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USER' S GUID E FO

R PEM-2 : POLLUTIO

NEPISODI C MODE L (VERSIO N2 )



### b y
K . Shanka r Ra o Atmospheri c Turbulenc e an d Diffusio n Divisio n Nationa l Oceani c an d Atmospheri c Administratio n Oa k Ridge , Tennesse e 3783 0

IAG-DW13930021-01- 1

Projec t Office r Jame s M . Godowitc h Meteorolog

yan d Assessmen t Divisio n Atmospheri c Science s Researc h Laboratory Researc h Triangl e Park , Nort h Carolin a 2771 1

ATMOSPHERI C SCIENCE S RESEARC H LABORATOR Y OFFIC E OF RESEARC H AN D DEVELOPMEN

T U.S . ENVIRONMENTA

L PROTECTIO

NAGENC Y RESEARC H TRIANGL E PARK , NORTH CAROLIN A2771 1P. 3

NOTIC E Th e informatio n i n thi s documen t ha s bee n funde d i n par t b ythe Unite d State s Environmenta l Protectio n Agenc yunde r InteragencyAgreemen t IAG-DW1393002 1 t o the Atmospheri c Turbulenc e an d Diffusio n Divisio n o f the Nationa l Oceani c an d Atmospheri c Administration . I t ha s bee n subjec t t o the Agency' s pee r an d administrativ e review , an d i t ha s bee n approve d fo r publicatio n a s an EPAdocument . Mentio n o f trad e name s o r commercia l product s doe s no t constitut e endorsemen t o r recommendatio n fo r use .



### i iP. 4

PREFACE

i i iP. 5

ABSTRAC T Th e Pollutio n Episodi c Mode l Versio n 2 (PEM-2 ) i s an urban-scal e mode l designe d t o predic t shor t ter maverag e ground-leve l concentration s an d depo
sitio n fluxe s o f on e o r two gaseou s o r particulat e pollutant s a t multipl e receptors . Th e tw

o pollutant s ma

ybe non-reactive , o r chemically-couple d through a first-orde r chemica l transformation . U p t o 30 0 isolate d poin t source s an

d 5 0 distribute d are a source s ma yb e considere d i n the calcula
tions . Concentratio n an d depositio n flu

x estimate s ar e mad e using hourl y mea n meteorologica l data . U p t o a maximu

mo f 2 4 hourl yscenario s o f meteorolog

yma ybe include d i n an averaging period . Th e concentratio n algorithm s use d i n PEM- 2 ar e speciall ydevelope d t o accoun t fo r the effect s o f dr ydeposition , sedimentation , an d first-orde r chemica l transformation . Th e Gaussian plume-typ e algorithm s fo r poin t source s ar e derive d fromanalytica l solution s o f a gradient-transfe r model . I n the limit , whe n depositio n an d settling velocitie s o f the pollutant s an d th e chemica l transformatio n rat e ar e zero , thes e expression s reduc e t o the familia r Gaussia n plume diffusio n algorithms . Th e concentration s fromare a source s i n PEM- 2 ar e calculate d b ynumerica l integratio n o f the poin t sourc e algorithms . Th e compute r progra mo f the Texa s Episodi c Mode l i s use d a s a framewor k fo r the developmen t o f the PEM- 2 program . Whe n the chemica l transformatio n optio n i s considered , PEM- 2 calculate s the averag e surfac e concentration s an d depositio n fluxe s o f bot h the pri

mary(reactant ) an

d the secondar

y(reactio n product ) pollutants . Th e mode l als o permit s a possibl e direc t emissio n o f the secondar ypollutant . Th e depositio n an

d settling velocitie s o f the two specie s maybe different . Eithe r o f the specie s maybe a gaseou s o r particulat e pollutant . PEM- 2 i s intende d fo r studie s o f the atmospheri c transport , transformation , an d depositio n o f acidic , toxic , an d othe r pollutant s i n urban area s t o asses s th e impac t o f existing o r ne wsource s o r sourc e modification s o n ai r qualit yfo r regulator ypurpose s an

d urba n planning . Thi s User' s Guid e list s the concentratio n algorithm s an d computationa l technique s use d i n the PEM- 2 program , an d describe s the input/outpu t parame ters , optiona l features , capabilities , an d limitation s o f the model . Modification s t o the previou s versio n o f the mode l ar e outlined . Th e informatio n i n thi s repor t i s directe d t o the mode l use r an d the programmer . Thi s User' s Guid e t o PEM- 2 wa s prepare d b yNOAA' s Atmospheri c Turbulenc e an

d Diffusio n Divisio n i n partia l fulfillmen t o f Interagency Agreemen t wit h th

e U.S . Environmenta l Protectio n Agency . Thi s work , covering the perio d Decembe r 198 3 t o Jul y1984 , wa s complete d a s o f Septembe r 30 , 1984 .



### i vCONTENT S

Prefac e ii i Abstrac t i v Figure s vi i Table s vii i Acknowledgement s i x 1 . MODE L OVERVIE W 1. 1 Introductio n 1 1. 2 Capabilitie s an d Application s 2 1. 3 Assumption s an d Limitation s 3 1. 4 Summaryo f Inpu t Dat a 5 1. 5 Summaryo f Mode l Outpu t 7 2 . TECHNICAL DISCUSSIO N 2. 1 Theoretica l Basi s 9 2. 2 Poin t Source s 1 0 2.2. 1 Concentratio n Algorithm s 1 0 2.2. 2 Plume Ris e 1 2 2.2. 3 Dispersio n Parameter s 1 3 2.2. 4 Restriction s on Receptor s fo r Calculation s 1 4 2. 3 Are a Source s 1 5 2.3. 1 Emissio n Gri d 1 5 2.3. 2 Concentratio n Algorithm s 2 1 2.3. 3 Dispersio n Parameter s 2 4 2. 4 Receptor s 2 4 2.4. 1 Recepto r Gri d 2 4 2.4. 2 Automati c Gri d Selectio n 2 5P. 7

2. 5 Meteorolog

y3 0 2.5. 1 Atmospheri c Stabilit y3 1 2.5. 2 Win

d Spee d 3 2 2.5. 3 Win

d Directio n 3 4 2.5. 4 Mixin g Dept h 3 5 3 . COMPUTE R PROGRA M OVERVIE W 3. 1 Basi s fo r PEM- 2 Progra m3 7 3. 2 Structur e o f the Progra m3 8 3. 3 Genera l Flo wo f the Progra m4 0 4 . PROGRA

M USER' S GUID E 4. 1 Summar

yo f Progra

mInpu t 4 2 4. 2 Detail s o f Progra mInpu t 4 3 4.2. 1 Contro l Parameter s 4 3 4.2. 2 Scenari o Parameter s 5 0 4.2. 3 Are a Sourc e Parameter s 5 1 4.2. 4 Poin t Sourc e Parameter s 5 2 4. 3 Guid e t o Progra mOutpu t 5 3 4. 4 Discussio n o f I/ O Parameter s 5 5 4. 5 Exampl e Problem s 5 8 Reference s 6 0 Appendice s A . Poin t Sourc e Algorithm s 6 1 B . Plume Ris e Equation s an d Plume Penetratio n Method s 7 0 C . Surfac e Depositio n Fluxes , an d Depositio n an

d Settling Velocitie s 8 5 D . D01AJ F - NA

G FORTRA

NLibraryRoutin e Documen t 8 8 E . Inpu t an

d Outpu t Listing s o f Exampl e Problem s 9 2 F . PEM- 2 FORTRA

NListing 14 7

v iNumber FIGURES Pag e P. 8

1 . Schemati c diagra mshowing a singl e gri d squar e wit h emission s an d fou r downwin

d calculatio n gri d square s wit h receptors , an d the distance s used i n area-sourc e algorithms . Thes e distance s ar e measure d downwin d fro mthe sourc e Q 0 1 7 2 . Spatia l pattern s o f affecte d calculatio n gri d square s downwin d o f an are a sourc e 18-1 9 3 . Point s use d fo r automati c selectio n o f recepto r gri d b yAUTGR D subroutin e 2 7 4 . Exampl e o f a recepto r gri d selecte d b yAUTGRD subroutin e 2 9 5 . Structur e o f PEM- 2 compute r progra m3 9

vi iP. 9



### TABLE S Number Page 1 Value s o f coefficient s in th e formula s for a„(x ) an d a z 

### (x ) i n urba n conditions 1 4 2 Maximu

m crosswin

d half-angl e value s fo r poin t sourc e plume s 1 5 3 Value s of i an

d j fo r eac h spatia l patter

n of affecte

d square s downwin d of a n area sourc e 2 0 4 Atmospheri c stabilit yclasse s 3 1 5 Atmospheri c conditions definin g stabilit

yclasse s 3 1 6 Win d spee d classificatio

n 3 2 7 Value s of exponen t p i n win d spee d power la

w3 3 8 Win d directio

n sector s 3 4

v mP.1 0

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT S Thi s repor t wa s prepare d fo r the Offic e o f Researc h an d Development , Atmospheri c Science s Researc h Laboratory(ASRL ) o f the U . S . Environmenta l Protectio n Agenc y(EPA ) t o suppor t the need s o f EPA' s Offic e o f Ai r Qualit y Plannin g an

d Standard s i n urba n particulat e modeling . Thi s wor k wa s accomplishe d unde r interagenc yagreement s among the U . S . Departmen t o f Energy , the Nationa l Oceani c an d Atmospheri c Administration , an d the EPA . Th e autho r i s gratefu l t o Dr . Jac k Shreffle r an d Jame s Godowitc h o f ASR L fo r thei r interes t an d advic e during the cours e o f thi s work . Th e autho r thank s Atmospheri c Turbulenc e an d Diffusio n Divisio n Directo r Bruc e Hick s fo r hi s support , an d Mrs . Mar

yRoger s fo r he r excellen t typin g an d patien t revisions . Specia l thank s ar e du e t o Chery l Stieneke , Marth a Stevens , an d Mik e Ku , wh o worke d a s programmer s fo r thi s projec t a t variou s time s an d assiste d i n the developmen t an d testing o f the PEM- 2 program . Severa l figure s an

d table s show

n i n thi s repor t ar e reproduce d from the Users ' Guid e t o Texa s Episodi c Mode l wit h permissio n fro mthe Texa s Ai r Contro l Board . Th e librar yroutin e D01AJ F use d fo r numerica l integratio n i n PEM- 2 ha s bee n release d b ythe Compute r Science s Divisio n o f the Oa k Ridg e Nationa l Laboratoryfo r inclusio n i n the progra mlisting . Th e Numerica l Algorithm s Grou p (NAG ) hold s the copyrigh t t o thi s routin e .an d it s document . Th e latte r i s reproduce d i n thi s repor t fro mth e NA G FORTRA

N Mini-Manual .

i xP.1 1

SECTIO N1
MODE L OVERVIE W 1. 1 INTRODUCTIO

N Th e Pollutio n Episodi c Mode l Versio n 2 (PEM-2 ) i s an urban-scal e ai r qualit ymode l designe d t o predic t shor t ter mground-leve l concentration s an d depositio n fluxe s o f one o r two , gaseou s o r particulate , reactive o r non-reactiv e pollutant s i n an urba n are a wit h multipl e poin t an d are a sources . PEM- 2 use s the concentratio n algorithm s develope d b yRa o (1982 ) whic h explicitl yaccoun t fo r the effect s o f dr ydeposition , gravitationa l settling , an

d a first-orde r chemica l transformation . Thes e algorithms , derive d analyticall yfro ma gradient-transfe r model , ar e based on Gaussia n plume modeling assumptions . Fo r chemically-couple d pollutants , th e surfac e concentration s an

d depositio n fluxe s o f bot h the primar y(reactant ) an

d the secondar

y(reactio n product ) pollutan t ar e calculated . PEM- 2 i s based on the Pollutio n Episodi c Mode l (PEM ) develope d b yRa o an d Steven s (1982) . Th e latter , i n turn , i s based on the Texa s Episodi c Mode l Versio n 8 (TEM-8 ) develope d b ythe Texa s Ai r Contro l Board (1979 ) fo r the atmospheri c dispersio n o f non-reactiv e pollutant s ove r a perfectl y reflecting (non-depositing ) surface . I n the limit , whe n the depositio n an d settling velocitie s an d th e chemica l transformatio n rat e ar e zero , the con centratio n algorithm s use d i n PEM- 2 reduc e t o the familia r Gaussia n plume dispersio n algorithm s use d i n TEM-8 . Th e tw o model s shar e essentiall ythe sam e framewor k fo r calculations , thoug h ther e ar e difference s i n the com putationa l technique s utilize d i n the models . 1Beside s the concentratio n algorithms , ther e ar e othe r importan t dif

ference s betwee n PEM- 2 an d TEM- 8 models : 1 . PEM- 2 use s Briggs ' (1973 ) urba n dispersio n parameter s fo r bot h poin t an d are a source s t o represen t 1-hou r averag e dispersion . Thi s treat men t i s simila r t o tha t use d i n EPA' s RA M mode l (Turne r an

d Novak , 1978) . TEM- 8 use s the Pasquill-Giffor d (PG ) curve s t o represen t 10-minut e averag e dispersio n frompoin t sources ; fo r averaging period s longe r than 1 0 minutes , the o yvalue s ar e adjuste d t o accoun t fo r the greate r horizonta l plume meande r du e t o fluctuation s i n wind direction . Fo r are a sources , TEM- 8 use s th e o z « s fromGifford an d Hann a (1970 ) t o represen t 1-hou

r averag e dispersion . 2 . PEM- 2 determine s the concentration s fo r a perio d longe r than an hou r b ysumming an

d averaging the concentration s calculate d fo r eac h hou r i n the period . TEM- 8 doe s no t do thi s time-averaging fo r con centration s fro

mare a sources . Thus , wit h a constan t meteorolog yfo r Nhours , the area-sourc e concentratio n a t a recepto r predicte d b y TEM- 8 woul d be Ntime s it s hourl yconcentration . 3 . TEM- 8 estimate s the poin t sourc e concentration s b yinterpolating bet
wee n the relative concentration s precalculate d fo r selecte d value s o f mode l parameter s an d store d i n larg e look-u p tables . Becaus e o f th e larg e numbe r o f mode l parameters , PEM- 2 doe s no t us e thi s inter

polatio n technique . Othe r difference s betwee n thes e two model s ar e liste d i n Sectio n 3 . 1. 2 CAPABILITIE S AN D APPLICATION S Th e capabilitie s o f PEM- 2 ar e a s follows : 1 . PEM- 2 i s an urban-scal e ai r qualit ymode l applicabl e t o downwin d distance s o f u

p t o 5 0 km . U

p t o a maximu

mo f 30 0 poin t source s an d 5 0 are a source s can b

e include d i n the mode l input s t o estimat e concentra tion s a t a maximu

mo f 250 0 receptor s locate d on a 5 0 x 5 0 squar e recep to r grid . 2 . PEM- 2 calculate s short-ter m( 1 t o 2 4 hr ) averag e ground-leve l con centration s an

d depositio n fluxe s o f one o r tw o gaseou s o r particulat e pollutants . 3 . Th e two pollutant s ma yb e non-reactive , o r chemically-couple d through a first-orde r chemica l transformation . I f onl yone pollutan t i s calculated , the effect s o f a first-orde r chemica l deca ycan be con sidered . Th e chemica l transformatio n (or decay ) rat e ma yvar yfrom 0. 1 t o 10 0 percen t pe r hour .4 . Th e depositio n (an d settling ) velocitie s o f the two specie s mayb e equa l o r different . Direc t emissio n o f th e secondar

y(reactio n product ) pollutan t can b e considere d fo r bot h poin t an d are a sources . Some area s o f potentia l applicatio n o f PEM- 2 ar e the following : 1 . Urba n particulat e modeling . 2 . Studie s o f th

e transport , diffusion , transformation , an d depositio n o f acidic , toxic , an

d othe r pollutant s i n urba n areas . An importan t exampl e i s the atmospheri c transpor t an d transformatio n o f SO 2 t o SO, . 3 . Impac t analyse s o f existing o r newsource s o r sourc e modification s fo r regulator

ypurpose s an

d urban planning . 4 . Stac k design , an d fue l conversion/switching studies . Evaluatio n o f pollutio n contro l technolog yan d strategie s fo r preventio n o f signifi

can t deterioration . 1. 3 ASSUMPTION S AN D LIMITATION S PEM- 2 i s base d on stead ystat e Gaussia n plume modeling assumptions . Some o f the importan t assumption s o f PEM- 2 ar e a s follows : 1 . Concentratio n estimate s ma yb e mad e fo r each hou r using the mean meteorologica l condition s fo r tha t hour . Averag e concentration s fo r a perio d longe r tha

n an hou r ar e determine d i n th e progra

mb yaveraging the hourl yconcentration s o f tha t period . 2 . Th e source s ar e stationar yan d th e emissio n rate s ar e constan t ove r the concentration-averaging period . Th e latte r assumptio n i s reasonabl e sinc e PEM- 2 i s designe d t o predic t onl yshort-terr a averag e con centrations ; thi s assumptio n i s intende d solel yt o limi t the amoun t o f inpu t dat a require d b ythe model . 3 . I f the hourl yemissio n rate s ar e highl yvariabl e ove r th e concentration-averaging period , then the averag e concentration s ma ybe obtaine d b

yaveraging externally , wit h minima l programming , the con centration s calculate d hourl yan d store d on tap e b

ythe model . Thi s can be done , fo r example , t o calculat e th e dail ymean concentration s wit h diurnall yvarying emissio n rates . 4 . Tota l concentratio n a t a recepto r i s the su mo f the concentration s calculate d a t th

e recepto r fro

meac h source ; i.e. , concentration s ar e additive . 5 . Pollutant s released fro ma stac k ar e transporte d downwin d a t a rat e equa l t o the mean win d spee d a t th

e physica l stac k height . Th e wind directio n i s constan t fo r eac h hour . Th e horizonta l win d fiel d i s homogeneou s an

d th e effect s o f directiona l win d shea r ar e neglected .P.1 4

6 . Diffusio n o f continuou s plume s give s time-average d Gaussia n distribu

tion s fo r concentration s i n the crosswin d an d vertica l directions . Th e diffusio n i n the downwin d directio n i s negligibl e compare d t o advection . Thi s assumptio n obviousl yexclude s cal mconditions . 7 . Th e reactan t an d the produc t specie s ar e couple d throug h a first-orde r chemica l transformation . Th e depositio n an d settling velocitie s o f the species , an

d the chemica l transformatio n rat e ar e constan t ove r th e concentration-averaging period . Th e diurna l variatio n o f thes e parameter s ca

n be considered , i f necessary , b yaveraging the hourl y concentration s a s discusse d above . 8 . Particulat e pollutant s consis t o f particle s o f a know n siz e (or siz e distribution ) wit h a representativ e settling velocity . 9 . Pollutan t concentratio n a t a recepto r du e t o the distribute d are a source s depend s onl yon source s locate d i n a narro wupwin d sector . Therefore , horizonta l diffusio n ca n b e ignore d fo r are a sources . 10 . Th e crosswin

d variation s o f urba n are a source-strengt h pattern s can be ignored . Th e contribution s o f mor e remot e upwin d are a source s t o the concentratio n a t a recepto r ar e quit e small . Fo r thi s reason , i t i s generall yadequat e t o conside r onl yeigh t are a sourc e gri d square s immediatel yupwin

d o f eac h recepto r gri d square . Everyai r pollutio n mode l i s limite d b ythe assumption s used t o pre dic t the pollutan t concentration s i n the atmosphere . PEM- 2 i s subjec t t o the sam e basi c limitation s a s an yGaussia n plume-typ e model . Th e limiting assumption s o f th

e concentratio n algorithm s develope d fo r PEM- 2 ar e discusse d i n detai l b yRa o (1982) . Othe r genera l limitation s o f the mode l can be summarize d a s follows : 1 . Receptor s farthe r than 5 0 k mdownwin

d o f a sourc e ar e ignored . Thu s the maximu

mdownwin

d distanc e i s limite d t o 5 0 km . 2 . Th e numbe r o f poin t source s i s limite d t o 300 , an d the numbe r o f are a source s i s limite d t o 50 . Th e compute r progra mcan be easil ymodifie d b ythe use r t o increas e the maximu mnumbe r o f poin t and/o r are a sour ces , i f necessary . Al l source s ar e stationary . 3 . Th e maximu

mnumbe r o f scenario s (set s o f hourl ymeteorologica l data ) i n an averaging perio d i s limite d t o 24 . PEM- 2 i s designe d t o calculat e onl yshort-ter

m( 1 t o 2 4 hr ) averag e surfac e concentration s an d depo
sitio n fluxe s o f one o r two pollutants . 4 . PEM- 2 doe s no t mak e an yadjustmen t fo r difference s i n terrai n elevatio n betwee n source s and/o r receptors . Th e mode l assume s leve l terrain . N o adjustment s ar e mad e fo r building wake-induce d downwash , wak e entrainment , o r othe r building-relate d effect s on the variou s effluen t plumes .P.1 5

5 . Onl ya first-orde r chemica l transformation/decayi s considered . Th e transformatio n rate , an d the depositio n an d settling velocitie s o f the species , mus t be specifie d b ythe user , i f thes e option s ar e selected . 6 . Th e mode l canno t performcalculation s fo r cal mconditions ; i f suc h condition s occur , the win d spee d i s arbitraril yse t t o 1 m/s . 7 . PEM- 2 doe s no t attemp t t o dea l wit h we t remova l processes ; hence , the mode l doe s no t appl yduring period s o f precipitation . 1. 4 SUMMAR

Y OF INPU

T DAT A Inpu t t o PEM- 2 i s divide d int o four mai n sections : 1 ) Contro l parameter s Contro l parameter s remai n constan t throughou t the mode l run . The y specify : 1 . An alphanumeri c titl e 2 . Time-averaging optio n 3 . Option s fo r type s o f inpu t an d outpu t 4 . Numbe r o f scenario s (set s o f hourl ymeteorologica l data ) 5 . Option s fo r using stack-ti p downwash , ne wplume ris e an d ne wplume penetratio n scheme s fo r poin t source s 6 . Recepto r gri d coordinate s an d spacing 7 . Automati c recepto r gri d optio n 8 . Potentia l temperatur e gradien t d6/d z fo r calculatio n o f plume ris e wit h E an

d F atmospheri c stabilit yclasse s 9 . Parameter s fo r one o r two pollutants : a ) Depositio n velocit y b ) Gravitationa l settling velocit y 10 . Optio n t o calculat e chemica l transformatio n o r deca yo f firs t pollutan t a ) Chemica l transformatio n o r deca yrat e b ) Rati o o f molecula r weight s o f produc t t o reactan t 11 . Scaling factor s fo r are a sourc e emissio n rate s 12 . Calibratio n coefficient s t o be applie d t o the calculate d concentration s 513 . Alphanumeri c label s fo r pollutant s

14 . Alphanumeri c label s fo r the calibrate d concentration s 15 . Site-specifi c value s o f anemomete r heigh t and/o r wind-profil e expo nent s (optional ) 2 ) Scenari o Parameter s Ascenari o i s a se t o f mean meteorologica l dat a fo r one hour . Fro mon e t o twenty-fou r scenario s ma yb e include d i n eac h run . Eac h scenari o use s the same recepto r gri d an d the same poin t an d are a sourc e inventories . Meteorologica l parameter s fo r eac h scenari o are : 1 . Atmospheri c stabilit yclas s 2 . Wind spee d clas s or specifi c win d spee d 3 . Win d directio n secto r o r specifi c win d directio n 4 . Ambien t temperatur e 5 . Mixin g heigh t 6 . Potentia l temperatur e gradien t i n the elevate d stabl e laye r abov e mixing heigh t 3 ) Are a Sourc e Inventory Fro mzer o t o fiftyare a source s ma ybe include d i n each run . Eac h are a sourc e squar e i s describe d by : 1 . Locatio n i n recepto r gri d coordinate s 2 . Lengt h o f a sid e 3 . Emissio n rate s fo r pollutant s 4 ) Poin t Sourc e Inventor y Fromzer o t o thre e hundre d poin t source s ma ybe include d i n eac h run . Eac h poin t sourc e i s describe d by : 1 . Locatio n i n recepto r gri d coordinate s 2 . Emissio n rate s fo r pollutant s 3 . Stac k heigh tP.1 7

4 . Insid e diamete r o f the stack-ti p 5 . Exi t velocit yo f the plume 6 . Exi t temperatur e o f the plume 7 . Alphanumeri c identificatio n Detail s o f th

e inpu t dat a t o PEM- 2 ar e give n i n Sectio n 4 o f thi s report .
1. 5 SUMMAR

Y O F MODE L OUTPU

T Fo r eas e o f reference , PEM- 2 print s ou t an d briefl yexplain s al l I/ O contro l parameter s an d technica l option s use d i n a run . Inpu t dat a fo r meteorologica l conditions , are a sources , an d poin t source s ar e als o listed . Calculate d value s o f surfac e concentrations , depositio n fluxes , an d othe r usefu l informatio n ma ybe displaye d i n the following optiona l forms : 1 . Lis t Optio n Fo r eac h recepto r i n the grid , the calculate d value s o f concentration s an d depositio n fluxe s ar e liste d a t the en d o f eac h averaging-perio d consisting o f 1 t o 2 4 scenarios . 2 . Spatia l ArrayOptio n Th e calculate d value s o f concentration s an d depositio n fluxe s a t each recepto r ar e displaye d i n ma p for ma t the en d o f eac h averaging-period . 3 . Tap e Optio n Th e calculate d value s o f concentration s an d depositio n fluxe s a t each recepto r ar e writte n on a magneti c tap e (designate d fo r output ) a t the en d o f eac h averaging-period . Thi s optio n ma ybe use d t o generat e input s t o a contour-plotting routine , o r t o stor e hourl youtpu t dat a fo r averaging externall yi n orde r t o accoun t fo r the variabilit yo f hourl yemissio n rate s i n an averaging-perio d con sisting o f mor e than one scenari o (se e Sectio n 1.3) . 4 . Culpabilit yLis t Optio n Th e five poin t source s whic h contribute d mos t t o th

e tota l concentratio n a t each recepto r ar e identifie d b y point-sourc e sequenc e number . Alis t o f thes e sourc e number s an d thei r percen t contribution s ar e printe d fo r one o r tw o pollutant s a t eac h recepto r i n the gri d a t the en d o f eac h scenario . 5 . Maximu

mConcentratio n Optio n The maximu mcalculate d value s o f sur fac e concentratio n an d depositio n flux , an d the recepto r wher e thes e value s occur , ar e printe d fo r each pollutan t a t the en d o f the las t scenari o o r averaging-period .6 . Poin t Sourc e Lis t Optio n Th e inpu t stac k parameters , the win d spee d a t physica l stac k height , the maximu meffectiv e sourc e height , th e dominan t plume ris e influenc e (buoyancyo r momentum) , an d the plume penetratio n fractio n (se e Appendi x B ) ar e liste d fo r eac h poin t sourc e a t the beginning o f eac h scenario . Thes e outpu t option s ar e selecte d b ythe use r b

yspecifying appropriat e value s fo r the contro l parameter s i n the input s t o the model . I t ma yno t be possibl e t o selec t some o f thes e option s i n combinatio n wit h others . Th e detail s ar e discusse d i n Sectio n 4 .P.1 9

SECTIO N2

TECHNICA

L DISCUSSIO

N

2. 1 THEORETICA

L BASI S Th e concentratio n algorithm s use d i n PEM- 2 ar e derive d fro manalytica l solution s o f a stead ystat e gradient-transfe r (K-theory ) model , whic h describe s the atmospheri c transport , diffusion , deposition , an d first-orde r chemica l transformatio n o f gaseou s o r particulat e pollutant s fro man ele
vate d continuou s poin t source . Th e edd ydiffusivit ycoefficient s i n thes e analytica l solution s ar e expresse d i n term s o f the empirica l Gaussian plume dispersio n parameters , s o tha t the latte r can be convenientl yspe cifie d a s function s o f the downwin d distanc e an

d the atmospheri c stabilit y clas s withi n the framewor k o f the standard turbulence-typing schemes . Th e point-sourc e concentratio n algorithm s fo r the primar y(reactant ) an

d the secondar

y(product ) pollutant s ar e presente d fo r variou s stabilit yan d mixing condition s o f th e atmosphere . I n the limi t whe n depositio n an d settling velocitie s an d the chemica l transformatio n rat e ar e zero , thes e algorithm s reduc e t o the well-know n Gaussia n plume dispersio n algorithm s presentl yuse d i n EPAai r qualit ymodels . Detail s o f th e gradient-transfe r mode l formulations , analytica l solutions , parameterizations , an d develop
men t o f the point-sourc e concentratio n algorithm s can b e foun d i n th e report s b

yRa o (1981 , 1982) .I n PEM-2 , the ground-leve l concentration s o f the primar yan d secondary pollutant s resulting fromurba n are a sourc e emission s ar e compute d b y numerica l integratio n o f the corresponding point-sourc e concentratio n algorithms . Th e urba n area-sourc e modeling technique s o f Gifford an d Hann a (1970 ) ar e utilize d i n thes e computations . Fo r poin t sources , PEM- 2 provide s option s fo r using the standar d o r ne wplume ris e formulation s du e t o Brigg s (1969 , 1984) , an

d newscheme s fo r plume penetratio n o f a n elevate d stabl e layer . Fo r bot h poin t an d are a sources , PEM- 2 use s the urba n dispersio n parameter s o f Brigg s (1973 ) a s give n b yGiffor d (1976) .
2. 2 POIN

T SOURCE S

2.2. 1 Concentratio n Algorithm s Th e ground-leve l concentration s o f the primaryan d the secondar

y pollutant s (denoted b ysubscript s 1 an

d 2 , respectively ) froman elevate d continuou s poin t sourc e ar e calculate d i n PEM- 2 fromone o r bot h o f the following set s o f algorithms , depending on the atmospheri c stabilit yan d mixing conditions :

Near-sourc e regio n ( 0 < x < x m ) ,

„ Q l g l g 2 1

yz

Q i g i gr) 2 c 

## 2 = 

## u~*ir*ir " dt )

1 0P.2 1

Well-Mixe dregio n( x > 2 x m ) Q i S i S A { 1 * n B 4 1 c 

## i = 

## i r* I

T 

## * r ~ (2a )

Q l g l g 4 2 c 

## 2 • i r• L 1 

## * r 1 

## < 2 b 

## )

y wher e L= /2T Fa , L= /2T Ta (3 ) yyz z
I n the above , Q , i s emissio n rat e (sourc e strength ) o f th e primar

ypollu
tant , Ui s mea n win d spee d a t physica l stac k height , L i s mixing dept h (heigh t o f inversio n lid) , x mi s the downwin d distanc e (fro

m.source ) deter
mine d suc h tha t a z (x m ) = 0.4 7 L , an d L yan d L z ar e lengt h scale s charac
teristi c o f diffusio n i n the horizonta l crosswin d an d vertica l directions , respectively . Th e nondimensiona l function s gi(x,y) , gl^x.O) , g^txjO) , g!.(x) , an

d g/„(x) , define d i n terms o f dimensionles s parameterize d variables , ar e give n i n Appendi x A .

I n Eqs . (1 ) an

d (2) , i t shoul d b

e note d tha t the concentration s fo r bot h primar

yan d secondar

ypollutant s ar e expresse d i n terra s o f Q, . Thi s doe s no t preclud e consideratio n o f a non-zer o valu e fo r Q~ , the direc t emissio n rat e o f the secondar ypollutant . Th e algorithm s fo r g~ „ an d gJ „ provid e fo r thi s possibility .
Th e well-mixe d regio n algorithms , Eq . (2) , ar e generall yuse d unde r convectiv e o r neutra l stabilit yconditions . Th e ground-leve l plume center lin e concentration s o f the specie s i n the plume-trapping regio n (xm< x < 2x m )

1 1P.2 2

can be obtaine d b

ycalculating the concentration s a t XJ J an d 2 ^ fromEqs . (1 ) an d (2) , an

d interpolating betwee n thes e value s on a log-lo g plo t o f concentration s versu s downwin d distanc e (Turner , 1970) . PEM- 2 use s thi s interpolatio n approac h i n the plume-trapping region .
2.2. 2 Plume Ris e Plume ris e i s calculate d fromthe standard o r ne wequation s give n b y Brigg s (1969 , 1984) . Th e stack-exi t condition s o f the plume an d the ambien t temperatur e determin e whethe r the upwar d motio n o f the plume i s dominate d b

ymomentu

mo r buoyancy . Fo r atmospheri c stabilit yclasse s At o D , the unstable/neutra l plume ris e equation s ar e used . Fo r stabilit y classe s E an

d F , the stabl e plume ris e equation s ar e used . Thus , ther e ar e fou r differen t situation s fo r plume rise : (1 ) buoyancy-dominate d plume i n unstable/neutra l atmosphere , (2 ) momentum-dominate d plume i n unstable/neutra l atmosphere , (3 ) buoyancy-dominate d plume i n stabl e atmosphere , an d (4 ) momentum-dominate d plume i n stabl e atmosphere . I n eac h situatio n excep t the las t one , the plume ris e i s calculate d a s a functio n o f downwin d distanc e fro

mthe stac k unti l the fina l plume ris e i s attained . Th e standard plume ris e equation s fo r thes e fou r cases , the optiona l stack-ti p downwas h correctio n following Brigg s (1973) , an d the crossove r technique s use d i n PEM- 2 t o determin e whethe r the plume i s domi

nate d b ymomentu

mo r buoyancyar e liste d i n Appendi x B . Th e optiona l ne w equation s o f Brigg s (1984 ) fo r estimating the maximu mris e o f a buoyancy
dominate d plume i n unstable/neutra l atmosphere , an d ne wscheme s fo r plume penetratio n o f an elevate d stabl e laye r ar e als o give n i n thi s Appendix .

1 22.2. 3 Dispersio n Parameter s Th e Gaussia n dispersio n parameters , a yan d o z , use d i n PEM- 2 fo r eac h scenari o ar e identica l t o thos e use d i n EPA' s RA M mode l (Turne r an

d Novak , 1978 ) t o represen t a 1-hou r averag e dispersio n ove r urba n areas . Assumin g a rectangula r cross-sectio n fo r the plume , Brigg s (1973 ) gave interpolatio n formula s fo r thes e urba n diffusio n coefficients , whic h ar e base d o n th e diffusio n dat a fro

mnear-surfac e release s o f a neutrally-buoyan t trace r i n St . Loui s b

yMcElroyan

d Poole r (1968) . Th e corresponding expression s fo r O yan d o zfo r a Gaussia n plume , base d on Briggs ' formulations , ar e give n b y Gifford (1976 , Figur e 7 , Tabl e 8) . Hoske r (1973 ) compare d thes e urba n dispersio n paramete r curve s t o the Pasquill-Giffor d (PG ) a curves , an d showe d tha t thei r value s ar e greate r than al l bu t the mor e unstabl e o f the corresponding P G curve s becaus e o f the enhance d mechanica l an d convectiv e turbulenc e ove r an urba n are a compare d t o tha t ove r open country .

PEM- 2 use s the expression s fo r Briggs 1 urba n dispersio n parameter s give n b yGiffor d (1976) . Thes e formula s ar e writte n i n a convenien t for m fo r programming a s follows :

a z (x ) = a z x (l+c z x ) (l+b z x ) 1/ 2 (4 a )

o y (x ) = a y x (l+0.0004x ) 1/ 2 (4b )

I n Eq . (4) , x i s give n i n meters . Th e coefficient s a y , a z , b z , an d c z ar e function s o f atmospheri c stabilit yclass , an d thei r value s ar e show n i n Tabl e 1 . 

### 1 3P.2 4

.3 2 .2 2 .1 6 .1 1 .2 4

.2 0 .1 4 .0 8 .00 1

0 .000 3 .001 5 .00 1

0 0 0 TABL E 1 Value s o f Coefficient s i n th e Focmula s fo r Oy(x ) an d o z (x) , Equatio n (4) , i n Urba n Condition s

P- G Stabilit ya ya z b z c z Clas s
A- B C D E- F

2.2. 4 Restriction s on Receptor s fo r Calculation s Pollutant s emitte d fromeac h poin t sourc e ma yno t contribut e t o al l o f the receptor s i n a grid . Th e receptor s exclude d fromthe calculation s ar e thos e locate d upwin d o f the source , to o fa r fromthe plume centerline , o r mor e than 5 0 kmdownwin d o f the source . Fo r eac h sourc e an d eac h scenario , PEM- 2 select s a rectangula r are a o f th e recepto r gri d downwin d o f the source , an

d calculation s fo r tha t se t o f condition s ar e restricte d t o the receptor s locate d withi n tha t area . Th e sourc e contributio n i s considere d t o be zer o a t receptor s locate d outsid e the area . Mode l input s use d fo r determining thi s are a ar e the sourc e coordinates , gri d boundaries , win d direction , an

d the crosswin

d angl e (A ) betwee n win d directio n azimut h an d the azimut h fro

mthe sourc e t o the receptor . I f Aexceed s the maximu m crosswin

d half-angl e o f the plume (A max ) , the n the recepto r i s exclude d fromcalculations . Th e value s o f th e maximu

mcrosswin

d half-angl e use d i n PEM- 2 fo r 1-hou

r averaging o f the plume ar e show n i n Tabl e 2 a s a functio n o f the atmospheri c stabilit yclass . 1 4TABL E 2 Maximu mCrosswin

d Half-angl e Value s fo r Poin t Sourc e Plume s Tia x Atmospheri c Stabilit yClas s (degrees )
A- B 4 3 C 3 3 D 2 5 E- F 1 8

A t x = 10 0 m , thes e A m a xvalue s give a maximu mplume half-widt h o f 3 o* y fo r calculation s i n the latera l direction . Fo r x > 10 0 m , the maximu m half-widt h o f the calculate d plume i s large r than 3 Oy .
2. 3 ARE ASOURCE S

2.3. 1 Emissio n Gri d
PEM- 2 define s a "calculatio n grid " b yshifting the recepto r gri d t o the Sout h an

d t o the Wes t b

yone-hal f the sid e o f a gri d squar e (Ax/2) . Thu s eac h squar e i n the calculatio n gri d ha s one recepto r a t it s center , sinc e the calculatio n gri d square s ar e o f th e sam e siz e (Ax ) a s the recepto r gri d squares . Eac h are a sourc e used i n PEM- 2 shoul d b e size d s o tha t i t cover s an integra l numbe r o f calculatio n gri d squares . Th e siz e A x shoul d be define d suc h tha t the smalles t are a sourc e i s a t leas t a s larg e a s one calculatio n gri d square . 1 5Th e relationshi p betwee n are a source s an d calculatio n gri d square s can be divide d int o thre e cases . I n th e firs t case , the are a sourc e i s o f the same siz e a s a calculatio n gri d square . Emission s (Q 0 ) ar e assume d t o be locate d a t the cente r o f the square ; contribution s o f thi s are a sourc e ar e determine d a t the recepto r (R 0 ) locate d a t the cente r o f the emissio n gri d square , an

d a t the receptor s (R , t o R~ ) locate d a t the cente r o f eac h o f the eigh t calculatio n gri d square s immediatel ydownwin d o f the source . Thi s i s schematicall yillustrate d i n Fig . 1 , whic h show s onl ythe firs t five receptor s R 0 , , R, »

Th e locatio n o f the eigh t downwin d square s i s no t apparen t i n case s whe n the win

d directio n i s no t paralle l t o one o f the calculatio n gri d coordinat e axe s a s show n i n Fig . 2 . Th e angle , C , betwee n the win d azimut h an d the neares t calculatio n gri d coordinat e axi s i s define d such tha t 0 £ £ £ -+5° . PEM- 2 consider s te n range s o f value s fo r £ a s show

n i n Tabl e 3 . Fo r eac h rang e o f ? , the locatio n o f eac h downwin d squar e i s denote d b

yi (th e numbe r o f calculatio n gri d square s downwin d fromthe are a source ) an

d j (th e numbe r o f calculatio n gri d square s of f the axi s use d t o defin e 5) , a s illustrate d i n Fig . 2 . Thes e pattern s o f square s ar e store d i n PEM- 2 dat a table s tha t lis t value s o f i an d j a s show

n i n Tabl e 3 . Fo r a give n scenario , eac h are a sourc e wil l hav e the same spatia l patter n o f affecte d square s downwind .



### 1 6I =



# u 0 ATDL- M 83/14 6 

## 4
T 

### y Q 

### 0 

### R 0

1 0 

### R ,

2 0 '1 1 

### R ,

x 

### 2 1

x 

### 1 2 

### R ,

x 

### 2 2

x 

### 1 3 

### R .

x 

### 2 3

x 

### 1 4 '2 4 Figur e 1 Schemati c diagra mshowin g a singl e gri d squar e wit h emission s

and fou r downwin d calcuatio n gri d square s wit h receptors , and th e distance s use d i n area-sourc e algorithms . Thes e distance s ar e measure d downwin d fromth e sourc e Q Q . PEM- 2 consider s eigh t downwin d calculatio n gri d square s (i.e. , i=l,-—,8 ) fo r -gh t eac h emissio n gri d squar e (i-0 )

r o ^ iP.2 8

WIN D AZIMUTH ^ i= 4 i= 3 i= 2 i = 1 i= 0
0 ° 

# te

j : < < = 0 /CALCULATIO N GRI D k COORDINAT E AXI S \

i= 4 i= 3 i= 2 i = 1 i= 0 j = - 7.12 ° 7.12° < 

# £
_



# i

\ j : = 0 9.46 ° i = 4

i = 3 i= 2 ATDL -

\ \

i = 1 i = 0
9.46°-< ^\

\ 

# 1 j = M83/14 8

= 0 14.04 °

i= 4 i= 3 i= 2 \ = . 

## £

i= 0 \ ^ i= 4 i = 3 i= 2 i= 1 

# J
_

i= 0 

# V \ i = 4 i = 3 i = 2 i = 1 i = 0 \ 

# X
\ 

# N j= 1 j= 0 14.04°<e < 20.56 * j= 2 j= 1 j= 0 20.56°<£ < 26.57 ° j= 2 j= 1 j= 0 26.57°<£<32.01 °

Figur e 2 . Spatia l pattern s o f affecte d calculatio n gri d square s downwin d o f a n are a source . PEM- 2 consider s eigh t (i.e. , i=l , ,8 ) affecte d gri d square s downwin d o f a n are a sourc e (i=0) , though onl ythe firs t four ar e show n i n thi s figure . 1 8P.2 9

ATDL-M83/14 9



### i= 4 i = 3 \


### i= 2 

# i .

\ \ 

### i = 1 i = 0 \ ,



# N j= 3 j= 2 j= 1 j= 0 32.01°< £<

= 36.87 ° 4 3 V 

### 2 1 \ \



### 0 \ \ 

### j= 3 j= 2 j= 1 36.8 7 

## °- = 

## ( v „ 

# N j= o ; < 39.81 °

j= 3 j= 2 j= 1 j= 0 39.81°<£<41.19 ° j= 4 j= 3 j = 2 j = 1 j= 0 41.19 ° - < e-<45 °

Figur e 2 . Continued .

1 9TABL E 3

Value s o f i an

d j fo r Eac h Spatia l Patter n o f Affecte d Square s Downwin d o f an Are a Sourc e

5 range , degree s Value s fo r j* * i=0 * i= l 1= 2 i= 3 i= 4 i= 5 i= 6 i= 7 i= 8 0 - 7.1 2 7.1 2 - 9.4 6 9.4 6 - 14.0 4 14.0 4 - 20.5 6 20.5 6 - 26.5 7 

### 26.5 7 - 32.0 1 32.0 1 - 36.8 7 36.8 7 - 39.8 1 39.8 1 - 41.1 9 41.1 9 - 45.0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 2 2 2 0 0 1 1 1 2 2 2 3 3 0 1 1 1 2 2 3 3 3 4 0 1 1 2 2 3 3 4 4 5 0 1 1 2 3 3 4 5 5 6 0 1 1 2 3 4 5 6 6 7 0 1 2 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

* * i i s th

e numbe r o f calculatio n gri d square s downwin d fro mth e are a sourc e j i s th

e numbe r o f calculatio n gri d square s of f th e axi s use d t o defin e £ Fo r each valu e of £ , a diagra mo f th e firs t four affecte d square s downwin

d o f a n are a sourc e i n squar e i=0 , j= 0 i s show n i n Figur e 2 .



### 2 0P.3 1

I n the secon

d case , the are a sourc e i s large r than one calculatio n gri d square . Le t ra be th e numbe r o f calculatio n gri d square s covered b ythe sourc e o f are a A . The n the emissions , Q , fromthe sourc e ar e divide d int o mcomponen t emissio n rate s define d b y Q j = Q Aj/ A, j = 1,2 , ... , m wher e A j i s the are a o f the sourc e containe d i n the jt h square ,

mm 

### A= I Aan

d 

### Q = I Q . j= l J j= l J

The n the contribution s fro meac h o f the memissio n gri d square s ar e deter
mine d following a procedur e simila r t o tha t fo r a singl e emissio n gri d square .

I n the third case , a smal l are a sourc e ma ybe imbedde d i n a larg e are a source . Th e emissio n rat e o f the latte r sourc e i s divide d int o component s fo r eac h covere d squar e a s describe d above . The n eac h squar e i s considere d a s an are a sourc e wit h an emissio n rat e equa l t o the su mo f th e componen t emissio n rate s fro

mthe origina l are a sources .
2.3. 2 Concentratio n Algorithm s Th e urba n are a source s consis t o f fugitiv e dust , highway , residential , commercia l an

d industria l emissions , an d thei r inventorie s ar e generall y no t detaile d enough t o provid e informatio n on the sourc e heigh t an d plume-releas e condition s suc h a s plume velocity , temperature , building wakes , etc . Furthermore , ther e ar e no reliabl e method s t o estimat e the plume ris e fro

mthes e distribute d sources . Therefore , thei r emission s ar e
2 1P.3 2

generall yassume d t o be locate d a t the ground-leve l (i.e. , H=0 ) fo r simplicity . Thi s assumption , however , ma ylea d t o calculatio n o f larg e surface-concentrations , especiall yunde r ligh t win d condition s whe n building wake-induce d dispersio n i s les s importan t an d ho t emission s from roof-top source s ma yhav e a ris e comparabl e t o the building height . Th e area-sourc e concentratio n algorithm s use d i n PEM- 2 permi t the use r t o specif ya valu e o f H £ 0 t o represen t the averag e effectiv e heigh t o f emission s fromthe are a source s i n the inventory . Thi s valu e o f H i s assume d t o be constan t fo r eac h concentration-averaging period . Th e ground-leve l concentration s o f the primar yan d secondar

ypollutant s resulting fromurba n are a sourc e emission s i n PEM- 2 ar e compute d b ynumeri

ca l integratio n o f the corresponding point-sourc e concentratio n algorithms . Th e urba n area-sourc e modeling technique s du e t o Gifford an d Hann a (1970 ) ar e utilize d i n thes e computations . Thes e technique s ar e base d on the "narrowplume hypothesis, " whic h postulate s tha t the concentratio n a t a recepto r i s influence d onl yb ythe distribute d are a source s locate d i n a fairl ynarrow , plume-shape d upwin d sector . Thi s assumptio n allow s one t o ignor e the latera l variatio n o f concentratio n an d the "en

d effects " du e t o the finit e siz e o f an are a sourc e grid ; the concentratio n downwin d o f the cente r o f the emissio n gri d i s the n the same a s tha t i f the are a sourc e wer e infinitel ywid e i n the crosswin d direction . W e conside r nin e calculatio n gri d square s (denoted b yi=0 , 1 , 2 , , 8) , eac h wit h a recepto r R ^ locate d a t it s center . Figur e 1 illustrate s thi s schematicall yfo r the firs t five squares . Th e sourc e emission s ar e assume d t o be locate d a t th e cente r o f the firs t squar e (i=0 ) upwin d o f the recep tors . Th e emissio n rat e o f the primar ypollutan t fro

mthi s singl e are a


### 2 2P.3 3

sourc e i s Qj_ . The n the ground-leve l concentration s o f the primar yan d secondarypollutants , C^i i an d Cp^2irespectively , a t th e recepto r R ^ i n the it h calculatio n gri d squar e downwin d ar e obtained , following Ra o (1982) , b yintegrating the point-sourc e concentratio n algorithm s a s follows : 

### Q,f x 2 i

### g;,(x,z=o ) C 

## A H

# = 

# \r\ - S d x

### (5a )

Q 

## l f ^ §22 ( x 

## ' Z=0 ) C 

## A2 i = 

## H L dx (5b )

Jx l i Th e nondimensiona l function s gl . an d gl „ ar e define d i n Appendi x A , an d L z = /2i

r a z ; x- ^ an

d ~x.2iar e distance s measure d fro mthe cente r o f the firs t squar e (i=0 ) t o th e upwin d an d downwin

d edges , respectively , o f the calculatio n gri d squar e with.th e ith recepto r (se e Fig . 1) ; Ui s the surfac e win

d speed inpu t t o th e mode l i f the effectiv e heigh t o f emission s H < 1 0 m , o r th

e adjuste d win

d speed o f H > 1 0 m(se e Sectio n 2.5.2) . Th e relative concentrations , UC^A ^ an d uc A2 i/Qi , determine d fro m Eq . (5 ) ar e independen t o f th e emissio n rate s o f th e specie s (excep t fo r the rati o Q2/Q 1 whic h appear s i n g^ ) an d thei r value s at the receptor s i n the nin e downwin

d calculatio n gri d square s ar e calculate d onl yonc e fo r eac h scenario . Thes e relative concentration s ar e the n multiplie d b ythe emissio n rat e Q i o f each are a sourc e an d Ut o obtai n th

e contribution s t o the concentration s C^ i an d C A 2 a t eac h o f the nin e affecte d receptors . Not e that , fo r a give n scenario , eac h are a sourc e wil l have the same spatia l patter n o f affecte d receptor s downwind . Th e contribution s o f al l are a 2 3P.3 4

source s affecting eac h recepto r ar e summe d t o obtai n the tota l concentra tio n a t tha t receptor . I n PEM-2 , the integration s indicate d i n Eq . (5 ) ar e performe d numeri

call yb ythe trapezoida l rul e togethe r wit h Romberg' s extrapolatio n method . Utilizing a maximu

mo f 1 4 bisection s o f the interva l (.xii>*-20> tni s met h°°
- compute s an approximatio n fo r the integra l t o withi n 1 percen t relativ e accurac ybetwee n successiv e approximations .
2.3. 3 Dispersio n Parameter s

Th e dispersio n parameters , o z , use d i n Eq . (5 ) fo r area-sourc e con centration s ar e the same a s thos e use d fo r poin t source s (se e Sectio n 2.2.3) . Thes e dispersio n coefficients , give n b yBrigg s (1973 ) an

d Giffor d (1976) , accoun t fo r the effect s o f increase d surfac e roughnes s an d hea t flux i n the urba n environment , an d ar e mos t representativ e fo r z 0 = 1 m an d near-surfac e release s typica l o f the are a sources .
2. 4 RECEPTOR S 2.4. 1 Recepto r Gri d
PEM- 2 calculate s pollutan t concentration s a t eac h recepto r i n a recti

linea r recepto r array . Amaximu mo f 250 0 receptor s ma ybe used , wit h 5 0 column s an

d 5 0 rows . Th e spacing betwee n each colum n an d rowi s uniform , an d i s specifie d b

yth e user . Receptor s ar e located a t the intersection s o f gri d column s an

d rows . Th e gri d spacing , numbe r o f columns , numbe r o f rows , an

d coordinate s o f the recepto r a t th e southwes t corne r o f the gri d ar e use d t o defin e the grid . 2 4P.3 5

Poin t an

d are a source s nee d no t necessaril ybe locate d withi n the gri d boundaries . I f are a source s ar e include d i n the sourc e inventory , the recepto r gri d spacing shoul d be selecte d s o tha t the smalles t are a sourc e i s o f the same siz e a s a gri d square . An are a sourc e i s positione d on the gri d b yspecifying the coordinate s o f the southwes t corne r o f the source . Thi s corne r shoul d be located i n the cente r o f a recepto r gri d square , s o tha t eac h squar e covere d b ythe are a sourc e i s centere d on a receptor . Fo r computation s involving are a sources , therefore , a calculatio n gri d i s define d wit h it s gri d square s the same siz e a s recepto r gri d squares , bu t wit h a recepto r locate d i n the cente r o f eac h calculatio n gri d square . Fo r details , se e Sectio n 2.3.1 .
2.4. 2 Automati c Gri d Selectio n

PEM- 2 ha s an optiona l subroutin e whic h wil l automaticall yselec t a recepto r gri d fo r eac h scenario . Th e siz e an d locatio n o f grid s fo r dif

feren t scenario s ma ydiffe r sinc e the selectio n o f the recepto r gri d i s base d upo n win

d speed , win

d direction , an

d atmospheri c stabilit yclass .

Eac h sourc e i s examine d sequentially . Tw o orthogona l axe s ar e used wit h the origi n locate d a t the origi n o f the coordinat e systemfo r the poin t sources . Th e yaxi s i s oriente d i n the north-sout h directio n wit h positiv e value s i n th e northerl ydirection . Th e x axi s i s oriente d i n the east-wes t directio n wit h positiv e value s i n the easterl ydirection . Angl e E i s define d b

y
E = 90 ° - W

2 5P.3 6

wher e W i s the angl e (measure d relativ e t o north ) o f the directio n o f the flo w(se e Fig . 3) . Th e axe s ar e the n rotate d through angl e E suc h tha t the wind blow s dow

n the x axis . Negativ e value s o f E correspon d t o a clockwis e rotatio n o f coordinat e axes ; positiv e value s correspon d t o a counter clockwis e rotation .

Fo r eac h scenario , the gri d i s automaticall yselecte d s o a s t o provid e goo d coverag e b

yreceptor s nea r the poin t o f maximu mconcentration . Thi s poin t i s estimate d fro mthe Gaussia n plume concentratio n algorith mwithou t th e pollutan t remova l o r transformatio n mechanisms . Fo r a poin t source , the downwin

d distanc e t o the poin t o f maximu mconcentration , x m 2 , i s calcu
late d fromthe equatio n 

# ft-] , d a .d a 

## -d^-dT-^- 1 

## I < 6 

## > yz b ythe Newton-Raphso n iterativ e method . I n Eq . (6) , H i s the effectiv e sourc e heigh t an

d a „ an d a z ar e the dispersio n parameter s give n b yEq . (4) . Equatio n (6 ) i s derive d b ydifferentiating the expressio n fo r ground-leve l centerlin e concentratio n du e t o an elevate d poin t sourc e wit h respec t t o x , an d equating i t t o zero . Equatio n (6 ) i s als o use d t o determin e x ml , the poin t o f maximu mcon centratio n using the physica l stac k heigh t h s instead o f H . The n le t XTM(l ) = X

T + x m l XTM(2 ) = X

T + x m 2 wher e X T i s the x coordinat e o f the poin t sourc e i n the rotate d coordinat e system . 

### 2 6P.3 7

ATDL-M83/ 1 5 0

•EMISSIO N SOURC E

Figur e 3 . Point s use d fo r automati c selectio n o f recepto r gri d b yAUTGRD subroutine . 2 7Th e larges t valu e o f XTM(2 ) fo r al l poin t source s i s GX 2 an d the smalles t valu e o f XTM(l ) fo r al l poin t source s i s GX1 . Le t YT be the y coordinat e o f the poin t sourc e i n the rotate d coordinat e system . The n GY 2 i s the larges t valu e YT fo r al l poin t source s an d GY l i s the smalles t valu e o f Y T fo r al l poin t sources . Thes e point s ar e illustrate d i n Fig . 3 .

Next , the point s (GX1 , GYl) , (GX2 , GYl) , (GX2 , GY2 ) an d (GX1 , GY2 ) ar e rotate d bac k t o the origina l coordinat e system . Th e larges t o f the fou r x value s an

d the larges t o f the four yvalue s ar e chose n fo r the coordinate s o f the northeas t corne r o f th e grid . Th e smalles t o f the fou r x value s an d the smalles t o f th

e four yvalue s ar e chose n fo r the coordinate s o f the southwes t corne r o f th e grid .
The n XT i s define d a s the distanc e betwee n the x coordinate s o f the gri d corner s an

d YT i s the distanc e betwee n the ycoordinate s o f the gri d cor ners . Le t D m a xbe the large r o f X T an d YT . The n D m a xi s use d t o determin e the numbe r o f column s an d row s i n the recepto r gri d an d the gri d spacing . I f D m a xi s large r than 1 0 km , the n the numbe r o f row s (or columns ) i s 5 0 an d the gri d spacing i s XT/5 0 (o r YT/50 ) km . I f 5 < D m a x< 1 0 km , the n a gri d spacing o f 0. 2 k mi s use d an

d the numbe r o f row s (or columns ) i s XT/0. 2 (or YT/0.2) . I f 0.2 5 < D ma x< 5 km , then the numbe r o f row s (or columns ) i s 25 , an

d the gri d spacing i s D max /25 . I f D m a x< 0.2 5 km , the gri d spacing i s 0.0 1 km , th e smalles t possible , an d th e numbe r o f row s (or columns ) i s XT/0.0 1 (or YT/0.01) . Atypica l exampl e o f the recepto r gri d selecte d b

ythe automati c gri d optio n i s illustrate d i n Fig . 4 .



### 2 8ATDL- M 83/14 4

WIN D (GX1 , GY2 ) NORT H



# -fi (GX2 ,

/ / 

## GY2 )

i / 1 1 (GX2,GY1 )

(GX1.GY1 )

EMISSIO N SOURC E

Figur e 4 . Exampl e o f a recepto r gri d selecte d b yAUTGRD subroutine . 2 9

r iP.4 0

I f the culpabilit ylis t optio n i s electe d i n PEM-2 , the recepto r gri d i s limite d t o 2 5 row s an d 2 5 columns . I n thi s case , the gri d spacing i s increase d s o tha t the numbe r o f row s (or columns ) doe s no t excee d 25 .
Th e automati c gri d selectio n procedure , outline d above , consider s onl y poin t sources . Therefore , the chose n recepto r gri d ma yno t b e suitabl e i f are a source s ar e include d i n the inventory . Furthermore , the poin t o f maximu mconcentratio n determine d fromEq . (6 ) ma ybe i n erro r fo r problem s whic h includ e significan t deposition , sedimentation , an d chemica l deca

y o r transformation . Th e optimu mrecepto r gri d i n thi s cas e shoul d be determine d b

ytria l an

d error , using the recepto r gri d define d b ythi s automati c gri d optio n a s the firs t approximation .
2. 5 METEOROLOGY Th e meteorologica l dat a use d a s inpu t t o PEM- 2 consis t o f the atmospheri c stabilit yclas s index , win d speed , win

d direction , ambien t temperature , mixing depth , an d the potentia l temperatur e gradien t i n the elevate d stabl e layer . Thi s dat a set , whic h represent s the mean atmospheri c condition s ove r an hour , i s calle d a scenario . Th e maximu m numbe r o f scenario s i n an averaging perio d i s limite d t o 24 , i.e. , PEM- 2 i s designe d t o predic t onl yshort-ter m( 1 t o 2 4 hr ) averag e concentrations . Whe n available , quality-assure d on-sit e meteorologica l dat a ar e preferabl e t o the Nationa l Weathe r Servic e (NWS ) data .



### 3 0P.4 1

2.5. 1 Atmospheri c Stabilit y

Th e Pasquil l define d i n Tabl e

Stabilit y Clas s Inde x 1 2 3 4 ; , 5

6

Th e relatio n speed , incoming an d show n below -Gif f



### 4 .

shi p sola r or d atmospheri c stabilit ycla s

TABL E 4 Atmospheri c Stabilit y Atmospheri c Stabilit yClas s A B C D E F

between the atmospheri c i

se s use d i n PEM- 2 ar e

Classe s Descriptio n o f Condition s Extremel yunstabl e Moderatel yunstabl e Slightl yunstabl e Neutra l Slightl ystabl e Moderatel ystabl e
stabilit yclasse s an d wind radiation , an

d clou d cove r i s i n Tabl e 5 . TABL E 5 give n b yTurne r (1970 )

Atmospheri c Condition s Defining Stabilit yClasse s

Da* / Nigh t Surfac e Win

d Spee d Incoming Sola r Radiatio n Thi n overcas t o r (a t 1 0 meters),m/ s Strong Moderat e Sligh t ^4/ 8 lowcloud s <3/ 8 clou d

< 2 AA- B B 2- 3 A- B B C E F 3- 5 B B- C C D E 5- 6 C C- D D D D > 6 C D D D D



### 3 1P.4 2

Clas s Ai s the mos t unstable , whil e clas s F i s the mos t stabl e clas s considere d i n PEM-2 . Nigh t refer s t o the perio d fromone hou r befor e sun se t t o on e hou r afte r sunrise . Not e tha t th e neutra l class , D , shoul d be assume d fo r overcas t condition s during da yo r night , regardles s o f wind speed .
2.5. 2 Wind Spee d

PEM- 2 give s th

e use r an optio n fo r specifying eithe r an hourl ymea n wind spee d o r the win d spee d clas s number . Th e latte r i s base d on Nationa l Weathe r Servic e (NWS ) classification . An ywind spee d whic h lie s i n a give n rang e i s assigne d tha t clas s number ; PEM- 2 use s a representativ e win d spee d fo r eac h clas s a s show n i n Tabl e 6 .

TABL E 6 Win d Spee d Classificatio n

NW S Win d Spee d Wind Spee d Rang e Representativ e Clas s (knots ) Wind Spee d (m/s ) 1 0- 3 1.5 0 2 4- 6 2.4 6 3 7-1 0 4.4 7 4 11-1 6 6.9 3 

### 5 

### 17-2 1 

### 9.6 1 6 > 2 1 12.5 2

Wind spee d nea r th e surfac e generall yincrease s wit h height . Mos t NW S wind spee d measurement s ar e take n a t a heigh t (h 0 ) o f 1 0 mabove the sur fac e an d ar e listed a s "ground-level " win d speed s (U Q ) i n knots . The n the


### 3 2wind spee d (U ) a t th e physica l stac k heigh t (h g ) i s determine d a s follows :

U - U 0 (h s /h 0 ) P (7 )
Th e adjuste d win

d speed Ui s use d (i n meters/sec ) i n the plume ris e calcu
lation s an

d the point-sourc e concentratio n algorithms . Equatio n (7 ) i s applie d onl ywhe n th e stac k heigh t i s greate r tha n 1 0 m . Th e exponen t p i s a functio n o f atmospheri c stabilit yclass . Th e standard (default ) value s o f p use d i n PEM- 2 ar e show n i n Tabl e 7 . Fo r "ground-level " are a sourc e releases , th

e inpu t win

d speed (U 0 ) i s used directl ywithou t an yadjust

ment . I f the effectiv e heigh t o f are a sourc e emission s exceed s 1 0 m , the n Eq . (7 ) i s use d t o adjus t th e win d speed . Fo r cal mcondition s (U Q = 0) , the win d spee d U Q i s arbitraril yse t t o 1 m/s . However , sinc e i t i s dif

ficul t t o specif yth e win d directio n unde r thes e conditions , i t i s bette r t o remove "calm " hour s fro mth e inpu t data .

TABL E 7 Value s o f Exponen t p i n Win d Spee d Powe r Law Atmospheri c Stabilit yp

Clas s A= 1 0.1 5 B = 2 0.1 5 C = 3 0.2 0 D = 4 0.2 5 E = 5 0.3 0 F = 6 0.3 0

PEM- 2 include s a

n optio n tha t allow s th e use r t o inpu t site-specifi c value s fo r h 0 and/o r p derive d fro mloca l observations . Th e use r shoul d refe r t o Sectio n 4.2. 1 fo r details . 3 3P.4 4

2.5. 3 Wind Directio n

B yconvention , win

d directio n i s define d a s the directio n fromwhic h th e wind i s blowing . PEM- 2 give s the use r an optio n fo r specifying eithe r a n hourl ymea n win

d direction , o r the win d directio n secto r nurabe r base d on th e standar d 16-poin t compass . Win d blowing fro

man yangl e i n a 22.5 ° sec to r i s assigne d the numbe r o f tha t win d directio n sector , an d the win

d directio n i s represente d i n the calculation s b ythe median o f tha t sector , a s show n i n Tabl e 8 .

TABL E 8 Wind Directio n Sector s Representativ e Secto r Numbe r Compas s Poin t Win d Directio n (deg ) 1 N0. 0 2 NNE 22. 5 3 N E 45. 0 4 ENE 67. 5 5 E 90. 0 6 ES E 112. 5 7 S E 135. 0 8 SS E 157. 5 9 S 180. 0 1 0 SS W 202. 5 1 1 SW 225. 0 1 2 WS W 247. 5 1 3 W 270. 0 1 4 WN W 292. 5 1 5 N W 315. 0 1 6 NN W 337. 5

PEM- 2 als o include s an optio n i n whic h th e use r specifie s th e win d directio n i n degree s fo r th e firs t o f four sub-scenarios ; fo r eac h suc ceeding sub-scenario , the win d directio n i s automaticall yshifte d clockwis e

3 4P.4 5

b y90 , 45 , 30 , 15 , 10 , o r 5 degree s depending on the optio n numbe r speci

fie d i n the input , whil e keeping the othe r meteorologica l parameter s constant . Detail s o f thes e I/ O contro l parameter s ar e give n i n Sectio n 4.2.1 .
2.5. 4 Mixin g Dept h

Th e turbulen t mixing laye r nea r the groun d i s frequentl ybounde d b ya laye r o f stabl e ai r aloft . Th e latte r effectivel ylimit s vertica l disper

sio n t o the mixing layer . Th e heigh t o f the bas e of th e inversio n abov e the groun d i s calle d the mixing depth , L . Th e hourl ymixing depth s ar e spe cifie d i n the inpu t t o PEM-2 .

I f vertica l mixing i s limited , pollutant s emitte d fro ma poin t sourc e int o the mixing laye r wil l be trappe d and , beyon d som e poin t downwind , wil l become uniforml ymixe d i n the vertical . PEM- 2 use s differen t set s o f con centratio n algorithm s fo r the (near-source ) mixing regio n an d the well-mixe d region . Th e concentration s i n the intermediat e plume-trapping regio n ar e the n obtaine d b

yinterpolatio n a s describe d i n Sectio n 2.2.1 . Th e deter
minatio n o f the mixin g regim e an d the algorithm s t o b e used i n the mode l depen d on the atmospheri c stabilit yclass , mixing depth , effectiv e heigh t o f the source , an

d the downwin

d distance .

I f the physica l stac k heigh t exceed s the mixing depth , pollutant s ar e emitte d i n the stabl e laye r aloft ; thes e pollutant s wil l no t b e brough t t o the groun

d leve l an

d the sourc e i s neglected .

3 5P.4 6

I f the physica l stac k heigh t i s les s than the mixing depth , bu t the effectiv e sourc e heigh t H exceed s L , the n the plume ma yo r ma yno t escap e the mixing layer . Abuoyan t plume rising int o a convectivel yo r mechani

call ymixe d laye r ma ypartiall yo r completel ypenetrat e the capping stabl e layer , depending on the stratificatio n strengt h an d elevatio n o f the latte r wit h respec t t o the plume .
Th e defaul t penetratio n scheme i n PEM- 2 doe s no t allowpartia l penetra tio n o f the elevate d stabl e layer . Fo r H ^ L , n o penetratio n occurs ; fo r H > L , complet e penetratio n occur s an d the sourc e I s ignored . However , PEM- 2 include s optiona l newpenetratio n scheme s tha t conside r th e potentia l temperatur e gradien t 39 a ^/3 z i n the elevate d stabl e laye r t o estimat e the exten t o f it s penetratio n b ya buoyancy-dominate d plume i n unstable/neutra l atmosphere . Th e valu e o f 39 a £/3 z i s specifie d b ythe use r i n the meteoro logica l dat a inpu t t o PEM-2 ; otherwise , a defaul t valu e o f 0.0l°C/ m (corresponding t o an isotherma l atmosphere ) wil l b e assume d i n the calcula
tions . Th e plume penetratio n scheme s use d i n PEM- 2 ar e discusse d i n detai l i n Appendi x B .



### 3 6P.4 7

SECTIO N3
COMPUTE R PROGRA

M OVERVIE W 3. 1 BASI S FOR PEM- 2 PROGRA M Th e PEM- 2 compute r program , liste d i n Appendi x F , wa s develope d b y modifying the FORTRA Nprogra

mo f the Pollutio n Episodi c Mode l (Ra o an d Stevens , 1982) . Th e latter , i n turn , wa s base d on the compute r progra mo f the Texa s Episodi c Mode l Versio n 8 (TEM-8 ) an d it s Users ' Guid e (1979) . TEM- 8 use s the Gaussia n plume concentratio n algorithm s develope d fo r non reactiv e pollutant s an d a perfectl yreflecting lowe r boundary . Chemica l an d physica l depletio n processe s ar e therefor e ignored , excep t fo r an optio n whic h allow s a simpl e exponentia l deca yo f pollutan t concentratio n wit h trave l time . Thi s metho d require s an accurat e estimat e o f th e pollutant' s half-life .

I n contrast , bot h PEM- 2 an d PE M explicitl yaccoun t fo r dr ydeposition , gravitationa l settling , an d a first-orde r transformatio n o f two chemically

couple d gaseou s o r particulat e pollutant s i n the concentratio n algorithms . Th e surfac e concentration s an d depositio n fluxe s o f bot h the primar ypollu
tan t (species- 1 o r reactant ) a s wel l a s th e secondar

ypollutan t (species- 2 o r reactio n product ) ar e calculated . Thus , sinc e PEM- 2 account s fo r thes e processes , the concentratio n algorithm s use d i n PEM- 2 an d TEM- 8 ar e dif

ferent , thoug

h bot h model s shar e essentiall yth e same framewor k fo r calcu
lations . 

### 3 7P.4 8

Th e PEM- 2 mode l i s develope d fromthe PE M (Ra o an d Stevens , 1982 ) an d th e TEM- 8 (Texa s Ai r Contro l Board , 1979 ) wit h the following key modifications : 1 . PEM- 2 use s Briggs ' (1973 ) urba n dispersio n parameter s (based o n the St . Loui s diffusio n dat a o f McElro yan d Pooler , 1968 ) fo r bot h poin t an d are a sources , wherea s PE M an d TEM- 8 us e powe r law s base d o n Pasquill-Giffor d (PG ) a' s fo r poin t source s an d Gifford-Hann a (1970 ) a z ' s fo r are a sources . 2 . Th e numbe r o f atmospheri c stabilit yclasse s i n PEM- 2 ar e reduce d t o six , fromseve n i n PE M an d TEM-8 , b

ycombining the DD (neutral/day ) an d th e DN(neutral/night ) classe s int o a singl e D (neutral ) clas s t o con formwit h the curren t regulator ypractic e o f the EPA . 3 . Fo r buoyancy-dominate d plume s i n unstable/neutra l atmosphere , Briggs ' (1984 ) ne wplume ris e equation s an d plume penetratio n (o f an elevate d stabl e layer ) scheme s ar e include d a s optiona l feature s i n PEM-2 . O n th e othe r hand , PE M an d TEM- 8 us e onl ythe standard "al l o r none " cri

terio n fo r determining plume penetration , an d simulat e inversion s o f variou s strength s b yarbitraril yspecifying an inversio n penetratio n factor . 4 . An optio n i s provide d i n PEM- 2 t o us e site-specifi c inpu t value s fo r th e exponent s o f the wind-profil e powe r la wan d anemomete r height . Concentration s fromare a sourc e emission s (located a t an yeffectiv e heigh t H>0 ) ar e compute d b ynumerica l integratio n i n PEM-2 , whil e con centration s fromare a sourc e emission s (assumed t o be a t ground-level ) i n PE M an

d TEM- 8 ar e calculate d fro manalytica l concentratio n algorithms , Th e numbe r o f calculatio n gri d square s use d fo r eac h are a sourc e ha s bee n increase d from5 (i n PE M an d TEM-8 ) t o 9 i n PEM- 2 t o increas e the calculate d plume lengt h an d improv e the mode l accuracy .
3. 3 STRUCTUR E O

F TH E PROGRA

M Figur e 5 show s the structur e o f th e PEM- 2 compute r program , it s subroutine s an

d functions . Al l inpu t dat a t o the mode l ar e rea d through subroutin e INMOD . I n orde r t o calculat e the relative concentration s o f the specie s fromare a sources , the mai n progra mcall s subroutin e XINTE G t o


### 3 8P.4 9

MAI N Inpu t

INMOD —Star t loo

p on scenario s INMOD AUTGRD 1 RIS E

ROO T FUN

R Are a Source s XINTE G 1 FU

N3 FU N5 XINTE G FUN 4 ARGCH K EXP O D01AJ F FUN1 AEXP O ARGCH K EXP O Star t loo

p on are a source s
-En d loo p on are a source s Poin t Source s -Star t loo

p on poin t source s RIS E QZCA L 1 RIS E

EXP O ARGCH K PSG4 P D01AJ F — D01AJ F FUN 1 —FUN 2

- ARGCHK EXP O -En d loo p on poin t source s Outpu t WORS T WOROUT OUTMOD WOROUT

ARRA Y SCENM X •-En d loo p on scenario s MAXOUT Figur e 5 . Structur e o f compute r program .



### 3 9P.5 0

5 performthe numerica l integrations . Fo r eac h scenario , thes e numerica l integration s ar e don e onl yonce , an d eac h are a sourc e wil l hav e the same spatia l patter n o f affecte d square s downwind . Thes e relativ e con centration s ar e the n multiplie d wit h the effectiv e emissio n rate s o f the are a source s t o obtai n the contribution s t o the concentration s a t eac h receptor . Afte r the are a sourc e calculation s ar e completed , the progra m start s poin t sourc e calculation s b ycalling subroutine s RIS E an d QZCAL . Th e latte r calculate s the probabilit ydensitie s o f vertica l distribution s o f concentration s o f the two pollutant s using the appropriat e algorithms . Al l outpu t i s printe d i n subroutin e OUTMOD , whic h call s an d use s othe r optiona l outpu t routines . Thi s procedur e i s repeate d fo r al l scenarios .
3. 3 GENERA

L FLOW O F TH E PROGRA M
A t the beginning o f the run , PEM- 2 read s i n al l inpu t data , screen s them , print s warning messages , an d set s defaul t value s a s necessary . Al l contro l parameter s ar e liste d an d explained . Inpu t dat a fo r meteorologica l conditions , are a sources , an d poin t source s ar e als o listed . Some error s i n inpu t dat a ma

ybe seriou s enough t o caus e cancellatio n o f the run ; however , i n general , PEM- 2 attempt s t o recove r fro minpu t error s an

d complet e the ru

n using defaul t values . Th e progra mprint s an appropriat e messag e wheneve r i t reset s an importan t inpu t paramete r t o a defaul t value . Inventorie s o f are a an d poin t source s mus t includ e the location s o f the source s on a recepto r grid , thei r emissio n rates , the siz e fo r are a sources , an d stac k parameter s fo r poin t sources .



### 4 0P.5 1

Thes e inventorie s ar e use d wit h set s o f hourl ymeteorologica l dat a calle d scenarios . Fo r eac h scenario , the concentratio n an d surfac e deposi

tio n flu

x ar e calculate d a t eac h impacte d recepto r i n the grid .
Outpu t option s ar e man yan d varied . Concentratio n an d surfac e deposi

tio n flu

x ma ybe presente d i n the for mo f lists , arra

ymaps , o r record s on tape . Othe r option s includ e a culpabilit ylis t o f poin t sources , an d informatio n on plume ris e an d effectiv e stac k height s fo r eac h scenario . A t the en

d o f the averaging period , a lis t o f receptor s wit h the highes t concentratio n fo r eac h pollutan t ma ybe printed . Th e detail s o f thes e I/ O option s ar e give n i n Sectio n 4 . Th e calculatio n o f the surfac e depositio n fluxe s o f the pollutan t specie s i s discusse d i n Appendi x C .



### 4 1P.5 2

SECTIO N4
PROGRA M USER' S GUID E

4. 1 SUMMAR

Y O F PROGRA

M INPUT Contro l Parameter s ( 7 cards )

Contro l parameter s remai n constan t throughou t the run . They specif y1 ) a title ; 2 ) ru n option s fo r time-averaging , an d type s o f inpu t an

d output , an

d technica l option s fo r us e o f stack-ti p downwas h algorithm , ne wplume ris e equation s an d plume penetratio n schemes ; 3 ) recepto r gri d coordinate s an d spacing ; 4 ) depositio n an d settling velocitie s o f pollutant s an d a n optio n t o calculat e chemica l transforma
tio n o r deca

ya t a give n rate ; 5 ) scaling factor s fo r are a sourc e emis

sion s an

d calibratio n coefficient s t o be applie d t o the calculate d concen trations ; 6 ) label s fo r th e pollutant s an d calibrations ; an

d 7 ) a n optio n fo r using site-specifi c value s fo r wind-profil e exponent s an d anemomete r height . Scenari o Parameter s (1-2 4 cards )

Eac h card contain s informatio n fo r on e scenario ; i.e. , th e meteorologica l dat a fo r on e hour . I t include s atmospheri c stabilit y class , wind speed , wind direction , temperature , mixing height , an d poten tia l temperatur e gradien t i n the elevate d stabl e laye r abov e the mixing height . Are a Sourc e Parameter s (0-5 0 cards )

Eac h card contain s informatio n fo r on e are a source . I t include s th e locatio n o f th e are a sourc e o n the recepto r grid , the siz e o f the are a source , an

d it s emissio n rates . Ablan k card mus t follo wthe las t are a sourc e card t o signa l th e en d o f the are a sourc e data . Poin t Sourc e Parameter s (0-30 0 cards )

Eac h card contain s informatio n fo r on e poin t source . I t include s the locatio n o f the poin t sourc e o n the recepto r grid ; it s emissio n rates ; th e stac k parameter s o f height , diameter , plume velocit yan d temperature ; an

d a labe l whic h identifie s the poin t source . Ablan k card mus t follo wthe las t poin t sourc e card t o signa l the en

d o f the poin t sourc e data .



### 4 2P.5 3

4. 2 DETAIL S O F PROGRA M INPUT 4.2. 1 Contro l Parameter s ( 7 cards ) Card 1 : Titl e FORMA T (20A4 ) Informatio n identifying the run , whic h i s printe d a t the to p o f eac h pag e o f output . U

p t o 8 0 alphanumeri c character s ar e allowed . Card 2 NTOP T

= 1

= 2

= 3 Inpu t an

d outpu t option s Averaging time optio n FORMA T (1814 )

On e hour : Concentration s ar e calculate d fo r eac h scenario . N o averaging done . Twenty-fou r hours : Concentration s ar e calculate d fo r exactl y2 4 scenario s an d averaged . Variabl e ( 2 t o 2 3 hours) : Concentration s ar e calculate d fo r a give n numbe r o f scenario s an d averaged . Th e defaul t valu e i s NTOP T = 1 . NWDOP T Wind directio n inpu t optio n

= 0 The use r wil l specif ywind directio n i n degree s fo r eac h

scenario . = 1 Th e use r wil l specif ya wind directio n secto r numbe r (fro m 1 t o 16 ) fo r eac h scenario . =2- 7 Th e use r wil l specif ywind directio n i n degree s fo r th e

firs t o f fou r sub-scenarios . Fo r eac h succeeding sub
scenario , the wind directio n i s automaticall yshifte d clockwis e b

y90 , 45 , 30 , 15 , 10 , o r 5 degree s fo r optio n number s 2 , 3 , 4 , 5 , 6 , an d 7 , respectively . NWDOP T = 2- 7 i s no t allowe d wit h time-averaging , i.e. , whe n NTOP T = 2 o r 3 . Th e defaul t valu e i s NWDOP T = 0 . NWSOP T Win

d spee d inpu t optio n

= 0 Th e use r wil l specif ysurfac e wind spee d i n meters/se c fo r

eac h scenario . = 1 Th e use r wil l specif ya wind spee d clas s numbe r (fro m1 t o 6 ) fo r eac h scenario . Th e defaul t valu e i s NWSOP T = 0 . NWPOP T Wind-profil e exponent s inpu t optio n

= 0 Th e mode l use s the standard (default ) value s fo r the urba n

wind-profil e exponents . Th e anemomete r heigh t fo r surfac e win d observation s i s assume d t o be 1 0 m .

4 3P.5 4

= 1 Th e use r wil l inpu t site-specifi c value s fo r wind-profil e

exponent s an

d anemomete r heigh t on Card 7 . Th e defaul t valu e i s NWPOP T = 0 . NSCE NNumbe r o f scenario s =1-2 4 Th e numbe r o f set s o f hourl ymeteorologica l dat a t o b e

read an d processe d b

ythe program . I f NT0PT= 2 i s specified , the n NSCE Nmus t equa l 2 4 . I f NSCE Ni s no t specifie d correctly , the n eithe r th e inpu t dat a fil e wil l b e misrea d o r the ru

n wil l b e terminated . Th e defaul t valu e i s NSCE N= 1 . NLIS T Outpu t optio n fo r printing list s o f uncalibrate d concentratio n

an d surfac e depositio n flux , an d calibrate d concentratio n a t eac h recepto r i n th e grid .

= 0 Th e list s ar e no t printed . = 1 List s o f concentratio n an d surfac e depositio n flux ar e printed , fo r on e o r two pollutants , a t gri d receptor s wit h uncalibrate d concentration s o f a t leas t 1 microgrampe r cubi c meter . NLIS T = 1 ma

yno t b e use d wit h the automati c windshif t optio n (NWDOP T > 1 ) . Th e defaul t valu e i s NLIS T = 0 . NARRA Y Outpu t optio n fo r arra ymap s o f calculate d concentratio n an d surfac e depositio n flux a t eac h recepto r i n th e grid .

= 0
= 1



### = 2

= 3 No arra

ymap s ar e printed . Separat e map s o f uncalibrate d concentratio n an d surfac e depositio n flux , an d calibrate d concentratio n ar e printe d a tota l o f thre e map s fo r eac h pollutant . Map s o f uncalibrate d concentratio n an d surfac e depositio n flu x ar e printe d two map s fo r eac h pollutant . Map s o f calibrate d concentratio n an d surfac e depositio n flu x ar e printe d tw o map s fo r eac h pollutant . Th e defaul t valu e i s NARRA Y = 0 . NTAP E

= 0
= 1 Tap e outpu t optio n fo r a lis t o f bot h uncalibrate d an d cali

brate d concentration s an d surfac e depositio n fluxe s a t eac h recepto r i n the grid . Th e lis t i s no t writte n on tape . Alis t o f concentration s an d depositio n fluxe s i s writte n o n a separat e outpu t tape , on e recepto r pe r record . Contro l paramete r INTE R ma

ybe se t t o limi t the numbe r o f receptor s writte n o n tape . Th e progra mcheck s the tota l numbe r o f record s t o be written ; i f the nurabe r i s greate r than 62500 , a messag e i s printe d an d NTAP E i s se t t o zero .


### 4 4P.5 5

NTAPE= 1 ma

yno t b e use d wit h th e automati c windshif t optio n (NWDOP T > 1) . NTAPE= 1 maybe use d wit h NT0PT= 1 t o stor e th e hourl yconcentrations , i n orde r t o calculat e averag e concentration s externall yfo r problem s wit h highl y variabl e emission , transformation , an d depositio n rate s (se e Sectio n 1.3) . Th e defaul t valu e i s NTAP E = 0 . NCSOP T Outpu t optio n fo r a culpabilit ylis t o f th e fiv e poin t source s

whic h contribut e mos t t o the tota l concentratio n calculate d a t eac h receptor .

= 0 Th e culpabilit ylis t i s no t printed . = 1 Fo r eac h recepto r i n the grid , the progra mlist s u

p t o five poin t source s an d the percentage s o f tota l concentra tio n contribute d b

ythes e sources . Th e tota l concentratio n an d surfac e depositio n flux a t eac h recepto r ar e als o listed . Thi s informatio n i s printed , fo r on e o r two pollu
tants , onl ya t receptor s wit h the highes t contribution s exceeding 1 microgra mpe r cubi c meter . NCS0PT= 1 can b e use d onl ywit h NT0PT= 1 . Thi s optio n ma yno t be use d fo r mor e than on e scenari o wit h the automati c windshif t optio n (NWDOPTM) . I t als o ma yno t b e use d whe n the numbe r o f column s (LX ) o r the numbe r o f row s (LY ) i n the gri d i s greate r than 2 5 . Th e defaul t valu e i s NCSOP T = 0 . NMA X Outpu t optio n fo r listing th e maximu mconcentratio n an

d surfac e depositio n flu x calculate d fo r eac h pollutant .

= 0 Th e list s ar e no t printed . = 1 A t the en

d o f the run , fo r eac h scenari o o r averaging period , list s ar e printe d t o sho wthe recepto r whic h receive d the highes t concentratio n an d depositio n flux fo r eac h pollutant . Th e defaul t valu e i s NMA X = 0 . NSTDW NTechnica l optio n fo r stack-ti p downwas h algorith mfo r poin t sources .

= 0 Th e stack-ti p downwas h algorith mi s use d i n the progra mt o includ e the downwas h effects . = 1 Th e downwas h algorith mi s no t used . Th e defaul t valu e i s NSTDW N= 0 . NPRIS E Technica l optio n t o us e Briggs ' ne wequation s fo r maximu m ris e o f buoyancy-dominate d plume s fro mpoin t sources .

= 0 Standard Briggs ' plume-ris e equation s ar e use d fo r al l

stabilit yclasses .

4 5P.5 6

= 1 Ne wequation s ar e use d fo r maximu mplume ris e o f buoyancy
dominate d plume s fo r stabilit yclasse s A- D (unstable/neu
tra l atmosphere) . Th e defaul t valu e i s NPRIS E = 0 . NINPE NTechnica l optio n t o us e ne wscheme s fo r penetratio n

o f buoyancy-dominate d plume abov e mixing height .

= 0 Standard "al l o r none " criterio n fo r plume penetratio n

above mixing heigh t i s used .

= 1 Ne wscheme s ar e use d fo r buoyancy-dominate d plume penetra tio n o f elevate d stabl e laye r fo r stabilit yclasse s A- D (unstable/neutra l atmosphere) . Th e defaul t valu e i s NINPE N= 0 . INTE R Outpu t optio n fo r interva l o f receptor s writte n o n tape .

= NWhe n the outpu t optio n NTAPE= 1 i s selected , the valu e o f

INTE R determine s whic h receptor s ar e writte n o n the tape . Whe n INTE R i s specifie d a s intege r N , ever yNt h recepto r i n eac h colum

n an d ro wi s listed . Thus , i f INTER=2 , on e fourt h o f the receptor s wil l b e listed ; i f INTER=5 , on e twenty-fift h wil l b e listed . Effectively , a n outpu t gri d i s se t u

p wit h "new " spacing equa l t o the valu e o f INTER*GRID , an

d onl ythos e receptor s o n the "new " gri d wil l b e liste d o n the tape . Th e defaul t valu e i s INTE R = 1 . NPRIN T Outpu t optio n fo r poin t sourc e information .

= 0 Inpu t poin t sourc e dat a i s printe d onl ya t the beginning

o f eac h run . = 1 Alis t o f inpu t poin t sourc e parameter s an d calculate d plume ris e informatio n i s printe d fo r eac h scenario . Th e defaul t valu e i s NPRIN T = 0 . INPTS C Inpu t optio n fo r poin t sourc e data .

= 1 Poin t sourc e dat a i s rea d fro mthe norma l inpu t strea m(o n cards , fo r example) . = 2 Poin t sourc e dat a i s rea d froma dis k fil e specifie d b y the user . Th e defaul t valu e i s INPTS C = 1 .



### 4 6P.5 7

NGP R Gradua l plume ris e optio n fo r poin t sources .

= 0 Fina l effectiv e plume ris e heigh t use d a t al l distances .

= 1 Gradua l plume ris e use d clos e t o source . NBI D Optio n t o conside r bouyanc yinduce d dispersio n (BID) .

= 0 BI D i s no t used . = 1 BI D i s considere d fo r elevate d poin t sources . Card 3 : Gri d informatio n FORMA T (2F10.0,2I10,3F10.0 ) XRSWC Th e x , o r east-wes t coordinat e o f recepto r a t the southwes t

corne r o f the grid , i n kilometers . Th e defaul t valu e i s XRSWC =0. 0 . YRSWC Th e y , o r north-sout h coordinat e o f recepto r a t the south
wes t corne r o f th e grid , i n kilometers . Th e defaul t valu e i s YRSW C =0. 0 . L X Th e numbe r o f column s o f receptor s i n the grid . Allowabl e

value s ar e 1 t o 5 0 . Th e defaul t valu e i s L X = 1 . L Y Th e numbe r o f row s o f receptor s i n the grid . Allowabl e

value s ar e 1 t o 5 0 . Th e defaul t valu e i s L Y = 1 . GRI D Automati c gri d optio n o r gri d spacing . =0. 0 Th e progra

mdesign s the recepto r gri d fo r eac h scenari o suc h tha t ther e i s good receptorcoverag e nea r the poin t o f maximu mconcentration . Fo r poin t sources , thi s locatio n i s determine d fromthe Gaussia n plume algorith mwithou t depositio n o r transformation . Fo r problem s tha t includ e thes e remova l mechanism s an d are a sourc e emissions , there
fore , thi s automati c gri d ma yno t be the optimu mgrid . Thi s optio n canno t be use d whe n NTOP T > 1 . >0. 0 Th e siz e o f the spacing betwee n column s an d row s o f recep tor s i n the grid , i n kilometers . Th e defaul t valu e i s GRI D = 0. 0 . DTDZ(l) , Th e atmospheri c potentia l temperatur e gradien t fo r DTDZ(2 ) E an

d F stabilit yclasses , respectively , i n deg . C/meter . Thes e value s ar e use d i n the plume

4 7P.5 8

ris e equation s unde r stabl e conditions . Th e defaul t value s ar e DTDZ(l ) = 0.0 2 an d DTDZ(2 ) = 0.03 5 . Car d 4 : Pollutan t depositio n an d chemica l transformatio n parameter s FORMA T (215 , 6F10.0 ) NPO L
IC T = 0
= 1

VD 1 W l VD 2 W 2

XK T

GAMM A Th e numbe r o f pollutant s ( 1 o r 2 ) Th e defaul t valu e i s NPO L = 1 . Chemica l transformatio n o r deca yoption . Transformation/deca yo f pollutant- 1 i s ignored . I f NPO L = 1 , a first-orde r chemica l deca yo f the pollutant- 1 i s considered . I f NPO L = 2 , a first-orde r chemica l transforma
tio n o f pollutant- 1 t o pollutant- 2 i s considered . Th e defaul t valu e i s IC T = 0 . Depositio n velocit yo f pollutant-1 , i n cm/sec . Settling velocit yo f pollutant-1 , i n cm/sec . Depositio n velocit yo f pollutant-2 , i n cm/sec . Settling velocit yo f pollutant-2 , i n cm/sec . Th e defaul t value s o f W an d V D fo r bot h specie s ar e zeros . I f eithe r W o r V D i s les s than 0.0 1 cm/sec , the n the valu e o f tha t paramete r i s se t t o zero . Thi s reduce s compute r ru n time s an

d jo b cost s withou t significantl yaltering the calculate d concentrations . I n general , fo r depositio n t o occur , the settling velocit y(W ) shoul d be les s than o r equa l t o the depositio n velocit y(VD) . Fo r gase s an d ver ysmal l particles , W shoul d b e zero . Fo r smal l particles , W shoul d be les s than VD . Fo r particle s o f siz e d > 5 0 microns , W shoul d equa l VD . Chemica l transformatio n o r deca yrat e o f pollu
tant- 1 , i n percent/hour . Allowabl e value s ar e 0. 1 t o 100. 0 ; inpu t value s outsid e thi s rang e ar e se t t o the neare r limit . Fo r example , i f XKT=0. 0 i s specifie d (when ICT=1) , the n the progra mprint s a messag e an d set s XKT=0. 1 . Th e rati o o f molecula r weight s o f pollutant- 2 (product ) t o pollutant- 1 (reactant ) i n the chemica l transformatio n (when ICT=1) . Th e defaul t valu e i s GAMM A=0. 0 .

4 8P.5 9

Card 5 : Scaling an d calibratio n FORMA T (7F10.0 ) HA S Th e effectiv e heigh t o f are a sourc e emission s i n

meters . Not e tha t a singl e valu e i s use d t o approximat e th

e heigh t o f emission s fro mal l urban are a sources . Th e defaul t valu e i s HAS = 0. 0 . ASCALE(l) , Are a sourc e scaling factor s fo r pollutant s 1 an d 2 . ASCALE(2 ) Al l are a sourc e emissio n rate s ar e multiplie d

b yASCALE(l ) fo r pollutant- 1 an d b yASCALE(2 ) fo r pollutant-2 . Thes e factor s ma ybe utilize d t o scal e the entir e are a sourc e inventor yt o accoun t fo r highe r emissio n rate s expecte d i n futur e year s (fro man increase d traffi c volume , fo r example) , o r t o conver t the unit s o f emissio n rate s i n the inventor

yt o grams/sec . Th e defaul t value s ar e ASCALE(l ) =1. 0 an d ASCALE(2 ) = 1. 0 . A(l) , Coefficient s use d t o calibrat e the calculate d B(l ) concentratio n o f pollutant-1 .

Th e calibrate d concentration , C * , i s compute d fromth e formul a C * = A+ B . C , wher e C i s the uncalibrate d concentration . Th e norma l outpu t unit s o f the latte r ar e microgram s pe r cubi c meter . Th e calibratio n coefficient s can be use d t o conver t the unit s t o percen t allowable , part s pe r million , o r an yothe r convenien t units . Th e defaul t value s ar e A(l ) = 0. 0 an d B(l ) = 0. 0 . A(2) , Coefficient s used t o calibrat e the calculate d B(2 ) concentratio n o f pollutant-2 . Th e defaul t value s ar e A(2 ) - 0. 0 an d B(2 ) = 0. 0 . Car d 6 : Label s FORMA T (3A4,7A4,3A4,7A4 ) POLNAM(l ) Name fo r pollutant- 1

U p t o 1 2 alphanumeri c character s ar e allowed . CALNAM(l ) Labe l fo r calibrate d value s o f concentratio n

o f pollutant-1 , compute d fro mcalibratio n coefficient s A(l ) an d B(l) . U p t o 2 8 alphanumeri c character s ar e allowed . P0LNAM(2 ) Name fo r pollutant- 2

U p t o 1 2 alphanumeri c character s ar e allowed . CALNAM(2 ) Labe l fo r calibrate d value s o f concentratio n

o f pollutant-2 , compute d fro mcalibratio n coefficient s A(2 ) an d B(2) . U p t o 2 8 alphanumeri c character s ar e allowed . Default s fo r al l label s ar e blanks . 4 9Car d 7 (optional) : Site-specifi c value s o f anemomete r heigh t and/o r wind-profil e exponent s FORMA T (7F10.0 ) HAAnemomete r heigh t i n meter s

Thi s i s the heigh t a t whic h the surfac e win d spee d i s measured . Th e defaul t valu e i s H A= 10. 0 . PI(I) , Win

d profil e exponent s derive d fromloca l obser 1=1, 6 vation s fo r stabilit yclasse s 1 t o 6 . Th e defaul t value s ar e give n i n Sectio n 2.5.2 . Not e tha t site-specifi c value s fo r anemomete r heigh t and/o r wind-profil e exponent s can b e specifie d onl yi f the wind-profil e optio n NWPOP T on Car d 2 i s specifie d a s NWP0PT=1 . Whe n thi s optio n i s selected , the value s fo r H A and/o r PI(I ) mus t be specifie d on Card 7 ; i f the value s fo r bot h o f thes e parameter s ar e the same a s the standard (default ) values , the n Card 7 shoul d be a blan

k card . 4.2. 2 Scenari o Parameter s FORMAT(3I5,5F10.0 ) On e t o 2 4 cards , eac h containing a se t o f meteorolo
gica l dat a fo r on e hour . NS C Atmospheri c stabilit yclas s numbe r

Allowabl e value s ar e 1 t o 6 ; an inpu t valu e outsid e tha t rang e wil l be se t t o the neare r limit . NW S Win

d spee d clas s Allowabl e value s ar e 1 t o 6 ; an inpu t valu e outsid e tha t rang e wil l be se t t o the neare r limit . Not e tha t NW S i s use d onl ywhe n the windspee d inpu t optio n NWSOP T on Card 2 i s specifie d a s NWS0PT= 1 . NWD Win

d directio n secto r Allowabl e value s ar e 1 t o 1 6 ; an inpu t valu e outsid e tha t rang e wil l b e se t t o th

e neare r limit . Not e tha t NW D i s use d onl ywhe n the wind directio n inpu t optio n NWDOP T on Card 2 i s specifie d a s NWD0PT= 1 . W S . Surfac e wind spee d i n meters/se c

Thi s i s assume d t o be measure d a t a heigh t o f 1 0 meter s unles s a differen t valu e fo r anemo mete r heigh t i s specifie d o n Card 7 above . Not e tha t W S i s use d onl ywhe n the win d spee d inpu t optio n NWSOP T on Card 2 i s specifie d a s NWSOP T = 0 . I f WS=0. 0 (calm ) i s specifie d 

### 5 0P.6 1

unde r thi s option , a messag e i s printe d an d W S i s se t t o 1. 0 meter/sec . W D Win

d directio n Th e azimutha l angl e i n degree s o f the directio n fromwhic h the win

d i s blowing . Allowabl e value s ar e 0. 0 through 360. 0 degrees . Not e tha t WD i s use d onl ywhe n the win d directio n inpu t optio n on Card 2 i s specifie d a s NWDOPT= 0 o r 2 through 7 . Th e defaul t valu e i s W D = 0.0 , win d fromthe north . T AAmbien t temperatur e a t 1 0 m heigh t i n deg . C . Th e defaul t valu e i s T A= 0. 0 . HMI X Mixing heigh t i n meter s

Th e heigh t o f the bas e o f the inversio n above th e ground . Thi s i s als o effectivel ythe dept h o f the turbulen t mixing layer . Th e defaul t valu e i s HMI X = 9999.9 9 . DTDZ I Potentia l temperatur e gradien t i n the elevate d

stabl e laye r above mixing heigh t i n deg . C/meter . Th e defaul t valu e i s DTDZ I =0.0 1 . 4.2. 3 Are a Sourc e Parameter s FORMAT(5F10.0 ) Zer o t o 5 0 cards , eac h containing parameter s fo r on e are a source . Ablan k car d mus t follo wthe las t are a sourc e dat a card . X ATh e x , o r east-west , coordinat e o f southwes t corne r o f the are a source , i n kilometers . Th e defaul t valu e i s X A= 0. 0 . Y ATh e y , o r north-south , coordinat e o f southwes t corne r o f the are a source , i n kilometers . Th e defaul t valu e i s Y A= 0. 0 . SIZ E Th e lengt h o f a sid e o f are a sourc e i n meters . Th e defaul t valu e i s SIZ E = GRID*1000.0 , the sid e o f a recepto r gri d squar e i n meters . I f GRID=0. 0 (i.e. , automati c gri d optio n i s elected) , the n SIZ E i s arbitraril yse t t o 1. 0 . EA(1) , Emissio n rate s fo r pollutant s 1 an d 2 i n gms/sec . EA(2 ) Not e tha t E Ai s no t a n emissio n rat e pe r uni t area ; thi s i s the emissio n rat e o f an equiva

len t poin t sourc e locate d a t the cente r o f the are a source . Th e defaul t value s ar e EA(1 ) =0. 0 an d EA(2 ) = 0. 0 .

5 1P.6 2

Not e tha t are a sourc e inventorymus t be followe d b ya blan k card t o signa l the en d o f are a sourc e data . 4.2. 4 Poin t Sourc e Parameter s FORMAT(8F9.0 , 2A4 ) Zer o t o 30 0 cards , eac h containing parameter s fo r one poin t source . Ablan k card mus t follo wthe las t poin t sourc e dat a card . X P Th e x , o r east-west , coordinat e o f poin t

source , i n kilometers . Th e defaul t valu e i s X P = 0. 0 . Y P Th e y , o r north-south , coordinat e o f poin t

source , i n kilometers . Th e defaul t valu e i s Y P = 0. 0 . EP(1) , Emissio n rate s fo r pollutant s 1 an d 2 i n gms/sec . EP(2 ) Th e defaul t value s ar e EP(1 ) = 0. 0 an d EP(2 ) = 0. 0 . H P Th e physica l heigh t o f the stac k i n meters . Th e defaul t valu e i s H P = 0. 0 . D P Th e insid e diamete r o f the stack-ti p i n meters .

I f DP=0. 0 i s specified , a messag e i s printe d an d D P i s se t t o 1.0E- 4 meters . VP Th e stack-exi t velocit yo f plume i n meters/sec . Th e defaul t valu e i s V P = 0.0 , whic h result s i n zer o plume rise . T P Th e stack-exi t temperatur e o f plume i n deg . C . Th e defaul t valu e i s T P = 0. 0 , whic h usuall y result s i n a momentum-dominate d plume rise . NAM E Labe l whic h identifie s the poin t source . U p t o eigh t alphanumeri c character s ma ybe used . Th e defaul t i s blanks . Not e tha t the poin t sourc e inventor yi s followe d b

ya blan

k card t o signa l the en d o f the poin t sourc e data .

5 2P.6 3

4. 3 GUID E T O PROGRA M OUTPU T PEM- 2 ha s severa l outpu t option s whic h ar e outline d below . I n orde r t o avoi d a larg e output , the use r ma yselec t onl y the necessar

yoption s on Card 2 . NPRIN T Poin t sourc e informatio n A t the beginning o f each scenari o o r sub-scenario* , fo r eac h poin t source , the outpu t list s It s coordinate s o n the recepto r grid , emissio n rates , stac k parameters , dominan t influenc e (momentu

mo r buoyancy ) o f plume rise , win d spee d a t physica l stac k height , maximu meffectiv e sourc e height , an d plume penetratio n fractio n (se e Appendi x B) . NCSOP T —Poin t sourc e culpabilit ylis t A t the en

d o f eac h scenari o o r sub-scenari o , fo r eac h recepto r i n th

e grid , the five poin t source s whic h contri

bute d mos t t o the tota l concentratio n a t tha t recepto r ar e identified . Fo r eac h receptor , the outpu t include s the fiv e point-sourc e sequenc e numbers , the percentag e o f tota l concentratio n eac h o f the five produced , an d the tota l concentratio n an

d surfac e depositio n flu x a t the receptor . Thi s informatio n i s printe d fo r one o r two pollutants . T o reduc e the amoun t o f outpu t produced , onl yreceptor s wit h highes t contribution s exceeding 1 microgra mpe r cubi c mete r ar e printed . NLIS T Concentratio n an d surfac e depositio n flu x lis t A t the en

d o f an averaging-perio d consisting o f 1 t o 2 4 scenarios , the uncalibrate d concentratio n an d depositio n flux , a s wel l a s the calibrate d concentration , o f one o r two pollutant s ar e listed a t eac h recepto r i n the grid . T o reduc e the amoun t o f outpu t produced , onl yreceptor s wit h uncalib

rate d concentration s o f a t leas t 1 microgra mpe r cubi c mete r ar e listed . NTAP E Concentratio n an d surfac e depositio n flu x tap e A t the en

d o f the averaging-period , fo r eac h recepto r i n the grid , the calculate d concentratio n an d surfac e depositio n flu x ar e writte n on t o a separat e outpu t tape . Al l record s on the tap e contai n eight yalphanumeri c characters . Aseparat e record i s writte n fo r ever yrecepto r i n the grid , unles s the interva l paramete r INTE R ha s bee n specifie d a s greate r than *Whe n the automati c windshif t optio n i s selecte d (NWDOP T > 1) , a scenari o i s divide d int o four sub-scenarios , eac h wit h the same meteorologica l dat a excep t fo r the win d direction . Th e latte r i s shifte d automaticall yb ya give n numbe r o f degree s fo r eac h sub-scenario . 5 3P.6 4

one . Th e firs t record on the tap e contain s the titl e infor

matio n give n on Card 1 o f the Contro l Paramete r cards , writte n b

yFORMAT(20A4) . Succeeding record s contai n the x, ycoordinate s o f the receptor , value s fo r concentration , depositio n flux , calibrate d concentration , an d calibrate d surfac e depositio n flux fo r pollutant-1 , followe d b ythe value s o f thes e parameter s fo r pollutant-2 . Thes e value s ar e writte n b

yFORMAT(10F8.2) . NARRA Y Arraymap s o f concentratio n an d surfac e deposi

tio n flu

x A t the en

d o f eac h averaging-period , separat e map s ar e printe d fo r concentratio n an d depositio n flu

x fo r eac h pollutant . Th e value s ar e printe d a t eac h recepto r a t it s relativ e locatio n on the gri d t o ai d i n visualizatio n o f the distributio n o f the pollutant . Th e valu e specifie d fo r NARRA Y determine s whic h map s ar e printed . I f NARRAY=1 , separat e map s o f uncalibrate d an d calibrate d concentrations , an d uncalibrate d depositio n flux ar e printe d ( 3 maps) ; i f NARRAY=2 , map s o f uncali

brate d concentratio n an d depositio n flu

x onl yar e printe d ( 2 maps) ; an

d i f NARRAY=3 , two map s o f onl ythe calibrate d value s ar e printed . Eac h ma p ma yrequir e one , two , o r fou r page s o f outpu t t o displa ythe entir e grid , sinc e eac h pag e can displa

yvalue s fo r u

p t o 2 5 column s an

d 2 5 row s o f the grid . NMA X Maximu

m concentratio n an

d surfac e depositio n flu x A t the en

d o f the las t scenari o o r sub-scenari o (i f NT0PT=1 ) o r a t the en d o f the averaging perio d (i f NTOPTM) , th e receptor s whic h receiv e the highes t concentration s o f pollutants- 1 an

d 2 , an d the value s o f thes e concentrations , ar e listed . Asecon d lis t give s the surfac e depositio n fluxe s a t thes e receptors . Not e : Th e NCSOP T optio n can be use d onl ywit h NT0PT=1 ; therefore , th

e outpu t dat a printe d wit h thi s optio n refe r t o hourl yconcentrations . Whe n the NMA X optio n i s use d wit h NT0PT= 1 an

d NSCE N> 1 , the lis t o f hourl ymaximu m concentratio n an

d depositio n flu

x values , an

d the receptor s wher e the

yoccur , i s printe d onl yafte r the las t scenari o ha s bee n processed . Whe n the time-averaging i s selecte d (NT0PT= 2 o r 3) , the outpu t fo r optio n NPRIN T i s printe d afte r each scenario , bu t the outpu t fo r option s NLIST , NTAPE , NARRAY , an d NMA X i s printe d onl yafte r al l scenario s o f th e averaging perio d hav e bee n processed . Thus , the concentration s an d surfac e depositio n fluxe s printe d i n the outpu t o f the latte r se t o f option s represen t the time-average d values .
5 4P.6 5

4. 4 DISCUSSIO

NO F I/ O PARAMETER S Th e PEM-2 , designe d t o predic t short-ter m( 1 t o 2 4 hr ) averag e ground
leve l concentrations , assume s tha t emissio n rate s ar e constan t ove r the averaging perio d fo r NTOP T > 1 . Thi s ma yno t be a good assumptio n fo r case s wher e the emission s ar e strongl ytime-dependent . Fo r thes e cases , concentratio n estimate s ma ybe mad e fo r eac h hou r wit h NTOP T = 1 , using the appropriat e emission s dat a an d the mea n meteorologica l condition s fo r tha t hour . The n concentration s fo r a perio d longe r than an hou r ca n be determine d b

yaveraging the hourl yconcentration s o f tha t period . Thi s can b e don e externall ywit h minima l programming . Th e tap e outpu t optio n NTAPE= 1 ma

ybe use d t o stor e the hourl yconcentratio n data . Th e depositio n an

d sedimentatio n velocitie s o f the specie s an d the chemica l transformatio n rat e ar e als o assume d t o be constan t ove r the concentration-averaging period . I f i t i s importan t t o conside r the diurna l variation s o f thes e parameters , a procedur e simila r t o tha t describe d abov e fo r emission s ca

n be use d i n concentratio n calculations . Th e meteorologica l dat a inpu t t o PEM- 2 consis t o f atmospheri c stabilit y class , win

d speed , win

d direction , temperature , mixing height , an d the potentia l temperatur e gradien t i n the elevate d stabl e layer . Eac h o f thes e hourl ydat a set s i s called a scenario . Fo r a give n set-u p o f the recepto r grid , the patter n o f th e impacte d receptor s downwin d o f a sourc e depend s primaril yon the win d direction . Fo r urban-planning o r regulator y purposes , i t ma

ybe necessar

yt o investigat e the effect s o f differen t wind direction s on the calculate d concentratio n pattern s i n the recepto r grid . Th e PEM- 2 ha s an optio n whic h divide s eac h scenari o int o four sub
scenarios , eac h consisting o f the sam e hourl ymeteorologica l dat a excep t 5 5P.6 6

fo r the wind direction . Whe n the use r select s thi s automati c windshif t optio n (i.e. , NWDOP T > 1) , th e wind directio n fo r onl ythe firs t o f the fou r sub-scenario s i s specifie d b ythe user . Fo r eac h succeeding sub
scenario , the win

d directio n i s automaticall yshifte d clockwis e b ya fixe d numbe r o f degree s an d the concentratio n calculation s ar e repeated . Th e magnitud e o f thi s shif t ma ybe a s larg e a s 90 ° (fo r NWDOP T = 2) , o r a s smal l a s 5 ° (fo r NWDOP T = 7) . Th e calculate d concentrations , Cj^ , o f the specie s i n the PEM- 2 ar e

3 give n i n yg/ m; thes e ar e referre d t o a s uncalibrate d values , an d represen t onl ythe contribution s o f the source s t o the concentration s a t the recep tors . Th e use r ma

yad d the backgroun

d concentrations , o r expres s the calculate d concentration s i n part s pe r millio n o r percen t allowable , b ythe formul a C * = k ±

+ B ± - C ±

, i = 1 o r 2 ,
wher e k±

an d B. ^ ar e the user-specifie d calibratio n coefficient s (with * defaul t value s o f zero) , an d C ^ ar e the calibrate d concentration s o f the species . Depending on the valu e specifie d fo r NARRAY , the PEM- 2 outpu t ma y consis t o f arra

ymap s o f eithe r uncalibrate d value s o r calibrate d values , o r both , o f concentration s an d surfac e depositio n fluxes . Th e culpabilit ylis t outpu t option , NCSOPT , i s use d fo r evaluatio n o f contro l strategies . Whe n thi s optio n i s i n effect , the five poin t source s whic h contribute d mos t t o the tota l concentratio n a t eac h recepto r ar e identifie d an

d thei r percen t contribution s ar e printe d fo r eac h scenario . Thi s optio n ma

ybe use d fo r one o r two pollutants , bu t onl ywhe n the mode l calculate s hourl yconcentration s wit h the time-averaging optio n NTOP T = 1 . 5 6P.6 7

Base d on the numbe r o f pollutant s (NPOL = 1 o r 2 ) an d the chemica l transformation/deca yoptio n paramete r (ICT = 0 o r 1 ) specifie d i n the inpu t t o the model , the PEM- 2 progra mdoe s one o f the following :

1 . I f NPO L = 1 an

d ICT = 0 o r 1 , surfac e concentration s an d depositio n fluxe s o f one gaseou s o r particulat e pollutant , wit h the give n depositio n an

d settling velocities , VD 1 an d W l respectively , ar e calculated . I f ICT = 1 , the n chemica l deca yo f the pollutan t i s als o considere d i f the deca yrat e XK T > 0 . i s given . 2 . I f NPO L = 2 an

d IC T = 0 , surfac e concentration s an d depositio n fluxe s o f two differen t an d uncouple d gaseou s o r particulat e pollutan t specie s wit h the give n depositio n an d settling velocities , VD 1 an d W l (fo r species-1 ) an

d VD 2 an

d W 2 (fo r species-2 ) respectively , ar e calculated . Emissio n rate s fo r bot h specie s ma ybe different . Chemica l deca

yi s no t considere d fo r eithe r specie s eve n i f XK T > 0 . 3 . I f NPO L = 2 an

d IC T = 1 , the two gaseou s o r particulat e pollutan t specie s ar e coupled throug h a first-orde r chemica l transformation . Th e surfac e concentration s an d depositio n fluxe s o f bot h the primary pollutan t (species- 1 o r reactant ) a s wel l a s the secondar ypollutan t (species- 2 o r reactio n product ) ar e calculated . Th e chemica l transformatio n rat e (XK T > 0. ) shoul d be given . Non-zer o direc t emission s o f the secondar ypollutan t fromthe poin t and/o r are a source s ma

yals o b

e specifie d a s inpu t fo r thi s case . Th e specificatio n o f the depositio n an d gravitationa l settling veloci

tie s i n the mode l i s discusse d i n Appendi x C .



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mP.6 9

Exampl e 2(b ) Th e problemdescribe d above i s repeate d here , bu t wit h the standard (default ) plume ris e an d penetratio n scheme s i n PEM-2 ; al l o f the othe r input-optio n parameter s an d dat a remai n the same a s give n above , i n orde r t o facilitat e compariso n o f the surfac e concentration s calculate d b ythe "old " an

d "new " method s o f accounting fo r the plume ris e an d penetration . Th e maximu meffectiv e sourc e height s calculate d b ythe two method s ar e abou t the sam e fo r stac k 1 , bu t the ne wpenetratio n scheme (Exampl e 2a ) estimate s tha t onl y5 5 percen t o f the plume remain s i n the mixe d laye r an d contri

bute s t o the concentrations , wherea s the entir e plume remain s i n the mixe d laye r i n Exampl e 2b . Therefore , fo r stac k 1 , the concentration s calculate d i n Exampl e 2 b ar e nearl ytwic e a s larg e a s the corresponding value s i n Exampl e 2a . Fo r stac k 2 , the ne wscheme s giv e a large r effectiv e sourc e heigh t an d estimat e tha t onl y8 4 percen t o f the plume remain s withi n the mixe d layer ; therefore , the concentration s calculate d i n Exampl e 2 a ar e agai n smalle r than i n Exampl e 2b . Thi s compariso n clearl yillustrate s the nee d fo r the ne wplume ris e equation s whic h accoun t fo r the difference s betwee n unstabl e an d neutra l conditions , an d the ne wpene tratio n scheme s whic h conside r partia l plume penetratio n whil e accounting fo r the stratificatio n i n the elevate d stabl e layer . I n general , the standard "al l o r none " cri

terio n predict s mor e occurence s o f plume penetratio n (which result s i n zer o ground-leve l concentrations ) than the new penetratio n schemes ; th e Example s give n abov e ar e clearl y designe d t o sho wthe opposit e i n orde r t o facilitat e comparison . Exampl e 3 Thi s problemdeal s wit h on e larg e ground-leve l are a sourc e an

d thre e isolate d poin t sources . Th e averag e direc t emissio n rat e o f pollutant- 2 i s abou t 1 0 percen t (or less ) o f the emissio n rat e o f pollutant-1 . Th e chemi

ca l transformatio n rat e i s 5 percent/hour , an d the depo
sitio n parameter s ar e VD1=2.0 , Wl=0.0 , VD2=0.2 , an d W2=0. 0 cm/sec . Th e recepto r gri d ha s 2 5 column s an d 2 5 row s wit h 1. 5 k

m spacing . Si x scenarios , representing moderatel ystabl e conditions , lowtemperatures , an d variabl e win

d speed s an

d directions , ar e specified . Th e inpu t optio n NWP0PT= 1 i s elected ; thi s require s the us e o f site-specifi c value s fo r win d profil e exponent s an d anemomete r heigh t give n o n Card 7 . Th e atmospheri c potentia l temperatur e gradient s fo r E an d F stabilit y classe s ar e specifie d a s 0.01 5 an d 0.03 0 de g C/m , respecti

vely . Th e outpu t include s arra ymap s o f 6-hou

r averag e concentration s an

d depositio n fluxe s fo r eac h pollutant , an d the recepto r wit h the highes t concentration s fo r the averaging period . 5 9P.7 0

REFERENCE S Briggs , G . A. , 1969 : Plume Rise . AE C Critica l Revie wSeries . Availabl e a s TID-2507 5 fromNTIS , Springfield , VA , 8 1 pp .

, 1973 : Diffusio n estimatio n fo r smal l emissions . ATD L Annua l Report , NOAA , Oa k Ridge , TN , 83-146 .

, 1984 : Plume ris e an d buoyanc yeffects . Atmospheri c Scienc e an d Powe r Production , D . Randerson , ed. , DOE/TIC-27601 , Tech . Info . Center , Oak Ridge , TN , Chapte r 8 , 327-366 . Gifford , F . A. , an

d S . R . Hanna , 1970 : Urba n ai r pollutio n modeling . I n Proc . o f 2n

d Int . Clea n M r Congress , Washington , D.C .

, 1976 : Turbulen t diffusion-typing schemes : Areview . Nuclea r Safet y17 , 68-86 . Hosker , R . P. , 1973 : Estimate s o f dr ydepositio n ove r forest s an d grass land . Proc . IAE ASymposium , IAEA-SM-181/19 , Vienna , 291-309 . McElroy , J . L. , an

d F . Pooler , 1968 : St . Loui s dispersio n study . U.S . Publi c Healt h Service . Nationa l Ai r Pollutio n Contro l Administration , Publicatio n AP-53 , Vo l II , 5 1 pp . Rao , K . S. , 1981 : Analytica l solution s o f a gradient-transfe r mode l fo r plume depositio n an d sedimentation . EPA-600/3-82-079 , U.S . Environmenta l Protectio n Agency , Researc h Triangl e Park , NC , 7 5 pp . [NTI S P B 82-21 5 153] .

, 1982 : Plume concentratio n algorithm s wit h deposition , sedimentation , an

d chemica l transformation . EPA-600/3-84-042 , U.S . Environmenta l Protectio n Agency , Researc h Triangl e Park , NC , 8 7 pp . [NTI S P B 84-13 8 742] .

, an d M . M . Stevens , 1982 : Pollutio n Episodi c Mode l User' s Guide . EPA-600/8-84-008 , U.S . Environmenta l Protectio n Agency , Researc h Triangl e Park , NC , 186 , pp . [NTI S PB 84-16 4 128] . Texa s Ai r Contro l Board , 1979 : User's'Guide : Texa s Episodi c Model . Permit s Section , Austin , TX , 21 5 pp . Turner , D . B. , 1970 : Workboo k o f Atmospheri c Dispersio n Estimates . Publi c Healt h Service . Publicatio n No . 999-AP-26 , U.S . Environmenta l Protectio n Agency , Researc h Triangl e Park , NC , 8 4 pp .

, an d J . H . Novak , 1978 : User' s Guid e fo r RAM . EPA-600/8-78-016a , U.S . Environmenta l Protectio n Agency , Researc h Triangl e Park , NC , Vol . 1 , 6 0 pp .

6 0P.7 1

APPENDI X A

POIN T SOURC E ALGORITHM S

Th e algorithm s use d i n PEM- 2 t o calculat e ground-leve l concentration s o f gaseou s o r particulat e pollutant s release d fro man elevate d continuou s poin t sourc e ar e derive d b yRa o (1982) . Thes e algorithm s ar e base d o n a gradient-transfe r mode l whic h describe s the atmospheri c transport , dif

fusion , dr

ydeposition , sedimentation , an d a first-orde r chemica l transfor
matio n o f pollutants . Th e analytica l solution s o f the mode l ar e expresse d i n term s o f the empirica l Gaussia n plume dispersio n parameter s an d extende d t o variou s atmospheri c stabilit yan d mixing conditions . Detail s o f the mode l an

d the solution s can be foun d i n tha t reference . Her e w e onl ylis t th e parameterize d poin t sourc e algorithm s fo r the primar y(reactant ) an

d the secondar

y(reactio n product ) pollutants , denote d b ysubscript s 1 an

d 2 , respectively .

Fo r convenience , w e adop t the following nondimensionalizatio n scheme : Al l velocitie s ar e nondimensionalize d b yU , the constan t mea n win d speed . Th e horizonta l downwin d distanc e x an

d al l vertica l heigh t quantitie s ar e nondimensionalize d b y/I 0" z ; the chemica l transformatio n time scal e x i s nondimensionalize d b y/ 2 o z /U . Th e horizonta l crosswin d distanc e yi s nondimensionalize d b y/ 2 Oy . Thus , w e defin e



### 6 1P.7 2

wher e V = V / U, V

„ = V / U d l d l ' d 2 d2 7


## w x

## - w x 

## / u, w 2 

## = w 2 

## / u

A A A AA A V 

## l l " V 

## d l - V 2 

## • V 

## 12- V 

## 12-V 2

A A

A

A V 1 3 = V l l " (W 1 " W 2 ) / 2 (A_1 ) 

## v = v - W V = v - w 2 1 d l W l ' V 2 2 d 2 W 2



### = x//2 a z

### , 

### z = z//l z H = H// 2 a z, £ = L// 2 a z

x c = x c U// 2 a z , y= y// 2 a 2

H = effectiv e heigh t o f sourc e L = heigh t o f the inversio n li d o r mixing dept h ^H l ' ^AJ

= ^ r v*^ e

P os -'- t:: *- o

nvelocitie s o f primar yan d secondar

y pollutant s W , , W

_= gravitationa l settling velocitie s o f primar yan d secondarypollutan t particle s x , y , z = horizonta l downwind , horizonta l crosswind , an d vertica l coordinate s ay, a z= Gaussia n dispersio n parameter s i n yan d z direction s T C = characteristi c time scal e o f first-orde r chemica l

transformation . Th e nondimensiona l function s g^ i an d gi n use d i n Eq . (1 ) o f Sectio n 2.2. 1 ar e nowdefine d a s follows :

6 2P.7 3

.2 , gj(x,y ) = exp(
- y ) (A-2 ) g^(x,0 ) = 2 exp(-3 ^ - X/T C ) • ( 1 - o ^ (A-3 )

wher e a = 2/i T V x e erf c £ .

& l - W

t x - H

AA C t = H + 2 V nx (A-4 )
g ^ 2 (x,0 ) = 2 e " B r (Q 2 /Q i + Y ) 

### d " 

### a 2 

### )

- y exp(
- X/T C ) • ( 1 - a 3 )

- 2 H

- Y2/TT(V 2 1 - V 2 2 ) x • e - F^x.O ) (A-5 )

wher e a 2 = 2/TT V x e erf c E,

a

_= 2/TT V x e erf c £
-

3 2= W

£x - H

AA AA C 2= H + 2 V 1 2x , ? 3 = H + 2 V 1 3 5 (A-6 ) 6 3P.7 4

an d 1 ff -> o /HJUT: --£. A

, ~ H x t ex p I —- -*
-

cT C 

# * ? I " 1 - / 7 (5 4 - H//F ) e' 4 erf c ? 4 " I

£ l - /T T5 5 e erf c £ 5 J d t (A-7 )
wher e £ 4 = H// t + 2 V x / t

5 5 = 2 V 1 2x / l - t (A-8 )

I n Eq . (A-5) , Y i s the rati o o f molecula r weigh t o f the secondarypollutan t t o molecula r weigh t o f th e primar ypollutant , and Q 2 /Q , i s th e corresponding rati o o f emissio n rate s o f species . I n Eq . (A-7) , t i s a parameterize d dimensionles s variabl e o f integratio n wit h limit s o f 0 an d 1 . Th e nondimensiona l function s gl, an d g/ ~ use d i n Eq . (2 ) o f Sectio n 2.2. 1 ar e define d a s follows :

AA Fo r V d l # W j o r V 2 1 *0 ,

- 2 g'j(S ) - exp(-6 2 - i/T c ) [<V U / V 2 1 ) e * erf c 5 , ( A -9 )


### 3 2

- (Wj/2V 21 ) e" 1 erf c ^J


### 6 4P.7 5



### wher e £ , = 2 V. . x an d B i = W , x .

AA 

### Fo r V d l 

### = W l 

### o

r V ^ = 0 ,

g^(x ) = exp(-c j - X/T C 

### ) [ ( 1 + 2 n\) e l 

### erf c ^ - 2 ^//i r ] (A-10 )

AA A, _A 

### wher e £-= 2 V

. x = V,. x = W 1 x 

### *

Fo r V 2 1 

### *0 and V 2 2 

### * 0 ,

-8 . g^ 2 

### (x ) = e (Q 2 

### /Q i + 

### Y > (V 12 

### /V 22 

### ) e erf c ? 2 

### - (W 2 

### /2V 22 

### ) e 2 

### erf c B 2

-X/ T 

### - Y e C 2 

### B 2



### ( V n 

### / V 2 1 

### ) e 3 

### erf c C 3 

### - (W 2 

### / 2 V^ ) e 2 

### erf c B 2



### - Y 4/T T 

### (V 2 1 

### - V 2 2 

### ) x • F 2 

### (x ) (A-11 )

wher e £ 2 

### = 2 V- 2 

### x , B 2 

### = W 2 

### x

AA 

### ? 3 

### = 2 V 1 3 X

### , V 1 3 

### = V u 

### - (W x

### - W 2 

### )/ 2 (A-12 )

6 5P.7 6

F 2 ( x ) 

# = L . 

# r 1 

## J L 

# " 2 

# W o / r exp(-xt/ T ) J 1 - /I T%e erf c 5 , I

[(V 1 0 /V„ ) e 5 erf c ^ - (W 9 /2V 00 ) e 6 e L2 ' 22 ' ' 5 v" 2 "'22 ' 

## rf c 5 6 

## ]dt , (A-13 )

wher e 5 4 = ? 3 /t " , ? 5 = C 2 /l^t " , S & = B 2 /1- t (A-14 )

Fo r V 2 1 * 0 an

d V = 0 , 

## g£ 2 

## (x ) = e -5 . tQ 2 /Q l + Y ) ( 1 + 2 c 2 ) e 2 erf c 5 2 2 C 2 //T T

„ - * 2 9 

## " x/T 

## cI - - c

## 3 . . q Y e j (V 13 / V 21 ) e erf c C 3 " (W 2 /2V 21 ) e erf c ^ 2

- Y 4/ 7 V 2 1 x • F 2 (x ) (A-15 )

wher e 

# h = 2 V 

# 1 2 x= V 

# d 2 x

# = w 2 

# 5 = e 2 

# , e 3 

# = 2 v 1 3 

# s

F 2 (x ) 

### 2 

# - - J r J o / t 

# [

c L ' 4 c CLL U

## H J exp(-xt/ T ) 1 - /T T £ , e erf c ? ,

[ ( 1 + 2 £ 2 ) e 5 erf c 5 5 - 2 ^// u 1 dt , (A-16 ) 

### 6 6wit h 5 4 = £ 3 / t , C 5 = 5 2 /1- t



### Fo r V 9 1 

### = 0 and V 0 0 

### *0 , 2 1 2 2

§42 ( x ) = e 

### -5
- (Q 2 

### /Q i + Y ) (V 12 

### /V 22 

### ) e Z 

### erf c £ 2 

### - (W 2 

### /2V 22 

### ) e erf c £ 3

-X/ T 

### - Y e 5 2



### ( 1 + 2 £ 2 

### ) e 3 

### erf c ? 3 

### - 2 ^//i r

+ Y 4/T T 

### V 2 2 

### £ . F 2 

### (x ) (A-17 )
wher e C 2 

### = 2 V 1 2 

### x , ? 3 

### = 2 V.. , x = W 2 

### x = B 2 

### ,

an d F 2 

### (x ) i s give n b

yEq . (A-13) .

Fo r V2 1 = 0 and V 2 2 

### = 0 , 

## g^ 2 

## (x ) - [q 2 

## /Q 1 

## + Y( 1 " e~ x/T 

## c ) ] 

# -c ( 1 + 2 ? 2 

### ) e 2 

### erf c K 2 

### - 2 ^// 7 (A-18 )

wher e C o " 2 x —Ba «
6 7P.7 8

I n Eqs . (A-7) , (A-13) , an d (A-16) , t i s a parameterize d integratio n variable . Th e integran d function s i n thes e equation s hav e singularitie s a t the end-point s t= 0 an d t= l o f the integratio n domai n i t t . Becaus e o f thei r complexity , thes e integration s canno t be carrie d ou t analytically ; therefore , theyshoul d be evaluate d b ynumerica l integratio n t o a suf
ficientl yhig

h degre e o f accuracy . Acomputer-librarysubroutin e name d D01AJF , develope d b ythe Numerica l Algorithm s Grou

p (NAG) , i s utilize d i n PEM- 2 fo r the numerica l integration . Thi s genera l purpos e integrato r routine , whic h i s capabl e o f handling the singularities , ha s bee n selecte d becaus e o f it s accuracyan d applicability . I t estimate s the valu e o f a definit e integra l o f an externall ydefine d functio n ove r a finit e rang e t o a specifie d absolut e o r relativ e accuracy , using Gauss-Kronro d rule s i n an adaptiv e strateg ywit h extrapolation . Furthe r detail s o f thi s subroutin e can be foun d i n Appendi x D . I n the limit , whe n V = W . = 0 an

d T an d °° , the algorithm s fo r g ' , g 2 2 ' g 4 l * an d g 4 2 ( define d above ) reduc e t o the familia r Gaussian-plume diffusio n algorithm s currentl yuse d i n EPAai r qualit ymodels . Thu s the ne walgorithm s give n i n thi s sectio n ma ybe thoug

h o f a s extension s o f the latte r t o includ e deposition , sedimentation , an d chemica l transformation . I t shoul d be note d tha t the algorithm s fo r gl- . an d gl ? ar e als o use d i n Eq . (5 ) o f Sectio n 2.3. 2 t o calculat e ground-leve l concentration s fro m are a sources .



### 6 8P.7 9

REFERENC E

Rao , K . S. , 1982 : Plume Concentratio n Algorithm s wit h Depositio n Sedimentation , an

d Chemica l Transformation . EPA-600/3-84-042 , U.S . Environmenta l Protectio n Agency , Researc h Triangl e Park , NC , 8 7 pp . [NTI S PB 84-13 8 742] .



### 6 9P.8 0

APPENDI X B

PLUME RIS E EQUATION S AND PLUME PENETRATIO NMETHOD S

Th e variou s optiona l scheme s use d i n PEM- 2 fo r treatmen t o f the stack
plume downwash , plume ris e (including criteri a fo r the crossove r betwee n momentu man d buoyancy) , an

d plume penetratio n o f elevate d stabl e layer s ar e briefl ydescribe d an d the equation s liste d here . Fo r furthe r information , the use r shoul d consul t the reference s cited .

Stac k Downwas h
PEM- 2 provide s a defaul t optio n (NSTDWN=0 ) t o accoun t fo r the stack-ti p downwas h o f the plume , following Brigg s (1973) , a s follows : h ' = h + 2 ( R - 1.5 ) d , fo r R < 1. 5 s s '

h ' = h , fo r R > 1. 5 s s ' (B-l )

wher e R = V g / U an

d h ' > 0 i s the "reduced " physica l stac k height . Th e variou s symbol s ar e define d below . I f the use r specifie s NSTDWN=1 , the downwas h correctio n i s no t used .



### 7 0P.8 1

Plume Ris e

Th e plume ris e i s estimate d using Briggs ' (1969 , 1971 ) standard equation s i f the defaul t optio n NPRISE= 0 i s use d i n PEM-2 . Ther e ar e fou r differen t situation s fo r plume rise , an d the corresponding equation s can be writte n a s follows : 1 ) Fo r a buoyancy-dominate d plume i n unstable/neutra l atmosphere ,

Ah(x ) =1. 6 r}/3 x 2 / 3 U
_ 1 , fo r x < x (B-2 )

b max an d
A

h = 1. 6 F u 1 / 3 x 2 / 3 U
_ 1 , fo r x > x (B-3 )

b max = max wher e x =4 9 FT^ 8 , fo r F , < 5 5

ma x b b

2/ 5 an d x = 11 9 F ' , fo r F , I 5 5 ma x b b - (B-4 )

Not e tha t b

ysubstituting (B-4 ) i n (B-3) , the maximu mplum e ris e can als o be expresse d a s

(B-5 )

A h = 21.42 5 F 3/ AU* , fo r F L < 5 5

b b

an d A

h = 38.7 1 F 3 / 5 U
_ 1 , fo r F bl 5 5

2 ) Fo r a momentum-dominate d plume i n unstable/neutra l atmosphere ,

Ah(x ) = 1.8 9 [R 2 d/(R+3)] 2/ 3 x 1 / 3 , fo r x < x (B-6 ) ma x



### 7 1P.8 2

an d A

h = 3 R d , fo r x > x (B-7 )
= max wher e x = 4d(R+3) 2 / R an d R = V

/ U(B-8 ) ma x s 3 ) Fo r a buoyancy-dominate d plum e i n stabl e atmosphere , Ah(x ) = 1. 6 F}/3 X 2 / 3 U* , fo r X < X (B-9 )

b max 1/ 3 an d A

h = 2. 6 (F,/ U s ) , fo r x > x (B-10 )

b ' ' = ma x '
wher e x = 2.071 5 Us 1/ 2 (B-ll )

ma x

an d s = (g/ T ) 9 9 /3 z (B-12 ) 3 a I n (B-12) , 3 0 /9 z > 0 i s the vertica l gradien t o f potentia l temperatur e i n

a stabl e atmosphere . It s valu e ma yb e specifie d b

ythe user ; otherwise , PEM- 2 use s the defaul t value s o f 0.0 2 an d 0.035°K/ mfo r E an d F stabilit y classes , respectively . 4 ) Fo r a momentum-dominate d plume i n stabl e atmosphere ,

A h = 1. 5 (F m /U) 1 / 3 s" 1/ 6 (B-13 )

an d x = 0

ma x Fo r thi s case , ther e i s no expressio n give n fo r Ah(x ) sinc e (B-13 ) i s assume d t o appl yfo r al l value s o f x . Th e smalle r o f the tw o A h value s calculate d from(B-7 ) an d (B-13 ) i s take n a s the fina l plume ris e i n thi s case .



### 7 2P.8 3

- Afte r calculating the maximu mplume ris e fromone o f the equation s above , the effectiv e sourc e heigh t can be obtaine d from H = h * + A

h s Th e variable s use d i n the equation s liste d above ar e define d here :

F 

### b

F m


### d g h s h ' 

### s 

### H s =
=
=

=
=
=

=
=
= 0.2 5 (g/ T ) V

d 2 A T s s 4 3 plume buoyancyflu

x a t stac k exit , m/ s 0.2 5 ( T / T ) V 2 d 2 a s s plume momentu

mflu x a t stac k exit , m

/ s insid e diamete r o f stack-tip , m 2 acceleratio n du e t o gravity , 9. 8 m/ s physica l stac k height , m "reduced " physica l stac k heigh t fo r downwas h cases , m effectiv e sourc e height , m

- 2 stabilit yparameter , s give n
(B-14 )

(B-15 )
(B-16 )

T = atmospheri c temperature , ° K T = plume temperatur e a t stac k exit , ° K s U= mea n win

d spee d a t physica l stac k height , m/ s V = plume velocit ya t stac k exit , m/ s
x = downwin

d distanc e fro

mstack , m x = downwin

d distanc e a t maximu mplum e rise , m max r ' Ah(x ) = distance-dependen t plume rise , m A h = maximu

mo r fina l plume rise , m A T = T - T , plum

e temperatur e excess , ° K s a

7 3P.8 4

Crossove r Betwee n Momentu man d Buoyanc y

I n orde r t o properl yus e the plume ris e equation s give n above , on e shoul d kno wwhethe r the plume i s dominate d b ymomentu

mo r buoyancy . Thi s determinatio n i s generall ybased o n the crossove r temperatur e difference , (AT ) . Analyti c expression s fo r (AT ) can be derived , fo r give n c c atmospheri c conditions , b ysetting the maximu mplume ris e equatio n fo r the buoyancy-dominate d plume equa l t o the corresponding equatio n fo r the momentum-dominate d plume . Fo r unstable/neutra l atmosphere , equating (B-5 ) t o (B-7) , w e obtai n the expression s (AT ) = .0296 4 T V 1 / 3 d" 2/3 , fo r F u < 5 5 (B-17 ) c s s b an d (AT ) = .0057 5 T V 2 / 3 d" 1/3 , fo r F L > 5 5 (B-18 ) c s s b = Fo r stabl e atmosphere , equating (B-10 ) t o (B-13) , w e obtai n the expressio n (AT ) = .0195 7 T V s 1 / 2 (B-19 ) c a s Fo r an ygive n atmospheri c stability , the plume i s assume d t o be buoyancy-dominate d i f T > T an d A T = T - T exceed s the crossove r tem s a s a peratur e differenc e (AT ) calculate d fro mthe appropriat e expressio n give n above . I f T < T o r i f A T < (AT ) , the plume i s assume d t o be momentum s = a = c dominated . Fro m(B-15) , (B-17 ) an d (B-18) , the crossove r criteri a fo r unstable/neutra l atmospher e ma yals o be expresse d i n terms o f the crossove r plume-buoyanc yflux , ( F ) , a s follows :
7 4P.8 5

(F. ) = .072 7 ( V

d) 4 / 3 , fo r F u < 5 5 (B-20 ) b e s b (F. ) = .014 1 ( V

d) 5 / 3 , fo r F u > 5 5 (B-21 ) D C S D = I f F > 0 an

d F > (F , ) , then the plume i s buoyancy-dominated ; otherwise , D b b c i t i s momentum-dominated . Similarly , fro

m(B-12 ) an

d (B-19) , the crossove r criteri a fo r stabl e condition s can b

e expresse d i n term s o f the crossove r plume velocity , ( V ) , a s follows : s c 1/ 2 ( V ) = 115.2 8 AT/ T ' fo r E-stabilit y
( V ) = 87.1 4 AT/T 1/ 2 fo r F-stabilit y s c a (B-22 )

Th e defaul t value s o f 0.0 2 an d 0.035°K/ mfo r E an d F stabilit yclasses , respectively , ar e assume d fo r 3 8 /3 z i n the abov e expressions . I f the a value s specifie d b

ythe use r ar e significantl ydifferent , the n the following genera l expressio n ma ybe utilized : ( V ) = 16.3 0 AT/( T 3 8 /3z) X ' 2 (B-23 ) s c a a I f ( V ) > 0 an

d V < ( V ) , the n the plume i s buoyancy-dominated ; other
s c ss c J J wise , i t i s momentum-dominated .

Ne wPlume Ris e Equation s

Fo r a buoyancy-dominate d plume , the maximu mplume ris e give n b y(B-5 ) compromise s substantia l difference s betwee n unstabl e (convective turbulence ) an d neutra l (mechanica l turbulence ) atmospheri c conditions . Th e invers e 7 5P.8 6



### dependenc e o f fina l plum e ris e o n win d spee d i n (B-5 ) i s rathe r simplistic , an d th e equation s ma yseriousl yoverpredic t A hfo r low-leve l source s a t hig hwin d speeds . PEM- 2 provide s a n optio n (NPRISE=1 ) t o us e Briggs 1 

### (1975 , 1984 ) ne w equation s t o estimat e th e maximu m ris e o f a buoyancy-dominate d plum e i n unstable/neutra l atmosphere . Th e ne wplume-ris e equation s sho wa weake r dependenc e o f Aho n Ui n unstabl e condition s and a considerabl ystronge r dependenc e o n Ui n neutra l conditions . Thes e equations , whic hcontai n th e minimumessentia l physic s wit hth e maximu mallowabl e simplifications , ca n b e writte n a s follows : Fo r unstabl e atmosphere , A h= 3 0 (F , /U) 3 / 5 

### , fo r x> x(B-24 )

b= ma x wher e x=81. 2 F 2 / 5 

### U 3 / 5 

### (B-25 ) ma xb Fo r neutra l atmosphere ,

A h= 2 4 ( F /U3) 3 / 5 

### ( h 

### » + 20 0 F,/U 3 

### ) 2 / 5 

### , fo r x± xav

### (B-26 ) D 

### s o ma x wher e x ^ = 58. 1 (F b 

### /U 3 

### ) 2/ 5 

### (h £ + 20 0 F b 

### /U 3 

### ) 3 / 5 

### (B-27 )

I n PEM-2 , fo r unstable/neutra l conditions , A hi s evaluate d fro m

bot h (B-24 ) and (B-26) , and th e lowe r o f thes e tw o value s i s selecte d a s th e maximu m buoyanc yris e o f th e plume . Generally , (B-24 ) give s th e lowe r A h valu e fo r lo wwin d speeds , and (B-26 ) give s th e lowe r valu e fo r hig hwin d speeds . Th e maximumbuoyanc yris e thu s determine d i s the n compare d wit h th e maximummomentumris e o f th e plum e evaluate d fro m(B-7) , and th e highe r o f thes e tw o value s i s selecte d a s th e maximu mplum e rise . Th e
7 6P.8 7

distanc e t o the maximu mplume rise , x , i s the n obtaine d fro mone o f the ma x equation s (B-8) , (B-25) , an d (B-27 ) tha t i s appropriat e fo r the selecte d fina l plume rise . Fo r x < x , the distance-dependen t plume ris e i s

r max determine d fro

m(B-2) , a s before . Thi s procedur e wa s suggeste d b yTurne r (1985) .
Plume Penetratio n o f Elevate d Stabl e Laye r

Th e daytime turbulen t mixe d laye r wit h a near-adiabati c laps e rat e abov e the groun

d i s frequentl ybounde d b ya thic k laye r o f stably-stratifie d ai r aloft . Thi s situatio n als o occur s i n the marin e inversio n laye r i n some coasta l areas . Th e elevate d stabl e laye r the n effectivel ylimit s ver tica l dispersio n t o the mixe d laye r o f dept h L . Abuoyan t plume rising int o a convectivel yo r mechanicall ymixe d laye r ma ypartiall yo r completel y penetrat e the capping stabl e layer , depending on the stratificatio n strengt h an

d elevatio n o f the latte r wit h respec t t o the plume . Th e defaul t penetration-optio n (NINPEN=0 ) i n PEM- 2 doe s no t conside r partia l penetratio n o f the elevate d stabl e layer . I f the maximu meffectiv e sourc e height , H = h ' + Ah , exceed s the mixing dept h L , the n the pollutant s s ar e assume d t o be emitte d int o the stabl e laye r aloft ; thes e pollutant s wil l no t be brough t t o the groun d and , therefore , the sourc e i s ignored . I f H £ L , the n the plum e i s assume d t o b

e trappe d withi n the mixe d laye r wit h n o abilit yt o penetrat e the stabl e laye r aloft . Thi s treatment , whic h assume s eithe r complet e penetratio n o f the elevate d stabl e laye r or n o penetratio n a t all , i s simila r t o tha t use d i n EPAai r qualit ymodel s suc h a s CRSTER .
7 7P.8 8

PEM- 2 provide s an optio n (NINPEN=1 ) t o us e newpenetratio n scheme s tha t allo wconsideratio n o f the strengt h o f stratificatio n o f the elevate d stabl e laye r i n estimating the exten t o f it s penetratio n b ya buoyancy
dominate d plume i n unstable/neutra l atmosphere . Thes e schemes , base d on th e wor k o f Brigg s (1975 , 1984) , Wei l an d Browe r (1982) , Turne r (1985) , an d others , ar e briefl ydescribe d below . Fo r a buoyan t bent-ove r plume , the penetratio n criteri a ar e base d o n the height s o f the uppe r an d lowe r edge s o f the plume a t fina l rise , rela
tive t o the stabl e laye r height , z' , abov e the stack :

z, ' = L - h (B-28 ) i s Base d on fiel d observations , Brigg s approximate d the height s (above the stack ) o f the uppe r an d lowe r edge s o f the bent-ove r plume b y1. 5 A h an d 0. 5 Ah , respectively , wher e A h i s the fina l ris e o f the plume . Penetratio n commence s onl ywhe n the uppe r edg e o f the plume i s a t the to p o f the mixe d layer , i.e. , 1. 5 A

h = z J o r A h = (2/3 ) zJ . Therefore , the minimu meffec
tiv e plume centerlin e heigh t necessar yt o conside r penetratio n i s give n b y
H = h + (2/3 ) z ' (B-29 ) pe n s i wher e H i s referre d to , hence , a s the penetratio n height . I f the effee
pe n tiv e sourc e height , H , estimate d fro mth e standard o r newplume-ris e formula s give n above , i s les s than H , the n n o penetratio n occurs . I f H > H , 6 pen ' ^ = pen ' the n the fractio n o f the plume tha t penetrate s the elevate d stabl e laye r i s compute d a s give n below .



### 7 8P.8 9

Following Briggs , w e defin e the plume penetratio n fraction , P , a s the rati o o f the dept h o f the plume above the elevate d stabl e laye r t o the tota l plume depth :

P = (1. 5 A

h - Z p/(1.5A

h - 0. 5 Ah ) = 1. 5 - z|/A h (B-30 )

A s a simpl e an

d conservativ e approac h t o estimat e the fina l plume rise , Brigg s assume d tha t the mixe d laye r i s stably-stratifie d wit h th e same atmospheri c potentia l temperatur e gradient , 3 8 ,/3z , a s tha t i n the ele
vate d stabl e layer . Thu s A h i n (B-30 ) i s estimate d fro man expressio n simila r t o (B-10 ) fo r a buoyancy-dominate d plume I n stabl e atmosphere :
A h = 2.6(F,/ U s , ) 1 / 3 (B-31 )

b i wher e s , = (g/ T ) 3 8 /3 z (B-32 ) i a a i Th e valu e o f the atmospheri c potentia l temperatur e gradien t i n the elevate d stabl e laye r i s specifie d b ythe use r i n PEM-2 ; i f i t i s no t specified , a defaul t valu e o f 0.0l°C/ m(corresponding t o an isotherma l atmosphere ) wil l be assume d b

ythe model . Thi s approac h i s conservativ e sinc e the plume ris e thu s estimate d wil l be muc h lowe r than tha t compute d using a near adiabati c laps e rat e whic h i s appropriat e fo r the mixe d layer . Th e plume penetratio n fractio n P i s calculate d fro m(B-30 ) an

d (B-31 ) suc h tha t 0 ^ P ^ 1 . No penetratio n (P=0 ) i s assume d t o occur whe n the plume uppe r edg e i s a t o r belowthe to p o f the mixe d layer , i.e. , A h < (2/3)z' . Complet e penetratio n (P=l ) occur s whe n the lowe r edg e o f the plume i s a t o r abov e the to

p o f the mixe d layer , i.e. , A h > 2z' . Partia l penetratio n ( 0 < P < 1 ) occur s fo r 0. 5 A h < z ' < 1. 5 Ah .

7 9P.9 0

I n PEM-2 , w e assume tha t onl ythe fractio n (1-P ) o f the plume materia l remaining withi n the mixe d laye r contribute s t o the ground-leve l con centration s (GLC) ; essentially , the fractio n P o f the plume materia l i s lost . Th e effectiv e sourc e strength , Q . , i s the n give n b y Q e k = (1-P ) \ , k = 1, 2 (B-33 ) wher e Q i s the emissio n rat e o f species- k fromthe stack . I n the con K . centratio n algorithms , the effectiv e sourc e heigh t H represent s onl ythe heigh t o f the centerlin e o f the plume , an d no t the height s o f it s uppe r an d lowe r edges , whe n the plume i s withi n the mixe d layer . Fo r partia l penetratio n cases , therefore , a ne weffectiv e sourc e heigh t ( H ) shoul d be determine d fo r the fractio n o f the plume remaining withi n the mixe d layer . First , w e conside r the two limiting cases , P* 0 an d P+l . Fo r P-K) , H i s obviousl ygive n b

yH , the penetratio n heigh t define d i n (B-29) . A s P * • 1 , the neweffectiv e sourc e heigh t shoul d approac h L , o r H •*• h + z ' from(B-28) , G S 1 sinc e the smal l fractiona l plume o f thicknes s (l-P)A h tha t i s lef t a t the top o f the mixe d laye r vanishe s i n the limi t P+l . Now , fromsimpl e geometri c considerations , a genera l expressio n fo r H vali d fo r an

yvalu e o f P ( 0 < P < 1 ) can be writte n a s H = h + [z

J - 0. 5 (l-P)Ah ] e s i Substituting A

h = z'/(1.5-P ) from(B-30 ) i n the above , w e obtai n
H = h + [(1-0. 5 P)/(1.5-P)]z. ' (B-34 ) e s I Thi s equatio n fo r H i s consisten t wit h the definitio n o f P , an d als o satisfie s the limiting behavior , fo r P= 0 an d P=l , discusse d above . Th e elevation s (abov

e the stack ) o f the uppe r an d lowe r edge s o f the plume 8 0P.9 1

materia l whos e centerlin e i s give n b y(B-34 ) ar e z ' an

d z'/(3-2P) , respec tively . Th e soli d line s i n Figur e (B-l ) showthe variation s o f normalize d elevation s o f the centerlin e an d edge s o f thi s plume a s function s o f P . Equatio n (B-34 ) fo r H differ s fro mtha t give n b

yWei l an

d Browe r (1982) , e wh o interpolate d linearl ybetwee n the limiting value s o f H a t P= 0 an d P=l , a s follows : H = h + [(2+P)/3]z. ' (B-35 ) e s 1 Th e elevation s o f the uppe r an d lowe r edge s o f the plume whos e centerlin e i s give n b

y(B-35 ) ar e z. ' an

d (l+2P)z'/3 , respectively . Figur e (B-l ) show s the centerlin e an d lowe r edg e o f thi s plume i n broke n lines . I t i s clea r that , thoug

h bot h (B-34 ) an

d (B-35 ) giv e the same value s fo r H a t P= 0 an d P=l , the linea r mode l consistentl yoverpredict s the effectiv e sourc e heigh t o f the fractiona l plume lef t i n the mixe d laye r fo r 0 < P < 1 . A t P=0.5 , fo r example , (B-35 ) overpredict s H b yabou t 1 1 percent , an d th e elevatio n o f the lowe r edg e i s overestimate d b yabou t 3 3 percent . Fo r 0 < P < 1 , the distanc e downwin d fromthe stac k t o the locatio n wher e the ne weffectiv e sourc e heigh t H occur s can be obtaine d b yequating the plume ris e fro

m(B-34 ) t o th

e distance-dependen t plum e ris e give n b

y (B-2 ) an

d solving fo r x :

x = [(l-0.5P)z ' U/ 1.6(1.5-P)] 3/ 2 F" 1/ 2 (B-36 ) max l o Fo r x < x , the plum e ris e i s predicte d fro m(B-2) ; fo r x > x , H i s ma x = max e give n b y(B-34) . Th e variou s formula s fo r computing the effectiv e sourc e heigh t an d effectiv e sourc e strengt h can b e summarize d a s follows : 8 1t o 0> I 1. 2
1. 0 0. 8 - PLUM E UPPE R EDG E (TO P O F MIXE D LAYER ) (B-35 ) --- •



### 0. 6

^ 0. 4
0. 2
0 0 PLUM E LOWE R EDG E



### 0. 2 0. 4 0. 6 0. 8 1. 0 Figur e (B-l) . Variatio n o f th e elevatio n (abov e th e stack ) o f th e fractiona l plum e

lef t withi n the mixe d laye r a s a functio n o f th e plum e penetratio n fraction . Soli d line s sho wth e plum e centerlin e give n b yEq . (B-34)- , an d uppe r an

d lowe r edge s o f th e plum e fo r the partia l penetratio n mode l use d i n PEM-2 . Broke n line s sho wth e correspondin g plum e centerlin e give n b yEq . (B-35) , an

d th e lowe r edg e fro mth e linea r interpolatio n mode l o f Wei l an d Browe r (1982) . Th e plum e uppe r edg e i s th e sam e i n bot h models .P.9 3

(a ) Fo r H < H , the plum e doe s no t penetrat e the elevat t pe n an d penetratio n nee d no t b e
H = H e Q e k = Q k ' considered .

k = 1, 2 (b ) Fo r H > H , the plume penetratio n fractio n P shoul d (B-30 ) an

d (B-31) . Then , depending on the valu e applies : (i ) Fo r P=l , the entir e the sourc e i s ignore d sinc e

H > L e = 

## "e k 

## ' ° (ii ) Fo r P=0 , the entir e contribute s t o the GLC .

H = H e pe n Q e k = Q k (iii ) Fo r 0 < P < 1 , the layer ; onl ythe fractio n (1
- contribute s t o the GLC . plume penetrate s the i t doe s no t contribu t

plume remain s withi n

plume partiall ypene t o f P , on e

elevate d e t o the (

the mixe d

rate s the -P ) o f the plume materia l lef t

H = h + [(1-0.5P)/(1.5-P)]z ' e s i Q e k = (1-P ) Q k Fo r case s (ii ) an

d (iii) , the downwin d distanc e x sourc e heigh t i s estimate d f "ro m(B-36) .

8 3 id stabl e layer ,

be compute d (B-37 )

from o f the following

stabl e layer , JLC .

laye r an

d 

### an d

(B-38 )

(B-39 ) elevate d stabl e L n the mixe d

: t o the effectiv e max laye r

(B-40 )P.9 4

REFERENCE S Briggs , G . A. , 1969 : Plume Rise . AE C Critica l Revie wSeries . Availabl e a s TID-2507 5 fromNTIS , Springfield , VA , 8 1 pp .

, 1971 : Some recen t analyse s o f plume ris e observations . Proc . o f 2n d Int . Clean Ai r Congress , H . M . Englun d an d W . T . Beery , eds . Academi c Press , Ne wYork , 1029-1032 .

, 1973 : Diffusio n estimatio n fo r smal l emissions . ATD L Annua l Report , NOAA , Oak Ridge , TN , 83-146 .

, 1975 : Plum

e ris e predictions . Lecture s o n Ai r Pollutio n an d Environmenta l Impac t Analysis , D . A . Haugen , ed . Amer . Meteorol . Soc , Boston , MA , 59-111 .

, 1984 : Plume ris e an d buoyanc yeffects . Atmospheri c Scienc e an d Powe r Production , D . Randerson , ed . DOE/TIC-27601 , Tech . Info . Center , Oa k Ridge , TN , Chapte r 8 , 327-366 . Turner , D . B. , 1985 : Propose d pragmati c methods-fo r estimating plume ris e an d plume penetratio n through atmospheri c layers . Atmos . Environ . 19 , 1215-1218 . Weil , J . C , an

d R . B . Brower , 1982 : Th e Maryland PPS P Dispersio n Mode l fo r Tal l Stacks . Repor t PPSP-MP-36 , Environ . Center , Marti n Mariett a Corp. , Baltimore , MD .



### 8 4APPENDI X C

SURFAC E DEPOSITIO

NFLUXES , AN

D DEPOSITIO

NAN D SETTLIN

G VELOCITIE S

C l SURFAC E DEPOSITIO NFLUXE S Th e surfac e depositio n fluxe s o f the primar yan d the secondar

y pollutant s a t groun d leve l receptor s ar e calculate d directl ya s 

## Vx.y ) = V d l 

## * *Vx,y,0 ) (C-1 )

D 2 (i,y ) = V d 2 - C 2 (5,y,0 ) (C-2 )
D ^ give s the amoun t o f pollutan t i deposite d pe r uni t tim e pe r uni t

2 surfac e area , an

d i s usuall ycalculate d i n the shor t ter ma s yg/ m-hr o r 2 2 kg/k m-hr , whil e seasona l estimate s ar e expresse d a s kg/k m-month . Th e estimatio n o f the monthl yo r yearl ysurfac e depositio n fluxe s a t a give n downwin d distanc e x fro

mthe sourc e i n a give n wind-directiona l secto r require s the knowledg e o f the fractio n o f the tim e tha t a mean win

d o f a give n magnitud e blow s i n tha t directio n i n a mont h o r a year , respectively . 2 3 T o obtai n D-

^ i n kg/k

m-h r whe n V<j i i s give n i n cm/ s an d C ^ i n yg/ m, the right-han

d side o f the equation s shoul d be multiplie d b y0.036 . T o obtai n 2 3 D- £ i n yg/ m-hr whe n V ^ i s give n i n cm/ s an d C. ^ i n yg/ m, the corresponding multiplicatio n facto r i s 36 . Fo r D ^ calculations , the ground-leve l recepto r i s generall ydefine d a s an yrecepto r whic h i s no t highe r than 1 mete r above the loca l ground-leve l elevation . 

### 8 5P.9 6

PEM- 2 calculate s the surfac e depositio n fluxe s o f on e o r two pollutants . Thes e value s ar e printe d i n a ma p o r lis t form , a s specifie d b ythe user , i n the same waythe progra mprint s the concentrations . Th e 2 flux unit s ar e generall yyg/ m-hr ; however , i f thes e value s ar e to o larg e t o be clearl yprinte d i n a ma p format , the progra mautomaticall yconvert s 2 themInt o kg/k

m-hr befor e printing .

C. 2 DEPOSITIO

NAN D SETTLIN

G VELOCITIE S Th e value s o f the settling an d depositio n velocitie s primaril ydepen d on the particl e diamete r d . (i ) I n the trivia l cas e o f W = V ^ = 0 , settling an

d depositio n effect s ar e negligible , (ii ) Fo r ver ysmal l particle s ( d < 0. 1 ym) , gravitationa l settling can be neglected , an d dr y depositio n occur s primaril ydu e t o nongravitationa l effects . I n thi s case , W = 0 bu t V<

- > 0 . (iii ) Fo r smal l t o medium-size d particle s ( d =0. 1 ~ 50ym) , 0 < W < V^ ; depositio n i s enhance d her e beyon d tha t du e t o gravitationa l settling , primaril ybecaus e o f increase d turbulen t transfe r resulting from surfac e roughness , (iv ) Fo r large r particle s ( d > 5 0 ym) , i t i s generall y assume d tha t V j = W > 0 , sinc e gravitationa l settling I s the dominan t depo
sitio n mechanism . (v ) Whe n W > V , > 0 , turbulen t re-entrainmen t o f the deposite d particle s fromth e surfac e bac k int o the atmospher e i s implied , a s i n a dus t storm , fo r example . Mode l parameter s suc h a s thos e give n abov e fo r case s (i ) t o (iv ) ar e widel yuse d i n the atmospheri c dispersio n an d depositio n o f particulat e material . Th e depositio n o f gase s i s a spe cia l cas e o f the particulat e problemwit h W = 0 ; thi s i s simila r t o cas e (ii) . Thus , on e ha s t o carefull yselec t the value s o f W an d V< - fo r us e i n the models . Amor e complet e discussio n o f thes e mode l parameter s i s give n b yRa o (1982) . 8 6P.9 7

REFERENC E
Rao , K . S. , 1982 : Plume Concentratio n Algorithm s wit h Deposition , Sedimentation , an

d Chemica l Transformation . EPA-600/3-84-042 , U.S . Environmenta l Protectio n Agency , Researc h Triangl e Park , NC , 8 7 pp . [NTI S PB 84-13 8 742] .



### 8 7P.9 8
APPENDI

X D

DOIAJ F - NA G FORTRA N Librar y Routine Documen t
NOTE ' befor

e usingthi s routine , pleas e rea d th e appropriate implementatio ndocumentt o checkth e interpretationo f bol d italicised term s and otherimplementation-dependen tdetails . Th e routin e nam e may b e precision-dependen L 1 . Purpos e DOIAJ F i s ageneral-purpos e integrato rwhic h calculate s a napproximatio nto th e integra l o f afunctio n F(jr) ove rafinite interva l (A,B) : B / - f F(x) dx. 2. Specificatio n SUBROUTIN E DOIAJ F (F . A . B . EPSABS . EPSRE U RESULT , ABSERR , I W , LW , IW , LIW , IFAIL ) C INTEGE RLW , IW(LIW) , LIW , IFAI L C real

F , A . B , EPSABS , EPSREL , RESULT , ABSERR . W(LW ) C EXTERNA L F

3 . Descriptio n DOIAJF is based upo nth e QUADPAC K{3 ] routin e DQAGS . I ti s a nadaptiv e routine , usin g th e Gaus s 10-poin tan d Kronro d 21-poin trules . Th e algorithm , describe d in[1] , incorporate s a globa l acceptance criterio n(a s define d b y Malcol m an

d Simpso n[2] ) togethe rwith th e .r—algorith

m [4 ] t o perfor m extrapolation . Th e local erro restimatio ni s describe d in{3] . Th e routine i s suitabl e a s ageneral purpos e integrator , an

d ca nb e use d whe nth e integran d ha s singularities , especiall y whe nthes e ar e o f algebrai co

rlogarithmi ctype . 4 . Reference s [I ] DEDONCKER . E . A nAdaptive Extrapolatio nAlgorith m for Automati cIntegration . Signum Newslette r13 , No . 2 , pp . 12-18 , 1978 . [2 ] MALCOLM . M.A . an d SIMPSON . R.B . Loca l versus Globa l Strategie s forAdaptiv e Quadrature . A.C.M . Trans . Math . Softwar e 1 , pp . 129-146 . 1976 . [3 ] PIESSENS . R. . D E DONCKER , E. , U BERHUBER . C . and KAHANER . D . •QUADPACK" , A Quadratur e Subroutin e Package . T o b e published , 1980 . (4 ) WYNN . P

. OnaDevic

e forComnutin gthe e (S ) Transformation . MXA.C , 10 , pp . 91-96 , 1956 . 5 . Paramelers F - real FUNCTION , supplie d b y th e user . F mus tretur nth e valu e o f

th e integran d a l a give npoint . It s specificatio nis : real FUNCTIO N F(X ) real X X - real. Onentry . X specifie s th e poin tatwhic h th e integrand valu e i

s require d b y DOIAJF . X mustno tbe resetby F . F mus tbe declare d a s EXTERNA L i nth e (sub)program fro

m which DOIAJ F is called . A - real. Onentry , A mustspecif y th e lowe rlimi to f integration . Unchange d o

nexit . B - real. Onentry , B mustspecif y th e upperlimi to f integration . Unchange d o

nexit . EPSAB S -real. O nentry , EPSAB S mustspecif y th e absolut e accuracy required . I

f EPSAB S i s negative , th e absolute value i

s used . Se cSectio n10 . Unchange d o

nexit . 8 8P.9 9

EPSRE L -real. Onentry , EPSRE L mus tspecif y th e relativ e .a-ccurac y required . I f

EPSRE L i s negative , th e absolute valu e i s used . Se e Sectio n10 . Unchanged o

nexit . RESUL T -real. Onexit , RESUL T contain s th e approximatio nt o th e integra

l / . ABSER R- real. O nexit , ABSER Rcontain s a nestimat e o f th e modulus of

th e absolut e error , whic h shoul d b e anuppe rboun d fo r\I— RESULT| . W - real arra y of DIMENSIO N (LW) . Use d a s workspace . LW - INTEGER . Onentry . LW mus tspecif y th e dimensio no f

W a s declared i

nth e callin g(sub)program . LW/ 4 i s a nuppe rboun d fo rth e numbe rof

subinterval s into whic h th e interva l o f

integratio ni s divided . A value inth e rang e 80 0 t o 200 0 i s adequat e fo r mostproblems . Th e mor e difficul tth e integrand , th e largerL

W shoul d be . Triviall y LW > : 4 . Se e IW below . LW i s unchanged o h exit . I W - INTEGE Rarra y o f DIMENSIO N (LIW) . Use d as workspace . Onexit , IW(1 ) contain s th e amoun to f real workspac e actuall y use d (th e smalles tpossibl e valu e of LW) . LIW-INTEGER . Onentry , LIW mus tspecif y th e dimensio no f IW , as declared i nth e callin g(sub)program . LIW > LW/ 8 + 2 . Unchange d o

nexit . IFAIL-INTEGER . Befor e entry . IFAI L mus tb e assigne d avalue . Foruser s no tfamilia rwith thi s paramete r (described inChapte rP01 ) th e recommende d value i s 0 . Unles s the routin e detect s anerror(se cnex t section) . IFAI L contain s 0 o nexit . 6 . Erro rIndicator s an d Warning s Error s delecte d bvth e routine: - IFAI L - 1 Th e maximum numbe ro f subdivision s allowe d with th e give nworkspac e ha s bee nreache d withou tth e accurac y requirement s bein g achieved . Loo ka tth e integran d i norde rt o determin e th e integratio ndifficulties . I f th e positio no f

aloca l difficulty withi nth e interva l ca nb e determine d (e.g . asingularit y o f th e integran d o rit s derivative , apeak , a discontinuity... ) on e wil l probabl y gai nfro m splittin gu

p th e interval atthi s poin tand callin g th e integrato ronth e subranges . I f necessary , anothe rintegrato rwhic h i s designe d fo r handlin gth e typ e o f

difficulty involved , mus tb e used . Alternativel y conside rrelaxin gth e accuracy requirements specifie d b y EPSAB S and EPSREL , o rincreasin gth e amoun to f workspace . IFAI L - = 2 Roundof f erro rprevents th e requeste d toleranc e fro

m bein gachieved . Th e erro rma y b e under-estimated . Conside rrequestin gles s accuracy . IFAI L - 3 Extremely bad local integran d behaviou r cause s aver

y stron gsubdivisio naroun d on e (o r more ) point

s o f th e interval . Th e sam e advic e applie s as i

nth e cas e of

IFAI L = I . IFAI L - 4 Th e requested toleranc e canno tb e achieved , becaus e th e extrapolatio ndoe s no l increas e th e accuracy satisfactorily ; th e returne d resul ti s th e bes twhich ca nb e obtained . Th e sam e advic e applie s a s inth e cas e o f IFAI L «

= 1 . IFAI L = 5 Th e integra

l i s probably divergent , o rslowl y convergent . I

tmus tb e note d tha tdivergenc e canals o occu rwil h an y non-zer o valu e o f IFAIL . IFAI L * = 6 Onentry . L

W < 4 . o rLI W < LW/ 8 + 2 . 7 . Auxiliar y Routine s Thi s routine call s NA G Library routine s D01AJV . D0IAJX , D01AJY , D01AJZ . P01AAF . X02AAF , X02AB F and X02ACF . 8
. Timin g Thi s depends o

nth e integran d and th e accurac y required .

8 9P.10 0

9 . Storag e The storag

e require d b y internall

y declare d array s i s 10 7 real elements . 10 . Accurac y The routin

e canno tguarantee , bu

ti npractic e usuall y achieves , th

e followingaccuracy : (/-RESULT J </o / wher e tol - max|JEPSABS|,|EPSREL | X |/| ) an d EPSAB S an

d EPSREL ar

e user-specifie

d absolut e an d relativ e erro rtolerance . Moreove

ri t return

s th e quantit y ABSER Rwhich, i

nnorma l circumstances , satisfies |/—RESULT | • < ABSER R< tol. 11 . Furthe rComments * Labelle d COMMON bloc

kADOIA J i s use d by this routin e an d mus ttherefor e be avoide

d by th e user. 12 . Keywords Quadrature

, Extrapolation, Globall

y Adaptive , Singularities .
13 . Exampl e T o comput e 2 r x.Jin(30x ) dj . 

# f-y^ i

WARNING : Thi s sin-jl t precisio nexampl e progra mma y requir e anicndmcn l for certai nimptcmcntalions . Th e result s produce dma y no t b e Ih e same . If

indoubt , pleas e see k

furthe r advic e (se e Elsscniii l Inlroduclio al o th e Librar y Manual) . 13.1 . Progra

m Tex t C 

### c c c c

c c c DOIAJ FEXAMPL EPROGRA M TEX T MAR K 8 RELEASE . NA GCOPYRIGH T 1979 .

_SCALAR S I NCOMMO N_ REA LP I INTEGE RKOUN T

_LOCA L SCALAR S
_ REA LA . ABSERR . B . EPSABS , EPSREL , INTEGE RIFAIL , NOU T

- LOCA LARRAY S _ REA LW(800 ) INTEGE RIW(I02 )

_FUNCTIO NREFERENCE S _ REA LXOIAA F '

_SUBROUTIN EREFERENCE S - DOIAJ F EX . EXACT . RESUL T

EXTERNA LFS T COMMO N/TELNUM / PI . KOUN T DAT A EXAC T/-0.2."UA:S9MS$93J30E+0| / DAT A NOLT

T/6 / WRIT E(NOUT.99999 ) P I - XOIAAF(PI ) EPSAB S - 0.E 0 ErSRE L- I.E-O J A- 0.E 0 B - 2.E0-P I KOUN T - 0 IFAI L- I CAL LDOIAJF(FST . A . 11 . EPSABS . ErSREL . RESULT . ABSERR . W . • SOO . IW . 102 . IFAIL ) WRIT E(NOUT.99--9S ) A . II . LI'SABS . EPSRE L WRIT E(KOUT.9--997 ) RFSIU.T . AI1SFRR . KOUNT . IW(I) . IFAI L EX - AHStl-XACT-Rl-XU.T ) WRIT E4iNOL'T.9«»*O

M F X STO P 9999 9 FORMA T t'llX/l . AMI DOIAJ Fl"X-\MIM FPROGRA M RESULTS/IX l 9999 S FORMA T til l . 2\ . I HA . **V '" I LOW| K I IM1 T 0 1 INTEGRATIO N 9 0P. 1

• FI0.4/I H . IX . IHB . 6X . 3IH - UPPE RLIMIT O F INTEGRATIO N - . • FI0.4/I H , 2X . 39HEPSAB S - ABSOLUT E ACCURACY REQUESTE D - , • E9.2/I H . 2X . 39HEPSREL - RELATIV E ACCURACY REQUESTE D - , • E9.2/) 9999 7 FORMA

T (I H . JX . 4IHRESUL T - APPROXIMATION TO TH E INTEGRA

L - , • EI4.5/I H . 2X . 42HABSER R- ESTIMAT

E O F TH E ABSOLUT

E ERRO R- , • EI0.3/I H . 2X . 42HK0UN T - NUMBERO F FUNCTION EVALUATIONS - , • 14/I H . 2X . 43HIW(| ) - ELEMENTS O F REAL WORKSPAC E USED - . • 14/IH . 2X . 22HIFAIL - ERRO RFLA G - . 14/) 9999 6 FORMA

T (I H . 7X . 27

H - EXACT ABSOLUTE ERRO R- . EI0.3 ) EN D REA L FUNCTION FST(X ) C • _SCALA

RARGUMENT S - REAL X C C
_SCALAR

S IN COMMON _ REA L P I INTEGE RKOUN T C C - FUNCTIO

N REFERENCES
_ REA L SIN . SQR

T C COMMO

N /TELNUM /

PI. KOUNT KOUN T - KOUNT + I FST - X , SIN(30.E0'X)/SQRT(I.EO-X**2/(4.E0'PI* , 2) ) RETUR N EN D C DOIAJ

F EXAMPL

E PROGRA

M TEX T C MAR

K8 RELEASE . NA G COPYRIGH T 1979 . 13.2 . Progra m Dat a None . I3J . Progra m Result s

DOIAJ F EXAMPL

E PROGRA

M RESULTS A - LOWE

RLIMIT O

F INTEGRATIO

N - 0.000 0 B - UPPE

RLIMIT OF INTEGRATIO N - 6.2832 EPSAB S - ABSOLUTE ACCURAC Y REQUESTE

D - 0.O0

E 0 0 EPSRE L - RELATIV

E ACCURAC

Y REQUESTE

D - 0.I0E-4 3 RESULT - APPROXIMATION TO THE INTEGRAL - -0.25433 E 01 ABSER R- ESTIMAT

E O F TH

E ABSOLUT

E ERRO R- 0.I2SE- W KOUN T - NUMBEROF FUNCTION EVALUATIONS - 77 7 IW(l ) - ELEMENTS OF REA L WORKSPAC

E USED - 76 1FAI L - ERRO

RFLA G - 0

- EXACT ABSOLUTE ERRO R- 0.893E-OS

(Thi s documen ti s reproduce d fro m NA G FORTRA

N Librar y Mini-Manual , Mar k8 , 1980 ; Copyrigh to f Numerica l Algorithm s Group , 113 1 Warre n Ave. , Downer' s Grove , I L 60515) .

9 1P. 2

APPENDI X E

INPU T AN D OUTPUT LISTING S O F EXAMPL E PROBLEM S

Th e inpu t dat a an

d outpu t listing s fo r the PEM- 2 exampl e problem s describe d i n Sectio n A. 5 ar e show n i n the table s o f thi s Appendi x a s follows : Tabl e Numbe r Pag e
E- l Inpu t dat a fo r Exampl e Problem1 9 3 E- 2 Outpu t listing fo r Exampl e Proble m1 9 4 E- 3 Inpu t dat a fo r Exampl e Proble m2(a ) 10 6 E- 4 Outpu t listing fo r Exampl e Problem2(a ) 10 7 E- 5 Inpu t dat a fo r Exampl e Proble m2(b ) 12 0 E- 6 Outpu t listing fo r Exampl e Problem2(b ) 12 1 E- 7 Inpu t dat a fo r Exampl e Problem3 13 4 E- 8 Outpu t listing fo r Exampl e Problem3 13 5



### 9 2P. 3

TABL EE- l INPU T DAT

AFO REXAMPL

EPROBLE

M 1

CONTRO L CARD S i TITL E 2 OPTION S 3 SRI D 4 POLLUTANT S 5 SCALIN S ALABEL S SCENARI O CARD S

ARE ASOURC E CARD S 

### PE

N

S0 2 X J 

### 2
4 5 6 EXAHPL E 1 : 

### 0 0 . 

### 1 10 . 

### 4 4 4
1 r . * 11 / T c 9. 5 9. 5 

### 0

l i 1 1 1 1 CARD IHASE S MULTIPL E ARE ASOUR C 

### 0 0 . 1 . 1 .

10. 5 3. 5

. 5

. 5 3 0

O S Xm> 

### 0 . 1 . 

### 4 . T 0 . 1000 . 4000 . 2000 . 1000 . X

li e XXJi 11 5 XXm 1 . XX J. c c n t. 3 j X 

### 0 2 5 

### 0. 1 0 . c l j

10 . 90 . 20 . 5 . SPECIES , 

### 0

ULFAT E 

### 5 . J i 

### 5 . 

### 1 1 . 0 . 0 .

1 I • 9 . i X.

. 5 3-H R 

### 1

c,c.C\ 500 . 500 . AV S C0NC & 

### 0 . 

### 1. 0 0 . 

### 1

0 . 0 . j j DE P FLU

X 1 0 

### 0 . 

### 1. 5 0 .

( ABLAN KCAR D TO SIGNA L EN D O F AREASOURC E INVENTORY )

9 3P. 4

TABL EE- 2 OUTPU T LISTIN GFO

REXAMPL

EPROBLE

M 1 PEN- 2 (VERSIO N S4130 )

POLLUTIO N EPISODI C HODE L

INCLUDIN G DEPOSITION , SEDIMENTATION , ANDCHEMICAL TRANSFORMATION

OF POLLUTANT S



### 9 4P. 5

POLLUTION EPISODI C HODE L (PEM-2 )
INPUT CONTRO L PARAMETERS : PEM- 2 EXAMPL E 1 : MULTIPL E AREA SOURCES , 2 SPECIES , 3-HRAV GCON C & DE P FLU

X
AVERAGINGTIME OPTION : NT0PT= 3 A SCENARI OI S A

SE T OF METEOROLOGICAL DATA FO RONE HOU R 1 1 HOUR : CONCENTRATION S AR E CALCULATE DFOREAC HSCENARI O 2 2 4 HOURS : CONCENTRATION S CALCULATE DFO R2 4 SCENARIO S AR E AVERAGE D 3 VARIABLE : CONCENTRATION S CALCULATE DFORA GIVE N NUMBE R( 2 T O23 ) O F SCENARIO S AR E AVERAGE D
SINDDIRECTION

OPTION : NWDOPT= 0 0 DIRECTION

I N DEGREE S TOB E SPECIFIE DFOREAC HSCENARI O i SECTORNUMBE RT OB E SPECIFIE DFOREAC HSCENARI O 2- 7 DIRECTION

I N DEGREE S T OB E SPECIFIE DFORTH E FIRS T OF FOU RSUB-SCENARIOS . FO REAC HSUCCEEDINGSUB-SCENARIO , HINDDIRECTION I S AUTOMATICALL YINCREASE D BY90,45,30,15,10,O R5 DEGREES , DEPENDINGO N TH E OPTION

NUMBE RSELECTED .
MINDSFEE DOPTION : NHSQPT= 0 0 SPEE DI

N M/ S TOB E SPECIFIE DFOREAC HSCENARI O 1 HINDSPEE DCLAS S NUMBE RT OB E SPECIFIE DFOREAC HSCENARI O
NUMBERO F SCENARIOS : NSCEN = 3
RECEPTO RSRID : COLUMNS : LX = 2 5 ROSS : LY = 2 5

SPACING : SRID = 1.00 0 K

H SOUTHWES T CORNERXRSHC = 0. 0 K M H YRSHC = 0. 0 K

M S



### 9 5P. 6

POLLUTION EPISODI C MODE L (PEM-2 )
INPUT CONTRO L PARAMETERS : PEM- 2 EXAMPL E 1 : MULTIPL E AREA SOURCES , 2 SPECIES , 3-H RAV GCONC fc DE P FLU

X
NUMBE RO F POLLUTANTS : NP0L= 2

AREA SOURCE SCALINGFACTOR : CALIBRATION

COEFFICIENTS : CALIBRATION

IDENTIFICATION : DEPOSITION

VELOCIT Y(CH/S) : SETTLIN S VELOCIT Y(CH/S) : POLLUTANT-1 : ASCALE = A = 0. 0 VD1 = 

## m= S0 2 1.0 0 

### B = 1.00 0 

### 0.0 0.0 POLLUTANT-2 : SULFAT E ASCALE = A= 0. 0 VD2 = 

### W2 = 1.0 0 

### B = 0.10 0 

### 0.0 0.0

CHEMICAL TRANSFORMATION

OPTION : ICT= 1 NP0L= 2 ICT= 0 CHEMICAL TRANSFORMATION LOS S O F POLLUTANT S I S IGNORE D ICT= 1 FIRST-ORDE RCHEMICAL TRANSFORMATION O F POLLUTANT- 1 T OPOLLUTANT- 2 I S CONSIDERE D
CHEMICAL TRANSFORMATION

O RDECA YRATE : XKT = 1.00 0 PERCENT/H R RATI OOF MOLECULA

RHEIGHT S OF POLLUTANT- 2 (PRODUCT ) TOPOLLUTANT- 1 (REACTANT) : GAHHA = 1.50 0 OUTPU T OPTION S SELECTED :
NARRAY= 2 MAP S OF CONCENTRATION AN DSURFAC E DEPOSITION

FLU XAT EAC HRECEPTO RI

N TH E 6RID , UNCALIBRATE DONL Y NHAX= 1 LIS T OF RECEPTOR S WIT HHIGHES T CONCENTRATION ANDSURFAC E DEPOSITION

FLU X FCREAC HSCENARI O- PRINTE DAT EN DO F RU N



### 9 6P. 7

POLLUTION EPISODI C MODE L (PEM-2 )
INPUT SCENARI OPARAMETERS : PEM- 2 EXAMPL E 1 : MULTIPL E AREA SOURCES , 2 SPECIES , 3-H RAV S CONC fc DE P FLU

X KINDDIRECTION S MIN DSPEE DCLASSE S STABILIT YCLASSE S SECTO R NUMBE R 1 n X 3 4 5Cr7 8 DIRECTIO N
N NN E N E EN E E ES E S E SS E (DEG ) 0. 0
XX. v f 45. 0 67. 5 90. 0 112. 5 135. 0 157. 5 SECTO R

NUMBE R 9 1 0 1 1 1 2 1 3 1 4 1 5 1 6 DIRECTION S SS H S H HS H H HN H N N NN H (DEG ) 180. 0 202. 5 225. 0 247. 5 270. 0 292. 5 315. 0 337. 5 CLAS S SPEEDCLAS S

INDEX(M/S ) INTERVAL(KT ) 1 X 3 4 5 6 1.5 0 2.4 6 4.4 7 6.9 3 9.6 1 12.5 2 0-

3 4- 6 7-1 0 11-1 6 17-2 1 OVE R 2 1 CLAS S

INDE X 1 2 i 4 C 6 :LA S
A B p 1* D E F

SCENARI OSTABILIT Y NUMBE R CLAS S KIND SPEE D CLAS S HIND

SPEE D (M/S ) 4.00 0 3.00 0 2.00 0 HIND

SECTO R HIND DIRECTIO N (DES ) 225.0 0 225.0 0 225.0 0 AMBIENT

TEMPERATUR E (DE S 0 5.0 0 5.0 0 5.0 0 TEM P GRADIENT ABOV E

MIXINGHEIGH T (DES/M ) 0.01 0 0.01 0 0.01 0 MIXING

HEIGH T !H ) 550. 0 500. 0 500. 0



### 9 7P. 8

POLLUTION EPISODI C MODE L (PEM-2 )
INPU T AREA

SOURCE PARAMETERS : PEM- 2 EXAMPL E 1 : MULTIPL E AREA SOURCES , 2 SPECIES , 3-H RAV S CON C fc DE P FLU

X

ARE ASOURC E NUMBE R 1 0 X 3 4 COORDINATE S

X(KM > 1.5 0 3.5 0 9.5 0 9.5 0 Y(KM > 10.5 0 3.5 0 0.5 0 0.5 0 LENGT H O F SID E

(H ) 1000.0 0 4000.0 0 2000.0 0 1000.0 0 POLLUTANT- 1

EMISSIO NRAT E INPUT (6/S ) 10.00 0 90.00 0 20.00 0 5.00 0 SCALE D

10.00 0 90.00 0 20.00 0 5.00 0 POLLUTAN T . 0 X EMISSIO NRAT E INPUT (G/S ) 1.00 0 9.00 0 2.00 0 0.50 0 SCALE D

1.00 0 9.00 0 2.00 0 0.50 0 SUM S OF TH E AREA

SOURC E EMISSION

RATE S 125.00 0 EFFECTIV E HEIGH T OF TH E AREA SOURC E EMISSION S = 10.0 0 M 125.00 0 12.50 0 12.50 0



### 9 8P. 9

POLLUTION EPISODI C MODE L (PEM-2 )
INPUT POIN T SOURC E PARAMETERS : PEM- 2 EXAMPL E I : MULTIPL E AREA SOURCES , 2 SPECIES , 3-H

RAV GCONC fc DE P FLU

X
POIN T SOURC E COORDINATE S EMISSION RAT E EMISSION

RAT E HEIGH T DIAMETEREXI T VE L EXI T TEM P NUMBE RLABE L X(KH ) V(KM> POLLUTANT- 1 (G/S ) POLLUTANT- 2 (G/S ) (M ) (M ) (M/S ) (DEG0
SUM S OF TH E POIN T SOURC E EMISSION RATE S 0. 0 G/ S 0. 0 G/ S



### 99P.1 0

PEM- 2 OUTPUT : SECTIO

N1 O F 1 PEM- 2 EXAMPLE 1 : MULTIPLE ARE ASOURCES , 2 SPECIES , 3-H R AV G CON C & DE P FLU

X 3 SCENARIOS , AVERAGIN G TIME = 3 HRS . POLLUTANT-1 : S0 2 UNCALIBRATE D CONCENTRATIO N- MICROGRAMS PER CUBI C METER 0. 0 2.0 0 4.0 0 6.0 0 8.0 0 10.0 0 12.0 0 14.0 0 16.0 0 18.0 0 20.0 0 22.0 0 24.0 0 24.0 0 OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO O 24.0 0 23.0 0 OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO O 23.0 0 22.00 ' OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO O 22.0 0 21.0 0 "OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO O 21.0 0 20.0 0 OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO O 20.0 0 19.0 0 00 0 'OOOOOO O 1 0 OOOOOOOOOOOOO O 19.0 0 18.0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 18.0 0 17.0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 17.0 0

•

_16.0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 4 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 16.0 0

~ 15.0 0 OOOOO O 1 6 00000666600000000 0 15.0 0 14.0 0 OOOO O 2 0 00 0 0 0 6 1 2 1 2 1 2 600000000 0 14.0 0 13.0 0 0 0 0 0 2 7 0 0 0 0 0 7 1 3 1 9 1 9 1 2 6 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 13.0 0 12.0 0 0 0 0 4 8 0 0 0 0 0 8 1 5 2 1 2 6 1 9 1 2 6 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 12.0 0 11.0 0 0 0 6 5 0 0 0 0 0 9 1 7 2 4 3 0 2 1 1 3 6 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 11.0 0 10.0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 22 2 9 3 5 2 4 1 5 7 0 0 0 0 5 5 0 0 0 0 0 10.0 0 9.0 0 OOOOO O 1 5 2 7 3 6 44 2 9 1 7 80000 5 1 5 50000 0 9.0 0 8.0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 7 4 2 5 4 6 3 36 2 1 9 0 0 0 0 6 1 7 5 0 0 0 0 0 0 8.0 0 7.0 0 0 0 0 0 3 6 6 3 7 9 9 0 5 4 2 7 1 1 0 0 0 0 7 1 9 6 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 7.0 0 6.0 0 0 0 0 0 3 6 6 3 79 79 4 2 1 5 0 0 0 0 8 2 2 7 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 6.0 0 5.0 0 0 0 0 0 3 6 63 6 3 63 2 7 0 0 0 0 1 0 2 7 8 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 5.0 0 4.0 0 OOO O 3 6 3 6 36 36 0 0 0 0 1 4 34 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 4.0 0 3.0 0 0 OOO O 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 4 5 1 14 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3.0 0 2.0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 32 8 0 24 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2.0 0 1.0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 6 5 3 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1.0 0 0. 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 OOOO O 0. 0

0. 0 2.0 0 4.0 0 6.0 0 8.0 0 10. 0 12.0 0 14.0 0 16.0 0 18.0 0 20.0 0 22.0 0 24.0 0 10 0P.1 1 •

PEH- 2 OUTPUT : SECTIO N1 O F 1 PEM- 2 EXAMPL E 1 : MULTIPL E ARE ASOURCES , 2 SPECIES , 3-H R AV GCON C fc DE P FLUX 3 SCENARIOS , AVERAGIN GTIRE = 3 HRS . POLLUTANT-1 : S0 2 UNCALIBRATE D SURFAC E DEPOSITIO NFLUX- KILOGRAM S PE R SQUAR E KILOMETE R PE R HOUR

0. 0 2.0 0 4.0 0 6.0 0 3.0 0 10.0 0 12.0 0 14.0 0 16.0 0 18.0 0 20.0 0 22.0 0 24.0 0 24.0 0 OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO O 24.0 0 23.0 0 OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO O 23.0 0 22.0 0 OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO O 22.0 0 21.0 0 'OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO O 21.0 0 20.0 0 OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO O 20.0 0 19.0 0 OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO O 19.0 0 18.0 0 OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO O 18.0 0 17.0 0 OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO O 17.0 0 16.0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 16.0 0

' 15.0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 15.0 0 14.0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 14.0 0 13.0 0 00 0 0 100000 0 0 11 0 000000000 0 13.0 0 12.0 0 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 1111 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 12.0 0 11.0 0 00 2 0 00000111100000000000 0 11.0 0 10.0 0 000000001111100000000000 0 10.0 0 9.0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 111 2 11 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 9.0 0 3.0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 2 2 2 11 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 8.0 0 7.0 0 0 0 0 0 1 2 3 3 2 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 7.0 0 6.0 0 00001233210000010000000 0 0 6.0 0 5.0 0 0 0 0 0 1 2 2 2 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 5.0 0 4.0 0 0 0 0 0 111 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 OOO O 0 0 0 0 4.0 0 3.0 0 000000000001200000000000 0 3.0 0 2.0 0 00 0 0 00000013100 0 0 0000000 0 2.0 0 1.0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1.0 0 0. 0 oooooooooooooooooooooooo o 0. 0

0. 0 2.0 0 4.0 0 6.0 0 8.0 0 10.0 0 12.0 0 14.0 0 16.0 0 18.0 0 20.0 0 22.0 0 24.0 0 10 1P.1 2

PEM- 2 OUTPUT : SECTIO

N1 O F 1 PEM- 2 EXAHPLE 1 : MULTIPLE ARE ASOURCES , 2 SPECIES , 3-H R AV S CON C fc DE P FLU

X 3 SCENARIOS , AVERAGIN

G TIME = 3 HRS . POLLUTANT-2 : SULFAT E UNCALIBRATE D CONCENTRATIO N- MICROGRAMS PE

R CUBI C METE

R 0. 0 2.0 0 4.0 0 6.0 0 8.0 0 10.0 0 12.0 0 14.0 0 16.0 0 18.0 0 20.0 0 22.0 0 24.0 0 24.0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 24.0 0 23.0 0 OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO O 23.0 0 22.0 0 OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO O 22.0 0 21.0 0 'OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO O 21.0 0 20.0 0 OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO O 20.0 0 19.0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 19.0 0 18.0 0 0000000002000000 0 0 0 0 0 000 0 18.0 0 17.0 0 000000002000000000000000 0 17.0 0

• 16.0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 16.0 0

' 15.0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 1111 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 15.0 0 14.0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 0 0 0 0 0 1 2 2 2 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 14.0 0 13.0 0 000040000012332100000000 0 13.0 0 12.0 0 0 0 0 6 0 0 0 0 0 1 2 3 4 3 2 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 12.0 0 11.0 0 007000001345321 0 0 0000000 0 11.0 0 10.0 0 0000000234542100 0 0 110000 0 10.0 0 9.0 0 000000245643100001310000 0 9.0 0 8.0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 5 7 3 5 3 1 0 0 0 0 1 3 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 8.0 0 7.0 0 0 0 0 0 4 7 9 1 1 7 4 2 0 0 0 0 1 3 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 7.0 0 6.0 0 0 0 0 0 4 7 9 9 5 2 0 0 0 0 1 3 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 6.0 0 5.0 0 0 0 0 0 4 7 7 7 3 0 0 0 0 1 4 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 5.0 0 4.0 0 0 0 0 0 4 4 4 4 0 0 0 0 2 5 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 4.0 0 3.0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 6 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3.0 0 2.0 0 000000000049300000000000 0 2.0 0 1.0 0 0 0 0000000 0 74000 0 00000000 0 1.0 0 0. 0 0 0 OOO O 0 0 0 0 0 OOOOOOOOOOOOO O 0. 0

0. 0 2.0 0 4.0 0 6.0 0 8.0 0 10.0 0 12.0 0 14.0 0 16.0 0 18.0 0 20.0 0 22.0 0 24.0 0 10 2P.1 3

PEM- 2 OUTPUT : SECTIO

N1 O F 1 PEM- 2 EXAMPL

E 1 : MULTIPL

E ARE ASOURCES , 2 SPECIES , 3-H R AV G CON C & DE P FLU

X 3 SCENARIOS , AVERAGIN

S TIME = 3 HRS . PDLLUTANT-2 : SULFAT E UNCALIBRATED SURFAC

E DEPOSITIO

NFLU X - MICROGRAM

S PE R SQUAR E METE R PE R HOU R 0. 0 2.0 0 4.0 0 6.0 0 8.0 0 10.0 0 12.0 0 14.0 0 16.0 0 18.0 0 20.0 0 22.0 0 24.0 0 24.0 0 OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO O 24.0 0 23.0 0 OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO O 23.0 0 22.00 ' OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO O 22.0 0 21.0 0 'OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO O 21.0 0 20.0 0 OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO O 20.0 0 19.0 0 00 0 0 00000060000000000000 0 19.0 0 19.0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 7 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 18.0 0 17.0 0 000000007 0 0 0 000000000000 0 17.0 0

. 16.0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 8 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 16.0 0 15.0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 9 0 0 0 0 0 4 4 4 4 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 15.0 0 14.0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 4 7 7 7 4 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 14.0 0 13.0 0 0 0 0 0 1 3 0 0 0 0 0 4 8 1 1 11 7 4 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 13.0 0 12.0 0 0 0 0 2 1 0 0 0 0 0 4 8 1 2 1 6 1 1 7 4 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 12.0 0 11.0 0 0 0 2 6 0 0 0 0 0 5 9 1 3 1 7 1 2 8 4 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 11.0 0 10.00 0000000 6 1 1 1 5 1 9 1 3 840000330000 0 10.00 9.0 0 000000 7 1 3 1 8 2 2 1 5 940000 3 1 0 30000 0 9.0 0 8.0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 2 1 9 2 5 3 0 1 8 1 1 5 0 0 0 0 4 1 0 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 3.0 0 7.0 0 0 0 0 0 1 4 2 6 33 3 9 2 5 1 3 6 0 0 0 0 4 1 1 4 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 7.0 0 6.0 0 0 0 0 0 1 4 26 3 3 3 3 1 9 7 0 0 0 0 4 1 2 4 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 6.0 0 5.0 0 OOO O 1 4 2 6 2 6 2 6 1 2 0 0 0 0 5 1 4 4 0 0 0 0 0 OOO O 5.0 0 4.0 0 0 0 0 0 1 4 1 4 1 4 1 4 0 0 0 0 6 1 7 5 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 4.0 0 3.0 0 OOOOOOOOO O 0 1 0 2 3 6 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3.0 0 2.0 0 OOOOOOOOO O 1 3 3 3 1 0 OOOOOOOOOOO O 2.0 0 1.0 0 OOO O 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 6 1 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1.0 0 0. 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 OOOOOO O 0. 0

0. 0 2.0 0 4.0 0 6.0 0 8.0 0 10.0 0 12.0 0 14.0 0 16.0 0 18.0 0 20.0 0 22.0 0 24.0 0 10 3P.1 4

POLLUTION EPISODI C MODE L (PEH OUTPUT : PEH- 2 EXAMPL E 1 : MULTIPL E ARE A SOURCES , 2 SPECIES , 3-H RAV GCONC fc DE P FLU

X
HIGHES T PREDICTE DCONCENTRATION OF EAC HPOLLUTAN T FOREAC HSCENARI OO RAVERA6IN 6 PERIO D UNCALIBRATE DCONCENTRATION IN MICROGRAM S PERCUBI C METE R- CALIBRATION , POLLUTANT-1 : CALIBRATION . POLLUTANT-2 :
POLLUTANT-1 : S0 2 POLLUTANT-2 : SULFAT E SCENARI OHINDDIRECTION NUMBERSUB-SCENARI O COORDINATE S X(KH ) Y(KH ) CONCENTRATION

UNCALIBRATE DCALIBRATE D COORDINATE S X(KM ) Y(KH ) CONCENTRATION

UNCALIBRATE DCALIBRATE D
7.0 0 i

i\t\ 90.069 1 

### 0.0 7.0 0 7.0 0 10.814 4 

### 0.0

10 4P.1 5

POLLUTION EPISODI C MODE L (PEM-2 !
OUTPUT : PEH- 2 EXAHPL E 1 : MULTIPL E AREA SOURCES , 2 SPECIES , 3-H RAV GCONC fc DE P FLU

X
HIGHES T PREDICTE DSURFAC E DEPOSITION FLU XO F EAC HPOLLUTAN T FOREAC HSCENARI OO RAVERAGIN

GPERIO D UNCALIBRATE DVALUE S I

N MICROGRAM S PERSOUAR E HETTE RPERHOU R- CALIBRATION , POLLUTANT-1 : CALIBRATION , POLLUTANT-2 : POLLUTANT-1 : S0 2 POLLUTANT-2 : SULFAT E SCENARI OHINDDIRECTION

COORDINATE S SURFAC E DEPOSITION FLU XCOORDINATE S SURFAC E DEPOSITION FLU X NUMBE RSUB-SCENARI OX(KH ) Y(KH ) UNCALIBRATE DCALIBRATE DX(KM ) Y(KM ) UNCALIBRATE DCALIBRATE D
1 7.0 0 7.0 0 3242.487 5 0. 0 7.0 0 7.0 0 33.931 7 0. 0



### 105TABL E E- 3
INPU T DAT A

FO REXAMPL E PROBLE M 2(a ) P.1 6

CONTROL CARD S 1 TITLE 2 OPTIONS 3 SRI D 4 POLLUTANT S 5 SCALINS 6 LABEL S SCENARI O CARD S
POIN T SOURC E CARD S CAR D IMAGE S PEM- 2 EXAMPLE 2A : 2 POIN T SOURCES , NE

KPLUM E RIS E fc PENETRATIO

NSCHEME S 1 1 1 0 ! 0 2 0 0 1 0 1 1 1 0 . 0 . 2 5 2 5 2 . 0 . 0 . 2 1 2 . 0 . 0. 5 0. 2 10 . 1. 5 0 . 1 . 1 . 0 . 0 . 0 . 0 . S0 2 SULFATE 4 2 9 0 . 0 . 25 . 550 . 0.00 1 ( ABLAN K CAR D T O SIGNA L EN D OF ARE ASOURC E INVENTORY ) 30 . 2 . 1000 . 50 . 200 . 5 . 10 . 10 . 2 . 500 . 25 . 200 . 4 . 3 . ( ABLAN K CAR D T O SIGNA L EN D O F POIN T SOURCE INVENTORY ) 450 . STAC K 1 400 . STAC K 2



### 10 6P.1 7

TABL EE- 4 OUTPU T LISTIN GFO

REXAMPL

EPROBLE

M 2(a )

PEM- 2 (VERSIO N 84130 )

POLLUTIO N EPISODI C MODE L

INCLUDIN G DEPOSITION , SEDIMENTATION , AN DCHEMICAL TRANSFORMATION OF POLLUTANTS



### 10 7P.1 8 

# 1

POLLUTION EPISODI C MODE L (PEM-2 )
INPU T CONTRO L PARAMETERS : PEM- 2 EXAMPL E 2A : 2 POIN T SOURCES , NE HPLUH E RIS E i PENETRATION SCHEME S
AVERAGINGTIME OPTION : NTOPT= l A SCENARI OI S A

SE T OF HETEOROLOGICAL DATA FORON E HOU

R 1 I HOUR: CONCENTRATION S AR E CALCULATE DFOREAC HSCENARI O 2 2 4 HOURS : CONCENTRATION S CALCULATE DFCR2 4 SCENARIO S AR E AVERAGE D 3 VARIABLE : CONCENTRATION S CALCULATE DFORA GIVE N NUMBE R( 2 TO23 ) O F SCENARIO S AR E AVERAGE D
HINDDIRECTION

OPTION : NHDOPT= l 0 DIRECTION

I N DEGREE S TOB E SPECIFIE DFO REAC HSCENARI O 1 SECTORNUMBERTOB E SPECIFIE DFOREAC HSCENARI O 2- 7 DIRECTION

I N DEGREE S T OB E SPECIFIE DFORTH E FIRS T O F FOU RSUB-SCENARIOS . FOREAC HSUCCEEDINGSUB-SCENARIO , HINDDIRECTION I S AUTOMATICALL YINCREASE D BY90,45,30,15,10,O R5 DE6REES , DEPENDINGON TH E OPTION

NUMBE RSELECTED .
HINDSPEE DOPTION : NHS0PT= 1 0 SPEE DI

N H/ S T OB E SPECIFIE DFOREAC HSCENARI O 1 HINDSPEE DCLAS S NUMBERTOB E SPECIFIE DFO REAC HSCENARI O
NUMBE RO F SCENARIOS : NSCEN = 1
RECEPTORSRID : COLUMNS : LX = 2 5 ROHS : LY = 2 5

•SPACING : GRID = 2.00 0 K

M SOUTHHES T CORNERXRSHC = 0. 0 K M H YRSHC = 0. 0 K

M S



### 10 8P.1 9

POLLUTION EPISODI C MODE L (PEH-2 )
INPU T CONTRO L PARAMETERS : PEM- 2 EXAHPL E 2A : 2 POIN T SOURCES , NE HPLUM E RIS E i PENETRATION SCHEME S
NUMBE ROF POLLUTANTS : NPDL= 2 POLLUTANT-1 : S0 2 POLLUTANT-2 : SULFAT E
ARE A SOURCE SCALINGFACTOR : CALIBRATION

COEFFICIENTS : CALIBRATION

IDENTIFICATION : DEPOSITION

VELOCIT Y(CH/S) : SETTLINGVELOCIT Y(CH/S) : ASCALE = 1.00 0 A = 0. 0 B = 0. 0

VD1 = 2.00 0 Hl = 0. 0 ASCALE = 1.00 0 A= 0. 0 B = 0. 0

VD2 = 0.50 0 H2 = 0.20 0

CHEMICAL TRANSFORMATION

OPTION : ICT= 1 NP0L= 2 ICT= 0 • CHEH3CAL TRANSFORMATION LOS S OF POLLUTANT S I S ISNORE D ICT= 1 FIRST-ORDE RCHEMICAL TRANSFORMATION O F POLLUTANT- 1 T OPOLLUTANT- 2 I S CONSIDERE D
CHEMICAL TRANSFORMATION

O RDECA YRATE : XKT = 10.00 0 PERCENT/H R RATI OO F MOLECULA

RHEIGHT S OF POLLUTANT- 2 (PRODUCT ) T OPOLLUTANT- 1 (REACTANT) : SAMMA = 1.50 0 OUTPU T OPTION S SELECTED :
NARRAY= 2 MAP S OF CONCENTRATION ANDSURFAC E DEPOSITION

FLU XAT EAC HRECEPTO RI

N TH E GRID , UNCALIBRATE DONLY NMAX= 1 LIS T OF RECEPTOR S WIT HHIGHES T CONCENTRATION AN DSURFAC E DEPOSITION

FLU X FOREAC HSCENARI O- PRINTE DAT ENDO F RU N



### 10 9P.2 0

POLLUTION EPISODI C MODE L (PEH-2 )
INPUT SCENARI OPARAMETERS : PEM- 2 EXAHPL E 2A : 2 POIN T SOURCES , NE HPLUH E RIS E fc PENETRATION SCHEME S HINDDIRECTION S HINDSPEE DCLASSE S STABILIT YCLASSE S SECTOR NUMBER 1 0 X 3 4 5 6 7 8 DIRECTION
N NN E N E EN E E ES E S E SS E (DES ) 0. 0 22. 5 45. 0 67. 5 90.0 112. 5 135. 0 157. 5 SECTOR

NUMBER 9 1 0 1 1 1 2 1 3 1 4 1 5 1 6 DIRECTION
S SS H S H HS H H HN H N H NN H (DEG ) 180. 0 202. 5 225. 0 247. 5 270. 0 292. 5 315. 0 337. 5 CLAS S

INDE X
1 i X 3 4 5 6 SPEE D (H/S )
1.5 0 2.4 6 4.4 7 6.9 3 9.6 1 12.5 2 CLAS S INTERVAL(KT )
0- 3 4- 6 7-1 0 11-1 6 17-2 1 OVER2 1 CLAS S

INDEX
1 2 3 4 5 6 CLAS S
A B C D E F

SCENARI O NUMBER
1 STABILIT Y CLAS S
D HINDSPEE D

CLAS S

n HIND

SPEE D (M/S ) HIND

SECTOR
9 HIND DIRECTION (DEG ! AMBIEN T

TEMPERATUR E (DE G0 25.0 0 TEMP GRADIEN T ABOVE

MIXIN GHEIGH T (DEG/M ) 0.00 1 MIXIN G HEIGH T (H ) 550. 0



### 110P.2 1

POLLUTION EPISODI C MODE L (PEH-2 )
INPU T AREA

SOURC E PARAMETERS : PEH- 2 EXAHPL E 2A : 2 POIN T SOURCES , NE W PLUH E RIS E fc PENETRATION SCHEME S

AREA SOURC E NUMBER COORDINATE S

X(KM ) Y(KM ) LENGT HO F SID E



### iH ) POLLUTANT- 1

EMISSIO N RAT E INPU T (G/S ) SCALE D POLLUTANT- 2 EMISSION RAT E INPUT (S/S ) SCALE D
SUM S OF TH E AREA

SOURC E EMISSION

RATE S 0. 0 EFFECTIVE HEIGH T O

F TH E AREA

SOURC E EMISSION S = 0. 0 H 

### 0.0 0.0 0.0

111P.2 2

POLLUTION EPISODI C HODE L (PEM-2 )
INPUT POIN T SOURC E PARAMETERS : PEM- 2 EXAMPL E 2A : 2 POIN T SOURCES , NE HPLUM E RIS E & PENETRATION SCHEME S
POIN T SOURC E UMBE R LABE L 1 STAC K 1 2 STAC K 2 COORDINATE S

X(KH ) 30.0 0 10.0 0 Y(KH )

2.0 0 2.0 0 SUM S O F TH E POIN T SOURC E EMISSIO NRATE S EMISSIONRAT E POLLUTANT- 1 (G/S ) 1000.00 0 500.00 0 1500.00 0 G/ S EMISSIO NRAT E

POLLUTANT- 2 (G/S ) 50.00 0 25.00 0 75.00 0 G/ S HEIGH T

(H ) 200.0 0 200.0 0 DIAMETE R

!H ) 5.00 0 4.00 0 EXI T VE L

(M/S ) 10.00 0 8.00 0 EXI T TEH P

(DE G0 450.00 0 400.00 0

INPUT CONTRO L PARAHETERS :
HINDPROFIL E EXPONENT S OPTION : NHPOPT= 0 0 EXPONENT S ANDANEMOMETE RHEIGH T AR E STANDAR DDEFAUL T VALUE S 1 EXPONENT S ANDANEMOMETE RHEIGH T TOB E SPECIFIE DBYTH E USER
STACK-TI P DOHNHAS HALGORITHM OPTION : NST I 0 ALGORITHM

I S IN EFFEC T 1 ALGORITHM

I S NO T USE D
NE HPLUME-RIS E EQUATION S OPTION : NPRISE= 1 0 STANDAR DPLUME-RIS E EQS . AR E USE DFORAL L STABILIT YCLASSE S 1 NE HEQS . AR E USE DFORPEA KBUOYANC YRIS E FORSTABILIT YCLASSE S A- D
POTENTIAL TEMPERATUR E GRADIENT : DTDZ(1) = 0.02 0 DES/ HSTABILIT YCLAS S E DTDZ(2) = 0.0-3 5 DE6/ M

STABILIT YCLAS S F
PLUM E PENETRATION

ABOVE MIXINGHEIGH T OPTION : NINPEN= 1 0 STANDAR DTREATMEN T OF FLUME PENETRATION ABOVE TH E MIXIN S HEIGH T 1 NE HSCHEME S FORPLUME PENETRATION OF ELEVATE DSTABL E LAYE RUSE D FORSTABILIT YCLASSE S A- DAN DBUOYANCY-DOMINATE DPLUME
OUTPU T OPTION S SELECTED :
HPRINT= 1 LIS T OF POIN T SOURC E PARAMETER S ANDEFFECTIV E STACKHEIGHT S

PRINTE DAT BEGINNINGOF EAC HSCENARI O 

### 11 2P.2 3

POLLUTION EPISODI C MODE L (PEM-2 )
OUTPUT : PEM- 2 EXAHPL E 2A : 2 POIN T SOURCES , NE HPLUM E RIS E & PENETRATION SCHEME S SCENARI O1 ' POIN T SOURC E PLUME RIS E CALCULATION S

MIXINGHEIGHT : HMIX = 550.0 0 H POTENTIAL TEMPERATUR E GRADIEN T ABOVE MIXIN S HEIBHT=0.001 0 DEG/ M SOURC E EMISSION

RATE S STACKEXI T EXI T EXI T HINDSPEE DAT MAX.EFF . PLUM E POINT COORDINATE S POL- 1 POL- 2 HEIGH T DIAHETE RVELOCIT YTEMP . DOMINAN T STACKHEIGH T SOURC E HT . PENETRATION SOURC E X(KH ) Y(KM ) (G/S ) (S/S ) (M ) (M ) (M/S ) (DE GK ) INFLUENC E (M/S ) !M ) FRACTION 5.0 0 10.0 0 723.1 5 BUOYANC Y5.2 0 458.3 0 0.45 0 4.0 0 8.0 0 673.1 5 BUOYANC Y5.2 0 440.4 7 0.16 3 1 0 30. 0 10. 0 2. 0 2. 0 550. 4 418. 3 27. 5 20. 9 200. 0 200. 0



### 11 3P.2 4

PEH- 2 OUTPUT : SECTIO

N1 O F 1 , SCENARI O 1 PEH- 2 EXAHPLE 2A : 2 POIN T SOURCES , NEH PLUM

E RIS E fc PENETRATIO

NSCHEME S STABILITY= D , HIN

D SPD= 2.4 6 H/S , HIN

D DIR=180.0 0 DEG , MIXIN

G HT = 550. 0 M , AVERAGIN G TIHE = 1 HR . POLLUTANT-1 : S0 2 UNCALIBRATED CONCENTRATIO N- MICROGRAMS PE

R CUBI C METER 0. 0 4.0 0 9.0 0 12.0 0 16.0 0 20.0 0 24.0 0 28.0 0 32.0 0 36.0 0 40.0 0 44.0 0 48.0 0 48.0 0 0 0 0 1 11 2 3 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 2 1 5 3 1 1 5 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 48.0 0 46.0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 2 4 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 2 1 5 3 2 1 5 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 46.0 0 44.0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 2 5 11 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 5 3 3 1 5 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 44.0 0 42.0 0 '000 1 1 1 2 6 1 1 100000 1 1 5 34 1 5 1000000 0 42.0 0 40.0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 2 7 1 1 1 OOOO O 1 1 5 3 6 1 5 1 OOOOOO O 40.0 0 38.0 0 0 0 0 ' 1 1 1 2 8 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 5 3 7 1 5 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 38.0 0 36.0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 3 0 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 5 3 9 1 5 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 36.0 0 34.0 0 0 0 0 O s 1 1 3 1 1 1 OOOOO O 1 14 4 1 1 4 1 OOOOOO O 34.0 0

- 32.0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 3 3 11 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 4 4 3 1 4 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 32.0 0

; 30.0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 3 4 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 3 4 5 1 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 30.0 0 28.0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 3 6 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 3 4 8 1 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 28.0 0 26.0 0 0000 9 3 9 9000000 0 1 2 5 1 1 2 OOOOOOO O 26.0 0 24.0 0 0 0 0 0 3 4 1 8 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 5 4 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 24.0 0 22.0 0 0000 8 4 4 8 OOOOOO O 1 0 5 8 1 0 OOOOOOO O 22.0 0 20.0 0 0 0 0 0 7 4 7 7 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 9 6 2 9 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 20.0 0 18.0 0 0000 5 5 1 50000000 7 6 8 70000000 0 18.0 0 16.0 0 0 0 0 0 4 5 6 4 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 5 74 5 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 16.0 0 14.0 0 0 0 0 0 3 6 3 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 4 3 2 4 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 14.0 0 12.0 0 0 0 0 0 1 7 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 9 3 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 12.0 0 10.0 0 0 0 0 0 0 8 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 10 9 1 0 0 0 OOO O 0 10.0 0 8.0 0 0 0 0 0 0 10 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 133 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 8.0 0 6.0 0 OOOO O 10 5 OOOOOOOO O 13 3 OOOOOOOO O 6.0 0 4.0 0 0 0 0 0 0 6 4 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 7 2 0 0 0 OOOOO O 4.0 0 2.0 0 OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO O 2.0 0 0. 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 OOOOO O 0. 0

0. 0 4.0 0 3.0 0 12.0 0 16.0 0 20.0 0 24.0 0 28.0 0 32.0 0 36.0 0 40.0 0 44.0 0 48.0 0 11 4P.2 5

PEM- 2 OUTPUT : SECTIO

N1 O F 1 , SCENARI O 1 PEM- 2 EXAMPLE 2A : 2 POIN T SOURCES , NEH PLUM

E RIS E fc PENETRATIO

NSCHEME S 3TASILITY= D , HIN

D SPD= 2.4 6 M/S , HIN

D DIR=180.0 0 DES , MIXIN

G HT= 550. 0 H , AVERAGIN G TIME = 1 HR . PQLLUTANT-1 : S0 2 UNCALIBRATED SURFACE DEPOSITIO NFLU X - KILOGRAMS PE

R SQUAR E KILOMETER PE

R HOU R 0. 0 4.0 0 8.0 0 12.0 0 16.0 0 20.0 0 24.0 0 28.0 0 32.0 0 36.0 0 40.0 0 44.0 0 48.0 0 49.0 0 46.0 0 44.0 0 42.0 0 40.0 0 38.0 0 36.0 0 34.0 0 32.0 0 30.0 0 28.0 0 26.0 0 24.0 0 22.0 0 20.0 0 18.0 0 16.0 0 14.0 0 12.0 0 10.0 0 8.0 0 6.0 0 4.0 0 2.0 0 0. 0 0 0 0 0 1 2 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

0 0 0 0 1 2 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 2 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 2 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 2 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
ooooooo o 0000040000000 0 0 0 0 0 0 4 0 0 0 ooooo o oooo o oooo o 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 OOO O 0 2 1 00.OOOOO O 2 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 10000000 0 3 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 410000000 0 4 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 4 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 4 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 5 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 5 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 000 0 0 0000 6 0 0 0 0 0 000 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 7 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 6 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 7 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 ooooo o 00000300000 0 0 0 0 1 0 oooooooo o 000005000000000500000000 0

• 0 0 0 OOO O 0 0 0 OOOOOOOOOOOOO O 0 OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO O 0. 0 4.00 9.00 12.00 16.00 20.00 24.00 28.00 32.0 0 36.00 40.00 44.00 48.00 48.0 0 46.0 0 44.0 0 42.0 0 40.0 0 38.00 36.0 0 34.0 0 32.00 30.0 0 28.0 0 26.00 24.00 22.00 20.0 0 18.00 16.00 14.00 12.00 10.00 8.0 0 6.0 0 4.0 0 2.0 0 0. 0

11 5P.2 6

PEM- 2 OUTPUT : SECTIO

N1 O F 1 , SCENARI O 3 PEM- 2 EXAMPL E 2A : 2 POIN

T SOURCES , NE

H PLUM E RISE fc PENETRATIO

NSCHEME S STABILITY=D , HIN

D SPD= 2.4 6 M/S , HIN

D DIR=180.0 0 DEG , MIXIN

G HT= 550. 0 H , AVERASIN S TIHE = 1 HR . POLLUTANT-2 : SULFAT E UNCALIBRATED CONCENTRATIO N- HICROGRAM

S PE R CUBI C METE

R 0. 0 4.0 0 8.0 0 12.0 0 16.0 0 20.0 0 24.0 0 28.0 0 32.0 0 36.0 0 40.0 0 44.0 0 48.0 0 48.0 0 0 0 0 1 6 1 2 6 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 8 1 5 3 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 48.0 0 46.0 0 0 0 0 1 5 1 2 5 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 7 1 5 7 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 46.0 0 44.00 . 0 0 0 0 5 11 5 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 7 1 5 7 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 44.0 0 42.0 0 ,0000 5 1 1 50000001 7 1 5 71000000 0 42.0 0 40.00 0 0 0 0 5 1 1 5 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 6 1 5 6 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 40.0 0 38.0 0 000. 0 4 1 1 40000000 6 1 5 60000000 0 38.0 0 36.0 0 0 0 0 0 4 . 1 1 4 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 5 1 5 5 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 36.0 0 34.0 0 0 0 0 0 4 1 1 4 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 5 1 4 5 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 34.0 0 32.0 0 0 0 0 0 4 1 1 4 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 5 1 4 5 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 32.0 0

' : 30.0 0 0000 3 1 1 30000000 4 1 4 40000000 0 30.0 0 28.00 0 0 0 0 3 1 1 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 4 1 4 4 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 28.0 0 26.0 0 0000 2 1 0 2000 0 0 0 0 3 1 4 30000000 0 26.0 0 24.0 0 0 0 0 0 2 1 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 1 4 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 24.0 0 22.0 0 0 0 0 0 2 1 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 1 3 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 22.0 0 20.0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 1 3 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 20.0 0 18.00 0000 1 10 10000000 1 1 3 10000000 0 18.00 16.0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 3 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 16.0 0 14.0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 3 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 14.0 0 12.0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 12.0 0 10.00 OOOO O 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 10.00 8.0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 4 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 8.0 0 6.0 0 0 0 0 0 0 9 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 2 0 OOOOOOO O 6.0 0 4.0 0 000004000000000500000000 0 4.0 0 2.0 0 OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO O 2.0 0 0. 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0. 0

0. 0 4.0 0 8.0 0 12.0 0 16.0 0 20.0 0 24.0 0 23.0 0 32,0 0 36.0 0 40.0 0 44.0 0 49.0 0 11 6P.2 7

PEH- 2 OUTPUT : SECTIO

N1 O F 1 , SCENARI O 1 PEM- 2 EXAMPLE 2A : 2 POIN T SOURCES , NE H PLUHE RIS E fc PENETRATIO NSCHEME S STABILITY= D , HIN

D SPD = 2.4 6 M/S , HIN

D DIR=180.0 0 DEG , MIXIN

GHT = 550. 0 M , AVERAGIN GTINE = 1 HR . POLLUTANT-2 : SULFATE UNCALIBRATE D SURFAC E DEPOSITIO NFLU X - MICROGRAMS PER SQUARE METE R PE R HOU R 0. 0 4.0 0 8.0 0 12.0 0 16.0 0 20.0 0 24.0 0 28.0 0 32.0 0 36.0 0 40.0 0 44.0 0 43.0 0 48.0 0 0 0 0 1 2 10 3 21 0 10 3 1 2 0 0 0 0 0 1 6 13 5 27 7 13 5 1 6 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 48.0 0 46.0 0 0 0 0 1 0 9 9 20 9 9 8 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 4 13 0 27 4 13 0 1 4 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 46.0 0 44.0 0 0 0 0 9 9 4 20 7 9 4 9 0 0 0 0 0 1 2 12 4 27 2 12 4 1 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 44.0 0 42.0 0 , 0 0 0 7 8 9 20 5 8 9 7 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 11 8 27 0 11 3 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 42.0 0 40.0 0 0 0 0 6 8 5 20 3 3 5 6 0 0 0 0 0 8 11 1 26 7 11 1 8 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 40.0 0 38.0 0 0 0 0 5 3 0 20 1 8 0 5 0 0 0 0 0 6 10 5 26 5 10 5 6 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 38.0 0 36.0 0 0 0 0 4 74.19 9 7 4 4 0 0 0 0 0 5 9 8 26 2 9 8 5 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 36.0 0 34.0 0 0 0 0 3 6 9 19 7 6 9 3 0 0 0 0 0 4 9 1 26 0 9 1 4 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 34.0 0 32.0 0 0 0 0 2 6 3 19 5 6 3 2 0 0 0 0 0 3 8 3 25 7 8 3 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 32.0 0 ; 30.0 0 0 0 0 1 5 7 19 3 5 7 1 0 0 0 0 0 2 7 5 25 4 7 5 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 30.0 0 28.0 0 0 0 0 1 5 1 19 1 5 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 6 7 25 1 6 7 ! 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 28.0 0 26.0 0 0 0 0 1 4 5 18 9 4 5 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 5 9 24 8 5 9 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 26.0 0 24.0 0 OOO O 3 8 18 6 3 8 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 5 0 24 5 5 0 OOO O 0 0 0 0 24.0 0 22.0 0 0 0 0 0 3 2 13 4 3 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 4 2 24 2 4 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 22.0 0 20.0 0 0 0 0 0 2 5 18 2 2 5 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 3 24 0 3 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 20.0 0 18.0 0 0 0 0 0 1 9 18 0 1 9 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 5 23 7 2 5 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 19.0 0 16.0 0 0 0 0 0 1 3 17 9 1 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 7 23 5 1 7 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 16.0 0 14.0 0 0 0 0 0 8 17 8 8 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 23 4 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 14.0 0 12.0 0 0 0 0 0 4 17 8 4 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 5 23 5 5 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 12.0 0 10.0 0 0 0 0 0 1 18 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 23 8 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 10.0 0 3.0 0 0 0 0 0 0 13 9 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 24 9 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 8.0 0 6.0 0 OOO O 0 16 5 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 21 0 0 0 0 0 OOO O 0 6.0 0 4.0 0 0 0 00 0 7 9 0 0 OOOOOO O 8 9 OOOOOOOO O 4.0 0 2.0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 OOOOOOOOOOOOOOO O 2.0 0 0. 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 OOOOO O 0. 0

0. 0 4.00 8.00 12.00 16.0 0 20.00 24.00 28.00 32.0 0 36.00 40.0 0 44.00 48.00

11 7P.2 8

POLLUTION EPISODI C HODE L (PEM-2 )
OUTPUT : PEK- 2 EXAHPL E 2A : 2 POIN T SOURCES , NE HPLUH E RIS E fc PENETRATION SCHEME S
HIGHES T PREDICTE DCONCENTRATION OF EAC HPOLLUTAN T FOREAC HSCENARI OO RAVERAGIN

GPERIO D UNCALIBRATE DCONCENTRATION I N MICROGRAM S PERCUBI C METER- CALIBRATION , POLLUTANT-1 : CALIBRATION , POLLUTANT-2 :
POLLUTANT-1 : S0 2 POLLUTANT-2 : SULFAT E SCENARI OHINDDIRECTION COORDINATE S CONCENTRATION COORDINATE S CONCENTRATION NUMBERSUB-SCENARI OX(KM ! Y(KM ) UNCALIBRATE DCALIBRATE DX(KH > Y(KM ) UNCALIBRATE DCALIBRATE D
1 30.0 0 6.0 0 133.377 4 0. 0 30.0 0 48.0 0 ' 15.367 3 0. 0



### 11 8P.2 9

POLLUTION EPISODI C MODE L (PEH-2 )
OUTPUT : PEH- 2 EXAMPL E 2A : 2 POIN T SOURCES , NE HPLUH E RIS E i FENETRATION SCHEME S
HISHES T PREDICTE DSURFAC E DEPOSITION FLU XO F EAC HPOLLUTAN T FOREAC HSCENARI OO RAVERAGIN

GPERIO D UNCALIBRATE DVALUE S IN

HICROGRAM S PERSQUAR E METE RPERHOU R- CALIBRATION , POLLUTANT-1 : CALIBRATION , POLLUTANT-2 :
POLLUTANT-1 : S0 2 POLLUTANT-2 : SULFAT E SCENARI OHINDDIRECTION

COORDINATE S SURFAC E DEPOSITION FLU XCOORDINATE S SURFAC E DEPOSITION FLU X NUMBERSUB-SCENARI OX(KH ) Y(KH ) UNCALIBRATE DCALIBRATE DX(KM ) Y(KM ) UNCALIBRATE DCALIBRATE D i 30.0 0 6.0 0 9603.171 9 0. 0 30.0 0 48.0 0 276.612 1 0. 0



### 119P.3 0

TABL EE- 5 INPU T DAT

AFO REXAMPL

EPROBLE

M 2(b )

CONTRO LCARD S 1 TITL E 2 OPTION S 3 SRI D 4 POLLUTANT S
Jbl/fll-iil O 6 LABEL S SCENARI O CARD S
POIN TSOURC E CARD S PEM- 2 1

•1 S0 2 4 EXAHPL E i 0
. 1 0
.

L ( ABLAN KCAR D 30
. 10
. 2B : 1

9 T O

•i X CAR D 2 P 0 0
. < j X* 1 1 • IMAGE S 3IN TSOURCES , STANDAR D PLUM E RIS E fc I 0 2 5 0
. 1
. 0
. 2 0 0 1 0

2 5 2
. 0. 5 0. 2 0
. 0
. SULFATE 0
. 25
. 550
. SIGNA LEN D O F ARE ASOURC E INVENTORY ) 1000
. 500
. 50
. 200
. 5 .

25
. 200
. 4
. PENETRAT I 0 0 0
. 10
. 0
. 0.00 1 10
. 0 U i ON SCHEME S 1 1 1 0
. 1.5 0
.

450
. STAC K1 400
. STAC K2 ( ABLAN KCAR D T

O SISNA LEN D O F POIN TSOURC E INVENTORY )

12 0P.3 1

TABL EE- 6 OUTPU T LISTIN GFO

REXAMPL

EPROBLE

M 2(b )

PEM- 2 (VERSIO N 84130 )

POLLUTIO N EPISODI C MODEL

INCLUDIN G DEPOSITION , SEDIMENTATION , AN DCHEMICAL TRANSFORMATION O F POLLUTANT S



### 12 1P.3 2 > l

POLLUTION EPISODI C HODE L (PEH-2 )
INPU T CONTRO L PARAMETERS : PEM- 2 EXAMPL E 28 : 2 POIN T SOURCES , STANDAR DPLUH E RIS E 6 PENETRATION SCHEME S
AVERAGINGTIME OPTION : NTOPT= l A SCENARI OI S A

SE T O F METEOROLOGICAL DATA FORON E HOUR 1 1 HOUR : CONCENTRATION S AR E CALCULATE DFOREAC HSCENARI O 2 2 4 HOURS : CONCENTRATION S CALCULATE DFOR2 4 SCENARIO S AR E AVERAGE D 3 VARIABLE : CONCENTRATION S CALCULATE DFORA GIVEN NUMBE R( 2 TO23 ) O F SCENARIO S AR E AVERAGE D
HINDDIRECTION

OPTION : NWDOPT= l i 0 DIRECTION

I N DEGREE S TOB E SPECIFIE DFO REAC HSCENARI O 1 SECTORNUMBE RTOS E SPECIFIE DFOREAC HSCENARI O 2- 7 DIRECTION

I N DEGREE S TOB E SPECIFIE DFORTH E FIRS T OF FOU RSUB-SCENARIOS . FOREAC HSUCCEEDINGSUB-SCENARIO , HINDDIRECTION I S AUTOMATICALL YINCREASE D B Y90,45,30,15,10,O R5 DEGREES , DEPENDINGO N TH E OPTION

NUMBE RSELECTED .
HINDSPEE DOPTION : NHS0PT= 1 0 SPEE DI

N H/ S TOB E SPECIFIE DFOREAC HSCENARI O 1 HINDSPEE DCLAS S NUMBE RTOB E SPECIFIE DFOREAC HSCENARI O
NUMBE RO F SCENARIOS : NSCEN= 1
RECEPTORSRID : COLUMNS : LX = 2 5 RONS : LY = 2 5

SPACINS : SRID = 2.00 0 K

M SOUTHWES T CORNERXRSHC = 0. 0 K HH YRSHC = 0. 0 K

HS



### 12 2P.3 3

POLLUTION EPISODI C MODE L (PEH-2 )
INPUT CONTRO L PARAMETERS : PEH- 2 EXAMPL E 2B : 2 POIN T SOURCES , STANDAR DPLUH E RIS E fc PENETRATION SCHEME S
NUMBE RO F POLLUTANTS : NP0L= 2 POLLUTANT-1 : S0 2 PDLLUTANT-2 : SULFAT E

ARE A SOURC E SCALINGFACTOR : CALIBRATION

COEFFICIENTS : CALIBRATION

IDENTIFICATION : DEPOSITION

VELOCIT Y(CH/S) : SETTLINGVELOCIT Y(CM/S) : ASCALE = 1.00 0 A= 0. 0 B = 0. 0

VDi = 2.00 0 Hl = 0. 0 ASCALE = 1.00 0 0. 0 B = 0. 0

VD2 = 0.50 0 H2 = 0.20 0

CHEMICAL TRANSFORMATION

OPTION : ICT= 1 NP0L= 2 ICT= 0 CHEHICAL TRANSFORMATION LOS S OF POLLUTANT S I S IGNORE D ICT= 1 FIRST-ORDE RCHEHICAL TRANSFORMATION O F P0LLUTANT-1T 0 POLLUTANT- 2 I S CONSIDERE D
CHEMICAL TRANSFORMATION

O RDECA YRATE : XKT = 10.00 0 PERCENT/H R RATI OO F MOLECULA

RHEIGHT S OF POLLUTANT- 2 (PRODUCT ) TOPOLLUTANT- 1 (REACTANT) : SAHMA = 1.50 0 OUTPU T OPTION S SELECTED :
NARRAY= 2 MAP S O

F CONCENTRATION

AN DSURFAC E DEPOSITION

FLU XAT EAC HRECEPTO RIN

TH E GRID , UNCALIBRATE DONLY NMAX= 1 LIS T O

F RECEPTOR S KIT HHIGHES T CONCENTRATION AN DSURFAC E DEPOSITION

FLU X FOREAC HSCENARI O- PRINTE DAT ENDO F RU N



### 12 3P.3 4

POLLUTION EPISODI C MODE L (PEM-2 )
INPUT SCENARI OPARAMETERS : PEH- 2 EXAMPL E 2B : 2 POINT SOURCES , STANDARDPLUME RIS E fc PENETRATION SCHEME S HINDDIRECTION S HINDSPEE DCLASSE S STABILIT YCLASSE S SECTOR NUMBER 1 1 i . 3 4 5 6 7 8 DIRECTION 

### N NN E N E EN E E ES E S E SS E (DEG ) 0. 0 22. 5 45. 0 67. 5 90. 0 112. 5 135. 0 157. 5 SECTOR

NUMBER 9 1 0 1 1 1 2 1 3 1 4 1 5 1 6 DIRECTION
S SS W S H HS H H HN H N H HN H (DEG ) 180. 0 202. 5 225. 0 247. 5 270. 0 292. 5 315. 0 337. 5 CLAS S

INDEX
1 n X 3 4 5 6 SPEE D (H/S )
1.5 0 2.4 6 4.4 7 6.9 3 9.6 1 12.5 2 CLAS S INTERVAL(KT )
0- 3 4- 6 7-1 0 11-1 6 17-2 1 OVER2 1 CLAS S

INDE X
1 2 3 4 5 6 CLAS S

A B C D E F

SCENARI O NUMBER
1 STABILIT Y CLAS S
D HINDSPEE D

CLAS Sro HIND

SPEE D (M/S ) HIND

SECTOR
9 HIND DIRECTION (DEG ! AMBIENT

TEMPERATUR E (DE GC ! 25.0 0 TEMP 6RADIEN T ABOVE

MIXIN GHEIGH T (DEG/H ! MIXING

HEIGH T (N ) 550. 0



### 124POLLUTION EPISODI C HODE L (PEH-2 )
INPUT ARE A SOURC E PARAMETERS : PEH- 2 EXAMPL E 2B : 2 POIN T SOURCES , STANDARDPLUME RIS E fc PENETRATION SCHEME S
POLLUTANT- 1 POLLUTANT- 2 ARE A SOURC E COORDINATE S LENGT HOF SID E EMISSION RAT E EMISSION RAT E NUMBERX(KN ) Y(KM ) (M ) INPUT (G/S ) SCALE DINPUT (G/S ) SCALE D

SUM S OF TH E AREA

SOURC E EMISSION

RATE S 0. 0 0. 0 0. 0 0. 0 EFFECTIVE HEIGH T OF TH E AREA SOURC E EMISSION S = 0. 0 H



### 12 5POIN T SOURC E

NUMBERLABE L 1 STAC K1 2 STAC K2 COORDINATE S

X(KM> YCKM ) 30.0 0 2.0 0 10.0 0 2.0 0

POLLUTION EPISODI C MODE L (PEH-2 )
INPUT POIN T SOURC E PARAHETERS : PEM- 2 EXAHPL E 2B : 2 POIN T SOURCES , STANDAR DPLUH E RIS E fc PENETRATION SCHEME S
EMISSION RAT E EMISSION

RAT E HEIGH T DIAMETE REXI T VE L EXI T TEH P POLLUTANT- 1 (G/S ) POLLUTANT- 2 (S/S ) (H ) !M ) (M/S ) (DE G0 1000.00 0 50.00 0 200.0 0 5.00 0 10.00 0 450.00 0 500.00 0 25.00 0 200.0 0 4.00 0 8.00 0 400.00 0
SUM S O F TH E POIN T SOURC E EMISSION RATE S 1500.00 0 6/ S
INPU T CONTRO L PARAMETERS : HINDPROFIL E EXPONENT S OPTION : NHPOPT= 0 0 EXPONENT S AN

DANEMOMETE RHEIGH T AR E STANDAR DDEFAUL T VALUE S 1 EXPONENT S AN

DANEMOMETE RHEIGH T T

OB E SPECIFIE D3 YTH E USER 50.00 0 25.00 0 75.00 0 G/ S 200.0 0

200.0 0 5.00 0

4.00 0

STACK-TI P DOHNWAS HALGORITHM OPTION : NSTDWN= 0 0 ALGORITHM

I S I N EFFEC T 1 AL60RITHM

I S NO T USE D
NE HPLUME-RISE EQUATION S OPTION : NPRISE= 0 0 STANDAR DPLUME-RIS E EQS . AR E USE DFO RAL L STABILIT YCLASSE S 1 NE HEQS . AR E USE DFORPEA KBUOYANC YRIS E FORSTABILIT YCLASSE S A- D
POTENTIAL TEMPERATUR E GRADIENT : DTDZ(1) = 0.02 0 DEG/ M STABILIT YCLAS S E DTDZ(2) = 0.03 5 DES/ M

STABILIT YCLAS S F
PLUM E PENETRATION

ABOVE MIXIN

GHEIGH T OPTION : NINPEN= 0 0 STANDAR DTREATMEN T OF PLUME PENETRATION ABOVE TH E MIXINGHEIGH T 1 NE HSCHEME S FORPLUME PENETRATION O F ELEVATE DSTABL E LAYERUSE D FO RSTABILIT YCLASSE S A- DAN DBUOYANCY-DOMINATE DPLUME
OUTPU T OPTION S SELECTED :
NPRINT= 1 LIS T O

F POIN T SOURC E PARAMETER S ANDEFFECTIV E STAC KHEIGHT S PRINTE DA T BEGINNINGOF EAC HSCENARI O 

### 12 6POLLUTION EPISODI C MODE L (PEM-2 ! OUTPUT : PEM- 2 EXAHPL E 2B : 2 POIN T SOURCES , STANDARDPLUH E RIS E fc PENETRATION SCHEHE S SCENARI O1 POIN T SOURC E PLUME RIS E CALCULATION S

MIXIN GHEIGHT : HMIX = 550.0 0 M SOURC E EMISSION

RATE S HIN DSPEE DAT HAXIHU

M POIN T COORDINATE S POL- 1 POL- 2 HEIGH T DIAMETEREXI T VE L EXI T TEMP DOMINANT STACKHEIGH T EFFECTIVE SOURC E X!KH ) Y(KM ) (G/S ) (G/S ) (M ) (H > (H/S ) (DE

GK ) INFLUENC E (H/S ) SOURC E HEIGHT(M ) 1 30.0 0 2.0 0 1000.0 0 50.0 0 200.0 0 5.00 0 10.00 0 723.1 5 BUOYANC Y5.20 2 454.3 2 2 10.0 0 2.0 0 500.0 0 25.0 0 200.0 0 4.00 0 8.00 0 673.1 5 BUOYANC Y5.20 2 364.8 2



### 12 7PEH- 2 OUTPUT : SECTION 1 OF 1 , SCENARI O1 PEH- 2 EXAMPL E 2B : 2 POIN T SOURCES , STANDARDPLUME RIS E fc PENETRATION SCHEME S STABILITY= D, HINDSPD = 2.4 6 M/S , HINDDIR=180.0 0 DEG , MIXINGHT = 550. 0 M , AVERAGIN GTIHE = 1 HR . POLLUTANT-1 : S0 2 UNCALIBRATE DCONCENTRATION

- HICRDGRAH S PERCUBI C HETER 0. 0 4.0 0 8.0 0 12.0 0 16.0 0 20.0 0 24.0 0 28.0 0 32.0 0 36.0 0 40.0 0 44.0 0 48.0 0 P.3 8

48.0 0 46.0 0 44.0 0 42.0 0 40.0 0 33.0 0 36.0 0 34.0 0 32.0 0 30.0 0 28.0 0 26.0 0 24.0 0 22.0 0 20.0 0 19.0 0 16.0 0 14.0 0 12.0 0 10.0 0 8.0 0 6.0 0 4.0 0 2.0 0 0. 0 0

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

### o 0 0 0 0 0 

### o 0. 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

### 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

### o 0 0 0 

### o 0 

### o 0 0

f l V
l'i V 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

### o 0 0 0 0 0 

### o 4.0 0 1 4 1 4 1 4 1 4 1 4 1 3 1 3 1 3 1 3 1 2 1 2 1 1 10 9 3 6 5 3 n I 0

V 0 0 0 2 8 2 9 3 0 3 1 33 34 35 37 39 4 1 4 3 4 6 4 9 5 3 57 6 1 67 7 5 85 9 9 12 1 14 2 14 3 0 0 8.0 0 1 4 1 4 1 4 1 4 1 4 1 3 1 3 1 3 1 3 1 2 1 2 1 1 1 0 9 3 6 5 7

" J X 1 * 0 0 

### o 0 0 2
1 i 1 3 1 1

i 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

### o 0
(1 0 0 0 

### o 12.0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 ' 

### o 0 ( 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 16.0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

### o 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

### o 0 0 0 0 20.0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

### o 0 0 0 3
7 tj 3 2 2

1 X 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

### o 0 0 0 0 24.0 0 12 8 27 27 m XI 27
1 7 i.t 27 26 2 6 2 5 24 23 22 20 1 8 5 6 58 6 0 62 65 68 7 1 7 4 78 3 2 87 92 9 8 10 5 1 6 11 3 1 3 12 3 1 0 6
7 1 0 0 0 0 0 13 5 15 0 17 0 19 8 24 1 24 4 13 6 0 0

I D ft ft XO. VI ' 27 27 27 2 7 27 27 26 2 6 2 5 2 4
T T Xm> 11 XX 20 1 8 1 6 1 3 1 0 6
7 1 0 0

•J 

### o o 7

m* 3
7 2 2 2 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
11 Af t •JX. v V 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

A V 

### o 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

### o 0 0

A 'J 0 0 0 36.0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

### o 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

### o 0 0 0 0 0 

### o 0 0 40.0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

V 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 44.0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

### o 0 0 0 0 48.0 0 48.0 0

46.0 0 44.0 0 42.0 0 40.0 0 38.0 0 36.0 0 34.0 0 32.0 0 30.0 0 23.0 0 26.0 0 24.0 0 22.0 0 20.0 0 18.0 0 16.0 0 14.0 0 12.0 0 10.0 0 8.0 0 6.0 0 4.0 0 2.0 0 0. 0P.3 9

PEH- 2 OUTPUT : SECTIO N1 O F 1 , SCENARI O 1 PEM- 2 EXAHPL E 2B : 2 POIN T SOURCES . STANDAR D PLUM E RIS E & PENETRATIO NSCHEME S STABILITY= D , HIND SPD = 2.4 6 M/S , HIN D DIR=180.0 0 DEG , MIXINGHT = 550. 0 M , AVERAGIN GTIME = 1 HR . POLLUTANT-1 : S0 2 KILOGRAM S PE R SQUAR E KILOMETE R PE R HOUR 0 0 12.0 0 16.0 0 20.0 0 24.0 0 23.0 0 32.0 0 36.0 0 40.0 0 44.0 0 48.0 0 UNCALIBRATE D SURFAC E DEPOSITIO NFLUX

0. 0 4.0 0 3 48.0 0 46.00 44.00 42.0 0 40.00 38.0 0 36.0 0 34.0 0 '• ' 32.0 0 30.0 0 29.0 0 26.0 0 24.0 0 22.0 0 20.0 0

" 18.0 0 16.0 0 14.0 0 12.0 0 10.0 0 8.0 0 6.0 0 4.0 0 2.0 0 0. 0 OOO O

OOO O OOO O OOO O OOO O OOO O
ooo o ooo o 0 0 0 0
ooo o ooo o ooo o 0 0 0 0
ooo o ooo o 2 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 4 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

2 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 4 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 4 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 4 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 5 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2100000002520000000 0 31000000025 2 0 000000 0 3 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 5 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 6 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 31000 0 00 0 26200000 0 0 0 3 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 6 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 100000002720000000 0 4 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 7 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 410000 0 0 01810000000 0 4100000001810000000 0 0 0 0 0 0 4 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 9 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 5 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 5 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 6 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 ooo o 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 4 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 9 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 7 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 8 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 OOOO O 1

0 OOOOOOOO O 10 oooooooo o 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 o o ooooooooooooooo o 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 ooo o 0 ooo o 0. 0 4.0 0 8.00 12.00 16.00 20.00 24.00 28.00 32.00 36.00 40.00 44.00 48. 0 12 9 48.0 0 46.0 0 44.0 0 42.0 0 40.0 0 38.0 0 36.0 0 34.0 0 32.0 0 30.0 0 28.0 0 26.0 0 24.0 0 22.0 0 20.0 0 18.0 0 16.0 0 14.0 0 12.0 0 10.0 0 8.0 0 6.0 0 4.0 0 2.0 0 0. 0P.4 0



### PEH- 2 OUTPUT : SECTIO

N1 O F 1 , SCENARI O 1 PEH- 2 EXAHPLE 2B : 2 POIN T SOURCES , STANDAR

D PLUM E RIS E fc PENETRATIO

NSCHEHE S STABILITY= D , HIN

D SPD= 2.4 6 H/S , HIN

D DIR=130.0 0 DEG , MIXIN

GHT= 550. 0 H , AVERAGIN

GTIHE = 1 HR . POLLUTANT-2 : SULFAT E UNCALIBRATED CONCENTRATIO

N- HICROGRAMS PE

R CUBI C METER 0. 0 4.0 0 8.0 0 12.0 0 16.0 0 20.0 0 24.0 0 28.0 0 32.0 0 36.0 0 40.0 0 44.0 0 48.0 0 48.0 0 0 0 0 1 7 1 4 7 1 0 0 0 0 0 2 1 4 2 8 1 4 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 48.0 0 46.0 0 0 0 0 1 7 1 4 7 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 3 2 8 1 3 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 46.0 0 44.0 0 0001 6 1 4 61000 0 0 1 1 2 2 7 1 2 1000000 0 44.0 0 42.0 0 ,0000 6 1 4 6000000 1 12 2 7 12 1000000 0 42.0 0 40.0 0 0 0 0 0 6 1 3 6 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 2 7 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 40.00 38.00 0 0 0.0 5 1 3 5000000 1 1 1 2 7 1 1 1 OOOOOO O 38.00 36.0 0 0 0 0 0 5 1 3 5 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 2 6 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 36.0 0 34.0 0 0000 5 1 3 50000000 9 2 6 9 0 0 0 OOOO O 34.0 0 

### 32.0 0 0 0 0 0 4 1 3 4 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 9 2 6 9 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 32.0 0 ) 30.0 0 0 0 0 0 4 1 3 4 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 9 2 6 9 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 30.0 0 29.0 0 0 0 0 0 3 1 3 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 7 2 5 7 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 28.0 0 26.0 0 0 0 0 0 3 1 3 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 6 2 5 6 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 26.0 0 24.0 0 0 0 0 0 3 1 2 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 5 2 5 5 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 24.0 0 22.0 0 0000 2 12 20000000 4 2 4 40000000 0 22.0 0 20.00 0000 2 1 2 20000000 3 2 4 30000000 0 20.0 0 18.00 0000 1 12 10000000 3 2 4 30000000 0 18.00 16.00 0 0 0 0 1 12 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 2 4 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 16.00 14.0 0 0000 1 1 2 100 0 0 000 1 2 4 10000000 0 14.0 0 12.0 0 0 0 0 0 0 12 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 4 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 12.00 10.00 0 0 0 0 0 12 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 4 0 0 0 0 0 OOO O 10.00 8.0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 5 0 OOOOOOO O 8.0 0 6.0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 1 0 0 0 OOOOO O 6.0 0 

### 4.0 0 OOOO O 1 0 000000000900000000 0 4.0 0 2.0 0 OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO O 2.0 0 0. 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 OOOOOOOOO O 0.0 0

0. 0 4.00 8.00 12.00 16.0 0 20.00 24.00 28.00 32.00 36.00 40.00 44.00 48.00

13 0P.4 1

PEM- 2 OUTPUT : SECTIO

N1 OF 1 , SCENARI O 1 PEH- 2 EXAHPL E 2B : 2 POIN T SOURCES , STANDAR

D PLUME RIS E fc PENETRATIO NSCHEME S STABILITY= D , HIN

D SPD = 2.4 6 H/S , HIN

D DIR=180.0 0 DES , MIXIN

GHT = 550. 0 H , AVERAGIN GTIME = 1 HR . POLLUTANT-2 : SULFATE UNCALIBRATE D SURFAC E DEPOSITIO NFLU X - MICROGRAMS PE

R SQUARE METER PER HOU

R 0. 0 4.0 0 3.0 0 12. 0 16.0 0 20.0 0 24.0 0 28.0 0 32.0 0 36.0 0 40.0 0 44.0 0 48.0 0 49.0 0 0 0 0 1 4 12 3 25 1 12 3 1 4 0 0 0 0 1 2 9 24 6 50 3 24 6 2 9 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 49.0 0 46.0 0 0 0 0 1 2 11 8 24 9 11 8 1 2 0 0 0 0 1 2 5 23 5 49 9 23 5 2 5 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 46.0 0 44.0 0 0 0 0 l i 11 2 24 7 11 2 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 2 1 22 5 49 4 22 5 2 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 44.0 0 42.0 0 0 0 0 9 10 7 24 5 10 7 9 0 0 0 0 0 1 8 21 4 49 0 21 4 1 8 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 42.0 0 40.0 0 0 0 0 7 10 1 24 3 10 1 7 0 0 0 0 0 1 5 20 2 48 6 20 2 1 5 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 40.0 0 38.0 0 0 0 0 6 9 5 24 1 9 5 6 0 0 0 0 0 1 2 19 0 48 1 19 0 1 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 38.0 0 36.0 0 0 0 0 5 9 9 239 ' 8 9 5 0 0 0 0 0 9 17 8 47 6 17 8 9 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 36.0 0 34.0 0 0 0 0 3 8 2 23 6 8 2 3 0 0 0 0 0 7 16 5 47 2 16 5 7 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 34.0 0 32.0 0 0 0 0 3 7 5 23 3 7 5 3 0 0 0 0 0 5 15 1 46 7 15 1 5 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 32.0 0

• • 30.0 0 0 0 0 2 6 8 23 1 6 8 2 0 0 0 0 0 4 13 7 46 1 13 7 4 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 30.0 0 23.0 0 0 0 0 1 6 1 22 8 6 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 2 12 2 45 6 12 2 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 28.0 0 26.0 0 0 0 0 1 5 4 22 5 5 4 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 10 7 45 1 10 7 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 26.0 0 24.0 0 0 0 0 0 4 6 22 3 4 6 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 9 2 44 6 9 2 1 OOOOOO O 24.0 0 22.0 0 0 0 0 0 3 8 22 0 3 8 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 7 6 44 0 7 6 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 22.0 0 20.0 0 0 0 0 0 3 0 21 8 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 6 0 43 6 6 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 20.0 0 18.0 0 0 0 0 0 2 3 21 6 2 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 4 5 43 1 4 5 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 18.0 0 16.0 0 OOO O 1 5 21 4 1 5 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 1 42 8 3 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 16.0 0 14.0 0 0 0 0 0 9 21 3 9 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 8 42 6 1 8 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 14.0 0 12.0 0 0 0 0 0 4 21 3 4 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 9 42 7 9 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 12.0 0 10.0 0 0 0 0 0 1 21 7 i 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 43 3 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 10.0 0 8.0 0 0 0 0 0 0 22 6 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 45 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3.0 0 6.0 0 OOO O 0 22 3 0 0 0 0 0 OOO O 38 4 0 0 0 OOO O 0 0 6.0 0 4.0 0 OOOO O 17 6 OOOOOOOO O 16 7 OOOOOOOO O 4.0 0 2.0 0 OOOOOOOOO O 0 0 0 0 OOO O 0 OOOOO O 2.0 0 0. 0 0 OOO O 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 ooooo o 0 0 0. 0

0. 0 4.0 0 8.0 0 12.0 0 16.0 0 20.0 0 24.0 0 29.0 0 32.0 0 36.0 0 40.0 0 44.0 0 48.0 0 13 1P.4 2

POLLUTIO N EPISODI C MODE L (PEM-2 )
OUTPUT : PEH- 2 EXAMPL E 2B : 2 POIN T SOURCES , STANDARDPLUH E RIS E fc PENETRATION SCHEME S
HIGHES T PREDICTE DCONCENTRATION O F EAC HPOLLUTAN T FOREAC HSCENARI OO RAVERAGIN

GPERIO D UNCALIBRATE DCONCENTRATION I N HICROGRAM S PERCUBI C METER- CALIBRATION , POLLUTANT-1 : CALIBRATION , POLLUTANT-2 :
POLLUTANT-1 : S0 2 POLLUTANT-2 : SULFAT E
SCENARI OHINDDIRECTION COORDINATE S CONCENTRATION , COORDINATES CONCENTRATION NUMBE RSUB-SCENARI OX(KM ) Y(KM ) UNCALIBRATE DCALIBRATE D' X(KH > Y(KH ) UNCALIBRATE DCALIBRATE D 1 30.0 0 6.0 0 244.132 3 0. 0 30.0 0 48.0 0 27.922 6 0. 0



### 13 2P.4 3

POLLUTION EPISODI C MODE L (PEM-2 )
OUTPUT : PEH- 2 EXAMPL E 23 : 2 POIN T SOURCES , STANDARDPLUM E RIS E fc PENETRATION SCHEHE S
HISHES T PREDICTE DSURFAC E DEPOSITION FLU XO F EAC HPOLLUTAN T FOREAC HSCENARI OO RAVERAGIN

GPERIO D UNCALIBRATE DVALUE S I

N HICROGRAM S PERSQUAR E METERPERHOU R- CALIBRATION , POLLUTANT-1 : CALIBRATION , POLLUTANT-2 :
POLLUTANT-1 : S0 2 POLLUTANT-2 : SULFAT E
SCENARI OHINDDIRECTION

COORDINATES SURFAC E DEPOSITION FLU XCOORDINATE S SURFAC E DEPOSITION NUMEERSUB-SCENARI OX(KM ) Y(KM ) UNCALIBRATE DCALIBRATE DX(KM ) Y(KM ) UNCALIBRATE DCALIBRATE D
1 30.0 0 6.0 0 17581.121 1 0. 0 30.0 0 48.0 0 502.606 0 0. 0



### 13 3P.4 4

TABL EE- 7 INPU T DAT

AFOREXAMPL

EPROBLE

M 3

CONTROLCARD

S 1 TITL E 2 OPTION S 3 GRI D 4 POLLUTANTS 5 SCALIN S 6 LABEL S 7 HIN D PROFIL E SCENARI O CARD

S PE M

S0 2 3 0

c •J

- j 6 6 6 LfthllfU t 0 ' 0 0 0
. 1 0
. 15
. CAR

D IMAGE S
: 1 ARE ASOURCE fc 3 POIN TSOURCES , I A 1 X. 1 i . 0.2 0 6

!

•7 C •J. J 3. 5 3. 0 3. 0 2. 5 2. 5 0

X.J 0
. 1
. '.2 0 2 0

2 5 0. 2 0
. 

## s 0.2 5 260
. 260
. ii;\ 270
. 280
. 280
. 0 1

1.5 0
. 0
. ULFAT E 0.3 0 5 . C

• J « 1
. t X•

_ 7 -3
. 5-H R AV

G CO N 1 I

200
. 200
. 200
. 150
. 150
. 150
. 0 0.01 5 5. 0 0
. 0.3 5 CERTRAT I 0 1 0.03 0 1.5 0
. 0.3 5 0
. 0
. n 0
. 0
. 0
. ARE ASOURCE CARD

S 0.7 5 15.7 5 4500
. 75 . 7. 5 ( ABLAN KCARD T

O SISNA LEN D O

F AREASOURCE INVENTORY) POIN TSOURCE CARD

S

B L 7 i' l 1. 5 1. 5 AN KC A R D 1 0 ! nn xO T O 0 5 r J 100
. 200
. 60
. 10
.

6
. SIGNA LEN D O

F POIN T 30
.

50
. 10
. SOURCE I •i

• j i i NVENTOR Y 250
. STAC K1

200
. STAC K2 150
. STAC K3

13 4TABL EE- 8 OUTPU T LISTIN GFO

REXAMPL

EPROBLE

M 3

PEM- 2 (VERSIO N 84130 )

POLLUTIO N EPISODI C MODE L

INCLUDIN G DEPOSITION , SEDIMENTATION , ANDCHEMICAL TRANSFORMATION

OF POLLUTANT S



### 135P.4 6



### POLLUTION EPISODI C HODE L (PEH-2 ) INPUT CONTRO L PARAMETERS : PEH- 2 EXAMPL E 3 : 1 AREA SOURC E i 3 POIN T SOURCES , 6-H RAV GCONCERTRATION S AVERAGINGTIME OPTION : NT0PT= 3 A SCENARI OI S A

SE T OF METEOROLOGICAL DATA

FORONE HOU

R 1 1 HOUR : CONCENTRATION S AR E CALCULATE DFOREAC HSCENARI O 2 2 4 HOURS : CONCENTRATION S CALCULATE DFO R2 4 SCENARIO S AR E AVERAGE D 3 VARIABLE : CONCENTRATION S CALCULATE DFO RA GIVEN NUMBER( 2 TO23 ) OF SCENARIO S ARE AVERAGE D HINDDIRECTION

OPTION : NHDOPT= 0 \ 0 DIRECTION

I N DEGREE S TOB E SPECIFIE DFO

REAC HSCENARI O 1 SECTORNUMBERTOS E SPECIFIE DFOREAC HSCENARI O 2- 7 DIRECTION

I N DEGREE S TOB E SPECIFIE DFORTH E FIRS T O F FOU RSUB-SCENARIOS . FO REAC HSUCCEEDINGSOS-SCENARIO , HINDDIRECTION I S AUTOMATICALL YINCREASE D B Y90,45,30,15,10,O R5 DEGREES , DEPENDINGO N TH E OPTION NUMBERSELECTED . HINDSPEE DOPTION : NHSOPT= 0
• 0 SPEE DI

N M/ S TOB E SPECIFIE DFOREAC HSCENARI O 1 HINDSPEE DCLAS S NUMBERTOBE SPECIFIE DFOREAC HSCENARI O NUMBERO F SCENARIOS : NSCEN = 6 RECEPTORSRID : COLUMNS : LX = 2 5 ROHS : LY = 2 5

SPACING : GRID = 1.50 0 K

H SOUTHWES T CORNERXRSHC = 0. 0 K M W YRSHC = 0. 0 K

M S

13 6POLLUTION EPISODI C MODE L (PEH-2 )
INPU T CONTRO L PARAHETERS : PEH- 2 EXAMPL E 3 : 1 ARE A SOURC E fc 3 POIN T SOURCES , 6-H RAV GCONCERTRATION S P.4 7

NUMBEROF POLLUTANTS : NP0L= 2 POLLUTANT-1 : S0 2 POLLUTANT-2 : SULFAT E
ARE A SOURC E SCALINGFACTOR : CALIBRATION

COEFFICIENTS : CALIBRATION

IDENTIFICATION : DEPOSITION

VELOCIT Y(CM/S) : SETTLINGVELOCIT Y(CM/Si : ASCALE = 1.00 0 0. 0 B =

VD1 = 2.00 0 Hl = 0. 0 

### 0.0 ASCALE = 1.00 0 A= 0. 0 B = 0. 0

VD2 = 0.20 0 H2 = 0. 0

CHEMICAL TRANSFORMATION

OPTION : 3CT= 1 NP0L= 2 ICT= 0 CHEMICAL TRANSFORMATION LOS S O F POLLUTANT S I S IGNORE D ICT= 1 FIRST-ORDE RCHEHICAL TRANSFORMATION O F POLLUTANT- 1 T OPOLLUTANT- 2 I S CONSIDERE D
CHEHICAL TRANSFORMATION

O RDECA YRATE : XKT = 5.00 0 PERCENT/H R RATI OOF MOLECULA

RHEIGHT S O

F POLLUTANT- 2 (PRODUCT ) TOPOLLUTANT- 1 (REACTANT) : GAMMA = 1.50 0 OUTPU T OPTION S SELECTED :
NARRAY= 2 MAP S O

F CONCENTRATION

AN DSURFAC E DEPOSITION

FLU XAT EAC HRECEPTO RI

N TH E GRID , UNCALIBRATE DONL Y NMAX M LIS T O

F RECEPTOR S WIT HHIGHES T CONCENTRATION AN DSURFAC E DEPOSITION

FLU X FOREAC HSCENARI O- PRINTE DAT EN DO F RU N



### 13 7Cr - c n -4a

» c4 r o •

— t o a >

mzo r o •— • C D CO > J Cr - U l 4 » WW :* rc n c z m Z KC D C O — I mc n zo 70 3 > Cl D c n - o n > 3 D D > C/ 1 C M *
—*M J O - -la* rO C 3 - H •*- J c n ro <z>

— i c n r o o m •— • c nc= » c n cr> c n o c n <r > c n cr - —

- s c

cr - c_ n -fc» . C Mr o •—

• o - o

r o r o C M ci C M C~I c n c n o <z > c n c n • o <r > o - <r < <r - o o • » <= • o o o . 32 = c n c r m Z E C D c o — i r n C D n a s o

S O r n C D c n c n zo r n C D

— i C D 3 E c n D >

~ o c z

— i c n

c n r n K : C MC M r o r- o r- o r o h o • — C- 4 •— - -M D ^- j -«=»

• r- o < n c o

- o c n r o o *--

i c n r- o « o cno-cnocn-ocn o - ^ c n r n c n 3 > ZO m 3 > C O c n c = = o tr. c n

C D C 3 c r ZK C J C 3 r n
O J 0 0 r o r o r o r o t o r o c o c o -- J -~ i cr - cr - ooooo o

c4 c* 4 *
—'
—c n c n ooooo o o —= o a s o r n •—

• r n c-> s e O T— i o

c- o a t m m c a c o ? o •—

• a > r n tn — i s r c = — I ZO Cr -

h O c n r- o
C D < r m = o c n

- o Cr -

1 Ma *

cr -

- o C M

1 C J

-ta * -o - *- J

1 r- o

r o M ^ o 43
- 1 •- * c n <r >

cr * 1 c n

m X

r s c n

— i m zo 3 > c n c n c n

- o rn m c n
C" > r " 3 > c n c n as : c n c n

- oEEDC r — D > c n c n mNIOd£

— I c n C DURCES Cr - z c

Z * " O x c n

—•— • zo c nzszD > mc nc n c nt—

.

-- - r e r n 3 ma : cr - c n -4= * C M r o e n r n X n I — x » c o C O C O x > C O *—'CONCERT zo x »

— 1 a s e C O C= l C TD D "XT

*
—^ - *

—r o r o r o c n c n c n o o o ooooo o o - o <=•o - o o > m • — »— » x C O •— • = c zs.

— I C O



### 5P.4 9

POLLUTION EPISODI C MODE L (PEH-2 )
INPUT ARE A SOURC E PARAMETERS : PEM- 2 EXAMPL E 3 : 1 ARE A SOURC E fc 3 POIN T SOURCES , 6-H RAV GCONCERTRATION S

ARE A SOURC E NUMBE R 1 COORDINATE S

X(KH ) YIKH ) 0.7 5 15.7 5 SUM S OF TH E AREA

SOURC E LENGT HO F SID E

(M ) 4500.0 0 EMISSION RATE S EFFECTIVE HEIGH T O F TH E AREA SOURC E EMISS I ]NS = POLLUTANT- 1 EMISSION RAT E INPUT (G/S ) 75.00 0 75.00 0

= 0. 0 M SCALE D

75.00 0 75.00 0 POLLUTANT- 2

EMISSION RAT E INPUT (G/S ) SCALE D 7.50 0 7.50 0 7.50 0 7.50 0



### 13 9P.5 0

POLLUTIO NEPISODI C HODE L (PEM-2 )
INPUT POIN T SOURC E PARAMETERS : PEM- 2 EXAMPL E 3 : 1 ARE ASOURC E & 3 POIN T SOURCES , 6-H R AV S CONCERTRATION S
POINT SOURC E NUMBE R LABE L 1 STAC K 1 2 STAC K 2 3 STAC K 3 COORDINATE S

X(KH ) 3.0 0 1.5 0 1.5 0 YiKM ) 18.0 0 7.5 0 28.5 0 SUM S O F TH E POIN T SOURC E EMISSIO NRATE S EMISSIO NRAT E POLLUTANT- 1 (G/S ) 100.00 0 200.00 0 60.00 0 360.00 0 G/ S EMISSIO NRAT E

POLLUTANT- 2 (S/S ) 15.00 0 10.00 0 6.00 0 31.00 0 G/ S HEISH T



### (M) 30.0 0 50.0 0 10.0 0 DIAMETE R



### (M) 2.00 0 3.00 0 1.00 0 EXI T VE L

(M/S ) 4.00 0 5.00 0 2.00 0 EXI T TEM P

(DE G0 250.00 0 200.00 0 150.00 0

INPUT CONTRO L PARAMETERS :
N D PROFIL E EXPONENT S OPTION : NHP0PT= 1 0 EXPONENT S AND ANEMOMETE R HEIGH T AR E STANDAR D DEFAUL T VALUE S 1 EXPONENT S AND ANEHOMETE R HEIGH T T O B E SPECIFIE D BY TH E USE R USE R SPECIFIE D HIND PROFIL E EXPONEN T VALUES : 0.2 0 0.2 0 0.2 5 0.3 0 0.3 5 0.3 5 ANEMOMETE R HEIGH T = 35. 0 METER S
STACK-TI P DOKNHAS H ALGORITH MOPTION : NSTDWN= 1 0 ALGORITH MI S INEFFEC T 1 ALGORITH MI S NO T USE D
NE H PLUME-RIS E EQUATION S OPTION : NPRISE= 0 0 STANDAR D PLUME-RIS E EOS . AR E USE D FOR AL L STABILIT Y CLASSE S ! NE H EOS . AR E USE D FO R PEA K BUOYANC Y RIS E FOR STABILIT Y CLASSE S A- D
POTENTIA L TEMPERATUR E GRADIENT : DTDZ(1) = 0.01 5 DES/ MSTABILIT Y CLAS S E DTDZ!2) = 0.03 0 DES/ MSTABILIT Y CLAS S F
PLUM E PENETRATIO NABOV E MIXINGHEISH T OPTION : NINPEN= 0 0 STANDAR D TREATMENT O F PLUM E PENETRATIO NABOVE TH E MIXINGHEISH T 1 NE H SCHEHE S FO R PLUM E PENETRATIO NO F ELEVATE D STABL E LAYE R USE D FOR STABILIT Y CLASSE S A- D AND BUOYANCY-DOMINATE D PLUM E 

### 14 0P.5 1 T I

PEM- 2 OUTPUT : SECTIO

N1 O F 1 PEM- 2 EXAMPLE 3 : 1 ARE ASOURCE & 3 POIN

T SOURCES , 6-H

R AV S CONCERTRATION

S 6 SCENARIOS , AVERAGIN

G TIME = 6 HRS . POLLUTANT-1 : S0 2 UNCALIBRATED CONCENTRATIO N- MICROGRAMS PE

R CUBI C METE

R 0. 0 3.0 0 6.0 0 9.0 0 12.0 0 15.0 0 18.0 0 21.0 0 24.0 0 27.0 0 30.0 0 33.0 0 36.0 0 36.0 0 OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO O 0 000011 2 36.0 0 34.5 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 11 2 3 4 5 5 5 34.5 0 33.0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 2 3 5 6 7 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 33.0 0 31.5 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 4 7 9 1 0 9 7 5 4 2 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 31.5 0 30.0 0 0 0 0 0 2 1 1 1 7 1 6 1 1 7 4 3 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 30.0 0 23.5 0 0 0 21 1 6 9 4 0 3 0 2 4 2 1 1 8 1 6 1 5 1 3 1 2 1 2 1 1 1 0 9 9 8 8 8 7 7 7 6 28.5 0 27.0 0 0 0 0 0 3 1 8 2 8 2 6 1 8 1 1 7 4 3 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 27.0 0 25.5 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 6 1 1 1 4 1 5 1 4 1 1 8 5 4 2 1 1 1 1 1 2 25.5 0 24.0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 2 5 7 9 1 1 11 1 1 1 1 11 11 1 1 1 0 24.0 0 22.5 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 0 1 2 5 7 1 0 1 2 1 4 1 4 1 4 1 3 1 2 1 1 22.5 0 21.0 0 0 0 0 0 2 4 5 4 4 5 7 1 1 1 3 1 4 1 3 1 0 8 5 4 2 2 1 2 2 3 21.0 0 19.5 0 0 7 1 8 8 9 7 3 0 2 0 2 5 3 2 3 0 2 3 1 4 B 4 3 2 2 2 2 2 3 3 3 3 3 3 19.5 0 18.0 0 0 7 1 8 3 27 3 11 3 7 6 5 8 4 8 4 1 3 4 2 8 2 3 2 0 1 3 1 7 1 6 1 5 1 4 1 3 1 3 1 2 1 2 1 1 1 1 1 0 18.0 0 16.5 0 0 7 1 8 8 9 7 3 0 2 2 3 7 4 9 4 5 3 3 2 1 1 2 6 4 3 2 2 2 2 3 3 3 3 3 3 16.5 0 15.0 0 0 0 0 0 2 4 6 5 4 6 1 1 1 7 2 1 2 2 2 0 1 7 1 2 8 5 4 2 2 3 4 6 15.0 0 13.5 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 0 1 4 7 1 2 1 6 1 9 2 2 2 3 2 4 2 3 2 2 1 9 13.5 0 12.0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 4 8 1 2 1 6 1 9 2 0 2 0 2 0 1 9 1 8 1 7 1 6 12.0 0 10.5 0 OOOOOO O 1 3 9 1 7 2 3 2 5 2 3 1 9 1 4 1 0 6 4 2 2 1 1 2 3 10.5 0 9.0 0 0 0 0 0 5 2 6 4 2 4 0 2 9 1 9 1 2 7 5 4 4 4 4 5 5 5 5 5 5 6 6 9.0 0 7.5 0 0 0 15 0 12 5 9 4 7 4 6 2 5 3 4 7 4 2 3 9 3 6 3 3 3 1 2 9 2 7 2 6 2 5 2 3 2 2 2 1 2 0 2 0 1 9 1 8 7.5 0 6.0 0 0 0 0 0 8 4 5 7 1 6 7 4 3 3 0 1 8 1 1 7 5 4 4 4 5 5 5 5 5 5 6 6 6.0 0 4.5 0 OOOOOO O 1 5 1 6 2 9 3 8 4 1 33 3 0 2 2 1 5 1 0 6 4 2 1 1 1 0 4.5 0 3.0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 3 7 1 3 2 0 2 6 29 2 9 2 6 2 2 I S 1 3 9 6 3.0 0 1.5 0 OOO O 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 00013 6 1 0 1 5 1 9 2 1 2 3 2 2 1.50 0. 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 2 3 5 8 0. 0

0. 0 3.0 0 6.0 0 9.0 0 12.0 0 15.0 0 18.0 0 21.0 0 24.0 0 27.0 0 30.0 0 33.0 0 36.0 0 1 4 1P.5 2

PEM- 2 OUTPUT : SECTIO

N1 O F 1 PEH- 2 EXAMPLE 3 : 1 ARE ASOURCE & 3 POIN

T SOURCES , 6-H

R AV G CONCERTRATION

S 6 SCENARIOS , AVERAGIN

G TIHE = 6 HRS . POLLUTANT-1 : S0 2 UNCALIBRATE D SURFACE DEPOSITIO NFLU X - KILOGRAMS PER SQUAR

E KILOMETER PE

R HOU R 0. 0 3.0 0 6.0 0 9.0 0 12.0 0 15.0 0 18.0 0 21.0 0 24.0 0 27.0 0 30.0 0 33.0 0 36.0 0 36.0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 OOO O 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 OOO O 36.0 0 34.5 0 OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO O 34.5 0 33.0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 OOOOO O 0 OOOOOOOOOOO O 33.0 0 31.5 0 000000000001111000 0 0 0000 0 31.5 0 30.0 0 0 0 0 0 0 11111 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 30.0 0 28.5 0 0 0 15 5 3 2 2 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 28.5 0 27.0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 2 2 11 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 27.0 0 25.5 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 111111 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 25.5 0 24.0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 111111111 1 24.0 0 !

. 22.5 0 000000 0 0 0000000011111111 1 22.5 0 21.0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1111111 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 21.0 0 19.5 0 0 5 6 7 ' 2 1 2 2 2 2 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 19.5 0 18.0 0 0 5 6 2 0 8 5 4 3 3 2 2 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 18.0 0 16.5 0 0 5 6 7 2 2 3 4 3 2 2 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 16.5 0 15.0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 11 2 2 1111 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 15.0 0 13.5 0 000000000000000111122222 1 13.5 0 12.0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1111111111 1 12.0 0 10.5 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 11 2 2 2 111 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 10.5 0 9.0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 3 3 2 111 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 9.0 0 7.5 0 0 0 1 1 9 7 5 4 4 3 3 3 3 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 1 1 1 1 7.5 0 6.0 0 0 0 0 0 1 3 5 5 3 2 111 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 6.0 0 4.5 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 2 3 3 3 2 2 11 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 4.5 0 3.0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 11 2 2 2 2 2 111 0 3.0 0 1.5 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 111 2 2 2 1.5 0 0. 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0. 0

0. 0 3.0 0 6.0 0 9.0 0 12.0 0 15.0 0 18.0 0 21.0 0 24.0 0 27.0 0 30.0 0 33.0 0 36.0 0 14 2P.53 _

PEM- 2 OUTPUT : SECTIO

N1 O F 1 PEM- 2 EXAMPLE 3 : 1 ARE ASOURCE fc 3 POIN

T SOURCES , 6-H

R AV S CONCERTRATION

S 6 SCENARIOS , AVERAGIN

G TIME = 6 HRS . POLLUTANT-2 : SULFAT E UNCALIBRATED CONCENTRATIO N- MICROGRAM

S PE R CUBI C METE

R 0. 0 3.0 0 6.0 0 9.0 0 12.0 0 15.0 0 18.0 0 21.0 0 24.0 0 27.0 0 30.0 0 33.0 0 36.0 0 36.0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 36.0 0 34.5 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 111 2 2 2 2 34.5 0 33.00 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 2 2 2 3 2 2 2 11 1 33.00 31.5 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 2 2 3 3 2 2 111 0 0 0 0 0 0 31.5 0 30.00 0 0 0 0 0 2 3 3 3 2 11111111111111 1 30.0 0 28.5 0 0 0 2

9 1 1 7 6 5 5 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 3 3 3 28.5 0 27.00 0 0 0 0 1 4 6 7 5 3 2 1111111111111 1 27.0 0 25.5 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 2 3 5 6 5 5 4 3 2 11 0 0 0 1 1 25.5 0 24.00 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 6 6 6 6 5 5 24.0 0 •' • 22.5 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 7 7 7 6 22.5 0 21.00 0 0 0 0 0 11111 2 3 4 4 4 4 3 2 111111 2 21.0 0 19.5 0 0 9 1 1 1 3 5 4 6 8 8 6 4 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 2 19.5 0 18.0 0 0 9 1 1 4 5 2 3 1 7 1 4 1 2 1 1 1 0 8 7 7 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 5 5 5 5 5 18.0 0 16.5 0 0 9 1 1 1 3 5 5 9 1 4 1 3 1 1 7 4 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 2 16.5 0 15.0 0 0 0 0 0 11 2 11 2 4 6 8 9 8 7 5 4 3 2 1111 1 15.00 13.5 0 000000000000012357899988 7 13.5 0 12.00 00000000 0 0 00011234456788 8 • 12.00 10.5 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 2 3 4 4 3 2 2 111 0 0 11 2 10.5 0 9.0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 4 4 3 2 1111111111111 2 2 9.0 0 7.5 0 0 0 9 9 8 7 6 6 6 6 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 7.5 0 6.0 0 0 0 0 0 1 5 8 8 7 5 3 2 11111111111 2 2 6.0 0 4.5 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 2 5 7 8 8 6 5 4 3 2 11 0 0 0 0 4.5 0 3.0 0 00 0 0 000 0 0 000113567876543 2 3.0 0 1.5 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 2 3 4 6 7 7 8 1.5 0 0. 0 000000000000000000000012 3 0. 0

0. 0 3.00 6.00 9.00 12.00 15.00 18.0 0 21.00 24.00 27.00 30.00 33.00 36.0 0 14 3P.5 4

PEH- 2 OUTPUT : SECTIO

N1 O F 1 PEH- 2 EXAMPLE 3 : 1 ARE ASOURC E fc 3 POIN

T SOURCES , 6-H

R AV G CONCERTRATION

S

. 6 SCENARIOS , AVERAGIN

G TIHE = 6 HRS . POLLUTANT-2 : SULFATE UNCALIBRATE D SURFACE DEPOSITIO NFLU X - MICROGRAMS PE

R SQUAR E METER PE

R HOU R 0. 0 3.0 0 6.0 0 9.0 0 12.0 0 15.0 0 18.0 0 21.0 0 24.0 0 27.0 0 30.0 0 33.0 0 36.0 0 36.0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 2 4 7 36.0 0 34.5 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 2 4 7 1 0 1 3 1 6 1 7 1 7 34.5 0 33.0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 3 7 1 1 1 5 1 8 1 3 1 7 1 5 1 3 1 0 7 5 33.0 0 31.5 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 6 1 2 1 8 2 0 1 9 1 6 1 3 9 6 4 3 2 1 1 0 0 31.5 0 30.0 0 0 0 0 0 3 1 4 2 4 2 4 1 9 1 3 8 6 4 4 4 4 4 5 5 6 6 7 7 7 8 30.0 0 28.5 0 0 0 21 0 7 9 5 1 4 1 3 7 3 4 3 2 3 1 3 0 2 9 2 8 2 8 2 7 2 7 2 7 2 6 2 6 2 6 2 6 2 5 2 5 2 5 2 5 28.5 0 27.0 0 0 0 0 0 5 2 7 4 7 4 7 3 7 2 5 1 6 1 0 7 5 4 4 5 5 5 6 6 7 7 7 8 27.0 0 25.5 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 4 1 3 2 5 3 5 4 0 3 9 3 3 2 5 1 8 1 2 8 5 3 3 3 4 7 25.5 0 24.0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 3 7 1 4 2 3 3 1 3 7 4 0 4 1 4 2 4 1 4 0 3 9 3 7 24.0 0
1 22.5 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 2 2 1 2 6 1 2 1 9 2 8 3 6 4 2 4 8 5 1 5 1 5 0 4 6 22.5 0 21.0 0 0 0 0 0 3 5 7 7 7 1 0 1 5 2 2 2 9 3 2 3 1 2 6 2 0 1 4 1 0 7 5 5 6 9 1 4 21.0 0 19.5 0 0 6 4 8 2 9 4 3 6 2 8 4 1 5 6 5 5 4 5 3 0 1 8 9 7 6 6 6 7 7 8 9 9 1 0 11 1 2 19.5 0 18.0 0 0 6 4 3 2 32 0 16 5 11 9 9 9 3 3 8 1 7 1 6 1 5 1 4 7 4 6 4 4 4 3 4 2 4 1 4 1 4 0 4 0 3 9 3 9 3 8 3 8 18.0 0 16.5 0 0 6 4 8 2 9 4 3 7 3 4 6 7 9 8 9 6 7 7 5 1 3 0 1 6 1 0 8 7 7 7 8 8 9 9 1 0 1 1 1 2 16.5 0 15.0 0 0 0 0 0 4 8 11 1 0 1 0 1 6 2 7 4 3 5 7 6 4 6 1 5 1 3 9 2 8 1 9 1 3 8 6 6 8 1 1 15.0 0 13.5 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 3 3 1 4 1 1 2 2 3 6 5 0 6 0 6 6 6 8 6 6 6 1 5 5 4 7 13.5 0 12.0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 5 9 1 5 2 1 2 7 3 2 3 7 4 3 4 9 5 5 5 9 6 0 12.0 0 10.5 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 8 1 6 2 3 2 6 2 6 2 2 1 7 1 2 8 6 4 3 3 4 8 1 3 10.5 0 9.0 0 0 0 0 0 3 1 7 2 9 3 0 2 3 1 6 1 1 7 6 5 5 6 6 7 8 3 9 1 0 1 0 1 1 1 2 9.0 0 7.5 0 0 0 6 7 6 7 5 7 5 0 4 6 4 3 4 1 4 0 3 9 3 9 3 8 3 8 3 8 3 7 3 7 3 7 3 7 3 7 3 7 3 7 3 7 3 7 3 7 7.5 0 6.0 0 0 0 0 0 6 3 4 5 9 6 1 4 8 3 3 2 1 1 3 9 7 6 6 6 7 3 3 9 1 0 1 0 1 1 1 2 6.0 0 4.5 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 5 1 7 3 4 4 9 5 6 5 4 4 6 3 6 2 6 1 8 1 2 7 5 3 2 1 1 4.5 0 3.0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 4 1 0 2 0 3 2 4 4 5 2 5 5 5 2 4 6 3 8 3 0 2 2 1 6 3.0 0 1.5 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 2 6 1 2 2 1 3 1 4 1 4 9 5 3 5 4 1.5 0 0. 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 3 7 1 3 2 0 0. 0

0. 0 3.0 0 6.0 0 9.0 0 12.0 0 15.0 0 18.0 0 21.0 0 24.0 0 27.0 0 30.0 0 33.0 0 36.0 0 14 4P.5 5

POLLUTION EPISODI C HODE L (PEM-2 )
UTPUT : PEM- 2 EXAMPL E 3 : 1 ARE A SOURCE fc 3 POIN T SOURCES , 6-H RAV S CONCERTRATION S
HIGHES T PREDICTE DCONCENTRATION OF EAC HPOLLUTAN T FO

REAC HSCENARI OO

RAVERAGIN

GPERIOD UNCALIBRATE DCONCENTRATION I N MICROGRAM S PERCUBI C METE R- CALIBRATION , POLLUTANT-1 : CALIBRATION , POLLUTANT-2 : POLLUTANT-1 : S0 2 POLLUTANT-2 : SULFAT E SCENARI OHINDDIRECTION NUMBERSUB-SCENARI O COORDINATE S X(KM> Y(KH ) CONCENTRATION

UNCALIBRATE DCALIBRATE D COORDINATE S XiKN ! Y(KH ) CONCENTRATION

UNCALIBRATE DCALIBRATE D
4.5 0 18.0 0 272.504 2 

### 0.0 4.5 0 13.0 0 44.508 7 

### 0.0

145P.5 6

POLLUTION EPISODI C MODE L (PEH-2 !
OUTPUT : PEH- 2 EXAHPL E 3 : 1 ARE A SOURC E fc 3 POIN T SOURCES , 6-H RAV GCONCERTRATION S
HISHES T PREDICTE DSURFAC E DEPOSITION FLU XO F EAC HPOLLUTAN T FO

REAC HSCENARI OO

RAVERAGIN

GPERIO D UNCALIBRATE DVALUE S I

N HICROGRAH S PE

RSOUAR E METERPERHOU

R- CALIBRATION , POLLUTANT-1 : CALIBRATION , PDLLUTANT-2 :
POLLUTANT-1 : S0 2 POLLUTANT-2 : SULFAT E SCENARI OHINDDIRECTION COORDINATE S SURFAC E DEPOSITION FLU XCOORDINATE S SURFAC E DEPOSITION FLU X NUMBERSUB-SCENARI OX(KH ) Y(KM ) UNCALIBRATE DCALIBRATE DX(KH ) Y(KM ) UNCALIBRATE DCALIBRATE D
1 4.5 0 18.0 0 19620.293 0 0. 0 4.5 0 18.0 0 320.461 9 0. 0



### 14 6P.5 7

APPENDI X F
PEM- 2 FORTRA

NLISTIN

G

Th e PEM- 2 (Versio n 84130 ) compute r progra mwa s develope d an

d teste d on the IB M computer s a t th

e Oak . Ridg e Nationa l Laboratory . Th e progra mwa s late r modifie d slightl yt o ru n i t on the UNIVA

C compute r a t Researc h Triangl e Park . Alisting o f thi s UNIVAC-compatibl e FORTRA Nprogra

m follows . Thi s listin g clearl yshow s th

e modification s mad e t o adap t the PEM- 2 compute r code fro mth e IB M t o the UNIVAC . Asummar yo f the state ment s (identifie d b ythei r line number s i n the listing ) require d fo r eac h compute r i s give n below :



### IB M 253 0

5014 0 5043 0 5071 0 UNIVA C 255 0 1564 0 1616 0 1667 0 1730 0 1787 0 1862 0 3890 0 50220-5024 0 50510-5053 0 50790-5081 0


### 14 7