22-1206

Nielsen Consumer LLC v. The NPD Group, Inc.

UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS

FOR THE SECOND CIRCUIT

SUMMARY ORDER

RULINGS BY SUMMARY ORDER DO NOT HAVE PRECEDENTIAL EFFECT. CITATION TO A SUMMARY 

ORDER FILED ON OR AFTER JANUARY 1, 2007 IS PERMITTED AND IS GOVERNED BY FEDERAL RULE OF 

APPELLATE PROCEDURE 32.1 AND THIS COURT’S LOCAL RULE 32.1.1. WHEN CITING A SUMMARY ORDER 

IN A DOCUMENT FILED WITH THIS COURT, A PARTY MUST CITE EITHER THE FEDERAL APPENDIX OR AN 

ELECTRONIC DATABASE (WITH THE NOTATION “SUMMARY ORDER”). A PARTY CITING A SUMMARY 

ORDER MUST SERVE A COPY OF IT ON ANY PARTY NOT REPRESENTED BY COUNSEL. 

1 At a stated term of the United States Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit, 

2 held at the Thurgood Marshall United States Courthouse, 40 Foley Square, in the City of 

New York, on the 14th 3 day of October, two thousand twenty-two.

4

5 PRESENT:

6 JOHN M. WALKER, JR.,

7 ROSEMARY S. POOLER,

8 MICHAEL H. PARK,

9 Circuit Judges.

10

11 _____________________________________

12

13 NIELSEN CONSUMER LLC, D/B/A 

14 NIELSENIQ,

15

16 Plaintiff-Appellant,

17

18 v. 22-1206

19

20 THE NPD GROUP, INC.,

21

22 Defendant-Appellee.

23 _____________________________________

24

25 FOR PLAINTIFF-APPELLANT: LAURA LOGSDON (Joshua A. Berman,

26 Matthew R. Wisnieff, Timothy Keegan, 

27 Hannah Rubashkin, on the brief), White & 

28 Case LLP, New York, NY.

29

30 FOR DEFENDANT-APPELLEE: LAURENCE F. PULGRAM (Dean Kristy, 

31 Todd R. Gregorian, Shannon E. Turner, on 

32 the brief), Fenwick & West LLP, San 

33 Francisco, CA.
2

1 Appeal from an order of the United States District Court for the Southern District of New 

2 York (Oetken, J.).

3 UPON DUE CONSIDERATION, IT IS HEREBY ORDERED, ADJUDGED, AND 

4 DECREED that this matter is REMANDED. 

5 In 2018, Plaintiff-Appellant Nielsen Consumer LLC (“Nielsen”) entered into a contract 

6 (the “Agreement”) with Defendant-Appellee The NPD Group, Inc. (“NPD”) to license data from 

7 and enhance “ReceiptPal,” a market research application developed by NPD. On April 7, 2022, 

8 after several years of collaboration with Nielsen, NPD publicly announced a potential merger with 

9 Nielsen’s competitor, Information Resources, Inc. (“IRI”). That same week, Nielsen filed this 

10 action, alleging that NPD breached the Agreement and misappropriated Nielsen’s proprietary and 

confidential information and trade secrets.1 11 Nielsen sought damages and moved for a preliminary 

12 injunction, asking the district court to enjoin the merger “until adequate assurances are provided” 

13 that data licensed to Nielsen under the Agreement “will not be used by any third parties without 

14 NielsenIQ’s express, written consent.” Confidential App’x at 106. Nielsen also sought a similar 

15 injunction as to its “exclusive confidential information and trade secrets” outside of the licensed 

16 data. Id. On May 2, 2022, in an effort to moot Nielsen’s request for injunctive relief, NPD’s 

17 counsel sent Nielsen a letter “outlin[ing] a series of commitments that NPD is willing to make” 

18 pending the district court’s decision on the merits. Id. at 332–34. 

19 The district court conducted a two-hour oral argument on May 17, 2022, and issued an 

20 order the following day, granting in part and denying in part Nielsen’s motion. The district court 

21 found “that a preliminary injunction against the anticipated merger is unwarranted in light of 

1 Nielsen asserted numerous causes of action, including breach of contract, anticipatory breach of 

contract, breach of duty of good faith and fair dealing, promissory estoppel, misappropriation of trade 

secrets under both federal and state law, unfair competition, unjust enrichment, and conversion. 
3

1 NPD’s assurances, provided that those assurances are subject to court order.” Special App’x at 2. 

2 The district court thus declined to enjoin the merger but incorporated NPD’s May 2, 2022 letter 

3 into its order, requiring NPD to abide by its commitments. Nielsen appealed, arguing that the 

4 district court abused its discretion in rejecting Nielsen’s proposed order and adopting NPD’s 

5 proposed commitments. We assume the parties’ familiarity with the underlying facts, procedural 

6 history of the case, and issues on appeal. 

7 I. Legal Framework 

8 We review a district court’s decision to deny or grant a preliminary injunction for abuse of 

9 discretion. See, e.g., Corning Inc. v. PicVue Elecs., Ltd., 365 F.3d 156, 157 (2d Cir. 2004). “A 

10 district court has abused its discretion if it based its ruling on an erroneous view of the law or on a 

11 clearly erroneous assessment of the evidence, or rendered a decision that cannot be located within 

12 the range of permissible decisions.” Faiveley Transp. Malmo AB v. Wabtec Corp., 559 F.3d 110, 

13 116 (2d Cir. 2009) (citation omitted). 

14 A party seeking a preliminary injunction in this Circuit must establish (1) 

15 irreparable harm; (2) either (a) a likelihood of success on the merits, or (b) 

16 sufficiently serious questions going to the merits of its claims to make them fair 

17 ground for litigation, plus a balance of the hardships tipping decidedly in favor of 

18 the moving party; and (3) that a preliminary injunction is in the public interest. 

19

20 Conn. State Police Union v. Rovella, 36 F.4th 54, 62 (2d Cir. 2022) (cleaned up).

21 A district court must “state the findings and conclusions” that support its grant or denial of 

22 an “interlocutory injunction.” Fed. R. Civ. P. 52(a)(2). The district court’s “findings and 

23 conclusions should provide a clear understanding of the basis for the trial court’s decision.” Fair 

24 Hous. in Huntington Comm. Inc. v. Town of Huntington, 316 F.3d 357, 364 (2d Cir. 2003). 

25 Similarly, “[e]very order granting an injunction” must “state the reasons why it issued,” “state its 
4

1 terms specifically,” and “describe in reasonable detail—and not by referring to the complaint or 

2 other document—the act or acts restrained or required.” Fed. R. Civ. P. 65(d)(1). 

3 II. Discussion

4 Nielsen argues that the district court’s order runs afoul of Rule 65(d) because the district 

5 court failed to make the necessary findings or describe in sufficient detail the acts to be restrained. 

6 We agree, and find that the district court failed to comply with Rule 52(a) for similar reasons.

7 First, the district court’s order failed to comply with Rule 52(a)(2) because the district court 

8 did not explain the reasons for its grant of alternative relief. The district court’s order determined 

9 that Nielsen was not likely to suffer irreparable injury “in the absence of an injunction against the 

10 merger” and that “the balance of hardships does not justify enjoining the merger given the 

11 availability of a more tailored remedy.” Special App’x at 2. The district court then granted 

12 narrower relief by requiring NPD to “comply with the commitments” set forth in NPD’s letter, 

13 which the district court “incorporated in th[e] order by reference.” Id. But absent from the 

14 district court’s decision are any findings explaining why this form of relief was warranted, and 

whether it adequately protects Nielsen’s proprietary and confidential information.

2 15 

16 Second, for similar reasons, the district court’s order did not comply with Rule 65(d)(1). 

17 The district court’s order, which required NPD to abide by its proposed commitments, did not 

2 The district court incorporated itsreasoning from the preliminary injunction hearing into the order. 

NPD emphasizes certain comments made by the district court at that hearing, such as that the district court 

noted that it did not think “the scope of what is protected that’s argued by Nielsen . . . [is] justified in terms 

of a likelihood of success on the merits.” Joint App’x at 361. These statements, however, do not provide 

sufficient findings and conclusions to enable a meaningful review of the district court’s decision. See

Tekkno Lab’ys, Inc. v. Perales, 933 F.2d 1093, 1097 (2d Cir. 1991) (explaining that the district court’s 

findings must “enable us to be sure of the basis of the decision below”). The district court did not explain 

why it found Nielsen’s arguments to be lacking merit. Moreover, at the preliminary injunction hearing, 

the district court focused on Nielsen’s request to enjoin the NPD-IRI merger. It did not consider 

irreparable harm, likelihood of success, or the balance of hardships as to Nielsen’s request for an injunction 

prohibiting NPD from disclosing Nielsen’s proprietary information.
5

1 explain why such an injunction was necessary. And instead of describing the “acts” to be 

2 restrained, the order simply “incorporated” NPD’s letter “by reference.” Id.; see Fed. R. Civ. P. 

3 65(d)(1)(C) (providing that an order granting an injunction may not “refer[] to the complaint or 

4 other document” when describing the restrained acts). 

5 We therefore remand this matter pursuant to the procedures adopted in United States v. 

6 Jacobson, 15 F.3d 19, 22 (2d Cir. 1994). The district court is directed to enter an order clarifying 

7 its rationale for finding that NPD’s commitments adequately protect Nielsen. The district court 

8 should clearly state its findings on the record and, if warranted, issue an order that specifies the

enjoined acts without incorporating NPD’s letter.3 9 No later than ten days after the district court’s 

10 supplementation of the record, either party may restore the matter to the active docket of this Court 

11 by filing a letter. If either party seeks further action from this Court, the matter will be referred 

12 to this panel.

13 * * *

14 For the foregoing reasons, we hereby REMAND this matter to the district court for further 

15 proceedings consistent with this order. 

16 FOR THE COURT: 

17 Catherine O’Hagan Wolfe, Clerk of Court

3 At the preliminary injunction hearing, the district court warned the parties that the order might not 

include the “full analysis” because the district court did not “want to write something that has lots of 

confidential agreement language in it.” Joint App’x at 365. These concerns, however, should not 

preclude the district court from providing a full explanation of its findings on the record. If the district 

court finds that supplementing the record will entail a discussion of confidential information, it should 

determine whether such information meets our sealing standards before publicly filing a redacted version 

of its analysis. See generally Lugosch v. Pyramid Co. of Onondaga, 435 F.3d 110 (2d Cir. 2016).