NOT RECOMMENDED FOR FULL-TEXT PUBLICATION

File Name: 07a0293n.06

Filed: April 26, 2007

No. 06-5859

UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS

FOR THE SIXTH CIRCUIT

ERIC L. LANCASTER,

Plaintiff-Appellant,

v.

COMMISSIONER OF SOCIAL SECURITY,

Defendant-Appellee.

 /

ON APPEAL FROM THE UNITED

STATES DISTRICT COURT FOR THE 

EASTERN DISTRICT OF KENTUCKY

BEFORE: COLE, CLAY, and GILMAN, Circuit Judges.

CLAY, Circuit Judge. Plaintiff Eric L. Lancaster appeals the district court’s grant of

summary judgment in favor of Defendant Commissioner of Social Security in this action brought

under 42 U.S.C. § 405(g) to obtain judicial review of a decision from an administrative law judge

(“ALJ”) denying Plaintiff’s application for disability insurance benefits. For the reasons that follow,

we REVERSE the district court’s decision and REMAND to the district court for further

proceedings consistent with this opinion.
No. 06-5859

The parties did not submit a Joint Appendix; rather, the Court has “a full and accurate 1

transcript of the entire record of proceedings relating to this case.” (J.A. 1) For purposes of citing

to the record, the Court will refer to the record as Joint Appendix.

 Plaintiff alleges that he has been unable to work since July 24, 2002, approximately three 2

months prior to his last surgery. 

 Throughout the record Dr. Vaughan’s last name is incorrectly spelled “Vaughn.” 3

2

BACKGROUND

A. Plaintiff’s Medical History

Plaintiff was born on October 23, 1965. He is a high school graduate and has worked as a

delivery driver and machine operator. Plaintiff alleges that he has been unable to work due to “High

Blood Pressure, Digenerative [sic] Disk Disease, [and] Severe Gauti [sic] Arthritis.” (J.A. 91)1

Plaintiff also has “symptoms of depression and anxiety.” (J.A. 229) Plaintiff has had “3 spinal

surgeries to repair ruptured disks,” (J.A. 91), including “[a]nterior cervical diskectomy and interbody

fusion” on September 16, 1996, (J.A. 151); “[l]umbar laminectomy infusion” on February 26, 2001,

(J.A. 155); and “anterior cervical diskectomy and fusion with bone plate” on November 8, 2002,

(J.A. 159).2

Plaintiff’s treating physician, John J. Vaughan, M.D. (“Dr. Vaughan”), has provided 3

numerous opinions concerning Plaintiff’s functional limitations and employability. On January 6,

2003, Dr. Vaughan noted that “[g]iven the fact he has a very stiff neck with multiple fusions and a

lower back fusion, I am doubtful he will be able to return to any type of gainful employment.” (J.A.

200) On June 1, 2004, Vaughan stated that “there is no way [Plaintiff] could go back and do any
No. 06-5859

3

type of gainful employment activity. He is limited by continued pain and lack of mobility in his

spine.” (J.A. 352) More specifically, Dr. Vaughan indicated that Plaintiff

is [not] capable of lifting more than 5 pounds. He can do little to no

bending or twisting of his neck or lower back. He is unable to sit for

more than 5-7 minutes at a time, or greater than 1 hour per day. He

is unable to stand or walk more than 5-7 minutes at a time, and no

more than 1 hour per day. He frequently has to lie down to relieve his

pain.

(J.A. 352)

On February 5, 2003, a physician associated with Defendant, Kenneth Phillips, M.D. (“Dr.

Phillips”), found that Plaintiff could “[o]ccasionally lift and/or carry . . . 20 pounds,” and

“frequently lift and/or carry . . . 10 pounds.” (J.A. 189) (emphasis in original). After a single

medical evaluation, Dr. Phillips determined that Plaintiff could sit, “[s]tand and/or walk (with

normal breaks) for a total of . . . about 6 hours in an 8-hour workday,” id., but that “[Plaintiff] had

postural limitations such as no climbing of ropes or scaffolds and only occasional stooping.” (Gov’t

Br. at 5;see also J.A. 190) Dr. Phillips found that he had limited overhead reach, and should “avoid

even moderate exposure” to vibration. (J.A. 192) (capitalization omitted). 

On June 3, 2003, Richard Sheridan, M.D. (“Dr. Sheridan”) examined Plaintiff and found that

Plaintiff could “work with [certain] permanent restrictions,” including 1) “[n]o lift, push, pull or

carry of anything greater than 10 lbs. to 15 lbs. frequently and 15 lbs. to 20 lbs. infrequently,” 2)

“[n]o climbing,” 3) “[n]o rapid manual dexterity work with the right upper extremity,” 4) “[n]o

exposure to temperature extremes with the right upper extremity,” and 5) “[n]o use of vibrating tools

with the right upper extremity.” (J.A. 253) After a single medical evaluation, Dr. Sheridan opined

that “[Plaintiff] is at maximum medical improvement.” Id. 
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4

Last, Plaintiff was examined by Timothy Kriss, M.D. (“Dr. Kriss”), a “neurosurgery and

spine specialist,” on February 17, 2004. (J.A. 285) Dr. Kriss found that

[Plaintiff] did have previous anterior cervical diskectomy and fusion

surgery . . . in 1995. He does have a “congenital” fusion . . . .

However, I don’t find convincing evidence that these conditions were

ongoing and active at the time of the July 24th, 2002 work injury.

The patient appeared to be quite capable of working in this same

factory at this same moderately physically demanding job for

approximately 18 months without any documented significant

cervical symptoms, restrictions, or treatment prior to July 24th, 2002.

(J.A. 289) Unlike Dr. Sheridan, Dr. Kriss found that “[Plaintiff’s] cervical condition may improve

slightly or perhaps moderately over time with some additional treatment.” Id. Dr. Kriss

“recommend[ed] permanent restrictions of no lifting > 30 pounds, no frequent lifting > 15 pounds,

the avoidance of frequent repetitive bending/twisting of the neck, no climbing, and minimization of

overhead work.” Id. 

After conducting only one examination, Drs. Phillips, Sheridan, and Kriss found that Plaintiff

was physically limited, but not as limited as indicated by Dr. Vaughan. Each physician reported

different degrees of physical limitation. As Plaintiff’s treating physician, Dr. Vaughan has had the

opportunity to examine and treat Plaintiff since 1996. Over the course of his long-term medical

treatment, Dr. Vaughan’s diagnosis has been consistent. Compare J.A. 352 with J.A. 248 and J.A.

270. 

B. Plaintiff’s Vocational Evaluations

Plaintiff had a “Vocational and Occupational Employability Evaluation” with Ralph M.

Crystal, Ph.D. (“Dr. Crystal”), a vocational expert and consultant, on February 13, 2004. (J.A. 139)

Dr. Crystal concluded that
No. 06-5859

5

[f]rom a vocational perspective at the current levels of physical and

mental functioning there are unskilled, semi-skilled, and skilled jobs

that are performed at the sedentary, light, and medium levels of

exertion within the framework of the assessments indicated [by the

different physicians who have examined Plaintiff]. [Plaintiff] would

be able to perform a wide range of jobs in occupational areas such as

clerical, factories, and related settings, which exist in the economy.

Such jobs are typically performed at a bench, desk, table, or work

station. [Plaintiff] is not disabled from employment even with the

most restrictive combination of impairments. 

(J.A. 147) 

On May 13, 2004, and May 14, 2004, Plaintiff “participated in a Functional Capacity

Evaluation.” (J.A. 330) In the course of the evaluation, 

[Plaintiff] demonstrated the ability to tolerate work activities below

the criteria for Sedentary work level. The Sedentary work level is

characterized by exerting up to 10 pounds rarely / occasionally, a

negligible amount of force frequently, and no constant lifting.

Id. The evaluation concluded that Plaintiff “is unable to perform lifts, carries, pushing, pulling,

crouching, balancing, repetitive squatting, kneeling, hand use, walking, or crawling without

signficant [sic] changes in pain and sensation,” (J.A. 334). 

C. Plaintiff’s Psychological Evaluations

Plaintiff also has had numerous psychological evaluations. Marc Plavin, Ph.D. (“Dr.

Plavin”), a licensed psychologist, evaluated Plaintiff on May 3, 2003, and concluded that he had

“[m]ajor depressive disorder, recurrent, moderate.” (J.A. 229) On May 13, 2003, Laura Cutler,

Ph.D. (“Dr. Cutler”) found that, in the context of moderate, recurrent depression, “[Plaintiff] retains

the capacity to: A) [u]nderstand and remember instructions; B) [s]ustain attnetion [sic] to complete

tasks; C) [t]olerate co-workers, supervisors[ ] in a non-public setting [and] (D) [a]dapt to changes
No. 06-5859

6

in a routine work setting.” Id. (formatting omitted). On September 26, 2003, a licensed clinical

psychologist, Stuart A. Cooke, Ph.D. (“Dr. Cooke”), diagnosed Plaintiff with “Depressive Disorder”

and “Panic Disorder,” and noted “Psychosocial Stressors: Pain, loss of income, separat[ion] from

wife for 8 years, single parent, [and] cousin’s death.” (J.A. 261) More recently, on March 4, 2004,

Robert P. Granacher, Jr., M.D. (“Dr. Granacher”), a psychiatrist, diagnosed Plaintiff with “[m]ood

disorder (major depression) due to spinal pathology.” (J.A. 303) He found that “[Plaintiff] does not

require psychiatric restrictions upon job performance . . . . [and] has the mental capacity to engage

in any work he is trained, educated, or experienced to perform.” Id.

D. Plaintiff’s Applications for Disability Insurance Benefits

Plaintiff filed an application for disability insurance benefits with the Social Security

Administration (“SSA”) on December 31, 2002, indicating that he “became unable to work because

of [a] disabling condition on July 24, 2002.” (J.A. 68) In processing Plaintiff’s claim, the SSA

reviewed medical records and evaluations. On February 12, 2003, the SSA denied Plaintiff’s claim

concluding that “[b]ased on a review of [Plaintiff’s] medical problems [Plaintiff] do[es] not qualify

for benefits . . . . because [Plaintiff] [is] not disabled under our rules.” (J.A. 47) In pertinent part,

the SSA found that

[t]he medical evidence shows that [Plaintiff] ha[s] been treated for

[his] conditions. [Plaintiff] report[s] degenerative disc disease, the

medical evidence shows that there is no significant restriction in

[[Plaintiff’s] ability to stand and walk . . . . [Plaintiff] report[s]

arthritis, the mediacl [sic] evidence shows that [Plaintiff] ha[s]

adequate movement and strength in [his] joints. Although

[Plaintiff’s] blood pressure may become higher than normal at times,

this condition has not caused any significant damage to [his] eyes,

heart, liver or kidneys. [Plaintiff] report[s] acid reflux, the medical
No. 06-5859

7

records show that this condition does not severly [sic] affect

[[Plaintiff’s] general health . . . .

We have determined that [Plaintiff’s] condition is not severe enough

to keep [Plaintiff] from working.

(J.A. 47) Plaintiff appealed the SSA decision. On March 26, 2004, and August 2, 2004, an ALJ held

a hearing on Plaintiff’s application for disability benefits. (J.A. 360-69, 370-92) Plaintiff testified

at the hearing and reported that he has back and neck problems and “significant weakness in [his]

right hand. [Plaintiff] ha[s] a lot of pain that runs down [his] right arm and [his] right shoulder hurts,

almost constantly.” (J.A. 383) 

The ALJ heard testimony from a vocational expert, Joyce Forrest (“Forrest” or “the

vocational expert”), at the August 2, 2004 hearing. The ALJ asked Forrest:

We’ll assume a hypothetical individual, 37, the time [Plaintiff] filed

his current claim. He has a twelfth-grade education. Assume, a first

hypothetical individual could lift 20 pounds occasionally, 10 pounds

more frequently, stand, walk 6/8, sit 6/8, no limits on the pushing

with the arm. No climbing rope scaffolds and ladders or crawling,

occasionally climb ramps and stairs, and stoop frequently, kneel and

crouch. 

Occasionally, I had it written, occasional overhead reaching,

no vibration, and has moderate limitations in ability to maintain

attention and concentration for extended period and inability to

complete a normal workday and workweek without interruptions

from psychologically-based symptoms, and perform on a consistent

pace without an unreasonable number and length of rest periods,

moderately limited ability to interact appropriately with general

public, can understand and remember instructions, sustain attention

to complete a task, tolerate co-employees,supervisorsin a non-public

setting, can adapt to changes in routine work setting. Given that

hypothetical, could this individual do any of [Plaintiff’s] past relevant

work? 

(J.A. 365-66) (emphasis added). Forrest asked the ALJ to clarify whether the hypothetical question

indicated “mild restrictions on that last part?” (J.A. 366) (emphasis added). Although the ALJ
No. 06-5859

8

originally indicated a “moderately limited ability” in the hypothetical question, he answered Forrest’s

question in the affirmative. (J.A. 366) Forrest testified that the hypothetical individual “could not

do” Plaintiff’s “past relevant work.” Id. 

The ALJ then asked Forrest:

Now, assume the second hypothetical individual could lift 10 to 15

pounds frequently, 15 to 20 pounds infrequently, no climbing, no

rapid manual, okay, no rapid, manual dexterity work with the right

upper extremity, no temperature extremes, exposure to temperature

extremes would be the right upper extremity, and no use of vibratory

tools with the right upper extremity. Could that individual do a, in

addition to all the mental factors I gave you in the first hypothetical,

could that individual do a range of light work?

(J.A. 366) (emphasis added). Forrest testified that the second hypothetical individual could perform

“work such as a ticket taker or attendant, desk clerk, recreations facility attendant.” (J.A. 367)

These positions were “just representative examples.” Id. Forrest added that “[w]ithin that

hypothetical, in Kentucky in the light category, there exists at least 11,000 such jobs, and within the

U.S., at least 902,000 such jobs.” Id. 

The ALJ posed a “third hypothetical” to the vocational expert:

[A]n individual would be prohibited from repetitive weights five

pound, lifting repetitive weight, repetitive lifting of weights five

pounds or more, no overhead lifting more than ten pounds, no

bending or twisting, needs an alternate sit-stand. Could that

individual do a range of sedentary work, with that, with those

restrictions?

(J.A. 367) Forrest testified that this third hypothetical individual could perform sedentary work

“[a]nd, in security there [are] jobs such as a gate attendant or surveillance system monitor . . . . [a]nd

there exists in Kentucky . . . . at least 1,000 such jobs . . . . [a]nd within the U.S., there are at least
No. 06-5859

9

100,000 such jobs.” (367-68) The ALJ inquired about other jobs “besides surveillance monitor.”

(J.A. 368) Forrest indicated that “[a]s a general office clerk, at least 50 percent of those jobs should

fall within that category, and within Kentucky there, 50 percent of the sedentary general office work

is 6,000 such jobs . . . . [a]nd within the U.S., at least 450,000 such jobs.” (J.A. 368) Defendant’s

counsel also examined the vocational expert and asked her to assume that the hypothetical individual

“must lie down . . . at least some of the time.” (J.A. 369) Forrest indicated that lying down “would

affect the job definitely.” Indeed, “[i]t would eliminate the ability to perform, it would eliminate the

jobs [ ] enumerated.” (J.A. 369)

The ALJ denied Plaintiff’s claim on January 13, 2005, finding that “[Plaintiff] is not disabled

within the meaning of the Social Security Act.” (J.A. 18) The ALJ found that Plaintiff’s “allegations

regarding his limitations are not totally credible.” (J.A. 25) The ALJ stated that Plaintiff’s “mental

impairments causes mild restrictions of his activities of daily living and moderate difficulties in

maintaining social functioning,” including “moderate deficiencies in concentration, persistence, or

pace.” (J.A. 20) (emphasis added). Nevertheless, the ALJ found that Plaintiff is 

able to walk around the park; throw the football with his son; watch

movies at home with his son; drive; help his son to school; fix food;

shop for groceries; handle money responsibilities; watch television;

visit with friends/relatives; do some household chores; read the

newspaper; use the telephone; attend movies; and attend to his

personal needs.

(J.A. 20) The ALJ concluded that Plaintiff

retains the following residual functional capacity: no lifting, pushing,

pulling or carrying of anything greater than 10 to 15 pounds

frequently and 15 to 20 pounds infrequently; no climbing; no rapid

manual dexterity work with the right upper extremity; no exposure to

temperature extremes with the right upper extremity; no use of
No. 06-5859

10

vibrating tools with the right upper extremity; [he] can understand

and remember instructions, sustain attention to complete tasks,

tolerate co-workers and supervisors in a non-public setting, and adapt

to changes in a routine work setting; his abilities to maintain attention

and concentration for extended period, to complete a normal workday

and workweek without interruptions from psychologically based

symptoms and perform at a consistent pace without an unreasonable

number and length of rest periods, and to interact appropriately with

the general public, are moderately limited. 

(J.A. 22) (emphasis added). According to the ALJ, Plaintiff “has the residual functional capacity to

perform a significant range of light work.” (J.A. 26) “Examples of such jobs include work as a

ticket taker, desk clerk and recreation aide -- there are 11,000 such jobs in the state and 902,000 in

the nation.” (J.A. 26) The ALJ indicated that the 

conclusion that [Plaintiff] is not disabled is further supported by the

opinions of the State agency medical consultants. As those of

nonexamining physicians, their opinions are not entitled to

controlling weight, but must be considered and weighed as those of

highly qualified physicians and psychologists who also are experts in

the evaluation of the medical issues in disability claims.

(J.A. 22) The ALJ noted “Dr. Vaughn’s [sic] opinion that [Plaintiff] is disabled,” but held that 

his opinion . . . is an opinion on an issue that is reserved to the

Commissioner and, thus, is never entitled to controlling weight or

special significance . . . . In this case, the [ALJ] finds that Dr.

Vaughn’s [sic] opinion of disability and his specific assessments of

[Plaintiff’s] residual functional capacity are not well-supported by

medically acceptable clinical and laboratory diagnostic techniques

and are inconsistent with the other substantial evidence in the record,

including the broad range of activities of daily living in which is able

to engage. 

(J.A. 22-23) 

The Appeals Council affirmed the ALJ’s decision. On August 8, 2005, Plaintiff commenced

this action challenging the Appeals Council’s decision. The case was referred to a Magistrate Judge.
No. 06-5859

11

On April 10, 2006, the Magistrate Judge recommended that the district court grant summary

judgment in favor of Defendant and affirm the denial of Plaintiff’s application for disability

insurance benefits. In the recommendation, the Magistrate Judge noted that “[i]n his decision, the

ALJ summarized all of the medical evidence of record” and “explains why he declined to adopt Dr.

Vaughn’s [sic] opinion that plaintiff was totally disabled.” (Plaintiff’s Br. at App’x) Plaintiff filed

objections to the Magistrate Judge’s recommendation. The district court “reviewed the record de

novo in light of those objections,” and “adopt[ed] the magistrate judge’s report and

recommendation.” Id. The district court granted Defendant’s motion for summary judgment on

April 28, 2006. On June 22, 2006, Plaintiff filed a timely notice of appeal. 

On appeal, Plaintiff argues that the hypothetical questions the ALJ submitted to the

vocational expert in the August 2, 2004 hearing did not accurately describe Plaintiff’s abilities and

limitations. He contends that a conflict exists between Forrest’s testimony and the Dictionary of

Occupational Titles (“DOT”). Last, Plaintiff maintains that the ALJ did not properly weigh the

medical opinion evidence in determining Plaintiff’s residual functional capacity. For its part,

Defendant argues that the ALJ’s decision is supported by substantial evidence in the record.

DISCUSSION

I. WHETHER THE HYPOTHETICAL QUESTION SUBMITTED TO THE

VOCATIONAL EXPERT ACCURATELY DESCRIBEDPLAINTIFF’S ABILITIES

AND LIMITATIONS

Standard of Review

When reviewing a finding that Plaintiff is not disabled under the Social Security Act, this

Court considers whether the decision is supported by substantial evidence and whether the ALJ
No. 06-5859

12

employed the proper legal standards. Brainard v. Sec’y of Health & Human Servs., 889 F.2d 679,

681 (6th Cir. 1989); Willbanks v. Sec’y of Health and Human Servs., 847 F.2d 301, 303 (6th

Cir.1988). Substantial evidence is “such relevant evidence as a reasonable mind might accept as

adequate to support a conclusion.” Richardson v. Perales, 402 U.S. 389, 401 (1971); Howard v.

Comm’r of Soc. Sec., 276 F.3d 235, 237-38 (6th Cir. 2002); Buxton v. Halter, 246 F.3d 762, 772 (6th

Cir. 2001). In this case, the same standard of review applies to all the claims pending before the

Court. Analysis

To be considered disabled under the Social Security Act, a person must be “unable to engage

in any substantial gainful activity by reason of any medically determinable physical or mental

impairment which can be expected to result in death or which has lasted or can be expected to last

for a continuous period of not less than twelve months.” 42 U.S.C. § 1382c(a)(3)(A); see also

Foster v. Halter, 279 F.3d 348, 353 (6th Cir. 2001). Under 42 U.S.C. § 1382c(a)(3)(B), 

an individual shall be determined to be under a disability only if his

physical or mental impairment or impairments are of such severity

that he is not only unable to do his previous work but cannot,

considering his age, education, and work experience, engage in any

other kind of substantial gainful work which exists in the national

economy, regardless of whether such work exists in the immediate

area in which he lives, or whether a specific job vacancy exists for

him, or whether he would be hired if he applied for work. 

42 U.S.C. § 1382c(a)(3)(B). “Plaintiff has the ultimate burden of establishing the existence of a

disability.” Casey v. Sec’y of Health & Human Servs., 987 F.2d 1230, 1233 (6th Cir. 1993).

Landsaw v. Sec’y of Health & Human Servs., 803 F.2d 211, 214 (6th Cir. 1986) (“The burden of

providing a complete record, defined as evidence complete and detailed enough to enable the
No. 06-5859

13

Secretary to make a disability determination, rests with the claimant.”). This Court employs a fiveprong test to evaluate disability claims:

The claimant must first show that she is not engaged in substantial

gainful activity. Next, the claimant must demonstrate that she has a

“severe impairment.” A finding of “disabled” will be made at the

third step if the claimant can then demonstrate that her impairment

meets the durational requirement and “meets or equals a listed

impairment.” If the impairment does not meet or equal a listed

impairment, the fourth step requires the claimant to prove that she is

incapable of performing work that she has done in the past. Finally,

if the claimant’s impairment is so severe as to preclude the

performance of past work, then other factors, including age,

education, past work experience, and residual functional capacity,

must be considered to determine if other work can be performed. The

burden shifts to the Commissioner at this fifth step to establish the

claimant’s ability to do other work. 

Foster, 279 F.3d at 354 (citations omitted); see also 20 C.F.R. § 404.1520. 

In the instant case, the ALJ expressly found that Plaintiff “is unable to perform any of his past

relevant work.” (J.A. 26) In light of this finding, “[t]he burden shifts to [Defendant] . . . to establish

[Plaintiff’s] ability to do other work.” Foster, 279 F.3d at 354; see also Davis v. Sec’y of Health &

Human Servs., 915 F.2d 186, 189 (6th Cir. 1990) (“The Secretary determined that [plaintiff] could

not return to his past relevant work, and that determination shifted the burden to the Secretary to

show by substantial evidence that [plaintiff] could perform work that exists in the national

economy.”). The ALJ elicited vocational expert testimony at the August 2, 2004 hearing to show

that there is “a significant number of jobs in the national economy that [Plaintiff] could perform.”

(Def. Br. at 16) When the ALJ examined Forrest, he indicated that the hypothetical individual has

moderately limited ability to interact appropriately with general

public, can understand and remember instructions, sustain attention

to complete a task, tolerate co-employees, supervisors in a non-public
No. 06-5859

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setting, can adapt to changes in routine work setting. Given that

hypothetical, could this individual do any of [Plaintiff’s] past relevant

work? 

(J.A. 365-66) (emphasis added). After the ALJ recited the hypothetical, Forrest asked the ALJ to

clarify whether the hypothetical question indicated “mild restrictions on that last part? Was it mild,

I wanted to make sure.” (J.A. 366) (emphasis added). Although the ALJ had originally included

“moderately limited ability” in the hypothetical question, he expressly indicated to Forrest that the

hypothetical individual has “mild restrictions.” (J.A. 366) After the degree of restriction was

clarified, Forrest answered the hypothetical question. In the denial decision, the ALJ specifically

found that Plaintiff’s 

abilities to maintain attention and concentration for extended period,

to complete a normal workday and workweek without interruptions

from psychologically based symptoms and perform at a consistent

pace without an unreasonable number and length of rest periods, and

to interact appropriately with the general public, are moderately

limited.

(J.A. 22) (emphasis added). The hypothetical restriction in the ALJ’s question to the vocational

expert is not the same restriction which the ALJ ultimately found with respect to Plaintiff. Compare

J.A. 22 with J.A. 366. The ALJ concluded that Plaintiff “has the residual functional capacity to

perform a significant range of light work,” and as “[e]xamples of such jobs” the ALJ listed “work

as a ticket taker, desk clerk and recreation aide.” (J.A. 26) The jobs the ALJ mentioned are the same

jobs that Forrest discussed when the ALJ instructed her to assume an individual with “mild

restrictions.” (J.A. 366) When Forrest testified about these jobs, Forrest “specifically assumed that

the limitations in [ ] work-related areas were only ‘mild.’” (Plaintiff’s Br. at 9) The ALJ erred in
No. 06-5859

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relying on these jobs because they were discussed exclusively in the context of mild restrictions, and

not the moderate restrictions which the ALJ ultimately found in Plaintiff. 

There is a substantial and meaningful distinction between mild and moderate restrictions.

“If one has only ‘mild’ limitations . . . the person can work, but ‘moderate’ limitations . . . would

keep a person from performing [ticket taker, desk clerk and recreation aide work] for 8 hours.”

(Plaintiff’s Br. at 10). The “functional capacity assessment” in the record appears to confirm that

the restrictions in the ALJ’s hypothetical should have been moderate because it discusses Plaintiff’s

limitations in the context of moderate, recurrent depression. (J.A. 233) (capitalization omitted).

Similarly, other mental health evaluations in the record, such as Dr. Plavin’s examination results,

(J.A. 229), and a “medical assessment of ability to do work-related activities” suggest that the

Plaintiff’s limitations are moderate and not mild. (J.A. 357) (capitalization omitted).

This Court has found that “[s]ubstantial evidence may be produced through reliance on the

testimony of a vocational expert in response to a ‘hypothetical’ question, but only ‘if the question

accurately portrays [plaintiff’s] individual physical and mental impairments.’” Varley, 820 F.2d

at 779 (quoting Podedworny v. Harris, 745 F.2d 210, 218 (3d Cir. 1984)) (alteration in original)

(emphasis added). “While the ALJ may proffer a variety of assumptions to the expert, the vocational

expert’s testimony concerning a claimant’s ability to perform alternative employment may only be

considered for purposes of determining disability if the question accurately portrays the claimant’s

individual physical and mental impairments.” Podedworny, 745 F.2d at 218; see also Tennant v.

Schweiker, 682 F.2d 707, 711 (8th Cir.1982) (“This Court has repeatedly warned that hypothetical
No. 06-5859

16

questions posed to vocational experts . . . should precisely set out the claimant’s particular physical

and mental impairments.”). 

In this case, “we cannot assume that the vocational expert would have answered in a similar

manner had the ALJ instructed [her]” properly. Pendley v. Heckler, 767 F.2d 1561, 1563 (11th Cir.

1985) (concluding that Defendant “failed to meet its burden of showing that the appellant could

perform other gainful employment in the economy” with substantial evidence.). The factual

assumptions underlying the ALJ’s hypothetical question required the vocational expert to assume

that Plaintiff’s restrictions were mild. “The hypothetical question [ ] fails to describe accurately

[Plaintiff’s] physical and mental impairments; a defect which . . . is fatal to the [vocational expert’s]

testimony and the ALJ’s reliance upon it.” Howard v. Comm’r of Soc. Sec., 276 F.3d 235, 241 (6th

Cir. 2002). If the hypothetical question does not accurately portray Plaintiff’s physical and mental

state, the vocational expert’s testimony in response to the hypothetical question may not serve as

substantial evidence in support of the ALJ’s finding that Plaintiff could perform other work. The

ALJ failed to ensure that the hypothetical questions posed to the vocational expert adequately and

accurately describe Defendant’s limitations. 

II. WHETHER A CONFLICT EXISTS BETWEEN THE TESTIMONY OF THE

VOCATIONAL EXPERT AND THE DOT 

Analysis

“A Social Security Ruling [“SSR”] sets forth the actions required of an ALJ when there is

an apparent conflict between the testimony of the vocational expert and the DOT.” Martin v.

Comm’r of Soc. Sec., 170 F. App’x 369, 374 (6th Cir. 2006) (unpublished case). In pertinent part,

the applicable SSR provides that
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[o]ccupational evidence provided by a [vocational expert] or

[vocational specialist] generally should be consistent with the

occupational information supplied by the DOT. When there is an

apparent unresolved conflict between [vocational expert] or

[vocational specialist] evidence and the DOT, the adjudicator must

elicit a reasonable explanation for the conflict before relying on the

[vocational expert] or [vocational specialist] evidence to support a

determination or decision about whether the claimant is disabled. 

SSR 00-4p, 2000 WL 1898704, at *2 (SSA Dec. 4, 2000). SSR holdings “are binding on all

components of the Social Security Administration. These rulings represent precedent final opinions

and orders and statements of policy and interpretations that we have adopted.” 20 C.F.R. §

402.35(b)(1). 

Courts are divided as to whether the failure to inquire into DOT inconsistencies entitles a

Plaintiff to relief. In Steward v. Barnhart, the Ninth Circuit found that a plaintiff was entitled to

relief because all three jobs the expert testified that plaintiff could perform were in conflict with the

DOT. 44 F. App’x 151, 152 (9th Cir. 2002) (unpublished case). In Teverbaugh v. Comm’r of Soc.

Sec., 258 F. Supp. 2d 702 (E.D. Mich. 2003), a case where “[i]t [was] undisputed that the ALJ failed

to question the [vocational expert] regarding whether the jobs she identified as being consistent with

Plaintiff’s residual functional capacity [ ] conflicted with the DOT,” id. at 705, the court found that

ALJ “failed to ensure there was no conflict” and held that the “ALJ’s failure to carry its burden at

this step is reversible error,” id. at 706. Other courts have found that

claimants should not be permitted to scan the record for implied or

unexplained conflicts between the specific testimony of an expert

witness and the voluminous provisions of the DOT, and then present

that conflict as reversible error, when the conflict was not deemed

sufficient to merit adversarial development in the administrative

hearing. Adopting a middle ground approach, in which neither the
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DOT nor the vocational expert testimony is per se controlling,

permits a more straightforward approach.

Carey v. Apfel, 230 F.3d 131, 146-47 (5th Cir. 2000); see also Boone v. Barnhart, 353 F.3d 203, 206

(3d Cir. 2003) (“While we do not adopt a general rule that an unexplained conflict between a

[vocational expert’s] testimony and the DOT necessarily requires reversal, we do conclude that the

[vocational expert’s] testimony in this case is not substantial evidence.”); Justin v. Massanari, 20

F. App’x 158, 160 (4th Cir. 2001) (unpublished case) (finding that an ALJ is only required “to

address evident discrepancies between a vocational expert’s testimony and the [DOT]”); Brown v.

Barnhart, 408 F. Supp. 2d 28, 35 (D.D.C. 2006) (“Even if SSR 00-4p places an affirmative duty on

the judge, such a procedural requirement would not necessarily bestow upon a plaintiff the right of

automatic remand where that duty was unmet.”). 

In this case, “[a] review of the colloquy between the ALJ and the [vocational expert] reflects

that the ALJ did not ask the [vocational expert] if the jobs she identified that plaintiff could perform

were consistently classified in the DOT.” (Plaintiff’s Br. at App’x). Nevertheless, the ALJ found

that “[t]he vocational expert’s responses to questions regarding vocational issues are found to be

consistent with information contained in the [DOT].” (J.A. 25 n.2) The magistrate judge found that

since “there was no conflict for the ALJ to resolve between the [vocational expert’s] testimony and

the DOT,” the failure to ask Forrest about DOT classifications constitutes a “harmless error.”

(Plaintiff’s Br. at App’x) The district court adopted the magistrate judge’s findings. 

Plaintiff contends that the failure to examine the vocational expert is not harmless because

there are inconsistencies between the testimony and the DOT. Plaintiff maintains that “all the jobs

the vocational expert listed are eliminated by being semi-skilled or by requiring significant public
No. 06-5859

19

contact.” (Plaintiff’s Br. at 16) For its part, Defendant argues that the ALJ did not limit Plaintiff to

unskilled jobs or to positions with limited public contact. Defendant’s argument is without merit.

The ALJ specifically found that Plaintiff “has no transferable skills from any past relevant

work.” (J.A. 24) A desk clerk job has a “specific vocational preparation” (“SVP”) level of three.

(Def. Br. at App’x) (capitalization omitted). “[S]emi-skilled work corresponds to an SVP of 3-4.”

SSR 00-4p, 2000 WL 1898704, at *3 (Dec. 4, 2000). “[Residual functional capacity] alone never

establishes the capability for skilled or semiskilled work. Ability to perform skilled or semiskilled

work depends on the presence of acquired skills which may be transferred to such work from past

job experience above the unskilled level or the presence of recently completed education which

allows for direct entry into skilled or semiskilled work.” SSR 83-10, 1983 WL 31251, at *3 (1983).

“Under [SSA] rulings and regulations, [Plaintiff] must possess transferable skills from previous work

in order to perform SVP-3 jobs,” such as a desk clerk position. Steward, 44 F. App’x at 152.

“[Plaintiff] was not capable of performing the [desk clerk] job[ ] as a matter of SSA regulations,

even if persuasive evidence supported the [vocational expert’s] deviation from the skill levels in the

[DOT].” Id. Therefore, of the three occupations which Forrest mentioned in her testimony, an

inconsistency with the DOT clearly exists with respect to at least one job, the desk clerk position.

Whether or not inconsistencies exist is not dispositive in this case because the vocational

expert’s testimony was unreliable. Forrest identified all positions under the impression that the

ALJ’s hypothetical questions involved an individual with “mild restrictions.” (J.A. 366) The

positions identified by Forrest, and adopted by the ALJ, fail to meet Plaintiff’s physical restrictions

and mental health limitations. The positions are simply not reliable because they are for “mild”
No. 06-5859

20

restrictions, and not “moderate” limitations as the ALJ ultimately found, regardless of their

consistency or conflict with the DOT. See, e.g., Howard v. Comm’r of Soc. Sec., 276 F.3d 235, 241

(6th Cir. 2002) (finding that if the hypothetical question does not accurately portray Plaintiff’s

physical and mental state, the vocational expert’s testimony in response to the hypothetical question

may not serve as substantial evidence in support of the ALJ’s finding that plaintiff could perform

other work); Steward, 44 F. App’x at 152; Teverbaugh, 258 F. Supp. 2d at 705-06. The ALJ failed

to ensure that all jobs enumerated by the vocational expert were consistent with the DOT.

III. WHETHER THE ADMINISTRATIVE LAW JUDGE PROPERLYWEIGHED THE

MEDICAL OPINION EVIDENCE

Analysis

Plaintiff contends that the ALJ did not give appropriate weight to the opinions of his treating

orthopedic surgeon, Dr. Vaughan, who avers that Plaintiff is disabled. Plaintiff argues that the ALJ

erred “when he gave the most weight to Dr. Sheridan who did only a one-time exam . . . for his

‘recognized conditions’ related to his workers’ compensation claim.” (Plaintiff’s Br. at 17) 

According to SSA regulations,

we give more weight to opinions from your treating sources, since

these sources are likely to be the medical professionals most able to

provide a detailed, longitudinal picture of your medical impairment(s)

and may bring a unique perspective to the medical evidence that

cannot be obtained from the objective medical findings alone or from

reports of individual examinations, such as consultative examinations

or brief hospitalizations.

20 C.F.R. § 404.1527(d)(2) (emphasis added); see also Walker v. Sec’y of Health and Human Servs.,

980 F.2d 1066, 1070 (6th Cir. 1992) (“The treating physician has had a greater opportunity to

examine and observe the patient. Further, as a result of his duty to cure the patient, the treating
No. 06-5859

21

physician is generally more familiar with the patient’s condition than are other physicians.”); Schisler

v. Heckler, 787 F.2d 76, 85 (2d Cir.1986) (explaining that “a treating physician’s opinion on the

subject of medical disability is binding on the factfinder unless contradicted by substantial

evidence.”). The SSA has indicated that

[a]lthough opinions from other acceptable medical sources may be

entitled to great weight, and may even be entitled to more weight than

a treating source’s opinion in appropriate circumstances, opinions

from sources other than treating sources can never be entitled to

“controlling weight.”

SSR 96-2p, 1996 WL 374188, at *2 (SSA July 2, 1996) (emphasis added). “The medical opinion

of the treating physician is to be given substantial deference-and, if that opinion is not contradicted,

complete deference must be given.” Walker, 980 F.2d at 1070. “When [the ALJ] do[es] not give

the treating source’s opinion controlling weight, [the ALJ] appl[ies] [various] factors . . in

determining the weight to give the opinion,” including the length, frequency, nature and extent of

the treatment relationship; evidence in support of the opinion; consistency of the opinion with

evidence in the record; physician’s specialization; and other factors brought to the ALJ’s attention.

20 C.F.R. § 404.1527(d). The ALJ “will always give good reasons in [the] notice of determination

or decision for the weight . . . give[n] [to] your treating source’s opinion.” 20 C.F.R. §

404.1527(d)(2). “[T]he ultimate decision of disability rests with the [ALJ].” Walker, 980 F.2d at

1070. The ALJ “is not bound by treating physicians’ opinions, especially when there is substantial

medical evidence to the contrary.” Cutlip v. Sec’y of Health and Human Servs., 25 F.3d 284, 287

(6th Cir. 1994).

In the instant case, the ALJ expressly stated:
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The undersigned will note here that he has considered Dr. Vaughn’s

[sic] opinion that the claimant is disabled. Even though Dr. Vaughn

[sic] is a treating source, his opinion that the claimant is “disabled”

is an opinion on an issue that is reserved to the Commissioner and,

thus, is never entitled to controlling weight or special significance.

Nevertheless, the [ALJ] may not ignore such an opinion . . . . In this

case, the undersigned finds that Dr. Vaughn’s [sic] opinion of

disability and his specific assessments of the claimant’s residual

functional capacity are not well-supported by medically acceptable

clinical and laboratory diagnostic techniques and are inconsistent with

the other substantial evidence in the record, including the broad range

of activities of daily living in which is able to engage. Therefore, the

undersigned concludes that Dr. Vaughn’s [sic] opinion of disability

cannot be adopted.

(J.A. 22-23) The ALJ’s decision appears to set forth an incorrect legal standard with respect to the

weight afforded to a treating physician’s opinion. Admittedly, when the ALJ indicated that Dr.

Vaughan’s opinion “is never entitled to controlling weight or special significance,” he may have been

addressing Dr.Vaughan’s opinion concerning the merits of Plaintiff’s disability claims and not Dr.

Vaughan’s medical assessment. (J.A. 22-23) However, a clear distinction between Dr. Vaughan’s

medical and non-medical statements is not set forth in the ALJ’s decision. This is an important

distinction because “regulations differentiate between physician opinions concerning what a claimant

can still do and the claimant’s physical and mental restrictions, which the Commissioner will

consider, and a physician’s statements such as ‘a claimant is disabled’ or ‘unable to work,’ which

are not medical opinions, but opinions on issues reserved to the Commissioner.” (Def. Br. at 26 n.6)

(citing 20 C.F.R. §§ 404.1527(a), (b), and (e)). Since the decision is ambiguous in that regard, the

ALJ failed to properly set forth the legal standard with respect to the weight afforded to a treating

physician’s opinion.
No. 06-5859

23

Even if the ALJ used the correct legal standard, the ALJ’s decision to discount Dr. Vaughan’s

opinion is not supported by substantial evidence in the record. In this case, the ALJ held that “Dr.

Sheridan’s assessment best comports with the totality of the evidence.” (J.A. 23) However, the

record indicates that Dr. Sheridan “did only a one-time exam for [Plaintiff]” in connection with a

“workers’ compensation claim.” (Plaintiff’s Br. at 17) Dr. Sheridan’s assessment was based on a

limited and discrete workers’ compensation evaluation which was simply not exhaustive or accurate.

For example, the record indicates that Dr. Sheridan diagnosed Plaintiff with maximum medical

improvement in 2003, but later medical assessments indicate otherwise. Dr. Vaughan has treated

and performed three surgeries on Plaintiff since 1996. In the course of his treatment and

examination, he has found that Plaintiff 

is [not] capable of lifting more than 5 pounds. He can do little to no

bending or twisting of his neck or lower back. He is unable to sit for

more than 5-7 minutes at a time, or greater than 1 hour per day. He

is unable to stand or walk more than 5-7 minutes at a time, and no

more than 1 hour per day. He frequently has to lie down to relieve his

pain.

(J.A. 352) The ALJ did not provide any explanation for why he found that Dr. Vaughan’s medical

opinions were not supported by clinical and laboratory diagnostic techniques. The ALJ failed to

point to specific evidence in the record which undermines Dr. Vaughan’s medical opinions. The

ALJ failed to identify “substantial medical evidence to the contrary.” Cutlip, 25 F.3d at 287. In this

case, the ALJ inconsistently characterized Plaintiff’s restrictions as “mild” or “moderate,”

misconstrued the vocational expert’s testimony, and did not ensure that the vocational expert’s

testimony was consistent with the DOT. Although these are separate issues, these occurrences raise

serious questions about the ALJ’s assessment of the medical evidence. Therefore, we find that the
No. 06-5859

24

ALJ’s decision to discount Dr. Vaughan’s opinion is not supported by substantial evidence in the

record. 

CONCLUSION

For the foregoing reasons, we REVERSE the district court’s judgment and REMAND to

the district court with instructions to remand to the ALJ for further proceedings consistent with this

opinion.
No. 06-5859

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RONALD LEE GILMAN, Circuit Judge, concurring. I concur in the judgment, but write

separately to highlight what I see as the primary reason to reverse the decision of the district court.

The key issue in this case is the ALJ’s misstatement in clarifying his hypothetical questions to the

vocational expert. But for the ALJ’s error in telling the vocational expert that Lancaster’s mental

impairments were “mild,” when in fact the hypothetical questions characterized them as “moderate,”

I would be inclined to affirm the judgment of the district court. The ALJ’s opinion was otherwise

thorough and supported by substantial evidence. Because Lancaster’s mental limitations are so

important to the determination of his ability to work, however, I am persuaded by the lead opinion

that a remand for further proceedings is appropriate.