89–006 

116TH CONGRESS REPORT " ! HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES 1st Session 116–135 

EMANCIPATION NATIONAL HISTORIC TRAIL STUDY ACT 

JUNE 27, 2019.—Committed to the Committee of the Whole House on the State of 

the Union and ordered to be printed 

Mr. GRIJALVA, from the Committee on Natural Resources, 

submitted the following 

R E P O R T 

[To accompany H.R. 434] 

[Including cost estimate of the Congressional Budget Office] 

The Committee on Natural Resources, to whom was referred the 

bill (H.R. 434) to designate the Emancipation National Historic 

Trail, and for other purposes, having considered the same, report 

favorably thereon with amendments and recommend that the bill 

as amended do pass. 

The amendments are as follows: 

Strike all after the enacting clause and insert the following: 

SECTION 1. SHORT TITLE. 

This Act may be cited as the ‘‘Emancipation National Historic Trail Study Act’’. 

SEC. 2. EMANCIPATION NATIONAL HISTORIC TRAIL STUDY. 

Section 5(c) of the National Trails System Act (16 U.S.C. 1244(c)) is amended by 

adding at the end the following: 

‘‘(47) EMANCIPATION NATIONAL HISTORIC TRAIL.—The Emancipation National 

Historic Trail, extending approximately 51 miles from the Osterman Building 

and Reedy Chapel in Galveston, Texas, along Texas State Highway 3 and Interstate Highway 45 North, to Freedmen’s Town, then to Independence Heights 

and Emancipation Park in Houston, Texas, following the migration route taken 

by newly freed slaves and other persons of African descent from the major 19th 

century seaport town of Galveston to the burgeoning community of Freedmen’s 

Town, located in the 4th Ward of Houston, Texas.’’. 

Amend the title so as to read: 

A bill to amend the National Trails System Act to provide for the 

study of the Emancipation National Historic Trail, and for other 

purposes. 


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PURPOSE OF THE BILL

The purpose of H.R. 434 is to amend the National Trails System 

Act to provide for the study of the Emancipation National Historic 

Trail. 

BACKGROUND AND NEED FOR LEGISLATION

On June 19, 1865, U.S. General Gordon Granger rode into Galveston, Texas, to announce the freedom of the last American slaves. 

After gaining their freedom nearly two-and-a-half years after President Lincoln’s Emancipation Proclamation, many of the 250,000 

newly freed slaves traversed the proposed Emancipation National 

Historic Trail’s route from Galveston to Freedmen’s Town in Houston, Texas, to spread the news to neighboring communities. 

H.R. 434 celebrates the freedom of the last American slaves by 

initiating a special resource study of an approximately 51-mile 

route—extending from the Osterman Building and Reedy Chapel in 

Galveston, Texas, to Freedmen’s Town and Emancipation Park in 

Houston, Texas—for inclusion in the National Historic Trails System. The resulting trail would be designated the Emancipation National Historic Trail. 

COMMITTEE ACTION

H.R. 434 was introduced on January 10, 2019, by Representative 

Sheila Jackson Lee (D–TX). The bill was referred solely to the 

Committee on Natural Resources, and within the Committee to the 

Subcommittee on National Parks, Forests, and Public Lands. The 

Subcommittee held a hearing on the bill on April 2, 2019. On May 

1, 2019, the Natural Resources Committee met to consider the bill. 

The Subcommittee was discharged by unanimous consent. Chair 

Grijalva (D–AZ) offered an amendment in the nature of a substitute. Representative Wm. Lacy Clay (D–MO) offered an amendment designated Clay.043 to the amendment in the nature of a 

substitute; it was adopted by unanimous consent. Chair Grijalva’s 

amendment in the nature of a substitute, as amended, was agreed 

to by unanimous consent. No additional amendments were offered. 

The bill, as amended, was ordered favorably reported to the House 

of Representatives by unanimous consent. 

HEARINGS

For the purposes of section 103(i) of H. Res. 6 of the 116th Congress—the following hearing was used to develop or consider H.R. 

434: hearing by the Subcommittee on National Parks, Forests, and 

Public Lands—on H.R. 306, H.R. 434, H.R. 823, and H.R. 1708, 

held on April 2, 2019, in Longworth House Office Building, Room 

1324. 

COMMITTEE OVERSIGHT FINDINGS AND RECOMMENDATIONS

Regarding clause 2(b)(1) of rule X and clause 3(c)(1) of rule XIII 

of the Rules of the House of Representatives, the Committee on 

Natural Resources’ oversight findings and recommendations are reflected in the body of this report. 


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COMPLIANCE WITH HOUSE RULE XIII AND

CONGRESSIONAL BUDGET ACT

1. Cost of Legislation and the Congressional Budget Act. With respect to the requirements of clause 3(c)(2) and (3) of rule XIII of 

the Rules of the House of Representatives and sections 308(a) and 

402 of the Congressional Budget Act of 1974, the Committee has 

received the following estimate for the bill from the Director of the 

Congressional Budget Office: 

U.S. CONGRESS, CONGRESSIONAL BUDGET OFFICE, Washington, DC, May 13, 2019. 

Hon. RAU ́ L M. GRIJALVA, Chairman, Committee on Natural Resources, 

House of Representatives, Washington, DC. 

DEAR MR. CHAIRMAN: The Congressional Budget Office has prepared the enclosed cost estimate for H.R. 434, the Emancipation 

National Historic Trail Act. 

If you wish further details on this estimate, we will be pleased 

to provide them. The CBO staff contact is David Hughes. 

Sincerely, 

KEITH HALL, 

Director. 

Enclosure. 

H.R. 434 would direct the National Park Service (NPS) to study 

the feasibility of designating a 51-mile route from Galveston to 

Houston in Texas as the Emancipation National Historic Trail, 

part of the National Historic Trail System. 

Based on Congressional testimony from the NPS and the costs of 

conducting similar studies, CBO estimates that implementing H.R. 

434 would cost less than $500,000 over three years. Any spending 

would be subject to the availability of appropriated funds. 

The CBO staff contact for this estimate is David Hughes. The estimate was reviewed by H. Samuel Papenfuss, Deputy Assistant 

Director for Budget Analysis. 

2. General Performance Goals and Objectives. As required by 

clause 3(c)(4) of rule XIII, the general performance goals and objecVerDate Sep 11 2014 04:11 Jul 02, 2019 Jkt 089006 PO 00000 Frm 00003 Fmt 6659 Sfmt 6602 E:\HR\OC\HR135.XXX HR135

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tives of this bill is to amend the National Trails System Act to provide for the study of the Emancipation National Historic Trail. 

EARMARK STATEMENT

This bill does not contain any Congressional earmarks, limited 

tax benefits, or limited tariff benefits as defined under clause 9(e), 

9(f), and 9(g) of rule XXI of the Rules of the House of Representatives. 

UNFUNDED MANDATES REFORM ACT STATEMENT

This bill contains no unfunded mandates. 

EXISTING PROGRAMS

This bill does not establish or reauthorize a program of the federal government known to be duplicative of another program. 

APPLICABILITY TO LEGISLATIVE BRANCH

The Committee finds that the legislation does not relate to the 

terms and conditions of employment or access to public services or 

accommodations within the meaning of section 102(b)(3) of the Congressional Accountability Act. 

PREEMPTION OF STATE, LOCAL, OR TRIBAL LAW

Any preemptive effect of this bill over state, local, or tribal law 

is intended to be consistent with the bill’s purposes and text and 

the Supremacy Clause of Article VI of the U.S. Constitution. 

CHANGES IN EXISTING LAW MADE BY THE BILL, AS REPORTED

In compliance with clause 3(e) of rule XIII of the Rules of the 

House of Representatives, changes in existing law made by the bill, 

as reported, are shown as follows (new matter is printed in italic 

and existing law in which no change is proposed is shown in 

roman): 

NATIONAL TRAILS SYSTEM ACT 

* * * * * * * 

NATIONAL SCENIC AND NATIONAL HISTORICAL TRAILS

SEC. 5. (a) National scenic and national historic trails shall be 

authorized and designated only by Act of Congress. There are hereby established the following National Scenic and National Historic 

Trails: 

(1) The Appalachian National Scenic Trail, a trail of approximately two thousand miles extending generally along the Appalachian Mountains from Mount Katahdin, Maine, to Springer 

Mountain, Georgia. Insofar as practicable, the right-of-way for such 

trail shall comprise the trail depicted on the maps identified as 

‘‘Nationwide System of Trails, Proposed Appalachian Trail, NST– 

AT–101–May 1967’’, which shall be on file and available for public 

inspection in the office of the Director of the National Park Service. 

Where practicable, such rights-of-way shall include lands protected 


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for it under agreements in effect as of the date of enactment of this 

Act, to which Federal agencies and State were parties. The Appalachian Trail shall be administered primarily as a footpath by the 

Secretary of the Interior, in consultation with the Secretary of Agriculture. 

(2) The Pacific Crest National Scenic Trail, a trail of approximately two thousand three hundred fifty miles, extending from the 

Mexican-California border northward generally along the mountain 

ranges of the west coast States to the Canadian-Washington border 

near Lake Ross, following the route as generally depicted on the 

map, identified as ‘‘Nationwide System of Trails, Proposed Pacific 

Crest Trail, NST–PC–103–May 1967’’ which shall be on file and 

available for public inspection in the office of the Chief of the Forest Service. The Pacific Crest Trail shall be administered by the 

Secretary of Agriculture, in consultation with the Secretary of the 

Interior. 

(3) The Oregon National Historic Trail, a route of approximately 

two thousand miles extending from near Independence, Missouri, 

to the vicinity of Portland, Oregon, following a route as depicted on 

maps identified as ‘‘Primary Route of the Oregon Trail 1841–1848’’, 

in the Department of the Interior’s Oregon Trail study report dated 

April 1977, and which shall be on file and available for public inspection in the office of the Director of the National Park Service. 

The trail shall be administered by the Secretary of the Interior. No 

land or interest in land outside the exterior boundaries of any federally administered area may be acquired by the Federal Government for the trail except with the consent of the owner of the land 

or interest in land. The authority of the Federal Government to acquire fee title under this paragraph shall be limited to an average 

of not more than 1⁄4 mile on either side of the trail. 

(4) The Mormon Pioneer National Historic Trail, a route of approximately one thousand three hundred miles extending from 

Nauvoo, Illinois, to Salt Lake City, Utah, following the primary historical route of the Mormon Trail as generally depicted on a map, 

identified as, ‘‘Mormon Trail Vicinity Map, figure 2’’ in the Department of the Interior Mormon Trail study report dated March 1977, 

and which shall be on file and available for public inspection in the 

office of the Director, National Park Service, Washington, D.C. The 

trail shall be administered by the Secretary of the Interior. No land 

or interest in land outside the exterior boundaries of any federally 

administered area may be acquired by the Federal Government for 

the trail except with the consent of the owner of the land or interest in land. The authority of the Federal Government to acquire fee 

title under this paragraph shall be limited to an average of not 

more than 1⁄4 mile on either side of the trail. 

(5) The Continental Divide National Scenic Trail, a trail of approximately thirty-one hundred miles, extending from the Montana-Canada border to the New Mexico-Mexico border, following 

the approximate route depicted on the map, identified as ‘‘Proposed 

Continental Divide National Scenic Trail’’ in the Department of the 

Interior Continental Divide Trail study report dated March 1977 

and which shall be on file and available for public inspection in the 

office of the Chief, Forest Service, Washington, D.C. The Continental Divide National Scenic Trail shall be administered by the 

Secretary of Agriculture in consultation with the Secretary of the 


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Interior. Notwithstanding the provisions of section 7(c), the use of 

motorized vehicles on roads which will be designated segments of 

the Continental Divide National Scenic Trail shall be permitted in 

accordance with regulations prescribed by the appropriate Secretary. No land or interest in land outside the exterior boundaries 

of any federally administered area may be acquired by the Federal 

Government for the trail except with the consent of the owner of 

the land or interest in land. The authority of the Federal Government to acquire fee title under this paragraph shall be limited to 

an average of not more than 1⁄4 mile on either side of the trail. 

(6) The Lewis and Clark National Historic Trail, a trail of approximately 4,900 miles, extending from the Ohio River in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, to the mouth of the Columbia River in Oregon, following the outbound and inbound routes of the Lewis and 

Clark expedition depicted on the map entitled ‘‘Lewis and Clark 

National Historic Trail Authorized Trail Including Proposed Eastern Legacy Extension’’, dated April 2018, and numbered 648/ 

143721. The map shall be on file and available for public inspection 

in the office of the Director, National Park Service, Washington, 

D.C. The trail shall be administered by the Secretary of the Interior. No land or interest in land outside the exterior boundaries of 

any federally administered area may be acquired by the Federal 

Government for the trail except with the consent of the owner of 

the land or interest in land. The authority of the Federal Government to acquire fee title under this paragraph shall be limited to 

an average of not more than 1⁄4 mile on either side of the trail. 

(7) The Iditarod National Historic Trail, a route of approximately 

two thousand miles extending from Seward, Alaska to Nome, Alaska, following the routes as depicted on maps identified as ‘‘SewardNome Trail’’, in the Department of the Interior’s study report entitled ‘‘The Iditarod Trail (Seward-Nome Route) and other Alaskan 

Gold Rush Trails’’ dated September 1977. The map shall be on file 

and available for public inspection in the office of the Director, National Park Service, Washington, D.C. The trail shall be administered by the Secretary of the Interior. No land or interest in land 

outside the exterior boundaries of any federally administered area 

may be acquired by the Federal Government for the trail except 

with the consent of the owner of the land or interest in land. The 

authority of the Federal Government to acquire fee title under this 

paragraph shall be limited to an average of not more than 1⁄4 mile 

on either side of the trail. 

(8) The North Country National Scenic Trail, a trail of approximately 4,600 miles, extendingfrom the Appalachian Trail in 

Vermont to the vicinity of Lake Sakakawea in North Dakota, following the approximate route depicted on the map identified as 

‘‘North Country National Scenic Trail, Authorized Route’’, dated 

February 2014, and numbered 649/116870. The map shall be on file 

and available for public inspection in the office of the Director, National Park Service, Washington, District of Columbia. The trail 

shall be administered by the Secretary of the Interior. No land or 

interest in land outside the exterior boundaries of any federally administered area may be acquired by the Federal Government for 

the trail except with the consent of the owner of the land or interest in land. 


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(9) The Overmountain Victory National Historic Trail, a system 

totaling approximately two hundred seventy-two miles of trail with 

routes from the mustering point near Abingdon, Virginia, to Sycamore Shoals (near Elizabethton, Tennessee); from Sycamore Shoals 

to Quaker Meadows (near Morganton, North Carolina); from the 

mustering point in Surry County, North Carolina, to Quaker Meadows; and from Quaker Meadows to Kings Mountain, South Carolina, as depicted on the map identified as Map 3—Historic Features—1780 in the draft study report entitled ‘‘Overmountain Victory Trail’’ dated December 1979. The map shall be on file and 

available for public inspection in the Office of the Director, National Park Service, Washington, District of Columbia. The trail 

shall be administered by the Secretary of the Interior. 

(10) The Ice Age National Scenic Trail, a trail of approximately 

one thousand miles, extending from Door County, Wisconsin, to 

Interstate Park in Saint Croix County, Wisconsin, generally following the route described in ‘‘On the Trail of the Ice Age—A 

Hiker’s and Biker’s Guide to Wisconsin’s Ice Age National Scientific 

Reserve and Trail’’, by Henry S. Reuss, Member of Congress, dated 

1980. The guide and maps shall be on file and available for public 

inspection in the Office of the Director, National Park Service, 

Washington, District of Columbia. Overall administration of the 

trail shall be the responsibility of the Secretary of the Interior pursuant to section 5(d) of this Act. The State of Wisconsin, in consultation with the Secretary of the Interior, may, subject to the approval of the Secretary, prepare a plan for the management of the 

trail which shall be deemed to meet the requirements of section 

5(e) of this Act. Notwithstanding the provisions of section 7(c), 

snowmobile use may be permitted on segments of the Ice Age National Scenic Trail where deemed appropriate by the Secretary and 

the managing authority responsible for the segment. No land or interest in land outside the exterior boundaries of any federally administered area may be acquired by the Federal Government for 

the trail except with the consent of the owner of the land or interest in land. 

(11) The Potomac Heritage National Scenic Trail, a corridor of 

approximately seven hundred and four miles following the route as 

generally depicted on the map identified as ‘‘National Trails System, Proposed Potomac Heritage Trail’’ in ‘‘The Potomac Heritage 

Trail’’, a report prepared by the Department of the Interior and 

dated December 1974, except that no designation of the trail shall 

be made in the State of West Virginia. The map shall be on file 

and available for public inspection in the office of the Director of 

the National Park Service, Washington, District of Columbia. The 

trail shall initally consist of only those segments of the corridor located within the exterior boundaries of federally administered 

areas. The trail shall be administered by the Secretary of the Interior. No land or interest in land outside the exterior boundaries of 

any federally administered area may be acquired by the Federal 

Government for the trail except with the consent of the owner of 

the land or interest in land. 

(12) The Natchez Trace National Scenic Trail, a trail system of 

approximately six hundred and ninety-four miles extending from 

Nashville, Tennessee, to Natchez, Mississippi, as depicted on the 

map entitled ‘‘Concept Plan, Natchez Trace Trails Study’’ in ‘‘The 


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Natchez Trace’’, a report prepared by the Department of the Interior and dated August 1979. The map shall be on file and available 

for public inspection in the office of the Director of the National 

Park Service, Department of the Interior, Washington, District of 

Columbia. The trail shall be administered by the Secretary of the 

Interior. 

(13) The Florida National Scenic Trail, a route of approximately 

thirteen hundred miles extending through the State of Florida as 

generally depicted in ‘‘The Florida Trail’’, a national scenic trail 

study draft report prepared by the Department of the Interior and 

dated February 1980. The report shall be on file and available for 

public inspection in the office of the Chief of the Forest Service, 

Washington, District of Columbia. No lands or interests therein 

outside the exterior boundaries of any federally administered area 

may be acquired by the Federal Government for the Florida Trail 

except with the consent of the owner thereof. The Secretary of Agriculture may designate lands outside of federally administered 

areas as segments of the trail, only upon application from the 

States or local governmental agencies involved, if such segments 

meet the criteria established in this Act and are administered by 

such agencies without expense to the United States. The trail shall 

be administered by the Secretary of Agriculture. 

(14) The Nez Perce National Historic Trail, a route of approximately eleven hundred and seventy miles extending from the vicinity of Wallowa Lake, Oregon, to Bear Paw Mountain, Montana, as 

generally depicted in ‘‘Nez Perce (Nee-Me-Poo) Trail Study Report’’ 

prepared by the Department of Agriculture and dated March 1982. 

The report shall be on file and available for public inspection in the 

Office of the Chief of the Forest Service, Washington, District of 

Columbia. The trail shall be administered by the Secretary of Agriculture. So that significant route segments and sites recognized as 

associated with the Nez Perce Trail may be distinguished by suitable markers, the Secretary of Agriculture is authorized to accept 

the donation of suitable markers for placement at appropriate locations. Any such markers associated with the Nez Perce Trail which 

are to be located on lands administered by any other department 

or agency of the United States may be placed on such lands only 

with the concurrence of the head of such department or agency. No 

land or interest in land outside the exterior boundaries of any federally administered area may be acquired by the Federal Government for the trail except with the consent of the owner of the land 

or interest in land. The authority of the Federal Government to acquire fee title under this paragraph shall be limited to an average 

of not more than 1⁄4 mile on either side of the trail. 

(15) The Santa Fe National Historic Trail, a trail of approximately 950 miles from a point near Old Franklin, Missouri, 

through Kansas, Oklahoma, and Colorado to Santa Fe, New Mexico, as generally depicted on a map entitled ‘‘The Santa Fe Trail’’ 

contained in the Final Report of the Secretary of the Interior pursuant to subsection (b) of this section, dated July 1976. The map 

shall be on file and available for public inspection in the office of 

the Director of the National Park Service, Washington, District of 

Columbia. The trail shall be administered by the Secretary of the 

Interior. No lands or interests therein outside the exterior boundaries of any federally administered area may be acquired by the 


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Federal Government for the Santa Fe Trail except with the consent 

of the owner thereof. Before acquiring any easement or entering 

into any cooperative agreement with a private landowner with respect to the trail, the Secretary shall notify the landowner of the 

potential liability, if any, for injury to the public resulting from 

physical conditions which may be on the landowner’s land. The 

United States shall not be held liable by reason of such notice or 

failure to provide such notice to the landowner. So that significant 

route segments and sites recognized as associated with the Santa 

Fe Trail may be distinguished by suitable markers, the Secretary 

of the Interior is authorized to accept the donation of suitable 

markers for placement at appropriate locations. 

(16)(A) The Trail of Tears National Historic Trail, a trail consisting of water routes and overland routes traveled by the Cherokee Nation during its removal from ancestral lands in the East to 

Oklahoma during 1838 and 1839, generally located within the corridor described through portions of Georgia, North Carolina, Alabama, Tennessee, Kentucky, Illinois, Missouri, Arkansas, and 

Oklahoma in the final report of the Secretary of the Interior prepared pursuant to subsection (b) of this section entitled ‘‘Trail of 

Tears’’ and dated June 1986. Maps depicting the corridor shall be 

on file and available for public inspection in the Office of the National Park Service, Department of the Interior. The trail shall be 

administered by the Secretary of the Interior. No lands or interests 

therein outside the exterior boundaries of any federally administered area may be acquired by the Federal Government for the 

Trail of Tears except with the consent of the owner thereof. 

(B) In carrying out his responsibilities pursuant to sections 5(f) 

and 7(c) of this Act, the Secretary of the Interior shall give careful 

consideration to the establishment of appropriate interpretive sites 

for the Trail of Tears in the vicinity of Hopkinsville, Kentucky, Fort 

Smith, Arkansas, Trail of Tears State Park, Missouri, and Tahlequah, Oklahoma. 

(C) In addition to the areas otherwise designated under this 

paragraph, the following routes and land components by which 

the Cherokee Nation was removed to Oklahoma are components of the Trail of Tears National Historic Trail, as generally 

described in the environmentally preferred alternative of the 

November 2007 Feasibility Study Amendment and Environmental Assessment for Trail of Tears National Historic Trail: 

(i) The Benge and Bell routes. 

(ii) The land components of the designated water routes 

in Alabama, Arkansas, Oklahoma, and Tennessee. 

(iii) The routes from the collection forts in Alabama, 

Georgia, North Carolina, and Tennessee to the emigration 

depots. 

(iv) The related campgrounds located along the routes 

and land components described in clauses (i) through (iii). 

(D) The Secretary may accept donations for the Trail from 

private, nonprofit, or tribal organizations. No lands or interests 

in lands outside the exterior boundaries of any federally administered area may be acquired by the Federal Government 

for the Trail of Tears National Historic Trail except with the 

consent of the owner thereof. 


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(17) The Juan Bautista de Anza National Historic Trail, a trail 

comprising the overland route traveled by Captain Juan Bautista 

de Anza of Spain during the years 1775 and 1776 from Sonora, 

Mexico, to the vicinity of San Francisco, California, of approximately 1,200 miles through Arizona and California, as generally 

described in the report of the Department of the Interior prepared 

pursuant to subsection (b) entitled ‘‘Juan Bautista de Anza National Trail Study, Feasibility Study and Environmental Assessment’’ and dated August 1986. A map generally depicting the trail 

shall be on file and available for public inspection in the Office of 

the Director of the National Park Service, Washington, District of 

Columbia. The trail shall be administered by the Secretary of the 

Interior. No lands or interests therein outside the exterior boundaries of any federally administered area may be acquired by the 

Federal Government for the Juan Bautista de Anza National Historic Trail without the consent of the owner thereof. In implementing this paragraph, the Secretary shall encourage volunteer 

trail groups to participate in the development and maintenance of 

the trail. 

(18) The California National Historic Trail, a route of approximately five thousand seven hundred miles, including all routes and 

cutoffs, extending from Independence and Saint Joseph, Missouri, 

and Council Bluffs, Iowa, to various points in California and Oregon, as generally described in the report of the Department of the 

Interior prepared pursuant to subsection (b) of this section entitled 

‘‘California and Pony Express Trails, Eligibility/Feasibility Study/ 

Environmental Assessment’’ and dated September 1987. A map 

generally depicting the route shall be on file and available for public inspection in the Office of the National Park Service, Department of the Interior. The trail shall be administered by the Secretary of the Interior. No lands or interests therein outside the exterior boundaries of any federally administered area may be acquired by the United States for the California National Historic 

Trail except with the consent of the owner thereof. 

(19) The Pony Express National Historic Trail, a route of approximately one thousand nine hundred miles, including the original route and subsequent route changes, extending from Saint Joseph, Missouri, to Sacramento, California, as generally described in 

the report of the Department of the Interior prepared pursuant to 

subsection (b) of this section entitled ‘‘California and Pony Express 

Trails, Eligibility/Feasibility Study/Environmental Assessment’’, 

and dated September 1987. A map generally depicting the route 

shall be on file and available for public inspection in the Office of 

the National Park Service, Department of the Interior. The trail 

shall be administered by the Secretary of the Interior. No lands or 

interests therein outside the exterior boundaries of any federally 

administered area may be acquired by the United States for the 

Pony Express National Historic Trail except with the consent of the 

owner thereof. 

(20) The Selma to Montgomery National Historic Trail, consisting of 54 miles of city streets and United States Highway 80 

from Brown Chapel A.M.E. Church in Selma to the State Capitol 

Building in Montgomery, Alabama, traveled by voting rights advocates during March 1965 to dramatize the need for voting rights 

legislation, as generally described in the report of the Secretary of 


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the Interior prepared pursuant to subsection (b) of this section entitled ‘‘Selma to Montgomery’’ and dated April 1993. Maps depicting 

the route shall be on file and available for public inspection in the 

Office of the National Park Service, Department of the Interior. 

The trail shall be administered in accordance with this Act, including section 7(h). The Secretary of the Interior, acting through the 

National Park Service, which shall be the lead Federal agency, 

shall cooperate with other Federal, State and local authorities to 

preserve historic sites along the route, including (but not limited 

to) the Edmund Pettus Bridge and the Brown Chapel A.M.E. 

Church. 

(21) EL CAMINO REAL DE TIERRA ADENTRO.— (A) El Camino Real de Tierra Adentro (the Royal Road 

of the Interior) National Historic Trail, a 404 mile long 

trail from the Rio Grande near El Paso, Texas to San Juan 

Pueblo, New Mexico, as generally depicted on the maps entitled ‘‘United States Route: El Camino Real de Tierra 

Adentro’’, contained in the report prepared pursuant to 

subsection (b) entitled ‘‘National Historic Trail Feasibility 

Study and Environmental Assessment: El Camino Real de 

Tierra Adentro, Texas-New Mexico’’, dated March 1997. 

(B) MAP.—A map generally depicting the trail shall be 

on file and available for public inspection in the Office of 

the National Park Service, Department of the Interior. 

(C) ADMINISTRATION.—The Trail shall be administered 

by the Secretary of the Interior. 

(D) LAND ACQUISITION.—No lands or interests therein 

outside the exterior boundaries of any federally administered area may be acquired by the Federal Government for 

El Camino Real de Tierra Adentro except with the consent 

of the owner thereof. 

(E) VOLUNTEER GROUPS; CONSULTATION.—The Secretary 

of the Interior shall— 

(i) encourage volunteer trail groups to participate in 

the development and maintenance of the trail; and 

(ii) consult with other affected Federal, State, local 

governmental, and tribal agencies in the administration of the trail. 

(F) COORDINATION OF ACTIVITIES.—The Secretary of the 

Interior may coordinate with United States and Mexican 

public and non-governmental organizations, academic institutions, and, in consultation with the Secretary of State, 

the government of Mexico and its political subdivisions, for 

the purpose of exchanging trail information and research, 

fostering trail preservation and educational programs, providing technical assistance, and working to establish an 

international historic trail with complementary preservation and education programs in each nation. 

(22) ALA KAHAKAI NATIONAL HISTORIC TRAIL.— (A) IN GENERAL.—The Ala Kahakai National Historic 

Trail (the Trail by the Sea), a 175 mile long trail extending 

from ’Upolu Point on the north tip of Hawaii Island down 

the west coast of the Island around Ka Lae to the east 

boundary of Hawaii Volcanoes National Park at the ancient shoreline temple known as ‘‘Waha’ula’’, as generally 


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depicted on the map entitled ‘‘Ala Kahakai Trail’’, contained in the report prepared pursuant to subsection (b) 

entitled ‘‘Ala Kahakai National Trail Study and Environmental Impact Statement’’, dated January 1998. 

(B) MAP.—A map generally depicting the trail shall be 

on file and available for public inspection in the Office of 

the National Park Service, Department of the Interior. 

(C) ADMINISTRATION.—The trail shall be administered by 

the Secretary of the Interior. 

(D) LAND ACQUISITION.—No land or interest in land outside the exterior boundaries of any federally administered 

area may be acquired by the United States for the trail except with the consent of the owner of the land or interest 

in land. 

(E) PUBLIC PARTICIPATION; CONSULTATION.—The Secretary of the Interior shall— 

(i) encourage communities and owners of land along 

the trail, native Hawaiians, and volunteer trail groups 

to participate in the planning, development, and maintenance of the trail; and 

(ii) consult with affected Federal, State, and local 

agencies, native Hawaiian groups, and landowners in 

the administration of the trail. 

(23) OLD SPANISH NATIONAL HISTORIC TRAIL.— 

(A) IN GENERAL.—The Old Spanish National Historic Trail, 

an approximately 2,700 mile long trail extending from Santa 

Fe, New Mexico, to Los Angeles, California, that served as a 

major trade route between 1829 and 1848, as generally depicted on the maps numbered 1 through 9, as contained in the 

report entitled ‘‘Old Spanish Trail National Historic Trail Feasibility Study’’, dated July 2001, including the Armijo Route, 

Northern Route, North Branch, and Mojave Road. 

(B) MAP.—A map generally depicting the trail shall be on file 

and available for public inspection in the appropriate offices of 

the Department of the Interior. 

(C) ADMINISTRATION.—The trail shall be administered by the 

Secretary of the Interior (referred to in this paragraph as the 

‘‘Secretary’’). 

(D) LAND ACQUISITION.—The United States shall not acquire 

for the trail any land or interest in land outside the exterior 

boundary of any federally-managed area without the consent of 

the owner of the land or interest in land. 

(E) CONSULTATION.—The Secretary shall consult with other 

Federal, State, local, and tribal agencies in the administration 

of the trail. 

(F) ADDITIONAL ROUTES.—The Secretary may designate additional routes to the trail if— 

(i) the additional routes were included in the Old Spanish Trail National Historic Trail Feasibility Study, but 

were not recommended for designation as a national historic trail; and 

(ii) the Secretary determines that the additional routes 

were used for trade and commerce between 1829 and 1848. 

(24) EL CAMINO REAL DE LOS TEJAS NATIONAL HISTORIC TRAIL.— 


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(A) IN GENERAL.—El Camino Real de los Tejas (the Royal 

Road to the Tejas) National Historic Trail, a combination of 

historic routes (including the Old San Antonio Road) totaling 

approximately 2,580 miles, extending from the Rio Grande 

near Eagle Pass and Laredo, Texas, to Natchitoches, Louisiana, as generally depicted on the map entitled ‘‘El Camino 

Real de los Tejas’’ contained in the report entitled ‘‘National 

Historic Trail Feasibility Study and Environmental Assessment: El Camino Real de los Tejas, Texas-Louisiana’’, dated 

July 1998. 

(B) MAP.—A map generally depicting the trail shall be on file 

and available for public inspection in the appropriate offices of 

the National Park Service. 

(C) ADMINISTRATION.—(i) The Secretary of the Interior (referred to in this paragraph as ‘‘the Secretary’’) shall administer 

the trail. 

(ii) The Secretary shall administer those portions of the trail 

on non-Federal land only with the consent of the owner of such 

land and when such trail portion qualifies for certification as 

an officially established component of the trail, consistent with 

section 3(a)(3). An owner’s approval of a certification agreement shall satisfy the consent requirement. A certification 

agreement may be terminated at any time. 

(iii) The designation of the trail does not authorize any person to enter private property without the consent of the owner. 

(D) CONSULTATION.—The Secretary shall consult with appropriate State and local agencies in the planning and development of the trail. 

(E) COORDINATION OF ACTIVITIES.—The Secretary may coordinate with United States and Mexican public and nongovernmental organizations, academic institutions, and, in consultation with the Secretary of State, the Government of Mexico and its political subdivisions, for the purpose of exchanging 

trail information and research, fostering trail preservation and 

educational programs, providing technical assistance, and 

working to establish an international historic trail with complementary preservation and education programs in each nation. 

(F) LAND ACQUISITION.—The United States shall not acquire 

for the trail any land or interest in land outside the exterior 

boundary of any federally-administered area without the consent of the owner of the land or interest in land. 

(25) CAPTAIN JOHN SMITH CHESAPEAKE NATIONAL HISTORIC

TRAIL.— 

(A) IN GENERAL.—The Captain John Smith Chesapeake 

National Historic Trail, a series of water routes extending 

approximately 3,000 miles along the Chesapeake Bay and 

the tributaries of the Chesapeake Bay in the States of Virginia, Maryland, and Delaware, and in the District of Columbia, that traces the 1607–1609 voyages of Captain 

John Smith to chart the land and waterways of the Chesapeake Bay, as generally depicted on the map entitled ‘‘Captain John Smith Chesapeake National Historic Trail Map 

MD, VA, DE, and DC’’, numbered P–16/8000 (CAJO), and 

dated May 2006. 


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(B) MAP.—The map referred to in subparagraph (A) 

shall be on file and available for public inspection in the 

appropriate offices of the National Park Service. 

(C) ADMINISTRATION.—The trail shall be administered by 

the Secretary of the Interior— 

(i) in coordination with— 

(I) the Chesapeake Bay Gateways and 

Watertrails Network authorized under the Chesapeake Bay Initiative Act of 1998 (16 U.S.C. 461 

note; 112 Stat. 2961); and 

(II) the Chesapeake Bay Program authorized 

under section 117 of the Federal Water Pollution 

Control Act (33 U.S.C. 1267); and 

(ii) in consultation with— 

(I) other Federal, State, tribal, regional, and 

local agencies; and 

(II) the private sector. 

(D) LAND ACQUISITION.—The United States shall not acquire for the trail any land or interest in land outside the 

exterior boundary of any federally-managed area without 

the consent of the owner of the land or interest in land. 

(26) STAR-SPANGLED BANNER NATIONAL HISTORIC TRAIL.— 

(A) IN GENERAL.—The Star-Spangled Banner National 

Historic Trail, a trail consisting of water and overland 

routes totaling approximately 290 miles, extending from 

Tangier Island, Virginia, through southern Maryland, the 

District of Columbia, and northern Virginia, in the Chesapeake Bay, Patuxent River, Potomac River, and north to 

the Patapsco River, and Baltimore, Maryland, commemorating the Chesapeake Campaign of the War of 1812 (including the British invasion of Washington, District of Columbia, and its associated feints, and the Battle of Baltimore in summer 1814), as generally depicted on the map 

titled ‘‘Star-Spangled Banner National Historic Trail’’, 

numbered T02/80,000, and dated June 2007. 

(B) MAP.—The map referred to in subparagraph (A) 

shall be maintained on file and available for public inspection in the appropriate offices of the National Park Service. 

(C) ADMINISTRATION.—Subject to subparagraph (E)(ii), 

the trail shall be administered by the Secretary of the Interior. 

(D) LAND ACQUISITION.—No land or interest in land outside the exterior boundaries of any federally administered 

area may be acquired by the United States for the trail except with the consent of the owner of the land or interest 

in land. 

(E) PUBLIC PARTICIPATION.—The Secretary of the Interior shall— 

(i) encourage communities, owners of land along the 

trail, and volunteer trail groups to participate in the 

planning, development, and maintenance of the trail; 

and 


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(ii) consult with other affected landowners and Federal, State, and local agencies in the administration of 

the trail. 

(F) INTERPRETATION AND ASSISTANCE.—Subject to the 

availability of appropriations, the Secretary of the Interior 

may provide, to State and local governments and nonprofit 

organizations, interpretive programs and services and 

technical assistance for use in— 

(i) carrying out preservation and development of the 

trail; and 

(ii) providing education relating to the War of 1812 

along the trail. 

(27) ARIZONA NATIONAL SCENIC TRAIL.— 

(A) IN GENERAL.—The Arizona National Scenic Trail, extending approximately 807 miles across the State of Arizona from the U.S.–Mexico international border to the Arizona–Utah border, as generally depicted on the map entitled ‘‘Arizona National Scenic Trail’’ and dated December 

5, 2007, to be administered by the Secretary of Agriculture, in consultation with the Secretary of the Interior 

and appropriate State, tribal, and local governmental 

agencies. 

(B) AVAILABILITY OF MAP.—The map shall be on file and 

available for public inspection in appropriate offices of the 

Forest Service. 

(28) NEW ENGLAND NATIONAL SCENIC TRAIL.—The New England National Scenic Trail, a continuous trail extending approximately 220 miles from the border of New Hampshire in 

the town of Royalston, Massachusetts to Long Island Sound in 

the town of Guilford, Connecticut, as generally depicted on the 

map titled ‘‘New England National Scenic Trail Proposed 

Route’’, numbered T06/80,000, and dated October 2007. The 

map shall be on file and available for public inspection in the 

appropriate offices of the National Park Service. The Secretary 

of the Interior, in consultation with appropriate Federal, State, 

tribal, regional, and local agencies, and other organizations, 

shall administer the trail after considering the recommendations of the report titled the ‘‘Metacomet Monadnock 

Mattabesset Trail System National Scenic Trail Feasibility 

Study and Environmental Assessment’’, prepared by the National Park Service, and dated Spring 2006. The United States 

shall not acquire for the trail any land or interest in land without the consent of the owner. 

(29) WASHINGTON-ROCHAMBEAU REVOLUTIONARY ROUTE NATIONAL HISTORIC TRAIL.— 

(A) IN GENERAL.—The Washington-Rochambeau Revolutionary Route National Historic Trail, a corridor of approximately 600 miles following the route taken by the armies of General George Washington and Count Rochambeau between Newport, Rhode Island, and Yorktown, Virginia, in 1781 and 1782, as generally depicted on the map 

entitled ‘‘WASHINGTON-ROCHAMBEAU REVOLUTIONARY ROUTE NATIONAL HISTORIC TRAIL’’, numbered T01/80,001, and dated June 2007. 


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(B) MAP.—The map referred to in subparagraph (A) 

shall be on file and available for public inspection in the 

appropriate offices of the National Park Service. 

(C) ADMINISTRATION.—The trail shall be administered by 

the Secretary of the Interior, in consultation with— 

(i) other Federal, State, tribal, regional, and local 

agencies; and 

(ii) the private sector. 

(D) LAND ACQUISITION.—The United States shall not acquire for the trail any land or interest in land outside the 

exterior boundary of any federally-managed area without 

the consent of the owner of the land or interest in land. 

(30) PACIFIC NORTHWEST NATIONAL SCENIC TRAIL.— 

(A) IN GENERAL.—The Pacific Northwest National Scenic 

Trail, a trail of approximately 1,200 miles, extending from 

the Continental Divide in Glacier National Park, Montana, 

to the Pacific Ocean Coast in Olympic National Park, 

Washington, following the route depicted on the map entitled ‘‘Pacific Northwest National Scenic Trail: Proposed 

Trail’’, numbered T12/80,000, and dated February 2008 

(referred to in this paragraph as the ‘‘map’’). 

(B) AVAILABILITY OF MAP.—The map shall be on file and 

available for public inspection in the appropriate offices of 

the Forest Service. 

(C) ADMINISTRATION.—The Pacific Northwest National 

Scenic Trail shall be administered by the Secretary of Agriculture. 

(D) LAND ACQUISITION.—The United States shall not acquire for the Pacific Northwest National Scenic Trail any 

land or interest in land outside the exterior boundary of 

any federally-managed area without the consent of the 

owner of the land or interest in land. 

(b) The Secretary of the Interior, through the agency most likely 

to administer such trail, and the Secretary of Agriculture where 

lands administered by him are involved, shall make such additional studies as are herein or may hereafter be authorized by the 

Congress for the purpose of determining the feasibility and desirability of designating other trails as national scenic or national historic trails. Such studies shall be made in consultation with the 

heads of other Federal agencies administering lands through which 

such additional proposed trails would pass and in cooperation with 

interested interstate, State, and local governmental agencies, public and private organizations, and landowners and land users concerned. The feasibility of designating a trail shall be determined on 

the basis of an evaluation of whether or not it is physically possible 

to develop a trail along a route being studied, and whether the development of a trail would be financially feasible. The studies listed 

in subsection (c) of this section shall be completed and submitted 

to the Congress, with recommendations as to the suitability of trail 

designation, not later than three complete fiscal years from the 

date of enactment of their addition to this subsection, or from the 

date of enactment of this sentence, whichever is later. Such studies, when submitted, shall be printed as a House or Senate document, and shall include, but not be limited to: 


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(1) the proposed route of such trail (including maps and illustrations); 

(2) the areas adjacent to such trails, to be utilized for scenic, 

historic, natural, cultural, or developmental purposes; 

(3) the characteristics which, in the judgment of the appropriate Secretary, make the proposed trail worthy of designation 

as a national scenic or national historic trail; and in the case 

of national historic trails the report shall include the recommendation of the Secretary of the Interior’s National Park 

System Advisory Board as to the national historic significance 

based on the criteria developed under the Historic Sites Act of 

1935 (49 Stat. 666; 16 U.S.C. 461); 

(4) the current status of land ownership and current and potential use along the designated route; 

(5) the estimated cost of acquisition of lands or interest in 

lands, if any; 

(6) the plans for developing and maintaining the trail and 

the cost thereof; 

(7) the proposed Federal administering agency (which, in the 

case of a national scenic or national historic trail wholly or 

substantially within a national forest, shall be the Department 

of Agriculture); 

(8) the extent to which a State or its political subdivisions 

and public and private organizations might reasonably be expected to participate in acquiring the necessary lands and in 

the administration thereof; 

(9) the relative uses of the lands involved, including: the 

number of anticipated visitor-days for the entire length of, as 

well as for segments of, such trail; the number of months 

which such trail, or segments thereof, will be open for recreation purposes; the economic and social benefits which might 

accrue from alternate land uses; and the estimated man-years 

of civilian employment and expenditures expected for the purposes of maintenance, supervision, and regulation of such trail; 

(10) the anticipated impact of public outdoor recreation use 

on the preservation of a proposed national historic trail and its 

related historic and archeological features and settings, including the measures proposed to ensure evaluation and preservation of the values that contribute to their national historic significance; and 

(11) to qualify for designation as a national historic trail, a 

trail must meet all three of the following criteria: 

(A) It must be a trail or route established by historic use 

and must be historically significant as a result of that use. 

The route need not currently exist as a discernible trail to 

qualify, but its location must be sufficiently known to permit evaluation of public recreation and historical interest 

potential. A designated trail should generally accurately 

follow the historic route, but may deviate somewhat on occasion of necessity to avoid difficult routing through subsequent development, or to provide some route variation offering a more pleasurable recreational experience. Such 

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ignated and marked onsite as segments which link to the 

historic trail. 

(B) It must be of national signficance with respect to any 

of several broad facets of American history, such as trade 

and commerce, exploration, migration and settlement, or 

military campaigns. To qualify as nationally significant, 

historic use of the trail must have had a far-reaching effect 

on broad patterns of American culture. Trails significant in 

the history of native Americans may be included. 

(C) It must have significant potential for public recreational use or historical interest based on historic interpretation and appreciation. The potential for such use is 

generally greater along roadless segments developed as 

historic trails, and at historic sites associated with the 

trail. The presence of recreation potential not related to 

historic appreciation is not sufficient justification for designation under this category. 

(c) The following routes shall be studied in accordance with the 

objectives outlined in subsection (b) of this section: 

(1) Continental Divide Trail, a three-thousand-one-hundred-mile 

trail extending from near the Mexican border in southwestern New 

Mexico northward generally along the Continental Divide to the 

Canadian border in Glacier National Park. 

(2) Potomac Heritage Trail, an eight-hundred-and-twenty-fivemile trail extending generally from the mouth of the Potomac River 

to its sources in Pennsylvania and West Virginia, including the 

one-hundred-and-seventy-mile Chesapeake and Ohio Canal towpath. 

(3) Old Cattle Trails of the Southwest from the vicinity of San 

Antonio, Texas, approximately eight hundred miles through Oklahoma via Baxter Springs and Chetopa, Kansas, to Fort Scott, Kansas, including the Chisholm Trail, from the vicinity of San Antonio 

or Cuero, Texas, approximately eight hundred miles north through 

Oklahoma to Abilene, Kansas. 

(4) Lewis and Clark Trail, from Wood River, Illinois, to the Pacific Ocean in Oregon, following both the outbound and inbound 

routes of the Lewis and Clark Expedition. 

(5) Natchez Trace, from Nashville, Tennessee, approximately six 

hundred miles to Natchez, Mississippi. 

(6) North Country Trail, from the Appalachian Trail in Vermont, 

approximately three thousand two hundred miles through the 

States of New York, Pennsylvania, Ohio, Michigan, Wisconsin, and 

Minnesota, to the Lewis and Clark Trail in North Dakota. 

(7) Kittanning Trail from Shirleysburg in Huntingdon County to 

Kittanning, Armstrong County, Pennsylvania. 

(8) Oregon Trail, from Independence, Missouri, approximately 

two thousand miles to near Fort Vancover, Washington. 

(9) Santa Fe Trail, from Independence, Missouri, approximately 

eight hundred miles to Santa Fe, New Mexico. 

(10) Long Trail, extending two hundred and fifty-five miles from 

the Massachusetts border northward through Vermont to the Canadian Border. 

(11) Mormon Trail, extending from Nauvoo, Illinois, to Salt Lake 

City, Utah, through the States of Iowa, Nebraska, and Wyoming. 

(12) Gold Rush Trails in Alaska. 


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(13) Mormon Battalion Trail, extending two thousand miles from 

Mount Pisgah, Iowa, through Kansas, Colorado, New Mexico, and 

Arizona to Los Angeles, California. 

(14) El Camino Real from St. Augustine to San Mateo, Florida, 

approximately 20 miles along the southern boundary of the St. 

Johns River from Fort Caroline National Memorial to the St. Augustine National Park Monument. 

(15) Bartram Trail, extending through the States of Georgia, 

North Carolina, South Carolina, Alabama, Florida, Louisiana, Mississippi, and Tennessee. 

(16) Daniel Boone Trail, extending from the vicinity of Statesville, North Carolina, to Fort Boonesborough State Park, Kentucky. 

(17) Desert Trail, extending from the Canadian border through 

parts of Idaho, Washington, Oregon, Nevada, California, and Arizona, to the Mexican border. 

(18) Dominguez-Escalante Trail, extending approximately two 

thousands miles along the route of the 1776 expedition led by Father Francisco Atanasio Dominguez and Father Silvestre Velez de 

Escalante, originating in Santa Fe, New Mexico; proceeding northwest along the San Juan, Dolores, Gunnison, and White Rivers in 

Colorado; thence westerly to Utah Lake; thence southward to Arizona and returning to Santa Fe. 

(19) Florida Trail, extending north from Everglades National 

Park, including the Big Cypress Swamp, the Kissimmee Prairie, 

the Withlacoochee State Forest, Ocala National Forest, Osceola National Forest, and Black Water River State Forest, said completed 

trail to be approximately one thousand three hundred miles long, 

of which over four hundred miles of trail have already been built. 

(20) Indian Nations Trail, extending from the Red River in Oklahoma approximately two hundred miles northward through the 

former Indian nations to the Oklahoma-Kansas boundary line. 

(21) Nez Perce Trail extending from the vicinity of Wallowa 

Lake, Oregon, to Bear Paw Mountain, Montana. 

(22) Pacific Northwest Trail, extending approximately one thousand miles from the Continental Divide in Glacier National Park, 

Montana, to the Pacific Ocean beach of Olympic National Park, 

Washington, by way of— 

(A) Flathead National Forest and Kootenai National Forest 

in the State of Montana; 

(B) Kaniksu National Forest in the State of Idaho; and 

(C) Colville National Forest, Okanogan National Forest, 

Pasayten Wilderness Area, Ross Lake National Recreation 

Area, North Cascades National Park, Mount Baker, the Skagit 

River, Deception Pass, Whidbey Island, Olympic National Forest, and Olympic National Park in the State of Washington. 

(23) Overmountain Victory Trail, extending from the vicinity of 

Elizabethton, Tennessee, to Kings Mountain National Military 

Park, South Carolina. 

(24) Juan Bautista de Anza Trail, following the overland route 

taken by Juan Bautista de Anza in connection with his travels 

from the United Mexican States to San Francisco, California. 

(25) Trail of Tears, including the associated forts and specifically, 

Fort Mitchell, Alabama, and historic properties, extending from the 

vicinity of Murphy, North Carolina through Georgia, Alabama, 


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Tennessee, Kentucky, Illinois, Missouri, and Arkansas, to the vicinity of Tahlequah, Oklahoma. 

(26) Illinois Trail, extending from the Lewis and Clark Trail at 

Wood River, Illinois, to the Chicago Portage National Historic Site, 

generally following the Illinois River and the Illinois and Michigan 

Canal. 

(27) Jedediah Smith Trail, to include the routes of the explorations led by Jedediah Smith— 

(A) during the period 1826–1827, extending from the IdahoWyoming border, through the Great Salt Lake, Sevier, Virgin, 

and Colorado River Valleys, and the Mojave Desert, to the San 

Gabriel Mission, California; thence through the Tehachapi 

Mountains, San Joaquin and Stanislaus River Valleys, Ebbetts 

Pass, Walker River Valley, Bald Mount, Mount Grafton, and 

Great Salt Lake to Bear Lake, Utah; and 

(B) during 1828, extending from the Sacramento and Trinity 

River Valleys along the Pacific coastline, through the Smith 

and Willamette River Valleys to the Fort Vancouver National 

Historic Site, Washington, on the Columbia River. 

(28) General Crook Trail, extending from Prescott, Arizona, 

across the Mogollon Rim to Fort Apache. 

(29) Beale Wagon Road, within the Kaibab and Coconino National Forests in Arizona: Provided, That such study may be prepared in conjuction with ongoing planning processes for these National Forests to be completed before 1990. 

(30) Pony Express Trail, extending from Saint Joseph, Missouri, 

through Kansas, Nebraska, Colorado, Wyoming, Utah, Nevada, to 

Sacramento, California, as indicated on a map labeled ‘‘Potential 

Pony Express Trail’’, dated October 1983 and the California Trail, 

extending from the vicinity of Omaha, Nebraska, and Saint Joseph, 

Missouri, to various points in California, as indicated on a map labeled ‘‘Potential California Trail’’ and dated August 1, 1983. Notwithstanding subsection (b) of this section, the study under this 

paragraph shall be completed and submitted to the Congress no 

later than the end of two complete fiscal years beginning after the 

date of the enactment of this paragraph. Such study shall be separated into two portions, one relating to the Pony Express Trail and 

one relating to the California Trail. 

(31) De Soto Trail, the approximate route taken by the expedition of the Spanish explorer Hernado de Soto in 1539, extending through portions of the States of Florida, Georgia, 

South Carolina, North Carolina, Tennessee, Alabama, Mississippi, to the area of Little Rock, Arkansas, on to Texas and 

Louisiana, and any other States which may have been crossed 

by the expedition. The study under this paragraph shall be 

prepared in accordance with subsection (b) of this section, except that it shall be completed and submitted to the Congress 

with recommendations as to the trail’s suitability for designation not later than one calendar year after the date of enactment of this paragraph. 

(32) Coronado Trail, the approximate route taken by the expedition of the Spanish explorer Francisco Vasquez de Coronado between 1540 and 1542, extending through portions of the States of 

Arizona, New Mexico, Texas, Oklahoma, and Kansas. The study 

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section (b) of this section. In conducting the study under this paragraph, the Secretary shall provide for (A) the review of all original 

Spanish documentation on the Coronado Trail, (B) the continuing 

search for new primary documentation on the trail, and (C) the examination of all information on the archeological sites along the 

trail. 

(33) The route from Selma to Montgomery, Alabama traveled by 

people in a march dramatizing the need for voting rights legislation, in March 1965, includes Sylvan South Street, Water Avenue, 

the Edmund Pettus Bridge, and Highway 80. The study under this 

paragraph shall be prepared in accordance with subsection (b) of 

this section, except that it shall be completed and submitted to the 

Congress with recommendations as to the trail’s suitability for designation not later than 1 year after the enactment of this paragraph. 

(34) American Discovery Trail, extending from Pt. Reyes, California, across the United States through Nevada, Utah, Colorado, 

Kansas, Nebraska, Missouri, Iowa, Illinois, Indiana, Ohio, West 

Virginia, Maryland, and the District of Columbia, to Cape Henlopen State Park, Delaware; to include in the central United States 

a northern route through Colorado, Nebraska, Iowa, Illinois, and 

Indiana and a southern route through Colorado, Kansas, Missouri, 

Illinois, and Indiana. 

(35) Ala Kahakai Trail in the State of Hawaii, an ancient Hawaiian trail on the Island of Hawaii extending from the northern tip 

of the Island of Hawaii approximately 175 miles along the western 

and southern coasts to the northern boundary of Hawaii Volcanoes 

National Park. 

(36)(A) El Camino Real de Tierra Adentro, the approximately 

1,800 mile route extending from Mexico City, Mexico, across the 

international border at El Paso, Texas, to Santa Fe, New Mexico. 

(B) The study shall— 

(i) examine changing routes within the general corridor; 

(ii) examine major connecting branch routes; and 

(iii) give due consideration to alternative name designations. 

(C) The Secretary of the Interior is authorized to work in cooperation with the Government of Mexico (including, but not limited to providing technical assistance) to determine the suitability 

and feasibility of establishing an international historic route along 

the El Camino Real de Tierra Adentro. 

(37)(A) El Camino Real Para Los Texas, the approximate series 

of routes from Saltillo, Monclova, and Guerrero, Mexico across 

Texas through San Antonio and Nacogdoches, to the vicinity of Los 

Adaes, Louisiana, together with the evolving routes later known as 

the San Antonio Road. 

(B) The study shall— 

(i) examine the changing roads within the historic corridor; 

(ii) examine the major connecting branch routes; 

(iii) determine the individual or combined suitability and feasibility of routes for potential national historic trail designation; 

(iv) consider the preservation heritage plan developed by the 

Texas Department of Transportation entitled ‘‘A Texas Legacy: 

The Old San Antonio Road and the Caminos Reales’’, dated 

January, 1991; and 


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(v) make recommendations concerning the suitability and 

feasibility of establishing an international historical park 

where the trail crosses the United States-Mexico border at 

Maverick County, Texas, and Guerrero, Mexico. 

(C) The Secretary of the Interior is authorized to work in cooperation with the government of Mexico (including, but not limited to providing technical assistance) to determine the suitability 

and feasibility of establishing an international historic trail along 

the El Camino Real Para Los Texas. 

(D) The study shall be undertaken in consultation with the Louisiana Department of Transportation and Development and the 

Texas Department of Transportation. 

(E) The study shall consider alternative name designations for 

the trail. 

(F) The study shall be completed no later than two years after 

the date funds are made available for the study. 

(38) The Old Spanish Trail, beginning in Santa Fe, New Mexico, 

proceeding through Colorado and Utah, and ending in Los Angeles, 

California, and the Northern Branch of the Old Spanish Trail, beginning near Espanola, New Mexico, proceeding through Colorado, 

and ending near Crescent Junction, Utah. 

(39) The Great Western Scenic Trail, a system of trails to accommodate a variety of travel users in a corridor of approximately 

3,100 miles in length extending from the Arizona-Mexico border to 

the Idaho-Montana-Canada border, following the approximate 

route depicted on the map identified as ‘‘Great Western Trail Corridor, 1988’’, which shall be on file and available for public inspection in the Office of the Chief of the Forest Service, United States 

Department of Agriculture. The trail study shall be conducted by 

the Secretary of Agriculture, in consultation with the Secretary of 

the Interior, in accordance with subsection (b) and shall include— 

(A) the current status of land ownership and current and potential use along the designated route; 

(B) the estimated cost of acquisition of lands or interests in 

lands, if any; and 

(C) an examination of the appropriateness of motorized trail 

use along the trail. 

(40) STAR-SPANGLED BANNER NATIONAL HISTORIC TRAIL.— 

(A) IN GENERAL.—The Star-Spangled Banner National Historic Trail, tracing the War of 1812 route from the arrival of 

the British fleet in the Patuxent River in Calvert County and 

St. Mary’s County, Maryland, the landing of the British forces 

at Benedict, the sinking of the Chesapeake Flotilla at Pig 

Point, the American defeat at the Battle of Bladensburg, the 

siege of the Nation’s Capital, Washington, District of Columbia 

(including the burning of the United States Capitol and the 

White House), the British naval diversions in the upper Chesapeake Bay leading to the Battle of Caulk’s Field in Kent County, Maryland, the route of the American troops from Washington through Georgetown, the Maryland Counties of Montgomery, Howard, and Baltimore, and the City of Baltimore, 

Maryland, to the Battle of North Point, and the ultimate victory of the Americans at Fort McHenry on September 14, 1814. 


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(B) AFFECTED AREAS.—The trail crosses eight counties within 

the boundaries of the State of Maryland, the City of Baltimore, 

Maryland, and Washington, District of Columbia. 

(C) COORDINATION WITH OTHER CONGRESSIONALLY MANDATED

ACTIVITIES.—The study under this paragraph shall be undertaken in coordination with the study authorized under section 

603 of the Omnibus Parks and Public Lands Management Act 

of 1996 (16 U.S.C. 1a–5 note; 110 Stat. 4172) and the Chesapeake Bay Gateways and Watertrails Network authorized 

under the Chesapeake Bay Initiative Act of 1998 (16 U.S.C. 

461 note; 112 Stat. 2961). Such coordination shall extend to 

any research needed to complete the studies and any findings 

and implementation actions that result from the studies and 

shall use available resources to the greatest extent possible to 

avoid unnecessary duplication of effort. 

(D) DEADLINE FOR STUDY.—Not later than 2 years after 

funds are made available for the study under this paragraph, 

the study shall be completed and transmitted with final recommendations to the Committee on Resources in the House of 

Representatives and the Committee on Energy and Natural 

Resources in the Senate. 

(42) The Long Walk Trail, a series of routes which the Navajo 

and Mescalero Apache Indian tribes were forced to walk beginning 

in the fall of 1863 as a result of their removal by the United States 

Government from their ancestral lands, generally located within a 

corridor extending through portions of Canyon de Chelley, Arizona, 

and Albuquerque, Canyon Blanco, Anton Chico, Canyon Piedra 

Pintado, and Fort Sumner, New Mexico. 

(41) METACOMET-MONADNOCK-MATTABESETT TRAIL.—The 

Metacomet-Monadnock-Mattabesett Trail, a system of trails and 

potential trails extending southward approximately 180 miles 

through western Massachusetts on the Metacomet-Monadnock 

Trail, across central Connecticut on the Metacomet Trail and the 

Mattabesett Trail, and ending at Long Island Sound. 

(43)(A) The Captain John Smith Chesapeake National Historic 

Watertrail, a series of routes extending approximately 3,000 miles 

along the Chesapeake Bay and the tributaries of the Chesapeake 

Bay in the States of Virginia, Maryland, Pennsylvania, and Delaware and the District of Columbia that traces Captain John 

Smith’s voyages charting the land and waterways of the Chesapeake Bay and the tributaries of the Chesapeake Bay. 

(B) The study shall be conducted in consultation with Federal, 

State, regional, and local agencies and representatives of the private sector, including the entities responsible for administering— 

(i) the Chesapeake Bay Gateways and Watertrails Network 

authorized under the Chesapeake Bay Initiative Act of 1998 

(16 U.S.C. 461 note; title V of Public Law 105–312); and 

(ii) the Chesapeake Bay Program authorized under section 

117 of the Federal Water Pollution Control Act (33 U.S.C. 

1267). 

(C) The study shall include an extensive analysis of the potential 

impacts the designation of the trail as a national historic watertrail 

is likely to have on land and water, including docks and piers, 

along the proposed route or bordering the study route that is privately owned at the time the study is conducted. 


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(44) CHISHOLM TRAIL.— (A) IN GENERAL.—The Chisholm Trail (also known as the 

‘‘Abilene Trail’’), from the vicinity of San Antonio, Texas, 

segments from the vicinity of Cuero, Texas, to Ft. Worth, 

Texas, Duncan, Oklahoma, alternate segments used 

through Oklahoma, to Enid, Oklahoma, Caldwell, Kansas, 

Wichita, Kansas, Abilene, Kansas, and commonly used 

segments running to alternative Kansas destinations. 

(B) REQUIREMENT.—In conducting the study required 

under this paragraph, the Secretary of the Interior shall 

identify the point at which the trail originated south of 

San Antonio, Texas. 

(45) GREAT WESTERN TRAIL.— (A) IN GENERAL.—The Great Western Trail (also known 

as the ‘‘Dodge City Trail’’), from the vicinity of San Antonio, Texas, north-by-northwest through the vicinities of 

Kerrville and Menard, Texas, north-by-northeast through 

the vicinities of Coleman and Albany, Texas, north 

through the vicinity of Vernon, Texas, to Doan’s Crossing, 

Texas, northward through or near the vicinities of Altus, 

Lone Wolf, Canute, Vici, and May, Oklahoma, north 

through Kansas to Dodge City, and north through Nebraska to Ogallala. 

(B) REQUIREMENT.—In conducting the study required 

under this paragraph, the Secretary of the Interior shall 

identify the point at which the trail originated south of 

San Antonio, Texas. 

(46) PIKE NATIONAL HISTORIC TRAIL.—The Pike National Historic Trail, a series of routes extending approximately 3,664 

miles, which follows the route taken by Lt. Zebulon Montgomery Pike during the 1806–1807 Pike expedition that began 

in Fort Bellefontaine, Missouri, extended through portions of 

the States of Kansas, Nebraska, Colorado, New Mexico, and 

Texas, and ended in Natchitoches, Louisiana. 

(47) EMANCIPATION NATIONAL HISTORIC TRAIL.—The Emancipation National Historic Trail, extending approximately 51 

miles from the Osterman Building and Reedy Chapel in Galveston, Texas, along Texas State Highway 3 and Interstate 

Highway 45 North, to Freedmen’s Town, then to Independence 

Heights and Emancipation Park in Houston, Texas, following 

the migration route taken by newly freed slaves and other persons of African descent from the major 19th century seaport 

town of Galveston to the burgeoning community of Freedmen’s 

Town, located in the 4th Ward of Houston, Texas. 

(d) The Secretary charged with the administration of each respective trail shall, within one year of the date of the addition of 

any national scenic or national historic trail to the system, and 

within sixty days of the enactment of this sentence for the Appalachian and Pacific Crest National Scenic Trails, establish an advisory council for each such trail, each of which councils shall expire 

ten years from the date of its establishment, except that the Advisory Council established for the Iditarod Historic Trail shall expire 

twenty years from the date of its establishment. If the appropriate 

Secretary is unable to establish such an advisory council because 

of the lack of adequate public interest, the Secretary shall so advise 


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the appropriate committees of the Congress. The appropriate Secretary shall consult with such council from time to time with respect to matters relating to the trail, including the selection of 

rights-of-way, standards for the erection and maintenance of markers along the trail, and the administration of the trail. The members of each advisory council, which shall not exceed thirty-five in 

number, shall serve for a term of two years and without compensation as such, but the Secretary may pay, upon vouchers signed by 

the chairman of the council, the expenses reasonably incurred by 

the council and its members in carrying out their responsibilities 

under this section. Members of each council shall be appointed by 

the appropriate Secretary as follows: 

(1) the head of each Federal department or independent 

agency administering lands through which the trail route 

passes, or his designee; 

(2) a member appointed to represent each State through 

which the trail passes, and such appointments shall be made 

from recommendations of the Governors of such States; 

(3) one or more members appointed to represent private organizations, including corporate and individual landowners 

and land users, which in the opinion of the Secretary, have an 

established and recognized interest in the trail, and such appointments shall be made from recommendations of the heads 

of such organizations: Provided, That the Appalachian Trail 

Conference shall be represented by a sufficient number of persons to represent the various sections of the country through 

which the Appalachian Trail passes; and 

(4) the Secretary shall designate one member to be chairman 

and shall fill vacancies in the same manner as the original appointment. 

(e) Within two complete fiscal years of the date of enactment of 

legislation designating a national scenic trail, except for the Continental Divide National Scenic Trail, and the North Country National Scenic Trail, as part of the system, and within two complete 

fiscal years of the date of enactment of this subsection for the Pacific Crest and Appalachian Trails, the responsible Secretary shall, 

after full consultation with affected Federal land managing agencies, the Governors of the affected States, the relevant advisory 

council established pursuant to section 5(d), and the Appalachian 

Trail Conference in the case of the Appalachian Trail, submit to 

the Committee on Natural Resources of the House of Representatives and the Committee on Energy and Natural Resources of the 

Senate, a comprehensive plan for the acquisition, management, development, and use of the trail, including but not limited to, the 

following items: 

(1) specific objectives and practices to be observed in the 

management of the trail, including the identification of all significant natural, historical, and cultural resources to be preserved (along with high potential historic sites and high potential route segments in the case of national historic trails), details of anticipated cooperative agreements to be consummated 

with other entities, and an identified carrying capacity of the 

trail and a plan for its implementation; 

(2) an acquisition or protection plan, by fiscal year, for all 

lands to be acquired by fee title or lesser interest, along with 


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detailed explanation of anticipated necessary cooperative 

agreements for any lands not to be acquired; and 

(3) general and site-specific development plans including anticipated costs. 

(f) Within two complete fiscal years of the date of enactment of 

legislation designating a national historic trail or the Continental 

Divide National Scenic Trail or the North Country National Scenic 

Trail, as part of the system, the responsible Secretary shall, after 

full consultation with affected Federal land managing agencies, the 

Governors of the affected States, and the relevant Advisory Council 

established pursuant to section 5(d) of this Act, submit to the Committee on Natural Resources of the House of Representatives and 

the Committee on Energy and Natural Resources of the Senate, a 

comprehensive plan for the management, and use of the trail, including but not limited to, the following items: 

(1) specific objectives and practices to be observed in the 

management of the trail, including the identification of all significant natural, historical, and cultural resources to be preserved, details of any anticipated cooperative agreements to be 

consummated with State and local government agencies or private interests, and for national scenic or national historic trails 

an identified carrying capacity of the trail and a plan for its 

implementation; 

(2) the process to be followed by the appropriate Secretary to 

implement the marking requirements established in section 

7(c) of this Act; 

(3) a protection plan for any high potential historic sites or 

high potential route segments; and 

(4) general and site-specific development plans, including anticipated costs. 

(g) REVISION OF FEASIBILITY AND SUITABILITY STUDIES OF EXISTING NATIONAL HISTORIC TRAILS.— 

(1) DEFINITIONS.—In this subsection: 

(A) ROUTE.—The term ‘‘route’’ includes a trail segment 

commonly known as a cutoff. 

(B) SHARED ROUTE.—The term ‘‘shared route’’ means a 

route that was a segment of more than 1 historic trail, including a route shared with an existing national historic 

trail. 

(2) REQUIREMENTS FOR REVISION.— 

(A) IN GENERAL.—The Secretary of the Interior shall revise the feasibility and suitability studies for certain national trails for consideration of possible additions to the 

trails. 

(B) STUDY REQUIREMENTS AND OBJECTIVES.—The study 

requirements and objectives specified in subsection (b) 

shall apply to a study required by this subsection. 

(C) COMPLETION AND SUBMISSION OF STUDY.—A study 

listed in this subsection shall be completed and submitted 

to Congress not later than 3 complete fiscal years from the 

date funds are made available for the study. 

(3) OREGON NATIONAL HISTORIC TRAIL.— (A) STUDY REQUIRED.—The Secretary of the Interior 

shall undertake a study of the routes of the Oregon Trail 

listed in subparagraph (B) and generally depicted on the 


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map entitled ‘‘Western Emigrant Trails 1830/1870’’ and 

dated 1991/1993, and of such other routes of the Oregon 

Trail that the Secretary considers appropriate, to determine the feasibility and suitability of designation of 1 or 

more of the routes as components of the Oregon National 

Historic Trail. 

(B) COVERED ROUTES.—The routes to be studied under 

subparagraph (A) shall include the following: 

(i) Whitman Mission route. 

(ii) Upper Columbia River. 

(iii) Cowlitz River route. 

(iv) Meek cutoff. 

(v) Free Emigrant Road. 

(vi) North Alternate Oregon Trail. 

(vii) Goodale’s cutoff. 

(viii) North Side alternate route. 

(ix) Cutoff to Barlow road. 

(x) Naches Pass Trail. 

(4) PONY EXPRESS NATIONAL HISTORIC TRAIL.—The Secretary 

of the Interior shall undertake a study of the approximately 

20-mile southern alternative route of the Pony Express Trail 

from Wathena, Kansas, to Troy, Kansas, and such other routes 

of the Pony Express Trail that the Secretary considers appropriate, to determine the feasibility and suitability of designation of 1 or more of the routes as components of the Pony Express National Historic Trail. 

(5) CALIFORNIA NATIONAL HISTORIC TRAIL.— (A) STUDY REQUIRED.—The Secretary of the Interior 

shall undertake a study of the Missouri Valley, central, 

and western routes of the California Trail listed in subparagraph (B) and generally depicted on the map entitled 

‘‘Western Emigrant Trails 1830/1870’’ and dated 1991/ 

1993, and of such other and shared Missouri Valley, central, and western routes that the Secretary considers appropriate, to determine the feasibility and suitability of 

designation of 1 or more of the routes as components of the 

California National Historic Trail. 

(B) COVERED ROUTES.—The routes to be studied under 

subparagraph (A) shall include the following: 

(i) MISSOURI VALLEY ROUTES.— 

(I) Blue Mills-Independence Road. 

(II) Westport Landing Road. 

(III) Westport-Lawrence Road. 

(IV) Fort Leavenworth-Blue River route. 

(V) Road to Amazonia. 

(VI) Union Ferry Route. 

(VII) Old Wyoming-Nebraska City cutoff. 

(VIII) Lower Plattsmouth Route. 

(IX) Lower Bellevue Route. 

(X) Woodbury cutoff. 

(XI) Blue Ridge cutoff. 

(XII) Westport Road. 

(XIII) Gum Springs-Fort Leavenworth route. 

(XIV) Atchison/Independence Creek routes. 

(XV) Fort Leavenworth-Kansas River route. 


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(XVI) Nebraska City cutoff routes. 

(XVII) Minersville-Nebraska City Road. 

(XVIII) Upper Plattsmouth route. 

(XIX) Upper Bellevue route. 

(ii) CENTRAL ROUTES.— (I) Cherokee Trail, including splits. 

(II) Weber Canyon route of Hastings cutoff. 

(III) Bishop Creek cutoff. 

(IV) McAuley cutoff. 

(V) Diamond Springs cutoff. 

(VI) Secret Pass. 

(VII) Greenhorn cutoff. 

(VIII) Central Overland Trail. 

(iii) WESTERN ROUTES.— (I) Bidwell-Bartleson route. 

(II) Georgetown/Dagget Pass Trail. 

(III) Big Trees Road. 

(IV) Grizzly Flat cutoff. 

(V) Nevada City Road. 

(VI) Yreka Trail. 

(VII) Henness Pass route. 

(VIII) Johnson cutoff. 

(IX) Luther Pass Trail. 

(X) Volcano Road. 

(XI) Sacramento-Coloma Wagon Road. 

(XII) Burnett cutoff. 

(XIII) Placer County Road to Auburn. 

(6) MORMON PIONEER NATIONAL HISTORIC TRAIL.— (A) STUDY REQUIRED.—The Secretary of the Interior 

shall undertake a study of the routes of the Mormon Pioneer Trail listed in subparagraph (B) and generally depicted in the map entitled ‘‘Western Emigrant Trails 1830/ 

1870’’ and dated 1991/1993, and of such other routes of the 

Mormon Pioneer Trail that the Secretary considers appropriate, to determine the feasibility and suitability of designation of 1 or more of the routes as components of the 

Mormon Pioneer National Historic Trail. 

(B) COVERED ROUTES.—The routes to be studied under 

subparagraph (A) shall include the following: 

(i) 1846 Subsequent routes A and B (Lucas and 

Clarke Counties, Iowa). 

(ii) 1856–57 Handcart route (Iowa City to Council 

Bluffs). 

(iii) Keokuk route (Iowa). 

(iv) 1847 Alternative Elkhorn and Loup River Crossings in Nebraska. 

(v) Fort Leavenworth Road; Ox Bow route and alternates in Kansas and Missouri (Oregon and California 

Trail routes used by Mormon emigrants). 

(vi) 1850 Golden Pass Road in Utah. 

(7) SHARED CALIFORNIA AND OREGON TRAIL ROUTES.— 

(A) STUDY REQUIRED.—The Secretary of the Interior 

shall undertake a study of the shared routes of the California Trail and Oregon Trail listed in subparagraph (B) 

and generally depicted on the map entitled ‘‘Western EmiVerDate Sep 11 2014 04:11 Jul 02, 2019 Jkt 089006 PO 00000 Frm 00028 Fmt 6659 Sfmt 6601 E:\HR\OC\HR135.XXX HR135

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grant Trails 1830/1870’’ and dated 1991/1993, and of such 

other shared routes that the Secretary considers appropriate, to determine the feasibility and suitability of designation of 1 or more of the routes as shared components 

of the California National Historic Trail and the Oregon 

National Historic Trail. 

(B) COVERED ROUTES.—The routes to be studied under 

subparagraph (A) shall include the following: 

(i) St. Joe Road. 

(ii) Council Bluffs Road. 

(iii) Sublette cutoff. 

(iv) Applegate route. 

(v) Old Fort Kearny Road (Oxbow Trail). 

(vi) Childs cutoff. 

(vii) Raft River to Applegate. 

* * * * * * * 

SUPPLEMENTAL, MINORITY, ADDITIONAL, OR DISSENTING VIEWS

None. 

Æ 


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