Pursuant to Ind.Appellate Rule 65(D), 

this Memorandum Decision shall not be 

regarded as precedent or cited before 

any court except for the purpose of 

establishing the defense of res judicata, 

collateral estoppel, or the law of the case.

ATTORNEY FOR APPELLANT: ATTORNEY FOR APPELLEES:

JOHN B. STEINHART WAYNE E. UHL

Indianapolis, Indiana Stephenson Morow & Semler

Indianapolis, Indiana

IN THE

COURT OF APPEALS OF INDIANA

ROBERT L. PEALS, )

)

Appellant-Plaintiff, )

)

vs. ) No. 84A01-1110-PL-451

)

INDIANA STATE UNIVERSITY and its )

BOARD OF TRUSTEES, )

)

Appellee-Defendant. )

APPEAL FROM THE VIGO SUPERIOR COURT

The Honorable Phillip I. Adler, Judge

Cause No. 84D02-0611-PL-9675

October 1, 2012

MEMORANDUM DECISION - NOT FOR PUBLICATION

BAILEY, Judge
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Case Summary

Robert Peals (“Peals”) appeals the trial court’s judgment in favor of Indiana State 

University and its Board of Trustees (“the School”) on Peals’s breach of implied contract 

claim. He presents one issue for our review: whether the trial court’s judgment for the 

School was clearly erroneous. We affirm. 

Facts and Procedural History

Shortly after earning his Bachelor of Science degree in Criminology from the School 

in the summer of 1996, Peals applied for admission to the School’s Master of Science 

program in Criminology (“the Program”). The School conditionally admitted Peals because 

his undergraduate grade point average (“GPA”) fell below the required level for regular 

admission to the Program (“1996 admission”). To maintain his enrollment, Peals’s

admission required him to earn a grade of at least “B” in each of his first four graduate 

classes and to maintain a GPA of a “B,” a 3.0 (“the grade requirement”). Except for a brief 

period during which he was on sabbatical, Dr. Jeffrey Schrink (“Dr. Schrink”) was the 

chairperson of the School’s criminology department during the events at issue and was 

Peals’s academic advisor.

Peals registered late for the fall semester of 1996 and attended classes. He failed to 

satisfy his grade requirement when he earned a 2.87 GPA for the fall semester of 1996, and 

the School placed him on probationary status. The School therefore notified Peals that if he 

failed to raise his GPA to at least 3.00 by the time he completed twelve additional hours of 

coursework, he no longer would be enrolled in the Program. 
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In the spring of 1997 Peals enrolled in and attended a class, “CRIM 604,” taught by 

Dr. Edmund Grosskopf (“Dr. Grosskopf”). By mid-semester, Peals had a grade of “F” in 

CRIM 604, which would drop him below the grade requirement by the end of the semester. 

Peals failed to satisfy both the grade requirement and the requirement of his probationary 

status when he earned a 2.75 GPA for the spring semester of 1997. 

Instead of removing Peals from the Program, the School again notified Peals that he 

was on probationary status, and that if he failed to raise his GPA to at least 3.00 by the time 

he completed twelve additional hours of coursework, he no longer would be in the Program. 

Peals attempted to enroll in nine credit hours for the summer of 1997, but because of a past 

due financial account balance he did not receive credit for those classes. Peals neither 

registered for, nor attended classes at the School from the fall of 1997 through the spring of 

1999. 

Under the terms of Peals’s 1996 admission to the School, “[a]ny student admitted to 

the School of Graduate Studies and to a department who has not enrolled and received 

graduate credit for work at Indiana State University for a period of two consecutive years will 

have cancelled his or her admission[]” (“the two-year limit”). (Ex. 3.) By the fall of 1999, 

when Peals next attempted to register for classes, he had exceeded the two-year limit, and he 

could not register because of a hold on his account caused by a past due financial account 

balance. Because of the hold on Peals’s account, the Registrar did not know that he needed 

to apply for readmission to the Program, so they could not advise him of that fact. 

On April 14, 2000, Peals applied for readmission to the Program. In July of 2000, the 
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School conditionally readmitted Peals over the objection of the criminology department 

faculty. A condition of Peals’s readmission was to complete all degree requirements by 

December 14, 2001, with no deadline extensions permitted. When Peals failed to complete 

his degree requirements by the deadline, the School removed him from the Program. 

On November 13, 2006, Peals filed a complaint against the School in the Vigo 

Superior Court alleging breach of contract. Following a bench trial, the trial court entered a 

general verdict for the School on Peals’s contract claim on September 8, 2011. Peals filed 

this appeal on October 7, 2011.

Discussion and Decision

On appeal from a bench trial, we uphold the trial court’s judgment unless the 

judgment is clearly erroneous. Garling v. Ind. Dep’t of Natural Res., 766 N.E.2d 409, 410 

(Ind. Ct. App. 2002), trans. denied. Clear error occurs where the trial court’s decision is 

clearly against the logic and effect of the facts and circumstances before it, and we are left 

with a firm conviction that a mistake has been made. Hinesley–Petry v. Petry, 894 N.E.2d 

277, 280 (Ind. Ct. App. 2008), trans. denied. In the absence of special findings, we review a 

trial court’s decision as a general judgment. Perdue Farms, Inc. v. Pryor, 683 N.E.2d 239, 

240 (Ind. 1997). We will affirm the trial court’s judgment if it can be sustained on any legal 

theory consistent with the evidence. Holtzleiter v. Holtzleiter, 944 N.E.2d 502, 505 (Ind. Ct. 

App. 2011). We neither reweigh the evidence nor judge the credibility of witnesses, and we 

consider only the evidence most favorable to the judgment and all reasonable inferences

drawn therefrom. Id.
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The parties have stipulated that an implied contract existed between Peals and the 

School by virtue of his admission as a student, and Indiana law recognizes an implied 

contractual relationship between student and university. Gordon v. Purdue Univ., 862 

N.E.2d 1244, 1251 (Ind. Ct. App. 2007); Neel v. Ind. Univ. Bd. of Trs., 435 N.E.2d 607, 611 

(Ind. Ct. App. 1982). However, the terms of the contract are rarely delineated. Neel, 435 

N.E.2d at 610. Furthermore, we do not apply contract law rigidly in this context, and we 

exercise restraint in applying traditional legal rules to disputes within the academic 

community. Id. at 610-11. As we have previously noted:

In the area of academic services, the courts’ approach has been similar to that used 

with contracts conditioned upon the satisfaction of one party. The university requires 

that the student’s academic performance be satisfactory to the university in its honest 

judgment. Absent a showing of bad faith on the part of the university or a professor, 

the court will not interfere. The good faith judgment model both maximizes academic 

freedom and provides an acceptable approximation of the educational expectations of 

the parties. 

Gordon, 862 N.E.2d at 1251. In this context, “bad faith is not simply bad judgment or 

negligence[, r]ather, it implies the conscious doing of a wrong because of dishonest purpose 

or moral obliquity. . . .” Id. at 1252.

On appeal, Peals alleges that the School had a dishonest purpose and thus acted in bad 

faith, breaching the implied contract between them. More specifically, Peals alleges that: (1) 

the School failed to allow Peals to drop a class; (2) Dr. Schrink intentionally failed to 

properly advise and assist Peals; (3) Dr. Schrink intentionally provided Peals and School 

officials with false information; and (4) the School prevented Peals from registering for 

certain classes, and then charged him tuition for those classes. The trial court entered a 
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general judgment as opposed to findings of fact and conclusions thereon. However, in so 

ruling, the trial court necessarily found an absence of bad faith as to each of Peals’s

allegations. 

The evidence most favorable to the judgment discloses that, while the School gave 

Peals multiple opportunities to graduate from the Program, Peals was either unable or 

unwilling to meet his obligations. Peals failed to take the steps necessary to timely withdraw 

from CRIM 604. Peals received advice and assistance from Dr. Schrink, both in his capacity 

as chairperson of the Criminology department, and as a graduate student advisor, but Peals 

often failed to implement his advice. For example, on several occasions, he failed to timely 

return signed forms or to timely register, and he failed to keep his financial account free of 

encumbrances or holds. To the extent that Dr. Schrink provided information to Peals, false 

or otherwise, this information caused no harm to him.1 Peals alone bears responsibility for 

his failure to earn credit for the summer 1997 classes, and the School justifiably charged 

Peals for those classes which he attended, and in which he eventually enrolled late. Many of 

Peals’s arguments essentially are invitations for us to reweigh the evidence, which we decline 

to do. Holtzleiter, 944 N.E.2d at 505.

Conclusion

The evidence most favorable to the judgment supports the trial court’s conclusion that 

the School did not breach its implied contract with Peals by acting in bad faith, and therefore 

 

1

In one conversation with a School official, Dr. Schrink reported that Peals had not taken classes in 1999. 

(Tr. 132.) However, this mistake did not adversely affect Peals, who had been out of class for at least two 

years and required readmission regardless of whether he had attended class in 1999.
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the trial court’s judgment for the School is not clearly erroneous.

Affirmed.

RILEY, J., and CRONE, J., concur.