COURT OF APPEALS OF VIRGINIA

Present: Chief Judge Felton, Judges Alston and McCullough

Argued by teleconference

SAMUEL DAVID BURNS

MEMORANDUM OPINION* BY

v. Record No. 0359-12-4 JUDGE STEPHEN R. McCULLOUGH

NOVEMBER 20, 2012

JENNIFER CAROL BURNS, N/K/A

 JENNIFER CAROL BOELTER

FROM THE CIRCUIT COURT OF FREDERICK COUNTY

John E. Wetsel, Jr., Judge

Peter W. Buchbauer (Buchbauer & McGuire, P.C., on briefs), for 

appellant.

Ian R. D. Williams (Harrison & Johnston, PLC, on briefs), for 

appellee.

At issue in this appeal is whether the parties agreed in a consent order entered on August

26, 2010 to ratify the child support provisions of the divorce decree entered in 2009. Father 

argues that the August 2010 consent order addressed custody and visitation only and did not 

address the issue of child support. We agree with father and, accordingly, reverse and remand.

BACKGROUND

Samuel Burns and Jennifer Boelter were divorced in March of 2009. The divorce decree 

specified a detailed schedule of custody and visitation. With respect to child support, the decree 

provided that father was to pay mother $2,000 per month in child support. The divorce decree 

also “affirmed, ratified and incorporated” the parties’ property settlement agreement. The 

property settlement agreement contained the following paragraph:

 * Pursuant to Code § 17.1-413, this opinion is not designated for publication.

UNPUBLISHED
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7. POWHATAN SCHOOL: The parties’ minor children 

attend Powhatan School and the parties agree that they shall 

equally divide the expenses for the children attending Powhatan 

School to include tuition, bus, books and fees.

In June 2010, mother filed a petition to modify child custody and visitation in the circuit 

court, alleging “that a material change of circumstances has occurred with respect to custody and 

visitation.” Following her remarriage, mother had hoped to have the children attend school at

Wakefield Country Day School rather than Powhatan School, which is located in Boyce, 

Virginia. Mother asked the court to reinstate the case on the active docket of the court “for the 

purpose of modifying child custody and visitation.” On June 14, 2010, the court reinstated the 

case “on the active docket of the Court for the purpose of arguing the Petition to Modify Child 

Custody and Visitation.” In July 2010, father filed his own petition to modify visitation. He also 

sought to enjoin mother from relocating the children and from placing them in a school other 

than Powhatan. None of these pleadings or orders referenced child support.

The court appointed a guardian ad litem for the children. The guardian ad litem issued a 

report, recommending that the children remain at Powhatan School for the 2010-11 school year. 

The guardian ad litem also recommended additional adjustments to the custody and visitation 

schedule. All parties agreed to adopt the recommendations of the guardian ad litem. Therefore, 

the parties prepared a consent order, which counsel for father drafted.

On August 26, 2010, the court entered this consent order. The order is divided into two 

parts: (1) a detailed revision of the custody arrangement and (2) a pair of sentences allocating 

the fee for the guardian ad litem among the parties. The consent order sets forth the details of the 

new custody and visitation schedule, as recommended by the guardian ad litem. 

Paragraph “r.” of the consent order provides that:

r. Powhatan School: The parties’ minor children shall attend 

Powhatan School for the 2010-2011 academic year, and the parties 

agree that they shall equally divide the expenses for the children 
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attending Powhatan School to include tuition, bus, books and fees. 

All other provisions of the Final Decree of Divorce and the PSA 

not inconsistent with this Consent Order shall remain in full force 

and effect. Any party who feels that a change in the academic 

placement is warranted shall have the burden of proving that such 

change is in the best interests of the children.

(Emphasis added). 

Eight months later, on April 21, 2011, father petitioned to modify his child support 

obligations. Father alleged as the basis for the petition a material change in the physical custody 

and visitation. He later invoked a change in the parties’ income as well, contending that he 

currently earned less income than he did at the time of the divorce, whereas mother earned more 

income. According to father, the appropriate amount of child support per month was $95 rather 

than $2,000. The trial court denied father’s petition, reasoning that father had failed to show a 

material change in circumstances after August 26, 2010. The court explained that 

The August 2010 Consent Order is the last support order. 

Although the August 2010 change in custody was a material 

change in circumstances, so that the child support could have been 

revisited, the August 26, 2010 Consent Order ratified [in paragraph 

“r.”] the earlier support provision that required the Father to pay 

the Mother $2,000 per month in child support. Clearly, the parties 

contemplated that so long as the children were attending Powhatan 

that the Father would pay the Mother $2,000 per month in child 

support; therefore, there has been no material change in 

circumstances since the entry of the August 26, 2010, Consent 

Order.

(Emphasis added). 

ANALYSIS

I. FATHER PRESERVED THE ISSUE RAISED ON APPEAL.

We first address whether father preserved the issue that he raises on appeal. We hold that 

it was preserved. The purpose of Rule 5A:18 “is to ensure that the trial court has an opportunity 

to rule intelligently on a party’s objections and avoid unnecessary mistrials or reversals.” 

Johnson v. Raviotta, 264 Va. 27, 33, 563 S.E.2d 727, 731 (2002). After the trial court issued 
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written findings of fact and conclusions of law on December 28, 2011, father filed a motion for 

reconsideration on January 23, 2012, raising the issue he now raises on appeal. The statement of 

facts signed by the trial court reflects that a hearing was held on that motion. The court then 

issued a final order on January 27, 2012.

1

 Pursuant to Code § 8.01-384(A) and Brandon v. Cox, 

284 Va. 251, 726 S.E.2d 298 (2012), nothing more was needed to preserve the point for appellate 

review. 

Code § 8.01-384(A) provides in relevant part that

[f]ormal exceptions to rulings or orders of the court shall be 

unnecessary; but for all purposes for which an exception has 

heretofore been necessary, it shall be sufficient that a party, at the 

time the ruling or order of the court is made or sought, makes 

known to the court the action which he desires the court to take or 

his objections to the action of the court and his grounds therefor

. . . . No party, after having made an objection or motion known to 

the court, shall be required to make such objection or motion again 

in order to preserve his right to appeal, challenge, or move for 

reconsideration of, a ruling, order, or action of the court. . . . 

Arguments made at trial via written pleading, memorandum, recital 

of objections in a final order, oral argument reduced to transcript, 

or agreed written statements of facts shall, unless expressly 

withdrawn or waived, be deemed preserved therein for assertion on 

appeal.

It is true, as mother notes, that father did not note specific objections to the court’s final 

order. Such a “formal exception” was not necessary under Code § 8.01-384(A). Father alerted 

the trial court to the issue he now raises on appeal by filing a motion to reconsider, and the court 

considered this motion. 

II. THE CONSENT ORDER OF AUGUST 26, 2010 DID NOT PRECLUDE 

FATHER FROM SEEKING A MODIFICATION OF CHILD SUPPORT.

We now turn to whether the order of August 26, 2010 precluded father from seeking a 

modification of his child support obligations. “In a petition for modification of child support and 

 1 The final order dispensed with the endorsement of the parties, as authorized by Rule 

1:13. 
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spousal support, the burden is on the moving party to prove [by a preponderance of the evidence] 

a material change in circumstances that warrants modification of support.” Richardson v. 

Richardson, 30 Va. App. 341, 347, 516 S.E.2d 726, 729 (1999) (citation omitted). “The 

petitioner must demonstrate a material change in circumstances from the most recent

support award.” Barton v. Barton, 31 Va. App. 175, 177-78, 522 S.E.2d 373, 374 (1999)

(emphasis added). “The material change must relate to either the need for support or the ability 

to pay.” Id. at 178, 522 S.E.2d at 374 (citation omitted). “In the absence of a material change in 

circumstances, reconsideration of support that has been previously adjudicated after considering 

the guidelines would be barred by principles of res judicata.” Hiner v. Hadeed, 15 Va. App. 

575, 580, 425 S.E.2d 811, 814 (1993). 

The trial court found that the parties had not experienced a material change in 

circumstances since the August 2010 consent order. If father reaffirmed his child support 

obligations in the consent order of August 26, 2010, he is precluded from litigating them anew in 

April of 2011. If, however, the order of August 26, 2010 addresses custody only and does not 

represent a ratification of the child support agreement entered in 2009, father may seek to modify 

his child support obligation based on a change in circumstances.

Ordinarily, a trial court’s interpretation of its own orders is entitled to deference on 

appeal. Fredericksburg Constr. Co. v. J.W. Wyne Excavating, Inc., 260 Va. 137, 144, 530 

S.E.2d 148, 152 (2000). Consent orders, however, are treated differently. “While a consent 

decree is a court order, it is ‘contractual in its nature and should be construed as though it were a 

contract.’” Newman v. Newman, 42 Va. App. 557, 568, 593 S.E.2d 533, 539 (2004) (en banc) 

(quoting Gazale v. Gazale, 219 Va. 775, 779, 250 S.E.2d 365, 367 (1979)) (internal citations 

omitted). “On appeal, the Court reviews a trial court’s interpretation of a contract de novo.” 
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Plunkett v. Plunkett, 271 Va. 162, 166-67, 624 S.E.2d 39, 41 (2006) (citing Eure v. Norfolk 

Shipbuilding & Drydock Corp., 263 Va. 624, 631, 561 S.E.2d 663, 667 (2002)).

“The contract must be read as a single document. Its meaning is to be gathered from all 

its associated parts assembled as the unitary expression of the agreement of the parties.” Berry v. 

Klinger, 225 Va. 201, 208, 300 S.E.2d 792, 796 (1983). The text of the consent order, when 

viewed in its entirety, establishes that the purpose of the order was to address custody and 

visitation, not child support. The consent order states at the outset that the matter came to the 

court “upon Defendant’s Motion to Enjoin Relocation and Motion to Modify Visitation.” That 

motion, like the motion filed by mother, dealt exclusively with custody and visitation. The 

consent order reflects the fact that “all parties had agreed to adopt the recommendation of the 

guardian ad litem” and that the court found the “recommendation [of the guardian ad litem] will 

promote the best interests of the minor children.” The report of the guardian ad litem addresses 

custody and visitation exclusively.

Furthermore, the order contains two numbered paragraphs. Paragraph 1 is captioned 

“custody.” Paragraph 2 is captioned “guardian ad litem fees.” Within the paragraph labeled 

“custody,” subparagraph “r.” addresses the schooling of the children at “Powhatan School.” The 

sentence upon which mother relies is contained within this paragraph:

r. Powhatan School: The parties’ minor children shall attend 

Powhatan School for the 2010-2011 academic year, and the parties 

agree that they shall equally divide the expenses for the children 

attending Powhatan School to include tuition, bus, books and fees. 

All other provisions of the Final Decree of Divorce and the PSA 

not inconsistent with this Consent Order shall remain in full force 

and effect. Any party who feels that a change in the academic 

placement is warranted shall have the burden of proving that such 

change is in the best interests of the children.

(Emphasis added). Therefore, the part of the order in which the language at issue appears

addresses custody, and paragraph “r.” deals solely with the children’s schooling. When viewed 
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in terms of its stated objects and interpreted as a whole, the consent order does not support an 

interpretation that the parties intended to reaffirm child support obligations. That matter simply 

was neither in contention between the parties nor before the court.

The inclusion of the language at issue is explained by the following clause in the parties’ 

2008 property settlement, which was incorporated into the divorce decree: 

7. POWHATAN SCHOOL: The parties’ minor children 

attend Powhatan School and the parties agree that they shall 

equally divide the expenses for the children attending Powhatan 

School to include tuition, bus, books and fees.

This provision was not limited as to time. In contrast, paragraph “r.” of the consent order was 

limited in time. It stated that “[t]he parties’ minor children shall attend Powhatan School for the 

2010-2011 academic year” and that the parties agree to “equally divide the expenses for the 

children attending Powhatan School to include tuition, bus, books and fees.” (Emphasis added). 

This language from paragraph “r.” of the consent order could be read as modifying paragraph 7 

of the PSA by limiting the Powhatan School expense sharing to the 2010-2011 school year. The 

purpose of the sentence “[a]ll other provisions of the Final Decree of Divorce and the PSA not 

inconsistent with this Consent Order shall remain in full force and effect” was to clarify that the 

provisions noted above in paragraph 7 of the property settlement agreement remained in effect to 

allocate expenses for school years beyond the 2010-2011 academic year.

Moreover, the “the facts and circumstances surrounding the entry of the [consent] order” 

are highly relevant. Roe v. Commonwealth, 271 Va. 453, 459, 628 S.E.2d 526, 529 (2006). 

Those facts and circumstances conclusively refute mother’s interpretation of the consent order. 

Mother initiated this round of litigation by filing a motion to “modify child custody and 

visitation.” The order reinstating the case on the docket did so “for the purpose of arguing the 

Petition to Modify Child Custody and Visitation.” Likewise, father’s motion to modify visitation 

referenced visitation only. None of these pleadings mention child support. Had the court and the 
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parties intended to make a determination of child support in the August 26, 2010 order, one 

would expect to see in the record the findings and notices required by Code § 20-60.3 as well as 

a child support guideline worksheet. No such notices, findings, or worksheets appear in the 

record. 

When read in the context of the consent order and the record, the disputed language does 

not signal any intent by the parties to address child support. The trial court focused exclusively 

on the disputed sentence itself, without regard to the context in which that sentence appears. We 

conclude on this record that the trial court erred in its interpretation of the August 26, 2010 

consent order. 

Mother points to Code § 20-108 and notes that the court had jurisdiction “at any time to 

determine child support on its own motion.” That is correct, but irrelevant. The trial court did 

not reassess child support on its own motion. The trial court’s purpose, as stated in the order

itself, was to address the recommendation of the guardian ad litem with respect to custody and 

visitation and to assess the fee for the guardian ad litem.

2 Therefore, the effective date to 

measure a change in circumstances is not the consent order of August 26, 2010, but the divorce 

decree entered on March 16, 2009.

CONCLUSION

We reverse the trial court and remand for further proceedings in connection with father’s 

motion to modify child support and mother’s response to the motion.

Reversed and remanded.

 2 The interests of judicial economy counsel in favor of litigating changes in custody and 

modifications of child support at the same time. Nothing in the law, however, requires that that 

be done.