April 25, 2011

Richard H. Maruya Report No. 2011041-LR

A.S. Trust & Holdings SCE No. # 431

44-129 Mikiola Drive

Keneohe, HI 96744

Subject: Refrigerant HCR188C/R441A Flammable Properties

Dear Mr. Maruya:

In response to your request and in reference to SCE quote #884, Safety Consulting

Engineers, Inc. (SCE) conducted a series of tests to determine the specific flammable

properties of the refrigerant blend designated as HCR188C/R441A.

Scope

The refrigerant blend HCR188C/R441A is a mixture of four specific components:

ethane, propane, isobutane, and butane and it has its composition defined as:

R170/290/600a/600 (3.1/ 54.8/ 6.0/ 36.1 by wt.%)

The specific flammable properties sought out for this blend were : maximum pressure

rise (P max), maximum rate of pressure rise (dP/dt max), minimum ignition energy

(MIE) and burning velocity. Explosion severity test for vapor and gases was conducted

to determine Pmax and dP/dt max. MIE was determined based on ASTM E582-07

“Standard Test Method for Minimum Ignition Energy and Quenching Distance in

Safety Consulting Engineers, Inc.

A Chilworth Technology Company

2131 Hammond Drive

Schaumburg, Illinois 60173

Phone: (847) 925-8100, Fax: (847) 925-8120, Email: sceinc@sceinc.com

Website: www.sceinc.com
Client: A.S. Trust & Holdings

Project: HCR188C/R441A Flammable Properties

Report Number: R2011041-LR

Date: April 25, 2011

2

Gaseous Mixtures”, and burning velocity was determined according to ASHRAE

Standard 34-2010 “Designation and Safety Classification of Refrigerants”.

Summary of Results

Properties of HCR188C/R441A determined in this study:

Pmax – 114 psi (7.9 bars)

dP/dt max – 6180 psi/sec

KG – 116 bar*m/sec

MIE – 0.32 mJ

BV – 47.6 cm/sec (burning velocity)

Explosion Severity Test

This test method is designed to determine the deflagration parameters of a combustible

vapor/gas-air mixture within a spherical closed vessel of 4-liter or greater volume. The

pressure/time curve is recorded on a suitable piece of equipment. The parameters

measured are maximum pressure and maximum rate of pressure rise.

Significance and Use

The data developed by this test method may be used for the purpose of sizing

deflagration vents in conjunction with the published in NFPA 68 code, ISO 6184/1, or

VDI 3673. The values obtained by this testing technique are specific to the sample

tested and the methods used, and are not to be considered intrinsic material constants.

It is intended that results obtained by application of this test be used as elements of an

explosion risk assessment that takes into account other pertinent risk factors in the

specification of explosion prevention systems.

Terminology

Pmax is the maximum pressure reached during the course of a deflagration for the

optimum concentration of the vapor/gas tested.

(dP/dt)max is the maximum rate of pressure rise during the course of a single

deflagration test. It is measured at the optimum vapor/gas concentration.

Kg is known as deflagration index and is the maximum dP/dt normalized to a 1.0 m3

volume.

Kg = (dP/dt)max x V1/3

Where:
Client: A.S. Trust & Holdings

Project: HCR188C/R441A Flammable Properties

Report Number: R2011041-LR

Date: April 25, 2011

3

V= volume of vessel (m3)

(dP/dt)max is expressed in bar/sec

Kg is expressed in bar·m/sec

Test Setup

The test apparatus consisted of a Bureau of Mines (BOM) 20-liter combustion test

chamber, a vacuum pump, heating jacket (if applicable), an ignition trigger system, and

a computer based data acquisition system. The test chamber is semi- spherical in

shape. Other ports are machined and threaded to support a rupture disk assembly, the

ignition source, instrumentation (piezoelectric pressure transducer and temperature

probe) and mixing assembly.

The BOM 20-L Chamber volume complies with ASTM E 2070-07, “Standard Test

Methods for Limiting Oxygen (Oxidant) Concentration in Gases and Vapors1”, NFPA 68”

Standard on Explosion Protection by Deflagrating Venting” (2007 Edition) and ASTM

E1226-10, “Standard Test Method for Pressure and Rate of Pressure Rise for

Combustible Dusts.”

Upon completion of test set up, a leak test was performed by pressurizing the

combustion chamber with nitrogen (or air) and then isolating it. A drop in the chamber

pressure (if any) would indicate a leak. The chamber pressure was monitored for

satisfactory leak test. The chamber also was tested for satisfactory conditions under

vacuum.

Test Procedure

The 20-liter chamber was conditioned to the desired test temperature (in this case

ambient). The required gas cylinders of, nitrogen and air were conditioned at room

temperature. For each test, the condition of the chamber is inspected for residue from

the prior test being released into the fume hood. If soot formation was noticed, the

chamber was cleaned with fine metal wool and purged several times with nitrogen or

air. Then the igniter was secured on the extended spark plug electrodes. The spark

plug (with igniter) was mounted on the chamber and tightened to seal the chamber.

The release (vent) gas port valve was opened and the chamber was purged with air

gas.

The chamber was then evacuated to approximately minus 13-14 psig. A measured

amount of gaseous sample (by volume) was injected into chamber via the small sample

port. The sample tested had a composition of liquid phase of the HCR188C/R441A

refrigerant.

Air was than added to bring the chamber to the atmospheric pressure level. About two

minutes soak/mixing time was allowed for mixing of the vapor and air gas mixture.
Client: A.S. Trust & Holdings

Project: HCR188C/R441A Flammable Properties

Report Number: R2011041-LR

Date: April 25, 2011

4

The power supply leads were connected to electrodes and the electrodes shunt wire

was removed. The data recording acquisition system was turned on. From a remote

area behind a barricaded wall, the igniter was activated and the pressure of the

chamber was recorded for further analysis.

The pressure trace was analyzed for the development of the maximum reaction

pressure, pressure rise rate output. After each test, the combustion chamber was

vented. Then the spark plug assembly was removed and the chamber purged with a

large amount of compressed air to clean out any remaining combustion residues as

noted earlier.

Successive tests were conducted at various concentrations to determine the maximum

pressure output. Additional tests were conducted at one level below and one level

above the sample concentration for maximum pressure output to confirm the results.

Ignition/reactions of the mixtures were indicated by a sharp increase in pressure and/or

temperature. The general criterion for flame propagation/reaction is stated below.

Pressure rise due to igniter (if any) was subtracted from mixture reaction pressure.

Criterion for Flame Propagation

Using the definition from ASTM E918-83 (Reapproved 2005) “Standard Practice for

Determining Limits of Flammability of Chemicals at Elevated Temperature and

Pressure” and ASTM E 2070-07, “Standard Test Methods for Limiting Oxygen (Oxidant)

Concentration in Gases and Vapors1,” a propagation of flame is said to occur when a

combustion reaction produces at least a 7% rise of the initial absolute pressure. This

pressure increase amounts to a 1 psia per atmosphere from the “initial” test pressure.

The mixture in the chamber was considered flammable when the absolute pressure

response of the reaction was greater than 1.07 times initial pressure. Therefore, the 7%

rise criteria as used in these methods can be expressed as:

Pi(absolute initial pressure)

Pr (absolute reaction pressure) ≥1.07

Test Results

Explosion severity test results for refrigerant HCR188C/R441A are shown in Table 1.
Client: A.S. Trust & Holdings

Project: HCR188C/R441A Flammable Properties

Report Number: R2011041-LR

Date: April 25, 2011

5

Table1

Explosion Severity Test Results

Sample – Refrigerant HCR188C/R441A liquid phase

Ambiant Temp.- 23oC

Igniter – Chemical, De La Mare (61 J)

RH – 23%

Barometric Pressure – 763 mm Hg

Trial

Sample

Amount

(mL)

Concentration

(vol %)

Pressure

(psi)

Pressure

Rise

(psi/sec)

1 1000 5.0 104 3,572.0

2 1400 7.0 72 352.0

3 600 3.0 103 4,555.0

4 800 4.0 117 7,313.0

5 700 3.5 114 6,673.0

6 900 4.5 112 4,185.0

Overall Results

Pmax – 114 psi (7.9 bars) (avg of 4,5,6)

dP/dt max – 6,180.0 psi/sec (avg of 4,5,6)

Deflagration Index KG – 116 bar*m/sec

As a reference run pure propane was also tested in the same setup/equipment.

The P max for propane was determined to be 7.9 bars. The pressure rise rate was

6,020.7 psi/sec, and resulting KG – 113 bar*m/sec. This result correlates well with data

published for propane and correlation data for vessel volume dependency (NFPA 68).

Minimum Ignition Energy

Minimum Ignition Energy Tests were conducted per ASTM E582-07 “Standard Test

Method for Minimum Ignition Energy and Quenching Distance in Gaseous Mixtures”

modified. Modification was to use a 1-liter glass chamber and stirring bar to facilitate

mixing the material tested vapor with air.

Apparatus and Test Setup

A 1.0-liter round bottom glass flask was used as the combustion chamber. The

chamber consisted of a pressure relief plug, vacuum/pressure gauge, sample ignition

port, two (2) stainless steel electrodes, a stirring bar with motor drive and high-voltage

power supply (for an ignition source). The electrodes’ gap length was set in excess of

the ignition quenching distance in order to prevent quenching effect and at the same

time provide the lowest energy which created a spark (breakdown voltage).
Client: A.S. Trust & Holdings

Project: HCR188C/R441A Flammable Properties

Report Number: R2011041-LR

Date: April 25, 2011

6

The power supply used to ignite the mixture was an electrostatic discharge tester, SCE

Model I (capacitive-resistive circuit). This tester consisted of a single side power supply

with high voltage output and one low/ground terminal. The power supply delivered

variable output voltages between 0 to 30 kV. The supplied voltage was measured by an

electrostatic voltmeter. Short high voltage wire leads were used to connect the power

supply to the combustion chamber electrodes. Charge/discharge capacitor action was

achieved via a high-voltage vacuum relay switching circuit.

Test Procedure

The Minimum Ignition Energy test was performed at atmospheric pressure and ambient

temperature. For each test, a predetermined amount of liquid material (by weight) or

volume of gaseous material was injected into the pre-vacuumed test chamber by

opening the transfer valve and septum assembly. The transfer valve was closed and

the liquid was allowed to vaporize in the chamber for a minute under vacuum. The

transfer valves were then opened bringing the test conditions to atmospheric pressure

and to allow mixing of the vapor with air with the aid of a magnetic stirring bar.

The leads from the ESD tester, SCE Model I (RC Circuit), were connected to the spark

discharge electrodes on the 1-liter chamber. The stored energy was controlled by the

voltage applied to a selected capacitor. Upon the closing of a vacuum relay switch, the

charged capacitor was then discharged directly to the electrodes to create an

electrostatic spark inside the chamber. The electrode gap was set at 2-3 mm.

Visual observations were made for flame propagation. If no fire occurs, the discharge

energy (stored energy) would be increased by either increasing the capacitance size

and/or by applying higher voltage.

Minimum ignition energy was determined by performing successive tests on the

vapor/air mixture by varying spark energy (varying capacitor size and capacitor voltage)

and sample concentrations.

To calculate the ignition stored energy (stored in the capacitor by an impressed voltage)

the following equation was utilized:

EStored = 1⁄2 C x V2

Where:

EStored = energy in Joules

C = total capacitance in Farad

V = voltage applied in Volts

Results

The Minimum Ignition Energy ( Capacitor stored energy ) test results at atmospheric

ambient pressure and elevated temperatures are shown in Table 2.
Client: A.S. Trust & Holdings

Project: HCR188C/R441A Flammable Properties

Report Number: R2011041-LR

Date: April 25, 2011

7

Table 2

Minimum Stored Ignition Energy Test Results

Test Temperature: 203oC Capacitor: 0.00005μF

Relative Humidity: 245 % Line Discharged Resistance: 100.0 KΩ

Barometric Pressure 766 mmHg

Material Tested

Concentration Range

(vol%)

Minimum Ignition Energy*

(mJ)

HCR188C/R441A 2.3 – 5.5

(3.5 Optimum for MIE) 0.32

Note: The energy contained (stored) in the large capacitor will not all discharge as a

spark. While with small size capacitors (<100 pF) most of energy will be delivered to

a spark. The stored capacitor energy in large capacitors is several magnitudes

higher than the actual spark ignition energy. However, even at comparable capacitor

storage energies, to evaluate the safety hazards and risk, this fact will require

additional study and consideration..

MIE for other materials determined previously using SCE ESD Tester, Model -I are

listed in Table 3. SCE determined MIE values are comparable to the literature data.

Table 3

MIE for Some Other Materials Determined Previously

Using SCE ESD Tester, Model I.

Material Tested

Minimum Stored Ignition

Energy

(mJ)

Ethylene* 0.077

Hydrogen* 0.016

R152a* 0.35

R 32** 30-100

*Reference gaseous materials

** Literature value (Minor, 2008) was conducted in 12-liter flask
Client: A.S. Trust & Holdings

Project: HCR188C/R441A Flammable Properties

Report Number: R2011041-LR

Date: April 25, 2011

8

Burning Velocity

Maximum burning velocity can be used to rank the flammability of refrigerants. Two

methods which can be used to measure the burning velocity of refrigerants are the

vertical tube and cylindrical vessel. The vertical tube method was used in this project.

The Burning Velocity (BV) is the velocity at which the flame propagates in a normal

direction relative to the unburned gas ahead of it. The heat released during this

exothermal reaction and the BV are related, and the higher the heat release, the higher

the temperature rise and the faster the burning rate. The reaction rate introduces the

time during which the reaction occurs and is expressed by the BV, so the BV is an

essential parameter, measuring how fast a given substance will react when it is ignited.

The flammability hazard can be related to the BV, especially when a relative scale is

established. Since burning behavior of mixture in tube may be considered as one of

parameter for refrigerant classification in ANSI/ASHRAE Standard 34-2010 (see insert

on the next page), the BV testing was conducted in a vertical glass tube set up similar to

the one referenced by the standard (Jabbour1).

The overall experimental procedure that is outlined by Jabbour 1for the measurement of

burning velocity was used in this work. The procedure used during the experiment was

to first make up the desired mixture of refrigerant and air. The glass column is filled with

the mixture. The column was then sealed by closing the inlet valve. After sufficient time

had passed to ensure that the refrigerant + air mixture was quiescent the power supply

was activated for 0.4 sec. If a flame was observed it was digitally recorded and

analyzed. The digital image allowed for the calculation of the flames surface area and

linear speed. After the propagation of the flame had occurred the Pyrex tube column

was rinsed with air to ensure the removal of all combustion products. A new air +

refrigerant concentration was then made and the procedure was repeated.

ASHRAE Std 34 Flammability Classification

There are three Classes of Flammability (1, 2, 3) and one Subclass 2L:

Class 1 – Non flammable – Refrigerant doesn’t exhibit flame propagation.

Class 2 – Low flammability – Refrigerant exhibits flame propagation, LFL is more

then 0.1 kg/m3 and Heat of Combustion is less then 19000KJ/kg.

Class 2L – Part of Class 2 – Low flammability, but with burning velocity of less or

equal to 10 cm/sec.

Class 3 – High flammability - Refrigerant exhibit flame propagation, LFL is less

then 0.1 kg/m3 and Heat of Combustion is more then 19000KJ/kg.
Client: A.S. Trust & Holdings

Project: HCR188C/R441A Flammable Properties

Report Number: R2011041-LR

Date: April 25, 2011

9

Measurement of Burning Velocity using a Vertical Tube

Set up

The burning velocity apparatus consists of two vertical transparent glass tubes (40 mm

ID and 150 cm long), ignition system, recoding camera, vacuum pump, gas mixing

cylinder, combustion product collecting 55- gallon (220-Liter) drum and required fittings.

The upper end tubes were connected to plugs and sealed to valve assemblies. The

valves were both connected to vacuum line and gauge. The lower end of glass tubes

were connected to 10 mm restricted plugs (orifices) and ignition electrodes. The lower

end was also connected to ball valves and to a 55 gallon plastic drum; gas extraction

system. The spark electrodes were made from 1 mm tungsten rod, fixed diametrically

opposite on the walls of the tube, centered on its axis, and located 5 to 10 mm above

the upper layer of the interchangeable orifices with gap of 6.3 mm apart. The ignition

system consisted high voltage power supply same type ignition system and

characteristics as the one used in ANSI/ASTM Standard E 681-2001. The spark is

formed between a 6.3 mm gap of the 1 mm diameter electrodes. The time duration of

the spark is set at 0.4 sec. Power is supplied by the secondary of a transformer with an

output of 15 kV and 30 mA.

Procedure

For test series the gas mixing cylinder was flush with dry air (20.9 % Oxygen, 0.0 %

moisture) and then vacuumed. The desired concentration of gas or gas mixture

(between LFL & UFL) in dry air to be tested was prepared by partial pressure. The gas

mixture cylinder was then rolled to uniform the mixture by mixing with Teflon rod inside

the cylinder. The gas cylinder with valve closed was connected to lower end of the 40-

mm ID glass tubes. The glass tubes were vacuumed. The gas mixture from cylinder

was allowed to over fill the evacuated glass tubes. The excess gas mixture in air was

release (bubble out in water) in laboratory hood. When there was no gas bubbles

coming out the test set up, the valves at upper lower end of glass tubes were closed.

The ignition leads from power supply were connected to the electrodes on first tube.

Approximately 10-20 second was allowed, permitting the turbulence (if any) to cease in

the mixture. The camera then was turn on. The lower ball valve was opened smoothly

and ignition system was activated. The gas in the second tube was ignited in the same

way as the first one. To ensure a good ignition, the electrodes were cleaned repeatedly

of any deposit if needed. Tests are performed at room temperature, set at 23±2°C, and

at atmospheric pressure. Flame propagation velocity varies according to the nature of

the flammable gases and to the different concentrations, as does the flame front shape.

After each test, the apparatus is cleaned thoroughly to make sure that the remaining

combustion products and effluents will not affect the following test and that the exhaust

gas will not harm the personnel or damage the environment. This implies an appropriate

treatment process of the combustion products, especially with fluorinated gases. In that

case, the extraction is performed rapidly at the end of the test in order to neutralize the
Client: A.S. Trust & Holdings

Project: HCR188C/R441A Flammable Properties

Report Number: R2011041-LR

Date: April 25, 2011

10

hydrogen fluoride (HF), which in some case constitutes more than 30% of the

combustion products, and reduce the corrosion of the test tube (the water content in the

combustion products makes it very corrosive).

For this purpose, an ad hoc post-treatment system has been designed and installed at

the outlet of the test apparatus, permitting HF removal by splashing the exhaust gas into

a NaOH water solution. The treatment system is composed of a 125 L reservoir

connected to the exhaust port of the tube in which the combustion products expand. An

extraction fan draws the combustion products through the expansion reservoir and the

water solution and then the clean gas to the hood.

Calculation of Linear Flame Speed and Burning Velocity

The photo of flame propagation inside the tube was taken for each trial using a digital

camera. The flame front shapes are acquired with an average rate of 30 frames/sec, or

(60 frames/sec), then images were transferred to a PC where they are saved for further

processing (flame propagation speed measurement and flame front area calculation).

With weakly luminous flames, a compromise was arranged between the flame front

precision brought by a larger quantity of light admitted to the camera (longer exposition

time) and the precision of the flame front position (displacement of the flame front during

the exposition time).

The camera field was adjusted to the appropriate position where the flame movement

inside the tube is known to be uniform. A set of adjustments and different operating

modes, including exposure time, number of frames during record, background light, and

parameters for a better images output, were made as appropriated.

The linear flame propagation speed is obtained from the direct measurement of the

flame front displacement brought by two successive images in a known time interval,

that is given by the camera acquisition frequency.

The flammable refrigerant-air mixture when ignited at the lower end of a vertical tube

and propagates up to the upper end. The flame front propagation is at a constant

speed; the shape and the size of the flame are also constant. As the temperature and

pressure of the unburned mixture ahead of the flame are constant, the volume of

burned gas can be calculated. The expression for the BV Su is obtained from the

equation of mass conservation for the unburned gas. The volume of burned gas per

second and per unit area, or the BV, is obtained by dividing the mixture volume

consumed per second (at the test temperature and pressure) by the flame surface area,

A. The volume consumption of the mixture per second is the volume swept by a crosssectional area of the flame base, a, with a speed equal to the propagation speed of the

flame, Ss.

This relation can be written as follows:

Su = Ss × a / A
Client: A.S. Trust & Holdings

Project: HCR188C/R441A Flammable Properties

Report Number: R2011041-LR

Date: April 25, 2011

11

At a given temperature and pressure, the BV is only a function of the flammable

substance, its concentration with the oxidant, and, to a limited extent, of the

experimental apparatus.

Therefore the equation above implies the knowledge of three parameters:

1. The flame propagation speed, Ss,.

2. The flame-base cross section, a

3. The flame front area, A,

The flame front area was determined by marking the flame front profile with fitting line

(points), then dividing into two or more sections, and for each section

an equation of appropriate area for that shape was used. The area of each section is

then calculated separately, then add together. The area of each elementary section is

calculated based on the assumption of a revolution shape

.

Results

In order to test the accuracy of the experimental setup the burning velocity of HFC-32

was measured. Dry air at 23°C was used to make up the mixtures in this test. The

burning velocity was measured at 1 vol% HFC-32 intervals. The burning velocity of

HFC-32 in air was measured over a range from 17 to 20 vol % HFC-32. The maximum

burning velocity determined in this work was 6.5 cm·s-1. This is in very good agreement

with the maximum burning velocity of 6.7 cm·s-1 measured by Jabbour1. The results for

the mixture tested and R32 and R152a as reference materials are listed in the Table 4.

Table 4. Results of Burning Velocity Measurement for HCR188C/R441A

Mixture Tested

Concentration

Tested

(Vol.%)

Linear

Flame

Speed

(cm/sec)

Flame

Area/Cross

Section

Burning Velocity

(cm/sec)

Refrigerant

HCR188C/R441A

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

23.0

58.8

100.0

67.7

27.0

20.4

20.0

2.05

1.9

2.1

1.9

3.1

7.4

11.8

11.2

30.9

47.6

35.9

11.9

2.7

1.7

R32

(100%)

Reference Material

17.3

19.0

17.6

21.40

24.00

19.95

3.49

3.71

3.22

6.13

6.47

6.21
Client: A.S. Trust & Holdings

Project: HCR188C/R441A Flammable Properties

Report Number: R2011041-LR

Date: April 25, 2011

12

Mixture Tested

Concentration

Tested

(Vol.%)

Linear

Flame

Speed

(cm/sec)

Flame

Area/Cross

Section

Burning Velocity

(cm/sec)

R152a

(100%)

Reference Material

8

8

8.5

55.4

48.4

58.8

2.62

2.22

2.48

21.30

21.80

23.71

References

(1) Jabbour, T.; Flammable Refrigerant Classification Based on the Burning Velocity;

Doctoral Thesis; Ecole Des Mines De Paris; 2004.

If you have any questions regarding the contents of the report, please feel free to

contact us at any time.

Respectfully submitted,

SAFETY CONSULTING ENGINEERS, INC.

Andrew Kusmierz

Senior Process Safety Specialist
Client: A.S. Trust & Holdings

Project: HCR188C/R441A Flammable Properties

Report Number: R2011041-LR

Date: April 25, 2011

13

APPENDIX B

LEGAL DISCLAIMER AND LIABILITY

(a) Limitation of Liability. The consulting services conducted by Safety Consulting

Engineers, Inc. (the “Company”) were performed using generally accepted

guidelines, standards, and/or practices, which the Company considers reliable.

Although the Company performed its consulting services pursuant to reliable and

generally accepted practices in the industry, the Company does not guarantee or

provide any representations or warranties with respect to Client’s use,

interpretation or application of the findings, conclusions, and/or suggestions of

the consulting services provided by the Company. Moreover, the findings,

conclusions, and the suggestions resulting from the consulting service are based

upon certain assumptions, information, documents, and procedures provided by

the Customer. AS SUCH, IN NO EVENT AND UNDER NO CIRCUMSTANCE

SHALL THE COMPANY BE LIABLE FOR SPECIAL, INDIRECT, PUNITIVE OR

CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES OF ANY NATURE WHATSOEVER, INCLUDING

WITHOUT LIMITATION, ANY LOST REVENUE OR PROFITS OF THE

CUSTOMER OR ITS CUSTOMERS, AGENTS AND DISTRIBUTORS,

RESULTING FROM, ARISING OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH, THE

SERVICES PROVIDED BY THE COMPANY. The Customer agrees that the

Company shall have no liability for damages, which may result from Client’s use,

interpretation or application of the consulting services provided by the Company.

b) The Company’s pricing of the consulting services provided does not contemplate

that the Company shall have any liability resulting from its performance of the

consulting services, except as otherwise set forth in the Quotation from the

Company. Accordingly, the Customer shall indemnify and hold harmless the

Company, its shareholders, directors, officers, employees and agents (the

“Indemnified Parties”) from and against any and all loss, cost, liability and

expense, including reasonable attorney’s fees and costs, which any of the

Indemnified Parties may incur, sustain or be subject to, as a result of any claim,

demand, action, investigation or proceeding arising out of or relating to either: (a)

the consulting services provided by the Company; or (b) any material, equipment,

specifications or safety information (or lack thereof) supplied to the Company (or

which should have been supplied to the Company) by Customer and/or any

failure of such materials, equipment, specifications and safety information to

comply with any federal, state or local law or safety standard.

(c) For additional terms and conditions, which apply with respect to the provision of

this report, see the Quotation provided by the Company and executed by
Client: A.S. Trust & Holdings

Project: HCR188C/R441A Flammable Properties

Report Number: R2011041-LR

Date: April 25, 2011

14

Customer. If any terms set forth in the Quotation conflict with the terms set forth

herein, the terms set forth herein shall apply.