NOT FOR PUBLICATION

UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS 

FOR THE NINTH CIRCUIT

UNITED STATES OF AMERICA, 

Plaintiff-Appellee, 

 v. 

HOWARD WEBBER, 

Defendant-Appellant.

No. 17-10242

D.C. No. CR 13-00662-RS-2

MEMORANDUM*

Appeal from the United States District Court

for the District of Northern California,

Richard Seeborg, District Judge, Presiding

Argued and Submitted October 10, 2018

San Francisco, California

Before: MURGUIA and FRIEDLAND, Circuit Judges, and HINKLE,**

District Judge

The jury convicted the defendant Howard Webber of mail fraud and 

aggravated identity theft. He raises three issues on appeal.

 

* This disposition is not appropriate for publication and is not precedent except as 

provided by Ninth Circuit Rule 36-3.

** The Honorable Robert L. Hinkle, United States District Judge for the Northern 

District of Florida, sitting by designation.

FILED

NOV 1 2018

MOLLY C. DWYER, CLERK

U.S. COURT OF APPEALS
2

First, he challenges the denial of his motion for a judgment of acquittal on 

aggravated identity theft. The identity theft occurred when fraudulent tax returns 

were submitted bearing the purported signatures of three individuals, which were

actually signed by Mr. Webber’s co-conspirator Clifford Dale Bercovich. There 

was sufficient evidence for a rational jury to conclude Mr. Webber aided and 

abetted Mr. Bercovich’s forgeries.

Aggravated identity theft occurs when a person “knowingly transfers, 

possesses, or uses, without lawful authority, a means of identification of another 

person,” during and in relation to a felony of a kind enumerated in the statute. 28 

U.S.C. § 1028A(a)(1). Mr. Webber argues that an identity is “used” only when a 

person attempts to pass himself off as someone else. But in United States v. Blixt, 

548 F.3d 882, 887–88 (9th Cir. 2008), we held that the defendant “used” an 

identity when she submitted a document with a forged signature. The jury was 

entitled to find that that occurred here. 

Second, Mr. Webber challenges the giving of an aiding-and-abetting 

instruction on aggravated identity theft. The statute that makes it a federal crime to 

aid and abet another federal crime is 18 U.S.C. § 2. We have held that every 

indictment implicitly alleges aiding and abetting; an explicit allegation or citation 

to § 2 is unnecessary. See, e.g., United States v. Armstrong, 909 F.2d 1238, 1241

(9th Cir. 1990) (“Aiding and abetting is implied in every federal indictment for a 
3

substantive offense.”); see also United States v. Garcia, 400 F.3d 816, 817 (9th 

Cir. 2005) (same). Here the indictment alleged aiding and abetting on mail fraud, 

not on identity theft, but this omission could not have misled or prejudiced Mr. 

Webber. The government’s theory of the case from the outset was that Mr. Webber

acted together with Mr. Bercovich to carry out the unlawful scheme. This was a 

classic case of aiding and abetting, not just on mail fraud, but also on identity theft. 

Third, Mr. Webber challenges the district court’s determination that he was 

an organizer or leader of criminal activity involving five or more participants, 

resulting in a four-level increase under United States Sentencing Guidelines 

Manual § 3B1.1. The determination was not clearly erroneous. There was evidence 

that Mr. Webber directed the activity of Mr. Bercovich and others who recruited 

additional individuals for whom tax returns were submitted. The number of 

participants exceeded five, even counting only Mr. Webber, Mr. Bercovich, and 

the recruiters.

AFFIRMED.