TABLE OF CONTENTS AND LISTS OF 

TABLES, FIGURES, AND MAPS 

TABLE OF CONTENTS 

TABLE OF CONTENTS 

VOLUME 2 

Appendix A. Common and Scientific Names of Plants and Animals Given in This Programmatic 

 EIS..........................................................................................................................................................A-1 

Appendix B. Human Health Risk Assessment ........................................................................................................B-1 

Introduction ............................................................................................................................................B-1

Human Health Risk Assessment Overview..................................................................................B-1

Organization of Document............................................................................................................B-2

Hazard Identification..............................................................................................................................B-2

Chemical Characteristics and Usage.............................................................................................B-2

Dicamba..........................................................................................................................B-2

Diflufenzopyr.................................................................................................................B-2

Diquat .............................................................................................................................B-2

Fluridone ........................................................................................................................B-2

Imazapic .........................................................................................................................B-2

Sulfometuron Methyl.....................................................................................................B-3

Toxicity Profiles............................................................................................................................B-3

General Information.......................................................................................................B-3

Dicamba..........................................................................................................................B-3

Diflufenzopyr.................................................................................................................B-6

Diquat .............................................................................................................................B-9

Fluridone ......................................................................................................................B-12

Imazapic .......................................................................................................................B-14

Sulfometuron Methyl...................................................................................................B-16

Dose-response Assessment..................................................................................................................B-17

Types of Dose-response Values..................................................................................................B-17

Dietary Assessment......................................................................................................B-17

Non-dietary (Occupational or Residential) Assessment .............................................B-18 

Available Dose-response Values ................................................................................................B-18

Dicamba........................................................................................................................B-19

Diflufenzopyr...............................................................................................................B-20

Diquat ...........................................................................................................................B-23

Fluridone ......................................................................................................................B-24

Imazapic .......................................................................................................................B-25

Sulfometuron Methyl...................................................................................................B-26

Inert Ingredients...........................................................................................................................B-27

Exposure Assessment...........................................................................................................................B-28

Overview of the BLM Vegetation Treatment Program..............................................................B-28

Land Programs.............................................................................................................B-28

Application Methods....................................................................................................B-30

Herbicide Use Parameters...........................................................................................................B-33

Occupational Receptors...............................................................................................................B-33

Routine Use Exposure Scenarios.................................................................................B-33

Accidental Exposure Scenarios ...................................................................................B-34

Public Receptors..........................................................................................................................B-35

Routine Use Exposure Scenarios.................................................................................B-35

Accidental Exposure Scenarios ...................................................................................B-36

Exposure Parameters for Public Receptors.................................................................B-37

BLM Vegetation Treatments Using Herbicides i June 2007 

Final Programmatic EIS
TABLE OF CONTENTS 

Calculation of Exposure Point Concentrations...........................................................................B-51

Occupational Exposures ..............................................................................................B-52

Public Exposures..........................................................................................................B-52

Chemical-specific Parameters.....................................................................................................B-56

Absorption Factors.......................................................................................................B-56

Skin Permeability Constants........................................................................................B-56

Fish Bioconcentration Factors.....................................................................................B-57

Risk Characterization...........................................................................................................................B-57

Approach for Risk Characterization............................................................................................B-57

Food (%PAD) Assessment..........................................................................................B-57

Non-food (MOE) Assessment.....................................................................................B-57

Aggregate Risk Index ..................................................................................................B-58

Equations for Quantifying Potential Exposure and Risk............................................................B-58

Estimating Potential Occupational Exposures............................................................B-59

Inhalation of Herbicide ................................................................................................B-60

Estimating Potential Exposure for Public Receptors..................................................B-61

Dermal Contact with Herbicide...................................................................................B-61

Results of Risk Characterization.................................................................................................B-67

Occupational Receptors...............................................................................................B-67

Public Receptors ..........................................................................................................B-74

Evaluation of Currently-available Herbicide Active Ingredients...............................................B-80 

Evaluation of Dose-response Values Used in Previous EISs.....................................B-81 

Evaluation of Receptors and Exposure Pathways Used in the Earlier Human

Health Risk Assessments.............................................................................................B-82

Summary of Currently-available Herbicide Active Ingredient Evaluation................B-82 

Uncertainty Analysis...................................................................................................................B-82

Hazard Identification ...................................................................................................B-82

Dose-response Assessment..........................................................................................B-83

Exposure Assessment ..................................................................................................B-83

Risk Characterization...................................................................................................B-84

References............................................................................................................................................B-87

Appendix C. Ecological Risk Assessment................................................................................................................ C-1 

Structure and Methodology of the Ecological Risk Assessment..........................................................C-1 

Problem Formulation.....................................................................................................................C-1 

Exposure Characterization ............................................................................................................C-2 

Effects Characterization ................................................................................................................C-3 

Literature Review...........................................................................................................C-4

Toxicity Reference Value Development.......................................................................C-4 

Risk Characterization ....................................................................................................................C-5 

Rare, Threatened, and Endangered Species..................................................................C-6 

Uncertainty Analysis.....................................................................................................................C-7 

Application Methods and Herbicide Usage...........................................................................................C-8 

Aerial Application .........................................................................................................................C-8 

Ground Application.......................................................................................................................C-8 

Aquatic Application.......................................................................................................................C-8 

Non-target Species Exposure Characterization...................................................................................C-10 

Ecological Receptors...................................................................................................................C-10 

Surrogate Species.........................................................................................................C-10 

Exposure Pathways......................................................................................................................C-12 

Direct Spray .................................................................................................................C-15 

Off-site Drift.................................................................................................................C-16 

BLM Vegetation Treatments Using Herbicides ii June 2007 

Final Programmatic EIS 
TABLE OF CONTENTS 

Surface Runoff .............................................................................................................C-17

Wind Erosion and Off-site Transport of Terrestrial Herbicide...................................C-20 

Accidental Spill............................................................................................................C-22 

Non-target Species Effects Characterization.......................................................................................C-22 

Terrestrial Species Effects Characterization...............................................................................C-23

Bromacil .......................................................................................................................C-23 

Chlorsulfuron ...............................................................................................................C-23 

Diflufenzopyr...............................................................................................................C-24 

Diquat ...........................................................................................................................C-24 

Diuron...........................................................................................................................C-25 

Fluridone ......................................................................................................................C-25 

Imazapic .......................................................................................................................C-26 

Overdrive

®....................................................................................................................C-27 

Sulfometuron Methyl...................................................................................................C-28 

Tebuthiuron ..................................................................................................................C-29 

Aquatic Species Effects Characterization...................................................................................C-29

Bromacil .......................................................................................................................C-29 

Chlorsulfuron ...............................................................................................................C-30 

Diflufenzopyr...............................................................................................................C-30 

Diquat ...........................................................................................................................C-31 

Diuron...........................................................................................................................C-31 

Fluridone ......................................................................................................................C-32 

Imazapic .......................................................................................................................C-32 

Overdrive

®....................................................................................................................C-33 

Sulfometuron Methyl...................................................................................................C-34 

Tebuthiuron ..................................................................................................................C-34 

Rare, Threatened, and Endangered Species Characterization....................................................C-35 

Non-target Species Risk Characterization...........................................................................................C-36 

Bromacil ......................................................................................................................................C-36 

Direct Spray..................................................................................................................C-36 

Off-site Drift.................................................................................................................C-57 

Surface Runoff .............................................................................................................C-58

Wind Erosion and Transport Off-site ..........................................................................C-58 

Accidental Spill to Pond ..............................................................................................C-58 

Potential Risk to Salmonids from Indirect Effects......................................................C-59 

Chlorsulfuron...............................................................................................................................C-59 

Direct Spray..................................................................................................................C-59 

Off-Site Drift................................................................................................................C-59 

Surface Runoff .............................................................................................................C-60

Wind Erosion and Transport Off-site ..........................................................................C-60 

Accidental Spill to Pond ..............................................................................................C-60 

Potential Risk to Salmonids from Indirect Effects......................................................C-61 

Diflufenzopyr...............................................................................................................................C-61 

Direct Spray..................................................................................................................C-61 

Off-site Drift.................................................................................................................C-61 

Surface Runoff .............................................................................................................C-62

Wind Erosion and Transport Off-site ..........................................................................C-62 

Accidental Spill to Pond ..............................................................................................C-62 

Potential Risk to Salmonids from Indirect Effects......................................................C-62 

Diquat...........................................................................................................................................C-63 

Direct Spray..................................................................................................................C-63 

BLM Vegetation Treatments Using Herbicides iii June 2007 

Final Programmatic EIS 
TABLE OF CONTENTS 

Off-site Drift to Terrestrial Plants................................................................................C-63 

Accidental Spill to Pond ..............................................................................................C-64 

Potential Risk to Salmonids from Indirect Effects......................................................C-64 

Diuron ..........................................................................................................................................C-64 

Direct Spray .................................................................................................................C-64 

Off-site Drift.................................................................................................................C-65 

Surface Runoff.............................................................................................................C-65

Wind Erosion and Transport Off-site..........................................................................C-66 

Accidental Spill to Pond ..............................................................................................C-66 

Potential Risk to Salmonids from Indirect Effects......................................................C-66 

Fluridone......................................................................................................................................C-67 

Direct Spray .................................................................................................................C-67 

Off-site Drift to Non-target Terrestrial Plants.............................................................C-68 

Accidental Spill to Pond ..............................................................................................C-68 

Potential Risk to Salmonids from Indirect Effects......................................................C-68 

Imazapic.......................................................................................................................................C-69 

Direct Spray .................................................................................................................C-69 

Off-site Drift.................................................................................................................C-69 

Surface Runoff.............................................................................................................C-69

Wind Erosion and Transport Off-site..........................................................................C-70 

Accidental Spill to Pond ..............................................................................................C-70 

Potential Risk to Salmonids from Indirect Effects......................................................C-70 

Overdrive® ...................................................................................................................................C-71 

Direct Spray .................................................................................................................C-71 

Off-site Drift.................................................................................................................C-71 

Surface Runoff.............................................................................................................C-72

Wind Erosion and Transport Off-site..........................................................................C-72 

Accidental Spill to Pond ..............................................................................................C-72 

Potential Risk to Salmonids from Indirect Effects......................................................C-73 

Sulfometuron Methyl...................................................................................................................C-73 

Direct Spray .................................................................................................................C-73 

Off-site Drift.................................................................................................................C-73 

Surface Runoff.............................................................................................................C-74

Wind Erosion and Transport Off-site..........................................................................C-74 

Accidental Spill to Pond ..............................................................................................C-74 

Potential Risk to Salmonids from Indirect Effects......................................................C-75 

Tebuthiuron..................................................................................................................................C-75 

Direct Spray .................................................................................................................C-75 

Off-site Drift.................................................................................................................C-76 

Surface Runoff.............................................................................................................C-76

Wind Erosion and Transport Off-site..........................................................................C-77 

Accidental Spill to Pond ..............................................................................................C-77 

Potential Risk to Salmonids from Indirect Effects......................................................C-77 

Uncertainty Analysis............................................................................................................................C-78 

Toxicity Data Availability...........................................................................................................C-78 

Degradates, Inert Ingredients, Adjuvants, and Tank Mixtures...................................................C-78 

Degradates....................................................................................................................C-83 

Inerts.............................................................................................................................C-83 

Adjuvants and Tank Mixtures.....................................................................................C-84 

Concentration Models .................................................................................................................C-86 

AgDRIFT® ...................................................................................................................C-86 

BLM Vegetation Treatments Using Herbicides iv June 2007 

Final Programmatic EIS 
TABLE OF CONTENTS 

GLEAMS .....................................................................................................................C-86

CALPUFF ....................................................................................................................C-87

Potential Indirect Effects on Salmonids......................................................................................C-88 

Herbicide Application Recommendations...........................................................................................C-88 

References............................................................................................................................................C-91 

Appendix D. Evaluation of Risks from Degradates, Polyoxyethyleneamine (POEA) and R-11, and 

Endocrine Disrupting Chemicals....................................................................................................D-1

Introduction ............................................................................................................................................D-1

Potential Ecological Impacts of the Surfactant Polyoxyethyleneamine (POEA) and R-11 ................D-1

Degradates..............................................................................................................................................D-2

Aquatic Toxicity Review ..............................................................................................................D-5

Human Health Toxicity Review ...................................................................................................D-7

Conclusions ...................................................................................................................................D-8

Potential Endocrine Disrupting Chemicals...........................................................................................D-8

References............................................................................................................................................D-33

Appendix E. Protocol for Identifying, Evaluating, and Using New Herbicides..................................................E-1

Identification and Approval of New Chemical Products and Technologies........................................E-1

Networking ....................................................................................................................................E-1

Research and Demonstration.........................................................................................................E-1

Technical Research and Publications............................................................................................E-2

Vendor Marketing .........................................................................................................................E-2

Determining the Need for New Herbicides...........................................................................................E-2

Assessment of Hazards and Risks.........................................................................................................E-3

NEPA Documentation ...........................................................................................................................E-5

Review Existing NEPA Documents.............................................................................................E-5

Prepare a New NEPA Document..................................................................................................E-6

Special Status Species...................................................................................................................E-6

References..............................................................................................................................................E-8

 

Appendix F. Reference Manuals and Handbooks..................................................................................................F-1 

Appendix G. Tribal and Agency Consultation ....................................................................................................... G-1 

Appendix H. Alaska National Interest Lands Conservation Act (ANILCA) § 810 Analysis of Subsistence Impacts........ H-1

Introduction ............................................................................................................................................H-1

Subsistence Evaluation Factors.............................................................................................................H-1

Evaluation of Alternatives and Findings...............................................................................................H-2

ANILCA § 810(a) Evaluations and Findings for All Alternatives and the Cumulative Case ....H-2

Environmental Justice .................................................................................................................H-13

References............................................................................................................................................H-14

Appendix I. Restore Native Ecosystems Alternative and BLM Policy Analysis ................................................I-1 

Restore Native Ecosystems Alternative .................................................................................................I-1 

Bureau of Land Management National Policy Analysis of Restore Native Ecosystems Proposal ....I-23 

Appendix J. Special Status Species List ...................................................................................................................J-1 

BLM Vegetation Treatments Using Herbicides v June 2007 

Final Programmatic EIS 
TABLE OF CONTENTS 

List of Tables 

B-1 Acute Toxicity Categories and Definitions............................................................................................ B-5

B-2 Toxicity Categories for Short-term Tests ...............................................................................................B-5

B-3 Summary of Toxicological Endpoint Data.............................................................................................B-21

B-4 Summary of Herbicide Use - Dicamba...................................................................................................B-39

B-5 Summary of Herbicide Use - Diflufenzopyr..........................................................................................B-41

B-6 Summary of Herbicide Use - Diquat ......................................................................................................B-43

B-7 Summary of Herbicide Use - Fluridone .................................................................................................B-45

B-8 Summary of Herbicide Use - Imazapic ..................................................................................................B-47

B-9 Summary of Herbicide Use - Sulfometuron Methyl..............................................................................B-49

B-10 Summary of Herbicide Risk Categories by Aggregate Risk Index .......................................................B-71

B-11 Occupational Scenarios with Aggregate Risk Indices Below One........................................................B-73

B-12 Routine Exposure Public Scenarios/Receptors with Aggregate Risk Indices Below One ...................B-77

B-13 Accidental Exposure Public Scenarios with Aggregate Risk Indices Below One................................B-78 

C-1 Levels of Concern .................................................................................................................................... C-6 

C-2 Herbicide Application Methods and Usage Statistics ........................................................................ C-9 

C-3 Surrogate Species Used in Quantitative ERA Evaluations....................................................................C-11 

C-4 Vertebrate Surrogate Species Evaluated by Life History ......................................................................C-12 

C-5 Selected Toxicity Reference Values for Bromacil .........................................................................................C-37 

C-6 Selected Toxicity Reference Values for Chlorsulfuron..................................................................................C-39 

C-7 Selected Toxicity Reference Values for Diflufenzopyr..................................................................................C-41 

C-8 Selected Toxicity Reference Values for Diquat .............................................................................................C-43 

C-9 Selected Toxicity Reference Values for Diuron.............................................................................................C-45 

C-10 Selected Toxicity Reference Values for Fluridone.........................................................................................C-47 

C-11 Selected Toxicity Reference Values for Imazapic..........................................................................................C-49 

C-12 Selected Toxicity Reference Values for Overdrive® ......................................................................................C-51 

C-13 Selected Toxicity Reference Values for Sulfometuron Methyl .....................................................................C-53 

C-14 Selected Toxicity Reference Values for Tebuthiuron ....................................................................................C-55 

C-15 Risk Levels Used to Describe Typical Herbicide Effects According to Exposure Scenario and 

Ecological Receptor Group .............................................................................................................................C-79 

C-16 Buffer Distances (feet) to Minimize Risk from Off-site Drift of Herbicides ................................................C-89 

D-1 Selected Toxicity Values for Polyoxyetheyleneamine ............................................................................D-3 

D-2 Review of AgDrift Results........................................................................................................................D-3 

D-3 Polyoxyethyleneamine (POEA) Risk Quotients (RQs) for Aquatic Exposure .......................................D-4 

D-4 Degradates Identified for Active Ingredients.........................................................................................D-10 

D-5 Listings of Endocrine Disrupting Potential of BLM Herbicides...........................................................D-30

I-1 Bureau of Land Management Policy Analysis of Restore Native Ecosystems Proposal ...................... I-24 

List of Figures 

C-1 Conceptual Model for Terrestrial Herbicides.........................................................................................C-13

C-2 Conceptual Model for Aquatic Herbicides.............................................................................................C-14 

D-1a Aquatic Toxicity – 2,4-D Toxicity Reference Values and Degradate Toxicity Data...............................D-21 

D-1b Aquatic Toxicity – 2,4-D Toxicity Reference Values and Degradate Toxicity Data...............................D-22 

D-2 Aquatic Toxicity – Diquat Toxicity Reference Values and Degradate Toxicity Data ................................. D-23 

D-3a Aquatic Toxicity – Diuron Toxicity Reference Values and Degradate Toxicity Data................................. D-24 

D-3b Aquatic Toxicity – Diuron Toxicity Reference Values and Degradate Toxicity Data................................. D-25 

D-4 Aquatic Toxicity – Fluridone Toxicity Reference Values and Degradate Toxicity Data ............................ D-26 

D-5 Aquatic Toxicity – Imazapyr Toxicity Reference Values and Degradate Toxicity Data............................. D-27 

D-6 Aquatic Toxicity – Metsulfuron Methyl Toxicity Reference Values and Degradate Toxicity Data ........... D-28 

D-7 Aquatic Toxicity – Triclopyr Toxicity Reference Values and Degradate Toxicity Data............................. D-29 

E-1 New Herbicide Evaluation and Approval Process........................................................................E-3

BLM Vegetation Treatments Using Herbicides vi June 2007 

Final Programmatic EIS