015) 10 -- -- -- -- 100 -- -- 10 100 9.8

1% (0.11% copper metal) Pressure MS 10.3 (0.012) 10 -- -- -- -- 80 -- 20 10 100 15.9

WI 10.3 (0.012) 8 -- -- -- -- 100 -- -- 8 100 25.5

2.5% (0.29% copper metal) Pressure MS 10.2 (0.029) 10 -- -- -- -- 40 -- 60 10 100 21.8

WI 9.6 (0.027) 4 -- -- -- -- 100 -- -- 4 100 34.5

5.0% (0.57 copper metal) Pressure MS 10.6 (0.061) 10 -- -- -- -- 80 -- 20 10 100 27.1

WI 10.6 (0.061) 6 17 -- -- -- 83 -- -- 5 83 --

7.5% (0.86% copper metal) Pressure MS 9.6 (0.082) 10 20 -- -- -- 60 -- 20 8 80 29.6

WI 9.8 (0.084) 3 -- -- -- -- 100 -- -- 3 100 35.4

Untreated controls -- MS -- 10 -- -- -- -- -- 30 70 10 100 1.8

-- WI -- 10 -- -- -- -- 100 -- -- 10 100 4.9

aLast inspection in Mississippi was 1985.bNumber in parentheses is the retention based on zinc or copper metal.cTen stakes were originally installed. This number has been reduced for causes other than decay or insect attack.dAverage retention based on nine stakes.

This study was initiated by J. Oscar Blew.
Table 8--Condition of treated five-ply exterior Douglas-fir plywood stakes (approximately 1/2 by 4 by 18 in.) at final inspection after approximately

 22 years of exposure. Stakes placed in test on the Harrison Experimental Forest, Saucier, MS, February 1942 (Plot 8)

Condition of stakes December 1963 (%)

Serviceable but Destroyed by--

showing some-- Decay

Num- Decay fungi

Average ber and and Average

retention in Termite termite Decay Termite termite Total removed life

Preservative (lb/ft3) testa Good Decay attack attack fungi attack attack Number % (year)

Coal-tar creosote Brush, one coat Oil 1.4 30 -- -- -- -- 27 27 27 30 100 6.1

Dip, 3 min Oil 1.9 30 -- -- -- -- 17 20 63 30 100 9.4Soak, 18 h Oil 5.6 30 -- 7 -- 47 27 -- 20 14 47 24.0b

Pressure Oil 5.9 30 -- -- -- 70 20 -- 10 9 30 27.0bPressure Oil 12.2 29 28 38 7 28 -- -- -- -- -- --

Pentachlorophenol solutionc

5% Brush, one coat Solution 0.9 30 -- -- -- -- 10 60 30d 30 100 2.8

Dip, 3 min Solution 1.3 30 -- -- -- -- 13 60 27 30 100 3.3Soak, 18 h Solution 3.2 30 -- -- -- -- 3 33 63 30 100 5.0

1.11% Pressure Solution 26.3 30 -- -- -- -- 20 -- 80e 30 100 11.12.25% Pressure Solution 26.3 30 -- -- -- 23 10 7 60 23 77 19.0b

Zinc naphthenate solutionf

4.8% (0.55% zinc) Brush, one coat Solution 0.7 30 -- -- -- -- 10 30 60 30 100 2.1

Dip, 3 min Solution 1.1 30 -- -- -- -- 7 54 40 30 100 2.0Soak, 18 h Solution 3.0 30 -- -- -- -- 13 43 43 30 100 2.9

1.11% (0.13% zinc) Pressure Solution 25.5 30 -- -- -- -- 13 20 67 30 100 5.32.25% (0.25% zinc) Pressure Solution 25.6 30 -- -- -- -- 13 7 80 30 100 8.9

Chloro-2-phenylphenol

solutionf

5% Brush, one coat Solution .9 30 -- -- -- -- 10 50 40 30 100 2.2

Dip, 3 min Solution 1.2 30 -- -- -- -- 17 47 37 30 100 2.4Soak, 18 h Solution 2.9 30 -- -- -- -- 13 60 27 30 100 2.6

Untreated controls -- -- 30 -- -- -- -- 20 40 40e 30 100 1.8

aOf the 30 panels tested for each treatment, three sets contained 10 specimens; each set was selected from material contributed by a different manufacturer.bEstimate based on condition of stakes at final inspection.cSolvent contined 1 part pine oil and 12 parts Stoddard-type solvent by volume.dTwo stakes showed some delamination.eOne stake showed some delamination.fStoddard-type solvent used.

NOTE: The stakes remaining in test after the 1950 inspection were taken up and reset in the same general area.This study was initiated by J. Oscar Blew and R. M. Wirka.

Treatment
Table 9--Condition of Southern Pine stakes (2 by 4 in. nominal by 18 in.) treated with copper arsenate and copper chromate by the double-diffusion process

after about 55 years of service. Stakes placed in test on the Harrison Experimental Forest, Saucier, MS, February 1942 (Plot 9)

Condition of stakes January 1997 (%)

Serviceable but Destroyed by--

showing some-- Decay

 Calculated retention of chemicala (lb/ft3) Num- Decay fungi

Copper Chromium Arsenic ber and and Average

as as as in Termite termite Decay Termite termite Total removed life

Treatment CuSO4 Na2 CrO4 Na2HasO4 Total testb Good Decay attack attack fungi attack attack Number % (year)

6-day soak in 10.6% coppersulfate solution plus

6-day soak in 9.8% sodiumarsenate solution 0.66 (0.33) -- 0.59 (0.36) 1.25 (0.69) 10 70 20 10 -- -- -- -- -- -- --12-day soak in9.8% sodiumarsenate solution 0.66 (0.33) 2.58 (1.59) 0.75 (0.46) 1.41 (0.79) 10 60 30 10 -- -- -- -- -- -- --12-day soak in11.8% sodiumchromate solution 0.66 (0.33) -- -- 3.24 (1.92) 10 80 -- -- -- 10 -- 10 2 20 --

3-day soak in 10.6% coppersulfate solution plus

6-day soak in 9.8% sodiumarsenate solution 0.88 (0.44) -- 0.55 (0.34) 1.43 (0.78) 10 30 70 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --6-day soak in 11.8% sodiumchromate solution 0.88 (0.44) 1.57 (0.97) -- 2.45 (1.41) 9 67 -- -- -- 22 11 -- 3 33 --

3-day soak in 5.3% coppersulfate solution plus

6-day soak in4.9% sodium --arsenate solution 0.31 (0.15) -- 0.17 (0.10) 0.48 (0.25) 9 -- 67 -- -- 22 11 3 33 --6-day soak in5.9% sodium --chromate solution 0.31 (0.15) 0.50 (0.31) -- 0.81 (0.46) 9 33 -- -- -- 33 33 6 67 --

Untreated controls -- -- -- -- 10 -- -- -- -- -- 20 80 10 100 1.9

aRetention values in parentheses are oxides (CuO - CrO3 - As O2 5)

bTen stakes originally installed; eliminated stakes removed for causes other than decay or insect attack.

This study was initiated by R. H. Baechler.
Table 10.--Condition of urea-treated Southern Pine stakes (2 by 4 in. nominal by 18 in.) after about 14 to 19 years of service. Stakes placed

in test on the Harrison Experimental Forest, Saucier, MS, February 1942 and December 1946, and at Madison, WI, April 1942 (Plot 10)

Condition of stakes late in 1960 (%)

Average Serviceable but Destroyed by--

Total retention showing some-- Decay

retention of Num- Decay fungi

of urea urea ber and and Average

or solidsa or solidsa in Termite termite Decay Termite termite life

Treatment Location (lb) (lb/ft3) test Good Decay attack attack fungi attack attack Number % (year)

Installed 1942

2-day soakb MS 4.7 3.4 10 -- -- -- -- -- 10 90 10 100 3.4

WI 4.7 3.4 10 -- -- -- -- 100 -- -- 10 100 8.1

4-day soakb MS 6.9 5.0 10 -- -- -- -- -- 20 80 10 100 3.3

WI 6.9 5.0 10 -- -- -- -- 100 -- -- 10 100 8.0

6-day soakb MS 10.2 7.4 10 -- -- -- -- -- 20 80 10 100 2.9

WI 10.2 7.4 10 -- -- -- -- 100 -- -- 10 100 6.0

B1c (thermosetting) MS 9.9 7.1 10 -- -- -- -- -- 20 80 10 100 4.5

 2-day soak WI 9.9 7.1 10 -- -- -- -- 100 -- -- 10 100 12.5B1c (thermosetting) MS 11.2 8.1 10 -- -- -- -- -- -- 100 10 100 5.1 4-day soak WI 11.2 8.1 10 -- -- -- -- 100 -- -- 10 100 13.2B1c (thermosetting) MS 11.7 8.4 10 -- -- -- -- -- 10 90 10 100 5.6 6-day soak WI 11.7 8.4 10 -- -- -- -- 100 -- -- 10 100 15.2Untreated controls MS -- -- 10 -- -- -- -- -- 20 80 10 100 1.8

WI -- -- 10 -- -- -- -- 100 -- -- 10 100 4.8

Installed 1946

Urea resin, pressured MS -- 5.8 10 -- -- -- -- 10 -- 90 10 100 9.1

aCalculated total retention of urea or solids for 22 stakes.bTreating solution made up to 1.15 parts of urea to 1.00 part of water by weight.cSolution made up of 380 parts urea, 344 parts of 37% formaldehyde solution, 231 parts water, 6 parts sodium

hydroxide, and 39 parts borax by weight.

dTreated with buffered urea-formalin mix (2 to 1 formaldehyde-urea ratio) at a resin solids content of 30%.

This study was initiated by Harvey H. Smith and J. Oscar Blew.

Total removed
Table 11--Condition of high-strength laminated paper plastic (papreg) stakes (1/8 by 4 by 14 in.) and

heat stabilized plywood (Staypak) stakes (4 by 18 in.) of several thicknesses after 7 to 8 years of service.

Stakes placed in test on the Harrison Experimental Forest, Saucier, MS (Plot 11)

December 1950 stakes destroyed by--

Decay

Num- fungi and

ber termite Average

Stake in Decay fungi Termite attack attack life

number Composition test Number % Number % Number % (year)

Laminated Paper Plastic (Papreg)--Installed December 2, 1942

1 to 10 37.0% phenolic resina

 + 2% hardener,

 4.7% volatile matter 10 7 70 -- -- 3 30 7.4

11 to 20 31.0% phenolic resina

 + 2% hardener, 10 2 20 1 10 7 70 5.6

 4.4% volatile matter

21 to 30 41.0% phenolic resina

 + 2% hardener, 10 7 70 -- -- 3 30 8.0

 4.6% volatile matter

31 to 40 37.0% phenolic resina

 + 2% hardener, 10 7 70 -- -- 3 30 7.2

 4.7% volatile matter with surface

 sheets using 42.6% phenolic resin,a

 4.6% volatile matterb

41 to 50 37.0% phenolic resina

 + 0.5% oleic 10 4 40 1 10 5 50 7.7

 acid, 4.7% volatile matter

Heat-Stabilized Plywood (Staypak)--Installed June 4, 1943

19-1 and 20 plies 1/16-in. birch bonded with 2 -- -- 1 50 1 50 4.5

 19-2 phenolic resin and compressed to

 thickness of 1/2 in.; specific gravity 1.37

Heat-Stabilized Plywood (Staypak)--Installed December 6, 1943

s-1 to 32 plies 1/16-in. birch bonded with 5 -- -- -- -- 5c 100 5.6

 s-5 phenolic resin and compressed to

 thickness of 1 in.; specific gravity 1.33

21-1 to 10 plies 1/8-in. maple bonded with 5 -- -- -- -- 5 100 4.3

 21-5 phenolic resin and compressed to

 thickness of 5/8 in.; specific gravity 1.36

a

Alcohol-soluble.

b

Single surface sheet on each side, coated side out.

c

Heavy swelling at edges due to moisture absorption.

This study was initiated by A. H. Rauch and J. Oscar Blew.
Table 12--Condition of Southern Pine stakes (2 by 4 in. nominal by 18 in.) treated with phenyl mercury oleate, pentachlorophenol, copper naphthenate, and 

 mercuric chloride at final inspection after 20 years of service. Stakes placed in test on the Harrison Experimental Forest, Saucier, MS, December 1943 (Plot 12)

Condition of stakes December 1963 (%)

Serviceable but Destroyed by--

Average showing some-- Decay

retention Num- Decay fungi

of ber and and Average

solution in Termite termite Decay Termite termite Total removed life

Preservative Treatment (lb/ft3) test Good Decay attack attack fungi attack attack Number % (year)

Phenyl mercury oleate (percentage

in naptha solvent)

0.4 3-min dip 1.4 10 -- -- -- -- -- 20 80 10 100 3.70.4 18-hr soak 3.2 10 -- -- -- -- 10 30 60 10 100 4.90.4 Pressure 5.9 10 -- -- -- -- -- 10 90 10 100 6.70.4 Pressure 12.1 10 -- -- -- -- 30 -- 70 10 100 8.80.2 18-hr soak 3.1 10 -- -- -- -- 10 30 60 10 100 4.40.2 Pressure 6.0 10 -- -- -- -- -- 30 70 10 100 5.60.2 Pressure 11.8 10 -- -- -- -- -- 30 70 10 100 6.20.1 18-hr soak 3.6 10 -- -- -- -- -- 40 60 10 100 4.40.1 Pressure 5.9 10 -- -- -- -- -- 30 70 10 100 4.60.1 Pressure 11.6 10 -- -- -- -- -- 40 60 10 100 5.10.4a 3-min dip 1.2 10 -- -- -- -- -- 60 40 10 100 3.9

0.1a 18-hr soak 6.0 10 -- -- -- -- -- 20 80 10 100 5.50.1a Pressure 6.1 10 -- -- -- -- 10 40 50 10 100 6.20.1a Pressure 12.0 10 -- -- -- -- -- 10 90 10 100 8.4

Pentachlorophenol (5.0% Pressure 12.1 10 -- -- -- 40 20 -- 40 6 60 20.0b

 in pine-oil naphtha (1:12) solvent

Copper naphthenate (0.5% copper Pressure 13.1 10 -- -- -- 70 20 -- 10 3 30 25.0b

 metal in naphtha solvent) (0.066)c

Mercuric chloride (1.0% in water) 3-min dip 0.014 10 -- -- -- -- -- 50 50 10 100 4.8

 dry salt

18-h soak 0.072 10 -- -- -- -- -- 20 80 10 100 7.5

 dry salt

Untreated controls -- -- 10 -- -- -- -- -- 60 40 10 100 2.0

aSolution contained 16% solids as a water repellent.bEstimate based on percentage of stakes remaining after final inspection.cRetention values in parentheses are based on copper metal.

NOTE: The stakes remaining in test after the 1952 inspection were taken up and reset in the same general area.This study was initiated by J. Oscar Blew.
Table 13--Condition of Southern Pine stakes (2 by 4 in. nominal by 18 in.) treated with fire-retardant

chemicals after 7 years of service. Stakes placed in test December 1943 on the Harrison

Experimental Forest, Saucier, MS, and inspected December 1950 (Plot 13)

 December 1950 stakes

 destroyed by--

Decay

Retention Num- fungi and

of dry ber termite Average

salt in Decay fungi attack life

Treating chemicals (lb/ft3

) test Number % Number % (year)

Ammonium sulfate, 78 parts; ammonium

 phosphate, 19 parts; sodium 3.01 10 5 50 5 50 2.4

 dichromate, 3 parts (by weight) 6.17 10 6 60 4 40 3.4

Ammonium phosphate, 10 parts; ammonium

 sulfate, 60 parts; borax, 10 parts; 2.98 10 4 40 6 60 3.9

 boric acid, 20 parts (by weight) 6.19 10 2 20 8 80 4.3

Borax, 60 parts; boric acid, 3.01 10 3 30 7 70 6.0

 40 parts (by weight) 6.29 10 6 60 4 40 6.5

Untreated controls -- 10 2 20 8 80 2.2

This study was initiated by J. Oscar Blew.
Table 14--Condition of Southern Pine sapwood stakes (2 by 4 in. nominal by 18 in.) treated with various chemicals and of laminated 

acetylated yellow birch sapwood stakes (0.4 by 3-1/2 by 15-3/4 in.) after 55 years of service. Stakes placed in test on the

Harrison Experimental Forest, Saucier, MS, December 1944 (Plot 14)

Serviceable but Destroyed by--

Average Decay

retention of Num- Decay fungi

preservative ber and and Average

or dry saltb in Termite termite Decay Termite termite Total removed life

Preservativea (lb/ft3

) test Good Decay attack attack fungi attack attack Number % (year)

Pine stakes

Ammoniacal copper arsenate

 (Fed. Spec. TT-W-549)

 (percentage in solution)

0.612 (0.59)b 0.25 (0.24) 9 -- 11 -- -- 67 -- 22 8 89 --

1.29 (1.24) 0.53 (0.51) 10 -- 80 -- 10 10 -- -- 1 10 --

2.57 (2.48) 1.01 (0.97) 10 70 30 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --

3.21 (3.10) 1.29 (1.25) 10 100 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --

Amyl phenyl acetate 

 (percentage in Stoddard solvent)

0.37 0.10 10 -- -- -- -- -- -- 100 10 100 6.7

0.93 0.03 10 -- -- -- -- -- -- 100 10 100 8.5

1.85 0.50 10 -- -- -- -- -- 40 60 10 100 10.0

Capric acid (percentage in

 Stoddard solvent)

0.37 0.10 10 -- -- -- -- 10 30 60 10 100 5.0

0.90 0.25 10 -- -- -- -- 10 20 70 10 100 5.3

1.76 0.50 10 -- -- -- -- -- 10 90 10 100 5.5

Diamyl pheno (percentage in

 Stoddard solvent)

0.37 0.10 10 -- -- -- -- -- 10 90 10 100 5.8

0.90 0.25 10 -- -- -- -- -- 10 90 10 100 8.4

1.76 0.51 10 -- -- -- -- -- 10 90 10 100 11.4

DDT (Dichloro-diphenyl-trichloroethane)

 (percentage in Stoddard solvent)

1.25 0.35 10 -- -- -- -- 100 -- -- 10 100 7.1

2.70 0.74 10 -- -- -- -- 70 -- 30 10 100 9.0

Dodecyl amine (percentage in

 Stoddard solvent)

0.37 0.10 10 -- -- -- -- -- 20 80 10 100 5.4

0.93 0.25 10 -- -- -- -- -- -- 100 10 100 5.7

1.85 0.50 10 -- -- -- -- -- 10 90 10 100 6.8

Nickel stearate (percentage in

 coal-tar naphtha)

0.33 0.10 10 -- -- -- -- 10 -- 90 10 100 5.6

0.93 0.27 10 -- -- -- -- 30 -- 70 10 100 4.9

1.85 0.52 10 -- -- -- -- 10 10 80 10 100 5.5

Untreated controls -- 10 -- -- -- -- -- 40 60 10 100 2.1

Yellow birch (laminated)c

Acetylated -- 10 -- -- -- -- 90 -- 10 10 100 17.5

Untreated controls -- 10 -- -- -- -- 10 10 80 10 100 2.7

a

All stakes except laminated yellow birch were pressure treated.

b

Ammoniacal copper arsenate solution and retention figures in parentheses are oxides (CuO and As2O5).

c

Prepared from six-ply, parallel-laminated, acetylated 1/16-in. veneer glued with hot-press phenolic resin.

 Average acetyl content 19.2% based upon ovendry weight of wood. Untreated controls prepared from untreated veneer.

NOTE: The stakes remaining in test after the 1952 inspection were reset in the same general area.

This study was initiated by A. H. Rauch and J. Oscar Blew.

Condition of stakes January 1999 (%)

showing some--
Table 15--Condition of Southern Pine stakes (2 by 4 in. nominal by 18 in.) treated with acid copper chromate, chromated copper

arsenate type I, and nickel-arsenic-chromium salts after 55 years of service. Stakes placed in test on the Harrison Experimental Forest,

Saucier, MS, December 1945 (Plot 15)

Condition of stakes January 2000 (%)

Serviceable but Destroyed by--

showing some-- Decay

Num- Decay fungi

Average ber and and Average

retentiona in Termite termite Decay Termite termite Total removed life

Preservative (lb/ft3) test Good Decay attack attack fungi attack attack Number % (year)

Acid copper chromate 0.25 (0.13) 10 -- -- -- -- 10 30 60 10 100 11.6 (Fed. Spec. TT-W-546) 0.51 (0.26) 10 -- -- -- 30 50 -- 20 7 70 --

0.75 (0.37) 10 -- 10 10 30 50 -- -- 5 50 --

Chromated copper arsenate type I 0.26 (0.15) 10 -- -- -- -- 20 10 70 10 100 28.7 (Fed. Sepc. TT-W-550) 0.50 (0.29) 10 -- 20 -- 50 30 -- -- 3 30 --

0.78 (0.44) 10 10 10 40 20 20 -- -- 2 20 --

Nickel-arsenic-chromium saltsb 0.26 (0.16) 10 -- -- -- -- 10 30 60 10 100 17.4

0.50 (0.32) 10 -- -- -- -- 20 10 70 10 100 41.20.77 (0.50) 10 -- -- -- 50 50 -- -- 5 50 --

Untreated controls -- 10 -- -- -- -- 10 30 60 10 100 3.2

aRetention values in parentheses based on preservative oxides.bNickel sulfate (NiSO4 6H2O), 5.5 parts; sodium arsenate (NaHAsO4 12H2O), 4.0 parts; arsenic acid (H3AsO4),

 1.5 parts; and sodium dichromate (Na2Cr2O7 2H2O), 3.0 parts).
Table 16--Condition of Douglas-fir plywood stakes treated with several wood preservatives, either before or after gluing of the veneer, after 51 years

of service. Stakes placed in test on the Harrison Experimental Forest, Saucier, MS, December 1945 (Plot 16)

Condition of stakes January 1996 (%)

Serviceable but Destroyed by--

Plywooda showing some-- Decay

Num- Veneer Num- Decay fungi

ber thick- Average ber and and Average

of ness retentionb,c in Termite termite Decay Termite termite Total removed life

Preservative Treatment plies (in.) (lb/ft3) test Good Decay attack attack fungi attack attack Number % (year)

Plywood from Veneer Treated Before Gluing

Coal-tar creosote Pressure 13 1/16 40.9 10 80 -- -- 20 -- -- -- -- -- --

Pressure 7 1/8 30.9 9 56 11 11 22 -- -- -- -- -- --Heating and 1-hour cold bathd 7 1/8 12.6 10 -- -- -- -- 10 20 70 10 100 10.2

24-hour cold soak 13 1/16 12.9 10 30 40 10 20 -- -- -- -- -- --24-hour cold soak 7 1/8 8.4 9 -- 11 -- 89 -- -- -- -- -- --10-second dipping 13 1/16 5.1 9g -- 56 11 22 -- -- -- -- -- --

10-second dipping 7 1/8 4.6 9 -- 22 -- 67 -- -- -- -- -- --

Copper naphthenate, Pressure 13 1/16 15.5 (0.31) 9 67 22 -- 11 -- -- -- -- -- --

 2% copper metal Pressure 7 1/8 10.2 (0.20) 10 30 30 -- 40 -- -- -- -- -- -- in coal-tar naphtha Heating and 1-hour cold bathd 7 1/8 6.7 (0.13) 9 11 11 -- 67 11 -- -- 1 11 --

24-hour cold soak 13 1/16 10.1 (0.20) 10 -- 40 -- 60 -- -- -- -- -- --24-hour cold soak 7 1/8 6.2 (0.12) 10 -- -- -- 70 20 -- 10 3 30 --10-second dipping 13 1/16 4.2 (0.084) 10 -- 20 -- 80 -- -- -- -- -- --10-second dipping 7 1/8 2.8 (0.056) 10 -- -- -- -- 50 -- 50 10 100 32.5

Pentachlorophenol, Pressure 13 1/16 21.4 9 -- 22 11 67 -- -- -- -- -- --

 5% in No. 2 Pressure 7 1/8 18.2 10 -- -- -- 50 30 -- 20 5 50 --

 fuel oil Heating and 1-hour cold bathd 7 1/8 10.3 10 -- -- -- 30 10 -- 60 7 70 --

24-hour cold soak 13 1/16 7.4 9 -- -- -- 33 44 -- 22 6 67 --24-hour cold soak 7 1/8 4.8 10 -- -- -- -- 10 10 80 10 100 23.110-second dipping 13 1/16 4.9 10 -- -- -- 10 30 -- 60 9 90 --10-second dipping 7 1/8 1.0 10 -- -- -- -- 10 -- 90 10 100 15.8

Chromated Pressure 13 1/16 1.02e (0.62) 6 -- -- -- 50 17 -- 33 3 50 --

zinc chloride Pressure 7 1/8 1.06e (0.65) 10 -- -- -- -- -- 40 60 10 100 25.8

Heating and 1-hour cold bathd 7 1/8 0.98 (0.60) 10 -- -- -- -- -- 50 50 10 100 10.3

24-hour steeping 13 1/16f 1.07 (0.65) 8 -- -- -- 88 -- -- 12 1 12 --24-hour steeping 13 1/16 1.84 (1.12) 8g -- -- 13 50 25 -- 12 3 27 --

24-hour steeping 7 1/8f 0.59 (0.36) 10 -- -- -- -- -- 10 90 10 100 17.0

24-hour steeping 7 1/8 1.30 (0.79) 10 -- -- -- -- 10 20 70 10 100 23.610-second dipping 13 1/16f 0.61 (0.37) 10 -- -- -- -- 30 10 60 10 100 22.710-second dipping 13 1/16 0.66 (0.40) 10 -- -- -- -- 10 -- 90 10 100 22.110-second dipping 7 1/8 0.35 (0.21) 10 -- -- -- -- -- 20 80 10 100 10.8

Acid copper Pressure 13 1/16 0.76 (0.38) 9g -- -- 22 67 11 -- -- 1 11 --

 chromate Pressure 7 1/8 0.79 (0.39) 9 11 -- -- 67 22 -- -- 2 22 --

Heating and 1-hour cold bathd 7 1/8 1.07 (0.53) 10 -- -- -- 60 30 -- 10 4 40 --

24-hour steeping 13 1/16f 0.88 (0.44) 9 44 11 33 11 -- -- -- -- -- --24-hour steeping 13 1/16 1.89 (0.94) 10 40 -- 40 20 -- -- -- -- -- --24-hour steeping 7 1/8 0.54 (0.27) 9 22 11 22 33 11 -- -- 1 11 --24-hour steeping 7 1/8 1.32 (0.65) 10 20 10 20 50 -- -- -- -- -- --10-second dipping 13 1/16 0.87 (0.43) 10 -- -- -- 70 30 -- -- 3 30 --10-second dipping 13 1/16 0.61 (0.30) 9 -- 11 -- 44 44 -- -- 4 44 --10-second dipping 7 1/8 0.27 (0.13) 10 -- -- -- -- 20 -- 80 10 100 18.410-second dipping 7 1/8 0.38 (0.19) 10 -- -- -- -- 30 10 60 10 100 22.2

(Page 1 of 2)
Table 16--Condition of Douglas-fir plywood stakes treated with several wood preservatives, either before or after gluing of the veneer, after 51 years

of service. Stakes placed in test on the Harrison Experimental Forest, Saucier, MS, December 1945 (Plot 16)--concluded

Condition of stakes January 1996 (%)

Serviceable but Destroyed by--

Plywooda showing some-- Decay

Num- Veneer Num- Decay fungi

ber thick- Average ber and and Average

of ness retentionb,c in Termite termite Decay Termite termite Total removed life

Preservative Treatment plies (in.) (lb/ft3) test Good Decay attack attack fungi attack attack Number % (year)

Plywood Treated After Gluing

Coal-tar creosote Pressure 5 1/8 19.6 10 70 10 10 10 -- -- -- -- -- --

Hot bath, 1-hour, and cold bath, 1-hour 5 1/8 2.0 10 20 -- -- 80 -- -- -- -- -- --24-hour cold soak 5 1/8 5.3 10 -- -- -- -- 20 30 50 10 100 11.310-second dipping 5 1/8 1.0e 8g -- -- -- -- -- 50 50 8 100 5.4

Copper naphthenate, Pressure 5 1/8 2.9 (0.058) 10 -- -- -- -- 50 10 40 10 100 18.9 (2% copper metal) Hot bath, 1-hour, and cold in coal-tar naphtha bath, 1-hour 5 1/8 1.2 (0.024) 10 -- -- -- -- 60 -- 40 10 100 12.8

24-hour cold soak 5 1/8 1.1 (0.022) 10 -- -- -- -- 50 -- 50 10 100 13.810-second dipping 5 1/8 0.4 (0.008) 10 -- -- -- -- 60 -- 40 10 100 10.5

Pentachlorophenol, Pressure 5 1/8 12.5 10 -- -- -- 20 30 -- 50 8 80 -- 5% in No. 2 fuel Hot bath, 1-hour, and cold oil bath, 1-hour 5 1/8 2.1 10 -- -- -- -- -- 40 60 10 100 8.3

24-hour cold soak 5 1/8 2.0 10 -- -- -- -- 20 10 70 10 100 8.310-second dipping 5 1/8 0.7 10 -- -- -- -- 10 20 70 10 100 7.8

Chromated zinc Pressure 5 1/8 0.62e (0.038) 10 -- -- -- -- 40 -- 60 10 100 17.9

 chloride 24-hour steeping 5 1/8 0.35 (0.21) 10 -- -- -- -- 10 30 60 10 100 8.2

10-second dipping 5 1/8 0.03 (0.02) 10 -- -- -- -- -- 50 50 10 100 4.0

Acid copper Pressure 5 1/8 0.46 (0.23) 10 10 -- -- 10 50 -- 30 8 80 --

 chromate 24-hour steeping 5 1/8 0.28 (0.14) 10 -- -- -- -- 10 40 50 10 100 5.3

10-second dipping 5 1/8 0.06 (0.03) 10 -- -- -- -- 10 60 30 10 100 8.2

None Untreated 13 1/16 -- 10 -- -- -- -- -- 50 50 10 100 3.7

Untreated 7 1/8 -- 10 -- -- -- -- -- 60 40 10 100 3.6

aPlywood glued with hot-press phenolic-resin adhesive.bOils or dry salt absorbed by 21-by 38-in. plywood panel. Stakes were cut from plywood panels after treatment, and all exposed edges of stakes were

 soaked in the preservative before stakes were installed.

cRetention values in parentheses based on preservative oxides or copper metal.dVeneer heated in dryer and then submerged for 1 hour in unheated preservative.eApproximate values.fVeneer treated prior to drying.gSpecimens delaminated and were eliminated from test.

(Page 2 of 2)

This study was initiated by J. Oscar Blew.
Table 17--Condition of Southern Pine stakes (2 by 4 in. nominal by 18 in.) treated with various petroleum oils, pentachlorophenol solution, copper naphthenate

solutions, coal-tar creosote, and mixtures of these preservatives after about 50 years of service. Stakes placed in test on the Harrison Experimental Forest,Saucier, MS, and at Bogalusa, LA, April 1948 (Plot 20)

Condition of stakes January 1998b (%)

Serviceable but Destroyed by--

showing some-- Decay

Num- Decay fungi

Average ber and and Average

retention in Termite termite Decay Termite termite Total removed life

Oil or preservative Location (lb/ft3) testa Good Decay attack attack fungi attack attack Number % (year)

Unfortified petroleum oil Commercial aromatic solvent MS 4 10 -- -- -- -- 10 -- 90 10 100 2.3

 (Mid-United States) LA 4 10 -- -- -- -- -- 20 80 10 100 2.9

 Stoddard solvent (Mid-United States) MS 4 10 -- -- -- -- 10 20 70 10 100 2.1

LA 4 10 -- -- -- -- 10 20 70 10 100 2.8

 No. 2 fuel oil (Mid-United States) MS 4 10 -- -- -- -- 10 10 80 10 100 4.4

LA 4 10 -- -- -- -- 70 -- 30 10 100 4.1

 Heavy thermal side cut MS 4 10 -- -- -- -- -- 10 90 10 100 3.4

 (Mid-United States) LA 4 10 -- -- -- -- 30 -- 70 10 100 4.6

 No. 200 diesel oil (West Coast) MS 4 10 -- -- -- -- 20 10 70 10 100 4.8

LA 4 10 -- -- -- -- 70 -- 30 10 100 4.6

 Catalytic gas-base oil (West Coast) MS 4 10 -- -- -- -- 40 -- 60 10 100 7.6

LA 4 10 -- -- -- -- 40 -- 60 10 100 7.6

MS 8 10 -- -- -- -- 30 -- 70 10 100 14.6

LA 8 10 -- 10 -- 50 20 -- 20 4 40 --

MS 12 10 -- -- -- -- 40 -- 60 10 100 17.1

LA 12 10 -- 25 -- 63 12 -- -- 1 12 --

 No. 300 fuel oil (West Coast) MS 4 10 -- -- -- -- 90 -- 10 10 100 7.1

LA 4 10 -- -- -- 20 80 -- -- 8 80 6.5c

 No. 400 fuel oil (West Coast) MS 4 10 -- -- -- -- 80 -- 20 10 100 5.8

LA 4 10 -- -- -- -- 90 -- 10 10 100 5.5

Light gas oil (Mid-United States) MS 4 10 -- -- -- -- 50 -- 50 10 100 6.7

LA 4 10 -- -- -- -- 60 -- 40 10 100 6.0

Denver No. 3 blend (50-50 topped crude MS 4 10 -- -- -- -- 60 -- 40 10 100 6.4

 residual and recycled overhead gas oil) LA 4 10 -- -- -- -- 80 -- 20 10 100 5.9

Heavy gas oil (Mid-United States) MS 4 10 -- -- -- -- 100 -- -- 10 100 12.9

LA 4 10 -- -- -- 60 40 -- -- 4 40 --

MS 8 10 -- -- -- 10 90 -- -- 9 90 --

LA 8 9 -- 33 -- 67 -- -- -- -- -- --

MS 12 10 -- -- 20 80 -- -- 8 80 --

LA 12 5 60 40 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --

Lube oil extract (Texas) MS 4 10 -- -- -- -- 100 -- -- 10 100 12.0

LA 4 8 -- -- -- 63 25 12 3 37 --

(Page 1 of 3)
Table 17--Condition of Southern Pine stakes (2 by 4 in. nominal by 18 in.) treated with various petroleum oils, pentachlorophenol solution, copper naphthenate

solutions, coal-tar creosote, and mixtures of these preservatives after about 50 years of service. Stakes placed in test on the Harrison Experimental Forest,Saucier, MS, and at Bogalusa, LA, April 1948 (Plot 20)--continued

Condition of stakes January 1998b (%)

Serviceable but Destroyed by--

showing some-- Decay

Num- Decay fungi

Average ber and and Average

retention in Termite termite Decay Termite termite Total removed life

Oil or preservative Location (lb/ft3) testa Good Decay attack attack fungi attack attack Number % (year)Fortified petroleum oils and mixtures Commercial aromatic solvent (Mid- MS 4.2 10 -- -- -- -- -- -- 100 10 100 10.9 United States with 5% pentachlorophenol) LA 4.2 10 -- -- -- -- 10 -- 90 10 100 8.6 Stoddard solvent (Mid-United States) MS 4.0 10 -- -- -- -- 10 -- 90 10 100 13.7

with 5% pentachlorophenol LA 4.0 10 -- -- -- -- 20 -- 80 10 100 8.8

 No 2 fuel oil (Mid-United States) MS 4.0 10 -- -- -- -- 10 10 80 10 100 14.9

with 5% pentachlorophenol LA 3.8 10 -- -- -- 20 -- -- 80 8 80 12.5c

 Heavy thermal side cut (Mid-United States) MS 4.0 10 -- -- -- -- 20 -- 80 10 100 14.0

with 5% pentachlorophenol LA 4.0 10 -- -- -- -- 10 -- 90 10 100 10.6

 No. 200 diesel oil (West Coast) MS 4.1 10 -- -- -- -- 10 -- 90 10 100 17.0

with 5% pentachlorophenol LA 4.1 10 -- -- -- 50 -- -- 50 5 50 --

 Catalytic gas-base oil (West Coast) MS 4.2 10 -- -- -- -- -- -- 100 10 100 16.3

with 5% pentachlorophenol LA 4.1 8 -- -- -- 88 12 -- -- 1 12 --

MS 8.0 10 -- -- -- -- 10 -- 90 10 100 20.7

LA 7.9 8 -- 12 -- 88 -- -- -- -- -- --

MS 12.0 10 -- -- -- -- 30 -- 70 10 100 30.2

LA 12.0 9 -- 56 -- 44 -- -- -- -- -- --

 No. 300 fuel oil (West Coast) with MS 4.0 10 -- -- -- -- 80 -- 20 10 100 14.6

with 5% pentachlorophenol LA 4.1 8 -- 12 -- 50 12 -- 25 3 37 --

 No. 400 fuel oil (West Coast) with MS 4.2 10 -- -- -- -- 40 -- 60 10 100 13.9

with 5% pentachlorophenol LA 4.2 9 -- -- -- 22 22 -- 56 7 78 12.5c

 Light gas oil (Mid-United States) MS 4.0 10 -- -- -- -- -- -- 100 10 100 15.6

with 5% pentachlorophenol LA 4.2 10 -- -- -- 50 -- -- 50 5 50 --

 Denver No. 3 blend (50-50 topped crude residual MS 4.0 10 -- -- -- -- 70 -- 30 10 100 19.5

and recycled overhead gas oil) with 5% pentachlorophenol LA 4.0 7 -- -- -- 86 14 -- -- 1 14 --

 Heavy gas oil (Mid-United States) MS 4.1 9 -- -- -- 11 44 -- 44 8 89 --

with 5% pentachlorophenol LA 4.1 8 -- 12 -- 88 -- -- -- -- -- --

MS 7.9 10 -- -- 10 10 60 -- 20 8 80 --

LA 7.9 6 -- 33 -- 67 -- -- -- -- -- --

MS 12.0 10 -- -- -- 80 20 -- -- 2 20 --

LA 12.0 5 60 -- -- 40 -- -- -- -- -- --

(Page 2 of 3)
Table 17--Condition of Southern Pine stakes (2 by 4 in. nominal by 18 in.) treated with various petroleum oils, pentachlorophenol solution, copper naphthenate

solutions, coal-tar creosote, and mixtures of these preservatives after about 50 years of service. Stakes placed in test on the Harrison Experimental Forest,

Saucier, MS, and at Bogalusa, LA, April 1948 (Plot 20)--concluded

Condition of stakes January 1998b (%)

Serviceable but Destroyed by--

showing some-- Decay

Num- Decay fungi

Average ber and and Average

retention in Termite termite Decay Termite termite Total removed life

Oil or preservative Location (lb/ft3) testa Good Decay attack attack fungi attack attack Number % (year)Fortified petroleum oils and mixtures (cont'd) Lube oil extract (Texas) MS 4.2 10 -- -- -- -- 90 -- 10 10 100 28.5 with 5% pentachlorophenol LA 4.2 8 -- -- -- 100 -- -- -- -- -- -- Catalytic gas-base oil (West Coast) with copper MS 4.2 10 -- -- -- -- 70 10 20 10 100 14.3 naphthenate (0.5% copper metal) LA 4.2 10 -- 10 -- 60 10 -- 20 3 30 -- Catalytic gas-base oil (West Coast) with copper MS 4.4 8 -- -- -- -- 75 -- 25 8 100 17.4 naphthenate (0.75% copper metal) LA 4.2 8 12 12 -- 62 12 -- -- 1 12 -- Coal-tar creosote MS 4.1 10 -- -- -- -- 70 -- 30 10 100 14.2

LA 4.1 10 -- -- -- 50 40 -- 10 5 50 --

 Coal-tar creosote, 50%, and catalytic gas-base oil (West MS 4.1 10 -- -- -- -- 50 -- 50 10 100 16.2 Coast) with 5% pentachlorophenol, 50% by volume LA 4.1 8 -- -- -- 62 -- -- 38 3 38 -- Coal-tar creosote, 50%, and catalytic gas-base oil MS 4.2 10 -- -- -- -- 90 -- 10 10 100 18.9 (West Coast) with copper naphthenate (0.5% copper LA 4.3 10 -- -- -- 90 10 -- -- 1 10 -- metal), 50% by volume  Coal-tar creosote, 25%, and catalytic gas-base oil MS 4.1 10 -- -- -- -- 90 -- 10 10 100 14.6 (West Coast) with copper naphthenate (0.75% copper LA 4.2 8 -- -- -- 50 38 -- 12 4 50 -- metal) , 75% by volume Catalytic gas-base oil (West Coast) with MS 4.2 10 -- -- -- -- 20 10 70 10 100 24.9 5% pentachlorophenol, 50%, and LA 4.2 9 -- -- -- 100 -- -- -- -- -- -- catalytic gas-base oil (West Coast) with copper naphthenate (0.5% copper metal), 50% by volumeUntreated controls MS -- 10 -- -- -- -- 20 20 60 10 100 2.2

LA -- 10 -- -- -- -- -- -- 100 10 100 2.8

aTen stakes were originally installed at each test station; this number has since been reduced because of failure to locate the stakes at the time of inspection.bFinal inspection at Bogalusa, November 1962.cEstimate based on percentage of stakes remaining after final inspection.

This study was initiated by J. Oscar Blew.

(Page 3 of 3)
Table 18--Condition of Southern Pine stakes (2 by 4 in. nominal by 18 in.) treated with various coal-tar creosotes and creosote solutions after about 44 years

of service. Stakes placed in test at Madison, WI, October 1948, and on the Harrison Experimental Forest, Saucier, MS, December 1948 (Plot 24)

Condition of stakes October 1992a (%)

Serviceable but Destroyed by--

showing some-- Decay

Num- Decay fungi

Average ber and and Average

retention in Termite termite Decay Termite termite Total removed life

Preservative Location (lb/ft3) test Good Decay attack attack fungi attack attack Number % (year)

Coal-tar creosote

Low residue, straight run MS 8.0 10 -- -- -- 30 60 -- 10 7 70 17.8b

WI 8.0 10 -- 40 -- -- 60 -- -- 6 60 --

Medium residue, straight run MS 8.0 10 -- 10 -- 10 80 -- -- 8 80 18.8b

WI 8.0 10 -- 70 -- -- 30 -- -- 3 30 --

High residue, straight run MS 7.8 10 -- 20 -- 20 60 -- -- 6 60 20.3b

WI 7.8 10 -- 10 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --

Medium residue

 Low in tar acids MS 8.1 10 -- 10 -- 20 70 -- -- 7 70 19.4b

WI 8.1 10 -- 100 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --

 Low in naphthalene MS 8.2 10 -- 10 -- 50 40 -- -- 4 40 21.3b

WI 8.2 10 -- 90 -- -- 10 -- -- 1 10 --

 Low in tar acids and MS 8.0 10 -- -- -- 30 60 -- 10 7 70 18.9b

 naphthalene WI 8.0 10 -- 100 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --

Low residue, low in tar MS 8.0 10 -- 10 -- 20 50 -- 20 7 70 19.2b

 acids and naphthalene WI 8.0 10 -- 40 -- -- 60 -- -- 6 60 --

High residue, low in tar MS 8.2 10 -- 10 -- 10 70 -- 10 8 80 20.0b

 acids and naphthalene WI 8.1 9 33 67 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --

English vertical retort MS 8.0 10 -- -- -- 30 60 -- 10 7 70 18.9b

WI 8.0 10 10 90 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --

English coke oven MS 7.9 10 -- -- -- -- 70 -- 30 10 100 13.6

WI 7.9 10 -- 30 -- -- 70 -- -- 7 70 --

English coke oven, 50%, and MS 8.1 10 -- -- -- 10 40 -- 50 9 90 16.9b

English vertical retort, 50% by WI 8.1 10 10 70 -- -- 20 -- -- 2 20 --volume

(Page 1 of 2)
Table 18--Condition of Southern Pine stakes (2 by 4 in. nominal by 18 in.) treated with various coal-tar creosotes and creosote solutions after about 44 year

of service. Stakes placed in test at Madison, WI, October 1948, and on the Harrison Experimental Forest, Saucier, MS, December 1948 (Plot 24)--conclud

Condition of stakes October 1992a (%)

Serviceable but Destroyed by--

showing some-- Decay

Num- Decay fungi

Average ber and and Average

retention in Termite termite Decay Termite termite Total removed life

Preservative Location (lb/ft3) test Good Decay attack attack fungi attack attack Number % (year)

Medium residue, low in tar acids MS 8.1 10 -- 20 -- 10 70 -- -- 7 70 20.4b

and naphthalene, 70%, and WI 8.1 10 -- 70 -- -- 30 -- -- 3 30 --coal tar, 30% by volume

Medium residue, low in tar acids MS 8.1 10 -- 10 -- 20 70 -- -- 7 70 19.6b

and naphthalene, 70%, and WI 8.1 10 -- 70 -- -- 30 -- -- 3 30 --petroleum oil (Wyomingresidual), 30% by volume

Petroleum oil (Wyoming residual) MS 8.1 10 -- -- -- -- 90 -- 10 10 100 3.4

WI 8.1 9 -- -- -- -- 100 -- -- 9 100 14.8

Untreated controls MS -- 10 -- -- -- -- 10 10 80 10 100 1.9

WI -- 10 -- -- -- -- 100 -- -- 10 100 5.6

aFinal inspection in Mississippi, November 1968.bEstimate based on percentage of stakes remaining after final inspection.

This study was initiated by J. Oscar Blew. (Page 2 of 2)
Table 19--Condition of Southern Pine stakes (2 by 4 in. nominal by 18 in.) treated with English coke oven and verticle 

retort coal-tar creosotes after about 50 years of service. Stakes placed in test on the Harrison Experimental Forest,Saucier, MS, December 1948 (Plot 25)

Condition of stakes February 1998 (%)

Serviceable but Destroyed by--

showing some-- Decay

Num- Decay fungi

Average ber and and Average

retention in Termite termite Decay Termite termite Total removed life

Preservative (lb/ft3) test Good Decay attack attack fungi attack attack Number % (year)

Coal-tar creosote 5.3 10 -- -- -- 10 70 -- 20 9 90 -- English vertical retort

10.1 10 -- -- -- 20 70 -- 10 8 80 --15.0 10 -- 10 -- 90 -- -- -- -- -- --

 English coke oven 4.7 10 -- -- -- -- 80 -- 20 10 100 16.3

10.1 10 -- -- -- 30 60 10 -- 7 70 --14.8 10 -- -- -- 20 60 -- 20 8 80 --

Untreated controls -- 10 -- -- -- -- -- -- 100 10 100 1.9
Table 20--Condition of Southern Pine stakes (2 by 4 in. nominal by 18 in.) treated with zinc-arsenic chromium and chromated copper arsenate salts after about

43 and 46 years of service. Stakes placed in test at Madison, WI, November 1949 and on the Harrison Experimental Forest, Saucier, MS, December 1949 (Plot 28)

Condition of stakes January 1995 (MS) and October 1992 (WI) (%)

Serviceable but Destroyed by--

showing some-- Decay

Num- Decay fungi

Average ber and and Average

retentiona in Termite termite Decay Termite termite Total removed life

Preservative Location (lb/ft3) test Good Decay attack attack fungi attack attack Number % (year)

Zinc-arsenic-chromium salt (S-32)b WI (0.96) 10 90 -- -- -- 10 -- -- 1 10 --

MS (0.96) 10 -- -- -- 100 -- -- -- -- -- --

WI (0.74) 10 40 -- -- -- 60 -- -- 6 60 --

MS (0.72) 10 -- -- -- 100 -- -- -- -- -- --

WI (0.50) 10 -- -- -- -- 100 -- -- 10 100 21.8

MS (0.50) 10 -- -- -- 100 -- -- -- -- -- --

WI (0.35) 10 -- -- -- -- 100 -- -- 10 100 18.5

MS (0.35) 10 10 -- -- 80 -- -- 10 1 10 --

WI (0.22) 10 -- -- -- -- 100 -- -- 10 100 18.6

MS (0.22) 10 -- -- -- 20 20 -- 60 8 80 --

Chromated copper arsenate, WI (1.03) 10 90 10 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --

 type II (Fed. Spec. TT-W-550) MS (1.04) 10 10 20 10 60 -- -- -- -- -- --

WI (0.78) 10 90 10 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --

MS (0.79) 9 11 -- -- 89 -- -- -- -- -- --

WI (0.52) 9 -- 100 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --

MS (0.52) 10 -- -- -- 100 -- -- -- -- -- --

WI (0.37) 10 -- 100 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --

MS (0.37) 10 -- -- -- 100 -- -- -- -- -- --

WI (0.26) 10 -- 80 -- -- 20 -- -- 2 20 --

MS (0.26) 10 -- -- -- 100 -- -- -- -- -- --

Zinc chloride WI 1.04 (0.61) 10 -- -- -- -- 100 -- -- 10 100 12.8

MS 1.04 (0.62) 10 -- -- -- -- 20 -- 80 10 100 17.0

Coal-tar creosote WI 8.36 10 -- 90 -- -- 10 -- -- 1 10 --

MS 8.30 10 -- -- -- 50 30 -- 20 5 50 --

Untreated controls WI -- 10 -- -- -- -- 100 -- -- 10 100 7.0

MS -- 10 -- -- -- -- 10 30 60 10 100 2.8

bZnO, 97 parts; CrO3, 170 parts; and As2O5, 213 parts.

aRetention figures in parentheses are based on preservative oxides.
Table 21--Condition of Southern Pine stakes (2 by 4 in. nominal by 18 in.) treated with two fortified aromatic petroleum oils after

about 47 years of service. Stakes placed in test on the Harrison Experimental Forest, Saucier, MS, December 1949 (Plot 26)

Condition of stakes January 1995 (%)

Serviceable but Destroyed by--

showing some-- Decay

Num- Decay fungi

Average ber and and Average

retention in Termite termite Decay Termite termite Total removed life

Preservative (lb/ft3) test Good Decay attack attack fungi attack attack Number % (year)

Standard wood 3.7 10 -- -- -- -- 20 10 70 10 100 7.3

preservativea

 8.2 10 -- -- -- 10 20 10 60 9 90 --11.7 10 -- -- -- 30 40 -- 30 7 70 --

Wood preservative

 No. 51746-Rb 4.0 10 -- -- -- -- 20 -- 80 10 100 11.6

 8.0 10 -- -- -- 10 20 -- 70 9 90 --12.1 10 -- -- -- 30 10 -- 60 7 70 --

Untreated controls -- 10 -- -- -- -- -- 30 70 10 100 2.2

aReported to be a mixture of heavy petroleum cresylic acids, an aromatic solvent, and copper naphthenate

 equivalent to 0.3% copper metal.

bReported to be a mixture of petroleum cresylic acids, aromatic oils, and 1.0% pentachlorophenol.

This study was initiated by J. Oscar Blew.
Table 22--Condition of Southern Pine stakes (2 by 4 in. nominal by 18 in.) treated with oil solutions of rosin amine D pentachlorophenate and

pentachlorophenol after about 50 years of service. Stakes placed in test on the Harrison Experimental Forest, Saucier, MS, December 1949 (Plot 27)

Condition of stakes January 1999 (%)

Serviceable but Destroyed by--

showing some-- Decay

Num- Decay fungi

Average ber and and Average

retention in Termite termite Decay Termite termite Total removed life

Preservative (lb/ft3) test Good Decay attack attack fungi attack attack Number % (year)

Rosin amine D pentachlorophenate, 5%, 4.0 10 -- -- -- -- -- 20 80 10 100 3.8

in Stoddard solvent 7.9 10 -- -- -- -- -- 100 10 100 5.1

11.9 10 -- -- -- -- -- -- 100 10 100 9.5

Rosin amine D pentachlorophenate, 5%, 4.2 10 -- -- -- -- -- 20 80 10 100 4.5

and paraffin wax, 2%, in Stoddard solvent 8.0 10 -- -- -- -- 10 -- 90 10 100 7.8

Rosin amine D pentachlorophenate, 5%, 4.0 10 -- -- -- -- -- 30 70 10 100 8.0

 paraffin wax, 2%, and pentalyn H, 10%, in 8.0 10 -- -- -- -- 30 30 40 10 100 8.7

Stoddard solvent

Rosin amine D pentachlorophenate, 5%, 4.0 10 -- -- -- -- 60 -- 40 10 100 12.8

in No. 4 aromatic oil 7.6 10 -- -- -- -- 50 -- 50 10 100 16.1

12.3 10 -- 20 -- 10 70 -- -- 7 70 --

Pentachlorophenol, 5%, and pine oil, 4.1 10 -- -- -- -- -- -- 100 10 100 9.5

5%, in Stoddard solvent 8.0 9 -- -- -- -- -- -- 100 9 100 15.5

Pentachlorophenol, 5%, and pine oil, 5%; 4.1 10 -- -- -- -- -- 10 90 10 100 12.8

paraffin wax, 2%; and pentalyn H, 10%, 7.8 10 -- -- -- -- 20 -- 80 10 100 15.7

 in Stoddard solvent

Pentachlorophenol, 5%, in No. 4 4.2 10 -- -- -- -- 60 -- 40 10 100 21.0

aromatic oil 8.2 10 -- 10 -- 20 30 -- 40 7 70 --

Untreated controls -- 10 -- -- -- -- -- 30 70 10 100 2.3This study was initiated by J. Oscar Blew.
Table 23--Condition of Southern Pine stakes (2 by 4 in. nominal by 18 in.) treated with rosin amine D pentachlorophenate and pentachlorophenol

in petroleum oil (Wyoming residual) after about 45 years of service. Stakes placed in test on the Harrison Experimental Forest, Saucier, MS,

March 1952 (Plot 34)

Condition of stakes January 1997 (%)

Serviceable but Destroyed by--

showing some-- Decay

Num- Decay fungi

Average ber and and Average

retention in Termite termite Decay Termite termite Total removed life

Preservative (lb/ft3) test Good Decay attack attack fungi attack attack Number % (year)

Rosin amine D pentachlorophenate 4.0 10 -- -- -- -- 70 -- 30 10 100 22.4

 5% in petroleum oil 8.0 10 -- -- -- -- 60 -- 40 10 100 25.7

(Wyoming residual) 12.7 10 -- -- -- 20 50 -- 30 8 80 --

Pentachlorophenol 5% in 4.0 10 -- -- -- -- 50 -- 50 10 100 18.6

 petroleum oil 8.0 10 -- -- -- 40 30 -- 30 6 60 --

(Wyoming residual) 11.7 10 -- 20 -- 80 -- -- -- -- -- --

Petroleum oil 7.7 10 -- -- -- -- 70 -- 30 10 100 14.6

(Wyoming residual) 12.2 10 -- -- -- -- 100 -- -- 10 100 17.4

Untreated controls -- 10 -- -- -- -- -- 20 80 10 100 2.1This study was initiated by J. Oscar Blew.
Table 24--Condition of Southern Pine stakes (2 by 4 in. nominal by 18 in.) treated with two Boliden salt formulations after about 45 years of

service. Stakes placed in test on the Harrison Experimental Forest, Saucier, MS, March 1952 (Plot 33)

Serviceable but Destroyed by--

showing some-- Decay

Average Num- Decay fungi

retention, ber and and Average

anhydrous saltsa in Termite termite Decay Termite termite Total removed life

Preservative (lb/ft3) test Good Decay attack attack fungi attack attack Number % (year)

Boliden salts AWPA P5-55Chromated zinc arsenate (H3ASO4, 0.22 (0.11) 10 -- -- -- -- -- 10 90 10 100 22.1

 20 parts; Na2HAsO4, 21 parts; 0.38 (0.20) 10 -- -- -- 60 -- -- 40 4 40 --

 Na2Cr2O7 ⊇ H2O, 16 parts; and 0.77 (0.40) 10 -- -- -- 100 -- -- -- -- -- --

 ZnSO4, 43 parts)b 1.01 (0.53) 10c -- -- -- 100 -- -- -- -- -- --

Boliden salts S-25 (CrO3, 32 parts; (0.30) 10 -- -- -- 100 -- -- -- -- -- --

 CuO, 5 parts; ZnO, 14 parts; and (0.50) 10 -- -- -- 100 -- -- -- -- -- -- As2O5, 49 parts) (0.75) 10 20 10 -- 70 -- -- -- -- -- --

(1.01) 9 44 12 -- 44 -- -- -- -- -- --

Untreated controls -- 10 -- -- -- -- -- 20 80 10 100 1.9

aRetention values in parentheses are based on preservative oxides.bRetentions are shown on an anhydrous basis, and figures should be increased approximately 26% to obtain values as

computed in AWPA Standard P5-55.

cThis stake group placed in test in August 1952.

This study was initiated by J. Oscar Blew.

Condition of stakes January 1997 (%)
Table 25--Condition of Southern Pine stakes (2 by 4 in. nominal by 18 in.) treated with four fire-retardant formulations (AWPA P10-51) after

about 45 years of service. Stakes placed in test on the Harrison Experimental Forest, Saucier, MS, March 1952a (Plot 35)

Serviceable but Destroyed by--

showing some-- Decay

Num- Decay fungi

Average ber and and Average

retentionb in Termite termite Decay Termite termite Total removed life

Preservative (lb/ft3) test Good Decay attack attack fungi attack attack Number % (year)Chromated zinc chloride 1.50 (0.92) 10 -- -- -- -- 30 -- 70 10 100 23.4 (ZnCl2, 80.4 parts; 2.91 (1.78) 10 -- -- -- -- 60 10 30 10 100 32.7

 Na2Cr2O7 . 2H2O, 19.6 parts) 6.00 (3.67) 10 60 -- 30 10 -- -- -- -- -- --

Chromated zinc chloride (FR) 1.53 10 -- -- -- -- 30 20 50 10 100 16.5 (Chromated zinc chloride, 80 parts; 3.00 10 -- -- -- 10 30 10 50 9 90 -- H3BO3,10 parts; and (NH4)2SO4, 10 parts) 6.08 10 20 -- 10 20 20 10 20 5 50 --Minalith 1.50 10 -- -- -- -- -- 10 90 10 100 3.7 ((NH4)2HPO4, 10 parts; (NH4)2SO4, 3.00 10 -- -- -- -- -- 10 90 10 100 4.9 60 parts; Na2B4O7, 10 parts; 6.13 10 -- -- -- -- -- 30 70 10 100 5.1 and H3BO, 20 parts)Pyresote 1.50 10 -- -- -- -- -- 10 90 10 100 11.2 (ZnCl2, 35 parts; (NH4)SO4, 3.01 10 -- -- -- -- -- 20 80 10 100 13.1

 Na2Cr2O7 2H2O, 5 parts) 6.26 10 -- -- -- -- 20 20 60 10 100 18.3

Untreated controls -- 10 -- -- -- -- -- 20 80 10 100 2.6

aIn cooperation with Bureau of Ships, Department of the Navy.bRetention values in parentheses based on preservative oxides.

This study was initiated by J. Oscar Blew.

Condition of stakes January 1997 (%)
Table 26--Condition of Southern Pine stakes (2 by 4 in. nominal by 18 in.) treated with basic zinc chloride and zinc chloride

after about 50 years of service. Stakes placed in test on the Harrison Experimental Forest, Saucier, MS, March 1952 (Plot 32)

Serviceable but Destroyed by--

showing some-- Decay

Num- Decay fungi

Average ber and and Average

retention of in Termite termite Decay Termite termite Total removed life

Preservative (lb/ft3) test Good Decay attack attack fungi attack attack Number % (year)

Basic zinc chloridea

1.00 10 -- 20 -- 70 10 -- -- 1 10 --2.11 10 -- 40 10 50 -- -- -- -- -- --4.13 10 -- 70 20 10 -- -- -- -- -- --

Zinc chloride 1.02 (0.61)b 10 -- -- -- -- 10 -- 90 10 100 24.2

Untreated controls -- 10 -- -- -- -- 10 20 70 10 100 2.3

aPershall process. Compound intended as fire retardant with retentions of 3-1/2 to 4 lb/ft3.

 Retentions of basic zinc chloride are expressed as weight of zinc oxide.

bRetention value in parentheses based on preservative oxide ZnO.

This study was initiated by J. Oscar Blew.

Condition of stakes January 2002 (%)
Table 27--Condition of Southern Pine stakes (2 by 4 in. nominal by 18 in.) treated with naval stores products after about 40 years of service. 

Stakes placed in test on the Harrison Experimental Forest, Saucier, MS, March 1952 (Plot 36) 

Condition of stakes December 1991 (%) 

Serviceable but showing some-- Destroyed by-- Total removed 

Preservativea

Average 

retention 

(lb/ft3) 

Number 

in test Good Decay

Termite 

attack 

Decay

and 

termite 

attack 

Decay

fungi 

Termite 

attack 

Decay

and 

termite 

attack Number %

Average 

life 

 (year) 

Rosin oil and No. 2 fuel oil (2:7) 4.1 10 ó ó ó ó 30 ó 70 100 6.8 

8.0 10 ó ó ó ó 60 ó 40 100 5.8

12.3 10 ó ó ó ó 20 ó 80 100 9.3

Rosin oil and No. 2 fuel oil (1:7) 4.0 10 ó ó ó ó 10 ó 90 100 5.6 

8.0 10 ó ó ó ó 50 ó 50 100 5.8

12.1 10 ó ó ó ó 40 ó 60 100 8.6

Rosin oil and No. 2 fuel oil (1:7) 4.0 10 ó ó ó ó 20 ó 80 100 11.4  with 2.98% pentachlorophenol 8.0 10 ó ó ó ó 20 ó 80 100 14.8 

12.1 ó 10 ó ó 20 20 ó 60 80 ó

No. 2 fuel oil 4.1 10 ó ó ó ó 30 10 60 100 6.1 No. 2 fuel oil with 2.92% 4.0 10 ó ó ó ó 10 ó 90 100 11.1 pentachlorophenol 8.0 10 ó ó ó ó 20 ó 80 100 12.8 

12.3 10 ó ó ó ó ó ó 100 100 25.8

No. 2 fuel oil with 4.94% 4.1 10 ó ó ó ó 50 ó 50 100 12.4  pentachlorophenol 8.0 10 ó ó ó ó 40 ó 60 100 13.2 

12.0 ó 9b ó ó 33 33 ó 33 66 ó 

Rosin oil and Stoddard solvent (1:7) 8.0 10 ó ó ó ó 50 ó 50 100 12.5  with 3.21% pentachlorophenol

Oleo resin and No. 2 fuel oil (2:7) 4.0 9b ó ó ó ó ó ó 100 100 6.1

8.1 10 ó ó ó ó 40 10 50 100 6.8

12.2 10 ó ó ó ó 30 ó 70 100 10.7

Oleo resin and Stoddard solvent (1:7) 8.2 10 ó ó ó ó 40 10 50 100 10.4  with 3.11% pentachlorophenol

Drop liquor concentrate and Stoddard 7.9 10 ó ó ó ó 20 ó 80 100 8.7 solvent (l:7) with 2.99%  pentachlorophenol 

(Page 1 of 2)
Table 27--Condition of Southern Pine stakes (2 by 4 in. nominal by 18 in.) treated with naval stores products after about 40 years of service. 

Stakes placed in test on the Harrison Experimental Forest, Saucier, MS, March 1952 (Plot 36)--concluded 

Condition of stakes December 1991 (%) 

Serviceable but showing some-- Destroyed by-- Total removed 

Preservative 

Average 

retention 

(lb/ft3) 

Number 

in test Good Decay

Termite 

attack 

Decay and 

termite 

attack 

Decay

fungi 

Termite 

attack 

Decay and 

termite 

attack Number %

Average

life 

(year) 

Oleo resin and No. 2 fuel oil (1:7) 4.1 10 ó ó ó ó 50 ó 50 100 10.0

 with 2.94% pentachlorophenol 8.0 10 ó ó ó ó 30 ó 70 100 13.5 

12.0 10 ó ó ó ó ó 20 80 100 16.3

Drop liquor concentrate and 4.0 10 ó ó ó ó 10 ó 90 100 6.8  No. 2 fuel oil (2:7) 8.0 10 ó ó ó ó 20 ó 80 100 7.8 

12.0 10 ó ó ó ó ó ó 100 10.2 100

Drop liquor concentrate and No. 2 fuel 4.0 10 ó ó ó ó ó ó 100 100 12.2 oil (1:7) with 3.03% pentachlorophenol 8.0 10 ó ó ó ó 30 ó 70 100 16.2

12.0 10 ó ó ó ó 20 ó 80 20.2 100

No. 2 fuel oil with 5% rosin amine D 4.1 10 ó ó ó ó 50 ó 50 100 8.0  copper acetate complex 8.0 10 ó ó ó ó 50 ó 50 100 9.6 

12.1 10 ó ó ó ó 60 ó 40 15.9 100

Untreated controls ó 10 ó ó ó ó ó 30 70 100 2.8 

aRatios and percentages on weight basis. bOne stake missing, eliminated from test. 

This study was initiated by J. Oscar Blew. 

(Page 2 of 2)
Table 28--Condition of Southern Pine stakes (2 by 4 in. nominal by 18 in.) treated with coal-tar creosotes from tars produced by lowtemperature carbonization (Disco process) after 48 years of service. Stakes placed in test on the Harrison Experimental Forest, 

Saucier, MS, December 1952 (Plot 37)

Condition of stakes June 2000 (%)

Serviceable but Destroyed by--

showing some-- Decay

Num- Decay fungi

Average ber and and Average

retention in Termite termite Decay Termite termite Total removed life

Preservative (lb/ft3) testa Good Decay attack attack fungi attack attack Number % (year)

Low-temperature coal-tar creosote, 5.0 8 -- -- -- 12 63 -- 25 7 88 --

type 1 (tar acids present) 10.2 9 -- 11 -- 22 33 -- 33 6 67 --

15.4 9 -- 44 -- 56 -- -- -- -- -- --

Low-temperature coal-tar creosote, 5.0 9 -- -- -- -- 44 -- 56 9 100 27.2

type 2 (high percentage of tar acids 9.8 10 -- 20 -- 20 50 -- 10 6 60 --

removed) 15.2 10 -- 30 -- 60 10 -- -- 1 10 --

Untreated controls -- 10 -- -- -- -- -- 40 60 10 100 2.3

aTen stakes were originally installed at each test station; this number has since been reduced because of failure to locate the stakes

at the time of inspection.

This study was initiated by J. Oscar Blew.
Table 29--Condition of Southern Pine stakes (2 by 4 in. nominal by 18 in.) treated with preservative oils and conditioned by vapor cleaning and steaming to

remove residual solvents after about 28-1/2 years of service. Stakes placed in test on the Harrison Experimental Forest, Saucier, MS, April 1953a (Plot 38)

Average preservative

retention (lb/ft3)

By

From weightb analysisc Condition of stakes October 1992 (%)

Penta- Penta- Serviceable but Destroyed by--

chloro- chloro- showing some-- Decay

Num- phenol phenol Decay fungi

Conditioning ber or or and and Average

after in Solu- copper copper Termite termite Decay Termite termite Total removed life

Preservative treatmentd test tion metal metal Good Decay attack attack fungi attack attack Number % (year)

Pentachlorophenol, None 10 4.2 0.105 0.082 -- -- -- -- 20 10 70 10 100 11.6

 2.5% in light Steaming 10 4.2 0.105 0.091 -- -- -- -- 10 -- 90 10 100 12.4 aromatic solvente

Pentachlorophenol, Vapor 10 4.1 0.102 0.069 -- -- -- -- 10 10 80 10 100 11.3

 2.5% in light cleaning aromatic solvent

Pentachlorophenol, Steaming 10 4.4 0.200 0.139 -- -- -- -- 30 -- 70 10 100 10.8

 4.5% in light aromatic solvente

Pentachlorophenol, Vapor 10 4.5 0.225 0.136 -- -- -- -- 20 -- 80 10 100 14.2

 5% in light cleaning

 aromatic solvent

Pentachlorophenol, None 10 4.6 0.230 0.186 -- -- -- -- 10 -- 90 10 100 14.1

 5% in light Steaming 10 4.8 0.240 0.222 -- -- -- -- 10 -- 90 10 100 12.9 aromatic solvente

Pentachlorophenol, Vapor 10 6.0 0.300 0.173 -- -- -- -- -- -- 100 10 100 12.3

 5% in light cleaning aromatic solvent

Pentachlorophenol, Steaming 10 4.4 0.400 0.319 -- -- -- 20 10 -- 70 8 80 18.0f

 9.1% in light aromatic solvente

Pentachlorophenol, Vapor 10 6.0 0.600 0.397 -- -- -- 30 -- -- 70 7 70 18.5f

 10% in light cleaning aromatic solvent

Pentachlorophenol, None 10 6.2 0.310 0.121 -- -- -- -- -- -- 100 10 100 16.5

 5% in No. 2 Steaming 10 6.6 0.330 0.146 -- -- -- 10 20 -- 70 9 90 15.0f fuel oil Vapor 10 7.2 0.360 0.111 -- -- -- -- 20 -- 80 10 100 13.1

cleaning

(Page 1 of 2)
Table 29--Condition of Southern Pine stakes (2 by 4 in. nominal by 18 in.) treated with preservative oils and conditioned by vapor cleaning and steaming to 

remove residual solvents after about 28-1/2 years of service. Stakes placed in test on the Harrison Experimental Forest, Saucier, MS, April 1953a

(Plot 38)--concluded

Average preservative

retention (lb/ft3)

By

From weightb analysisc Condition of stakes October 1992 (%)

Penta- Penta- Serviceable but Destroyed by--

chloro- chloro- showing some-- Decay

Num- phenol phenol Decay fungi

Conditioning ber or or and and Average

after in Solu- copper copper Termite termite Decay Termite termite Total removed life

Preservative treatmentd test tion metal metal Good Decay attack attack fungi attack attack Number % (year)

Copper naphthenate, None 10 4.6 0.023 0.020 -- -- -- -- 50 -- 50 10 100 11.0 0.5% copper in Steaming 10 4.5 0.022 0.020 -- -- -- -- 40 -- 60 10 100 12.0 light aromatic solvent Vapor 10 4.6 0.023 0.018 -- -- -- -- 40 -- 60 10 100 11.8

cleaning

Copper naphthenate, Steaming 10 4.4 0.026 0.023 -- -- -- -- 30 -- 70 10 100 14.3 0.59% copper in light aromatic solventCopper naphthenate, Vapor 10 4.2 0.029 0.021 -- -- -- -- 30 -- 70 10 100 13.7 0.7% copper in cleaning light aromatic solventUntreated controls -- 10 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 60 40 10 100 2.4

aIn cooperation with the Bureau of Ships, Department of the Navy.bWeights determined before and after treatment, prior to conditioning.cAnalysis performed 2 months after treatment.dOne-hour steaming with maximum temperature 259oF and 1-h vacuum, following which steaming and vacuum periods were repeated. One-hour heating

 in vapor of aromatic solvent with maximum temperature of 280oF and 1-h vacuum, following which vapor heating and vacuum periods were repeated.

fEstimate based on percentage of stakes remaining after final inspection.

This study was initiated by J. Oscar Blew. (Page 2 of 2)

eSolution contined 5% ester gum (by weight) as a bloom preventative.
Table 30--Condition of Southern Pine stakes (2 by 4 in. nominal by 18 in.) treated with Basilit UAa after about 

Condition of stakes January 1995 (%)

Serviceable but Destroyed by--

showing some-- Decay

Num- Decay fungi

Average ber and and Average

retentionb in Termite termite Decay Termite termite Total removed life

Preservative (lb/ft3) test Good Decay attack attack fungi attack attack Number % (year)

Basilit UA 0.25 (0.19 10 -- -- -- -- -- 50 50 10 100 21.6

Basilit UA 0.53 (0.39 10 -- -- -- 70 30 -- -- 3 30 --Basilit UA 0.75 (0.56 9 -- -- -- 100 -- -- -- -- -- --Untreated controls -- 10 -- -- -- -- -- 20 80 10 100 1.8

aContains sodium fluoride, sodium dichromate, and sodium arsenate.bRetention values in parentheses based on preservative oxides.

This study was initiated by J. Oscar Blew.41 years of service. Stakes placed in test on the Harrison Experimental Forest, Saucier, MS, December 1954 (Plot 40)
Table 31--Condition of Southern Pine stakes (2 by 4 in. nominal by 18 in.) of uninfected and Trichoderma mold-infected wood,

 treated with coal-tar creosote, pentachlorophenol solution, and copper chromated zinc chloride, after about 41 years of service. 

 Stakes placed in test on the Harrison Experimental Forest, Saucier, MS, December 1954 (Plot 41)

Condition of stakes January 1995 (%)

Serviceable but Destroyed by--

showing some-- Decay

Num- Decay fungi

Average ber and and Average

retentiona in Termite termite Decay Termite termite Total removed life

Preservative (lb/ft3

) test

b Good Decay attack attack fungi attack attack Number % (year)

Without Mold Infection

Coal-tar creosote (high 3.9 10 -- -- -- -- 70 -- 30 10 100 25.2

 residue, straight run) 7.8 9 -- -- -- 22 78 -- -- 7 78 --

12.2 10 -- 10 -- 70 20 -- -- 2 20 --

Coal-tar creosote (low 4.0 10 -- -- -- 10 20 -- 70 9 90 --

 residue, low in tar acids 8.0 10 -- -- -- 40 30 -- 30 6 60 --

 and naphthalenes) 12.4 8 -- -- -- 100 -- -- -- -- -- --

Pentachlorophenol 4.2 10 -- -- -- -- 10 20 70 10 100 16.7

 (4.7% in No. 2 fuel oil) 8.1 9 -- -- -- -- 33 -- 67 9 100 21.6

12.1 9 -- -- -- 89 -- -- 11 1 11 --

Copperized chromated 0.34 (0.20) 10 -- -- -- -- -- 20 80 10 100 16.6

 zinc chloride 0.73 (0.45) 10 -- -- -- 10 60 -- 30 9 90 --

1.15 (0.71) 9 -- -- -- 44 44 -- 11 5 56 --

Untreated controls -- 10 -- -- -- -- -- 60 40 10 100 2.1

Infected with Trichoderma Mold 

Coal-tar creosote (high 4.0 10 -- -- -- 10 40 -- 50 9 90 --

 residue, straight run) 8.0 10 -- -- -- 40 60 -- -- 6 60 --

12.0 9 -- -- -- 78 22 -- -- 2 22 --

Coal-tar creosote (low 4.1 10 -- -- -- -- 60 -- 40 10 100 16.6

 residue, low in tar acids 8.0 10 -- -- -- 20 40 -- 40 8 80 --

 and naphthalenes) 12.0 10 -- -- -- 90 -- -- 10 1 10 --

Pentachlorophenol 4.2 10 -- -- -- -- 20 20 60 10 100 17.6

 (4.7% in No. 2 fuel oil) 7.8 9 -- -- -- -- 11 -- 89 9 100 19.2

11.9 10 -- -- -- 50 10 -- 40 5 50 --

Copperized chromated 0.34 (0.20) 10 -- -- -- -- -- 20 80 10 100 20.2

 zinc chloride 0.74 (0.45) 9 -- -- -- 56 22 -- 22 4 44 --

1.17 (0.71) 10 -- -- -- 60 30 -- 10 4 40 --

Untreated controls -- 10 -- -- -- -- 10 30 60 10 100 2.5

a

Retention values in parentheses are based on preservative oxides.

b

Ten stakes were originally installed at each test station; this number has since been reduced because of 

 failure to locate the stakes at the time of inspection.

This study was initiated by Edward Panek.
alone and fortified with pentachlorophenol after 41 years of service. Stakes placed in test on the Harrison Experimental Forest,

Saucier, MS, December 1954 (Plot 42)

Condition of stakes January 1995 (%)

Serviceable but Destroyed by--

showing some-- Decay

Num- Decay fungi

Average ber and and Average

retention in Termite termite Decay Termite termite Total removed life

Preservative (lb/ft3

) test Good Decay attack attack fungi attack attack Number % (year)

Texas lignite coal-tar creosote 5.0 9 -- -- -- -- 11 -- 89 9 100 17.2

 9.8 10 -- -- -- 10 -- -- 90 9 90 --

15.2 10 -- -- -- 100 -- -- -- -- -- --

25% paraffin in aromatic volatile 25.9 10 -- -- -- -- 1 1 8 10 100 18.4

 solvent (by weight)

5% pentachlorophenol plus 26.3 10 -- -- -- 100 -- -- -- -- -- --

 28.5% paraffin in aromatic

 volatile solvent (by weight)

 

Untreated controls -- 10 -- -- -- -- -- 30 70 10 100 2.3

This study was initiated by J. Oscar Blew.

Table 32--Condition of Southern Pine stakes (2 by 4 in. nominal by 18 in.) treated with Texas lignite coal-tar creosote and with paraffin
Table 33--Condition of Douglas-fir, sweetgum, and tangile plywood stakes treated with pentachlorophenol and with fluor chrome arsenate phenol type A

after about 26 years of service. Stakes placed in test on the Harrison Experimental Forest, Saucier, MS, January 1956 (Plot 44)a

Condition of stakes December 1981 (%)

Serviceable but Destroyed by--

showing some-- Decay

Num- Decay fungi

Average ber and and Average

retentiond in Termite termite Decay Termitetermite Total removed life

Plywood Preservativeb Treatmentc (lb/ft3) test Good Decay attack attack fungi attack attack Number % (year)

Plywood Treated Before Gluing

Douglas-fir Pentachlorophenol Hot and cold 10.0 9 -- -- -- -- 22 -- 77 9 100 14.0

Pentachlorophenol Cold soaked 6.3 10 -- -- -- -- 30 -- 70 10 100 8.2Fluor chrome

 arsenate phenol type A Hot and cold 0.52 (0.32) 10 -- -- -- -- 50 -- 50 10 100 12.3

Sweetgum Pentachlorophenol Hot and cold 15.1 10 -- -- -- -- 30 -- 70 10 100 7.4

Fluor chrome

 arsenate phenol type A Hot and cold 0.62 (0.39) 10 -- -- -- -- 60 -- 40 10 100 8.5

Tangile Pentachlorophenol Hot and cold 9.4 10 -- -- -- -- 60 -- 40 10 100 6.8

Fluor chrome

 arsenate phenol type A Hot and cold 0.59 (0.37) 10 -- -- -- -- 100 -- -- 10 100 10.4

Plywood Treated After Gluing

Douglas-fir Pentachlorophenol Pressure 9.6 10 -- -- -- -- 20 -- 80 10 100 15.4

Pentachlorophenol Cold soaked 0.9 10 -- -- -- -- 20 10 70 10 100 5.3Pentachlorophenol Cold soaked 1.4e 10 -- -- -- -- -- 20 80 10 100 7.1

Fluor chrome

 arsenate phenol type A Pressure 0.61 (0.38) 9 -- -- -- -- 22 22 56 9 100 18.3

Sweetgum Pentachlorophenol Pressure 10.6 10 -- -- -- -- 70 -- 30 10 100 6.3

Fluor chrome

 arsenate phenol type A Pressure 0.55 (0.34) 10 -- -- -- -- 50f 10 40 10 100 7.6

Tangile Pentachlorophenol Pressure 10.4 10 -- -- -- -- 70 -- 30 10 100 13.4

Fluor chrome

 arsenate phenol type A Pressure 0.60 (0.37) 10 -- -- -- -- 90 -- 10 10 100 14.9

(Page 1 of 2)
Table 33--Condition of Douglas-fir, sweeetgum, and tangile plywood stakes treated with pentachlorophenol and with fluor chrome arsenate phenol type A

after about 26 years of service. Stakes placed in test on the Harrison Experimental Forest, Saucier, MS, January 1956 (Plot 44)--concluded

Condition of stakes December 1981 (%)

Serviceable but Destroyed by--

showing some-- Decay

Num- Decay fungi

Average ber and and Average

retention in Termite termite Decay Termitetermite Total removed life

Plywood Preservative Treatment (lb/ft3) test Good Decay attack attack fungi attack attack Number % (year)

Untreated controls

Douglas-fir -- -- -- 10 -- -- -- -- -- -- 100 10 100 3.6Sweetgum -- -- -- 10 -- -- -- -- 10 10 80 10 100 1.4Tangile -- -- -- 10 -- -- -- -- 40 -- 60 10 100 1.9

aIn cooperation with the Bureau of Ships, Department of the Navy.bFor pentachlorophenol, 5% solution conforming to MIL-W-18142 (SHIPS) specification, 27 August 1954.cHot and cold treatment consisted of heating in a veneer dryer and immersion in unheated preservative solution until desired retention was obtained.

dRetention values in parentheses are based on preservative oxides.

eStakes were cut from the panels and then treated.fOne stake decayed by soft-rot fungus.

NOTE: The stakes were five-ply veneer, 5/8 by 4 by 18 in., cut from panels 24 by 48 in. For other treated items, the stakes were cut after treatment

and the edges exposed in sawing were brush coated with the preservative.

This study was initiated by Edward Panek.

(Page 2 of 2)
Table 34--Condition of Southern Pine stakes (2 by 4 in. nominal by 18 in.) treated with copper formate, after about 44 years of service.

Stakes placed in test on the Harrison Experimental Forest, Saucier, MS, December 1956 (Plot 47)

Condition of stakes January 2000 (%)

Serviceable but Destroyed by--

showing some-- Decay

Average Num- Decay fungi

retention ber and and Average

(copper) in Termite termite Decay Termite termite Total removed life

Preservative (lb/ft3

) test Good Decay attack attack fungi attack attack Number % (year)

Copper formate 0.03 10 -- -- -- -- 30 -- 70 10 100 7.4

0.06 10 -- -- -- -- 90 -- 10 10 100 25.9

0.09 10 -- -- -- 40 50 -- 10 6 60 --

0.12 10 -- 10 -- 60 30 -- -- 3 30 --

Untreated controls -- 10 -- -- -- -- -- -- 100 10 100 3.4

This study was initiated by J. Oscar Blew.
Table 35--Condition of Southern Pine stakes treated with KPa preservative after 34 and 43 years of service. Stakes placed

in test on the Harrison Experimental Forest, Saucier, MS, December 1957 and Madison, WI, May 1958 (Plot 48)

Serviceable but Destroyed by--

showing some-- Decay

Num- Decay fungi

Average ber and and Average

retention

b in Termite termite Decay Termite termite Total removed life

Preservative Location (lb/ft3

) testc Good Decay attack attack fungi attack attack Number % (year)

Stakes 3/4 by 3/4 by 18 in.

KP preservative MS 0.09 9 -- -- -- -- 56 11 33 9 100 9.9

MS 0.18 7 -- -- -- -- 86 -- 14 7 100 16.4

MS 0.28 8 -- 29 -- -- 57 -- 14 5 71 --

MS 0.37 4 -- -- -- -- 100 -- -- 4 100 25.6

Chromated zinc chloride MS 1.20 (0.73) 9 -- -- -- -- 11 67 22 9 100 13.7

Coal-tar creosote MS 11.70 8 -- -- -- 25 50 25 6 75 --

Untreated controls MS -- 10 -- -- -- -- 40 -- 60 10 100 2.1

Stakes 2 by 4 by 18 in.

KP preservative MS 0.09 10 -- -- -- -- 70 -- 30 10 100 13.5

WI 0.09 8 -- -- -- -- 100 -- -- 8 100 19.8

MS 0.19 9 -- 11 -- 44 44 -- -- 4 44 --

WI 0.18 10 -- 30 -- -- 70 -- -- 7 70 --

MS 0.27 10 10 10 10 50 20 -- -- 2 20 --

WI 0.27 8 -- 63 -- -- 37 -- -- 3 37 --

MS 0.37 9 11 22 22 22 22 -- -- 2 22 --

WI 0.35 7 -- 100 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --

Chromated zinc chloride MS 1.16 (0.71) 10 -- -- -- -- 20 -- 80 10 100 22.9

WI 1.21 (0.74) 8 -- 25 -- -- 75 -- -- -- -- --

Coal-tar creosote MS 10.20 9 -- 22 -- 78 -- -- -- -- -- --

WI 10.20 10 10 90 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --

Untreated controls MS -- 10 -- -- -- -- 20 -- 80 10 100 2.5

WI -- 10 -- -- -- -- 100 -- -- -- -- 3.6

a

Copper oxide and chlorophenols.

b

Retention values in parentheses are based on preservative oxides.

c

When the number of stakes is less than 10, specimens were found broken and eliminated from test.

This study was initiated by J. Oscar Blew.

December 2000 (MS) (%)

Condition of stakes October 1992 (WI) and 
Table 36--Condition of Southern Pine stakes (2 by 4 in. nominal by 18 in.) treated with tributyltin oxide, cyanoethylated stakes,

and stakes treated for destruction of thiamine, after approximately 9-1/2 years of service in Mississippi and 8 years in Madison, WI. 

Stakes placed in test on the Harrison Experimental Forest, Saucier, MS, December 1958 and in Wisconsin, May 1959 (Plot 53)

Condition of stakes January 1967 (%)

Serviceable but Destroyed by--

showing some-- Decay

Num- Decay fungi

Average ber and and Average

retention in Termite termite Decay Termite termite Total removed life

Preservative Location (lb/ft3

) test Good Decay attack attack fungi attack attack Number % (year)

Tributyltin oxidea MS 0.015 10 -- -- -- -- -- 10 90 10 100 6.4

MS 0.030 10 -- -- -- -- 10 -- 90 10 100 7.2

MS 0.045 10 -- -- -- -- 10 -- 90 10 100 7.4

Stoddard solvent (controls) MS 7.1 10 -- -- -- -- -- 20 80 10 100 4.0

Acrylonitrileb MS 1.23 10 -- -- -- -- -- 10 90 10 100 3.9

WI 1.22 10 -- -- -- -- 100 -- -- 10 100 6.3

MS 2.46 10 -- -- -- -- -- 10 90 10 100 5.3

WI 2.48 10 -- -- -- -- 100 -- -- 10 100 7.8

Ammonium hydroxidec MS -- 10 -- -- -- -- -- 10 90 10 100 3.5

Untreated controls MS -- 10 -- -- -- -- -- -- 100 10 100 3.6

WI -- 10 -- -- -- -- 100 -- -- 10 100 4.0

a

In Stoddard solvent.

b

Used with ammonium hydroxide for cyanoethylation.

c

Followed by steaming for thiamine destruction.

This study was initiated by J. Oscar Blew.
Table 37--Condition of Southern Pine stakes (2 by 4 in. nominal and 3/4 by 3/4 in. by 18 in.) treated with fluor

chrome arsenate phenol type A (AWPA-P5 and modification) after about 30 years of service. Stakes placed

in test on the Harrison Experimental Forest, Saucier, MS, December 1959 (Plot 55)

Condition of stakes December 1989 (%)

Serviceable but Destroyed by--

showing some-- Decay

Num- Decay fungi

Average ber and and Average

retention

a in Termite termite Decay Termite termite Total removed life

Preservative (lb/ft3

) test

b Good Decay attack attack fungi attack attack Number % (year)

Stakes 2 by 4 Nominal by 18 in.

Fluor chrome arsenate 0.35 (0.22) 8 -- -- -- -- 63 -- 37 9 100 18.3

 phenol (Federal Spec. 0.50 (0.31) 10 -- -- -- -- 80 -- 20 10 100 18.5

 TT-W-535) (Type A) 0.75 (0.47) 10 -- -- -- -- 80 -- 20 10 100 25.1

Fluor chrome arsenate 0.35 (0.22) 9 -- -- -- -- 33 11 56 9 100 16.7

 phenol (Type A) 0.50 (0.31) 10 -- -- -- -- 80 -- 20 10 100 17.5

 (Modified)

c 0.76 (0.47) 10 -- -- -- -- 90 -- 10 10 100 21.4

Untreated controls -- 10 -- -- -- -- 40 20 40 10 100 2.1

Stakes 3/4 by 3/4 by 18 in.

Fluor chrome arsenate 0.36 (0.22) 9 -- -- -- -- 33 33 33 9 100 7.4

 phenol (Federal Spec. 0.51 (0.32) 9 -- -- -- -- 56 33 11 9 100 11.9

 TT-W-535) (Type A) 0.77 (0.48) 8 -- -- -- -- 50 13 37 8 100 16.5

Fluor chrome arsenate 0.37 (0.23) 10 -- -- -- -- 20 30 50 10 100 8.3

 phenol (Type A) 0.52 (0.32) 10 -- -- -- -- 20 40 40 10 100 11.6

 (Modified)

c 0.80 (0.38) 9 -- -- -- -- 56 11 33 9 100 15.3

Untreated controls -- 10 -- -- -- -- 30 20 50 10 100 1.4

a

Retention values in parentheses are based on preservative oxides.

b

When the number of stakes is less than 10, stakes were damaged mechanically and eliminated from test.

c

Sodium pentachlorophenate substituted for dinitrophenol.

This study was initiated by J. Oscar Blew.
Table 38--Condition of Southern Pine stakes (2 by 4 in. nominal by 18 in.) treated with copper-8-quinolinolate after approximately 9 years of service.

Stakes placed in test on the Harrison Experimental Forest, Saucier, MS, December 1959 (Plot 54)

Condition of stakes November 1968 (%)

Serviceable but Destroyed by--

showing some-- Decay

Average retention Num- Decay fungi

Copper-8- ber and and Average

Solution quinolinolate in Termite termite Decay Termite termite Total removed life

Preservative (lb/ft3) (lb/ft3) test Good Decay attack attack fungi attack attack Number % (year)

Copper-8-quinolinolate

 0.1% in Stoddard solvent 9.9 0.010 10 -- -- -- -- 10 -- 90 10 100 5.3 0.1% in Stoddard solvent 9.9 0.020 10 -- -- -- -- 20 10 70 10 100 4.2 0.1% in Stoddard solvent 10.0 0.060 10 -- -- -- 10 40 -- 50 9 90 5.6a

 0.1% in Stoddard solvent 10.2 0.123 10 -- -- -- 10 60 -- 30 9 90 7.8a 0.6% paraffin, 2%; and Pentalyn-H, 10% in Stoddard solvent 10.1 0.061 10 -- 10 -- 20 70 -- -- 7 70 8.8a 0.6%; Dieldrin, 0.5% in Stoddard solvent 10.1 0.060 10 -- -- -- 10 70 -- 20 9 90 6.6a

Untreated controls -- -- 10 -- -- -- -- -- 20 80 10 100 2.2

aEstimate based on percentage of stakes remaining after final inspection.

This study was initiated by J. Oscar Blew.
Table 39--Condition of Southern Pine stakes (2 by 4 in. nominal by 18 in.) treated with blends of extracts from Texas lignite tar after about

40 years of service. Stakes placed in test on the Harrison Experimental Forest, Saucier, MS, December 1960 (Plot 57)

Condition of stakes January 2000 (%)

Serviceable but Destroyed by--

showing some-- Decay

Num- Decay fungi

Average ber and and Average

retention in Termite termite Decay Termitetermite Total removed life

Lignite-tar extracts (lb/ft3) test Good Decay attack attack fungi attack attack Number % (year)

Hexane-soluble residue, 25%; and hexane 5.1 10 -- -- -- -- 20 -- 80 10 100 16.2

 distillate, 75% (by weight) 10.0 10 -- -- -- 30 30 -- 40 7 70 --

14.1 10 -- -- -- 70 30 -- -- 3 30 --

High-boiling methanol solubles, 25%; hexane 5.0 10 -- -- -- -- -- -- 100 10 100 18.8

 distillate, 75% (by weight) 9.3 10 -- -- -- 70 10 -- 20 3 30 --

15.2 10 -- -- -- 100 -- -- -- -- -- --

High-boiling methanol solubles, 10%; hexane- 5.1 10 -- -- -- -- 10 -- 90 10 100 18.8

 soluble residue, 20%; and hexane distillate, 10.1 10 -- -- -- 50 20 -- 30 5 50 -- 70% (by weight) 14.7 10 -- -- -- 100 -- -- -- -- -- --

High-boiling methanol solubles, 20%; hexane- 5.2 10 -- -- -- -- 20 -- 80 10 100 20.2

 soluble residue, 10%; and hexane distillate, 10.0 10 -- -- -- 100 -- -- -- -- -- -- 70% (by weight) 15.2 10 -- -- -- 100 -- -- -- -- -- --

High-boiling methanol solubles, 15%; and hexane 5.0 10 -- -- -- -- 10 10 80 10 100 22.0

 distillate, 85% (by weight) 10.2 10 -- -- -- 90 -- -- 10 1 10 --

14.9 10 -- 10 -- 90 -- -- -- -- -- --

High-boiling methanol solubles, 24,5%; hexane 5.1 10 -- -- -- 10 30 -- 30 6 60 --

 distillate, 74.5%; and petroleum sulfonate 9.9 10 -- -- -- 70 20 -- 10 3 30 -- (Morpel X-914), 1% (by weight) 15.0 10 -- -- -- 10 -- -- -- -- -- --

Untreated controls -- 10 -- -- -- -- -- -- 100 10 100 2.6This study was initiated by J. Oscar Blew.
Table 40--Condition of 1- by 4- by 18-in. stakes of embedded fiberboarda and untreated Douglas-fir heartwood

after 18 years of service. Stakes placed in test on the Harrison Experimental Forest, Saucier, MS, December 1960 (Plot 58) 

Condition of stakes December 1978 (%)

Serviceable but Destroyed by--

showing some-- Decay

Decay fungi

Number and and Average

in Termite termite Decay Termite termite Total removed life

Material test Good Decay attack attack fungi attack attack Number % (year)Embedded fiberboarda

 6b -- -- -- -- 100c -- -- 6 100 11.3

Douglas-fir heartwood

10 -- -- -- -- 70 10 20 10 100 3.0

aWestern hemlock strands in portland cement.bStakes missing and eliminated from test.cFailures attributed mainly to the effect of moisture.
Table 41--Condition of Southern Pine stakes (2 by 4 in. nominal by 18 in.) treated with tributyltin oxide and pentachlorophenol solutions with 

heavy and light petroleum solvents, with and without the addition of Dieldrin and Aldrin, after about 40 years of service. Stakes placed in test on the Harrison Experimental Forest, Saucier, MS, December 1960 (Plot 56)

Condition of stakes January 2000 (%)

Serviceable but Destroyed by--

showing some-- Decay

Num- Decay fungi

Average ber and and Average

retention in Termite termite DecayTermitetermite Total removed life

Preservative (lb/ft3) testa Good Decay attack attack fungi attack attack Number % (year)

Solutions with Stoddard solvent

Tributyltin oxide, 0.3%; and Dieldrin, 0.3% 8.0 10 -- -- -- -- 90 -- 10 10 100 4.9Tributyltin oxide, 0.6%; and Dieldrin, 0.3% 8.0 10 -- -- -- -- 90 -- 10 10 100 6.9Tributyltin oxide, 0.3%; and Aldrin, 0.3% 8.0 10 -- -- -- -- 90 -- 10 10 100 4.6Tributyltin oxide

0.3% 8.2 10 -- -- -- -- 80 -- 20 10 100 4.50.6% 7.9 10 -- -- -- -- 50 -- 50 10 100 7.0

Tributyltin oxide, 0.6%; Dieldrin, 0.3%; and water repellent, 4.7% 8.0 10 -- -- -- -- 100 -- -- 10 100 6.9Tributyltin oxide, 0.6%; Aldrin, 0.3%; and water repellent, 4.7% 8.0 10 -- -- -- -- 70 -- 30 10 100 5.3Dieldrin, 0.6%; 8.0 10 -- -- -- -- 90 -- 10 10 100 4.0Pentachlorophenol, 5%; pine oil, 5%; and water repellent, 4.7% 8.0 9 -- -- -- 11 44 -- 44 8 89 --Pentachlorophenol, 5%; pine oil, 5%; Dieldrin 0.3%; and water repellent, 4.7% 8.0 10 -- -- -- 10 40 -- 50 9 90 --Water repellent, 4.7% 8.0 10 -- -- -- -- 80 -- 20 10 100 4.3Pentachlorophenol, 5%; pine oil, 5%; Dieldrin 0.3% stabilizer wax, 2%; and water repellent, 4.7% 8.0 9 -- -- -- 67 33 -- -- 3 33 --

Solutions with heavy petroleum solvent (AWPA P9)

Tributyltin oxide, 0.3%; and Dieldrin, 0.3% 8 10 -- -- -- -- 100 -- -- 10 100 22.2Tributyltin oxide, 0.6%; and Dieldrin, 0.3% 8 10 -- -- -- -- 60 -- 40 10 100 23.0Tributyltin oxide

0.3% 8 10 -- -- -- -- 40 -- 60 10 100 20.80.6% 8 10 -- -- -- -- 20 10 70 10 100 24.0

Pentachlorophenol, 5% 8 10 -- -- -- 70 10 -- 20 3 30 --Pentachlorophenol, 5%; and stabilizer wax, 2% 8 10 -- -- -- 80 -- -- 20 2 20 --Petroleum solvent contols 8 9 -- -- -- -- 11 -- 89 9 100 23.3Untreated controls -- 10 -- -- -- -- 70 -- 30 10 100 3.1

aTen stakes were originally installed at each test station; this number has since been reduced because of failure to locate the stakes

 at the time of inspection.

This study was initiated by Edward Panek.
Table 42--Condition of Southern Pine stakes (2 by 4 in. nominal by 18 in. and 3/4 by 3/4 in. by 17 in.) treated with pentachlorophenol in

liquefied petroleum gas and in heavy and light petroleum solvents after about 38-1/2 years of service. Stakes installed at Valley View TestPlot, Madison, WI, and on Harrison Experimental Forest, Saucier, MS, July 1961 (Plot 59)

Average retention

(lb/in3) Condition of stakes January 2000 (%)

By Serviceable but Destroyed by--

analy- showing some-- Decay

By weight sis Num- Decay fungi

Penta- Penta- ber and and Average

Solu- chloro- chloro- in Termite termite Decay Termite termite Total removed life

Preservative Location tion phenol phenol test Good Decay attack attack fungi attack attack Number % (year)

Stakes 2 by 4 nominal by 18 in.

Pentachlorophenol in MS -- -- 0.14b 10 -- -- -- -- 10 -- 90 10 100 18.9

liquefied petroleum gasa MS -- -- 0.19b 10 -- -- -- -- 10 -- 90 10 100 15.9

MS -- -- 0.34b 10 -- -- -- 90 -- -- 10 1 10 --MS -- -- 0.58b 10 -- -- -- 100 -- -- -- -- -- --

Solutions with AWPA P9

 (heavy petroleum solvent)

Pentachlorophenol

3.5% (by weight) MS 3.0 0.11 0.14 10 -- -- -- 10 -- -- 90 9 90 --

MS 4.5 0.19 0.22 10 -- -- -- 40 -- -- 60 6 60 --

4.2% (by weight) MS 6.8 0.29 0.32 10 -- -- -- 100 -- -- -- -- -- --

MS 16.0 0.67 0.69 10 2 1 -- 70 -- -- -- -- -- --

Solutions with Stoddard solvent

 Pentachlorophenol, 4.0%; MS 3.6 0.14 0.14 10 -- -- -- -- 10 -- 90 10 100 13.7

 paraffin, 2%; and MS 4.6 0.18 0.18 10 -- -- -- -- -- -- 100 10 100 15.9

Pentalyn-H, 10% (by weight)

 Pentachlorophenol, 5%; MS 7.6 0.38 0.39 10 -- -- -- 20 -- -- 80 8 80 --

 paraffin, 2%; and MS 13.5 0.67 0.70 10 -- -- -- 100 -- -- -- -- -- --

Pentalyn-H, 10% (by weight)

Untreated controls MS -- -- -- 10 -- -- -- -- 30 30 40 10 100 2.1

(Page 1 of 2)

Table 42--Condition of Southern Pine stakes (2 by 4 in. nominal by 18 in. and 3/4 by 3/4 in. by 17 in.) treated with pentachlorophenol in

liquefied petroleum gas and in heavy and light petroleum solvents after about 38-1/2 years of service. Stakes installed at Valley View TestPlot, Madison, WI, and on Harrison Experimental Forest, Saucier, MS, July 1961 (Plot 59)--concluded

Average retention

(lb/in3) Condition of stakes January 2000 (%)

By Serviceable but Destroyed by--

analy- showing some-- Decay

By weight sis Num- Decay fungi

Penta- Penta- ber and and Average

Solu- chloro- chloro- in Termite termite Decay Termite termite Total removed life

Preservative Location tion phenol phenol test Good Decay attack attack fungi attack attack Number % (year)

Stakes 3/4 by 3/4 by 17 in.

Pentachlorophenol in MS -- -- 0.15c 10 -- -- -- -- 40 -- 60 10 100 5.5

 liquefied petroleum gasa WI -- -- 0.15c 15 -- -- -- -- 100 -- -- 15 100 10.0

MS -- -- 0.19c 8d -- -- -- -- 50 -- 50 8 100 4.6

WI -- -- 0.19c 14d -- -- -- -- 100 -- -- 14 100 12.4

MS -- -- 0.31c 9d -- -- -- -- 22 11 67 9 100 11.9

WI -- -- 0.31c 13d -- -- -- -- 100 -- -- 13 100 13.7

MS -- -- 0.48c 8d -- -- -- -- 38 12 50 8 100 14.9

WI -- -- 0.48c 7d -- -- -- -- 100 -- -- 7 100 17.5

Solutions with AWPA P9 MS 3.2 0.14 -- 9d -- -- -- -- 11 -- 89 9 100 14.5

(heavy petroleum solvent) WI 3.3 0.14 -- 5d -- -- -- -- 100 -- -- 5 100 16.4Pentachlorophenol MS 3.8 0.16 -- 10 -- -- -- -- 10 10 80 10 100 14.5

4.2% (by weight) WI 3.9 0.16 -- 7d -- -- -- -- 100 -- -- 7 100 15.8

MS 5.7 0.24 -- 4d -- -- -- -- 25 -- 75 4 100 18.4

WI 5.5 0.23 -- 5d -- -- -- -- 100 -- -- 5 100 17.8

MS 16.7 0.70 -- 4d -- -- -- -- -- 100 4 100 30.4

WI 17.2 0.73 -- 4d -- -- -- -- 100 -- -- 4 100 22.4

Solutions in Stoddard solvent

 Pentachlorophenol, 4.0%; MS 3.5 0.14 -- 9d -- -- -- -- 44 11 44 9 100 5.6

 paraffin, 2%; and WI 3.0 0.12 -- 11d -- -- -- -- 100 -- -- 11 100 10.8 Pentalyn-H, 10% (by weight) MS 3.9 0.16 -- 10 -- -- -- -- 30 -- 70 10 100 4.9

WI 4.0 0.16 -- 13d -- -- -- -- 100 -- -- 13 100 10.8

 Pentachlorophenol, 5.0%; MS 6.4 0.32 -- 9d -- -- -- -- 22 -- 78 9 100 14.4

 paraffin, 2.0%; and WI 6.6 0.33 -- 14 -- -- -- -- 100 -- -- 14 100 14.4 Pentalyn-H, 10% (by weight) MS 14.4 0.72 -- 4d -- -- -- -- 50 -- 50 4 100 24.9

WI 14.6 0.73 -- 5d -- -- -- -- 100 -- -- 100 21.0

Untreated controls MS -- -- -- 10 -- -- -- -- 40 30 30 10 100 1.5

WI -- -- -- 15 -- -- -- -- 100 -- -- 15 100 4.0

aIt has been reported that the formulation of treating solution in liquefied petroleum gas has been changed since the stakes were treated.bFrom the analysis of composite sample of cross-section wafers taken at midpoint from ten 2- by 4- by 18-in. stakes and matched to the 10 stakes treated for installation.

Because retentions were not determined for individual test stakes, extra stakes were not treated to provide a selection, according to retentions, for the test installation.

cBased on analysis by Bell Telephone Laboratories of 2-in. sections cut adjacent to the test stakes.dStakes injured mechanically and eliminated from test.

This study was initiated by J. Oscar Blew.

(Page 2 of 2)
Table 43--Condition of Southern Pine stakes (2 by 4 in. nominal by 18 in.) treated with copper-8-quinolinolate and pentachlorophenol in heavy petroleum

solvent after 37 years of service. Stakes placed in test on the Harrison Experimental Forest, Saucier, MS, December 1963 (Plot 62)

Condition of stakes January 2000 (%)

Average retention Serviceable but Destroyed by--

Copper-8- showing some-- Decay

quinolinolate Num- Decay fungi

or penta- ber and and Average

Solution chlorophenol in Termite termite Decay Termite termite Total removed life

Preservative (lb/ft3) (lb/ft3) test Good Decay attack attack fungi attack attack Number % (year)

Solutions with heavy petroleum solvent

(AWPA P9):Copper-8-quinolinolate

0.15% 9.4 0.014 10 -- -- -- 10 20 10 60 9 90 --0.3% 10.1 0.030 10 -- -- -- -- 20 -- 80 10 100 27.30.6% 9.9 0.059 10 -- -- -- 10 50 -- 40 9 90 --1.2% 10.3 0.124 9a -- -- -- 100 -- -- -- -- -- --

Pentachlorophenol 4.98% 10.6 0.540 10 -- 10 -- 90 -- -- -- -- -- --Petroleum solvent controls 8.5 -- 10 -- -- -- -- 30 10 60 10 100 20.9Untreated controls -- -- 10 -- -- -- -- 20 -- 80 10 100 2.9

aTen stakes originally installed; eliminated stakes removed for causes other than decay or insect attack.

This study was initiated by L. R. Gjovik.
Table 44--Condition of Southern Pine stakes (2 by 4 in. nominal by 18 in.) treated with heptadecyltrimethyl-tetrahydropyrimidine

(HTP) in No. 2 fuel oil after about 37 years of service. Stakes placed in test on the Harrison Experimental Forest,

Saucier, MS, December 1963 (Plot 63)

Serviceable but Destroyed by--

showing some-- Decay

Num- Decay fungi

Average retention ber and and Average

 (lb/ft3) in Termite termite Decay Termite termite Total removed life

Preservative Solution HTP test Good Decay attack attack fungi attack attack Number % (year)

HTP, 2.5%, No. 2 fuel oil 6.0 0.150 10 -- -- -- -- -- -- 100 10 100 12.5

HTP, 5%, No. 2 fuel oil 8.1 0.406 10 -- -- -- 30 -- -- 70 7 70 --

HTP, 5%, No. 2 fuel oil 10.0 0.498 10 -- -- -- 60 20 -- 20 4 40 --

Untreated controls -- -- 10 -- -- -- -- -- -- 100 10 100 2.3

This study was initiated by H. L. Davidson.

Condition of stakes June 2000 (%)
Table 45--Condition of Southern Pine stakes (2 by 4 in. nominal by 18 in. and 3/4 by 3/4 by 16 in.) treated with pentachlorophenol 

in liquefied petroleum gas and in heavy and light petroleum solvents after about 35 years of service. Stakes placed in test on the

Harrison Experimental Forest, Saucier, MS, December 1963 (Plot 61)

Condition of stakes February 1998 (%)

Serviceable but Destroyed by--

showing some-- Decay

(lb/in3

) Num- Decay fungi

Penta- ber and and Average

Solu- chloro- in Termite termite Decay Termite termite Total removed life

Preservative tion phenol testc Good Decay attack attack fungi attack attack Number % (year)

Stakes 2 by 4 in.

Pentachlorophenol in -- 0.34a 10 -- -- -- 10 40 -- 50 9 90 --

 liquefied petroleum gasb -- 0.49a 10 -- -- -- 90 10 -- -- 1 10 --

-- 0.65a 10 -- -- -- 100 -- -- -- -- -- --

-- 0.39a,d 10 -- -- -- 100 -- -- -- -- -- --

Pentachlorophenol, 5% in

 heavy petroleum oil 10.6 0.53a 10 10 10 80 -- -- -- -- -- -- --

Heavy petroleum oil 8.0 -- 10 -- -- -- -- 20 -- 80 10 100 19.7

Untreated controls -- -- 10 -- -- -- -- 20 -- 80 10 100 2.5

Stakes 3/4 by 3/4 in.

Pentachlorophenol in -- 0.34a 10 -- -- -- -- 70 -- 30 10 100 8.6

 liquefied petroleum gasb -- 0.40a 8 -- -- -- -- 75 -- 25 8 100 7.2

-- 0.59a 6 -- -- -- -- 67 -- 33 6 100 9.1

-- 0.70a 8 -- -- -- -- 50 -- 50 8 100 16.5

Pentachlorophenol, 5% in

 heavy petroleum oil 10.8 0.54e 4 -- -- -- -- 50 -- 50 4 100 20.7

Heavy petroleum oil 8.3 -- 8 -- -- -- -- 75 25 -- 8 100 6.6

Untreated controls -- -- 10 -- -- -- -- 40 10 50 10 100 1.4

a

By x-ray analysis of samples from pieces from which stakes were cut.

b

With cosolvent of isopropyl ether.

c

When the number of stakes is less than 10, stakes were damaged mechanically and eliminated from test.

d

Treated in commercial charge with poles and crossarms.

e

Computed.

This study was initiated by J. Oscar Blew.

Average retention
Table 46--Condition of Southern Pine stakes (2 by 4 in. nominal by 18 in.) treated with copper-chrome-boron and acid copper chromate

preservatives after 30 years of service. Stakes placed in test on the Harrison Experimental Forest, Saucier, MS, January 1967 (Plot 66)

Condition of stakes January 1997 (%)

Serviceable but

showing some-- Decay

Num- Decay fungi

Average ber and and Average

retentiona in Termite termite Decay Termite termite Total removed life

Preservative (lb/ft3) testb Good Decay attack attack fungi attack attack Number % (year)

Copper-chrome-boron 0.25 (0.13) 10 -- -- -- -- 60 -- 40 10 100 3.9 (a product of 0.30 (0.16) 10 -- -- -- -- 60 -- 40 10 100 4.9 Dr. Wolman, GmbH, 0.60 (0.31) 10 -- -- -- -- 100 -- -- 10 100 5.5 Sinzheim, Germany, 1.11 (0.58) 10 -- -- -- 10 90 -- -- 9 90 -- covered by U.S. patent 1.24 (0.65) 9 11 22 -- 11 44 -- 11 5 56 -- No. 3,007,844) 1.64 (0.86) 10 20 20 -- 20 40 -- -- 4 40 --

Acid copper chromate 0.30 (0.14) 10 -- -- -- -- 100 -- -- 10 100 6.1

 (AWPA P5-68) 0.60 (0.29) 10 -- -- -- -- 100 -- -- 10 100 4.6Untreated controls -- 10 -- -- -- -- 10 90 -- 10 100 2.6

aRetention values in parentheses are based on preservative oxides.bTen stakes originally installed; eliminated stakes removed for causes other than decay or insect attack.

This study was initiated by J. Oscar Blew.

Destroyed by--
Table 47--Condition of Southern Pine stakes (2 by 4 in. nominal by 18 in.) treated with 11 standard wood preservatives after about 35 years of service.

Stakes placed in test in November 1967 at Lake Charles, LA, in an area infested by Formosan termites and on theHarrison Experimental Forest, Saucier, MS (Plot 67)

Condition of stakes January 2002 (MS) and January 1984 (LA) (%)

Serviceable but Destroyed by--

showing some-- Decay

Num- Decay fungi

Average ber and and Average

AWPA retentiona in Termite termite Decay Termite termite Total removed life

Preservative Standard Location (lb/ft3) testb Good Decay attack attack fungi attack attack Number % (year)

Creosote, coal-tar P1-65 LA 4.9 10 10 -- -- 50 40 -- -- 4 40 --

10.2 10 60 20 -- 20 -- -- -- -- -- --15.0 10 100 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --

MS 5.1 10 -- -- -- 40 50 -- 10 6 60 --

9.7 10 -- 10 -- 90 -- -- -- -- -- --

15.4 10 -- 40 -- 60 -- -- -- -- -- --

Creosote-coal-tar P2-68 LA 4.7 10 -- -- -- 60 40 -- -- 4 40 -- solution (70-30) 9.9 10 90 10 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --

14.9 10 100 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --

MS 3.9 10 -- -- -- 20 50 -- 30 8 80 --

10.7 10 10 40 -- 50 -- -- -- -- -- --16.2 10 20 80 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --

Creosote-petroleum P3-67 LA 5.8 10 10 10 -- 40 30 -- 10 4 40 -- solution (50-50) 12.1 10 70 10 -- 20 -- -- -- -- -- --

18.3 10 100 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --

MS 6.0 10 -- -- -- 30 50 -- 20 7 70 --

12.1 10 10 30 -- 60 -- -- -- -- -- --18.5 10 10 60 10 20 -- -- -- -- -- --

Pentachlorophenol, P8-64 and LA 5.8 10 40 -- -- 60 -- -- -- -- -- -- 5% in heavy petroleum P9-67 9.9 10 70 10 -- 20 -- -- -- -- -- --

 15.1 10 80 20 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --

MS 7.0 10 -- -- -- 80 10 -- 10 2 20 --

 9.5 10 -- -- -- 100 -- -- -- -- -- -- 14.6 9 -- 22 -- 78 -- -- -- -- -- --

Acid copper chromate P5-68 LA 0.50 (0.25) 10 -- -- -- -- 30 60 10 10 100 8.5

1.00 (0.50) 9 -- 11 -- 78 -- -- 11 1 11 --1.49 (0.74) 9 20 10 -- 60 -- -- -- -- -- --

MS 0.51 (0.25) 10 -- -- -- 30 60 -- 10 7 70 --

1.01 (0.50) 10 40 20 -- -- 40 -- -- 4 40 --1.54 (0.76) 9 56 -- 11 11 22 -- -- 2 22 --

Ammoniacal copper arsenate P5-68 LA 0.25 (0.24) 10 -- -- -- 10 70 -- 20 9 90 --

0.46 (0.44) 10 -- -- -- 80 20 -- -- 2 20 --0.67 (0.63) 10 10 10 70 10 -- -- 1 10 --

MS 0.26 (0.25) 10 -- 10 -- 60 20 -- 10 3 30 --

0.48 (0.45) 10 -- 60 -- 30 10 -- -- 1 10 --0.70 (0.66) 10 10 30 -- 60 -- -- -- -- -- --

(Page 1 of 2)
Table 47--Condition of Southern Pine stakes (2 by 4 in. nominal by 18 in.) treated with 11 standard wood preservatives after about 35 years of service.

Stakes placed in test in November 1967 at Lake Charles, LA, in an area infested by Formosan termites and on theHarrison Experimental Forest, Saucier, MS (Plot 67)--concluded

Condition of stakes January 2002 (MS) and January 1984 (LA) (%)

Serviceable but Destroyed by--

showing some-- Decay

Num- Decay fungi

Average ber and and Average

AWPA retention in Termite termite Decay Termite termite Total removed life

Preservative Standard Location (lb/ft3) testb Good Decay attack attack fungi attack attack Number % (year)

Chromated copper arsenate P5-68 LA 0.40 (0.23) 10 -- -- -- 70 10 10 10 3 30 --

type A 0.76 (0.44) 10 50 10 -- 40 -- -- -- -- -- --

1.11 (0.64) 10 90 10 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --

MS 0.39 (0.22) 10 -- 20 10 30 30 -- 10 4 40 --

0.76 (0.44) 10 50 -- 40 -- 10 -- -- 1 10 --1.14 (0.66) 8 100 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --

Chromated copper arsenate P5-68 LA 0.25 (0.23) 10 -- -- -- 80 10 -- 10 2 20 --

type B 0.44 (0.40) 10 20 30 -- 50 -- -- -- -- -- --

0.65 (0.59) 10 80 10 -- 10 -- -- -- -- -- --

MS 0.25 (0.23) 10 -- 20 -- 50 30 -- -- 3 30 --

0.42 (0.38) 10 -- 20 -- 60 10 10 -- 2 20 --0.61 (0.55) 10 30 50 20 -- -- -- -- -- -- --

Chromated zinc chloride P5-68 LA 0.76 (0.46) 10 -- -- -- -- -- 80 20 10 100 6.0

1.02 (0.62) 10 -- -- -- -- 10 60 30 10 100 7.21.50 (0.92) 9 -- -- -- -- 11 67 22 9 100 8.3

MS 0.76 (0.46) 10 -- -- -- -- 30 -- 70 10 100 13.8

1.02 (0.62) 10 -- -- -- -- 30 -- 70 10 100 14.91.57 (0.96) 10 -- -- -- -- 70 -- 30 10 100 17.8

Fluor chrome arsenate phenol P5-68 LA 0.35 (0.22) 10 -- -- -- 10 50 20 20 9 90 --

type A 0.50 (0.31) 10 -- -- -- 20 10 10 60 8 80 --

1.11 (0.69) 10 -- -- -- 30 70 -- -- 7 70 --

MS 0.36 (0.22) 10 -- -- -- -- 60 -- 40 10 100 19.3

0.51 (0.31) 10 -- -- -- 10 60 -- 30 9 90 --1.16 (0.72) 10 -- -- -- 50 40 -- 10 5 50 --

Fluor chrome arsenate phenol P5-68 LA 0.35 (0.21) 10 -- -- -- 10 20 10 60 9 90 --

type B 0.50 (0.30) 10 -- -- -- 20 60 -- 20 8 80 --

1.12 (0.68) 10 10 10 -- 50 30 -- -- 3 30 --

MS 0.35 (0.21) 9 -- -- -- -- 44 11 44 9 100 19.2

0.51 (0.30) 10 -- -- -- 20 70 -- 10 8 80 --1.19 (0.72) 9 -- 11 -- 56 33 -- -- 3 33 --

Untreated controls LA -- 10 -- -- -- -- 10 90 -- 10 100 2.3

MS -- 10 -- -- -- -- 30 20 50 10 100 2.3

aRetention values in parentheses are based on preservative oxides.bTen stakes originally installed; eliminated stakes removed for causes other than decay or insect attack.

This study was initiated by J. Oscar Blew. (Page 2 of 2)
Table 48--Condition of Southern Pine stakes (2 by 4 in. nominal by 18 in.) treated with copper chrome phosphorus and chromated copper

arsenate type III preservatives after about 29 and 20 years of service. Stakes placed in test on the Harrison Experimental Forest,Saucier, MS, December 1971, and Madison, WI, May 1972 (Plot 68)

Condition of stakes January 2000 (MS) and October 1992 (WI) (%)

Serviceable but Destroyed by--

showing some-- Decay

Num- Decay fungi

Average ber and and Average

retention in Termite termite Decay Termite termite Total removed life

Preservative Location (lb/ft3) testc Good Decay attack attack fungi attack attack Number % (year)

Copper chrome phosphorus MS 0.26a 10 -- -- -- 40 60 -- -- 6 60 --

WI 0.27a 9 -- 33 -- -- 67 -- -- 6 67 --

MS 0.46a 10 10 10 10 20 50 -- -- 5 50 --MS 0.75a 10 50 10 20 -- 20 -- -- 2 20 --

WI 0.74a 10 70 30 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --

MS 1.50a 10 50 -- -- 30 20 -- -- 2 20 --

Chromated copper arsenate type III MS 0.20b 10 10 -- -- 90 -- -- -- -- -- -- (Fed. Spec. TT-W-550) WI 0.20b 10 20 80 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --

MS 0.40b 10 80 10 10 -- -- -- -- -- -- --

WI 0.40b 10 100 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --

MS 0.60b 10 90 10 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --

WI 0.60b 10 90 10 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --

Untreated controls MS -- 10 -- -- -- -- 10 -- 90 10 100 2.9

WI -- 9 -- -- -- -- 100 -- -- 9 100 7.4

aRetention based on Osmose Company's analysis of preservative oxides.bRetention based on preservative oxides.cTen stakes originally installed; eliminated stakes removed for causes other than decay or insect attack.

This study was initiated by L. R. Gjovik.
Table 49--Condition of aspen particleboarda stakes (3/4 by 4 by 18 in.) treated with chromated copper arsenate type III, fluor chrome arsenate phenol

type A, and pentachlorophenol in ethanol or mineral spirits after about 25-1/2 years of service. Stakes placed in test on the HarrisonExperimental Forest, Saucier, MS, May 1973 (Plot 70)

Condition of stakes February 1998 (%)

Average Serviceable but Destroyed by--

retention showing some-- Decay

based on Num- Decay fungi

preservative ber and and Average

oxides in Termite termite Decay Termite termite Total removed life

Preservative (lb/ft3) testb Good Decay attack attack fungi attack attack Number % (year)

Flakes treated before fabrication into particleboardc

Chromated copper arsentate type III 0.25 9 -- 22 -- 11 67 -- -- 6 67 -- (Fed. Spec. TT-W-550) 0.40 10 -- 10 -- 30 60 -- -- 6 60 --

0.80 10 10 80 -- -- 10 -- -- 1 10 --

Fluor chrome arsenate phenol type A 0.25 10 -- -- -- -- 90 -- 10 10 100 6.0 (Fed. Spec. TT-W-535) 0.50 10 -- -- -- -- 90 -- 10 10 100 8.8Pentachlorophenol (Fed. Spec. TT-W-570) 0.25 10 -- -- -- -- 40 -- 60 10 100 5.5 in ethanol 0.40 10 -- -- -- -- 50 -- 50 10 100 7.5

0.80 10 -- -- -- 10 50 -- 40 9 90 --

Pressure-treated particleboard

Chromated copper arsentate type III 0.26 8 -- -- -- 100 -- -- 8 100 19.7 (Fed. Spec. TT-W-550) 0.41 9 -- 11 -- 67 22 -- -- 2 22 --

0.84 10 60 30 10 -- -- -- -- -- -- --

Fluor chrome arsenate phenol type A 0.26 10 -- -- -- -- 70 -- 30 10 100 7.5 (Fed. Spec. TT-W-535) 0.54 9 -- -- -- -- 100 -- -- 9 100 11.3Pentachlorophenol (Fed. Spec. TT-W-570) 0.22 10 -- -- -- -- 70 -- 30 10 100 5.55% in mineral spirits and 4% pine oil 0.40 10 -- -- -- -- 80 -- 20 10 100 8.5

0.82 10 -- -- -- 30 50 -- 20 7 70 --

Untreated controls -- 10 -- -- -- -- 10 10 80 10 100 2.4

aDensity 40 lb/ft3.bTen stakes originally installed; eliminated stakes removed for causes other than decay or insect attack.

cFlakes sprayed with predetermined amount of preservative solution while being tumbled in screen.

This study was initiated by L. R. Gjovik.
Table 50--Condition of Southern Pine stakes (2 by 4 in. nominal by 18 in.) treated with propylene oxide, butylene oxide, and

epichlorohydrin/propylene oxide combinations after 17 and 21 years of service. Stakes placed in test on the 

Harrison Experimental Forest, Saucier, MS, October 31, 1974, and September 1978 (Plot 71)

Condition of stakes August 1995 (%)

Serviceable but Destroyed by--

Average showing some-- Decay

loading-- Num- Decay fungi

Weight ber and and Average

add-on in Termite termite Decay Termite termite Total removed life

 Nontoxic preservatives (%) test Good Decay attack attack fungi attack attack Number % (year)

Propylene oxide 15-27 2 -- -- -- -- -- -- 100 2 100 2.2

29-33 3 -- -- -- -- 33 -- 67 3 100 6.2

Butylene oxide 17-22 2 -- -- -- -- -- -- 100 2 100 4.7

37-40 3 -- -- -- -- 100 -- -- 3 100 12.2

31a 15 -- 7 -- 53 33 -- -- 5 33 --

Epichlorohydrin, 1 part; 10 1 -- -- -- -- -- -- 100 1 100 9.2

 propylene oxide, 2 parts 26 1 -- -- -- -- -- -- 100 1 100 5.2

Controls -- 16 -- -- -- -- 56 -- 44 16 100 3.0

a

Fifteen butylene-oxide-treated stakes installed in Mississippi, September 1978.

Data presented in this table are part of a larger study under the guidance of R. M. Rowell.
Table 51--Condition of Southern Pine, Douglas-fir, and Engelmann spruce heartwood stakes treated with ammoniacal copper arsenate and 

chromated copper arsenate after approximately 26 years of service. Stakes placed in test at Madison, WI, May 1976, 

and on the Harrison Experimental Forest, Saucier, MS, December 1975 (Plot 72)

Condition of stakes January 2000 (%)

Serviceable but Destroyed by--

showing some-- Decay

Num- Decay fungi

Average ber and and Average

retention in Termite termite Decay Termite termite Total removed life

Preservative Location (lb/ft

3

) test Good Decay attack attack fungi attack attack Number % (year)

Southern Pinea,b

 nominal 2- by 4-in. by 18-in. unincised

Chromated copper MS 0.23 10 20 60 10 10 -- -- -- -- -- --

 arsenate WI 0.14 10 70 30 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --

 type III MS 0.28 10 70 10 20 -- -- -- -- -- -- --

WI 0.19 9

d 100 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --

MS 0.48 10 90 10 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --

WI 0.29 10 100 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --

None MS -- 10 -- -- -- 10 20 10 60 9 90 --

WI -- 10 -- 50 -- -- 50 -- -- 5 50 --

Southern Pinea,b

 nominal 2- by 4-in. by 18-in. incised

Chromated copper MS 0.27 10 70 10 -- 20 -- -- -- -- -- --

 arsenate WI 0.19 10 90 10 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --

 type III MS 0.47 10 100 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --

WI 3.30 10 100 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --

MS 0.62 10 100 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --

WI 0.37 10 100 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --

Southern Pinea 3/4- by 3-1/2 by 18-in. plywood

Chromated copper MS 0.39 10 20 30 -- 20 30 -- -- 3 30 --

 arsenate WI 0.38 10 60 40 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --

 type III

c MS 0.80 10 100 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --

WI 0.78 9

d 100 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --

MS 1.22 10 100 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --

WI 1.17 9

d 100 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --

None MS -- 10 -- -- -- -- -- 10 90 10 100 2.8

WI -- 9

d -- -- -- -- 100 -- -- 10 100 5.8

Chromated copper MS 0.36

f 9d 11 44 11 22 11 -- -- 1 11 --

 arsenate WI 0.36

f 9d 22 78 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --

 type III

e MS 0.75f 10 100 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --

WI 0.75f 10 100 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --

MS 1.16f 10 100 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --

WI 1.16f 9

d 100 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --

Chromated copper MS 0.36f 9

d 33 56 -- 11 -- -- -- -- -- --

 arsenate WI 0.36f 9

d 67 33 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --

 type III

g MS 0.75f 10 90 10 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --

WI 0.75

f 10 100 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --

MS 1.16

f 10 100 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --

WI 1.16

f 9d 100 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --

(Page 1 of 6)
Table 51--Condition of Southern Pine, Douglas-fir, and Engelmann spruce heartwood stakes treated with ammoniacal copper arsenate and

chromated copper arsenate after approximately 26 years of service. Stakes placed in test at Madison, WI, May 1976,

and on the Harrison Experimental Forest, Saucier, MS, December 1975 (Plot 72)--continued

Serviceable but

Decay

Num- Decay fungi

Average ber and and Average

retention in Termite termite Decay Termite termite life

Preservative Location (lb/ft3

) test Good Decay attack attack fungi attack attack Number % (year)

Southern Pinea,b nominal 2- by 4-in. by 18-in. unincised

Ammoniacal copper MS 0.11 10 -- 10 -- -- 20 10 60 9 90 --

 arsenate WI 0.07 10 10 90 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --

MS 0.30 10 -- 70 -- 10 10 10 -- 2 20 --

WI 0.16 10 100 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --

MS 0.42 10 60 40 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --

WI 0.26 10 100 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --

Southern Pinea,b nominal 2- by 4-in. by 18-in. incised

Ammoniacal copper MS 0.14 10 -- 40 -- 10 50 -- -- 5 50 --

 arsenate WI 0.07 10 20 70 -- -- 10 -- -- 1 10 --

MS 0.30 9d 56 33 -- 11 -- -- -- -- -- --

WI 0.15 10 70 30 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --

MS 0.65 10 60 40 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --

WI 0.39 10 100 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --

Southern Pinea

 3/4- by 3-1/2- by 18-in. plywood

Ammoniacal copper MS 0.39 10 -- 40 -- -- 60 -- -- 6 60 --

 arsenatec WI 0.38 10 10 90 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --

MS 0.81 10 20 80 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --

WI 0.79 10 90 10 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --

MS 1.19 10 20 80 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --

WI 1.15 9d 100 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --

Ammoniacal copper MS 0.38f 10 -- 20 -- 10 70 -- -- 7 70 --

 arsenatec WI 0.38f 9d -- 89 -- -- 11 -- -- 1 11 --

MS 0.77f 10 30 70 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --

WI 0.77f 10 70 30 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --

MS 1.08f 10 30 70 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --

WI 1.08f 10 100 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --

Ammoniacal copper MS 0.38f 10 -- 10 -- 10 70 -- 10 8 80 --

 arsenatec WI 0.38f 9d 11 89 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --

MS 0.77f 10 20 70 -- -- 10 -- -- 1 10 --

WI 0.77f 10 100 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --

MS 1.08f 10 20 80 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --

WI 1.08f 9d 90 10 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --

(Page 2 of 6)

Condition of stakes January 2000 (%)

showing some--

Destroyed by--

Total removed
Table 51--Condition of Southern Pine, Douglas-fir, and Engelmann spruce heartwood stakes treated with ammoniacal copper arsenate and 

chromated copper arsenate after approximately 26 years of service. Stakes placed in test at Madison, WI, May 1976, 

and on the Harrison Experimental Forest, Saucier, MS, December 1975 (Plot 72)--continued

Decay

Num- Decay fungi

Average ber and and Average

retention in Termite termite Decay Termite termite life

Preservative Location (lb/ft3

) test Good Decay attack attack fungi attack attack Number % (year)

Douglas-fir nominal 2- by 4-in. by 18-in. unincised

Chromated copper MS 0.66 10 100 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --

 arsenate WI 0.55 10 100 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --

 type III MS 1.24 10 100 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --

WI 0.82 9

d 89 11 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --

MS 1.62 10 100 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --

WI 1.11 10 100 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --

None MS -- 10 -- -- -- -- 10 10 80 10 100 4

WI -- 10 -- 20 -- -- 80 -- -- 8 80 --

Chromated copper MS 0.66 10 100 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --

 arsenate WI 0.56 10 90 10 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --

 type III MS 1.28 10 100 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --

WI 0.96 10 100 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --

MS 1.88 10 100 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --

WI 1.28 10 100 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --

Douglas-fir 3/4- by 3-1/2- by 18-in. plywood

Chromated copper MS 0.62 10 90 10 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --

 arsenate WI 0.62 10 90 10 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --

 type III

c MS 1.25 10 100 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --

WI 1.22 10 90 10 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --

MS 1.88 10 90 10 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --

WI 1.83 10 100 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --

None MS -- 10 -- -- -- -- 20 20 60 10 100 3

WI -- 8

d -- -- -- -- 100 -- -- 8 100 6

Chromated copper MS 0.60f 9

d 100 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --

 arsenate WI 0.60f 8

d 100 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --

 type III

e MS 1.21f 9d 100 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --

WI 1.21f 9

d 100 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --

MS 1.82f 10 100 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --

WI 1.82f 10 100 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --

Chromated copper MS 0.60f 10 100 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --

 arsenate WI 0.60 10 100 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --

 type III

g MS 1.21f 10 100 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --

WI 1.21f 8

d 100 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --

MS 1.82f 10 100 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --

WI 1.82f 9

d 100 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --

(Page 3 of 6)

Total removed

Condition of stakes January 2000 (%)

Serviceable but 

showing some--

Destroyed by--
Table 51--Condition of Southern Pine, Douglas-fir, and Engelmann spruce heartwood stakes treated with ammoniacal copper arsenate and

chromated copper arsenate after approximately 26 years of service. Stakes placed in test at Madison, WI, May 1976, 

and on the Harrison Experimental Forest, Saucier, MS, December 1975 (Plot 72)--continued

Decay

Num- Decay fungi

Average ber and and Average

retention in Termite termite Decay Termite termite life

Preservative Location (lb/ft

3

) test Good Decay attack attack fungi attack attack Number % (year)

Douglas-fir nominal 2- by 4-in. by 18-in. unincised

Ammoniacal copper MS 0.70 10 100 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --

 arsenate WI 0.61 10 80 20 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --

MS 1.42 10 100 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --

WI 1.29 10 100 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --

MS 2.14 10 50 50 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --

WI 1.95 9d 78 11 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --

Douglas-fir 2- by 4-in. nominal by 18-in. incised

Ammoniacal copper MS 0.70 10 70 30 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --

 arsenate WI 0.62 10 90 10 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --

MS 1.41 10 100 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --

WI 1.26 10 100 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --

MS 2.17 10 100 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --

WI 2.00 10 100 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --

Douglas-fir 3/4- by 3-1/2- by 18-in. plywood

Ammoniacal copper MS 0.63 10 60 30 -- 10 -- -- -- -- -- --

 arsenatec WI 0.62 10 40 60 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --

MS 1.30 10 100 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --

WI 1.27 10 100 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --

MS 1.97 10 100 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --

WI 1.93 10 100 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --

Ammoniacal copper MS 0.64f 10 20 80 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --

 arsenatee WI 0.64f 9d 33 67 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --

MS 1.30f 10 100 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --

WI 1.30f 9d 100 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --

MS 1.97f 10 100 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --

WI 1.97f 9d 100 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --

Ammoniacal copper MS 0.64f 10 50 50 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --

 arsenateg WI 0.64f 10 80 20 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --

MS 1.30f 10 100 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --

WI 1.30f 9d 100 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --

MS 1.97f 10 90 10 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --

WI 1.97f 10 100 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --

(Page 4 of 6)

Total removed

Condition of stakes January 2000 (%)

showing some--

Serviceable but Destroyed by--
Table 51--Condition of Southern Pine, Douglas-fir, and Engelmann spruce heartwood stakes treated with ammoniacal copper arsenate and 

chromated copper arsenate after approximately 26 years of service. Stakes placed in test at Madison, WI, May 1976,

and on the Harrison Experimental Forest, Saucier, MS, December 1975 (Plot 72)--continued

Condition of stakes January 2000 (%)

Serviceable but Destroyed by--

showing some-- Decay

Num- Decay fungi

Average ber and and Average

retention in Termite termite Decay Termite termite Total removed life

Preservative Location (lb/ft3

) test Good Decay attack attack fungi attack attack Number % (year)

Engelmann spruce nominal 2- by 4-in. by 18-in. unincised

Chromated copper MS 0.31 10 80 -- -- 10 -- -- 10 1 10 --

 arsenate WI 0.21 8d 88 12 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --

 type III MS 0.50 10 50 10 10 10 10 10 -- 2 20 --

WI 0.40 10 100 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --

MS 0.65 10 100 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --

WI 0.48 10 100 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --

None MS -- 10 -- -- -- -- 10 10 80 10 100 3.3

WI -- 10 -- -- -- -- 10 -- -- 1 10 7.5

Engelmann spruce nominal 2- by 4-in. by 18-in. incised

Chromated copper MS 0.41 10 100 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --

 arsenate WI 0.28 9

d 78 22 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --

 type III MS 0.66 10 100 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --

WI 0.56 10 100 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --

MS 1.02 10 100 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --

WI 0.86 10 90 -- -- -- 10 -- -- 1 10 --

Engelmann spruce 3/4- by 3-1/2-in. by 18-in. plywood

Chromated copper MS 0.71 10 100 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --

 arsenate WI 0.70 9d 89 11 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --

 type IIIc MS 1.38 10 100 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --

WI 1.34 9d 100 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --

MS 2.03 10 100 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --

WI 1.82 9d 100 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --

None MS -- 10 -- -- -- -- 10 20 70 10 100 2.6

WI -- 8d -- -- -- -- 100 -- -- 8 100 3.1

Chromated copper MS 0.67f 10 90 10 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --

 arsenate WI 0.67f 10 80 20 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --

 type IIIe MS 1.25f 10 100 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --

WI 1.26f 9d 100 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --

MS 1.76f 9d 100 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --

WI 1.76f 9d 100 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --

Chromated copper MS 0.67f 9d 100 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --

 arsenate WI 0.67f 9d 100 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --

 type IIIg MS 1.25f 10 100 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --

WI 1.25f 9d 100 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --

MS 1.76f 9d 100 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --

WI 1.76f 9d 100 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --

(Page 5 of 6)
Table 51--Condition of Southern Pine, Douglas-fir, and Engelmann spruce heartwood stakes treated with ammoniacal copper arsenate and 

chromated copper arsenate after approximately 26 years of service. Stakes placed in test at Madison, WI, May 1976, 

and on the Harrison Experimental Forest, Saucier, MS, December 1975 (Plot 72)--concluded

Condition of stakes January 2000 (%)

Serviceable but Destroyed by--

showing some-- Decay

Num- Decay fungi

Average ber and and Average

retention in Termite termite Decay Termite termite Total removed life

Preservative Location (lb/ft

3

) test Good Decay attack attack fungi attack attack Number % (year)

Engelmann spruce nominal 2- by 4-in. by 18-in. unincised

Ammoniacal copper MS 0.26 9

d 11 89 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --

 arsenate WI 0.20 10 30 70 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --

MS 0.63 10 60 40 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --

WI 0.50 10 100 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --

MS 1.03 10 80 20 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --

WI 0.75 10 90 10 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --

Engelmann spruce nominal 2- by 4-in.by 18-in. incised

Ammoniacal copper MS 0.42 10 40 60 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --

 arsenate WI 0.30 10 60 40 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --

MS 0.97 10 80 20 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --

WI 0.81 10 80 20 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --

MS 1.41 10 80 20 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --

WI 1.16 10 100 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --

Engelmann spruce 3/4- by 3-1/2-in. by 18-in. plywood

Ammoniacal copper MS 0.70 10 20 70 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --

 arsenatec WI 0.68 10 60 40 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --

MS 1.42 10 60 40 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --

WI 1.35 9d 100 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --

MS 2.14 10 60 40 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --

WI 2.08 9d 100 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --

Ammoniacal copper MS 0.65f 10 10 90 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --

 arsenatee WI 0.65f 10 80 20 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --

MS 1.29f 10 70 30 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --

WI 1.29f 9d 100 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --

MS 2.02f 10 90 10 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --

WI 2.02f 8d 100 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --

Ammoniacal copper MS 0.65f 10 20 80 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --

 arsenateg WI 0.65f 9d 100 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --

MS 1.29f 10 80 20 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --

WI 1.29f 8d 100 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --

MS 2.02f 10 90 10 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --

WI 2.02f 9d 100 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- a

Some Southern Pine contained a small amount of sapwood, and the Southern Pine plywood was mixed heartwood and sap.

b

Resin content of Southern Pine ranged from 0.87% to 27.4%. c

Treated as 3/4- by 3-1/2 by 18-in. stakes. d

Ten stakes originally installed; eliminations were for causes other than decay or insect attack. e

Stakes cut from treated 2- by 4-ft panel. f

Retention by weight of panels from which stakes were cut.

in which the panels were treated.

This study was initiated by L. R. Gjovik.

(Page 6 of 6)

g

Stakes cut from treated 2- by 4-ft panel; all cut surfaces given a liberal brush coat of a 4.5% solution of the preservative
Decay

Num- Decay fungi

Average ber and and Average

retentiona in Termite termite Decay Termite termite Total removed life

Preservative (lb/ft3

) test Good Decay attack attack fungi attack attack Number % (year)

Ammoniacal copper 1.33 20 85 10 -- 5 -- -- -- -- -- --

 borate 0.66 20 50 25 -- -- 25 -- -- 5 25 --

0.45 20 25 60 -- 15 -- -- -- -- -- --

0.33 20 20 40 -- 10 30 -- -- 6 30 --

0.22 20 5 25 -- -- 70 -- -- 14 70 --

0.17 20 -- 25 -- -- 70 -- 5 15 75 --

Ammoniacal copper 1.35 20 55 45 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --

 arsenate 0.66 20 35 65 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --

0.46 20 25 75 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --

0.33 20 -- 75 -- 20 5 -- -- 1 5 --

0.23 20 -- 50 -- 20 25 -- 5 6 30 --

0.17 20 -- -- -- 5 50 -- 45 19 95 --

Untreated controls -- 20 -- -- -- -- 5 20 75 20 100 2.6

a

Retention based on preservative oxides.

This study was initiated by B.R. Johnson.

Table 52--Condition of Southern Pine stakes (2 by 4 in. nominal by 18 in.) treated with ammoniacal copper borate and 

ammoniacal copper asrsenate after approximately 25 years of service. Stakes placed in test on the

showing some--

Harrison Experimental Forest, Saucier, MS, December 1975 (Plot 73)

Condition of stakes June 2002 (%)

Serviceable but Destroyed by--
Table 53--Condition of Southern Pine stakes (2 by 4 in. nominal by 18 in.) treated with fire-retardant 

chemicals after about 17-1/2 years of service. Stakes placed in test on the Harrison Experimental Forest, 

Condition of stakes December 1993 (%)

Serviceable but Destroyed by--

showing some-- Decay

Num- Decay fungi

Average ber and and Average

retention in Termite termite Decay Termite termite Total removed life

Preservative (lb/ft3

) test Good Decay attack attack fungi attack attack Number % (year)

UDFP fire 2.8 9 -- -- -- -- -- 100 -- 9 100 4.8

 retardanta 6.0 10 -- -- -- -- -- 90 10 10 100 9.7

9.5 10 -- -- -- -- 30 40 30 10 100 15.4

Untreated controls -- 10 -- -- -- -- 10 -- 90 10 100 2.5

a

Reported to contain urea, dicyandiamide, formaldehyde, and phosphoric acid.

This study was initiated by L. R. Gjovik.

Saucier, MS, May 1976 (Plot 74)
Table 54--Condition of Southern Pine stakes (2 by 4 in. nominal by 18 in. and 3/4 by 3/4 in.) treated with 

pentachlorophenol in light cycle oil and copper-8-quinolinolate after 17 years of service. Stakes

placed in test on the Harrison Experimental Forest, Saucier, MS, December 1976 (Plot 75)

Condition of stakes December 1993 (%)

Serviceable but Destroyed by--

showing some-- Decay

Num- Decay fungi

Average ber and and Average

retention in Termite termite Decay Termite termite Total removed life

Preservative (lb/ft3

) test

b Good Decay attack attack fungi attack attack Number % (year)

Stakes 2 by 4 by 18 in.

Pentachlorophenol 0.48 10 -- 10 -- 90 -- -- -- -- -- --

Copper-8-quinolinolatea 1.12 10 -- -- -- 60 10 -- 30 4 40 --

Untreated controls -- 10 -- -- -- -- 30 20 50 10 100 2.5

Stakes 3/4 by 3/4 by 18 in.

Pentachlorophenol 0.21 8 -- -- -- -- 25 -- 75 8 100 13.2

0.31 10 -- -- -- 30 40 10 20 7 70 --

0.38 10 -- -- -- 30 30 -- 10 4 40 --

0.47 10 -- -- -- 70 20 -- 10 3 30 --

0.67 10 -- 10 -- 90 -- -- -- -- -- --

Copper-8-quinolinolatea 0.34 9 -- -- -- -- 11 44 44 9 100 3.3

0.38 10 -- -- -- -- 30 30 40 10 100 3.8

0.50 10 -- -- -- -- 20 10 70 10 100 4.6

0.94 10 -- -- -- -- 30 20 50 10 100 6.2

1.16 7 -- -- -- -- 43 -- 5 7 100 8.0

1.30 9 -- -- -- -- 44 11 44 9 100 7.3

1.84 8 -- -- -- -- 25 -- 75 8 100 8.6

Untreated controls -- 8 -- -- -- -- 38 12 50 8 100 2.3

a

Water-soluble form containing 1.07% copper metal (PQ-8).

b

Ten stakes originally installed; eliminations were for mechanical damage or causes other than

 decay or insect attack.

This study was initiated by L. R. Gjovik.
Table 55--Condition of Southern Pine and Douglas-fir Comply stakes (2 by 4 in. nominal by 18 in.) treated with chromated copper

arsenate and ammoniacal copper arsenate after about 20 years of service. Stakes placed in test on the 

Harrison Experimental Forest, Saucier, MS, November 1978 (Plot 78)

Condition of stakes February 1998 (%)

Average Serviceable but 

retention showing some-- Decay

based on Num- Decay fungi

preservative ber and and Average

oxides in Termite termite Decay Termite termite Total removed life

Preservative (lb/ft3

) test

a Good Decay attack attack fungi attack attack Number % (year)

Southern Pine

Chromated copper arsentate type III 0.25 10 10 80 10 -- -- -- -- -- -- --

0.40 10 70 30 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --

0.77 10 100 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --

Untreated controls -- 10 -- -- -- -- 100 -- -- 10 100 2.5

Douglas-fir

Chromated copper arsentate type III 0.26 10 -- 90 -- -- 10 -- -- 1 10 --

0.60 10 70 30 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --

Ammoniacal copper arsenate 0.25 10 -- 30 -- 10 60 -- -- 6 60 --

0.39 10 -- 100 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --

0.62 9 30 60 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --

Untreated controls -- 10 -- -- -- -- 70 -- 30 10 100 3.5

a

Ten stakes originally installed; eliminated stakes removed for causes other than decay or insect attack.

This study was initiated by L. R. Gjovik.

Destroyed by--
Table 56--Condition of Southern Pine stakes (3/4 by 3/4 in. nominal by 18 in.) treated with butylene oxide after

10 years of service. Stakes placed in test on the Harrison Experimental Forest, Saucier, MS, December 1979 (Plot 79)

Condition of stakes December 1989 (%)

Serviceable but Destroyed by--

Average showing some-- Decay

loading-- Num- Decay fungi

Weight ber and and Average

add-on in Termite termite Decay Termite termite Total removed life

Preservative (%) test Good Decay attack attack fungi attack attack Number % (year)

Butylene oxide 33.2 20 -- -- -- -- 100 -- -- 20 100 3.5

Untreated controls -- 10 -- -- -- -- 80 -- 20 10 100 1.9

Data presented in this table are part of a larger study under the guidance of R. M. Rowell.
Table 57--Condition of Southern Pine stakes (2 by 4 in. nominal by 18 in. and 3/4 by 3/4 by 18 in.) treated with chromated 

copper arsenate type Cusing conventional full-cell (FC) process and Mississippi State University (MSU process--empty cell)

after about 22 years of service. Stakes placed in test on the Harrison Experimental Forest, Saucier, MS, April 1980 (Plot 80)

Serviceable but Destroyed by--

showing some-- Decay

Num- Decay fungi

Average ber and and Average

retention in Termite termite Decay Termite termite Total removed life

Preservative (lb/ft3

) test

a Good Decay attack attack fungi attack attack Number % (year)

Chromated copper arsenate type C 2- by 4- by 18-in. stakes

Full cell 0.14 10 10 20 -- 70 -- -- -- -- -- --

0.27 10 50 40 -- 10 -- -- -- -- -- --

0.40 10 80 20 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --

0.62 10 100 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --

0.79 10 100 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --

3/4- by 3/4- by 18-in. stakes

0.14 9 -- -- 10 40 20 20 -- 4 44 --

0.27 10 10 30 -- 50 10 -- -- 1 10 --

0.40 9 55 22 11 11 -- -- -- -- -- --

0.61 10 70 10 10 10 -- -- -- -- -- --

0.80 10 100 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --

2- by 4- by 18-in. stakes

Empty cell 0.15b 10 10 10 -- 80 -- -- -- -- -- --

0.26 10 10 80 -- 10 -- -- -- -- -- --

0.33 10 80 20 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --

0.59 10 100 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --

0.78 10 90 10 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --

3/4- by 3/4- by 18-in. stakes

0.14c 10 -- 10 -- -- 30 10 50 9 90 --

0.27 10 -- -- -- 10 40 30 20 9 70 --

0.40 10 -- 20 10 50 20 -- -- 2 20 --

0.61 10 10 70 -- 10 10 -- -- 1 10 --

0.80 9 55 33 -- -- -- -- 11 1 11 --

2- by 4- by 18-in. stakes

Untreated controls -- 10 -- -- -- -- 20 -- 80 10 100 2.3

3/4- by 3/4- by 18-in. stakes

-- 10 -- -- -- -- 50 -- 50 10 100 1.9

a

Ten stakes originally installed; eliminated stakes removed for causes other than decay or insect attack. b

The retentions are based on chemical analysis after treatment. c

The retentions are estimates based on the full-cell treatments.

This study was initiated by L. R. Gjovik.

Condition of stakes January 2002 (%)
diluted with mineral spirits and water-dispersible pentachlorophenol after 20 years of service. Stakes placed in

Serviceable but Destroyed by--

showing some-- Decay

Num- Decay fungi

Average ber and and Average

retention in TermitetermiteDecayTermitetermite Total removed life

Preservative (lb/ft3

) test

a Good Decay attack attack fungi attack attack Number % (year)

Water-dispersible 0.10 10 -- -- -- 10 -- -- 90 9 90 --

 pentachlorophenol 0.18 9 -- -- -- -- 33 -- 67 9 100 11.9

0.35 10 -- -- -- 100 -- -- -- -- -- --

0.37 10 -- -- -- 70 -- -- 30 3 30 --

0.74b 10 -- 10 -- 90 -- -- -- -- -- --

Penta P9 in mineral 0.09 10 -- -- -- 10 -- 10 80 9 90 --

 spirits 0.18 10 -- -- -- 80 -- -- 20 2 20 --

0.33 10 -- 20 -- 80 -- -- -- -- -- --

0.78 10 20 40 10 30 -- -- -- -- -- --

Untreated controls -- 10 -- -- -- -- 30 20 50 10 100 2.1

a

Ten stakes originally installed; eliminated stakes removed for causes other than decay or insect attack.

b

Concentrate diluted in tap water. At all other retentions of water-dispersible pentachlorophenol, concentrate

 was diluted in a 50/50 dionized tap-water solution.

This study was initiated by L. R. Gjovik.

Condition of stakes June 2000 (%)

test on the Harrison Experimental Forest, Saucier, MS, June 1980 (Plot 81)

Table 58--Condition of Southern Pine stakes (2 by 4 in. nominal by 18 in.) treated with pentachlorophenol in P9 oil 
chromated copper fluoride (CFK) after approximately 20 years of service. Stakes placed in test on the 

Harrison Experimental Forest, Saucier, MS, June 1980 (Plot 82)

Condition of stakes June 2000 (%)

Serviceable but Destroyed by--

showing some-- Decay

Num- Decay fungi

Average ber and and Average

retentiona in Termite termite Decay Termite termite Total removed life

Preservative (lb/ft3

) test

b Good Decay attack attack fungi attack attack Number % (year)

2- by 4- by 18-in. stakes

Chromated copper 0.28 10 10 -- -- 50 10 -- 30 4 40 --

 fluoride (CFK) 0.58 9 -- 22 22 56 -- -- -- -- -- --

1.22 10 100 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --

1.57 10 100 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --

Untreated controls -- 10 -- -- -- -- 10 -- 90 10 100 1.9

2.5- by 5.0- by 50-cm stakes

Chromated copper 0.30 10 -- -- -- 30 30 -- 40 7 70 --

 fluoride (CFK) 0.62 10 20 30 -- 40 10 -- -- 1 10 --

1.26 10 90 10 -- -- -- -- -- -- --

1.69 10 100 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --

Untreated controls -- 10 -- -- -- -- -- 20 80 10 100 1.6

a

Retention based on preservative oxides.

b

Ten stakes were originally installed at each test station; this number has since been reduced because of failure to

 locate the stakes at the time of inspection.

Table 59--Condition of Southern Pine stakes ( 2 by 4 in. nominal by 18 in. and 2.5 by 5.0 cm by 50 cm) treated with
Table 60--Condition of Southern Pine stakes (2 by 4 in. nominal by 18 in.) treated with water-dispersible

 pentachlorophenolafter 19 years of service. Stakes placed in test on the Harrison Experimental Forest, 

Condition of stakes June 2000 (%)

Serviceable but Destroyed by--

showing some-- Decay

Num- Decay fungi

Average ber and and Average

retention in Termite termite Decay Termite termite Total removed life

Preservative (lb/ft

3

) test Good Decay attack attack fungi attack attack Number % (year)

Water-dispersible 0.10 10 -- -- -- -- 40 10 50 10 100 11.9

 pentachlorophenol 0.18 10 -- -- -- 20 10 -- 70 8 80 --

0.43 10 -- -- -- 100 -- -- -- -- -- --

0.84 10 10 10 -- 80 -- -- -- -- -- --

1.75 10 70 30 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --

Untreated controls -- 10 -- -- -- -- 30 20 50 10 100 2.4

Saucier, MS, May 1981 (Plot 83)
Serviceable but Destroyed by--

showing some-- Decay

Active Num- Decay fungi

Average ingre- ber and and Average

retention dient in Termite termite Decay Termite termite Total removed life

Preservative (lb/ft3

) (lb/ft3) test

a Good Decay attack attack fungi attack attack Number % (year)

Didecyl dimethyl ammonium 0.19 0.10 10 -- -- -- -- 20 -- 80 10 100 4.8

chloride, 50.0% 0.41 0.21 10 -- -- -- -- -- 20 80 10 100 9.8

0.60 0.30 10 -- -- -- -- 30 -- 70 10 100 14.9

0.78 0.39 10 -- -- -- 50 -- -- 50 5 50 --

Coco dimethyl benzyl ammonium 0.45 0.06 10 -- -- -- -- 60 -- 40 10 100 4.3

 chlorides, 9.8% + 3.8% 0.81 0.11 10 -- -- -- -- 100 -- -- 10 100 8.8

copper as the metal 1.19 0.16 9 -- -- -- 11 77 -- 11 8 89 --

1.62 0.22 9 -- 11 -- 33 44 -- 11 4 44 --

Didecyl dimethyl ammonium chloride, 0.40 0.11 10 -- -- -- -- 60 -- 40 10 100 7.5

 20%, + 6.3% copper as the metal 0.81 0.21 10 -- -- -- 40 50 -- 10 6 60 --

1.21 0.32 10 -- 10 -- 60 30 -- -- 3 30 --

1.60 0.42 8 -- 25 -- 75 -- -- -- -- -- --

Dimethyl cocoamine 2-ethyl hexoate, 0.30 0.08 10 -- -- -- -- 30 10 60 10 100 3.2

20%; copper 2-ethyl hexoate, 21.0% 0.61 0.16 10 -- -- -- -- 100 -- -- 10 100 6.3

(3.8% metallic copper) 0.90 0.24 10 -- -- -- -- 80 -- 20 10 100 10.1

1.20 0.32 10 -- -- -- 10 60 -- 30 9 90 --

Copper 2-ethyl hexoate, 35.0% 0.40 0.17 10 -- -- -- -- 90 -- 10 10 100 5.5

(6.3 metallic copper) 0.80 0.33 10 -- -- -- 20 80 -- -- 8 80 --

1.20 0.50 10 -- -- -- 10 80 -- 10 9 90 --

1.61 0.66 10 -- -- -- 10 70 -- 10 8 80 --

Pentachlorophenol, 21.9%, and 0.82 0.20 10 -- -- -- 20 20 -- 60 8 80 --

2.4% other chlorophenols 1.66 0.40 8 -- -- -- 87 -- -- 10 1 13 --

3.23 0.78 10 -- 50 -- 50 -- -- -- -- -- --

4.12 1.00 10 -- 50 -- 50 -- -- -- -- -- --

Pentachlorophenol, 27.6%, and 0.65 0.20 10 -- -- -- -- 10 -- 90 10 100 --

3.1% other chlorophenols 1.30 0.40 10 -- 20 -- 80 -- -- -- -- --

2.60 0.80 10 -- 20 -- 80 -- -- -- -- -- --

3.27 1.00 10 -- 60 -- 40 -- -- -- -- -- --

Tri-n-butyl tin oxide, 9.5%, dimethyl 0.40 0.20 10 -- -- -- -- 20 10 70 10 100 4.8

benzyl ammonium chloride, 20%, 0.81 0.40 10 -- -- -- -- 30 10 60 10 100 10.1

and dimethyl ethyl benzyl ammonium 1.21 0.60 9 -- -- -- 33 22 -- 44 6 67 --

chloride, 20% 1.63 0.81 9 -- 11 -- 78 11 -- -- 1 11 --

Diluted in toluene

 Copper-8-quinolinolate, 0.675% 1.50 0.01 10 -- -- -- -- 20 10 70 10 100 5.9

 (0.12% metallic copper) 2.96 0.02 10 -- -- -- -- 50 -- 50 10 100 12.1

8.75 0.06 10 -- 30 -- 70 -- -- -- -- -- --

17.50 0.12 8 37 25 10 37 -- -- -- -- -- --

 Pentachlorophenol, 6.3%, and 2.86 0.20 10 -- -- -- 60 10 -- 30 4 40 --

 other chlorophenols, 0.7%, 5.73 0.40 10 -- 20 -- 80 -- -- -- -- -- --

 in No. 2 diesel fuel 11.44 0.80 10 30 40 10 20 -- -- -- -- -- --

14.29 1.00 10 60 20 -- 20 -- -- -- -- -- --

 Untreated controls -- -- 20 -- -- -- -- 25 -- 75 20 100 2.4

 a

Ten stakes originally installed; eliminated stakes removed for causes other than decay or insect attack.

This study was initiated by R.C. DeGroot.

Condition of stakes January 2002 (%)

Table 61--Condition of Southern Pine stakes (2 by 4 in. nominal by 18 in.) treated with eight water-based formulations of wood preservatives

 and with Cu-8-quinolinolate and pentachlorophenol in toluene after about 21 years of service.

Stakes placed in test on the Harrison Experimental Forest, Saucier, MS, December 1981 (Plot 84)
Table 62--Condition of Southern Pine stakes (2 by 4 in. nominal by 18 in.) treated with ammoniacal copper 

zinc arsenate (ACZA) after 21 years of service. Stakes placed in test on the Harrison Experimental Forest,

Condition of stakes January 2002 (%)

Serviceable but Destroyed by--

showing some-- Decay

Num- Decay fungi

Average ber and and Average

retention in Termite termite Decay Termite termite Total removed life

Preservative (lb/ft3

) test Good Decay attack attack fungi attack attack Number % (year)

Ammoniacal copper 0.10 10 -- -- -- -- 80 -- 20 10 100 16.0

 zinc arsenate 0.25 10 -- 100 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --

0.40 10 20 60 10 -- -- -- 10 1 10 --

0.60 10 90 10 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --

1.22 10 100 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --

Untreated controls -- 10 -- -- -- -- -- 10 90 10 100 2.0

This study was initiated by L. R. Gjovik.

 Saucier, MS, December 1981 (Plot 85) 
Condition of stakes January 1996 (%)

Serviceable but Destroyed by--

showing some-- Decay

Num- Decay fungi

Penta- ber and and Average

Solu- chloro- Creo- in Termitetermite Decay Termite termite Total removed life

Preservative tion phenol sote test Good Decay attack attack fungi attack attack Number % (year)

Emulsified pentachlorophenol-

 creosote

Pentachlorophenol 17.90% 0.50 0.10 0.10 10 -- -- -- -- 30 -- 70 10 100 6.0

Other chlorophenols 2.10% 1.02 0.20 0.20 10 -- -- -- 50 10 -- 40 5 50 --

P-1 creosote 20.0% 2.00 0.40 0.40 10 -- -- -- 100 -- -- -- -- -- --

2.98 0.60 0.60 10 -- -- -- 100 -- -- -- -- -- --

4.00 0.80 0.80 10 10 10 -- 80 -- -- -- -- -- --

Pentachlorophenol 21.76% 0.40 0.10 0.04 10 -- -- -- -- -- -- 100 10 100 6.9

Other chlorophenols 2.56% 0.84 0.21 0.08 10 -- -- -- 80 20 -- -- 2 20 --

P-1 creosote 20.0% 1.65 0.41 0.16 10 -- -- -- 100 -- -- -- -- -- --

2.49 0.62 0.25 10 -- -- -- 100 -- -- -- -- -- --

3.29 0.82 0.33 10 -- 10 -- 90 -- -- -- -- -- --

Untreated controls -- -- -- 10 -- -- -- -- 20 10 70 10 100 2.0

This study was initiated by by R.C. DeGroot.

Table 63--Condition of Southern Pine stakes (2 by 4 in. nominal by 18 in.) treated with water-based emulsions of pentachlorophenol 

and creosote after 14-1/2 years of service. Stakes placed in test on the Harrison Experimental Forest, Saucier, MS, May 1982 (Plot 86)

Average retention (lb/ft3

)
Table 64--Condition of Southern Pine stakes (2 by 4 in. nominal by 18 in.) treated with pentachlorophenol

emulsion and pentachlorophenol in P9 type A oil diluted with mineral spirits after 14-1/2 years of service. 

Stakes placed in test on the Harrison Experimental Forest, Saucier, MS, May 1982 (Plot 87)

Condition of stakes January 1996 (%)

Serviceable but Destroyed by--

showing some-- Decay

Num- Decay fungi

Average ber and and Average

retention in Termite termite Decay Termite termite Total removed life

Preservative (lb/ft

3

) test Good Decay attack attack fungi attack attack Number % (year)

Emulsified 0.10 10 -- -- -- -- -- 10 90 10 100 7.7

 pentachlorophenol 0.20 10 -- -- -- 80 -- -- 20 2 20 --

0.40 10 -- -- -- 100 -- -- -- -- -- --

0.60 10 -- -- -- 100 -- -- -- -- -- --

0.80 10 -- -- -- 100 -- -- -- -- -- --

Pentachlorophenol 0.10 10 -- -- -- 70 10 -- 20 3 30 --

 in P9 oil and 0.20 10 -- -- -- 100 -- -- -- -- -- --

 mineral spirits

Untreated controls -- 10 -- -- -- -- 50 -- 50 10 100 1.6

This study was initiated by R. C. DeGroot.
Table 65--Condition of Southern Pine stakes (2 by 4 in. nominal by 18 in.) treated with pentachlorophenol, 

tetrachlorophenol, and tetrachlorophenol plus copper oxide in water and ammonia after 14-1/2 years of service.

Stakes placed in test on the Harrison Experimental Forest, Saucier, MS, May 1982 (Plot 88)

Condition of stakes January 1996 (%)

Serviceable but Destroyed by--

showing some-- Decay

Num- Decay fungi

Average ber and and Average

retention in Termite termite Decay Termite termite Total removed life

Preservative (lb/ft3

) test Good Decay attack attack fungi attack attack Number % (year)

Pentachlorophenol in 0.13 10 -- -- -- -- -- 20 80 10 100 4.2

 water and ammonia 0.26 10 -- -- -- -- 60 10 30 10 100 7.6

0.40 10 -- -- -- -- 50 -- 50 10 100 9.7

0.62 10 -- -- -- 90 10 -- -- 1 10 --

1.03 10 -- -- -- 100 -- -- -- -- -- --

1.49 10 -- 20 -- 80 -- -- -- -- -- --

Tetrachlorophenol and 0.12 10 -- -- -- -- 40 -- 60 10 100 5.7

 copper oxide in water 0.25 10 -- -- -- -- 90 -- 10 10 100 9.6

 and ammonia 0.41 10 -- 10 -- 50 20 -- -- 2 20 --

0.62 10 40 20 30 10 -- -- -- -- -- --

0.98 10 80 -- -- 20 -- -- -- -- -- --

Tetrachlorophenol 0.25 10 -- -- -- -- 20 -- 80 10 100 6.9

0.40 10 -- -- -- 10 20 -- 70 9 90 --

0.60 10 -- -- -- 30 10 -- 60 7 70 --

1.02 10 -- -- -- 100 -- -- -- -- -- --

1.52 10 -- -- -- 100 -- -- -- -- -- --

Untreated controls -- 10 -- -- -- -- 50 10 40 10 100 2.3

This study was initiated by L. R. Gjovik.
Table 66--Condition of Southern Pine stakes (2 by 4 in. nominal by 18 in.) treated with 2% sulfur in creosote after

Condition of stakes January 1996 (%)

Serviceable but Destroyed by--

showing some-- Decay

Num- Decay fungi

Average ber and and Average

retention in Termite termite Decay Termite termite Total removed life

Preservative (lb/ft3

) test Good Decay attack attack fungi attack attack Number % (year)

Coal-tar creosote with 2.01 10 -- -- -- -- 40 -- 60 10 100 9.5

 5% sulfur in toluene 3.19 8 -- -- -- 100 -- -- -- -- -- --

4.43 10 -- -- -- 100 -- -- -- -- -- --

6.28 9 -- -- 33 67 -- -- -- -- -- --

9.20 10 40 10 -- 50 -- -- -- -- -- --

Untreated controls -- 10 -- -- -- -- 10 10 80 10 100 2.8

This study was initiated by L.R. Gjovik.

14-1/2 years of service. Stakes placed in test on the Harrison Experimental Forest, Saucier, MS, May 1982 (Plot 89)
Table 67--Condition of Southern Pine stakes (2 by 4 in. nominal by 18 in.) treated with phenol-formaldehyde resin 

after about 17 years of service. Stakes placed in test on the Harrison Experimental Forest, 

Serviceable but Destroyed by--

showing some-- Decay

Num- Decay fungi

Average ber and and Average

retention in Termite termite Decay Termite termite Total removed life

Preservative (lb/ft3

) test

a Good Decay attack attack fungi attack attack Number % (year)

Phenol-formaldehyde 1.00 10 -- -- -- -- 10 -- 90 10 100 3.2

 resin 1.90 10 -- -- -- -- 50 -- 50 10 100 3.2

3.01 10 -- -- -- -- 10 -- 90 10 100 5.0

6.15 10 -- -- -- 10 40 10 40 9 90 --

10.22 9 -- -- -- 22 56 -- 22 7 78 --

Phenol-formaldehyde resin 0.08 10 -- -- -- -- 40 -- 60 10 100 2.5

 and pentachlorophenol 0.14 10 -- -- -- -- 50 10 40 10 100 3.7

0.30 10 -- -- -- -- 20 -- 80 10 100 4.8

0.49 10 -- -- -- -- 10 10 80 10 100 7.4

0.79 10 -- -- -- 10 20 -- 60 8 80 --

Untreated controls -- 10 -- -- -- -- 10 20 70 10 100 3.4

a

Ten stakes originally installed; eliminated stakes removed for causes other than decay or insect attack.

This study was initiated by L. R. Gjovik.

Condition of stakes January 1999 (%)

Saucier, MS, December 1982 (Plot 90)
pentachlorophenol-creosote emulsion, ammonium pentachlorophenol, and pentachlorophenol in P9 oil after 12 years 

of service. Stakes placed in test on the Harrison Experimental Forest, Saucier, MS, December 1983 (Plots 92 and 93)

Condition of stakes August 1995 (%)

Serviceable but Destroyed by--

showing some-- Decay

Num- Decay fungi

Average ber and and Average

retention in Termitetermite Decay Termite termite Total removed life

Preservative (lb/ft3

) test Good Decay attack attack fungi attack attack Number % (year)

2- by 4- by 18-in. stakes

Pentachlorophenol 0.14 10 -- -- -- -- 40 -- 60 10 100 7.0

 emulsion 0.20 10 -- -- -- 100 -- -- -- -- -- --

0.28 10 -- -- -- 100 -- -- -- -- -- --

0.40 10 -- -- -- 100 -- -- -- -- -- --

0.56 10 10 -- -- 90 -- -- -- -- -- --

0.81 10 10 10 -- 80 -- -- -- -- -- --

Pentachlorophenol-creosote 0.14 10 -- -- -- -- 50 -- 50 10 100 6.5

 emulsion diluted with 0.20 10 -- -- -- 10 10 -- 80 9 90 --

 3% ammonia 0.28 10 -- -- -- 70 -- -- 30 3 30 --

0.40 10 -- -- -- 100 -- -- -- -- -- --

0.55 10 -- -- -- 100 -- -- -- -- -- --

0.85 10 -- -- -- 100 -- -- -- -- -- --

Ammonium 0.16 10 -- -- -- -- 40 -- 60 10 100 6.6

 pentachlorophenol 0.20 10 -- -- -- -- 30 -- 70 10 100 6.1

0.27 10 -- -- -- 10 30 -- 60 9 90 --

0.38 10 -- -- -- 90 -- -- 10 1 10 --

0.55 10 -- -- -- 100 -- -- -- -- -- --

0.77 10 -- -- -- 100 -- -- -- -- -- --

Pentachlorophenol in P9 0.14 10 -- -- -- 100 -- -- -- -- -- --

 oil and toluene 0.20 10 -- -- -- 100 -- -- -- -- -- --

0.28 10 -- -- -- 100 -- -- -- -- -- --

0.40 10 30 10 10 50 -- -- -- -- -- --

0.56 10 60 10 10 20 -- -- -- -- -- --

0.80 10 90 10 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --

Toluene only 30.70 10 -- -- -- -- 10 10 80 10 100 2.7

Mineral spirits only 26.00 10 -- -- -- -- 10 20 70 10 100 3.3

Untreated controls -- 10 -- -- -- -- -- 10 90 10 100 1.7

(Page 1 of 2)

Table 68--Condition of Southern Pine stakes (2 by 4 in. nominal by 18 in.) treated with pentachlorophenol emulsion,
Condition of stakes August 1995 (%)

Serviceable but Destroyed by--

showing some-- Decay

Num- Decay fungi

Average ber and and Average

retention in Termite termite Decay Termite termite Total removed life

Preservative (lb/ft3) test Good Decay attack attack fungi attack attack Number % (year)

3/4- by 3/4- by 18-in. stakes

Pentachlorophenol 0.14 25 -- -- -- -- 24 -- 76 25 100 3.4

 emulsion 0.21 25 -- -- -- 4 52 -- 44 24 96 --

0.28 25 -- -- -- -- 40 4 56 25 100 6.6

0.40 25 -- -- -- 28 16 4 52 18 72 --

0.56 24 -- -- -- 72 8 -- 16 6 25 --

0.81 25 -- -- -- 92 8 -- -- 2 8 --

Pentachlorophenol-creosote 0.14 25 -- -- -- -- 24 -- 76 25 100 2.7

 emulsion diluted with 0.21 25 -- -- -- -- 36 -- 64 25 100 3.5

 3% ammonia 0.30 25 -- -- -- -- 40 4 56 25 100 5.1

0.46 25 -- -- -- 4 32 -- 64 24 96 --

0.58 24 -- -- -- 47 33 -- 21 13 54 --

0.87 23 -- -- -- 96 -- 4 -- 1 4 --

Ammonium 0.16 24 -- -- -- -- 4 8 88 24 100 2.7

 pentachlorophenol 0.22 24 -- -- -- -- 21 4 75 24 100 3.5

0.28 25 -- -- -- -- 48 4 48 25 100 4.3

0.42 25 -- -- -- 4 32 8 56 24 96 --

0.63 25 -- -- -- 40 28 -- 32 15 60 --

0.89 23 -- -- 4 83 4 -- 9 3 13 --

Pentachlorophenol in P9 0.16 24 -- -- -- 8 32 -- 60 22 92 --

 oil and toluene 0.20 25 -- -- -- 36 20 8 36 16 64 --

0.27 25 -- -- -- 84 4 -- 12 4 16 --

0.40 24 -- -- 4 88 8 -- -- 2 8 --

0.56 25 20 4 8 60 8 -- -- 2 8 --

0.80 25 40 20 40 -- -- -- -- -- -- --

Untreated controls -- 25 -- -- -- -- 32 8 60 25 100 1.1

This study was initiated by by R.C. DeGroot.

(Page 2 of 2)

service. Stakes placed in test on the Harrison Experimental Forest, Saucier, MS, December 1983 (Plots 92 and 93)--concluded

Table 68--Condition of Southern Pine stakes (2 by 4 in. nominal by 18 in.) treated with pentachlorophenol emulsion, 

pentachlorophenol-creosote emulsion, ammonium pentachlorophenol, and pentachlorophenol in P9 oil after 12 years of
Table 69--Condition of Southern Pine stakes (2 by 4 in. nominal by 18 in.) treated with pentachlorophenol in P9 oil and toluene,

tetrachlorophenol in P9 oil and toluene, and P9 oil and toluene after about 16 years of service. Stakes placed in test on the 

Harrison Experimental Forest, Saucier, MS, May 1984 (Plot 94)

Condition of stakes June 2000 (%)

Serviceable but Destroyed by--

showing some-- Decay

Num- Decay fungi

Average ber and and Average

retention in Termite termite Decay Termite termite Total removed life

Preservative (lb/ft3

) test Good Decay attack attack fungi attack attack Number % (year)

Pentachlorophenol in P9 oil 0.10 10 -- 20 -- 10 30 -- 40 7 70 --

 and toluene 0.24 10 -- 30 -- 60 -- -- -- -- -- --

0.40 10 40 60 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --

0.60 10 100 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --

1.24 10 100 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --

Tetrachlorophenol and P9 oil 0.10 10 -- -- -- 10 30 -- 60 9 90 --

 and toluene 0.25 10 -- 40 -- 50 10 -- -- 1 10 --

0.40 10 -- 40 -- 60 -- -- -- -- -- --

0.60 10 70 30 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --

1.25 10 100 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --

P9 oil and toluene 1.34 10 -- -- -- -- 20 -- 80 10 100 8.4

3.50 10 -- 20 -- 30 30 -- 20 5 50 --

5.83 10 -- 20 -- 50 30 -- -- 3 30 --

8.70 10 50 30 10 10 -- -- -- -- -- --

 18.03 10 100 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --

Untreated controls -- 10 -- -- -- -- 10 40 50 10 100 1.6

This study was initiated by L. R. Gjovik.
Table 70--Condition of Southern Pine stakes (2 by 4 in. nominal by 18 in.) treated with creosote coal-tar, coal-tar

creosote and 2% sulfur, coal-tar creosote and phentachlorophenol with inhibitor, after about 18 years of service.

Stakes placed in test on the Harrison Experimental Forest, Saucier, MS, December 1984 (Plot 95)

Condition of stakes January 2002 (%)

Serviceable but Destroyed by--

showing some-- Decay

Num- Decay fungi

Average ber and and Average

retention in Termite termite Decay Termite termite Total removed life

Preservative (lb/ft

3

) test

a Good Decay attack attack fungi attack attack Number % (year)

Creosote coal-tar 1.69 10 -- -- -- 10 50 -- 40 9 90 --

3.31 8 -- -- -- 13 87 -- -- 7 87 --

4.93 9 -- -- -- 33 67 -- -- 6 67 --

6.59 10 -- 20 -- 60 20 -- -- 2 20 --

Coal-tar creosote 2.23 10 -- -- -- 10 70 -- 20 9 90 --

 plus 2% sulfur 3.48 10 -- -- -- 70 -- 30 10 100 13.6

4.93 9 -- -- -- 11 89 -- -- 8 89 --

6.58 10 -- -- -- 10 80 -- 10 9 90 --

Coal-tar creosote 2.11 9 -- -- -- 44 -- 56 9 100 13.1

 and pentachlorophenol 3.57 9 -- -- -- 44 56 -- -- 5 56 --

 with inhibitor 4.70 10 -- 10 -- 80 10 -- -- 1 10 --

6.83 10 -- 10 -- 70 20 -- -- 2 20 --

Untreated controls -- 10 -- -- -- -- 10 -- 90 10 100 1.9

a

Ten stakes originally installed; this number has since been reduced because of failure to locate the stakes

This study was initiated by L.R. Gjovik.

 at the time of inspection.
Condition of stakes January 1996 (%)

Serviceable but Destroyed by--

showing some-- Decay

Num- Decay fungi

Average ber and and Average

retention in Termite termite Decay Termite termite Total removed life

Preservative (lb/ft3

) test Good Decay attack attack fungi attack attack Number % (year)

Penta amine 0.14 10 -- -- -- -- 40 -- 60 10 100 2.3

 in water 0.21 10 -- -- -- -- -- -- 100 10 100 3.4

0.28 10 -- -- -- -- 20 -- 80 10 100 4.2

0.39 10 -- -- -- 10 50 -- 40 9 90 --

0.57 9 -- -- -- -- 33 -- 67 9 100 5.4

0.80 10 -- -- -- -- 50 10 40 10 100 7.0

Pentachlorophenol 0.14 10 -- -- -- -- 50 -- 50 10 100 7.4

 in P9 oil and toluene 0.21 10 -- -- -- 30 10 10 50 7 70 --

0.28 10 -- -- -- 70 10 -- 20 3 30 --

0.44 10 -- -- -- 90 10 -- -- 1 10 --

0.55 10 -- 10 50 40 -- -- -- -- -- --

0.80 10 30 10 -- 50 10 -- -- 1 10 --

Untreated controls -- 10 -- -- -- -- 50 20 30 10 100 1.1

Table 71--Condition of Southern Pine stakes (3/4 by 3/4 by 18 in.) treated with penta amine in water and

pentachlorophenol in P9 oil and toluene after approximately 12 years of service. Stakes placed in test

on the Harrison Experimental Forest, Saucier, MS, December 1984 (Plot 96)

This study was initiated by R.C. DeGroot.
by 18 in.) incised and unincised, treated with ammoniacal copper arsenate and chromated copper arsenate III after 10 and 17 years.

Stakes placed in test on the Harrison Experimental Forest, Saucier, MS, May 1985 and near Portland, ME, August 1985 (Plot 97)

 Condition of stakes September 1995 (ME) and January 2002 (MS) (%)

Serviceable but Destroyed by--

showing some-- Decay

Num- Decay fungi

Average ber and and Average

Loca- retention in Termite termite Decay Termite termite Total removed life

Preservative tion (lb/ft3

) test

a Good Decay attack attack fungi attack attack Number % (year)

White pine--unincised

Ammoniacal copper arsenate ME 0.32 10 90 10 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --

MS 0.26 10 -- 40 -- 10 40 -- 10 5 50 --

ME 0.38 10 90 10 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --

MS 0.42 9 33 56 -- 11 -- -- -- -- -- --

ME 0.71 10 100 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --

MS 0.72 10 100 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --

Chromated copper arsenate III ME 0.30 10 100 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --

MS 0.31 10 100 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --

ME 0.46 10 100 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --

MS 0.44 10 90 10 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --

ME 0.66 10 100 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --

MS 0.65 10 100 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --

White pine--incised

Ammoniacal copper arsenate ME 0.32 10 90 10 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --

MS 0.26 10 70 20 -- -- 10 -- -- 1 10 --

ME 0.44 10 100 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --

MS 0.42 10 80 10 -- -- 10 -- -- 1 10 --

ME 0.80 10 100 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --

MS 0.73 10 100 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --

Chromated copper arsenate III ME 0.32 10 100 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --

MS 0.33 10 100 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --

ME 0.47 10 100 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --

MS 0.52 10 100 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --

ME 0.72 10 100 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --

MS 0.74 10 100 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --

Untreated controls ME -- 10 10 50 -- -- 40 -- -- 4 40 --

MS -- 10 -- -- -- -- 60 -- 40 10 100 2.4

Red pine--unincised

Ammoniacal copper arsenate ME 0.29 10 60 40 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --

MS 0.29 10 -- 30 -- 10 40 -- 20 6 60 --

ME 0.38 10 100 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --

MS 0.30 10 40 50 -- -- 10 -- -- 1 10 --

ME 0.67 10 100 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --

MS 0.44 10 90 10 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --

Table 72--Condition of balsam fir, eastern hemlock, eastern larch, eastern spruce, red pine and white pine stakes (2 by 4 in. nominal 

(Page 1 of 5)
Condition of stakes September 1995 (ME) and January 2002 (MS) (%)

Serviceable but Destroyed by--

showing some-- Decay

Num- Decay fungi

Average ber and and Average

Loca- retention in Termite termite Decay Termite termite Total removed life

Preservative tion (lb/ft3) test

a Good Decay attack attack fungi attack attack Number % (year)

Red pine--unincised--con.

Chromated copper arsenate III ME 0.18 10 90 10 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --

MS 0.23 10 60 30 10 -- -- -- -- -- -- --

ME 0.33 10 100 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --

MS 0.32 9 78 11 11 -- -- -- -- -- -- --

ME 0.70 10 100 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --

MS 0.46 10 90 -- -- 10 -- -- -- -- -- --

Red pine--incised

Ammoniacal copper arsenate ME 0.26 10 70 30 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --

MS 0.31 10 30 50 -- -- 20 -- -- 2 20 --

ME 0.45 10 100 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --

MS 0.40 10 90 -- -- 10 -- -- -- -- -- --

ME 0.53 10 100 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --

MS 0.64 10 100 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --

Chromated copper arsenate III ME 0.23 10 100 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --

MS 0.25 10 100 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --

ME 0.45 10 100 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --

MS 0.40 10 100 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --

ME 0.78 10 100 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --

MS 0.55 10 100 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --

Untreated controls ME -- 10 -- 80 -- -- 20 -- -- 2 20 --

MS -- 10 -- -- -- -- 70 -- 30 10 100 3.7

Eastern spruce--unincised--con.

Ammoniacal copper arsenate ME 0.13 10 30 70 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --

MS 0.16 10 -- -- -- 10 30 -- 60 9 90 --

ME 0.21 10 20 80 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --

MS 0.25 10 -- 10 -- -- 40 20 30 9 90 --

ME 0.26 10 50 50 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --

MS 0.39 10 70 30 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --

by 18 in.) incised and unincised, treated with ammoniacal copper arsenate and chromated copper arsenate III after 10 and 17 years.

Table 72--Condition of balsam fir, eastern hemlock, eastern larch, eastern spruce, red pine and white pine stakes (2 by 4 in. nominal 

(Page 2 of 5)

Stakes placed in test on the Harrison Experimental Forest, Saucier, MS, May 1985 and near Portland, ME, August 1985 (Plot 97)--continued
Table 72--Condition of balsam fir, eastern hemlock, eastern larch, eastern spruce, red pine and white pine stakes (2 by 4 in. nominal

by 18 in.) incised and unincised, treated with ammoniacal copper arsenate and chromated copper arsenate III after 10 and 17 years.

Serviceable but Destroyed by--

showing some-- Decay

Num- Decay fungi

Average ber and and Average

Loca- retention in Termite termite Decay Termite termite Total removed life

Preservative tion (lb/ft3

) test Good Decay attack attack fungi attack attack Number % (year)

Eastern spruce--unincised--con.

Chromated copper arsenate III ME 0.10 10 80 20 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --

MS 0.14 10 -- 10 -- 60 20 -- 10 3 30 --

ME 0.13 10 90 10 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --

MS 0.20 10 70 10 10 -- 10 -- -- 1 10 --

ME 0.53 10 100 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --

MS 0.71 10 100 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --

Eastern spruce--incised

Ammoniacal copper arsenate ME 0.20 10 20 80 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --

MS 0.24 10 10 70 -- 10 10 -- -- 1 10 --

ME 0.28 10 70 30 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --

MS 0.28 10 50 20 -- 10 20 -- -- 2 20 --

ME 0.39 10 80 20 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --

MS 0.48 10 100 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --

Chromated copper arsenate III ME 0.20 10 100 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --

MS 0.25 10 100 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --

ME 0.28 10 100 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --

MS 0.35 10 100 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --

ME 0.54 10 100 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --

MS 0.78 10 100 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --

Untreated controls ME -- 10 -- 40 -- -- 60 -- -- 6 60 --

MS -- 10 -- -- -- -- 40 30 30 10 100 2.2

Balsam fir--unincised

Ammoniacal copper arsenate ME 0.20 10 50 50 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --

MS 0.26 10 -- 30 -- -- 30 -- 40 7 70 --

ME 0.25 10 70 30 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --

MS 0.32 10 30 50 10 10 -- -- -- -- -- --

ME 0.42 10 100 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --

MS 0.59 10 100 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --

Chromated copper arsenate III ME 0.19 10 100 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --

ME 0.40 10 100 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --

ME 0.59 10 100 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --

Condition of stakes September 1995 (ME) and January 2002 (MS) (%)

(Page 3 of 5)

Stakes placed in test on the Harrison Experimental Forest, Saucier, MS, May 1985 and near Portland, ME, August 1985 (Plot 97)--continued
Serviceable but Destroyed by--

showing some-- Decay

Num- Decay fungi

Average ber and and Average

Loca- retention in Termite termite Decay Termite termite Total removed life

Preservative tion (lb/ft3) test Good Decay attack attack fungi attack attack Number % (year)

Balsam fir--incised

Ammoniacal copper arsenate ME 0.31 10 80 20 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --

MS 0.29 10 60 30 -- -- 10 -- -- 1 10 --

ME 0.35 10 100 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --

MS 0.40 10 100 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --

ME 0.47 10 100 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --

MS 0.73 10 100 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --

Chromated copper arsenate III ME 0.29 10 100 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --

ME 0.53 10 100 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --

ME 0.73 10 100 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --

Untreated controls ME -- 10 -- 60 -- -- 40 -- -- 4 40 --

MS -- 10 -- -- -- -- 50 -- 50 10 100 3.8

Eastern hemlock--unincised

Ammoniacal copper arsenate ME 0.22 10 90 10 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --

MS 0.20 10 50 40 -- 10 -- -- -- -- -- --

ME 0.38 10 80 20 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --

MS 0.32 10 10 60 -- -- 30 -- -- 3 30 --

ME 0.36 10 100 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --

MS 0.37 10 100 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --

Chromated copper arsenate III ME 0.20 10 100 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --

ME 0.30 10 100 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --

ME 0.41 10 100 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --

Eastern hemlock--incised

Ammoniacal copper arsenate ME 0.28 10 90 10 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --

MS 0.34 10 60 30 -- -- 10 -- -- 1 10 --

ME 0.41 10 100 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --

MS 0.38 10 100 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --

ME 0.56 10 100 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --

MS 0.68 10 100 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --

Chromated copper arsenate III ME 0.25 10 100 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --

ME 0.38 10 100 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --

ME 0.57 10 100 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --

Condition of stakes September 1995 (ME) and January 2002 (MS) (%)

 by 18 in.) incised and unincised, treated with ammoniacal copper arsenate and chromated copper arsenate III after 10 and 17 years.

Table 72--Condition of balsam fir, eastern hemlock, eastern larch, eastern spruce, red pine and white pine stakes (2 by 4 in. nominal

(Page 4 of 5)

Stakes placed in test on the Harrison Experimental Forest, Saucier, MS, May 1985 and near Portland, ME, August 1985 (Plot 97)--continued
Serviceable but Destroyed by--

showing some-- Decay

Num- Decay fungi

Average ber and and Average

Loca- retention in Termite termite Decay Termite termite Total removed life

Preservative tion (lb/ft3

) test Good Decay attack attack fungi attack attack Number % (year)

Eastern hemlock--incised--con.

Untreated controls ME -- 10 10 40 -- -- 50 -- -- 5 50 --

MS -- 10 -- -- -- -- 50 -- 50 10 100 3.7

Eastern larch--unincised

Ammoniacal copper arsenate ME 0.15 10 50 50 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --

MS 0.18 10 -- 10 -- 50 20 -- 20 4 40 --

ME 0.23 10 100 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --

MS 0.20 10 30 20 -- 30 10 -- 10 2 20 --

ME 0.24 10 100 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --

MS 0.41 10 100 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --

Chromated copper arsenate III ME 0.10 10 100 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --

ME 0.18 10 100 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --

ME 0.33 10 100 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --

Eastern larch--incised

Ammoniacal copper arsenate ME 0.16 10 90 10 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --

MS 0.25 10 20 40 -- 30 -- -- 10 1 10 --

ME 0.25 10 90 10 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --

MS 0.32 10 80 20 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --

ME 0.32 10 100 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --

MS 0.60 10 100 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --

Chromated copper arsenate III ME 0.14 10 100 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --

ME 0.28 10 100 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --

ME 0.49 10 100 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --

Untreated controls ME -- 10 10 70 -- -- 20 -- -- 2 20 --

MS -- 10 -- -- -- -- 30 -- 70 10 100 3.9

a

Ten stakes originally installed; eliminations were for causes other than decay or insect attack.

This study was initiated by L.R. Gjovik.

Condition of stakes September 1995 (ME) and January 2002 (MS) (%)

by 18 in.) incised and unincised, treated with ammoniacal copper arsenate and chromated copper arsenate III after 10 and 17 years.

(Page 5 of 5)

Stakes placed in test on the Harrison Experimental Forest, Saucier, MS, May 1985 and near Portland, ME, August 1985 (Plot 97)--concluded

Table 72--Condition of balsam fir, eastern hemlock, eastern larch, eastern spruce, red pine and white pine stakes (2 by 4 in. nominal 
Condition of stakes January 1999 (%)

Serviceable but Destroyed by--

showing some-- Decay

Num- Decay fungi

Average ber and and Average

retention in Termitetermite DecayTermite termite Total removed life

Preservative (lb/ft3

) test

a Good Decay attack attack fungi attack attack Number % (year)

Southern Pine--Southern Pine--Southern Pine

Cut from 4 by 4 treated panel

Ammoniacal copper 0.09 10 -- -- -- -- 90 -- 10 10 100 5.3

 arsenate 0.20 9 11 11 -- 22 44 -- 11 5 56 --

0.40 10 -- 40 30 -- -- 30 -- 3 30 --

0.58 10 -- 40 -- -- -- 60 -- 6 60 --

1.18 10 -- 20 -- -- -- 80 -- 8 80 --

Cut from 4 by 4 treated panels, cut edge dip treated

0.09 10 -- 20 -- 10 70 -- -- 7 70 --

0.20 10 50 10 -- 20 -- 20 -- 2 20 --

0.41 10 30 -- -- -- -- 70 -- 7 70 --

0.58 10 20 -- -- -- -- 80 -- 8 80 --

1.24 10 -- -- -- -- -- 100 -- 10 100 13.2

Treated as stakes

0.33 10 40 -- -- -- -- 60 -- 6 60 --

0.52 10 10 -- -- -- -- 90 -- 9 90 --

Cut from 4 by 4 treated panel

Chromated copper 0.09 10 -- -- -- -- 10 -- 90 10 100 5.8

 arsenate III 0.19 10 10 40 10 20 -- 20 -- 2 20 --

0.40 10 10 -- -- -- -- 90 -- 9 90 --

0.59 10 30 -- -- -- -- 70 -- 7 70 --

1.18 10 20 -- -- -- -- 80 -- 8 80 --

Cut from 4 by 4 treated panels, cut edge dip treated

0.10 10 10 20 -- 20 10 -- 40 5 50 --

0.19 10 40 10 10 10 10 10 10 3 30 --

0.40 10 30 -- -- -- -- 70 -- 7 70 --

0.59 10 40 -- -- -- -- 60 -- 6 60 --

1.18 10 20 -- -- -- -- 80 -- 8 80 --

Treated as stakes

0.41 10 40 -- -- -- -- 60 -- 6 60 --

0.59 10 -- -- -- -- -- 100 -- 10 100 13.2

Untreated controls -- 10 -- -- -- -- 50 -- 50 10 100 1.7

(Page 1 of 5)

Table 73--Condition of three-ply plywood, layed up in combinations of Southern Pine, sweetgum, and yellow poplar,

treated with ammoniacal copper arsenate and chromated copper arsenate after about 16-1/2 years. Stakes placed

in test on the Harrison Experimental Forest, Saucier, MS, November 1985 (Plot 98)
Condition of stakes January 1999 (%)

Serviceable but Destroyed by--

showing some-- Decay

Num- Decay fungi

Average ber and and Average

retention in Termitetermite DecayTermite termite Total removed life

Preservative (lb/ft3

) test

a Good Decay attack attack fungi attack attack Number % (year)

Southern Pine--Southern Pine--Sweetgum

Cut from 4 by 4 treated panel

Ammoniacal copper 0.10 10 -- -- -- -- 80 -- 20 10 100 4.4

 arsenate 0.20 10 -- -- -- 20 70 10 -- 8 80 --

0.40 10 40 -- -- -- -- 60 -- 6 60 --

0.61 10 30 10 -- -- -- 60 -- 6 60 --

1.25 10 20 -- -- -- -- 80 -- 8 80 --

Cut from 4 by 4 treated panels, cut edge dip treated

0.10 10 10 -- -- -- 80 -- 10 9 90 --

0.20 10 -- 20 -- 40 20 20 -- 4 40 --

0.41 9 44 -- -- -- -- 56 -- 5 56 --

0.61 10 30 -- -- -- -- 70 -- 7 70 --

1.25 10 10 -- -- -- -- 90 -- 9 90 --

Treated as stakes

0.42 10 30 -- -- -- -- 70 -- 7 70 --

0.62 10 30 -- -- -- -- 70 -- 7 70 --

Cut from 4 by 4 treated panel

Chromated copper 0.10 10 -- -- -- -- 60 -- 40 10 100 6.1

 arsenate III 0.20 10 -- 20 -- 50 20 -- 10 3 30 --

0.41 10 70 -- -- -- -- 30 -- 3 30 --

0.61 10 30 -- -- -- -- 70 -- 7 70 --

1.22 10 -- -- -- -- -- 100 -- 10 100 13.2

Cut from 4 by 4 treated panels, cut edge dip treated

0.10 9 -- -- -- 11 44 -- 44 8 89 --

0.20 10 20 30 -- 20 -- 20 10 3 30 --

0.40 10 10 10 -- -- -- 80 -- 8 80 --

0.61 10 30 -- -- -- -- 70 -- 7 70 --

1.22 10 10 -- -- -- -- 90 -- 9 90 --

Treated as stakes

0.41 10 40 10 -- -- -- 50 -- 5 50 --

0.58 10 20 -- -- -- 10 70 -- 8 80 --

Untreated controls -- 10 -- -- -- -- 30 -- 70 10 100 1.4

Table 73--Condition of three-ply plywood, layed up in combinations of Southern Pine, sweetgum, and yellow poplar,

(Page 2 of 5)

treated with ammoniacal copper arsenate and chromated copper arsenate after about 16-1/2 years. Stakes placed

in test on the Harrison Experimental Forest, Saucier, MS, November 1985 (Plot 98)--continued
Condition of stakes January 1999 (%)

Serviceable but Destroyed by--

showing some-- Decay

Num- Decay fungi

Average ber and and Total removed Average

retention in Termitetermite DecayTermite termite life

Preservative (lb/ft3

) test

a Good Decay attack attack fungi attack attack Number % (year)

Southern Pine--Sweetgum--Southern Pine

Cut from 4 by 4 treated panel

Ammoniacal copper 0.10 10 -- -- -- -- 100 -- -- 10 100 5.0

 arsenate 0.19 10 -- 10 -- 10 50 -- 30 8 80 --

0.40 10 40 10 -- -- 10 30 10 5 50 --

0.61 10 10 -- -- -- -- 90 -- 9 90 --

1.24 10 -- -- -- -- -- 100 -- 10 100 13.2

Cut from 4 by 4 treated panels, cut edge dip treated

0.10 10 -- -- -- -- 100 -- -- 10 100 7.9

0.19 10 -- 20 40 30 10 -- 4 40 --

0.40 10 30 30 -- -- 10 30 -- 4 40 --

0.62 10 20 -- -- -- -- 80 -- 8 80 --

1.24 10 20 -- -- -- -- 80 -- 8 80 --

Treated as stakes

0.39 10 60 -- -- -- -- 40 -- 4 40 --

0.61 10 40 -- -- -- -- 60 -- 6 60 --

Cut from 4 by 4 treated panel

Chromated copper 0.10 10 -- -- -- -- 40 -- 60 10 100 6.2

 arsenate III 0.19 10 30 -- 10 30 20 10 -- 3 30 --

0.40 10 30 10 10 -- -- 50 -- 5 50 --

0.63 10 -- -- -- -- -- 100 -- 10 100 13.2

1.22 10 10 -- -- -- -- 90 -- 9 90 --

Cut from 4 by 4 treated panels, cut edge dip treated

0.10 10 -- -- -- -- 20 20 60 10 100 5.8

0.19 10 30 -- -- 20 30 20 -- 5 50 --

0.40 10 70 -- -- -- -- 30 -- 3 30 --

0.62 10 10 -- -- -- -- 90 -- 9 90 --

1.20 10 10 -- 10 -- -- 80 -- 8 80 --

Treated as stakes

0.41 10 30 -- -- -- -- 70 -- 7 70 --

0.59 10 20 -- -- -- -- 80 -- 8 80 --

Untreated controls -- 10 -- -- -- -- 50 -- 50 10 100 1.2

(Page 3 of 5)

Table 73--Condition of three-ply plywood, layed up in combinations of Southern Pine, sweetgum, and yellow poplar,

treated with ammoniacal copper arsenate and chromated copper arsenate after about 16-1/2 years. Stakes placed

in test on the Harrison Experimental Forest, Saucier, MS, November 1985 (Plot 98)--continued
Condition of stakes January 1999 (%)

Serviceable but Destroyed by--

showing some-- Decay

Num- Decay fungi

Average ber and and Average

retention in Termitetermite DecayTermite termite Total removed life

Preservative (lb/ft3) test

a Good Decay attack attack fungi attack attack Number % (year)

Southern Pine--Southern Pine-Yellow Poplar

Cut from 4 by 4 treated panel

Ammoniacal copper 0.10 10 -- -- -- -- 60 -- 40 10 100 5.4

 arsenate 0.20 10 -- 50 -- 20 10 20 -- 3 30 --

0.40 10 10 20 -- 10 -- 50 10 6 60 --

0.62 10 30 -- -- 10 -- 60 -- 6 60 --

1.27 10 10 -- -- -- -- 90 -- 9 90 --

Cut from 4 by 4 treated panels, cut edge dip treated

0.10 10 -- -- -- 20 70 -- 10 8 80 --

0.20 10 10 40 -- 10 20 20 -- 4 40 --

0.40 10 30 20 -- -- -- 50 -- 5 50 --

0.62 10 30 -- -- -- -- 70 -- 7 70 --

1.27 10 20 -- -- -- -- 80 -- 8 80 --

Treated as stakes

0.40 10 40 10 -- 10 -- 40 -- 4 40 --

0.64 10 30 -- -- -- -- 70 -- 7 70 --

Cut from 4 by 4 treated panel

Chromated copper 0.10 8 -- -- -- -- 25 -- 75 8 100 7.2

 arsenate III 0.20 10 -- 50 10 30 10 -- -- 1 10 --

0.40 10 30 -- -- -- -- 70 -- 7 70 --

0.62 10 20 -- -- -- -- 80 -- 8 80 --

1.23 10 20 -- -- -- -- 80 -- 8 80 --

Cut from 4 by 4 treated panels, cut edge dip treated

0.10 9 -- -- -- -- 56 44 5 9 100 8.1

0.20 10 10 -- 10 60 10 10 -- 2 20 --

0.40 10 30 20 -- -- -- 50 -- 5 50 --

0.62 10 20 -- -- -- -- 80 -- 8 80 --

1.23 10 -- -- -- -- -- 100 -- 10 100 13.2

Treated as stakes

0.43 10 60 -- -- -- -- 40 -- 4 40 --

0.63 10 -- -- -- -- -- 100 -- 10 100 13.2

Untreated controls -- 10 -- -- -- -- 70 -- 30 10 100 1.1

(Page 4 of 5)

Table 73--Condition of three-ply plywood, layed up in combinations of Southern Pine, sweetgum, and yellow poplar,

treated with ammoniacal copper arsenate and chromated copper arsenate after about 16-1/2 years. Stakes placed

in test on the Harrison Experimental Forest, Saucier, MS, November 1985 (Plot 98)--continued
Condition of stakes January 1999 (%)

Serviceable but Destroyed by--

showing some-- Decay

Num- Decay fungi

Average ber and and Average

retention in Termitetermite DecayTermite termite Total removed life

Preservative (lb/ft3

) test

a Good Decay attack attack fungi attack attack Number % (year)

Southern Pine--Yellow Poplar--Southern Pine

Cut from 4 by 4 treated panel

Ammoniacal copper 0.10 10 -- -- -- -- 90 -- 10 10 100 4.2

 arsenate 0.20 10 -- -- -- 60 40 -- -- 4 40 --

0.41 10 40 -- -- -- -- 50 10 6 60 --

0.62 10 30 20 -- -- -- 50 -- 5 50 --

1.25 10 -- -- -- -- -- 100 -- 10 100 13.2

Cut from 4 by 4 treated panels, cut edge dip treated

0.10 10 -- -- -- -- 60 -- 40 10 100 8.0

0.20 10 10 30 -- -- 30 10 20 6 60 --

0.41 10 30 -- -- -- -- 70 -- 7 70 --

0.62 10 -- -- -- -- -- 100 -- 10 100 13.2

1.24 10 -- -- -- -- -- 100 -- 10 100 13.2

Treated as stakes

0.38 10 40 -- -- -- -- 50 10 6 60 --

0.59 10 20 -- -- -- -- 80 -- 8 80 --

Cut from 4 by 4 treated panel

Chromated copper 0.10 9 -- -- -- -- 22 -- 78 9 100 6.2

 arsenate III 0.20 10 10 -- -- 50 30 10 -- 4 40 --

0.41 10 30 -- 20 -- -- 50 -- 5 50 --

0.62 10 10 -- -- -- -- 90 -- 9 90 --

1.20 10 -- -- -- -- -- 100 -- 10 100 13.2

Cut from 4 by 4 treated panels, cut edge dip treated

0.10 9 -- -- -- -- 44 -- 56 9 100 6.9

0.20 10 50 -- 10 20 20 -- -- 2 20 --

0.41 10 40 -- -- -- -- 60 -- 6 60 --

0.62 10 10 -- -- -- -- 90 -- 9 90 --

1.21 10 10 -- -- -- -- 90 -- 9 90 --

Treated as stakes

0.45 10 40 -- -- -- -- 60 -- 6 60 --

0.63 10 20 -- -- -- -- 80 -- 8 80 --

Untreated controls -- 10 -- -- -- -- 50 -- 50 10 100 1.4

a

Ten stakes were originally installed. This number has been reduced for causes other than decay or insect attack.

This study was initiated by R.C. DeGroot and L.R. Gjovik.

(Page 5 of 5)

treated with ammoniacal copper arsenate and chromated copper arsenate after about 16-1/2 years. Stakes placed

in test on the Harrison Experimental Forest, Saucier, MS, November 1985 (Plot 98)--concluded

Table 73--Condition of three-ply plywood, layed up in combinations of Southern Pine, sweetgum, and yellow poplar,
Table 74--Condition of Southern Pine stakes (2 by 4 in. nominal by 18 in.) treated with copper carbonate and copper

 oxide in combination with pelargonic acid and octanoic acid after about 13 years of service. Stakes placed in test 

 on the Harrison Experimental Forest, Saucier, MS, April 1987 (Plot 99)

Serviceable but Destroyed by--

showing some-- Decay

Num- Decay fungi

Average ber and and Average

retention in Termite termite Decay Termitetermite Total removed life

Preservative (lb/ft3

) test

a Good Decay attack attack fungi attack attack Number % (year)

Copper carbonate/ 0.10 9 11 11 -- 33 44 -- -- 4 40 --

pelargonic acid 0.25 10 30 20 -- -- 50 -- -- 5 50 --

0.40 10 60 20 -- -- 20 -- -- 2 20 --

0.60 10 60 10 -- -- 20 -- 10 3 30 --

1.00 9 89 -- -- -- 11 -- -- 1 11 --

Copper carbonate/ 0.10 9 -- 22 11 44 22 -- -- 2 22 --

octanoic acid 0.25 10 20 30 -- 10 40 -- -- 4 40 --

0.41 9 56 11 -- -- 33 -- -- 3 30 --

0.59 9 78 -- -- -- 22 -- -- 2 22 --

1.00 10 70 -- -- -- 30 -- -- 3 30 --

Copper oxide/ 0.10 10 20 40 -- 10 30 -- -- 3 30 --

pelargonic acid 0.25 10 40 20 -- -- 40 -- -- 4 40 --

0.40 10 100 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --

0.60 10 50 -- -- -- 50 -- -- 5 50 --

1.00 10 50 20 -- -- 30 -- -- 3 30 --

Copper oxide/ 0.10 10 -- 30 10 40 10 -- 10 2 20 --

octanoic acid 0.25 10 30 10 -- 10 30 -- 20 5 50 --

0.41 10 80 10 -- -- 10 -- -- 1 10 --

0.59 8 63 -- -- -- 37 -- -- 3 37 --

1.01 9 67 11 -- -- 22 -- -- 2 22 --

Chromated copper 0.10 9 -- 22 -- 56 11 -- 11 2 22 --

arsenate 0.25 9 100 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --

0.40 10 100 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --

0.60 10 100 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --

Untreated controls -- 10 -- -- -- 30 10 60 10 100 2.3

a

Ten stakes originally installed; eliminated stakes removed for causes other than decay or insect attack.

Condition of stakes June 2000 (%)
with xylene insolubles less than 0.1% (clean creosote) plus additives of chlorpyrifos and chlorothalonil after about 

Condition of stakes January 2002 (%)

Serviceable but Destroyed by--

showing some-- Decay

Num- Decay fungi

Average ber and and Average

retention in Termite termite Decay Termite termite Total removed life

Preservative (lb/ft3

) test

a Good Decay attack attack fungi attack attack Number % (year)

AWPA P1-13 creosote 1.0 9 -- -- -- -- 67 -- 33 9 100 8.7

 with xylene insolubles 2.0 10 -- -- -- -- 80 -- 20 10 100 11.7

 less than 0.1% 4.0 10 -- 30 40 -- 30 -- -- 3 30 --

6.2 10 10 60 -- 10 20 -- -- 2 20 --

8.5 10 10 70 -- 20 -- -- -- -- -- --

+0.5% chlorpyrifos 1.0 10 -- -- -- -- 80 -- 20 10 100 9.1

2.0 10 -- -- -- 10 90 -- -- 9 90 --

3.9 10 -- 40 -- 30 30 -- -- 3 30 --

6.0 10 -- 90 -- 10 -- -- -- -- -- --

8.3 10 -- 70 -- 30 -- -- -- -- -- --

+0.78% chlorpyrifos 1.0 10 -- -- -- -- 90 -- 10 10 100 8.4

2.0 10 -- -- -- -- 100 -- -- 10 100 12.6

4.0 10 -- 20 -- 20 60 -- -- 6 60 --

6.0 10 -- 60 -- 40 -- -- -- -- -- --

8.2 10 -- 70 -- 30 -- -- -- -- -- --

+2% chlorothalonil 1.0 10 -- -- -- -- 60 10 30 10 100 9.7

2.0 10 -- 10 -- -- 90 -- -- 9 90 --

4.0 10 -- 60 -- 30 10 -- -- 1 10 --

6.0 10 -- 90 -- 10 -- -- -- -- -- --

8.2 10 40 50 -- 10 -- -- -- -- -- --

Untreated controls -- 10 -- -- -- -- 10 80 10 10 100 1.7

a

Ten stakes were originally installed; this number has since been reduced because of failure to locate the stakes 

 at the time of inspection.

Table 75--Condition of Southern Pine stakes (2 by 4 in. nominal by 18 in.) treated with toluene-diluted AWPA P1-13 creoso

14 years of service. Stakes placed in test on the Harrison Experimental Forest, Saucier, MS, April 1988 (Plot 100)
Table 76--Condition of Southern Pine stakes (2 by 4 in. nominal by 18 in.) treated with pentachlorophenol

 (manufactured 24 years apart) after 9 years of service. Stakes placed in test on the Harrison Experimental

 Forest, Saucier, MS, April 1989 (Plot 101)

Condition of stakes February 1998 (%)

Serviceable but Destroyed by--

showing some-- Decay

Num- Decay fungi

Average ber and and Average

retention in Termite termite Decay Termite termite Total removed life

Preservative (lb/ft3

) test GoodDecay attack attack fungi attack attack Number % (year)

Pentachlorophenol 0.1 10 40 40 10 10 -- -- -- -- -- --

 (1965 manufacture 0.2 10 50 50 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --

 date) in 20% P9 oil 0.4 10 60 40 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --

 and toluene 0.6 10 80 20 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --

Pentachlorophenol 0.1 10 100 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --

 (1989 manufacture 0.2 10 90 -- 10 -- -- -- -- -- -- --

 date) in 20% P9 oil 0.4 10 100 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --

 and toluene 0.6 10 80 20 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --

20% P9 oil and toluene 0.6 10 100 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --

Untreated controls -- 10 -- -- -- -- 60 -- 40 10 100 2.0

This study was initiated by L.R. Gjovik.
Table 77--Summary of 2- by 4-in. stake selected results obtained in Mississippi

with wood preservatives in general use

Data

Average from Average

retentiona table life

Preservative (lb/ft3

) number (year) Remarks

Acid copper chromate 0.25 (0.13) 15 11.6 --

 (Fed. Spec. TT-W-546) 0.30 (0.14) 46 6.1 --

0.51 (0.25) 47 -- 70% failed after 35 years

0.51 (0.26) 15 -- 70% failed after 55 years

0.60 (0.29) 46 4.6 --

0.75 (0.37) 15 -- 50% failed after 55 years

1.01 (0.50) 47 -- 40% failed after 35 years

1.54 (0.76) 47 -- 22% failed after 35 years

Ammoniacal copper borate (0.17) 52 -- 75% failed after 25 years

(0.22) 52 -- 65% failed after 25 years

(0.33) 52 -- 25% failed after 25 years

(0.45) 52 -- No failures after 25 years

(0.66) 52 -- 15% failed after 25 years

(1.33) 52 -- No failures after 25 years

Ammoniacal copper arsenate 0.17 52 -- 95% failed after 25 years

 (Fed. Spec. TT-W-549) 0.23 52 -- 30% failed after 25 years

0.25 (0.24) 14 -- 89% failed after 55 years

0.26 (0.25) 47 -- 30% failed after 35 years

0.48 (0.45) 47 -- 10% failed after 35 years

0.53 (0.51) 14 -- 10% failed after 55 years

1.01 (0.97) 14 -- No failures after 55 years

1.29 (1.25) 14 -- No failures after 55 years

Chromated copper arsenate 0.26 (0.15) 15 28.7 --

 Type I (Fed. Spec. TT-W-550) 0.39 (0.22) 47 -- 40% failed after 35 years

0.50 (0.29) 15 -- 30% failed after 55 years

0.76 (0.44) 47 -- 10% failed after 35 years

0.78 (0.44) 15 -- 20% failed after 55 years

 Type II (Fed. Spec. TT-W-550) 0.25 (0.23) 47 -- 30% failed after 35 years

(0.26) 20 -- No failures after 46 years

(0.37) 20 -- No failures after 46 years

(0.52) 20 -- No failures after 46 years

(0.79) 20 -- No failures after 46 years

(1.04) 20 -- No failures after 46 years

 Type III (Fed. Spec. TT-W-550) (0.14) 57 -- No failures after 22 years

(0.20) 48 -- No failures after 29 years

(0.25) 55 -- No failures after 20 years

(0.27) 57 -- No failures after 22 years

(0.40) 48 -- No failures after 29 years

(0.40) 55 -- No failures after 20 years

(0.40) 57 -- No failures after 22 years

(0.60) 48 -- No failures after 29 years

(0.62) 57 -- No failures after 22 years

(0.77) 55 -- No failures after 20 years

(0.79) 57 -- No failures after 22 years

(Page 1 of 4)
Table 77--Summary of 2- by 4-in. stake selected results obtained in Mississippi

with wood preservatives in general use--continued

Data

Average from Average

retentiona table life

Preservative (lb/ft3

) number (year) Remarks

Chromated zinc arsenate

 (former Fed. Spec. TT-W-538) 0.22 (0.11) 24 22.1 --

0.33 (0.22) 4 33.0 --

0.44 (0.29) 4 39.3 --

0.38 (0.20) 24 -- 40% failed after 45 years

0.77 (0.40) 24 -- No failures after 45 years

1.01 (0.53) 24 -- No failures after 45 years

0.58 (0.38) 4 51.7 --

0.78 (0.52) 4 -- 30% failed after 60 years

1.06 (0.70) 4 -- No failures after 60 years

Chromated zinc chloride 0.49 (0.30) 2 14.2 --

 (Fed. Spec. TT-W-551) 0.76 (0.47) 2 20.2 --

0.76 (0.46) 47 13.8 --

1.03 (0.63) 2 20.1 --

1.02 (0.62) 47 14.9 --

1.50 (0.92) 25 23.4 --

1.57 (0.96) 47 17.8 --

2.91 (1.78) 25 32.7 --

6.00 (3.67) 25 -- No failures after 45 years

Copper-8-quinolinolate 0.01 38 5.3 --

 Stoddard solvent 0.02 38 4.2 --

0.06 38 5.6 --

0.12 38 7.8 --

Copper-8-quinolinolate 0.01 43 -- 90% failed after 37 years

 AWPA P9 heavy petroleum 0.03 43 27.3 --

0.06 43 -- 90% failed after 37 years

0.12 43 -- No failures after 37 years

Copper naphthenate

 0.11% copper in No. 2 fuel oil 10.3 (0.012) 7 15.9 --

 0.29% copper in No. 2 fuel oil 10.2 (0.029) 7 21.8 --

 0.57% copper in No. 2 fuel oil 10.6 (0.061) 7 27.1 --

 0.86% copper in No. 2 fuel oil 9.6 (0.082) 7 29.6 --

Creosote, coal-tar 3.3 6 24.9 --

 4.1 17 14.2 --

 4.2 4 17.8 --

 4.6 5 21.3 --

 7.8 6 -- 70% failed after 54-1/2 years

 8.0 4 -- 90% failed after 60 years

 8.3 20 -- 50% failed after 46 years

 10.0 5 -- 90% failed after 55 years

 11.8 4 -- 50% failed after 60 years

 13.2 6 -- 20% failed after 54-1/2 years

 14.5 5 -- No failures after 55 years

 16.5 4 -- 10% failed after 60 years

(Page 2 of 4)
Table 77--Summary of 2- by 4-in. stake selected results obtained in Mississippi

with wood preservatives in general use--continued

Data

Average from Average

retentiona table life

Preservative (lb/ft3

) number (year) Remarks

Creosote, coal-tar--continued

 Low residue, straight run 8.0 18 17.8 --

 Medium residue, straight run 8.0 18 18.8 --

 High residue, straight run 7.8 18 20.3 --

 Medium residue

 Low in tar acids 8.1 18 19.4 --

 Low in naphthalene 8.2 18 21.3 --

 Low in tar acids and naphthalene 8.0 18 18.9 --

 Low residue

 Low in tar acids and naphthalene 8.0 18 19.2 --

 High residue

 Low in tar acids and naphthalene 8.2 18 20.0 --

English vertical retort 5.3 19 -- 90% failed after 50 years

8.0 18 18.9 --

10.1 19 -- 80% failed after 50 years

15.0 19 -- No failures after 50 years

English coke oven 4.7 19 16.3 --

7.9 18 13.6 --

10.1 19 -- 70% failed after 50 years

14.8 19 -- 80% failed after 50 years

Fluor chrome arsenate phenol

 type A (Fed. Spec. TT-W-535) 0.20 (0.12) 2 10.2 --

0.30 (0.19) 2 18.0 --

0.35 (0.22) 37 18.3 --

0.50 (0.31) 37 18.4 --

0.61 (0.38) 2 24.1 --

Pentachlorophenol (various solvents)b

 Liquified petroleum gas 0.14 42 18.9 --

0.19 42 15.9 --

0.34 42 -- 10% failed after 38-1/2 years

0.34 45 -- 90% failed after 35 years

0.49 45 -- 10% failed after 35 years

0.58 42 -- No failures after 38-1/2 years

0.65 45 -- No failures after 35 years

 Stoddard solvent (mineral spirits) 0.14 42 13.7 --

0.18 42 15.9 --

0.38 42 -- 80% failed after 38-1/2 years

0.67 42 -- No failures after 38-1/2 years

4.00 17 13.7 --

4.10 22 9.5 --

8.00 22 15.5 --

(Page 3 of 4)
Table 77--Summary of 2- by 4-in. stake selected results obtained in Mississippi

with wood preservatives in general use--concluded

Data

Average from Average

retentiona table life

Preservative (lb/ft3

) number (year) Remarks

 Heavy gas oil (Mid-United States) 4.10 17 -- 89% failed after 50 years

7.90 17 -- 80% failed after 50 years

12.00 17 -- 20% failed after 50 years

 No. 4 aromatic oil (West Coast) 4.20 22 21.0 --

8.20 22 -- 70% failed after 50 years

 AWPA P9 (heavy petroleum) 0.11 42 -- 90% failed after 38-1/2 years

0.19 42 -- 60% failed after 38-1/2 years

0.29 42 -- No failures after 38-1/2 years

0.53 45 -- No failures after 35 years

0.67 42 -- No failures after 38-1/2 years

Tributyltin oxide 0.015 36 6.4 --

 Stoddard solvent 0.030 36 7.2 --

0.045 36 7.4 --

7.900 41 7.0 --

8.200 41 4.5 --

 AWPA P9 (heavy petroleum) --

3% 8.00 41 20.8

6% 8.00 41 24.0 --

Petroleum solvent controls 4.00 17 7.6 --

4.10 17 4.4 --

4.00 17 12.9 --

7.70 23 14.6 --

7.90 17 -- 90% failed after 50 years

8.00 45 19.7 --

8.00 41 23.3 --

8.00 17 14.6 --

8.10 18 3.4 --

8.50 43 20.9 --

9.80 5 6.3 --

12.00 17 17.1 --

12.10 17 -- 80% failed after 50 years

19.40 5 9.1 --

Untreated stakes -- Misc. 1.8 to --

3.6

a

Retention values in parentheses are based on preservative oxides or copper metal.

b

See Tables 5 and 17 for pentachlorophenol in other solvents.

(Page 4 of 4)