Method to Estimate

Dry-Kiln Schedules

and Species Groupings

Tropical and Temperate Hardwoods

United States

Department of

Agriculture

Forest Service

Forest

Products

Laboratory

Research

Paper

FPL–RP–548

William T. Simpson
Abstract

Dry-kiln schedules have been developed for many wood

species. However, one problem is that many, especially

tropical species, have no recommended schedule. Another

problem in drying tropical species is the lack of a way to

group them when it is impractical to fill a kiln with a single

species. This report investigates the possibility of estimating

kiln schedules and grouping species for drying using basic

specific gravity as the primary variable for prediction and

grouping. In this study, kiln schedules were estimated by

establishing least squares relationships between schedule

parameters and basic specific gravity. These relationships

were then applied to estimate schedules for 3,237 species

from Africa, Asia and Oceana, and Latin America. Nine

drying groups were established, based on intervals of specific

gravity where drying times were similar, with the appropriate

schedule applied to all members of the group.

Keywords: tropical species, kiln schedule, kiln drying,

dry kiln

May 1996

Simpson, William T. 1996. Method to estimate dry-kiln schedules and

species groupings: Tropical and temperate hardwoods. Res. Pap.

FPL–RP–548. Madison, WI: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest

Service, Forest Products Laboratory. 57 p.

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Contents

Page

Introduction................................................................1

Estimation of Kiln Schedules.........................................1

Background .............................................................1

Related Research...................................................1

Current Kiln Schedules..........................................1

Method of Schedule Estimation...................................2

Estimation of Initial Conditions ..............................2

Estimation of Schedule Step Changes.......................4

Calculation of Kiln Schedules.................................5

Estimation of Tropical and Temperate Schedules ............5

Species Grouping Method.............................................6

Background .............................................................6

Estimation of Drying Time........................................7

Kiln Schedules for Groups.........................................7

Conclusions .............................................................10

Literature Cited.........................................................12

Appendix A—Specific Gravity Conversion....................14

Appendix B—Method to Estimate Drying Time.............14

Appendix C—Species Data for Kiln Drying...................14
Method to Estimate

Dry-Kiln Schedules

and Species Groupings

Tropical and Temperate Hardwoods

William T. Simpson, Research Forest Products Technologist

Forest Products Laboratory, Madison, Wisconsin

Introduction

The large number of tree species in the world, especially in

the tropics, presents two problems in drying lumber. Some

species have been used for timber products for decades, and

dry-kiln schedules for these species have been recommended

based on experience and research . However, recommended

kiln schedules are not available for many less-utilized species, especially tropical species.

A second problem stems from the sheer number of tropical

species and their heterogeneous occurrence in the forest. As a

consequence, it is not always practical to fill a dry kiln with

a single species. The problem is the lack of a method to

group species, based on similar drying characteristics, so that

species can be mixed and dried together in the same dry kiln.

The purpose of this study was to develop and evaluate a

method to solve these two problems. The first part of the

report develops a method to estimate a kiln schedule for a

species when a recommended schedule is not available; the

second part of the report builds on the first part to develop a

species grouping method.

Estimation of Kiln Schedules

Background

The strategy in selecting a kiln schedule is finding the right

compromise between the desire to dry as fast as possible,

which calls for severe drying conditions in the form of high

dry-bulb temperatures and large wet-bulb depressions (low

relative humidity), and the desire to minimize drying defects,

such as surface checks and honeycomb, by using lower temperatures and smaller wet-bulb depressions. Several wood

properties are associated with the allowable severity of a kiln

schedule, properties such as specific gravity, shrinkage, and

mechanical properties perpendicular to the grain. Specific

gravity is the only property that is widely reported in the

literature, so our analysis is confined to specific gravity.

Related Research

Hisada and Sato (1976), Hisada and others (1986), and

Durand (1985) conducted analyses to relate known kiln

schedules of Southeast Asian and African species to physical

properties. They developed multiple linear regressions between several kiln schedule parameters as the dependent

variables and physical properties as the independent variables. Specific gravity was found to have the largest influence

on schedule parameters. In general, they found good agreement between the recommended and estimated schedules, but

noted that the estimated schedule for some species deviated

considerably from the recommended schedule. Jankowski

(1992) developed a rapid and simple test to indicate the

probable performance of wood species in kiln drying by

comparing the test performance of six known species in

relation to their recommended schedule. Results showed that

the selected schedules were adequate for the species tested.

Current Kiln Schedules

For many years, kiln schedules for temperate and tropical

hardwoods have been developed by numerous people in

research institutions and industry throughout the world.

Many schedules are summarized in Hildebrand (1970), Pratt

and Turner (1986), Boone and others (1988), and USDA

(1991). These schedules are recommended as conservative

starting points—a safe reference to be adjusted upward in

severity with experience. A typical kiln schedule consists of

several steps. An initial dry-bulb temperature and initial wetbulb depression begin the drying at some green moisture

content. These conditions are held until a predetermined

moisture content level is reached; then, the first change

(increase) is made in the wet-bulb depression. At subsequent

moisture content levels during drying, additional increases in

the wet-bulb depression are made. During the latter stages of

the kiln schedule, increases are made in both the dry-bulb

temperature and the wet-bulb depression. A typical kiln

schedule for meranti (Shorea spp.), consisting of eight steps,

is given in Table 1 (Boone and others 1988).
2

Our knowledge of the process that led to recommended kiln

schedules for different species is incomplete. For hardwoods

native to the United States,

Extensive pilot testing and widespread commercial use

have demonstrated that the general schedules for hardwoods developed by the Forest Products Laboratory are

satisfactory for the drying of 51-mm (2-in.) and thinner

hardwood lumber and other products. They form a base

from which an operator can develop the most economical

schedule for a particular type of kiln. (Rasmussen 1961).

Despite this generalized description, we can be reasonably

confident that years of collective experience have confirmed

those species that are sensitive and require a mild schedule

and those that can tolerate severe schedules.

How the schedules for tropical hardwoods were assigned is

less clear. The major references are Hildebrand (1970),

Kukachka (1970), McMillen and Bois (1972), Chudnoff

(1984), Pratt and Turner (1986), and Boone and others

(1988). The origin of some of these schedules is unknown,

but as explained by McMillen and Bois (1972), some were

derived from schedules published in Great Britain and are

listed most recently by Pratt and Turner (1986). The schedules were developed mainly by drying tests at the Princes

Risborough Laboratory, but also from data obtained

elsewhere.

The kiln schedules recommended in the literature are not

from a uniform experimental design of replicated, controlled

experiments where standard, precise observations were made

to establish critical schedule parameters, such as initial drybulb temperature, initial wet-bulb depression, moisture

content for the first wet-bulb depression change, and the

subsequent increases in dry-bulb temperature and wet-bulb

depression. Furthermore, it is possible that some recommendations were made on incomplete observations. An example

would be failure to experimentally bracket the dividing point

between a schedule that is too severe and one that is too

mild. This could occur in a situation where a schedule is

applied, no defect is observed, and the schedule is declared

appropriate even though it is not optimized. For these

reasons and the general lack of knowledge about criteria that

led to schedule recommendation, it does not seem justifiable

to apply statistical analyses that lead to probability-based

inferences on the credibility of schedule estimates. The procedure we use is simple least squares curve fitting. Also,

keep in mind that conservative schedules are used as the base

for establishing the relationship to specific gravity. The

intent of these schedules is to serve only as a starting point

to be adjusted upward in severity as experience is gained

with the species in question. Even though all we can hope

for in schedule estimation are approximate guidelines, we feel

that this is a substantial improvement over the current situation of having no starting point in schedule selection.

Method of Schedule Estimation

Schedule estimation is based on relationships established

between basic specific gravity (green volume and ovendry

weight) and known recommended kiln schedules for

268 species or species groups as reported in the references

previously cited. In some cases, specific gravity data from the

literature citations had to be converted to basic specific gravity, as illustrated in Appendix A. (Appendix B describes the

method to estimate drying time; Appendix C lists species

data for kiln drying.) The genera Quercus and Eucalyptus

have been omitted from the analysis because of their abnormal sensitivity to drying defects. Quercus has abnormally

wide ray tissue and is notoriously prone to developing surface checks and honeycomb in the ray tissue. Eucalyptus is

abnormally prone to collapse. The following are general

steps to estimate kiln schedules.

1. Estimate initial dry-bulb temperature.

2. Estimate initial wet-bulb depression.

3. Estimate moisture content for first wet-bulb depression

change.

4. Establish method for increasing dry-bulb temperature.

5. Establish method for increasing wet-bulb depression.

6. Calculate estimated kiln schedule.

7. Apply estimation method to species with no apparent

recommended schedule.

Estimation of Initial Conditions

The first and most critical step is to estimate the initial drybulb temperature, initial wet-bulb depression, and moisture

content for the first wet-bulb depression increase. This is

done by least squares fitting of basic specific gravity (Gb) as

the independent variable and these initial conditions as

dependent variables. The relationships between the initial

conditions and specific gravity are not necessarily linear, so

several transforms were examined. These transform functions

and the least squares results are shown in Tables 2–4 for the

three initial conditions. Using the selection criteria of maximum coefficient of determination (R2

), the hyperbolic function works best for initial dry-bulb temperature (Table 2) and

initial wet-bulb depression (Table 4). The equations for

Table 1—Typical kiln schedule for hardwood lumber, in

this case meranti (Shorea spp.) (Boone and others 1988)

Temperature

(°C)

Temperature

(°F)

Step

Moisture

content

 (%)

DrybulbWetbulbEMCa

(%)

Relative

humidity

(%)

DrybulbWetbulb

1 >50 49 45 14.4 80 120 113

2 50 to 40 49 44 12.1 72 120 110

3 40 to 35 49 41 9.6 60 120 105

4 35 to 30 49 35 6.5 40 120 95

5 30 to 25 55 32 4.0 22 130 90

6 25 to 20 60 32 2.9 15 140 90

7 20 to 15 66 38 3.2 18 150 100

8 15 to final 82 55 3.5 26 180 130

a

Equilibrium moisture content.
3

Table 2—Transforms for fitting initial dry-bulb temperature to basic specific gravity Gb

°C °F

Transform R2 a b ADa a b AD

Hyperbolic [1/(a + bGb)] 0.468 0.0115 0.0167 5.2 0.00564 0.00489 9.3

Exponential [a exp(bGb)] 0.465 76.8 −0.804 5.2 168 −0.589 9.4

Square root [a + bGb

0.5] 0.464 94.1 −59.8 5.2 201 −108 9.4

Log [a + b ln(Gb)] 0.457 36.8 −20.9 5.3 98.2 −37.6 9.5

Power [aGb

b

] 0.456 37.8 −0.412 5.3 99.7 −0.303 9.5

Linear [a + bGb] 0.454 72.2 −40.1 5.3 162 −72.1 9.5

a

Average deviation between actual and estimated initial dry-bulb temperatures.

Table 3—Transforms for fitting moisture content for first wetbulb depression increase to basic specific gravity Gb

Transform R2 a b ADa

Square root [a + bGb

0.5] 0.223 72.3 −34.3 5.1

Log [a + b ln(Gb)] 0.221 39.4 −12.2 5.2

Linear [a + bGb

0.5] 0.220 59.8 −23.1 5.0

Exponential [a exp(bGb)] 0.211 60.5 −0.478 5.1

Power [aGb

b

] 0.207 39.7 −0.248 5.3

Hyperbolic [1/(a + bGb)] 0.196 0.0162 0.0101 5.2

a

Average deviation between actual and estimated moisture content for

first wet-bulb depression increase.

Table 4—Transforms for fitting initial wet-bulb depression to basic specific gravity Gb

°C °F

Transform R2 a b ADa a b AD

Hyperbolic [1/(a + bGb)] 0.455 0.0831 0.509 0.7 0.0451 0.283 1.3

Exponential [a exp(bGb)] 0.421 6.82 −1.53 0.7 12.4 −1.53 1.3

Power [aGb

b

] 0.419 1.77 −0.793 0.7 3.19 −0.796 1.3

Log [a + b ln(Gb)] 0.356 1.42 −2.76 0.8 2.56 −4.98 1.4

Square root [a + bGb

0.5] 0.355 8.93 −7 0.8 16.1 −14.1 1.4

Linear [a + bGb

0.5] 0.341 6.05 −5.19 0.8 10.9 −9.38 1.4

a

Average deviation between actual and estimated initial wet-bulb depression.
4

estimating initial dry-bulb temperature (Ti) and initial wetbulb depression (Di) are the following:

Ti = 1/(0.0115 + 0.0167 Gb) (°C) R2 = 0.468 (1)

Ti = 1/(0.00564 + 0.00489 Gb) (°F)

Di = 1/(0.0832 + 0.509 Gb) (°C) R2 = 0.455 (2)

Di = 1/(0.0451 + 0.283 Gb) (°F)

Figures 1 and 2 show the 268 initial dry-bulb temperatures

and initial wet-bulb depressions as functions of basic specific

gravity. The curves in Figure 1 and especially in Figure 2

are somewhat deceiving in that the least squares curves

appear to under-represent data; that is, they appear to under

predict both Ti and Di. The reason for this is the massing of

points in certain areas and the inability of the graphics to

distinguish individual points in these areas. Therefore, more

data points are at the lower values of Ti and Di than Figures

1 and 2 can distinguish. Examination of the R2 values and

Figures 1 and 2 also shows that the large scatter in the data

results in weak fits to Equations (1) and (2). This is not

surprising given the imprecise nature of the process for recommending kiln schedules, the variability in wood properties, and our incomplete knowledge of how and what wood

properties influence optimum schedule.

The method of estimating the moisture content for the first

wet-bulb depression increase was done differently for several

reasons. The R2 values were quite low, about 0.2, which

indicates a very weak relationship. Also, more than 85 percent of these moisture content values for the first increase

were either 40 or 50 percent, and the average of all was

47 percent. Furthermore, the system for estimating kiln

schedules would be simplified if we could use just one moisture content for all species. Because of these considerations,

the decision was made to use 45 percent as the moisture

content for the first wet-bulb depression increase for all

species.

The list of 268 species in Table C1 (Appendix C) includes

the basic specific gravity, the recommended initial conditions, the initial conditions as estimated by the least squares

curve fit, and the absolute value of the deviation between

recommended and estimated temperatures. The average

deviation between the recommended and estimated initial

dry-bulb temperatures is 5.2°C (9oF) and 0.7oC (1.3oF) for

the initial wet-bulb depression. However, some deviations

are much larger and raise serious concerns about the safety of

the estimated schedule. If the deviation is in the direction of

schedule acceleration, there is a danger of surface checks or

honeycomb.

Estimation of Schedule Step Changes

With the initial kiln conditions established, the next step

was to develop a systematic way to increase the dry-bulb

temperature and wet-bulb depression. Most hardwood schedules developed in the United States (USDA 1991) hold the

initial dry-bulb temperature constant until the average moisture content of the wetter lumber, as estimated by kiln sample boards, is 30 percent. We followed that same pattern and

uniformly made the first dry-bulb temperature increase at

30-percent moisture content.

After the first dry-bulb temperature change is made at 30-

percent moisture content, the schedules for most U.S. hardwood species call for a 5.6oC (10oF) increase for each

5-percent decrease in the average moisture content of the

lumber. We followed that pattern.

The final dry-bulb temperature, applied when the average

moisture content of the lumber is 15 percent, in many hardwood schedules is 82oC (180oF). However, when the schedules become quite mild, the final dry-bulb temperature is

generally limited to about 71oC (160oF). As the least squares

relationships shown in Tables 2–4 and Figures 1 and 2

indicate, schedules become milder as specific gravity increases. To establish a uniformity in schedule estimation, we

established the rule that whenever the basic specific gravity

exceeds 0.75, the final dry-bulb temperature will be limited

to 71oC.

0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0

100

90

80

70

60

50

40

30

Basic specific gravity Gb

Initial dry-bulb temperature 

Ti (°C)

°C: Ti = 1/(0.0115 + 0.0167 Gb)

°F: Ti

 = 1/(0.0564 + 0.00489 Gb)

Figure 1—Least squares results of the effect of basic

specific gravity on initial dry-bulb temperature.

0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0

12

10

8

6

4

2

Basic specific gravity Gb

°C: Di = 1/(0.0832 + 0.509 Gb)

°F: Di

 = 1/(0.0451 + 0.283 Gb)

Initial wet-bulb depression Di (°C)

Figure 2—Least squares results of the effect of basic

specific gravity on initial wet-bulb depression.
5

The remaining factor to estimate is the increase in wet-bulb

depression during drying. The wet-bulb depression increases

with decreasing average moisture content. In the mildest

schedule (USDA 1991), it ranges from 1.7oC (3oF) when

lumber is green to 27.8oC (50oF) in the last schedule step,

from 15-percent moisture content down to final moisture

content. One severe schedule starts with a 8.3oC (15oF)

depression. The depression in the final step never exceeds

27.8°C. Figure 3 shows a typical (for initial wet-bulb depression of 2.8oC (5oF)) wet-bulb depression compared with

moisture content. For the purpose of estimating schedules,

we want a relationship that allows us to calculate a wet-bulb

depression at any point in the schedule. Several transforms

used previously (Tables 2–4) were examined for the purpose

of relating wet-bulb depression to moisture content. The

exponential relationship shown in Figure 3 resulted in the

highest overall (all initial wet-bulb depressions) R2

 = 0.939,

so it was selected and shown as follows:

D = a exp(−bM) (3)

where D is wet-bulb depression, M is moisture content in

percent, and a and b are least squares coefficients. Table 5

lists the coefficients of the exponential relationships.

Examination of Table C1 shows that the initial wet-bulb

depressions estimated by Equation (2) are not limited to the

values in Table 5, but can be any value in between. For

example, if the initial estimated depression is 3.3oC (6oF),

the Equation (3) coefficients listed in Table 5 are not sufficient. Therefore, for the purpose of calculating estimated

schedules, we developed a relationship between the least

squares coefficients of Equation (3) and initial wet-bulb

depression.

The previously used transforms were again examined, and

the resulting least squares relationships were chosen on the

basis of maximum R2

:

 a = 1/(0.00110 + 0.00124 Di) (°C) (R2 = 0.992) (4)

 a = 1/(0.000611 + 0.000381 Di) (°F)

 b = 0.140 - 0.0458 ln(Di) (°C) (R2 = 0.995) (5)

 b = 0.167 - 0.0458 ln(Di) (°F)

where Di is initial wet-bulb depression and ln is the natural

logarithm. The relationships are shown in Figures 4 and 5.

Calculation of Kiln Schedules

Equations (1) to (5) were used to calculate estimated kiln

schedules. The exceptions to the results are the following:

1. If specific gravity exceeds 0.75, the maximum final

dry-bulb temperature is limited to 71oC (160°F).

2. The maximum allowed wet-bulb depression is

27.8oC (50°F).

3. The minimum allowed wet-bulb temperature is

32oC (90oF).

An example schedule for basic specific gravity of 0.500 is

given in Table 6.

Estimation of Tropical and

Temperate Schedules

Using Equations (1) to (5), we can calculate an estimated

kiln schedule for any species that has a known basic specific

gravity. We conducted a literature search and found 3,237

species or species groups with specific gravity data: 801 from

Africa, 1,532 from Asia and Oceana, and 904 from Latin

America. Most of the species are tropical, but some are from

temperate regions of China, Burma, India, or Latin America.

In some cases, the specific gravity listed had to be converted

to basic specific gravity, as illustrated in Appendix A.

20 25 30 35 40 45 50

30

25

20

15

10

5

0

Moisture content M (%)

Di = 2.8°C (5°F)

D = a exp (-bM)

Wet-bulb depression 

D (°C)

✽

✽

✽

✽

✽

Figure 3—Dependence of wet-bulb depression on

moisture content during dry-kiln schedule when

initial wet-bulb depression Di = 5oF (2.8oC).

Table 5—Coefficients of exponential relationships relating wet-bulb depression D to moisture content M: D = a exp(−bM)

Initial wet-bulb

depression a

(°C (°F)) (°C (°F)) b

1.7 ( 3) 309 (557) 0.1163

2.2 ( 4) 280 (504) 0.1069

2.8 ( 5) 216 (388) 0.0921

3.9 ( 7) 159 (287) 0.0762

5.6 (10) 132 (237) 0.0632

8.3 (15) 87 (157) 0.0435
6

The following were sources for the specific gravity data:

Trotter (1929), Howard (1934, 1948), Anonymous (1951),

Sekhar and Bhatnager (1955, 1957), Sekhar and Bhatta

(1957, 1960), Sekahr and others (1957), Chowdhury and

Ghosh (1958, 1963), Negi and Bhatta (1958), Sekhar and

Rhana (1959), Rawat and Rawat (1960), Hundley and Gale

(1962), Rodger (1963), Bryce (1967), Bolza and Keating

(1972), Goldsmith and Carter (1981), Ramesh and Purkayastha (1972), Hutchison and others (1974), Meniado and others

(1974), Takahashi (1975), Okoh (1977), Mainieri (1978),

Berni and others (1979), Shukla and Rajput (1980), van der

Slooten and others (1981), Sanyal and Gaharwar (1981),

Keating and Bolza (1982), Londono (1983), Vega (1983),

Teixeira and others (1988), Mainieri and Chimelo (1989),

Worbes (1989), Cheng (1992), Reyes and others (1992),

Hidayat and Simpson (1994), and Torelli (1994).

The initial dry-bulb temperatures and wet-bulb depressions

for the 3,237 species or species groups are given in

Appendix C: Table C2 for Africa, Table C3 for Asia and

Oceana, and Table C4 for Latin America.

Species Grouping Method

Background

In previous reports, a method was developed to estimate

kiln-drying time from basic specific gravity and initial moisture content (Simpson and Baah 1989; Simpson and Sagoe

1991). This allowed us to group species by similar estimated drying times. For example, from a large group of

species whose estimated drying time ranged from 4 to 16

days, we might group all species whose drying time was

between 9 and 11 days. This small spread in drying time

combined with a slightly extended equalizing period should

result in all species in the mix emerging from the kiln with a

moisture content spread within acceptable limits. One limitation of this method is the lack of optimum kiln schedules. A

compromise was made by selecting a single extremely conservative kiln schedule that would not be likely to cause

major drying defects in most species. This, however, leads

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

350

300

250

200

150

100

50

Initial wet-bulb depression Di (°C)

°C: a = 1/(0.00110 + 0.00123Di)

°F: a = 1/(0.000611 + 0.000381Di

)

Coefficient 

a

✽

✽

✽

✽

✽

✽

Figure 4—Least squares results relating coefficient

a of Equation (3) to initial wet-bulb depression Di.

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

0.12

0.11

0.10

0.09

0.08

0.07

0.06

0.05

0.04

Initial wet-bulb depression Di (°C)

°C: b = 0.140 – 0.0458 In (Di)

°F: b = 0.167 – 0.0458 In (Di

)

Coefficient 

b

✽

✽

✽

✽

✽

✽

Figure 5—Least squares results relating coefficient

b of Equation (3) to initial wet-bulb depression Di.

Table 6—Kiln schedule calculated from Equations (1) to (5) for basic specific gravity of 0.500

Moisture

content

DrybulbWet-bulb

depression

WetbulbRelative

humidity EMC

DrybulbWet-bulb

depression

Wetbulb

% (°C) (°C) (°C) (%) (%) (°F) (°F) (°F)

>45 50.4 3.0 47.4 84.8 16.0 123.7 5.4 118.3

45 to 40 50.4 3.6 47.4 82.0 14.9 123.7 6.4 117.3

40 to 35 50.4 5.6 45.3 72.7 12.2 123.7 10.1 113.6

35 to 30 50.4 8.8 42.1 59.5 9.6 123.7 15.9 117.8

30 to 25 56.5 13.9 42.6 44.9 7.1 133.7 24.9 108.7

25 to 20 62.0 21 8 40.3 27.6 4.6 143.7 39.2 104.5

20 to 15 67.6 27.8 39.8 19.3 3.2 153.7 50.0 103.7

15 to final 82.2 27.8 54.4 26.1 3.6 180.0 50.0 130.0
7

to inefficient drying because some species will be dried more

slowly than necessary, resulting in poor use of kiln capacity,

unnecessarily lengthy drying times, increased energy consumption, and risk of stain. The ability to estimate kiln

schedule from specific gravity, established in the first part of

this report, offers a way to integrate schedule selection with

estimation of drying time, resulting in a grouping system

that optimizes both kiln schedule and drying time.

Estimation of Drying Time

The method of estimating drying time has been reported by

others (Simpson and Baah 1989, Simpson and Sagoe 1991),

but for completeness of this report, it is described in Appendix B. In summary, drying time is estimated by an empirical

equation from basic specific gravity, green moisture content,

board thickness, average moisture content of the board at any

time during drying, equilibrium moisture content condition,

and a temperature coefficient.

Green moisture content data are not always available for

calculating an estimated drying time for some species, but it

can be estimated from basic specific gravity using a relationship developed by Samad and Wallin (1966) and modified

by Simpson and Sagoe (1991) and Hidayat and Simpson

(1994). The relationship is

 Mg = Mmax [1 − exp(b+cGb+dGb

2

)] (6)

where

Mg is green moisture content (percent),

Mmax 100(Gw – Gb)/GwGb is maximum possible

moisture content at Gb,

Gw specific gravity of wood substance, treated

as a least squares coefficient , and

b,c,d least squares coefficients.

The least squares coefficients were established by fitting

Equation (6) to data from 1,311 species, where both specific

gravity and green moisture content data were available

(Hidayat and Simpson 1994). The relationship and coefficients are shown in Figure 6.

Kiln Schedules for Groups

With this background, we can propose a series of kiln schedules to be applied to groups of species. The groupings

should minimize differences in drying time between group

members. Both kiln schedule and drying time depend on

specific gravity; therefore, we examined specific gravity as the

grouping criterion. Table 7 gives nine schedules, as calculated by Equations (1) to (5), each applied to a different 0.10

basic specific gravity interval, with the midpoint specific

gravity used for schedule estimation. For example, one kiln

schedule is applied to all species in the basic specific gravity

range from 0.50 to 0.60. The schedule is calculated using the

midpoint specific gravity of 0.55, an initial dry-bulb temperature of 48oC (120oF), and an initial wet-bulb depression

of 2.8oC (5oF).

Table 8 gives the variations in estimated drying times from

green to 8 percent moisture content for a range of specific

gravity and green moisture content values in each of the nine

groups. The equalizing time required to bring all group

members between 7 and 9 percent moisture content is also

shown. Figure 6 shows a green moisture content range for

any specific gravity. Therefore, to establish the full range of

possible estimated drying times within each group, it is

necessary to select extreme combinations of specific gravity

and green moisture content. The method for doing this is

illustrated in Figure 7 for the specific gravity range 0.30 to

0.40 and was applied to each 0.10 specific gravity interval.

The extreme combinations are bounded by three of the four

corners of the rectangle in Figure 7 and the maximum moisture content curve. In this example, the extreme combinations of specific gravity and green moisture content are

0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 1.2

600

500

400

300

200

100

Basic specific gravity Gb

Green moisture content 

Mg

Mg = Mmax (1 – exp(–1.00 

 + 1.54 Gb – 3.23 Gb

2))

Mmax = 100 (1.48 – Gb)/1.48 Gb

Figure 6—Least squares relationship between basic

specific gravity and green moisture content.

0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 1.2

600

500

400

300

200

100

Basic specific gravity Gb

Green moisture content 

Mg

Gb Mg

260

70

180

50

0.30

0.30

0.40

0.40

Figure 7—Method for selecting extreme combinations

of specific gravity and green moisture content for drying time estimates.
8

Table 7—Kiln schedules for species groups based on specific gravity (Gb) intervals

as indicators of similar estimated drying times

Moisture

content

(%)

Drybulb

(°C)

Wet-bulb

depression

(°C)

Wetbulb

(°C)

Relative

humidity

(%)

EMC

(%)

Drybulb

(°F)

Wet-bulb

depression

(°F)

Wet

bulb

(°F)

Gb = 0.15 (grouping interval: 0.10 < Gb < 0.20)

>45 71.4 6.3 65.1 74.3 11.3 156.9 11.4 145.5

45 to 40 71.4 9.0 60.3 65.0 9.4 156.9 16.3 140.6

40 to 35 71.4 12.0 57.4 55.9 8.0 156.9 21.5 135.4

35 to 30 71.4 15.8 53.6 45.2 6.6 156.9 28.5 128.4

30 to 25 74.9 20.9 54.0 35.6 5.1 166.9 37.7 129.2

25 to 20 80.5 27.7 52.8 25.6 3.6 176.9 49.8 127.1

20 to 15 86.1 27.8 58.3 27.5 3.6 186.9 50.0 136.9

15 to final 86.1 27.8 58.3 27.5 3.6 186.9 50.0 136.9

Gb = 0.25 (grouping interval: 0.20 < Gb < 0.30)

>45 63.8 4.8 59.0 79.0 13.0 145.7 8.6 137.1

45 to 40 63.8 6.5 56.7 72.5 11.3 145.7 11.6 134.1

40 to 35 63.8 9.1 54.1 62.9 9.5 145.7 16.4 129.3

35 to 30 63.8 12.9 50.3 50.9 7.6 145.7 23.1 122.6

30 to 25 68.7 18.1 50.6 39.2 5.8 155.7 32.6 123.1

25 to 20 74.3 25.6 48.7 26.5 4.0 165.7 46.0 119.7

20 to 15 79.8 27.8 52.1 25.2 3.6 175.7 50.0 125.7

15 to final 82.2 27.8 54.4 26.1 3.6 180.0 50.0 130.0

Gb = 0.35 (grouping interval: 0.30 < Gb < 0.40)

>45 57.7 3.8 53.8 82.0 14.4 136.0 6.9 129.1

45 to 40 57.7 4.9 52.8 77.3 12.9 136.0 8.9 127.1

40 to 35 57.7 7.3 50.5 67.8 10.7 136.0 13.2 122.8

35 to 30 57.7 10.9 46.9 55.1 8.5 136.0 19.5 116.5

30 to 25 63.3 16.1 47.3 41.9 6.4 146.0 29.0 117.1

25 to 20 68.9 23.9 45.0 27.1 4.3 156.0 42.9 113.1

20 to 15 74.5 27.8 46.7 22.8 3.5 166.0 50.0 116.0

15 to final 82.2 27.8 54.4 26.1 3.6 180.0 50.0 130.0

Gb = 0.45 (grouping interval: 0.40 < Gb < 0.50)

>45 52.6 3.2 49.4 84.0 15.5 127.5 5.8 121.7

45 to 40 52.6 3.9 49.1 80.7 14.3 127.5 7.1 120.4

40 to 35 52.6 6.1 47.0 71.3 11.7 127.5 11.0 116.6

35 to 30 52.6 9.4 43.7 58.2 9.2 127.5 16.9 110.6

30 to 25 58.6 14.5 44.1 44.0 6.9 137.5 26.1 111.4

25 to 20 64.2 22.4 41.8 27.4 4.5 147.5 40.4 107.2

20 to 15 69.7 27.8 42.0 20.5 3.3 157.5 50.0 107.5

15 to final 82.2 27.8 54.4 26.1 3.6 180.0 50.0 130.0

Gb = 0.55 (grouping interval: 0.50 < Gb < 0.60)

>45 48.3 2.8 45.6 85.5 16.4 120.1 5.0 115.1

45 to 40 48.3 3.2 45.7 83.1 15.5 120.1 5.8 114.2

40 to 35 48.3 5.2 43.7 74.0 12.6 120.1 9.3 110.7

35 to 30 48.3 8.3 40.6 60.7 9.9 120.1 14.9 105.1

30 to 25 54.5 13.3 41.2 45.7 7.3 130.1 23.9 106.2

25 to 20 60.0 21.2 38.8 27.7 4.7 140.1 38.1 101.9

20 to 15 65.6 27.8 37.8 18.2 3.1 150.1 50.0 100.1

15 to final 82.2 27.8 54.5 26.1 3.6 180.0 50.0 130.0

Gb = 0.65 (grouping interval: 0.60 < Gb < 0.70)

>45 44.7 2.4 42.3 86.6 17.2 113.4 4.4 109.0

45 to 40 44.7 2.7 42.5 85.0 16.5 113.4 4.9 108.5

40 to 35 44.7 4.5 40.7 76.1 13.4 113.4 8.1 105.3

35 to 30 44.7 7.4 37.8 62.7 10.4 113.4 13.3 100.1

30 to 25 50.8 12.2 38.6 47.1 7.7 123.4 22.0 101.4

25 to 20 56.3 20.1 36.2 27.8 4.9 133.4 36.2 97.2

20 to 15 61.9 27.8 34.1 15.8 2.8 143.4 50.0 93.4

15 to final 82.2 27.8 54.4 26.1 3.6 180.0 50.0 130.0
9

Table 7—Kiln schedules for species groups based on specific gravity (Gb) intervals

as indicators of similar estimated drying times—con.

Moisture

content

(%)

Drybulb

(°C)

Wet-bulb

depression

(°C)

Wetbulb

(°C)

Relative

humidity

(%)

EMC

(%)

Drybulb

(°F)

Wet-bulb

depression

(°F)

Wet

bulb

(°F)

Gb = 0.75 (grouping interval: 0.70 < Gb < 0.80)

>45 41.6 2.2 39.5 87.5 17.9 107.4 3.9 103.6

45 to 40 41.6 2.3 39.6 86.5 17.4 107.4 4.2 103.2

40 to 35 41.6 3.9 38.0 77.9 14.2 107.4 7.1 100.3

35 to 30 41.6 6.7 35.2 64.4 10.9 107.4 12.0 95.4

30 to 25 47.5 11.3 36.2 48.3 8.0 117.4 20.3 97.1

25 to 20 53.0 19.1 33.9 27.9 5.0 127.4 34.4 93.0

20 to 15 58.6 26.4 32.2 16.1 3.0 137.4 47.4 90.0

15 to final 71.1 27.8 43.3 21.2 3.4 160.0 50.0 110.0

Gb = 0.85 (grouping interval: 0.80 < Gb < 0.90)

>45 38.9 1.9 37.0 88.2 18.4 102.1 3.5 98.6

45 to 40 38.9 2.0 36.9 87.7 18.2 102.1 3.6 98.4

40 to 35 38.9 3.5 35.4 79.3 14.8 102.1 6.3 95.8

35 to 30 38.9 6.1 32.9 65.9 11.4 102.1 10.9 91.1

30 to 25 44.5 10.5 34.0 49.4 8.3 112.1 19.0 93.1

25 to 20 50.0 17.8 32.2 29.2 5.3 122.1 32.1 90.0

20 to 15 55.6 23.4 32.2 19.8 3.7 132.1 42.1 90.0

15 to final 71.1 27.8 43.3 21.2 3.4 160.0 50.0 110.0

Gb = 0.95 (grouping interval: 0.90 < Gb < 1.00)

>45 36.5 1.8 34.8 88.8 18.9 97.2 3.2 94.0

45 to 40 36.5 1.8 34.5 88.7 18.9 97.2 3.2 94.0

40 to 35 36.5 3.1 33.1 80.6 15.4 97.2 5.7 91.6

35 to 30 36.5 4.0 32.2 75.6 13.8 97.2 7.2 90.0

30 to 25 41.8 9.6 32.2 51.5 8.7 107.2 17.2 90.0

25 to 20 47.3 15.1 32.2 35.2 6.2 117.2 27.2 90.0

20 to 15 52.9 20.7 32.2 24.0 4.4 127.2 37.2 90.0

15 to final 71.1 27.8 43.3 21.2 3.4 160.0 50.0 110.0

Table 8—Estimated drying and equalizing times for a range of combinations of group

specific gravities and green moisture content levels

Basis for kiln Ranges for groups Estimated drying and

schedule

estimation Low Gb High Gb

equalizing times (days)

within group ranges

Schedule Gb Mg (%) Gb Mg (%) Gb Mg (%) Drying Equalizing Total

1 0.15 342 0.10 600 0.20 420 3.3 0.4 3.7

0.10 170 0.20 110

2 0.25 186 0.20 420 0.30 260 5.3 1.0 6.3

0.20 110 0.30 70

3 0.35 126 0.30 260 0.40 180 7.4 1.4 8.8

0.30 70 0.40 50

4 0.45 96 0.40 180 0.50 130 10.0 1.4 11.4

0.40 50 0.50 40

5 0.55 78 0.50 130 0.60 100 12.7 1.2 14.9

0.50 40 0.60 40

6 0.65 64 0.60 100 0.70 75 14.9 0.8 15.7

0.60 40 0.70 40

7 0.75 53 0.70 75 0.80 60 16.3 0.4 16.7

0.70 40 0.80 35

8 0.85 44 0.80 60 0.90 40 18.4 0 18.4

0.80 35 0.90 30

9 0.95 35 0.90 40 1.00 30 15.4 0 15.4

0.90 30 1.00 30
10

0.30 and 70 percent, 0.30 and 260 percent, 0.40 and 50

percent, and 0.40 and 180 percent. The longest estimated

equalizing time is 1.4 days, which does not seem unreasonably lengthy, and in some groups, no equalizing period was

required. Table 9 lists the details of the steps of a kiln

schedule containing the four members of the group between

basic specific gravity 0.30 and 0.40.

This method of grouping can be applied only if specific

gravity is known from species identification or by testing and

requires circumstances where a mill knows this information

and can segregate accordingly. In other circumstances, a mill

may be faced with a mix of logs or lumber for which either

the species is not known or it is impractical or impossible to

identify and segregate by species. The quickest way to deal

with this latter circumstance is to determine green density

from simple weight and volume measurements. However,

green density is influenced by both specific gravity and

moisture content, thus specific gravity is indeterminant.

For example, green density is 1,080 kg/m3

 (67.4 lb/ft3) when

specific gravity is 0.30 and green moisture content is

260 percent and when specific gravity is 0.80 and green

moisture content is 35 percent. The schedule for these two is

quite different. Without specific gravity, it is impossible to

select the appropriate schedule, so the only alternative would

be to select a very conservative schedule that will not be

likely to cause drying defects in any species, regardless of

specific gravity (Simpson and Sagoe 1991; Hidayat and

Simpson 1994).

Conclusions

Research and industrial experience have resulted in recommended dry-kiln schedules for many of the common tropical

and temperate hardwood species. However, many underutilized tropical species have no recommended schedule. Furthermore, the large number of tropical species and their

heterogeneous occurrence in the forest often makes it impractical to fill a dry kiln with a single species—creating a need

for a method to group species with similar drying characteristics. The purpose of this study was to investigate the possibility of estimating kiln schedules for these underutilized

species, then to develop a grouping method.

Kiln schedules were estimated by relating initial dry-bulb

temperature and initial wet-bulb depression to basic specific

gravity using least squares methods. These relationships

were established from 268 tropical and temperate hardwood

species, for which both the basic specific gravity and a recommended kiln schedule were known. Methods were then

developed to systematically estimate schedule increases in

dry-bulb temperature and wet-bulb depression. Using these

relationships and specific gravity data gathered from the

literature, kiln schedules were then estimated for 3,237 species from Africa, Asia and Oceana, and Latin America.

Species groupings were then established by estimates of

drying time as it depends on specific gravity and green moisture content. The resulting grouping system is based on nine

intervals of basic specific gravity. Within each of these

groups, all members dry in similar lengths of time using one

of nine schedules selected for the nine specific gravity

intervals.

On average, least squares relationships can predict the initial

dry-bulb temperature within about 5oC (9oF) and initial wetbulb depression within less than 1oC (1.3oF) for the 268

species. However, some deviations were large enough for

serious concern and could cause drying defects when the error

is toward schedule acceleration. One favorable factor is that

the known schedules on which we base the least squares

relationships are conservative, which moderates the danger of

drying defects. Although we cannot give an unqualified

recommendation of this method for estimating kiln schedules, we believe it offers useful input for selecting a schedule

when no other information is available.
11

Table 9—Kiln schedule for basic specific gravity range from 0.30 to 0.40, showing estimated

drying time at each schedule step, equalizing, and final moisture content distributiona

Kiln schedule

Temperature

(°C (°F))

EMC

(%)

Target

MC

(%)

Specific

gravity

Initial

MC

Equalized

times to

7% or

9% MC

Time

(days)

Final

MC (%)

Step 1 57.8 (136.1) 14.4 45 0.30 260 4.1 82.8

0.30 70 1.2 29.9

0.40 180 4.4 77.4

0.40 50 0.4 28.0

 Average 2.5

Step 2 57.8 (136.1) 12.9 40 0.30 82.8 1.9 37.4

0.30 29.9 0.0 18.9

0.40 77.4 2.3 42.1

0.40 28.0 0.0 19.7

 Average 2.1

Step 3 57.8 (136.1) 10.7 35 0.30 37.4 0.2 32.2

0.30 18.9 0.0 17.3

0.40 42.1 0.7 37.4

0.40 19.7 0.0 18.4

 Average 0.4

Step 4 57.8 (136.1) 8.5 30 0.30 32.2 0.2 27.1

0.30 17.3 0.0 15.4

0.40 37.4 0.8 32.5

0.40 18.4 0.0 16.7

 Average 0.5

Step 5 63.4 (146.1) 6.4 25 0.30 27.1 0.2 22.1

0.30 15.4 0.0 13.2

0.40 32.5 0.7 27.6

0.40 16.7 0.0 14.8

 Average 0.5

Step 6 68.9 (156.1) 4.3 20 0.30 22.1 0.2 17.2

0.30 13.2 0.0 10.8

0.40 27.6 0.7 22.5

0.40 14.8 0.0 12.5

 Average 0.4

Step 7 74.5 (166.1) 3.5 15 0.30 17.2 0.2 12.5

0.30 10.8 0.0 8.3

0.40 22.5 0.7 17.4

0.40 12.5 0.0 10.0

 Average 0.5

Step 8 82.8 (180) 3.6 8 0.30 12.5 0.6 8.0

0.30 8.3 0.1 5.9

0.40 17.4 1.2 11.8

0.40 10.0 0.4 7.4

 Average 0.6

Total drying time 7.4

Equalizing 82.2 8 8 0.30 8.0 0.0 1.4 8.0

0.30 5.9 0.5 1.4 7.6

0.40 11.8 1.4 1.4 9.0

0.40 7.4 0.0 1.4 7.8

Total drying plus equalizing time 8.8

a

Thickness = 29 mm.
12

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Shimane University. 272 p.

Teixeira, D.E.; Santana, M.A.; Rabelo, M. 1988. Amazonian timber for the international market. Brazilian Institute

for Forestry Development and International Tropical Timber

Organization.

Torelli, N. 1994. Characteristics and properties for rational

use (harvesting) of Mexican tropical forest. Holz als

Roh- und Werkstoff. 52: 337–341.

Trotter, H. 1929. The common commercial timbers of

India. Dehra Dun, India: Forest Research Institute.

Tschernitz, J.L.; Simpson, W.T. 1977. Solar kilns: Feasibility of utilizing solar energy for drying lumber in developing countries. FPL–AID–PASA TA(AG) 02–75. Madison,

WI: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Forest

Products Laboratory.

USDA. 1991. Dry kiln operator's manual. Agric. Handb.

188. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Agriculture,

Forest Service.

van der Slooten, H.J.; Fedalto, L.C.; Lisboa, C.D.J.;

Eustaquio, J.; Mendes, A. 1981. Amazonian timbers—

Characteristics and utilization, Vol. 1. Brasilia, Brazil:

Istituto Brazileiro de Desenvolvimento Florestal (IBDF).

Vega, M.T. 1983. Secadoy Preservacion de 105 Maderas del

Grupo Andino. Estudio Integral de la Madera para la Construccion. Padt-Refort, Lima: Junta del Acuerdo de

Cartagena.

Worbes, M. 1989. Growth rings, increment and age of trees

in inundation forests, savannas and a mountain forest in the

neotropics. International Academy of Wood Anatomists.

10(2): 109–122.
14

Appendix A—Specific

Gravity Conversion

Specific gravity is reported in several forms in the literature.

The regressions for the kiln schedule components use basic

specific gravity Gb, so all forms were converted to Gb, which

is defined as follows:

 

Gb 3

ovendry weight of wood (g)

volume of green wood (cm ) =

Specific gravity conversions were made as follows.

1. When specific gravity Gm was based on ovendry weight

and volume at some moisture content m, and

(a) total volumetric shrinkage Sv is known, then

 

GG S m

b m v (1 (30 )

30 = − ) −

(b) volumetric shrinkage is not known (Simpson 1993), then

 

G G

G m m

m

b

1 0.265 (30 )

30

=

+ −

When specific gravity was other than basic specific gravity,

the moisture content was usually stated as being either 0, 12,

or 15 percent, or air dry.

2. When specific gravity GAD was based on air-dry weight

and air-dry volume (Reyes and others 1992),

Gb = 0.0134 + 0.800GAD

Appendix B—Method to

Estimate Drying Time

The species grouping method uses green moisture content

and basic specific gravity (based on ovendry weight and

green volume) as the primary inputs for estimating drying

time. Board thickness, drying temperature, and relative

humidity are also incorporated into the grouping system.

The method is based on the following mathematical model

(Simpson and Baah 1989):

 

t

L

b

b

b

M M

M M

= ln

1.52

s

T1

T2

a e

g e

− −

− (B1)

where

t is time (days),

L board thickness (in.),

bs empirical specific gravity coefficient,

bT1 empirical temperature coefficient for T1 = 49oC,

bT2 empirical temperature coefficient for T2 = 38oC

to 82oC,

Ma average moisture content at time t (percent),

Me equilibrium moisture content in kiln (percent),

and

Mg initial moisture content (percent).

Determination of the coefficients is described in Tschernitz

and Simpson (1977). In that experiment, T1 = 120oF

(49oC). The coefficient bs was determined for 43 Philippine

species at T1 and related to specific gravity Gb as follows:

bs = 0.0104 + 0.133/Gb (in.1.5/day) (B2)

bs = 1.42 + 18.2/Gb (mm1.52/day) (B2)

The ratio bT1/bT2 adjusts bs for temperatures other than 49oC

(120oF). The relationship between these coefficients, temperature, and humidity is as follows (Simpson and Tschernitz

1980):

bT = 0.0575 + 0.00142p (mmHg) (B3)

where p is the vapor pressure of water in millimeters of

mercury (1 mmHg = 0.0193 lb/in2 = 133 Pa) within the

temperature range 38oC (100oF) to 82oC (180oF), and

p = exp(20.4 − 5132/(T + 273) (B4)

where T is temperature in °C.

Combining, bT1 and bT2 are calculated by

b = 0.0575 + 0.00142 exp[20.4 − 5132/(T + 273)] (B5)

Equation (B1) can then be used to calulate the drying time

between any two moisture content values, such as the beginning and ending moisture content of a kiln schedule step.

FORTRAN 77 computer programs are available to calculate

initial schedule conditions and drying times for each step of a

schedule.

Appendix C—Species Data

for Kiln Drying

Appendix C contains four tables. The list of 268 species in

Table C1 includes basic specific gravity, recommended

initial conditions, initial conditions as estimated by the least

squares curve fit, and the absolute value of the deviation

between recommended and estimated temperatures. Initial

dry-bulb temperatures and wet-bulb depressions for 3,237

species or species groups are given in Table C2 for Africa,

Table C3 for Asia and Oceana, and Table C4 for Latin

America.
15

Table C1—Hardwood species with basic specific gravity Gb, recommended initial kiln conditions,

estimated kiln conditions,a

 and deviations

Recommended initial

conditions

Estimated initial

conditions

Absolute value of

deviations

Botanical name Gb

Ti

 (°C)

MC

(%)

Di

(°C)

Ti

(°C)

MC

(%)

Di

(°C)

Ti

(°C)

MC

(%)

Di

(°C)

North America and Europe

Acer pseudoplatanus 0.504 50.0 50 2.8 50.8 47 3.0 0.8 3 0.2

Acer saccharinum 0.440 54.4 50 3.9 53.5 48 3.3 0.9 2 0.6

Aesculus hippocastanum 0.465 50.0 2.2 52.4 48 3.1 2.4 0.9

Aesculus octandra 0.330 60.0 70 3.9 58.8 51 4.0 1.2 19 0.1

Alnus glutinosa 0.430 60.0 60 6.7 54.0 49 3.3 6.0 11 3.3

Alnus rubra 0.370 60.0 50 3.9 56.8 50 3.7 3.2 0 0.2

Arbutus menziesii 0.580 43.3 35 2.2 47.8 45 2.7 4.4 10 0.4

Betula alleghaniensis 0.550 54.4 40 3.9 48.9 46 2.8 5.5 6 1.1

Betula papyrifera 0.480 60.0 40 3.9 51.8 47 3.1 8.2 7 0.8

Betula pubescens/verucosa 0.505 50.0 50 5.0 50.7 47 3.0 0.7 3 2.0

Buxus sempervirens 0.736 40.0 40 2.2 42.4 42 2.2 2.4 2 0.0

Carpinus betulus 0.598 50.0 50 1.7 47.1 45 2.6 2.9 5 0.9

Carya spp. (pecan) 0.600 54.4 50 2.8 47.0 45 2.6 7.4 5 0.2

Castanea dentata 0.400 60.0 60 3.9 55.4 49 3.5 4.6 11 0.4

Castanea sativa 0.512 40.0 40 2.2 50.4 47 2.9 10.4 7 0.7

Celtis occidentalis 0.490 54.4 40 3.9 51.4 47 3.0 3.1 7 0.9

Cornus florida 0.796 50.0 50 2.8 40.5 41 2.1 9.5 9 0.7

Diospyros virginiana 0.640 48.9 40 2.8 45.6 44 2.5 3.3 4 0.3

Fagus grandifolia 0.560 54.4 40 2.2 48.5 46 2.7 5.9 6 0.5

Fagus sylvatica 0.550 40.0 40 2.2 48.9 46 2.8 8.9 6 0.5

Fraxinus americana 0.550 54.4 35 3.9 48.9 46 2.8 5.5 11 1.1

Fraxinus excelsior 0.549 40.0 40 2.2 49.0 46 2.8 9.0 6 0.5

Fraxinus nigra 0.450 54.4 50 3.9 53.1 48 3.2 1.4 2 0.7

Ilex opaca 0.500 48.9 50 3.9 50.9 47 3.0 2.0 3 0.9

Juglans cinera 0.360 60.0 60 3.9 57.3 50 3.8 2.7 10 0.1

Juglans nigra 0.510 48.9 50 3.9 50.5 47 2.9 1.6 3 1.0

Juglans regia 0.595 50.0 50 2.8 47.2 45 2.6 2.8 5 0.2

Liquidambar styraciflua 0.440 54.4 40 3.9 53.5 48 3.3 0.9 8 0.6

Liriodendron tulipifera 0.400 65.6 50 3.9 55.4 49 3.5 10.2 0 0.4

Magnolia acuminata 0.450 60.0 50 3.9 53.1 48 3.2 6.9 2 0.7

Malus spp. 0.610 48.9 40 2.8 46.7 45 2.5 2.2 5 0.2

Nyssa sylvatica 0.460 71.1 60 5.6 52.6 48 3.2 18.5 12 2.4

Platinus acerifolia/hybrida 0.496 50.0 50 2.8 51.1 47 3.0 1.1 3 0.2

Platanus occidentalis 0.460 48.9 50 2.2 52.6 48 3.2 3.8 2 0.9

Populus deltoides 0.370 60.0 70 5.6 56.8 50 3.7 3.2 20 1.8

Populus nigra/alba 0.402 70.0 3.9 55.3 49 3.5 14.7 0.4

Populus tremuloides 0.350 71.1 60 11.1 57.8 51 3.9 13.3 9 7.3

Populus trichocarpa 0.310 60.0 70 5.6 59.9 52 4.2 0.1 18 1.4

Prunus avium 0.457 50.0 2.2 52.8 48 3.2 2.8 1.0

Prunus serotina 0.470 54.4 35 3.9 52.2 48 3.1 2.2 13 0.8

Pyrus communis 0.547 50.0 2.2 49.0 46 2.8 1.0 0.6

Robinia pseudoacacia 0.660 48.9 30 2.8 44.9 44 2.4 4.0 14 0.4

Salix nigra 0.360 60.0 70 3.9 57.3 50 3.8 2.7 20 0.1

Sassafras albidum 0.420 54.4 50 3.9 54.4 49 3.4 0.0 1 0.5

Tilia americana/heterophylla 0.320 71.1 60 11.1 59.3 51 4.1 11.8 9 7.0

Tilia vulgaris 0.429 60.0 60 4.4 54.0 49 3.3 6.0 11 1.1
16

Table C1—Hardwood species with basic specific gravity Gb, recommended initial kiln conditions,

estimated kiln conditions,a

 and deviations—con.

Recommended initial

conditions

Estimated initial

conditions

Absolute value of

deviations

Botanical name Gb

Ti

 (°C)

MC

(%)

Di

(°C)

Ti

(°C)

MC

(%)

Di

(°C)

Ti

(°C)

MC

(%)

Di

(°C)

Ulmus americana 0.460 48.9 50 3.9 52.6 48 3.2 3.8 2 0.7

Ulmus procera/hollandica 0.556 60.0 2.8 48.7 46 2.7 11.3 0.0

Ulmus thomasii 0.570 48.9 35 2.8 48.1 46 2.7 0.7 11 0.0

Umbellularia californica 0.510 48.9 30 3.9 50.5 47 2.9 1.6 17 1.0

African species

Afzelia africana 0.710 48.9 50 2.2 43.2 43 2.3 5.7 7 0.0

Afzelia bella 0.790 48.9 50 2.2 40.7 41 2.1 8.2 9 0.2

Afzelia quanzensis 0.580 48.9 50 2.2 47.8 45 2.7 1.1 5 0.4

Albizia adianthifolia 0.498 48.9 50 3.9 51.0 47 3.0 2.1 3 0.9

Albizia ferruginea 0.538 48.9 50 3.9 49.4 46 2.8 0.5 4 1.1

Albizia lebbek 0.624 48.9 50 3.9 46.1 44 2.5 2.7 6 1.4

Albizia versicolor 0.482 48.9 50 3.9 51.7 47 3.1 2.8 3 0.8

Alstonia boonei 0.342 60.0 50 3.9 58.2 51 3.9 1.8 0 0.0

Alstonia congensis 0.375 60.0 50 3.9 56.5 50 3.7 3.5 0 0.2

Androstachys johnsonii 0.720 43.3 50 2.2 42.9 43 2.2 0.5 7 0.0

Aningeria robusta 0.540 48.9 50 3.9 49.3 46 2.8 0.4 4 1.1

Antiaris africana 0.517 37.8 50 3.9 50.2 47 2.9 12.5 3 1.0

Aucoumea klaineana 0.382 48.9 50 2.2 56.2 50 3.6 7.3 0 1.4

Baikiaea insignis spp. minor 0.692 43.3 40 2.2 43.8 43 2.3 0.5 3 0.0

Baikiaea plurijuga 0.787 43.3 50 2.2 40.8 41 2.1 2.6 9 0.1

Berlinia grandiflora 0.701 48.9 50 2.2 43.5 43 2.3 5.4 7 0.0

Berlinia ledermannii 0.800 48.9 50 2.2 40.4 41 2.0 8.5 9 0.2

Berlinia spp. 0.545 48.9 50 2.2 49.1 46 2.8 0.2 4 0.6

Bombax spp. 0.400 48.9 35 2.8 55.4 49 3.5 6.5 14 0.7

Bosquiea phoberos 0.501 60.0 60 6.7 50.9 47 3.0 9.1 13 3.7

Brachylaena spp. 0.745 37.8 40 2.2 42.1 42 2.2 4.3 2 0.0

Brachystegia spiciformis 0.726 43.3 40 2.2 42.7 42 2.2 0.7 2 0.0

Burkea africana 0.713 37.8 40 2.2 43.1 43 2.2 5.3 3 0.0

Canarium schweinfurthii 0.428 60.0 50 3.9 54.1 49 3.3 5.9 1 0.5

Casearia battiscombei 0.520 37.8 50 3.9 50.1 47 2.9 12.3 3 1.0

Cassipourea malosana 0.590 37.8 50 3.9 47.4 45 2.6 9.6 5 1.3

Ceiba pentandra 0.284 60.0 50 5.6 61.3 52 4.4 1.3 2 1.1

Cephalosphaera usambarensis 0.480 60.0 50 5.6 51.8 47 3.1 8.2 3 2.5

Chlorophora excelsa/regia 0.632 48.9 50 2.2 45.9 44 2.5 3.0 6 0.3

Chrysophyllum albidum 0.560 50.0 50 2.8 48.5 46 2.7 1.5 4 0.0

Combretodendron macrocarpum/africanum 0.714 37.8 40 2.2 43.1 43 2.2 5.3 3 0.0

Cordia millenil/platythyrsa 0.340 76.7 40 3.9 58.3 51 3.9 18.4 11 0.0

Croton sylvaticus/megalocarpus 0.537 43.3 40 2.2 49.4 46 2.8 6.1 6 0.6

Cylicodiscus gabunensis 0.819 37.8 40 2.2 39.8 41 2.0 2.0 0 0.2

Cynometra alexandri 0.740 37.8 40 2.2 42.2 42 2.2 4.4 2 0.0

Dalbergia melanoxylan 0.910 30.0 1.7 37.3 39 1.8 7.3 0.2

Daniellia thurifera & ogea 0.450 60.0 50 5.6 53.1 48 3.2 6.9 2 2.3

Diospyros celebica 0.852 35.0 1.7 38.9 40 1.9 3.9 0.3

Diospyros sanza-minika 0.797 48.9 50 2.2 40.5 41 2.1 8.4 9 0.2

Distemonanthus benthamianus 0.580 48.9 50 3.9 47.8 45 2.7 1.1 5 1.2

Dumoria africana 0.583 60.0 2.2 47.7 45 2.6 12.3 0.4
17

Table C1—Hardwood species with basic specific gravity Gb, recommended initial kiln conditions,

estimated kiln conditions,a

 and deviations—con.

Recommended initial

conditions

Estimated initial

conditions

Absolute value of

deviations

Botanical name Gb

Ti

 (°C)

MC

(%)

Di

(°C)

Ti

(°C)

MC

(%)

Di

(°C)

Ti

(°C)

MC

(%)

Di

(°C)

Dumoria heckilii 0.533 60.0 2.2 49.6 46 2.8 10.4 0.6

Entandrophragma angolense 0.486 37.8 50 3.9 51.5 47 3.0 13.7 3 0.8

Entandrophragma candolei 0.619 37.8 50 3.9 46.3 45 2.5 8.5 5 1.4

Entandrophragma caudatum 0.691 37.8 50 3.9 43.8 43 2.3 6.0 7 1.6

Entandrophragma cylindricum 0.591 37.8 50 3.9 47.4 45 2.6 9.6 5 1.3

Entandrophragma utile 0.549 37.8 50 3.9 49.0 46 2.8 11.2 4 1.1

Erythrophleum guineense 0.720 40.0 45 2.2 42.9 43 2.2 2.9 2 0.0

Erythrophleum ivorense 0.753 43.3 50 2.2 41.8 42 2.2 1.5 8 0.0

Erythroxylum mannii 0.500 65.0 3.3 50.9 47 3.0 14.1 0.4

Fagaropsis angolensis 0.560 43.3 40 2.2 48.5 46 2.7 5.2 6 0.5

Gambeya africana 0.630 48.9 50 2.2 45.9 44 2.5 3.0 6 0.3

Gonioma kamassi 0.762 43.3 40 2.2 41.5 42 2.1 1.8 2 0.0

Gossweilerodendron balsamiferum 0.420 60.0 50 5.6 54.4 49 3.4 5.6 1 2.2

Guarea cedrata & thompsonii 0.536 48.9 50 2.2 49.5 46 2.8 0.6 4 0.6

Guibourtia arnoldiana 0.640 43.3 40 2.2 45.6 44 2.5 2.2 4 0.2

Guibourtia tessmannii 0.740 40.0 1.7 42.2 42 2.2 2.2 0.5

Holopthelea grandis 0.674 40.0 40 2.2 44.4 43 2.4 4.4 3 0.1

Isoberlinia globiflora 0.780 40.0 40 2.2 41.0 42 2.1 1.0 2 0.1

Isoberlinia scheffleri 0.650 48.9 50 2.2 45.2 44 2.4 3.7 6 0.2

Khaya grandifoliola & senegalensis 0.571 37.8 50 3.9 48.1 46 2.7 10.3 4 1.2

Khaya anthotheca & ivorensis 0.456 48.9 50 3.9 52.8 48 3.2 3.9 2 0.7

Lophira alata 0.959 37.8 40 2.2 36.0 39 1.8 1.8 1 0.5

Lovoa klaineana 0.434 50.0 2.8 53.8 49 3.3 3.8 0.5

Lovoa trichilioides 0.470 48.9 50 2.2 52.2 48 3.1 3.3 2 0.9

Maesopsis eminii 0.410 48.9 50 3.9 54.9 49 3.4 6.0 0 0.4

Mansonia altissima 0.538 60.0 50 3.9 49.4 46 2.8 10.6 4 1.1

Microberlinia brazzavillensis 0.700 37.8 40 2.2 43.5 43 2.3 5.7 3 0.0

Millettia laurentii 0.625 50.0 2.2 46.1 44 2.5 3.9 0.3

Mitragyna ciliata 0.477 76.7 40 3.9 51.9 48 3.1 24.8 8 0.8

Musanga cecropioides 0.226 71.1 50 5.6 64.6 54 5.1 6.5 4 0.5

Nauclea diderichii 0.634 48.9 50 2.2 45.8 44 2.5 3.1 6 0.3

Naudea trillesii 0.569 50.0 2.2 48.2 46 2.7 1.8 0.5

Nesogordonia papaverifera 0.671 48.9 50 2.2 44.5 44 2.4 4.4 6 0.1

Newtonia buchananii 0.470 60.0 60 6.7 52.2 48 3.1 7.8 12 3.5

Ocotea usambarensis 0.510 54.4 35 2.8 50.5 47 2.9 3.9 12 0.2

Olea hochstetteri 0.720 48.9 50 2.2 42.9 43 2.2 6.0 7 0.0

Oxystigma oxyphyllum 0.530 48.9 50 2.2 49.7 46 2.8 0.8 4 0.6

Parinari excelsa 0.695 37.8 40 2.2 43.7 43 2.3 5.9 3 0.0

Pericopsis elata 0.570 54.4 50 3.9 48.1 46 2.7 6.3 4 1.2

Piptadeniastrum africanum 0.599 37.8 50 3.9 47.1 45 2.6 9.3 5 1.3

Pterocarpus angolensis 0.549 60.0 50 5.6 49.0 46 2.8 11.0 4 2.8

Pterocarpus soyauxii 0.610 60.0 50 5.6 46.7 45 2.5 13.3 5 3.0

Pycnanthus angolensis 0.460 43.3 40 2.2 52.6 48 3.2 9.3 8 0.9

Ricondendron rautanrnii 0.150 70.0 70 5.0 69.4 56 6.3 0.6 14 1.3

Scottellia coriacea 0.560 48.9 50 2.2 48.5 46 2.7 0.4 4 0.5

Sterculia oblonga 0.610 43.3 40 2.2 46.7 45 2.5 3.3 5 0.3

Sterculia rhinopetala 0.633 37.8 40 2.2 45.8 44 2.5 8.0 4 0.3
18

Table C1—Hardwood species with basic specific gravity Gb, recommended initial kiln conditions,

estimated kiln conditions,a

 and deviations—con.

Recommended initial

conditions

Estimated initial

conditions

Absolute value of

deviations

Botanical name Gb

Ti

 (°C)

MC

(%)

Di

(°C)

Ti

(°C)

MC

(%)

Di

(°C)

Ti

(°C)

MC

(%)

Di

(°C)

Tarrietia utilis 0.531 48.9 50 2.2 49.7 46 2.8 0.8 4 0.6

Terminalia ivorensis 0.473 60.0 50 5.6 52.1 48 3.1 7.9 2 2.5

Terminalia superba 0.486 60.0 50 5.6 51.5 47 3.0 8.5 3 2.5

Tieghemella heckelii 0.523 60.0 50 3.9 50.0 47 2.9 10.0 3 1.0

Triplochiton scleroxylon 0.334 82.2 40 8.3 58.6 51 4.0 23.6 11 4.4

Turreanthus africanus 0.493 48.9 50 2.2 51.2 47 3.0 2.3 3 0.8

Vitex doniana 0.400 43.3 40 2.2 55.4 49 3.5 12.0 9 1.3

Asian and Oceanean species

Acacia melanoxylon 0.570 48.9 50 2.2 48.1 46 2.7 0.7 4 0.5

Acanthopanax ricinifolius 0.434 60.0 2.8 53.8 49 3.3 6.2 0.5

Adina cordifoia 0.579 48.9 50 2.2 47.8 45 2.7 1.1 5 0.4

Agathis alba 0.410 70.0 5.0 54.9 49 3.4 15.1 1.6

Agathis australis 0.440 60.0 60 6.7 53.5 48 3.3 6.5 12 3.4

Albizia falcata 0.320 48.9 50 3.9 59.3 51 4.1 10.4 1 0.2

Albizia lebbek 0.510 48.9 50 2.2 50.5 47 2.9 1.6 3 0.7

Alstonia spp. 0.361 60.0 50 3.9 57.2 50 3.8 2.8 0 0.1

Anthocephalus chinensis 0.355 60.0 50 3.9 57.5 51 3.8 2.5 0 0.0

Balanocarpus utilis 0.844 37.8 40 2.2 39.1 40 2.0 1.3 0 0.3

Canarium euphyllum 0.357 60.0 50 3.9 57.4 50 3.8 2.6 0 0.0

Casuarina spp. 0.830 37.8 40 2.2 39.5 41 2.0 1.7 0 0.2

Ceratopetalum apetalum 0.470 50.0 50 2.8 52.2 48 3.1 2.2 2 0.3

Chloroxylon swietenia 0.800 43.3 40 2.2 40.4 41 2.0 2.9 1 0.2

Chukrasia tabularis 0.570 48.9 50 2.2 48.1 46 2.7 0.7 4 0.5

Cinnamomum camphora 0.435 60.0 2.2 53.7 49 3.3 6.3 1.1

Cratoxylon arborescens 0.390 48.9 50 2.2 55.8 50 3.6 6.9 0 1.3

Dalbergia latifolia 0.680 48.9 50 2.2 44.2 43 2.3 4.7 7 0.1

Dialium spp. 0.800 48.9 50 2.2 40.4 41 2.0 8.5 9 0.2

Dillenia spp. 0.720 43.3 40 2.2 42.9 43 2.2 0.5 3 0.0

Diospyros spp. 0.700 43.3 40 2.2 43.5 43 2.3 0.2 3 0.0

Dipterocarpus spp. 0.669 43.3 50 1.7 44.6 44 2.4 1.2 6 0.7

Dracontomelum dao 0.547 50.0 2.2 49.0 46 2.8 1.0 0.6

Dryobalanops lanceolata 0.660 60.0 60 4.4 44.9 44 2.4 15.1 16 2.1

Duabanga spp. 0.330 76.7 40 3.9 58.8 51 4.0 17.9 11 0.1

Dyera costulata 0.360 60.0 50 3.9 57.3 50 3.8 2.7 0 0.1

Endiandra palmerstonii 0.550 48.9 50 2.2 48.9 46 2.8 0.0 4 0.5

Endospermum spp. 0.380 60.0 50 5.6 56.3 50 3.6 3.7 0 1.9

Eusideroxylon zwageri 0.890 37.8 40 2.2 37.8 40 1.9 0.0 0 0.4

Garcinia spp. 0.750 37.8 40 2.2 41.9 42 2.2 4.1 2 0.0

Gmelina arborea 0.410 76.7 40 3.9 54.9 49 3.4 21.8 9 0.4

Gonystylus bancanus 0.570 43.3 40 2.2 48.1 46 2.7 4.8 6 0.5

Grevillea robusta 0.510 43.3 40 2.2 50.5 47 2.9 7.2 7 0.7

Heritiera spp. (syn. Tarrietia spp.) 0.654 43.3 50 2.2 45.1 44 2.4 1.7 6 0.2

Hopea spp. 0.746 43.3 40 2.2 42.0 42 2.2 1.3 2 0.0

Intsia bijuga & palembanica 0.720 43.3 40 2.2 42.9 43 2.2 0.5 3 0.0

Koompassia malaccensis 0.720 48.9 50 2.2 42.9 43 2.2 6.0 7 0.0

Metrosideros collina 0.700 43.3 40 2.2 43.5 43 2.3 0.2 3 0.0
19

Table C1—Hardwood species with basic specific gravity Gb, recommended initial kiln conditions,

estimated kiln conditions,a

 and deviations—con.

Recommended initial

conditions

Estimated initial

conditions

Absolute value of

deviations

Botanical name Gb

Ti

 (°C)

MC

(%)

Di

(°C)

Ti

(°C)

MC

(%)

Di

(°C)

Ti

(°C)

MC

(%)

Di

(°C)

Mitragyna stipulosa 0.516 70.0 70 5.0 50.3 47 2.9 19.7 23 2.1

Morus alba 0.590 60.0 2.8 47.4 45 2.6 12.6 0.2

Parashorea spp. 0.440 60.0 50 5.6 53.5 48 3.3 6.5 2 2.3

Pentace spp. 0.560 48.9 50 2.2 48.5 46 2.7 0.4 4 0.5

Pentacme contorta 0.430 48.9 50 2.2 54.0 49 3.3 5.1 1 1.1

Planchonia spp. 0.665 37.8 40 2.2 44.7 44 2.4 6.9 4 0.2

Pseudosindora palustris 0.550 54.4 35 2.8 48.9 46 2.8 5.5 11 0.0

Pterocarpus dalbergioides 0.630 48.9 50 3.9 45.9 44 2.5 3.0 6 1.4

Pterocarpus macrocarpus 0.750 48.9 50 3.9 41.9 42 2.2 7.0 8 1.7

Syncarpia glomulifera 0.700 43.3 40 2.2 43.5 43 2.3 0.2 3 0.0

Tectona grandis 0.550 60.0 50 3.9 48.9 46 2.8 11.1 4 1.1

Terminalia bialata 0.580 48.9 50 2.2 47.8 45 2.7 1.1 5 0.4

Terminalia procera 0.520 48.9 50 2.2 50.1 47 2.9 1.2 3 0.7

Terminalia tomentosa 0.730 43.3 40 2.2 42.5 42 2.2 0.8 2 0.0

Tetramerista glabra 0.610 43.3 40 2.2 46.7 45 2.5 3.3 5 0.3

Tristania spp. 0.800 43.3 40 2.2 40.4 41 2.0 2.9 1 0.2

Xylia xylocarpa 0.810 43.3 40 2.2 40.1 41 2.0 3.2 0 0.2

Latin American species

Alexa imperatricis 0.550 37.8 40 2.2 48.9 46 2.8 11.1 6 0.5

Amyris balsamifera 0.813 40.0 1.7 40.0 41 2.0 0.0 0.4

Anacardium excelsum 0.432 48.9 50 2.2 53.9 49 3.3 5.0 1 1.1

Andira spp. 0.691 43.3 50 2.2 43.8 43 2.3 0.5 7 0.0

Aspidosperma spp. (Peroba group) 0.650 48.9 50 2.2 45.2 44 2.4 3.7 6 0.2

Astronium fraxinifolium 0.876 35.0 1.7 38.2 40 1.9 3.2 0.2

Astronium graveolens 0.835 43.3 40 2.2 39.4 41 2.0 4.0 0 0.2

Bowdichia spp. 0.740 48.9 35 2.2 42.2 42 2.2 6.7 7 0.0

Byrsonima coriacea 0.606 48.9 50 2.2 46.8 45 2.6 2.1 5 0.3

Caesalpinia echinata 0.674 50.0 1.7 44.4 43 2.4 5.6 0.7

Caesalpinia grandillo 0.809 40.0 1.7 40.1 41 2.0 0.1 0.4

Calophyllum brasiliense 0.532 37.8 50 2.2 49.6 46 2.8 11.9 4 0.6

Calophyllum candidissimum 0.670 37.8 40 2.2 44.5 44 2.4 6.8 4 0.1

Carapa guianensis 0.562 43.3 40 2.2 48.5 46 2.7 5.1 6 0.5

Cariniana pyriformis & spp. 0.570 43.3 50 1.7 48.1 46 2.7 4.8 4 1.0

Catostemma commune 0.518 48.9 50 2.2 50.2 47 2.9 1.3 3 0.7

Cecropia peltata 0.360 54.4 35 8.3 57.3 50 3.8 2.8 15 4.6

Ceiba pentranda 0.256 60.0 50 5.6 62.8 53 4.7 2.8 3 0.8

Centrolobium spp. 0.650 48.9 50 2.2 45.2 44 2.4 3.7 6 0.2

Cordia goeldiana 0.431 50.0 50 2.8 53.9 49 3.3 3.9 1 0.5

Cybistax donnell-smithii 0.400 48.9 70 2.8 55.4 49 3.5 6.5 21 0.7

Dalbergia nigra 0.675 43.3 40 2.2 44.4 43 2.4 1.0 3 0.1

Dalbergia retusa 0.973 37.8 35 1.7 35.7 38 1.7 2.1 3 0.0

Dalbergia stevensonii 0.815 43.3 40 1.7 39.9 41 2.0 3.4 0 0.3

Dalbergia variabilis 0.759 35.0 1.7 41.6 42 2.1 6.6 0.5

Dialyanthera spp. 0.410 48.9 40 2.8 54.9 49 3.4 6.0 9 0.7

Dicorynia guianensis 0.659 37.8 35 2.2 44.9 44 2.4 7.1 9 0.2

Diplotropis purpurea 0.780 54.4 35 2.8 41.0 42 2.1 13.5 7 0.7

Enterolobium cyclocarpum 0.348 48.9 50 3.9 57.9 51 3.9 9.0 0 0.0
20

Table C1—Hardwood species with basic specific gravity Gb, recommended initial kiln conditions,

estimated kiln conditions,a

 and deviations—con.

Recommended initial

conditions

Estimated initial

conditions

Absolute value of

deviations

Botanical name Gb

Ti

 (°C)

MC

(%)

Di

(°C)

Ti

(°C)

MC

(%)

Di

(°C)

Ti

(°C)

MC

(%)

Di

(°C)

Eperua spp. 0.794 37.8 40 2.2 40.6 41 2.1 2.8 1 0.2

Eucryphia cordifolia 0.480 43.3 40 2.2 51.8 47 3.1 8.4 7 0.8

Goupia glabra 0.720 54.4 35 2.8 42.9 43 2.2 11.6 8 0.5

Gossypiospermum praecox 0.626 45.0 2.2 46.1 44 2.5 1.1 0.3

Guaiacum officinale 1.013 30.0 1.7 34.7 38 1.7 4.7 0.0

Guarea spp. 0.538 48.9 50 2.2 49.4 46 2.8 0.5 4 0.6

Hevea brasiliensis 0.490 48.9 50 2.2 51.4 47 3.0 2.5 3 0.8

Hura crepitans 0.387 48.9 50 2.2 56.0 50 3.6 7.1 0 1.4

Hymenaea courbaril 0.760 43.3 40 2.2 41.6 42 2.1 1.7 2 0.0

Juglans spp. 0.517 48.9 50 3.9 50.2 47 2.9 1.3 3 1.0

Lonchocarpus castilloi 0.770 54.4 35 2.8 41.3 42 2.1 13.2 7 0.7

Lysiloma spp. 0.667 43.3 40 2.2 44.6 44 2.4 1.3 4 0.2

Manilkara bidentata 0.856 37.8 35 1.7 38.8 40 1.9 1.0 5 0.3

Manilkara huberi 0.890 35.0 1.7 37.8 40 1.9 2.8 0.2

Mora excelsa 0.780 37.8 40 2.2 41.0 42 2.1 3.2 2 0.1

Mora gonggrijpii 0.838 40.0 45 2.2 39.3 41 2.0 0.7 4 0.3

Nothofagus procera 0.490 48.9 50 2.2 51.4 47 3.0 2.5 3 0.8

Nothofagus dombeyi 0.530 37.8 40 2.2 49.7 46 2.8 11.9 6 0.6

Ochroma lagopus 0.116 70.0 6.1 71.7 58 7.1 1.7 1.0

Ochroma pyramidale 0.186 60.0 50 3.9 67.0 55 5.7 7.0 5 1.8

Ocotea rodiaei 0.880 37.8 40 2.2 38.1 40 1.9 0.3 0 0.3

Ocotea rubra 0.551 48.9 50 2.2 48.9 46 2.8 0.0 4 0.5

Paratecoma peroba 0.600 43.3 50 2.2 47.0 45 2.6 3.7 5 0.4

Parinari spp. 0.674 37.8 40 2.2 44.4 43 2.4 6.6 3 0.1

Phoebe porosa 0.530 48.9 50 2.2 49.7 46 2.8 0.8 4 0.6

Piptadenia rigida 0.730 50.0 1.7 42.5 42 2.2 7.5 0.5

Prioria copaifera 0.427 43.3 40 2.2 54.1 49 3.3 10.8 9 1.1

Protium decandrum 0.539 40.0 40 2.2 49.4 46 2.8 9.4 6 0.6

Qualea spp. 0.578 43.3 50 2.2 47.8 45 2.7 4.5 5 0.4

Schinopsis balansae 0.852 30.0 1.7 38.9 40 1.9 8.9 0.3

Sterculia pruriens 0.461 37.8 50 3.9 52.6 48 3.2 14.8 2 0.7

Swartzia spp. 0.916 37.8 40 2.2 37.1 39 1.8 0.7 0 0.4

Swietenia macrophylla 0.486 48.9 50 3.9 51.5 47 3.0 2.6 3 0.8

Symphonia globulifera 0.587 43.3 40 2.2 47.5 45 2.6 4.2 5 0.4

Tabebuia spp. (Lapacho group) 0.910 43.3 40 1.7 37.3 39 1.8 6.1 0 0.2

Tabebuia spp. (Roble group) 0.520 48.9 50 2.2 50.1 47 2.9 1.2 3 0.7

Terminalia amazonia 0.665 43.3 40 2.2 44.7 44 2.4 1.4 4 0.2

Triplaris spp. 0.585 48.9 50 2.2 47.6 45 2.6 1.3 5 0.4

Vocysia spp. 0.470 37.8 50 3.9 52.2 48 3.1 14.4 2 0.8

 Average 47 5.2 5.2 0.7

 Standard deviation 4.6 4.1 0.9

a

Initial temperature Ti = 1/(0.0115 + 0.0167Gb) (R2 = 0.468)); moisture content (MC) for first

 change is 1/(0.0162 + 0.0101Gb) (R2

 = 0.196); initial depression Di = 1/(0.0832 + 0.509Gb) (R2 = 0.455).
Table C2—Basic specific gravity Gb, green moisture content Mg, and estimated initial kiln conditions for African species

21

Estimated initial conditions

Botanical name Gb

Mg

(%)

Ti

(°C)

Di

(°C)

Ti

(°F)

Di

(°F)

Acacia albida 0.526 81 49 2.9 122 5

Acacia decurrens 0.626 67 46 2.5 115 4

Acacia erioloba 1.001 30 36 1.7 95 3

Acacia galpinii 0.626 67 46 2.5 115 4

Acacia gerrardi 0.731 55 42 2.2 109 4

Acacia goetzei 0.834 45 39 2.0 103 4

Acacia hockii 0.501 86 51 3.0 124 5

Acacia karroo 0.654 64 45 2.4 113 4

Acacia lakai 0.975 33 36 1.7 96 3

Acacia macrothyrsa 0.949 35 37 1.8 97 3

Acacia mearnsii 0.583 73 47 2.6 118 5

Acacia mellifera 0.898 39 38 1.9 100 3

Acacia nigrescens 0.911 38 38 1.8 99 3

Acacia nilotica 0.779 51 41 2.1 106 4

Acacia polyacantha 0.696 59 43 2.3 111 4

Acacia robusta 0.693 60 43 2.3 111 4

Acacia seyal 0.626 67 46 2.5 115 4

Acacia sieberana 0.561 76 48 2.7 119 5

Africana bingeria 0.276 165 62 4.5 143 8

Afrocrania volkensii 0.501 86 51 3.0 124 5

Afzelia bipindensis 0.660 63 45 2.4 113 4

Afzelia pachyloba 0.630 67 46 2.5 115 4

Afzelia spp. 0.670 62 44 2.4 112 4

Aidia micrantha 0.629 67 46 2.5 115 4

Aidia ochroleuca 0.780 50 41 2.1 106 4

Albizia amara 0.719 57 43 2.2 109 4

Albizia antunesiana 0.552 77 48 2.7 120 5

Albizia aylmeri 0.626 67 46 2.5 115 4

Albizia brevifolia 0.757 53 42 2.1 107 4

Albizia glaberrima 0.520 82 50 2.9 122 5

Albizia glabrescens 0.488 88 51 3.0 125 5

Albizia grandibracteata 0.398 109 55 3.5 132 6

Albizia gummifera 0.510 84 50 2.9 123 5

Albizia schimperiana 0.488 88 51 3.0 125 5

Albizia tanganyicensis 0.257 180 64 4.7 145 8

Albizia zimmermannii 0.757 53 42 2.1 107 4

Albizia zygia 0.472 91 52 3.1 126 6

Alchornea hirtella 0.501 86 51 3.0 124 5

Allanblackia floribunda 0.807 48 40 2.0 104 4

Allanblackia stanerana 0.561 76 48 2.7 119 5

Estimated initial conditions

Botanical name Gb

Mg

(%)

Ti

(°C)

Di

(°C)

Ti

(°F)

Di

(°F)

Allanblackia stuhlmannii 0.565 75 48 2.7 119 5

Allophylus abyssinicus 0.501 86 51 3.0 124 5

Allophylus africanus 0.450 96 53 3.2 128 6

Allophylus chirindensis 0.539 79 49 2.8 121 5

Alnus glutinosa 0.446 97 53 3.2 128 6

Alstonia gilletii 0.356 123 58 3.8 136 7

Amblygonocarpus

 andongensis

0.834 45 39 2.0 103 4

Amblygonocarpus

 obtusangulus

0.829 46 40 2.0 103 4

Amphimas ferrugineus 0.630 67 46 2.5 115 4

Amphimas

 pterocarpoides

0.726 56 42 2.2 109 4

Amphimas spp. 0.620 68 46 2.5 115 5

Aningeria

 adolfi-friederici

0.446 97 53 3.2 128 6

Aningeria altissima 0.474 91 52 3.1 126 6

Anisophyllea obtusifolia 0.630 67 46 2.5 115 4

Annonidium mannii 0.290 156 61 4.3 142 8

Anogeissus leiocarpus 0.820 46 40 2.0 104 4

Anopyxis klaineana 0.888 40 38 1.9 100 3

Anthocleista grandiflora 0.603 70 47 2.6 116 5

Anthocleista keniensis 0.500 86 51 3.0 124 5

Anthonotha macrophylla 0.780 50 41 2.1 106 4

Anthostemma aubryanum 0.320 139 60 4.1 139 7

Antiaris spp. 0.380 115 56 3.6 133 7

Antiaris toxicaria 0.372 118 57 3.7 134 7

Antiaris welwitschii 0.449 96 53 3.2 128 6

Antidesma venosum 0.578 74 47 2.7 118 5

Antrocaryon klaineanum 0.500 86 51 3.0 124 5

Antrocaryon micraster 0.479 90 51 3.1 125 6

Antrocaryon nannanii 0.446 97 53 3.2 128 6

Aphloia theiformis 0.526 81 49 2.9 122 5

Apodocephala pauciflora 0.501 86 51 3.0 124 5

Apodytes dimidiata 0.696 59 43 2.3 111 4

Apollonias canariensis 0.671 62 44 2.4 112 4

Apollonias velutina 0.671 62 44 2.4 112 4

Arbutus canariensis 0.561 76 48 2.7 119 5

Asteropeia rhopaloides 0.696 59 43 2.3 111 4

Aulacocalyx dievilleoides 0.539 79 49 2.8 121 5

Autranella congolensis 0.720 57 43 2.2 109 4

Avicennia africana 0.779 51 41 2.1 106 4
Table C2—Basic specific gravity Gb, green moisture content Mg, and estimated initial kiln conditions for African

species—con.

22

Estimated initial conditions

Botanical name Gb

Mg

(%)

Ti

(°C)

Di

(°C)

Ti

(°F)

Di

(°F)

Azanza garkeana 0.693 60 43 2.3 111 4

Baillonella toxisperma 0.710 58 43 2.3 110 4

Balanites aegyptiaca 0.630 67 46 2.5 115 4

Baphia kirkii 0.930 36 37 1.8 98 3

Baphia nitida 0.815 47 40 2.0 104 4

Barringtonia racemosa 0.446 97 53 3.2 128 6

Bauhinia petersiana 0.654 64 45 2.4 113 4

Beilschmiedia corbisieri 0.630 67 46 2.5 115 4

Beilschmiedia diversiflora 0.630 67 46 2.5 115 4

Beilschmiedia kweo 0.560 76 48 2.7 119 5

Beilschmiedia louisii 0.700 59 43 2.3 110 4

Beilschmiedia membranifolia 0.500 86 51 3.0 124 5

Beilschmiedia nitida 0.500 86 51 3.0 124 5

Bequaertiodendron

 magalismontanum

0.693 60 43 2.3 111 4

Berchemia discolor 0.795 49 40 2.1 105 4

Berchemia zeyheri 0.898 39 38 1.9 100 3

Bersama abyssinica 0.539 79 49 2.8 121 5

Bersama swynnertonii 0.590 72 47 2.6 117 5

Blighia unijugata 0.501 86 51 3.0 124 5

Blighia welwitschii 0.812 47 40 2.0 104 4

Bolusanthus speciosus 0.795 49 40 2.1 105 4

Borassus aethiopum 0.876 41 38 1.9 101 3

Boscia salicifolia 0.565 75 48 2.7 119 5

Bosqueia angolensis 0.501 86 51 3.0 124 5

Brachystegia allenii 0.616 69 46 2.5 116 5

Brachystegia appendiculata 0.626 67 46 2.5 115 4

Brachystegia boehmii 0.561 76 48 2.7 119 5

Brachystegia cynometroides 0.560 76 48 2.7 119 5

Brachystegia glaucescens 0.782 50 41 2.1 106 4

Brachystegia laurentii 0.450 96 53 3.2 128 6

Brachystegia leonensis 0.501 86 51 3.0 124 5

Brachystegia mildbraedii 0.500 86 51 3.0 124 5

Brachystegia nigerica 0.561 76 48 2.7 119 5

Brachystegia tamarindoides 0.626 67 46 2.5 115 4

Brachystegia spp. 0.520 82 50 2.9 122 5

Brachystegia utilis 0.782 50 41 2.1 106 4

Breonia decidua 0.696 59 43 2.3 111 4

Breonia madagascarensis 0.696 59 43 2.3 111 4

Breviea leptosperma 0.501 86 51 3.0 124 5

Estimated initial conditions

Botanical name Gb

Mg

(%)

Ti

(°C)

Di

(°C)

Ti

(°F)

Di

(°F)

Bridelia grandis 0.500 86 51 3.0 124 5

Bridelia micrantha 0.525 81 49 2.9 122 5

Bussea occidentalis 0.818 47 40 2.0 104 4

Buxus macowani 0.779 51 41 2.1 106 4

Buxus sempervirens 0.779 51 41 2.1 106 4

Calodendrum capense 0.561 76 48 2.7 119 5

Calophyllum deouhardii 0.561 76 48 2.7 119 5

Calophyllum parviflorum 0.696 59 43 2.3 111 4

Calpocalyx heitzii 0.660 63 45 2.4 113 4

Calpocalyx klainei 0.630 67 46 2.5 115 4

Calpurnia aurea 0.616 69 46 2.5 116 5

Canarium euphyllum 0.424 102 54 3.3 130 6

Canarium madagascariense 0.501 86 51 3.0 124 5

Canarium velutinum 0.398 109 55 3.5 132 6

Canthium lactescens 0.680 61 44 2.3 112 4

Canthium rubrocostratum 0.630 67 46 2.5 115 4

Carapa grandiflora 0.561 76 48 2.7 119 5

Carapa procera 0.590 72 47 2.6 117 5

Carissa spp. 0.779 51 41 2.1 106 4

Casearia engleri 0.501 86 51 3.0 124 5

Cassia abbreviata 0.834 45 39 2.0 103 4

Cassia singueana 0.667 62 44 2.4 112 4

Cassine aethiopica 0.782 50 41 2.1 106 4

Cassine buchananii 0.626 67 46 2.5 115 4

Cassine crocea 0.626 67 46 2.5 115 4

Cassine papillosa 0.526 81 49 2.9 122 5

Cassine schlecterana 0.731 55 42 2.2 109 4

Cassine transvaalensis 0.782 50 41 2.1 106 4

Cassipourea congoensis 0.576 74 48 2.7 118 5

Cassipourea elliotii 0.629 67 46 2.5 115 4

Cassipourea euryoides 0.700 59 43 2.3 110 4

Cassipourea gerrardii 0.529 81 49 2.8 122 5

Cassipourea gummiflua 0.501 86 51 3.0 124 5

Cassipourea ruwensorensis 0.696 59 43 2.3 111 4

Catha edulis 0.616 69 46 2.5 116 5

Celastrus acuminatus 0.876 41 38 1.9 101 3

Celtis adolfi-friderici 0.594 71 47 2.6 117 5

Celtis africana 0.627 67 46 2.5 115 4

Celtis brieyi 0.500 86 51 3.0 124 5

Celtis gomphophylla 0.446 97 53 3.2 128 6
Table C2—Basic specific gravity Gb, green moisture content Mg, and estimated initial kiln conditions for African

species—con.

23

Estimated initial conditions

Botanical name Gb

Mg

(%)

Ti

(°C)

Di

(°C)

Ti

(°F)

Di

(°F)

Celtis mildbraedii 0.800 48 40 2.0 105 4

Celtis soyauxii 0.635 66 45 2.5 114 4

Celtis zenkeri 0.590 72 47 2.6 117 5

Chloroxylon swietenia 0.696 59 43 2.3 111 4

Chrysophyllum africanum 0.523 82 50 2.9 122 5

Chrysophyllum autranianum 0.594 71 47 2.6 117 5

Chrysophyllum boivianum 0.561 76 48 2.7 119 5

Chrysophyllum

 gorungosanum

0.513 83 50 2.9 123 5

Chrysophyllum natalense 0.626 67 46 2.5 115 4

Chrysophyllum perpulchrum 0.748 54 42 2.2 108 4

Chrysophyllum viridifolium 0.488 88 51 3.0 125 5

Cistanthera papaverifera 0.633 66 45 2.5 114 4

Citropsis daweana 0.783 50 41 2.1 106 4

Clausena anisata 0.462 93 52 3.1 127 6

Cleistanthus apetales 0.603 70 47 2.6 116 5

Cleistanthus mildbraedii 0.870 42 39 1.9 101 3

Cleistopholis patens 0.220 217 66 5.1 149 9

Clerodendron glabrum 0.576 74 48 2.7 118 5

Coelocaryon preussii 0.604 70 46 2.6 116 5

Coffea arabica 0.590 72 47 2.6 117 5

Coffea zanguebariae 0.616 69 46 2.5 116 5

Cola acuminata 0.480 89 51 3.1 125 6

Cola cordifolia 0.500 86 51 3.0 124 5

Cola gigantea 0.460 94 52 3.2 127 6

Cola greenwayi 0.731 55 42 2.2 109 4

Cola laterita 0.472 91 52 3.1 126 6

Cola natalensis 0.700 59 43 2.3 110 4

Cola spp. 0.700 59 43 2.3 110 4

Colophospermum mopane 0.876 41 38 1.9 101 3

Combretum apiculatum 0.821 46 40 2.0 104 4

Combretum collinum 0.821 46 40 2.0 104 4

Combretum elaeagnoides 0.808 48 40 2.0 104 4

Combretum erythrophyllum 0.576 74 48 2.7 118 5

Combretum fragrens 0.616 69 46 2.5 116 5

Combretum hereroense 0.770 51 41 2.1 106 4

Combretum imberbe 1.000 30 36 1.7 95 3

Combretum kraussii 0.626 67 46 2.5 115 4

Combretum molle 0.719 57 43 2.2 109 4

Combretum schumannii 0.879 41 38 1.9 101 3

Estimated initial conditions

Botanical name Gb

Mg

(%)

Ti

(°C)

Di

(°C)

Ti

(°F)

Di

(°F)

Commiphora africana 0.270 170 63 4.5 144 8

Commiphora edulis 0.616 69 46 2.5 116 5

Commiphora marlothii 0.436 99 53 3.3 129 6

Commiphora mollis 0.360 122 57 3.8 135 7

Commiphora pyracanthoides 0.283 161 62 4.4 142 8

Commiphora spp. 0.552 77 48 2.7 120 5

Conopharyngia holstii 0.500 86 51 3.0 124 5

Copaifera coleosperma 0.892 40 38 1.9 100 3

Copaifera demeusei 0.573 74 48 2.7 118 5

Copaifera mildbraedii 0.630 67 46 2.5 115 4

Copaifera mopane 0.600 71 47 2.6 117 5

Copaifera religiosa 0.500 86 51 3.0 124 5

Copaifera salikounda 0.727 56 42 2.2 109 4

Cordia abyssinica 0.366 120 57 3.7 135 7

Cordia africana 0.400 109 55 3.5 132 6

Cordia caffra 0.661 63 45 2.4 113 4

Cordia goetzei 0.719 57 43 2.2 109 4

Cordyla africana 0.706 58 43 2.3 110 4

Cordyla madagascariensis 0.779 51 41 2.1 106 4

Cordyla pinnata 0.696 59 43 2.3 111 4

Corylus avellana 0.526 81 49 2.9 122 5

Corynanthe gabonensis 0.560 76 48 2.7 119 5

Corynanthe pachyceras 0.630 67 46 2.5 115 4

Coula edulis 0.985 32 36 1.7 96 3

Craibia brevicaudata 0.654 64 45 2.4 113 4

Craspidospermum

 verticillatum

0.779 51 41 2.1 106 4

Crataegus oxyacantha 0.696 59 43 2.3 111 4

Craterispermum

 schweinfurthii

0.629 67 46 2.5 115 4

Crossopteryx febrifuga 0.667 62 44 2.4 112 4

Croton gratissmus 0.860 43 39 1.9 102 3

Croton macrostachyus 0.500 86 51 3.0 124 5

Croton megalobotrys 0.526 81 49 2.9 122 5

Cryptocarya louvelii 0.696 59 43 2.3 111 4

Cryptosepalum staudtii 0.700 59 43 2.3 110 4

Ctenolophon englerianus 0.780 50 41 2.1 106 4

Cunonia capensis 0.561 76 48 2.7 119 5

Curtisia dentata 0.757 53 42 2.1 107 4

Curtisia faginea 0.696 59 43 2.3 111 4
Table C2—Basic specific gravity Gb, green moisture content Mg, and estimated initial kiln conditions for African

species—con.

24

Estimated initial conditions

Botanical name Gb

Mg

(%)

Ti

(°C)

Di

(°C)

Ti

(°F)

Di

(°F)

Cussonia arborea 0.360 122 57 3.8 135 7

Cussonia spp. 0.322 138 59 4.1 139 7

Cussonia spicata 0.385 113 56 3.6 133 6

Cynometra ananta 0.836 45 39 2.0 103 4

Cynometra hankei 0.779 51 41 2.1 106 4

Cynometra lujae 0.679 61 44 2.3 112 4

Dacryodes buettneri 0.530 81 49 2.8 122 5

Dacryodes edulis 0.500 86 51 3.0 124 5

Dacryodes igaganga 0.530 81 49 2.8 122 5

Dacryodes klaineana 0.740 54 42 2.2 108 4

Dacryodes le-testui 0.500 86 51 3.0 124 5

Dacryodes normandii 0.500 86 51 3.0 124 5

Dacryodes pubescens 0.561 76 48 2.7 119 5

Dalbergia africana 0.779 51 41 2.1 106 4

Dalbergia baronii 0.696 59 43 2.3 111 4

Dalbergia divers 0.793 49 41 2.1 105 4

Dalbergia greviana 0.876 41 38 1.9 101 3

Dalbergia nitidula 0.783 50 41 2.1 106 4

Daniellia klainei 0.450 96 53 3.2 128 6

Daniellia oliveri 0.489 88 51 3.0 125 5

Daniellia soyauxii 0.450 96 53 3.2 128 6

Desbordesia pierreana 0.870 42 39 1.9 101 3

Detarium senegalense 0.762 52 41 2.1 107 4

Dialiopsis africana 0.654 64 45 2.4 113 4

Dialium bipindense 0.830 46 40 2.0 103 4

Dialium corbisieri 0.876 41 38 1.9 101 3

Dialium dinklagei 0.720 57 43 2.2 109 4

Dialium engleranum 0.757 53 42 2.1 107 4

Dialium excelsum 0.780 50 41 2.1 106 4

Dialium guineense 0.696 59 43 2.3 111 4

Dialium holtzii 0.667 62 44 2.4 112 4

Dialium macranthum 0.696 59 43 2.3 111 4

Dialium orientale 0.779 51 41 2.1 106 4

Dialium pachyphyllum 0.812 47 40 2.0 104 4

Dialium pentandrum 0.779 51 41 2.1 106 4

Dialium soyauxii 0.626 67 46 2.5 115 4

Dichrostachys cinerea 0.936 36 37 1.8 98 3

Didelotia africana 0.780 50 41 2.1 106 4

Didelotia brevipaniculata 0.530 81 49 2.8 122 5

Didelotia idae 0.626 67 46 2.5 115 4

Estimated initial conditions

Botanical name Gb

Mg

(%)

Ti

(°C)

Di

(°C)

Ti

(°F)

Di

(°F)

Didelotia letouzeyi 0.500 86 51 3.0 124 5

Didelotia spp. 0.500 86 51 3.0 124 5

Didymosalpinx norea 0.680 61 44 2.3 112 4

Dilobeia thouarsii 0.876 41 38 1.9 101 3

Diospyros abyssinica 0.667 62 44 2.4 112 4

Diospyros crassiflora 0.779 51 41 2.1 106 4

Diospyros dendo 1.013 29 35 1.7 94 3

Diospyros ferrea 0.744 54 42 2.2 108 4

Diospyros kamerunensis 0.780 50 41 2.1 106 4

Diospyros kirkii 0.603 70 47 2.6 116 5

Diospyros mannii 0.779 51 41 2.1 106 4

Diospyros mespiliformis 0.634 66 45 2.5 114 4

Diospyros natalensis 0.808 48 40 2.0 104 4

Diospyros quiloensis 0.770 51 41 2.1 106 4

Diospyros senensis 0.642 65 45 2.4 114 4

Diospyros spp. 0.820 46 40 2.0 104 4

Diplorhynchus condylocarpon 0.629 67 46 2.5 115 4

Discoglypremna caloneura 0.320 139 60 4.1 139 7

Dombeya burgessiae 0.511 84 50 2.9 123 5

Dombeya goetzeni 0.511 84 50 2.9 123 5

Dombeya rotundifolia 0.629 67 46 2.5 115 4

Dovyalis caffra 0.642 65 45 2.4 114 4

Dovyalis macrocalyx 0.462 93 52 3.1 127 6

Drypetes battiscombei 0.561 76 48 2.7 119 5

Drypetes gerrardii 0.696 59 43 2.3 111 4

Drypetes gossweilleri 0.630 67 46 2.5 115 4

Drypetes spp. 0.630 67 46 2.5 115 4

Ehretia acuminata 0.510 84 50 2.9 123 5

Ehretia cymosa 0.462 93 52 3.1 127 6

Ekebergia benguelensis 0.488 88 51 3.0 125 5

Ekebergia capensis 0.471 91 52 3.1 126 6

Ekebergia rueppelliana 0.501 86 51 3.0 124 5

Elaeocarpus quadrilobus 0.501 86 51 3.0 124 5

Enantia affinis 0.446 97 53 3.2 128 6

Enantia ambigua 0.561 76 48 2.7 119 5

Enantia chlorantha 0.420 103 54 3.4 130 6

Enantia lebrunii 0.446 97 53 3.2 128 6

Enantia polycarpa 0.446 97 53 3.2 128 6

Endodesmia calophylloides 0.660 63 45 2.4 113 4

Entandrophragma bussei 0.680 61 44 2.3 112 4
Table C2—Basic specific gravity Gb, green moisture content Mg, and estimated initial kiln conditions for African

species—con.

25

Estimated initial conditions

Botanical name Gb

Mg

(%)

Ti

(°C)

Di

(°C)

Ti

(°F)

Di

(°F)

Entandrophragma excelsum 0.446 97 53 3.2 128 6

Entandrophragma palustre 0.561 76 48 2.7 119 5

Entandrophragma stolzii 0.385 113 56 3.6 133 6

Eribroma oblongum 0.600 71 47 2.6 117 5

Eriocoelum microspermum 0.500 86 51 3.0 124 5

Erismadelphus exsul 0.560 76 48 2.7 119 5

Erythrina abyssinca 0.411 105 55 3.4 131 6

Erythrina latissima 0.308 146 60 4.2 140 8

Erythrina lysistemom 0.321 139 60 4.1 139 7

Erythrina vogelii 0.250 186 64 4.8 146 9

Erythrophleum africanum 0.876 41 38 1.9 101 3

Erythrophleum le-testui 0.876 41 38 1.9 101 3

Erythrophleum micranthum 0.813 47 40 2.0 104 4

Erythrophleum spp. 0.900 39 38 1.8 100 3

Erythrophleum suaveolens 0.783 50 41 2.1 106 4

Erythroxylum emarginatum 0.744 54 42 2.2 108 4

Erythroxylum zambesiacum 0.821 46 40 2.0 104 4

Euclea divinorum 0.731 55 42 2.2 109 4

Euclea lanceolata 0.661 63 45 2.4 113 4

Euclea natalensis 0.770 51 41 2.1 106 4

Euclea schimperi 0.603 70 47 2.6 116 5

Eugenia spp. 0.696 59 43 2.3 111 4

Excoecaria bussei 0.501 86 51 3.0 124 5

Fagara amaniensis 0.449 96 53 3.2 128 6

Fagara davyi 0.696 59 43 2.3 111 4

Fagara heitzii 0.410 106 55 3.4 131 6

Fagara macrophylla 0.690 60 44 2.3 111 4

Fagara xanthoxyloides 0.603 70 47 2.6 116 5

Fauchera ambrensis 0.876 41 38 1.9 101 3

Fauchera parvifolia 0.876 41 38 1.9 101 3

Faurea macnaughtonii 0.779 51 41 2.1 106 4

Faurea saligna 0.626 67 46 2.5 115 4

Faurea speciosa 0.561 76 48 2.7 119 5

Ficalhoa laurifolia 0.552 77 48 2.7 120 5

Ficus burkei 0.526 81 49 2.9 122 5

Ficus capensis 0.247 189 64 4.8 146 9

Ficus capreifolia 0.372 118 57 3.7 134 7

Ficus exasperata 0.334 133 59 4.0 138 7

Ficus ingens 0.488 88 51 3.0 125 5

Ficus iteophylla 0.400 109 55 3.5 132 6

Estimated initial conditions

Botanical name Gb

Mg

(%)

Ti

(°C)

Di

(°C)

Ti

(°F)

Di

(°F)

Ficus kirkii 0.411 105 55 3.4 131 6

Ficus mucuso 0.390 112 56 3.6 133 6

Ficus sansibarica 0.501 86 51 3.0 124 5

Ficus stuhlmannii 0.501 86 51 3.0 124 5

Ficus sycomorus 0.398 109 55 3.5 132 6

Ficus thonningii 0.411 105 55 3.4 131 6

Ficus vogelii 0.411 105 55 3.4 131 6

Ficus zenkeri 0.446 97 53 3.2 128 6

Filicium decipiens 0.744 54 42 2.2 108 4

Foetidia clusioides 0.779 51 41 2.1 106 4

Fraxinus excelsior 0.594 71 47 2.6 117 5

Friesodielsia obovata 0.706 58 43 2.3 110 4

Funtumia africana 0.400 109 55 3.5 132 6

Funtumia elastica 0.370 118 57 3.7 134 7

Funtumia latifolia 0.450 96 53 3.2 128 6

Gaertnera paniculata 0.696 59 43 2.3 111 4

Gambeya lacourtiana 0.630 67 46 2.5 115 4

Gambeya madagascariensis 0.560 76 48 2.7 119 5

Gambeya spp. 0.560 76 48 2.7 119 5

Gambeya subnuda 0.594 71 47 2.6 117 5

Ganophyllum giganteum 0.696 59 43 2.3 111 4

Garcinia gerardii 0.660 63 45 2.4 113 4

Garcinia huillensis 0.770 51 41 2.1 106 4

Garcinia kola 0.561 76 48 2.7 119 5

Garcinia livingstonei 0.693 60 43 2.3 111 4

Garcinia mannii 0.780 50 41 2.1 106 4

Garcinia punctata 0.780 50 41 2.1 106 4

Gardenia jovis-tonantis 0.693 60 43 2.3 111 4

Gilbertiodendron dewevrei 0.650 64 45 2.4 113 4

Gilbertiodendron

 grandiflorum

0.660 63 45 2.4 113 4

Gilbertiodendron ivorense 0.696 59 43 2.3 111 4

Gilbertiodendron

 mayombense

0.630 67 46 2.5 115 4

Gilbertiodendron mildbraedii 0.870 42 39 1.9 101 3

Gilbertiodendron splendidum 0.561 76 48 2.7 119 5

Gilbertiodendron spp. 0.660 63 45 2.4 113 4

Gluta turtur 0.501 86 51 3.0 124 5

Grewia monticola 0.719 57 43 2.2 109 4

Guarea laurentii 0.560 76 48 2.7 119 5

Guibourtia coleosperma 0.599 71 47 2.6 117 5
Table C2—Basic specific gravity Gb, green moisture content Mg, and estimated initial kiln conditions for African

species—con.

26

Estimated initial conditions

Botanical name Gb

Mg

(%)

Ti

(°C)

Di

(°C)

Ti

(°F)

Di

(°F)

Guibourtia conjugata 0.872 42 38 1.9 101 3

Guibourtia demeusei 0.700 59 43 2.3 110 4

Guibourtia ehie 0.670 62 44 2.4 112 4

Guibourtia pellegriniana 0.740 54 42 2.2 108 4

Guibourtia spp. 0.720 57 43 2.2 109 4

Gyrocarpus americanus 0.199 244 68 5.4 151 10

Haematostaphis barteri 0.779 51 41 2.1 106 4

Hagenia abyssinica 0.565 75 48 2.7 119 5

Halleria lucida 0.680 61 44 2.3 112 4

Hannoa klaineana 0.280 163 62 4.4 143 8

Haplocoelum foliolosum 0.744 54 42 2.2 108 4

Haplormosia monophylla 0.696 59 43 2.3 111 4

Harungana madagascariensis 0.450 96 53 3.2 128 6

Heberdenia excelsa 0.696 59 43 2.3 111 4

Heritiera utilisa 0.591 72 47 2.6 117 5

Herminiera elaphroxylon 0.135 387 73 6.6 159 12

Hernandia voyroni 0.356 123 58 3.8 136 7

Heteropyxis dehniae 0.616 69 46 2.5 116 5

Hexalobus crispiflorus 0.480 89 51 3.1 125 6

Hexalobus monopetalus 0.629 67 46 2.5 115 4

Heywoodia lucens 0.696 59 43 2.3 111 4

Hibiscus lasiococcus 0.356 123 58 3.8 136 7

Holarrhena pubescens 0.693 60 43 2.3 111 4

Holarrhena wulfsbergii 0.501 86 51 3.0 124 5

Homalium le-testui 0.660 63 45 2.4 113 4

Homalium spp. 0.700 59 43 2.3 110 4

Humbertia madagascariensis 0.876 41 38 1.9 101 3

Hylodendron gabonense 0.780 50 41 2.1 106 4

Hymenocardia acida 0.667 62 44 2.4 112 4

Hymenostegia afzelii 0.780 50 41 2.1 106 4

Hymenostegia pellegrini 0.780 50 41 2.1 106 4

Ilex canariensis 0.779 51 41 2.1 106 4

Ilex mitis 0.526 81 49 2.9 122 5

Ilex platyphylla 0.501 86 51 3.0 124 5

Imbricaria maxima 0.626 67 46 2.5 115 4

Irvingia gabonensis 0.848 44 39 1.9 102 4

Irvingia grandifolia 0.780 50 41 2.1 106 4

Isoberlinia angolensis 0.675 62 44 2.3 112 4

Isoberlinia doka 0.604 70 46 2.6 116 5

Julbernardia brieyi 0.661 63 45 2.4 113 4

Estimated initial conditions

Botanical name Gb

Mg

(%)

Ti

(°C)

Di

(°C)

Ti

(°F)

Di

(°F)

Julbernardia globiflora 0.780 50 41 2.1 106 4

Julbernardia seretii 0.696 59 43 2.3 111 4

Khaya nyasica 0.470 91 52 3.1 126 6

Kigelia africana 0.539 79 49 2.8 121 5

Kigelia pinnata 0.501 86 51 3.0 124 5

Kiggelaria africana 0.626 67 46 2.5 115 4

Kirkia acuminata 0.531 80 49 2.8 121 5

Klainedoxa busgenii 0.876 41 38 1.9 101 3

Klainedoxa gabonensis 1.031 28 35 1.6 94 3

Klainedoxa latifolia 0.751 53 42 2.2 107 4

Lachnopylis floribunda 0.626 67 46 2.5 115 4

Lannea discolor 0.436 99 53 3.3 129 6

Lannea schweinfurthii 0.526 81 49 2.9 122 5

Lannea welwitschii 0.450 96 53 3.2 128 6

Lasiodiscus usambarensis 0.744 54 42 2.2 108 4

Laurus canariensis 0.561 76 48 2.7 119 5

Lecomtedoxa klaineana 0.780 50 41 2.1 106 4

Leptolaena multiflora 0.876 41 38 1.9 101 3

Letestua durissima 0.870 42 39 1.9 101 3

Loesenera kalantha 0.626 67 46 2.5 115 4

Lonchocarpus capassa 0.719 57 43 2.2 109 4

Lonchocarpus nelsii 0.731 55 42 2.2 109 4

Lophira lanceolata 0.696 59 43 2.3 111 4

Lophira procera 0.833 45 39 2.0 103 4

Lovoa brownii 0.449 96 53 3.2 128 6

Lovoa swynnwetonil 0.501 86 51 3.0 124 5

Macaranga capensis 0.462 93 52 3.1 127 6

Macaranga conglomerata 0.400 109 55 3.5 132 6

Macaranga kilimandscharica 0.400 109 55 3.5 132 6

Macaranga mellifera 0.347 127 58 3.9 136 7

Macrolobium dewevrei 0.693 60 43 2.3 111 4

Macrorhammus faralaotra 0.626 67 46 2.5 115 4

Maesa lanceolata 0.642 65 45 2.4 114 4

Majidea fosteri 0.626 67 46 2.5 115 4

Malacantha alnifolia 0.450 96 53 3.2 128 6

Malacantha superba 0.506 85 50 2.9 123 5

Mammea africana 0.661 63 44 2.4 113 4

Manilkara cuneifolia 0.810 47 40 2.0 104 4

Manilkara lacera 0.868 42 39 1.9 101 3

Manilkara mochisia 1.013 29 35 1.7 94 3
Table C2—Basic specific gravity Gb, green moisture content Mg, and estimated initial kiln conditions for African

species—con.

27

Estimated initial conditions

Botanical name Gb

Mg

(%)

Ti

(°C)

Di

(°C)

Ti

(°F)

Di

(°F)

Manilkara multinervis 0.920 37 37 1.8 99 3

Manilkara propinqua 0.872 42 38 1.9 101 3

Maranthes geotzeniana 0.706 58 43 2.3 110 4

Markhamia acuminata 0.731 55 42 2.2 109 4

Markhamia hildebrandtii 0.500 86 51 3.0 124 5

Markhamia platycalyx 0.450 96 53 3.2 128 6

Markhamia tomentosa 0.446 97 53 3.2 128 6

Maytenus acuminata 0.603 70 47 2.6 116 5

Maytenus heterophylia 0.475 90 52 3.1 126 6

Maytenus undata 0.693 60 43 2.3 111 4

Melia bombolo 0.289 157 61 4.3 142 8

Melia volkensii 0.501 86 51 3.0 124 5

Memecylon capitellatum 0.770 51 41 2.1 106 4

Microberlinia bisulcata 0.630 67 46 2.5 115 4

Microcos coriaceus 0.420 103 54 3.4 130 6

Microcos oligoneura 0.422 102 54 3.4 130 6

Millettia caffra 0.876 41 38 1.9 101 3

Millettia grandis 0.876 41 38 1.9 101 3

Millettia stuhlmannii 0.769 52 41 2.1 106 4

Millettia spp. 0.720 57 43 2.2 109 4

Millettia sutherlandii 0.561 76 48 2.7 119 5

Mitragyna rubrostipulata 0.526 81 49 2.9 122 5

Mitragyna stipulosa 0.470 91 52 3.1 126 6

Monopetalanthus coriaceus 0.450 96 53 3.2 128 6

Monopetalanthus durandii 0.500 86 51 3.0 124 5

Monopetalanthus heitzii 0.390 112 56 3.6 133 6

Monopetalanthus le-testui 0.500 86 51 3.0 124 5

Monopetalanthus pellegrinii 0.470 91 52 3.1 126 6

Monotes engleri 0.731 55 42 2.2 109 4

Monotes glaber 0.706 58 43 2.3 110 4

Morus alba 0.588 72 47 2.6 117 5

Morus lactea 0.626 67 46 2.5 115 4

Morus mesozyga 0.827 46 40 2.0 103 4

Myrianthus holstii 0.449 96 53 3.2 128 6

Myrica faya 0.696 59 43 2.3 111 4

Myrica pilulifera 0.411 105 55 3.4 131 6

Myrsine canariensis 0.779 51 41 2.1 106 4

Nauclea spp. 0.650 64 45 2.4 113 4

Neobeguea spp. 0.779 51 41 2.1 106 4

Neoboutonia macrocalyx 0.320 139 60 4.1 139 7

Estimated initial conditions

Botanical name Gb

Mg

(%)

Ti

(°C)

Di

(°C)

Ti

(°F)

Di

(°F)

Neopalissya castaneifolia 0.539 79 49 2.8 121 5

Nesogordonia fouassieri 0.700 59 43 2.3 110 4

Nesogordonia leplaei 0.696 59 43 2.3 111 4

Nesogordonia parvifolia 0.696 59 43 2.3 111 4

Newtonia glandulifera 0.740 54 42 2.2 108 4

Newtonia leucocarpa 0.561 76 48 2.7 119 5

Newtonia paucijuga 0.578 74 47 2.7 118 5

Notelaea excelsa 0.779 51 41 2.1 106 4

Nuxia congesta 0.642 65 45 2.4 114 4

Nuxia floribunda 0.616 69 46 2.5 116 5

Ochna arborea 0.860 43 39 1.9 102 3

Ochna gambleoides 0.719 57 43 2.2 109 4

Ochna hiernii 0.779 51 41 2.1 106 4

Ochna holstii 0.779 51 41 2.1 106 4

Ochna ovata 0.779 51 41 2.1 106 4

Ochna pulchra 0.603 70 47 2.6 116 5

Ochna schweinfurthiana 0.590 72 47 2.6 117 5

Ochrocarpus africanus 0.619 68 46 2.5 115 5

Ochtocosmus africanus 0.780 50 41 2.1 106 4

Ocotea bullata 0.630 67 46 2.5 115 4

Ocotea comoriensis 0.501 86 51 3.0 124 5

Ocotea cymosa 0.501 86 51 3.0 124 5

Ocotea macrocarpa 0.501 86 51 3.0 124 5

Ocotea phoetens 0.501 86 51 3.0 124 5

Ocotea platidisca 0.626 67 46 2.5 115 4

Ocotea racemosa 0.501 86 51 3.0 124 5

Ocotea thouventii 0.501 86 51 3.0 124 5

Ocotea trichophlebia 0.501 86 51 3.0 124 5

Ocotea viridis 0.626 67 46 2.5 115 4

Odyenda gabonensis 0.320 139 60 4.1 139 7

Odyenda spp. 0.320 139 60 4.1 139 7

Odyenda zimmermannii 0.308 146 60 4.2 140 8

Oldfieldia africana 0.780 50 41 2.1 106 4

Olea africana 0.882 41 38 1.9 100 3

Olea capensis 0.797 49 40 2.0 105 4

Olea welwitschii 0.616 69 46 2.5 116 5

Olinia cymosa 0.561 76 48 2.7 119 5

Olinia usambarensis 0.696 59 43 2.3 111 4

Olinia vanguerioides 0.808 48 40 2.0 104 4

Ongokea gore 0.825 46 40 2.0 103 4
Table C2—Basic specific gravity Gb, green moisture content Mg, and estimated initial kiln conditions for African

species—con.

28

Estimated initial conditions

Botanical name Gb

Mg

(%)

Ti

(°C)

Di

(°C)

Ti

(°F)

Di

(°F)

Orhtocarpus africanus 0.605 70 46 2.6 116 5

Oricia bachmannii 0.680 61 44 2.3 112 4

Ormocarpum kirkii 0.706 58 43 2.3 110 4

Ostryoderris stuhlmannii 0.667 62 44 2.4 112 4

Osyris compressa 0.779 51 41 2.1 106 4

Oxyanthus speciosus 0.501 86 51 3.0 124 5

Oxystigma mannii 0.446 97 53 3.2 128 6

Oxystigma msoo 0.462 93 52 3.1 127 6

Pachyelasma tessmannii 0.700 59 43 2.3 110 4

Pachypodanthium confine 0.580 73 47 2.6 118 5

Pachypodanthium staudtii 0.580 73 47 2.6 118 5

Panax spp. 0.385 113 56 3.6 133 6

Pappea capensis 0.834 45 39 2.0 103 4

Paraberlinia bifoliolata 0.560 76 48 2.7 119 5

Paramacrolobium

 coeruleoides

0.561 76 48 2.7 119 5

Paramacrolobium coeruleum 0.626 67 46 2.5 115 4

Parinari curatellifolia 0.587 72 47 2.6 118 5

Parinari glabra 0.870 42 39 1.9 101 3

Parinari goetzeniana 0.780 50 41 2.1 106 4

Parinari robusta 0.779 51 41 2.1 106 4

Parinari spp. 0.650 64 45 2.4 113 4

Parkia bicolor 0.360 122 57 3.8 135 7

Parkia biglobosa 0.501 86 51 3.0 124 5

Parkia filicoidea 0.501 86 51 3.0 124 5

Pausinystalia brachythyrsa 0.560 76 48 2.7 119 5

Pausinystalia lane-poolei 0.589 72 47 2.6 117 5

Pausinystalia talbotii 0.560 76 48 2.7 119 5

Peltophorum africanum 0.565 75 48 2.7 119 5

Pentaclethra eetveldeana 0.630 67 46 2.5 115 4

Pentaclethra macrophylla 0.914 38 37 1.8 99 3

Pentadesma butyracea 0.788 50 41 2.1 105 4

Pericopsis angolensis 0.757 53 42 2.1 107 4

Persea indica 0.446 97 53 3.2 128 6

Phyllanthus discoideus 0.760 52 41 2.1 107 4

Phyllanthus polyanthus 0.626 67 46 2.5 115 4

Phyllarthron articulatum 0.876 41 38 1.9 101 3

Phyllarthron

 madagascariense

0.876 41 38 1.9 101 3

Phyllogeiton zeyheri 0.876 41 38 1.9 101 3

Estimated initial conditions

Botanical name Gb

Mg

(%)

Ti

(°C)

Di

(°C)

Ti

(°F)

Di

(°F)

Pierreodendron africanum 0.700 59 43 2.3 110 4

Piliostigma thonningii 0.578 74 47 2.7 118 5

Piptadenia africana 0.494 87 51 3.0 124 5

Piptadenia buchananni 0.554 77 48 2.7 120 5

Piptadenia gabunensis 0.700 59 43 2.3 110 4

Pittosporum viridiflorum 0.603 70 47 2.6 116 5

Plagiostyles africana 0.700 59 43 2.3 110 4

Platylophus trifoliatus 0.446 97 53 3.2 128 6

Platysepalum chevalieri 0.696 59 43 2.3 111 4

Pleurostylia africana 0.706 58 43 2.3 110 4

Pleurostylia capensis 0.626 67 46 2.5 115 4

Poga oleosa 0.360 122 57 3.8 135 7

Polyalthia suaveolens 0.660 63 45 2.4 113 4

Polyscias fulva 0.231 204 65 5.0 148 9

Polyscias kikuyuensis 0.339 130 58 3.9 137 7

Polyscias ornifolia 0.501 86 51 3.0 124 5

Premna angolensis 0.630 67 46 2.5 115 4

Premna maxima 0.561 76 48 2.7 119 5

Prosopis africana 0.828 46 40 2.0 103 4

Protea gaguedi 0.629 67 46 2.5 115 4

Protorhus thouarsii 0.696 59 43 2.3 111 4

Prunus africana 0.740 54 42 2.2 108 4

Prunus lusitanica 0.626 67 46 2.5 115 4

Pseudocedrela kotschyi 0.626 67 46 2.5 115 4

Pseudolachnostylis

 maprouneifolia

0.590 72 47 2.6 117 5

Ptaeroxylon obliquum 0.840 45 39 2.0 103 4

Ptaeroxylon utile 0.911 38 38 1.8 99 3

Pteleopsis hylodendron 0.630 67 46 2.5 115 4

Pteleopsis myrtifolia 0.654 64 45 2.4 113 4

Pterocarpus antunesii 0.626 67 46 2.5 115 4

Pterocarpus brenanii 0.757 53 42 2.1 107 4

Pterocarpus erinaceus 0.661 63 45 2.4 113 4

Pterocarpus rotundifolius 0.578 74 47 2.7 118 5

Pterocarpus tinctorius 0.378 116 56 3.6 134 7

Pterocelastrus echinatus 0.744 54 42 2.2 108 4

Pterygopodium oxyphyllum 0.573 74 48 2.7 118 5

Pterygota bequaertii 0.560 76 48 2.7 119 5

Pterygota macrocarpa 0.470 91 52 3.1 126 6

Pterygota spp. 0.520 82 50 2.9 122 5
Table C2—Basic specific gravity Gb, green moisture content Mg, and estimated initial kiln conditions for African

species—con.

29

Estimated initial conditions

Botanical name Gb

Mg

(%)

Ti

(°C)

Di

(°C)

Ti

(°F)

Di

(°F)

Pycnanthus kombo 0.440 98 53 3.3 128 6

Quercus ilex 0.783 50 41 2.1 106 4

Randia cladantha 0.780 50 41 2.1 106 4

Rapanea melanophleos 0.626 67 46 2.5 115 4

Rapanea rhododendroides 0.654 64 45 2.4 113 4

Rauvolfia macrophylla 0.470 91 52 3.1 126 6

Rauvolfia caffra 0.424 102 54 3.3 130 6

Ravensara ovalifolia 0.561 76 48 2.7 119 5

Ravensara retusa 0.696 59 43 2.3 111 4

Rawsonia lucida 0.706 58 43 2.3 110 4

Rhamnus glandulosa 0.561 76 48 2.7 119 5

Rhizophora racemosa 0.962 34 36 1.7 97 3

Rhodolaena bakeriana 0.696 59 43 2.3 111 4

Rhus lancea 0.783 50 41 2.1 106 4

Rhus longipes 0.667 62 44 2.4 112 4

Rhus pyroides 0.949 35 37 1.8 97 3

Rhus tenuinervis 0.898 39 38 1.9 100 3

Ricinodendron africanum 0.206 234 67 5.3 151 10

Ricinodendron heudelotii 0.200 243 68 5.4 151 10

Ricinodendron viticoides 0.167 301 70 6.0 155 11

Rinorea ferruginea 0.654 64 45 2.4 113 4

Rothmannia fischeri 0.706 58 43 2.3 110 4

Rothmannia urcelliformis 0.513 83 50 2.9 123 5

Saccoglottis gabonensis 0.842 44 39 2.0 102 4

Salix hutchinsii 0.446 97 53 3.2 128 6

Santiria trimera 0.530 81 49 2.8 122 5

Sapium ellipticum 0.500 86 51 3.0 124 5

Sapium integerrimum 0.526 81 49 2.9 122 5

Schefflera umbellifera 0.270 170 63 4.5 144 8

Schotia brachypetala 0.654 64 45 2.4 113 4

Schrebera alata 0.626 67 46 2.5 115 4

Schrebera arborea 0.630 67 46 2.5 115 4

Sclerocarya birrea 0.424 102 54 3.3 130 6

Sclerocarya caffra 0.446 97 53 3.2 128 6

Sclerocarya spp. 0.440 98 53 3.3 128 6

Sclorodophloeus zenkeri 0.680 61 44 2.3 112 4

Scolopia zeyheri 0.686 60 44 2.3 111 4

Scottellia chevalieri 0.500 86 51 3.0 124 5

Scottellia kamerunensis 0.501 86 51 3.0 124 5

Scyphocephalium ochocoa 0.480 89 51 3.1 125 6

Scytopetalum tieghemia 0.686 60 44 2.3 111 4

Sersalisia micrantha 0.779 51 41 2.1 106 4

Sindora klaineana 0.561 76 48 2.7 119 5

Estimated initial conditions

Botanical name Gb

Mg

(%)

Ti

(°C)

Di

(°C)

Ti

(°F)

Di

(°F)

Sindoropsis le-testui 0.560 76 48 2.7 119 5

Spathodea campanulata 0.250 186 64 4.8 146 9

Spirostachys africana 0.847 44 39 1.9 102 4

Spirostachys venenifera 0.626 67 46 2.5 115 4

Staudtia gabonensis 0.653 64 45 2.4 113 4

Staudtia stipitata 0.760 52 41 2.1 107 4

Steganthus welwitschii 0.660 63 45 2.4 113 4

Stemonocoleus micranthus 0.560 76 48 2.7 119 5

Sterculia appendiculata 0.578 74 47 2.7 118 5

Sterculia bequaertii 0.321 139 60 4.1 139 7

Sterculia dawei 0.356 123 58 3.8 136 7

Sterculia murex 0.472 91 52 3.1 126 6

Sterculia quinqueloba 0.629 67 46 2.5 115 4

Strephonema pseudocola 0.715 57 43 2.2 109 4

Stereospermum kunthianum 0.578 74 47 2.7 118 5

Strombosia glaucescens 0.932 36 37 1.8 98 3

Strombosia grandifolia 0.740 54 42 2.2 108 4

Strombosia pustulata 0.696 59 43 2.3 111 4

Strombosia scheffleri 0.731 55 42 2.2 109 4

Strombosiopsis tetrandra 0.630 67 46 2.5 115 4

Strychnos atherstonei 0.696 59 43 2.3 111 4

Strychnos cocculoides 0.616 69 46 2.5 116 5

Strychnos madagascariensis 0.629 67 46 2.5 115 4

Strychnos mellodora 0.654 64 45 2.4 113 4

Strychnos mitis 0.661 63 45 2.4 113 4

Strychnos potatorum 0.847 44 39 1.9 102 4

Strychnos spp. 0.626 67 46 2.5 115 4

Strychnos usambarensis 0.696 59 43 2.3 111 4

Suregada procera 0.696 59 43 2.3 111 4

Swartzia fistuloides 0.820 46 40 2.0 104 4

Swartzia madagascariensis 0.975 33 36 1.7 96 3

Symphonia acuminata 0.501 86 51 3.0 124 5

Symphonia globulifora 0.492 87 51 3.0 124 5

Symphonia tanalensis 0.501 86 51 3.0 124 5

Syzygium cordatum 0.590 72 47 2.6 117 5

Syzygium gerrardii 0.616 69 46 2.5 116 5

Syzygium guineense 0.578 74 47 2.7 118 5

Tabernaemontana elegans 0.616 69 46 2.5 116 5

Tamarindus indica 0.706 58 43 2.3 110 4

Tambourissa thouvenotii 0.501 86 51 3.0 124 5

Tarrenna neurophylla 0.795 49 40 2.1 105 4

Tarrenna pavettoides 0.488 88 51 3.0 125 5

Tarrietia densiflora 0.630 67 46 2.5 115 4
Table C2—Basic specific gravity Gb, green moisture content Mg, and estimated initial kiln conditions for African

species—con.

30

Estimated initial conditions

Botanical name Gb

Mg

(%)

Ti

(°C)

Di

(°C)

Ti

(°F)

Di

(°F)

Teclea nobilis 0.696 59 43 2.3 111 4

Teclea simplicifolia 0.696 59 43 2.3 111 4

Terminalia aemula 0.642 65 45 2.4 114 4

Terminalia chebula 0.744 54 42 2.2 108 4

Terminalia gazensis 0.578 74 47 2.7 118 5

Terminalia glaucescens 0.696 59 43 2.3 111 4

Terminalia kilimandscharica 0.561 76 48 2.7 119 5

Terminalia macroptera 0.738 55 42 2.2 108 4

Terminalia mantaly 0.561 76 48 2.7 119 5

Terminalia mollis 0.834 45 39 2.0 103 4

Terminalia prunioides 0.975 33 36 1.7 96 3

Terminalia sericea 0.738 55 42 2.2 108 4

Terminalia stenostachya 0.834 45 39 2.0 103 4

Terminalia stuhlmannii 0.834 45 39 2.0 103 4

Terminalia tetranda 0.561 76 48 2.7 119 5

Tessmania africana 0.850 44 39 1.9 102 3

Tessmania claessensii 0.733 55 42 2.2 108 4

Tessmania lescrauwatii 0.779 51 41 2.1 106 4

Tessmania yangambiensis 0.779 51 41 2.1 106 4

Testulea gabonensis 0.600 71 47 2.6 117 5

Tetraberlinia bifoliolata 0.540 79 49 2.8 121 5

Tetraberlinia tubmania 0.575 74 48 2.7 118 5

Tetrapleura tetraptera 0.567 75 48 2.7 119 5

Tieghemella africana 0.550 78 49 2.8 120 5

Tieghemella callophylloides 0.780 50 41 2.1 106 4

Tieghemella djave 0.590 72 47 2.6 117 5

Tieghemella heckelii 0.610 69 46 2.5 116 5

Tieghemella obovata 0.630 67 46 2.5 115 4

Tieghemella zeyheri 0.770 51 41 2.1 106 4

Toubaouate brevipaniculata 0.542 79 49 2.8 121 5

Trachylobium verrucosum 0.654 64 45 2.4 113 4

Trema guineensis 0.400 109 55 3.5 132 6

Trema orientalis 0.372 118 57 3.7 134 7

Trema spp. 0.400 109 55 3.5 132 6

Trichilia dregeana 0.507 84 50 2.9 123 5

Trichilia gilgiana 0.531 80 49 2.8 121 5

Trichilia heudelotii 0.500 86 51 3.0 124 5

Trichilia prieureana 0.630 67 46 2.5 115 4

Trichilia roka 0.465 92 52 3.1 126 6

Trichoscypha arborea 0.590 72 47 2.6 117 5

Tristania spp. 0.738 55 42 2.2 108 4

Turrala nilotica 0.629 67 46 2.5 115 4

Tylostemon crassifolius 0.520 82 50 2.9 122 5

Estimated initial conditions

Botanical name Gb

Mg

(%)

Ti

(°C)

Di

(°C)

Ti

(°F)

Di

(°F)

Tylostemon manni 0.565 75 48 2.7 119 5

Uapaca benguelensis 0.561 76 48 2.7 119 5

Uapaca brieyi 0.626 67 46 2.5 115 4

Uapaca esculenta 0.626 67 46 2.5 115 4

Uapaca guineensis 0.685 60 44 2.3 111 4

Uapaca heudelotii 0.610 69 46 2.5 116 5

Uapaca kirkiana 0.552 77 48 2.7 120 5

Uapaca nitida 0.616 69 46 2.5 116 5

Uapaca paludosa 0.686 60 44 2.3 111 4

Uapaca sansibarica 0.501 86 51 3.0 124 5

Uapaca thouarsii 0.626 67 46 2.5 115 4

Vepris undulata 0.696 59 43 2.3 111 4

Visnea mocanera 0.779 51 41 2.1 106 4

Vitex congolensis 0.446 97 53 3.2 128 6

Vitex fischeri 0.422 102 54 3.4 130 6

Vitex grandifolia 0.398 109 55 3.5 132 6

Vitex micrantha 0.488 88 51 3.0 125 5

Vitex pachyphylla 0.446 97 53 3.2 128 6

Vitex payos 0.603 70 47 2.6 116 5

Warburgia stuhlmannii 0.783 50 41 2.1 106 4

Warburgia ugandensis 0.696 59 43 2.3 111 4

Weinmannia minutiflora 0.626 67 46 2.5 115 4

Weinmannia spp. 0.626 67 46 2.5 115 4

Xanthocercis

 madagascariensis

0.876 41 38 1.9 101 3

Xanthocercis zambesiaca 0.834 45 39 2.0 103 4

Xeroderris stuhlmanni 0.603 70 47 2.6 116 5

Xylopia aethiopica 0.500 86 51 3.0 124 5

Xylopia chrysophylla 0.700 59 43 2.3 110 4

Xylopia hypolambra 0.630 67 46 2.5 115 4

Xylopia quintasii 0.700 59 43 2.3 110 4

Xylopia rubescens 0.504 85 50 2.9 123 5

Xylopia staudtii 0.360 122 57 3.8 135 7

Xylopia wilwerthii 0.876 41 38 1.9 101 3

Xymalos monospora 0.462 93 52 3.1 127 6

Zanha africana 0.808 48 40 2.0 104 4

Zanha golungensis 0.693 60 43 2.3 111 4

Zanthoxylum capensisa 0.750 53 42 2.2 107 4

Zanthoxylum davyia 0.709 58 43 2.3 110 4

Zanthoxylum macrophya 0.922 37 37 1.8 99 3

Ziziphus abyssinica 0.770 51 41 2.1 106 4

Ziziphus mauritiana 0.552 77 48 2.7 120 5

Ziziphus mucronata 0.719 57 43 2.2 109 4

a

 Older scientific name Newer scientific name

 Tarrieta spp. Heritiera spp.

 Fagara spp. Zanthoxylum spp.
Table C3—Basic specific gravity Gb, green moisture content Mg, and estimated initial kiln conditions for Asian and

Oceana species

31

Estimated initial conditions

Botanical name Gb

Mg

(%)

Ti

(°C)

Di

(°C)

Ti

(°F)

Di

(°F)

Acacia arabica 0.708 58 43 2.3 110 4

Acacia auriculiformis 0.501 86 51 3.0 124 5

Acacia catechu 0.875 41 38 1.9 101 3

Acacia chundra 0.976 32 36 1.7 96 3

Acacia confusa 0.747 54 42 2.2 108 4

Acacia dealbata 0.616 69 46 2.5 116 5

Acacia ferruginea 0.876 41 38 1.9 101 3

Acacia granulosa 0.561 76 48 2.7 119 5

Acacia lenticularis 0.717 57 43 2.2 109 4

Acacia leucophloea 0.725 56 42 2.2 109 4

Acacia modesta 0.845 44 39 1.9 102 4

Acacia pavonima 0.668 62 44 2.4 112 4

Acacia planifrons 0.581 73 47 2.6 118 5

Acacia richii 0.690 60 44 2.3 111 4

Acacia senegal 0.773 51 41 2.1 106 4

Acacia suma 0.764 52 41 2.1 107 4

Acacia tomentosa 0.517 83 50 2.9 122 5

Acer davidii 0.444 97 53 3.2 128 6

Acer decandrum 0.679 61 44 2.3 112 4

Acer mandshuricum 0.614 69 46 2.5 116 5

Acer mono 0.616 69 46 2.5 116 5

Acrocarpus fraxinifolius 0.587 72 47 2.6 118 5

Acronychia pedunculata 0.417 104 54 3.4 130 6

Adenanthera pavonina 0.731 55 42 2.2 109 4

Adina fagifolia 0.610 69 46 2.5 116 5

Adina microcephala 0.751 53 42 2.2 107 4

Adina minutiflora 0.850 44 39 1.9 102 3

Adina pilulifera 0.917 38 37 1.8 99 3

Adinandra acutifolia 0.639 66 45 2.5 114 4

Adinandra fragrans 0.722 56 43 2.2 109 4

Aegele marmelos 0.754 53 42 2.1 107 4

Afzelia cochinchinensis 0.748 54 42 2.2 108 4

Aglaia andamancia 0.713 57 43 2.2 110 4

Aglaia argentea 0.658 63 45 2.4 113 4

Aglaia dasyclada 0.600 71 47 2.6 117 5

Aglaia diffusa 0.699 59 43 2.3 110 4

Aglaia edulis 0.702 59 43 2.3 110 4

Aglaia gigantea 0.657 64 45 2.4 113 4

Aglaia iloilo 0.527 81 49 2.8 122 5

Aglaia llanosiana 0.892 40 38 1.9 100 3

Aglaia maiae 0.597 71 47 2.6 117 5

Aglaia odoratissima 0.717 57 43 2.2 109 4

Aglaia polystachya 0.632 67 45 2.5 115 4

Aglaia roxburghiana 0.783 50 41 2.1 106 4

Aglaia sapindina 0.658 63 45 2.4 113 4

Ailanthus altissima 0.521 82 50 2.9 122 5

Ailanthus excelsa 0.328 135 59 4.0 138 7

Estimated initial conditions

Botanical name Gb

Mg

(%)

Ti

(°C)

Di

(°C)

Ti

(°F)

Di

(°F)

Ailanthus glandulosa 0.507 84 50 2.9 123 5

Ailanthus grandis 0.350 126 58 3.8 136 7

Ailanthus malabarica 0.365 120 57 3.7 135 7

Alangium chinense 0.492 87 51 3.0 124 5

Alangium longiflorum 0.648 65 45 2.4 114 4

Alangium meyeri 0.631 67 46 2.5 115 4

Albizia aclea 0.573 74 48 2.7 118 5

Albizia amara 0.700 59 43 2.3 110 4

Albizia chinensis 0.297 152 61 4.3 141 8

Albizia julibrissin 0.585 73 47 2.6 118 5

Albizia kalkora 0.482 89 51 3.0 125 6

Albizia lucida 0.571 74 48 2.7 119 5

Albizia moluccana 0.380 115 56 3.6 133 7

Albizia odoratissima 0.632 67 45 2.5 115 4

Albizia procera 0.647 65 45 2.4 114 4

Albizia samana 0.536 80 49 2.8 121 5

Albizia saponaria 0.629 67 46 2.5 115 4

Albizia stipulata 0.380 115 56 3.6 133 7

Albizia thompsoni 0.597 71 47 2.6 117 5

Aleurites moluccana 0.336 132 59 3.9 137 7

Aleurites montana 0.321 139 60 4.1 139 7

Aleurites trisperma 0.427 101 54 3.3 129 6

Alniphyllum fortunei 0.388 112 56 3.6 133 6

Alnus japonica 0.430 100 54 3.3 129 6

Alnus nepalensis 0.365 120 57 3.7 135 7

Alnus sibirica 0.455 95 53 3.2 127 6

Alnus trabeculate 0.437 99 53 3.3 129 6

Alphitonia neo-caledonica 0.561 76 48 2.7 119 5

Alphitonia philippinensis 0.395 110 55 3.5 132 6

Alphitonia zizyphoides 0.500 86 51 3.0 124 5

Alphonsea arborea 0.691 60 44 2.3 111 4

Alseodaphne hainanensis 0.578 74 47 2.7 118 5

Alseodaphne umbaliflora 0.520 82 50 2.9 122 5

Alseodaphne insignis 0.580 73 47 2.6 118 5

Alseodaphne longipes 0.486 88 51 3.0 125 5

Alseodaphne

 semecarpifolia

0.719 57 43 2.2 109 4

Altingia excelsa 0.739 55 42 2.2 108 4

Altingia chinensis 0.652 64 45 2.4 113 4

Altingia obovata 0.723 56 43 2.2 109 4

Altingia yunnanensis 0.613 69 46 2.5 116 5

Amesiodendron chniense 0.803 48 40 2.0 105 4

Amoora aherniana 0.584 73 47 2.6 118 5

Amoora cucullata 0.555 77 48 2.7 120 5

Amoora macrocarpa 0.545 78 49 2.8 120 5

Amoora rohituka 0.576 74 48 2.7 118 5

Amoora rugbiginosa 0.700 59 43 2.3 110 4
Table C3—Basic specific gravity Gb, green moisture content Mg, and estimated initial kiln conditions for Asian and

Oceana species—con.

32

Estimated initial conditions

Botanical name Gb

Mg

(%)

Ti

(°C)

Di

(°C)

Ti

(°F)

Di

(°F)

Amoora wallichii 0.496 86 51 3.0 124 5

Anacolosa densiflora 0.781 50 41 2.1 106 4

Angelesia splendens 0.513 83 50 2.9 123 5

Anisophyllea zeylanica 0.460 94 52 3.2 127 6

Anisoptera aurea 0.532 80 49 2.8 121 5

Anisoptera brunnea 0.540 79 49 2.8 121 5

Anisoptera costata 0.610 69 46 2.5 116 5

Anisoptera glabra 0.475 90 52 3.1 126 6

Anisoptera grossivenia 0.730 56 42 2.2 109 4

Anisoptera laevis 0.490 88 51 3.0 124 5

Anisoptera marginata 0.565 75 48 2.7 119 5

Anisoptera oblonga 0.516 83 50 2.9 123 5

Anisoptera scaphula 0.477 90 52 3.1 125 6

Anisoptera thurifera 0.532 80 49 2.8 121 5

Anneslea fragrens 0.557 76 48 2.7 120 5

Annona squamosa 0.603 70 47 2.6 116 5

Anogeissus acuminata 0.739 55 42 2.2 108 4

Anogeissus latifolia 0.828 46 40 2.0 103 4

Anogeissus pendula 0.795 49 40 2.1 105 4

Anogeissus phillyreaefolia 0.719 57 43 2.2 109 4

Anogeissus sericea 0.738 55 42 2.2 108 4

Anthocephalus cadamba 0.435 99 53 3.3 129 6

Anthocephalus chinensis 0.308 146 60 4.2 140 8

Antiaris toxicana 0.358 123 57 3.8 135 7

Antidesma pleuricum 0.593 71 47 2.6 117 5

Aphanamixis cumingiana 0.581 73 47 2.6 118 5

Aphanamixis perrottetiana 0.511 84 50 2.9 123 5

Aphanamixis polystachya 0.576 74 48 2.7 118 5

Aphananthe aspera 0.525 81 50 2.9 122 5

Aphananthe philippinensis 0.446 97 53 3.2 128 6

Aquilaria agallocha 0.347 127 58 3.9 136 7

Aquilaria sinensis 0.375 117 56 3.7 134 7

Archidendron oblongum 0.356 123 58 3.8 136 7

Ardisia densilepidotula 0.648 65 45 2.4 114 4

Artocarpus altilis 0.339 130 58 3.9 137 7

Artocarpus blancoi 0.422 102 54 3.4 130 6

Artocarpus chaplasha 0.424 102 54 3.3 130 6

Artocarpus elasticus 0.440 98 53 3.3 128 6

Artocarpus heterophyllus 0.505 85 50 2.9 123 5

Artocarpus hirsuta 0.516 83 50 2.9 123 5

Artocarpus integrifolia 0.531 80 49 2.8 121 5

Artocarpus lakoocha 0.530 81 49 2.8 122 5

Artocarpus lanceifolius 0.620 68 46 2.5 115 5

Artocarpus nobilis 0.629 67 46 2.5 115 4

Artocarpus ovata 0.470 91 52 3.1 126 6

Artocarpus rigidus 0.480 89 51 3.1 125 6

Artocarpus scortechinii 0.430 100 54 3.3 129 6

Estimated initial conditions

Botanical name Gb

Mg

(%)

Ti

(°C)

Di

(°C)

Ti

(°F)

Di

(°F)

Artocarpus styracifolius 0.522 82 50 2.9 122 5

Artocarpus tonkinensis 0.547 78 49 2.8 120 5

Arytera littoralis 0.733 55 42 2.2 108 4

Atalantia missionis 0.877 41 38 1.9 101 3

Atalantia monophylla 0.773 51 41 2.1 106 4

Averrhoa carambola 0.549 78 49 2.8 120 5

Avicennia marina 0.661 63 45 2.4 113 4

Avicennia officinalis 0.654 64 45 2.4 113 4

Azadirachta indica 0.690 60 44 2.3 111 4

Azadirachta spp. 0.520 82 50 2.9 122 5

Baccaurea sapida 0.590 72 47 2.6 117 5

Balanites triflora 0.629 67 46 2.5 115 4

Balanocarpus heimii 0.847 44 39 1.9 102 4

Balanocarpus spp. 0.760 52 41 2.1 107 4

Barringtonia acutangula 0.488 88 51 3.0 125 5

Barringtonia edulis 0.480 89 51 3.1 125 6

Barringtonia racemosa 0.360 122 57 3.8 135 7

Bassia butyracea 0.632 67 45 2.5 115 4

Bassia latifolia 0.737 55 42 2.2 108 4

Bassia longifolia 0.795 49 40 2.1 105 4

Bassia pasquieri 0.844 44 39 2.0 102 4

Bauhinia foveolata 0.725 56 42 2.2 109 4

Bauhinia malabarica 0.530 81 49 2.8 122 5

Bauhinia purpurea 0.527 81 49 2.8 122 5

Bauhinia racemosa 0.577 74 47 2.7 118 5

Bauhinia retusa 0.657 64 45 2.4 113 4

Bauhinia spp. 0.670 62 44 2.4 112 4

Bauhinia variegata 0.544 78 49 2.8 121 5

Beauprea spathulafolia 0.876 41 38 1.9 101 3

Beilschmiedia intermedia 0.560 76 48 2.7 119 5

Beilschmiedia

 roxburghiana

0.488 88 51 3.0 125 5

Beilschmiedia tawa 0.580 73 47 2.6 118 5

Berrya ammonilla 0.772 51 41 2.1 106 4

Berrya cordifolia 0.780 50 41 2.1 106 4

Betula albo-sinensis 0.523 82 50 2.9 122 5

Betula alnoides 0.539 79 49 2.8 121 5

Betula costata 0.628 67 46 2.5 115 4

Betula liminifera 0.533 80 49 2.8 121 5

Betula platyphylla 0.515 83 50 2.9 123 5

Bischofia javanica 0.589 72 47 2.6 117 5

Bleasdalea vitiensis 0.430 100 54 3.3 129 6

Blepharistemma

b

0.589 72 47 2.6 117 5

Blumeodendron tokbrai 0.560 76 48 2.7 119 5

Boehmeria rugulosa 0.539 79 49 2.8 121 5

Bombax ceibaa 0.330 135 59 4.0 138 7

Bombax insigne 0.313 143 60 4.1 140 7
Table C3—Basic specific gravity Gb, green moisture content Mg, and estimated initial kiln conditions for Asian and

Oceana species—con.

33

Estimated initial conditions

Botanical name Gb

Mg

(%)

Ti

(°C)

Di

(°C)

Ti

(°F)

Di

(°F)

Bombax malabaricaa 0.330 135 59 4.0 138 7

Bombycidendron

 vidalianum

0.532 80 49 2.8 121 5

Borassus flabellifer 0.681 61 44 2.3 111 4

Boschia griffithii 0.552 77 48 2.7 120 5

Boswellia serrata 0.498 86 51 3.0 124 5

Bouea burmanica 0.661 63 45 2.4 113 4

Bretschneidera sinensis 0.537 80 49 2.8 121 5

Bridelia balansae 0.627 67 46 2.5 115 4

Bridelia retusa 0.499 86 51 3.0 124 5

Bridelia squamosa 0.500 86 51 3.0 124 5

Broussonetia papyrifera 0.321 139 60 4.1 139 7

Brownlowia elata 0.573 74 48 2.7 118 5

Bruguiera caryophylloides 0.725 56 42 2.2 109 4

Bruguiera eriopetala 0.733 55 42 2.2 108 4

Bruguiera gymnorrhiza 0.741 54 42 2.2 108 4

Bruguiera parviflora 0.825 46 40 2.0 103 4

Bruguiera sexangula 0.808 48 40 2.0 104 4

Buchanania angustifolia 0.517 83 50 2.9 122 5

Buchanania lancifolia 0.539 79 49 2.8 121 5

Buchanania lanzan 0.450 96 53 3.2 128 6

Buchanania latifolia 0.458 94 52 3.2 127 6

Buchanania spp. 0.322 138 59 4.1 139 7

Bucklandia populnea 0.552 77 48 2.7 120 5

Burckella spp. 0.561 76 48 2.7 119 5

Burreavella wakere 0.876 41 38 1.9 101 3

Burretiodendron hsienmu 0.880 41 38 1.9 101 3

Bursera serrata 0.590 72 47 2.6 117 5

Butea frondosa 0.513 83 50 2.9 123 5

Butea monosperma 0.480 89 51 3.1 125 6

Caesalpinia sappan 0.837 45 39 2.0 103 4

Callicarpa tomentosa 0.462 93 52 3.1 127 6

Callistemon lanceolatus 0.706 58 43 2.3 110 4

Calophyllum amoenum 0.517 83 50 2.9 122 5

Calophyllum blancoi 0.510 84 50 2.9 123 5

Calophyllum curtisii 0.510 84 50 2.9 123 5

Calophyllum inophyllum 0.620 68 46 2.5 115 5

Calophyllum kunstleri 0.549 78 49 2.8 120 5

Calophyllum montanum 0.696 59 43 2.3 111 4

Calophyllum

 neo-ebudicum

0.500 86 51 3.0 124 5

Calophyllum

 obliquinervium

0.580 73 47 2.6 118 5

Calophyllum polyanthum 0.549 78 49 2.8 120 5

Calophyllum

 pulcherrimum

0.770 51 41 2.1 106 4

Calophyllum retusum 0.450 96 53 3.2 128 6

Estimated initial conditions

Botanical name Gb

Mg

(%)

Ti

(°C)

Di

(°C)

Ti

(°F)

Di

(°F)

Calophyllum saigonensis 0.598 71 47 2.6 117 5

Calophyllum soulatri 0.540 79 49 2.8 121 5

Calophyllum spectabile 0.533 80 49 2.8 121 5

Calophyllum tomentosum 0.516 83 50 2.9 123 5

Calophyllum venustum 0.549 78 49 2.8 120 5

Callophyllum vitiense 0.500 86 51 3.0 124 5

Calophyllum wightianum 0.569 75 48 2.7 119 5

Calycarpa arborea 0.530 81 49 2.8 122 5

Campnosperma auriculata 0.350 126 58 3.8 136 7

Campnosperma

 brevipetiolata

0.313 143 60 4.1 140 7

Campnosperma

 macrophylla

0.405 107 55 3.5 131 6

Campnosperma spp. 0.356 123 58 3.8 136 7

Campthotheca acuminata 0.412 105 55 3.4 131 6

Cananga odorata 0.310 145 60 4.2 140 8

Canarium album 0.559 76 48 2.7 119 5

Canarium asperum 0.605 70 46 2.6 116 5

Canarium bengalense 0.557 76 48 2.7 120 5

Canarium calophyllum 0.500 86 51 3.0 124 5

Canarium copaliferum 0.632 67 45 2.5 115 4

Canarium hirsutum 0.397 109 55 3.5 132 6

Canarium luzonicum 0.489 88 51 3.0 125 5

Canarium nigrum 0.513 83 50 2.9 123 5

Canarium pimela 0.560 76 48 2.7 119 5

Canarium rufum 0.470 91 52 3.1 126 6

Canarium salomonense 0.446 97 53 3.2 128 6

Canarium sikkimense 0.257 180 64 4.7 145 8

Canarium spp. 0.503 85 50 3.0 123 5

Canarium strictum 0.532 80 49 2.8 121 5

Canarium vanikoroense 0.540 79 49 2.8 121 5

Canarium vitense 0.540 79 49 2.8 121 5

Canarium vrieseanum 0.562 76 48 2.7 119 5

Canarium zeylanicum 0.372 118 57 3.7 134 7

Canthium dicoccum 0.750 53 42 2.2 107 4

Canthium didymum 0.699 59 43 2.3 110 4

Canthium monstrosum 0.422 102 54 3.4 130 6

Cantleya corniculata 1.040 27 35 1.6 93 3

Carallia brachiata 0.772 51 41 2.1 106 4

Carallia calycina 0.660 63 45 2.4 113 4

Carallia integerrima 0.603 70 47 2.6 116 5

Carallia lucida 0.624 68 46 2.5 115 5

Carapa borneensis 0.530 81 49 2.8 122 5

Carapa granatum 0.706 58 43 2.3 110 4

Carapa mollucensis 0.670 62 44 2.4 112 4

Carapa obovata 0.563 76 48 2.7 119 5

Careya arborea 0.644 65 45 2.4 114 4
Table C3—Basic specific gravity Gb, green moisture content Mg, and estimated initial kiln conditions for Asian and

Oceana species—con.

34

Estimated initial conditions

Botanical name Gb

Mg

(%)

Ti

(°C)

Di

(°C)

Ti

(°F)

Di

(°F)

Carpinus chinensis 0.574 74 48 2.7 118 5

Carpinus fangiana 0.561 76 48 2.7 119 5

Carpinus londoniana 0.528 81 49 2.8 122 5

Carya cathayensis 0.596 71 47 2.6 117 5

Caryota urens 0.590 72 47 2.6 117 5

Casaeria graveolens 0.578 74 47 2.7 118 5

Cassia fistula 0.728 56 42 2.2 109 4

Cassia javanica 0.685 60 44 2.3 111 4

Cassia marginata 0.770 51 41 2.1 106 4

Cassia nodosa 0.517 83 50 2.9 122 5

Cassia siamea 0.840 45 39 2.0 103 4

Cassia spectabilis 0.484 89 51 3.0 125 5

Cassia timoriensis 0.744 54 42 2.2 108 4

Cassia tonkinensis 0.564 75 48 2.7 119 5

Castanea henryi 0.536 80 49 2.8 121 5

Castanea mollissima 0.565 75 48 2.7 119 5

Castanea seguinii 0.506 85 50 2.9 123 5

Castanopsis argentea 0.730 56 42 2.2 109 4

Castanopsis brevispina 0.539 79 49 2.8 121 5

Castanopsis carlesii 0.477 90 52 3.1 125 6

Castanopsis delavayi 0.650 64 45 2.4 113 4

Castanopsis eyrei 0.486 88 51 3.0 125 5

Castanopsis fabri 0.483 89 51 3.0 125 5

Castanopsis fargesii 0.508 84 50 2.9 123 5

Castanopsis fissa 0.421 103 54 3.4 130 6

Castanopsis fordii 0.450 96 53 3.2 128 6

Castanopsis hainanensis 0.634 66 45 2.5 114 4

Castanopsis hystrix 0.550 78 49 2.8 120 5

Castanopsis indica 0.578 74 47 2.7 118 5

Castanopsis lamontii 0.469 92 52 3.1 126 6

Castanopsis magacarpa 0.719 57 43 2.2 109 4

Castanopsis philippensis 0.510 84 50 2.9 123 5

Castanopsis sclerophylla 0.486 88 51 3.0 125 5

Castanopsis tibetana 0.566 75 48 2.7 119 5

Castanopsis tribuloides 0.666 63 44 2.4 112 4

Catalpa duclouxii 0.392 111 56 3.5 132 6

Cedrela microcarpa 0.401 108 55 3.5 132 6

Cedrela multijuga 0.475 90 52 3.1 126 6

Cedrela serrata 0.474 91 52 3.1 126 6

Celtis luzonica 0.488 88 51 3.0 125 5

Celtis philippinensis 0.604 70 46 2.6 116 5

Celtis sinensis 0.552 77 48 2.7 120 5

Celtis spp. 0.422 102 54 3.4 130 6

Celtis yunnanrnsis 0.517 83 50 2.9 122 5

Cerbera manghas 0.283 161 62 4.4 142 8

Cercidiphyllum japonicum 0.417 104 54 3.4 130 6

Ceriops roxburghiana 0.719 57 43 2.2 109 4

Estimated initial conditions

Botanical name Gb

Mg

(%)

Ti

(°C)

Di

(°C)

Ti

(°F)

Di

(°F)

Ceriops tagal 0.803 48 40 2.0 105 4

Chailletia gelonioides 0.541 79 49 2.8 121 5

Chisocheton cumingianus 0.520 82 50 2.9 122 5

Chisocheton divergens 0.517 83 50 2.9 122 5

Chisocheton grandiflorus 0.645 65 45 2.4 114 4

Chisocheton paniculatus 0.533 80 49 2.8 121 5

Chisocheton pentandrus 0.518 83 50 2.9 122 5

Chisocheton schvmanii 0.501 86 51 3.0 124 5

Choerospondias axillaris 0.474 91 52 3.1 126 6

Chosenia macrolepis 0.320 139 60 4.1 139 7

Chukrasia velutina 0.680 61 44 2.3 112 4

Cinnamomum

 austro-sinense

0.440 98 53 3.3 128 6

Cinnamomum

 cecicodaphne

0.475 90 52 3.1 126 6

Cinnamomum densiflora 0.444 97 53 3.2 128 6

Cinnamomum

 granduliferum

0.475 90 52 3.1 126 6

Cinnamomum iners 0.508 84 50 2.9 123 5

Cinnamomum inunctum 0.573 74 48 2.7 118 5

Cinnamomum mercadoi 0.650 64 45 2.4 113 4

Cinnamomum obtusifolium 0.590 72 47 2.6 117 5

Cinnamomum

 parthenoxylon

0.630 67 46 2.5 115 4

Cinnamomum porrectum 0.411 105 55 3.4 131 6

Cinnamomum tamala 0.488 88 51 3.0 125 5

Cinnamomum tsangii 0.447 96 53 3.2 128 6

Cinnamomum zeylanicum 0.545 78 49 2.8 120 5

Citrus aurantium 0.581 73 47 2.6 118 5

Citrus decumana 0.533 80 49 2.8 121 5

Citrus grandis 0.592 72 47 2.6 117 5

Citrus medica 0.605 70 46 2.6 116 5

Cleidion spiciflorum 0.495 87 51 3.0 124 5

Cleistanthus collinus 0.880 41 38 1.9 101 3

Cleistocalyx operculatus 0.664 63 44 2.4 113 4

Cleistocalyx spp. 0.760 52 41 2.1 107 4

Cleyera japonica 0.558 76 48 2.7 120 5

Coccoceras plicatum 0.462 93 52 3.1 127 6

Cochlospermum

 religiosum

0.270 170 63 4.5 144 8

Coelestegia spp. 0.561 76 48 2.7 119 5

Colona serratifolia 0.389 112 56 3.6 133 6

Combretocarpus

 rotundatus

0.760 52 41 2.1 107 4

Combretodendron

 quadrialatum

0.570 75 48 2.7 119 5

Cordia dichotoma 0.436 99 53 3.3 129 6
Table C3—Basic specific gravity Gb, green moisture content Mg, and estimated initial kiln conditions for Asian and

Oceana species—con.

35

Estimated initial conditions

Botanical name Gb

Mg

(%)

Ti

(°C)

Di

(°C)

Ti

(°F)

Di

(°F)

Cordia fragrantissima 0.654 64 45 2.4 113 4

Cordia subcordata 0.640 66 45 2.4 114 4

Cordia spp. 0.530 81 49 2.8 122 5

Cornus controversa 0.565 75 48 2.7 119 5

Cotoneaster bacillaris 0.656 64 45 2.4 113 4

Cotylelobium burckii 1.010 30 35 1.7 95 3

Cotylelobium malayanum 0.970 33 36 1.7 96 3

Cotylelobium melanoxylon 0.990 31 36 1.7 95 3

Crataeva religiosa 0.530 81 49 2.8 122 5

Crataeva roxburghii 0.526 81 49 2.9 122 5

Cratoxylon formosum 0.682 61 44 2.3 111 4

Cratoxylum ligustrinum 0.745 54 42 2.2 108 4

Cratoxylon neriifolium 0.706 58 43 2.3 110 4

Crossostylis spp. 0.501 86 51 3.0 124 5

Croton oblongifolius 0.578 74 47 2.7 118 5

Crypteronia paniculata 0.513 83 50 2.9 123 5

Cryptocarya liebertiana 0.497 86 51 3.0 124 5

Cryptocarya spp. 0.590 72 47 2.6 117 5

Ctenolophon parvifolius 0.760 52 41 2.1 107 4

Ctenolophon spp. 0.719 57 43 2.2 109 4

Cubilia cubili 0.486 88 51 3.0 125 5

Cudrania tricuspidata 0.936 36 37 1.8 98 3

Cullenia ceylanica 0.510 84 50 2.9 123 5

Cullenia excelsa 0.532 80 49 2.8 121 5

Cupaniopsis apiocarpa 0.696 59 43 2.3 111 4

Cyanodaphne cuneata 0.922 37 37 1.8 99 3

Cyathocalyx maingayi 0.500 86 51 3.0 124 5

Cyathocalyx martabanicus 0.709 58 43 2.3 110 4

Cyclobalanopsis

bambusaefoliaa

0.810 47 40 2.0 104 4

Cyclobalanopsis blakeia 0.796 49 40 2.0 105 4

Cyclobalanopsis chungiia 0.780 50 41 2.1 106 4

Cyclobalanopsis

delavayia

0.730 56 42 2.2 109 4

Cyclobalanopsis fleuryia 0.863 42 39 1.9 101 3

Cyclobalanopsis glaucaa 0.694 59 43 2.3 111 4

Cyclobalanopsis

 glaucoidesa

0.738 55 42 2.2 108 4

Cyclobalanopsis

 myrsinaefoliaa

0.721 56 43 2.2 109 4

Cyclobalanopsis

 patelliformisa

0.839 45 39 2.0 103 4

Cydonia oblonga 0.610 69 46 2.5 116 5

Cydonia vulgaris 0.610 69 46 2.5 116 5

Cynometra insularis 0.760 52 41 2.1 107 4

Cynometra polyandra 0.757 53 42 2.1 107 4

Cynometra ramiflora 0.697 59 43 2.3 111 4

Estimated initial conditions

Botanical name Gb

Mg

(%)

Ti

(°C)

Di

(°C)

Ti

(°F)

Di

(°F)

Cynometra spp. 0.800 48 40 2.0 105 4

Dacryodes rastrata 0.660 63 45 2.4 113 4

Dacryodes rugose 0.840 45 39 2.0 103 4

Dacroydes spp. 0.610 69 46 2.5 116 5

Dactylocladus stenostachys 0.530 81 49 2.8 122 5

Dalbergia assamica 0.452 95 53 3.2 127 6

Dalbergia balanse 0.538 79 49 2.8 121 5

Dalbergia bariensis 0.875 41 38 1.9 101 3

Dalbergia cana 0.593 71 47 2.6 117 5

Dalbergia cochinchinensis 0.922 37 37 1.8 99 3

Dalbergia cultrata 0.766 52 41 2.1 107 4

Dalbergia fusia 0.805 48 40 2.0 104 4

Dalbergia hainanensis 0.710 58 43 2.3 110 4

Dalbergia hipeana 0.733 55 42 2.2 108 4

Dalbergia kurzii 0.661 63 45 2.4 113 4

Dalbergia lanceolaria 0.596 71 47 2.6 117 5

Dalbergia obtusifolia 0.685 60 44 2.3 111 4

Dalbergia odorifera 0.890 40 38 1.9 100 3

Dalbergia oliveri 0.787 50 41 2.1 105 4

Dalbergia ovata 0.621 68 46 2.5 115 5

Dalbergia paniculata 0.640 66 45 2.4 114 4

Dalbergia rimosa 0.590 72 47 2.6 117 5

Dalbergia sissoo 0.678 61 44 2.3 112 4

Daphniphyllum

 atrobadium

0.543 79 49 2.8 121 5

Daphniphyllum

 glaucescens

0.536 80 49 2.8 121 5

Davidia involucrata 0.411 105 55 3.4 131 6

Degeneria vitiensis 0.350 126 58 3.8 136 7

Dehaasia caesis 0.820 46 40 2.0 104 4

Dehaasia cuneata 0.770 51 41 2.1 106 4

Dehaasia nigrescens 0.510 84 50 2.9 123 5

Dehaasia triandra 0.643 65 45 2.4 114 4

Delonix regia 0.479 90 51 3.1 125 6

Derris robusta 0.617 68 46 2.5 116 5

Dichopsis polyantha 0.594 71 47 2.6 117 5

Dicrostachys cinera 1.103 22 34 1.6 91 3

Diplodiscus paniculatus 0.632 67 45 2.5 115 4

Diploknema butyracea 0.632 67 45 2.5 115 4

Distylium racemosum 0.731 55 42 2.2 109 4

Docynia indica 0.685 60 44 2.3 111 4

Dodonaea viscosa 0.994 31 36 1.7 95 3

Dolichandrone serrulata 0.424 102 54 3.3 130 6

Dolichandrone stipulata 0.475 90 52 3.1 126 6

Doona zeylanica 0.385 113 56 3.6 133 6

Dracontomelon edule 0.459 94 52 3.2 127 6
Table C3—Basic specific gravity Gb, green moisture content Mg, and estimated initial kiln conditions for Asian and

Oceana species—con.

36

Estimated initial conditions

Botanical name Gb

Mg

(%)

Ti

(°C)

Di

(°C)

Ti

(°F)

Di

(°F)

Dracontomelon

 mangiferum

0.580 73 47 2.6 118 5

Dracontomelon spp. 0.500 86 51 3.0 124 5

Drimycarpus racemosus 0.545 78 49 2.8 120 5

Dryobalanops aromatica 0.730 56 42 2.2 109 4

Dryobalanops beccarii 0.680 61 44 2.3 112 4

Dryobalanops fusca 0.840 45 39 2.0 103 4

Dryobalanops keithii 0.600 71 47 2.6 117 5

Dryobalanops oblongifolia 0.670 62 44 2.4 112 4

Dryobalanops rappa 0.820 46 40 2.0 104 4

Drypetes bordenii 0.754 53 42 2.1 107 4

Drypetes hainanensis 0.790 49 41 2.1 105 4

Duabanga grandifolia 0.376 116 56 3.6 134 7

Duboisia myoporoides 0.321 139 60 4.1 139 7

Durio carinatus 0.580 73 47 2.6 118 5

Durio oxleyanus 0.555 77 48 2.7 120 5

Durio zibethinus 0.502 85 50 3.0 124 5

Durio spp. 0.530 81 49 2.8 122 5

Dyera laxiflora 0.295 153 61 4.3 141 8

Dyera lowii 0.360 122 57 3.8 135 7

Dysoxylum altissimum 0.424 102 54 3.3 130 6

Dysoxylum binectariferum 0.569 75 48 2.7 119 5

Dysoxylum decandrum 0.507 84 50 2.9 123 5

Dysoxylum densiflorum 0.710 58 43 2.3 110 4

Dysoxylum euphlebium 0.637 66 45 2.5 114 4

Dysoxylum glandulosum 0.590 72 47 2.6 117 5

Dysoxylum grande 0.616 69 46 2.5 116 5

Dysoxylum hamiltonii 0.476 90 52 3.1 126 6

Dysoxylum loureirii 0.715 57 43 2.2 109 4

Dysoxylum macranthum 0.696 59 43 2.3 111 4

Dysoxylum malabaricum 0.581 73 47 2.6 118 5

Dysoxylum purpureum 0.701 59 43 2.3 110 4

Dysoxylum quercifolium 0.490 88 51 3.0 124 5

Dysoxylum richii 0.490 88 51 3.0 124 5

Echinocarpus assamicus 0.297 152 61 4.3 141 8

Echinocarpus dasycarpus 0.403 108 55 3.5 131 6

Echinocarpus sigun 0.421 103 54 3.4 130 6

Ehretia acuminata 0.526 81 49 2.9 122 5

Ehretia thyrisiflora 0.533 80 49 2.8 121 5

Elaeagnus angustifolia 0.431 100 54 3.3 129 6

Elaeocarpus chinensis 0.474 91 52 3.1 126 6

Elaeocarpus ferrugineus 0.581 73 47 2.6 118 5

Elaeocarpus floribundus 0.557 76 48 2.7 120 5

Elaeocarpus ganitrus 0.347 127 58 3.9 136 7

Elaeocarpus lacunosus 0.437 99 53 3.3 129 6

Elaeocarpus lanceaefolius 0.456 94 52 3.2 127 6

Elaeocarpus robustus 0.469 92 52 3.1 126 6

Estimated initial conditions

Botanical name Gb

Mg

(%)

Ti

(°C)

Di

(°C)

Ti

(°F)

Di

(°F)

Elaeocarpus rugosus 0.453 95 53 3.2 127 6

Elaeocarpus serratus 0.400 109 55 3.5 132 6

Elaeocarpus stapfianus 0.453 95 53 3.2 127 6

Elaeocarpus subglobosus 0.558 76 48 2.7 120 5

Elaeocarpus sylvestris 0.464 93 52 3.1 126 6

Elaeocarpus tuberculatus 0.403 108 55 3.5 131 6

Elaeocarpus varunna 0.349 126 58 3.8 136 7

Elaeocarpus wallichii 0.541 79 49 2.8 121 5

Elaeodendron glaucum 0.659 63 45 2.4 113 4

Elaeodendron roxburghii 0.693 60 43 2.3 111 4

Elateriospermum tapos 0.740 54 42 2.2 108 4

Elmelliria mollis 0.450 96 53 3.2 128 6

Elmelliria ovalis 0.430 100 54 3.3 129 6

Emblica officinalis 0.800 48 40 2.0 105 4

Endiandra hainanensis 0.626 67 46 2.5 115 4

Endiandra laxiflora 0.536 80 49 2.8 121 5

Engelhardtia roxburghiana 0.490 88 51 3.0 124 5

Engelhardtia spicata 0.460 94 52 3.2 127 6

Engelhardtia chrysolepsis 0.539 79 49 2.8 121 5

Epicharis cumingiana 0.729 56 42 2.2 109 4

Erinocarpus nimmonii 0.589 72 47 2.6 117 5

Eriobotrya bengalensis 0.709 58 43 2.3 110 4

Eriobotrya deflexa 0.772 51 41 2.1 106 4

Eriobotrya japonica 0.757 53 42 2.1 107 4

Eriobotrya petiolata 0.665 63 44 2.4 112 4

Erioglossum rubiginosum 0.765 52 41 2.1 107 4

Eriolaena candollei 0.676 61 44 2.3 112 4

Erythrina fusca 0.254 183 64 4.7 145 9

Erythrina indica 0.313 143 60 4.1 140 7

Erythrina lithosperma 0.283 161 62 4.4 142 8

Erythrina stricta 0.301 150 61 4.2 141 8

Erythrina suberosa 0.320 139 60 4.1 139 7

Erythrina subumbrans 0.236 199 65 4.9 147 9

Erythrophleum densiflorus 0.687 60 44 2.3 111 4

Erythrophleum fordii 0.804 48 40 2.0 104 4

Eugenia formosa 0.795 49 40 2.1 105 4

Eugenia gardneri 0.758 53 42 2.1 107 4

Eugenia griffithii 0.660 63 45 2.4 113 4

Eugenia jambolana 0.647 65 45 2.4 114 4

Eugenia kurzii 0.731 55 42 2.2 109 4

Eugenia spp. 0.650 64 45 2.4 113 4

Eugenia sylvestris 0.642 65 45 2.4 114 4

Euodia meliaefolia 0.383 114 56 3.6 133 7

Euphoria longan 0.913 38 37 1.8 99 3

Euptelea pleiospermum 0.534 80 49 2.8 121 5

Euroshinus viellardii 0.501 86 51 3.0 124 5

Eurya japonica 0.590 72 47 2.6 117 5
Table C3—Basic specific gravity Gb, green moisture content Mg, and estimated initial kiln conditions for Asian and

Oceana species—con.

37

Estimated initial conditions

Botanical name Gb

Mg

(%)

Ti

(°C)

Di

(°C)

Ti

(°F)

Di

(°F)

Evodia aromatica 0.430 100 54 3.3 129 6

Evodia fraxinifolia 0.277 165 62 4.5 143 8

Evodia meliaefolia 0.323 138 59 4.0 139 7

Evodia roxburghiana 0.365 120 57 3.7 135 7

Exbucklandia populneaa 0.610 69 46 2.5 116 5

Exbucklandia tonkinensisa 0.525 81 50 2.9 122 5

Excoecaria agallocha 0.334 133 59 4.0 138 7

Fagraea fragans 0.810 47 40 2.0 104 4

Fagraea gracilipes 0.840 45 39 2.0 103 4

Fagraea sogroria 0.660 63 45 2.4 113 4

Fagraea spp. 0.730 56 42 2.2 109 4

Fagus engleriana 0.668 62 44 2.4 112 4

Fagus longipetiolata 0.610 69 46 2.5 116 5

Feronia elephantum 0.633 66 45 2.5 114 4

Ficus altissima 0.495 87 51 3.0 124 5

Ficus bengalensis 0.475 90 52 3.1 126 6

Ficus benjamina 0.649 65 45 2.4 113 4

Ficus botryocarpa 0.430 100 54 3.3 129 6

Ficus cunia 0.295 153 61 4.3 141 8

Ficus elastica 0.565 75 48 2.7 119 5

Ficus glomerata 0.398 109 55 3.5 132 6

Ficus harmandii 0.363 121 57 3.7 135 7

Ficus hispida 0.398 109 55 3.5 132 6

Ficus infrctoria 0.449 96 53 3.2 128 6

Ficus minahassae 0.419 103 54 3.4 130 6

Ficus religiosa 0.462 93 52 3.1 127 6

Ficus retusa 0.526 81 49 2.9 122 5

Ficus roxburghii 0.449 96 53 3.2 128 6

Ficus rumphii 0.360 122 57 3.8 135 7

Ficus tsiela 0.449 96 53 3.2 128 6

Ficus varietata 0.282 161 62 4.4 143 8

Filicium decipiens 0.805 48 40 2.0 104 4

Firmiana simplex 0.417 104 54 3.4 130 6

Flacourtia cataphracta 0.781 50 41 2.1 106 4

Flindersia ifflaiano 0.779 51 41 2.1 106 4

Flindersia laevicarpa 0.561 76 48 2.7 119 5

Flindersia spp. 0.561 76 48 2.7 119 5

Fokienia kwai 0.442 98 53 3.2 128 6

Fraxinus chinensis 0.536 80 49 2.8 121 5

Fraxinus excelsior 0.600 71 47 2.6 117 5

Fraxinus griffithii 0.561 76 48 2.7 119 5

Fraxinus mandshurica 0.564 75 48 2.7 119 5

Fraxinus micrantha 0.605 70 46 2.6 116 5

Ganophyllum falcatum 0.626 67 46 2.5 115 4

Ganua motleyana 0.420 103 54 3.4 130 6

Ganua obovatifolia 0.590 72 47 2.6 117 5

Garcinia oblongifolia 0.662 63 44 2.4 113 4

Estimated initial conditions

Botanical name Gb

Mg

(%)

Ti

(°C)

Di

(°C)

Ti

(°F)

Di

(°F)

Garcinia paucinervia 0.845 44 39 1.9 102 4

Gardenia coronaria 0.654 64 45 2.4 113 4

Gardenia erythroclada 0.680 61 44 2.3 112 4

Gardenia gummifera 0.607 70 46 2.6 116 5

Gardenia latifolia 0.635 66 45 2.5 114 4

Gardenia obtusifolia 0.719 57 43 2.2 109 4

Gardenia turgida 0.636 66 45 2.5 114 4

Garuga floribunda 0.562 76 48 2.7 119 5

Garuga gamblei 0.457 94 52 3.2 127 6

Garuga pinnata 0.511 84 50 2.9 123 5

Geijera salicifolia 0.876 41 38 1.9 101 3

Geissocs spp. 0.501 86 51 3.0 124 5

Gelonium multiflorus 0.616 69 46 2.5 116 5

Gironniera sinensis 0.478 90 51 3.1 125 6

Gironniera subaequalis 0.439 98 53 3.3 128 6

Gleditsia sinensis 0.590 72 47 2.6 117 5

Glochidion puberum 0.580 73 47 2.6 118 5

Gluta renghas 0.690 60 44 2.3 111 4

Gluta spp. 0.630 67 46 2.5 115 4

Gluta tavoyana 0.725 56 42 2.2 109 4

Gluta tranvancorica 0.621 68 46 2.5 115 5

Glycosmis citrifolia 0.478 90 51 3.1 125 6

Glycosmis pentaphylla 0.541 79 49 2.8 121 5

Gmelina hainanensis 0.650 64 45 2.4 113 4

Gmelina moluccana 0.398 109 55 3.5 132 6

Gmelina spp. 0.446 97 53 3.2 128 6

Gmelina vitiensis 0.540 79 49 2.8 121 5

Gnetum gnemon 0.570 75 48 2.7 119 5

Gonocaryum calleryanum 0.639 66 45 2.5 114 4

Gonystylus macrophyllus 0.528 81 49 2.8 122 5

Gonystylus punctatus 0.570 75 48 2.7 119 5

Gordonia hainanensis 0.667 62 44 2.4 112 4

Gordonia obtusa 0.513 83 50 2.9 123 5

Grewia asiatica 0.629 67 46 2.5 115 4

Grewia elastica 0.606 70 46 2.6 116 5

Grewia humilis 0.565 75 48 2.7 119 5

Grewia laevigata 0.453 95 53 3.2 127 6

Grewia microcos 0.577 74 47 2.7 118 5

Grewia multiflora 0.462 93 52 3.1 127 6

Grewia oppositifolia 0.683 61 44 2.3 111 4

Grewia tiliaefolia 0.651 64 45 2.4 113 4

Grewia vestita 0.606 70 46 2.6 116 5

Gymnocladus burmanicus 0.413 105 55 3.4 131 6

Halfordia spp. 0.876 41 38 1.9 101 3

Hardwickia binata 0.733 55 42 2.2 108 4

Hardwickia pinnata 0.528 81 49 2.8 122 5

Harpullia arborea 0.623 68 46 2.5 115 5
Table C3—Basic specific gravity Gb, green moisture content Mg, and estimated initial kiln conditions for Asian and

Oceana species—con.

38

Estimated initial conditions

Botanical name Gb

Mg

(%)

Ti

(°C)

Di

(°C)

Ti

(°F)

Di

(°F)

Harpullia cupaniodes 0.549 78 49 2.8 120 5

Harpullia imbricata 0.526 81 49 2.9 122 5

Harpullia pendula 0.626 67 46 2.5 115 4

Harrisonia bennettii

 (syn. H. perforata)

0.744 54 42 2.2 108 4

Hartia kwangtungensis 0.671 62 44 2.4 112 4

Helicia erratica 0.578 74 47 2.7 118 5

Helicia milagirica 0.617 68 46 2.5 116 5

Helicia obvatifolia 0.595 71 47 2.6 117 5

Hemicyclia sepiara 0.757 53 42 2.1 107 4

Heteropanax fragrans 0.334 133 59 4.0 138 7

Heterophragma

 adenophyllum

0.726 56 42 2.2 109 4

Heterophragma roxburghii 0.525 81 50 2.9 122 5

Heterophragma sulfuerum 0.552 77 48 2.7 120 5

Heynea trijuga 0.512 84 50 2.9 123 5

Hibiscus macrophyllus 0.488 88 51 3.0 125 5

Hibiscus tiliaceus 0.571 74 48 2.7 119 5

Holarrhena

 antidysenterica

0.445 97 53 3.2 128 6

Holigarna arnottiana 0.313 143 60 4.1 140 7

Holigarna beddomei 0.365 120 57 3.7 135 7

Holigarna grahamii 0.413 105 55 3.4 131 6

Holigarna helferi 0.365 120 57 3.7 135 7

Holigarna longifolia 0.337 131 59 3.9 137 7

Holoptelea integrifolia 0.498 86 51 3.0 124 5

Homalanthus populneus 0.381 115 56 3.6 133 7

Homalium bhamoense 0.685 60 44 2.3 111 4

Homalium foetidum 0.910 38 38 1.8 99 3

Homalium grandiflorum 0.805 48 40 2.0 104 4

Homalium hainanense 0.675 62 44 2.3 112 4

Homalium longifolium 0.790 49 41 2.1 105 4

Homalium minutiflorum 0.613 69 46 2.5 116 5

Homalium tomentosum 0.755 53 42 2.1 107 4

Homalium spp. 0.760 52 41 2.1 107 4

Homalium zeylanicum 0.725 56 42 2.2 109 4

Hopea hainan 0.970 33 36 1.7 96 3

Hopea mollissima 0.749 54 42 2.2 108 4

Horsfieldia spp. 0.398 109 55 3.5 132 6

Hovenia delcis 0.538 79 49 2.8 121 5

Humboldtia decurrens 0.581 73 47 2.6 118 5

Humboldtia vahliana 0.437 99 53 3.3 129 6

Huodendron biaristatum 0.594 71 47 2.6 117 5

Hydnocarpus alpinia 0.635 66 45 2.5 114 4

Hydnocarpus

 anthelminthica

0.517 83 50 2.9 122 5

Hydnocarpus wightiana 0.457 94 52 3.2 127 6

Hydnocarpus woodii 0.667 62 44 2.4 112 4

Estimated initial conditions

Botanical name Gb

Mg

(%)

Ti

(°C)

Di

(°C)

Ti

(°F)

Di

(°F)

Hymenodictyon excelsum 0.418 104 54 3.4 130 6

Idesia polycarpa 0.424 102 54 3.3 130 6

Ilex chinensis 0.587 72 47 2.6 118 5

Ilex denticulala 0.497 86 51 3.0 124 5

Ilex dipyrena 0.565 75 48 2.7 119 5

Ilex godajam 0.557 76 48 2.7 120 5

Iiex hookeri 0.645 65 45 2.4 114 4

Ilex insignis 0.509 84 50 2.9 123 5

Ilex odorata 0.413 105 55 3.4 131 6

Ilex plelobrachiata 0.610 69 46 2.5 116 5

Ilex sterrophylla 0.653 64 45 2.4 113 4

Ilex sulcata 0.605 70 46 2.6 116 5

Ilex venulosa 0.501 86 51 3.0 124 5

Ilex wightiana 0.453 95 53 3.2 127 6

Illicium verum 0.585 73 47 2.6 118 5

Irvingia malayana 0.840 45 39 2.0 103 4

Irvingia oliveri 0.773 51 41 2.1 106 4

Ixonanthes chinensis 0.645 65 45 2.4 114 4

Ixonanthes khasiana 0.589 72 47 2.6 117 5

Jackia ornata 0.834 45 39 2.0 103 4

Juglans fallax 0.468 92 52 3.1 126 6

Juglans mandshurica 0.424 102 54 3.3 130 6

Kalopanax septemlobus 0.422 102 54 3.4 130 6

Kandelia candel 0.557 76 48 2.7 120 5

Kandelia rheedeii 0.488 88 51 3.0 125 5

Kayea assamica 0.713 57 43 2.2 110 4

Kayea floribunda 0.665 63 44 2.4 112 4

Kayea garciae 0.661 63 45 2.4 113 4

Kayea kinstleri 0.709 58 43 2.3 110 4

Kermadecia sinuata 0.501 86 51 3.0 124 5

Keteleeria davidiana 0.780 50 41 2.1 106 4

Kingiodendron

 alternifolium

0.480 89 51 3.1 125 6

Kleinhovia hospita 0.364 120 57 3.7 135 7

Knema conferta 0.573 74 48 2.7 118 5

Knema spp. 0.530 81 49 2.8 122 5

Kokoona filiformis 0.749 54 42 2.2 108 4

Kokoona littoralis 0.750 53 42 2.2 107 4

Kokoona spp. 0.626 67 46 2.5 115 4

Koompassia borneensis 1.013 29 35 1.7 94 3

Koompassia excelsa 0.743 54 42 2.2 108 4

Koordersiodendron

i t

0.720 57 43 2.2 109 4

Kurrimia paniculata 0.505 85 50 2.9 123 5

Kurrimia pulcherrima 0.541 79 49 2.8 121 5

Kydia calycina 0.720 57 43 2.2 109 4

Lagerstroemia divers 0.649 65 45 2.4 113 4

Lagerstroemia flos-reginae 0.518 83 50 2.9 122 5
Table C3—Basic specific gravity Gb, green moisture content Mg, and estimated initial kiln conditions for Asian and

Oceana species—con.

39

Estimated initial conditions

Botanical name Gb

Mg

(%)

Ti

(°C)

Di

(°C)

Ti

(°F)

Di

(°F)

Lagerstroemia hypoleuca 0.517 83 50 2.9 122 5

Lagerstroemia lanceolata 0.504 85 50 2.9 123 5

Lagerstroemia microcarpa 0.603 70 47 2.6 116 5

Lagerstroemia parviflora 0.620 68 46 2.5 115 5

Lagerstroemia piriformis 0.487 88 51 3.0 125 5

Lagerstroemia speciosa 0.612 69 46 2.5 116 5

Lagerstroemia tomentosa 0.546 78 49 2.8 120 5

Lagerstroemia villosa 0.654 64 45 2.4 113 4

Lannea coromandelica 0.497 86 51 3.0 124 5

Lannea grandis 0.497 86 51 3.0 124 5

Lansium anamallayanum 0.789 50 41 2.1 105 4

Lansium decandrum 0.525 81 50 2.9 122 5

Lepisanthes tetraphylla 0.813 47 40 2.0 104 4

Letsea vang 0.615 69 46 2.5 116 5

Leucaena leucocephala 0.728 56 42 2.2 109 4

Ligustrum lucidum 0.542 79 49 2.8 121 5

Limonia acidissima 0.795 49 40 2.1 105 4

Lindera assamica 0.488 88 51 3.0 125 5

Lindera kwangtungensis 0.612 69 46 2.5 116 5

Linociera ramiflora 0.798 49 40 2.0 105 4

Liquidambar acalycina 0.624 68 46 2.5 115 5

Liquidambar formosama 0.699 59 43 2.3 110 4

Liriodendron chinense 0.453 95 53 3.2 127 6

Litchi chinensis 0.857 43 39 1.9 102 3

Litchi philippinensis 0.872 42 38 1.9 101 3

Lithocarpus

 amygdalifolius

0.772 51 41 2.1 106 4

Lithocarpus celebica 0.680 61 44 2.3 112 4

Lithocarpus chrysocomus 0.666 63 44 2.4 112 4

Lithocarpus dealbatus 0.700 59 43 2.3 110 4

Lithocarpus glaber 0.535 80 49 2.8 121 5

Lithocarpus handelianus 0.726 56 42 2.2 109 4

Lithocarpus hystrix 0.626 67 46 2.5 115 4

Lithocarpus llanosii 0.630 67 46 2.5 115 4

Lithocarpus

 longipedicellatus

0.580 73 47 2.6 118 5

Lithocarpus soleriana 0.630 67 46 2.5 115 4

Lithocarpus sundaicus 0.580 73 47 2.6 118 5

Litsea baviensis 0.449 96 53 3.2 128 6

Litsea firma 0.495 87 51 3.0 124 5

Litsea garciae 0.344 128 58 3.9 137 7

Litsea lancilimba 0.560 76 48 2.7 119 5

Litsea leytensis 0.350 126 58 3.8 136 7

Litsea mangifera 0.410 106 55 3.4 131 6

Litsea megacarpa 0.310 145 60 4.2 140 8

Litsea monopetala 0.463 93 52 3.1 127 6

Litsea odorifera 0.510 84 50 2.9 123 5

Estimated initial conditions

Botanical name Gb

Mg

(%)

Ti

(°C)

Di

(°C)

Ti

(°F)

Di

(°F)

Litsea perrottetii 0.486 88 51 3.0 125 5

Litsea sebifera 0.610 69 46 2.5 116 5

Litsea zeylanica 0.706 58 43 2.3 110 4

Livistona rotundifolia 0.787 50 41 2.1 105 4

Lophopetalum

 duperreanuma

0.521 82 50 2.9 122 5

Lophopetalum fimbriatuma 0.530 81 49 2.8 122 5

Lophopetalum javanicuma 0.560 76 48 2.7 119 5

Lophopetalum wallichiia 0.428 101 54 3.3 129 6

Lophopetalum

 wightianuma

0.374 117 57 3.7 134 7

Loropetalum chinenses 0.822 46 40 2.0 104 4

Lumnitzera coccinea 0.706 58 43 2.3 110 4

Lumnitzera spp. 0.565 75 48 2.7 119 5

Lysidice rhodostegia 0.564 75 48 2.7 119 5

Macaranga bicolor 0.291 156 61 4.3 142 8

Macaranga denticulata 0.510 84 50 2.9 123 5

Macaranga sampsoni 0.336 132 59 3.9 137 7

Machilus chinensis 0.463 93 52 3.1 127 6

Machilus edulis 0.545 78 49 2.8 120 5

Machilus gammieana 0.462 93 52 3.1 127 6

Machilus micrantha 0.445 97 53 3.2 128 6

Machilus odoratissima 0.570 75 48 2.7 119 5

Machilus pauhoi 0.473 91 52 3.1 126 6

Machilus pingii 0.518 83 50 2.9 122 5

Machilus thumbergii 0.465 92 52 3.1 126 6

Machilus villosa 0.411 105 55 3.4 131 6

Madhuca fulva 0.530 81 49 2.8 122 5

Madhuca hainanensis 0.891 40 38 1.9 100 3

Madhuca latifolia 0.808 48 40 2.0 104 4

Madhuca longifolia 0.740 54 42 2.2 108 4

Madhuca obevatifolia 0.558 76 48 2.7 120 5

Madhuca oblongifolia 0.530 81 49 2.8 122 5

Madhuca utilis 0.920 37 37 1.8 99 3

Maesopsis eminii 0.400 109 55 3.5 132 6

Magnifera indica 0.540 79 49 2.8 121 5

Magnolia campbelli 0.334 133 59 4.0 138 7

Mallotus cochinchinensis 0.380 115 56 3.6 133 7

Mallotus multiglandulosus 0.424 102 54 3.3 130 6

Mallotus philippinensis 0.603 70 47 2.6 116 5

Malus baccata 0.589 72 47 2.6 117 5

Mangifera altissima 0.549 78 49 2.8 120 5

Mangifera caloneura 0.493 87 51 3.0 124 5

Mangifera foetida 0.685 60 44 2.3 111 4

Mangifera indica 0.549 78 49 2.8 120 5

Mangifera longipes 0.501 86 51 3.0 124 5

Mangifera merrillii 0.523 82 50 2.9 122 5
Table C3—Basic specific gravity Gb, green moisture content Mg, and estimated initial kiln conditions for Asian and

Oceana species—con.

40

Estimated initial conditions

Botanical name Gb

Mg

(%)

Ti

(°C)

Di

(°C)

Ti

(°F)

Di

(°F)

Mangifera sylvatica 0.479 90 51 3.1 125 6

Mangifera spp. 0.690 60 44 2.3 111 4

Manglietia glauca 0.389 112 56 3.6 133 6

Manglietia hainanensis 0.396 110 55 3.5 132 6

Manglietia hookeri 0.445 97 53 3.2 128 6

Manglietia insignis 0.428 101 54 3.3 129 6

Manilkara kauki 1.030 28 35 1.6 94 3

Manilkara littoralis 0.902 39 38 1.8 99 3

Maniltoa grandiflora 0.760 52 41 2.1 107 4

Maniltoa minor 0.760 52 41 2.1 107 4

Mansonia dipikae 0.521 82 50 2.9 122 5

Mansonia gagei 0.712 57 43 2.2 110 4

Mappia foetida 0.469 92 52 3.1 126 6

Maranthes corymbosa 0.738 55 42 2.2 108 4

Markhamia cauda-felina 0.644 65 45 2.4 114 4

Markhamia stipulata 0.615 69 46 2.5 116 5

Mastixia philippinensis 0.473 91 52 3.1 126 6

Melaleuca leucadendron 0.850 44 39 1.9 102 3

Melanorrhoea glabra 0.549 78 49 2.8 120 5

Melanorrhea laccifera 0.796 49 40 2.0 105 4

Melanorrhoea spp. 0.630 67 46 2.5 115 4

Melanorrhoea torquata 0.620 68 46 2.5 115 5

Melanorrhoea usitala 0.737 55 42 2.2 108 4

Melanorrhoea wallichii 0.660 63 45 2.4 113 4

Melia azedarach 0.491 87 51 3.0 124 5

Melia birmanica 0.589 72 47 2.6 117 5

Melia composita 0.388 112 56 3.6 133 6

Melia dubia 0.414 105 54 3.4 131 6

Melia indica 0.693 60 43 2.3 111 4

Melicope triphylla 0.374 117 57 3.7 134 7

Meliosma angustifolia 0.555 77 48 2.7 120 5

Meliosma arnottiana 0.413 105 55 3.4 131 6

Meliosma dilleniaefolia 0.433 100 54 3.3 129 6

Meliosma macrophylla 0.266 173 63 4.6 144 8

Meliosma pungens 0.429 101 54 3.3 129 6

Meliosma rigida 0.581 73 47 2.6 118 5

Meliosma simplicifolia 0.505 85 50 2.9 123 5

Meliosma squamulata 0.504 85 50 2.9 123 5

Meliosma thomsoni 0.405 107 55 3.5 131 6

Melliodendron xylocarpum 0.443 97 53 3.2 128 6

Melochia umbellata 0.247 189 64 4.8 146 9

Memecylon capitellatum 0.770 51 41 2.1 106 4

Memecylon edule 0.757 53 42 2.1 107 4

Memecylon pubescens 0.770 51 41 2.1 106 4

Meria excelsa 0.600 71 47 2.6 117 5

Mesua assamica 0.687 60 44 2.3 111 4

Mesua ferrea 0.855 43 39 1.9 102 3

Estimated initial conditions

Botanical name Gb

Mg

(%)

Ti

(°C)

Di

(°C)

Ti

(°F)

Di

(°F)

Mesua floribunda 0.665 63 44 2.4 112 4

Metrosideros petiolata 1.150 19 33 1.5 89 3

Metrosideros vera 1.150 19 33 1.5 89 3

Michelia balansae 0.590 72 47 2.6 117 5

Michelia catchcartii 0.455 95 53 3.2 127 6

Michelia champaca 0.463 93 52 3.1 127 6

Michelia excelsa 0.441 98 53 3.3 128 6

Michelia fiveolata 0.533 80 49 2.8 121 5

Michelia kisopa 0.421 103 54 3.4 130 6

Michelia lanuginosa 0.345 128 58 3.9 137 7

Michelia macclurei 0.531 80 49 2.8 121 5

Michelia mannii 0.493 87 51 3.0 124 5

Michelia montana 0.480 89 51 3.1 125 6

Michelia nilagirica 0.485 88 51 3.0 125 5

Michelia oblonga 0.370 118 57 3.7 134 7

Michelia platyphylla 0.506 85 50 2.9 123 5

Michelia velutina 0.520 82 50 2.9 122 5

Microcos paniculata 0.594 71 47 2.6 117 5

Microcos stylocarpa 0.396 110 55 3.5 132 6

Micromelum compressum 0.642 65 45 2.4 114 4

Miliusa roxburghiana 0.629 67 46 2.5 115 4

Miliusa tectona 0.645 65 45 2.4 114 4

Miliusa velutina 0.626 67 46 2.5 115 4

Millettia atropurpurea 0.493 87 51 3.0 124 5

Millettia brandisiana 0.521 82 50 2.9 122 5

Millettia macrostachya 0.421 103 54 3.4 130 6

Millettia pendula 0.867 42 39 1.9 101 3

Millettia prainii 0.533 80 49 2.8 121 5

Millettia pulchra 0.565 75 48 2.7 119 5

Millingtonia hortensis 0.526 81 49 2.9 122 5

Mimusops elengi 0.870 42 39 1.9 101 3

Mimusops hexandra 0.936 36 37 1.8 98 3

Mimusops littoralis 0.902 39 38 1.8 99 3

Mischocarpus fuscescens 0.617 68 46 2.5 116 5

Mischocarpus

 oppositifolius

0.810 47 40 2.0 104 4

Mischodon zeylanicus 0.898 39 38 1.9 100 3

Mitragyna diversifolia 0.553 77 48 2.7 120 5

Mitragyna parvifolia 0.558 76 48 2.7 120 5

Mitragyna rotundifolia 0.553 77 48 2.7 120 5

Mitragyna speciosa 0.400 109 55 3.5 132 6

Mitrephora maingayi 0.612 69 46 2.5 116 5

Mitrephora vulpina 0.637 66 45 2.5 114 4

Monocarpia marginalis 0.501 86 51 3.0 124 5

Montrouziera spp. 0.779 51 41 2.1 106 4

Moringa pterygosperma 0.269 171 63 4.5 144 8

Morus indica 0.565 75 48 2.7 119 5
Table C3—Basic specific gravity Gb, green moisture content Mg, and estimated initial kiln conditions for Asian and

Oceana species—con.

41

Estimated initial conditions

Botanical name Gb

Mg

(%)

Ti

(°C)

Di

(°C)

Ti

(°F)

Di

(°F)

Morus laevigata 0.541 79 49 2.8 121 5

Morus nigra 0.556 77 48 2.7 120 5

Morus serrata 0.577 74 47 2.7 118 5

Murraya exotica 0.808 48 40 2.0 104 4

Murraya koenigi 0.565 75 48 2.7 119 5

Mutsaendopsis beccariana 0.920 37 37 1.8 99 3

Myrica rubra 0.716 57 43 2.2 109 4

Myristica attenuata 0.426 101 54 3.3 130 6

Myristica castaneifolia 0.490 88 51 3.0 124 5

Myristica chartacea 0.490 88 51 3.0 124 5

Myristica gigantea 0.540 79 49 2.8 121 5

Myristica gillespieana 0.490 88 51 3.0 124 5

Myristica iners 0.530 81 49 2.8 122 5

Myristica irya 0.680 61 44 2.3 112 4

Myristica laurifolia 0.430 100 54 3.3 129 6

Myristica lowiana 0.501 86 51 3.0 124 5

Myristica maingayi 0.540 79 49 2.8 121 5

Myrsine semiserrata 0.667 62 44 2.4 112 4

Mytilaria laosensis 0.524 82 50 2.9 122 5

Neesia altissima 0.390 112 56 3.6 133 6

Neesia spp. 0.530 81 49 2.8 122 5

Neesia synandra 0.405 107 55 3.5 131 6

Neolitsea ellipsoidea 0.452 95 53 3.2 127 6

Neonauclea bernardoi 0.624 68 46 2.5 115 5

Neonauclea excelsa 0.731 55 42 2.2 109 4

Neonauclea hagenii 0.594 71 47 2.6 117 5

Neonauclea sessilifolia 0.731 55 42 2.2 109 4

Neoscortechinia forbsii 0.578 74 47 2.7 118 5

Neotrewia cumingii 0.546 78 49 2.8 120 5

Nephelium lappaceum 0.568 75 48 2.7 119 5

Nephelium litchi 0.353 125 58 3.8 136 7

Nephelium longana 0.813 47 40 2.0 104 4

Nephelium stipulaceum 0.733 55 42 2.2 108 4

Nothopegia colebrookiana 0.721 56 43 2.2 109 4

Nyssa sinensis 0.577 74 47 2.7 118 5

Ochanostachys amentacea 0.820 46 40 2.0 104 4

Ochna foxworthyi 0.860 43 39 1.9 102 3

Ochna wallichii 0.706 58 43 2.3 110 4

Ochrocarpus longifolius 0.769 52 41 2.1 106 4

Ochrocarpus siamensis 0.645 65 45 2.4 114 4

Ochroma grandiflora 0.200 243 68 5.4 151 10

Octomeles sumatrana 0.305 147 60 4.2 140 8

Odina wodier 0.462 93 52 3.1 127 6

Olea fragrans 0.851 44 39 1.9 102 3

Olea ferruginea 0.783 50 41 2.1 106 4

Ormosia balansae 0.470 91 52 3.1 126 6

Ormosia hosiei 0.632 67 45 2.5 115 4

Estimated initial conditions

Botanical name Gb

Mg

(%)

Ti

(°C)

Di

(°C)

Ti

(°F)

Di

(°F)

Ormosia pinnata 0.620 68 46 2.5 115 5

Ormosia robusta 0.481 89 51 3.1 125 6

Ormosia semicastrata 0.629 67 46 2.5 115 4

Ormosia sumatrana 0.680 61 44 2.3 112 4

Ormosia watsonii 0.501 86 51 3.0 124 5

Ormosia xylocarpa 0.492 87 51 3.0 124 5

Oroxylon indicum 0.317 141 60 4.1 139 7

Ostodes paniculata 0.347 127 58 3.9 136 7

Ostrya japonica 0.644 65 45 2.4 114 4

Osyris wightiana 0.808 48 40 2.0 104 4

Ougeinia dalbergioides 0.704 58 43 2.3 110 4

Pahudia rhomboidea 0.730 56 42 2.2 109 4

Pajanelia rheedii 0.681 61 44 2.3 111 4

Palaquium burckii 0.660 63 45 2.4 113 4

Palaquium ellipticum 0.565 75 48 2.7 119 5

Palaquium ferox 0.670 62 44 2.4 112 4

Palaquium fidjiense 0.480 89 51 3.1 125 6

Palaquium grande 0.469 92 52 3.1 126 6

Palaquium gutta 0.635 66 45 2.5 114 4

Palaquium hexandrum 0.560 76 48 2.7 119 5

Palaquium hipidum 0.460 94 52 3.2 127 6

Palaquium hornei 0.700 59 43 2.3 110 4

Palaquium javense 0.480 89 51 3.1 125 6

Palaquium lanceolatum 0.548 78 49 2.8 120 5

Palaquium leiocarpum 0.730 56 42 2.2 109 4

Palaquium luzoniense 0.508 84 50 2.9 123 5

Palaquium maingayi 0.560 76 48 2.7 119 5

Palaquium microphyllum 0.780 50 41 2.1 106 4

Palaquium oblusifolium 0.560 76 48 2.7 119 5

Palaquium petiolare 0.488 88 51 3.0 125 5

Palaquium philippense 0.407 107 55 3.4 131 6

Palaquium quereifolium 0.540 79 49 2.8 121 5

Palaquium rostratum 0.610 69 46 2.5 116 5

Palaquium tenuipetiolatum 0.500 86 51 3.0 124 5

Palaquium vitilevuense 0.480 89 51 3.1 125 6

Palaquium walsifolium 0.660 63 45 2.4 113 4

Pangium edule 0.504 85 50 2.9 123 5

Paramichelia baillonii 0.530 81 49 2.8 122 5

Parapyrenaria multisepala 0.624 68 46 2.5 115 5

Parartocarpus triandra 0.470 91 52 3.1 126 6

Parastemon urophyllus 0.940 36 37 1.8 98 3

Paratrophis glabra 0.771 51 41 2.1 106 4

Parinari annamensis 0.690 60 44 2.3 111 4

Parinari corymbosa 0.863 42 39 1.9 101 3

Parinari insularum 0.650 64 45 2.4 113 4

Parinari nonda 0.626 67 46 2.5 115 4

Parinari rubiginosum 0.740 54 42 2.2 108 4
Table C3—Basic specific gravity Gb, green moisture content Mg, and estimated initial kiln conditions for Asian and

Oceana species—con.

42

Estimated initial conditions

Botanical name Gb

Mg

(%)

Ti

(°C)

Di

(°C)

Ti

(°F)

Di

(°F)

Parinari salomonensis 0.626 67 46 2.5 115 4

Parinari spp. 0.680 61 44 2.3 112 4

Parishia insignis 0.410 106 55 3.4 131 6

Parkia leiophylla 0.405 107 55 3.5 131 6

Parkia roxburghii 0.344 128 58 3.9 137 7

Parkia speciosa 0.430 100 54 3.3 129 6

Parkia streptocarpa 0.453 95 53 3.2 127 6

Parkinsonia aculeata 0.681 61 44 2.3 111 4

Parrotia jacquemontiana 0.629 67 46 2.5 115 4

Pasania fissa 0.451 96 53 3.2 127 6

Paulownia fargesii 0.219 218 66 5.1 149 9

Paulownia fortunei 0.247 189 64 4.8 146 9

Payena acuminata 0.730 56 42 2.2 109 4

Payena elliptica 0.731 55 42 2.2 109 4

Payena leeni 0.870 42 39 1.9 101 3

Payena lucida 0.770 51 41 2.1 106 4

Payena utilis 0.731 55 42 2.2 109 4

Peltophorum dasyrachi 0.804 48 40 2.0 104 4

Peltophorum ferrugineum 0.804 48 40 2.0 104 4

Peltophorum pterocarpum 0.616 69 46 2.5 116 5

Peltophorum tonkinensis 0.690 60 44 2.3 111 4

Petunga roxburghii 0.475 90 52 3.1 126 6

Pentacme mindanensis 0.398 109 55 3.5 132 6

Pentacme siamensis 0.779 51 41 2.1 106 4

Pentacme suavis 0.779 51 41 2.1 106 4

Pentacme tonkinensis 0.960 34 36 1.8 97 3

Pentaphylax euryoides 0.523 82 50 2.9 122 5

Pentaspadon velutinus 0.540 79 49 2.8 121 5

Pericopsis mooniana 0.870 42 39 1.9 101 3

Peronema canescens 0.630 67 46 2.5 115 4

Phaeanthus ebracteolatus 0.561 76 48 2.7 119 5

Phellodendron amurense 0.419 103 54 3.4 130 6

Phoebe goalparensis 0.422 102 54 3.4 130 6

Phoebe hainesiana 0.475 90 52 3.1 126 6

Phoebe lanceolata 0.654 64 45 2.4 113 4

Phoebe opaca 0.570 75 48 2.7 119 5

Phoebe paniculata 0.629 67 46 2.5 115 4

Phoebe zhennan 0.556 77 48 2.7 120 5

Photinia davidsoniae 0.701 59 43 2.3 110 4

Photinia integrifolia 0.709 58 43 2.3 110 4

Photinia lindleyana 0.725 56 42 2.2 109 4

Photinia notoniana 0.701 59 43 2.3 110 4

Photinia serrulata 0.850 44 39 1.9 102 3

Phyllanthus emblica 0.680 61 44 2.3 112 4

Phyllanthus indicus 0.706 58 43 2.3 110 4

Phylocladus hypophyllus 0.580 73 47 2.6 118 5

Picrasma javanica 0.363 121 57 3.7 135 7

Estimated initial conditions

Botanical name Gb

Mg

(%)

Ti

(°C)

Di

(°C)

Ti

(°F)

Di

(°F)

Picrasma quassiodes 0.429 101 54 3.3 129 6

Pisonia umbellifera 0.214 224 67 5.2 150 9

Pistache chinensis 0.665 63 44 2.4 112 4

Pistacia integerrima 0.733 55 42 2.2 108 4

Pithecellobium affine 0.437 99 53 3.3 129 6

Pithecellobium bigeminum 0.337 131 59 3.9 137 7

Pithecellobium confertum 0.510 84 50 2.9 123 5

Pithecellobium lobatum 0.389 112 56 3.6 133 6

Pithecellobium splendens 0.594 71 47 2.6 117 5

Pittosporum floribundum 0.557 76 48 2.7 120 5

Pittosporum pentandrum 0.512 84 50 2.9 123 5

Pittosporum tetraspermum 0.585 73 47 2.6 118 5

Pityyrantha verrucosa 0.706 58 43 2.3 110 4

Planchonella firma 0.446 97 53 3.2 128 6

Planchonella kaernbachiana 0.446 97 53 3.2 128 6

Planchonella thyrsoidea 0.398 109 55 3.5 132 6

Planchonella torricellensis 0.446 97 53 3.2 128 6

Planchonella vitiensis 0.779 51 41 2.1 106 4

Platea parvifolia 0.477 90 52 3.1 125 6

Platycarya strobilacea 0.582 73 47 2.6 118 5

Pleurostylia wightii 0.685 60 44 2.3 111 4

Poeciloneuron indicum 0.898 39 38 1.9 100 3

Poinciana elata 0.493 87 51 3.0 124 5

Poinciana regia 0.349 126 58 3.8 136 7

Polyalthia cerasoides 0.586 72 47 2.6 118 5

Polyalthia flava 0.514 83 50 2.9 123 5

Polyalthia fragrans 0.445 97 53 3.2 128 6

Polyalthia hypoleuca 0.800 48 40 2.0 105 4

Polyalthia lateriflora 0.517 83 50 2.9 122 5

Polyalthia longifolia 0.421 103 54 3.4 130 6

Polyalthia simiarun 0.591 72 47 2.6 117 5

Polyosma cambodiana 0.567 75 48 2.7 119 5

Polyosma integrifolia 0.605 70 46 2.6 116 5

Polyscias nodosa 0.377 116 56 3.6 134 7

Pometia acuminata 0.654 64 45 2.4 113 4

Pometia pinnata 0.636 66 45 2.5 114 4

Pometia tomentosa 0.800 48 40 2.0 105 4

Pongamia glabra 0.609 69 46 2.5 116 5

Populus ciliata 0.372 118 57 3.7 134 7

Populus euphratica 0.393 111 56 3.5 132 6

Populus lasiocarpa 0.401 108 55 3.5 132 6

Populus maximowiczii 0.310 145 60 4.2 140 8

Populus rotundifolia 0.390 112 56 3.6 133 6

Populus tomentosa 0.452 95 53 3.2 127 6

Populus yunnanensis 0.330 135 59 4.0 138 7

Pouteria microphylla 0.876 41 38 1.9 101 3

Pouteria villamilii 0.474 91 52 3.1 126 6
Table C3—Basic specific gravity Gb, green moisture content Mg, and estimated initial kiln conditions for Asian and

Oceana species—con.

43

Estimated initial conditions

Botanical name Gb

Mg

(%)

Ti

(°C)

Di

(°C)

Ti

(°F)

Di

(°F)

Premna integrifolia 0.654 64 45 2.4 113 4

Premna latifolia 0.513 83 50 2.9 123 5

Premna pyramidata 0.603 70 47 2.6 116 5

Premna tomentosa 0.960 34 36 1.8 97 3

Prosopis glandulosa 0.549 78 49 2.8 120 5

Prosopis spicigera 0.634 66 45 2.5 114 4

Prunus armenica 0.642 65 45 2.4 114 4

Prunus henryi 0.583 73 47 2.6 118 5

Prunus nepalensis 0.497 86 51 3.0 124 5

Prunus padus 0.481 89 51 3.1 125 6

Prunus puddum 0.532 80 49 2.8 121 5

Psidium guajava 0.552 77 48 2.7 120 5

Pterocarpus acerifolium 0.507 84 50 2.9 123 5

Pterocarpus indicus 0.523 82 50 2.9 122 5

Pterocarpus marsupium 0.671 62 44 2.4 112 4

Pterocarpus pedatus 0.756 53 42 2.1 107 4

Pterocarpus santalinus 0.967 33 36 1.7 96 3

Pterocarya stenoptera 0.355 124 58 3.8 136 7

Pteroceltis tartarinowii 0.643 65 45 2.4 114 4

Pterocymbium beccarii 0.289 157 61 4.3 142 8

Pterocymbium macrorater 0.470 91 52 3.1 126 6

Pterocymbium tinctorium 0.278 164 62 4.5 143 8

Pterospermum acerifolium 0.549 78 49 2.8 120 5

Pterospermum celebicum 0.440 98 53 3.3 128 6

Pterospermum

 diversifolium

0.650 64 45 2.4 113 4

Pterospermum glabrescens 0.365 120 57 3.7 135 7

Pterospermum

 heterophyllum

0.452 95 53 3.2 127 6

Pterospermum jackianium 0.573 74 48 2.7 118 5

Pterospermum javanicum 0.360 122 57 3.8 135 7

Pterospermum

 lancaefolium

0.557 76 48 2.7 120 5

Pterospermum reticulatum 0.557 76 48 2.7 120 5

Pterospermum

 rubiginosum

0.581 73 47 2.6 118 5

Pterospermum

 semisagagittatum

0.569 75 48 2.7 119 5

Pterospermum

 suberiflolium

0.493 87 51 3.0 124 5

Pterostyrax hispidas 0.314 142 60 4.1 139 7

Pterygota alata 0.475 90 52 3.1 126 6

Pterygota horsfieldii 0.594 71 47 2.6 117 5

Punica granatum 0.731 55 42 2.2 109 4

Putranjiva roxburghii 0.642 65 45 2.4 114 4

Pygeum acuminatum 0.609 69 46 2.5 116 5

Pygeum arboreum 0.469 92 52 3.1 126 6

Pygeum vulgare 0.566 75 48 2.7 119 5

Estimated initial conditions

Botanical name Gb

Mg

(%)

Ti

(°C)

Di

(°C)

Ti

(°F)

Di

(°F)

Pygeum wightianum 0.557 76 48 2.7 120 5

Pyrenocarpa hainanensis 0.701 59 43 2.3 110 4

Radermachera pinnata 0.506 85 50 2.9 123 5

Radermachera sinica 0.621 68 46 2.5 115 5

Randia dumetorium 0.693 60 43 2.3 111 4

Randia uliginosa 0.681 61 44 2.3 111 4

Rapanea neriifolia 0.643 65 45 2.4 114 4

Rhamnus davurica 0.581 73 47 2.6 118 5

Rhizophora apiculata 1.050 26 35 1.6 93 3

Rhizophora conjugata 1.040 27 35 1.6 93 3

Rhizophora mucronata 0.867 42 39 1.9 101 3

Rhodamnia dumetorum 0.894 40 38 1.9 100 3

Rhus potaninni 0.487 88 51 3.0 125 5

Rhus succedanea 0.424 102 54 3.3 130 6

Saccopetalum tomentosum 0.615 69 46 2.5 116 5

Saccopetalum

 unguiculatum

0.597 71 47 2.6 117 5

Salix matsudana 0.457 94 52 3.2 127 6

Samanea saman 0.450 96 53 3.2 128 6

Sageraea elliptica 0.705 58 43 2.3 110 4

Sageraea laurina 0.522 82 50 2.9 122 5

Sageraea listeri 0.682 61 44 2.3 111 4

Salix tetrasperma 0.436 99 53 3.3 129 6

Salix wallichiana 0.459 94 52 3.2 127 6

Samadera indica 0.325 137 59 4.0 138 7

Sandoricum indicum 0.424 102 54 3.3 130 6

Sandoricum koetjape 0.443 97 53 3.2 128 6

Sandoricum vidalii 0.434 99 54 3.3 129 6

Santalum album 0.840 45 39 2.0 103 4

Santalum

 austrocaledonium

0.696 59 43 2.3 111 4

Santalum yasi 0.481 89 51 3.1 125 6

Santiria graffithii 0.800 48 40 2.0 105 4

Santiria laevigata 0.545 78 49 2.8 120 5

Santiria oblongifolia 0.630 67 46 2.5 115 4

Santiria rubiginosa 0.840 45 39 2.0 103 4

Santiria tomentosa 0.650 64 45 2.4 113 4

Sapindus emarginatus 0.808 48 40 2.0 104 4

Sapindus laurifolius 0.786 50 41 2.1 105 4

Sapindus mukorossi 0.640 66 45 2.4 114 4

Sapindus rarak 0.808 48 40 2.0 104 4

Sapindus saponaria 0.580 73 47 2.6 118 5

Sapindus trifoliatus 0.808 48 40 2.0 104 4

Sapium baccatum 0.310 145 60 4.2 140 8

Sapium discolor 0.400 109 55 3.5 132 6

Sapium insigne 0.360 122 57 3.8 135 7

Sapium luzonicum 0.396 110 55 3.5 132 6
Table C3—Basic specific gravity Gb, green moisture content Mg, and estimated initial kiln conditions for Asian and

Oceana species—con.

44

Estimated initial conditions

Botanical name Gb

Mg

(%)

Ti

(°C)

Di

(°C)

Ti

(°F)

Di

(°F)

Sapium sebiferum 0.486 88 51 3.0 125 5

Saraca indica 0.475 90 52 3.1 126 6

Saraca thaipingensis 0.520 82 50 2.9 122 5

Sarcanthidon sarmentosum 0.561 76 48 2.7 119 5

Sarcocephalus cordatus 0.462 93 52 3.1 127 6

Sarcospermum arboreum 0.398 109 55 3.5 132 6

Sarcosperma laurinum 0.464 93 52 3.1 126 6

Sassafras tzumu 0.491 87 51 3.0 124 5

Saurauia roxburghii 0.552 77 48 2.7 120 5

Saurauia tristyla 0.341 130 58 3.9 137 7

Scaphium affine 0.590 72 47 2.6 117 5

Scaphium macropodum 0.660 63 45 2.4 113 4

Schefflera octophylla 0.363 121 57 3.7 135 7

Schima argentea 0.524 82 50 2.9 122 5

Schima crenata 0.660 63 45 2.4 113 4

Schima noronhae 0.605 70 46 2.6 116 5

Schima oblata 0.710 58 43 2.3 110 4

Schima sinensis 0.553 77 48 2.7 120 5

Schima superba 0.568 75 48 2.7 119 5

Schima wallichii 0.615 69 46 2.5 116 5

Schizomeria spp. 0.501 86 51 3.0 124 5

Schleichera oleosa 1.010 30 35 1.7 95 3

Schleichera trijuga 0.897 39 38 1.9 100 3

Schoutenis ovata 0.980 32 36 1.7 96 3

Schrebera swietenoides 0.820 46 40 2.0 104 4

Scorodocarpus borneensis 0.800 48 40 2.0 105 4

Semecarpus anacardium 0.640 66 45 2.4 114 4

Semecarpus auriculata 0.317 141 60 4.1 139 7

Semecarpus kurzii 0.373 117 57 3.7 134 7

Semecarpus travancorica 0.397 109 55 3.5 132 6

Serialbizia acle 0.570 75 48 2.7 119 5

Serianthes melanesica 0.480 89 51 3.1 125 6

Serianthes myriadenia 0.501 86 51 3.0 124 5

Sesbania grandiflora 0.397 109 55 3.5 132 6

Shorea accuminatissima 0.455 95 53 3.2 127 6

Shorea acuminata 0.485 88 51 3.0 125 5

Shorea agsaboensis 0.367 119 57 3.7 135 7

Shorea almon 0.429 101 54 3.3 129 6

Shorea assamica 0.479 90 51 3.1 125 6

Shorea astylosa 0.825 46 40 2.0 103 4

Shorea atrinervosa 0.980 32 36 1.7 96 3

Shorea barcteolata 0.660 63 45 2.4 113 4

Shorea belangeran 0.860 43 39 1.9 102 3

Shorea bracteolata 0.480 89 51 3.1 125 6

Shorea ciliata 0.747 54 42 2.2 108 4

Shorea cochinchinensis 0.788 50 41 2.1 105 4

Shorea contorta 0.440 98 53 3.3 128 6

Estimated initial conditions

Botanical name Gb

Mg

(%)

Ti

(°C)

Di

(°C)

Ti

(°F)

Di

(°F)

Shorea cutisii 0.520 82 50 2.9 122 5

Shorea dasyphylla 0.410 106 55 3.4 131 6

Shorea elliptica 0.950 35 37 1.8 97 3

Shorea faguetiana 0.487 88 51 3.0 125 5

Shorea falcifera 1.010 30 35 1.7 95 3

Shorea gibbosa 0.465 92 52 3.1 126 6

Shorea gisok 0.757 53 42 2.1 107 4

Shorea glauca 0.895 39 38 1.9 100 3

Shorea guiso 0.700 59 43 2.3 110 4

Shorea gysbertsiana 0.290 156 61 4.3 142 8

Shorea hemsleyana 0.590 72 47 2.6 117 5

Shorea hopeifolia 0.500 86 51 3.0 124 5

Shorea hypochra 0.550 78 49 2.8 120 5

Shorea javanica 0.630 67 46 2.5 115 4

Shorea kalunti 0.455 95 53 3.2 127 6

Shorea kunstleri 0.730 56 42 2.2 109 4

Shorea laevifolia 0.910 38 38 1.8 99 3

Shorea laevis 0.895 39 38 1.9 100 3

Shorea lamellata 0.574 74 48 2.7 118 5

Shorea lepidota 0.480 89 51 3.1 125 6

Shorea leprosula 0.490 88 51 3.0 124 5

Shorea leptoclados 0.360 122 57 3.8 135 7

Shorea macrophylla 0.300 150 61 4.2 141 8

Shorea macroptera 0.460 94 52 3.2 127 6

Shorea malibato 0.778 51 41 2.1 106 4

Shorea maxwelliana 0.935 36 37 1.8 98 3

Shorea multiflora 0.660 63 45 2.4 113 4

Shorea negrosensis 0.434 99 54 3.3 129 6

Shorea obtusa 0.960 34 36 1.8 97 3

Shorea ochracea 0.540 79 49 2.8 121 5

Shorea ochrophloia 0.630 67 46 2.5 115 4

Shorea ovalis 0.510 84 50 2.9 123 5

Shorea ovata 0.750 53 42 2.2 107 4

Shorea pachyphylla 0.770 51 41 2.1 106 4

Shorea palembanica 0.550 78 49 2.8 120 5

Shorea palosapis 0.390 112 56 3.6 133 6

Shorea parvifolia 0.390 112 56 3.6 133 6

Shorea pauciflora 0.543 79 49 2.8 121 5

Shorea philippinensis 0.420 103 54 3.4 130 6

Shorea pinanga 0.420 103 54 3.4 130 6

Shorea plagata 0.698 59 43 2.3 110 4

Shorea platycarpa 0.720 57 43 2.2 109 4

Shorea platyclados 0.580 73 47 2.6 118 5

Shorea polita 0.464 93 52 3.1 126 6

Shorea polysperma 0.461 93 52 3.1 127 6

Shorea quadrinervis 0.570 75 48 2.7 119 5

Shorea resinanigra 0.430 100 54 3.3 129 6
Table C3—Basic specific gravity Gb, green moisture content Mg, and estimated initial kiln conditions for Asian and

Oceana species—con.

45

Estimated initial conditions

Botanical name Gb

Mg

(%)

Ti

(°C)

Di

(°C)

Ti

(°F)

Di

(°F)

Shorea retinodes 0.760 52 41 2.1 107 4

Shorea robusta 0.768 52 41 2.1 106 4

Shorea rugosa 0.530 81 49 2.8 122 5

Shorea sandakanensis 0.540 79 49 2.8 121 5

Shorea selanica 0.460 94 52 3.2 127 6

Shorea seminis 0.900 39 38 1.8 100 3

Shorea sinitiana 0.500 86 51 3.0 124 5

Shorea smithiana 0.350 126 58 3.8 136 7

Shorea squamata 0.386 113 56 3.6 133 6

Shorea stenoptera 0.490 88 51 3.0 124 5

Shorea sumatrana 0.880 41 38 1.9 101 3

Shorea superba 0.660 63 45 2.4 113 4

Shorea talura 0.550 78 49 2.8 120 5

Shorea teysmanniana 0.590 72 47 2.6 117 5

Shorea uliginos 0.640 66 45 2.4 114 4

Shorea virescens 0.500 86 51 3.0 124 5

Shorea vulgaris 0.780 50 41 2.1 106 4

Shorea waltonil 0.350 126 58 3.8 136 7

Sideroxylon longepetiolatum 0.484 89 51 3.0 125 5

Sideroxylon tomentosum 0.667 62 44 2.4 112 4

Sindora cochinchinensis 0.883 41 38 1.9 100 3

Sindora coriacea 0.560 76 48 2.7 119 5

Sindora geledupa 0.690 60 44 2.3 111 4

Sindora glabra 0.560 76 48 2.7 119 5

Sindora leiocarpa 0.600 71 47 2.6 117 5

Sindora wallichii 0.730 56 42 2.2 109 4

Siphonodon celastrineus 0.583 73 47 2.6 118 5

Sloanea javanica 0.530 81 49 2.8 122 5

Sloanea sinensis 0.483 89 51 3.0 125 5

Sloetia elongata 0.910 38 38 1.8 99 3

Sonneratia alba 0.780 50 41 2.1 106 4

Sonneratia apelata 0.521 82 50 2.9 122 5

Sonneratia caseolaris 0.552 77 48 2.7 120 5

Sonneratia griffithii 0.654 64 45 2.4 113 4

Sonneratia pagatpat 0.693 60 43 2.3 111 4

Sophora japonica 0.631 67 46 2.5 115 4

Sorbus pohuashanensis 0.556 77 48 2.7 120 5

Soymida febrifuga 0.965 33 36 1.7 97 3

Spatholobus orientalis 0.504 85 50 2.9 123 5

Spermolepis gummifera 0.779 51 41 2.1 106 4

Spondias acuminata 0.397 109 55 3.5 132 6

Spondias axillaris 0.333 133 59 4.0 138 7

Spondias dulcis 0.356 123 58 3.8 136 7

Spondias mangifera 0.329 135 59 4.0 138 7

Spondias pinnata 0.230 205 65 5.0 148 9

Spondias tonkinensis 0.353 125 58 3.8 136 7

Stemonurus luzoniensis 0.367 119 57 3.7 135 7

Estimated initial conditions

Botanical name Gb

Mg

(%)

Ti

(°C)

Di

(°C)

Ti

(°F)

Di

(°F)

Stenocarpus trinervis 0.779 51 41 2.1 106 4

Stephegyne diversifolia 0.539 79 49 2.8 121 5

Stephegyne parvifolia 0.590 72 47 2.6 117 5

Stephegyne tubulosa 0.552 77 48 2.7 120 5

Sterculia alata 0.475 90 52 3.1 126 6

Sterculia angustifolia 0.389 112 56 3.6 133 6

Sterculia campanulata 0.282 161 62 4.4 143 8

Sterculia ceramica 0.270 170 63 4.5 144 8

Sterculia coccinea 0.229 207 65 5.0 148 9

Sterculia colorata 0.309 145 60 4.2 140 8

Sterculia foetida 0.450 96 53 3.2 128 6

Sterculia fulgens 0.309 145 60 4.2 140 8

Sterculia guttata 0.189 260 68 5.6 152 10

Sterculia lanceolata 0.523 82 50 2.9 122 5

Sterculia ornata 0.170 295 70 5.9 155 11

Sterculia urens 0.670 62 44 2.4 112 4

Sterculia villosa 0.230 205 65 5.0 148 9

Sterculia vitiensis 0.310 145 60 4.2 140 8

Stereospermum

 annamensis

0.804 48 40 2.0 104 4

Stereospermum

 chelonoides

0.604 70 46 2.6 116 5

Stereospermum fimbriatum 0.706 58 43 2.3 110 4

Stereospermum

 neuranthum

0.539 79 49 2.8 121 5

Stereospermum suaveolens 0.617 68 46 2.5 116 5

Stereospermum

 xylocarpum

0.589 72 47 2.6 117 5

Stranvaesia glaucescens 0.589 72 47 2.6 117 5

Streblus asper 0.501 86 51 3.0 124 5

Strombosia ceylanica 0.693 60 43 2.3 111 4

Strombosia javanica 0.540 79 49 2.8 121 5

Strombosia philippinensis 0.714 57 43 2.2 110 4

Strychnos nux-blanda 0.706 58 43 2.3 110 4

Strychnos potatorum 0.880 41 38 1.9 101 3

Styrax benzoin 0.570 75 48 2.7 119 5

Styrax hypoglauca 0.436 99 53 3.3 129 6

Styrax tonkinensis 0.389 112 56 3.6 133 6

Swintonia floribunda 0.566 75 48 2.7 119 5

Swintonia foxworthyi 0.622 68 46 2.5 115 5

Swintonia schwenkii 0.610 69 46 2.5 116 5

Swintonia spicifera 0.640 66 45 2.4 114 4

Sycopsis dunni 0.631 67 46 2.5 115 4

Symplocos anomala 0.489 88 51 3.0 125 5

Symplocos baptica 0.501 86 51 3.0 124 5

Symplocos caudata 0.562 76 48 2.7 119 5

Symplocos cochinchinensis 0.541 79 49 2.8 121 5
Table C3—Basic specific gravity Gb, green moisture content Mg, and estimated initial kiln conditions for Asian and

Oceana species—con.

46

Estimated initial conditions

Botanical name Gb

Mg

(%)

Ti

(°C)

Di

(°C)

Ti

(°F)

Di

(°F)

Symplocos lancifolia 0.457 94 52 3.2 127 6

Symplocos racemosa 0.706 58 43 2.3 110 4

Syzygium araiocladum 0.682 61 44 2.3 111 4

Syzygium buetlnerianium 0.561 76 48 2.7 119 5

Syzygium cumini 0.700 59 43 2.3 110 4

Syzygium grande 0.872 42 38 1.9 101 3

Syzygium luzonense 0.630 67 46 2.5 115 4

Syzygium malaccense 0.501 86 51 3.0 124 5

Syzygium nitidum 0.744 54 42 2.2 108 4

Syzygium simile 0.558 76 48 2.7 120 5

Syzygium spp. 0.690 60 44 2.3 111 4

Syzygium tetragonum 0.706 58 43 2.3 110 4

Talauma gioi 0.556 77 48 2.7 120 5

Talauma hodgsonii 0.471 91 52 3.1 126 6

Talauma phellocarpa 0.472 91 52 3.1 126 6

Talauma rabaniana 0.485 88 51 3.0 125 5

Tamarindus indica 0.750 53 42 2.2 107 4

Taraktogenos kurzii 0.541 79 49 2.8 121 5

Tarenna incerta 0.706 58 43 2.3 110 4

Tarrietia cochinchinensis 0.674 62 44 2.3 112 4

Tarrietia javanica 0.475 90 52 3.1 126 6

Tectona hamiltoniana 0.719 57 43 2.2 109 4

Teijsmanniodendron

 ahernianum

0.903 39 38 1.8 99 3

Terminalia alata 0.706 58 43 2.3 110 4

Terminalia arjuna 0.686 60 44 2.3 111 4

Terminalia belerica 0.662 63 44 2.4 113 4

Terminalia brassii (native) 0.449 96 53 3.2 128 6

Terminalia brassii

 (plantation)

0.269 171 63 4.5 144 8

Terminalia calamansanai 0.536 80 49 2.8 121 5

Terminalia catappa 0.520 82 50 2.9 122 5

Terminalia chebula 0.773 51 41 2.1 106 4

Terminalia citrina 0.704 58 43 2.3 110 4

Terminalia complanata 0.398 109 55 3.5 132 6

Terminalia copelandii 0.458 94 52 3.2 127 6

Terminalia coriacea 0.706 58 43 2.3 110 4

Terminalia crenulata 0.706 58 43 2.3 110 4

Terminalia eddowesii 0.398 109 55 3.5 132 6

Terminalia edulis 0.570 75 48 2.7 119 5

Terminalia foetidissima 0.547 78 49 2.8 120 5

Terminalia glabra 0.731 55 42 2.2 109 4

Terminalia hainanensis 0.700 59 43 2.3 110 4

Terminalia impediens 0.398 109 55 3.5 132 6

Terminalia kaernbachii 0.398 109 55 3.5 132 6

Terminalia manii 0.665 63 44 2.4 112 4

Terminalia megalocarpa 0.536 80 49 2.8 121 5

Estimated initial conditions

Botanical name Gb

Mg

(%)

Ti

(°C)

Di

(°C)

Ti

(°F)

Di

(°F)

Terminalia microcarpa 0.528 81 49 2.8 122 5

Terminalia myriocarpa 0.508 84 50 2.9 123 5

Terminalia nitens 0.595 71 47 2.6 117 5

Terminalia olivera 0.731 55 42 2.2 109 4

Terminalia paniculata 0.654 64 45 2.4 113 4

Terminalia parviflora 0.616 69 46 2.5 116 5

Terminalia pterocarpa 0.480 89 51 3.1 125 6

Terminalia pyrifolia 0.631 67 46 2.5 115 4

Terminalia solomonensis 0.446 97 53 3.2 128 6

Terminalia steenisiana 0.536 80 49 2.8 121 5

Ternstroemia gymnanthera 0.561 76 48 2.7 119 5

Ternstroemia japonica 0.565 75 48 2.7 119 5

Ternstroemia megacarpa 0.530 81 49 2.8 122 5

Ternstroemia penangiana 0.645 65 45 2.4 114 4

Tetracentron sinense 0.368 119 57 3.7 134 7

Tetrameles nudiflora 0.289 157 61 4.3 142 8

Thespesia lampas 0.385 113 56 3.6 133 6

Thespesia populnea 0.585 73 47 2.6 118 5

Tilia amurensis 0.406 107 55 3.5 131 6

Tilia endochrysea 0.512 84 50 2.9 123 5

Tilia mandshurica 0.330 135 59 4.0 138 7

Tilia tuan 0.437 99 53 3.3 129 6

Toona calantas 0.294 154 61 4.3 141 8

Toona ciliata 0.424 102 54 3.3 130 6

Toona febrifuga 0.513 83 50 2.9 123 5

Toona sinensis 0.477 90 52 3.1 125 6

Toona sureni 0.390 112 56 3.6 133 6

Toxicodendron

 succedaneum

0.536 80 49 2.8 121 5

Toxicodendron sylvestris 0.641 65 45 2.4 114 4

Toxicodendron verniciflum 0.397 109 55 3.5 132 6

Trema amboinensis 0.347 127 58 3.9 136 7

Trema orientalis 0.305 147 60 4.2 140 8

Trewia nudiflora 0.372 118 57 3.7 134 7

Trichospermum richii 0.320 139 60 4.1 139 7

Tristiropsis acutangula 0.594 71 47 2.6 117 5

Tristiropsis ferruginea 0.594 71 47 2.6 117 5

Turpinia affinis 0.456 94 52 3.2 127 6

Turpinia ovalifolia 0.364 120 57 3.7 135 7

Turpinia pomifera 0.427 101 54 3.3 129 6

Ulmus davidiana 0.431 100 54 3.3 129 6

Ulmus laciniata 0.456 94 52 3.2 127 6

Ulmus parvoflora 0.786 50 41 2.1 105 4

Ulmus pumila 0.537 80 49 2.8 121 5

Ulmus wallichiana 0.435 99 53 3.3 129 6

Unona latifolia 0.293 154 61 4.3 141 8

Urandra (lasianthera) spp. 0.762 52 41 2.1 107 4
Table C3—Basic specific gravity Gb, green moisture content Mg, and estimated initial kiln conditions for Asian and

Oceana species—con.

47

Estimated initial conditions

Botanical name Gb

Mg

(%)

Ti

(°C)

Di

(°C)

Ti

(°F)

Di

(°F)

Vateria acuminata 0.539 79 49 2.8 121 5

Vateria indica 0.483 89 51 3.0 125 5

Vateria macrocarpa 0.513 83 50 2.9 123 5

Vatica astrotricha 0.633 66 45 2.5 114 4

Vatica cuspidata 0.860 43 39 1.9 102 3

Vatica dyerii 0.860 43 39 1.9 102 3

Vatica lancearfolia 0.633 66 45 2.5 114 4

Vatica mangachapoi 0.663 63 44 2.4 113 4

Vatica oblongifolia 0.860 43 39 1.9 102 3

Vatica obscura 1.040 27 35 1.6 93 3

Vatica pachyphylla 0.771 51 41 2.1 106 4

Vatica papuana 0.561 76 48 2.7 119 5

Vatica rassak 0.600 71 47 2.6 117 5

Vatica roxburghiana 0.776 51 41 2.1 106 4

Vatica stapfiana 0.610 69 46 2.5 116 5

Vatica tonkinensis 0.796 49 40 2.0 105 4

Vepris bilocularis 0.813 47 40 2.0 104 4

Vernonia arborea 0.380 115 56 3.6 133 7

Vitex altissima 0.771 51 41 2.1 106 4

Vitex canescens 0.526 81 49 2.9 122 5

Vitex cofaesus 0.740 54 42 2.2 108 4

Vitex glabrata 0.526 81 49 2.9 122 5

Vitex leucoxylon 0.526 81 49 2.9 122 5

Vitex limonifolia 0.783 50 41 2.1 106 4

Vitex negundo 0.545 78 49 2.8 120 5

Vitex parviflora 0.736 55 42 2.2 108 4

Vitex peduncularis 0.960 34 36 1.8 97 3

Vitex pierreana 0.900 39 38 1.8 100 3

Vitex pubescens 0.706 58 43 2.3 110 4

Vitex quinata 0.680 61 44 2.3 112 4

Vitex turczaninowii 0.487 88 51 3.0 125 5

Wallaceodendron

 celebicum

0.550 78 49 2.8 120 5

Walsura glauca 0.797 49 40 2.0 105 4

Walsura piscidia 0.793 49 41 2.1 105 4

Walsura robusta 0.733 55 42 2.2 108 4

Walsura villosa 0.728 56 42 2.2 109 4

Weinmannia luzoniensis 0.490 88 51 3.0 124 5

Wendlandia merilliana 0.744 54 42 2.2 108 4

Wendlandia notoniana 0.693 60 43 2.3 111 4

Wendlandia tinctoria 0.424 102 54 3.3 130 6

Wightia speciosissima 0.193 253 68 5.5 152 10

Wightia tomentosa 0.526 81 49 2.9 122 5

Winchia calophylla 0.480 89 51 3.1 125 6

Woodfordia fruticosa 0.706 58 43 2.3 110 4

Xanthophyllum

 andamanicum

0.581 73 47 2.6 118 5

Estimated initial conditions

Botanical name Gb

Mg

(%)

Ti

(°C)

Di

(°C)

Ti

(°F)

Di

(°F)

Xanthophyllum

 cochinchinensis

0.780 50 41 2.1 106 4

Xanthophyllum excelsum 0.652 64 45 2.4 113 4

Xanthophyllum flavescens 0.584 73 47 2.6 118 5

Xanthophyllum glaucum 0.517 83 50 2.9 122 5

Xanthophyllum griffithii 0.725 56 42 2.2 109 4

Xanthophyllum hainanense 0.657 64 45 2.4 113 4

Xanthophyllum papuanum 0.626 67 46 2.5 115 4

Xanthophyllum

 verrucosum

0.650 64 45 2.4 113 4

Xanthophyllum virens 0.605 70 46 2.6 116 5

Xanthostemon brassii 0.876 41 38 1.9 101 3

Xanthostemon

 oppositifolius

0.876 41 38 1.9 101 3

Xanthostemon

 verdugonianus

1.040 27 35 1.6 93 3

Xerospermum ferrugineum 0.789 50 41 2.1 105 4

Xerospermum glabratum 0.673 62 44 2.4 112 4

Xerospermum

 macrophyllum

0.804 48 40 2.0 104 4

Xylia dolabriformia 0.779 51 41 2.1 106 4

Xylia kerrii 0.852 43 39 1.9 102 3

Xylocarpus borneensis 0.530 81 49 2.8 122 5

Xylocarpus granatum 0.700 59 43 2.3 110 4

Xylocarpus moluccensis 0.670 62 44 2.4 112 4

Xylopia malayana 0.630 67 46 2.5 115 4

Xylopia parvifolia 0.649 65 45 2.4 113 4

Zanthoxylum budrunga 0.552 77 48 2.7 120 5

Zanthoxylum rhetsa 0.473 91 52 3.1 126 6

Zelkova schneideriana 0.666 63 44 2.4 112 4

Ziziphus jujuba 0.557 76 48 2.7 120 5

Zizyphus mauritiana 0.629 67 46 2.5 115 4

Ziziphus spp. 0.760 52 41 2.1 107 4

Zizyphus rugosa 0.590 72 47 2.6 117 5

Ziziphus talanai 0.527 81 49 2.8 122 5

Ziziphus xylopyra 0.850 44 39 1.9 102 3

a

 Older scientific name

 Bombax malabaricum

 Gossampinus spp.

 Samanea spp.

 Serialbizia spp.

 Solenospermum spp.

Newer scientific name

 Bombax ceiba

 Ceiba spp.

 Albizia spp.

 Albizia spp.

 Lophopetalum spp.
Table C4—Basic specific gravity Gb, green moisture content Mg, and estimated initial kiln conditions for Latin American

species

48

Estimated initial conditions

Botanical name Gb

Mg

(%)

Ti

(°C)

Di

(°C)

Ti

(°F)

Di

(°F)

Abarema jupumba 0.661 63 45 2.4 113 4

Acacia pennatula 0.960 34 36 1.8 97 3

Aceude candeia 0.770 51 41 2.1 106 4

Acrodicridium spp. 0.906 39 38 1.8 99 3

Adenostephanus

 organensis

0.557 76 48 2.7 120 5

Aextoxicon punctatum 0.470 91 52 3.1 126 6

Albizia caribaea 0.660 63 45 2.4 113 4

Albizia guachapelea 0.560 76 48 2.7 119 5

Albizia samana 0.470 91 52 3.1 126 6

Alcornea latifolia 0.490 88 51 3.0 124 5

Alcornea spp. 0.385 113 56 3.6 133 6

Alcornea triplinervis 0.365 120 57 3.7 135 7

Aleurites moluccana 0.389 112 56 3.6 133 6

Alexa grandiflora 0.738 55 42 2.2 108 4

Alnus ferruginea 0.380 115 56 3.6 133 7

Alnus jorullensis 0.380 115 56 3.6 133 7

Alseia yucatanensis 0.635 66 45 2.5 114 4

Amburana cearensis 0.498 86 51 3.0 124 5

Amburana acreanea 0.498 86 51 3.0 124 5

Amomis caryophyllata 0.821 46 40 2.0 104 4

Amomyrtus luma 1.050 26 35 1.6 93 3

Anacardium giganteum 0.493 87 51 3.0 124 5

Anacardium rhinocarpus 0.507 84 50 2.9 123 5

Anacardium spruceanum 0.420 103 54 3.4 130 6

Anadenanthera

 macrocarpa

0.977 32 36 1.7 96 3

Anadenanthera rigida 0.630 67 46 2.5 115 4

Aniba amazonica 0.560 76 48 2.7 119 5

Aniba canelilla 0.920 37 37 1.8 99 3

Aniba jenmani 0.488 88 51 3.0 125 5

Aniba ovalifolia 0.501 86 51 3.0 124 5

Aniba panurensis 0.526 81 49 2.9 122 5

Aniba perutilis 0.500 86 51 3.0 124 5

Aniba riparia 0.620 68 46 2.5 115 5

Antiaris africana 0.380 115 56 3.6 133 7

Aparisthmium cordatum 0.488 88 51 3.0 125 5

Apeiba aspera 0.280 163 62 4.4 143 8

Apeiba echinata 0.360 122 57 3.8 135 7

Apeiba membranacea 0.270 170 63 4.5 144 8

Apeiba tibourbou 0.166 303 70 6.0 155 11

Apeiba spp. 0.200 243 68 5.4 151 10

Apuleia ferrea 0.813 47 40 2.0 104 4

Apuleia leiocarpa 0.772 51 41 2.1 106 4

Apuleia molaris 0.760 52 41 2.1 107 4

Apuleia polygama 0.770 51 41 2.1 106 4

Apuleia praecox 0.719 57 43 2.2 109 4

Estimated initial conditions

Botanical name Gb

Mg

(%)

Ti

(°C)

Di

(°C)

Ti

(°F)

Di

(°F)

Ardisia cubana 0.620 68 46 2.5 115 5

Artocarpus altilis 0.270 170 63 4.5 144 8

Artocarpus comunis 0.700 59 43 2.3 110 4

Assa leitao 0.642 65 45 2.4 114 4

Astrocadrus chilesis 0.365 120 57 3.7 135 7

Astronium balansae 0.876 41 38 1.9 101 3

Astronium gracile 0.730 56 42 2.2 109 4

Astronium lecointei 0.743 54 42 2.2 108 4

Astronium macrocalyx 0.976 32 36 1.7 96 3

Astronium ulei 0.710 58 43 2.3 110 4

Astronium urundeuva 0.925 37 37 1.8 98 3

Auxemma gardneriana 0.654 64 45 2.4 113 4

Auxemma oncocalyx 0.654 64 45 2.4 113 4

Avicennia germinans 0.661 63 45 2.4 113 4

Avicennia nitida 0.744 54 42 2.2 108 4

Bagassa

 guianensis/tiliaefolia

0.704 58 43 2.3 110 4

Banara guianensis 0.605 70 46 2.6 116 5

Basiloxylon exelsum 0.580 73 47 2.6 118 5

Bastardiopsis densiflora 0.640 66 45 2.4 114 4

Batocarpus amazonicus 0.456 94 52 3.2 127 6

Belangera glabra 0.477 90 52 3.1 125 6

Belotia panamensis 0.210 229 67 5.3 150 10

Bertholletia excelsa 0.590 72 47 2.6 117 5

Bixa arborea 0.320 139 60 4.1 139 7

Blepharidium mexicanum 0.655 64 45 2.4 113 4

Blepharocalyx

 divaricatium

0.567 75 48 2.7 119 5

Bombacopsis quinata 0.487 88 51 3.0 125 5

Bombacopsis nervosa 0.523 82 50 2.9 122 5

Bombacopsis sepium 0.390 112 56 3.6 133 6

Bombacopsis sessilis 0.420 103 54 3.4 130 6

Bombax endecaphyllum 0.321 139 60 4.1 139 7

Bombax nervosum 0.493 87 51 3.0 124 5

Bombax paraense 0.390 112 56 3.6 133 6

Borojoa patinoi 0.520 82 50 2.9 122 5

Brosimum acutifolium 0.550 78 49 2.8 120 5

Brosimum alicastrum 0.708 58 43 2.3 110 4

Brosimum costaricanum 0.581 73 47 2.6 118 5

Brosimum paraense 0.779 51 41 2.1 106 4

Brosimum parinarioides 0.630 67 46 2.5 115 4

Brosimum potabile 0.530 81 49 2.8 122 5

Brosimum rubescens 1.044 27 35 1.6 93 3

Brosimum spp.

 (Alicastrum group)

0.640 66 45 2.4 114 4

Brosimum uleanum 0.680 61 44 2.3 112 4

Brya ebenus 0.898 39 38 1.9 100 3
Table C4—Basic specific gravity Gb, green moisture content Mg, and estimated initial kiln conditions for Latin American

species—con.

49

Estimated initial conditions

Botanical name Gb

Mg

(%)

Ti

(°C)

Di

(°C)

Ti

(°F)

Di

(°F)

Brysenia adenophylla 0.540 79 49 2.8 121 5

Buchenavia capitata 0.600 71 47 2.6 117 5

Buchenavia exicarpa 0.770 51 41 2.1 106 4

Buchenavia hubera 0.590 72 47 2.6 117 5

Buchenavia tanibouca 0.717 57 43 2.2 109 4

Bucida buceras 0.890 40 38 1.9 100 3

Bulnesia arborea 0.933 36 37 1.8 98 3

Bumelia spp. 0.730 56 42 2.2 109 4

Bursera graveolens 0.304 148 61 4.2 140 8

Bursera simaruba 0.333 133 59 4.0 138 7

Byrsonima aerugo 0.623 68 46 2.5 115 5

Byrsonima apicata 0.661 63 45 2.4 113 4

Byrsonima spp. 0.610 69 46 2.5 116 5

Byrsonima verbascifolia 0.685 60 44 2.3 111 4

Cabralea congerana 0.631 67 46 2.5 115 4

Caesalpinia corymbosa 0.972 33 36 1.7 96 3

Caesalpinia ferrea 1.154 19 33 1.5 89 3

Caesalpinia gaumeri 0.835 45 39 2.0 103 4

Caesalpinia platyloba 0.825 46 40 2.0 103 4

Caesalpinia spp. 1.050 26 35 1.6 93 3

Calocarpus mammosum 0.571 74 48 2.7 119 5

Calocarpus sapota 0.571 74 48 2.7 119 5

Calophyllum calaba 0.693 60 43 2.3 111 4

Calophyllum mariae 0.460 94 52 3.2 127 6

Calophyllum spp. 0.650 64 45 2.4 113 4

Calycogonium

 squamulosum

0.740 54 42 2.2 108 4

Calycophyllum spp 0.670 62 44 2.4 112 4

Calycophyllum

 spruceanum

0.770 51 41 2.1 106 4

Calyptranthes elegans 0.749 54 42 2.2 108 4

Campnosperma

 panamensis

0.375 117 56 3.7 134 7

Carapa densiflora 0.517 83 50 2.9 122 5

Carapa nicaraguensis 0.395 110 55 3.5 132 6

Carapa procera 0.530 81 49 2.8 122 5

Carapa surinamensis 0.530 81 49 2.8 122 5

Caryocar barbinerve 0.760 52 41 2.1 107 4

Caryocar coccineum 0.650 64 45 2.4 113 4

Caryocar costarricense 0.640 66 45 2.4 114 4

Caryocar glabra 0.650 64 45 2.4 113 4

Caryocar villosum 0.720 57 43 2.2 109 4

Casearia arborea 0.530 81 49 2.8 122 5

Casearia guianensis 0.700 59 43 2.3 110 4

Casearia inaequilatera 0.770 51 41 2.1 106 4

Casearia oblonguifolia 0.685 60 44 2.3 111 4

Casearia praecox 0.690 60 44 2.3 111 4

Estimated initial conditions

Botanical name Gb

Mg

(%)

Ti

(°C)

Di

(°C)

Ti

(°F)

Di

(°F)

Casearia spp. 0.620 68 46 2.5 115 5

Casearia sylvestris 0.614 69 46 2.5 116 5

Cassia apoucouita 0.962 34 36 1.7 97 3

Cassia ferruginea 0.828 46 40 2.0 103 4

Cassia moschata 0.705 58 43 2.3 110 4

Cassia multijuga 0.573 74 48 2.7 118 5

Cassia scleroxylon 1.010 30 35 1.7 95 3

Catalpa bignonioides 0.353 125 58 3.8 136 7

Catostemma alstonii 0.521 82 50 2.9 122 5

Catostemma fragrans 0.398 109 55 3.5 132 6

Catostemma spp. 0.550 78 49 2.8 120 5

Cavanillesia plantanifolia 0.120 443 74 6.9 161 13

Cecropia sciadophylla 0.376 116 56 3.6 134 7

Cecropia spp. 0.360 122 57 3.8 135 7

Cedrelinga catenaeformis 0.468 92 52 3.1 126 6

Ceiba samauma 0.570 75 48 2.7 119 5

Celtis brasiliensis 0.701 59 43 2.3 110 4

Celtis shcippii 0.670 62 44 2.4 112 4

Cespedesia macrophylla 0.630 67 46 2.5 115 4

Cespedesia spathulata 0.540 79 49 2.8 121 5

Chaetocarpus

 schomburgkianus

0.783 50 41 2.1 106 4

Chaetocarpus spp. 0.683 61 44 2.3 111 4

Cheiloclinium spp 0.898 39 38 1.9 100 3

Chimarrhis cymosa 0.509 84 50 2.9 123 5

Chimarrhis microcarpa 0.610 69 46 2.5 116 5

Chlorophora tinctoria 0.821 46 40 2.0 104 4

Chorisia integrifolia 0.280 163 62 4.4 143 8

Chorisia speciosa 0.253 183 64 4.7 145 9

Chrysophyllum

 caracasanum

0.686 60 44 2.3 111 4

Chrysophyllum caimito 0.740 54 42 2.2 108 4

Chrysophyllum viride 0.640 66 45 2.4 114 4

Chytroma idalimon 0.795 49 40 2.1 105 4

Citharexylon poeppigia 0.539 79 49 2.8 121 5

Clarisia racemosa 0.607 70 46 2.6 116 5

Clathrotropis brunnea 0.820 46 40 2.0 104 4

Clathrotropis spp. 0.890 40 38 1.9 100 3

Clusia rosea 0.670 62 44 2.4 112 4

Coccoloba cozumelensis 0.675 62 44 2.3 112 4

Coccoloba spicata 0.797 49 40 2.0 105 4

Cochlospermum

 orinocensis

0.297 152 61 4.3 141 8

Comocladia spp. 0.828 46 40 2.0 103 4

Copaifera aromatica 0.620 68 46 2.5 115 5

Copaifera duckei 0.620 68 46 2.5 115 5

Copaifera langsdorffii 0.660 63 45 2.4 113 4
Table C4—Basic specific gravity Gb, green moisture content Mg, and estimated initial kiln conditions for Latin American

species—con.

50

Estimated initial conditions

Botanical name Gb

Mg

(%)

Ti

(°C)

Di

(°C)

Ti

(°F)

Di

(°F)

Copaifera officinalis 0.603 70 47 2.6 116 5

Copaifera pubiflura 0.560 76 48 2.7 119 5

Copaifera reticulata 0.640 66 45 2.4 114 4

Cordia alliodora 0.517 83 50 2.9 122 5

Cordia apurensis 0.722 56 43 2.2 109 4

Cordia bicolor 0.472 91 52 3.1 126 6

Cordia borinquensis 0.700 59 43 2.3 110 4

Cordia collococca 0.470 91 52 3.1 126 6

Cordia dodecandra 0.840 45 39 2.0 103 4

Cordia exaltata 0.413 105 55 3.4 131 6

Cordia fallax 0.363 121 57 3.7 135 7

Cordia gerascanthus 0.676 61 44 2.3 112 4

Cordia hipoleuca 0.617 68 46 2.5 116 5

Cordia macrantha 0.718 57 43 2.2 109 4

Cordia sagotii 0.500 86 51 3.0 124 5

Cordia spp.

 (Alliodora group)

0.480 89 51 3.1 125 6

Cordia spp.

 (Gerascanthus group)

0.740 54 42 2.2 108 4

Cordia sulcata 0.600 71 47 2.6 117 5

Cordia trichotoma 0.500 86 51 3.0 124 5

Cornus disciflora 0.550 78 49 2.8 120 5

Couepia spp. 0.760 52 41 2.1 107 4

Couma macrocarpa 0.500 86 51 3.0 124 5

Couratari fagifolia 0.504 85 50 2.9 123 5

Couratari guianensis 0.509 84 50 2.9 123 5

Couratari multiflora 0.538 79 49 2.8 121 5

Couratari oblongifolia 0.500 86 51 3.0 124 5

Couratari panamensis 0.490 88 51 3.0 124 5

Couratari pulchra 0.505 85 50 2.9 123 5

Couratari stellata 0.650 64 45 2.4 113 4

Couroupita guianensis 0.415 104 54 3.4 130 6

Crataeva benthamii 0.420 103 54 3.4 130 6

Crescentia cujete 0.488 88 51 3.0 125 5

Croton echinocarpus 0.466 92 52 3.1 126 6

Croton floribundis 0.558 76 48 2.7 120 5

Croton mutisianus 0.376 116 56 3.6 134 7

Croton panamensis 0.590 72 47 2.6 117 5

Croton xanthochloros 0.478 90 51 3.1 125 6

Cryptocarya alba 0.562 76 48 2.7 119 5

Cryptocarya mandioccana 0.661 63 45 2.4 113 4

Cryptocarya moschata 0.542 79 49 2.8 121 5

Cunuria spruceana 0.520 82 50 2.9 122 5

Cupania americana 0.678 61 44 2.3 112 4

Cupania spp. 0.550 78 49 2.8 120 5

Cyclolobium clausenii 0.733 55 42 2.2 108 4

Cyrilla racemiflora 0.530 81 49 2.8 122 5

Estimated initial conditions

Botanical name Gb

Mg

(%)

Ti

(°C)

Di

(°C)

Ti

(°F)

Di

(°F)

Cytharexylum poeppigi 0.493 87 51 3.0 124 5

Dacryodes colombiana 0.510 84 50 2.9 123 5

Dacryodes excelsa 0.530 81 49 2.8 122 5

Dacryodes occidentalis 0.622 68 46 2.5 115 5

Dendropanax arboreus 0.406 107 55 3.5 131 6

Dendropanax

 macropodum

0.420 103 54 3.4 130 6

Dialium divaricatum 0.731 55 42 2.2 109 4

Dialium guianense 0.923 37 37 1.8 98 3

Diclinanona calycina 0.470 91 52 3.1 126 6

Dicorynia paraensis 0.600 71 47 2.6 117 5

Dicypellium

 caryophyllatum

0.526 81 49 2.9 122 5

Didymopanax calvum 0.473 91 52 3.1 126 6

Didymopanax morototoni 0.446 97 53 3.2 128 6

Didymopanax navarroi 0.429 101 54 3.3 129 6

Didymopanax pittieri 0.430 100 54 3.3 129 6

Didymopanax spp. 0.740 54 42 2.2 108 4

Dimorphandra gonggrijpii 0.694 59 43 2.3 111 4

Dimorphandra hohenkerkii 0.593 71 47 2.6 117 5

Dimorphandra mora 0.990 31 36 1.7 95 3

Dimorphandra spp. 0.601 70 47 2.6 117 5

Dinizia excelsa 0.899 39 38 1.9 100 3

Diospyros spp. 0.410 106 55 3.4 131 6

Dipholis salicifolia 0.860 43 39 1.9 102 3

Dipholis stevensonii 0.810 47 40 2.0 104 4

Diploon venezuelana 0.850 44 39 1.9 102 3

Diplotropis guianensis 0.709 58 43 2.3 110 4

Diplotropis incexis 0.759 53 41 2.1 107 4

Diplotropis martiusii 0.740 54 42 2.2 108 4

Dipteryx alata 1.031 28 35 1.6 94 3

Dipteryx odorata 0.868 42 39 1.9 101 3

Dipteryx oleiferaa 0.890 40 38 1.9 100 3

Drimys granadensis 0.422 102 54 3.4 130 6

Drimys winteri 0.385 113 56 3.6 133 6

Drypetes variabilis 0.702 59 43 2.3 110 4

Duguetia lanceolata 0.830 46 40 2.0 103 4

Dussia lehmannii 0.590 72 47 2.6 117 5

Dussia aff. D. micranthera 0.678 61 44 2.3 112 4

Dussia spp. 0.475 90 52 3.1 126 6

Ecclinusa guianensis 0.625 67 46 2.5 115 5

Ecclinusa sanguinolenta 0.581 73 47 2.6 118 5

Echirospermum

 balthazarii

0.616 69 46 2.5 116 5

Elaeodendron spp. 0.845 44 39 1.9 102 4

Elaeoluma glabrescens 0.575 74 48 2.7 118 5

Emmotum nitens 0.846 44 39 1.9 102 4

Endlichera arunciflora 0.820 46 40 2.0 104 4
Table C4—Basic specific gravity Gb, green moisture content Mg, and estimated initial kiln conditions for Latin American

species—con.

51

Estimated initial conditions

Botanical name Gb

Mg

(%)

Ti

(°C)

Di

(°C)

Ti

(°F)

Di

(°F)

Endlichera cocuirey 0.390 112 56 3.6 133 6

Endopleura uchi 0.780 50 41 2.1 106 4

Enterolobium

 contortisiliquum

0.519 82 50 2.9 122 5

Enterolobium elipticum 0.642 65 45 2.4 114 4

Enterolobium maximum 0.370 118 57 3.7 134 7

Enterolobium

 schomburgkii

0.736 55 42 2.2 108 4

Enterolobium timbouva 0.334 133 59 4.0 138 7

Erblichia odorata 0.500 86 51 3.0 124 5

Eriotheca

 longipedicellatum

0.450 96 53 3.2 128 6

Eriotheca pentaphylla 0.380 115 56 3.6 133 7

Eriotheca spp. 0.403 108 55 3.5 131 6

Erisma uncinatum 0.488 88 51 3.0 125 5

Erythrina edulis 0.194 252 68 5.5 152 10

Erythrina spp. 0.249 187 64 4.8 146 9

Erythroxylon coca 0.898 39 38 1.9 100 3

Eschweilera amara 0.760 52 41 2.1 107 4

Eschweilera blanchetiana 0.999 31 36 1.7 95 3

Eschweilera corrugata 0.877 41 38 1.9 101 3

Eschweilera grata 0.877 41 38 1.9 101 3

Eschweilera hologyne 0.761 52 41 2.1 107 4

Eschweilera odora 0.810 47 40 2.0 104 4

Eschweilera sagotiana 0.820 46 40 2.0 104 4

Eschweilera

 subglandulosa

0.869 42 39 1.9 101 3

Eschweilera tenax 0.620 68 46 2.5 115 5

Eschweilera trinitensis 0.771 51 41 2.1 106 4

Esenbeckia febrifuga 0.642 65 45 2.4 114 4

Esenbeckia leiocarpa 0.879 41 38 1.9 101 3

Eugenia anastomosans 0.717 57 43 2.2 109 4

Eugenia compta 0.675 62 44 2.3 112 4

Eugenia

 pseudocaryophyllus

0.853 43 39 1.9 102 3

Eugenia pseudopsidium 0.620 68 46 2.5 115 5

Eugenia stahlii 0.730 56 42 2.2 109 4

Euplassa cantareirae 0.611 69 46 2.5 116 5

Euxylophora paraensis 0.751 53 42 2.2 107 4

Exostema caribaeum 1.026 28 35 1.7 94 3

Fagara aff.

 F. martinicense

0.410 106 55 3.4 131 6

Fagara aff. F. rhoifolia 0.541 79 49 2.8 121 5

Fagara monophylla 0.700 59 43 2.3 110 4

Fagara pentandra 0.696 59 43 2.3 111 4

Familia myrtacea 0.741 54 42 2.2 108 4

Ferolia guinanensis 0.706 58 43 2.3 110 4

Ferolia variegata 0.706 58 43 2.3 110 4

Estimated initial conditions

Botanical name Gb

Mg

(%)

Ti

(°C)

Di

(°C)

Ti

(°F)

Di

(°F)

Ferreirea spectabilis 0.927 37 37 1.8 98 3

Ficus aff. insipida 0.256 181 64 4.7 145 9

Ficus citrifolia 0.400 109 55 3.5 132 6

Ficus glabrata 0.500 86 51 3.0 124 5

Ficus laevigata 0.400 109 55 3.5 132 6

Ficus pohliana 0.453 95 53 3.2 127 6

Ficus werckleana 0.295 153 61 4.3 141 8

Franchetella gongrijpii 0.720 57 43 2.2 109 4

Gallesia gorazema 0.612 69 46 2.5 116 5

Gallesia integrifolia 0.510 84 50 2.9 123 5

Genipa americana 0.693 60 43 2.3 111 4

Genipa spp. 0.750 53 42 2.2 107 4

Geoffroea spinosa 0.795 49 40 2.1 105 4

Gliricidium sepium 0.960 34 36 1.8 97 3

Glycydendron amazonicum 0.690 60 44 2.3 111 4

Goethalsia meiantha 0.357 123 57 3.8 135 7

Goniorrhachis marginata 0.940 36 37 1.8 98 3

Grias tessmannii 0.630 67 46 2.5 115 4

Guaiacum sanctum 1.148 19 33 1.5 89 3

Guatteria anomala 0.425 102 54 3.3 130 6

Guatteria decurrens 0.520 82 50 2.9 122 5

Guatteria olivacea 0.510 84 50 2.9 123 5

Guatteria procera 0.650 64 45 2.4 113 4

Guatteria spp. 0.525 81 49 2.9 122 5

Guazuma ulmifolia 0.497 86 51 3.0 124 5

Guenentia macrosperma 0.725 56 42 2.2 109 4

Guettarda elliptica 0.645 65 45 2.4 114 4

Guettarda laevis 0.650 64 45 2.4 113 4

Guettarda scaba 0.650 64 45 2.4 113 4

Guettarda seleriana 0.911 38 38 1.8 99 3

Guevina avellana 0.349 126 58 3.8 136 7

Guillielma gasipae 0.950 35 37 1.8 97 3

Gustavia brazilliensis 0.653 64 45 2.4 113 4

Gustavia speciosa 0.340 130 58 3.9 137 7

Gustavia spp. 0.623 68 46 2.5 115 5

Gymanthes lucida 1.100 23 34 1.6 91 3

Gyrocarpus americanus 0.320 139 60 4.1 139 7

Haematoxylon

 campechianum

0.876 41 38 1.9 101 3

Haenianthus salicifolius 0.810 47 40 2.0 104 4

Hasseltia floribunda 0.540 79 49 2.8 121 5

Heisteria spp. 0.710 58 43 2.3 110 4

Helicostylis tomentosa 0.682 61 44 2.3 111 4

Helietta longifoliata 0.887 40 38 1.9 100 3

Hernandia sonora 0.290 156 61 4.3 142 8

Heterostemon vageleri 0.781 50 41 2.1 106 4

Hibiscus elatus 0.629 67 46 2.5 115 4
Table C4—Basic specific gravity Gb, green moisture content Mg, and estimated initial kiln conditions for Latin American

species—con.

52

Estimated initial conditions

Botanical name Gb

Mg

(%)

Ti

(°C)

Di

(°C)

Ti

(°F)

Di

(°F)

Hidrogaster trinerve 0.588 72 47 2.6 117 5

Himatanthus articulatus 0.549 78 49 2.8 120 5

Himatanthus sucuuba 0.472 91 52 3.1 126 6

Hirtella davisii 0.736 55 42 2.2 108 4

Holopyxidium jarana 0.845 44 39 1.9 102 4

Holopyxidium spp. 0.849 44 39 1.9 102 4

Homalium racemosum 0.770 51 41 2.1 106 4

Huberodendron patinoi 0.500 86 51 3.0 124 5

Humiria balsamifera 0.660 63 45 2.4 113 4

Humiria flofibunda 0.719 57 43 2.2 109 4

Humiriastrum

 colombianum

0.589 72 47 2.6 117 5

Humiriastrum

 melanocarpum

0.650 64 45 2.4 113 4

Humiriastrum procerum 0.690 60 44 2.3 111 4

Humiriastrum spp. 0.863 42 39 1.9 101 3

Hura polyandra 0.380 115 56 3.6 133 7

Hyeronima alchorneoidesa 0.615 69 46 2.5 116 5

Hyeronima chocoensisa 0.620 68 46 2.5 115 5

Hyeronima laxifloraa 0.590 72 47 2.6 117 5

Hymenaea davisii 0.710 58 43 2.3 110 4

Hymenaea oblongifolia 0.740 54 42 2.2 108 4

Hymenaea palustris 0.620 68 46 2.5 115 5

Hymenaea parvifolia 0.900 39 38 1.8 100 3

Hymenaea stilbocarpa 0.909 38 38 1.8 99 3

Hymenolobium aff.

 H. heterocarpon

0.702 59 43 2.3 110 4

Hymenolobium excelsum 0.630 67 46 2.5 115 4

Hymenolobium modestrum 0.650 64 45 2.4 113 4

Hymenolobium petraeum 0.621 68 46 2.5 115 5

Hymenolobium spp. 0.640 66 45 2.4 114 4

Ilex casiquiarensis 0.517 83 50 2.9 122 5

Ilex hondurensis 0.640 66 45 2.4 114 4

Ilex inundata 0.430 100 54 3.3 129 6

Ilex sideroxyloides 0.621 68 46 2.5 115 5

Inga aff. coruscans 0.778 51 41 2.1 106 4

Inga alba 0.574 74 48 2.7 118 5

Inga capitata 0.640 66 45 2.4 114 4

Ingo edulis 0.510 84 50 2.9 123 5

Inga floribunda 0.554 77 48 2.7 120 5

Inga ingoides 0.503 85 50 3.0 123 5

Inga laurina 0.620 68 46 2.5 115 5

Inga marginata 0.720 57 43 2.2 109 4

Inga paraensis 0.820 46 40 2.0 104 4

Inga splendens 0.550 78 49 2.8 120 5

Inga vera 0.590 72 47 2.6 117 5

Iryanthera grandis 0.630 67 46 2.5 115 4

Estimated initial conditions

Botanical name Gb

Mg

(%)

Ti

(°C)

Di

(°C)

Ti

(°F)

Di

(°F)

Iryanthera hostmanni 0.500 86 51 3.0 124 5

Iryanthera lancifolia 0.490 88 51 3.0 124 5

Iryanthera sagotiana 0.570 75 48 2.7 119 5

Jacaranda acutifolia 0.492 87 51 3.0 124 5

Jacaranda copaia 0.340 130 58 3.9 137 7

Jacaranda hesperia 0.350 126 58 3.8 136 7

Jacaranda mimosifolia 0.474 91 52 3.1 126 6

Jacaranda semiserrata 0.511 84 50 2.9 123 5

Jacaranda superba 0.315 142 60 4.1 139 7

Joannesia heveoides 0.390 112 56 3.6 133 6

Joannesia princeps 0.463 93 52 3.1 127 6

Krugiodendron ferreum 1.093 23 34 1.6 91 3

Labatia glomerata 0.750 53 42 2.2 107 4

Labourdonnaisia

 albescens

0.847 44 39 1.9 102 4

Lachmellea speciosa 0.730 56 42 2.2 109 4

Laetia procera 0.622 68 46 2.5 115 5

Laetia spp. 0.590 72 47 2.6 117 5

Laetia suaveolens 0.740 54 42 2.2 108 4

Lafoensia punicifolia 0.720 57 43 2.2 109 4

Laplacea brenesii 0.720 57 43 2.2 109 4

Laurelia aromatica 0.413 105 55 3.4 131 6

Laurelia philippiana 0.420 103 54 3.4 130 6

Laurelia sempervirens 0.411 105 55 3.4 131 6

Lecythis davisii 0.815 47 40 2.0 104 4

Lecythis jaranaa 0.850 44 39 1.9 102 3

Lecythis laevifolia 0.975 33 36 1.7 96 3

Lecythis ollaria 0.720 57 43 2.2 109 4

Lecythis paraensis 0.880 41 38 1.9 101 3

Lecythis pisonis 0.840 45 39 2.0 103 4

Lecythis tuyrana 0.610 69 46 2.5 116 5

Libidibia sclerocarpa 0.898 39 38 1.9 100 3

Libidibia spp. 0.924 37 37 1.8 98 3

Licania aff. micrantha 0.860 43 39 1.9 102 3

Licania alba 0.908 38 38 1.8 99 3

Licania apetala 0.641 65 45 2.4 114 4

Licania arborea 0.630 67 46 2.5 115 4

Licania buxifolia 0.880 41 38 1.9 101 3

Licania campestre 0.590 72 47 2.6 117 5

Licania densiflora 0.796 49 40 2.0 105 4

Licania galibica 0.877 41 38 1.9 101 3

Licania hostmanni 0.837 45 39 2.0 103 4

Licania hypoleuca 0.867 42 39 1.9 101 3

Licania incana 0.770 51 41 2.1 106 4

Licania macrophylla 0.760 52 41 2.1 107 4

Licania octandra 0.770 51 41 2.1 106 4

Licania ovalifolia 0.909 38 38 1.8 99 3
Table C4—Basic specific gravity Gb, green moisture content Mg, and estimated initial kiln conditions for Latin American

species—con.

53

Estimated initial conditions

Botanical name Gb

Mg

(%)

Ti

(°C)

Di

(°C)

Ti

(°F)

Di

(°F)

Licania parviflora 0.813 47 40 2.0 104 4

Licania platypus 0.620 68 46 2.5 115 5

Licania rigida 0.729 56 42 2.2 109 4

Licaria aff. L. puchury- 0.506 85 50 2.9 123 5

Licaria canella 0.626 67 46 2.5 115 4

Licaria cayennensis 0.960 34 36 1.8 97 3

Licaria rigida 0.730 56 42 2.2 109 4

Licaria spp. 0.820 46 40 2.0 104 4

Lindackeria spp. 0.451 95 53 3.2 127 6

Linociera domingensis 0.810 47 40 2.0 104 4

Lonchocarpus hedyosmus 0.696 59 43 2.3 111 4

Lonchocarpus hondurensis 0.673 62 44 2.4 112 4

Lonchocarpus latifolius 0.699 59 43 2.3 110 4

Lonchocarpus 0.769 52 41 2.1 106 4

Lonchocarpus sericeus 0.778 51 41 2.1 106 4

Lonchocarpus stramineus 0.834 45 39 2.0 103 4

Loxopterygium huasango 0.863 42 39 1.9 101 3

Loxopterygium sagotii 0.550 78 49 2.8 120 5

Lucuma belizensis 0.744 54 42 2.2 108 4

Lucuma grongrijpiia 0.720 57 43 2.2 109 4

Lucuma spp. 0.713 57 43 2.2 110 4

Luehea cymulosa 0.594 71 47 2.6 117 5

Luehea divaricata 0.600 71 47 2.6 117 5

Luehea speciosa 0.520 82 50 2.9 122 5

Luehea spp. 0.500 86 51 3.0 124 5

Lueheopsis duckeana 0.620 68 46 2.5 115 5

Mabea biblandulosa 0.589 72 47 2.6 117 5

Mabea piriri 0.593 71 47 2.6 117 5

Machaerium arboreum 0.629 67 46 2.5 115 4

Machaerium capote 0.520 82 50 2.9 122 5

Machaerium millei 0.780 50 41 2.1 106 4

Machaerium scleroxylon 0.833 45 39 2.0 103 4

Machaerium villosum 0.802 48 40 2.0 105 4

Macoubea guianensis 0.370 118 57 3.7 134 7

Macrolobium

 acaciaefolium

0.430 100 54 3.3 129 6

Macrosamanea

 pedicellaris

0.491 87 51 3.0 124 5

Magnolia poasana 0.420 103 54 3.4 130 6

Magnolia sororum 0.500 86 51 3.0 124 5

Magnolia splendens 0.590 72 47 2.6 117 5

Maguira sclerophylla 0.570 75 48 2.7 119 5

Malmea depressa 0.722 56 43 2.2 109 4

Malouetia duckei 0.570 75 48 2.7 119 5

Mammea americana 0.620 68 46 2.5 115 5

Manilkara amazonica 0.830 46 40 2.0 103 4

Manilkara elata 0.958 34 36 1.8 97 3

Manilkara globosa 0.780 50 41 2.1 106 4

Manilkara longifolia 0.905 39 38 1.8 99 3

Manilkara zapota 0.880 41 38 1.9 101 3

Maquira coriacea Berg. 0.442 98 53 3.2 128 6

Maquira sclerophylla 0.570 75 48 2.7 119 5

Estimated initial conditions

Botanical name Gb

Mg

(%)

Ti

(°C)

Di

(°C)

Ti

(°F)

Di

(°F)

Margaritaria nobilis 0.701 59 43 2.3 110 4

Marila spp. 0.630 67 46 2.5 115 4

Marmaroxylon racemosum 0.901 39 38 1.8 100 3

Mastichodendron spp. 0.570 75 48 2.7 119 5

Matayba domingensis 0.700 59 43 2.3 110 4

Matayba scrobiculata 0.501 86 51 3.0 124 5

Matisia bicolor 0.520 82 50 2.9 122 5

Matisia cordata 0.430 100 54 3.3 129 6

Matisia hirta 0.610 69 46 2.5 116 5

Maytenus eggersii 0.780 50 41 2.1 106 4

Maytenus ficiformis 0.674 62 44 2.3 112 4

Maytenus spp. 0.710 58 43 2.3 110 4

Melaleuca spp. 0.581 73 47 2.6 118 5

Melanoxylon brauna 0.995 31 36 1.7 95 3

Meliosma brasiliensis 0.501 86 51 3.0 124 5

Meliosma herbetii 0.420 103 54 3.4 130 6

Metopium brownei 0.639 66 45 2.5 114 4

Metrodorea spp 0.653 64 45 2.4 113 4

Mezilaurus itauba 0.680 61 44 2.3 112 4

Mezilaurus lindaviana 0.680 61 44 2.3 112 4

Mezilaurus spp. 0.786 50 41 2.1 105 4

Miconia ibaquensis 0.610 69 46 2.5 116 5

Miconia argentea 0.720 57 43 2.2 109 4

Micropholis

 chrysophylloides

0.680 61 44 2.3 112 4

Micropholis garciniaefolia 0.640 66 45 2.4 114 4

Micropholis gardnerianum 0.608 70 46 2.5 116 5

Micropholis guyanensis 0.650 64 45 2.4 113 4

Micropholis melinoniana 0.531 80 49 2.8 121 5

Micropholis venulosa 0.670 62 44 2.4 112 4

Mimosa bracatinga 0.549 78 49 2.8 120 5

Mimosa scabrella 0.608 70 46 2.5 116 5

Minquartia guianensis 0.755 53 42 2.1 107 4

Moldenhawera

 blanchetiana

0.742 54 42 2.2 108 4

Moldenhawera spp. 0.731 55 42 2.2 109 4

Mollia spp. 0.570 75 48 2.7 119 5

Moquilea spp. 0.789 50 41 2.1 105 4

Moquilea tomentosa 0.869 42 39 1.9 101 3

Moquinia polymorpha 0.703 58 43 2.3 110 4

Mora magistosperma 0.880 41 38 1.9 101 3

Mora oleifera 0.740 54 42 2.2 108 4

Moronobea coccinea 0.677 61 44 2.3 112 4

Mouriria barinensis 0.780 50 41 2.1 106 4

Mouriria chamissoana 0.736 55 42 2.2 108 4

Mouriria guyanensis 0.859 43 39 1.9 102 3

Mouriria huberi 0.751 53 42 2.2 107 4

Mouriria pseudo-

 germinata

0.650 64 45 2.4 113 4

Mouriria sideroxylon 0.881 41 38 1.9 101 3

Myrceugenia planipes 0.584 73 47 2.6 118 5

Myrcia paivae 0.730 56 42 2.2 109 4

Myrcia splendens 0.800 48 40 2.0 105 4
Table C4—Basic specific gravity Gb, green moisture content Mg, and estimated initial kiln conditions for Latin American

species—con.

54

Estimated initial conditions

Botanical name Gb

Mg

(%)

Ti

(°C)

Di

(°C)

Ti

(°F)

Di

(°F)

Myrciaria amazonica 0.740 54 42 2.2 108 4

Myrciaria floribunda 0.726 56 42 2.2 109 4

Myristica spp. 0.460 94 52 3.2 127 6

Myrocarpus fastigiatus 0.779 51 41 2.1 106 4

Myrocarpus frondosus 0.852 43 39 1.9 102 3

Myrocarpus spp. 0.916 38 37 1.8 99 3

Myroxylon balsamum 0.921 37 37 1.8 99 3

Myroxylon toluiferum 0.921 37 37 1.8 99 3

Myroxylon peruiferum 0.780 50 41 2.1 106 4

Naucleopsis spp.

a 0.660 63 45 2.4 113 4

Nectandra amazonum 0.470 91 52 3.1 126 6

Nectandra antillana 0.420 103 54 3.4 130 6

Nectandra concinna 0.560 76 48 2.7 119 5

Nectandra coriacea 0.470 91 52 3.1 126 6

Nectandra elaiophora 0.615 69 46 2.5 116 5

Nectandra membranacea 0.450 96 53 3.2 128 6

Nectandra mollis 0.573 74 48 2.7 118 5

Nectandra pisi 0.381 115 56 3.6 133 7

Nectandra rigida 0.648 65 45 2.4 114 4

Nectandra rodioei 0.910 38 38 1.8 99 3

Nectandra rubra 0.709 58 43 2.3 110 4

Nectandra sintenisii 0.550 78 49 2.8 120 5

Nectandra wana 0.835 45 39 2.0 103 4

Neea spp. 0.475 90 52 3.1 126 6

Nemaluma anomala 0.750 53 42 2.2 107 4

Neopometia ptychandra 0.949 35 37 1.8 97 3

Neoxytece elegans 0.820 46 40 2.0 104 4

Newtonia suaveolens 0.589 72 47 2.6 117 5

Nothofagus alpina 0.491 87 51 3.0 124 5

Nothofagus obliqua 0.531 80 49 2.8 121 5

Nothofagus pumilio 0.446 97 53 3.2 128 6

Ochroma bicolor 0.186 265 69 5.6 153 10

Ocotea aff. O. fasciculata 0.488 88 51 3.0 125 5

Ocotea austinii 0.480 89 51 3.1 125 6

Ocotea barcellensis 0.561 76 48 2.7 119 5

Ocotea canaliculata 0.398 109 55 3.5 132 6

Ocotea cymbarum 0.660 63 45 2.4 113 4

Ocotea glandulosa 0.460 94 52 3.2 127 6

Ocotea guianensis 0.357 123 57 3.8 135 7

Ocotea leucoxylon 0.450 96 53 3.2 128 6

Ocotea moschata 0.590 72 47 2.6 117 5

Ocotea neesiana 0.550 78 49 2.8 120 5

Ocotea porosa

 (Phoebe porosa)

0.667 62 44 2.4 112 4

Ocotea pretiosa 0.699 59 43 2.3 110 4

Ocotea schomburgkiana 0.460 94 52 3.2 127 6

Ocotea spathulata 0.620 68 46 2.5 115 5

Estimated initial conditions

Botanical name Gb

Mg

(%)

Ti

(°C)

Di

(°C)

Ti

(°F)

Di

(°F)

Ocotea tenuiflora 0.525 81 50 2.9 122 5

Ocotea wachenheimii 0.398 109 55 3.5 132 6

Olneya tesota 0.933 36 37 1.8 98 3

Onychopetalum

 amazonicum

0.570 75 48 2.7 119 5

Ormosia coccinea 0.610 69 46 2.5 116 5

Ormosia flava 0.709 58 43 2.3 110 4

Ormosia krugii 0.500 86 51 3.0 124 5

Ormosia lignivalvis 0.597 71 47 2.6 117 5

Ormosia paraensis 0.675 62 44 2.3 112 4

Ormosia schunkei 0.570 75 48 2.7 119 5

Osteophloeum

 platyspermum

0.550 78 49 2.8 120 5

Ouratea spp. 0.681 61 44 2.3 112 4

Oxandra lanceolata 0.779 51 41 2.1 106 4

Oxandra spp. 0.750 53 42 2.2 107 4

Oxythece hahianum 0.821 46 40 2.0 104 4

Pachira acuatica 0.430 100 54 3.3 129 6

Pachystroma illicifolium 0.743 54 42 2.2 108 4

Pachystroma longifolium 0.653 64 45 2.4 113 4

Parahancornia amapa 0.478 90 51 3.1 125 6

Parapiptadenia rigida 0.790 49 41 2.1 105 4

Parkia belutina 0.420 103 54 3.4 130 6

Parkia multijuga 0.510 84 50 2.9 123 5

Parkia nitida 0.307 146 60 4.2 140 8

Parkia oppositifolia 0.265 174 63 4.6 144 8

Parkia paraensis 0.440 98 53 3.3 128 6

Parkia pendula 0.443 97 53 3.2 128 6

Patagonula americana 0.729 56 42 2.2 109 4

Peltogyne confertiflora 0.725 56 42 2.2 109 4

Peltogyne densiflora 0.640 66 45 2.4 114 4

Peltogyne mexicana 0.830 46 40 2.0 103 4

Peltogyne paniculata 0.683 61 44 2.3 111 4

Peltogyne porphyrocardia 0.908 38 38 1.8 99 3

Peltogyne pubescens 0.740 54 42 2.2 108 4

Peltogyne purpurea 0.797 49 40 2.0 105 4

Peltogyne recifensis 1.049 26 35 1.6 93 3

Peltogyne venosa 0.710 58 43 2.3 110 4

Peltophorum vogelianum 0.750 53 42 2.2 107 4

Pentaclethra macroloba 0.676 61 44 2.3 112 4

Pentapanax spp. 0.520 82 50 2.9 122 5

Pera glabrata 0.639 66 45 2.5 114 4

Pera schomburgkiana 0.656 64 45 2.4 113 4

Persea caerulea 0.390 112 56 3.6 133 6

Persea lingue 0.501 86 51 3.0 124 5

Persea racemosa 0.625 67 46 2.5 115 5

Persea schiedeana 0.463 93 52 3.1 127 6
Table C4—Basic specific gravity Gb, green moisture content Mg, and estimated initial kiln conditions for Latin American

species—con.

55

Estimated initial conditions

Botanical name Gb

Mg

(%)

Ti

(°C)

Di

(°C)

Ti

(°F)

Di

(°F)

Persea veraguasensis 0.390 112 56 3.6 133 6

Petitia domingensis 0.660 63 45 2.4 113 4

Phoebe elongata 0.573 74 48 2.7 118 5

Phyllanthus nobilis 0.717 57 43 2.2 109 4

Phyllostylon brasiliensis 0.696 59 43 2.3 111 4

Physocalymma

 scaberrimum

0.744 54 42 2.2 108 4

Picraena excelsa 0.466 92 52 3.1 126 6

Pimenta officinalis 0.885 40 38 1.9 100 3

Piptadenia cebil 0.960 34 36 1.8 97 3

Piptadenia communis 0.680 61 44 2.3 112 4

Piptadenia gonoacantha 0.699 59 43 2.3 110 4

Piptadenia macrocarpa 0.830 46 40 2.0 103 4

Piptadenia pereguna 0.573 74 48 2.7 118 5

Piptadenia pittieri 0.620 68 46 2.5 115 5

Piptadenia psilostachya 0.667 62 44 2.4 112 4

Piptadenia suaveolens 0.760 52 41 2.1 107 4

Piranhea

 longepedunculata

0.903 39 38 1.8 99 3

Piranhea trifoliata 0.930 36 37 1.8 98 3

Piratinera guianensis 0.960 34 36 1.8 97 3

Piratinera

 longependunculata

0.877 41 38 1.9 101 3

Piscidia carthagenensis 0.795 49 40 2.1 105 4

Piscidia communis 0.690 60 44 2.3 111 4

Pisonia cuspidataa 0.471 91 52 3.1 126 6

Pisonia spp. 0.520 82 50 2.9 122 5

Pithecellobium arboreum 0.600 71 47 2.6 117 5

Pithecellobium guachapele 0.548 78 49 2.8 120 5

Pithecellobium inaequale 0.620 68 46 2.5 115 5

Pithecellobium pedicellare 0.429 101 54 3.3 129 6

Planchonella pachycarpa 0.771 51 41 2.1 106 4

Plathymenia foliolosa 0.481 89 51 3.1 125 6

Plathymenia reticulata 0.398 109 55 3.5 132 6

Platonia insignis Mart. 0.772 51 41 2.1 106 4

Platycyamus regnellii 0.759 53 41 2.1 107 4

Platymiscium floribundum 0.840 45 39 2.0 103 4

Platymiscium pinnatum 0.853 43 39 1.9 102 3

Platymiscium

 polystachium

0.730 56 42 2.2 109 4

Platymiscium trinitatis 0.940 36 37 1.8 98 3

Platymiscium ulei 0.605 70 46 2.6 116 5

Platymiscium yucatanum 0.665 63 44 2.4 112 4

Poecilanthe amazonica 0.940 36 37 1.8 98 3

Poecilanthe parviflora 0.919 37 37 1.8 99 3

Poeppigia excelsa 0.667 62 44 2.4 112 4

Poeppigia procera 0.710 58 43 2.3 110 4

Estimated initial conditions

Botanical name Gb

Mg

(%)

Ti

(°C)

Di

(°C)

Ti

(°F)

Di

(°F)

Poulsenia armata 0.405 107 55 3.5 131 6

Pourouma aff. apiculata 0.450 96 53 3.2 128 6

Pourouma aspera 0.280 163 62 4.4 143 8

Pourouma aff. guianensis 0.330 135 59 4.0 138 7

Pourouma aff. melinonii 0.320 139 60 4.1 139 7

Pouteria aff. P. quianensis 0.825 46 40 2.0 103 4

Pouteria anibifolia 0.660 63 45 2.4 113 4

Pouteria caimito 0.880 41 38 1.9 101 3

Pouteria campechiana 0.760 52 41 2.1 107 4

Pouteria carabobensis 0.680 61 44 2.3 112 4

Pouteria egregia 0.876 41 38 1.9 101 3

Pouteria eugeniifolia 1.082 24 34 1.6 91 3

Pouteria gonggrijpii 0.840 45 39 2.0 103 4

Pouteria melinonii 0.630 67 46 2.5 115 4

Pouteria multiflora 0.740 54 42 2.2 108 4

Pouteria pomifera 0.760 52 41 2.1 107 4

Pouteria torta 0.659 63 45 2.4 113 4

Pouteria unilocularis 0.820 46 40 2.0 104 4

Pouteria venosa 0.741 54 42 2.2 108 4

Pradosia glycyphloea 0.741 54 42 2.2 108 4

Prosopsis juliflora 0.696 59 43 2.3 111 4

Prosopsis pallida 0.936 36 37 1.8 98 3

Protium altissimum 0.552 77 48 2.7 120 5

Protium crenatum 0.579 73 47 2.6 118 5

Protium heptaphyllum 0.678 61 44 2.3 112 4

Protium neglectum 0.583 73 47 2.6 118 5

Protium sagoitianum 0.576 74 48 2.7 118 5

Protium schomburgkianum 0.510 84 50 2.9 123 5

Protium tenuifolium 0.643 65 45 2.4 114 4

Prunus brasiliensis 0.749 54 42 2.2 108 4

Prunus spp. 0.580 73 47 2.6 118 5

Pseudobombax ellipticum 0.340 130 58 3.9 137 7

Pseudobombax

 grandiflorum

0.363 121 57 3.7 135 7

Psuedobombax munguba 0.260 178 63 4.6 145 8

Pseudobombax septenatum 0.140 371 73 6.5 158 12

Pseudolmedia laevigata 0.640 66 45 2.4 114 4

Pseudolmedia laevis 0.710 58 43 2.3 110 4

Pseudolmedia oxyphyllaria 0.720 57 43 2.2 109 4

Pseudoxandra polyphleba 0.510 84 50 2.9 123 5

Psidium acutangulum 0.800 48 40 2.0 105 4

Psidium riparium 0.857 43 39 1.9 102 3

Pterocarpus quianensis 0.613 69 46 2.5 116 5

Pterocarpus officinalis 0.430 100 54 3.3 129 6

Pterocarpus rohrii 0.410 106 55 3.4 131 6

Pterocarpus spp. 0.682 61 44 2.3 111 4

Pterocarpus vernalis 0.616 69 46 2.5 116 5
Table C4—Basic specific gravity Gb, green moisture content Mg, and estimated initial kiln conditions for Latin American

species—con.

56

Estimated initial conditions

Botanical name Gb

Mg

(%)

Ti

(°C)

Di

(°C)

Ti

(°F)

Di

(°F)

Pterocarpus violaceus 0.501 86 51 3.0 124 5

Pterodon pubescens 0.884 40 38 1.9 100 3

Pterogyne nitens 0.728 56 42 2.2 109 4

Pterygota excelsa 0.580 73 47 2.6 118 5

Pterygota spp. 0.620 68 46 2.5 115 5

Quararibaea asterolepsis 0.450 96 53 3.2 128 6

Quararibaea guianensis 0.540 79 49 2.8 121 5

Ramisia brasiliensis 0.557 76 48 2.7 120 5

Raputia spp. 0.550 78 49 2.8 120 5

Recordoxylum speciosum 0.837 45 39 2.0 103 4

Rheedia madruno 0.763 52 41 2.1 107 4

Rheedia spp. 0.600 71 47 2.6 117 5

Rhizophora mangle 0.830 46 40 2.0 103 4

Rhizophora racemosa 0.877 41 38 1.9 101 3

Rinorea bahiensis 0.839 45 39 2.0 103 4

Rollinia exsucca 0.420 103 54 3.4 130 6

Rollinia spp. 0.340 130 58 3.9 137 7

Roucheria spp. 0.820 46 40 2.0 104 4

Roupala brasiliensis 0.803 48 40 2.0 105 4

Roupala montana 0.770 51 41 2.1 106 4

Roupala spp. 0.930 36 37 1.8 98 3

Ruizterania albiflora 0.601 70 47 2.6 117 5

Ruprechtia aff. ramiflora 0.518 83 50 2.9 122 5

Sacoglottis cydonioides 0.716 57 43 2.2 109 4

Sacoglottis procera 0.653 64 45 2.4 113 4

Salix humboldtiana 0.398 109 55 3.5 132 6

Samanea saman 0.460 94 52 3.2 127 6

Sandwithiodoxa egregia 0.840 45 39 2.0 103 4

Sapium biglandulosum 0.465 92 52 3.1 126 6

Sapium cf. jenmanni 0.407 107 55 3.4 131 6

Sapium laurocerasus 0.380 115 56 3.6 133 7

Sapium marmieri 0.400 109 55 3.5 132 6

Sapium verum 0.456 94 52 3.2 127 6

Schefflera paraensis 0.357 123 57 3.8 135 7

Schinopsis lorentzii 0.876 41 38 1.9 101 3

Schinopsis spp. 1.000 30 36 1.7 95 3

Schizolobium excelsum 0.273 168 62 4.5 143 8

Schizolobium parahybum 0.600 71 47 2.6 117 5

Schweilera spp. 0.720 57 43 2.2 109 4

Sclerolobium

 chrysophyllum

0.610 69 46 2.5 116 5

Sclerolobium guianensis 0.557 76 48 2.7 120 5

Sclerolobium melinonii 0.470 91 52 3.1 126 6

Sclerolobium paniculatum 0.335 132 59 3.9 137 7

Sclerolobium paraense 0.610 69 46 2.5 116 5

Sclerolobium

 poeppigianum

0.650 64 45 2.4 113 4

Estimated initial conditions

Botanical name Gb

Mg

(%)

Ti

(°C)

Di

(°C)

Ti

(°F)

Di

(°F)

Scleronema spp. 0.654 64 45 2.4 113 4

Securinega guarayuva 0.733 55 42 2.2 108 4

Senegalia greggii 0.898 39 38 1.9 100 3

Sequieria langsdorffii 0.537 80 49 2.8 121 5

Sickingia aff. S. tinctoria 0.710 58 43 2.3 110 4

Sickingia longifolia 0.605 70 46 2.6 116 5

Sickingia salvadorensis 0.660 63 45 2.4 113 4

Sickingia spp. 0.650 64 45 2.4 113 4

Sideroxylon tempisque 1.040 27 35 1.6 93 3

Silvia itauba 0.777 51 41 2.1 106 4

Silvia navalium 0.719 57 43 2.2 109 4

Simaba multiflora 0.501 86 51 3.0 124 5

Simarouba amara 0.326 136 59 4.0 138 7

Simarouba glauca 0.420 103 54 3.4 130 6

Simarouba versicolor 0.454 95 53 3.2 127 6

Sloanea berteriana 0.800 48 40 2.0 105 4

Sloanea grandiflora 0.795 49 40 2.1 105 4

Sloanea guianensis 0.787 50 41 2.1 105 4

Sloanea lauriflora 0.809 48 40 2.0 104 4

Sloanea massoni 0.709 58 43 2.3 110 4

Sloanea terniflora 0.792 49 41 2.1 105 4

Solanum inaequale 0.437 99 53 3.3 129 6

Spondias lutea 0.380 115 56 3.6 133 7

Spondias mombin 0.383 114 56 3.6 133 7

Sterculia apetala 0.361 122 57 3.7 135 7

Sterculia caribaea 0.757 53 42 2.1 107 4

Sterculia chicha 0.325 137 59 4.0 138 7

Sterculia pilosa 0.530 81 49 2.8 122 5

Sterculia rugosa 0.531 80 49 2.8 121 5

Sterculia speciosa 0.490 88 51 3.0 124 5

Stryphnodendron

 polystachum

0.448 96 53 3.2 128 6

Stylogyne spp. 0.690 60 44 2.3 111 4

Sweetia panamensis 0.828 46 40 2.0 103 4

Sweetia spp. 0.800 48 40 2.0 105 4

Swietenia candollei 0.590 72 47 2.6 117 5

Swietenia humilis 0.490 88 51 3.0 124 5

Symplocos martinicensis 0.501 86 51 3.0 124 5

Symplocos spp. 0.490 88 51 3.0 124 5

Syzygiopsis oppositifolia 0.650 64 45 2.4 113 4

Tachigali cf.

 myrmecophilaa

0.570 75 48 2.7 119 5

Talauma dodecapetala 0.590 72 47 2.6 117 5

Talauma mexicana 0.490 88 51 3.0 124 5

Talauma ovata 0.520 82 50 2.9 122 5

Talisia esculenta 0.936 36 37 1.8 98 3

Talisia olivaeformis 0.890 40 38 1.9 100 3
Table C4—Basic specific gravity Gb, green moisture content Mg, and estimated initial kiln conditions for Latin American

species—con.

57

Estimated initial conditions

Botanical name Gb

Mg

(%)

Ti

(°C)

Di

(°C)

Ti

(°F)

Di

(°F)

Talisia spp. 0.912 38 38 1.8 99 3

Tapirira guianensis 0.486 88 51 3.0 125 5

Tapirira marchandii 0.405 107 55 3.5 131 6

Taralea oppositrifolia 0.800 48 40 2.0 105 4

Tecoma caraiba 0.645 65 45 2.4 114 4

Tecoma impetiginosa 0.781 50 41 2.1 106 4

Tecoma longiflora 0.837 45 39 2.0 103 4

Tecoma ochracea 0.821 46 40 2.0 104 4

Tecoma pentaphylla 0.475 90 52 3.1 126 6

Terminalia aff. obovata 0.722 56 43 2.2 109 4

Terminalia aff. lucida 0.700 59 43 2.3 110 4

Terminalia buceras 0.751 53 42 2.2 107 4

Terminalia catappa 0.590 72 47 2.6 117 5

Terminalia guyanensis 0.625 67 46 2.5 115 5

Terminalia januarensis 0.742 54 42 2.2 108 4

Terminalia oblonga 0.635 66 45 2.5 114 4

Terminalia obovata 0.449 96 53 3.2 128 6

Tetragastris altissima 0.674 62 44 2.3 112 4

Tetragastris balsamifera 0.650 64 45 2.4 113 4

Tetragastris mucronata 0.605 70 46 2.6 116 5

Tetragastris panamensis 0.741 54 42 2.2 108 4

Tetragastris stevonsonii 0.860 43 39 1.9 102 3

Tetrastylidium engleri 0.819 47 40 2.0 104 4

Tetrathylacium

 macrophyllum

0.638 66 45 2.5 114 4

Tetrorchidium rubrivenium 0.433 100 54 3.3 129 6

Tipuana tipu 0.593 71 47 2.6 117 5

Toluifera balsamum 0.740 54 42 2.2 108 4

Torresea cearensis 0.572 74 48 2.7 119 5

Toulicia pulvinata 0.631 67 46 2.5 115 4

Tovomita guianensis 0.600 71 47 2.6 117 5

Tovomita macrophylla 0.848 44 39 1.9 102 4

Trattinickia cf.

 burseraefolia

0.500 86 51 3.0 124 5

Trattinickia rhoifolia 0.417 104 54 3.4 130 6

Trema intergerrima 0.390 112 56 3.6 133 6

Trichillia aff.

 T. septentrionalis

0.694 59 43 2.3 111 4

Trichilia lecointei 0.900 39 38 1.8 100 3

Trichilia propingua 0.580 73 47 2.6 118 5

Trichilia singularis 0.510 84 50 2.9 123 5

Trichosperma mexicanum 0.410 106 55 3.4 131 6

Trophis spp. 0.453 95 53 3.2 127 6

Turrubia olfereana 0.413 105 55 3.4 131 6

Ulmus mexicana 0.550 78 49 2.8 120 5

Unonopsis spectabilis 0.573 74 48 2.7 118 5

Vantanea cupularis 0.939 36 37 1.8 98 3

Vantanea paniculata 0.749 54 42 2.2 108 4

Vantanea parviflora 0.860 43 39 1.9 102 3

Vatairea lundellii 0.640 66 45 2.4 114 4

Vatairea guianensis 0.613 69 46 2.5 116 5

Estimated initial conditions

Botanical name Gb

Mg

(%)

Ti

(°C)

Di

(°C)

Ti

(°F)

Di

(°F)

Vatairea paraensis 0.749 54 42 2.2 108 4

Vatairea sericea 0.710 58 43 2.3 110 4

Vataireopsis araroba 0.643 65 45 2.4 114 4

Virola koschnyi 0.470 91 52 3.1 126 6

Virola melinonii 0.420 103 54 3.4 130 6

Virola merendonia 0.449 96 53 3.2 128 6

Virola officinalis 0.605 70 46 2.6 116 5

Virola oleifera 0.563 76 48 2.7 119 5

Virola sebifera 0.434 99 54 3.3 129 6

Virola surinamensis 0.399 109 55 3.5 132 6

Vismia baccifera 0.489 88 51 3.0 125 5

Vismia cayennensis 0.461 93 52 3.1 127 6

Vismia guianensis 0.477 90 52 3.1 125 6

Vismia spp. 0.410 106 55 3.4 131 6

Vitex cooperi 0.530 81 49 2.8 122 5

Vitex cymosa 0.590 72 47 2.6 117 5

Vitex divaricata 0.620 68 46 2.5 115 5

Vitex gaumeri 0.550 78 49 2.8 120 5

Vitex giganteum 0.520 82 50 2.9 122 5

Vitex kuylenii 0.530 81 49 2.8 122 5

Vitex orinocensis 0.529 81 49 2.8 122 5

Vitex stahelii 0.603 70 47 2.6 116 5

Vouacapoua americana 0.814 47 40 2.0 104 4

Warszewicsia coccinea 0.560 76 48 2.7 119 5

Weinmannia pubescens 0.597 71 47 2.6 117 5

Weinmannia trichosperma 0.528 81 49 2.8 122 5

Weinmannia wercklei 0.454 95 53 3.2 127 6

Xanthoxylum martinicensis 0.460 94 52 3.2 127 6

Xanthoxylum spp. 0.440 98 53 3.3 128 6

Xylopia aromatica 0.605 70 46 2.6 116 5

Xylopia columbiana 0.510 84 50 2.9 123 5

Xylopia emarginata 0.590 72 47 2.6 117 5

Xylopia frutescens 0.640 66 45 2.4 114 4

Xylopia neglecta 0.614 69 46 2.5 116 5

Xylopia nitida 0.560 76 48 2.7 119 5

Xylosma spp. 0.650 64 45 2.4 113 4

Zanthoxylum martinicense 0.541 79 49 2.8 121 5

Zanthoxylum tragoded 0.757 53 42 2.1 107 4

Zollernia falcata 0.952 34 37 1.8 97 3

Zollernia paraensis 1.154 19 33 1.5 89 3

Zuelania guidonia 0.720 57 43 2.2 109 4

a

Older scientific name Newer scientific name

Coumarouna spp. Dipteryx spp.

Cytharexylum spp. Citharexylon spp.

Franchetella spp. Lucuma spp.

Hieronima spp. Hyeronima spp.

Holopyxidium spp. Lecythis spp.

Ogcodeia spp. Naucleopsis spp.

Pseudosamanea spp. Albizia spp.

Tachigalia spp. Tachigali spp.

Torrubia spp. Pisonia spp.