Division of Science Resources Statistics

Directorate for Social, Behavioral, and Economic Sciences

National Science Foundation June 2003

The Implications of

Information

Technology for

Scientific Journal

Publishing:

A Literature Review

Special Report
Eileen L. Collins, Project Director

Special Report

The Implications of

Information

Technology for

Scientific Journal

Publishing:

A Literature Review

Division of Science Resources Statistics

Directorate for Social, Behavioral, and Economic Sciences

National Science Foundation June 2003

Amy Friedlander and Rändi S. Bessette, Authors
National Science Foundation

Rita R. Colwell

Director

Directorate for Social, Behavioral, and Economic Sciences

Norman M. Bradburn

Assistant Director

Division of Science Resources Statistics

Lynda T. Carlson

Division Director

Mary J. Frase

Deputy Director

Ronald S. Fecso

Chief Statistician

Eileen L. Collins

Senior Assessment Studies Manager

DIVISION OF SCIENCE RESOURCES STATISTICS

The Division of Science Resources Statistics (SRS) fulfills the legislative mandate of the National Science

Foundation Act to ...

provide a central clearinghouse for the collection, interpretation, and analysis of data on scientific and

engineering resources and to provide a source of information for policy formulation by other agencies of

the Federal Government...

To carry out this mandate, SRS designs, supports, and directs periodic surveys as well as a variety of other

data collections and research projects. These surveys yield the materials for SRS staff to compile, analyze, and

disseminate quantitative information about domestic and international resources devoted to science,

engineering, and technology.

If you have any comments or suggestions about this or any other SRS product or report, we would like to hear

from you. Please direct your comments to:

National Science Foundation

Division of Science Resources Statistics

4201 Wilson Blvd., Suite 965

Arlington, VA 22230

Telephone: (703) 292-8774

Fax: (703) 292-9092

e-mail: srsweb@nsf.gov

Suggested Citation

National Science Foundation, Division of Science Resources Statistics, The Implications of Information

Technology for Scientific Journal Publishing: A Literature Review, NSF 03-323, Project Director, Eileen

L. Collins, NSF/SRS; Authors Amy Friedlander and Rändi S. Bessette, Science Applications International

Corporation (Arlington, VA 2003).

June 2003

SRS data are available through the World Wide Web (http://www.nsf.gov/sbe/srs/stats.htm).

For more information about obtaining reports, contact paperpubs@nsf.gov or

call (301) 947-2722. For NSF's Telephonic Device for the Deaf, dial (703) 292-5090.

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Table 1. Web resources for intellectual property rights 

Name of site URL 

FindLaw’s Intellectual Property Law http://www.findlaw.com/ 

Cornell University Legal Information Institute http://fatty.law.cornell.edu/ 

Copyright Resources Online, by Ann Okerson http://www.library.yale.edu/~okerson/copyproj.html

Stanford Technology Law Review http://stlr.stanford.edu/STLR/Core_Page/index.htm

World Intellectual Property Rights Organization http://www.wipo.org/ 

The American Bar Association’s Section of Intellectual Property Law http://www.abanet.org/intelprop/home.html 

American Intellectual Property Law Association website http://www.aipla.org/ 

Library of Congress http://lcweb.loc.gov/copyright/ 

Berkeley Digital Library SunSITE: Copyright, Intellectual Property 

Rights, and Licensing Issues 

http://sunsite.berkeley.edu/Copyright/ 

iKnight Technologies’ Intellectual Property Law Server http://www.intelproplaw.com/ 
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Study 

Year(s) 

covered 

by data 

Unit of 

 analysis 

Sample 

size Field Scope 

Harter 1996, 

1998 

1993 and earlier Journal 39 All fields Peer-reviewed e-journals, including journals

in parallel forms1

Youngen 1997 1988–96 Journal Not given High energy physics, 

astrophysics 

Citations to preprints in print and digital 

form from the journal literature 

Zhang 1998 1994–96 Article 14 journals Library/information 

science 

Citations to electronic sources including but

not limited to e-journals from print and ejournals 

Hurd, Blecic, and 

Vishwanatham 

1999 

c. 1995 Article 44 Molecular biology Publishing choices and behaviors of a 

specified faculty including their use of 

electronic resources and journals 

Cronin et al. 1998 c. 1997 Individual 5 Not specified Development of a typology of kinds of 

signaling and linking behavior in the context

of the Web 

Kaplan and 

Nelson 2000 

1997 Technical 

report 

50 Aerospace engineering Technical reports contained in the Langley 

Digital Library, use by the community and 

citation in the literature 

1Harter (1998, p. 507) defines e-journal as follows: “using computers and communication networks to create alternative electronic forms of 

 the conventional paper journal.” 
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Study 

Year(s) in which 

data were 

collected 

Sample 

size 

Response 

rate Field or target group Scope of Study 

Hurd and 

Weller 1997 

1991 

1995 

53 

54 

66.3%, 

63.5% 

Chemistry and chemical 

engineering 

Print and electronic versions of various finding aids 

(e.g., the Chemical Abstracts Service) and the 

Internet, including listservs, e-mail, the Web, FTP, 

gopher, and Telnet 

Schauder 

1994 

1992 743 78% Senior faculty in Australia, 

the U.S., and the U.K. 

“Publishing of professional articles in electronic form” 

(p. 73.); includes availability of the full text of articles 

via electronic databases; “electronic publishing” is 

defined as “(a) dissemination and archiving via 

computer storage media, and (b) access through 

computers in stand-alone or network mode” (p. 94); 

these conditions were met by “a large and growing 

number of journals which are parallel published 

through online hosts and on CD-ROM” 

Berge and 

Collins 1996 

1994 256 16% Computer science Readers of Interpersonal Computing and 

Technology: An Electronic Journal for the 21st 

Century (IPCT Journal)

Budd and 

Connaway 

1997 

1995 651 48% Chemistry, physics, 

sociology, psychology, 

English, history 

Networked information, including e-journals (not 

defined) and Internet-accessible bibliographic 

databases and library catalogs 

Kaminer and 

Braunstein 

1998 

1995 122 52% Departments of Agriculture 

and Resource Economics, 

Environmental Science, 

Policy and Management, 

Nutritional Science, and 

Plant Biology 

Internet use, including e-mail, Web, listservs, and 

e-journals (not defined), as a means of modeling 

scholarly productivity 

Gomes and 

Meadows 

1998 

1996 213 14% Faculty in the basic sciences 

(physics, chemistry, and 

biology) 

in the U.K. 

E-journals, whether pure or parallel with print not 

stated as an element of the design, but the authors 

observe that the existence of a print version may 

affect perceptions of prestige 

(p. 180) 

Tomney and 

Burton 1998 

1996/97 75 28% Faculty across disciplines, 

including science, 

engineering, arts, business, 

and education (U.K. 

universities) 

E-journals, defined as one that publishes original 

scholarly writing and is available, not necessarily 

exclusively, in electronic format (p. 420) 

Hamershlag 

1998 

1996 169 33% Medicine (Israel) E-journals, whether pure or parallel with print not 

specified 

Speier et al. 

1999 

1997/98 300 22% Business school faculty E-journals, whether pure or parallel with print not 

specified 

McKnight 

and Price 

1999 

1997/98 537 52% Journal authors in science, 

arts, and humanities 

E-journals, whether pure or parallel with print not 

specified 

Brown 1999 1998 49 61% Astronomy, chemistry, 

mathematics, physics 

Departmental library collections including books, 

monographs, journals, preprints, conference 

proceedings in electronic and print forms, on site and 

via networks; definition of e-journal not provided 

Rusch-Feja 

and Siebeky 

1999a, b 

1999 1,042 11% Biomedical, chemicalphysical-technical 

disciplines, humanities 

E-journals made available by major European 

publishers 
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-

Study Method Topic Sample size Tests 

Cronin et al. 1998 Citation analysis Scientific communication; expanded notion of 

citation/cross-reference via the Web 

5 search engines; 

1,354 responses; 

journal articles 

Descriptive statistics only 

Harter 1996 Citation analysis Awareness and use of e-journals 39–114 journal 

articles 

Descriptive statistics only 

Harter 1998 Citation analysis Awareness and use of e-journals 39 journal articles Update of Harter 1996 

Hitchcock et al. 1997 Citation analysis Hyperlinking 3 journal articles Descriptive statistics only 

Hurd, Blecic, and 

Vishwanatham 1999 

Citation analysis Molecular biologists’ information use from 

library perspective (collections, etc.) 

60 journal articles Descriptive statistics only 

LindholmRomantschuk and 

Warner 1996 

Citation analysis Information diffusion, humanities versus 

social sciences 

14,368 journal articles F tests on regression 

analysis, z-scores on 

difference of means 

Qin, Lancaster, and 

Allen 1997 

Citation analysis Collaboration and interdisciplinary research 

in science 

846 journal articles Descriptive statistics only 

Youngen 1997 Citation analysis Physics preprints 4,110 journal articles p < .05 

Zhang 1998 Citation analysis Internet resources in library science 1,175 journal articles Not given 

Kim 2000 Interviews Motivations for hyperlinking NA Descriptive statistics only 

Stewart 1996 Interviews Chemists’ use of e-journals for system 

design 

39 people T-test, 95% confidence 

Walsh and Bayma 

1996 

Interviews CMC among mathematicians, physicists, 

biologists, and chemists 

67 people Descriptive statistics only 

Walsh and Bayma 

1997 

Interviews CMC among mathematicians, physicists, 

biologists, and chemists 

67 people p > .05 

Wood 1998 Interviews Peer review 200 people NA 

Hahn 1998 Interviews, content 

analysis 

Views of scientists as authors and editors 

of e-journals 

NA Descriptive statistics only 

Adler et al. 1998 Interviews/diary study Reading behavior in work contexts 15 people NA 

Doyle 1986 Interviews/lab study Scientists’ information-seeking behavior 45 people Descriptive statistics only 

O’Hara and Sellen 

1997 

Observation/lab study Reading behavior, print versus online 10 people Descriptive statistics only 

Berge and Collins 

1996 

Survey Readership of IPCT Journal 1,118 people Descriptive statistics only 

Blixrud and Jewell 

1998 

Survey Library expenditures 108 people Descriptive statistics only 

Brown 1999 Survey Scientists’ information-seeking behavior 49 people Descriptive statistics only 
=1

Study Method Topic Sample size Tests 

Budd and Connaway 

1997 

Survey Academics’ use of networked information 651 people Descriptive statistics only 

Cohen 1996 Survey Faculty CMC and productivity 888 people Descriptive statistics only 

Campanario 1996 Survey Journal impact studies 18 Descriptive statistics only 

Davis and Eisemon 

1989 

Survey Scientific communication in four Asian 

countries 

NA p < .05 

Goldfinch 2000 Survey Readers’ preferences for online journals in 

nuclear technology 

500 people Results significant at p < .05, 

p < .01 and p < .001 

Gomes and Meadows 

1998 

Survey Academics’ perceptions of e-journals 120 people Descriptive statistics only 

Hamershlag 1998 Survey Biomedical/medical researchers’ use of ejournals 169 people Descriptive statistics only 

Harter and Park 2000 Survey Scholarly journal policies concerning prior epublication 202 people p < .01 

Hitchcock, Carr, and 

Hall 1998b 

Survey Characterization of STM online journals 83–115 people Descriptive statistics only 

Hurd and Weller 1997 Survey University-based chemists’ adoption of IT 

(multiple applications) in libraries 

NA Descriptive statistics only 

Kaminer 1997 Survey Academics’ use of the Internet NA Descriptive statistics only 

Lawson and Pelzer 

1999 

Survey Promotion and tenure (librarians) NA Descriptive statistics only 

Levitan 1979 Survey Professional societies and journals 46 Descriptive statistics only 

McEldowney 1995 Survey Academics’ attitudes toward e-publishing 77 people Descriptive statistics only 

McKnight and Price 

1999 

Survey Authors’ attitudes 537 people Descriptive statistics only 

Michailidis and Rada 

1997 

Survey Scientific communication 10 people p < .05, p < .001 

Oppenheim, 

Greenhalgh, and 

Rowland 2000 

Survey Publishers’ attitudes and behaviors 187 people Descriptive statistics only 

Pedersen and 

Stockdale 1999 

Survey Readers’ attitudes 7 people Descriptive statistics only 

Pullinger 1999 Survey Academic use of e-journals 70 people Descriptive statistics only 

Rusch-Feja and 

Siebeky 1999a, 

1999b 

Survey Researchers’ usage and acceptance of ejournals 1,042 people Descriptive statistics only 

Schauder 1994 Survey Academics’ attitudes toward e-publishing 743 people NA 

Singleton 1997 Survey Physicists’ attitudes as authors, readers, 

referees, and purchasers of e-journals 

3,500 people Chi square, significant at the 

.05 level 

Speier et al 1999 Survey Academics’ perceptions of e-journals 1,364 people NA 

Spink, Robins, and 

Schamber 1998 

Survey Book reviews NA p < .10, p < .05, p < .01, 

p < .001; multiple results 
=

Study Method Topic Sample size Tests 

Swan 1999 Survey Authors’ attitudes 2,500 people NA 

Sweeney 2000 Survey Academic attitudes toward peer review 62 people Descriptive statistics only 

Tenopir and King 

1998, 2000 

Survey Publishing, authorship, readership, pricing, 

library services 

13,591 people Descriptive statistics only 

Tombaugh 1984 Survey CMC (conference) in science NA Descriptive statistics only 

Tomney and Burton 

1998 

Survey Academics’ usage and attitudes toward ejournals 147 people NA 

Wood and Hurst 2000 Survey Perceptions of online peer review in the 

biological sciences 

76 people Descriptive statistics only 

Yu and Apps 2000 Survey User behavior; methodological discussion of 

log file analysis 

2,867 people Descriptive statistics only 

Björk and Turk 2000 Survey (Web-based) Scientists’ information-seeking behavior 236 people p > .01 

Kaminer and 

Braunstein 1998 

Survey, log analysis, 

citation analysis 

Impact of Internet on scholarly productivity 122 people Descriptive statistics only 

Samarajiva 1989 Survey/ interviews Scientific communication in Third World 

countries 

NA Descriptive statistics only 

Entlich et al. 1996 Survey/log analysis User study (responses to a system), primarily 

chemists 

39–161 people Descriptive statistics only