# United States Court **of Appeals**  **f or the Fifth Circuit** 

**____________** No. 22

- 30456

**____________ Teliah C. Perkins,**  individually and as parent and natural guardian of **D.J.,** a minor **,** Plaintiff

— Appellee **,**

versus
**Kyle Hart; Ryan Moring,**
Defendants

— Appellants

**.**

**______________________________** Appeal from the United States District Court for the Eastern District of Louisiana USDC No. 2:21

- CV

- 879

**______________________________** Before **Elrod ,**  **Ho ,**  and **Wilson ,**  Circuit Judges

**. Per Curiam**  **:** *****

Teliah C. Perkins was arrested by two St. Tammany Parish Sheriff’s Deputies, Kyle Hart and Ryan Moring , after the Deputies respond ed to reports of a person driving a dirt bike recklessly and without a helmet. The Deputies approached Perkins in her driveway and asked for her license, registration , and proof of insurance. The situation escalated quickly . The

**_____________________**

* This opinion is not designated for publication. See **5th Cir**

**. R** 

**.** 47.5. United States Court of Appeals Fifth Circuit 

### FILED November 30, 2023 Lyle W. Cayce Clerk Case: 22-30456 Document: 00516985624 Page: 1 Date Filed: 11/30/2023No. 22

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2 Deputies initiated an arrest; Perkins resisted but was eventually tak en to the ground and handcuffed. Perkins’s minor son D.J. and her nephew recorded the altercation with their cell phones. At one point , the videos briefly show Deputy Hart’s hand on Perkins’s throat as he struggled to get up off the ground . Perkins sued , alleg ing claims of excessive force used against her and D.J. She also alleged a First Amendment retaliation claim on behalf of D.J

. The Deputies mo ved for summary judgment, raising qualified immunity as a defense to the claims . T he district court larg ely denied the
D eputies’ motion

. On appeal, we dismiss in part, reverse and render in part, and remand for further proceedings.

I.

A. Perkins is a resident of Slidell, Louisiana. 1 O n May 5, 2020, she observed the Deputies riding down the street on police motorcycles. T he Deputies turned their motorcycles around, drove to her driveway, and shouted for her to come to them. The Deputies asked for her driver’s license, registration, and proof of insu rance , as they were investigating a complaint about a female recklessly riding a dirt bike without a helmet

. Perkins mostly complied with those requests but was unable to produce proof of insurance. After asking if the inquiry was racially motivated, P erkins became frustrated and non

- compliant. She called 911 to request a supervising officer and asked her son and nephew to record the encounter with their cell phones

.

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1 These facts are recounted in the light most favorable to Perkins, as she is the non

moving party, see Club Retro, L.L.C. v. Hilton , 568 F.3d 181, 194 (5th Cir. 2009), save for facts drawn conclusively from the videos, see Scott v. Harris , 550 U.S. 372, 381 (2007). Case: 22-30456 Document: 00516985624 Page: 2 Date Filed: 11/30/2023No. 22

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3 The Deputies instructed the boys to return to the porch. D.J. and the nephew both fi lmed the ensuing altercation

. 2

When Perkins continued to act belligerently and refuse to comply with the ir requests, t he Deputies attempted to place her under arrest

. T hey seized her arms, forc ed her to the ground, muttered that she was “f

— ing slippery ,” and then, according to Perkins , “lean ed on [her] back and neck with their knees and elbows, pulled her hair, and forced her face against the driveway pavement while wrenching her arms behind her back. ” Perkins does not deny that she tried to pull her arms away. The Deputies repeatedly told her to “sto p resisting” but s he continued to flail her arms and legs and deny that she was resisting . She also repeatedly yelled at and taunted the Deputies

— telling one, “I’m on the ground, you’re so weak, boy

. ” Eventually, s he was successfully handcuffed by Deputy Hart

. At that point, Deputy Moring stood up and turned his attention to the boys, while Hart continued to struggle with Perkins on the ground. Moring moved directly in front of D.J., blocking his camera ’s view of Perkins and Hart . He told D.J. to “get b ack” and might have push ed him. D.J. and Moring continued to quip at each other

— “you can’t touch me,” “get back,” and so on

. Moring eventually held a taser out toward D.J

. to keep him at bay , and they then sniped about whether Moring could properly do so

. Meanwhile , o n the ground , Hart ke pt pressure on Perkins’s back for about a minute to keep her subdued

. As soon as Hart release d the pressure, however, Perkins flip ped onto her back and beg an kicking and struggling with Hart again. At that point, Hart place d his hand on Perkins’s shoulder to

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2 There is a third video in the record taken by a neighbor , but it does not provide any additional insight. We note, too, that the nephew’s video was altered and fast

- for wards through various moments during the fracas

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4 control her , or to try to get up. His hand then slipped on to Perkins ’s neck for less than two seconds, and Perkins yell ed “you’re choking me!” Her neph ew then yelled “y’all are choking a lady

. ” All this time, Moring’s back was turned, as he and D.J. interacted. Moments later, Hart and Perkins stood and walk ed toward the street. A neighbor told the boys to “go inside, go inside, please go inside.” Per kins agree d , telling them to “go inside.” Their videos then end. The Deputies arrested Perkins for r esisting a police officer with force or violence, battery of a police officer, no proof of insurance, and no safety helmet . She was detained overnight

. The District Attorney’s Office amended her bill of information to “R.S. 14:108 Resisting an Officer ,” for which sh e was tried and convicted

. B.

Perkins sued the Deputies, asserting claims individually and on behalf of D.J. under 42 U.S.C. § 1983 for violations of the ir rights under the First, Fourth , and Fourteenth Amendments

. The Deputies filed a m otion for

s ummary j udgment, principally contending that they were entitled to qualified immu nity.

T he district court granted the motion as to Perkins’s unlawful seizure claim but denied summary judgment as to all other claims. Weigh ing Perkins’s excessive force claim , the district court dissected the videos of h er arrest, specifically emphasi zing the elbow pressure on her back, her cries of pain, and Deputy Hart’s hands on Perkins’s throat after she had been handcuffed

. In light of “the minor nature of [ Perkins’s ] crime and [the Deputies’] own admittance of that fact,” the court “determine[d] that there [was] sufficient evidence that a jury could determine that the [Deputies’] actions during the arrest were disproportionate

. . . . ” Adopting the perspective of a reasonable officer on the scene, the court reason ed

— again , Case: 22-30456 Document: 00516985624 Page: 4 Date Filed: 11/30/2023No. 22

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5 relying on the videos

— that Perkins was pacing back and forth in her driveway when the arrest began and, while she resisted, there was “no evidence whatsoever that [Perkins] threatened the [Deputies ] or made any reference to a weapon in her home.” T he district court acknowledged that Perkins admitted she initially resisted arrest , a fact confirmed by the videos

. But the court explained that this circuit’s “law has long been clearly established that an officer’s continued use of force on a restrained and subdued subject is objectively unreasonable

. ” The court concluded that “ a disputed issue of material fact exists regarding the amount of force used by Defendants while attempting to arrest Plaintiff and after she was handcuffed and subdued. ” Turning to D.J.’s excessive force claim, the district court again marshalled through the evidence and conclud ed that Deputy Moring violated clearly established law and used excessive force . The court found that Moring had no justification to display and threaten to use his taser against D.J. , a minor who was neither fleeing nor under arrest. Further, the c ourt determined that D.J. ’s filming of the incident was a lawful activity, so no non

retaliatory grounds justif ied Moring’s interference with D.J.’s First Amendment rights. Thus, the court concluded that Moring’s conduct violated D.J.’s clearly established First Amendment right s and was not “objectively reasonable in light of clea rly established law.” The Deputies noticed this interlocutory appeal, challenging the district court’s denial of qualified immunity.

II. “To determine whether a public official is entitled to qualified immunity, we decide ‘(1) whether the facts that t he plaintiff has alleged make out a violation of a constitutional right; and (2) whether the right at issue was clearly established at the time of the defendant’s alleged misconduct.” Ramirez v. Martinez , 716 F.3d 369, 375 (5th Cir. 2013)

. “[A]n order den ying Case: 22-30456 Document: 00516985624 Page: 5 Date Filed: 11/30/2023No. 22

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6 qualified immunity, to the extent it turns on an ‘issue of law,’ is immediately appealable.” Behrens v. Pelletier , 516 U.S. 299, 311 (1996) (quoting Mitchell v. Forsyth , 472 U.S. 511, 530 (1985)). Our interlocutory jurisdiction is limited,

as the di strict court’s finding that a genuine factual dispute exists is a determination that cannot be reviewed. Id. The district court’s “determination that a particular dispute is material,” however, “is a reviewable legal determination.” Id. ; Melton v. Phillips , 875 F.3d 256, 261 (5th Cir. 2017) (en banc). Thus, we “ask only ‘whether the factual disputes that the district court identified are material to the application of qualified immunity.’” Kokesh v. Curlee , 14 F.4th 382, 391 (5th Cir. 2021) (en ba nc) (quoting Samples v. Vadzemnieks , 900 F.3d 655, 660 (5th Cir. 2018)). Within this limited jurisdiction, we “review de novo defendants’ invocations of qualified immunity,” but “accept all well

- pleaded facts as

true

. . . and view all facts and inferences in the light most favorable to the nonmoving party.” Club Retro , 568 F.3d at 194. However, “[w] hen a public official makes ‘ a good

- faith assertion of qualified immunity, ’ that ‘ alters the usual summary

- judgment burden of proof, shifting it to the plaint iff to show that the defense is not available. ’ ” Joseph on behalf of Est. of Joseph v. Bartlett , 981 F.3d 319, 329

– 30 (5th Cir. 2020) . T hat means “[t]he plaintiff must show that there is a genuine dispute of material fact and that a jury could return a

v erdict entitling the plaintiff to relief.” Id. at 330 ; see also Mesa v. Prejean , 543 F.3d 264, 269 (5th Cir. 2008). “ [T] o overcome qualified immunity, the plaintiff’s version of those disputed facts must also constitute a violation of clearly established law.” Joseph , 981 F.3d at 330. W e examine the actions of multiple defendants asserting qualified immunity individually. Solis v. Serrett , 31 F.4th 975, 981 (5th Cir. 2022) (citing Meadours v. Ermel , 483 F.3d 417, 421

– 22 (5th Cir. 2007) )

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7 III.

A. We begin with Perkins’s claim of excessive force

. “To prevail on an excessive

- force claim, [a plaintiff] must show (1) injury, (2) which resulted directly and only from a use of force that was clearly excessive, and (3) the excessiveness of which was cle arly unreasonable.” Hanks v. Rogers , 853 F.3d 738, 744 (5th Cir. 2017) (quoting Cooper v. Brown , 844 F.3d 517, 522 (5th Cir. 2016) (alteration in original)). “[W]hether the force used is excessive or unreasonable depends on the facts and circumstances of each particular case.” Id. (quoting Deville v. Marcantel , 567 F.3d 156, 167 (5th Cir. 2017)). We consider three factors to help make this determination: “(1) the severity of the crime at issue, (2) whether the suspect poses an immediate threat to the s afety of the officers or others, and (3) whether [s]he is actively resisting arrest or attempting to evade arrest by flight.” Id. (quoting Graham v. Connor , 490 U.S. 386, 396 (1989)).

Because t he district court denied summary judgment to the Deputies “on the basis that genuine issues of material fact exist, ” it essentially “made two distinct legal conclusions: that there are ‘genuine’ issues of fact in dispute, and that these issues are ‘material.’” Reyes v. City of Richmond , 287 F.3d 346, 350 (5th Cir. 2002). We cannot review the first conclusion , but we can the second

. And while “ w e review the facts in the light most favorable to the non

- moving party , ” “a plaintiff’s version of the facts should not be accepted for purposes of qualified immunity when it is ‘blatantly contradicted ’ and ‘utterly discredited’ by video recordings.” Trammel v. Fruge , 868 F.3d 332 , 338 (5th Cir. 2017) (quoting Hanks , 853 F.3d at 743,
744

. ) ; but see Edwards v. Oliver , 31 F.4th 925 , 930

– 31 (5th Cir. 2022) (declining to consider video evidence because the district court found that the video itself created a genuine factual dispute)

. Where the video evidence Case: 22-30456 Document: 00516985624 Page: 7 Date Filed: 11/30/2023No. 22

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8 is conclusive, we should thus “view[] the facts in the light depicted by the videotape.” Scott v. Harris , 550 U.S. 372, 381 (2007)

. “An officer challenges materiality when he contends that ‘taking all the plaintiff’s factual allegations as true no violation of a clearly established right was shown.’” Reyes , 287 F.3d at 350 (quoting Cantu v. Rocha , 77 F.3d 795, 803 (5th Cir. 1996)). The Deputies argue that Perkins cannot meet her burden to overcom e qu alified immunity and the district court erred in holding otherwise , particularly because the court ’s c onclusions were “contrary” to the evidence

— the videos taken by Perkins’s son and nephew

. See Edwards , 31 F.4th at 930. 3 The Deputies contend that the v ideo evidence so clearly exonerates their actions that a reasonable viewer has no choice but to conclude the district court erred. We agree that the video footage conclusively shows the Deputies’ use of force was not “ clearly unreasonable , ” Hanks , 853 F.3 d at 744 , under the circumstances

. We first analyze whether Moring is entitled to qualified immunity, then Hart. See Solis , 31 F.4th at 981 ( “We examine each officer’s actions independently to determine whether he is entitled to qualified immunity.”).

1. Analyzing the Graham factors, t he district court determined there were genuine issue s of fact as to whether Perkins suffered an injury during the altercation , whether her purported crime was severe, and whether she

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3 While the Deputies ostensibly challenge materiality, their brief repeatedly

c ontests the district court’s conclusion that genuine fact disputes exist. Thus, “despite giving lip service to the correct legal standard,” much of the Deputies’ argument improperly challeng es genuineness rather than materiality of the fact disputes found by the district court. Reyes , 287 F.3d at 351. And the Deputies’ briefing often “does not take the facts in a lig ht most favorable to [Perkins].” Id. at 350. Those deficiencies aside, w e assess the Deputies’ arguments viewing the facts most favorably to Perkins except where the facts are otherwise conclusively established by the videos. See Trammell , 868 F.3d at 3 38. Case: 22-30456 Document: 00516985624 Page: 8 Date Filed: 11/30/2023No. 22

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9 posed a threat to the safety of the officers or others. We cannot , and do not , question those conclusions

. See Ramirez , 716 F.3d at 373. But t he court also found that Perkins actively resisted the D eputies when they tried to arrest her

— a fact the videos conclusively prove , and which proves conclusive in assessing whether the Deputies , particularly Deputy Moring , are entitled to immunity

. “‘[A] suspect’s refusal to comply with instructions’ may indicate that physical force is justified

. . . .” Joseph , 981 F.3d at 332 (quoting Deville , 567 F.3d at 167

– 68); see also Hutcheson v. Dallas Cnty. , 994 F.3d 477, 480 (5th Cir. 2021) (“Resisting while being handcuffed constitutes active resistance and justifies the use of at least some force.”). However, “[t]he timing, amount, and form of a suspect’s resistance are key to determining whether the force used by an officer was appropriate or excessive.” Joseph , 981 F.3d at 332. “To stay within constitutional bounds, an officer must use force ‘with measured and ascending actions that correspond[ ] to [a suspect’s] escalating verbal and physical resistance.’” Id. (alterations in original) (quoting Poole v. City of Shreveport , 691 F.3d 624, 629 (5th Cir. 2012)). Notably, “[f]orce must be reduced once a suspect has been subdued.” Id. at 335.

The videos demonstrate that Deputy Moring “stay[ed] within constitutional bounds.” Id. at 332. Deputy Hart first approach ed Perkins and att empt ed to place her hands behind her back. When she pull ed away, Moring approache d to assist, and both Deputies repeatedly warned Perkins not to resist. Perkins then s a t on the ground and refus ed to place her hands behind her back. As both Deputies atte mpt ed to cuff Perkins, she continue d to pull away and verbally antagonize the m . The Deputies eventually forc ed Perkins onto her stomach, after which Moring place d his elbow on her back while Hart attempt ed to place handcuffs on her. Critically, a s soon a s Hart put the handcuffs on Perkins, Moring st oo d up and walk ed to ward s D

. J. Case: 22-30456 Document: 00516985624 Page: 9 Date Filed: 11/30/2023No. 22

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10 Moring did not touch Perkins again. In other words, as soon as Perkins wa s subdued, Moring reduce d the force he applied , to none at all

. See id. at 335.

T he district court’s analysis of the summary judgment record up to that point is not problematic, as it align s with the video evidence. And that evidence presents no material issue r egard ing the force either Deputy used in their efforts to cuff and subdue Perkins, who indisputably was resisting

arrest. But the court thereafter erred by finding a genuine dispute of material fact regarding both Deputies’ conduct based on Deputy Hart’s actions after Perkins wa s cuffed

— and after Deputy Moring stood up and enga ged D.J. In other words, the district court impermissibly treated the Deputies in tandem, den ying both of them qualified immunity because of Hart ’s alleged choking of Perkins, which the videos demonstrate Moring could not even see as it occurred. Assessi ng Deputy Moring’s conduct individually, Solis , 31 F.4th at 981, there is no dispute that hi s use of force was proportional to Perkins’s resistance , and there is no dispute he stopped using force once Perkins was subdued . Deputy Moring is therefore entitl ed to qualified immunity as a matter of law. See Hutcheson , 994 F.3d at 481

.
2.
As for Deputy Hart , b ased on Perkins’s version of events alone, the district court’s denial of summary judgment to Hart could withstand scrutiny ; she alleges Hart choked her, and Hart denies it

— a classic dispute of material fact . However, when the evidence is “viewed in the light depicted by the videotape, ” Sc ott , 550 U.S. at 381 , it is clear that Hart is also entitled to qualified immunity. T he district court , focusing on Hart’s alleged choking of Perkins, found a genuine dispute of material fact as to whether the Deputies’ use of force was proportional to Pe rkin s ’s resistance once she was handcuffed. In so doing, the court accepted Perkins’s allegations that “she was choked twice.” But the district court should not have adopted Perkins’s Case: 22-30456 Document: 00516985624 Page: 10 Date Filed: 11/30/2023No. 22

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11 version of the fact s because “no reasonable jury” could find that Hart choked Perkins based on the video

. See id. at 380. Picking up where we left off above , Perkin s ’s nephew’s video 4 shows that once Hart put the handcuffs on Perkins, Deputy Moring stood up and walked to wards D

. J. Meanwhile, Hart continued to struggle with Perkins on the ground. Because Moring was blocking D.J.’s and the nephew’s camera angle s , much o f that struggle is obscured . But Hart kept pressure on Perkins’s back for about a minute to subdue her. When Hart released th e pressure, Perkins flipped onto her back and began kicking and struggling with Hart again. At that point, Hart placed his hand on Perkins’s shoulder to bring her under control, or to try to get up. For two seconds , the nephew’s video shows Hart’s hand o n Perkins’s neck, and Perkins can be heard screaming, “why you choking me?” Moments later, Hart and Perkins stood up and walked toward the street. The video then ends. “[V]iewed in the light depicted by the videotape,” id. at 381, Hart’s use of force was proportional to Perkins’s resistance. He k ept pressure on her back for less than a minute and then reduced his force. At that point, Perkins flipped onto her back and began kicking , i.e., resumed resisting Hart

. As they struggled, Hart placed his ha nd on Perkins’s shoulder , and it slipped for a couple seconds onto her neck. Perkins’s exclamation about choking notwithstanding, the video shows no choke. And Hart’s actions “correspond [ed] to [Perkins’s] . . . physical resistance.” See Joseph , 981 F.3 d
at 332

– 33. And the fact that Hart’s hand was briefly at Perkins’s neck does not constitute excessive force. Cf. Williams v. Bramer , 180 F.3d 699, 704 (5th Cir. 1999) (finding that an officer’s force was not excessive with respect to an

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4 As mentioned in note 2, there were three videos taken of the incident. But t he nephew ’ s video is the only one that shows the purported choking. D.J.’s video is blocked by Moring as the alleged choke occur red , and t he neighbor’s video does not s how it either

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12 alleged choking that occurred while the officer attempted to search the plaintiff’s mouth). The district court erred in basing its denial of summary judgment on Perkins’s version of the facts , despite w hat the video footage shows. Deputy Hart is entitled to qualified immunity as a matter of law.

B

. Next, we turn to D. J. ’s claim for excessive force . Such claims are governed by the Fourth Amendment, which protects th e right to be free from excessive fo rce during a seizure. Poole v. City of Shreveport , 691 F.3d 624, 627 (5th Cir. 2012). “A violation of this right occurs when a seized person suffers an injury that results directly and only from a clearly excessive and objectively unreasonable use of for ce.” Joseph , 981 F.3d at 332 (citing Poole , 691 F.3d at 628) ; see Ontiveros v. City of Rosenberg , 564 F.3d 379, 382 (5th Cir. 2009)

. Here, o ur task is straightforward because there was simply no seizure from which an excessive force claim can stem. See , e.g. , Brower v. Cnty. of Inyo , 489 U.S. 593, 595 (1989) (“We reasoned that ‘[w]henever an officer restrains the freedom of a person to walk away, he has seized that person.’” (quoting Tennessee v. Garner , 471 U.S. 1, 7 (1985) (alteration in original) ) ); see also Graham , 490 U.S. at 395 (explaining that excessive force cases stem from the co urse of an “ a rrest, investigatory stop, or other ‘seizure’ of a free citizen” and should be analyzed under the Fourth Amendment’s reasonableness standard). At no point was D.J. prevented from leaving the

scene

— rather , he was repeatedly asked to do so, to “get back” and move
away while Deputy Moring was securing the perimeter

. True, he was prevented from further approaching Perkins and Deputy Hart , but that was the officers’ prerogative to secure the scene and did not infringe on D.J.’s Fourth Amendment ri ghts. See United States v. Mendenhall , 446 U.S. 544,
552

– 55 (1980) (collecting cases, including Terry v. Ohio , 392 U.S. 1 (1968), Case: 22-30456 Document: 00516985624 Page: 12 Date Filed: 11/30/2023No. 22

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13 delineating the difference between permissible police conduct furthering police duty and conduct that constitutes a seizure). Thus, e ven accepting D.J.’s version of the facts as true, he cannot prevail on a claim of excessive force because there was no violation of his Fourth Amendment right s

. See Joseph , 981 F.3d at 330 ; Ontiveros , 564 F.3d at 382. The district court erred in holding otherwise , and the Deputies are entitled to summary judgment as to this claim

. C

. D.J. ’s First Amendment retaliation claim against Deputy Moring fares better. To establish such a claim, D.J. must show (1) he was “ engaged in constituti onally protected activity, ” (2) Moring’s actions caused him to

“ suffer an injury that would chill a person of ordinary firmness from continuing to engage in that activity, ” and (3) M oring’s “ adverse actions were substantially motivated against [ D.J.’s ] exe rcise of constitutionally protected conduct. ” See Keenan v. Tejeda , 290 F.3d 252, 258 (5th Cir. 2002). The district court determine d D.J. satisfied all three prongs, as he was engaged in lawful activity

— the filming of the arrest

— and there were no non

retaliatory grounds to justify Moring’s interference with D.J.’s First Amendment rights, particularly because D.J. was not engaged in any illegal activity. The district court relie d on Moring’s deposition testimony, in which he admitted he intentionally stood in front of D.J. and blocked him from recording Perkins’s arrest. As to the first element, i n 2017, we clearly established that “a First Amendment right to record the police does exist, subject only to reasonable time, place, and manner restrictions.” Turner v. Lieutenant Driver , 848 F.3d 678, 688 (5th Cir. 2017). While Moring acknowledges there is a constitutional right to film the police, he insists this case is different because Case: 22-30456 Document: 00516985624 Page: 13 Date Filed: 11/30/2023No. 22

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14 D.J. “exceed[ed] that right to the point of interference.” He pegs his argument to our recent case, Buehler v. Dear , 27 F.4th 969 (5th Cir. 2022).

The Buehler court concluded there was not a clearly established right to record the police in 201 5. Id. at 992. However, w hile Buehler was published after Turner , the events in Buehler happened well before Turner

was decid ed. The Buehler court thus did not engage in further analysis because the officers were entitled to qualified immunity , as the F irst Amendment right had not been clearly established at th e time of the officers’ actions . Regardless, Moring latches on to Buehler ’s opening statement

— that there is a “line between filming the police, which is legal, and hindering the police, which is not.” Id. at 976 (asking , but not answering, “ H ow close is ‘too close’ such that the filming, however well

- intentioned, becomes hazardo us, diverting officers’ attention and impeding their ability to perform their duties in fast

- moving, highly charged situations?”).

Buehler is easily distinguishable. There, the plaintiff was a police

accountability activist who was arrested on notorious ly crowded Sixth Street in downtown Austin , Texas, while recording police activity

. Id. (describing Buehler’s actions as “cop watching ” ). He engaged in repeated verbal confrontations with police officers, pushing the boundaries of how close to them he wa s permitted to stand while recording. Id. Buehler was arrested for misdemeanor interference with performance of official duties after the bickering escalated between him and the police. Id. T he situation here is fundamentally different

. While D.J. was clearly close to the arrest scene

— the perimeter of which was being secured by Moring

— D.J. was not a hazard , was not too close, and did not impede the Deputies’ ability to perform their duties. Indeed, the Deputies successfully handcuffed Perkins despite D.J.’s presence and active recording. Case: 22-30456 Document: 00516985624 Page: 14 Date Filed: 11/30/2023No. 22

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15 A s we explained in Turner , “[f]ilming the police contributes to the public’s ability to hold the police accountable, ensure that police officers are not abusing their power, and make informed decisions about police po licy.” 848 F.3d at 689. Such was the case here. D.J., therefore, did not cross the

“ line between filming the police

. . . and hindering the police,” Buehler , 27 F.4th at 976, and was engaged in a clearly established, constitutionally protected activity on his family’s private property

. We also agree that D.J. has substantiated a requisite injury. That element “requires some showing that the plaintiff’s exercise of free speech has been curtailed.” McLin v. Ard , 866 F .3d 682, 696 (5th Cir. 2017) (quoting
Kennan , 290 F.3d at 258)). “The effect on freedom of speech may be small, but since there is no justification for harassing people for exercising their constitutional rights it need not be great in order to be actiona ble.” Id. at 697 (quoting Kennan , 290 F.3d at 259). The district court found that D.J. suffered an injury when Moring pointed his taser at D.J. and verbally threatened him. To be clear, Moring was justified in secur ing the perimeter. However, Moring al so verbally taunted and shoved D.J. And Moring admitted in his deposition that he in tentionally moved from side to side to block D.J. from recording the arrest, not to control the perimeter or respond to D.J.’s interference. Moring’s actions, coupled wit h the threat of the taser and Moring’s admission , could lead a reasonable jury to find that D.J’s speech was chilled and that Moring’s actions were “substantially motivated against [D.J.’s] exercise” of his First Amendment right. The district court theref ore did not err by denying Deputy Moring summary judgment as to D.J.’s First Amendment claim

. IV.

T o sum up: T he district court erred in denying summary judgment for the Deputies as to Perkins’s excessive force claim. The video evidence Case: 22-30456 Document: 00516985624 Page: 15 Date Filed: 11/30/2023No. 22

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16 conclusively demonstrates that neither Deputy employed excessive force to subdue Perkins, who just as conclusively was resisting arrest

. D.J. ’s excessive force claim fails because there was simp ly no seizure from which such a claim could stem. But we agree with the district court that D.J.’s filming of the arrest was a clearly established, constitutionally protected activity that overcomes Moring’s qualified immunity defense at this stage of the proceedings

. Accordingly, we **DISMISS** this appeal in part, **REVERSE** and
**RENDER** in part, and **REMAND** for further proceedings consistent with this opinion

. Case: 22-30456 Document: 00516985624 Page: 16 Date Filed: 11/30/2023No. 22

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17 **James C. Ho** , Circuit Judge , dissent ing in part : Citizens have an established constitutional right to record police interactions with members o f the public , under our circui t precedent

. See Turner v. Lieutenant Driver , 848 F.3d 678 (5th Cir. 2017)

. But this case does not present a violation of that right. To begin with, the available video evidence confirms that Officer Ryan Moring did not once ask D.J. to cease filming. Nor does it show Officer Moring otherwise trying to prevent D.J. from recording his mother’s arrest. To the contrary, it shows that Officer Moring was simply trying to establish a reasonable perimeter so that his fellow officer could safely detain D.J.’s mother, who was behaving in a hostile, abusive, and insulting manner toward the officers. See id

. at 688 (“[A] First Amendment right to record the police does exist, subject only to reasonable time, place, and manner restrictions.”)

. Specifically , the video shows D.J. shouting at the officers while Perkins is just a few feet away actively resisting the o fficers’ attempt s to pacify her. So Moring understandably asks D.J. to back up. Yet despite Moring’s repeated requests to back up and avoid interfering with their work, D.J. refuses

. Instead, D.J. repeatedly , and with increasing intensity, shouts that h e refuses to move. A safe distance is eventually established, at which time Moring stops standing between D.J. and Perkins. In addition, Officer Moring’s affidavit states that, far from trying to interfere with anyone’s right to record, he specifically af firmed that D.J. could “film from the porch of the residence.” Mo ring Aff. 6 at ¶28

. So I would affirm the judgment in its entirety. The Constitution does not compel police officers to affirmatively help a citizen secure the ideal camera angle while that citizen is actively berating the police just a few feet
away from an active physical st ruggle with another person. I dissent in part. Case: 22-30456 Document: 00516985624 Page: 17 Date Filed: 11/30/2023