If this opinion indicates that it is “FOR PUBLICATION,” it is subject to 

revision until final publication in the Michigan Appeals Reports.

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S T A T E O F M I C H I G A N

C O U R T O F A P P E A L S

In re CAR.

ABIGAIL PEOPLES,

Petitioner-Appellee,

and

BRADLEY REDEKER,

Petitioner,

UNPUBLISHED

August 10, 2023

v No. 364609

Kent Probate Court

CAR, LC No. 10-918871-MI

Respondent-Appellant.

Before: YATES, P.J., and BORRELLO and PATEL, JJ.

PER CURIAM.

On January 3, 2023, after hearing testimony from three witnesses, the probate court entered 

an order for continuing hospitalization of respondent, CAR. Respondent appeals the order of right, 

contending that the probate court improperly relied on respondent’s mental-health history instead 

of respondent’s current circumstances and failed to consider the harm that necessarily flows from 

continuing respondent’s treatment. We affirm.

I. FACTUAL BACKGROUND

Respondent has been involved in court-ordered mental-health treatment since 2010. Most 

recently, in April 2022, a petition was filed describing respondent as behaving in a delusional and 

unusual manner. Respondent had not slept in 40 hours, walked from the hospital to the Fifth Third 

Ballpark, and attempted to close the gate with his own chain. It was decided that respondent was 

suffering from a psychotic episode because of a recent medication change. During an evaluation, 

respondent told his doctor that he did not want medication because “he is sick of being a guinea 

pig.” Ultimately, respondent stipulated to the entry of an initial order for mental-health treatment 
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under which he would receive a combination of 60 days of hospitalization and assisted outpatient 

treatment with Network 180 to expire on October 25, 2022.

In June 2022, a notification of noncompliance to the probate court described respondent as 

agitated and delusional. The petition explained that respondent stated: “I have a bat, a chain, a 

noose, and I am not leaving my garage” and that “everything is unsafe, the schools are unsafe, the 

animals are unsafe.” The petition further indicated that respondent only attended one appointment 

since he was discharged from the hospital. The petition stated that respondent’s mother reported 

that respondent was experiencing delusions, was not taking his medications, and was trying to put 

chains on gates in the community, so she called the police. Another notification of noncompliance 

filed in September 2022 described respondent as delusional, paranoid, and confused. It also noted 

that he was violent and aggressive because he made threats of violence and property destruction.

On October 13, 2022, respondent stipulated to the entry of a second order of mental-health 

treatment that extended court-ordered outpatient services for an additional 90 days without initial 

hospitalization. Outpatient services were ordered, including case management, medication, blood 

or urinalysis testing, individual therapy, community treatment, and other services recommended 

by the treatment provider.

In December 2022, a new petition for continuing mental-health treatment was filed seeking 

to extend the existing order scheduled to expire in January 2023. Petitioner requested a one-year 

continued order for hospitalization and assisted outpatient treatment based on respondent’s “poor 

insight into his need for medication or treatment,” opining that respondent was unlikely to continue 

either. The petition explained that respondent was diagnosed with schizoaffective bipolar disorder, 

post-traumatic stress disorder, and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder and that respondent had 

shown “marked improvement” with ACT services and trauma-informed therapy. Respondent had 

been working with his treatment provider to determine appropriate medications and collaborative 

care. The petition was accompanied by a clinical certificate from Dr. Jack Mahdasian, certifying 

that Dr. Mahdasian personally examined respondent on December 21, 2022, and determined that 

respondent continued to be a “person requiring treatment.” Dr. Mahdasian reached that conclusion 

based upon respondent’s history of mood and thought disorder, repeated hospitalizations, multiple

suicide attempts, homelessness, denial of mental-illness diagnoses, and chronic inconsistency in 

taking his medications without a court order.

In January 2023, a hearing on the petition for one-year continued mental-health treatment 

was held. Ultimately, the probate court found clear and convincing evidence that respondent was 

a “person requiring treatment.” The probate court observed that respondent suffered from a mental 

illness—specifically, schizoaffective disorder bipolar type—and that he could be a risk of harm to 

himself and others when not compliant with his medication regimen. After reviewing respondent’s 

history, the probate court found that respondent could maintain his basic needs of daily living, but 

that he lacked understanding concerning his need for treatment, which caused respondent to seem 

unwilling to adhere to his treatment plan. The probate court reiterated that there was a substantial 

risk of significant physical harm to himself and others and mental harm to himself if respondent 

was not compliant with his medications. The probate court explained that it “ha[d] considered the 

alternative treatment report.” It determined that hospitalization was not the least restrictive form 

of mental-health treatment, so the court ordered “initial hospitalization of zero days” with “assisted 

outpatient services from ACT Delta including a plan, medication, and urinalysis” for a year. The 
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probate court decreed that respondent’s treating physician had the authority to change respondent’s 

medication regimen without any interference from the court. In other words, respondent was found 

to be a “person requiring treatment” because he had a mental illness and, as a result of that mental 

illness, he was reasonably expected, in the near future, intentionally or unintentionally, to seriously 

physically injure himself or others. Beyond that, his judgment was so impaired by mental illness,

and his lack of understanding of the need for treatment was so substantial, that he demonstrated an 

unwillingness to voluntarily participate in treatment. Respondent now appeals.

II. LEGAL ANALYSIS

This Court reviews a probate court’s dispositional decisions for an abuse of discretion. In 

re Tchakarova, 328 Mich App 172, 182; 936 NW2d 863 (2019). A trial court abuses its discretion 

whenever its decision “falls outside of the range of reasonable and principled outcomes.” In re 

Conservatorship of Brody, 321 Mich App 332, 336; 909 NW2d 849 (2017) (quotation marks and 

citation omitted). This Court reviews a probate court’s factual findings only for clear error. In re 

Tchakarova, 328 Mich App at 182. A trial court’s findings are clearly erroneous if the reviewing 

court is left with a definite and firm conviction that a mistake was made. In re Bibi Guardianship, 

315 Mich App 323, 329; 890 NW2d 387 (2016). This Court reviews de novo matters of statutory 

interpretation. In re Portus, 325 Mich App 374, 381-382; 926 NW2d 33 (2018). But this Court 

reviews an unpreserved claim of error, whether constitutional or nonconstitutional, for plain error 

affecting substantial rights. People v Carines, 460 Mich 750, 763-764; 597 NW2d 130 (1999).

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To constitute plain error, an error must have occurred, the error must have been clear or obvious, 

and the error must have affected substantial rights. Id. at 763. In other words, the error must have 

“affected the outcome of the lower court proceedings.” Id. With these standards in mind, we shall 

address each of respondent’s claims of error.

A. PERSON REQUIRING TREATMENT

Respondent faults the probate court for finding that he was a “person requiring treatment.” 

The probate court listed two bases to conclude that respondent was a “person requiring treatment,” 

MCL 330.1401(1)(a) and MCL 330.1401(1)(c). Respondent concedes that he has a mental illness, 

but he argues that the probate court improperly determined that he posed a substantial risk of harm 

to himself or others. Additionally, respondent insists that the probate court improperly determined 

that he was noncompliant and unwilling to maintain treatment without a court order. We conclude 

that the probate court correctly found that respondent was a “person requiring treatment” as defined 

by the statutory language, and that the probate court adequately considered respondent’s treatment 

recommendation, treatment alternatives, and whether respondent was improving with treatment.

Proceedings requesting an order of involuntary mental-health treatment under the Mental 

Health Code, MCL 330.1001 et seq., for a person based on mental illness usually are described as 

 

1 Although this Court has recently held that “the plain-error rule of Carines does not apply to civil 

cases,” Tolas Oil & Gas Exploration Co v Bach Servs & Mfg, LLC, ___ Mich App ___, ___; ___ 

NW2d ____ (2023) (Docket No. 359090); slip op at 5, the rule should apply to civil-commitment 

cases because, like termination-of-parental-rights cases, civil-commitment cases present different 

constitutional considerations than traditional civil cases. See id. at ___; slip op at 5 n 3. 
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civil-commitment proceedings. In re Portus, 325 Mich App at 382. The specific procedures for 

obtaining continuing orders of hospitalization or other forms of treatment on the basis of a person’s 

mental illness are contained in various provisions of Chapter 4 of the Mental Health Code, MCL 

330.1400 et seq. Id. Any adult may initiate civil-commitment proceedings by petitioning a probate 

court to find that an individual is a “person requiring treatment” under the Mental Health Code,

MCL 330.1434(1). According to MCL 330.1401(1), a “person requiring treatment” means:

(a) An individual who has mental illness, and who as a result of that mental 

illness can reasonably be expected within the near future to intentionally or 

unintentionally seriously physically injure himself, herself, or another individual, 

and who has engaged in an act or acts or made significant threats that are 

substantially supportive of the expectation.

* * *

(c) An individual who has mental illness, whose judgment is so impaired by 

that mental illness, and whose lack of understanding of the need for treatment has 

caused him or her to demonstrate an unwillingness to voluntarily participate in or 

adhere to treatment that is necessary, on the basis of competent clinical opinion, to 

prevent a relapse or harmful deterioration of his or her condition, and presents a 

substantial risk of significant physical or mental harm to the individual or others.

A respondent need only qualify as a “person requiring treatment” under one subsection of 

MCL 330.1401(1) to support a court order for mental-health treatment. MCL 330.1401(1) (stating 

that a “person requiring treatment” may qualify under either subdivision “(a), (b), or (c)”). Mental 

illness is defined as a “substantial disorder of thought or mood that significantly impairs judgment, 

behavior, capacity to recognize reality, or ability to cope with the ordinary demands of life.” 

MCL 330.1400(g). A judge or jury must find that an individual is a person requiring treatment by 

clear and convincing evidence. MCL 330.1465. “Evidence is clear and convincing if it produces 

in the mind of the trier of fact a firm belief or conviction as to the truth of the allegations sought 

to be established, evidence so clear, direct and weighty and convincing as to enable the factfinder

to come to a clear conviction, without hesitancy, of the truth of the precise facts in issue.” In re 

Pederson, 331 Mich App 445, 472; 951 NW2d 704 (2020) (quotation marks and citation omitted). 

Here, the probate court cited two separate subsections—MCL 330.1401(1)(a) and (c)—in finding 

that respondent was a “person requiring treatment,” so we shall address those grounds separately, 

recognizing that just one ground is enough to support the trial court’s ultimate finding.

1. MCL 330.1401(1)(A)

The probate court received clear and convincing evidence that respondent could reasonably 

have been expected to intentionally or unintentionally seriously physically injure himself or others 

without treatment, as contemplated by MCL 330.1401(1)(a). Respondent had been subjected to 

court-ordered mental-health treatment since 2010. Numerous petitions indicated that respondent 

had struggled with delusional behavior and exhibited violent and unpredictable behavior, including 

threatening those close to him, schools, and himself. Respondent had vacillated between accepting

and resisting treatment throughout the years and had expressed frustration with his medications on 
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numerous occasions. Recent evidence revealed that respondent had stopped taking his medications 

on occasion because of a mix-up with COVID-19 medication and because he chose to do so. There 

were several documented notifications of noncompliance filed despite respondent’s court-ordered 

treatment. In every instance, respondent was overcome by mental illness and he became agitated, 

attempted to break into a baseball stadium, and required law-enforcement intervention.

Respondent asserts that any behavior that may have indicated that he remained a threat to

harm himself or others was the result of a medication change. Respondent also contends that there 

was no present risk of harm and that the trial court improperly looked back in time to decide that 

respondent continued to present a risk of harm. Respondent notes that the pertinent statutes, MCL 

330.1420 and MCL 330.1401, are written in the present tense, which means that the probate court 

must look at respondent’s present circumstances instead of circumstances that existed under a prior 

court order. Contrary to respondent’s argument regarding the tense of the statutory language, that

language specifically requires the probate court to consider the respondent’s history in making its 

determination that a respondent continues to be a “person requiring treatment.” According to MCL 

330.1401(1)(a), the probate court can find that a person may be a “person requiring treatment” on 

the basis of the fact that the person “has engaged in an act or acts or made significant threats that 

are substantially supportive of the expectation.” That language indicates that a probate court may 

review past acts and threats in making its determination. For example, this Court has considered 

a respondent’s history of posing a risk of harm to herself and others in determining that she was a 

“person requiring treatment” on the basis of the respondent’s history of traffic tickets and the fact 

that her recent behavior was a result of her ongoing mental-health issues. See In re Tchakarova, 

328 Mich App at 183. This Court looked back in time and explained that the respondent’s recent 

behavior was “part of an ongoing pattern of behavior dating back to 1993,” id., and that there was 

“a reasonable expectation of intentional or unintentional serious physical injury to the respondent 

or another individual in the near future.” Id. at 184.

Here, the probate court explained that it looked both backward and forward when making 

its determination. The probate court noted that respondent had suicidal ideations for 8 to 10 years, 

numerous hospitalizations, and multiple break-ins at Fifth Third Ballpark. The probate court also 

observed that respondent continues to suffer from mental illness and that his lack of understanding 

and his need for treatment pose a risk of physical harm to himself or others if he does not take his 

medication. The probate court’s explanation reveals that the probate court considered respondent’s 

history and current circumstances. The most recent petition included the opinion of respondent’s 

treatment provider that respondent would not continue treatment or his medication regimen. Most 

importantly, the probate court considered testimony that respondent recently stated that he did not 

suffer from mental illness and that he was extremely frustrated with his treatment regimen. Thus, 

the probate court properly considered both respondent’s past and current circumstances in making 

its determination to continue court-ordered treatment.

2. MCL 330.1401(1)(C)

The probate court also had overwhelming evidence that respondent’s lack of understanding 

of his need for treatment had caused him to demonstrate an unwillingness to voluntarily participate 

in necessary treatment, as envisioned by MCL 330.1401(1)(c). Respondent argues that the probate 

court inappropriately relied on inadmissible evidence from respondent’s history of mental illness 

to decide that respondent was not, and would not be, compliant. But the evidence presented to the 
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probate court clearly and convincingly revealed respondent’s lack of understanding of his need for 

treatment that led to an unwillingness to voluntarily participate in treatment.

The probate court heard testimony from Dr. Mahdasian about respondent’s belief that he 

was not mentally ill and respondent’s strong opposition to his treatment regimen. Dr. Mahdasian 

testified concerning respondent’s “long-standing history of severe, persistent mental illness” and 

“previous hospitalizations.” Additionally, Dr. Mahdasian testified regarding respondent’s history 

of unwillingness to continue his care, respondent’s unwillingness to continue his medications, and 

respondent’s history of harm to himself or others. In contrast, respondent and his mother testified 

that he was fully aware of his mental illness and planned to continue his treatment and medication 

as recommended and that any evidence of noncompliance was due to the adverse reactions that he

suffered from the medication.

The probate court had to choose between conflicting evidence about whether respondent 

understood his mental illness and respondent’s willingness to comply with treatment. The probate 

court chose to accept Dr. Mahdasian’s testimony. We must defer to the probate court “on matters 

of credibility, and will give broad deference to findings made by the probate court because of its 

unique vantage point regarding witnesses, their testimony, and other influencing factors not readily 

available to the reviewing court.” In re Portus, 325 Mich App at 397 (quotation marks and citation 

omitted). The probate court received evidence about respondent’s history of noncompliance and

the serious consequences that resulted when respondent was not properly medicated. The probate 

court had long-standing participation in respondent’s mental-health treatment and was aware that 

respondent vacillated since 2010 between agreeing and disagreeing with his treatment providers 

and their treatment recommendations. Further, the probate court had evidence that respondent’s 

mother reported noncompliance at one time and then recanted her statements at another time. As 

a result, the probate court could properly find Dr. Mahdasian and the evidence about respondent’s 

noncompliance more credible in determining that respondent was a “person requiring treatment” 

under MCL 330.1401(1)(c).

B. STATUTORY REQUIREMENTS FOR THE PETITION

Respondent contends that the petition filed in this case did not include information required 

by statute. Respondent’s appeal stems from a petition for a continuing order of involuntary mentalhealth treatment filed pursuant to MCL 330.1473, which provides:

Not less than 14 days before the expiration of an initial, second, or 

continuing order of involuntary mental health treatment . . . a hospital director or 

an agency or mental health professional supervising an individual’s assisted 

outpatient treatment shall file a petition for a second or continuing order of 

involuntary mental health treatment if the hospital director or supervisor believes 

the individual continues to be a person requiring treatment and that the individual 

is likely to refuse treatment on a voluntary basis when the order expires. The 

petition shall contain a statement setting forth the reasons for the hospital director’s 

or supervisor’s or their joint determination that the individual continues to be a 

person requiring treatment, a statement describing the treatment program provided 

to the individual, the results of that course of treatment, and a clinical estimate as 
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to the time further treatment will be required. The petition shall be accompanied 

by a clinical certificate executed by a psychiatrist. [Emphasis added.]

The petition here satisfied all those statutory requirements. The petition was completed on 

a form approved by the State Court Administrative Office. It offered a statement setting forth the 

reasons respondent needed continued treatment, explaining that respondent “shows poor insight 

into his need for medication or treatment and would be unlikely to continue either.” The petition

described respondent’s treatment, identifying “ACT services and trauma-informed therapy” as the

programs provided to respondent. Also, the petition reported that respondent had shown “marked 

improvement as a result of both.” The petition estimated that a year was necessary for further time 

to provide required treatment if the petition were granted. Finally, the petition was accompanied 

by a clinical certificate by Dr. Mahdasian, a psychiatrist and consultant of respondent’s treatment 

provider. In other words, the petition met the statutory requirements and included the necessary 

information. Therefore, the probate court did not abuse its discretion by relying on the petition in 

its determination to continue respondent’s mental-health treatment.

C. ALTERNATIVES TO HOSPITALIZATION

Respondent next asserts that the probate court did not comply with MCL 330.1470, which 

mandates consideration of alternatives to hospitalization. According to MCL 330.1470: “Prior to 

ordering the hospitalization of an individual, the court shall inquire into the adequacy of treatment 

to be provided to the individual by the hospital.” Beyond that, hospitalization “shall not be ordered 

unless the hospital in which the individual is to be hospitalized can provide him with treatment 

which is adequate and appropriate to his condition.” Id. Respondent argues that, under that statute, 

the probate court can order hospitalization only if the respondent will improve with treatment, but

the probate court here failed to find that the court-ordered treatment will benefit respondent.

Before ordering treatment for a “person requiring treatment,” the probate court is mandated

by MCL 330.1469a(1) to take three actions: (1) determine “whether a treatment program that is an 

alternative to hospitalization or that follows an initial period of hospitalization is adequate to meet 

the individual’s treatment needs and is sufficient to prevent harm that the individual may inflict 

upon himself or herself or upon others within the near future”; (2) determine “whether there is an 

agency or mental health professional available to supervise the individual’s treatment program”; 

and (3) “[i]nquire as to the individual’s desires regarding alternatives to hospitalization.” Then, if

“the court determines that there is a treatment program that is an alternative to hospitalization that 

is adequate to meet the individual’s treatment needs and prevent harm that the individual may 

inflict upon himself or herself or upon others within the near future and that an agency or mental 

health professional is available to supervise the program, the court shall issue an order for assisted 

outpatient treatment or combined hospitalization and assisted outpatient treatment in accordance 

with section 472a.” MCL 330.1469a(2). If the probate court “orders assisted outpatient treatment 

as the alternative to hospitalization, the order must be consistent with the provisions of section 

468(2)(d)[,]” MCL 330.1469a(3), which lists various types of treatment that the probate court has 

the discretion to order.

Here, the probate court specifically stated that it considered the alternative-treatment report 

before deciding that assisted outpatient treatment with no initial hospitalization was available and 
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appropriate for respondent. The alternative-treatment report noted that respondent’s case manager 

believed the ACT program with Network 180 and other mental-health programs to which Network 

180 referred were available to treat respondent. The case manager recommended hospitalization 

followed by assisted outpatient treatment because respondent had been able to stay out of inpatient 

hospitalization since working with Network 180. The probate court then ruled that hospitalization 

was not the least restrictive treatment and observed that no one was advocating for hospitalization. 

The probate court then explained: “I will be happy to order anywhere in between zero and one year 

of hospitalization. Zero days initial—initial hospitalization of zero days, and then the outpatient 

portion will be for one year. There will be assisted outpatient services from ACT Delta including 

a plan, medication, and urinalysis.”

The probate court had evidence about respondent’s treatment from respondent’s treatment 

providers, respondent’s history of mental-health treatment, and recommendations by respondent’s 

case manager concerning the best course of treatment for respondent. The probate court used its 

discretion and made a credibility determination about respondent’s noncompliance and likelihood 

to continue his treatment and medication regimen. In addition, the probate court received evidence 

that respondent’s treatment up to that point had prevented him from being hospitalized, which was 

a significant difference compared to respondent’s previous hospitalizations that led up to the most 

recent petition. Further, the main issue that respondent raised as a concern was the psychiatrist’s 

belief that she could not adjust respondent’s medications as she deemed appropriate. The probate 

court repeatedly clarified that this was not the case and that the psychiatrist could adjust and treat 

respondent according to her discretion. In fact, respondent was undergoing extensive testing to 

determine the best medication for his mental illness under the ongoing treatment regimen. This 

eliminated any potential possibility of a medication problem, which was a main point of contention 

in respondent’s arguments on appeal. Thus, the probate court properly considered respondent’s 

alternative-treatment options and did not err by ordering respondent to continue assisted outpatient 

treatment.2

D. INADMISSIBLE EVIDENCE

Finally, respondent contends that the probate court relied upon inadmissible evidence when 

reviewing past reports of noncompliance. Under the Mental Health Code, parties have the right to 

present documents and witnesses and to cross-examine witnesses. MCL 330.1459. The court shall 

receive all relevant, competent, and material evidence that may be offered. The rules of evidence 

in civil actions apply, except to the extent that specific exceptions have been created by statute or 

court rule. MCL 330.1459(2). A probate court is permitted to take judicial notice of its own files. 

MRE 201; In re Marxhausen’s Estate, 247 Mich 192, 199; 225 NW 632 (1929). “A judicially 

 

2 Respondent accuses the probate court of violating his right to due process by not permitting him 

to choose his own course of treatment. Due process mandates that a deprivation of life, liberty, or 

property cannot occur without notice and an opportunity to be heard. Lamkin v Hamburg Twp Bd 

of Trustees, 318 Mich App 546, 550; 899 NW2d 408 (2017). Respondent does not assert that he

was denied notice, and a trial was held in this matter. Therefore, respondent’s due-process rights 

were not violated by the probate court’s finding that respondent was a “person requiring treatment” 

based on the evidence adduced at the trial.
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noticed fact must be one ‘capable of accurate and ready determination by resort to sources whose 

accuracy cannot reasonably be questioned.’ ” People v Burt, 89 Mich App 293, 297; 279 NW2d 

299 (1979), quoting MRE 201(b)(2).

With regard to respondent’s noncompliance reports, MCL 330.1475 prescribes the proper 

course for reporting noncompliance. If an agency or mental-health professional who is supervising 

an individual’s assisted outpatient treatment program decides that the individual is not complying 

with an existing order, the supervising agency or mental-health professional must notify the court 

immediately. MCL 330.1475(1). Once the probate court is notified, the court has many options,

including modifying the existing order without a hearing. See MCL 330.1475(2)(a) to (b); MCL 

330.1475(3); MCL 330.1475(4)(a) to (c). This means that the probate court is directly notified of 

noncompliance and that court has significant discretion in responding to any noncompliance. The 

reports of noncompliance are then retained in the individual’s file.

In this case, the probate court received two notifications of noncompliance and referred to 

those two documents during respondent’s trial. We recognize the notifications of noncompliance 

as judicially noticed facts because the probate court can initiate hospitalization or other alternatives 

without a hearing. The probate court’s discretion to do so bespeaks dependability and reliance on 

these notifications of noncompliance considering they may directly impact the treatment plan of a 

respondent even without the respondent having a hearing. Further, respondent could have opposed

the notifications of noncompliance at the time that each was filed, but he did not. The notifications 

of noncompliance were retained in respondent’s probate file, and the probate court was well aware 

of respondent’s history of noncompliance based upon the notifications and the court’s experience 

with respondent since 2010. Thus, the reports of noncompliance were judicially noticed facts that 

the probate court appropriately considered during respondent’s trial.

Affirmed.

/s/ Christopher P. Yates

/s/ Stephen L. Borrello

/s/ Sima G. Patel