J-A08005-17

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NON-PRECEDENTIAL DECISION - SEE SUPERIOR COURT I.O.P. 65.37

IN RE: TERMINATION OF PARENTAL 

RIGHTS TO: M.L.K., A MINOR

APPEAL OF: J.M.R., A/K/A, J.K., 

MOTHER

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 IN THE SUPERIOR COURT OF

 PENNSYLVANIA

 No. 3396 EDA 2016

Appeal from the Decree October 6, 2016

in the Court of Common Pleas of Lehigh County 

Orphans’ Court at No(s): No. A2015-0050

BEFORE: PANELLA, J., LAZARUS, J., and STEVENS, P.J.E.*

MEMORANDUM BY PANELLA, J. FILED April 25, 2017

Appellant, J.M.R., a/k/a, J.K. (“Mother”) appeals from the decree 

entered October 6, 2016, in the Court of Common Pleas of Lehigh County, 

Orphans’ Court Division, involuntarily terminating the parental rights of 

Mother to her daughter, M.L.K. (“Child”) (born in April 2013), pursuant to 

the Adoption Act, 23 Pa.C.S.A. § 2511(a)(8) and (b).1 We affirm.

The relevant facts and procedural history of this case are as follows. 

Mother and Father are married, but living separate and apart. Mother 

 

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Former Justice specially assigned to the Superior Court.

1 By separate decree, the orphans’ court involuntarily terminated the 

parental rights of biological father, C.K. (“Father”). Father is not a party to 

this appeal nor did he file a separate appeal. 
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currently resides with her new boyfriend.2Prior to Child’s birth, Mother and 

Father had three older children, two of whom have genetic abnormalities and 

require special care and medical attention. In 2009, Lehigh County Office of 

Children and Youth Social Services (“LCOCYS”) received allegations that 

Mother and Father were homeless, lacked sufficient food, and had snakes in 

the trunk of their car. After a lengthy period of noncompliance with courtordered services, Mother’s and Father’s parental rights to their three eldest 

children were involuntarily terminated on March 19, 2013. 

Based on the termination of her parental rights to her three older 

children, LCOCYS had safety concerns for unborn Child, due in April 2013. 

As such, LCOCYS devised a plan with Mother that would provide for the 

safety of Child while allowing her to reside in Mother’s care. The safety plan 

entailed: (1) Mother’s ongoing communication with LCOCYS; (2) Child’s 

attendance in a therapeutic daycare called Safe Start; and (3) the parents’ 

allowing LCOCYS caseworker, Heather Reed (“Ms. Reed”) into the home to 

check on Child. LCOCYS also provided Mother with Valley Youth House inhome services, which was the same in-home services utilized to reunify 

Mother with her three older children. 

LCOCYS received notification that Child was born from a referral and 

not from parents. When LCOCYS contacted Mother, she refused to cooperate 

 

2 Mother has a fifth child by her live-in boyfriend. Mother’s fifth child is not in 

foster care and resides with Mother and her boyfriend.
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with the agreed upon safety plan for Child. LCOCYS obtained an Emergency 

Protective Custody Order for Child on April 12, 2013. The next day, Child 

was discharged from the hospital directly into foster care, where she 

currently remains and has lived for her entire life.

On April 23, 2013, Child was adjudicated dependent and placed into 

the physical and legal custody of LCOCYS. At the adjudication hearing, 

Mother was court-ordered to comply with a Family Service Plan (“FSP”), 

which set the goal of reunification with Child. Mother’s FSP goals were: (1) 

to maintain appropriate legal income and stable housing; (2) to cooperate 

with LCOCYS and all other recommended services; (3) to cooperate with 

Valley Youth House or other in-home services; (4) to complete a mental 

health evaluation and comply with recommendations; and (5) to comply with 

medical treatment and services for Child. Mother was familiar with these FSP 

goals as they were previously court-ordered of her regarding her three 

eldest children.

Several permanency review hearings were held between 2013 through 

2016. On October 12, 2015, LCOCYS filed petitions to involuntarily terminate 

Mother’s and Father’s parental rights to Child. On February 19, 2016 and 

April 8, 2016, the orphans’ court held hearings on LCOCYS’ termination 

petitions. At the hearing on February 19, 2016, LCOCYS presented the 

testimony of Linda Coleman (“Ms. Coleman”), JusticeWorks YouthCare 

visiting coach, and Ms. Reed, the former LCOCYS caseworker, now LCOCYS 
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program specialist. Mother, represented by counsel, was present in the 

courtroom and testified on her own behalf. Father failed to appear at the 

hearing, but was represented by counsel.

Prior to witness testimony, LCOCYS sought to move into evidence an 

exhibit packet, collectively identified as Petitioner’s Exhibit 1 (“Exhibit P-1”), 

which contained court orders with attached findings of fact from prior 

permanency review hearings. Mother made an oral motion in limine, 

objecting only to the attached findings of fact from prior permanency review 

hearings. The orphans’ court granted Mother’s oral motion, precluding 

consideration of the attached findings of fact as part of Exhibit P-1. 

By order dated March 2, 2016, the orphans’ court sua sponte

reconsidered its evidentiary ruling, and admitted the attached findings of 

fact from prior dependency hearings as part of Exhibit P-1. On March 9, 

2016, the orphans’ court conducted a pre-trial conference, informing counsel 

that they were permitted additional testimony and/or witnesses at the 

continued April 8, 2016 termination hearing. 

At the April 8, 2016 hearing, Mother objected to the court’s sua sponte

admission and review of the findings of fact based on hearsay and the 

different standards of review and burdens of proof in dependency and 

termination hearings. The orphans’ court denied Mother’s request for 

reconsideration of its March 2 order, and offered all parties the opportunity 

to clarify or amplify the findings of fact, but the parties opted not to avail 
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themselves of the court’s offer. At the conclusion of the hearing, the 

orphans’ court directed all parties to file proposed findings of fact and legal 

memoranda. On October 6, 2016, the orphans’ court entered a decree and 

an adjudication opinion, involuntarily terminating Mother’s parental rights 

pursuant to 23 Pa.C.S.A. § 2511(a)(8) and (b). 

On October 20, 2016, Mother timely filed a notice of appeal, along with 

a concise statement of errors complained of on appeal pursuant to Pa.R.A.P. 

1925(a)(2)(i) and (b). On appeal, Mother raises the following issues:

1. Whether the trial court abused its discretion and committed 

an error of law by admitting and relying upon the findings of fact 

found in the dependency proceedings as competent evidence in 

the termination proceedings?

2. Whether the trial court abused its discretion and committed 

an error of law by terminating Mother’s parental rights when 

such determination was not supported by clear and convincing 

evidence under 23 Pa.C.S. § 2511(a)(8)?

3. Whether the trial court abused its discretion by terminating 

Mother’s parental rights in violation of 23 Pa.C.S. § 2511(b) by 

finding that such termination of parental rights will serve the 

developmental, physical and emotional needs and welfare of 

Child?

Mother’s Brief, at 4.

Our standard of review regarding orders terminating parental rights is 

as follows:

When reviewing an appeal from a decree terminating parental 

rights, we are limited to determining whether the decision of the 

trial court is supported by competent evidence. Absent an abuse 

of discretion, an error of law, or insufficient evidentiary support 

for the trial court’s decision, the decree must stand. Where a 

trial court has granted a petition to involuntarily terminate 
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parental rights, this Court must accord the hearing judge’s 

decision the same deference that we would give to a jury 

verdict. We must employ a broad, comprehensive review of the 

record in order to determine whether the trial court’s decision is 

supported by competent evidence.

In re S.H., 879 A.2d 802, 805 (Pa. Super. 2005) (quoting In re C.S., 761 

A.2d 1197, 1199 (Pa. Super. 2000)). 

In termination cases, the burden is upon the petitioner to prove by 

clear and convincing evidence that the asserted grounds for seeking the 

termination of parental rights are valid. See id., at 806. We have previously 

stated the standard of clear and convincing evidence is defined as testimony 

that is so “clear, direct, weighty and convincing as to enable the trier of fact 

to come to a clear conviction, without hesitance, of the truth of the precise 

facts in issue.” In re J.L.C., 837 A.2d 1247, 1251 (Pa. Super. 2003).

The court is free to believe all, part, or none of the evidence presented 

and is likewise free to make all credibility determinations and resolve 

conflicts in the evidence. See In re M.G., 855 A.2d 68, 73-74 (Pa. Super. 

2004). “[I]f competent evidence supports the trial court’s findings, we will 

affirm even if the record could also support the opposite result.” In re 

Adoption of T.B.B., 835 A.2d 387, 394 (Pa. Super. 2003) (quoting In re: 

N.C., 763 A.2d 913, 917 (Pa. Super. 2000)). 

In her first issue for review, Mother contends that the orphans’ court 

abused its discretion by admitting and relying upon findings of fact from 

prior juvenile dependency hearings, where different issues are being 
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reviewed and hearsay is routinely admitted. See Mother’s Brief, at 9. 

Mother submits that the orphans’ court’s decision to terminate her parental 

rights must be vacated and remanded for further proceedings. See id., at 

16. Our review of the record indicates that Mother objected, raising this 

issue before the orphans’ court. See N.T., 4/8/16, at 4-9, 22-23. 

Accordingly, this issue framed as a challenge to the admissibility of the 

evidence is preserved for our review. See Pa.R.A.P. 302(a).

The question of whether to admit evidence is within the sound 

discretion of the trial court, and we review the decision under an abuse of 

discretion standard. See A.J.B. v. M.P.B., 945 A.2d 744, 749 (Pa. Super. 

2008). “An abuse of discretion is not merely an error of judgment; if, in 

reaching a conclusion, the court overrides or misapplies the law, or the 

judgment exercised is shown by the record to be either manifestly 

unreasonable or the product of partiality, prejudice, bias or ill will, discretion 

has been abused.” Bulgarelli v. Bulgarelli, 934 A.2d 107, 111 (Pa. Super. 

2007) (citation omitted). 

The basic requisite for the admission of any evidence is that it be both 

competent and relevant. Evidence is competent if it is material to the issues 

to be determined at trial and relevant if it tends to prove or disprove a 

material fact in issue. See Turney Media Fuel, Inc. v. Toll Bros., 725 

A.2d 836, 839 (Pa. Super. 1999).

Our Rules of Evidence define hearsay as a statement that
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(1) the declarant does not make while testifying at the current 

trial or hearing; and

(2) a party offers in evidence to prove the truth of the matter 

asserted in the statement.

Pa.R.E. 801(c).

Further, we have explained, that 

[a]s a general rule, hearsay is inadmissible, because such 

evidence lacks guarantees of trustworthiness fundamental to our 

system of jurisprudence. The rule against admitting hearsay 

evidence stems from its presumed unreliability, because the 

declarant cannot be challenged regarding the accuracy of the 

statement. Notably, it is elemental that, [a]n out of court 

statement which is not offered for its truth, but to explain the 

witness’ course of conduct[,] is not hearsay.

In re K.A.T., 69 A.3d 691, 702 (Pa. Super. 2013) (citations and quotations 

marks omitted).

Nevertheless, an error will be deemed harmless if:

(1) the error did not prejudice the defendant or the prejudice 

was de minimus; or (2) the erroneously admitted evidence was 

merely cumulative of other untainted evidence which was 

substantially similar to the erroneously admitted evidence; or (3) 

the properly admitted and uncontradicted evidence . . . was so 

overwhelming and the prejudicial effect of the error was so 

insignificant by comparison that the error could not have 

contributed to the verdict.

Commonwealth v. Markman, 916 A.2d 586, 603 (Pa. 2007) (citations and 

quotation marks omitted). 

Preliminarily, we note that the orphans’ court did not discuss the 

admissibility of the factual findings from prior dependency matters in its 

adjudication opinion and did not file a subsequent opinion pursuant to 
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Pa.R.A.P. 1925(a). With regard to Mother’s evidentiary challenge, the record 

evidences that, at the hearing on February 19, 2016, LCOCYS sought to 

admit court orders with attached findings of fact from prior permanency 

review hearings as part of Exhibit P-1. See N.T., 2/19/16, at 4. Because 

Mother only objected to the attached findings of fact, the court orders from 

prior permanency review hearings were admitted. By order dated March 2, 

2016, the orphans’ court sua sponte reversed its evidentiary ruling and 

admitted the attached findings of fact from prior dependency hearings. See

Orphans’ Court Order, 3/2/16, unnumbered page 1. The orphans’ court 

conducted a pre-trial conference on March 9, 2016, informing counsel that 

they were permitted to litigate any prior issues or call additional witnesses to 

clarify the admitted findings of fact at the subsequent hearing on April 8, 

2016. 

At the April 8 hearing, Mother objected to the court’s sua sponte

admission and review of the findings of fact based on hearsay and the 

different standards of review and burdens of proof in dependency and 

termination hearings. See N.T., 4/8/16, at 20, 25-26. The orphans’ court 

overruled Mother’s objections to preclude it from reviewing the findings of 

fact, opining that the prior court orders contained legal conclusions 

regarding the parents’ compliance with their FSP objectives, and referred to 

the attached factual findings as a way of explaining the conclusions. See id., 

at 24-25. The orphans’ court found the attached findings of fact, explaining 
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the court orders concerning the parents’ compliance with their FSP goals, 

relevant to its determination whether to terminate their parental rights to 

Child. See id., at 18. Because of its evidentiary ruling, the orphans’ court

offered all parties, including Mother, the opportunity to litigate any issues, 

and call or cross-examine witnesses regarding the admitted findings of fact. 

See id., at 25-26. While LCOCYS declined to call witnesses for additional 

questioning, LCOCYS made their witnesses available for Mother and Father 

to question them. See id., at 28. Mother, however, stated she did not wish 

to call or cross-examine any witnesses. See id., at 29. 

Mother claims that the admitted findings of fact from prior dependency 

proceedings should not be used as competent evidence in a termination 

hearing because permanency review hearings pursuant to 42 Pa.C.S.A. § 

6351 and termination hearings pursuant to 23 Pa.C.S.A. § 2511 are wholly 

distinct and separate, and issues decided at each hearing are uniquely 

different. See Mother’s Brief, at 9. Although Mother cites to § 6351 and § 

2511, she fails to explain how the language of either statute supports her 

assertion that the admitted findings of fact from prior permanency review 

hearings have no relevance and are precluded in a termination hearing. 

Additionally, we note that Mother only objected to the findings of fact 

attached to court orders, and not to the actual court orders from prior 

dependency hearings. Mother offers no pertinent statutory explanation or 

case citation that discusses the effect of admitting the findings of fact from 
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prior dependency proceedings in a termination hearing. Likewise, Mother’s 

brief also does not contain meaningful discussion of or citation to relevant 

legal authority that distinguishes between the admissibility of findings of fact 

from prior dependency proceedings and court orders containing legal 

conclusions from prior dependency proceedings. 

Mother also challenges the admission of findings of fact based on 

hearsay. Mother argues that the orphans’ court admitted and cited to the 

factual findings, which may be based on hearsay, thereby violating her right 

to confront witnesses and litigate any issues from prior dependency 

proceedings. See id., at 15-16. Mother does not indicate conclusively which 

of the factual findings from prior dependency hearings are actually derived 

from hearsay statements, nor does she refer us to any relevant authority, 

which would preclude the admission of these factual findings into evidence. 

As such, we will not reverse the evidentiary ruling order based on Mother’s 

unsupported allegations and speculation. Furthermore, the record clearly 

reflects that the orphans’ court offered all parties, including Mother, the 

opportunity to call or cross-examine witnesses and litigate prior issues 

regarding its sua sponte ruling to admit the attached findings of fact, and 

Mother declined the court’s offer. Accordingly, the orphans court did not 

violate her right to confront and cross examine witnesses and litigate prior 

issues when it sua sponte admitted the factual findings from prior 

dependency hearings. 
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Upon review of the record and Mother’s arguments, we reject Mother’s 

claim that the orphans’ court relied upon inadmissible evidence to terminate 

her parental rights. Assuming arguendo, that the orphans’ court did admit 

inadmissible evidence, any error in admitting and relying upon this evidence 

must be deemed harmless when viewed in the context of the entire record, 

as the factual findings were merely cumulative of the prior court orders 

admitted without objection and the uncontroverted testimonial evidence 

presented by LCOCYS. 

We next address whether the orphans’ court abused its discretion by 

terminating Mother’s parental rights. In terminating Mother’s parental rights, 

the orphans’ court relied upon § 2511(a)(8) and (b) of the Adoption Act, 

which provide as follows: 

(a) General rule.--The rights of a parent in regard to a child 

may be terminated after a petition filed on any of the following 

grounds:

 (8) The child has been removed from the care of the 

parent by the court or under a voluntary agreement with 

an agency, 12 months or more have elapsed from the 

date of removal or placement, the conditions which led to 

the removal or placement of the child continue to exist 

and termination of parental rights would best serve the 

needs and welfare of the child.

(b) Other considerations.—The court in terminating the rights 

of a parent shall give primary consideration to the 

developmental, physical and emotional needs and welfare of the 

child. The rights of a parent shall not be terminated solely on 

the basis of environmental factors such as inadequate housing, 
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furnishings, income, clothing and medical care if found to be 

beyond the control of the parent. With respect to any petition 

filed pursuant to subsection (a)(1), (6) or (8), the court shall not 

consider any efforts by the parent to remedy the conditions 

described therein which are first initiated subsequent to the 

giving of notice of the filing of the petition.

23 Pa.C.S.A. § 2511(a)(8) and (b).

This Court has stated that

[i]n order to terminate parental rights pursuant to 23 Pa.C.S. § 

2511(a)(8), the following factors must be demonstrated: (1) the 

child has been removed from parental care for 12 months or 

more from the date of removal; (2) the conditions which led to 

the removal or placement of the child continue to exist; and (3) 

termination of parental rights would best serve the needs and 

welfare of the child.

In re I.E.P., 87 A.3d at 356 (quoting In re Adoption of M.E.P., 825 A.2d 

1266, 1275–1276 (Pa. Super. 2003); 23 Pa.C.S. § 2511(a)(8)).

“Section 2511(a)(8) sets a 12–month time frame for a parent to 

remedy the conditions that led to the children’s removal by the court.” In re 

A.R., 837 A.2d 560, 564 (Pa. Super. 2003). Once the twelve-month period 

has been established, the court must next determine whether the conditions 

that led to the child’s removal continue to exist, despite the reasonable good 

faith efforts of DHS supplied over a realistic period. See id. Termination 

under § 2511(a)(8) does not require the court to evaluate a parent’s current 

willingness or ability to remedy the conditions that initially caused placement 

or the availability or efficacy of CYS services. See In re Adoption of 

T.B.B., 835 A.2d 387, 396 (Pa. Super. 2003); In re Adoption of M.E.P., 
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825 A.2d at 1275-1276. The “relevant inquiry in this regard is whether the 

conditions that led to removal have been remedied and thus whether 

reunification of parent and child is imminent at the time of the hearing.” In 

re I.J., 972 A.2d 5, 11 (Pa. Super. 2009) (citations omitted). Furthermore, 

we have acknowledged that

the application of Section (a)(8) may seem harsh when the 

parent has begun to make progress toward resolving the 

problems that had led to removal of her children. By allowing for 

termination when the conditions that led to removal continue to 

exist after a year, the statute implicitly recognizes that a child’s 

life cannot be held in abeyance while the parent is unable to 

perform the actions necessary to assume parenting 

responsibilities. This Court cannot and will not subordinate 

indefinitely a child’s need for permanence and stability to a 

parent’s claims of progress and hope for the future.

In re I.E.P., 87 A.3d at 345–346 (quoting In re J.F.M., 71 A.3d 989, 997 

(Pa. Super. 2013)).

With respect to the “needs and welfare” analysis pertinent to § 

2511(a)(8) and (b), we have observed that

initially, the focus in terminating parental rights is on the parent, 

under Section 2511(a), whereas the focus in Section 2511(b) is 

on the child. However, Section 2511(a)(8) explicitly requires an 

evaluation of the “needs and welfare of the child” prior to 

proceeding to Section 2511(b), which focuses on the 

“developmental, physical and emotional needs and welfare of the 

child.” Thus, the analysis under Section 2511(a)(8) accounts for 

the needs of the child in addition to the behavior of the parent. 

Moreover, only if a court determines that the parent’s conduct 

warrants termination of his or her parental rights, pursuant to 

Section 2511(a), does a court “engage in the second part of the 

analysis pursuant to Section 2511(b): determination of the 

needs and welfare of the child under the standard of best 

interests of the child.” Accordingly, while both Section 
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2511(a)(8) and Section 2511(b) direct us to evaluate the “needs 

and welfare of the child,” we are required to resolve the analysis 

relative to Section 2511(a)(8), prior to addressing the “needs 

and welfare” of the child, as proscribed by Section 2511(b); as 

such, they are distinct in that we must address Section 2511(a) 

before reaching Section 2511(b).

In re I.E.P., 87 A.3d at 346 (quoting In re Adoption of C.L.G., 956 A.2d

999, 1008–1009 (Pa. Super. 2008) (en banc) (citations omitted)). 

Mother argues that the orphans’ court abused its discretion and 

committed an error of law by terminating her parental rights when such 

determinations are not supported by clear and convincing evidence under § 

2511(a)(8). See Mother’s Brief, at 16. Mother specifically challenges the 

second and third elements of § 2511(a)(8), claiming the evidence presented 

does not support a finding that Mother is unable or unwilling to remedy the 

conditions which led to Child’s placement or that termination meets the 

needs and welfare of Child. See id., at 17. We disagree. 

It is undisputed that the first element of § 2511(a)(8) has been met. 

On April 12, 2013, LCOCYS obtained an Emergency Protective Order and 

placed Child into foster care on April 13, 2013, where she has resided for 

approximately her entire life. See N.T., 2/19/16, at 90. Accordingly, Child 

had been out of Mother’s care for a period in excess of 12 months at the 

time of the termination hearing on February 19, 2016.

We now examine the second factor of § 2511(a)(8), i.e., whether the 

conditions that led to Child’s placement continue to exist, whereby Mother 
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claims the record is devoid of any evidence she has not remedied the 

conditions that led to Child’s placement. The record discloses that Child was 

removed from Mother’s care by LCOCYS due to her refusal to cooperate with 

the safety plan devised for Child and her history of noncompliance regarding 

her three older children. See id., at 89. 

Contrary to Mother’s assertion, the orphans’ court opined that

[t]he issues that led to [C]hild’s removal were well-founded 

concerns that Mother would not cooperate with [LCOCYS], would 

not maintain open communication, and would not provide for 

[Child’s] needs, including medical care. Specific court [o]rders 

designed to lead to reunification required Mother to maintain 

legal income and stable housing, cooperate with LCOCYS and all 

other recommended services, cooperate with in-home services, 

complete a mental health evaluation and comply with 

recommendations, and comply with medical treatment and 

services for [Child]. Mother did not make substantial progress 

with any of these goals.

Of all the court-ordered services, the only one with which 

Mother has arguably complied [with] is the requirement to 

maintain legal income in that she has had long-standing parttime employment at a Giant food store. In the three years 

[C]hild has been in care, [LCOCYS] and in-home service 

providers saw little to no progress in Mother’s parenting, her 

attachment to [Child], her ability to meet [C]hild’s needs for love 

and affection, her understanding of [C]hild’s medical needs, or 

her participation in [C]hild’s medical care. She has attended only 

four of [C]hild’s numerous medical appointments over the course 

of nearly three years and still has a very limited understanding 

of [Child’s] medical issues. Mother has never had stable, 

independent housing or completed the court-ordered mental 

health evaluation. For three years, [LCOCYS] has been trying to 

work with Mother on the same goals regarding [C]hild [which 

have] been in place prior to [Child’s] birth for the other three 

children. Mother has made virtually no progress.
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With respect to [C]hild’s need for love and affection, 

Mother’s own account of the most recent few visits is that she 

started and ended the visit by hugging [Child]. She testified that 

she would ask her [about] her week and tell [Child] that she 

misses and loves her. Even if Mother’s rendition is accurate, we 

note that during much of the pendency of the matter, Mother 

had to be encouraged to greet her daughter. To this day, Mother 

spends much of the visit preoccupied with texting, and there are 

times she detaches and shuts down during visits. Just a few 

months before the February 2016 termination hearing, concerns 

were raised that Mother had shown notable regression in her 

parenting, becoming verbally aggressive with her daughter and 

threatening not to give her any Christmas presents. 

The same concerns that led to [C]hild’s adjudication still 

exist today; namely, Mother’s capacity to parent [C]hild safely 

and appropriately, to provide for her need for love and affection, 

and to address her medical needs. Unfortunately, Mother’s 

progress was so poor that in the three years [LOCCYS] has 

provided services to try to help Mother reunify with [Child], 

Mother has never even progressed to an unsupervised visit. The 

progress she made in the area of meeting [C]hild’s most basic 

needs is diminished by her lack of flexibility and spontaneity in 

parenting. She brings the same meal to every visit, reads the 

same book, and gets frustrated with [Child’s] normal toddler 

behavior. Nothing in the record indicates that more time or more 

services will help Mother reunify with [C]hild.

Orphans’ Court Adjudication Opinion, 10/6/16, at 8 (citations omitted). 

Our review of the record finds that there is ample testimony in the 

record from which the orphans’ court appropriately concluded that the 

conditions that led to Child’s placement continue to exist. Ms. Reed, a former 

LCOCYS caseworker, testified that she worked with family from June 2011 

until October 2015. See N.T., 2/19/16, at 83. Ms. Reed provided the 

orphans’ court with the history concerning the termination of Mother’s 

parental rights with respect to her three oldest children, and the safety 
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concerns leading to Child’s placement into foster care, where she currently 

resides. See id., at 84-90; 138. Ms. Reed testified to Mother’s court-ordered 

FSP goals for reunification with Child. See id., at 91. 

She stated that Mother has always maintained employment by working 

as a cashier at Giant. See id., at 131. Ms. Reed testified that Mother failed 

to obtain independent housing even though LCOCYS provided her with 

services to assist her in meeting this goal. See id., at 98. Throughout the 

case, Mother has relied on others, such as Father, Maternal Grandmother 

and her current boyfriend, to provide housing. See id., at 131-132, 148-

149. Ms. Reed also stated that Mother adamantly refused to complete a 

mental health evaluation, which would have been helpful to LCOCYS in 

offering Mother appropriate services to try to reunify her with Child. See id.,

at 114-115. 

Ms. Reed informed the court that Child was diagnosed with 

microcephaly, where the circumference of Child’s head wasn’t growing at a 

normal rate. See id., at 105-106. Ms. Reed opined that Mother has very 

limited understanding of Child’s medical issues and did not make the effort 

to participate in the medical and developmental interventions. See id., at 

119-120. Ms. Reed testified that Mother was given the opportunity to attend 

Child’s medical appointments with transportation provided, but only 

attended three out of the eighteen pediatric appointments and one 

neurologist appointment. See id., at 120. 
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Ms. Reed further testified that Mother struggled with any in-home 

services that LCOCYS provided for her due to her inability to be receptive to 

their parenting suggestions. See id., at 118. Based on Ms. Reed’s 

observations of Mother’s supervised visits, she opined that Mother also 

struggled with connecting and engaging with Child. She noted that when 

Child was an infant, Mother appeared detached, avoiding eye contact and 

not interacting verbally or physically with Child unless directed to do 

otherwise. See id.,at 112-114. As Child grew older, Mother’s ability to 

parent, connect and care for Child did not improve. See id., at 119. Ms. 

Reed described Mother as hot and cold, stating there would be times when 

she barely acknowledged that Child was there. See id., at 123-124. 

Ms. Reed opined that from June 2011 until October 2015, Mother has 

continuously worked on the same goals that were previously court-ordered 

of her pertaining to her three older children without making any significant 

progress. See id., at 119. Ms. Reed further testified that Mother has been 

given excessive resources to try to rectify the circumstances that led Child 

into placement, but there has not been any progress where she would 

suggest Mother have unsupervised visits, and does not think circumstances 

leading Child into placement would improve if given more time. See id., at 

147.

Likewise, Ms. Coleman, a visiting coach from Justice Works YouthCare, 

testified that she started working with Mother and Child in May 2014, and 
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continued to work with Mother and Child for two and a half years. See id., 

at 22, 44, 81. Ms. Coleman stated that during the visits, Mother was to work 

on: (1) assisting Child with meeting her developmental milestones; (2) 

providing for Child’s basic needs such as food, beverages and diapers; and 

(3) satisfying Child’s need for love and affection. See id., at 23. Ms. 

Coleman’s duty as the visiting coach was to help Mother meet these goals 

during her visits with Child. See id., at 21-22. 

Ms. Coleman testified that she and Mother were to meet for weekly 

pre-visit sessions and post-visit sessions to discuss expectations for the 

upcoming visit and evaluate the last visit. See id., at 25-29. Mother 

sporadically attended both sessions until November 2015, when she 

completely stopped going to either session. See id., at 24-25. For two and a 

half years, Ms. Coleman offered Mother suggestions on how she could 

improve her bond with Child, but Mother would almost never demonstrate or 

implement any of these suggestion except for a brief period of a month and 

a half when she showed improvement. See id., at 31. Ms. Coleman stated 

that for two and a half years, Mother spent a significant portion of the visit 

texting on her cellphone rather than interacting with Child. See id., at 37. 

Ms. Coleman stated that when Child started walking, she was 

concerned for her safety because Mother would not assist her unless 

otherwise directed to do so. See id., at 40. Ms. Coleman noted that Mother 

did consistently provide for Child’s necessities by bringing food, beverages, 
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diapers, and wipes. See id., at 32-33. Despite her suggestions for different 

activities and food choices, Mother usually brought the same meal, 

microwaved Gerber’s macaroni and cheese, and read the same book to 

Child. See id., at 33. She noted that Mother would get easily frustrated 

when Child would not respond in a manner she hoped for, such as crying 

when she would attempt to feed her. See id., at 76. Ms. Coleman testified 

that, while Mother and Child had positive interactions, Mother’s relationship 

with Child remained the same and there was no significant progress since 

she started as the visiting coach in May of 2014. See id., at 49. 

Thus, the testimonial evidence of record compels the conclusion that 

the conditions that had led to the removal of Child continued to exist at the 

time of the termination hearing, satisfying the second element of § 

2511(a)(8).

Finally, with regard to the third prong of § 2511(a)(8), Mother 

contends that there is no evidence that termination would best serve the 

needs and welfare of Child. See Mother’s Brief, at 17. Mother argues that 

she can and has demonstrated her ability to meet Child’s needs and provide 

essential care for Child. See id., at 18. 

The orphans’ court, however, concluded that Mother did not seem to 

grasp the importance of meeting Child’s developmental milestones and was 

dismissive about her medical needs. See Orphans’ Court Adjudication 

Opinion, 10/6/16, at 14. The orphans’ court opined that Mother has made 
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little progress in bonding with Child and showing her love and affection. See 

id., at 16. The orphans’ court found Mother’s relationship with Child has not 

changed or improved during the course of the proceedings. See id., at 23. 

After carefully considering the tangible dimensions as well as the intangible 

dimensions – the love, comfort, security and permanency – entailed in a 

parent-child relationship, the orphans’ court concluded Child is receiving 

love, comfort, security, and safety from her foster parents, and that staying 

with foster parents would best serve Child’s needs and welfare. See id., 23-

24. 

The record reveals that Mother has not made progress with all of her 

FSP objectives. She has not obtained independent housing, completed a 

mental health evaluation or cooperated with in-home services and LCOCYS 

since Child’s removal. Most importantly, her failure to appreciate Child’s 

medical, emotional, safety and developmental needs impairs her ability to 

parent Child. As such, the conditions that led to removal continue to exist, 

and Mother has done nothing to meet the needs and welfare of Child. 

We find the orphans’ court appropriately concluded that terminating 

Mother’s parental rights would best serve Child’s needs and wellbeing 

because it would permit her to enjoy a childhood with her foster parents that 

have cared for her since birth. We also find that the credibility and weight 

determinations by the orphans’ court are supported by competent evidence 

in the record. The record supports the orphans’ court’s determination that 
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the statutory elements for termination under § 2511(a)(8) were proven by 

clear and convincing evidence to involuntarily terminate Mother’s parental 

rights. 

We next consider whether the orphans’ court erred by terminating 

Mother’s parental rights under § 2511(b). With respect to that subsection, 

this Court has explained the requisite analysis as follows:

Section 2511(b) focuses on whether termination of parental 

rights would best serve the developmental, physical, and 

emotional needs and welfare of the child. In In re C.M.S., 884 

A.2d 1284, 1287 (Pa. Super. 2005), this Court stated, 

“Intangibles such as love, comfort, security, and stability are 

involved in the inquiry into the needs and welfare of the child.” 

In addition, we instructed that the trial court must also discern 

the nature and status of the parent-child bond, with utmost 

attention to the effect on the child of permanently severing that 

bond. Id. However, in cases where there is no evidence of a 

bond between a parent and child, it is reasonable to infer that 

no bond exists. In re K.Z.S., 946 A.2d 753, 762–[7]63 (Pa.

Super. 2008). Accordingly, the extent of the bond-effect 

analysis necessarily depends on the circumstances of the 

particular case. Id. at [7]63. 

In re I.E.P., 87 A.3d at 346 (quoting In re Adoption of J.M., 991 A.2d 

321, 324 (Pa. Super. 2010)). Moreover, when evaluating a parental bond, 

“the court is not required to use expert testimony. Social workers and 

caseworkers can offer evaluations as well. Additionally, Section 2511(b) does 

not require a formal bonding evaluation.” In re I.E.P., 87 A.3d at 347–348 

(quoting In re Z.P., 994 A.2d 1108, 1121 (Pa. Super. 2010)) (internal 

citations omitted).
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Herein, Mother contends that the orphans’ court abused its discretion 

and committed an error of law in holding that termination would serve the 

best interest of Child pursuant to § 2511(b). See Mother’s Brief, at 19. 

Mother claims that she has developed a bond with Child worth saving, and is 

able to care for Child by meeting her developmental, physical and emotional 

needs. See id., at 20-21. 

With regard to § 2511(b), Ms. Coleman testified that Mother’s 

relationship with Child appears to be more of an aunt and niece bond. See 

N.T. 2/19/16 at 70. Ms. Coleman stated that Child enjoys seeing Mother, but 

her attachment to Mother is similar to the attachment Child has with her. § 

See id., at 70-71. Ms. Coleman stated that when Mother ignores Child 

during their visits, it has no effect on Child and Child happily plays by 

herself. See id., at 71. 

Additionally, Ms. Reed testified that Child’s foster home is the only 

home Child has known since she was discharged from the hospital. See id., 

at 147. Ms. Reed stated that Child looks to foster mother with care and turns 

to foster mother for comfort. See id., at 146. Ms. Reed testified that foster 

mother has met all of Child’s daily needs for the past three years as foster 

mother takes her to the doctor, cares for Child when she is sick, and 

provides Child with a loving family home. See id., at 146-147. Ms. Reed 

opined that she does not think Mother would be able to care for Child safely. 

See id., at 147. Ms. Reed stated that Child’s attachment to Mother is similar 
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to the attachment of a well-liked teacher. See id., at 148. Ms. Reed opined 

that Child will not be harmed if Mother’s parental rights were terminated due 

to her need for permanency and stability. See id.

The orphans’ court found that foster parents have been caring for Child 

since birth, and are the only real parents Child has ever known. See 

Orphans’ Court Adjudication Opinion, 10/6/16, at 24. The orphans’ court 

opined that Child has a strong, secure attachment to her foster parents, and 

Child turns to them for affection and comfort. See id. The orphans’ court 

further found that foster parents care for all her needs, including providing 

day-to-day care and appropriately managing her medical conditions. See id. 

As such, the orphans’ court determined that terminating Mother’s parental 

rights would have no significant effect on Child. See id. The orphans’ court 

concluded that it is in the best interest of Child to terminate Mother’s 

parental rights so that Child may attain permanency in a loving and stable 

home. See id., at 24-25.

We have explained that a parent’s own feelings of love and affection 

for a child, alone, do not prevent termination of parental rights. See In re 

Z.P., 994 A.2d at 1121. “[A] parent’s basic constitutional right to the 

custody and rearing of . . . her child is converted, upon the failure to fulfill 

. . . her parental duties, to the child’s right to have proper parenting and 

fulfillment of [the child’s] potential in a permanent, healthy, safe 

environment.” In re B.,N.M., 856 A.2d 847, 856 (Pa. Super. 2004) (internal 
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citations omitted). “[W]e will not toll the well-being and permanency of [a 

child] indefinitely.” In re Adoption of C.L.G., 956 A.2d at 1007 (citing In 

re Z.S.W., 946 A.2d 726, 732 (Pa. Super. 2008) (noting that a child’s life 

“simply cannot be put on hold in the hope that [a parent] will summon the 

ability to handle the responsibilities of parenting.”)).

After a careful review of the record in this matter, we find the record 

supports the orphans’ court’s factual findings, and the orphans’ court’s 

conclusions are not the result of an error of law or an abuse of discretion. 

Accordingly, it was proper for the orphans’ court to find no bond exists such 

that Child would suffer permanent emotional harm if Mother’s parental rights 

were terminated. We, therefore, affirm the decree, terminating Mother’s 

parental rights with regard to Child under § 2511(a)(8) and (b).

Decree affirmed.

Judgment Entered.

Joseph D. Seletyn, Esq.

Prothonotary

Date: 4/25/2017
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