IN THE

TENTH COURT OF APPEALS

No. 10-23-00288-CV

IN THE INTEREST OF C.K.T., A CHILD

From the County Court at Law

Navarro County, Texas

Trial Court No. C22-30420-CV

MEMORANDUM OPINION

The mother of C.K.T. appeals from a judgment that terminated her parental rights 

to her child. The mother complains that the evidence was legally and factually 

insufficient for the jury to have found that she constructively abandoned C.K.T., failed to 

complete her service plan, failed to complete drug treatment, or that termination was in 

the best interest of the child.1 See TEX. FAM. CODE § 161.001(b)(1)(N), (O), (P); (b)(2). 

Because we find that the evidence was legally and factually sufficient for the jury to have 

found that she constructively abandoned C.K.T. and that termination was in the best 

1 The jury answered "No" to endangering surroundings and conduct pursuant to subsections 

161.001(b)(1)(D) and (E). See TEX. FAM. CODE § 161.001(b)(1)(D), (E).
In the Interest of C.K.T., a Child Page 2

interest of the child, we affirm the judgment of the trial court.2

STANDARD OF REVIEW

The standards of review for legal and factual sufficiency in cases involving the 

termination of parental rights are well established and will not be repeated here. See In 

re J.F.C., 96 S.W.3d 256, 264-68 (Tex. 2002) (legal sufficiency); In re C.H., 89 S.W.3d 17, 25 

(Tex. 2002) (factual sufficiency); see also In re J.O.A., 283 S.W.3d 336, 344-45 Tex. 2009). 

CONSTRUCTIVE ABANDONMENT

The mother complains that the evidence was legally and factually insufficient for 

the jury to have found that she intended to constructively abandon C.K.T. Section 

161.001(b)(1)(N) states that a parent's rights may be terminated if it is found (in addition 

to the best interest finding) that the parent has:

Constructively abandoned the child who has been in the permanent or 

temporary managing conservatorship of the Department of Family and 

Protective Services for not less than six months, and:

(i) the department has made reasonable efforts to return the child to the 

parent;

(ii) the parent has not regularly visited or maintained significant contact 

with the child; and

(iii) the parent has demonstrated an inability to provide the child with a 

safe environment.

2 The department did not file an appellee's brief in this proceeding. When the appellee fails to file an 

appellate brief, we nevertheless review the merits of the appellate issues to determine whether reversal of 

the trial court's ruling is warranted. Yeater v. H-Town Towing LLC, 605 S.W.3d 729, 731 (Tex. App.—Houston 

[1st Dist.] 2020, no pet.). The appellee's failure to respond to appellant's brief does not automatically entitle 

appellant to a reversal. Sullivan v. Booker, 877 S.W.2d 370, 373 (Tex. App.—Houston [1st Dist.] 1994, writ 

denied).
In the Interest of C.K.T., a Child Page 3

TEX. FAM. CODE §161.001(b)(1)(N). In the single paragraph devoted to this ground in her 

brief, the mother argues that the evidence was legally and factually insufficient for the 

jury to have found that she intended to constructively abandon C.K.T. The mother has 

cited to no authority, and we have found none in support of her position. The mother 

argues that due to some testimony regarding mental health and cognitive issues of the 

mother, there was insufficient evidence for the jury to have found that she could have 

formed the requisite intent to constructively abandon her child. 

Certain subsections of Section 161.001(b)(1) include scienter as part of the 

necessary finding in order to establish that predicate act for purposes of terminating a 

parent's rights, such as "knowingly placed the child in surroundings" in subsection D or 

"knowingly placed the child with persons" in subsection E as examples. See TEX. FAM.

CODE § 161.001(b)(1)(D), (E). Arguably even the subsections which require a finding of 

voluntariness would require some element of scienter, such as "voluntarily left the child 

alone or in the possession of another not the parent" in subsections A, B, and C as 

examples. See TEX. FAM. CODE § 161.001(b)(1)(A), (B), (C). We have previously found that 

scienter is not required for a finding that a parent "engaged in conduct" which 

endangered a child pursuant to subsection E. See In the Int. of L.S., No. 10-22-00119-CV, 

2022 Tex. App. LEXIS 6332 at *4, 2022 WL 3655395 (Tex. App.—Waco Aug. 24, 2022, no 

pet.) (mem. op.). Likewise, we do not find a requirement of scienter in subsection N.

Even if some evidence as to the mother's intent to abandon her child was
In the Interest of C.K.T., a Child Page 4

necessary, there was evidence from multiple witnesses that mother understood that she 

needed to complete her services and needed to participate in drug testing but failed to 

engage in any of her required services to any substantial degree throughout the 

proceedings. The testimony showed that the mother knew what was required of her in 

order for C.K.T. to be returned to her.

The mother attended only 18 of her allowed weekly visits with C.K.T. and had 

missed 44 at the time of the trial. A few of the visits were missed due to lack of 

transportation, but most were missed with no explanation given by the mother. The 

mother had not seen C.K.T. for 10 months prior to the trial. At one point, the mother 

informed the guardian ad litem of C.K.T. that she was in Dallas working on her rap career 

and could not visit with C.K.T. 

The trial court had even extended the court's jurisdiction to give the mother 

additional time to engage in services, but she did not. The evidence was legally and 

factually sufficient for the jury to have found that the mother constructively abandoned 

C.K.T. We overrule issue one.

BEST INTEREST

In her second issue, the mother complains that the evidence was legally and 

factually insufficient for the jury to have found that termination was in the best interest 

of the child. In determining the best interest of a child, a number of factors have been 

consistently considered which were set out in the Texas Supreme Court's opinion, Holley 
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v. Adams, 544 S.W.2d 367, 371-72 (Tex. 1976). This list is not exhaustive, but simply lists 

factors that have been or could be pertinent in the best interest determination. Id. There 

is no requirement that all of these factors must be proved as a condition precedent to 

parental termination, and the absence of evidence about some factors does not preclude 

a factfinder from reasonably forming a strong conviction that termination is in the child's 

best interest. See In re C.H., 89 S.W.3d 17, 27 (Tex. 2002).

The department initially received a referral that C.K.T. had been injured in an 

altercation with mother and another person in the home. Upon investigation, the 

department determined that an altercation had occurred but that C.K.T. was not injured 

as described in the referral. C.K.T. was 2 years old at the time of the removal. The mother 

agreed to a safety plan whereby she would be supervised at all times with C.K.T. by 

several of her relatives. The mother was not complying with the safety plan and was 

uncooperative with the investigator. She also admitted to the regular use of cocaine and 

marijuana. The safety plan became unworkable after a second referral and C.K.T. was 

ultimately removed and this proceeding commenced. In a hair test, the mother tested 

positive for cocaine and marijuana. At the time of the removal, C.K.T. did not have any 

obvious signs of physical abuse; however, he was determined to be significantly speech 

delayed which necessitated speech therapy. He was otherwise happy and appeared 

healthy and clean. 

Fairly soon after the removal, C.K.T. was placed with his paternal great-
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grandmother, where he remained until the trial. The great-grandmother was hoping to 

adopt C.K.T. She and C.K.T. were bonded to each other and C.K.T. was improving 

substantially in her home. He had completed speech therapy and started occupational 

therapy at the time of the trial.

The mother initiated services pursuant to the service plan and completed a drug 

assessment and psychological assessment. After drug treatment was recommended, the 

mother attended only 2 sessions and was unsuccessfully discharged. The mother also

failed to attend counseling, did not have a stable home or job that she informed the 

department about, and failed to take most of the drug tests she was required to take. She 

admitted to the use of cocaine, marijuana, and alcohol about five months after the 

removal prior to a visit with C.K.T. The caseworker eventually drove her to a drug test 

approximately 2 months before the trial, which was negative in a urine test, but unable 

to test due to insufficient hair.

Because the mother's admission of regular illegal drug use was a significant factor 

in the department's continued involvement prior to the removal of C.K.T., it was 

reasonable for the jury to determine that the mother's failure to address her drug use and 

failure to stop using illegal drugs established that the mother lacked the motivation 

necessary to seek out programs available to assist her in promoting C.K.T.'s wellbeing. 

See In re A.B., No. 07-19-00180-CV, 2019 Tex. App. LEXIS 9110, 2019 WL 5199299, at *6 

(Tex. App.—Amarillo Oct. 15, 2019, no pet.) (mem. op.) (parent's failure to complete 
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services directly related to reason for child's removal, including substance-abuse 

assessment, supported finding that termination was in child's best interest because it gave 

rise to inference that parent did not have ability to motivate himself to seek out resources 

available to promote child's wellbeing).

Further, a parent's failure to regularly visit her child after removal may support a 

finding that termination of the parent's rights is in the child's best interest. See In re T.R.H., 

No. 01-16-00450-CV, 2016 Tex. App. LEXIS 12475, 2016 WL 6873061, at *8 (Tex. App.—

Houston [1st Dist.] Nov. 22, 2016, pet. denied) (mem. op.). This is because the failure to 

regularly visit one's child, especially a young child, signals that the parent-child 

relationship is not an appropriate one and that the parent is unwilling or unable to meet 

her child's emotional and physical needs. See In re A.J.D.-J., 667 S.W.3d 813, 824 (Tex. 

App.—Houston [1st Dist.] 2023, no pet.) ("Parental absence or lack of involvement is 

especially telling with respect to the best interest of very young children, like babies and 

toddlers, due to their inherent vulnerability and particular need for parental attention 

and nurturing."). As stated above, the mother attended only 18 out of 62 allowed visits 

with C.K.T. and had not seen him for 10 months at the time of the trial.

Finally, the mother did not attend the jury trial. When a parent fails to attend 

termination proceedings without a valid explanation, "the factfinder may reasonably 

infer that the parent is indifferent to the outcome." In re A.J.D.-J., 667 S.W.3d at 826. A 

parent's failure to attend the final hearing may support a finding that termination is in 
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the child's best interest. See id. 

Viewing the evidence under the appropriate standards for legal and factual 

sufficiency of the evidence, we find that the evidence was legally and factually sufficient 

for the jury to have found that termination was in the best interest of C.K.T. We overrule 

issue two.

CONCLUSION

Having found no reversible error, we affirm the judgment of the trial court.

TOM GRAY

Chief Justice

Before Chief Justice Gray,

Justice Johnson, and 

Justice Smith

Affirmed

Opinion delivered and filed February 29, 2024

[CV06]