NUREG/IA-0232 

 International 

 Agreement Report

 

Validation of the CHAN-Component in 

TRACE using BWR Full-Size Fine-Mesh 

Bundle Tests 

Prepared by: 

M. Thieme, Dr. W. Tietsch 

Westinghouse Electric Germany GmbH 

Dudenstrasse 44 

68167 Manheim 

Germany 

 

A. Calvo, NRC Project Manager 

Office of Nuclear Regulatory Research 

U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission 

Washington, DC 20555-0001 

August 2010 

 

Prepared as part of 

The Agreement on Research Participation and Technical Exchange 

Under the Thermal-Hydraulic Code Applications and Maintenance Program (CAMP) 

Published by 

U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission

NUREG/IA-0232

Validation of the CHAN-Component in 

TRACE using BWR Full-Size Fine-Mesh Bundle Tests

Manuscript Completed: December 2007

Date Published: August 2010

Prepared by:

M. Thieme, Dr. W. Tietsch

Westinghouse Electric Germany GmbH

Dudenstrasse 44

68167 Mannheim

Germany

Prepared as part of 

The Agreement on Research Participation and Technical Exchange

Under the Thermal-Hydraulic Code Applications and Maintenance Program (CAMP)

U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission

Washington, DC 20555-0001

iii

ABSTRACT

This report has been prepared at Westinghouse Electric Germany GmbH. The aim of this 

work is the validation of the CHAN-component for the systems code TRACE. For this purpose selected experimental NUPEC BFBT void fraction tests as well as critical power steady 

state and transient tests have been used to be compared to TRACE Version 5 RC 2 calculations. The NUPEC experiments contain uniquely detailed data measured not only as bundle 

averaged but also in a very detailed, spatial resolution down to 0.3 mm. Hence these tests 

are very appropriate for the validation. 

In this report a description of the BFBT experimental set up, measurement technique is given. A description of the detailed TRACE modes of physical models and the steady state and 

transient TRACE calculations for the selected experiments as well the boundary conditions 

are also included in this report. A comparison between code predictions and measurements 

is presented and discussed.

v

CONTENTS

Abstract...............................................................................................................iii

List of Figures......................................................................................................vi

List of Tables......................................................................................................viii

Executive Summary...............................................................................................ix

Abbreviations.......................................................................................................xi

1 Introduction........................................................................................................................1

2 Description of BWR Full-Size Fine Mesh Bundle Test Facility..........................................3

2.1 Test Loop......................................................................................................................3

2.2 Test Bundles.................................................................................................................5

2.3 Measurement Methods ...............................................................................................10

3 Description of the Tests...................................................................................................15

3.1 Void Distribution Tests................................................................................................15

3.1.1 Steady State Tests ..............................................................................................15

3.1.2 Transient Experiment 4102-001~009 ..................................................................16

3.2 Critical Power Tests....................................................................................................18

3.2.1 Steady State Experiments ...................................................................................19

3.2.2 Transient Experiment TGA10008 ........................................................................19

4 Short Description of TRACE............................................................................................23

5 Modelling of the NUPEC Bundle Test for TRACE...........................................................25

6 Post-Test Calculation with TRACE..................................................................................27

6.1 TRACE Calculation of Void Distribution Tests............................................................27

6.1.1 TRACE Results for Steady State Test 1071-53...................................................27

6.1.2 TRACE Results for Steady State Test 4101-53...................................................31

6.1.3 Discussion of Void Fraction Steady State Results...............................................34

6.1.4 TRACE Results for Transient Test 4102-001~009 ..............................................50

6.2 Critical Power Calculations .........................................................................................53

6.2.1 Introductory Remarks ..........................................................................................53

6.2.2 Discussion of Critical Power Steady State Results..............................................55

6.2.3 TRACE Results for Transient Test TGA10008 ....................................................61

7 Conclusions.....................................................................................................................67

8 References ......................................................................................................................69

Appendix A Input Deck Listing for Test 4101-53...................................................................71
vi

LIST OF FIGURES

Fig. 2.1: Scheme of the BFBT facility [1] ..................................................................................4

Fig. 2.2: The test section of the BFBT facility [1]......................................................................5

Fig. 2.3: Bundle type .............................................................................................................6

Fig. 2.4: Bundle type .............................................................................................................6

Fig. 2.5: Cross section view of heater rod ................................................................................7

Fig. 2.6: Schematic view of heater rod .....................................................................................7

Fig. 2.7: Spacer location [1]......................................................................................................8

Fig. 2.8: Constructive details grid spacer (mm) [1]...................................................................9

Fig. 2.9: Constructive details ferrule spacer design (mm) [1] ...................................................9

Fig. 2.10: Void fraction measurement system [1] ...................................................................10

Fig. 2.11: Definition of thermocouple position [1] ...................................................................11

Fig. 2.12: Axial and radial location of thermocouples [1]........................................................12

Fig. 2.13: Pressure taps location for critical power measurements [1]...................................13

Fig. 3.1: Cosine power distribution pattern [1]........................................................................16

Fig. 3.2: Evolution of Flow rate [1]..........................................................................................17

Fig. 3.3: Evolution of total power [1].......................................................................................17

Fig. 3.4: Pressure evolution at bundle inlet and outlet [1] ......................................................18

Fig. 3.5: Evolution of coolant temperature [1].........................................................................18

Fig. 3.6: Inlet power distribution pattern [1] ............................................................................19

Fig. 3.7: Flow rate vs. time [1] ................................................................................................20

Fig. 3.8: Total power vs. time [1] ............................................................................................20

Fig. 3.9: Pressure at the bundle inlet and outlet vs. time [1] ..................................................21

Fig. 3.10: Coolant temperature vs. time [1] ............................................................................21

Fig. 5.1: TRACE model of the BFBT test section ...................................................................25

Fig. 5.2: Radial heater location of bundle type showing the different heater groups ..........26

Fig. 5.3: Radial heater location of bundle type showing the different heater groups...........26

Fig. 6.1: Comparison between BFBT data and TRACE results of test 1071-53 ....................28

Fig. 6.2: Calculated liquid, saturation and gas temperature of test 1071-53 ..........................29

Fig. 6.3: Heater surface temperatures of each heater group of test 1071-53 ........................29

Fig. 6.4: Heat transfer coefficient of each heater group of test 1071-53 ................................30

Fig. 6.5: Comparison between BFBT data and TRACE results of test 4101-53 ....................32

Fig. 6.6: Calculated liquid, saturation, gas temperature of test 4101-53 ................................32

Fig. 6.7: Heater surface temperatures of each heater group of test 4101-53 ........................33

Fig. 6.8: Heat transfer coefficient of each heater group of test 4101-53 ................................33

Fig. 6.9: Comparison of predicted and measured void fraction results ..................................34

Fig. 6.10: Void fraction C / M ratio versus inlet sub-cooling (Assembly Type 0-1).................36

Fig. 6.11: Void fraction C / M ratio versus outlet quality (Assembly Type 0-1).......................36

Fig. 6.12: Void fraction C / M ratio versus mass flow (Assembly Type 0-1)...........................37

Fig. 6.13: Void fraction C / M ratio versus outlet pressure (Assembly Type 0-1) ...................37

Fig. 6.14: Void fraction C / M ratio versus outlet quality (Assembly Type 0-2).......................38

Fig. 6.15: Void fraction C / M ratio versus mass flow (Assembly Type 0-2)...........................38

Fig. 6.16: Void fraction C / M ratio versus outlet pressure (Assembly Type 0-2) ...................39

Fig. 6.17: Void fraction C / M ratio versus outlet quality (Assembly Type 0-3).......................39

Fig. 6.18: Void fraction C / M ratio versus mass flow (Assembly Type 0-3)...........................40

Fig. 6.19: Void fraction C / M ratio versus outlet pressure (Assembly Type 0-3) ...................40
vii

Fig. 6.20: Void fraction C / M ratio versus inlet sub-cooling (Assembly Type 1) ....................41

Fig. 6.21: Void fraction C / M ratio versus outlet quality (Assembly Type 1) ..........................41

Fig. 6.22: Void fraction C / M ratio versus mass flow (Assembly Type 1) ..............................42

Fig. 6.23: Void fraction C / M ratio versus outlet pressure (Assembly Type 1) ......................42

Fig. 6.24: Void fraction C / M ratio versus outlet quality (Assembly Type 2) ..........................43

Fig. 6.25: Void fraction C / M ratio versus mass flow (Assembly Type 2) ..............................43

Fig. 6.26: Void fraction C / M ratio versus outlet pressure (Assembly Type 2) ......................44

Fig. 6.27: Void fraction C / M ratio versus outlet quality (Assembly Type 3)..........................44

Fig. 6.28: Void fraction C / M ratio versus mass flow (Assembly Type 3) ..............................45

Fig. 6.29: Void fraction C / M ratio versus outlet pressure (Assembly Type 3) ......................45

Fig. 6.30: Void fraction C / M ratio versus inlet sub-cooling (Assembly Type 4) ....................46

Fig. 6.31: Void fraction C / M ratio versus outlet quality (Assembly Type 4) ..........................46

Fig. 6.32: Void fraction C / M ratio versus mass flow (Assembly Type 4) ..............................47

Fig. 6.33: Void fraction C / M ratio versus outlet pressure (Assembly Type 4) ......................47

Fig. 6.34: Distribution of calculation / measurement ratio at outlet.........................................48

Fig. 6.35: Distribution of calculation / measurement ratio of all void fraction tests .................49

Fig. 6.36: Comparison between BFBT data and TRACE results at X-ray densitometer #3 ...50

Fig. 6.37: Comparison between BFBT data and TRACE results at X-ray densitometer #2 ...51

Fig. 6.38: Comparison between BFBT data and TRACE results at X-ray densitometer #1 ...51

Fig. 6.39: Comparison between BFBT data and TRACE results at bundle outlet..................52

Fig. 6.40: Approach to determine the critical power from results according to [1]..................54

Fig. 6.41: Ratio of prediction (C) and measurement (M) dependent on pressure ..................55

Fig. 6.42: Ratio of prediction (C) and measurement (M) dependent on pressure ..................56

Fig. 6.43: Temperature rise due to dry out of test SA510600 ................................................57

Fig. 6.44: Progression of the heat transfer coefficient of test SA510600 ...............................57

Fig. 6.45: Temperature rise due to dry out of test SA610600 ................................................58

Fig. 6.46: Progression of the heat transfer coefficient of test SA610600 ...............................58

Fig. 6.47: Temperature rise due to dry out of test SA810600 ................................................59

Fig. 6.48: Progression of the heat transfer coefficient of test SA810600 ...............................59

Fig. 6.49: Temperature rise due to dry out of test SC610500 ................................................60

Fig. 6.50: Progression of the heat transfer coefficient of test SC610500 ...............................60

Fig. 6.51: Comparison between measured inlet pressure and calculation.............................62

Fig. 6.52: Comparison between measured fluid outlet temperature and calculation..............62

Fig. 6.53: Positions of thermocouples [1] ...............................................................................63

Fig. 6.54: Elevation of thermocouples [1]...............................................................................63

Fig. 6.55: Temperatures of symmetric thermocouple positions to each other........................64

Fig. 6.56: View of further comparable measured thermocouple temperatures ......................64

Fig. 6.57: Comparison between the averaged thermocouple temperature and calculation ...65

Fig. 6.58: Axial temperature distribution.................................................................................65
viii

LIST OF TABLES

Tab. 2.1: Nichrome / Constantan properties [1] .......................................................................7

Tab. 2.2: Boron Nitride properties [1] .......................................................................................7

Tab. 2.3: Inconel 600 properties [1]..........................................................................................8

Tab. 2.4: Estimated accuracy of measured parameters [1]....................................................14

Tab. 3.1: Radial power pattern of bundle type [1] ...............................................................15

Tab. 3.2: Radial power pattern of bundle type [1] ...............................................................16

Tab. 3.3: Boundary conditions of the void fraction tests [1]....................................................16

Tab. 3.4: Boundary conditions of the selected critical power tests [1]....................................19

Tab. 5.1: Power peaking factors of heater groups .................................................................26

Tab. 6.1: Comparison pressure drop over the bundle of test 1071-53...................................27

Tab. 6.2: Comparison pressure drop over the bundle of test 4101-53...................................31
ix

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

The aim of this work is the validation of the heat transfer models of the CHAN component in 

TRACE which is relevant for the modeling of fuel assemblies in boiling water reactors. In this 

context, measurements at the BWR full-size fine-mesh bundle test facility (BFBT) were used 

for TRACE validation described in this report. Four steady state experiments as well as one 

transient test for critical power and two steady state as well as one transient experiment for 

void fraction determination were selected.

For the purpose of validation, specific input decks for each of the selected BFBT tests were 

developed using TRACE components, specially the CHAN, the FILL and the BREAK components. Hereby all specified details of geometry, material properties and operation conditions 

as well as boundary conditions of the bundle and its components (heaters, spacers, wall) 

were considered in the TRACE-models.

Using the models developed, TRACE simulations for each test were performed on a WINDOWS PC using the version 5 RC 02.

The results of the predictions were compared to the experiment data available of the BFBT 

tests. Based on the comparison performed of calculation and data the following conclusion 

can be drawn:

For the simulation of the BFBT steady state void fraction test, TRACE gave a good 

prediction on the void fraction at the bundle outlet (RSME: 0.039). But it tended to 

underpredict the void fraction measured at the middle of the bundle (2.73 m). Here 

the RSME between the prediction and the data is 0.078. But the deviation is almost 

within the measurement error band.

For the transient void fraction tests representing a turbine trip transient the trends of 

the void fractions could be fully reproduced by TRACE in a high quality. The TRACE 

predictions also agree quantitatively very good with the void fraction trends except for 

low mass flow rates and void fractions below 0.15. For void fractions between 0.45 

and 0.8 together with high mass flow rates and high heat fluxes the agreement between predictions and void fraction data is in an acceptable range with same deviations below 15 %.

For the four selected stationary critical power tests, the predictions and data agreement is good. In general TRACE however tends to overpredict the measurement of 

the critical power with a RSME below 0.82 MW. For safety analysis the overprediction 

of critical power is not conservative!

For the turbine trip transient critical power tests, the TRACE predictions followed qualitatively well the inlet pressure but did not follow the measured fluid temperature at 

the bundle outlet. The predicted limit temperature at the bundle outlet tends to increase approximately 2 s earlier than the measured one and the maximum value is 

about 4 K higher than the measured temperature peak. In addition, the sharp increase of the measured cladding temperature caused by the sudden increase of the 
x

power (boundary condition) could not be reproduced by TRACE. The putter temperature increase predicted by TRACE was 6 K to a measured value of 89 K.

It should be mentioned also that attempts to simulate these tests with TRACE versions 4155, 

416, 4230, 4250, 4216 and 4273 were not successful either. The obtained results did not 

reflect the expected physical behavior. Furthermore it was attempted to compare the CHAN 

with the PIPE component. Also the results with the PIPE component were in good agreement 

with the BFBT data but as expected a better agreement was observed with the CHAN component.

The TRACE investigations related to the stationary void fraction measurements have shown 

a considerable discrepancy of the TRACE predictions and of the measured data for specific 

conditions such as low mass flow rates and high heat flux (subcooled boiling regime). Hence 

further post test calculations with TRACE of relevant steady state BFBT void tests are necessary to make final conclusions about the prediction’s quality.

For the final clarification of the large mismatch between the cladding temperature peak predicted by TRACE and the one measured, it is recommended to simulate further transient 

critical power tests. Moreover since the predicted cladding temperature is already during the 

steady state simulation 13 K below the measured cladding temperature, a re-evaluation of 

the stationary TRACE simulation combined with a parameter study is needed for the derivation of final conclusions.
xi

ABBREVIATIONS

ATHLET - Analysis of Thermal-Hydraulics of Leaks and Transients

BFBT - BWR Full-Size Fine-Mesh Bundle Test

BWR - Boiling Water Reactor

CATHARE - code advancé de thermohydraulique pour accidents de reacteur à eau

(advanced Thermohydraulic Code for the Simulation of Accidents in Light Water Reactors)

CHF - Critical Heat Flux

CT - Computer Tomography

GSS - generalized steady state

LOCA - lost of coolant Accident

LWR - Light Water Reactor

NPP - Nuclear Power Plant

NUPEC - Nuclear Power Engineering Cooperation

PWR - Pressure Water Reactor

RELAP - Reactor loss of coolant Analysis Program

RSME - Root Square Mean Error

TRAC - Transient Reactor Analysis Code

TRACE - TRAC&RELAP advanced computational Engine

US-NRC - U. S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission

1

1 Introduction

Since the last decade the importance of computational simulation programs has increased in 

the nuclear industry. Governments which use the nuclear power in a peaceful manner prescribe regular safety evaluations of nuclear power plants (NPP) [2] [3] [4]. Safety reports especially for accident analysis describe the use of thermohydraulic system codes [6]. In addition both the NPP manufacturers and operators are always endeavouring to optimize their 

plant’s efficiency by simulating specific transients with the help of simulation software.

A basic requirement for the use of thermohydraulic system codes is the sufficient qualification of the code, which has to be accomplished for the respective fields of application. Depending on the definition of the problem, codes like RELAP5/MOD3.3, ATHLET, CATHARE 

or TRAC B/P are currently used. They are well verified on the basis of extensive international 

longtime verification programs. Some computational programs developed by the U. S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission (U.S.-NRC), for example RELAP5 or TRAC have reached a 

high quality standard and they are used today as state of the art codes, however they will not 

be developed further because it would be too expensive to develop two codes in parallel 

consequence. Therefore since more than six years the U.S.-NRC has been working on the 

development of a new code system called TRACE (TRAC/RELAP Advanced Computational 

Engine). It was intended that TRACE combines the advantages of both predecessors RELAP5 and TRAC [5]. Since the development of TRACE is still ongoing. There are still comprehensive qualification and verification efforts needed to validate TRACE for industrial use 

as well as for safety evaluations of NPP.

TRACE has components which were developed specifically for the use for boiling water reactors (BWR) [5]. A typical example is the CHAN component. It is able to simulate fuel elements of different fuel rod and water rod configurations by using 1D hydraulic models to 

simulate the flow through the fuel assemblies as well as the leakage path flow from the BWR 

fuel assembly into the core bypass. The CHAN component can be used to represent one or 

more BWR fuel assemblies in a core. The CHAN component includes a number of other 1D 

hydraulic components, heat structures, and radiation heat transfer components for the solution of the 1D mass, energy, momentum and heat transfer equations. The CHAN component 

brings together all of the input required to generate a BWR fuel assembly model. TRACE 

internally generates (i.e. spawns) all the TRACE sub-components needed to simulate the 

flow and heat transfer associated with a BWR fuel assembly. The sub-components that may 

be utilized by a CHAN component are: powered and/or unpowered HTSTR (heat structure 

component), PIPE, Side-Junctions and RADENC (Radiation heat transfer enclosure component). 

A detailed verification of the CHAN components is needed before it can be used with confidence for safety analyses. Hence the purpose of the report is to validate the heat transfer 

models of the CHAN component and thereby identify areas for possible improvements. For 

this purpose data from “BWR Full Size Fine Mesh Bundle test” (BFBT) [1] made by NUPEC 

was selected for the code validation.

3

2 Description of BWR Full-Size Fine Mesh Bundle 

Test Facility

The BFBT (BWR Full-Size Fine Mesh Bundle Test) facility from NUPEC (Nuclear Power Engineering Cooperation) in Japan has been used for the measurement of void fraction and 

critical power under typical BWR conditions. Experiments that simulate high-pressure and 

high-temperature fluid conditions; similar to present conditions of BWR can be performed. An 

electrically heated rod bundle has been used for the simulation of a full-scale BWR fuel assembly. The specific data of the BFBT facility [1] is discussed in this chapter.

2.1 Test Loop

Fig. 2.1 shows the main components of the BFBT facility. Pump (1) is used to circulate the 

coolant. The coolant is cleaned by the filter (2). The three different sized valves (3) control 

the flow rate. The coolant inlet temperature of the test section (5) is controlled by the preheater (4). The sub-cooled fluid flows from bottom to the top of the test bundle (5), where it is 

heated. The steam is separated from the mixture using the separator (7) and is condensed in 

the steam drum (8) by a spray of sub-cooled water. A part of condensed coolant in the separator is pumped into the steam-drum with spray pump (10) after the water was cooled by the 

two air-cooled heat exchangers (11). Four different sized valves on the spray lines (9) control 

the pressure. For low assembly powers the system pressure is controlled by the pressurizer 

(6). The return of coolant to the circulation pump closes the loop of the test facility [1]. The 

facility is constructed mainly of the stainless steal type SUS304. The cooling fluid used is demineralized water. The test loop can be run with a maximum pressure of 10.3 MPa, a maximum temperature of 588.15 K, a maximum power of 12 MW and a maximum flow rate of 

20.83 kg/s. The facility is capable of simulating both the steady state conditions of a Boiling 

Water Reactor as well as various BWR operational transients.

The test section shown in Fig. 2.2 consists of a pressure vessel, electrodes and a test bundle 

which emulates different BWR fuel bundle. The sub-cooled coolant flows from the inlet nozzle at the bottom of the device on the side into the test section, then upwards through the test 

bundle and to the outlet nozzle at the device top. The heated section has an axial length of 

3.708 m. At three different axial positions X-ray densitometers and at the bundle outlet an Xray computer tomography (CT) scanner were installed for the measurement of the void fraction. The functionality of the void fraction measurements will be described in chapter 2.3. 

Furthermore at various positions of the bundle heater rod surfaces thermocouples for the 

temperature measurement were installed. Two bundle types are used for the different experiments. Chapter 2.2 provides the detailed geometry data and heater rod information of 

test assemblies which were used for the validation of TRACE.
4

Fig. 2.1: Scheme of the BFBT facility [1]
5

Fig. 2.2: The test section of the BFBT facility [1]

2.2 Test Bundles

Two different test bundle types were used for the BFBT experiments. Each bundle consists 

of a channel box, heater rods, water rods and spacers. The heater rods of both types are 

arranged in an 8 x 8 array. Furthermore both bundle types differ from the used spacer type 

(see chapter 2.3). Type consisted of 62 heater rods and two water rods in a diagonal arrangement at the centre as shown in Fig. 2.3 and type consisted of 60 heater rods and one 

large water rod at the bundle centre as shown in Fig. 2.4. The channel flow area of type is 

3 2

9.781 10 m

while the flow area of type is 

3 2

9.463 10 m

. For both bundle types the 
6

heater rods are electrically heated for the simulation of the fission power. The details of the 

geometry and material data are given in the next paragraphs.

Fig. 2.3: Bundle type Fig. 2.4: Bundle type 

The bundle types and consist of the following components:

Channel Box

The channel box has an axial heated length of 3.708 m, an inner width distance between box walls of 0.1325 m and a corner radius of 0.008 m.

Heater Rods

The heated rods have a cylindrical shape and an outer diameter of 0.0123 m. The 

heated rod pitch is 0.0162 m. Fig. 2.5 shows the components of the heater rods. Fig. 

2.6 provides the schematic diagram of the same. As it can be seen in Fig. 2.5 and 

Fig. 2.6 the heater rod consists of four material zones. The core of the heater rod and 

the third layer, (refer to Fig. 2.6), is the insulator material (boron nitride). The second 

layer is the heater (Nichrome) with an outer radius of 0.00365 m while the outer layer 

is the cladding (Inconel 600) with an inner radius of 0.00485 m and an outer radius of 

0.00615 m. The temperature dependent density, specific heat and thermal conductivity properties of all heater rod and water rod materials are summarized in the following Tab. 2.1, Tab. 2.2 and Tab. 2.3. It is assumed that the Nichrome coils have similar 

properties as Constantan [1].

Water Rods

The bundle type has two water rods with a rod outer diameter of 0.015 m each 

while bundle type has one large water rod with a rod outer diameter of 0.034 m. The 

water rods consist of Inconel 600. In all test assemblies there is no flow inside of the 

water rods [1].

Spacers

Two types of spacers are used in the different measurements. The “grid type” spacers 

are used with the bundle type and have an axial spacer length of 0.041 m. The “ferrule type” spacers are used with the bundle type and have an axial spacer length of 

0.031 m. Both spacer types have a spacer loss coefficient of 1.2 for each spacer. In 

all measurements there were seven spacers axially distributed along the heated bundle length in the test bundle. The spacer location is shown in Fig. 2.7. All length values on the left side, downward of “Spacer Elevation” are distances from spacer bottom face to the bottom of heated length. The constructive details of both spacer types 

are given in Fig. 2.8 and Fig. 2.9.
7

 

Fig. 2.5: Cross section view of heater rod Fig. 2.6: Schematic view of heater rod

Tab. 2.1: Nichrome / Constantan properties [1]

Material Nichrome / Constantan

Density 

(kg/m3) 8393.4

Specific heat 

cp (J/kg/K)

0.2075 c p 110 Tf

Temperature / (°F)

Thermal 

Conductivity 

k (W/m/K)

29.18 2.683 10 100 3 k x Tf

Temperature / (°F)

Tab. 2.2: Boron Nitride properties [1]

Material Boron Nitride

Density 

(kg/m3) 2002

Specific heat 

cp (J/kg/K)

4 2 7 3

cp 760.59 1.7955T f 8.6704x10 Tf 1.7955x10 Tf

Temperature / (°F)

Thermal 

Conductivity 

k (W/m/K)

k x Tf

3 25.27 1.365 10

Temperature / (°F)
8

Tab. 2.3: Inconel 600 properties [1]

Material Inconel 600

Density 

(kg/m3)

2 2 7 2 16.01846 (5.261008 10 1.345453 10 Tf 1.194357 x10 Tf

Temperature / (°F)

Specific heat 

cp (J/kg/K)

2.060318 10 3.682836 10 2.458648 10 5.597571 10 )

4186.8 (0.1014 4.378952 10 2.046138 10 1.7955 10

1 3 4 1 6 5 1 9 6 2 3 7

5 8 2 7 3

f f f f

p f f f

T T T T

c T T T

Temperature / (°F)

Thermal 

Conductivity 

k (W/m/K)

3.475513 10 9.936696 10 )

1.729577 (8.011332 4.643719 10 1.872857 10 3.914512 10

1 2 4 1 6 5

3 6 2 9 3

f f

f f f

T T

k T T T

Temperature / (°F)

Spacer 

Elevation (m)

3.527

3.015

2.503

1.991

1.479

0.967

0.455

0 Heated Zone (3.708 m)

Fig. 2.7: Spacer location [1]
9

Fig. 2.8: Constructive details grid spacer (mm) [1]

Fig. 2.9: Constructive details ferrule spacer design (mm) [1]
10

2.3 Measurement Methods

Two different systems of void distribution measurements were applied in the BFBT bundle 

tests. The fine mesh void distributions were measured using the X-ray computer tomography 

(CT) scanner 0.05 m above the heated zone. In addition three different axial bundle positions 

were measured with the so-called X-ray densitometers. Both measurements are based on 

the same physical principles, which are used in medicine as well. In this case, the fact that xrays are absorbed in different amounts by water and steam was used. The bundle section 

was moved in the x-ray beam and the void fraction was measured with a x-ray detector. In 

addition the x-ray CT scanner is 360° rotatable, (refer to Fig. 2.10 (b)), and this enabled the 

determination of the void fraction distribution with an accuracy of 0.3 mm x 0.3 mm at the 

bundle outlet. Therefore the results of the x-ray CT scanner can be used to validate CFDprograms as well. The scanning time of the X-ray CT scanner is 15 s and of X-ray densitometer is up to 60 s. The positions of the X-ray densitometers and X-ray CT scanners are 

shown in Fig. 2.2 and Fig. 2.10 (a).

Fig. 2.10: Void fraction measurement system [1]

The critical power was determined when the peak rod surface temperature became 14 °C 

higher than the steady state temperature level before dry-out occurred [1], at which the temperature measurements were determined with thermocouples on specific heater rod surfaces. The critical power was measured by a slow increase of the bundle power while monitoring the individual heater thermocouple signals.
11

Each thermocouple position is identified in the following notation:

ROD NUMBER – AXIAL LOCATION – ROTATIONAL ANGLE

Fig. 2.11 describes the thermocouple position notation as it was used for the results of the 

BFBT experiments for the example 16 – B – 270. The first number represented the rod number as it is shown in Fig. 2.11. The letter gives the axial level of thermocouple position. Fig. 

2.12 provides the meaning of the various axial location letters. All thermocouples are located 

6 mm under one of the four highest spacers. The last number means the surface location 

angle in degree (Fig. 2.11).

Fig. 2.11: Definition of thermocouple position [1]
12

Fig. 2.12: Axial and radial location of thermocouples [1]

Furthermore differential and absolute pressures were measured using diaphragm transducers. The bundle pressure drop was monitored at several locations as depicted in Fig. 2.13. 

A section

B section

C section

D section

Heated length 3708 mm

A

B

C

D
13

The sub-cooled water conditions at the inlet were measured using double thermistors. The 

inlet flow rate was measured using turbine flow meter. On the heater rods, the surface temperature was monitored at positions just upstream of the spacers by the 0.5 mm diameter 

chromel-alumel thermocouples, which were located in the heater rod cladding [1].

Fig. 2.13: Pressure taps location for critical power measurements [1]

The estimated accuracy of the various measurements is shown in Tab. 2.4. There were three 

types of void fraction measurements: the sub-channel-average void fraction, which was more 

than 400 pixel elements, the local void fraction on a 0.3 mm 0.3 mm square pixel element, 

and the cross–sectional average void fraction which was more than 105pixel elements. The 

accuracy of these void fraction measurements depends on the photon statistics of the X-ray 
14

source, the detector non-linearity and the accuracy of the known fluid conditions (temperature and pressure) measurements [1].

Tab. 2.4: Estimated accuracy of measured parameters [1]

Quantity Accuracy

Generals

Pressure 1 %

Flow 1 %

Power 1.5 %

Inlet fluid temperature 1.5 °C

X-ray tubes

Local void fraction 8 %

Sub-channel void fraction measurements 3 %

Cross-sectional void fraction measurements 2 %
15

3 Description of the Tests

The selected void distribution tests are described in chapter 3.1 and the critical power tests 

are described in chapter 3.2. All selected radial bundle profiles in this report emulate a fuel 

assembly at the beginning of the operation cycle of a NPP. The test numbers from BFBT [1]

were adopted in this report for a better understanding.

3.1 Void Distribution Tests

Two different test assemblies (number 1 and 4) of the void distribution tests were selected for 

investigations. Test assembly number 1 consists of the bundle type , (refer to Fig. 2.3), with 

a cosines-shape axial power profile whereas the test assembly number 4 consists of bundle 

type , (refer to Fig. 2.4), with a uniform-shape axial power profile.

3.1.1 Steady State Tests

This chapter describes the BFBT tests: 1071-53 and 4101-53. Test 1071-53 has a radial 

power pattern as given in Tab. 3.1 and the radial power pattern Tab. 3.2 was used for test 

4101-53. The axial power distribution profile which was used in the test 1071-53 is shown in 

Fig. 3.1. A uniform axial power distribution profile was used in test 4101-53. The test boundary conditions which include the pressure at the outlet, the temperature at the inlet, the mass 

flow and the power for both tests are given in Tab. 3.3.

Tab. 3.1: Radial power pattern of bundle type [1]

1.15 1.30 1.15 1.30 1.30 1.15 1.30 1.15

1.30 0.45 0.89 0.89 0.89 0.45 1.15 1.30

1.15 0.89 0.89 0.89 0.89 0.89 0.45 1.15

1.30 0.89 0.89 0.89 0.89 0.89 1.15

1.30 0.89 0.89 0.89 0.89 0.89 1.15

1.15 0.45 0.89 0.89 0.89 0.89 0.45 1.15

1.30 1.15 0.45 0.89 0.89 0.45 1.15 1.30

1.15 1.30 1.15 1.15 1.15 1.15 1.30 1.15
16

Fig. 3.1: Cosine power distribution pattern [1]

Tab. 3.2: Radial power pattern of bundle type [1]

1.15 1.30 1.15 1.30 1.30 1.15 1.30 1.15

1.30 0.45 0.89 0.89 0.89 0.45 1.15 1.30

1.15 0.89 0.89 0.89 0.89 0.89 0.45 1.15

1.30 0.89 0.89 0.89 0.89 1.15

1.30 0.89 0.89 0.89 0.89 1.15

1.15 0.45 0.89 0.89 0.89 0.89 0.45 1.15

1.30 1.15 0.45 0.89 0.89 0.45 1.15 1.30

1.15 1.30 1.15 1.15 1.15 1.15 1.30 1.15

Tab. 3.3: Boundary conditions of the void fraction tests [1]

Test 1071-53 4101-53

Outlet Pressure (Pa) 7 160 000 7 170 000

Inlet Temperature (K) 551.55 551.35

Total Mass Flow (kg/s) 15.16111 15.18056

Total Power (W) 1 230 000 1 240 000

3.1.2 Transient Experiment 4102-001~009

The test simulates the heat transfer and flow conditions of a turbine trip transient of a BWR. 

The test has a radial power pattern as given in Tab. 3.2. A uniform axial power distribution 

profile was used in this test. The heated range is split in 24 parts in the axial direction. The 
17

length of one part is 0.1545 m. The time dependent boundary conditions are given in Fig. 

3.2, Fig. 3.3, Fig. 3.4 and Fig. 3.5.

Experiment: 4102-001~009

30

35

40

45

50

55

60

0 10 20 30 40 50 60

Time (s)

Flow Rate (t/h)

Fig. 3.2: Evolution of Flow rate [1]

Experiment: 4102-001~009

2

2.5

3

3.5

4

4.5

5

5.5

6

6.5

7

0 10 20 30 40 50 60

Time (s)

Power (MW)

Fig. 3.3: Evolution of total power [1]
18

Experiment: 4102-001~009

7

7.2

7.4

7.6

7.8

8

8.2

0 10 20 30 40 50 60

Time (s)

Pressure (MPa)

Pressure at inlet (MPa)

Pressure at outlet (MPa)

Fig. 3.4: Pressure evolution at bundle inlet and outlet [1]

Experiment: 4102-001~009

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

0 10 20 30 40 50 60

Time (s)

Temperature at inlet (°C)

Fig. 3.5: Evolution of coolant temperature [1]

3.2 Critical Power Tests

Two different test assemblies are considered for the simulation of the Critical Power tests. 

Both selected test assemblies consist of bundle type , (refer to Fig. 2.4). Assembly C2A has 
19

a cosines-shape axial power profile whereas the assembly C3 has an inlet-peak shape axial 

power profile.

3.2.1 Steady State Experiments

Four tests with different heater rod arrangements were selected for the code validation. The 

tests have a radial power pattern as given in Tab. 3.2. The axial power distribution profile 

which was used in the first three tests: SA510600, SA610600 and SA810600 are shown in 

Fig. 3.1 whereas the axial power distribution profile for last test SC610500 is shown in Fig. 

3.6. The test boundary conditions for all these steady state experiments are given in Tab. 

3.4.

Fig. 3.6: Inlet power distribution pattern [1]

Tab. 3.4: Boundary conditions of the selected critical power tests [1]

Test SA510600 SA610600 SA810600 SC610500

Outlet Pressure (Pa) 5 510 000 7 180 000 8 560 000 7 190 000

Inlet Temperature (K) 523.918 543.668 557.739 551.297

Total Mass Flow (kg/s) 15.19444 15.29667 15.27778 15.25

3.2.2 Transient Experiment TGA10008

This test simulates the core conditions corresponding to a turbine trip transient. The test has 

a radial power pattern as given in Tab. 3.2. The axial power distribution profile which was 

used in this test is shown in Fig. 3.1. The test boundary conditions as a function of the time 

are given in Fig. 3.7, Fig. 3.8, Fig. 3.9 and Fig. 3.10.
20

Experiment: TGA10008

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

Time (s)

Flow Rate (m3/h)

Fig. 3.7: Flow rate vs. time [1]

Experiment: TGA10008

0

2

4

6

8

10

12

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

Time (s)

Power (MW)

Fig. 3.8: Total power vs. time [1]
21

Experiment: TGA10008

7

7.1

7.2

7.3

7.4

7.5

7.6

7.7

7.8

7.9

8

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

Time (s)

Pressure (MPa)

Pressure at Inlet MPa

Pressure at Outlet MPa

Fig. 3.9: Pressure at the bundle inlet and outlet vs. time [1]

Experiment: TGA10008

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

Time (s)

Temperature at Inlet (°C)

Fig. 3.10: Coolant temperature vs. time [1]

23

4 Short Description of TRACE

TRACE (TRAC/RELAP Advanced Computational Engine) is a best-estimate thermohydraulic 

reactor system code which is being developed by the U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission 

(NRC) since about 6 years. The code allows the analysis of both transient and steady-state 

neutronic thermal-hydraulic behaviour of light water reactors (LWR) [5]. This code is a result 

of long term effort to combine the capabilities of the NRC’s four main system codes (TRACP, TRAC-B, RELAP5 and RAMONA) into one modernised computational tool. TRACE has 

been designed to perform best-estimate analysis of loss-of-coolant accidents (LOCAs) and 

operational transients in pressurized light-water reactors (PWRs) and boiling light-water reactors (BWRs). Furthermore it can also model phenomena occurring in experimental facilities 

designed to simulate transients of reactor systems. The TRACE code includes models like 

multidimensional two-phase flow, generalized heat transfer, heat conduction, nonequilibrium 

thermodynamics, level tracking, reflood, and reactor kinetic models. The code architecture is 

completely modular. The TRACE code includes components like: BREAKs, FILLs, CHANs 

(BWR fuel channels), HEATRs (feed water heaters), HTSTRs (heat structure), JETPs (jet 

pumps), POWERs, PUMPs, TEEs, VALVEs, and VESSELs. Generally the models used in 

TRACE can be classified in 1D hydraulic models, with exception of the VESSEL component. 

It uses three dimensional fluid-dynamics models.

25

5 Modelling of the NUPEC Bundle Test for TRACE

For the envisaged investigations with TRACE only the test section (see Fig. 2.2) including 

the heater and water rods and the upper plenum was modelled. The bundle conditions at the 

inlet and outlet are presented in the model by TRACE components FILL and BREAK. The 

boundary conditions at the inlet and outlet for each test are given by the components FILL 

Number 100 in Fig. 5.1 and BREAK Number 300 in Fig. 5.1. The channel box wall with all 

heaters is modelled with the CHAN component, Fig. 5.1. Each heater rod is axial subdivided 

in 24 heated and one unheated cell. The cell elevation of each heated cell is 0.1545 m and of 

the unheated cell is 0.1 m. The CHAN wall was split in three mesh points and the inside perimeter was calculated as 0.516 m. Furthermore adiabatic boundary conditions at the channel wall outer surface were assumed. The seven spacers were modelled by an additive pressure drop at the respective locations (Fig. 2.7). Refer to chapter 2.2 for more spacer details. 

The pitch to diameter ratio was calculated as 1.317. Since there are four groups of heater 

rods with the same radial power, they were explicitly considered in the CHAN component. 

Also the water rods of the different test arrangements are presented separately in the model 

utilizing the capability of CHAN components (refer to Fig. 5.2 and Fig. 5.3). The heater rods 

of the CHAN-component, Fig. 2.6, are nodalized with 22 radial mesh points. Particularly both 

boron nitride and the nichrome regions are nodalized with five radial mesh points and the 

outer inconel 600 region is nodalized with two radial mesh points. Furthermore the power of 

all heater groups is defined in the POWER-component.

Fig. 5.1: TRACE model of the BFBT test section
26

Fig. 5.2: Radial heater location of bundle type showing the different heater groups

Fig. 5.3: Radial heater location of bundle type showing the different heater groups

Tab. 5.1: Power peaking factors of heater groups

Group Number Group Type Power Peaking Factor

1 Heater Rods 1.30

2 Heater Rods 1.15

3 Heater Rods 0.89

4 Heater Rods 0.45

5 Water Rod 0.00
27

6 Post-Test Calculation with TRACE

Two steady-state calculations the one tests transient calculation selected from both void distribution test row and critical power test row of the BFBT tests were performed. The TRACE 

calculations were performed on Dual Core PC with Windows @1.66 GHz using the TRACE 

Version V5.0RC2. For each specific calculation the boundary and initial conditions, given in 

chapter 3, were used.

6.1 TRACE Calculation of Void Distribution Tests

In this chapter the void distribution post-test calculations will be presented. They include both 

steady state and transient calculations. The minimum/maximum time step was set to 

0.0001 s / 0.001 s in the steady state and transient calculations.

6.1.1 TRACE Results for Steady State Test 1071-53

The following calculation was performed using the generalized steady-state calculation 

(GSS) mode. A convergence criterion of 10-6 was selected. The CPU time for this calculation 

was approximately 9 s.

The comparison of pressure drop between the measured BFBT data and the TRACE calculation results is given in Tab. 6.1. The relative deviation of calculation from the test data is 

less than 1 % which indicates a good agreement. The calculated pressure is in the error 

band of the measured pressure. The relative deviation was computed by the difference between the measured data and the TRACE result divide by the measured data. 

Tab. 6.1: Comparison pressure drop over the bundle of test 1071-53

Data /

MPa

TRACE / 

MPa

Pressure 

Drop p

0.06 0.0597

Mesurement 

Error ±0.14 -

Deviation / % 0.57%

The comparison of calculated and measured void fraction is shown in Fig. 6.1. The graph 

shows a good agreement of measured and predicted the void fraction at the outlet of the 

bundle. However, in the middle area of the bundle the computed void fraction is observed to 

be approximately 20 % less (relative deviation) than the test data. But it is still within the uncertainty error band. The liquid, gas and saturation temperatures are shown in Fig. 6.2. It can 

clearly be seen that the liquid temperature is rising from inlet temperature to the saturation 

temperature and then equals the saturation temperature. A comparison of Fig. 6.1 and Fig. 

6.2 shows clearly subcooled boiling regime between the bundle elevation at 1.4 m and 2.3 m. 

In the next figure, (Fig. 6.3), the computed surface temperatures of the four heater groups 
28

are shown. As expected the group with the higher heat power shows also the highest surface 

temperatures (see Tab. 5.1). Fig. 6.4 represents the corresponding heat transfer coefficients 

for each of the heater group.

Flow Regimes, Test: 1071-53

0

0.05

0.1

0.15

0.2

0.25

0.3

0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4

Bundle Elevation / (m)

Void Fraction / (-)

Void Frac.

Void Frac. BFBT

Single-Phase Liquid Flow Bubbly Flow

Fig. 6.1: Comparison between BFBT data and TRACE results of test 1071-53
29

Temperatures, Test: 1071-53

550

552

554

556

558

560

562

0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4

Bundle Elevation / (m)

Temperature / (K)

liq. Temp.

sat. Temp.

gas Temp.

Liquid Convection Subcooled Boiling Nucleate Boiling

Fig. 6.2: Calculated liquid, saturation and gas temperature of test 1071-53

Heater Cladding Temperatures, Test: 1071-53

552

554

556

558

560

562

564

566

0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4

Bundle Elevation / m

Temperature / K

Heater Group 1

Heater Group 2

Heater Group 3

Heater Group 4

Fig. 6.3: Heater surface temperatures of each heater group of test 1071-53
30

Heat Transfer Coefficient, Test: 1071-53

20

25

30

35

40

45

50

55

60

65

0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4

Bundle Elevation / m Heat Transfer coefficient / kW/m2/K

Heater Group 1

Heater Group 2

Heater Group 3

Heater Group 4

Fig. 6.4: Heat transfer coefficient of each heater group of test 1071-53
31

6.1.2 TRACE Results for Steady State Test 4101-53

The TRACE calculation was performed in the generalized steady-state calculation (GSS) 

mode. In this mode the calculation is terminated when the convergence criterion of 0.001 

was satisfied for all physical parameters. The CPU time needed for this calculation was approximately 8 s.

The comparison of the measured and calculated pressure drop (TRACE) is given in Tab. 6.2. 

Clearly there is a good correlation between the measured BFBT data and the TRACE calculation. 

Tab. 6.2: Comparison pressure drop over the bundle of test 4101-53

Data /

MPa

TRACE / 

MPa

Pressure 

Drop p

0.06 0.0616

Mesurement 

Error ±0.14 -

Deviation / % 2.7%

The comparison of calculated and measured void fraction, shows also a very good agreement at the outlet of the bundle, Fig. 6.5. At the axial elevation of 2.730 m (X-ray densitometer) TRACE underpredicts the measured void fraction by 27 % but the calculated value is still 

within the measurement uncertainty band. The liquid, gas and saturation temperatures are 

shown in Fig. 6.6. As expected the behaviour of these parameters is similar to the behaviour 

obtained in the previous calculation. Here the rise of liquid temperature has a more linear 

shape, due to the setting of a uniform axial power distribution. The heater rod surface temperatures of the heater groups, shown in Fig. 6.7, have a gradual decrease by comparison 

with the previous test calculation which show a rapid decrease. The computed heat transfer 

coefficients for each heater group are shown in Fig. 6.8. By comparison with the previous 

test calculation, the heat transfer coefficients are decreasing above a bundle elevation of 

about 2.5 m, Fig. 6.4, and the behaviour of the heat transfer coefficients is strictly monotonically increasing which is physical sound.
32

Flow Regimes, Test: 4101-53

0

0.05

0.1

0.15

0.2

0.25

0.3

0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4

Bundle Elevation / (m)

Void Fraction / (-)

Void Frac.

Void Frac. BFBT

Single-Phase Liquid Flow Bubbly Flow

Fig. 6.5: Comparison between BFBT data and TRACE results of test 4101-53

Temperatures, Test: 4101-53

550

552

554

556

558

560

562

0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4

Bundle Elevation / (m)

Temperature / (K)

liq. Temp.

sat. Temp.

gas Temp.

Liquid Convection Subcooled Boiling Nucleate Boiling

Fig. 6.6: Calculated liquid, saturation, gas temperature of test 4101-53
33

Heater Cladding Temperatures, Test: 4101-53

554

556

558

560

562

564

566

0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4

Bundle Elevation / m

Temperature / K

Heater Group 1

Heater Group 2

Heater Group 3

Heater Group 4

Fig. 6.7: Heater surface temperatures of each heater group of test 4101-53

Heat Transfer Coefficient, Test: 4101-53

20

25

30

35

40

45

50

55

60

0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4

Bundle Elevation / m Heat Transfer coefficient / kW/m2/K

Heater Group 1

Heater Group 2

Heater Group 3

Heater Group 4

Fig. 6.8: Heat transfer coefficient of each heater group of test 4101-53
34

6.1.3 Discussion of Void Fraction Steady State Results

The comparison between the predicted void fraction and the calculated data at four elevations is summarized in Fig. 6.9. TRACE tends in general to underpredict the void fraction. It 

is worth to note that the predictions of TRACE at the elevation 3.758 m are very close to the 

experimental data, (RSME: 0.039) while the calculations at the other elevations deviate from 

the measurements by an RSME up to 0.064.

Comparison of Void Fraction

0

0.1

0.2

0.3

0.4

0.5

0.6

0.7

0.8

0.9

1

0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1

Measured Void Fraction / (-)

Calculated Void Fraction / (-)

0011: 3.758 m 0011: 2.73 m

0011: 1.706 m 0011: 0.682 m

0021: 3.758 m 0021: 2.73 m

0021: 1.706 m 0021: 0.682 m

0031: 3.758 m 0031: 2.73 m

0031: 1.706 m 0031: 0.682 m

1071: 3.758 m 1071: 2.73 m

1071: 1.706 m 1071: 0.682 m

2081: 3.758 m 2081: 2.73 m

2081: 1.706 m 2081: 0.682 m

3091: 3.758 m 3091: 2.73 m

3091: 1.706 m 3091: 0.682 m

4101: 3.758 m 4101: 2.73 m

4101: 1.706 m 4101: 0.682 m

10 % Error M argin

Fig. 6.9: Comparison of predicted and measured void fraction results

Furthermore an uncertainty analysis according to the guidelines of the Exercise 4, Phase I of 

[1] was performed in this report. Thereby the influence of the four input parameters outlet 

pressure, outlet quality, flow rate and inlet sub-cooling were investigated. Therefore the void 

fraction deviation versus each input parameter was plotted in which all other input parameters were chosen constant (Fig. 6.10 to Fig. 6.33). The uncertainty analysis confirms the earlier observation that the TRACE accuracy is not so good for low quality and mass flow conditions. The sub-cooling dependent ratio of calculated and measured outlet void fraction for the 

assembly type 0-1, (refer to [1]), is given in Fig. 6.10. The sub-cooling is independent of the 

void fraction deviation in the region between 20 kJ / kg and 120 kJ / kg.

The dependence of the deviation between calculated and measured results on the outlet 

quality for the assembly type 0-1 is presented in the same way in Fig. 6.11. It is good to see 

that the deviation of the void fraction is higher for low outlet quality conditions.

The ratio of the calculated and measured results is plotted against the flow rate in Fig. 6.12.
35

In Fig. 6.13 the ratio of calculated and measured results depending on the outlet pressure for 

the assembly type 0-1 is shown. Fig. 6.14 represents the ratio of calculated and measured 

results depending on the outlet quality for the assembly type 0-2. The C / M deviation is 

higher for low outlet quality conditions. The flow rate dependent ratio of calculated and 

measured outlet void fraction for the assembly type 0-2 is given in Fig. 6.15. In this diagram 

the deviation of outlet void fraction is higher for low mass flow conditions. The dependence of 

the deviation between calculated and measured results on the outlet pressure for the assembly type 0-2 is presented in Fig. 6.16. The ratio of the calculated and measured results is 

plotted against the outlet quality in Fig. 6.17. In Fig. 6.18 is shown the ratio of calculated and 

measured results depending on the flow rate for the assembly type 0-3. Fig. 6.19 represents 

the ratio of calculated and measured results depending on the outlet pressure for the assembly type 0-3. The inlet sub-cooling dependent ratio of calculated and measured outlet void 

fraction for the assembly type 1 is given in Fig. 6.20. The dependence of the deviation between calculated and measured results on the outlet quality for the assembly type 1 is presented in Fig. 6.21. The ratio of the calculated and measured results is plotted against the 

flow rate in Fig. 6.22. The deviation of the outlet void fraction is higher for low mass flow conditions. In Fig. 6.23 is shown the ratio of calculated and measured results depending on the 

outlet pressure for the assembly type 1. Fig. 6.24 represents the ratio of calculated and 

measured results depending on the outlet quality for the assembly type 2. The flow rate dependent ratio of calculated and measured outlet void fraction for the assembly type 2 is given 

in Fig. 6.25. The dependence of the deviation between calculated and measured results on 

the outlet pressure is presented in Fig. 6.26 for the assembly type 2. The ratio of the calculated and measured results is plotted against the outlet quality in Fig. 6.27. In Fig. 6.28 is 

shown the ratio of calculated and measured results depending on the flow rate for the assembly type 3. Fig. 6.29 represents the ratio of calculated and measured results depending 

on the outlet pressure for the assembly type 3. The inlet sub-cooling dependent ratio of calculated and measured outlet void fraction for the assembly type 4 is given in Fig. 6.30. The 

dependence of the deviation between calculated and measured results on the outlet quality 

is presented in Fig. 6.31 for the assembly type 4. The ratio of the calculated and measured 

results is plotted against the flow rate in Fig. 6.32. In Fig. 6.33 is shown the ratio of calculated 

and measured results depending on the outlet pressure for the assembly type 4.
36

Comparison of Calculation and Measurement (Assembly Type: 0-1)

0.85

0.9

0.95

1

1.05

1.1

1.15

0 20 40 60 80 100 120

Inlet Sub-Cooling / (kJ/kg)

C / M Outlet Void Fraction / (-)

10 % Error Margin

pout=7.159MPa, M=55t/h, q=5%

pout=7.159MPa, M=55t/h, q=12%

Fig. 6.10: Void fraction C / M ratio versus inlet sub-cooling (Assembly Type 0-1)

Comparison of Calculation and Measurement (Assembly Type: 0-1)

0.85

0.95

1.05

1.15

1.25

1.35

1.45

1.55

1.65

1.75

1.85

0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16

Outlet Quality / (%)

C / M Outlet Void Fraction / (-)

10 % Error Margin

pout=0.981MPa, M=10t/h, dhsc=50.2kJ/kg

pout=0.981MPa, M=30t/h, dhsc=50.2kJ/kg

pout=0.981MPa, M=55t/h, dhsc=50.2kJ/kg

pout=3.923MPa, M=10t/h, dhsc=50.2kJ/kg

pout=3.923MPa, M=30t/h, dhsc=50.2kJ/kg

pout=3.923MPa, M=55t/h, dhsc=50.2kJ/kg

pout=7.159MPa, M=10t/h, dhsc=50.2kJ/kg

pout=7.159MPa, M=20t/h, dhsc=50.2kJ/kg

pout=7.159MPa, M=30t/h, dhsc=50.2kJ/kg

pout=7.159MPa, M=55t/h, dhsc=20.9kJ/kg

pout=7.159MPa, M=55t/h, dhsc=50.2kJ/kg

pout=7.159MPa, M=55t/h, dhsc=125.6kJ/kg

pout=8.63MPa, M=10t/h, dhsc=50.2kJ/kg

pout=8.63MPa, M=30t/h, dhsc=50.2kJ/kg

pout=8.63MPa, M=55t/h, dhsc=50.2kJ/kg

Fig. 6.11: Void fraction C / M ratio versus outlet quality (Assembly Type 0-1)
37

Comparison of Calculation and Measurement (Assembly Type: 0-1)

0.85

1.05

1.25

1.45

1.65

1.85

2.05

10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90

Mass Flow / (t/h)

C / M Outlet Void Fraction / (-)

10 % Error Margin

pout=0.981MPa, dhsc=50.2kJ/kg, q=1%

pout=0.981MPa, dhsc=50.2kJ/kg, q=3%

pout=0.981MPa, dhsc=50.2kJ/kg, q=5%

pout=0.981MPa, dhsc=50.2kJ/kg, q=12%

pout=3.923MPa, dhsc=50.2kJ/kg, q=2%

pout=3.923MPa, dhsc=50.2kJ/kg, q=5%

pout=3.923MPa, dhsc=50.2kJ/kg, q=8%

pout=3.923MPa, dhsc=50.2kJ/kg, q=12%

pout=3.923MPa, dhsc=50.2kJ/kg, q=18%

pout=3.923MPa, dhsc=50.2kJ/kg, q=25%

pout=7.159MPa, dhsc=50.2kJ/kg, q=2%

pout=7.159MPa, dhsc=50.2kJ/kg, q=5%

pout=7.159MPa, dhsc=50.2kJ/kg, q=8%

pout=7.159MPa, dhsc=50.2kJ/kg, q=12%

pout=7.159MPa, dhsc=50.2kJ/kg, q=18%

pout=7.159MPa, dhsc=50.2kJ/kg, q=25%

pout=8.63MPa, dhsc=50.2kJ/kg, q=2%

pout=8.63MPa, dhsc=50.2kJ/kg, q=5%

pout=8.63MPa, dhsc=50.2kJ/kg, q=8%

pout=8.63MPa, dhsc=50.2kJ/kg, q=12%

pout=8.63MPa, dhsc=50.2kJ/kg, q=18%

pout=8.63MPa, dhsc=50.2kJ/kg, q=25%

Fig. 6.12: Void fraction C / M ratio versus mass flow (Assembly Type 0-1)

Comparison of Calculation and Measurement (Assembly Type: 0-1)

0.85

0.95

1.05

1.15

1.25

1.35

1.45

1.55

1.65

0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14

Outlet Pressure / (MPa)

C / M Outlet Void Fraction / (-)

10 % Error Margin

M=10t/h, dhsc=50.2kJ/kg, q=2%

M=10t/h, dhsc=50.2kJ/kg, q=5%

M=10t/h, dhsc=50.2kJ/kg, q=8%

M=10t/h, dhsc=50.2kJ/kg, q=12%

M=10t/h, dhsc=50.2kJ/kg, q=18%

M=10t/h, dhsc=50.2kJ/kg, q=25%

M=30t/h, dhsc=50.2kJ/kg, q=2%

M=30t/h, dhsc=50.2kJ/kg, q=5%

M=30t/h, dhsc=50.2kJ/kg, q=8%

M=30t/h, dhsc=50.2kJ/kg, q=12%

M=30t/h, dhsc=50.2kJ/kg, q=18%

M=30t/h, dhsc=50.2kJ/kg, q=25%

M=55t/h, dhsc=50.2kJ/kg, q=2%

M=55t/h, dhsc=50.2kJ/kg, q=5%

M=55t/h, dhsc=50.2kJ/kg, q=8%

M=55t/h, dhsc=50.2kJ/kg, q=12%

M=55t/h, dhsc=50.2kJ/kg, q=18%

M=55t/h, dhsc=50.2kJ/kg, q=25%

Fig. 6.13: Void fraction C / M ratio versus outlet pressure (Assembly Type 0-1)
38

Comparison of Calculation and Measurement (Assembly Type: 0-2)

0.85

0.95

1.05

1.15

1.25

1.35

1.45

0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16

Outlet Quality / (%)

C / M Outlet Void Fraction / (-)

10 % Error Margin

pout=3.923MPa, M=55t/h

pout=7.159MPa, M=10t/h

pout=7.159MPa, M=30t/h

pout=7.159MPa, M=55t/h

pout=7.159MPa, M=70t/h

pout=8.63MPa, M=55t/h

Fig. 6.14: Void fraction C / M ratio versus outlet quality (Assembly Type 0-2)

Comparison of Calculation and Measurement (Assembly Type: 0-2)

0.85

0.95

1.05

1.15

1.25

1.35

1.45

1.55

10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90

Mass Flow / (t/h)

C / M Outlet Void Fraction / (-)

10 % Error Margin

pout=7.159MPa, q=2%

pout=7.159MPa, q=5%

pout=7.159MPa, q=8%

pout=7.159MPa, q=12%

pout=7.159MPa, q=18%

pout=7.159MPa, q=25%

Fig. 6.15: Void fraction C / M ratio versus mass flow (Assembly Type 0-2)
39

Comparison of Calculation and Measurement (Assembly Type: 0-2)

0.85

0.9

0.95

1

1.05

1.1

1.15

3 4 5 6 7 8 9

Outlet Pressure / (MPa)

C / M Outlet Void Fraction / (-)

10 % Error Margin

M=55t/h, q=5%

M=55t/h, q=12%

Fig. 6.16: Void fraction C / M ratio versus outlet pressure (Assembly Type 0-2)

Comparison of Calculation and Measurement (Assembly Type: 0-3)

0.85

0.95

1.05

1.15

1.25

1.35

1.45

0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16

Outlet Quality / (%)

C / M Outlet Void Fraction / (-)

10 % Error Margin

pout=3.923MPa, M=55t/h

pout=7.159MPa, M=10t/h

pout=7.159MPa, M=30t/h

pout=7.159MPa, M=55t/h

pout=7.159MPa, M=70t/h

pout=8.63MPa, M=55t/h

Fig. 6.17: Void fraction C / M ratio versus outlet quality (Assembly Type 0-3)
40

Comparison of Calculation and Measurement (Assembly Type: 0-3)

0.85

0.95

1.05

1.15

1.25

1.35

1.45

10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90

Mass Flow / (t/h)

C / M Outlet Void Fraction / (-)

10 % Error Margin

pout=7.159MPa, q=2%

pout=7.159MPa, q=5%

pout=7.159MPa, q=8%

pout=7.159MPa, q=12%

pout=7.159MPa, q=18%

pout=7.159MPa, q=25%

Fig. 6.18: Void fraction C / M ratio versus mass flow (Assembly Type 0-3)

Comparison of Calculation and Measurement (Assembly Type: 0-3)

0.85

0.9

0.95

1

1.05

1.1

1.15

3 4 5 6 7 8 9

Outlet Pressure / (MPa)

C / M Outlet Void Fraction / (-)

10 % Error Margin

M=55t/h, q=5%

M=55t/h, q=12%

Fig. 6.19: Void fraction C / M ratio versus outlet pressure (Assembly Type 0-3)
41

Comparison of Calculation and Measurement (Assembly Type: 1)

0.85

0.9

0.95

1

1.05

1.1

1.15

0 20 40 60 80 100 120

Inlet Sub-Cooling / (kJ/kg)

C / M Outlet Void Fraction / (-)

10 % Error Margin

pout=7.159MPa, M=55t/h, q=5%

pout=7.159MPa, M=55t/h, q=12%

Fig. 6.20: Void fraction C / M ratio versus inlet sub-cooling (Assembly Type 1)

Comparison of Calculation and Measurement (Assembly Type: 1)

0.85

0.95

1.05

1.15

1.25

1.35

1.45

1.55

1.65

1.75

1.85

0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16

Outlet Quality / (%)

C / M Outlet Void Fraction / (-)

10 % Error Margin

pout=0.981MPa, M=10t/h, dhsc=50.2kJ/kg

pout=0.981MPa, M=30t/h, dhsc=50.2kJ/kg

pout=0.981MPa, M=55t/h, dhsc=50.2kJ/kg

pout=3.923MPa, M=10t/h, dhsc=50.2kJ/kg

pout=3.923MPa, M=30t/h, dhsc=50.2kJ/kg

pout=3.923MPa, M=55t/h, dhsc=50.2kJ/kg

pout=7.159MPa, M=10t/h, dhsc=50.2kJ/kg

pout=7.159MPa, M=20t/h, dhsc=50.2kJ/kg

pout=7.159MPa, M=30t/h, dhsc=50.2kJ/kg

pout=7.159MPa, M=55t/h, dhsc=20.9kJ/kg

pout=7.159MPa, M=55t/h, dhsc=50.2kJ/kg

pout=7.159MPa, M=55t/h, dhsc=125.6kJ/kg

pout=8.63MPa, M=10t/h, dhsc=50.2kJ/kg

pout=8.63MPa, M=30t/h, dhsc=50.2kJ/kg

pout=8.63MPa, M=55t/h, dhsc=50.2kJ/kg

Fig. 6.21: Void fraction C / M ratio versus outlet quality (Assembly Type 1)
42

Comparison of Calculation and Measurement (Assembly Type: 1)

0.85

0.9

0.95

1

1.05

1.1

1.15

1.2

1.25

1.3

1.35

10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90

Mass Flow / (t/h)

C / M Outlet Void Fraction / (-)

10 % Error Margin

pout=0.981MPa, dhsc=50.2kJ/kg, q=1%

pout=0.981MPa, dhsc=50.2kJ/kg, q=3%

pout=0.981MPa, dhsc=50.2kJ/kg, q=5%

pout=0.981MPa, dhsc=50.2kJ/kg, q=12%

pout=3.923MPa, dhsc=50.2kJ/kg, q=2%

pout=3.923MPa, dhsc=50.2kJ/kg, q=5%

pout=3.923MPa, dhsc=50.2kJ/kg, q=8%

pout=3.923MPa, dhsc=50.2kJ/kg, q=12%

pout=3.923MPa, dhsc=50.2kJ/kg, q=18%

pout=3.923MPa, dhsc=50.2kJ/kg, q=25%

pout=7.159MPa, dhsc=50.2kJ/kg, q=2%

pout=7.159MPa, dhsc=50.2kJ/kg, q=5%

pout=7.159MPa, dhsc=50.2kJ/kg, q=8%

pout=7.159MPa, dhsc=50.2kJ/kg, q=12%

pout=7.159MPa, dhsc=50.2kJ/kg, q=18%

pout=7.159MPa, dhsc=50.2kJ/kg, q=25%

pout=8.63MPa, dhsc=50.2kJ/kg, q=2%

pout=8.63MPa, dhsc=50.2kJ/kg, q=5%

pout=8.63MPa, dhsc=50.2kJ/kg, q=8%

pout=8.63MPa, dhsc=50.2kJ/kg, q=12%

pout=8.63MPa, dhsc=50.2kJ/kg, q=18%

pout=8.63MPa, dhsc=50.2kJ/kg, q=25%

Fig. 6.22: Void fraction C / M ratio versus mass flow (Assembly Type 1)

Comparison of Calculation and Measurement (Assembly Type: 1)

0.85

0.9

0.95

1

1.05

1.1

1.15

1.2

0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14

Outlet Pressure / (MPa)

C / M Outlet Void Fraction / (-)

10 % Error Margin

M=10t/h, dhsc=50.2kJ/kg, q=2%

M=10t/h, dhsc=50.2kJ/kg, q=5%

M=10t/h, dhsc=50.2kJ/kg, q=8%

M=10t/h, dhsc=50.2kJ/kg, q=12%

M=10t/h, dhsc=50.2kJ/kg, q=18%

M=10t/h, dhsc=50.2kJ/kg, q=25%

M=30t/h, dhsc=50.2kJ/kg, q=2%

M=30t/h, dhsc=50.2kJ/kg, q=5%

M=30t/h, dhsc=50.2kJ/kg, q=8%

M=30t/h, dhsc=50.2kJ/kg, q=12%

M=30t/h, dhsc=50.2kJ/kg, q=18%

M=30t/h, dhsc=50.2kJ/kg, q=25%

M=55t/h, dhsc=50.2kJ/kg, q=2%

M=55t/h, dhsc=50.2kJ/kg, q=5%

M=55t/h, dhsc=50.2kJ/kg, q=8%

M=55t/h, dhsc=50.2kJ/kg, q=12%

M=55t/h, dhsc=50.2kJ/kg, q=18%

M=55t/h, dhsc=50.2kJ/kg, q=25%

Fig. 6.23: Void fraction C / M ratio versus outlet pressure (Assembly Type 1)
43

Comparison of Calculation and Measurement (Assembly Type: 2)

0.85

0.9

0.95

1

1.05

1.1

1.15

1.2

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

Outlet Quality / (%)

C / M Outlet Void Fraction / (-)

10 % Error Margin

pout=3.923MPa, M=10t/h

pout=3.923MPa, M=30t/h

pout=3.923MPa, M=55t/h

pout=7.159MPa, M=10t/h

pout=7.159MPa, M=20t/h

pout=7.159MPa, M=30t/h

pout=7.159MPa, M=55t/h

pout=7.159MPa, M=70t/h

pout=8.63MPa, M=10t/h

pout=8.63MPa, M=30t/h

pout=8.63MPa, M=55t/h

Fig. 6.24: Void fraction C / M ratio versus outlet quality (Assembly Type 2)

Comparison of Calculation and Measurement (Assembly Type: 2)

0.85

0.9

0.95

1

1.05

1.1

1.15

10 20 30 40 50 60 70

Mass Flow / (t/h)

C / M Outlet Void Fraction / (-)

10 % Error Margin

pout=3.923MPa, q=2%

pout=3.923MPa, q=5%

pout=3.923MPa, q=8%

pout=3.923MPa, q=12%

pout=7.159MPa, q=2%

pout=7.159MPa, q=5%

pout=7.159MPa, q=8%

pout=7.159MPa, q=12%

pout=7.159MPa, q=15%

pout=8.63MPa, q=2%

pout=8.63MPa, q=5%

pout=8.63MPa, q=8%

pout=8.63MPa, q=12%

Fig. 6.25: Void fraction C / M ratio versus mass flow (Assembly Type 2)
44

Comparison of Calculation and Measurement (Assembly Type: 2)

0.85

0.95

1.05

1.15

1.25

1.35

3 4 5 6 7 8 9

Outlet Pressure / (MPa)

C / M Outlet Void Fraction / (-)

10 % Error Margin

M=10t/h, q=2%

M=10t/h, q=5%

M=10t/h, q=8%

M=10t/h, q=12%

M=10t/h, q=15%

M=30t/h, q=2%

M=30t/h, q=5%

M=30t/h, q=8%

M=30t/h, q=12%

M=55t/h, q=2%

M=55t/h, q=5%

M=55t/h, q=8%

M=55t/h, q=12%

Fig. 6.26: Void fraction C / M ratio versus outlet pressure (Assembly Type 2)

Comparison of Calculation and Measurement (Assembly Type: 3)

0.85

0.95

1.05

1.15

1.25

1.35

1.45

0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16

Outlet Quality / (%)

C / M Outlet Void Fraction / (-)

10 % Error Margin

pout=3.923MPa, M=55t/h

pout=7.159MPa, M=10t/h

pout=7.159MPa, M=30t/h

pout=7.159MPa, M=55t/h

pout=7.159MPa, M=70t/h

pout=8.63MPa, M=55t/h

Fig. 6.27: Void fraction C / M ratio versus outlet quality (Assembly Type 3)
45

Comparison of Calculation and Measurement (Assembly Type: 3)

0.85

0.9

0.95

1

1.05

1.1

1.15

10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90

Mass Flow / (t/h)

C / M Outlet Void Fraction / (-)

10 % Error Margin

pout=7.159MPa, q=2%

pout=7.159MPa, q=5%

pout=7.159MPa, q=8%

pout=7.159MPa, q=12%

pout=7.159MPa, q=18%

pout=7.159MPa, q=25%

Fig. 6.28: Void fraction C / M ratio versus mass flow (Assembly Type 3)

Comparison of Calculation and Measurement (Assembly Type: 3)

0.85

0.9

0.95

1

1.05

1.1

1.15

3 4 5 6 7 8 9

Outlet Pressure / (MPa)

C / M Outlet Void Fraction / (-)

10 % Error Margin

M=55t/h, q=5%

M=55t/h, q=12%

Fig. 6.29: Void fraction C / M ratio versus outlet pressure (Assembly Type 3)
46

Comparison of Calculation and Measurement (Assembly Type: 4)

0.85

0.9

0.95

1

1.05

1.1

1.15

0 20 40 60 80 100 120

Inlet Sub-Cooling / (kJ/kg)

C / M Outlet Void Fraction / (-)

10 % Error Margin

pout=7.159MPa, M=55t/h, q=5%

pout=7.159MPa, M=55t/h, q=12%

Fig. 6.30: Void fraction C / M ratio versus inlet sub-cooling (Assembly Type 4)

Comparison of Calculation and Measurement (Assembly Type: 4)

0.85

0.95

1.05

1.15

1.25

1.35

1.45

1.55

1.65

1.75

1.85

0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16

Outlet Quality / (%)

C / M Outlet Void Fraction / (-)

10 % Error Margin

pout=0.981MPa, M=10t/h, dhsc=50.2kJ/kg

pout=0.981MPa, M=30t/h, dhsc=50.2kJ/kg

pout=0.981MPa, M=55t/h, dhsc=50.2kJ/kg

pout=3.923MPa, M=10t/h, dhsc=50.2kJ/kg

pout=3.923MPa, M=30t/h, dhsc=50.2kJ/kg

pout=3.923MPa, M=55t/h, dhsc=50.2kJ/kg

pout=7.159MPa, M=10t/h, dhsc=50.2kJ/kg

pout=7.159MPa, M=20t/h, dhsc=50.2kJ/kg

pout=7.159MPa, M=30t/h, dhsc=50.2kJ/kg

pout=7.159MPa, M=55t/h, dhsc=20.9kJ/kg

pout=7.159MPa, M=55t/h, dhsc=50.2kJ/kg

pout=7.159MPa, M=55t/h, dhsc=125.6kJ/kg

pout=8.63MPa, M=10t/h, dhsc=50.2kJ/kg

pout=8.63MPa, M=30t/h, dhsc=50.2kJ/kg

pout=8.63MPa, M=55t/h, dhsc=50.2kJ/kg

Fig. 6.31: Void fraction C / M ratio versus outlet quality (Assembly Type 4)
47

Comparison of Calculation and Measurement (Assembly Type: 4)

0.85

0.9

0.95

1

1.05

1.1

1.15

1.2

1.25

1.3

10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90

Mass Flow / (t/h)

C / M Outlet Void Fraction / (-)

10 % Error Margin

pout=0.981MPa, dhsc=50.2kJ/kg, q=1%

pout=0.981MPa, dhsc=50.2kJ/kg, q=3%

pout=0.981MPa, dhsc=50.2kJ/kg, q=5%

pout=0.981MPa, dhsc=50.2kJ/kg, q=12%

pout=3.923MPa, dhsc=50.2kJ/kg, q=2%

pout=3.923MPa, dhsc=50.2kJ/kg, q=5%

pout=3.923MPa, dhsc=50.2kJ/kg, q=8%

pout=3.923MPa, dhsc=50.2kJ/kg, q=12%

pout=3.923MPa, dhsc=50.2kJ/kg, q=18%

pout=3.923MPa, dhsc=50.2kJ/kg, q=25%

pout=7.159MPa, dhsc=50.2kJ/kg, q=2%

pout=7.159MPa, dhsc=50.2kJ/kg, q=5%

pout=7.159MPa, dhsc=50.2kJ/kg, q=8%

pout=7.159MPa, dhsc=50.2kJ/kg, q=12%

pout=7.159MPa, dhsc=50.2kJ/kg, q=18%

pout=7.159MPa, dhsc=50.2kJ/kg, q=25%

pout=8.63MPa, dhsc=50.2kJ/kg, q=2%

pout=8.63MPa, dhsc=50.2kJ/kg, q=5%

pout=8.63MPa, dhsc=50.2kJ/kg, q=8%

pout=8.63MPa, dhsc=50.2kJ/kg, q=12%

pout=8.63MPa, dhsc=50.2kJ/kg, q=18%

pout=8.63MPa, dhsc=50.2kJ/kg, q=25%

Fig. 6.32: Void fraction C / M ratio versus mass flow (Assembly Type 4)

Comparison of Calculation and Measurement (Assembly Type: 4)

0.85

0.9

0.95

1

1.05

1.1

1.15

1.2

0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14

Outlet Pressure / (MPa)

C / M Outlet Void Fraction / (-)

10 % Error Margin

M=10t/h, dhsc=50.2kJ/kg, q=2%

M=10t/h, dhsc=50.2kJ/kg, q=5%

M=10t/h, dhsc=50.2kJ/kg, q=8%

M=10t/h, dhsc=50.2kJ/kg, q=12%

M=10t/h, dhsc=50.2kJ/kg, q=18%

M=10t/h, dhsc=50.2kJ/kg, q=25%

M=30t/h, dhsc=50.2kJ/kg, q=2%

M=30t/h, dhsc=50.2kJ/kg, q=5%

M=30t/h, dhsc=50.2kJ/kg, q=8%

M=30t/h, dhsc=50.2kJ/kg, q=12%

M=30t/h, dhsc=50.2kJ/kg, q=18%

M=30t/h, dhsc=50.2kJ/kg, q=25%

M=55t/h, dhsc=50.2kJ/kg, q=2%

M=55t/h, dhsc=50.2kJ/kg, q=5%

M=55t/h, dhsc=50.2kJ/kg, q=8%

M=55t/h, dhsc=50.2kJ/kg, q=12%

M=55t/h, dhsc=50.2kJ/kg, q=18%

M=55t/h, dhsc=50.2kJ/kg, q=25%

Fig. 6.33: Void fraction C / M ratio versus outlet pressure (Assembly Type 4)
48

Summarizing all of the calculational results in Fig. 6.34 a histogram of the void fraction deviation at the bundle outlet is shown in which the test clusters as function of calculation / prediction ratio is plotted. As a general result of the most post test calculations showed a poor

comparison to the measurements. In Fig. 6.35 the void fraction ratio distributions of all four 

measured bundle elevations is plotted. This graph clearly indicates that at the upper bundle 

levels the deviations between the TRACE calculation and measurement are bigger.

Distribution of Outlet Void Fraction Ratio

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

140

160

180

0.9 0.95 1 1.05 1.1 1.15 1.2 1.25 1.3 1.35 1.4 1.45 1.5 1.55 1.6 1.65 1.7 1.75 1.8

C / M Outlet Void Fraction / (-)

Frequency / (-)

Fig. 6.34: Distribution of calculation / measurement ratio at outlet
49

Distribution of Void Fraction Ratio

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

400

0.0020.0040.0080.0160.0320.0640.1280.2560.5121.0242.0484.0968.192

16.38432.76865.536131.07

C / M Void Fraction Ratio / (-)

Frequency / (-)

3.758 m

2.730 m

1.706 m

0.682 m

Fig. 6.35: Distribution of calculation / measurement ratio of all void fraction tests
50

6.1.4 TRACE Results for Transient Test 4102-001~009

For the simulation of this transient test a steady state calculation was performed initially to 

get the steady state solution. Then, a transient TRACE calculation was performed using the 

model described in chapter 3.1.2 and 0 and the time dependent boundary conditions given in 

Fig. 3.2, Fig. 3.3, Fig. 3.4 and Fig. 3.5. The CPU time for this calculation was approximately 

191 s.

A comparison of predicted and measured void fractions evolution for four different axial positions is given in Fig. 6.36, Fig. 6.37, Fig. 6.38 and Fig. 6.39. As can be observed in the figures, the predicted void trends follow very well the measured void evolution at all four measured positions for the turbine trip transient. The agreement between the TRACE results and 

the data is very good except for low mass flow rates and void fractions below 0.15 (i.e. in the 

subcooled boiling zone), where TRACE overpredicts the void fraction, Fig. 6.36. For void 

fractions between 0.45 and 0.8 and high mass flow rates and heat fluxes the agreement between predictions and data is reasonable good with deviations below 15 %. It is worth to note 

that by a void fraction between 0.45 and 0.5 the bubbly slug flow regime exist, between 0.75 

and 0.8 the annular flow is present whereas between 0.5 and 0.75 there is churn flow which

is determining in TRACE by an interpolation scheme. Here TRACE trends to underpredict 

the void fraction.

4102-001~009

0

0.05

0.1

0.15

0.2

0.25

0.3

0 10 20 30 40 50 60

Time / [s]

Void Fraction / [-]

BFBT-Averaged void

Fraction #3 / [-]

TRACE-Calc. #3 / [-]

Fig. 6.36: Comparison between BFBT data and TRACE results at X-ray densitometer #3
51

4102-001~009

0

0.1

0.2

0.3

0.4

0.5

0.6

0.7

0 10 20 30 40 50 60

Time / [s]

Void Fraction / [-]

BFBT-Averaged void

Fraction #2 / [-]

TRACE-Calc. #2 / [-]

Fig. 6.37: Comparison between BFBT data and TRACE results at X-ray densitometer #2

4102-001~009

0

0.1

0.2

0.3

0.4

0.5

0.6

0.7

0.8

0.9

0 10 20 30 40 50 60

Time / [s]

Void Fraction / [-]

BFBT-Averaged void

Fraction #1 / [-]

TRACE-Calc. #1 / [-]

Fig. 6.38: Comparison between BFBT data and TRACE results at X-ray densitometer #1
52

4102-001~009

0

0.1

0.2

0.3

0.4

0.5

0.6

0.7

0.8

0 10 20 30 40 50 60

Time / [s]

Void Fraction / [-]

BFBT-Averaged void

Fraction outlet

TRACE-Calc. outlet /

[-]

Fig. 6.39: Comparison between BFBT data and TRACE results at bundle outlet
53

6.2 Critical Power Calculations

6.2.1 Introductory Remarks

In this chapter selected results of the critical power post-test calculation are presented. It 

includes both steady state and transient calculations. The minimum/maximum time step was 

set to 0.0001 s/0.05 s for the steady state calculations and 0.0001 s/0.001 s for the transient 

calculations.

Four steady state critical power tests of the NUPEC test series, (see Tab. 3.4), were selected 

for the TRACE simulations. The boundary conditions of each test used in the simulations are 

given in Tab. 3.4.

First a steady state TRACE simulation was performed to initialize the subsequent transient 

calculation. To simulate the critical power test, a transient TRACE calculation was carried out 

in which the power was slowly increased with a ramp by 15 W/s. This was given as a time 

dependent boundary condition. In Fig. 6.40 the approach used to determine the critical power 

from the simulation’s results is shown. For the derivation of the critical power from the 

TRACE simulation the following steps are necessary:

step 1: The outer surface temperature of all heater groups versus time are plotted for the 

axial elevation of 3.009 m which corresponds to the position of the thermocouples.

step 2: The temperature evolution with the highest increase rate is identified. This corresponds to the heater rod group 1. Then the time (Tcrit) at which the heater temperatures has increased by 14 K is determined.

step 3: The bundle power is plotted against the time. On this plot, the power corresponding to 

the time “Tcrit” is read as the critical power (Pcrit).

This approach has been applied to estimate the critical power from the TRACE results for the 

four tests.
54

Critical Power (1)

562

572

582

592

602

612

622

632

642

1600 1605 1610 1615 1620

Time / (s)

Calc. Clad. Temp., Group 1, / (K)

14 K

tcrit

Critical Power (2)

10.1831

10.18315

10.1832

10.18325

10.1833

10.18335

10.1834

1600 1605 1610 1615 1620

Time / (s)

Power / (MW)

tcrit

Pcrit

Fig. 6.40: Approach to determine the critical power from results according to [1]
55

6.2.2 Discussion of Critical Power Steady State Results

In Fig. 6.41 the ratio of predicted (C) and measured (M) critical power is given for the tests as 

function of the bundle pressure. In Fig. 6.41 it is shown that Pcrit is overpredicted by TRACE 

but the RSME is below 0.82 MW. Moreover the deviation of the predictions compared to the

measurements becomes larger the higher with increasing bundle pressure. For a pressure of 

7.2 MPa different valves of Pcrit were predicted by TRACE because the axial power profile of 

the test assemblies C2A and C2B are different from C3. The axial power profile has a 

skewed peak shape for C3 and is cosine shaped for C2A, C2B. Furthermore different radial 

power profiles exist between C2A and C2B [1].

Comparison of Calculation and Measurement

0.85

0.9

0.95

1

1.05

1.1

1.15

1.2

1.25

1.3

1.35

5.0 5.5 6.0 6.5 7.0 7.5 8.0 8.5 9.0

Pressure / (MPa)

C / M Critical Power / (-)

Test Assembly: C2A

Test Assembly: C2B

Test Assembly: C3

10 % Error Margin

Fig. 6.41: Ratio of prediction (C) and measurement (M) dependent on pressure
56

The comparison of predicted critical power with the measurement is summarized in Fig. 6.42. 

The results shown in this figure confirm the earlier observation that TRACE tends in general 

to overpredict critical power.

Comparison of Critical Power

2

4

6

8

10

12

3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11

Measured Critical Power / (MW)

Calculated Critical Power / (MW)

Test Assembly: C2A

Test Assembly: C2B

Test Assembly: C3

10 % Error Margin

Fig. 6.42: Ratio of prediction (C) and measurement (M) dependent on pressure

In addition selected parameter like the heat transfer coefficient and the cladding temperature 

for each test are given in Fig. 6.43 to Fig. 6.50. The temperature fluctuation before the critical 

power conditions is caused in the TRACE calculations by the switching between the two flow 

regimes nucleate boiling and film boiling. Afterwards for example for test SA510600 (refer to 

Fig. 6.43), the shown fluctuation is caused by the switch of the heat transfer regime between

transition boiling and film boiling with the transition boiling regime increasingly dominating the 

film boiling regime for approximately 427 s. The heat transfer coefficient of the transition boiling decreased with rising overheating as shown in Fig. 6.44, Fig. 6.46, Fig. 6.48 and Fig. 

6.50. The time evolution of the cladding temperature and of the heat transfer coefficient of all 

simulated tests shows clearly the expected behaviour i.e. shows an increase of the temperature of the heater with a simultaneous decrease of the heat transfer coefficient.

The CPU times were approximately 88 s, 162 s, 83 s and 269 s for the test calculations 

SA510600, SA610600, SA810600 and SC610500 respectively.
57

SA510600

550

552

554

556

558

560

562

564

566

568

420 422 424 426 428 430 432 434 436 438 440

Time / (s)

Calculated Cladding Temperature, 

Group 1, / (K)

Fig. 6.43: Temperature rise due to dry out of test SA510600

SA510600

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

420 422 424 426 428 430 432 434 436 438 440

Time / (s)

Heat Transfer Coefficient, Group 1, / 

(kW/m2/K)

Fig. 6.44: Progression of the heat transfer coefficient of test SA510600
58

SA610600

562

572

582

592

602

612

622

632

1600 1602 1604 1606 1608 1610 1612 1614 1616 1618 1620

Time / (s)

Calculated Cladding Temperature, 

Group 1, / (K)

Fig. 6.45: Temperature rise due to dry out of test SA610600

SA610600

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

1600 1602 1604 1606 1608 1610 1612 1614 1616 1618 1620

Time / (s)

Heat Transfer Coefficient, Group 1, / 

(kW/m2/K)

Fig. 6.46: Progression of the heat transfer coefficient of test SA610600
59

SA810600

577

582

587

592

597

602

607

612

400 401 402 403 404 405 406 407 408 409 410

Time / (s)

Calculated Cladding Temperature, 

Group 1, / (K)

Fig. 6.47: Temperature rise due to dry out of test SA810600

SA810600

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

140

400 401 402 403 404 405 406 407 408 409 410

Time / (s)

Heat Transfer Coefficient, Group 1, / 

(kW/m2/K)

Fig. 6.48: Progression of the heat transfer coefficient of test SA810600
60

SC610500

565

570

575

580

585

590

595

600

800 802 804 806 808 810 812 814 816 818 820

Time / (s)

Calculated Cladding Temperature, 

Group 1, / (K)

Fig. 6.49: Temperature rise due to dry out of test SC610500

SC610500

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

800 802 804 806 808 810 812 814 816 818 820

Time / (s)

Heat Transfer Coefficient, Group 1, / 

(kW/m2/K)

Fig. 6.50: Progression of the heat transfer coefficient of test SC610500
61

6.2.3 TRACE Results for Transient Test TGA10008

A transient calculation was performed considering the time dependent boundary conditions 

given for the turbine trip transient. The CPU time was approximately 469 s for this calculation. The boundary condition used in TRACE such as output for the flow rate, total power, 

bundle outlet pressure and bundle inlet temperature are shown in Fig. 3.7, Fig. 3.8, Fig. 3.9

and Fig. 3.10.

In Fig. 6.51 the measured inlet pressure with the pressure calculated by TRACE are compared showing a good agreement. The comparison of measured bundle outlet temperature 

with the calculated outlet liquid and vapor temperature is shown in Fig. 6.52. For this specific 

test as can be seen in Fig. 6.51 and Fig. 6.52 the trend of the predicted liquid temperature 

follows the trend of the measured and predicted bundle pressure while the measured liquid 

temperature does not. The calculated liquid temperature shows an early increase of 2 s 

compared to the measured temperature. One reason may be the fact that TRACE overpredicts the heat transfer coefficient already before reaching the power peak.

In Fig. 6.53 and Fig. 6.54 the exact position of the thermocouples on the heater rod surface 

can be observed. The couple notation is described in section 2.3. In Fig. 6.55 the surface 

heater temperature measured by thermocouples located on positions with similar thermohydraulic conditions are plotted. It can be observed that the temperature readings of all four 

thermocouples are quite similar during the time frame of the power peak. But before and after this power peak a deviation of up to 5 K is noted among them. In addition the surface 

temperature measured by the thermocouples 45-B240 and 59-B45, (refer to Fig. 6.56), which 

are under the same thermal conditions is very close to each other.

In Fig. 6.57 a comparison of the averaged surface temperature of the heater group one 

which was calculated taking into account the six thermocouple signals and the predicted surface temperature is given. There is a large underprediction of the cladding temperature by 

TRACE of about 13 K already at the beginning of the transient. In addition TRACE is not able 

to predict the rapid increase of the heater temperature caused by the power jump and mass 

flow rate reduction. A re-evaluation of the steady state calculation seems here to be necessary.

In Fig. 6.58 a comparison of predicted axial temperature distribution for the heater group 1 is 

presented for two time points after 10 s and at 24.6 s. It can be clearly seen that there is no 

dryout to be observed at the time point 24.6 s.
62

TGA10008

7.1

7.2

7.3

7.4

7.5

7.6

7.7

7.8

7.9

8

8.1

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

Time / [s]

Pressure / [MPa]

BFBT INLET PRES

Calc. Pressure inlet

Fig. 6.51: Comparison between measured inlet pressure and calculation

TGA10008

559

560

561

562

563

564

565

566

567

568

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

Time / [s]

Temperature / [K]

BFBT-OUTLET TEMP

TRACE-Calc. T liquid outlet 

Fig. 6.52: Comparison between measured fluid outlet temperature and calculation
63

Fig. 6.53: Positions of thermocouples [1]

Node Spacer Elevation

24

23

22 3.527m

21

20

19 3.015m

18

17

16 2.503m

15

14

13 1.991m

12

11

10 1.479m

9

8

7 0.967m

6

5

4 0.455m

3

2

1 0.000m 0 

Heated Zone (3.708 m)

Section B 3.009m

Fig. 6.54: Elevation of thermocouples [1]
64

TGA10008

559

579

599

619

639

659

679

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 Time / [s]

Rod Surface Temperature / [K]

Exp. location 04-B135

Exp. location 25-B240

Exp. location 04-B240

Exp. location 25-B330

Fig. 6.55: Temperatures of symmetric thermocouple positions to each other

TGA10008

559

579

599

619

639

659

679

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70

Time / [s]

Rod Surface Temperature / [K]

Exp. location 45-B240

Exp. location 59-B45

Fig. 6.56: View of further comparable measured thermocouple temperatures
65

TGA10008

559

579

599

619

639

659

679

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70

Time / [s]

Rod Surface Temperature / [K]

Averaged T.-Couple Temp.

Calc., rod group 1

Fig. 6.57: Comparison between the averaged thermocouple temperature and calculation

Temperature Distribution of Group 1, Test: TGA10008

565

566

567

568

569

570

571

572

573

574

575

0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4

Bundle Elevation / [m]

Surface Temperature / [K]

10 s

24.6 s

Fig. 6.58: Axial temperature distribution

67

7 Conclusions

Based on the TRACE models developed to simulate BWR-relevant experiments performed

at the NUPEC BFBT test facility selected void and critical power tests were choosen for verification calculations with the TRACE version V50RC2.

From the comparison of the predicted parameters with the existing experimental data the 

following conclusion can be drawn:

 In case of the steady state void fraction BFBT test, TRACE predicts quite well the 

void fraction at the bundle outlet (RSME: 0.039). But it tends to underpredict the void 

fraction measured at the elevation of 2.73 m. Here the RSME between the prediction 

and the measured data is 0.078. It is worth to note that this deviation is almost at the 

lower limit of the measurement error band, however the trend to underprediction is 

quite clear.

 In case of the transient void fraction (BFBT) tests simulating a turbine trip transient 

the trends of the void fractions measured at four elevations could be fully reproduced 

by TRACE qualitatively in a very good manner. The TRACE predictions agree quantitatively very good with the void fraction obtained from the test data except for low 

mass flow rate and void fractions below 0.15. For void fractions between 0.45 and 0.8 

and high mass flow rates and heat fluxes the agreement between predictions and 

void fraction data is reasonable good with deviations below 15 %.

 For the stationary critical power tests, TRACE overpredicts the measured critical 

power for pressure values ranging from 5.5 MPa to 8.6 MPa. The RSME by TRACE 

is 0.82 MW.

 In case of the transient critical power tests, the TRACE predictions follow qualitatively 

well the inlet pressure but do not follow the measured fluid temperatures at the bundle outlet. In addition, the measured rapid increase of the cladding temperature 

caused by the sudden increase of the power (boundary condition) could not be reproduced by TRACE. The program only shows a temperature increase of 6 K compared 

to 89 K seen from the tests. A reason for that may be the overprediction of the heat 

transfer coefficient already during the steady state calculation and the heat transfer 

selected by the program before the power peak occurs.

In general it can be concluded that the two phase flow models of TRACE which are relevant 

for BWR simulations are able to predict the void fraction and critical power with reasonable 

accuracy. Moreover the correlations for the void fraction prediction in TRACE at low mass 

flow rates and subcooled boiling conditions should be examined in detail for possible improvements.

69

8 References

[1] B. Neykov, F. Aydogan, L. Hochreiter, K. Ivanov, H. Utsuno, F. Kasahara, E.Sartori, 

M. Martin, “NUPEC BWR Full-size Fine-mesh Bundle Test (BFBT) Benchmark, Volume I: Specifications”, OECD 2006, NEA No. 6212, NEA/NSC/DOC(2005)5

[2] German Atomic Energy Act, “Gesetz über die friedliche Verwendung der Kernenergie 

und den Schutz gegen ihre Gefahren (Atomgesetz), § 19a Sicherheitsüberprüfung“, in 

the version from 31.10.2006

[3] The Federal Assembly of the Swiss Confederation, SR 732.1 „Nuclear Energy Act

(NEA)“, Art.22e, Die Bundesbehörden der Schweizerischen Eidgenossenschaft, 21. 

März 2003 

[4] “The Atomic Energy Act of 1954”, as Amended in NUREG-0980, 30.08.1954

[5] TRACE V5.0 User’s Manual, Division of System Analysis, Office of Nuclear Regulatory 

Research, U. S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission, Washington, DC 20555-0001

[6] BMWi, 2005, “Further Development and Verification/Validation of Computational Programs for Reactor Safety”, Gesellschaft für Anlagen und Reaktorsicherheit (GRS) mbH

[7] F. Cadinu, T. Kozlowski, T.-N. Dinh, “RELAP5 Performance in Predicting Critical Power 

in a BWR Fuel Bundle” , Royal Institute of Technology, Nuclear Power Safety, Stockholm, Sweden, Transactions- American Nuclear Society, Vol. 95, 650-651, 2006

Appendix A

71

Appendix A Input Deck Listing for Test 4101-53

free format

*

*

*************

* main data *

*************

*

* numtcr ieos inopt nmat id2o

 1 0 1 3 0

*

*

*****************

* namelist data *

*****************

*

&inopts

 dtstrt=-1.0,

 graphlevel="full",

 iadded=0,

 idiag=4,

 ikfac=1,

 inlab=3,

 iogrf=0,

 ioinp=0,

 iolab=0,

 ipowr=1,

 isscvt=1,

 nosets=0,

 nsdl=0,

 nsdu=0,

 usesjc=3,

 xtvres=4,

 npower=1

&end

*

***************

* Model Flags *

***************

*

* dstep timet

 0 0.0

* stdyst transi ncomp njun ipak

 1 0 4 2 1

* epso epss

 1.0E-3 1.0E-3

* oitmax sitmax isolut ncontr nccfl

 10 10 0 0 0

* ntsv ntcb ntcf ntrp ntcp

 1 0 0 0 0

*

*************************

* component-number data *

*************************

*

* Component input order (IORDER)

*-- type ---- num ------------- name ---------------- + jun1 jun2 jun3

* FILL * 100 s * Inlet + 10

* CHAN * 200 s * Heizstabbuendel + 10 20

* POWER * 201 s * Power + 

* BREAK * 300 e * Outlet + 20

*

*

****************************

* material-properties data *
Appendix A

72

****************************

*

* Nichrome/Constantan Boron Nitride Inconel 600

* matb * 51 52 53e

* ptbln * 131 0 109e

*

* temp / K rho / kg/m3 cp / J/kg/K k / W/m/K epsilon / (-)

 255.38 8393.4 45.36430405 28.91173756 0.0

 255.39 8393.4 53.8531741 28.91178586 0.0

 255.4017801 8393.4 59.8448108 28.91184275 0.0

 255.421441 8393.4 66.52408757 28.9119377 0.0

 255.4508766 8393.4 73.32029572 28.91207985 0.0

 255.4941879 8393.4 80.30748763 28.91228902 0.0

 255.5561734 8393.4 87.45558234 28.91258837 0.0

 255.6428864 8393.4 94.75259312 28.91300715 0.0

 255.7617114 8393.4 102.1855615 28.913581 0.0

 255.9215533 8393.4 109.7431223 28.91435294 0.0

 256.1330052 8393.4 117.414934 28.91537413 0.0

 256.4085224 8393.4 125.1915412 28.91670471 0.0

 256.76259 8393.4 133.0641741 28.91841464 0.0

 257.2118807 8393.4 141.0245431 28.92058445 0.0

 257.7753933 8393.4 149.0646113 28.92330587 0.0

 258.4745584 8393.4 157.176339 28.92668242 0.0

 259.3332935 8393.4 165.3513921 28.9308296 0.0

 260.3779793 8393.4 173.5808084 28.9358748 0.0

 261.6373257 8393.4 181.854621 28.94195669 0.0

 263.1420819 8393.4 190.161443 28.94922376 0.0

 264.9245434 8393.4 198.4880339 28.95783198 0.0

 267.0178041 8393.4 206.8188781 28.96794117 0.0

 269.4547179 8393.4 215.135833 28.97971 0.0

 272.2665569 8393.4 223.4179212 28.9932895 0.0

 275.4814117 8393.4 231.641358 29.00881532 0.0

 279.1224469 8393.4 239.7799042 29.02639934 0.0

 283.2062072 8393.4 247.8056037 29.04612145 0.0

 287.7412292 8393.4 255.6899013 29.06802288 0.0

 292.7272218 8393.4 263.4050474 29.09210224 0.0

 298.1550064 8393.4 270.9256079 29.11831518 0.0

 304.0072676 8393.4 278.2298458 29.14657809 0.0

 310.2599956 8393.4 285.3007542 29.17677501 0.0

 316.8843636 8393.4 292.126601 29.20876674 0.0

 323.8487283 8393.4 298.7009546 29.24240044 0.0

 331.1204764 8393.4 305.022271 29.27751862 0.0

 338.66753 8393.4 311.0931808 29.31396636 0.0

 346.4594357 8393.4 316.9196327 29.35159659 0.0

 354.46805 8393.4 322.5100252 29.39027339 0.0

 362.667884 8393.4 327.874415 29.42987367 0.0

 371.0361963 8393.4 333.0238504 29.4702876 0.0

 379.5529136 8393.4 337.9698432 29.51141823 0.0

 388.2004494 8393.4 342.7239725 29.55318064 0.0

 396.9634707 8393.4 347.2976025 29.59550078 0.0

 405.8286474 8393.4 351.7016925 29.63831426 0.0

 414.7844055 8393.4 355.9466773 29.6815652 0.0

 423.820697 8393.4 360.0424014 29.72520506 0.0

 432.9287919 8393.4 363.99809 29.7691917 0.0

 442.1010946 8393.4 367.8223468 29.81348842 0.0

 451.3309833 8393.4 371.5231687 29.85806324 0.0

 460.6126724 8393.4 375.1079718 29.90288823 0.0

 469.9410943 8393.4 378.5836238 29.94793891 0.0

 479.3117979 8393.4 381.9564793 29.99319379 0.0

 488.7208634 8393.4 385.2324163 30.03863393 0.0

 498.1648285 8393.4 388.4168728 30.08424261 0.0

 507.640627 8393.4 391.5148809 30.13000503 0.0

 517.1455355 8393.4 394.5311008 30.17590804 0.0

 526.6771285 8393.4 397.4698508 30.22193991 0.0

 536.2332397 8393.4 400.3351366 30.2680902 0.0

 545.8119294 8393.4 403.130677 30.31434952 0.0

 555.4114562 8393.4 405.8599289 30.36070948 0.0

 565.0302529 8393.4 408.5261085 30.40716249 0.0

 574.6669053 8393.4 411.1322121 30.45370174 0.0
Appendix A

73

 584.3201347 8393.4 413.6810341 30.50032105 0.0

 593.9887818 8393.4 416.1751838 30.54701481 0.0

 603.6717937 8393.4 418.6171003 30.59377795 0.0

 613.3682117 8393.4 421.0090664 30.64060583 0.0

 623.0771611 8393.4 423.3532212 30.68749423 0.0

 632.7978427 8393.4 425.6515712 30.73443929 0.0

 642.5295242 8393.4 427.9060007 30.78143747 0.0

 652.271534 8393.4 430.1182813 30.82848554 0.0

 662.0232545 8393.4 432.2900802 30.8755805 0.0

 671.7841172 8393.4 434.4229684 30.92271961 0.0

 681.5535978 8393.4 436.5184273 30.96990034 0.0

 691.3312119 8393.4 438.5778556 31.01712034 0.0

 701.1165114 8393.4 440.602575 31.06437747 0.0

 710.9090809 8393.4 442.5938357 31.11166971 0.0

 720.7085351 8393.4 444.5528214 31.15899519 0.0

 730.514516 8393.4 446.480654 31.20635219 0.0

 740.3266904 8393.4 448.3783972 31.25373911 0.0

 750.1447478 8393.4 450.2470613 31.30115443 0.0

 759.9683985 8393.4 452.0876057 31.34859677 0.0

 769.7973723 8393.4 453.900943 31.39606482 0.0

 779.6314159 8393.4 455.6879416 31.44355735 0.0

 789.4702927 8393.4 457.4494285 31.49107322 0.0

 799.3137806 8393.4 459.1861919 31.53861136 0.0

 809.1616715 8393.4 460.8989837 31.58617077 0.0

 819.0137696 8393.4 462.5885215 31.63375049 0.0

 828.869891 8393.4 464.2554907 31.68134964 0.0

 838.7298627 8393.4 465.9005463 31.72896739 0.0

 848.5935217 8393.4 467.5243151 31.77660294 0.0

 858.4607141 8393.4 469.1273966 31.82425556 0.0

 868.3312948 8393.4 470.710365 31.87192455 0.0

 878.2051269 8393.4 472.2737707 31.91960923 0.0

 888.0820807 8393.4 473.8181413 31.96730899 0.0

 897.9620337 8393.4 475.3439829 32.01502324 0.0

 907.8448698 8393.4 476.8517813 32.0627514 0.0

 917.7304789 8393.4 478.3420033 32.11049296 0.0

 927.6187568 8393.4 479.8150971 32.15824741 0.0

 937.5096044 8393.4 481.271494 32.20601427 0.0

 947.4029277 8393.4 482.7116085 32.25379309 0.0

 957.2986373 8393.4 484.13584 32.30158343 0.0

 967.1966483 8393.4 485.5445726 32.34938488 0.0

 977.0968797 8393.4 486.9381766 32.39719706 0.0

 986.9992545 8393.4 488.3170089 32.44501959 0.0

 996.9036993 8393.4 489.6814135 32.49285212 0.0

 1006.810144 8393.4 491.0317223 32.5406943 0.0

 1016.718522 8393.4 492.3682557 32.58854582 0.0

 1026.62877 8393.4 493.691323 32.63640637 0.0

 1036.540826 8393.4 495.0012228 32.68427565 0.0

 1046.454632 8393.4 496.2982439 32.73215339 0.0

 1056.370133 8393.4 497.5826652 32.78003931 0.0

 1066.287275 8393.4 498.8547567 32.82793316 0.0

 1076.206008 8393.4 500.1147793 32.87583469 0.0

 1086.126283 8393.4 501.3629858 32.92374366 0.0

 1096.048053 8393.4 502.5996207 32.97165986 0.0

 1105.971272 8393.4 503.8249208 33.01958305 0.0

 1115.895899 8393.4 505.0391158 33.06751304 0.0

 1125.821891 8393.4 506.2424279 33.11544963 0.0

 1135.74921 8393.4 507.4350729 33.16339262 0.0

 1145.677816 8393.4 508.6172597 33.21134184 0.0

 1155.607674 8393.4 509.7891913 33.25929709 0.0

 1165.538749 8393.4 510.9510645 33.30725822 0.0

 1175.471006 8393.4 512.1030704 33.35522507 0.0

 1185.404413 8393.4 513.2453945 33.40319746 0.0

 1195.338939 8393.4 514.378217 33.45117526 0.0

 1205.274553 8393.4 515.501713 33.49915832 0.0

 1215.211227 8393.4 516.6160527 33.54714649 0.0

 1225.148932 8393.4 517.7214014 33.59513964 0.0

 1235.087642 8393.4 518.8179201 33.64313765 0.0

 1245.027331 8393.4 519.905765 33.69114038 0.0

 1254.967973 8393.4 520.9850885 33.73914772 0.0e
Appendix A

74

*

* rhonum sphtnum condnum emisnum

 1 1 1 1

*

* rho

*

* toffset tlower tupper a0 a1

 0.0 242.15 1256.15 2002.0 0.0

* a2 a3 a4 a5

 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

*

* Specific Heat

*

* toffset tlower tupper a0 a1

 255.3722222 242.15 1256.15 760.59 3.2319

* a2 a3 a4 a5

-2.8092096E-3 9.2705472E-7 0.0 0.0

*

* Thermal Conductivity

*

* toffset tlower tupper a0 a1

 255.3722222 242.15 1256.15 25.27 -2.457E-3

* a2 a3 a4 a5

 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

*

* Emissivity

*

* toffset tlower tupper a0 a1

 0.0 242.15 1256.15 0.0 0.0

* a2 a3 a4 a5

 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

*

* temp / K rho / kg/m3 cp / J/kg/K k / W/m/K epsilon / (-)

 242.15 8432.452933 420.1273328 13.66698989 0.0

 251.6322368 8428.775415 423.3033658 13.80229546 0.0

 261.1144736 8425.096782 426.4275069 13.93956998 0.0

 270.6122485 8421.411003 429.5088785 14.07884191 0.0

 280.1241792 8417.71861 432.5493405 14.21990931 0.0

 289.6493957 8414.019936 435.5495915 14.36258726 0.0

 299.1874373 8410.315154 438.509339 14.50670672 0.0

 308.7381734 8406.604312 441.4274702 14.65211355 0.0

 318.3017309 8402.887355 444.3022143 14.79866747 0.0

 327.8784278 8399.164155 447.131295 14.94624095 0.0

 337.4687131 8395.434533 449.912074 15.09471818 0.0

 347.0731126 8391.698279 452.6416843 15.24399405 0.0

 356.6921798 8387.955172 455.317154 15.39397316 0.0

 366.3264527 8384.204999 457.9355209 15.54456892 0.0

 375.9764166 8380.447565 460.4939392 15.69570276 0.0

 385.642473 8376.682707 462.9897767 15.84730339 0.0

 395.3249138 8372.910307 465.4207049 15.99930617 0.0

 405.023902 8369.130294 467.7847803 16.15165262 0.0

 414.7394585 8365.342655 470.0805176 16.30428996 0.0

 424.4714541 8361.547433 472.3069546 16.45717086 0.0

 434.219608 8357.744734 474.4637072 16.61025314 0.0

 443.9834902 8353.934718 476.5510157 16.76349966 0.0

 453.7625294 8350.117602 478.5697802 16.91687824 0.0

 463.5560238 8346.293656 480.5215859 17.07036157 0.0

 473.3631557 8342.463194 482.4087168 17.22392729 0.0

 483.1830077 8338.626569 484.2341582 17.37755794 0.0

 493.0145795 8334.784167 486.0015884 17.53124097 0.0

 502.8568057 8330.936401 487.7153581 17.68496878 0.0

 512.7085719 8327.083703 489.3804593 17.83873862 0.0

 522.5687298 8323.226518 491.0024844 17.99255256 0.0

 532.4361093 8319.365302 492.5875739 18.14641729 0.0

 542.3095289 8315.500514 494.1423573 18.30034395 0.0

 552.1878016 8311.632616 495.6738839 18.45434786 0.0

 562.069739 8307.762074 497.1895485 18.60844819 0.0

 571.9541514 8303.88935 498.6970098 18.76266757 0.0

 581.8398467 8300.014913 500.2041044 18.91703166 0.0
Appendix A

75

 591.7256257 8296.139232 501.7187571 19.07156865 0.0

 601.610278 8292.26278 503.2488884 19.22630881 0.0

 611.492576 8288.386041 504.8023198 19.38128393 0.0

 621.3712707 8284.509506 506.3866792 19.53652683 0.0

 631.2450888 8280.633675 508.0093062 19.69207088 0.0

 641.1127316 8276.759061 509.6771594 19.84794952 0.0

 650.9728781 8272.886185 511.3967269 20.00419589 0.0

 660.8241919 8269.015574 513.1739405 20.16084247 0.0

 670.6653317 8265.147759 515.014096 20.31792082 0.0

 680.4949675 8261.283267 516.9217806 20.47546142 0.0

 690.3118006 8257.422613 518.9008079 20.63349354 0.0

 700.1145885 8253.56629 520.954163 20.79204531 0.0

 709.9021725 8249.71476 523.0839578 20.9511437 0.0

 719.6735092 8245.868439 525.2913972 21.11081477 0.0

 729.4277029 8242.027685 527.5767567 21.27108386 0.0

 739.1640389 8238.192786 529.9393725 21.43197585 0.0

 748.8820159 8234.363947 532.3776411 21.5935155 0.0

 758.5813768 8230.541275 534.8890309 21.75572774 0.0

 768.2621356 8226.724771 537.4701025 21.91863795 0.0

 777.9246003 8222.914321 540.1165371 22.0822723 0.0

 787.5693907 8219.109686 542.823172 22.24665788 0.0

 797.1974499 8215.310502 545.5840408 22.41182289 0.0

 806.810049 8211.516271 548.3924183 22.57779665 0.0

 816.4087858 8207.726369 551.2408669 22.74460953 0.0

 825.9955749 8203.940044 554.1212853 22.91229276 0.0

 835.5726322 8200.156426 557.0249579 23.08087803 0.0

 845.1424507 8196.374531 559.9426047 23.25039705 0.0

 854.7077703 8192.593279 562.8644332 23.42088081 0.0

 864.2715397 8188.811507 565.7801913 23.59235873 0.0

 873.8368717 8185.027982 568.6792251 23.76485762 0.0

 883.4069912 8181.241428 571.5505414 23.9384004 0.0

 892.9851768 8177.450546 574.3828803 24.11300462 0.0

 902.5746952 8173.654039 577.1648 24.28868077 0.0

 912.1787295 8169.850643 579.8847785 24.46543043 0.0

 921.8003027 8166.039155 582.5313378 24.64324411 0.0

 931.442196 8162.218465 585.0931957 24.82209906 0.0

 941.1068657 8158.387594 587.5594515 25.00195685 0.0

 950.7963598 8154.54572 589.9198111 25.18276098 0.0

 960.5122396 8150.692215 592.1648573 25.36443451 0.0

 970.2555095 8146.826672 594.2863701 25.54687782 0.0

 980.0265626 8142.948925 596.2776988 25.72996674 0.0

 989.8251458 8139.059063 598.1341883 25.91355113 0.0

 999.6503528 8135.157436 599.853655 26.09745405 0.0

 1009.500648 8131.244646 601.4369087 26.28147168 0.0

 1019.373925 8127.32152 602.8883116 26.46537408 0.0

 1029.267596 8123.389078 604.2163633 26.64890665 0.0

 1039.178703 8119.448488 605.4343009 26.83179226 0.0

 1049.104043 8115.50102 606.5607036 27.01373356 0.0

 1059.040261 8111.548002 607.6200928 27.19441512 0.0

 1068.983903 8107.590804 608.6435205 27.37350461 0.0

 1078.931355 8103.630865 609.6691396 27.5506523 0.0

 1088.878623 8099.669771 610.7427353 27.72548789 0.0

 1098.820884 8095.709446 611.9181818 27.89761398 0.0

 1108.75172 8091.752449 613.2577311 28.06659544 0.0

 1118.661969 8087.802435 614.8319691 28.23194452 0.0

 1128.538142 8083.864792 616.7191465 28.39310271 0.0

 1138.360428 8079.947435 619.0034459 28.54942188 0.0

 1148.100499 8076.061686 621.7716163 28.70015043 0.0

 1157.719565 8072.223056 625.1074256 28.8444336 0.0

 1167.167562 8068.451578 629.0837546 28.98134028 0.0

 1176.384535 8064.771254 633.753093 29.1099273 0.0

 1185.305125 8061.208273 639.1385699 29.22934244 0.0

 1193.865999 8057.788038 645.228714 29.33894765 0.0

 1202.014468 8054.531723 651.97867 29.43842508 0.0

 1209.715441 8051.453481 659.3181457 29.52782549 0.0

 1216.954372 8048.559257 667.1633178 29.60754191 0.0

 1223.735773 8045.84737 675.4285496 29.67822447 0.0

 1230.078757 8043.310291 684.0348571 29.74067254 0.0

 1236.011652 8040.936788 692.9142758 29.79573712 0.0
Appendix A

76

 1241.567263 8038.713825 702.0109382 29.84425044 0.0

 1246.779398 8036.627949 711.2802036 29.8869842 0.0

 1251.680706 8034.666158 720.6869605 29.92463059 0.0

 1256.3015 8032.816372 730.2037853 29.95779783 0.0e

*

*

**************************************************

* Starting Signal Variable Section of Model *

**************************************************

*

* idsv isvn ilcn icn1 icn2

 202 0 0 0 0

**************************************************

* Finished Signal Variable Section of Model *

**************************************************

*

*

*

*

******* type num userid component name

fill 100 1 Inlet

* jun1 ifty ioff

 10 5 0

* iftr ifsv nftb nfsv nfrf

 0 202 5 0 0

* twtold rfmx concin felv

 0.0 1.0E20 0.0 0.0

* dxin volin alpin vlin tlin

 0.1545 1.462034E-3 0.0 0.0 551.35

* pin pain flowin vvin tvin

 7.23E6 0.0 15.180556 0.0 561.21

* vmscl vvscl

 1.0 1.0

*

* vmtbv * 0.0 15.180556s

* vmtbv * 1.0 15.180556s

* vmtbv * 2.0 15.180556s

* vmtbv * 3.0 15.180556s

* vmtbv * 1.0E6 15.180556e

*

*

******* type num userid component name

chan 200 0 Heizstabbuendel

* ncell nodes jun1 jun2 epsw

 25 3 10 20 1.0E-4

* nsides

 2

* Water Rod inlet junction

* nclk junlk ncmpto nclkto nlevto

 1 210 0 0 0

* theta

 0.0

* Water Rod outlet junction

* nclk junlk ncmpto nclkto nlevto

 24 220 0 0 0

* theta

 0.0

* ichf iconc iaxcnd liqlev nhcom

 2 0 0 0 0

* width th houtl houtv toutl

 0.516265 3.0E-3 0.0 0.0 560.0

* toutv advbwrf quadsym numwrods nvfrays

 560.0 1 2 1 0

* ngrp nchans nodesr nrow ncrz

 5 1 22 8 24

* icrnk icrlh nmwrx nfci nfcil

 0 0 0 0 0

* fmon reflood nzmax nzmaxw ibeam

 0 0 100 100 0
Appendix A

77

* dznht dznhtw dtxht1 dtxht2

 1.0E-3 1.0E-3 2.0 10.0

* hgapo pdrat pldr fucrac norad

 6300.0 1.3170732 0.0 1.0 1

* emcif1 emcif2 emcif3 noani

 0.0 0.0 0.0 0

* emcof1 emcof2 emcof3

 0.0 0.0 0.0

* dx * 0.1545 0.1545 0.1545 0.1545s

* dx * 0.1545 0.1545 0.1545 0.1545s

* dx * 0.1545 0.1545 0.1545 0.1545s

* dx * 0.1545 0.1545 0.1545 0.1545s

* dx * 0.1545 0.1545 0.1545 0.1545s

* dx * 0.1545 0.1545 0.1545 0.1545s

* dx * 0.1e

* vol * 1.46203E-3 1.46203E-3 1.46203E-3 1.46203E-3s

* vol * 1.46203E-3 1.46203E-3 1.46203E-3 1.46203E-3s

* vol * 1.46203E-3 1.46203E-3 1.46203E-3 1.46203E-3s

* vol * 1.46203E-3 1.46203E-3 1.46203E-3 1.46203E-3s

* vol * 1.46203E-3 1.46203E-3 1.46203E-3 1.46203E-3s

* vol * 1.46203E-3 1.46203E-3 1.46203E-3 1.46203E-3s

* vol * 9.463E-4e

* fa * 9.463E-3 9.463E-3 9.463E-3 9.463E-3s

* fa * 9.463E-3 9.463E-3 9.463E-3 9.463E-3s

* fa * 9.463E-3 9.463E-3 9.463E-3 9.463E-3s

* fa * 9.463E-3 9.463E-3 9.463E-3 9.463E-3s

* fa * 9.463E-3 9.463E-3 9.463E-3 9.463E-3s

* fa * 9.463E-3 9.463E-3 9.463E-3 9.463E-3s

* fa * 9.463E-3 9.463E-3e

* kfac * 0.0 0.0 0.0 1.2s

* kfac * 0.0 0.0 1.2 0.0s

* kfac * 0.0 0.0 1.2 0.0s

* kfac * 0.0 1.2 0.0 0.0s

* kfac * 1.2 0.0 0.0 0.0s

* kfac * 1.2 0.0 0.0 1.2s

* kfac * 0.0 0.0e

* grav * 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0s

* grav * 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0s

* grav * 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0s

* grav * 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0s

* grav * 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0s

* grav * 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0s

* grav * 1.0 1.0e

* hd * 0.012869321 0.012869321 0.012869321 0.012869321s

* hd * 0.012869321 0.012869321 0.012869321 0.012869321s

* hd * 0.012869321 0.012869321 0.012869321 0.012869321s

* hd * 0.012869321 0.012869321 0.012869321 0.012869321s

* hd * 0.012869321 0.012869321 0.012869321 0.012869321s

* hd * 0.012869321 0.012869321 0.012869321 0.012869321s

* hd * 0.012869321 0.012869321e

* nff * 1 1 1 1s

* nff * 1 1 1 1s

* nff * 1 1 1 1s

* nff * 1 1 1 1s

* nff * 1 1 1 1s

* nff * 1 1 1 1s

* nff * 1 1e

* alp * 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0s

* alp * 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0s

* alp * 0.0 5.41E-5 7.30103E-4 2.69308E-3s

* alp * 6.18904E-3 0.013886783 0.024535041 0.035519812s

* alp * 0.06131376 0.090480253 0.12046678 0.13963521s

* alp * 0.1756786 0.20165347 0.21196781 0.2472679s

* alp * 0.24149102e

* vl * 2.1174169 2.121114 2.1248493 2.1286104s

* vl * 2.1324015 2.1362128 2.1400487 2.143914s

* vl * 2.1477985 2.1517069 2.1557441 2.1610169s

* vl * 2.1687918 2.1794279 2.1987281 2.2241719s

* vl * 2.2500119 2.3095551 2.3790746 2.4546595s
Appendix A

78

* vl * 2.5034192 2.6063759 2.6846077 2.7131131s

* vl * 2.8331542 2.8091443e

* vv * 2.1174169 2.1264186 2.1301541 2.1362457s

* vv * 2.137707 2.1415179 2.1476967 2.1492195s

* vv * 2.1531036 2.1795301 2.3069837 2.3799672s

* vv * 2.5214603 2.8647115 2.6529737 2.6579468s

* vv * 2.9164801 2.7815588 2.8612576 2.9479535s

* vv * 3.2514815 3.1650176 3.2562573 3.5718422s

* vv * 3.4781263 3.6450925e

* tl * 552.002 552.651 553.298 553.942s

* tl * 554.586 555.228 555.867 556.506s

* tl * 557.143 557.777 558.398 558.996s

* tl * 559.555 560.058 560.502 560.88s

* tl * 561.074 561.131 561.137 561.126s

* tl * 561.096 561.075 561.055 561.02s

* tl * 560.888e

* tv * 561.241 561.224 561.206 561.169s

* tv * 561.151 561.134 561.096 561.079s

* tv * 561.061 561.044 561.006 560.989s

* tv * 560.971 560.933 560.915 560.896s

* tv * 560.856 560.838 560.818 560.797s

* tv * 560.748 560.729 560.708 560.654s

* tv * 560.636e

* p * 7.233494E6 7.231621E6 7.229749E6 7.225831E6s

* p * 7.22396E6 7.22209E6 7.218164E6 7.216295E6s

* p * 7.214428E6 7.21256E6 7.208622E6 7.206754E6s

* p * 7.204884E6 7.200922E6 7.199034E6 7.197133E6s

* p * 7.193092E6 7.19113E6 7.18913E6 7.187089E6s

* p * 7.182706E6 7.180569E6 7.17842E6 7.173769E6s

* p * 7.171845E6e

* pa * 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0s

* pa * 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0s

* pa * 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0s

* pa * 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0s

* pa * 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0s

* pa * 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0s

* pa * 0.0e

* qppp * f 0.0e

* mat * 53 53e

* tw * 553.929 553.929 553.929 556.284 556.284s

* tw * 556.284 558.616 558.616 558.616 560.742s

* tw * 560.742 560.742 560.731 560.731 560.731s

* tw * 560.72 560.72 560.72 560.709 560.709s

* tw * 560.709 560.698 560.698 560.698 560.687s

* tw * 560.687 560.687 560.677 560.677 560.677s

* tw * 560.666 560.666 560.666 560.655 560.655s

* tw * 560.655 560.644 560.644 560.644 560.633s

* tw * 560.633 560.633 560.622 560.622 560.622s

* tw * 560.611 560.611 560.611 560.601 560.601s

* tw * 560.601 560.59 560.59 560.59 560.579s

* tw * 560.579 560.579 560.568 560.568 560.568s

* tw * 560.557 560.557 560.557 560.546 560.546s

* tw * 560.546 560.535 560.535 560.535 560.525s

* tw * 560.525 560.525 560.516 560.516 560.516e

* rdx * 12.0 19.0 22.0 7.0 1.0e

* radrd * 0.0 4.41667E-4 8.83333E-4 1.325E-3 1.76667E-3s

* radrd * 2.20833E-3 2.65E-3 2.81667E-3 2.98333E-3 3.15E-3s

* radrd * 3.31667E-3 3.48333E-3 3.65E-3 3.85E-3 4.05E-3s

* radrd * 4.25E-3 4.45E-3 4.65E-3 4.85E-3 5.28333E-3s

* radrd * 5.71667E-3 6.15E-3e

* matrd * 52 52 52 52s

* matrd * 52 52 51 51s

* matrd * 51 51 51 51s

* matrd * 52 52 52 52s

* matrd * 52 52 53 53s

* matrd * 53e

* nfax * 3 3 3 3s

* nfax * 3 3 3 3s

* nfax * 3 3 3 3s
Appendix A

79

* nfax * 3 3 3 3s

* nfax * 3 3 3 3s

* nfax * 3 3 3 3e

* rftn * 668.425 668.425 668.425 668.425s

* rftn * 668.425 668.425 668.425 668.425s

* rftn * 666.585 663.101 658.135 651.824s

* rftn * 644.282 636.212 628.553 621.266s

* rftn * 614.318 607.678 601.319 584.353s

* rftn * 568.614 553.929 670.714 670.714s

* rftn * 670.714 670.714 670.714 670.714s

* rftn * 670.714 670.714 668.876 665.395s

* rftn * 660.434 654.129 646.595 638.523s

* rftn * 630.863 623.576 616.627 609.985s

* rftn * 603.626 586.677 570.954 556.284s

* rftn * 672.981 672.981 672.981 672.981s

* rftn * 672.981 672.981 672.981 672.981s

* rftn * 671.145 667.667 662.711 656.412s

* rftn * 648.885 640.812 633.152 625.863s

* rftn * 618.913 612.271 605.911 588.979s

* rftn * 573.271 558.616 675.048 675.048s

* rftn * 675.048 675.048 675.048 675.048s

* rftn * 675.048 675.048 673.213 669.739s

* rftn * 664.787 658.494 650.973 642.899s

* rftn * 635.238 627.949 620.997 614.355s

* rftn * 607.994 591.077 575.384 560.742s

* rftn * 675.038 675.038 675.038 675.038s

* rftn * 675.038 675.038 675.038 675.038s

* rftn * 673.203 669.728 664.776 658.483s

* rftn * 650.962 642.889 635.227 627.938s

* rftn * 620.987 614.344 607.983 591.066s

* rftn * 575.373 560.731 675.027 675.027s

* rftn * 675.027 675.027 675.027 675.027s

* rftn * 675.027 675.027 673.192 669.717s

* rftn * 664.766 658.472 650.952 642.878s

* rftn * 635.216 627.927 620.976 614.333s

* rftn * 607.972 591.055 575.362 560.72s

* rftn * 675.017 675.017 675.017 675.017s

* rftn * 675.017 675.017 675.017 675.017s

* rftn * 673.181 669.707 664.755 658.462s

* rftn * 650.941 642.867 635.206 627.917s

* rftn * 620.966 614.323 607.962 591.045s

* rftn * 575.352 560.709 675.006 675.006s

* rftn * 675.006 675.006 675.006 675.006s

* rftn * 675.006 675.006 673.171 669.696s

* rftn * 664.745 658.451 650.93 642.857s

* rftn * 635.195 627.906 620.955 614.312s

* rftn * 607.951 591.034 575.341 560.699s

* rftn * 674.995 674.995 674.995 674.995s

* rftn * 674.995 674.995 674.995 674.995s

* rftn * 673.16 669.686 664.734 658.441s

* rftn * 650.92 642.846 635.184 627.895s

* rftn * 620.944 614.301 607.941 591.023s

* rftn * 575.33 560.688 674.985 674.985s

* rftn * 674.985 674.985 674.985 674.985s

* rftn * 674.985 674.985 673.15 669.675s

* rftn * 664.723 658.43 650.909 642.835s

* rftn * 635.174 627.885 620.934 614.291s

* rftn * 607.93 591.012 575.319 560.677s

* rftn * 674.974 674.974 674.974 674.974s

* rftn * 674.974 674.974 674.974 674.974s

* rftn * 673.139 669.665 664.713 658.419s

* rftn * 650.898 642.825 635.163 627.874s

* rftn * 620.923 614.28 607.919 591.002s

* rftn * 575.308 560.666 674.964 674.964s

* rftn * 674.964 674.964 674.964 674.964s

* rftn * 674.964 674.964 673.129 669.654s

* rftn * 664.702 658.409 650.888 642.814s

* rftn * 635.152 627.863 620.912 614.269s

* rftn * 607.909 590.991 575.298 560.655s
Appendix A

80

* rftn * 674.953 674.953 674.953 674.953s

* rftn * 674.953 674.953 674.953 674.953s

* rftn * 673.118 669.643 664.692 658.398s

* rftn * 650.877 642.803 635.142 627.853s

* rftn * 620.902 614.259 607.898 590.98s

* rftn * 575.287 560.644 674.943 674.943s

* rftn * 674.943 674.943 674.943 674.943s

* rftn * 674.943 674.943 673.108 669.633s

* rftn * 664.681 658.387 650.867 642.793s

* rftn * 635.131 627.842 620.891 614.248s

* rftn * 607.887 590.97 575.276 560.634s

* rftn * 674.932 674.932 674.932 674.932s

* rftn * 674.932 674.932 674.932 674.932s

* rftn * 673.097 669.622 664.67 658.377s

* rftn * 650.856 642.782 635.121 627.831s

* rftn * 620.88 614.238 607.877 590.959s

* rftn * 575.265 560.623 674.922 674.922s

* rftn * 674.922 674.922 674.922 674.922s

* rftn * 674.922 674.922 673.086 669.612s

* rftn * 664.66 658.366 650.845 642.771s

* rftn * 635.11 627.821 620.87 614.227s

* rftn * 607.866 590.948 575.254 560.612s

* rftn * 674.911 674.911 674.911 674.911s

* rftn * 674.911 674.911 674.911 674.911s

* rftn * 673.076 669.601 664.649 658.356s

* rftn * 650.835 642.761 635.099 627.81s

* rftn * 620.859 614.216 607.856 590.937s

* rftn * 575.244 560.601 674.901 674.901s

* rftn * 674.901 674.901 674.901 674.901s

* rftn * 674.901 674.901 673.065 669.591s

* rftn * 664.639 658.345 650.824 642.75s

* rftn * 635.089 627.8 620.849 614.206s

* rftn * 607.845 590.927 575.233 560.59s

* rftn * 674.89 674.89 674.89 674.89s

* rftn * 674.89 674.89 674.89 674.89s

* rftn * 673.055 669.58 664.628 658.334s

* rftn * 650.813 642.739 635.078 627.789s

* rftn * 620.838 614.195 607.834 590.916s

* rftn * 575.222 560.579 674.879 674.879s

* rftn * 674.879 674.879 674.879 674.879s

* rftn * 674.879 674.879 673.044 669.569s

* rftn * 664.617 658.324 650.803 642.729s

* rftn * 635.067 627.778 620.827 614.184s

* rftn * 607.824 590.905 575.211 560.568s

* rftn * 674.869 674.869 674.869 674.869s

* rftn * 674.869 674.869 674.869 674.869s

* rftn * 673.034 669.559 664.607 658.313s

* rftn * 650.792 642.718 635.057 627.768s

* rftn * 620.817 614.174 607.813 590.895s

* rftn * 575.201 560.558 674.858 674.858s

* rftn * 674.858 674.858 674.858 674.858s

* rftn * 674.858 674.858 673.023 669.548s

* rftn * 664.596 658.302 650.781 642.707s

* rftn * 635.046 627.757 620.806 614.163s

* rftn * 607.802 590.884 575.19 560.547s

* rftn * 674.848 674.848 674.848 674.848s

* rftn * 674.848 674.848 674.848 674.848s

* rftn * 673.013 669.538 664.586 658.292s

* rftn * 650.771 642.697 635.035 627.746s

* rftn * 620.795 614.152 607.792 590.873s

* rftn * 575.179 560.536 674.837 674.837s

* rftn * 674.837 674.837 674.837 674.837s

* rftn * 674.837 674.837 673.002 669.527s

* rftn * 664.575 658.281 650.76 642.686s

* rftn * 635.025 627.736 620.785 614.142s

* rftn * 607.781 590.862 575.168 560.525e

* rftn * 668.425 668.425 668.425 668.425s

* rftn * 668.425 668.425 668.425 668.425s

* rftn * 666.585 663.101 658.135 651.824s
Appendix A

81

* rftn * 644.282 636.212 628.553 621.266s

* rftn * 614.318 607.678 601.319 584.353s

* rftn * 568.614 553.929 670.714 670.714s

* rftn * 670.714 670.714 670.714 670.714s

* rftn * 670.714 670.714 668.876 665.395s

* rftn * 660.434 654.129 646.595 638.523s

* rftn * 630.863 623.576 616.627 609.985s

* rftn * 603.626 586.677 570.954 556.284s

* rftn * 672.981 672.981 672.981 672.981s

* rftn * 672.981 672.981 672.981 672.981s

* rftn * 671.145 667.667 662.711 656.412s

* rftn * 648.885 640.812 633.152 625.863s

* rftn * 618.913 612.271 605.911 588.979s

* rftn * 573.271 558.616 675.048 675.048s

* rftn * 675.048 675.048 675.048 675.048s

* rftn * 675.048 675.048 673.213 669.739s

* rftn * 664.787 658.494 650.973 642.899s

* rftn * 635.238 627.949 620.997 614.355s

* rftn * 607.994 591.077 575.384 560.742s

* rftn * 675.038 675.038 675.038 675.038s

* rftn * 675.038 675.038 675.038 675.038s

* rftn * 673.203 669.728 664.776 658.483s

* rftn * 650.962 642.889 635.227 627.938s

* rftn * 620.987 614.344 607.983 591.066s

* rftn * 575.373 560.731 675.027 675.027s

* rftn * 675.027 675.027 675.027 675.027s

* rftn * 675.027 675.027 673.192 669.717s

* rftn * 664.766 658.472 650.952 642.878s

* rftn * 635.216 627.927 620.976 614.333s

* rftn * 607.972 591.055 575.362 560.72s

* rftn * 675.017 675.017 675.017 675.017s

* rftn * 675.017 675.017 675.017 675.017s

* rftn * 673.181 669.707 664.755 658.462s

* rftn * 650.941 642.867 635.206 627.917s

* rftn * 620.966 614.323 607.962 591.045s

* rftn * 575.352 560.709 675.006 675.006s

* rftn * 675.006 675.006 675.006 675.006s

* rftn * 675.006 675.006 673.171 669.696s

* rftn * 664.745 658.451 650.93 642.857s

* rftn * 635.195 627.906 620.955 614.312s

* rftn * 607.951 591.034 575.341 560.699s

* rftn * 674.995 674.995 674.995 674.995s

* rftn * 674.995 674.995 674.995 674.995s

* rftn * 673.16 669.686 664.734 658.441s

* rftn * 650.92 642.846 635.184 627.895s

* rftn * 620.944 614.301 607.941 591.023s

* rftn * 575.33 560.688 674.985 674.985s

* rftn * 674.985 674.985 674.985 674.985s

* rftn * 674.985 674.985 673.15 669.675s

* rftn * 664.723 658.43 650.909 642.835s

* rftn * 635.174 627.885 620.934 614.291s

* rftn * 607.93 591.012 575.319 560.677s

* rftn * 674.974 674.974 674.974 674.974s

* rftn * 674.974 674.974 674.974 674.974s

* rftn * 673.139 669.665 664.713 658.419s

* rftn * 650.898 642.825 635.163 627.874s

* rftn * 620.923 614.28 607.919 591.002s

* rftn * 575.308 560.666 674.964 674.964s

* rftn * 674.964 674.964 674.964 674.964s

* rftn * 674.964 674.964 673.129 669.654s

* rftn * 664.702 658.409 650.888 642.814s

* rftn * 635.152 627.863 620.912 614.269s

* rftn * 607.909 590.991 575.298 560.655s

* rftn * 674.953 674.953 674.953 674.953s

* rftn * 674.953 674.953 674.953 674.953s

* rftn * 673.118 669.643 664.692 658.398s

* rftn * 650.877 642.803 635.142 627.853s

* rftn * 620.902 614.259 607.898 590.98s

* rftn * 575.287 560.644 674.943 674.943s
Appendix A

82

* rftn * 674.943 674.943 674.943 674.943s

* rftn * 674.943 674.943 673.108 669.633s

* rftn * 664.681 658.387 650.867 642.793s

* rftn * 635.131 627.842 620.891 614.248s

* rftn * 607.887 590.97 575.276 560.634s

* rftn * 674.932 674.932 674.932 674.932s

* rftn * 674.932 674.932 674.932 674.932s

* rftn * 673.097 669.622 664.67 658.377s

* rftn * 650.856 642.782 635.121 627.831s

* rftn * 620.88 614.238 607.877 590.959s

* rftn * 575.265 560.623 674.922 674.922s

* rftn * 674.922 674.922 674.922 674.922s

* rftn * 674.922 674.922 673.086 669.612s

* rftn * 664.66 658.366 650.845 642.771s

* rftn * 635.11 627.821 620.87 614.227s

* rftn * 607.866 590.948 575.254 560.612s

* rftn * 674.911 674.911 674.911 674.911s

* rftn * 674.911 674.911 674.911 674.911s

* rftn * 673.076 669.601 664.649 658.356s

* rftn * 650.835 642.761 635.099 627.81s

* rftn * 620.859 614.216 607.856 590.937s

* rftn * 575.244 560.601 674.901 674.901s

* rftn * 674.901 674.901 674.901 674.901s

* rftn * 674.901 674.901 673.065 669.591s

* rftn * 664.639 658.345 650.824 642.75s

* rftn * 635.089 627.8 620.849 614.206s

* rftn * 607.845 590.927 575.233 560.59s

* rftn * 674.89 674.89 674.89 674.89s

* rftn * 674.89 674.89 674.89 674.89s

* rftn * 673.055 669.58 664.628 658.334s

* rftn * 650.813 642.739 635.078 627.789s

* rftn * 620.838 614.195 607.834 590.916s

* rftn * 575.222 560.579 674.879 674.879s

* rftn * 674.879 674.879 674.879 674.879s

* rftn * 674.879 674.879 673.044 669.569s

* rftn * 664.617 658.324 650.803 642.729s

* rftn * 635.067 627.778 620.827 614.184s

* rftn * 607.824 590.905 575.211 560.568s

* rftn * 674.869 674.869 674.869 674.869s

* rftn * 674.869 674.869 674.869 674.869s

* rftn * 673.034 669.559 664.607 658.313s

* rftn * 650.792 642.718 635.057 627.768s

* rftn * 620.817 614.174 607.813 590.895s

* rftn * 575.201 560.558 674.858 674.858s

* rftn * 674.858 674.858 674.858 674.858s

* rftn * 674.858 674.858 673.023 669.548s

* rftn * 664.596 658.302 650.781 642.707s

* rftn * 635.046 627.757 620.806 614.163s

* rftn * 607.802 590.884 575.19 560.547s

* rftn * 674.848 674.848 674.848 674.848s

* rftn * 674.848 674.848 674.848 674.848s

* rftn * 673.013 669.538 664.586 658.292s

* rftn * 650.771 642.697 635.035 627.746s

* rftn * 620.795 614.152 607.792 590.873s

* rftn * 575.179 560.536 674.837 674.837s

* rftn * 674.837 674.837 674.837 674.837s

* rftn * 674.837 674.837 673.002 669.527s

* rftn * 664.575 658.281 650.76 642.686s

* rftn * 635.025 627.736 620.785 614.142s

* rftn * 607.781 590.862 575.168 560.525e

* rftn * 668.425 668.425 668.425 668.425s

* rftn * 668.425 668.425 668.425 668.425s

* rftn * 666.585 663.101 658.135 651.824s

* rftn * 644.282 636.212 628.553 621.266s

* rftn * 614.318 607.678 601.319 584.353s

* rftn * 568.614 553.929 670.714 670.714s

* rftn * 670.714 670.714 670.714 670.714s

* rftn * 670.714 670.714 668.876 665.395s

* rftn * 660.434 654.129 646.595 638.523s
Appendix A

83

* rftn * 630.863 623.576 616.627 609.985s

* rftn * 603.626 586.677 570.954 556.284s

* rftn * 672.981 672.981 672.981 672.981s

* rftn * 672.981 672.981 672.981 672.981s

* rftn * 671.145 667.667 662.711 656.412s

* rftn * 648.885 640.812 633.152 625.863s

* rftn * 618.913 612.271 605.911 588.979s

* rftn * 573.271 558.616 675.048 675.048s

* rftn * 675.048 675.048 675.048 675.048s

* rftn * 675.048 675.048 673.213 669.739s

* rftn * 664.787 658.494 650.973 642.899s

* rftn * 635.238 627.949 620.997 614.355s

* rftn * 607.994 591.077 575.384 560.742s

* rftn * 675.038 675.038 675.038 675.038s

* rftn * 675.038 675.038 675.038 675.038s

* rftn * 673.203 669.728 664.776 658.483s

* rftn * 650.962 642.889 635.227 627.938s

* rftn * 620.987 614.344 607.983 591.066s

* rftn * 575.373 560.731 675.027 675.027s

* rftn * 675.027 675.027 675.027 675.027s

* rftn * 675.027 675.027 673.192 669.717s

* rftn * 664.766 658.472 650.952 642.878s

* rftn * 635.216 627.927 620.976 614.333s

* rftn * 607.972 591.055 575.362 560.72s

* rftn * 675.017 675.017 675.017 675.017s

* rftn * 675.017 675.017 675.017 675.017s

* rftn * 673.181 669.707 664.755 658.462s

* rftn * 650.941 642.867 635.206 627.917s

* rftn * 620.966 614.323 607.962 591.045s

* rftn * 575.352 560.709 675.006 675.006s

* rftn * 675.006 675.006 675.006 675.006s

* rftn * 675.006 675.006 673.171 669.696s

* rftn * 664.745 658.451 650.93 642.857s

* rftn * 635.195 627.906 620.955 614.312s

* rftn * 607.951 591.034 575.341 560.699s

* rftn * 674.995 674.995 674.995 674.995s

* rftn * 674.995 674.995 674.995 674.995s

* rftn * 673.16 669.686 664.734 658.441s

* rftn * 650.92 642.846 635.184 627.895s

* rftn * 620.944 614.301 607.941 591.023s

* rftn * 575.33 560.688 674.985 674.985s

* rftn * 674.985 674.985 674.985 674.985s

* rftn * 674.985 674.985 673.15 669.675s

* rftn * 664.723 658.43 650.909 642.835s

* rftn * 635.174 627.885 620.934 614.291s

* rftn * 607.93 591.012 575.319 560.677s

* rftn * 674.974 674.974 674.974 674.974s

* rftn * 674.974 674.974 674.974 674.974s

* rftn * 673.139 669.665 664.713 658.419s

* rftn * 650.898 642.825 635.163 627.874s

* rftn * 620.923 614.28 607.919 591.002s

* rftn * 575.308 560.666 674.964 674.964s

* rftn * 674.964 674.964 674.964 674.964s

* rftn * 674.964 674.964 673.129 669.654s

* rftn * 664.702 658.409 650.888 642.814s

* rftn * 635.152 627.863 620.912 614.269s

* rftn * 607.909 590.991 575.298 560.655s

* rftn * 674.953 674.953 674.953 674.953s

* rftn * 674.953 674.953 674.953 674.953s

* rftn * 673.118 669.643 664.692 658.398s

* rftn * 650.877 642.803 635.142 627.853s

* rftn * 620.902 614.259 607.898 590.98s

* rftn * 575.287 560.644 674.943 674.943s

* rftn * 674.943 674.943 674.943 674.943s

* rftn * 674.943 674.943 673.108 669.633s

* rftn * 664.681 658.387 650.867 642.793s

* rftn * 635.131 627.842 620.891 614.248s

* rftn * 607.887 590.97 575.276 560.634s

* rftn * 674.932 674.932 674.932 674.932s
Appendix A

84

* rftn * 674.932 674.932 674.932 674.932s

* rftn * 673.097 669.622 664.67 658.377s

* rftn * 650.856 642.782 635.121 627.831s

* rftn * 620.88 614.238 607.877 590.959s

* rftn * 575.265 560.623 674.922 674.922s

* rftn * 674.922 674.922 674.922 674.922s

* rftn * 674.922 674.922 673.086 669.612s

* rftn * 664.66 658.366 650.845 642.771s

* rftn * 635.11 627.821 620.87 614.227s

* rftn * 607.866 590.948 575.254 560.612s

* rftn * 674.911 674.911 674.911 674.911s

* rftn * 674.911 674.911 674.911 674.911s

* rftn * 673.076 669.601 664.649 658.356s

* rftn * 650.835 642.761 635.099 627.81s

* rftn * 620.859 614.216 607.856 590.937s

* rftn * 575.244 560.601 674.901 674.901s

* rftn * 674.901 674.901 674.901 674.901s

* rftn * 674.901 674.901 673.065 669.591s

* rftn * 664.639 658.345 650.824 642.75s

* rftn * 635.089 627.8 620.849 614.206s

* rftn * 607.845 590.927 575.233 560.59s

* rftn * 674.89 674.89 674.89 674.89s

* rftn * 674.89 674.89 674.89 674.89s

* rftn * 673.055 669.58 664.628 658.334s

* rftn * 650.813 642.739 635.078 627.789s

* rftn * 620.838 614.195 607.834 590.916s

* rftn * 575.222 560.579 674.879 674.879s

* rftn * 674.879 674.879 674.879 674.879s

* rftn * 674.879 674.879 673.044 669.569s

* rftn * 664.617 658.324 650.803 642.729s

* rftn * 635.067 627.778 620.827 614.184s

* rftn * 607.824 590.905 575.211 560.568s

* rftn * 674.869 674.869 674.869 674.869s

* rftn * 674.869 674.869 674.869 674.869s

* rftn * 673.034 669.559 664.607 658.313s

* rftn * 650.792 642.718 635.057 627.768s

* rftn * 620.817 614.174 607.813 590.895s

* rftn * 575.201 560.558 674.858 674.858s

* rftn * 674.858 674.858 674.858 674.858s

* rftn * 674.858 674.858 673.023 669.548s

* rftn * 664.596 658.302 650.781 642.707s

* rftn * 635.046 627.757 620.806 614.163s

* rftn * 607.802 590.884 575.19 560.547s

* rftn * 674.848 674.848 674.848 674.848s

* rftn * 674.848 674.848 674.848 674.848s

* rftn * 673.013 669.538 664.586 658.292s

* rftn * 650.771 642.697 635.035 627.746s

* rftn * 620.795 614.152 607.792 590.873s

* rftn * 575.179 560.536 674.837 674.837s

* rftn * 674.837 674.837 674.837 674.837s

* rftn * 674.837 674.837 673.002 669.527s

* rftn * 664.575 658.281 650.76 642.686s

* rftn * 635.025 627.736 620.785 614.142s

* rftn * 607.781 590.862 575.168 560.525e

* rftn * 668.425 668.425 668.425 668.425s

* rftn * 668.425 668.425 668.425 668.425s

* rftn * 666.585 663.101 658.135 651.824s

* rftn * 644.282 636.212 628.553 621.266s

* rftn * 614.318 607.678 601.319 584.353s

* rftn * 568.614 553.929 670.714 670.714s

* rftn * 670.714 670.714 670.714 670.714s

* rftn * 670.714 670.714 668.876 665.395s

* rftn * 660.434 654.129 646.595 638.523s

* rftn * 630.863 623.576 616.627 609.985s

* rftn * 603.626 586.677 570.954 556.284s

* rftn * 672.981 672.981 672.981 672.981s

* rftn * 672.981 672.981 672.981 672.981s

* rftn * 671.145 667.667 662.711 656.412s

* rftn * 648.885 640.812 633.152 625.863s
Appendix A

85

* rftn * 618.913 612.271 605.911 588.979s

* rftn * 573.271 558.616 675.048 675.048s

* rftn * 675.048 675.048 675.048 675.048s

* rftn * 675.048 675.048 673.213 669.739s

* rftn * 664.787 658.494 650.973 642.899s

* rftn * 635.238 627.949 620.997 614.355s

* rftn * 607.994 591.077 575.384 560.742s

* rftn * 675.038 675.038 675.038 675.038s

* rftn * 675.038 675.038 675.038 675.038s

* rftn * 673.203 669.728 664.776 658.483s

* rftn * 650.962 642.889 635.227 627.938s

* rftn * 620.987 614.344 607.983 591.066s

* rftn * 575.373 560.731 675.027 675.027s

* rftn * 675.027 675.027 675.027 675.027s

* rftn * 675.027 675.027 673.192 669.717s

* rftn * 664.766 658.472 650.952 642.878s

* rftn * 635.216 627.927 620.976 614.333s

* rftn * 607.972 591.055 575.362 560.72s

* rftn * 675.017 675.017 675.017 675.017s

* rftn * 675.017 675.017 675.017 675.017s

* rftn * 673.181 669.707 664.755 658.462s

* rftn * 650.941 642.867 635.206 627.917s

* rftn * 620.966 614.323 607.962 591.045s

* rftn * 575.352 560.709 675.006 675.006s

* rftn * 675.006 675.006 675.006 675.006s

* rftn * 675.006 675.006 673.171 669.696s

* rftn * 664.745 658.451 650.93 642.857s

* rftn * 635.195 627.906 620.955 614.312s

* rftn * 607.951 591.034 575.341 560.699s

* rftn * 674.995 674.995 674.995 674.995s

* rftn * 674.995 674.995 674.995 674.995s

* rftn * 673.16 669.686 664.734 658.441s

* rftn * 650.92 642.846 635.184 627.895s

* rftn * 620.944 614.301 607.941 591.023s

* rftn * 575.33 560.688 674.985 674.985s

* rftn * 674.985 674.985 674.985 674.985s

* rftn * 674.985 674.985 673.15 669.675s

* rftn * 664.723 658.43 650.909 642.835s

* rftn * 635.174 627.885 620.934 614.291s

* rftn * 607.93 591.012 575.319 560.677s

* rftn * 674.974 674.974 674.974 674.974s

* rftn * 674.974 674.974 674.974 674.974s

* rftn * 673.139 669.665 664.713 658.419s

* rftn * 650.898 642.825 635.163 627.874s

* rftn * 620.923 614.28 607.919 591.002s

* rftn * 575.308 560.666 674.964 674.964s

* rftn * 674.964 674.964 674.964 674.964s

* rftn * 674.964 674.964 673.129 669.654s

* rftn * 664.702 658.409 650.888 642.814s

* rftn * 635.152 627.863 620.912 614.269s

* rftn * 607.909 590.991 575.298 560.655s

* rftn * 674.953 674.953 674.953 674.953s

* rftn * 674.953 674.953 674.953 674.953s

* rftn * 673.118 669.643 664.692 658.398s

* rftn * 650.877 642.803 635.142 627.853s

* rftn * 620.902 614.259 607.898 590.98s

* rftn * 575.287 560.644 674.943 674.943s

* rftn * 674.943 674.943 674.943 674.943s

* rftn * 674.943 674.943 673.108 669.633s

* rftn * 664.681 658.387 650.867 642.793s

* rftn * 635.131 627.842 620.891 614.248s

* rftn * 607.887 590.97 575.276 560.634s

* rftn * 674.932 674.932 674.932 674.932s

* rftn * 674.932 674.932 674.932 674.932s

* rftn * 673.097 669.622 664.67 658.377s

* rftn * 650.856 642.782 635.121 627.831s

* rftn * 620.88 614.238 607.877 590.959s

* rftn * 575.265 560.623 674.922 674.922s

* rftn * 674.922 674.922 674.922 674.922s
Appendix A

86

* rftn * 674.922 674.922 673.086 669.612s

* rftn * 664.66 658.366 650.845 642.771s

* rftn * 635.11 627.821 620.87 614.227s

* rftn * 607.866 590.948 575.254 560.612s

* rftn * 674.911 674.911 674.911 674.911s

* rftn * 674.911 674.911 674.911 674.911s

* rftn * 673.076 669.601 664.649 658.356s

* rftn * 650.835 642.761 635.099 627.81s

* rftn * 620.859 614.216 607.856 590.937s

* rftn * 575.244 560.601 674.901 674.901s

* rftn * 674.901 674.901 674.901 674.901s

* rftn * 674.901 674.901 673.065 669.591s

* rftn * 664.639 658.345 650.824 642.75s

* rftn * 635.089 627.8 620.849 614.206s

* rftn * 607.845 590.927 575.233 560.59s

* rftn * 674.89 674.89 674.89 674.89s

* rftn * 674.89 674.89 674.89 674.89s

* rftn * 673.055 669.58 664.628 658.334s

* rftn * 650.813 642.739 635.078 627.789s

* rftn * 620.838 614.195 607.834 590.916s

* rftn * 575.222 560.579 674.879 674.879s

* rftn * 674.879 674.879 674.879 674.879s

* rftn * 674.879 674.879 673.044 669.569s

* rftn * 664.617 658.324 650.803 642.729s

* rftn * 635.067 627.778 620.827 614.184s

* rftn * 607.824 590.905 575.211 560.568s

* rftn * 674.869 674.869 674.869 674.869s

* rftn * 674.869 674.869 674.869 674.869s

* rftn * 673.034 669.559 664.607 658.313s

* rftn * 650.792 642.718 635.057 627.768s

* rftn * 620.817 614.174 607.813 590.895s

* rftn * 575.201 560.558 674.858 674.858s

* rftn * 674.858 674.858 674.858 674.858s

* rftn * 674.858 674.858 673.023 669.548s

* rftn * 664.596 658.302 650.781 642.707s

* rftn * 635.046 627.757 620.806 614.163s

* rftn * 607.802 590.884 575.19 560.547s

* rftn * 674.848 674.848 674.848 674.848s

* rftn * 674.848 674.848 674.848 674.848s

* rftn * 673.013 669.538 664.586 658.292s

* rftn * 650.771 642.697 635.035 627.746s

* rftn * 620.795 614.152 607.792 590.873s

* rftn * 575.179 560.536 674.837 674.837s

* rftn * 674.837 674.837 674.837 674.837s

* rftn * 674.837 674.837 673.002 669.527s

* rftn * 664.575 658.281 650.76 642.686s

* rftn * 635.025 627.736 620.785 614.142s

* rftn * 607.781 590.862 575.168 560.525e

* rdpwr * 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0s

* rdpwr * 0.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0s

* rdpwr * 1.0 1.0 1.0 0.0 0.0s

* rdpwr * 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0s

* rdpwr * 0.0 0.0e

* cpowr * 1.3 1.15 0.89 0.45e

* radpw * 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0s

* radpw * 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0s

* radpw * 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0s

* radpw * 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0s

* radpw * 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0e

* fpuo2 * 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0e

* ftd * 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0e

* gmix * f 0.0e

* pgapt * 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0e

* burn * 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0s

* burn * 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0s

* burn * 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0s

* burn * 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0s

* burn * 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0s

* burn * 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0e
Appendix A

87

* burn * 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0s

* burn * 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0s

* burn * 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0s

* burn * 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0s

* burn * 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0s

* burn * 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0e

* burn * 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0s

* burn * 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0s

* burn * 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0s

* burn * 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0s

* burn * 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0s

* burn * 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0e

* burn * 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0s

* burn * 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0s

* burn * 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0s

* burn * 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0s

* burn * 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0s

* burn * 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0e

* mrod * 2 1 2 1 1s

* mrod * 2 1 2 1 4s

* mrod * 3 3 3 4 2s

* mrod * 1 2 3 3 3s

* mrod * 3 3 4 2 1s

* mrod * 3 3 5 5 3s

* mrod * 3 2 1 3 3s

* mrod * 5 5 3 3 2s

* mrod * 2 4 3 3 3s

* mrod * 3 4 2 1 2s

* mrod * 4 3 3 4 2s

* mrod * 1 2 1 2 2s

* mrod * 2 2 1 2 6e

* partial length rods

* i j levrod

 -1

*

* water rods * 

* i j flag xloc yloc

 4 4 1 0.06625 -0.06625

 4 5 1 0.0 0.0

 5 4 1 0.0 0.0

 5 5 1 0.0 0.0

-1

* water rod data sets 

*

* igeom wrnodes

 1 3

* wrinlet wroutlet dia sidea sideb

 1 24 0.034 0.0 0.0

* th rcorner flowarea flwareai flwareao

 0.001 0.0 9.079203E-4 9.079203E-4 9.079203E-4

* hd hdri hdro thrmdiai thrmdiao

 0.032 0.032 0.032 0.032 0.032

* wrflossi wrflosso wrrlossi wrrlosso

 1.0E20 1.0E20 1.0E20 1.0E20

* matwr * 53 53e

* tw * 553.929 553.929 553.929 556.284 556.284s

* tw * 556.284 558.616 558.616 558.616 560.742s

* tw * 560.742 560.742 560.731 560.731 560.731s

* tw * 560.72 560.72 560.72 560.709 560.709s

* tw * 560.709 560.698 560.698 560.698 560.687s

* tw * 560.687 560.687 560.677 560.677 560.677s

* tw * 560.666 560.666 560.666 560.655 560.655s

* tw * 560.655 560.644 560.644 560.644 560.633s

* tw * 560.633 560.633 560.622 560.622 560.622s

* tw * 560.611 560.611 560.611 560.601 560.601s

* tw * 560.601 560.59 560.59 560.59 560.579s

* tw * 560.579 560.579 560.568 560.568 560.568s

* tw * 560.557 560.557 560.557 560.546 560.546s

* tw * 560.546 560.535 560.535 560.535 560.525s
Appendix A

88

* tw * 560.525 560.525e

*

*

******* type num userid component name

break 300 1 Outlet

* jun1 ibty isat ioff adjpress

 20 1 0 1 0

* ibtr ibsv nbtb nbsv nbrf

 0 202 5 0 0

* dxin volin alpin tin pin

 0.1545 1.462034E-3 0.124 560.551 7.17E6

* pain concin rbmx poff belv

 0.0 0.0 1.0E20 0.0 0.0

* pscl tlscl tvscl pascl conscl

 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0

* ptb * 0.0 7.17E6s

* ptb * 1.0 7.17E6s

* ptb * 2.0 7.17E6s

* ptb * 3.0 7.17E6s

* ptb * 1.0E6 7.17E6e

*

*

*****************************************

* Starting Power Components *

*****************************************

*

******* type num userid component name

power 201 1 Power

* numpwr chanpow

 1 1

* htnum * 200e

* irpwty ndgx ndhx nrts nhist

 6 0 0 100 0

* irpwtr irpwsv nrpwtb nrpwsv nrpwrf

 0 202 4 0 0

* izpwtr izpwsv nzpwtb nzpwsv nzpwrf

 0 202 4 0 0

* ipwrad ipwdep promheat decaheat wtbypass

 0 0 0.0 0.0 0.0

* nzpwz nzpwi nfbpwt nrpwr nrpwi

 0 0 0 1 0

* react tneut rpwoff rrpwmx rpwscl

 0.0 0.0 0.0 1.0E20 1.0

* rpowri zpwin zpwoff rzpwmx

 1.24E6 0.0 -1.0E19 1.0E20

* extsou pldr pdrat fucrac

 0.0 0.0 1.0 1.0

* zpwtb1* 0.0s

* zpwtb1* 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0s

* zpwtb1* 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0s

* zpwtb1* 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0s

* zpwtb1* 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0s

* zpwtb1* 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0s

* zpwtb2* 1.0s

* zpwtb2* 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0s

* zpwtb2* 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0s

* zpwtb2* 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0s

* zpwtb2* 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0s

* zpwtb2* 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0s

* zpwtb3* 2.0s

* zpwtb3* 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0s

* zpwtb3* 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0s

* zpwtb3* 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0s

* zpwtb3* 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0s

* zpwtb3* 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0s

* zpwtb4* 1.0E6s

* zpwtb4* 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0s

* zpwtb4* 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0s

* zpwtb4* 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0s
Appendix A

89

* zpwtb4* 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0s

* zpwtb4* 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0e

* rpwtbr* 0.0 1.24E6s

* rpwtbr* 5.0 1.24E6s

* rpwtbr* 60.0 1.24E6s

* rpwtbr* 1.0E6 1.24E6e

*****************************************

* Finished Power Components *

*****************************************

*

*

*

end

*

*****************

* Timestep Data *

*****************

* dtmin dtmax tend rtwfp

 1.0E-4 1.0E-3 1000.0 10.0

* edint gfint dmpint sedint

 1.0 0.1 100.0 1.0

*

* endflag

 -1.0