Abstract This paper presents long-term resource production from National Forests in the Northern

and Intermountain Regions, Regions 1 and 4, respectively. A historical data series of

timber harvest and grazing levels on National Forests and lumber production and prices

for these regions is developed. Significant trends within the data set are examined. A

simple model based on derived demand concepts is tested to identify periods of possible

structural change within the stumpage markets for the Region 1 data. This information

provides a baseline data set of interest to policymakers and researchers involved in

analyzing the long-term resource production for Regions 1 and 4.

Introduction The Northern and Intermountain Regions, Regions 1 and 4, respectively, of the USDA

Forest Service comprise the eight-state area considered the “intermountain West”

(see fig. 1). Region 1 includes 12 National Forests in northern Idaho, northeastern

Washington, and Montana. Additionally, Region 1 includes four National Grasslands in

Montana, North Dakota, and northwestern South Dakota. There are about 25,375,000

acres in the National Forest System in Region 1. Region 4 is comprised of southern

Idaho, Nevada, Utah, and Wyoming with 1 National Grassland and 14 National Forests:

6 in southern Idaho, 1 in Nevada, 6 in Utah, and 1 in Wyoming. There are about

34,257,000 acres in the National Forest System in Region 4.

This paper presents the long-term data series of timber production and grazing for

Regions 1 and 4. Additionally, lumber production and price by dominant species and

harvest levels by ownership for Montana and Idaho are presented. Much of the data

comes from archived data from Region 1 headquarters in Missoula, Montana, and

Region 4 headquarters in Ogden, Utah. Additional sources include USDA Forest

Service publications, university publications, and industrial organization newsletters.

The National Forests of Regions 1 and 4 are a defining feature of the intermountain

West. Much of the area is rural, with many small- and medium-size communities

dependent on National Forests for a large portion of their economic base. The National

Forests provide timber, grazing, mineral resources, tourism, and recreation. Conflicting uses of the National Forest are currently receiving much public attention.

DAVID CALKIN is a graduate student in forest economics,

Department of Forest Resources, Oregon State University,

Corvallis, OR 97333. This work is the result of cooperation

among the Pacific Northwest Research Station, Oregon State

University, and the University of Montana.

Historic Resource Production

From USDA Forest Service

Northern and Intermountain

Region Lands

David Calkin

United States

Department of

Agriculture

Forest Service

Pacific Northwest

Research Station

Research Note

PNW-RN-540

June 1999
2

Figure 1—Map of Northern and Intermountain Regions.

Figure 2—Grazing on National Forest lands. Animal unit months (billion)

Year

1966 1990 1970 1994 1974 1978 1982 1986

2.5

0

0.5

1

1.5

2

Region 1

Region 4

N

S

W E

Utah

Montana

Idaho

Nevada

Oregon

Wyoming

Washington

South Dakota

North Dakota
3

These data series can facilitate the understanding of the long-term trends in resource

production and impacts of National Forest management on economic development in

these regions. They also present a picture of the events that have shaped the current

state and composition of the land.

Data Nine tables (2-10 in the appendix) and four associated graphs of the relevant data for

grazing and timber production for Regions 1 and 4 are included. Historical grazing

levels are presented for Region 1 in table 2 and for Region 4 in table 31 with graphic

represen-tation in figure 2. Timber harvest by ownership group for Region 1 is shown

in table 4.2 The Forest Service timber sale program volumes cut and sold with their

associated prices are presented in table 5 (Region 1) and table 6 (Region 4). Figures

3, 4, and 5 give graphic presentation of the data in tables 5 and 6. Total timber harvest

and Forest Service harvest in million board feet by state for Region 1 is given in table

7. Table 8 presents lumber volume in thousand board feet by species for Montana and

Idaho with average price by species for Montana and Idaho given in table 9. Figures 6

and 7 are graphic representations of the data in table 8. The average current and real

values for cut stumpage and lumber for Region 1 is shown in table 10.

Discussion The National Forest System has undergone many important transitions in its management of public resources because of shifts in Federal mandates and changes in the

U.S. economy. Some important trends can be observed in the compiled data sets. With

knowledge of the management history of the Forest Service, many of the transitions

that are observed in the data can be explained and understood.

Grazing levels on National Forests have been relatively stable through the historical

periods as observed in figure 2. There is an observable trend of a gradual reduction in

number of animals in both regions. Most of the reduction results from a drop in number

of sheep grazed. A more accurate representation of total grazing would be animal

months or animal unit months;3 however, the Forest Service revised the reporting

of grazing levels in 1977, making long-term trend analysis difficult.

1 U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service. 1934-65.

Annual grazing reports. Unpublished archived data. On file with:

U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Intermountain

Region, Federal Building, 324 25th St., Ogden, UT 84401.

2 U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service. 1945-96.

Annual timber harvest reports. Unpublished archived data. On

file with: U.S.Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Northern

Region, Federal Building, P.O. Box 7669, Missoula, MT 59807.

3 The following are conversion factors to convert animal months to

animal unit months: mature cow = 1.00, mature cow with nursing

calf = 1.32, yearling (9-12 months) = 0.70, weaner calf = 0.50, bull

= 1.50, mature sheep or goat = 0.20, ewe with lamb or nanny with

kid = 0.30, horse or mule = 1.20. Conversion factors from 1977

annual grazing statistical use summary.
4

Figure 3—Volume of timber cut and sold on National Forests.

Year

Bilion board feet

1910 1990 1918 1926 1934 1942 1950 1958 1966 1974 1982

2.5

0

0.5

1

1.5

2

Region 1 cut

Region 1 sold

Year

0.7

Bilion board feet

0

0.1

0.2

0.3

0.4

0.5

0.6

Region 4 cut

Region 4 sold

1943 1993 1953 1963 1973 1983
5

Figure 4—Average price for timber cut and sold on National Forests.

Year

300

Dollars per thousand board feet

0

50

100

150

200

250

Region 1 cut

Region 1 sold

1910 1990 1918 1950 1958 1966 1974 1982 1926 1934 1942

Year

300

Dollars per thousand board feet

0

50

100

150

200

250

Region 4 cut

Region 4 sold

1943 1993 1953 1973 1983 1963
6

Figure 5—Real average price for timber cut and sold on National Forests.

Year

300

1992 dollars per thousand board feet

0

50

100

150

200

250

1915 1965 1925 1945 1955 1995 1935 1975 1985

Region 1 cut

Region 1 sold

Year

250

1992 dollars per thousand board feet

0

50

100

150

200

1943 1973 1953 1963 1993 1983

Region 4 cut

Region 4 sold
7

Figure 6—Lumber production in Montana by species.

Figure 7—Lumber production in Idaho by species.

Year

1000

Million board feet

0

200

400

600

800

1910 1940 1920 1930 1960 1950

Douglas-fir and larch

Ponderosa pine

1970 1980 1990

Year

800

Million board feet

0

100

300

600

700

1910 1940 1920 1930 1960 1950

Douglas-fir and larch

Ponderosa pine

White pine

1970 1980 1990

500

400

200
8

The volume of timber cut and sold in Regions 1 and 4 has undergone several significant changes in the period covered in this data set. Shifts in timber harvest are more

significant for Region 1 than Region 4. Region 1 has a more substantial timber program than Region 4 and, not surprisingly, has more volatile timber production levels.

Additional data on timber harvest and lumber production were available for Region 1

for this report. As can be observed in figure 3, harvest before World War II was

relatively small in both regions. This corresponds with a time when Forest Service

policy was to maintain low timber harvest levels on public lands to limit competition

with private harvest. After World War II, the U.S. economy underwent rapid expansion,

and population growth associated with the “baby boom.” The Forest Service responded

by increasing the timber sales program and became an active contributor to regional

stumpage supply. Timber harvest on National Forests in Regions 1 and 4 peaked in

the late 1960s with a noticeable reduction starting in 1970. The harvest reduction

corresponds with growing public interest and involvement in issues of public forest

management. The development of the environmental movement with the passing of

the National Environmental Protection Act (NEPA) in 1969 and the Endangered

Species Act (ESA) in 1973 required the USDA Forest Service to consider the impacts

of timber harvest on the environment. The Bitterroot National Forest in western

Montana (Region 1) was part of the clearcut debate of the late 1960s and received

much public attention. The criticism of the Forest Service’s management goals and

assumptions was spelled out in a report by the University of Montana (1970). The

report is often referred to as the “Bolle Report,” named after the primary author Arnold

Bolle, dean of the University of Montana School of Forestry. Timber volumes stabilized

in the mid 1970s and were fairly stable until 1990 when harvest levels were again

reduced because of environmental challenges throughout the United States exemplified by the Pacific Northwest Region (Region 6) “old-growth” controversy associated

with the listing of the northern spotted owl under the ESA.

Timber prices have received much attention in the recent past because of the drastic

increases in timber prices in the early 1990s. The timber market, like many other

commodity markets, is subject to large price fluctuations. The volatility of stumpage

price can be observed in figures 4 and 5.

To explore whether some of these shifts can be explained by structural changes in the

stumpage demand or supply markets, a simple model consistent with Haynes (1977)

was developed and tested. Derived demand concepts can be applied to forestry data

to develop a general relation between demand in the product market (lumber) and

demand in the factor market (stumpage). Haynes shows that factor demand for stumpage can be derived from product demand for lumber subtracted by a processing or

marketing component given a set of simplifying assumptions. The assumptions are that

the proportion of inputs in the final product and the supply function of marketing inputs

are fixed. The following links among factor price, product price, and processing costs can

then be established:

Price(factor) = price (product) – processing costs.
9

This leads to the development of the model:

P(stumpage) = c0 + c1* P(lumber) + c2*PPI ,

where

P(stumpage) = the average annual price of cut stumpage for Forest Service Region 1,

P(lumber) = the average annual price of lumber in Region 1, and

PPI = the producer price index, a proxy for processing costs.

The model was estimated by using ordinary least squares for the stumpage and lumber

data developed in this paper for the years 1910-95. Coefficient significance, goodness of

fit, and serial correlation were examined. Table 1 shows the estimated results. The model

also was estimated by using recursive least squares. This is a procedure, introduced in

Brown and others (1975), in which the equation is estimated repeatedly, by using incrementally larger subsets of the sample data. Each model estimate is used to make a onestep forecast for the next sample period. The set of forecast errors, the difference

between the predicted and the actual values for the dependent variable for each increment in the sample, are known as the recursive residuals. These residuals, the cumulative sum of these residuals (CUSUM), and the cumulative sum of squares of these

residuals (CUSUM) of squares) all are examined for deviations from expected values.

Deviations suggested parameter instability and possible structural shifts in the markets.

Deviations seem to have occurred at the following sample points: 1945, 1968, and 1990.

Output from recursive residual tests is primarily graphic, and these tests do not

produce an easily interpretable test statistic. A Chow breakpoint test (1960) was

conducted, therefore, on the points identified from the recursive residual tests to

confirm that a structural change within the parameters of the model was in fact

present and to develop an easily interpretable test statistic. The Chow breakpoint test

is a standard F-test for the equality of sets of coefficients in a linear regression model.

The limitation of the Chow test is that the individual must identify the point within the

data when the structural change in the model occurred. This is why the recursive

residual tests were conducted before the Chow test to identify the points within the

data when structural changes may have occurred. The Chow breakpoint test on the

sample points 1946, 1969, and 1990 produced a test statistic of 134.6, which indicates

that the null assumption of structural consistency within the model should be rejected.

There is strong evidence, therefore, that the relation between the stumpage and

lumber markets has undergone structural changes within the period analyzed. The

data set was then broken down into subsamples, and ordinary least squares were

run on the subsample data. Estimated results can be observed in table 1.
10

Table 1—Estimated coefficients for the regression of stumpage price with the

price of lumber and processing cost, 1910-95 and subsamples for 1910-41, 1946-

69, 1970-89, and 1990-95a

Year Coefficient Standard error t-statistic Probability

1910-95:

C1 -2.947 2.259 -1.305 0.196

C2 .458 .041 11.088 0

C3 -.666 .138 -4.832 0

R-squared = .865

1910-41:

C1 2.709 .461 5.873 0

C2 .131 .0256 5.100 0

C3 -.159 .0390 -4.065 0

R-squared = .476

1946-69:

C1 -17.00 4.139 -4.107 .0005

C2 .147 .0513 2.860 .0094

C3 .476 .186 2.563 .018

R-squared = .662

1970-89:

C1 4.262 3.40 1.25 .227

C2 .255 .029 8.83 0

C3 -.309 .066 -4.67 0

R-squared = .867

1990-95:

C1 -1235.7 236.1 -5.23 .014

C2 .264 .076 3.49 .040

C3 10.52 2.13 4.95 .016

R-squared = .968

Note: Model price (stumpage) = C1 + C2 * price (lumber) + C3 * PPI.

a The years 1942-45 were not analyzed in the subsample because of extensive price controls imposed during

World War II.
11

This exercise revealed several possible structural shifts in the stumpage market, when

the relation between the price of Forest Service stumpage has changed relative to the

cost of lumber. The first shift observed in the data occurred during World War II.

During World War II, price controls were imposed, and after World War II, the Forest

Service became an active contributor to the regional stumpage markets. The introduction of significant volumes of Forest Service timber into the stumpage market created

an outward shift in the stumpage supply market. The second shift occurred in 1969.

Several explanations for a shift in the stumpage market in 1969 exist. In the late

1960s, Canadian imports of softwood lumber began to increase and had a significant

impact on the price of softwood lumber in the 1970s and 1980s (Haynes 1990). As

mentioned previously, the late 1960s saw an increase in citizen concern with public

forest management. Additionally, the economic recession, slow housing starts, and

high inflation of the early 1970s may have contributed to the shift in the stumpage

markets. The reduction of Forest Service harvest beginning in the early 1970s shifted

stumpage supply in, whereas the increase of Canadian lumber imports and slow

housing starts, associated with the recession of the early 1970s, shifted the stumpage

demand curve in. Finally, a shift was observed starting in 1990 as a result of supply

shifting in because of the reduction of public timber harvest volumes associated with

environmental challenges to the Forest Service’s timber sales programs.

The composition of species in softwood lumber production in Region 1 shows some

interesting trends. Figures 6 and 7 show that for Montana and Idaho, Douglas-fir

(Pseudotsuga menziesii (Mirb.) Franco) and western larch (Larix occidentalis Nutt.)

have replaced ponderosa pine (Pinus ponderosa Dougl. ex Laws.) as the most significant species. In Region 1, the more valuable ponderosa pine are typically in the valley

bottoms. As the low-elevation areas were cut, timber harvest shifted to more mountainous areas where Douglas-fir and larch dominate. It is also significant to note the

drastic dropoff in the harvest of the Idaho white pine (Pinus monticola Dougl. ex D.

Donn) from a high of 460 million board feet in 1937 to a low of 29 million board feet in

1996. The Idaho white pine is a valuable species with a substantial premium over

Douglas-fir. White pine blister rust, caused by a fungus introduced in the 1950s,

affected many of the Idaho white pine stands in northern Idaho. Mortality of white pine

because of blister rust and historically high harvest levels resulted in the reduction of

white pine harvest beginning in the mid 1970s and declining steadily up to the present.

Conclusion Long-term resource production from National Forests in Regions 1 and 4 are presented in this report. Additional information relating to timber harvest and lumber

production are presented for the states of Idaho and Montana. Significant trends

within the data set are identified and possible causes discussed. A regression model

was developed and tested to identify if structural change within the stumpage market

in Region 1 occurred during the historical period covered by the data. Structural shifts

within the data were observed. Changes in the Forest Service’s timber sales volumes

were associated with each period when a shift occurred and is likely to be at least

partially responsible for the changes in the stumpage market. This information provides a

baseline data set of interest to policymakers and researchers involved in the analysis of

the long-term resource production for Regions 1 and 4.
12

Literature Cited Brown, R.; Durbin, J.; Evans, J. 1975. Techniques for testing the constancy of

regression relationships over time. Journal of the Royal Statistical Society.

Series B. 37: 149-172.

Chow, G. 1960. Tests of equality between sets of coefficients in two linear regressions. Econometrica. 28: 591-605.

Flowers, P.J.; Conner, C.R.; Jackson, D.H. [and others]. 1993. An assessment of

Montana’s timber situation: 1991-2010. Misc. Publ. 53. Missoula, MT: University of

Montana, Montana Forest and Conservation Experiment Station. 49 p.

Haynes, Richard W. 1977. A derived demand approach to estimating the linkage

between stumpage and lumber markets. Forest Science. 23(2): 281-288.

Haynes, Richard W. 1990. An analysis of the timber situation in the United States:

1989-2040. A technical document supporting the 1989 USDA Forest Service RPA

assessment. Gen. Tech. Rep. RM-199. Fort Collins, CO: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Forest and Range Experiment Station. 268 p.

Steer, Henry. 1948. Lumber production in the United States 1799-1946. Misc. Publ.

669. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Agriculture. 233 p.

U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service. 1910-1996. Timber cut and sold

convertible products report FS-1380. Missoula, MT: Region 1 [Northern Region].

Quarterly.

U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service. 1956-1996. Timber cut and sold

convertible products report FS-1380. Ogden, UT: Region 4 [Intermountain Region].

Quarterly.

U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service. 1966-1996. A SERIAL. Annual

grazing statistical use summary. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Agriculture,

Forest Service. [Irregular pagination].

U.S. Laws, Statutes, etc.; Public Law 91-109. [S. 1075], National Environmental

Policy Act of 1969. Act of Jan. 1, 1970. [An act to establish a national policy for the

environment, to provide for the establishment of a Council of Environmental Quality,

and for other purposes.] In its: United States Statues at large, 1969. 42 U.S.C. sec.

4231, et seq. (1970). Washington, DC: Government Printing Office: 852-856. Vol 83.

U.S. Laws, Statutes, etc.; Public Law 93-205. Endangered Species Act of 1973.

(ESA). Act of Dec. 28, 1973. 16 U.S.C. 1531-1536, 1538-1540.

University of Montana, “Bolle Report.” 1970. A university views of the Forest

Service. Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office. 33 p.

Western Pine Association. 1946-1965. Inland price summary. Portland, OR: Western

Pine Association. Annual.

Western Wood Products Association. 1966-1997. Inland price summary. Portland,

OR: Western Wood Products Association. Annual.
13

AppendixTable 2—Annual grazing levels for USDA Forest Service, Northern Region (Region 1), 1966-96 Cattle Horse Cattle and horse Sheep TotalYear Number AUMa Number AUMa Number AUMa Number AUMa Number AUMa1966 229,168 1,007,219 124,495 310,416 353,663 1,069,2871967 206,501 804,126 114,912 281,228 321,413 860,3701968 240,200 1,011,835 105,730 240,231 345,930 1,059,8981969 240,819 1,001,936 101,743 248,725 342,562 1,051,6801970 239,794 990,664 99,473 239,253 339,267 1,038,5141971 246,676 1,011,282 91,930 219,795 338,606 1,055,2411972 254,386 1,005,744 78,435 200,533 332,821 1,045,8501973 237,691 1,080,401 20,822 23,136 258,513 1,103,537 76,737 201,583 335,250 1,151,4911974 239,974 1,096,281 19,484 24,620 259,458 1,120,901 74,774 175,885 334,232 1,157,1051975 237,303 1,043,975 15,990 23,329 253,293 1,067,304 67,738 137,202 321,031 1,080,4201976 243,700 1,097,228 17,220 21,413 260,920 1,118,641 48,673 114,026 309,593 1,116,9661977 234,258 1,187,539 18,481 17,466 252,739 1,205,005 47,263 30,468 300,002 1,235,4731978 230,866 1,278,437 25,077 19,794 255,943 1,298,231 51,927 31,323 307,870 1,329,5541979 215,112 1,229,054 27,070 24,428 242,182 1,253,482 50,072 27,077 292,254 1,280,5591980 207,194 1,246,861 27,051 23,405 234,245 1,270,266 52,375 26,667 286,620 1,296,9331981 201,011 1,148,295 27,918 21,211 228,929 1,169,506 43,138 26,635 272,067 1,196,1411982 203,199 1,235,420 22,740 23,599 225,939 1,259,019 51,865 26,727 277,804 1,285,7461983 195,813 1,242,610 21,568 22,082 217,381 1,264,692 37,748 25,001 255,129 1,289,6931984 203,637 1,303,486 17,407 21,189 221,044 1,324,675 39,203 25,420 260,247 1,350,0951985 190,892 1,194,018 18,823 23,977 209,715 1,217,995 37,988 24,640 247,703 1,242,6351986 190,892 1,194,018 18,823 23,977 209,715 1,217,995 37,988 24,640 247,703 1,242,6351987 179,922 1,085,712 18,239 21,142 198,161 1,106,854 35,361 22,197 233,522 1,129,0511988 190,318 1,189,728 20,066 25,199 210,384 1,214,927 36,866 20,907 247,250 1,235,8341989 181,006 1,018,325 21,488 30,955 202,494 1,049,280 32,328 22,479 234,822 1,071,7591990 181,006 1,018,325 21,488 30,955 202,494 1,049,280 32,328 22,479 234,822 1,071,7591991 184,989 1,092,484 18,318 32,837 203,307 1,125,321 28,890 19,312 232,197 1,144,6331992 176,737 1,012,008 16,899 28,284 193,636 1,040,292 29,422 18,175 223,058 1,058,4671993 192,248 1,126,069 20,672 28,253 212,920 1,154,322 28,332 15,291 241,252 1,169,6131994 199,241 1,138,958 3,891 16,453 203,132 1,155,411 23,803 13,942 226,935 1,169,3531995 188,497 1,118,954 3,427 15,228 191,924 1,134,182 24,529 12,523 216,453 1,146,7051996 184,547 1,144,095 3,664 17,195 188,211 1,161,290 24,895 18,691 213,106 1,179,981a Animal unit months for fiscal year 1977-95; data for 1966-76 is for calendar year and reported in animal months.Source: USDA FS 1966-93.
14

Table 3—Annual grazing levels for USDA Forest Service, Intermountain Region (Region 4), 1934-96 Cattle Horse Cattle and horse Sheep TotalYear Number AUMa Number AUMa Number AUMa Number AUMa Number AUMa1934 360,998 1,736,556 2,097,5541935 343,195 1,590,228 1,933,4231936 331,497 1,546,305 1,877,8021937 330,549 1,513,361 1,843,9101938 322,630 1,455,539 1,778,1691939 316,852 1,442,037 1,758,8891940 315,505 1,410,453 1,725,9581941 313,310 1,369,994 1,683,3041942 320,271 1,381,739 1,702,0101943 320,670 1,390,420 1,711,0901944 330,566 1,395,815 1,726,3811945 329,652 1,372,668 1,702,3201946 330,116 1,312,851 1,642,9671947 323,963 1,283,523 1,607,4861948 327,425 1,282,588 1,610,0131949 316,639 1,216,267 1,532,9061950 308,052 1,179,479 1,487,5311951 308,464 1,179,354 1,487,8181952 315,550 1,195,362 1,510,9121953 315,408 1,172,096 1,487,5041954 314,868 1,180,363 1,495,2311955 316,949 1,163,049 1,479,9981956 314,508 1,125,869 1,440,3771957 302,245 1,015,977 1,318,2221958 298,592 1,052,445 1,351,0371959 299,592 1,031,748 1,331,3401960 310,506 1,062,109 1,372,6151961 305,816 1,053,653 1,359,4691962 306,692 1,050,326 1,357,0181963 322,142 1,048,873 1,371,0151964 317,938 1,046,325 1,364,2631965 315,578 1,034,706 1,350,2841966 317,535 1,054,379 1,035,588 2,555,927 1,353,123 1,565,563
15

Table 3—Annual grazing levels for USDA Forest Service, Intermountain Region (Region 4), 1934-96 (continued) Cattle Horse Cattle and horse Sheep TotalYear Number AUMa Number AUMa Number AUMa Number AUMa Number AUMa1967 317,315 1,043,907 1,007,746 2,378,129 1,325,061 1,519,5321968 324,032 1,063,671 1,002,393 2,387,361 1,326,425 1,541,1421969 335,409 1,074,680 992,971 2,372,081 1,328,380 1,549,0941970 334,759 1,062,997 941,740 2,280,763 1,276,499 1,519,1491971 341,195 1,081,528 930,421 2,221,497 1,271,616 1,525,8251972 352,682 1,098,793 912,509 2,160,794 1,265,191 1,530,9511973 308,440 1,095,407 52,181 26,831 360,621 1,122,238 873,433 2,071,415 1,234,054 1,671,9471974 300,250 1,065,126 54,391 26,442 354,641 1,091,568 769,912 1,832,148 1,124,553 1,627,8551975 324,135 1,093,668 52,706 30,071 376,841 1,123,739 867,298 1,761,640 1,244,139 1,476,7991976 355,963 1,160,005 51,894 29,249 407,857 1,189,254 931,912 1,815,794 1,339,769 1,549,9321977 329,552 1,484,136 48,354 43,698 377,906 1,527,834 736,549 523,609 1,114,455 2,051,4431978 313,269 1,426,870 49,615 45,323 362,884 1,472,193 670,589 496,952 1,033,473 1,969,1451979 319,113 1,422,584 40,611 40,423 359,724 1,463,007 627,669 500,019 987,393 1,963,0261980 301,531 1,440,612 40,786 47,226 342,317 1,487,838 680,403 519,322 1,022,720 2,007,1601981 309,846 1,474,942 38,658 44,985 348,504 1,519,927 683,539 543,859 1,032,043 2,063,7861982 309,832 1,438,057 52,340 39,804 362,172 1,477,861 690,315 510,384 1,052,487 1,988,2451983 315,223 1,438,569 38,319 46,762 353,542 1,485,331 665,683 487,572 1,019,225 1,972,9031984 304,664 1,393,702 18,440 31,464 323,104 1,425,166 595,844 506,980 918,948 1,932,1461985 319,795 1,520,118 26,834 19,252 346,629 1,539,370 622,052 540,228 968,681 2,079,5981986 319,593 1,518,851 26,834 19,252 346,427 1,538,103 622,052 540,310 968,479 2,078,4131987 295,626 1,421,723 8,538 24,331 304,164 1,446,054 586,377 490,632 890,541 1,936,6861988 310,778 1,487,818 5,634 14,514 316,412 1,502,332 585,931 494,421 902,343 1,996,7531989 285,260 1,333,987 3,050 19,573 288,310 1,353,560 585,019 471,802 873,329 1,825,3621990 268,769 1,238,826 7,808 20,803 276,577 1,259,629 496,583 409,319 773,160 1,668,9481991 262,350 1,189,177 3,027 19,757 265,377 1,208,934 499,507 409,093 764,884 1,618,0271992 302,456 1,366,299 7,348 32,773 309,804 1,399,072 602,116 483,853 911,920 1,882,9251993 285,420 1,239,340 2,925 12,654 288,345 1,251,994 565,377 318,403 853,722 1,570,3971994 291,210 1,254,158 1,967 10,577 293,177 1,264,735 554,373 302,887 847,550 1,567,6221995 291,210 1,254,158 1,967 10,577 293,177 1,264,735 554,373 302,887 847,550 1,567,6221996 270,825 1,272,922 1,717 9,162 272,542 1,282,084 449,183 393,874 771,725 1,675,958Animal unit months for fiscal year 1977-95; data for 1966-76 is for calendar year and reported in animal months.Sources: USDA FS 1934-65 and USDA FS 1966-93.
Table 4—Timber harvest by owner for Montana and northern Idaho, 1945-96

 Montana Northern IdahoYear FSa BIAb BLMc State Private Total FSa BIAb BLMc State Private Total

 --------------------------------------------------------------------------Thousand board feet------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

1945 123,223 27,600 650 66,784 103,984 322,241

1946 87,139 32,800 100 38,387 229,928 388,3541947 166,409 33,800 100 70,154 196,497 466,9601948 187,757 39,200 913 74,594 253,571 556,0351949 176,806 41,800 1,178 72,612 251,027 543,4231950 136,844 51,000 4,325 63,119 334,625 589,9131951 181,537 32,000 2,308 105,856 184,897 506,5981952 227,205 33,600 1,605 90,287 190,096 542,7931953 296,020 28,600 3,128 87,618 221,543 636,9091954 319,989 38,800 6,031 73,154 222,448 660,4221955 471,453 45,600 2,875 77,076 185,141 782,1451956 497,827 28,600 6,497 50,414 303,523 886,8611957 479,161 24,600 5,556 25,585 163,083 697,9851958 395,465 31,000 8,736 23,674 369,653 828,5281959 445,254 23,900 12,355 35,885 421,558 938,9521960 480,043 21,600 17,336 22,833 401,058 942,8701961 482,393 31,500 3,308 34,555 540,062 1,091,8181962 631,900 19,800 7,200 30,100 424,600 1,113,6001963 726,200 18,200 9,900 25,200 509,600 1,289,1001964 722,100 37,700 12,500 28,000 459,200 1,259,5001965 774,600 30,000 19,900 28,700 463,000 1,316,2001966 785,700 57,100 19,400 23,300 453,700 1,339,2001967 658,700 61,900 13,500 40,300 403,200 1,177,6001968 796,900 83,900 19,400 34,000 405,200 1,339,4001969 799,685 78,766 15,000 46,696 362,226 1,302,373 725,700 4,991 18,373 82,746 512,668 1,344,4781970 654,406 55,635 12,000 28,219 343,053 1,093,313 545,807 5,669 10,933 127,328 520,222 1,209,9591971 738,559 75,983 5,000 21,832 402,076 1,243,450 525,322 9,638 10,039 158,390 561,442 1,264,8311972 558,003 82,773 4,339 31,857 406,628 1,083,600 484,597 11,868 8,262 130,976 609,900 1,245,6031973 564,131 98,013 2,605 23,259 429,415 1,117,423 471,011 9,552 4,890 145,676 552,604 1,183,7331974 495,341 82,663 3,298 7,581 499,400 1,088,283 482,964 19,960 7,829 157,596 624,590 1,292,939

16
Table 4—Timber harvest by owner for Montana and northern Idaho, 1945-96 (continued)

 Montana Northern IdahoYear FSa BIAb BLMc State Private Total FSa BIAb BLMc State Private Total

 ---------------------------------------------------------------------------Thousand board feet-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------

1975 444,542 48,644 4,847 9,764 500,903 1,008,700 388,112 4,225 20,716 86,598 731,698 1,231,349

1976 470,361 44,090 4,474 17,316 569,903 1,106,144 623,828 3,952 13,482 184,377 644,643 1,470,2821977 498,862 45,986 4,095 18,825 556,809 1,124,577 503,593 4,063 17,445 155,025 665,818 1,345,9441978 458,560 53,570 5,088 27,488 626,714 1,171,420 541,001 11,416 13,300 193,399 691,867 1,450,9831979 451,685 42,589 5,417 28,272 567,466 1,095,429 494,859 8,938 13,900 134,471 691,462 1,343,6301980 402,745 38,015 5,598 25,968 466,602 938,928 410,310 4,486 8,500 129,088 747,430 1,299,8141981 426,638 38,000 9,060 28,852 434,011 936,561 417,370 8,646 13,000 130,810 672,054 1,241,8801982 265,808 29,762 10,587 29,530 492,432 828,119 244,388 10,900 15,000 71,099 568,882 910,2691983 502,465 37,922 14,803 27,140 568,738 1,151,068 435,190 19,171 18,000 146,986 628,645 1,247,9921984 412,276 44,973 5,341 24,887 555,579 1,043,056 395,582 17,470 12,000 169,254 789,065 1,383,3711985 504,177 18,843 7,923 26,045 560,099 1,117,087 402,332 14,080 13,400 155,460 573,210 1,158,4821986 504,026 13,081 9,112 26,187 708,026 1,260,432 421,243 12,230 16,200 132,408 615,000 1,197,0811987 602,863 24,020 6,608 55,615 687,360 1,376,466 454,924 18,904 15,400 151,506 648,683 1,289,4171988 486,033 56,021 7,710 41,527 608,507 1,199,798 382,680 16,200 12,500 171,944 646,879 1,230,2031989 520,939 70,787 6,472 43,950 636,663 1,278,811 493,629 13,450 13,800 216,818 730,335 1,468,0321990 424,827 45,557 5,108 31,470 611,902 1,118,864 424,495 19,934 6,024 182,133 683,412 1,315,9981991 317,532 43,773 7,071 26,893 523,916 919,185 443,926 15,831 8,444 135,625 751,782 1,355,6081992 370,178 50,051 10,320 37,667 593,231 1,061,447 370,487 17,811 3,824 211,079 637,418 1,240,6191993 277,905 36,749 4,759 19,832 636,192 975,437 293,796 11,890 509 183,648 691,199 1,181,0421994 213,754 22,815 1,259 12,853 706,709 957,390 245,629 8,279 4,036 172,859 753,546 1,184,3491995 144,958 41,809 2,938 14,594 693,234 897,533 152,426 12,733 4,106 172,100 729,300 1,070,665

1996 191,994 28,892 2,964 25,176 612,326 861,352 122,623 13,334 8,692 209,934 750,092 1,104,675a FS = U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service.b BLM = U.S. Department of the Interior, Bureau of Land Management.c BIA = U.S. Department of the Interior, Bureau of Indian Affairs.Sources: Flowers 1993 and USDA FS 1945-96.

17
18

Table 5—The USDA Forest Service Northern Region (Region 1) cut and sold

volume and values, 1910-96

Cut Sold

Year Volume Price Volume Price

Million Dollars per Million Dollars per

board feet thousand board feet board feet thousand board feet

1910 99.8 3.15

1911 89.2 2.80

1912 108.5 2.36

1913 147.7 2.14

1914 197.2 1.99

1915 184.5 2.13

1916 162.5 2.20

1917 183.9 2.36

1918 122.9 2.35

1919 126.9 2.31

1920 127.1 2.40

1921 113.0 2.92

1922 127.4 3.11

1923 124.8 3.18

1924 142.0 3.14

1925 149.5 4.62

1926 118.9 4.45

1927 116.8 3.78

1928 140.3 3.99

1929 121.2 4.03

1930 97.6 4.49

1931 73.1 4.31

1932 32.4 3.05

1933 38.3 3.39

1934 54.3 3.33

1935 70.8 3.05

1936 102.4 3.17

1937 96.5 3.20

1938 100.6 3.39

1939 70.7 3.42 94.9 3.10

1940 138.9 3.41 193.7 3.67

1941 134.9 3.96 213.8 2.61

1942 141.2 3.11 174.9 2.78

1943 179.4 2.86 259.7 3.34

1944 280.7 3.07 303.0 2.96

1945 296.5 2.99 247.6 3.02

1946 238.8 2.98 265.0 3.44

1947 369.1 3.40 523.8 3.71

1948 388.4 3.68 310.1 4.74

1949 388.3 4.57 211.0 7.15

1950 299.7 5.57 330.2 6.42

1951 408.5 7.34 689.8 9.07

1952 450.2 8.28 601.4 12.22

1953 574.3 8.52 658.7 7.27
19

Table 5—The USDA Forest Service Northern Region (Region 1) cut and sold

volume and values, 1910-96 (continued)

 Cut Sold

Year Volume Price Volume Price

 Million Dollars per Million Dollars per

 board feet thousand board feet board feet thousand board feet

1954 648.1 6.97 749.7 5.75

1955 864.9 5.61 1,108.7 7.39

1956 944.4 7.56 636.8 13.30

1957 910.1 9.24 679.4 10.76

1958 772.9 8.12 900.9 8.04

1959 902.5 7.07 1,115.3 7.79

1960 1,061.2 10.77 1,222.7 10.00

1961 967.8 7.50 1,187.4 6.37

1962 1,106.2 7.71 1,486.4 6.20

1963 1,295.2 7.27 1,471.6 7.48

1964 1,385.8 7.85 1,386.6 9.23

1965 1,402.1 8.32 1,353.9 9.26

1966 1,577.5 9.14 1,528.6 9.21

1967 1,435.5 9.92 1,606.5 9.92

1968 1,514.1 12.51 1,585.1 13.45

1969 1,565.6 23.24 1,404.7 35.74

1970 1,526.8 18.43 2,087.8 14.36

1971 1,303.1 17.75 1,185.6 11.27

1972 1,308.2 28.29 999.3 21.91

1973 1,254.3 34.43 1,107.3 41.43

1974 1,043.3 36.42 1,035.4 46.16

1975 939.2 25.55 974.2 17.29

1976 905.5 33.30 956.3 28.65

1977 1,113.1 43.44 1,011.5 49.74

1978 945.0 47.53 1,029.0 62.47

1979 994.4 57.63 1,106.2 65.08

1980 835.6 37.76 1,133.2 46.43

1981 955.0 38.56 994.3 59.68

1982 545.6 24.36 974.0 35.11

1983 947.4 33.30 1,125.1 42.88

1984 968.4 42.05 917.1 36.01

1985 944.3 33.40 937.8 25.43

1986 1,023.9 41.14 914.9 27.76

1987 1,104.4 38.57 981.2 40.81

1988 977.8 47.12 911.0 46.86

1989 1,024.3 53.19 922.6 90.12

1990 1,015.5 65.87 694.2 112.19

1991 799.4 74.88 672.5 90.94

1992 807.6 96.27 592.6 141.62

1993 617.3 133.43 381.2 266.98

1994 561.2 180.40 194.6 256.03

1995 350.3 188.05 188.2 176.27

1996 342.7 187.27 369.9 114.01

Source: USDA FS 1910-96.
20

Table 6—The USDA Forest Service Intermountain Region (Region 4) cut and sold

volume and values, 1943-96a

 Cut Sold

Year Volume Price Volume Price

 Million Dollars per Million Dollars per

 board feet thousand board feet board feet thousand board feet

1943 105.3 1.88 103.4 1.99

1944 105.9 2.09 94.9 2.42

1945 86.0 2.21 62.7 2.40

1946 100.0 2.55 105.9 2.41

1947 161.9 2.92 186.9 3.68

1948 151.3 3.48 106.2 3.70

1949 146.0 3.86 87.1 4.66

1950 111.7 3.92 117.1 6.59

1951 147.1 5.85 175.8 5.88

1952 128.7 7.46 145.6 6.06

1953 141.7 6.51 114.0 6.92

1954 227.1 6.38 171.2 7.65

1955 270.2 8.50 272.6 7.91

1956 332.8 10.12 391.6 10.96

1957 260.3 7.00 289.3 7.81

1958 263.9 6.23 311.4 5.60

1959 338.2 8.64 422.0 7.95

1960 310.8 9.04 655.3 7.69

1961 354.0 7.66 341.6 5.02

1962 343.7 8.26 272.5 6.19

1963 357.2 7.03 444.5 4.26

1964 394.7 5.95 416.2 4.67

1965 405.0 4.84 457.6 4.02

1966 460.1 5.13 479.0 4.16

1967 441.0 5.33 484.3 4.99

1968 474.3 8.28 494.0 7.43

1969 477.0 11.01 652.7 20.32

1970 396.4 10.48 552.0 6.31

1971 435.4 14.00 386.8 7.73

1972 487.5 19.67 449.9 22.60

1973 470.7 29.26 495.8 76.14

1974 403.3 28.89 294.0 45.34

1975 356.7 28.20 413.4 8.26

1976 396.6 35.61 367.1 14.25

1977 431.4 51.95 424.6 19.81

1978 397.6 32.23 364.0 36.76

1979 412.7 48.16 330.2 40.60

1980 268.9 24.06 368.7 26.79

1981 301.3 21.62 342.0 16.05

1982 287.8 11.12 342.6 11.52

1983 417.2 20.09 395.4 20.87

1984 380.0 16.43 396.1 17.84

1985 438.2 17.47 428.7 15.11

1986 461.5 15.30 483.7 20.79
21

Table 6—The USDA Forest Service Intermountain Region (Region 4) cut and sold

volume and values, 1943-96a (continued)

Cut Sold

Year Volume Price Volume Price

 Million Dollars per Million Dollars per

 board feet thousand board feet board feet thousand board feet

1987 455.3 22.47 390.2 37.43

1988 449.4 32.27 386.8 57.68

1989 419.7 39.47 388.4 57.71

1990 415.8 48.35 415.0 63.32

1991 369.1 59.93 279.4 80.11

1992 344.1 86.52 320.8 123.13

1993 355.9 174.10 339.5 248.04

1994 251.5 141.90 189.2 230.79

1995 208.3 120.71 212.1 167.64

1996 262.0 134.04 299.4 61.33

a Data for 1943-53, 1976, 1986, 1987, 1989, and 1990, and 1995 are for fiscal years; all others are calendar

year data.

Source: USDA FS 1945-96.
22

Table 7—The USDA Forest Service Northern Region (Region 1) total harvest and

Forest Service harvest, 1910-96

Montana Northern Idaho Region 1 E. Washington

Years Total FS Total FS Total FS FS FS

 --------------------------Million board feet------------------------ Percent MMBF

1910 302.2 536.9 839.1 99.8 11.89

1911 216.6 551.0 767.6 89.2 11.62

1912 257.9 514.4 772.3 108.5 14.04

1913 339.0 470.1 809.1 147.7 18.25

1914 300.9 549.2 850.1 197.2 23.20

1915 310.6 559.6 870.2 184.5 21.20

1916 363.4 612.2 975.6 162.5 16.65

1917 331.4 547.1 878.5 183.9 20.93

1918 322.2 577.4 899.6 122.9 13.66

1919 272.8 550.8 823.6 126.9 15.41

1920 389.1 698.7 1,087.8 127.1 11.69

1921 202.8 391.0 593.8 113.0 19.03

1922 293.3 618.7 912.0 127.4 13.97

1923 412.3 772.2 1,184.5 124.8 10.53

1924 337.6 732.8 1,070.4 142.0 13.27

1925 370.6 820.7 1,191.3 149.5 12.55

1926 359.0 681.7 1,040.7 118.9 11.43

1927 375.1 665.0 1,040.1 116.8 11.23

1928 367.1 703.3 1,070.4 140.3 13.11

1929 368.0 740.1 1,108.1 121.2 10.94

1930 281.1 605.0 886.1 97.6 11.01

1931 149.7 359.6 509.3 73.1 14.34

1932 105.1 178.7 283.8 32.4 11.43

1933 118.4 227.7 346.1 38.3 11.07

1934 162.8 328.9 491.7 54.3 11.04

1935 221.2 438.3 659.5 70.8 10.74

1936 279.4 520.6 800.0 102.4 12.80

1937 317.1 574.1 891.2 96.5 10.83

1938 209.7 410.6 620.3 100.6 16.22

1939 256.7 24.7 485.7 46.0 742.4 70.7 9.52

1940 308.0 556.7 864.7 138.9 16.07

1941 354.0 40.5 656.2 94.4 1,010.2 134.9 13.35

1942 409.9 59.5 669.4 81.7 1,079.3 141.2 13.08

1943 400.8 94.5 640.1 83.6 1,040.9 178.2 17.12 1.2

1944 424.5 132.1 655.6 141.3 1,080.1 273.4 25.31 7.3

1945 322.2 123.2 561.4 159.3 883.6 282.5 31.97 14.0

1946 388.4 87.1 621.8 145.9 1,010.2 233.0 23.07 5.8

1947 467.0 166.4 683.4 184.0 1,150.4 350.5 30.46 18.7

1948 556.0 187.8 793.8 185.5 1,349.8 373.2 27.65 15.2

1949 543.4 176.8 755.8 194.1 1,299.3 370.9 28.55 17.4

1950 589.9 136.8 905.9 134.8 1,495.8 271.7 18.16 28.1

1951 506.6 181.5 735.0 184.8 1,241.6 366.3 29.50 42.2

1952 542.8 227.2 778.2 175.7 1,321.0 402.9 30.50 47.3

1953 636.9 296.0 823.5 226.9 1,460.4 523.0 35.81 51.3

1954 660.5 320.0 993.6 273.0 1,654.0 592.9 35.85 55.2
23

Table 7—The USDA Forest Service Northern Region (Region 1) total harvest and

Forest Service harvest, 1910-96 (continued)

Montana Northern Idaho Region 1 E. Washington

Years Total FS Total FS Total FS FS FS

 ----------------------------Million board feet------------------------ Percent MMBF

1955 782.2 471.5 1,086.5 327.1 1,868.6 798.5 42.73 66.4

1956 886.9 497.8 1,132.5 392.6 2,019.4 890.4 44.09 54.0

1957 698.0 479.2 922.4 368.6 1,620.4 847.7 52.32 62.4

1958 828.5 395.5 993.9 308.1 1,822.4 703.6 38.61 69.3

1959 939.0 445.3 1,248.5 372.8 2,187.5 818.0 37.40 84.4

1960 942.9 480.0 1,146.4 495.0 2,089.3 975.0 46.67 86.2

1961 1,091.8 482.4 1,031.4 418.1 2,123.2 900.5 42.41 67.3

1962 1,116.9 631.9 1,095.1 435.4 2,212.0 1,067.3 48.25 109.7

1963 1,293.2 726.2 1,125.7 471.0 2,418.9 1,197.2 49.49 118.5

1964 1,259.5 722.1 1,171.2 534.9 2,430.7 1,257.0 51.71 140.6

1965 1,316.2 774.6 1,223.8 535.6 2,540.0 1,310.2 51.58 140.4

1966 1,339.2 785.7 1,300.3 645.3 2,639.5 1,431.0 54.21 133.6

1967 1,177.6 658.7 1,320.2 582.5 2,497.8 1,241.2 49.69 122.1

1968 1,339.4 796.9 1,353.7 667.2 2,693.1 1,464.1 54.37 114.2

1969 1,302.4 799.7 1,344.5 674.9 2,646.9 1,474.6 55.71 112.8

1970 1,093.5 654.4 1,210.0 658.6 2,303.5 1,313.0 57.00 136.2

1971 1,243.5 738.6 1,264.8 509.6 2,508.3 1,248.2 49.76 109.9

1972 1,082.1 558.0 1,245.6 516.7 2,327.7 1,074.7 46.17 115.3

1973 1,117.4 564.1 1,183.7 554.7 2,301.2 1,118.9 48.62 116.1

1974 1,088.3 495.3 1,292.9 424.5 2,381.2 919.8 38.63 81.4

1975 1,008.7 444.5 1,231.4 469.6 2,240.1 914.2 40.81 16.5

1976 1,106.1 470.4 1,470.3 453.7 2,576.4 924.1 35.87 7.6

1977 1,121.6 494.9 1,345.9 581.5 2,467.5 1,076.4 43.62 3.8

1978 1,165.0 452.1 1,451.0 493.8 2,616.0 946.0 36.16 6.0

1979 1,089.9 446.2 1,343.6 533.1 2,433.5 979.2 40.24 10.2

1980 938.9 402.8 1,299.8 406.3 2,238.7 809.0 36.14 8.8

1981 936.6 426.6 1,241.9 479.8 2,178.4 906.4 41.61 15.9

1982 828.1 265.8 910.3 252.7 1,738.4 518.5 29.82 4.6

1983 1,151.1 502.5 1,248.0 450.5 2,399.1 953.0 39.72 9.9

1984 1,043.1 412.3 1,383.4 422.2 2,426.4 834.5 34.39 10.6

1985 1,117.1 504.2 1,158.5 402.3 2,275.6 906.5 39.84 13.0

1986 1,260.4 504.0 1,197.1 421.2 2,457.5 925.3 37.65 9.3

1987 1,376.5 602.9 1,289.4 454.9 2,665.9 1,057.8 39.68 14.1

1988 1,199.8 486.0 1,230.2 382.7 2,430.0 868.7 35.75 9.0

1989 1,278.8 520.9 1,468.0 493.6 2,746.8 1,014.6 36.94 9.4

1990 1,118.9 424.8 1,316.0 424.5 2,434.9 849.3 34.88 23.0

1991 919.2 317.5 1,355.6 443.9 2,274.8 761.5 33.47 14.3

1992 1,061.5 370.2 1,240.6 370.5 2,302.1 740.7 32.17 15.6

1993 975.4 277.9 1,181.0 293.8 2,156.5 571.5 26.51

1994 957.4 213.8 1,184.3 245.6 2,141.7 459.4 21.45

1995 897.5 145.0 1,070.7 152.4 1,968.2 297.4 15.11

1996 861.4 192.0 1,104.7 122.6 1,966.1 314.7 16.01

Note: East Washington not included in Region 1 totals and percentage of Forest Service.

Sources: Flowers 1993 and USDA FS 1945-96.
24

Table 8—The USDA Forest Service Northern Region (Region 1) volume of lumber manufactured by major

species

 Montana Idaho

 Ponderosa Ponderosa White

Year Douglas-fir Larch pine Douglas-fir Larch pine pine White fir

---------------------------------------------------Thousand board feet---------------------------------------------------

1910 53,070 99,283 135,817 62,793 100,512 280,533 232,442

1911 36,784 80,145 96,654 77,155 97,593 220,586 297,056

1912 39,325 120,779 94,093 51,845 111,008 179,863 309,564

1913 63,494 137,703 120,414 67,112 119,714 177,703 227,845

1914 51,061 101,771 134,568 96,323 108,793 159,839 280,608

1915 41,464 115,001 118,920 76,283 111,345 201,858 301,600

1916 56,845 163,829 138,206 80,632 107,827 240,160 304,055

1917 38,600 135,734 150,905 66,663 99,950 315,019 193,404

1918 34,906 114,250 169,956 72,658 119,941 310,582 208,749

1919 40,675 101,714 108,548 32,580 143,055 255,320 234,207

1920 55,670 112,400 173,507 105,786 142,103 366,857 261,251

1921 27,762 81,053 102,342 55,354 70,984 195,447 167,300

1922 51,966 105,415 136,393 58,707 93,089 294,754 298,257

1923 76,002 159,029 167,468 106,453 122,463 374,075 374,357

1924 54,050 141,075 137,358 86,214 90,004 343,917 376,225

1925 74,003 133,393 159,238 139,501 105,337 375,005 389,267

1926 67,251 112,217 172,000 106,607 73,532 307,919 348,813

1927 79,883 130,647 164,197 82,546 97,163 249,733 410,252

1928 72,827 118,175 168,396 118,309 81,491 258,123 424,049

1929 72,830 104,818 170,047 108,738 83,081 287,610 437,568

1930 45,585 77,889 133,709 61,031 56,281 219,963 432,438

1931 29,469 41,792 64,541 24,983 18,523 103,323 316,115

1932 15,795 32,620 54,897 15,371 10,811 45,354 169,425

1933 13,693 24,527 72,196 21,675 13,673 49,669 219,576

1934 26,473 50,189 79,549 35,535 14,939 101,967 289,769

1935 34,039 56,336 114,454 42,376 20,670 147,753 374,376

1936 51,395 74,241 130,507 59,647 23,787 173,964 441,848

1937 57,899 84,686 154,709 64,789 29,310 214,039 459,661

1938 39,929 45,439 106,902 48,980 21,167 185,695 286,761

1939 39,240 63,738 130,060 52,739 24,224 200,327 365,540

1940 62,336 75,493 145,684 71,978 28,196 216,685 421,538

1941 86,518 87,549 166,100 129,176 34,830 293,535 386,714

1942 96,663 117,311 177,497 177,501 40,523 297,254 321,541

1943 75,953 145,396 173,622 157,136 48,206 287,151 298,608

1944 89,720 140,985 180,042 155,225 60,325 331,691 254,171

1945 67,532 110,092 144,346 135,592 49,147 262,968 220,321

1946a 99,573 150,405 145,295 310,284 214,314

1947 276,600 200,900 255,500 363,900 208,500 87,800

1948 340,100 223,600 302,700 417,100 225,100 115,900

1949 311,700 221,600 288,400 387,600 227,000 101,400

1950 342,900 230,500 379,900 364,900 289,500 162,400

1951 297,300 199,700 342,100 250,100 223,500 148,700

1952 306,000 199,200 345,400 238,300 208,400 196,900

1953 321,500 198,500 354,600 275,500 189,200 195,300

1954 292,800 162,700 411,700 342,100 218,100 212,900
25

Table 8—The USDA Forest Service Northern Region (Region 1) volume of lumber manufactured by major

species (continued)

 Montana Idaho

 Ponderosa Ponderosa White

Year Douglas-fir Larch pine Douglas-fir Larch pine pine White fir

 ------------------------------------------------------Thousand board feet------------------------------------------------

1955 337,300 147,000 443,000 347,700 231,400 235,800

1956 383,700 156,800 523,300 303,700 184,300 304,600

1957 323,900 122,700 433,300 242,100 164,100 259,700

1958 429,200 151,100 522,200 248,300 184,300 279,300

1959 545,800 173,700 683,200 282,900 249,200 340,400

1960 569,000 177,400 620,800 260,800 248,300 347,200

1961 648,300 190,700 545,600 272,600 238,000 295,300

1962 714,900 184,700 522,400 287,000 250,900 354,200

1963 721,300 210,700 515,400 275,000 278,000 382,000

1964 656,200 232,400 539,900 274,600 267,300 377,200

1965 674,800 241,500 550,000 268,900 267,800 381,900

1966 727,800 241,100 554,100 291,700 267,700 389,900

1967 726,700 219,500 503,100 274,900 304,000 356,700

1968 821,800 276,100 492,400 297,500 320,200 375,300

1969 698,400 283,300 523,300 270,700 285,300 341,600

1970 619,300 171,500 495,900 265,000 298,100 311,600

1971 649,000 224,000 529,000 252,000 319,000 352,000

1972 471,000 252,000 537,000 299,000 337,000 384,000

1973 636,000 159,000 608,000 319,000 296,000 392,000

1974 576,000 183,000 568,000 278,000 219,000 288,000

1975 461,000 162,000 477,000 264,000 240,000 362,000

1976 549,000 189,000 596,000 311,000 243,000 409,000

1977 593,000 162,000 571,000 347,000 240,000 451,000

1978 520,000 215,000 597,000 360,000 179,000 455,000

1979 485,000 157,000 605,000 299,000 165,000 453,000

1980 349,000 94,000 403,000 226,000 142,000 322,000

1981 346,000 169,000 349,000 185,000 141,000 311,000

1982 321,000 96,000 339,000 153,000 98,000 290,000

1983 433,000 194,000 445,000 231,000 139,000 411,000

1984 455,000 225,000 465,000 240,000 113,000 460,000

1985 455,000 207,000 464,000 226,000 87,000 480,000

1986 488,000 284,000 548,000 255,000 91,000 509,000

1987 556,000 211,000 621,000 250,000 86,000 590,000

1988 525,000 201,000 635,000 216,000 79,000 636,000

1989 578,000 181,000 641,000 266,000 73,000 665,000

1990 494,000 234,000 663,000 311,000 66,000 602,000

1991 472,000 218,000 645,000 269,000 54,000 576,000

1992 514,000 222,000 671,000 303,000 56,000 548,000

1993 498,000 237,000 599,000 309,000 54,000 565,000

1994 414,000 235,000 631,000 303,000 45,000 509,000

1995 406,000 214,000 559,000 239,000 35,000 536,000

1996 400,000 201,000 667,000 262,000 29,000 514,000

a In 1946 Douglas-fir and larch were combined into Douglas-fir.

Sources: 1910-48, Steer 1948; 1946-65, WPA; 1965-96, WWPA.
26

Table 9—The USDA Forest Service Northern Region (Region 1) value of lumber manufactured by major

species

 Montana Idaho

 Douglas- Ponderosa Douglas- Ponderosa White White

Year fir Larch pine fir Larch pine pine fir Average

------------------------------------------------------Dollars per thousand board feet------------------------------------------------------

1910 14.95 12.89 14.68 12.82 11.57 14.87 18.37 14.93

1911 11.70 12.02 14.45 11.95 10.58 14.45 17.57 14.42

1912 11.80 12.18 14.83 11.80 11.73 13.38 17.93 14.44

1915 12.15 10.79 13.33 10.05 8.89 12.37 17.34 13.16

1916 13.88 12.87 14.76 11.28 10.69 14.47 19.34 14.87

1917 16.40 16.38 18.80 14.78 14.60 18.51 25.56 18.78

1918 19.38 20.70 21.68 19.45 19.50 23.50 32.84 23.64

1919 22.60 22.61 22.92 20.97 22.15 27.53 35.99 26.94

1920 29.73 30.22 34.78 25.09 31.01 35.97 53.92 36.92

1921 17.41 15.20 22.90 16.99 14.10 23.14 38.60 23.81

1922 25.60 19.28 26.90 17.77 17.51 25.05 42.35 28.23

1923 20.71 22.36 29.62 20.72 21.38 32.05 45.17 31.19

1924 22.20 21.62 28.02 19.66 19.67 22.96 36.71 26.86

1925 18.12 16.38 24.88 19.32 19.64 25.53 37.04 25.89

1926 17.93 17.23 26.41 17.64 17.83 25.39 36.49 26.05

1927 17.47 17.14 25.03 17.91 18.93 21.66 33.15 24.40

1928 19.78 19.12 25.40 17.56 17.79 24.47 30.28 24.49

1929 18.21 17.92 26.37 19.29 18.00 25.96 31.53 25.44

1930 18.12 17.43 23.11 17.11 16.82 23.31 31.13 24.83

1931 16.52 13.99 20.78 15.61 14.37 17.80 26.63 21.96

1932 12.18 9.44 16.94 14.79 13.31 14.30 23.84 18.42

1933 12.43 12.61 18.24 16.94 14.03 17.25 22.22 19.25

1934 16.21 16.28 21.20 16.96 15.96 21.92 25.70 22.20

1935 16.81 16.79 22.61 16.49 17.40 20.54 27.46 23.14

1936 18.32 15.44 23.83 17.94 16.24 21.70 28.95 23.99

1937 15.22 16.39 23.09 18.51 17.96 24.56 32.84 25.68

1938 16.71 15.26 22.18 17.84 16.53 22.49 31.11 24.17

1939 17.04 16.63 23.60 18.18 16.49 22.56 29.18 24.07

1940 17.67 15.79 24.90 19.31 16.15 23.60 32.81 25.71

1941 21.33 19.38 27.67 22.29 19.29 27.34 37.46 28.46

1942 24.33 22.71 29.77 26.67 25.03 30.65 39.59 30.43

1943 27.24 28.12 33.49 29.46 29.25 34.07 42.16 33.69

1944 33.73 33.73 36.62 33.73 33.73 36.62 44.47 36.99

1945 33.64 33.64 36.72 33.64 33.64 36.72 45.19 37.25

1946a 39.96 41.58 39.96 41.58 48.36 42.59

1947 57.63 58.12 57.63 58.12 72.64 54.82 59.70

1948 66.77 72.60 66.77 72.60 96.56 64.11 72.62

1949 59.70 69.37 59.70 69.37 102.64 52.43 68.83

1950 69.60 79.00 69.60 79.00 114.05 65.13 79.04

1951 72.57 92.57 72.57 92.57 127.54 72.56 86.50

1952 77.31 91.31 77.31 91.31 128.13 70.47 87.14

1953 73.33 92.17 73.33 92.17 133.24 67.84 85.32

1954 72.87 87.30 72.87 87.30 132.18 62.23 83.35

1955 80.26 90.74 80.26 90.74 133.46 69.58 88.42

1956 81.16 92.70 81.16 92.70 135.76 69.88 87.33
27

Table 9—The USDA Forest Service Northern Region (Region 1) value of lumber manufactured by major

species (continued)

 Montana Idaho

 Douglas- Ponderosa Douglas- Ponderosa White White

Year fir Larch pine fir Larch pine pine fir Average

-------------------------------------------------------Dollars per thousand board feet------------------------------------

1957 69.83 88.69 69.83 88.69 120.57 61.82 78.04

1958 68.57 85.41 68.57 85.41 111.01 60.51 75.13

1959 76.33 92.93 76.33 92.93 108.60 68.69 81.90

1960 71.41 88.08 71.41 88.08 101.80 60.10 76.23

1961 63.35 80.98 63.35 80.98 101.94 55.76 69.94

1962 66.27 82.83 66.27 82.83 104.07 57.99 72.17

1963 67.40 84.15 67.40 84.15 97.56 59.75 72.90

1964 68.10 84.92 68.10 84.92 93.69 59.50 73.18

1965 67.86 84.93 67.86 84.93 94.89 58.73 73.01

1966 71.18 88.00 71.18 88.00 101.78 62.46 76.59

1967 72.17 87.04 72.17 87.04 100.41 64.46 77.47

1968 90.35 101.82 90.35 101.82 112.02 81.63 94.19

1969 102.88 128.85 102.88 128.85 136.86 95.30 111.66

1970 79.82 108.81 79.82 108.81 130.41 71.30 90.87

1971 100.88 128.27 100.88 128.27 131.30 93.00 109.30

1972 122.17 151.96 122.17 151.96 162.51 113.54 133.76

1973 161.82 205.99 161.82 205.99 222.13 157.25 176.62

1974 142.56 205.49 142.56 205.49 236.38 131.84 163.87

1975 134.88 183.81 134.88 183.81 192.36 122.69 150.01

1976 170.59 241.89 170.59 241.89 243.41 156.74 191.12

1977 203.83 277.77 203.83 277.77 276.51 182.92 222.82

1978 233.72 349.66 233.72 349.66 349.56 215.95 267.80

1979 256.02 374.63 256.02 374.63 384.10 231.75 285.64

1980 214.38 338.16 214.38 338.16 327.53 196.09 246.28

1981 207.49 348.92 207.49 348.92 345.31 194.27 251.33

1982 174.04 301.48 174.04 301.48 325.40 168.44 208.20

1983 219.08 380.76 219.08 380.76 348.29 208.56 264.06

1984 203.25 365.80 203.25 365.80 368.42 187.69 248.65

1985 203.83 368.49 203.83 368.49 378.84 190.71 246.59

1986 208.69 415.27 208.69 415.27 442.01 205.46 270.48

1987 224.84 456.80 224.84 456.80 466.91 227.76 281.54

1988 235.49 457.11 235.49 457.11 461.35 229.27 283.23

1989 263.33 458.37 263.33 458.37 461.82 246.00 301.65

1990 250.55 428.01 250.55 428.01 449.60 237.75 294.88

1991 256.40 473.21 256.40 473.21 434.40 239.58 305.52

1992 301.57 593.56 301.57 593.56 522.59 285.05 371.11

1993 418.46 664.53 418.46 664.53 573.20 412.43 481.70

1994 426.58 732.81 426.58 732.81 616.59 399.03 504.30

1995 362.98 602.40 362.98 602.40 591.87 354.09 421.51

1996 415.22 597.02 415.22 597.02 563.95 395.19 454.87

a In 1946 Douglas-fir and larch were combined into Douglas-fir.

Sources: 1910-48, Steer 1948; 1946-65, WPA; 1965-96, WWPA.
28

Table 10—Average current and real cut stumpage and lumber price for Northern

Region (Region 1), 1915-96

 Current Reala

Year Cut Lumber CPIb Cut Lumber

 Dollars per thousand 1992 dollars per

 board feet 1992 = 1.000 ---thousand board feet---

1915 2.13 13.16 0.072 29.61 182.83

1916 2.20 14.87 .078 28.37 191.38

1917 2.36 18.78 .091 25.82 205.81

1918 2.35 23.64 .108 21.87 219.65

1919 2.31 26.94 .123 18.73 218.52

1920 2.40 36.92 .143 16.86 258.97

1921 2.92 23.81 .128 22.90 186.64

1922 3.11 28.23 .120 26.01 235.77

1923 3.18 31.19 .122 26.10 255.89

1924 3.14 26.86 .122 25.79 220.39

1925 4.62 25.89 .125 37.06 207.53

1926 4.45 26.05 .126 35.24 206.47

1927 3.78 24.40 .124 30.47 196.73

1928 3.99 24.49 .122 32.78 200.93

1929 4.03 25.44 .122 33.08 208.76

1930 4.49 24.83 .119 37.74 208.64

1931 4.31 21.96 .108 39.80 202.66

1932 3.05 18.42 .098 31.28 188.59

1933 3.39 19.25 .093 36.63 207.71

1934 3.33 22.20 .096 34.85 232.47

1935 3.05 23.14 .098 31.26 236.96

1936 3.17 23.99 .099 32.02 242.16

1937 3.20 25.68 .103 31.14 250.21

1938 3.39 24.17 .100 33.71 240.52

1939 3.41 24.07 .099 34.42 242.99

1940 3.41 25.71 .100 34.21 257.70

1941 3.96 28.46 .105 37.80 271.66

1942 3.11 30.43 .116 26.77 261.94

1943 2.86 33.69 .123 23.19 273.24

1944 3.07 36.99 .125 24.47 294.86

1945 2.99 37.25 .128 23.31 290.33

1946 2.98 42.59 .139 21.44 306.41

1947 3.40 59.70 .159 21.39 375.58

1948 3.68 72.62 .172 21.42 422.76

1949 4.57 68.83 .170 26.94 405.75

1950 5.57 79.04 .172 32.43 460.15

1951 7.34 86.50 .185 39.61 466.76

1952 8.28 87.14 .189 43.84 461.33

1953 8.52 85.32 .190 44.77 448.35

1954 6.97 83.35 .192 36.35 434.72

1955 5.61 88.42 .191 29.37 462.88

1956 7.56 87.33 .194 39.00 450.47

1957 9.24 78.04 .200 46.13 389.67

1958 8.12 75.13 .206 39.42 364.72
29

Table 10—Average current and real cut stumpage and lumber price for Northern

Region (Region 1), 1915-96 (continued)

 Current Reala

Year Cut Lumber CPIb Cut Lumber

 Dollars per thousand 1992 dollars per

 board feet 1992 = 1.000 ---thousand board feet---

1959 7.07 81.90 .207 34.09 394.85

1960 10.77 76.23 .211 51.05 361.33

1961 7.50 69.94 .213 35.19 328.16

1962 7.71 72.17 .215 35.82 335.28

1963 7.27 72.90 .218 33.33 334.23

1964 7.85 73.18 .221 35.53 331.21

1965 8.32 73.01 .225 37.06 325.17

1966 9.14 76.59 .231 39.58 331.66

1967 9.92 77.47 .238 41.67 325.41

1968 12.51 94.19 .248 50.44 379.73

1969 23.24 111.66 .262 88.84 426.86

1970 18.43 90.87 .277 66.64 328.59

1971 17.75 109.30 .289 61.49 378.65

1972 28.29 133.76 .298 94.95 448.95

1973 34.43 176.62 .316 108.80 558.11

1974 36.42 163.87 .351 103.65 466.34

1975 25.55 150.01 .383 66.63 391.21

1976 33.30 191.12 .406 82.11 471.24

1977 43.44 222.82 .432 100.57 515.88

1978 47.53 267.80 .465 102.28 576.27

1979 57.63 285.64 .517 111.37 552.00

1980 37.76 246.28 .587 64.29 419.33

1981 38.56 251.33 .648 59.52 387.92

1982 24.36 208.20 .688 35.42 302.70

1983 33.30 264.06 .710 46.91 371.97

1984 42.05 248.65 .741 56.78 335.76

1985 33.40 246.59 .767 43.55 321.53

1986 41.14 270.48 .781 52.66 346.25

1987 38.57 281.54 .810 47.64 347.71

1988 47.12 283.23 .843 55.88 335.90

1989 53.19 301.65 .884 60.18 341.30

1990 65.87 294.88 .932 70.71 316.54

1991 74.88 305.52 .971 77.13 314.72

1992 96.27 371.11 1.000 96.27 371.11

1993 133.43 481.70 1.030 129.55 467.70

1994 180.40 504.30 1.056 170.78 477.41

1995 188.05 421.51 1.086 173.12 388.05

1996 187.27 454.87 1.118 167.50 406.86

a Real = deflated.

b CPI = consumer price index.

Sources: Steer 1948, WPA 1946-65, WWPA 1966-97.
This page has been left blank intentionally.

Document continues on next page.
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