MPG FOR EACH CAR

x

30.

28.

26.

24.

22.

20.

7 4.

ea

GM FUEL ECONOMY STUDY
MPG VERSUS TEMPERATURE

CLASS 35251012
DATE 062476
CORRELATION COEFFICIENT = . 3504
85 PERCENT CONFIDENCE INTERVAL = ¢ . 1036
x
x x
x x x x
x x x
x x x * x
x« x x x& x
.* x x* x x x x x
x x x x x
x , *& *
XK x
or ee

TEMPERATURE ©DEG 0)

» 9565)

6et-a


A-26

DP ANOS FT ONAN IAIN OD AMOR ES FUR FTO AM AR AD DU NNINM INNING ORD FAOM RA ASTIN
PN DIN NN ANE OID TAIN DMNIMOBONAM MMs NOERE ORS FPQOOONANMNO DONNA
OA ANIAIRIA A AARON MMM NTNDIO999 929909990098 Cate ett et ANNA NALS
PDN ODO ODN DOD OF DORRRRAARAK DN DOHOHND MONDO DDD DHDVONMNDOH OO ODH NOM OO
LP ISS LS LSS LLL LLL LS LL EL LL PLL LIS LLL LLG LL SF LL GOL LLL LLG LISS IS

PP MLS LZ FE SLL ZL ZZ ZZ Lat tt ad a tt at ba a att ta etd at tt Hat to at a tt
Bee ee ee CEE CE CLARE EL ELE LLC LELT LeeLee

we ~

nn w ao neo nw oe

ee 4 uw a4 HeOr - <

43 35 4 no © Wee LZZWWEW KHITIN mu a
£3900 9c HO a TE) fOOMMOZ wT onan 4

couoOaayao 3souUD O JES ZIeruuew 2 wow xooazzze o

Kh rOdaaaqaqaore57O Ze T GHOOMEETAECOZZ ZH  OMMOXHA A Zeke ere
ANRZZEZOWZSAO- eS Sw UE FFTFOOCU Nea TZU er COCO War te
WWZId OAS OFODSAZZIAZOWN ZHOU HS Wa dD ONZOO BOOO0NGZ
Ree DE CPU EOC NWE EE WO tearoom AX MANOY IT KOO woe
MdWOOLOUZE ZED wReKsNZxrdrvgeanaxr ZrOWwW Xe-ZZZAdCAOSZ>OR errr oe
Vaw7za7 DsawTevxrousCwr sad  d-OO dee AZ ZZ OS
POOH NMWE T EZOUVDANVF EDAD FRIEALENNY EBEAAADOOOISErTOOOONOO

Se ee er a
LAN AA MA OL AH AA HL At Idd ht A td ah a ted em ad tt ra end A emt tint ed ed eed etd

ste eee i eee
SO NA AOA RT EF RET AIR NL Fd hh dt EA LAE SARIN LA a tet Pt dA

Ce eee eee
FIT ORF ANAN I LORIN PIG FON FRE F FATA OS UR A OMNUQAMND ORANGE LTRNOD
eae 4 ett ett eel aad a at oa

er ee ed
FET RR EDR ENONAA OIA DODO OT ONAL SL OP OIDFE AT DOR ANHAP ER NUOAT Pat
~ 4 rit

.

RATOUD ON
rr as
NNN aU ON

Demme weer e reer er ewer sree ese cetcrrereeresseesccseseccce
TONS TOS SE AT ON FOIE FAIR ON AN AE OE tte UO FT

YANO SF VOR DAO ANN NOR © DANN ENON DS OAM FNOR DOOANG FNHORDTOMNM ST INO
PF ACAFA EP RDI90900G 99. MHA AA AAA ANNU NINAN NAM MAM MOMMMMAM GFT Tre
AA tt tt A IN INI NININI NIN NIINININ IAIN IN INININ III OU CUO
EA A A Mh dd eh ha ed eh eh a dd i hd Hed a ed te ae ll a mm a mat ee tr om to ra eho et


GM FUEL ECONOMY STUDY
MPG VERSUS ELEVATION
CLASS 45001413
DATE 062476
CORRELATION COEFFICIENT =-. 1898

MPG FOR EACH CAR

24,

22.

20.

95 PERCENT CONFIDENCE INTERVAL (-. 4668,

s9t-a

xx

ELEVATION (FT)


MPG FOR EACH CAR

28.

26.

24.

22.

20.

x

°

GM FUEL ECONOMY STUDY
MPG VERSUS RELATIVE HUMIDITY

CLASS 14000912
DATE 062476
CORRELATION COEFFICIENT = .0201
95 PERCENT CONFIDENCE INTERVAL = (-, 2933, . 3295)
x x
x
x x x
xXx
x x
x x x
xx
x x kK XK
x
x* x x x
x x x
x x
x x
x
x
bo. bs. 60. 65. 70. Ps. 0. as. $0. $5,

«2 RELATIVE HUMIDITY ¢PERCENT>

ec-d


GM Fuel Economy Study

Table 4-1.
Harmonic Mean Fuel Economy Comparisons (N

5) (Concluded)

Dannaoown
PUAN TOARN
IM FOTTTO
UDA,

AIM OU wi
DOR DOOD
VAP ONT
DOONAN IN

ONG ona
He sete

az Oo wu
or oe
cs Ra
uD

Omannnee
InDALTONIG

wen on
noc 0:0
" a
curt
pee)

Bator.
BUN a
ea

“ RN

w2wzZ>2Lo
0s OF Ou a.
CHORDS
Ch IrOFRS
aanenad
ho SER
RD uidew

@ sro
O bi HE
a ou

te
a
ay

+

x

wn

tn

”

*
ain mawurss
ON FIMO T
Reonamea

FNIOONRN
OV IWTONT
UMOORD ty
NINOS 190
end
HHA

THN

WeUZ>ZUo
Perey warerar ge
OnoRme Ds

@ S¥aa
Oo mw mz
ve ow

we

a

a
nv

a

>

in

+

3

* +e
SOW WOT
MOT et
MR eOORND
DAPOONOS
DAN iNet
2

NuMagmns
OPOIDM GO
APTANA ADD
OINON DQM
DN IMAI

ae dnt

RRR Win

NAsSAINGD
MOOMEU 209
MoM HOO

On a we
Ka on
nN wed
aN

wewerZzucr
O000r oxa
CrOnMHDE
OF SORE
aanshad
Ho See
ND WS
a

3raa
Oo a RH
a ou
ue
it
a
6
4
¥
H
ay
ry
+

24

*
Toone T
QnOTNKMM
INSTAR COW
ANAM CUCU
aon as

Roonnandt
ROD THO
Doan MIND

Woo eat:>
MINOT On
MUO O

BomMN ance
NEMOWUNCE Is
09 @ AOR

oo 4 NS
Ke -
on) we
” rad
4

Rw wo
4 ie
aay os
+o
1
wluZ>2ua
farerecrarerare
OnoREH DS

Ororarra

a Azoa
OW HE
a ou

ue
ir
a

+

x

S

=

in

vy

nw

+

MumeuwNM
DONINTN OT
DION: 10
WMONORTN
AOD ADO
HOA ae

ONIN SMUD
HOOMMOIND

NGFOFHT
WoOwWAR aC?
NON HOO

Bo wow
cn ar
2 ou

weu2>Zuo
00a OF Gua
CHOMmAD
ChoForrs
Canoned
Mo Sere
ND wiDaw
a

sraa
Ow HD
a ow
aie
&
a
a
a
3
rs
a
+

oo»
MOUNT
Ntamoooo
OR FNONOO
Wa FANVaN

“4 3 ©

gM ATO
PEMD AN

orn)
Hoda

AMDORORM
OFNTFAND
DOO HUTEN ET
HAnERAK
SAnOReDe
pepe ia)

wewerZwo

@ aFaa
OW AE
a ow

aie

we

a.
ow

a

w

wn

©


GM FUEL ECONOMY STUDY
MPG VERSUS ELEVATION
CLASS 23000313
DATE 062476
CORRELATION COEFFICIENT =~. 1587
95 PERCENT CONFIDENCE INTERVAL = (-.4715. . 1897)

40.

36.

32.

24.

20.

o-Ed

MPG FOR EACH CAR

x

x
me
x x x
xx XK yk x x
x x x
6. 4oo. 00. S00. ‘e00. Sooo. S400. Saoo. 4200. 4600. 4000

ELEVATION CFT)


GM FUEL ECONOMY STUDY
MPG VERSUS TEMPERATURE
CLASS 15251212
DATE 062476
CORRELATION COEFFICIENT = . 4423
95 PERCENT CONFIDENCE INTERVAL = ¢ .0572, .7129)

MPG FOR EACH CAR

x

22.

20.

6s-a

TEMPERATURE ‘DEC ©)


EPA-460/3-76-029

ANALYSIS
OF

GM FUEL

ECONOMY

SURVEYS

by
Dr. Ronald F. Janz
Mobile Systems Group
Aerospace Corporation
El Segundo, California 90245
Contract No. 68-01-0417

EPA Project Officer: J.D. Murrell

Prepared for

U.S. ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
Office of Air and Waste Management
Office of Mobile Source Air Pollution Control
Emission Control Technology Division
Ann Arbor, Michigan 48105

October 1976


MPG FOR EACH CAR

x

28.

28.

24.

22.

20.

1
Q.

GM FUEL ECONOMY STUDY
MPG VERSUS POPULATION
CLASS 14000912

DATE 062476

CORRELATION COEFFICIENT =-. 2849

95 PERCENT CONFIDENCE INTERVAL = ¢-. 5478,

to. do. 40. 40. bo. 60. 70. $0.
POPULATION ¢ THOUSANDS)

- 0292)

do.

mK

XX RK ORK OK XK XK

62-a


A-36

ODN FAN SR OO NO ASNONNN LS DANE NOS LNFAEDOSMINONINOMOAININ OTN ON OF ONO O
299900000000 00900900000909900999000009NG0%000000900000000
PF ODN S FNSHNS FF FUADOND ODA OF MOANA NONA DFAS ONAN S HAS OOM ONS OF
UR NUNN AI RIUINAIIRIN UI NINAIRI INRIA IIA IONIAN INA NINN

292000000900 FAH HAO tet AAAO909900900000 DAH Ht At IOOAAAMIOS
NNN NAN A AAA AAS A DOAN
AAT ENN

IMAM MMH OM MMMM IAC MM IA IAI AIA ANE MM MEE EE MOOD ON AAMNO
QPOTDOOR90990 DAH AA AANA AAA AAD D SLOSS SLPS LF AAAAT OPFOD ODO MD DORM OD
AAA AAA RA eddie ete ttt dirtetetett ot

DOVNONONNOODDOOL SSE FEET TSS STOMODDOMEODOOMOOT Te TANNINS FOONMNNNO
ON OR ORR 000000000000 0000000 OF NOOR 000 OF OOO DOOR AER OODTRERE EO

AA LE et td tent EI AIRE I RIRINIAIO OO DOOD OD O00 DOAINUAID SONA DOL R ALO
eee e ecco eer eee ase e reece ese e ee ee este ee etree sees esssesees

INNES SE TT MOOO0OOF ODDO OOF US TINT TEINS FOOD OME ROM MANION
NN AN w _ nv n_ ix)

QIDBMNNNNNNO + COODDONNOFOT IA DONAANNNAURN ARCHOS IFQDUNONINANDOO
NUDIST FFL FF FONADIAAOOD DNDN AMM MMMM MAINS NOMAD AAD Ft DONG OR 4
nines MAM ANNNNR A ATS nw mm a DomNnoonns

aN nv

A AMA MMM MM AUN ANN ANNU INN NINN AI INR OE ONS FET
DODNAANDANDNNDH dONDHDOMONnNAHHAHODHHANMHAMNNsS DAOMMNNdADNDGOARABY

NNT 7 ZZ FF ZATNZNMMZ IWAN FFT ZEZAZ PIN 7 2A TANT PSTAZTZ

2991999 929090900008 4: 99.2.209:991909029 97 909099900 PDD IMOID
DOAN IADIONIICES 9.NI99 2309945 39045 33999909 37NO 3 9999 979990999003
POMAADDS 3999 DANGAD It AOLNIG:22O IDDIDNAAMOBNIID 34 IDA NOANO DAH

DMONUCAQDIO0O3OMDD FENN  RTOR SS AAIAAARR A INR ODNOROO IIA am
NN AMMAN A NINNAINAININN 8 ea am > or o4
Cre OID ”D terete tea aa ONRAH 4

Nain 8

DONLLN 2 sd. ITOM FM IMM—UIMN DITMAM ST FOR DOT AND ANNI Firth NOON
AUD OAL) ADDO AN FRO DAN AR AAS OMRON DONNIE SS DAR MO OFR AOR FOS
emer ere errr rrr erence cere e rece n nee seteseserceseseseore
AR ADA RAD FINN AD ANAND OF ND OOD DANN OF DONO NATODON TAA DA
NO AT a AMM TN NN

NAPA DUNST AOE DANE ATI NOT AMT Ft
”

a4 4

BARNEY EE se EEE SESE EOE ESSE ENE EEN EEE INSECT ERE EOL ERSTE SEE

eee e cere meee
aoOCcece ce NEG
BONDAROAVIBAR A
BOARD OE PANO DORN ROOT FEFRORINAIE AD URN. CAIN D DA CUNEO NIE AAO NWA
FINE FTF AN TOT TNO ST FONT ORNS FAT DIVO FOL OO INE DONT TOOTS FN

ee eeee
OCI
AAAOOr

FOR DOEOANM NOR DPOAUM ET NON DTOAN MLN ONDA IAUMTNYN DT IANMT NON DOs
0.0.0.0 DORR RAR RAR DOOD VDE DODAES OPA AAOO 909999 DOM ttt 4a
A A A A etd tt A at ol hd at NISSIM URIN OS


GM FUEL ECONOMY STUDY
MPG VERSUS ELEVATION
CLASS 35501411
DATE 062476
CORRELATION COEFFICIENT =-.0273
95 PERCENT CONFIDENCE INTERVAL = ¢-. 2814, . 2304)

MPG FOR EACH CAR

x

20.

°

2

yri-d

2e

ELEVATION ¢FT>


GM FUEL ECONOMY STUDY
MPG VERSUS ZIP CODE
CLASS 23000313
DATE 062476
CORRELATION COEFFICIENT =~. 2870
95 PERCENT CONFIDENCE INTERVAL = (-. 5699, .0567)

MPG FOR EACH CAR

40.

36.

32.

28.

24.

N
3

®

x

xX KX XK

I
o.

w

79-4

ge
o-
eo
w-

in - \. .
ZIP CODE ¢FIRST DIGIT)


A-47

WY ALAS UDF HEN UIT OIE PR UNM UT IN NAO IIR A et IO AI
9999090990900r10900009000090900009900000000780000990000090990
FLOANS FS NOOO ENE TOF FNOPNAL FMD FOS OOF FOODS DONA FS DOO FOTONHS LIAN
NINN NINN IRIN RIRIAL CU IRIE CURIA INIA AIM AIN AR RIININIAINIRINIIAIAI CINTA

ORR OSS RS NTS AIO ttt gS Orit NOOO OO: 2ODNO090000000000
MUNIN DOIN Fee ° PPQIOQQ9009
a MN NIELNINININ) a7 8

REPS FOREN OSS TNA SE NODOM LMM FO 90 DD DODANANAAANAUNNN OOD OO ONNON
et EE MMMM AAA ADA AIOAAO MMMMMMMMMMMININIAIAIAIN enemmen
Ae detest tit ote

DL FOO OF CONST FF FIT FINAN NFMM UO OODDODOM DODD ODDDDDD00D ODOM O00G
WAIANAE RR RRR RINSING FF OOF TN 000000000000. 0060.00 DINININININING OM 0.0

Khang
eee
wee

On

°
~
a

E38

AAA A AA ted ted etd ed ted

NODQDHO0ADONOOST DODOTHODOTODIONAN NT DOONOOOGO FINNOONNONAANNMOON
WDNUNODOR FNANGOF OS NOODOS OMMNMADOONOFAAMGOOOONINAMO STOTT rT OMM
RURRORANRR AM ONONANAANOMONFOSNNNE DOMMOMINAM — A noo
MN DOD FT OOONE SSF AA MAMAN SAS ud

OND OM MT IN| 00 DOIN O01N SIND OF rrr rrr IIA IninINININM MM MMM OMS +
ADADAMAgA DMA HMAMANM Od VON DHMH AHAMD NADADHIIVOAVVOLVUMADAGHAMAOADDG

ZALALZLFLIAZANZAANYZZALSTMZZLLAZAZBZ 01 ZHM0MM000191914Z ZZZSZZOH

22999901N9NO90N0B0009009009090980000090990009000090090000F00
SONHI9G909G0NS99003905999599909969959930996 309900600999599090
DIMMIAND FOMWOSOI90909G6799F090900990S05986G 9950900990390M90
DONNODR SNFAMAATONDONM GOO GHOCORFOSOSIOOM MANGHTSTOOIORAOS

NO MF A Rai NOO.0M Dad MROOONMMAINE THM FMD MBG0O intr
mn o n oH BOO ” RRRR ao
nun

DN NODODNMOVODONOMINE OMOMNBOR OP NOSE OFODAOD FS FROMM NA DONA

DMOAUMAAMLOMOD DODD ONAATROORRROS FTMANQORA AN AMOFOMNOMODOMNO NOD

eee wwe me wees rere e ese neers ees eeesereraseeete eens seseeee

DODO DAR ANG HO FOF MARR AIHODAMMMYMONLIND0 AID DOAN OUR TO MIAINM IN OR

OH ANONAN FON ACUMINATE AOMNAT ANNAN MA AMNION ANNAN ONS
ae o a

SEY SEE EER SEES EE ESE EERE REE SEES EEE ESET SESE

emer eee eeaeereseneesescecrecercersesceseteneersesesaenes
CSOESHSDOOSOSDOODOHOOOGOAQOGGACBOOGOCOHOCOOOODNCOLOOODIOO90E
89060998660099009990059909990900999950009099900099590599900
BIOHNNHSHOOKHDONOSSOGOHMNGBOHAOKHOGOHSOSCSGHIBDONONSOONGOSOOHSNOW
FSF OF ANS MALS LOS FODL SOF AMG ANF MLOMAT MNOS TL LAMM LFOMFOEMSETIIN

ANOS NOK OPOANML NO DPOANMF NON DROANMSINOR OFOHNMT NON DTOMAIM FIN ON
POOPAPSOPOO9O9900 90 Aa AAACN M MM MMM MMMM FFT F SFT T
RRRRRARRRDDONDDHOHOODOHODND DDD OOO ODDO OODDO DOD OOO DODOODODD OOOO OHO


MPG FOR EACH CAR

x

4n.

36.

32.

28.

24.

20.

o-

GM FUEL ECONOMY STUDY
MPG VERSUS PRECIP! TATION
CLASS 45251014

DATE 062476

CORRELAT!ON COEFFICIENT =~. 0668

95 PERCENT CONFIDENCE INTERVAL = ¢-. 2971,

x xi x x Xx y &
x
x x.
x H vx eK x OX
xx x x % x x
xx xX y
oa
x * x x
x
I 1 I I t ' J J
20. 40. 60. 80. 100. 120. 140. 160.

PRECIPITATION (MM

- 1708)

xX

!
180.

Blt-a


Table 2-4. Projected 1975 Model Year Sales Data (from EPA Certification
Test Data Base — California and Federal Light Duty Vehicles)

Number Class 1.D.* Class Sales, ai Division Sales, oP Fleet Sales, oP

1 130003 13}

2 13000323) 7.43

3 140006 12]

4 140009 12) 8.99

5 14500912 17.43

6 15250914]

7 15251212) 19.77 53.32
8 23000313}

9 23000323) 3.31

10 24000911 2.40

if 24500911]

12 24501211) 6.58

13 25251111]

14 25251212) 4.79 17.08
15 340007 11 (c)

16 34501011 9.00

17 35251012 3.19

18 35501411 2.40

19 35501412 0.79 15.38
20 44500912 5.49

21 45001413 0.20

22 45251014 4.64
23 45501412 3.89 14.22

100.00

*Refer to Table 2-5 for an explanation of the Class I. D.
For those models that were represented in each carline class.

c .
Data not available; zero value adopted for sales summation.

10


28.

26.

24,

29.

20.

MPG FOR EACH CAR

x

GM FUEL ECONOMY STUDY
MPG VERSUS MILES PER DAY
CLASS 35251012
DATE 062476
CORRELATION COEFFICIENT = . 4644
95 PERCENT CONFIDENCE INTERVAL = ¢ . 2365. . 6439)

x x
x
xy x
* x es
x
x x x x x x
x x XxX Xx ca
xX x x
x x x x
x x xX
x x
*«
x x
X ie I t L 1 I I 1
6 1G 20. 30. 40. 50. 60. 70. a0. 30.

=» MILES PER DAY

XX

xx

ort-d


GM FUEL ECONOMY STUDY
MPG VERSUS TERRAIN INDEX
CLASS 45501412
DATE 062476
CORRELATION COEFFICIENT = .0881
95 PERCENT CONFIDENCE INTERVAL = ¢-. 1433, .3104)

MPG FOR EACH CAR

20.

€8t-d

X XK KORO OMO KOK
xm

XK KKK OOKIIOXK DORROBIOROOX

a

TERRAIN INDEX


MPG FOR EACH CAR

x

26.

24.

22.

20.

o-

2

GM FUEL ECONOMY STUDY
MPG VERSUS MILES PER DAY
CLASS 65501512
DATE 062476
CORRELATION COEFFICIENT = . 2648
95 PERCENT CONFIDENCE INTERVAL = ¢ .0521- . 4545)

x * *
x x
x
x KX eK x x x
x KX X x
x
eK KK XK x a x
x x
Sy x x * *
x
. xy x x x x
x x% x XK
x
x x x
x
! i I i) L il 1 I i] 1
10. 20. 30. 40. So. 60. 0. 80. $0. too.

MILES PER DAY

961-a@


GM FUEL ECONOMY STUDY
MPG VERSUS TEMPERATURE
CLASS 25251111
DATE 062476
_ CORRELATION COEFFICIENT = .4985
95 PERCENT CONFIDENCE JNTERVAL = ¢ .1981- .7132)

22.

20.

L0t-a

MPG FOR EACH CAR

x x ax
x x
x x x
x x
x
x x « x x
x
x
x x x
x x
! I i 1 1
4 4. 8 12. 16. 20. 24. 28. 42.

TEMPERATURE (DEG ©)


MPG FOR EACH CAR

26.

24.

22.

a
3

12.

3°

GM FUEL ECONOMY STUDY
MPG VERSUS ZIP CODE
CLASS 14500912
DATE 062476
CORRELATION COEFFICIENT =-. 0083
95 PERCENT CONFIDENCE INTERVAL = ¢-. 2304, . 2146)

x
x
x
x
x x % % x *
x x
x x % %
x x x x x
x x x x
x
x % x %
x x «
X x %
x x x z x
x R
Xx x
x
x x
x x
x
| 2 4 4 4 é 2 8 4 to

ZIP CODE (FIRST DIGIT?

ge-a


24.

22.

20.

12.

MPG FOR EACH CAR

3

GM FUEL ECONOMY STUDY
MPG VERSUS MILES PER DAY
CLASS 14500912

DATE 062476

CORRELATION COEFFICIENT = . 4056

95 PERCENT CONFIDENCE INTERVAL = ¢ . 2012.

x
x
x
x
x x
x x% x
x
% x x
x xy % xx
ae Foe
kK & x x
x x
x x x x x
xX x x x x x x
x Xx x
x x
xX Xx
x
x Xx
x
! I I | L 1 L i
10. 20. 30. 40. 50. 60. 70. 80.

MILES PER DAY

5761)

x KX


26,

GM FUEL ECONOMY STUDY

MPG VERSUS PRECIPITATION
24, CLASS 44500912

DATE 062476
2. CORRELATION COEFFICIENT =-. 1749
95 PERCENT CONFIDENCE INTERVAL =

20.

x x
14. x x x
x % x
x X x x
x x ¥ x
x x x
12.
2 * x
x

ao x x
& x

10
& x x :
g x
& x
Be,
oO
& x

6. ! 1 1 1 1 1 1

- 40, 60. 80. foo. 120. 140, 160.

x

= PRECIPITATION (MM

C7. 4547,

+ 1363)

2ot-d


MPG FOR EACH CAR

x

28.

26.

24.

22.

20.

mm

DATE 062476

CORRELATION COEFFICIENT = .0564
95 PERCENT CONF | DENCE

x
x
x
x x *
x x x
Xx
x x
x
x
x x
4. 8 te.

TEMPERATURE (DEG ©)

GM FUEL ECONOMY STUDY
MPG VERSUS TEMPERATURE

CLASS 24501211

INTERVAL = (7. 2284.

« 3323)

66-2


MPG FOR EACH CAR

x

2h,

24.

22.

20.

GM FUEL ECONOMY STUDY
MPG VERSUS ELEVATION °
CLASS 245009311

DATE 062476

CORRELATION COEFFICIENT = .4792

95 PERCENT CONFIDENCE INTERVAL = ¢ . 2126,

' i n i ! 4 ! L
400. 800. 1200. 1600. 2000. 400. 2800. 3200.

ELEVATION (FT)

- 6794)

i
3600.

4o00.

se-a


A-42

ARUN OD ODOUS OOUNININNODIAR OF NO ONOINN D009 OR ONIN SANNAOOUAAAL ON
290000090000090000400000000000099040990000909009099099900000
DI NNOMS € DDD ON ONNNS FONNASVLNOAN SOS OFNANUNS $F DOF LT FONNNS DOTHS
ANNU NANI NNNU NINN ANU UN AINAUAN AINA IIA RIANA ANIA

20901000900 0dOMMMM MMMM MMOD DONNONDASE FORA MMA A AADINAIND DIANNA OY
on Doo WODDNDOOOOSAHOD Oddi A MMMM MMMANOTEM FOO
oo men AV NUUNINNN NARI RAGES FO TANNINN ANA NNN NINA

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99019001 0D GOA HDOODDIDGHOGHOOOOR RMP OFF HATO INL SS AAMNTAN NeAemmomem
a 4 a aia o) a4

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DORK COORAARARARAEAAARAR RO ODOORDODOON OR OORRAREOR ORLA ORR

PRODOFAM000.000.0.10.0.0.0.0 DD OONINNIIAMINNOO ODOO ON HAAS NHR OORIN OOO

NS 1th bette tuted

PENA EP cnnninedt tt

QLNNNIDOCOODQO AN NOM NN ODBNHONDOOONDOOOIIIDAFOOMMMDOOS Oh HOLOMO

ORR 30009990 D0AF AGO DOMOS DOMOF ING FN AAAAANE MIDOMTONDAAEMAMAD

DAA DOD DD DODOPROMAININ DORK DORGRE ER 000000 ONRTO NDOT TOOORMIARN
my prea

AA AA A AA Ae AO Ot I IRIE CUCU OY IMIR CUCU uCuCuCueuCuCuemeucUm®m ©
ad ddaddeaddddnaddddddd adnan don <mDD DMA DHADHON4d0dDVGVODMYOU.

W000 991z2zZ FF zZATZZTAAAATAALTAFAZZLZLALALTLTAWMAzMzzT7LzZzZ

ODDOANUANNUAAY OLR APOOOOTOMNNOOING fF NNINHARNOS 6 FMA TORSO
ORR 0.000000 00DOMAT FIONN SG DOMNDOTASOS LIS FONIDIO ONIN FNM SF OTO
OOM DRREAR RRR RRNTAMD OF NOMS PA AANA AM 000 DONONT FFNUMOMINADON OO

QAAAD DDD DOO ODRIM AA MA NAAN OMMOANR ERE DOAN OO MN
INNA MAM MMA Coo nO AICATOR® NOQOM mM DH a
© a4 a Attest ENT ae

4

IASNMNDUONS HOM DNAAGQALM OMOLONT NINE ONNOT F FPOGDIDO ARNG fon ino
DEINTMDARRS DRONGRINM DDO OMORDIO IN ODN DE NAHAS OADON FORK ORNIOMA
a eee ee eee eee ee ee ee ee ee er ary
FOANDIEN SOFA DDOT IFN OM OF OMIMDOMR SR POOF TOON OM FOMVAADDOMAT FD
FAN ADA MENATENDANAN FMAMANANONANON SHAM MANE ARAN OPN

nN a) a4

BVA EEE BE EERE EERE E ES ERNE RSE BNE WHEE SERS ER SKE

a ee ee re
COCGOOCOCOQOCOSOOSCOLOOSBODOSOOOCNDGODGKUTGSROOODQ00000.

GOSHSadNOSHOSOSONHODODAADOHSOSAOVOOORAARNANOMSHAOODAAOASOOOS
CHOW ANNANAK DONA CHOS ANNO HONKHODNO OR NANANANOCOCOONOINHONCOAND
FF FOAMS FE FTO ETT FANS AS ODOS AFF TANNN OOS FEF FODIAT AOS AS

OR DMOHNMS NOR DOOANM FN OF DP OHM SN OR OF CHAM FNOR DOOM SNOR OO dN
O00 Oa AAA NNN NIM MM MMM OM MO FE LSI FLT TANIA IAIN DOO
P-arath veirntnrn rat ttinta tata tataDatar arr arataratataralatarararatatararatalaral ara atalal baler ataratararatararara)


MPG FOR EACH CAR

x

23.

26.

24.

22.

20.

OK XXX

a.

ZIP CODE

GM FUEL ECONOMY STUDY
MPG VERSUS ZIP CODE
CLASS 45001413
DATE 062476
CORRELATION COEFFICIENT = .0324
95 PERCENT CONFIDENCE INTERVAL = ¢(-. 2742. . 3331)

x
x x
x
x . : x
x
x x x x x
x
x x
x x x
x x
x x
x
1 i 1 1 1 i I
1 2 4 4 5. 6, %, 8. 3 to

CFIRST DIGIT

991-4


exhibited by the carline classes. That is, fuel economy apparently increases

with increasing average miles per day and temperature, and decreases with
increasing population. As indicated in Section 4.1, however, further
analysis is required before it can be concluded that temperature and popula-

tion are influencing the fuel economy of these carline classes rather than
average miles per day.

28


MPG FOR EACH CAR

x

30.

28.

26.

24,

22.

20.

>

x

xx RXK XK

yo7

GM FUEL ECONOMY STUDY
MPG VERSUS ZIP CODE
CLASS 35251012
DATE 062476
CORRELATION COEFFICIENT = .1179
95 PERCENT CONFIDENCE INTERVAL = (-. 1425, . 3630)

x
x
x x R
x x x x x
x
x x x
x x x x
x X Kk §
x x
é x
x x
x
1 5 3 3 5. 6 2. 8 4 0

ZIP CODE (FIRST DIGIT?

vel-d


GM FUEL ECONOMY STUDY
MPG VERSUS POPULATION
CLASS 13000323
DATE 062476
CORRELATION COEFFICIENT =-. 1017
95 PERCENT CONFIDENCE INTERVAL = ¢-. 5018, . 3343)

40.

36.

32.

28.

24.

N
2

MPG FOR EACH CAR
e

x

KK ROX

POPULATION ¢ THOUSANDS)


A-6

DF FD AL RVOM SNR MM IDIO OD FH NDAD OOS He te UM MONO FAE EO et OI INARI AO
ONAN ONNGONVODD AN TO U400-F DOSS ANUMDIONUIOMEONSROONONTAONOR Lier
RED A ORR DAE QDOO MAAR FAD DUMAINIAIAINIAR ER REM MOMNALAINNODONIN FH ODBOOOAMIA!
RT DM TOM POD DOO NIDA At tt hd ht hed tt AA IIIA AIA EMM So STE

AAA A hh et ht eam al eal ht tt mh oh ea em ow at od a oad hd ed a a at em at

ios es ion da De et De ee Raat alt let a eh eee ee aco a ah ee a ana at eee aaa enka enh ah ant eek ath a aah ah ae anh ee a ah a ea ea
Z7AZTALZALAZAZATTTALTZASTMAZZALLALTSATTSTAAA7LTALTALALALTSLAZVTALLATTTZAZ

z e

> oO 4 ro a @ w

- =F = tex 4 Oo “4 2

xm 64 = wna 4 a 63 aw ow
az eo 4 uz» wa wn Tuww © es O44 4
er i nuw FF aMRIF VyezZas yxy > on a2
OF 0 Fx¥YHs 00 Wr CIoMsOW YyeFs4 D> LO wo ww ZH He
XOF ZOO VXAY AIMNFE— ZHwWwFHH Se oOITOOMH mo <u un ja0r O>O>zZO

AFNIOFETINOOFOOVawW JOH >E> FENDA TE PSY rHAMFTZ De eHINKO LCrFeroOd
SEE EHH D> > WNW IIORMeI ea HEX LMM szZz wwe rwodaranz nDzed
Hz zZurs98 Xe Y TOY dQMNOW Ie Ey ey Xe 8 Od dWZ ODP eS Her BOW
7 WW ery mo B® Edd AZOOZWO> TOE IH SIZ HOOTO MOON Ee xemaercazu
WYN ATS WWW OODMMNONY A diy ewe Sete Tt DOr OZTOvadodanD
FARE IEA TFT ZOOS TEE OMNNL NZ SW EMONUWNTTI OE ATA RAOTNNONIZ Kw Teo

Ce ee ry
ASN AANA AA Nh dh tl eh ed ed td ed Het rt etend ent ed tetetind

ee eee ee ee ee ed
DEA ANI RIN A ett et FOO ONE II INARI AICI ENNIS UNE OU PANNE POINT

Ce
PF AD OF PEE LINAKOD PN IP PAF SWI SNIFF OP IBIS NANO LOS FOO FOSHAN NRO
So a a oe rs Le on De Cs oe Se le

Ce ey

AARNE AL ROA OMI VU at A OOD Nt RIAL AI TET ALLA UO IO CUO
a

POP IMOAY IO OE OT PUTO TOL IE TO POA OMNOR OR Fat OROON TUONO
Oo ae WAHT», me AI DOD ONSEN NH ADNAN ONIN O
eee cece. wees Ce es
FOGLE Aa PONY POAT MOM Te + aD dren DANA NARS AON OD OU OO
faa 4 AN tt AAA AANA ed ee tet

abe
G

Ce ee ee ee
SIR AT TD ON TRE LOS I FOS LT MOT ORNS AMOS OT eT ee

TANI SE NOR T FOAM SNON GO AANMSNOR FO OAUM FN OR OFOGNO LN OR OF DHAIM eH
DOD NAAN MINING 10000000 ORR RARER OF DODO DOODG SOS PSFSPSPGOIGS D0
A eteton


MPG FOR EACH CAR

x

26.

24,

22.

20.

GM FUEL ECONOMY STUDY
MPG VERSUS ELEVATION

CLASS 44500912
DATE 062476
CORRELATION COEFFICIENT = . 1525
95 PERCENT CONFIDENCE INTERVAL = (-. 1588, . 4362)
x
x
xx
x
7 x x Kx y *
x x * x x
x x x x
x x
* x
x x
x
x x x
x
x x
I I 1 i] 1 1 ! 1 t !
0. 200. 400. 600. 800. tooo. 1200. 1400. 1600. 800.

n° ELEVATION (FT)

!
2000.

o9t-a


MPG FOR EACH CAR

x

21,

2?.

20.

So

2

GM FUEL ECONOMY STUDY
MPG VERSUS MILES PER DAY
CLASS 35501412

DATE 062476

CORRELATION COEFFICIENT = .5439

95 PERCENT CONFIDENCE INTERVAL = ¢ . 3157,

x x
x
x x x
x xx
x
x xy ax x x
x * % x X xx *
x x x x
x x
xx x
x
x x
x
I L i | L L 1
10. 20. 30. 40. 50. 60. 70. 80.

MILES PER DAY

7127)

!
100.

9st-a


MPG FOR EACH CAR

48.

44.

40.

36.

32.

28.

24.

20.

xx

4.

=

DATE 062476

GM FUEL ECONOMY STUDY
MPG VERSUS PRECIP! TATION

CLASS

CORRELATION COEFFICIENT

95 PERCENT CONF | DENCE

a

PRECIPITATION ¢ MM)

I
80.

23000323

= . 3684

INTERVAL = (-.0313

! ! !
120. 140. 160.

- 6665)

1
180.

doo.

yl-a


A-31

LDODN DNS AMOIMD OF UF INNOORS FIN OR AID OMNIA OFA ROM OME MMAIMAMT AUD
LOMARRAMIAANAIONM OF MUMONE ON-FUVONONIDMANANAMO AINA DON TNE T IMOOM
ROAR OM FR MOAAAIM MO DOAUAINIO ON PODER INO AAA OD IAF HODIANE IN ODI

FS OOF VO AAA ANION AIM AM MMO FETS NODO ORDA AL AER DOD ND DONTE
FARRAH AARAAD IRAP AAAAL AAA EH AAAAT PAT FR VERA AD FHRPD PADAG AAAS PAOD

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PEVB9090900000 00000000 00 BEKGO0GOK00000000000NDOB ¥ ¥F¥ s¥ EERE

nm
rere) perry a Sus

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ORCO Bee e2e5 FEE Sade auMZomuzexy EE RavOzZ eRe ZETOF OWL Ts
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SHOT Y CHE ZOHO TONNE OL ONOEF De OLN 4He OD IHN GHNEGOF EHF EO WO

JAR et ttt ted

A ANd

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AA AA AP IN ANI NE A UN ALS LIS AA I et AO AA IL

UM AN MAAN INCE LOA Gn CSA

A tet att ao
SOF OAP PALO ANA AAO ANDAR DEMO AIDS OD A OM AD PPM ADOT 0 APA
4 tated a 4 a 4 a

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LRAT DNAS OAPO ANON INT OT OID ORION TAOIST TRS etd
PADUA DAD AN OFIAVY JOMONANNIEMAUTONA:

UA dA A AQAA AAA AN A ttt td A ttt

PEF A AI Gt OF ODT ARI TUR ON ADO FT AOS COSF ATM MOTO NNO

DONT OIAN MS NOM OOM UM FD-DN DO ONO ORDA IANM TN ON OTOANM SHON DRONA
RRERA DD HOYDODOODA GS OPAAPPRASOOIIIOIOVON ht tA AIAN NAN ANAAIORIO
SLL LLL LIL PLL SL LS LL SLES LL LN DAI INIDID IAIN A ID EN NEN EI UN AU LEY OLN
pal aa eae ae ara pal eal ad lal papa oad pape a eee Do ee Ee Pea DDL De a eee


GM FUEL ECONOMY STUDY
MPG VERSUS ELEVATION
CLASS 45251014
DATE 062476
CORRELATION COEFFICIENT =-. 0865

36.

32.

28.

24.

20.

95 PERCENT CONFIDENCE | NTERUVAL ¢-, 3150.

gLi-d

MPG FOR EACH CAR

x

x
xx xe x
x x" &
* EX
xXx x Xx x x
x x& x
Kx x
x
1 L t i 5 1 1 L 1 1 1
0. 500. tooo. 1500. 2000. 2500. 3000. 3500. 4000. 4500. 5000.

~ ELEVATION (FT)


2. GM FUEL ECONOMY STUDY
MPG UERSUS RELATIVE HUMIDITY
28. CLASS 25251212
DATE 062476
2, CORRELATION COEFFICIENT = .0801
95 PERCENT CONFIDENCE INTERVAL = (-. 3535, . 4853)

22.

20.

16.
x
14.
x

12,
5 x x x * x
& x x
& x
@ 10. x
i
= K

I re di 1x I 1 $ I
8 So, $5. 60. 5. 0. S. 80. 85. 0. 35.

* ze RELATIVE HUMIDITY ¢PERCENT>

eli-d


MPG FOR EACH CAR

x

28.

26.

24.

22.

20.

do.

ns

GM FUEL ECONOMY STUDY
MPG VERSUS PRECIP! TATION

CLASS 15251212
DATE 062476

CORRELATION COEFFICIENT = . 1854
95 PERCENT CONFIDENCE INTERVAL = ¢-. 2264

x x
x
x
x Kx
x
* x x
x
x x «K
x
x x
! 1 ! I ! t
40. 60. bo. foo. = tz0. tao. ted. ta.

PRECIPITATION (MM

. 5409)

es-a


GM Fuel Economy Study

Fleet Sales Weighted Harmonic Mean Fuel Economy Comparisons

Table 4-4,

SRomNNGeD
LMo © HOD
i= om
to oe
“4 ne
am
DONDTN + +
BaOTRDOD
ow uy w
mn
+N
“

NAOT SOW

AOSNONLS

Added

YwewzZ~Zwo
woodorooa
ForosHHas
WOr I Ohea
raananad
Sud Sree
e2N> Woaw


A-35

DN OR ANE OF DOG NA MANN ONG TAT ORAM Oi GIN FOMNINE SAN ONE FOODNOS
29999409 99909090000009990990990000099708301A00009000000000
NONAAS HADES SOM DFW FF GON DF ONG CANON FADS SUL NS FFUAMNN OF NNT FANON
ST STATS IN INET NEN INI ETNIN IN IENINININ ES TCNIN LINTON TS IN ITE IN LENIN EIN INES LO LOD

FIP IBAMATF MAND OOD DO HHO ODNODO DN AMM ND ORAM MAMMOIM IMM MM MANA IIOD
FEF FROMM MMMM AMMEN MON AAO te dd td AO AID
Par CoM od abon sratralal ar ata lal al aDatratrataratal ay NINA Att

QOOMOIMAMIMMAINIUAINAIINAINAINKIUIE RRR ¢ dR RR MINMIAR RRR £1 000.00m
DOTA LARA NODDDIOAGIODDIOONHATORR AP HARA OM OA Att AO DODOD
AAA AAA etd tte etidited tet

IMIMIAININIAM MMM O00 0000000000000 DD 0OFHINOONOOM OM 000 HOVAINT ST TED
DOOR ON DOODORARARARARARRARAREAAARRARRRORA TR ERARARR AERA ERER AER OO

NAINA MMAIM AM MMMM MMM MEE MME EO VOD ORF OA ARATAAAA AAO MOM Meet

ee eee a ais Peewee tere eee etre teers

terrotorurie tet (eee elon reteretotets otetetate tater teteleacg
un uw

2Y009990 2010 9M900G9200292040F0900 200099 CRONDDQN GONG DDD00R +4700

DDODONNOUINAGODK 006990504 DD DDGOSAD OF FOOFNIOODO9GODF9FFOFFSA

DOD D0 ON OF TADAL DARL RARA RRR AAMT MORAL O LT LOOT PEO ELD IAN
~ Aaa et te =

NNN AINA UNAS FF PLT TT ETE TT PONT NT LAI ALAM MMA AMINA
DNDDDHMNDNDDIVDDADOAIOVVIAAAAOAAGCOOGHO BO ALCLSALLHHVHBDAGOMGVVOANA

Wnnmrunnz7v 72001272777 SLLAANTAPA~LTLALALATALTTZLZZAF7ZAZLZY7NW

ONDE FF INNDOT INO 320999799000 919-29 20HOWAMMMNIITOOOIONTTNEDONG
WOIDF FT GONFGIOONPS 9993990 9969050430358 DIFF HODIINAIDOAGNOMIAIOD
393 DMD MH NDS TAMA D A IDIDIDODHOVANANEOD FMDHDISNAANGODNOMNOOD
BRUNEI HAAR ANAND DIDO IBDN PAA ORM PORARANAINIODN OMVURT4O
ORO oa 2 Ah4 NOD00H00555.9 Ase RO SN nino tet
ss ac a A EAA a

ee
VooeuUDoccLwOGEd

AINA UIA USER ARS TAOS NOHNUAININONON! TAN HPO
EOIN FEN DIN FAW OFT SOD DATUM DATING ID OF TOWNES COUSINS SPOT

ROTOR FN ON DOEOANMS NOM OSOANMS NON DF DANN NON OT O4UM TN OR OGOMAIM
DOOR AA AA AAA AAA NAINA UNUM MM MMO MN FEF STE SETA AINIAIINTIAN OO OO
Ep a ee ee De a Pe


MPG FOR EACH CAR

x

2B,

26.

24.

??.

20.

GM FUEL ECONOMY STUDY
MPG VERSUS MILES PER DAY
CLASS 24501211
DATE 062476
CORRELATION COEFFICIENT = .6757
95 PERCENT CONFIDENCE INTERVAL = ¢ . 4870. . 8041)

x x
x x
x x x xx
x x x
Xx XK x
x x xX x
x xx
x x x
eX el
x x
x
x Xy
x
1 ! 1 ! 1 1 : I
4 to. bo. bo. 4a. So. 60. 70. bo. $0.

m MILES PER DAY

Oor-&


GM FUEL ECONOMY STUDY
MPG VERSUS PRECIP1TATION
CLASS 25251111
DATE 062476
CORRELATION COEFFICIENT = . 2188
95 PERCENT CONFIDENCE INTERVAL = ¢-, 1234. .5146)

2?.

20.

90T-2

MPG FOR EACH CAR

40. a0. $20.  |e0. 400. 240. 280. 420. 460.
PRECIPITATION (MM


GM FUEL ECONOMY STUDY
MPG VERSUS Z1P CODE
CLASS 13000323
DATE 062476
CORRELATION COEFFICIENT =-. 2015
95 PERCENT CONFIDENCE INTERVAL = ¢-.5743, . 2405)

MPG FOR EACH CAR

x

40.

36.

32.

28.

24,

20.

¥I-

XX

-
-
-

1 . .
ZIP CODE (FIRST


GM FUEL ECONOMY STUDY
MPG VERSUS POPULATION
CLASS 24000911
DATE 062476
CORRELATION COEFFICIENT =~. 1326
85 PERCENT CONFIDENCE INTERVAL = ¢-.4016, . 1574)

MPG FOR EACH CAR

x

20.

LlL-a

x x BRE XX KXOKK

POPULATION ¢ THOUSANDS)


oe. GM FUEL ECONOMY STUDY
MPG UERSUS MILES PER DAY
26. OLASS 14000912
DATE 062476
2, CORRELATION COEFFICIENT = .5721
95 PERCENT CONFIDENCE INTERUAL = ¢ .3171, .7500)

??.

20.

16 xx
x x
x x
xx
14, x x
x
xX xX om
g x *
3 x Xxx x x
& x
& x
© 10. eo x
£ x
& 4
! L 1 I 1
a 4 io. bo. 40, 40. bo. 60. 70. 80. 90.

* MILES PER DAY

9e-


MPG FOR EACH CAR

24,

22.

29.

6.

GM FUEL ECONOMY STUDY
MPG VERSUS RELATIVE HUMIDITY
CLASS 44500912

DATE 062476

CORRELATION COEFFICIENT = .0684

95 PERCENT CONFIDENCE INTERUSL = (-. 2406, . 3647)

x x

i 1 i !
$0. $5, g0. és. 70. 75. so. 85. 90. 95. 100.

= RELATIVE HUMIDITY ¢PERCENT>

t9I-a


A-12

ORI THAI TORO OOF ONE ARRCOS TS FAA ONOONN ONAN STR ORONO
DDIATAMANINOANNMODOMAHOOOIANVAIMM ST FO AAMONR SSS MOOAAMLO DOOOOD
NICAL DIN 4 PR ORIAINIAIA ORE TO pt ttt A AAAI OF OD OOOOMANMM MEN FIN OED WOOO
QVOVVIA AAA ENE OY SF FL LL FL ISL LT FS LLL FL PANADNAMOTIAIAAN A EIN VY
TPT MPL HSL LS LL ILL LLL LL LLLP LLL LE LCS EFL LLL PLES LL LOOL OGL LOG HOT

ghgistcicigictoiotet 2 Tee SET RES TES STORES SERS EEE CE SSE SESE SETS TOSSES TTS
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o

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ee onl NOOH  wFOATOOTZOCOMHWw Onze OG>< aamnD >
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TINS TTT FEMME D CPHOTIIOI wu = HED eWUIFZDDW S>xor w

NNN ZT dd dOWS EEF ZOMNDOOW es BWM ZZ ZZIPSZAD IMM ZZ>SZZALZM
eee eee SS ae OS OoS SLC oor Gore o > saa od domenica

DD MF TT TXOI 3 43> ZH ee YW > > SSN Ze CANN OWOOeZ OLZRWUeaE Ee rw
AA RUS minind SAR BOLOd BOM eo hdr a ce COS SPO Ee Oe COM Mt
33 55044 OQ D000 GENEL OOOIIOUE FT FUN EY 4A dOLTS ONT ETVAAGOWO BHA VIN

ee i ay
AA ARVN AMAA AAA AD AM hd tA NN Ad Heh ate He et et ed A ed td ed od ed rd ra rt a

ee ey .

ee
FAN ED RC tt AEA AR I OU ICU OE IE OAL PALE A TRIN ted UR Ae

Ca ee a
ITP VAR FOND FFL ING PO IP FOFOG FF FI INOOIF DFT EF FNTOHNO IAA

CI i er
STEP NA UA UM AM AAAI AT AMIN ED ORIN ON ALO RIND DURA ONO AIR OO
+ ot 4

Re ae At RON Rie alee eee t eres
POOR ARN A OM OF OF DOORN

PIN VAT NT $F ODOM IAD

AAA ee tt tet

LP IN AA AONE Ot HOR ONIN OONete
ADDIE OAR AS OM PMID EO OF OFM
PR ee re rer ey
AMEN DAE NNN Het dQOONNNM NO OM
AAA AA A hh rd wt

ee
AAR NAT OO AO LAE AL ET FS MOS SUF OA ET OMNI Hee

NOT DON DF IANS NONE DIAM FN OR DOOD HNM FN OF DAOANM LN ON OPONING Tn OND
PTF IOR PROOOS 9900094 AAA AAA AANA MMMAMMAONMOS LO Te ereg
FMAM FSS SSFP ILLS LISI LS LI LIS FL ILL LL LLL LG LLL IFILL IGS OS GEE


A-55

DOR FRAN OA OMEA MONO OUP ANE COP AINAINM OVOP PAU HODOSMINOMINNINAS ©
999909999990009000000090900000009000000%209000090000000000000
ONAN S OF NANT FA SNOUT FANOONDS US ONS $F DNAS FDNNDOOOIMN FS ONONONDO
SS NTS NTIS ENNIS NEN INT NIN EN TITIES INN INEST NIECE EIININ DOL UIN DN UNIS INNIS EL

9999999959906900890000000000000290000900900009000000000000090
PUUCHEEE eee ee eee eee eer eee tee eee eee eee eae

POPES FSS FOU EER UU DOR INN AINA OOF ONION AON ttt tet ttt ttt ONO
AIRE RRR MINE COM NONE AAONINANING OMOOSFONETSMNDQMOGDBOOOCHOGOM
dda od et titted  Atetideteted ttt tet BAA tte ted

MAINA OR RR DOR INNDOOO S tht dIHNONOOHAON HH HOOCODCODOCOOadOnr
RRR RARER ARARARRARARRRERERRAERER AR ERAR EER AER OODDODOOOOOON ON

DOO QONNDAUNAUMOD NO OOOM MN DONE FINIRININOD RL OLIN FM MMSE ERE ARERR ARR ORIN
See ewer eer c errr ees e eee eases eeposessrerereerseesetes
PORAPOOT COOH BOOP AE ORR ONNNNNNOHONNOOHNOOONTODDODODDOOMGOOH
A AAAI ARR le tied et tet IOI AI RAI RUA et tt ett rate

MAMINNDONOOOMG ONNIDONNKONOOMMANOHOMOTOMOQOOONNOODOCI0009000
Dt ROMA AN ARMS FOIA AODUARMNADOON DO PFOINVO MMM MAR AM MM ted HO AIO
ORR MNDDEODDLNA OP OODFASNEVNDDOODAANT A ODD OR NN ODOR OODODO00DDO DIN
= a 4 At ated

RUIN HIN NINN RII IN IRI NIU INICUN RIN IRN IRICCUCCN Im ateL
tiddddoodnonddnddnoneaddanmnmonn dDV0UMannaDLanaAnannaNadnNLMd

SLALATATAA7LAASALASALLALALALFSLALTALALLAAAZSAFAZTAMALLZZMNzAZTZZZ

NOSCOOSCOOOF*NOMODOCOMONQOOOSA CIM MQOWENNWMNNOIOVOODOADOOORN NG
MICODOOVOSORNONMAOOGADNIAOAUMMMMANNFOATO S$ F-4Q090090009605NNS
FOOOCODOONINAFADOMOOOR OR DOSRERA SMMNMNODAINNNDAT FODOOOOON SANA
AUUPSHAOONAIN MIN MMM FAN MODDO UMAAPLLSANMNSSVANAOANEASEO A
COtD NOSFT HW COD uN HOOD wn O90M HND0NG oFn «x
EXT 4 INIT nN aa BARRO OR a

DOAAMADEL FAMNA IAN OL IM OANA TN DOR OS MONONERROS SAT OROHOSNANOMO

FAINT ATOM AMEM OEM AAAIAM ATE OATAMENAAMION NUM OAMN Wet rns
”

MHA MHD MHAHHHHHUMND HOM MNMOMHMAWM

. TEASE EAA SAS AEPSEE AESOP EDEL ESELELESESED LODE EDEL REED
120: AODDOOOSDOOODODOVNDOHOSOG AS DHADO9HQCODOSDOCOOOODOOLCoO
SSS SSRBRSSSSSroonononwMnnnosooosnoonooDONnOSooo ASOSSGSOOO000

PORCH SIN OR DPOAMNMFOOR DOOM SIN ON DAOHUM SNOOP OTOHNMSNON OO OMAIM
PIP PAADIADIAI IAIN 00 00000 0D 0E RE ERARAARDDDDOODOODDOTOTACAAMAOOOO
ININ INIA RIAIDIAIAIAI IRIRIRIRIRIAIA IIR NIRIRIAIRIRINICU NICU IRIAN RIEUCUM nem en
ANA mt he trad a ehh Het rh rk rd eat de a rl dm eat ead a rae et md mt a pte a kee a ee rm md


SECTION 2

DATA ACQUISITION AND ANALYSIS

The GM data base supplied by the EPA Project Officer consisted of
data acquired in three separate surveys: a 1975 Winter Survey consisting of
cars with an average initial odometer reading of 2535, a 1975 Spring-Summer
Survey consisting of cars with an average initial odometer reading of 2600,
and a 1975 Spring-Summer Survey consisting of cars with an average initial
odometer reading of 6050. In order to minimize differences in fuel economy
resulting from the "green car effect," only data from the first two surveys
were used in this analysis. There were a total of 1745 cars in this reduced
data set. Some of these cars were eliminated because of missing or erroneous
data and because it was not possible to obtain certain seasonal, topographical,
or geographical data associated with the locations of some of the car owners.
After eliminating these cars, there remained a total of 1532 cars for analysis.

A partial listing of the data contained in the reduced data base is
given in Table A-1 of Appendix A. Axle ratio and transmission type have been
recoded for the purposes of this study. The codes for Division, Body Type,
CID-BBL, Axle Ratio, and Transmission Type are given in Table 2-1.

A list of the data that were added to the data base for the purposes
of this study is contained in Table A-2 of Appendix A. The first column of
information in this table consists of inertia weights for each car. These
weights were obtained from Body Type and Division using Table 2-2.

The "Season" parameter in the second column of Table A-2 is equal
to either ''S'' or ''W'' depending on whether the data were obtained from the
Spring-Summer Survey or the Winter Survey. This parameter is used to
determine the weather parameters discussed below.

The third column of this table contains average miles per day
(abbreviated AMPD). This value was obtained from the initial and final
odometer readings and the dates of the initial and final tank fills.


ACKNOWLEDGMENT

During the course of this study, Mr. J. Dillard Murrell of the
Environmental Protection Agency's Emission Control Technology Division,
who served as EPA Project Officer for the study, provided valuable guidance
and assistance. His efforts are gratefully acknowledged.

Dr. Ronald F, Janz was principally responsible for the analysis
effort reported herein. The following technical personnel of The Aersopace
Corporation also made valuable contributions to the analysis performed under

this contract:

William M. Smalley

Patricia L. McGill

Esther Lamken

Siumay Cheung

Kenneth A. Glaser

Charles J. Teenor

Edward V. Sakaguchi /

Kits eT

Lester Forrest, Director
Vehicle Performance Office

Approved by

Merrill G. Hinton, Group Director
Mobile Systems

onservation

\LALTAY)
JO8 K 4
¥ onment and Energy
Division


MPG FOR EACH CoR

x

a4.

38.

32.

24.

20.

o-

GM FUEL ECONOMY STUDY
MPG VERSUS ZIP CODE
CLASS 45251014
DATE 062476
CORRELATION COEFFICIENT = .0163
95 PERCENT CONFIDENCE INTERVAL = ¢-. 2195. . 2503)

x

x
x x . x x
x
x x x x x
x x x
x x 8
x
1 1 1 \ L L il 1 1 1
2. 3. 4 5. 6. 7. 8. 3. 10

in - . .
ZIP CODE ¢FIRST DIGIT)

blLI-a


28.

26.

24,

22.

20.

MPG FOR EACH CAR

a
x

12.

&.

DATE

062476

GM FUEL ECONOMY STUDY

MPG VERSUS MILES PER DAY
CLASS

CORRELATION COEFFICIENT

95 PERCENT CONF | DENCE

! 1
10. 20.

MILES PER DAY

!
30.

15251212

= .7334

INTERVAL = ¢ . 4763,
x

x x

x
x
bo. bo =. 80.

» 8750)

g

100.

09-2


MPG FOR EACH CAR

26.

24.

22.

20.

TEMPERATURE (DEG 0)

GM FUEL ECONOMY STUDY
MPG VERSUS TEMPERATURE

CLASS 65501512
DATE 062476
CORRELATION COEFFICIENT =-. 1175
95 PERCENT CONFIDENCE INTERUAL = ¢~. 3250.
x x x x
xh ye x *
x x x xX ¥
nom X x eR xy x % .
x x * x x
x a a x x
x x x x x SH x
Xx x * x
x
x x x
x
} 4, 8 12, is. 20. 24, 28.

- 1007)

S6T-@


A-9

RSV VOT MA AS OAM AO DORA FMR OM ERODE FOF ANIME AO OOM AID HO MR 3
YWOIOMMS AO DF 4. IL ARR AIT OOO ADF OAL MM ODINN AIL FOE NANOAIOION FOO
AFA RIN OM MAA IN 0 DOD INDO DAR DOI AARON ET TONE $F IDON HOT
SORA Om DAM TP DTA PORK AT RROOIWIOTD FOOWIIONO DIA AAs NT
MIRINIRIRIAI OSI EIAI IAIN CU RIAIAIRIOI RIRICU RI IIA RII OUR HA AIR CARED ARIE AMMAN MeN AAA en

-

EB OS OB PB BP B PP POV OV00 OD OUV0U0000K dA d ddd dada
RATT HP RLARLLALAF LETT FF FANN AVAAAGOGOOIOOGYI OVOP OO IOVS OOO

= n
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WOEOTU YY EEN YO OY UO Swag mo WRZIFOWOO AIIZE>F ae aatOZE aE
FF 355 DIOU Adam ZOS7 495 5TANGU NX AGEDFO xAIIO AIHA S> > DHOAKO
DEES PON AT TT EU STINE OO TY MYL O AOU ee OS AT I DIN
2 FORE I AOU ¥ INNA EAO ONE DDWOL OOUOY BF XFOUINNOTE NY FOG ALU

a rd
ARENA AM AA AA AA AA AE ALMA AA At HA het NL HD DN ted rad eM ed et ed ted red rd od

eee em wee reece reer ere rece re seen cere rere ses sereseseessencne
SEIN ED OT AD AN AA LDC rd AAO hE OL I td A A id te eted ted

PO PALE ER UR AOI Et OT IRAN,
tate et et ted tet tet 4

RED IS PP NA IP VOD PAV ONO T Fein
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PAI T OOF AONE OPEN ONC RA re EE On CURL OF

TO OMAN TO DRO Ro IIE POE TD RO AUS NOM OF OHNO FLOM OOO Hem ION
IOURIN ACO TI RMON FFE PS TT TO OINOININAININI DOOD DO0GOOR RR AR ARR
PEST NTNININ TN INES INI INE EN IN INIA IN EN TNL TINIE IDRC IN ITN IN ENE TSUN INININININENININININININICININININININE



GM FUEL ECONOMY STUDY
MPG VERSUS TERRAIN INDEX
CLASS 23000323
DATE 062476
CORRELATION COEFFICIENT =-. 1183
$5 PERCENT CONFIDENCE INTERVAL = ¢-. 4905, . 2904

MPG FOR EACH CAR

40.

36.

32.

28,

24.

20.

tL-a

XX
x XK Xx

x KX KX XK

N-

TERRAIN INDEX


A-41

WRID OM PP ONIN DOIN IN OD ANN DIN DAVOP OF MND ON ON HA OINAIOD OetIN ONOF NOD
29999000090000000309000000009000090000000000008%00N0000050000
SMO S FF ONAN ONAN IAUMAUIA LAU ONS MONA ONIN SAN £ ODN ONT ONKOUNINNS OOS
ENT SIN UNIS INE INNES Ls UN IN DINING IN IN INI IININ INN IN EINE IN CII EEN INE NINININENEN IND

SROORRRRORRAR S oF SINNNNODORDOORRADON 0000 000.00 0000000009000
NGL L FET EANMADQOONANAG AA TFT NTO OND DODOO © BNDD DOW
NA A AAA EE TAMAAM MMMM Fret 1 DOD NMOM D oOMmMa NNO

AO Qtr tO Mite OOOO 00.0 OININININ NI ONIN AINA ONAN NIN
BREE ERR ERE OODOREEE.00 OR D0GRRAE ERR O0000000000000000000090
ant 4 =) et ete dd iti tected

ADO DDO OD DOO DOOM MMM UU FF FOF DOW DDOD UAV ANNO US ANION et Nel
DONA DOOOK OHO ODOHODODO DOGO DH OONON DO OK DOOM DOOK ODOR OPA ON DOD OK OOO

OLN OV OSL AN ENN AF NINE EN ENED AD AUDIO ONO OF PO OPO HOF OOF OPAAAOAAO

Peewee rere eee eserereccsacrcercecereseseeeesescee see eensere
rit a eae
NTN) nu

AM AON MAO MOON Ont tet Ortetest
a NPE INET EP ENE

NODSONDOCOSCOCONONONNNODIONNNNONGONOMNOONNBOOOQIONNONOSOOIND

POONA AAA AAA D OOS NON OOSAAOOMOAN OF AMOS FNOSOISOONNDODOOOHO

DODDORARARAEA OR DIRE DORKINDD ORK OR DOT OR REDON DDN D0D DD000KRD
4

CARINII RIN INIA NII RI INR IRI INIUIM NIM Nitti tite ett tet tet et
Oddddodddddedaddqoododadddqadddnmoveddddddddadadaddaacacaad

SAAATAALTALLFALATAAALZSASALATLTALSTZ ZZ 2001 zZ nV zZ M49 zZzZ

SEE ODONNANNNNG AONE OOINAST ARR ANNUNOOST FFFOMNAETRBOOWMOSPTDPAMOD
NOODA RAO PAA AROMA NAO OF VDINDIO NA OOPS AINE ANON MO O4AMOOMOIIQOMDS
ARR ERODIOAAPAAMOS ADNAN FONNOO FAN IO AAR OODNNM FFF AAONAIIRNO
NOD SH DDD ODDORDONOEINIAN DOARAROMOM FS MAANARE AO AP ARHPOLIO INAS
BRA serrrr ANR SAM OR HOON Fr aArTOM NDOOMMM ~~ GOdA NO
SAARAAARS rt aon AAO

=

DOR OF OFM FANAMNEOSNOORM + ONT SMT NQOWV OA IDODION AS PIOON TH OVDRIW
NARS AR NORA ANAND ST RANL DOF ORS MH ANAWMOPOANDOM IN ADIANS MLORNUCH
eee eee rere w cree reser erese ret eceesre eset eerseecesesereesece
DO MPAA M OF FAS ORE MMIDIFMAUDONE AFON FINA FH ODIANAAN IDA OF DDROM
FOES ANNAN SNA INN AMARA DAM TE NUNOTMUNAE ATM MAM a

n

ERNE SSEOE ER EERE RETEST SERENE EROS EE ESE BHETERN SSS

meme reece reer ance sce ccerereeseresesaserseseescence
LOOAOODSCOOGOCGOOOCETSOOGNDAAGY COOOHOGES OOS HOS SOOHCOOOLOCOCSC
QIOASSDSIAMAGOHODOOHADOHOMOSIONNCODANNGOOOHSSOSGONDOONA NSO
QONSHANHAGHVDONOHAANNBONOAMADOVUANOW ONAN CANDO MINADONVONIA OAL
FF ODT FT PONS FOF OF MOONS FN AMDT ADDS IN FOODS OE FATE NIA INE FY

FOAMS NOR DBOANMSNONDPOHAM FIN OR DOOANMLINON OPO AMSA OR OPTOMA SID
SARIN NIN OO 0 DD0000 ORR RRARERRA DDD NOOO DDOFAREAAMAARODODODOD
FLL SFL LEE LFS SLL LL LLL EL LLL LLL LL IS LS PL SL LG SLOP SLE TIS SE DONA


A-50

DDO ONAN SAAR £ DOR MANA IAIANIR UR FS ALU SIN ONT IAS BAHAR ANE SO UDING OO
929%O9990000905000-0900009900900009090990900890900 04030000090
DOF FNANNS OFF SNS FONDS AT OF AININNONONONOFNONS DONG OF OOFSAANDOO
ETT NT NINININ INT INET INININ SINTON INIT IN EIN EEN INN LE TITS IN ENE IN TIN INN INE NINES INES OG

POPMO OOS FELL STS ION SSI SFT TT LST OOONO DODO OOOO GOOOOODO ODD IATIOS
RRRORRA 0000000000010 BN DDOOOO ON HR Ne A et ttt AAA AA A OM
AAA RA ed A teeth td ed eet ed dete tetrad end

DOD OO OG AANA NNNAINAININNNNNNNAUNANY 0000000000000 D0DDDND0FTDONO
RRARARAARARARRARARRARARRAARERRRE 0L000000 0000 0000000 00R RARE

DOO DOONAN AAO NINA AAA DOO AOD AA PAAR AO AOS AAT AAO MN AA
Pee meee eee eee reer eres eeeenrseeressaeresesasereseresesere
QOOQOGOG AF OARAPSORIOS SA AAOS HS FOPAPPAF OS POF IFOSAG OPO APTOS SF POODA AT
RII RL Ratt ead ed rd RL LE Oh dd tl dd ed dd ot rad md Lt

DNNDD DNDINDDONDOQOOR OHONINNINOR DOOR VOO9990000300N30R 40000 SH
RAN DHONHNE ROOFER COAAO TOO HAAMHOMOOBEHODONDD ON DINMNONMOOOR TAM
NA A NEMESOOMODOOM NSNANANTEODODFOROORERROONONTODODOORS HM
4 4 ae et ee eee

AAA FE SELLE LEE EL LTS ETON OS TET SLT SSL IL ETE TTT TONNANT OS
€ 90 AA VOVOOLVOLGVU0000 0400089 BOAAOBDOADOOAADAVLOVGAABIBOVY

nnn F ZZLZ ALLA TAFZZEALTLTAZLTZNWM 1 F7TZNZLZATTALZLAZLATZZ

29INDODINTIDLIQDOOOCDOMODOONITPONODIANADKA DOOOIMONTANNODAZONM

WNOAIOPGOANNWNO ION" ION GOONS ONADOOS IBN BOVOSLOMIVIDSDIOHDIWONVONOVGAOD90

ANN ADNANGNDMOOPN ONNOO90 09099 INO OD OPFOOPFO4AIECINONDOAPAATOAOMFOM

AMO OEMET OMOO DM ADATIN DNAADHO ADR ORHOROCOSSNGHHO HD BHORR-aER YS

Netra at + NNNOA NOOOO + ada ma DOON 4 a da aN
ant = ammo Aina

MF AMWIN D ODEN IML DO MSAT ARMY DADO TF FION ISNDIMAINMAM PA OME AM
PUP OMIMNOADANL ADS DOK OA TR OMOHMOANING D4 3 DDOMDT ANNE ODONNOM
re ee ee ee ee eras
OF MDE OF DIUMNAOADN F DIDS OANON ONFONADON TAIN TOOEEENTNIO FOUN
AMON TART AORN ANAND MAMAS AMV NAN ANT DN OUMNH FE NTS

t4 a

Wal all alata) al Al al al all al al Al alal al al al al al al al alas al al all lal al a\alalal aval alal al all al alata alalatatalatetta!

ee ee ey
VE CODEHGCODCOGBOONOOGOOOOTGENEDGOGEGOBE DODCGOGGLC VOC SLYLA00C.
ARDGKADODHOCOAHOHAGOSSOADOHSSSGSSOSOS OHGHOSHAGDOAAADNIAOANAGA
DNAS VOANDNES CANUGNH OOOCODONOGNS ONOSONRODON'NAONHONNONODNOININ
FLO NS ONT OOS SLING OL FFF OS SLL LT LOE L ENG OS FN ONT FOTN AON S

NOE DOR DOORN MSN ON OD OAUM SiN OR DO OANM SN OF OF OANMSNON DFOANM FIN OR
000000 0 ORR RARARARR D000 DODO ODOOS OPOS OST PROVOOOOIOD OH Attest

POPPSSFOROTCAAASO PA AASCHAPATPAFEOHS FOTO PASS I9N9 99500999 90090000
AAA AAA A AA


| EPA-460/3-76-029
| October 1976
| ANALYSIS
f
. OF
GM FUEL
I |
L ECONOMY
! | SURVEYS
i
|
|
fea
ke
LU

ah

Ny

U.S. ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY

a Office of Air and Waste Management

Office of Mobile Source Air Pollution Control
Emission Control Technology Division
Ann Arbor, Michigan 48105



GM FUEL ECONOMY STUDY
MPG VERSUS PRECIP|TATION
CLASS 13000323
DATE 062476
CORRELATION COEFFICIENT = .0569
95 PERCENT CONFIDENCE INTERVAL = ¢-. 3736, . 4673)

MPG FOR EACH CAR

x

40.

36.

32.

28.

24.

20.

-@

PRECIPITATION ¢MM


2A.

24.

20,

MPG FOR EACH CAR

x

XN

o

GM FUEL ECONOMY STUDY
MPG VERSUS MILES PER DAY
CLASS 24500911
DATE 062476
CORRELATION COEFFICIENT = .5708
95 PERCENT CONFIDENCE INTERVAL = ¢ .3298 .7419)

x x
xx x
x x - x *
x
x x
x x
xX x x *
x x x
x *x x x x
x x x
x x
x
! 4 ! 1 IL 1 1 i !
Qo. 10. 20. do. 40. 50. 60. 70. 80. 90.

'* MILES PER DAY

xx

w6-a


GM FUEL ECONOMY STUDY
MPG VERSUS RELATIVE HUMIDITY
CLASS 14500912

DATE 062476

CORRELATION COEFFICIENT =~. 0991

95 PERCENT CONFIDENCE INTERUAL = ¢-. 3147, . 1262)

20.

W-a@

MPG FOR EACH CAR

x
x
x
x x week x
x x xX x x
x xX y xX x
pavaas x
x x
x &
x x% x x
x Ny x x
x
x yx X x x
x x XXX x x
x x x
¥ xx
x x x
x x
x x x
x
1 1 i L 1
bo. 55. é0. 65. 70. 25. 80. as. 90. $s.

o RELATIVE HUMIDITY ¢ PERCENT)


MPG FOR EACH CAR

x

52.

48.

44.

40.

36.

32.

28.

24.

20.

I
Q.

1

GM FUEL ECONOMY STUDY
MPG VERSUS POPULATION
CLASS 23000323

DATE 062476

CORRELATION COEFFICIENT =-. 1868

95 PERCENT CONFIDENCE INTERVAL = ¢-. 5419,

to. 20. bo. 40. So. 60. 70. bo.
POPULATION ¢ THOUSANDS?

» 2249)

30.

x

XX

x xX *K OK

69-2


FOREWORD

This report, prepared by The Aerospace Corporation for the U.S.
Environmental Protection Agency, Emission Control Technology Division,
presents the results of an evaluation of seasonal, topographical, and geo-
graphical effects on fuel economy of in-use vehicles manufactured by the

General Motors Corporation.

The results of the study are presented in five sections. Sections 1

and 2 briefly summarize the study results and approach. A discussion of
the data and methods of analysis is included in Sections 3 and 4. Section 5

presents the detailed study results.

iii


GM FUEL ECONOMY STUDY
MPG VERSUS POPULATION
CLASS 25251111
DATE 062476
CORRELATION COEFFICIENT =~. 5582
95 PERCENT CONFIDENCE INTERVAL = ¢~-. 7516. -. 2764)

MPG FOR EACH CAR

x

22.

20.

14,

Tol-d

POPULATION ¢ THOUSANDS)


MPG FOR EACH CAR

x

30.

28.

26.

24.

22.

20.

GM FUEL ECONOMY STUDY
MPG VERSUS RELATIVE HUMIDITY

CLASS 34000711
DATE 062476
CORRELATION COEFFICIENT = .1116
95 PERCENT CONFIDENCE INTERVAL = (7. 2590, . 4537)
x x
x
x
x
x
<x x
xXx
K Xx x
x x
x
x
x x
bo. $5, é0. bs. 20. ds. 80. gs. do. bs. Soo.

= RELATIVE HUMIDITY (PERCENT)

tzi-a


GM FUEL ECONOMY STUDY
MPG VERSUS TEMPERATURE
CLASS 13000323
DATE 062476
CORRELATION COEFFICIENT = . 2139
95 PERCENT CONFIDENCE INTERVAL = ¢-. 2283, . 5829)

MPG FOR EACH CAR

x

40.

36.

32.

28.

24.

20.

6t-d

a?

ERATURE (DEG ©


due to terrain. For locations in which more than 80 percent of the area is
gently sloping (Slope = A), fuel economy for this class was found to be
significantly less than for locations in which less than 80 percent of the area
is gently sloping (Slope ranges from B to D). This example illustrates one
of the reasons it was decided to generate scatter plots of individual car fuel
economy versus values of each of the eight parameters under investigation
for each carline class. Such plots not only illustrate trends, but can also be
used to explain anomalous results. Such a plot for fuel economy versus the
terrain index (Slope) for carline Class 24500911 is given in Appendix B
(along with all of the other scatter plots). Note that the correlation coeffi-
cient for these data is equal to 0.1825. However, since the 95-percent
confidence interval for this coefficient (refer to the figure) contains zero,
the correlation is not significant. That is, while examining extremes in the
data may result in significant differences in mean fuel economy, the data
itself do not exhibit any significant trend.

The only carline class that did not exhibit a significant correlation
coefficient with respect to AMPD was Class 23000313 (see Appendix B).
Note, however, that this was due to a single car where fuel economy was
unusually low for the relatively high miles per day traveled.

A detailed analysis was not made of significant differences in fuel
economy with respect to those parameters (such as elevation) that occurred
infrequently. It was noted, however, that in all four carline classes in
which fuel economy increased significantly with increasing zip code, the
mean value for average miles per day traveled by those drivers located in
high zip code areas was substantially higher than the mean value for average
miles per day traveled by drivers located in low zip code areas.

Next to AMPD, differences in mean fuel economy with respect to
population occurred most frequently (nine carline classes, refer to
Table 4-2). In all nine cases, fuel economy in densely populated areas was
found to be significantly less than fuel economy in sparsely populated areas.

In four of these carline classes, the data exhibited a significant negative

26


GM FUEL ECONOMY STUDY
MPG VERSUS TEMPERATURE
CLASS 34000711
DATE 062476
CORRELATION COEFFICIENT = .0977
95 PERCENT CONFIDENCE INTERUAL = ¢-. 2721. . 4424)

MPG FOR EACH CAR

24.

22.

20.

ez@t-a

ERATURE (DEG ©)


A-57

NAL UAV ODD OOF OM AIAN OWS USA APR OOF AN OIN OF OONNINM ALTOS OPVOMOM
2O94A99099099950 90 03000000000090000090000909000909090000009090
LAWN PAPAS ONO FIA AE HANAN S UNDUE NUON DONO ONT NTA OD OIE MINING
NESTS NEN ENNIS NEN NIN UENINECICOCIUIN NEN ININENININ ONIN NIN GCN ENING INL EN ES LENG

999999G59090000900900009008909909990909999900199000095:
Ce

OMA S DOAN IR UIE MM AUMNNAN DIE ANOOUDMND DHDOOOS PACPUMNMMOOOD900O
DAAAP ATOM OO OIND DOA OER ER ROOM MM AM DD O00 FL FL POT ENSURE AIR IO IAIN
aa a TAN tet tetttet AM tet et eet ett

ND AE VV UNAO INNIS AS MM AMUUNUHOOMST FOSTER ENNOOOS FOSS NNNOORN AEA
RO OORRRRORRRARAR AERA ERED ODOORRERAR ARERR ORR CREE ODDO ODO

DAAADD DOL SF QOL OFS FF AAA OR NM OOMONRATA TA MMMIMMRMAT FAININIAINIA!
Ce ere eee e er crw cere ere r reese eee ee reeset tees seserss assesses
AM MM MM MAM MMM MMMA MMMM MM MMW DOO OOD OMINININADINT FOF TOONS TRERRARE
ONE TTD ENT INCI EIN EN INLET NINN Tate DEINE LIN INE NININ IU NININENIN LENIN LNLNININ EN LIND

NOVCODODAMDIONDIOIOMANNIDODOOD NO FH FTOONOOMO TAIN TOS YVAN

TR AASA DOF FODSRROANONN DOOOODONAMANVOR DONMMMD FURIN DONT FM MA tte

Nf DONORNTODDFORMOATOAMMMR SMM RIN AAAIN OM Mt ONE IIR Ot NIA
a 4 Atte AA

RII LEN I URI A IRI I td RIC PIN INR OM CUO NR CC
AN MNANNMoONDILVEU MaANnHnHUM dddmnandddddaeddaneDoKo<dcamdcamanoaomD

SrLAWNWNTALVYNTM°TA7TAFTTMANSTMTATAAAZVTLALALSLALTLALLALLZSALAAZLZAVT7TtzZ

NN92099009900900HOS TD 2DOOHMATDIOMIDOM ST BONTANFOOONOIVIOOOMAA
909909930090 05090006 3350 dR RIGO 9OOTHOSAOMAAIANONDIMDGH9909000
FMIDOFOIOGO SANDH ON TH IDORNDONKRARROSMOOAMONDANUD DOM 0OONIM ET TET
NER OHOIOMOONOA DL ERNHART WNAAOHOOT AUMNIN O OhAOMsMMNYSt oss
CN GANA Me mM AIRE NaN OO Ine NORA fre orreesr
RRO ani ad nm Mm "Dawa

N PDH HO YMIMINDD ION A.NMO OW DORKREN DONIIAMTMMON AIT DLOMONDN OLR OO rT

DARIAN DORR ODF OMRANINDOR NAD DION DON IAD AOANOARONAMR ADO FAINT TT

FARR AF ROA DRONO AS AN AF OM ONIN MM NMAND PSO DINATMOAT IAT FOMMB UTA

NAN AN A AADAM ON RAFMMOAR AND FAO OMA AMES FF VINE DA DMM aero
a nw nA

DODD AMHMNNANMMMMHMMMH NM MMHHHHHMMMMMMM

sec e cere scoes
COGHODDOOOCOSCOOS ISGLGOVO
SSS SS S885 S SSRs RO SD DO OMHGOSONAS OANOOONOANNNOONASOOOONHO 5055
DIR OIAIRIA OLAINID OLA IO ASAIN OND GINA GIN IAIN IN UIRIINING IOLA RIFT AULD I EULA A ON OLA AA LI
FE ODE IDE DE EID FD FONE OS OV OE FD FIND PE OEE TOI

ray

ANIM SOR DRO ANIM NOR DPOANUMSNON DOOANMTINON DORON FANON OTOH SNOn
O0000.0.0.00F REAR RARE DD DDDODDODTFAAOAAPIMPODVOVOIVD0OO4 I tet
BA EAA ENE AEE EE ME MED MM MMM MMA MAM MANN MANOS LSS IL FS SITS TESS SS
NAA Ah NA A AD A Ad ed hed Hid ee etd rd em le rh mh a lf al


MPG FOR EACH CAR

28.

26.

24.

22.

20.

GM FUEL ECONOMY STUDY
MPG VERSUS POPULATION
CLASS 25251212

DATE 062476

CORRELATION COEFFICIENT =~. 3544

95 PERCENT CONFIDENCE INTERVAL = (-. 6751.

L I
to. 20. do. 40. 50. 60. 70. a0.

POPULATION ¢ THOUSANDS?

+ 0790)

do.

=xK OK

601-a


A-52

MANN OF ON INNA SIO DINE SPAIN DARING OF OO INS OC NINA CONRAN INO
29008 0HO909000AMDOON9I0000900090909999050900300090300000400
DD SONS FPNODADN DS F OAS DOKOD SVAN FF OF OFT ANON OVS AONUMA
IN INI III RII IRI INCU INI NIAII IUINIIINIRINIIIOI CNIS

UNE R 0900 OF UOMO ONUNIANAINNNUAIN HAA OO OMON HHA MOAI MATOTNANOOO
LF POON S SF FF OMAN AMO DIO DNUNNN OD ANUNONNAD OD DOOND O.O0DDVH44 ODDO
FAA ANA RAIN ddd tot aaa

NANT AUNMMMMMMOORORNGOBOOS FF FAAATTAANNAAEE DDODVDOODOGOOMMHOOO
RARER ARR AR RR ORR RRR RRO OREAR EER RARER ERAR LS OOON ODDODDODOROLO

NINN OF HAAN RR MINIS SAAR NR AOE ENN NOOO SOOOORRN MMR rnd
ee errr Saree ere eee eee EP EOE ORE eee ee ees
MMMOMOS FTF TNE OOORRARA OOODDO OSS FHOMNS ST TUMODOOTOOOONN NODES TT
RENEE INTENT INTIS ININ TCL LENIN Tati STENNIS EINES INE ININT SIN UNINE INNES ITS EN IN EIN

NAN DON DD INIAT ODOM NOOMO SINR AAA OMNODAR NODS FRODOOOO ST PIN DUININN

DOOFA ODANNOM BNA AAA LNAAINOO FONE SHE ADMDA DOA NODS AENAIOOD

ABAD OIDOIONO a DOONMARINNEODONNAINESTAVNN Ne
vv aoa

WIT FOUN et Io OI AHO IAI NRA eu
DNHANdANMOMONd daddddaddd ddd dOUM SAND HVLUMOdaLNVUGEdNMoOdavHoND

VF LZZALT IOP ALZNLALLLLANMAZLZAZNALTIZ7TATAZLTAZZALLALALALTLALALTTFEZAPATLT

2OIANBVOR OMDOARMINDNDO9D O90 200099049070 90NOO WNDBMaAMIDNNC 994
899430 40ND00N9G050099F9-40'NG9O99 IONINIRNG 3NDGOVIWMIDALOIIG 33ND
DAI DOS MVOO A OGIAR AT IOOAIR ADR O99S DI NONOANGONOAENRANMDOHAADOS

HAAS A AAA OOMOFREAANNINDAAAR DAE? ARR AMAR WN ad ORANG
aan + ar AN 0 ON At HOTA 4 OO ID AN DOF NOE
a ” AMO N aa cain an meen,

VEN DDO GOT 0041 IAA OMBDMARTHIOMD DAINT NN QF UMA UNE WU OSE NNR

RIN TID 69 D DANIAE FD IRR AAU NODA TD OM FOND ONG HORM TON D DAR FHON IMD'0

ADR POA SR DOAN DAR ANNUM NTO F £ ~ IMMATARNSR OPEN OTD

ANAL AN AN 0-4 LEM FAM MO NN IO FAI AMUN ALAIN DM AME ONAL
4

real al allal alll al alltel alal etal al alal all as alalalalalalalalaliatalalal alata alalatal al alalalel all aralalal alata)

Peewee emcee ere reer cere erence eccr cesses reeresesees

OC GOCCP OCOC OGUGOOGOGODROS IIE OOO GE DOGGONIGHE WOOT 99OBGIC

SACRA ONE NIRNAOAINA MIRO DOOR DIANA ROAR NG RONSON VAAN NOI FORT
FOO SONS TAM LESAN ETON FS TI OF NODS FOTOS OOS FONTS FANOO FOS TOTS

OR OP OANIMS NOR DEIAUMS NON OPT OANMS NON DT IANM LN ON DF IANMIN ON GD 2-105
RRA RE DODO VOOOCAOSPA PTS SP 99 99090900 44 AA AAA NINNININAINI IM
BO9G0000019309909099 3000 9OA AAA AA AAA ASA AAA AAA AA AAA A A dd tt
5 par a BF a> re DSS OTD ne 1D DD TD DT ED Le ny


were used for the months of December 1974 or June 1975, depending on the
value of the Season parameter discussed above. (The assumption was made
that these months characterized the local climate during the duration of the
Winter and Spring-Summer surveys respectively, since the ranges in dates
between initial mailing of the surveys to General Motors' customers and
accepting responses for these surveys were November 1974 through February
10, 1975 and May 1, 1975 through July 31, 1975.) The units for these quanti-
ties are as follows: temperature — °C, relative humidity - %, precipitation
and snow/ice - mm. (The last quantity was not used in this analysis.)

The last column contains a four-digit model code. The first digit
corresponds to General Motors. The second digit corresponds to a specific
division of General Motors. * The last two digits correspond to the specific
model within this division. The correspondence between this code and car
model is given in Table 2-3 along with Body Type. The relationship between
the latter quantity and model was used to determine the four-digit model
designation listed for each car in Table A-2 (Appendix A). Unfortunately,
knowledge of the division and body type does not allow a distinction between
Vegas, Vega Wagons, and Monzas, for example. (All have Body Type 8 as
indicated in Table 2-3.) Whenever a situation like this occurred, the lowest
model number was used. That is, in the above example, all Chevrolets with
Body Type 8 were given the code 2402 corresponding to Vegas. This model
code was introduced into the data base solely for the purpose of determining
total sales of cars in each carline class. (Projected 1975 model year sales
data were provided by the EPA Project Officer by model for California and
Federal Light Duty Vehicles.) The method which was used to determine total
sales for a given class can best be explained by the following example. One
of the classes consisted of two models: 2407 and 2412. According to Table
2-3 this class could conceivably contain the following models: Chevelle (Malibu,

Laguna); Chevelle Wagon; and Monte Carlo. The total sales for this class

“This code was developed in conjunction with other EPA studies. Consequently,
the Division Code does not correspond to the one in the GM data base (see
Table 2-1).


MPG FOR EACH CAR

28.

26.

24.

22.

20.

DATE

GM FUEL ECONOMY STUDY
MPG VERSUS TEMPERATURE
29251212

CLASS
062476

CORRELATION COEFFICIENT = . 3207

95 PERCENT CONFIDENCE INTERVAL = ¢-. 1167. . 6539)
°

x xx
x x
x Xx x
x
x
pred
-4, 4. 4. a. 12. ie.
TEMPERATURE ‘DEG ©)

stt-@


A-2i

LONDON FS ADM AT HOROMADOMAL DOOM HALL AVO MOT OOM OLN ON 0D DONNA OF Nt OM
D DAN DN DIO ALE OAB TOMA tf OM AUR NS AR DBAIMEODOVO ST TNANMOOINDOOINOAGCIN
TO PAMV AAA DOAINIDOANIMM YM FFA O OCOD VIDS FF FAINAD DORE RDOR MS HFIAM IAI
CO ENINIFI ON PEE TIO O00 00-0 0 OF OR RNA RRR RR ARR RAR RRRR RR ODOOD OO Set

Adal ttt

See TTT DW WW WER RR ER EEE EE 292999927279 79777I7VIIIVDH HEHEHE
UNE TY ZEELELT BOVOOVUVVUV0V00 2 22 Z ZZ LZZAZLZZLAZLALLTLLLZAZLZALZLZLZEZZZ

“ 2 = 2

° « “ x 4 2z oa

es) aw > a “ on = 2 © a < ~
an xe £ Ze curr OW a 05 “or Zhen aw
w@ nu «a aw Ox = >+OexexeI5 34 of wo Brun zw z
O eEITIyY Te sou  xrioooun So ou ZZZwWu GFrO SH vorzzoO
YYHY HN VCOWC Zu TDpOnaanu TW O LOOK JInOHWLiLe <et LTO

QOUWSUNINONET ES ZOO ZFomyKwuw ssw wwr CLANNAHD-OOMVYs AYOIIMH
SHOR DET O>e ON ews sNONTAMVOwW KXZZ OK ZU IAWOXKTOELZOOHe wx HW ew
FF UOTOCOE OWLEWAXZD WEEE ICOOOUNO FLOR SZYUUER <dO0K HE Z > OOF
XA PWNAZHZE ZN > VAY FIOe DUOGH ONES COME Y HORE BZ BX IZZXIEAOS FOOM
ARNT Ieee SOU DOORN Ye NUW EY TZUN OUI ODOR ewe er
FFNXROFTF RA OUMUYIO>S>OZ OU EHS FOU WS SOND FIDE AOL ZaAdjsTTENOzZEzZOHs

Ce a
fon ile Ram tae amon tot TO ee Coe Cae ae eet ee Coen ee De ete nee ee Ete rel NEO meter Vee pe ret Nis Ee rata ne rene reto)

OC

Cr

POINT SIN INI IND aN IE tet as EO NINE are me eer MEL NIN INININ IN te tin mein Lata rei aD

7
a4

a
AFA TAM OOF AT IMAM CAT ON MARIANI MOD MORAINE MON DD OTOP ODARO OTT

ny
_ en 4d 4 a 4 ett tet

NING DDE OD OD IT AO NOM MAA VT OMO

er es
PAAR TO TOI OG UOT OE OD POE UT CO ete

SPA OE ER ter tat or HOI

DDR OP ANOS NON DARIAN MFI ON DRAANM FIN OR ORONO FO OR DORON ST NONOOR OM
QOQOO0 AAA AA MANIA NAIM OOM MMM AON OFF TPE Tr AIAN Nn 0
PP PAAIPFAADAI AO AHAAHA AAA PAMAAF POPS AAFAAADHF HAMA PAAAAAAASAAAAAAH


MPG FOR EACH CAR

26.

24.

22.

20.

14,

GM FUEL ECONOMY STUDY
MPG VERSUS RELATIVE HUMIDITY
CLASS 24000911

DATE 062476

CORRELATION COEFFICIENT =-. 3573

95 PERCENT CONFIDENCE INTERVAL = ¢-, 5823, -. 0815)

x x * Xy x ¥ x

xx os ae *

x x
x XR xXxy Xx yy XX
x x *
x
x
x

bs. 60. és. bo. +s. bo. 85. $0. $5. too.

RELATIVE HUMIDITY ¢ PERCENT)

18-d


APPENDIX C

FORMULAS FOR COMPUTING FUEL ECONOMY AND TESTING FOR
SIGNIFICANT DIFFERENCES IN FUEL ECONOMY*

Harmonic Mean Fuel Economy

where

——
mpg;

1 N

mpg = yD

i=l
N = number of cars per class

mpg.

i

miles/gallon for ith car in a class

Test Statistic

It can be shown that the following quantity is distributed as a chi-

square with a level of confidence and one degree of freedom:

( 1 1 \ 1
mpg; =TMPg, s sf

. Extracted from Environmental Protection Agency Report No.
EPA -460/2-74-001, Appendix III.*


MPG FOR EACH CAR

an.

44,

40.

36.

32.

28.

24.

20.

GM FUEL ECONOMY STUDY
MPG VERSUS ZIP CODE
CLASS 13000313
DATE 062476
CORRELATION COEFFICIENT =-.1135
95 PERCENT CONFIDENCE INTERVAL = (-. 4798, . 2864)

x x x x
x x
x x x x
x x %
x
x
x
1, 2 4, 4, 5 é 2 é 4 to
ZIP CODE ¢FIRST DIGIT


MPG FOR EACH CAR

28.

26.

24.

22.

20.

PIO OO XK

DATE 062476

GM FUEL ECONOMY STUDY
MPG VERSUS TERRAIN
24501211

CLASS

CORRELATION COEFFICIENT
85 PERCENT CONF | DENCE

x

KWOK X XK XK

! ! !
1.2 1.6 2

TERRAIN |NOEX

- 0583

INTERVAL

xx

Leary

|NDEX

2267,

i

« 3340)

Ss6-a


MPG FGR EACH CAR

x

28.

26.

24,

22.

20.

1
oO.
ser

GM FUEL ECONOMY STUDY
MPG VERSUS POPULATION

CLASS 45001413
DATE 062476

CORRELATION COEFFIC!ENT = .3315
95 PERCENT CONFIDENCE INTERVAL = ¢ .0307, .5773)

to. 20. 30. 40. 50. 60. 70. 80. %.
POPULATION © THOUSANDS?

X XOOOK XK KX

S9l-a@


MPG FOR EACH CAR

28.

26.

24.

22.

20.

t
QO.

GM FUEL ECONOMY STUDY
MPG VERSUS MILES PER DAY
CLASS 45001413

DATE 062476

CORRELATION COEFFICIENT = .5273

85 PERCENT CONFIDENCE INTERVAL = ¢ . 2660.

x x x x
x
x
xX xX xy
x
x x%& x % Xx
x *
x x
xX yy xX
xXx
x
! Lyx \ \ i \ 1
10. 20. 30. 40. So. 60. 70. 80.

MILES PER DAY

7164)

@Li-d


26.

24.

22.

20.

MPG FOR EACH CAR

x

DATE

GM FUEL ECONOMY STUDY

MPG VERSUS ELEVATION

CLASS 24000911
062476

CORRELATION COEFFICIENT = . 1378
95 PERCENT CONFIDENCE INTERVAL = ¢-. 1523,

i
Soo.

ELEVATION (FT

1 ! I
tooo. ts00. 2000. ds00. 3008. 3500.

t
4000.

- 4060)

4500.

I
3000.

os-a


MPG FOR EACH CAR

x

26. GM FUEL ECONOMY STUDY
MPG VERSUS TERRAIN INDEX
24. CLASS 35501412
DATE 062476
22. CORRELATION COEFFICIENT =-.0712
95 PERCENT CONFIDENCE INTERVAL = ¢-. 3401. . 2085)

20.

16. x

* g
14, x X

x

x x x
12.

x j x

x x
10. x

x x

x
8 x x

x
l i 1 1 1

8! a0 1.2 Le 2 24 28 432 4e 4 44

= TERRAIN INDEX

tst-a@


A-43

AAV ONOMN DUO OF OINAINID AVAL OAR VIND OM OF D.OMNVOMPOSUDRARREODOOT LAY
229999%966000009900909400090799990900993030999999009000904
DOTA OF ONAAAN DO FF FOIA ST NO FOE PAN ANAN MAUS ANAM UNIAID TAN ONIN
AMINA UNA IMIR AAU NUNN UINAIA UUSUUAINIU AI UNUIMAIAIS

BS OAAAONOMATS SANANNNONAAODONOA SIT FOOT HS SF FOPLOSI ST SOS SE FOTOS
NAMM MN AROOOAAAINIAD OFAN DO at ett dette titted
NONAIN  MMNINAdaetded FNIN  tet OTT TEE F ert rrr tort

WO AMAMAMOOUNNEFOTAA MALL MMNOMNOMOCOOLT DOGBLOGODDDODLVO9BO0LHNGN0D
MrOOONONS soe e ON A LOO ODD DOHA ODAD DG OOA DONA OAOO
ane iN ae aon 4 aot

NF DDD DOONINOO Ort ttt DINO DIN MAM MMAAMMAM MMM AMAMMMMMAMONMAMAMM
DORE RE OR OMDOO OOD ODO OMMONA DONODDONN ODDHDOON ON COOOON OC ON CMH OO

2909909902000 4090000990904 DBBD0 00900 DIUINNNONOO.ONNNNIOIS

DO DAA AIAN ONG ON OFS $F FNDON DO ONG GOS FF FOIONANATAOD ADEN OT FOMGS

00000000902 ON DODDOHHO DODO FT OFAAIRA NNO OOD OHO OOIN NOD ON OO ORRRAR DO
a SA cum

ED EA III I IR IIR ICU IO FOUN CU URI RCU UN CUCU uOU NRCC CCE
COdddddaunnddonnnme noone DdONUMOddddddaddddadaededeaddddaddad

ZASLLWWNAL TS 2 z7ATTAALSAALALLZAZLZLAALALAALLZPLAAZZNA~TZZAZ

20999 209990900990900 32000090M9990090090009000000902009030009

QONGIOF FADDONHG5569909090N3904399009090999099699906805927905856059

DOAMIS HONG FINGAS F $F FOOD DIB9397999933099999509966996593900

ID ORR TON ADETSEFIMMNA A AMAIA DD ONNAOGOMNNMNIDIINGEDSFOD

AA OAARN RF TAMMMMMANA WN ONRARINAIAM FR OOD04 NOANINGHMM FS
RN a Neer re re

POF MERON AND VOM EMO OOFAD OMOBIM.OOFHMONITFIMMON DO DIONNN VO TN TED

APD DADNOP THAD DAGANK DON AIDOOFONOADOMROWVIINMO OAS MADNOS ARMA

Stee w meee eee eee ener eens e eer eee ence rere eee ete ee eee sees

NOP APRAPMMIALIAT INN FONAD ATAHOOAT OMAN OF MOFOOIOAATINDIMAAT OAM OED

NUMA AVATAR EM AMA ON FOE AD FATR EON OFOF TAM OMAN ot
a

FOE SEO BEES PERE SNES ESSE E EIN SEE RERNENS EERE PEEOSN EE

meme meter er cere r ewes e sane ereeseceresecscesesrenescereses
29OCOONGSGOOGGO90G90OG00GO00 00990090000 0065+ VEECOBOOD20000
PNY ADGOOAHDAOHH DOVSIGAGOONDHOGOHAGOION DAN DNHODHOIHASOS AEBS
ONOVOMMINOMAAINOOSN OANOADONOMNHS AMIN AUNIRO NARA GIA MANIA ANIROCOO
FO UNS FO FUNDING FO FN FF EOE COIN IO FANE FA AOI

1 FO DN OPOMAUM LIN ON OF CHAM LINON OPO SINDEN OP OMAAUMFINOROAOMNMSINOROD
00D D0 00RREREEAARAR O© DOOD DO DOROAOPOAPAOAIOQOIONDION AA tet
AA I ER IA AIR I IAI LRA LA IAI I UV EMAIMIOINIAIIAIIN DODDS DDOOOD OOOO OD00NO


GM FUEL ECONOMY STUDY
MPG VERSUS TEMPERATURE
CLASS 35501411
DATE 062476
CORRELATION COEFFICIENT = .1611
95 PERCENT CONFIDENCE INTERVAL = ¢~-.0991. . 4006)

MPG FOR EACH CAR

20.

-4,
ms

xx
x x
xy x
x x
x x
x
* x
Ky
x OK
x
x
1 !
b 4 8. 12.

TEMPERATURE (DEG 0)

Lyi-@


30.

26.

24.

22.

20.

TMPG FOR EACH CAR

yorx x

DATE 062476

GM FUEL ECONOMY STUDY
MPG VERSUS ELEVATION

CLASS

CORRELATION COEFFICIENT =
95 PERCENT CONF | DENCE

boo. 1000.
ELEVATION (FT)

}s00.

1
2000.

34501011

. 2441

INTERVAL = «7.0970,

t
2500.

!
3000.

1
3500.

1
4000.

+ 9339)

!
4500.

1
S000.

s2t-a


APPENDIX A

LISTING OF DATA BASE

A-1


MPG FOR EACH CAR

x

28.

26.

24.

22.

20.

GM FUEL ECONOMY STUDY
MPG VERSUS TEMPERATURE

CLASS 24500911
DATE 062476
CORRELATION COEFFICIENT =-. 0558
8S PERCENT CONFIDENCE INTERVAL = (7. 3469, . 2452)
x
x
x
x x x

* x x x x
x
x
x x
x x
x
x x
x x
By,
x x xy
x x
x
1x ! L
a. 4 & 12. 16. 20.

i) TEMPERATURE (DEG ©)

t6o-a


30.

28.

26.

24.

22.

20.

MPG FOR EACH CAR

GM FUEL ECONOMY STUDY
MPG VERSUS PRECIP! TATION
CLASS 34501011

DATE 062476

CORRELATION COEFFICIENT =-. 0085

95 PERCENT CONFIDENCE INTERVAL = ¢~-. 3408,

x x*
x x
x
x
¥x Re *«
x
x x x x
x
x
x x
%
x
I I 1 1 i 1 4 i
40. 80. 120. 160. 200. 240. 80. 320.

PRECIPITATION ¢MM>

+ 3257)

oct-a@


A-15

MOU ORRIN O tO AMD ON Rd atte DANI AE FOO ODINAID DO OANMNSO00 OARROONG
MAM F DOAN DADO DAA AMIN SF FA ON TO ODOC IAAI AM DORRRDOTOONANR DOOFAIW
HAA UIAINIACAR AO Ra Poet OF RIAL DAVAIIIIADIOVIOIAA AAA AT
COO E909 NN. FE INNIS IS ION OND DRA? IDA INIIIWOINONI9O9990909090
INO EID. OED LIMA IY OIA UDI 0 ODDO 0D0D0H000000 5000050000

SR ttt 2227 2777 ZOO III 4 ts 4
FS Se SE EE RE LE EE EEE EAT ZEEE a te a gt tt dt tat a att

rad v

pats % >
w Cn Trunons x &
= al oe We we a TM
Sou wea > testss ano oF VTZRZZ OO 9 ad
Zee wwsue  « SOoseTr ww wn CoooeGoas ZrO Heaeo 20
HeSayxe oye Zor uganast FRU oO KRaaaazan SZY¥EO MuwezZzss ob
DIATIDAIONY abn area — ar aos SOW UNWO AR WO xe sOORMwrw
My¥d046 4UN9724 WeWUWCh WU NOUN Tz ZO0AO ST HHRWOUIEZ DDE RHE
ZIT TE RRA FA SOSSEDITOWeO Gwe Te¥ Me YY Ye ONT INI ad s5

A227 BINUZOIWO MNZN27 > SOO Y FIG I INNNHNOA UM ONODDZ&X SOULE TOUwWZZ AI
CX TU OE TO HO US ye BUOY Ye IW TT Het
AUMW EE SEP EVOL MEEK ES ONK ITU ZT A qOOOOT ZA NMS FFOOWWWN FS ESENO

a
AER A A LN tH rd AN th LH od eH NAD dA Lh dt td th od eed ad et 0 ah Ht ol ed af ot

ee ee
TONE Net FE AE FL IRIS UE AE OAL RAISE ed PE IIE OIRO ILS A ed et

ee
- YODA IND WIT OMNL NF RPORMSANN SF IF LOL OOD IFLR LAP AL OSL A FOSS ATM
_ 4 ate ~ A de tte ted

pote

eee cece ee rr
HA Rea OD UA AOA ARID DIMEN UAL BRO

PR WO SOA ER UR OT et OR tet A OW PTO ADT FN ATO IF NEAR IOV AOI
UR a ALIAS NORRIE EO or TL RAR AU OID MAO OD FAD TAME ANN Oe
Pere ee Se a
DNAS PO AD dom mol TTT O 9A OQ BAA DIM ARNO AOR DONNA
ARN ated 4d te dete tet Aetetit AANA ANd dL A tt tt

ey etc wee
OP EE tO ete tem POO EE ON Or rT OT CO

RIM TOTS POTN

PAPI ONO DANIEL ORN OP AAI FD ON DAO ANI NI IN ON OT IANO ON OTOH ROR OO
000 00:0 0RRARRARRRR OW DDOOH DH OPTS POPAOPT IOVO 99000 ONIN
CAIN ERI ES NUNN VL NN EU LUNE ENV ENE EVE IV VEO OD 00.0.0 .0.0.0-0.0.0.00.00.0.00


MPG FOR EACH CAR

28.

26.

24.

22.

20.

DATE 062476

CORRELATION COEFFICIENT = .5174
95 PERCENT CONF | DENCE

-4, 0. 4.
TEMPERATURE ‘DEG 0?

GM FUEL ECONOMY STUDY
MPG VERSUS TEMPERATURE
14000612

CLASS

INTERUAL = ¢

2058 . 7337)

x x
x

x x
x x

x
x

x

20. 24. 28. dz

Le-d


A-20

ADR NT FDOT OO AIT A OVNI DOR ONO OODAER © LUN ATF ADU TDO FORNMODY
FPO OM TAIN At IANA D NID 9 IOAN IFO dL HAOO FOF OOMOOCONTINONM AR BOM Te VO
RE AD DO FO AIM FL OI TF OD HAIN OOD AMES OD DO Qe ODO
DENA AE TST TINA NAIR RR RR RR DOM DOD VORA OO ttt at td NIRINIRININIICI IAL
PRATT AIDA AH IFT POLFO PRAAAPAG TF RAP RAPOAO

idAddtadddddddddareveryvetddaddaqndaadadavdaddadaaqaaqaaaaad
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real v x
" me we im
+ 2 > OD w o >
Cr ale a JOzLO Ous
Fou WOW a wo wood w =z4
Wo MNOUTe CO | ww 7O wow a ew a_e xan
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FRR AOU OM et WFDS 449495477 DNL FF HW WNWOMZ WO >
19 Owe LOFT ROMO WIE s 2 ZOOWEEES FI dade 22M ED IDSReOIuSe FO
Ron Se ards RAT RWW WOE rON DO 2X ¥ HWW EE IT WOU E OMODRWO

Ye LN ZZZVOHDZZZO GIIIjO9*ZH 44 400C2 WOO TZT CW BD OUR WIZ MW
CMe Oe TAPIA te O dd oO dAOWWWA tae aT Oh DEO oee TwoAW eww awa
0 STN IID AIFE WON ENE NNW DAME ET HONNIVEA NOLL OE INERAOMSITIT FOI

ry
NAA II dO td Ah dtd tO td ed at tt dd etd reed led dd dd ld ted ted

eee ee ee
OV eh LL ED CO Ut A OT ENT ERIS ANE DE OO IRL ED ted OR et AOE OO

re
MAM F ORO NIAINE I OFHOMS NORA
— at ett - oat

36
Be
Ge
Ge

Att aaa 4a 4 a

ee
ADT WA VO OPEC DON RAO UA RA ONO RANE OANA DOOM
‘ a a

WP DAD HOW. IN FORM EE ODD OMS
{AAI DIOP PIL NORE OONTO
ee ee ee
PTD OE AE OF OF ODURLNDS FF OU
ANAL Ad tet ted A et

Cs
LE Et EO HE OED AE OC EIEN oF ALE HON ONS Od

DTOANM TN ONDE OANMSINON DT QAVUNSN ONG TF OANM SIN OF OPOANM FNON DODGE
TPAD DD DAD NNN 000000000. 0R ER ERA AARA DDDDHDO DO DOORASIPPOPAPOQOCOGO
DT VEDOMND HO DOOD OOD ODO DOOGD HOODH OOD OOO DH DOOD DOOHIHOO DO DOOOOOIAS HH


28.

26.

24.

22.

20.

MPG FOR EACH CAR
us
&

a.
x

XN

2

b.
~ P

GM FUEL ECONOMY STUDY
MPG VERSUS PRECIPITATION
CLASS 25251212

DATE 062476

CORRELATION COEFFICIENT =-. 1840

95 PERCENT CONFIDENCE INTERVAL = (-. 5620.

x
! i
40. 80.

RECIPITATION ¢MM>

1 1
$20. {e0. Soo. 240. 280. 420.

- 2576)

foo.

third


2A. GM FUEL ECONOMY STUDY
MPG VERSUS ELEVATION
whe CLASS 15250914
DATE 062476
24, CORRELATION COEFFICIENT = . 2562
95 PERCENT CONFIDENCE INTERVAL = ¢-.0739. .5358)

20.

16.

x x
x
14 x
* x x
& x “x ex x x *
rs) x x x
5 Ww xy x
xx x x
x
© 10. x x
é x
L i ! i ! ! I
8 4. doo. 400. boo. 800. 1000. 1200. 1400. 1600. 1800. 2000.

” ELEVATION (FT)


A-16

F ND DHA SO OMINNANANINOO NAR DO FO OOF OAT SM ODOR ROA HM AODMMMO AT TAM
IAI OD AUD D RO AAAS FOO DSOANNINAINMM MES FFT FRQOOHOS FOSRAROOTOND
TET TET ETT ARAINAAD DAWN 0.0.0 9-0: 0000 0.5.D:DD DN DDD ODOAANMM FS SIANOOONNO
IAATM"IDDI IPD 99999909909. 3997999969900990909900 DON tet rticttated etetet ttt
££ 9500.05 9H5N600655 9 0.0.0 95 6565.50.55 00.5000 00.00000.0099.0.00000000

J 9333 999 9 4h 9 3 4 3 tt 5 hh hh 9 ts 9 4 9 tt J
fasrenyenvenveny en unyuny arya yari era ran jen runyen antes Ten ten ten] oven len renew eu yer Jun lun [us Deven tus lun yes wefenjocteslunluitontos [ulus luelue ius [ue les Tuolos loool

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- >>

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- n ea a Added i=] wwe z oO

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FOWOYZZ FAN QMOOOZ 44 OOMNDOOOCOODCTOOOOCOZOOOL Xkan>>+Dw Oo ze

WOT FUE LIM LH TF A>PODOOHDODOODODOOOOOIOOO DO Hamaweze Fd taeioces
LBM eewweddaeoe ddd aaaaadOaddwin NnnzZ>OeHHMzea>
DROW 9X09 2204 COWUVOVDOLOGO000 VOLLOOO0U00 J¥ We WL Lie Xara xe OU
S22 EK IX LOFFOOO CaM I? OO >O II ENA NOOOOIMN
Tid dud aad NON aaa TT TET IT TI TT IrI Tre Tra OOOO awoo awww eu
VIDAIZAZ OA F FOOF III Z ZOO GOGO CO OVU000 JOU 4&2 SYOOOXeLE BL A0 OOF

i er a ry
AN DN Ah lh A AL hh Ah hd Ad de hd th ed er ee ee dd a a em ot ed

Pe ee ee
FTE POINT AUNT AIA AE NAIL OY SUMO UI SAL SLES LINN SAND A FANNIN AEP TOT

ee ee ee ee
BFP ODIF FNIOSS NUE FPL IN IONID INF OOFOFOIFAPNOBPOMOODOD
FAAS ee et dete att et idee ted a dat

Lte

lie

a
DALI AINE OY DEN OFAC ANT MOND ALM MAH ISIE ONAN IAD DOU OM OI ONO UNICO
a4

Sa UN SDDA RO AP MMOLE OM OO FHV AM FD AOA PHVORRINOMONDOMNNOOR men
FV RUNING ROMO AOD SAM MIA UD FD. F DONDE FOWDOMOAANARRS FAMON

Sew e ewer ere ee se eerenecrce ree nvaererseserereseressecces
2 NRS E9O DN DW INS FPO VOD IARANAVAOIME UNDO ATMA FOOAT OR OOO
Fad a ed AA AA Re ited Atetedettet mt ded

eee
TAT AE TT TNO FOS AS AU AS AS AE LOS EOL AT OAL SEO ENO ONE OE He ert

VAAN FO CROP OA SW OR DROFAAM FOO DA DANUM FW OF OD DANMINOROT OMIM FINO
SNS MMMM MOM OS FFF FI SL FS FANNIN 00000 DODD ORRARRARR
OND D 0D DD 00000000050 10.9000000 DD DDDDDODDDODOHOGODOOONODOHOODOHD 0000


MPG FOR EACH CAR

30.

28.

26.

24.

22.

20.

Ea

GM FUEL ECONOMY STUDY
MPG VERSUS POPULATION
CLASS 34501011
DATE 062476
CORRELATION COEFFICIENT = .0192

95 PERCENT CONFIDENCE INTERVAL = (~-. 3160,

to. 20. bo. 40. ‘50. bo. 70.
POPULATION ¢ THOUSANDS?

+ 3502)

XK

XK K RK

= K WOK

S2I-a


MPG FOR EACH CAR

30.

28.

26.

24.

22.

20.

- 80

a

DATE 062476

CORRELATION COEFFICIENT =-.0322

GM FUEL ECONOMY STUDY
MPG VERSUS TERRAIN
34000711

CLASS

95 PERCENT CONF! DENCE

KK OK XK OX x

x

2 eB
TERRAIN INDEX

INTERVAL

C~,

INDEX

3872,

a

- 3320)

6tt-a


MPG FOR EACH CAR

x

30.

78.

26.

24.

22.

20.

GM FUEL ECONOMY STUDY
MPG VERSUS Z21P CODE
CLASS 34501011
DATE 062476
CORRELATION COEFFICIENT = .3412

85 PERCENT CONFIDENCE INTERVAL = ¢ .0090. . 6056)

EX x
RoR xO x
, .
x
P,
x
b. | b 3 4 4 & OB

> ZIP OODE (FIRST DIGIT

o-
o-

9zI-a


A-46

ANE AN AUDA EDR NIM OAM ON FOUN OU LDF NU ONAUOUUNE ANAT DORON
2HO900670900020007007190900000000-1000009400990000004000000000
FF NVONDS DHS FUMADS SN SOOUNG FS MOOK FFAG DG OF NOSNONS NGO SANOANANNN
OTT NTT IN ETNIES INENIN EES NINE NEN IN LEN LINEN INN INESIN ENON DCIS LILES UC TES NN Lata

POA ttt AAA AAA Att AA AOD O AMMA AMO IOOOOOOO IOGOIOOAM AO tet AeA DD
ray in

AAR ROMO MRR ADOT OAPAOSCOR AEST DINAN IN MAIINININUR 00000 0F 000 04 MO
NAMMOREARRO ONE LE LE FINDA LSS MDOT DOD OHO AD OOOO AMMAN MEI HAA
a a et

AHOQOOS £57790 0C CODOORF COOOL OOF DOHDBODKh DOWW OM MINININ IAIN INI OO
RRR RRRRARARR REPRE OOORRRA ORR EER ERERARARARRORAREEREARERINNO

NUM MMMM OS SESS LS ODDS FFF NDOK 0000060 0.0.0 ONIMIAINININIINE UNIVE OO

Pee e rower cere secre se reser erreset eres eern seers estes sere eee

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NNN FAN AAA AAT At AIAN ed tt

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NODS FO FF TNOOOR CO Ht tititet ANIA INN OR NAT AIM MUNANO DODOOOOOMRM
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Adda aa N mm

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DOD fA§ GNDHHOHADNHANANHMAMOMNMOHNdddddddnond ddddndnnoomormodacadd

FILALTAZLLAALAAZVSFSAL7LZLASSATLALTAALT7L7ATA7~ALTALZAZLA~ALZLTLATZzZ

2DMDODDGOOMMON9MO9999908NG0700090000999009999N0000009000020
NINMQDDOOOK DIDO 0G999999900049999909399960991903806909990039590
MODBINIOADD 09N99909999000803993300003099094 3060999965505

ANADMOON DANNEOOSISO9ONGIONGDO3SG909O — 0 DOD ODMONDIGGOABAGROVO

rr cam ce AAAAAINAAWA NAAMANAN 4 4 83090200 mine
oan DHOOOMOHDDN MAMMMMM SO RRRARRARRT 4A4
Aa tt

DY DU ODAFALU AON DAR DINM FFI OMADTRD OTE TO OMAN FHONO UNOS NAN WOMA

ONIOFANSRMAMHONS DAM QOM MMO DOM

te et eco ee

OAR ONMONNOINOAN EM NON OD DARN ALF

OM AIM FU ONNE SP ANGIDS MALO OF ENT FUCA OF ARMANI AMMO
4 4

SUES EER EEE EE EE RNR eS EEE EES EES EERE EEE EBN EET Eee

ey
BOOSOOOOOGOOCOOGSOOTCONOOCOOSOGGOOOCT LE 9OC OOOGILOLC DO90CGG
29ODODDBDOHNHDN909G990699545O6050060569600000900F0090099090905045
ONC GODNALCNNANHOHAAHARNNDROHDNOHONOHOONHOKOOHODOUONSS HLOWDHGS
FTN OT AADNNAL FAL LOS FOOT AS OST ST FSIS STS TIO SLOG ST PT TOLOONIN SY

FD OR DOORN DOR OF DANS NOR DO OHANMSNOR DT OANM SIN ON DFOMNMLFNON DOO
MAMMA FFL SETLIST IANANANNOOIN 0000000 DDOREERAREERA DODO DOOODD>
RRR RRR ARR RRR RRR ARBRE RR RARER RARER RRR AREER ERE EERE EAR AARL


A-56

ROR ONAN OS SUNN MAM ON OO FE FROFUAIAIAN DONS OF AUT ODA UF OMAR ET ROW
2Q00A®D099090000002006000006000000909080090000009099000903000
FOF OF FHNONDASUANADS VAN ONNNS NMNS TANT OS ON OMN TOON NIAMS FN
AINA UAININININIAINIUAIAIA UNA AIRLINE RAINIAINIRIUN IRIN INI RAIN IAIN IU I

FFF TAIT OMMOMMAMOR FOSOPFAAA ATO] DOOOFOOD OOD ODOO DO DOK PAPAS tet O
MMMMOO FMODCDOCOOR MO ONAN ANNAIAIR ett etd ted ot teded ected od tte ent tet tet tet OF
RAMA ARIAL dete det dtd eet tid ah deh ted ed ed eat ed et Aid od to a al eter tet ete

RERROCIR OO OOO OOFR DOS $5 FOS ES EPA AIO DOOOOAIN
RRRR DOOR COODOO ORR CORRE RORAER RARE RR ARERRERAREREE EEA ODOOOOOOF

DDD F LNG FS FSF GOLD LS FF LFF FLOM CEE HEN MENA EN MT FFF TH AAO
ee emer e reece tere w ers orre reser eseseeresseeseoeeeseseroese
DDDDOOLDO00000 000 OMAHA AM ANNAN SUNN tte et Omen
AA ANI NAAN NIN a AUN AINA AIAIN AU INA IRIN NAIA AINA

VONNMNONOST POCONOS NODDOOONNNNIODIOIOONT OOOMNININN ANNO DOOOOND

FROOFAMOONNS FHQOMDAT FMOKAPAKQOFANAGHAPA AFA AAAAA A AMONLOLE 000

NDA APQOROT ADOT ANLFAD O00 GNM OR D000 000% OO ONINIADNOOININOS ONT OOF
daw ot tte

RIN III INU IRIS CU RINIIN INUNI NII UNIINININCCIRINNA
dd Onno ddoDDOMOOdNdoOdddddddddaddddddddd dddaddaddddomonaan

FRDTALTLZAZNWNTZZNZZAZLZZTNA7TLSZZM7 Fun zZzz2zz77TATALZZLLA~ZzATTS

VODOONOVBHOOSOAY FO99TCON19009004M0090092H000090000040M0309000
DIDDOAGIMANDIO OP DOAOOOS MOGBODIAMIDOMMM GOOAIGHOGONHF0S99900
DDO QNDIMING FODNOOS DARN AMM OANOOARONOORAK OOD0O0OS9ONOFMOAONA
NAMAL MAAACMNARM NOG IMIMENTFAARM NOALTSTOIIASIOIONR A RRamA

TOMM MAROON INIA et D0 IARI NINAINIINIAIINING ot IN tt
tr Pavatataratatatalal a4
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FINAN FFORNNM DN OODMNMOMNEOHONH OY FOMOM FOS NOMI IMIM DFNIFA ON OWN

NIAMS ANMIMAINAOIDDOMONOON £ONF MAND INO OFAN DMO OIOMON TFROMAORNDOIO

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A NMANANONNDO OEAINIAIN OMIA ANIA NON GDM AO DE OH OUNMAAOIN OIA AAINAINIAD
FAL OL OF LFF FOF TOFD SANSA LODE SL LONG FOF ONG TS TODS FODNS TOWNE

F NORODOM SIN OR DO OAN MEN OR DF OHAUMS NOR DPONNM IN OM DPOMNM FIN ON OOD
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AM MMM AA MMMM MAM A AM MM ATA AM MAM MMM MAMMA MMMM MAMA MAMMA MEA MM me my
LAA td eh rah ht a ht ee a ti do mh A a a oh ed al Oh AA ed te tt


A-10

OO OF AAD OD A IAGOAD ONE ON EO FIO DM MMR HAIN FO DOF ANNNOON OAS ONEAOITO
HAA AD OOM F DAF ON NDONMAD OF NO DDOHAAMOQOM ES ND OS Art F FNODDOAHAAOOD
RINIAIAIM FAWN D DORR EAR DEAD VO AAO MM OO PLL LS LL HI NAMANIAIIAIOIN 00-0 ORO
VIERA RSI SOS AIOE OS IAT IRS CF ET TT OF OF FN CRN NN NER CY CHF ERED ET EF ED HE NERD CODE AD CI. CHET CED
NV EN NEN NET EEN ERNE ENE ET EEN ENN ET EEN CNET OND CED I ETN TERT EO OOD CED EAY NERD DEFY ERD TY CHD COREA ADEPT ERD EHD ED EAE RID OEM

J 4 9 9 33 5 5 ht 5 5 3 ht ht hh 3h ht I SS
BUUKEEDE EERE le Ul

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w
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32344 > ms OM ue oa aw aad Ve _ V8 _ VOW w Co 22>
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2 PP>> ClaWwOeMee oa a) fO OC WY SmmmMroOuwMeT Hee Ren & aero
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VV XX ZANE TWA dae aU Oa FET O4Xvedddaaxe TEs laaOw zaanaanaaaw
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31440 dwar 7 Dwyane DD Qwod¢dhe sjddwd caecuide ee
777A OLOMNEOE FOOML TO VEE ENING FEED ANDO IIZA NRE er RS

i ee i a
ss bentan tan ten tan bate tantanken tan conten hanten Lan lan Lar lae Las Leelee hana Lae ton bar Tem hee ee eC Sa Lam Le Le Ln ge ee ee Coe em oe ie ne tee tee Loe tee Looe)

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AOA A tA Deh HA AI 0d Od AE AO AO Nt a ete et ld ead at 0 OE INI IN

ee
DPA EAI CNR S VOPR ADS EOD OORD £7 FROONNA ST FO ONMAROOTNOLARMENDOE
AOA ete A tet aa “ 4 Atetet a4

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SD TOR AE Na IAT DOM OT SOD) OMVRIAAREN ST F ODF NIDODOSUMAMEMAMINANOO

Fin ore DAT FUR MAO D TAND AM FARINA IN DDGIND POM AAI DAUMRIOAMMo OM
eee cere

ADAM AT OD:

AAA A IIA AI dd NI it ditt

CR
FALE IR ER LE DENTE OO LO CO ORT REE HEE REE OE URI ORI EINIALS AMM SOU EIR Me He

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ENDED NODON OK FEEOTO SF FOQVO 900 IOUT MM Mt AN AININIOQININIERI NICU ee
UTE NTNIN IS ENINININEN INTC INENIN INIT tutus Tastes tales tastes lost ates tes oa a as al LT


MPG FOR EACH CAR

26.

24,

22.

20.

XXX XK X

KX KK KKK RK

DATE 062476

CORRELATION COEFFICIENT

GM FUEL ECONOMY STUDY
MPG VERSUS TERRAIN
14500912

CLASS

95 PERCENT CONF ! DENCE

KOK ROR ERC OIE OK OHO

xx

he be 2
TERRAIN INDEX

0085

INTERVAL

XXX

c-

INDEX

2306,

a

«= 2144)

ber"


MPG FOR EACH CAR

x

28.

26.

24.

22.

20.

'
. 80

CLASS 14000612
DATE 062476
CORRELATION COEFFICIENT =~. 1804
95 PERCENT CONFIDENCE INTERVAL = (-. 4978,
x
x
x x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
2 be 2 be be 42 Ae 4

TERRAIN INDEX

6M FUEL ECONOMY STUDY
MPG VERSUS TERRAIN INDEX

- 1796)

eed


MPG FOR EACH CAR

x

26.

24.

22.

20.

o-

GM FUEL ECONOMY STUDY
MPG VERSUS POPULATION
CLASS 45501412
DATE 062476
CORRELATION COEFFICIENT =~. 3157

95 PERCENT CONFIDENCE INTERVAL = (7. 5076. -. 0940)

to. 20. 30. 40. ‘50. 60. 70.
POPULATION ¢ THOUSANDS)

KKK WROROOOOK BK OK XX

T8t-a


GM FUEL ECONOMY STUDY
MPG VERSUS ELEVATION
CLASS 14000912
DATE 062476
CORRELATION COEFFICIENT = .0053
95 PERCENT CONFIDENCE INTERVAL = ¢-. 3067, . 3163)

MPG FOR EACH CAR

x

22.

20.

zerad

ELEVATION (FT)


MPG FOR EACH CAR

30.

26.

24.

22.

20.

GM FUEL ECONOMY STUDY
MPG VERSUS ELEVATION
34000711

CLASS
DATE 062476

CORRELATION COEFFICIENT = .0128

95 PERCENT CONFIDENCE INTERVAL

x x
x
x
x
x x
x. x
x
XXX
*
x wm *
x x
x x
x
x x
I 1 I } 1 !
0. 400. 800. 200. 1600. 2000.
=

ELEVATION (FT)

bao Oo.

(-, 3491,

de00.

4zn0.

+ 3714

i
3600.

1
4000.

ozt-a


MPG FOR EACH CAR

26.

24,

22.

20.

9

oO.
wa

GM FUEL ECONOMY STUDY
MPG VERSUS POPULATION
CLASS 14500912
DATE 062476
CORRELATION COEFFICIENT =~. 2497

95 PERCENT CONFIDENCE INTERUAL = (-. 4474, -. 0288)

to. 20. 40. 4p. bo. 60. 70.
POPULATION ¢ THOUSANDS?

Le-d

x

KX OK XK XO WOCOOK BOOK


GM FUEL ECONOMY STUDY
MPG VERSUS TERRAIN INDEX
CLASS 35501411
DATE 062476
CORRELATION COEFFICIENT = .0336
95 PERCENT CONFIDENCE INTERVAL = ¢(~. 2244, . 2872)

20.

evi-d

OX ROKK ROOK BROROREOX KX

MPG FOR EACH CAR

x

em OK KX K OK RK

x

1 1 1
7 1.2 1.4 1.6 i)

TERRAIN INDEX

N
N
N
a
N
o
N
o

wo


MPG FOR EACH CAR

x

30.

28.

26.

24.

22.

20.

DATE

062476

GM FUEL ECONOMY STUDY

MPG VERSUS MILES PER DAY

CLASS

CORRELATION COEFFICIENT =

85 PERCENT CONF | DENCE

fo. 20.
MILES PER DAY

34501011

«5010

INTERVAL

<

- 2014,

+7149)

@et-d


MPG FOR EACH CAR

x

52.

48.

44,

40.

36.

32.

28.

24.

20.

1
QO.

w

GM FUEL ECONOMY STUDY
MPG VERSUS POPULATION
CLASS 23000313
DATE 062476
CORRELATION COEFFICIENT =-. 2671

95 PERCENT CONFIDENCE INTERVAL = ¢-, 5551.

D 1 1
lo. bo. $0. 40. x 50. 60. 70.

POPULATION ¢ THOUSANDS>

- 0782)

19-2

x xX


MPG FOR EACH CAR

32.

48.

44,

40.

36.

32.

28.

24.

20.

GM FUEL ECONOMY STUDY
MPG VERSUS RELATIVE HUMIDITY
CLASS 23000313

CORRELATION COEFFICIENT = . 2165
95 PERCENT CONFIDENCE INTERVAL = ¢-. 1313 .5168>

x x
x x xx * x
x x
3 x x
Xx
I I l !
So. 25. 80. 85. 30. $s. 100.

, RELATIVE HUMIDITY ¢PERCENT)

so-d


This report is issued by the Environmental Protection Agency to report
technical data of interest to a limited number of readers. Copies are
available free of charge to Federal employees, current contractors

and grantees, and nonprofit organizations - as supplies permit - from
the Air Pollution Technical Information Center, Environmental Protec-
tion Agency, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27711, or from the
National Technical Information Service, 5285 Port Royal Road, Spring-
field, Virginia 22151.

This report was furnished to the Environmental Protection Agency by Aero-
space Corporation, El Segundo, California, in fulfillment of Contract No.
68-01-0417. The contents of this report are reproduced herein as received
from Aerospace Corporation. The opinions, findings, and conclusions ex-
pressed are those of the author and not necessarily those of the Environmen-
tal Protection Agency. Mention of company or product names is not to be con-

sidered as an endorsement by the Environmental Protection Agency.

Publication No. EPA-460/3-76-029

ii


GM FUEL ECONOMY STUDY
MPG VERSUS TERRAIN INDEX
CLASS 44500912
DATE 062476
CORRELATION COEFFICIENT =-.0151
95 PERCENT CONFIDENCE INTERVAL = ¢~. 3175. . 2902)

20.

x
6st-a

x

KX RK KX X

x

MPG FOR EACH CAR

KK XX K RK ROOROKK

n
1.2 14 1s 1.8

TERRAIN INDEX

Ne
N-
N
N
-
Nv
a
Nv
o

wo


MPG FOR EACH CAR

26.

24.

22.

20.

GM FUEL ECONOMY STUDY
MPG UERSUS TEMPERATURE
CLASS 44500912

DATE 062476

CORRELATION COEFFICIENT = . 2054

95 PERCENT CONFIDENCE INTERVAL = ¢-. 1051,

x x
x
x
x x * x x
x*% 2 x *
X K KX
x x x x
xX
x
% x
4%
x
x
x x
I 1 1 ! i 1 il i]
9. 4, 8. 12. 16. 20. 24. 28.

TEMPERATURE (DEG 0)

2 4794)

€9t-a


MPG FOR EACH CAR

x

26.

24.

22.

20.

e-

GM FUEL ECONOMY STUDY

MPG VERSUS MILES PER DAY

CLASS 45501412
DATE 062476

CORRELATION COEFFICIENT = .5232
95 PERCENT CONFIDENCE INTERVAL = ¢ . 3347,

x x xX x « Xx
x x x xx % x x
x x Lx "x x
x wasted xy
x *% XX x x
x xx x x
x x
x x
* xX ye Xx x
xx x
x
x
1 I ! 1 L i] L t
10. 20. 30. 40. 50. 60. 70. 80.

MILES PER DAY

-6714

x

KX XK

sst-d


MPG FOR EACH CAR

x

28.

26.

24.

22.

20.

‘80

3

GM FUEL ECONOMY STUDY
MPG VERSUS TERRAIN INDEX
CLASS 15251212
DATE 062476
CORRELATION COEFFICIENT = .0835
95 PERCENT CONFIDENCE INTERVAL = (7. 3222. . 4634)

x

x

x

x X x

x

x x x

x
x x
x
L L I t 1

12 1.6 2. 24 2.8 3.2 3.6 4 4.4

TERRAIN INDEX

gs-d


MPG FOR EACH CAR

x

48.

a4,

40.

a.

32.

28.

24.

20.

i
a.
ww

GM FUEL ECONOMY STUDY
MPG VERSUS ELEVATION
CLASS 13000323
DATE 062476
CORRELATION COEFFICIENT =~. 0132
95 PERCENT CONFIDENCE INTERVAL = ¢-. 4324. . 4107)

x
x
* *&
x x
xX x
x
x x
x x

L 1 ' I ! L I 1 1 1

500. 1000. 1500. 2000. 2500. 3000. 3500. 4000. 4500. 5000.

ELEVATION ¢ FT)


TECHNICAL REPORT DATA
(Please read Instructions on the reverse before completing)

7 REPORT NO. z. 3. RECIPIENT'S ACCESSION NO.
a. TITLE AND § IS. REPORT OATE

ANALYSIS OF GM FUEL ECONOMY SURVEYS f5°Sctober 1976

|6. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION CODE

7. AUTHOR(S) 8. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION REPORT NO.
Ronald F, Janz ATR-77(7358-02)-1
ig. PERFORMING OR“ANIZATION NAME AND AODRESS 10. PRCIGRAM ELEMENT NO.

The Mobile Systems Group

Environment and Energy Conservation Division 11, CONTRACT/GRANT NO-

The Aerospace Corporation

El Segundo, California 90245 68-01-0417

12. SPONSORING AGENCY NAME AND ADDRESS 3. PE Pl COVERED
EPA Office of Air and Waste Management OU Rinal Rte

Office of Mobile Source Air Pollution Control 14, SPONSORING AGENCY CODE ~~

Emission Control Technology Division
Ann Arbor, Michigan 48105

15, SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES

16. ABSTRACT
Data obtained by General Motors Corporation in three fuel economy surveys of 1975

GM private passenger car owners are analyzed to determine seasonal, topographi-
cal, and geographical effects on the fuel economy of in-use vehicles, Data from the
GM survey for 1532 cars formed the basis for this study. Additional seasonal,
topographical, and geographical data associated with the locations of the owners
were acquired from the literature and added to the GM data base. Carline classes
are defined that contain cars with the following parameters in common: GM Division
Inertia Weight, CID-BBL, Transmission Type, and Axle Ratio. Within each carline
class, harmonic mean fuel economies are computed for groups of cars with
extreme ranges in each of eight seasonal, topographical, and geographical param-
eters. The dependence of fuel economy on these parameters is determined by
comparing fuel economies between groups. Sales weighted harmonic mean fuel
economies are computed for analogous groups at the division and fleet level.

V7. KEY WORDS AND DOCUMENT ANALYSIS .

a. DESCRIPTORS b.IDENTIFIERS/OPEN ENDED TERMS |c, COSAT! Ficld/Group

Automobile Fuel Economy In-Use Vehicle Fuel

Seasonal, Topographical, and Economy 13F
Geographical Effects on Fuel Economy |GM Car Owner Data 21G

GM Survey Data Correlations Harmonic Mean Fuel

Economy Calculations

18. DISTRIBUTION STATEMENT 19. SECURITY CLASS (This Report) 21. NO. OF PAGES
Unclassified
Unlimited 20. SECURITY CLASS (This page} 22. PRICE
Unclassified

EPA Form 2220-1 (9-73)



APPENDIX C

FORMULAS FOR COMPUTING FUEL ECONOMY AND TESTING FOR
SIGNIFICANT DIFFERENCES IN FUEL ECONOMY


A-34

POA MANOR £ DAO ANAND NSO AD LD OM FRINONS DAFA ANN OONONODOR NOR FON
BON004000060206000000209000099709NGNS00909036099009000000H0
ADF NIRA ONS ANIM DVO PA UDA AIUAINE AAA OF DOIN FAIA MINAIN FT OND IN
III IRINA RII IRIAN UNIAN UN INU AD

ADD MAO COR OID IAA AN ENN ONY EN DD DD CD TO LV UV LEN LLY HEYA OF EVO OP OO >
Ninn ime AAA At DODOD DON ODIRROTH
MAMMMM 000000000 SAININIAIN

ANN AMAUNDOCDIONOOCODOADOTDOOONDIDOBOO OM NMNINNS DODHHDOODMBOGIOSOYD
NMM MVNO HOOD OD NDDHO DO HO ODNODDHHOOOOD DOHOO DODO DODDHN DOM MaOMO Da OD
Nh AA hd nah hh Ah hd hh ed eh he Aid rat ed heed td a

U0 00D DW DIN IU OANA ID II DINAN INO ODO DOW tt ttt 4A OA LVN LY AVY
ODDO DG 0DDDDO OK OD 0.0000 00 D0 OF OHDDOD NOH ODHDDOT HAO SSAA SMM Ome

OA ARO DAINIIAIIR IMAI IRIN AIR UNIAN EE ER ERA R ORO OT LOUIE

arrose ret ortererrrssssosressesccaadas IEEE rar rete
a a

DHQORMONDOCOONNOODE ¢ 0999990 EFENVID9OSFASPOGODDOOMONDIMNANAIO ADD
UAL OR AS MMMMAN HOOK OOAINT ONAHADOUD SF FVUSNANDOOOS MOOT POACANNT OD
nn 4 a4 AO 0 ae A PAN DAAAN SR MALS II MOO FROM OO

a a4 4

INNIS tt UN II IRIN I RAR INI STD rr OMT UMA IAIN McK
dead daaqaqdadadddnnddonnddmomannnonDosDoDoOnemMnMADaNoOAMaAmaD

PALTTZN SLAW Z ZHBM00910HH.HWMVU04Z ZZ EZATZLAAAATLLTZNAWT

940 292 DIODOOONN MO IN ID2IDOONDOI9 OO 2WVOONOGOIONIQIAANDO VMOUHOLOO
FRAIDAD3A 9O9 $ERI5.0999:9999G69.999 39009045 IAWABINGMABOSANOOROD
OAQIOR 0903399 M:N DAR FORRAG NOE FM ARHDODE NG IF ONT NOOK OO AVOAR OAM

SNR BIOIIODOAT FMQORGMAFANDOMRAMMOAER ORIN F MAMAN DAI TAL
O24 MFOMDONGI WY AD AM NINE IN INA Om wD
aa e39m wy rte 0 in

cnn nn

DAN OREO DH DYBNONMS VIM DAMN 9D DONG FOITFINIMIMNANL FUOMDND IDO VOT

DOM TAM DONT AHODADINNOUANASTANS WS TNADIND SAAR ODA MONI ONS

AR FAMOUS ADD VND AS ONT AT ALR DF NED ODMANDAN AOR ANM AO T OO Onde oa

NAOT FPA TOO EAD NAA AER MA TMA OMUN@O OAM A
4 ~ +

BERS W EE ESE EEN REE ESE TEER RN RES ER SSR REESE SSR E KSEE eR ee

QONEC DOVE EE DOGHO9GE -CODOODGGOGOONLVO IE GOGOGLLOOLC D
BANDANA SAIGON BNOSNHOSHGOHIGIOB DANG DAA: A DIN OIRO IRD.
AAI OD ARID WAN OD NIOINAIO IN DIR AE AINA I AI IIIAIAE AIII UIA UID II RIRAIN IU AO IUNC:
FID DE TET OF DFS FO FINS DINE FADE IID NUN NY IID IOI Pere

DAM FOR DF ORUMFNOR DP OANUMFT NOR DFOAUM FNOR DADAM TN OR DPOANMS AO
AAAI DOD 0000.0 CORRE RERRARR DODODDODOOOA SO PAAFADPRII-300 90
tet


A-19

DARE AN OIIAR © ON -F ANID OF WAT RARE AND AAO FM AOUM CORRAL VOOMASO
DARN OID IAIAIC WOO WOT AF AVOOVAS QUMMM DODO IAONAS FAMLONAINAMOS
TUS OPER OM AKIN ED COR INNIO 4d BOARD RE DMM FER ARR ROO AAAI INO
POD OA AINE FFI ININ AIDBIAN © PEO ONO IO DO Art td AAA INI
B50. 9 MN |] OGD. 4.1 O91. HD NM ADMN DDO OR AA PADS HPA PA TSHR A AKAMA AAD RAD OAA OS

X NOOO > SORE EENNININNNNINE F >> Pd d ddd dd ddan daa
FOUV090U F BHD DD D444 4444442227 ZVVVOOOOGOOOVIGOOG OG GOGOOUGUOV 00,

a

es t
ay an cs)
nad ow wa xen 7
mon nunnz aay a <

‘ n 2 0 wi “ wus roora «a Zz > z
bee eo 4 CO a4 4000 Oe we u9000 wo
wel a7 Ww = Sout GUN WORe FOOD Reads 0000r OF

OMA at ew ate AAO OOMNKMOSOOWFEZZ7>F FOI wwwwz7, 49

OYE AD Ne Wee nF FoeaU FP FOF Ne WWM Ae DATO IONE MF

SUR IO MWad OF & wOLORNO> aac aHaa NNIEZEZZD GOLZOOAQGLOMH

ASTIIOMHY FH W>SUTE AMAR Wr oO sar WDDAX AMHaR IIH Dru

FW ST OPHWA ONUINNE OF DONE WNZONNIA FZZCOOWZIS>>S> NH aezzv74aa>z
SUE OA YA SD SDS YTD IWS TUN MWe aac OTTOTAa9Owwacn adaauuiedD
WANnNKLA GVaAWHOE Tada nH OT EE IO YI Or NY IEE BN SOOO FHM > E

Oe
IN MOL AN Lt dA HM Nt rd tA OR OL a td lt md Le te ed Od tied OU dt tit

ee
PROS AOI EN AOL IRIS dF A IS EO CLT DE 1 ALN et OV LVETD OF pd ed A UC OO a OO

Se ee
PTR OT ORI ROR NARA DO IMHO MMM IIFOOMMMIMM IM IANO

15
L

~ ot ao 4 a aid A tte
Pe
FOP ee DAP DAT PRE GB VIP ANID DU DOVE OP DOOOOADOPN PAD UV DADO POSH ON
a 4 “4
SONS ODOT prea 9N 9.0 2H 2D) 2 YL FAN DD FAILING DONS $I ODA

LOD DAE DUN MAIN MAP AINA
ee ee es
Lea NN AM Or AS RT NOM IN DY POD LAA APRIL NOM AAD EO
A AAI NN Ae A A dt td dO AI td I tt td

AS CVA AO tn,

Ce rs
ANAL OS Er EE RIEL OL tt A Od OL

FARO OR MOO SEI TION DO ARIF ONT OA AINE ORG) PORNU OTR OO ONO EAM
RERF ERE ERO IOI IDOID DOAA AAA AA AAAI IN AIIM MMMM SG Ferree
RRR RRR RR DOM DMM MDM DMM DODD M MM 01D 1D CHAD 00 G0 cp ad AY A} COCO HO eM HEN 4H W.o0M ww


MPG FOR EACH CAR

x

26.

24,

22.

20.

DATE 062476

CORRELATION COEFFICIENT

95 PERCENT CONF | DENCE

x %
x

x

x x
“i
R
x
X
x

+. b. 5

TEMPERATURE (DEG C>

!
10.

GM FUEL ECONOMY STUDY
MPG VERSUS TEMPERATURE
CLASS

45501412

» 1746
INTERVAL = ¢-.0561. . 3876)

x x
x x
*X x XX
xX x
x
Xx
RU x
Rx
x
L i i
20 25. 30 35.

L8t-a@


MPG FOR EACH CAR

x

26.

24.

22.

20.

GM FUEL ECONOMY STUDY
MPG VERSUS TEMPERATURE

CLASS
DATE 062476
CORRELATION COEFFICIENT =

x
x x

x x
x xx x xXx

x x

x
x
x 1 I !

4, -4, b. 4, 8 12.

> TEMPERATURE <DEG 0)

24000911

- 3960
95 PERCENT CONFIDENCE INTERVAL

&.

x
x

¢

- 1261s

x XX

x

x «%

-6114

e8-d


GM FUEL ECONOMY STUDY
MPG UERSUS TEMPERATURE
CLASS 13000313
DATE 062476
CORRELATION COEFFICIENT = .1998
95 PERCENT CONFIDENCE INTERVAL = ¢-, 2033, .5450>

MPG FOR EACH CAR

x

40.

38.

32.

28.

24.

N
P

TEMPERATURE (DEG 0)


MPG FOR EACH CAR

28.

26.

24.

22.

20.

GM FUEL ECONOMY STUDY
MPG VERSUS PELATIVE HUMIDITY
CLASS 45001413

DATE 062476

CORRELATION COEFFICIENT = .1212

95 PERCENT CONFIDENCE INTERVAL = ¢-. 1897. .4100)

x
K Xxx
x
x
Ky *x x x
x
x x ¥ x XK XX
x xx x
x Xx x y x
x xX x
x x
x
i l 1 1 xl 1 i 1 1 i
50. 55. 60. 65. 70. 75. 80. 85. 30. 95.

TM RELATIVE HUMIDITY (PERCENT)

691-2


10)

GM Fuel Economy Study

Table 4-2,
Harmonic Mean Fuel Economy Comparisons (N

3.84146

LEVEL

o
z
a
ry
u
rey

an

ry

1

worwu:
Ruard
mraaa
arood
ro >
fares
wees
x4
Lac
ut
wo De
SarES
4550
onzz0

STIC

TuST STAT

to 4c AN MA

MEAN MPG

PANGE

RANGE

FACAYETES

os

CLA

INaMiMoW o
ARIE GARD
DOIN IRIN >
Dawn) ow
aetorel
AeA

IRR D OVIN
MOM DAINAL
WROMTHDO
FON 2000

Rh sak Wetane
NUTT TON
WADA ON
IOC Der 9h,
rato
eacseurs

OPN ARTY
DOR Frnin >
Rnarim 9 300
DOW FIA.
UNA
RUNNIN At

MINORNOT
WIPO O-4T
PONT TN
CAO TDN
RUIN TOO
Att eteded

Mt oN ming
D.0F TNNOM

IAA OIRO
Hae teed

ae *
wrwuree Tuer

OMWORRO
OOM

QOATD THON
RINK 3mm tea
MRR IO,
Hern TOIT
Samana taal
Hoda

Domawwn>
PAM MIN
foeure

mimcarer
NR a ON
ONerae
anomen

a

Tete

DMNA

BMOIN

agnaan
patna

wZeer Zur
QOLOr Oa,
ORORHADS
Cranes
aananaa
ri De
ND uber

@ siaa

Om HE

a ow
we
a

roy

cy

oS

2

ONE
24 or
x a)
“ oe

wo

ete EL
900 Ghbua
ORURMND 2
Chek oRRa
aQananted
Ha pee
ND We
&@ siaa
Ok me
a ow

wr

irs

a

13cd6 323

AMOR IE
hEdUR G39

Ae MW
on mo
aa

wen Zho
CULorowa
CONCH S>
Che orureS
Oananad
ro Sree
RS aSeu:
Sraa
DAs
ow
we
o
a

PoP.

2

-slbl

14

22

14000912

6 Ara
oO wr
a re)
ww
&
a
~
a
a
2
“


MPG FOR EACH CAR

x

30.

28.

26.

24.

22.

20.

1
0.
=

GM FUEL ECONOMY STUDY
MPG VERSUS PRECIP|TAT!ON
CLASS 35251012

DATE 062476

CORRELATION COEFFICIENT = .0597

95 PERCENT CONFIDENCE INTERVAL = ¢-. 1994.

x x
x
x x x x
x x X x & x
x x x xx x x
x
x x x x x x x
x x x x
x xX x
x xX x
x
x x
x
x x
! | J 1 X oy xx 1 ! !
20. 40. 60. 80. 100. 120. 140. 160.

PRECIPITATION ¢MM>

2311?

1
200.

get-a


MPG FOR EACH CAR

x

26.

24.

22.

20.

GM FUEL ECONOMY STUDY
MPG VERSUS PRECIPITATION
CLASS 35501411

DATE 062476

CORRELATION COEFFICIENT = . 2440

95 PERCENT CONFIDENCE INTERVAL = ¢-.0129,

xX x
x x
x
x XX x x
x x
x Xx «
x xX & x x
x x x x
x xx * x *
x Xx %
x x
% x
x
x x
x
I 1 1 T ! 1 ! i] I
0 40. 80. 20. 180. 200. «240. = 280. 320.

~” PRECIPITATION ¢MM

4707)

!
360.

9vI-a


GM Fuel Economy Study

Table 4-1,
Harmonic Mean Fuel Economy Comparisons (N = 5)

684146

z

LEVEL

IGNIFICANCE

Ann

istic

MEAN MFG2 TEST STAT

MEAN MPGL

RAKGE?

PANGEL

PASAME TER

CLAS

»
wpwwa zur
RON ona TD
URGORO TT
AOMMOTRW

0

DANMON 20

2 swNooMm
ANMO VIHA

.
wrwoneme
Omunmin +0
WonKet zw
Rueedone

7 ae

BrAATONno
FONT 2

PRINTNET
NESE]

Qwanwomrm
Damowowng
ee anesteg
OWROMATO
ANAS
NUNN

oA MW AG
mm a"
ww to
uo

o

WE FR
NAMA

POORER DG
© reRanan
DRMOMA St
wok srw
OU ATAOOo
HA ttteded et

PINON TN
VHONTOOM
OR DRONE et
OONTTNOK
OTN TMA
HA tt

OsznaN3S
wWaazaOnes
zoom Nad

an a aT
7 a
x on

nn

ae .
Wa wWINMmowR
WPTMHOM IWS
WMA G ous
THOMA OAD
yz NAN

DTANOUR
DoMEeNann
PTT FAHHVO
DOROMOA
Mam
pene ey

Incurtint coos
HOON FOG

wo

ry
Osage:

amaeinas

Rogeonon
AONENOSA
oo 0 dom
zo WwW No
oF oe
2 RN
”m NO

4

IOe SOM
ua ie
mn a2
“4 af

mm

wwe Zee
OOuvr oun
OnOR EOE
Or re ere
Gavanac
Mo Sree
ND WDew
siaa
Le
ow
we
rs

Pop!

a

ANDOOAMD
Ow ret
ne wae
2 an

ms

wZWeZuG
rererresregerrare
OROnmN DF
Oho Onna
aananada

a sraa
OW HE
a ow

wr

«

a
uu

~”

o

°°

2

»

“

18

HEN Oo
Ro ot
nem ae
4 ae
mw
4

et O53
+ we
20

Welw ZL
WOUGrOra,
OnORMNnD2
OF Irorea
Cavanaag

a srua
Ow Mx
a ow

we

irs

a
cy

sc

3

z

ur ou
an ino
4 oe
“1m
om

wtue>Zwo
90ac-Cua
OnOnMHDy,
OF srCEre
ashanaa

@ srea
ow Hx
a ow

we
&
a

o

“

oe

>

9

+

a


x

MPG FOR EACH CAR

32.

48.

44.

40.

36.

32.

28.

24.

20.

GM FUEL ECONOMY STUDY
MPG VERSUS TERRAIN |NDEX
CLASS 13000323

DATE 062476

CORRELATION COEFFICIENT = .1621

95 PERCENT CONFIDENCE INTERVAL = ¢-. 2785,

x x
x %
i x
x
* x
x
x x
x
\ \ i
‘80 h2 he 2 24 2.8 32 3.6 4.

m= TERRAIN INDEX

2 0464)

st-d


MPG FOR EACH CAR

x

32.

48.

44.

40.

3h.

3°.

28.

24.

20.

GM FUEL ECONOMY STUDY
MPG VERSUS ELEVATION

CLASS 23000323
DATE 062476
CORRELATION COEFFICIENT =-. 1132
95 PERCENT CONFIDENCE INTERVAL = ¢-. 4866
x
x
x
x xx
x
x XX x x
X Ky
x
x
x
6. Soo. jooo. 1500. 2000. 500. 4000. 4500. 4000.

TM ELEVATION (FT)

- 2951)

4500.

L
3000.

@L-a


MPG FOR EACH CAR

52.

48.

40.

36.

32.

28.

24.

20.

DATE 062476

GM FUEL ECONOMY STUDY
MPG VERSUS TEMPERATURE
CLASS 23000323

CORRELATION COEFFICIENT = .5751
85 PERCENT CONFIDENCE INTERVAL = ¢ . 2329

1 I 1
“4, oO. 4

TEMPERATURE (DEG ©)

}
8.

- 7906)

Gl-a@


MPG FOR EACH CAR

GM FUEL ECONOMY STUDY
MPG VERSUS TERRAIN INDEX
CLASS 24000911
DATE 062476
CORRELATION COEFFICIENT = .1110
95 PERCENT CONFIDENCE INTERVAL = ¢-. 1788, . 3830)

x x

x x
% x .
x
x g x
x *
x
x

i x x
x x x
x

x

x } ! I 1 1

‘30 1.2 Le 9 2 24 28 42 46 4 440 As

‘© TERRAIN INDEX

6L-a


GM Fuel Economy Study

Division Sales Weighted Harmonic Mean Fuel Economy Comparisons (Continued)

Table 4-3,

NUMBER OF ERRS IN F

oo oe
° on
o° mm

i] +

TONING s+

BRITT e+e
mw nN
nes
a0
«4
Zronncece
“ota « oo
aie on
a at
oo

NONE 40 FIND

FOamnemon
Oddo
pape hepe bee)

Avivtdtetettet

we yz Zwo
woodorSaa
FOnGRMMSE

OIVISION

30


MPG FOR EACH CAR

x

28.

26.

24.

22.

20.

GM FUEL ECONOMY STUDY
MPG VERSUS POPULAT!ON
24500911

CLASS

DATE 062476

CORRELATION COEFFICIENT =~. 5436
INTERVAL

SS PERCENT CONF | DENCE

xx x

x

HK xx x x

x
x x
% x
x x
xx
x x

i 1 l l 1

0 10. 20. 30. 40.

7

POPULATION ¢ THOUSANDS)

Kx

(7, 7237, -. 2942)

x

OORORORK

*oo.

S8-a@


26.

24.

22.

20.

2

MPG FOR EACH CAR

x

s

GM FUEL ECONOMY STUDY
MPG VERSUS PRECIPITATION
CLASS 45501412

DATE 062476

CORRELATION COEFFICIENT =-.0210

95 PERCENT CONFIDENCE INTERVAL = ¢-. 2483,

x
x
x
x% xy x x
x
Xx % x we xX x
x%& OX x
x x x x yx
x x ex x
x x x
x x x x x
x x
x
x
I 1 i 1 ! 4 i i I
0. 40. 80. 120. i6o. 00. = 240. = 280. 320,
«

PRECIPITATION ¢MM

- 2085)

98t-a


GM FUEL ECONOMY STUDY
MPG VERSUS POPULATION
CLASS 35501411
DATE 062476
CORRELATION COEFFICIENT =-. 3060
95 PERCENT CONFIDENCE INTERVAL = (-, 5213. -. 0542)

MPG FOR EACH CAR

x

20.

Wwi-d

OOK ROK KORO

x

POPULATION ¢ THOUSANDS)


MPG FOR EACH CAR

x

28.

26.

24.

22.

20.

GM FUEL ECONOMY STUDY
MPG VERSUS RELATIVE HUMIDITY
CLASS 14000612

DATE 062476

CORRELATION COEFFICIENT =-. 1078

95 PERCENT CONFIDENCE INTERVAL = ¢-. 4400. . 2503)

x x
x x
x
x
x x x
x x
x
x
%% x
x x x
x
x
x
x
x x
x
x x
x
x
1 L I i t
40. 45. é0. 6s. 70. 73. 80. bs, 90. $5, 100.

es RELATIVE HUMIDITY (PERCENT?

se-d


GM FUEL ECONOMY STUDY
MPG VERSUS TERRAIN INDEX
CLASS 45251014
DATE 062476
CORRELATION COEFFICIENT =-.0253
95 PERCENT CONFIDENCE INTERVAL = ¢-. 2588. . 2109)

32.

28.

24.

20.

SLI-@

MPG FOR EACH CAR

KX NIMIOCOOK
X XK ROOK OROOK

5.6

N-
*
n-
o
we
N
ro
a
*

! 30 12 1s a
= TERRAIN INDEX


2a.

FAL

24.

22.

20.

MPG FOR EACH CAR

8.
x

GM FUEL ECONOMY STUDY
MPG VERSUS ELEVATION
CLASS 25251111
DATE 062476
CORRELATION COEFFICIENT =-. 0976
95 PERCENT CONFIDENCE INTERVAL = ¢-. 4173, . 2436)

x
x x
x x
x x x
x x
x x
x x x
xx x
x
x
x x
x x
x
! 1 b l 1 ! ! 1 1
200. 400. 00. 800. 1000. 1200. 1400. 1600. 1800.

TM ELEVATION (FT)

200.

yot-d


MPG FOR EACH CAR

44.

40.

36.

32.

28.

24.

20.

GM FUEL ECONOMY STUDY
MPG VERSUS POPULAT!ON

CLASS 45251014
DATE 062476
CORRELATION COEFFICIENT = .0725

95 PERCENT CONFIDENCE INTERVAL = (7. 1653,

4. to. bo. So. 40. bo. é0. 70.
= POPULATION ¢ THOUSANDS?

- 3023)

eLt-d@


MPG FOR EACH CAR

x

28.

26.

24.

22.

20.

- 80

GM FUEL ECONOMY STUDY
MPG VERSUS TERRAIN INDEX

CLASS 45001413
DATE 062476
CORRELATION COEFFICIENT =-. 1868
95 PERCENT CONFIDENCE INTERVAL = ¢-. 4644, . 1242)
x
* %
x
: ; “
& x
x x
x
X he hs b 24 2.8 32 4s 4 44 4.8

TERRAIN INDEX

L9I-a@


GM FUEL ECONOMY STUDY
MPG VERSUS ZIP CODE
CLASS 45501412
DATE 062476
CORRELATION COEFFICIENT = . 1348

95 PERCENT CONFIDENCE INTERVAL = ¢-.0967. . 3524)

MPG FOR EACH CAR

x

20.

x
x
x x
x
x
x
*
x
b. |

= ZIP CODE (FIRST DIGIT?

!
2.

OK

!
3.

x

BOK ROOK OK

Nl
4.

ue

Xx KKK WK KKK KOROKOK

o-

xX KK KKK

N=

o-

o-

z7gi-a


GM FUEL ECONOMY STUDY
MPG VERSUS TERRAIN INDEX
CLASS 35251012
DATE 062476
CORRELATION COEFFICIENT =~. 0269
95 PERCENT CONFIDENCE INTERVAL = ¢-. 2811. . 2307)

24.

22.

20.

set-@

MPG FOR EACH CAR

x
x i x
x x
x g
x % x
x x
x x
x x
x x .
% x
tox oF ! x 1
. 80 1.2 1.6 2. 2.4 2.8 3.2 3.6 4 4.4

mTM TERRAIN INDEX


MPG FOR EACH CAR

race

26.

24.

27.

20.

GM FUEL ECONOMY STUDY
MPG VERSUS ZIP CODE
CLASS 15250914
DATE 062476
CORRELATION COEFFICIENT = .0343
95 PERCENT CONFIDENCE INTERUAL = ¢-. 2929, . 3544)

x
x *
x
x
x XR «yg ®
x x x
¥ x x x
x x &
x
x
rs a rr rr er er nT)

iF - \. .
ZIP CODE «FIRST DIGIT)

9v-a


MPG FOR EACH CAR

28.

26.

24.

22.

20.

! t
J 80 1.2 1

DATE 062476

GM FUEL ECONOMY STUDY
MPG VERSUS TERRAIN !NDEX
CLASS 24500911

CORRELATION COEFFICIENT = .1825

95 PERCENT CONFIDENCE INTERVAL = ¢-. 1209,

XK XK XX
x

xX X BORK XK
KK XK OK DRO OOK XO

!
2,

-6 .
TERRAIN INDEX

—

- 4548)

28-2


where

J 2
2 1 1
so - 4+ & (abe - =) » J=1,2
J oN; -1 fay \TMP8; J
Ny = number of cars in Jth Subclass
mpg, = Mpg for Jth Subclass

Sales Weighted Fuel Economy

SWMPG = 7
M wy. Ni
> ai 1
iat Ni jai TMP8i;
where
mpg.. = fuel economy for the jth car in carline Class i

N, = number of cars in Class i

w. = total sales of Class i cars relative to either a division
or the entire fleet

M = number of classes ina division or the entire fleet

SWMPG = sales weighted harmonic mean fuel economy for a
division or the entire fleet


A-25

VF TIONVOS UM AON SAIN NAD ON OL MONUNIMAM OA FNIODOFSHOMOOOM FON tO
DQOFND QAO SA UN MORAN MINN OOP OMAN FOONNOH UME OMAN AANOR UMMOOLO
WADA LO AAU NAICIM IND D0 0D 999009 att tA RMINIQININ FUN OF OP IOAN OM SSF: NOOO
DONA AI HEE EA ENE EEE MIE PFT LL LL SL PLL HELP TS FIONA DOO INO
PLL LLL SLES LEE EL ELE SLT LES LL LIS EL SLL LL LL EL LLL GL LLL GL LLL LEAS

Serer LITLE EL TLE ELT TTI I ETL LCT LTTE TIT ITILITI TL LTIT ILI I TIEITIIT ITT
¥EX¥ YON90000050000500050550000500500090060500000050505005)

«
- “n
a z —_ 4
w w zu ow TAA a
wa zr on ws hie < z f=}
a4 Ov Raw OF - ror uw zo [TT colonel) a a
zZzseze Zz wo 40 SFO « 2 FO 4 bee we
OOK SQO HMMM e> > WRWFHOOIO at 0 Z>s24 Ata - 4
KR>OnZz ¥DDDD wr W HOKanGs4ze ZO & axwWOHoOzZZZ4 uw ra

QOAZKAL QOMAZWAOOOTY OXF TIX EWHOWZOOZN VOY >arZZ> ZZFO AZ
ZZPHUTOVESEZOWOOGOO® GOTHIwWIH>E-OR TWO DUsWONHHS COOZ a
HME YOR ZIDDD DE EUWWWOD ZEEE IES >OU Tete ZAK FURAN ZU CVOUO> EEE HO
KOO Ze 424 IIIZ DSI BU Ze VW > OEY A DSNZZEHIZZZOO>>>eEZw
WWOONWOF 40000 4O000Ue> Wow I ZW aH A00d ddan edtdao Rn
BINT TE400000L EFEEF 2H AZ EZ EWODNOMNY CZOORHOUNHELETVEM- OOOH

Pe emer merce reer er ere ec eersererresrervereesseserraseesence
RON AAA AA dA HN tt A tt ed A led et ted tied ted tid md et rd HA tid end mated etd eel dtd

Ce ee eee
EN AL I A A ttt oF Pr ARR LOIN OU a ted OI ad et A ad URI OCU OL

Se
FO TUSNARER FONT O
a ett tet mat

AIR AL AOD Rd I et AION Nt A OID AUD ASS EN
4 a
RRO AR ERIN AMMAN OOM INTO PADVAIN

et PE OR LOAN OA ONION IM ONT OL

rare eer a
IEE ORTON AEF CPU TOY TAN PMD OID ROM NEWNAN Uta MS
ede Note ded Ae bet dD de ee eed Ret det a det

SE OLE CI RTE IST OE PORE PRL OI EN OTE CUOIURIT FUCA OSt oe

wee eee
Setar

AL DIEM SIAM LO ON WD .> ANT ODOR DA ANN TAON DA IANA FINON TO IANMFOON GO
MAME MONS SL FFT L EL EPO DN DINO IAIN 000-00 0.00 00RERERARAER OOD DOOMDOD
Tes lep cas ey aniat tem iam-bantenten-eeanstan-tan tuntas as insher topless ts Lens ton Les stn an uns ns Laman eos a uaytan can bas ap bas eas apie bate tastns tapas tonto inn)
ALAA AAA A hd th te mt dt Nd mat hd tA ed rede tid a tod ea oh emt ad a ee cel dh


MPG FOR EACH CAR

x

28.

26.

24,

20.

x

3

8.

GM FUEL ECONOMY STUDY
MPG VERSUS ZIP CODE

CLASS 14000612
DATE 062476
CORRELATION COEFFICIENT =-.0177
95 PERCENT CONFIDENCE INTERVAL = ¢~. 3642.
x x
x x
x * x x
x x
x * x x x
x
x x x
x
x x
x x
x
x x
x
x
4. i 2 3 4 5 & 2 é

= ZIP CODE (FIRST DIGIT)

- 3330)

@2-a


A-44

ON FRE OR ANOIRA OME RADIA ATRAIRAL 00 NOINOF OMN OUR ON ONOUNAON0F0 OIE
9299099990909009009000909099990903000059005000000004900000000
UN FNS DUN SAN NALS UF OF NIN SUN ONNONS UMS NANA DOAN ONAN SANS ST
ENT INTNEN UN INENININICINININT INGUIN EEN EENIN EIN LINN ENEN TN UN EN INE INIIN INI INT NINN IN NINE IN INIA

SL SVE EIS ESS LOO SFOL OS LOS SL TOF FOL LOL LESS FEAAAE ERE RA RRORAEE
AAA ASAI I te tet III IO OC RIAINIIAIAIN INIA
STS FLT SETT FP PF FP FTES TE TP FTES ETT ONO tet

290G©V909000000B 00DOMOODODOODODMOOHODGOVOO HOOT AAFAPAAOAOTAD
DDOADDOD DM DDAHOODADAODDADDOOGADOGADOADD DOO OOF FL LL SLI SL SI OL ISS
a oe ee) ee)

VE HE EEE NE teh HEA NH CENT mh EO eh OY A VEN TET ETNA NUN EN NAY LEU LEM LE EME CULE ENN OY
DODA OD DOOODOOKRA OOKL OK OOK GOOCON DOK OOK DOC DHOOOHO COO OOO MOOR ONOD

FOF FOL LOLS FFF TTP OOAINAIUAIN IAI NIAC!
eeee eee eee eee se hs
penued tt Att tit
Perebt ten

PINANDOCOO DO GOOMINININ MOAI AAI AINA AAO NOGA MNOMNNO9O.01N
ANIM MAINA OUV NLL SAAR O DO OOO OPAPP O MOP OO AAAIAG OR AAT AOR ROW O
ODDD NDOD DORR DOOR AIAN AINA IAA IA OIE DALIAN ON SNS ETRE O

UI UIE IRI ICICI FURR CURUAINU CU IR URI CU ee eR cnn
dddaqdddqeedadddddddddadddddddadddaadqadannocnnomoamnmoadda

LPI KPLLFANLALZLLZLLZFLALALLFLALASAAL LT AATAALLATALAPLAAVIAAT TA

2300 30909.30290 990000 30909990090990 2000 2009960900:29000 20ANA

29 90892999099090099909090900600905 195950593 3893950 2939909005305

9 OFAN IMOO 39.543999099:99690:39999 99:299009865.959 £959 9982 IDOAAASEN

DOF FMMOANO DDO MANAGE F999.9999 IGFO9O9999900N BHOFFMSANO AHA!

FANN OD MMM AMAAANIN 39995: 99. 930309096>% Far ma a cians
999 GG0360500099000506 A a
ATM MMAM MAMA TAM M MAMA Ae

SD DOM SEAMS OM ONENT BMF AWN.D SUID AS AN DNDN OF 001. NDDANTRN.D.0

AD OR FF ONODOND IN STATIMANMNTAPIOVATFM F FOMMBNGIAND FANNON OSA

eee me tee emer reser erent ee re reer tees e resent eee et eraeeee

DR AR Gt DN ONFR AMON TOT OTN AOMRR UM IANA 99-90 RNIN HO OOK OFAN AT A

AN AM ANNAN FU ET OM AINE I I FO I ON OR FIA
N N

TEAR RE SERRE ENE SWE REESE SRN EEK EERE EEEREREENT ca x

meee ee w eee meer ee ern ansrer sere reese eseraserastssecesensg
CLCOCOCHOBGONDGOOCOOGULOUGSEC OOVOCOSGGOUVOODDOOE GLC OO90GC GEG
A DIR AKAOGHADIOOOS DRO QHOMIIOS OND ANOAANDAHOANONDIOOONOABABNGIN
ALAN AR MNONOIAIA DA AMANDA ACIHANANVONNNING HONVONONOKHOVOMAININOR
AINA AS IN FF DIN IAS DAMA AUS UNS DOWN E OF MAT OFA LT MOF ONS

QAM E NOR OF DANE FOR DOOM SNOR OF OHAMFINON OP OMHNMSNOL ODOM GINO
IAIN IMM AA SS ETE L SS STII IAIN DOD 00.000 DOR RRNA RR
0 00.5.0.0090.00 90.000.9.0.9.0.900000000 95000900000 0090 9000000000055


10) (Continued)

GM Fuel Economy Study

Table 4-2,
Harmonic Mean Fuel Economy Comparisons (N

» soe oe
ROOM TORE! WHO TONY
Roo IRM Raonowonm

RRM FOR MOND te UN
DANN TOR

3INon

a)

CONAN IMA MTOTTANT TDR DOINRM ROORDOMM OAM—IN
aDNT NID FNRRER AN NOM OAANMD YFNNOM IM VIM WOT
PAPA ITTMY WROMMNGIN VAR FY IMM NNVENINDO DFONITUO
DAYAR TD LRADONOIN MORARAR NONI UDKOSNAD
BoA aasa PM Seg TTW TOME TTT MOWAINIMTT Cini
HH ddd RA Het ride detettetdetet tedtedetd

IRR MOON F ANIM TT WOTODUIG DRETONMT DNFTONOT sUMNTONC WOoOMA
PF AARRAR FS GWORORN ATONATOD VARROFOF TINRTONK DINORN TUN BOON
IRAWTT TN | RIDIN FAINMVON CGRROONAIN OOO ITANH UNIMINTD ANVOn
Minoo RRO GEMOGNLD WOMAMTOT NAONARRG FMM eC
UN CUnIAe FARA AID FFT TOMTN VENOM HM tetet
MN Geet ie Ge te ded ttet BAe

NORSeNSE Ino Tmo
RBO0@deG doOOTeCOO

QW mm OO N FO WD F WT HON WH TO m
aw e2 m0 rey oe NO 7s TO
o oa OW on Ku ow Ko 2
moO nn uN uN ©
a “ ny

BOMIN ZOO asIMwowE OorON
COETER MOO WOWwONNa! WOWWR
OO KR HDR 40 T HOG en ©
re Oa No erry win
res oe AD an Re
“ aN et Tn ”

an ue

SRGASIIR SRNOWTIG SSN0FNIS TONGA FoO Raanawes SAamones FOnn gs
RUDSIAN Poet OINGONS 3 WOEAR I MUCKRAGD 3eiNO
ears ers BROAN Roa o
DN eR Re en TO aa FN RO - px
a aa ee ait ee aA

on ma 19 on

a a os “u

HARM HID ADARDADO GNAHOFDIG FNHOOWE>
TEAM OS AINE CNIS FHAINO oO NMED
KN 2M ad po OW 30 On aN
a ano Ro aa um rok
wa ae rae aN

= 14 1 ‘

Weber tut weber ew Wee er>ZUQ WeuUer eu LZwZ>2WwO weuz>euu uZzue>

OOUGr OA GHOLOFOCKO COGOFOLa BOLO
CHORMED2 OMORMEDE OnOMmeD2 OnOme
Ons Gera Ole GrRRa Chorcer< OF ore

Qenataaq AQaiansa Gananaa aanae
mo See Hy Seen eS eS
NS WDeu ONS UDeu ND Woe AD wD
@ Sraa a srea @ sraa @ ar
Ow nr ow mx oo in Hz ow
a ow a ou a our a
we oe oe
te & «
a a a
“4 “4 ~ “ “ nu “4
“ “ 4 “ ” « “
nu H a x 7 a x
4 4 “4 > “ v4 al
> in a > > wn 3
a vy ty o n y a
a w + + Qo in
a rey ny ca ” ” 9

24


The fifth, sixth, and seventh plots for each class of cars show mpg
versus relative humidity, precipitation, and temperature respectively. These
weather data correspond to averages over the months of December 1974 or
June 1975 depending on whether the fuel economy data were acquired from
the low mileage winter survey or the low mileage spring-summer survey.
(Refer to Section 2 for further discussion of this factor.)

The eighth and final plot shows mpg versus miles per day averaged
over the duration of the test.


DIVISION
CODE

Chevrolet
Pontiac
Oldsmobile
Buick
Cadillac

ar aS od

AXLE RATIO

CODE

-56

73

«92, 2.93
-08

3.42

ap wn
we nnn

Table 2-1. GM Data Codes

CODE

FO Mr nu kh wn

CODE

BODY TYPE

Intermediate

Standard

Luxury

Fleetwood 75

Riviera, Toronado, Eldorado
Sporty (Camaro, Firebird)
Special Intermediate
Subcompact

Compact

Monza, Starfire, Skyhawk

TRANSMISSION TYPE

Automatic

Manual

*Cubic Inch Displacement - Number of Carburetor Barrels

CID-BBL*

140-1

140-2
231-2
250-1

260-2
262-2
350-2
350-4
400-2
400-4
454-4
455-4
500-5


A-45

DELON aA PON HUMANA ONDIAN OUORUPN SF ORUULE NUEVA OND ORDO
9499999090096004900909006-4090990029099909000090900008000000000
OF FOOT DOW OONDOS OFAN FF FS FO SF ONAUASNOOSNNON OMS ENOTNOT ST
NNN NINN IS ENCE IN ENN IN IN IN INULIN ENINININ INL IN CNENIN IN LENIN ISLS EN LENIN ENTS]

OOM 0DGDDDHHGIG 000000000 9 20004 4q OHIO TUNNOO COONAN AFH AAO
renienen EM MMAMMMMAMMMMMMEAINIAMIAIN IASENOM Ort win
NAL et

IMM OR MOMMMMAAATEA FOOD DOO ONOO AT NOOM AT ISR T FODOOODOIOORARN
PTFE OR LO SEEM A EEN IIA INARA NAR NANNIES CIO ERR Sininmm onl
4 dda

DOR RAS AIR RRR ERR ROOST TOS ENS Ih OE OM MMMMERERNANINGCOOCOd
DODO DOA OMOORRARRRROORRROPRAR OOORRER RODD DORR RARARAREAERE

Det ADR HO et et tt ERR SR RAR OO OR DOR MEA OININM MOR ADA A ROOT
Peewee ere err were w ease m ees ecee reese sere eseee seer eeseeeecee
AAA MUM et add atime

“oom ~_

IAAT ANNU UUOINOOO ONS Fr FTO
PE batetetdemtet wo

09 DODOAHOHONVODOS DOOAMFNIONNIOIGO DOFRNMNOORNRODNNBO9O DONO
AM ANATIMMADNMODOOSFAAT ING OONNOONHOOTRE SO FMA AUS OF MANDAN
PFT OFTMNNOA LAD PD ONCODAATFOANMANONMOGHE A NAIM OMS RNID

a AAA AAR tt aa

RUN INI I IIIA MAINA IAIN UN AINA Mt et et UM cum mae CU
AD AN MAANaNMODVOVLLVLGLDMaAHHAAdadaoNdnMOOMNnaddadddaddanmononoanDD

ZAWHVSNALZTNATSA7TLMANYTALZSAFALTALATALLTA7LTASAAZLALGLALTL7AIWNzT

29 999999020990009MNG9:32HD DOMBONATTFIOOO £9 2AADOOINO900 99000090
99 99N099006909699THG9994FND9NI5.300 00699. 0990N9F950390NO9IND 2909
BIODDNOGODSISIGANNIONGMMIO NIDA AANGOISNGOOND DIN SF DVAHOIWAAIOS

FORMA WAMAONIDO DOAINOIMMM499O DSOORMNGIAMNHOSO AP Fa OFDM
m 20 ONMMOSD ONG NN RN Rana 000 AMM an oO NO
a mean a 4 an Na ANA a) =

QIOTDER MN MTRAWD VONAAMOTARTN OND OF ONONADO ALN OF AMNMOH sr ROO
DD OF OR NANNANMAOMENOR FAM ANION DEN DONO SOLEUS OOMNRONIE NAO

NO RAMAN MIN OR OF OLODUR NIA OA DADA MOP AAAALRTIAD DATURA ERININDAVONND
LIAM DOMMES EMM MET MONA ANNO ADR MADAM PALA ran PT
x ” 4

ERAS RY EERE SESE SEES ESR EE EEE SEES SEES ENE T SENET TEE

agoacnocovoooc
BBOOO92GSE9050FF9909990590NS0060
DHNHOSAODOAOONANNGHODISINDON DS NHOMAGHODNHOHADQSONINHAGHAWBAW A:
AF LFS MOMS MTF FTO ING FIO SONS FONTS ST FONTS FING FE OTAM MAS MNS IAG

ROMO UME NOE DAOMNUM SL NOE DROS UM SHOR DAOMNUM TNO DAOMNMTNOMODOGAIM
RRR DDD DDO DOOOOF OOS AO SPA POOOD DO OOOO AMA NINNNININIINAINI@ mene
OOD DODD DOHODODDODD 0000000006 EE ERE ER ER ERAS EERE ERA RARARS


A-51

BeOS TAPIA NOOMMNR NT ATOM ON ONT D OMY UY OVA MOAAAIONS OF OM
B2I999F9O8HT39900000090000909000060009006000009090700000
QOL FO ONS FOF FTO DANES AMIN SOMAT OAD MOONS ODS FANAARN SAMOS ONIN
SNELL TNIN EN INN NININ EIN OUIN NINES ININENININININ INI INENINIENIN IN ENINININ INL IRIN EN IN

99999999900009090099009090000909900099990090000000099930950
ieee ee eer eee ee ee

UNEVEN VU EV EVE OF OF OO OO UCI AICUCURIAI OO OIAINININE RR ERR RE OONOINUTDDOOOMMMMMONRE
QOD OD OO OUI SEE AE OO OMAN ININAIAD OPA AO AE MOA DAIMNOOA SS FTF OTIS
HR tt tl tt td teed ad a a dd 4

RRERR RR OM@DOOAUNAINAINANNOOO Fer FA MMMAMAMOARTRENIENNOMM MOMMA OO
RRR RARERR 0000 OORRREARARAR ER OOO ORREEERARRR OR OR ORR ORR ERR OO

nen
IRIN RI AIR RII RICICIRINIAIRICIAINI I AIAIAI UAICICUAIRIAINIU AIA AAAI AIR OIA AIAAINT RIL

ONOWMOAHODGOONSI FS OONNNGO90 CQDODNOONENNONGODODOOOMOMHAS MING

NOD OAM AOR S FNQOOIR NSE $F MUAIAIN DOOM OF MALNINUMOR Ol FANNIN EF FORO

FIONN TOT MS OMOAHONV AN ARH AAAN (| DINNOMMMUATOODODRDOOt wo
ast

I ALA NM AO NEN FF MMM AMM a CUCINA AIR A INIA NO NEN MEU AF NIN MN cUEUENeUACY
VLMDVGVLGHDDHNDDVLMA MORAN A daaNNMANMD AnVIVYMANMAONNADOMAMHondoo

SATLAALTAAAZALT ANN 7ZLHA7ATFALTAZZWZSAZTMAZZNUzSzLTASEAZZZTTT

DOVDOR M9099 MONTIND909090909099990999009909000009 390 0RNeINDOA
DI9O5ORFOKR MOOH40099009099909099906055399999990909909 4444004
MAMOOMORIGH COMNTRORDOGANNADIST F HNINONADNASNOGNODIAAVAR SOSD
FORAAGHAAN O MMO OCFOOSSONAN IOAN MMA NAQHAAAMMOMADONANHAIO O

nN i AMAT OO RIA A NOM det UO MAS mo
rotors) 00 o ant “4
ENT

ROOFS HOOT AMA FM DAO ME DONTNOAFMIG NINA URINE OANNEON RMT RoOme-4 AN

DOOMAD BINT FE FMORM NO MIATADNIANTAST AE MMU DAD IWNDOADON ON-TIAN AF OM

eee www ee ee ee eee sere rere senses ent aesereeerceereteseterene

DPOF DAKO AD WIRD IM WN NAOANAUE MMOD ONANINSONQVDOTAN ST ADVONIONG

AND AAN AMUN ALTARS ONY AANA SANDMAN TOU ONE ANNIE TAR NINN Od Fut
a aT

ALAOATT Ay at al ay at axial al glalalal al ara atararar ar arararalaraxalal lal alalalalal alas at allel al algal alatalal alata)

cme c were cer ene cecerc saree ecres er scccessescesecerteseseeces
HOOSHOODOCSOGOODSTOCOOSDSOOHOOCOGODGODOSSOOOOOOLOHGOTBOGOBLVEEY
OHODODOOANDIOO NDS OD ODADOHOAHSOSAOAHHOSONGDANDOAKNASSIOADIA
DNA OANA AA ANARADS AN SAIN FASHONONN HOBANOO NIA OAINIBOD OHNO
FINS FOF AMAIA FASTIN FF TNF FOAMS NT ONS OF DSO TNT MOODS AT IAT ONS

FOAMS NOM DEOANMG TS NOL DPOANMFS NOM DAOAUM FIND DFEOAUMN FINO OROANO TIN
ARIANA NINAIAINM MEO MMMM MM OF FPL F PPI TTOMAAIININININ O00 000000 ORF ER RRR
B099090900990090900009500900909900909000009999990900039505
se ae pa ee a per ee eee Co De Doe Le Di Co De Lee Le on Cn Leen hee oe Cee ie Ce Doe Le oe ee oe ee ee


MPG FOR EACH CAR

30.

28.

26.

24.

22,

20.

GM FUEL ECONOMY STUDY
MPG VERSUS RELATIVE HUMIDITY

CLASS 35251012
DATE 062476

CORRELATION COEFFICIENT =-. 1866
95 PERCENT CONFIDENCE INTERVAL = (7.4225, .0730)

x
x
oad

xX x y x

Xu %y%

%x xxx

x xx
x

x x

xX xX XxX XK

x

ax X

xy i x 2
So. $5. bo. és. 70. 735. 80.

=» RELATIVE HUMIDITY (PERCENT)

a
rey
S
wo
a
=)
°

Letra


SUMMARY

Current Product Engineering, Engineering Staff, General Motors
Corporation conducted three fuel economy surveys of 1975 GM private
passenger car owners. The objective of these surveys was to determine what
kind of fuel economy 1975 GM customers were experiencing. Data from this
survey for 1532 cars formed the basis for this study. Additional seasonal,
topographical, and geographical data associated with the locations of the
owners were acquired from the literature and added to the GM data base.
Carline classes were then defined which contained cars with the following
parameters in common: GM Division, Inertia Weight, Engine Displacement—
Number of Carburetor Barrels (CID-BBL), Transmission Type, and Axle
Ratio. Harmonic mean fuel economies were computed for groups of cars
within each carline class. These groups were associated with extreme ranges
in each of eight seasonal, topographical, and geographical parameters. The
dependence of fuel economy on these parameters was determined by comparing
fuel economies between groups. Sales weighted harmonic mean fuel economies
were computed for analogous groups at the division and fleet level.

Preliminary results indicate an increase in fuel economy with an
increase in average miles traveled per day for all carline classes. It was
also found that temperature and population (i.e., urban/highway driving
conditions) have a lesser influence on fuel economy, but that a larger data

base is required in order to properly evaluate this result.


GM FUEL ECONOMY STUDY
MPG VERSUS POPULAT!ON
CLASS 14000612
DATE 062476
CORRELATION COEFFICIENT =-. 1365
95 PERCENT CONFIDENCE INTERVAL = ¢-. 4631+ . 2228)

MPG FOR EACH CAR

22.

20.

xX XXX KK
te-a

xx

POPULATION ¢ THOUSANDS)


A-49

A A INO FR A DARN O FAIA EN MOM AINE FEUD FOUANA OAM OOM
2299999909909009990000390900000905009099000000000990990990000
NMDO AANANO OF AF AUN ODO FFF OMAN O ON MOANA DONS UF FUN ES FNUON TAM SAN
OTS TTISIN NENTS EN SEN TAIN ENIN IN TN ININ NEN ININ INE MINNININ EEN NIN TNT NINES EIN INLINED LENIN EN TNL

99900090050000000000
! epee rererrrerene

DOOOM DOD SF FFF TMMM ODOR RA RO DOMM MA MMMM MMMM MMMMM AMM NUTT MAMMATO
NU AAEUVAVNANUAOODDD OO FI AD ODO NO 0000000005 0000 0F 00FFRROR DORR
At tte AAA AA AA AA cal el ded te ed etd ded ted

LUNNOSOPANAUNOVO MM MAHA MMM OOVODODOOOCOGOOOONOONNDLOLT HOODOO
RRRRRR RR OO DOORRROOORRRROOORR ERR ERE R EER ERR RRR EERE RRARRRAS

OD OUAIN DD00ODONF0090000000:
Cece reece cc ececeecceeee
PEODOAFO AAU ANNAN
HAR RA I te ed a IORI I ed IU IIIA I UN UNA ANANI AIUIE

ARAONODNNODDO DNOOMNONRDFOODROOLFORDINONIDGORMONMMNNOOOO09000
DOM FARR DINO OS FOOAM TANNA S ONL DF FIOMUQDONGONOM IAAL NT TMOMME OOM
NN deter aiNimmemn NAN RM MAM AINA at 7” 4

RAINAMM METI MAIMED ME FMM MFM MMMM OF FFT ILO PUGET TAMAS Fett
DNDHDOAMNNNGDDAAANA GOS MAN YOON DNNMOVOOUOVHO_ 4 MUA dddadandad

VLVATATLSTALZALZSAAZANATYHZ 2ZZZW WM ZZ ZZVZOZSZZO ZZ

NNRO99090900000N0909009000M9001900 2009009900990929099099590n 0000

MO 1 GIOWDONGGDO99G09059NG054559H03090990S9HT0999090 11 FOnaTTT

20 FANDSNLTONDATMOS NOS DIDO NODAL NIMS INIDOMOSOOD ND orn

RR OU MFAN DF NOD A BO ANOQOMNT EMETHANOMS SOM OLNDD w oun

SN rom SAN AT MR SAMI Natt RN
et 44 3

2

ATO DIONARA AD ARG AIMS AOA MING F MUNDO OF LO ILANOAD DONG 00 ONMAIOS
$F POD OR 0OMON DORAONND DEN OAORADIN ES OMNANIAIDOOM.F OWOT

eee ete rece eee ee eee ewes ere e sere seer eae eset eeescees

OF RR OR NOTE APONTE RE. AMOIRMNINO IAN ONT OADALTH OM AIAMD OT NS
CLAM DANA FAM MN AINSEAN UN IAM A I OAT AN MAA OF OMA AN MMM
nw a ~_

TANAN at at aa al al al al al ak al al al aval aks al al alae av etal areal aay at al alalar al alal alata al all 4 al alal ala) Aral alal alll

wee eee w rere cere essere vere eceeccceresereeeseseeecsesseces
SEGOOCOOGO9ODOGOOONOSOHO9GGLLODGOGOOOOOOODOGOE SC OOGOOOOGEDH
DOONONHIA VOONDOODOGSSSOHSGONS FOLK ONVHGOSONSAHOOSOSSNHO99AG999505
ANONANHROCOONANNOONONS ONNHOGIND NHAAINAIN DONONVOHONNVOONIDONONSAIn
DNA NOUNS AS FAL NL OS MMOS SF LFS MONT OAS NONE FPN TAM S MODINE TINS FTV

NOR DHOHUML NON DEOAUMSINOND FOAMS NOL OTOANNUMNTNON DAOANMFNONDOO4
COD CO ttt A IAIN NAN ANAUM MM MOM MMM MFT LL SL STL PANN OA DAINOO
SOPAASA ISAS PAPO OAS IIA AGAR AA APIS SIA AG GA AA AT AAASAAAPOAOTAAT ARH


oH. GM FUEL ECONOMY STUDY
MPG VERSUS PRECIP! TATION
26. CLASS 24501211
DATE 062476
24. CORRELATION COEFFICIENT =-.0319
95 PERCENT CONFIDENCE INTERVAL = ¢-. 3103. . 2515)

22.

20.

16 x
x x x
x
x
14. Xx x x x
x xx
x _x® x x
x x xXx x
a
12. x x
z x x x % x xX x
a x x
wi x x
&
= 10 x x x
Qo
& x
i i 1 i ! 1 ! ! I
8 4 20. 40. 60. 80. 100. 120. 140. 160. 1980.

x

= PRECIPITATION (MM

86-2


MPG FOR EACH CAR

x

52.

48.

44.

40.

36.

32.

28.

24.

20.

12.

GM FUEL ECONOMY STUDY

MPG VERSUS RELATIVE HUMIDITY

CLASS 13000323
DATE 062476
CORRELATION COEFFICIENT =-.0156
95 PERCENT CONFIDENCE INTERVAL = ¢-, 4343,

x x
x
* x
x x x
x x x
x x
x x
x
x
x x
i 1 1 i
So. 55. 60. 65. 70. 75« 80. 85. bo.

~ RELATIVE HUMIDITY (PERCENT)

- 4087)


APPENDIX B

FUEL ECONOMY SCATTER PLOTS


MPG FOR EACH CAR

x

28.

26.

24,

27.

20.

GM FUEL ECONOMY STUDY

MPG VERSUS PRECIPITATION

CLASS 24500911
DATE 062476

CORRELATION COEFFICIENT = .0627

95 PERCENT CONFIDENCE INTERUAL = ¢-, 2386,
x
x
x
x x x
x
x x x. XK y x x
x
x x
x x x x x x x
x x &
x x
x * x x x
x x
x
t i q 1 IL ! 1X ! !
oO. 20. 40. 60. 80. 100. 120. 140. 160.

TM PRECIPITATION (MM

+ 3530)

06-9


MPG FOR EACH CAR

x

28.

26.

24.

22.

20.

GM FUEL ECONOMY STUDY
MPG VERSUS POPULATION
CLASS 24501211

DATE 062476

CORRELATION COEFFICIENT =-.0175

95 PERCENT CONFIDENCE INTERVAL = ¢-. 2972,

x x
Xx x
x x
x x
x
x O*« * x *
x x
x
x
{ L 1 1 L
6 to. 20. 30. 40. 50. 60. 70. 80.

POPULAT!ON ¢ THOUSANDS?

« 2650)

do.

XK KKRORKMRK KX XK OK

€6-E


A-27'

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LAI A tt ted td td AA ed cd hh Aid IN htt ed Lt tee et eed tet rd ond ad tet

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SAL TOA UM OM AO AT ALE AIRE AOU LO et OE

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ROTOANM FN ON DKON FON DROMUMSNONDAROWAAM FIN ON OPOMUM SIN ON OO O-10N
SONAL 0000000. 0.0R RR ARER ERRNO DODDDDOODAO APA ARO PHOSOS
NIN UII IR EURAIL NIU IRIAN AIICU CUE en re

RN HA et wh edd a ed tt rd rm tm ra et em ed ed re ed ee td rm rH


A-23

TAN ORO OF ONAN AD ER ID HAO ANDO AT AM AAO ONODOR AMOS OMONAME NSM AFNO
BD 20) CAT MN OUD AN MI MOM AANOG DAAN- AO OMM FNM SF OPNDONAMAVOTODBOOMAIN
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PANN tt hh ted od td te ted CUCU TI I RI AI IRIN A IL

aad did ttt od tg fou NAD 00D ORONO AAA daa SDOVVOU S000
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Herr awYOnseTOR 4 OO WHE OOo DxIdORREHOU FZWwEnzZeoonaann
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meee reece ewer cece er cene sere r eee cccecerecsesseessesecsees
FARL F OI AAI AIR OA RII OIA RIBIAI LOLS A AON tA et ANAL aE td PON

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DAAVM LINDON D ROMANO SOONG ROAM 'D OR OD IANS NON DA OAM TOON DMA TIO
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eC Ee eC ee DC De ee DD Ee EE Cs te eon De De DD DD rr


The first two considerations clearly suggest large
classes, while the third consideration suggests small
classes. Avalue of 20 cars per class was chosen as
a reasonable compromise.

c. Determination of Carline Classes. A computer pro-
gram was written which searched the data base for
combinations of the five parameters (which define a
carline class) that were common to at least 20 cars.
The results of this search are shown in Table 3-1.
As indicated in this table, 24 classes were found that
satisfied this criteria. These 24 carline classes
include 69 percent of the cars in the data base.

d. Determination of Carline Class Harmonic Mean Fuel
Economies. A computer program was written that
performs the following computations: for each class
of cars it determines N number of cars which are
associated with extreme values of each of the eight
seasonal, topographical, and geographical parameters.
(For example, with N=5, the program would identify
those cars associated with the five highest and five
lowest values of each parameter in each class.) The
program then computes harmonic mean fuel economies
for each grouping of N cars. Sales weighted harmonic
mean fuel economies (see Appendix C) were not com-
puted at a carline class level since frequently the
same models were not present in the extreme parame-
ter ranges. Under these circumstances, differences
in sales weighted fuel economies would be, at least
partially, the result of differences in model mix rather
than the parameter under investigation.

e. Determination of Division and Fleet Sales Weighted
Harmonic Mean Fuel Economies. Sales weighted
harmonic mean fuel economies were computed at both
the division®TM and fleet level. In order to assure that
each carline class contained at least three cars in the
extreme parameter ranges at the division level, it was
necessary to increase the number of cars in each
extreme to as many as 104. A corresponding analysis
at the fleet level indicated that 479 cars would be
required so that all 24 carline classes contained at
least three cars in each extreme parameter range.

“This was not done for the Cadillac Division since only one carline class was
available for that division.

14


26.

24.

22.

20.

MPG FOR EACH CAR

x

tO.

ge

GM FUEL ECONOMY STUDY
MPG VERSUS RELATIVE HUMIDITY
CLASS 35501411

DATE 062476

CORRELATION COEFFICIENT = . 2294

95 PERCENT CONFIDENCE INTERVAL = ¢-.0283, . 4586)

KK
x

xx

1

bs. 60. 65. 70. 75. b0. 85. 30. $5. too.
RELATIVE HUMIDITY ¢ PERCENT)

SsvI-d


A-14

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MPG FOR EACH CAR

x

44.

40.

368.

32.

28.

24,

20.

“8.

=

GM FUEL ECONOMY STUDY
MPG VERSUS TEMPERATURE

CLASS 45251014
DATE 062476
CORRELATION COEFFICIENT = .0541
95 PERCENT CONFIDENCE INTERVAL = (7. 1832. . 2854)
x
x
xx
. eS . x Xx
x. x
x HES x xx eae
KxKX ye * x
x%
x
~4, om 4, é fe 6. bo 24 28.

TEMPERATURE (DEG ©)

6lt-@


A-18

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tw
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4

TAYE 2 NIN TAMU TNT AON 0 OWT © DUN UTL FOU OW FORM DOT TOHONON ATOM
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SIR RN RR RR RRR RR ARR RR RRR EAR RRR RR RRR EERE AR ARERR AR ARR


MPG FOR EACH CAR

28.

26.

24.

22.

GM FUEL ECONOMY STUDY
MPG VERSUS TEMPERATURE
CLASS 45001413

DATE 062476

CORRELATION COEFFICIENT = . 4820

95 PERCENT CONFIDENCE INTERVAL = ¢ . 2087

X x x
x
x x

x K x x

XK —K xx
x : :

x x x
xx x *

x x
x
{ if ft I i

b. 4 x 8 12. 16. 20. 24. 28.

TEMPERATURE (DEC ©)

- 6855)

yli-d


A-48

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fF OMS DOD FF FOF OONF ANS SUS FF NOL FT ALLFVNS NTNONDONOFOFSANANS OFT
AU RSI INIA INI RI NAIR INU INA IAI IAIN IAI AIAN RRC II

roy 92020009000 2000000-8 62 BAOHNANAPOS9999999099099000000
eooooe oo men aN INL
NNNNAN rr OF

WVNOOD00OT 8 POO OM FF 014.09 006 5g FF TAPNANAD SF FMAM M rom mm m—MmMM DOO
MMM AHOOOS SF ODDON NAR AIEE RR 0000 OD ANI DO DUR DO DINAN IEA LVI IRIS
a tet Ate ttt a Att

DOOR IR Rit oo A HAM AUNINUUNOMODDOMINDOVODDDOSOVSSSOGOCONN
DOroOo 000 DOO DODD OOODOCG OOP NO OODORAREARARRRERE ER RAEERE

NOU OAININAINNINIAIUNIORR HINO D OO DODMONDODDODQOO OOP ALARA ERERRRER OOO
Cece eter crete reece reece sere reese cree es esse ses esos esoces
MOQDPOROPAMAMARA RO DOONOOOOINNINDININS HEE PAE RRO OOOO OTOTATO OOD
a re) 4 nN AA hd et A ted tet ted

NOCICOMMONKOMNOONA DOONOTONNODODDOONHOMOONNDATHOOOSNOONOND

AT OOMMOOMN DO DOOOSR DO ONGNONNADATOIOIMON DUNO DHANUONNSOOWAIMMO

NTS 4 ae AM ON AANA AING ONOFORMNN Rae ot 4a Nm
nu AA

DARIN AIR DIN IAAI MM MMMM DIAM MMM MM DIN M DS FF ANAM UNINC
OFA VOOVOLOOOULL 4 aM MONDAADRADBAADHLVADLVOBDHAAHanHHanmananandon

FLALTAP LAW L2LFZLLLZZALSAFALZZNSATALZZESLESZZALZTZZ 0909147 2H7zz

329990900000909009099 32000:3000000009090000 ane DONG DOR SemMNhO09000
29929096003 1996 3N99690030G099909069G006N0009.0MNT INGOMD3000
INIT DAD IOOMIGONMNG999AO0O DOODGIIOW3SOAONNUMM IFNEHR ONMNARONS

DF ANAK SOAPATOD — ONDHODA FADO DOD ANADOSRINOUNE NOM MOOMAR OWS
ae FAN Do RRARD HONMANANS RR AON m@a On
nN rr ” QD Ate et 4 a

NOM UMAR NADOOAR ATO MMM TORN ODO DON FORMAN FAM AND t OM OMS FEHODD

CAURQDONMDITAMORAON MOIR FURNOFOOMASNMAANNANM SEEMS ANAOO ~

ee ee eee eet mere re rere rere ser rere nee rerteseteeenesese

TF IPNMNINA AND OONDBING ADDON IMF TMM DOORS D NAS OM NTORMHDDMAMM MINNA 46

NAS NAMM DONNA NAS OO ANAANM FA | ONAN AIM MUN ADS ANNE OD
"n

SRE RRS S SESE LEE RES BN SETS SEES ERE EER EBM M1 HMHBMMMYD

PERERA AAO Cee
COVOOOOOYGO9OOSSO0900000000G0000000GG909G909000'6 990960000090
AWDOONOSHOSSIVOEHSSHSCSMNGOHDSSNSSSSSOOOSNGSOONOIOHOOSNHA5055
DDHOHOSONNSOCHOCOCOOONHGONNASCOSOOOCTGOOOO HMO NANNSNOORNOIAAIAODSIA
ENE FOOL EF FONMAT FANMAIL TOF SFI OOM STN FLOTATION SENOS MMO

DO PORMUIM FNOK DP OANM TN OR OF OANM THOR DF OMANM SIN ONDFOANNSNON OOOO
F FARA DAAD AN D000 00000 ORR RAARARR DOD ODDDHDD DOO PAPO SOSOSMODIO0D
OVOHHHHHHOH DOOD DOOD OOOO DHHOODOH HOHHOHOGOODH OOD DODOGOOOG OO DODO GOSS


2A. GM FUEL ECONOMY STUDY
MPG VERSUS TEMPERATURE
2R. CLASS 15250914
DATE 062476
24. CORRELATION COEFFICIENT = . 2742
95 PERCENT CONFIDENCE INTERVAL = ¢-.0547, .5494)

22.

20.

xe
x x x x xX x
& x x ¥ x x
5 x x x
5 x x *%
& x x
= io. * x
° x
& x
t 1 i t 1 t 1
8-8 ~4, 0. 4 8. 12. 16. 20. 24. bs.

x

TEMPERATURE (DEG 0)

7s-@


MPG FOR EACH CAR

x

28.

26.

24.

22.

20.

GM FUEL ECONOMY STUDY
MPG VERSUS POPULATION
CLASS 13250914
DATE 062476
CORRELATION COEFFICIENT =~. 2621
95 PERCENT CONFIDENCE INTERVAL = ¢~.5402, .0677)

xX

1 L
b to. do. 40. 40. ‘50. 60. 70. 80. 90. 100.

ss! POPULATION ¢ THOUSANDS?

sv-d


Table 2-3. Model Codes

Division Body Type Model
Code Code
2 Buick 11 ol Skyhawk
9 02 ~=Apollo
9 03 ~~ Skylark
1 04  Century/Regal
1 05 Century Wgn
2 06 Le Sabre
3 o7 Electra
2 08 Estate Wgn
5 09 Riviera
3 Cadillac -- ol Seville
3 02 Calais/Deville
5 03 Eldorado
3 04 Fleetwood Brougham
4 05 Fleetwood 75
4 Chevrolet -- ol Chevette
8 02.» Vega
8 03 Vega Wgn
8 04 Monza
9 05 Nova
6 06 Camaro
1 07 Chevelle (Malibu, Laguna)
1 08 Chevelle Wgn
2 09 Chevrolet (Caprice, Impala, Bel Air)
2 10 Chevrolet Wgn
-- ll Corvette
7 12 Monte Carlo
5 Oldsmobile ll ol Starfire
9 02 Omega
1 03 Cutlass
1 04 Cutlass Wen
2 05 Delta 88
3 06 = Ninety-Eight
2 07 Cust. Cruiser Wgn
5 08 Toronado
o Pontiac 3 ol Astre
8 02 Astre Safari
ll 03 Sunbird
9 04 Ventura
6 05 Firebird
1 06 Lemans
1 07 Lemans Wgn
7 08 Grand Prix
2 09 Pontiac (Bonneville, Catalina,
Grandville)

10. Pontiac Wgn
ll Grand AM
12. Trans AM

nN


MPG FOR EACH CAR

x

26.

24.

22.

20.

1
Q.

DATE

CORRELATION COEFFICIENT

062476

GM FUEL ECONOMY STUDY
MPG VERSUS ZIP CODE

CLASS

95 PERCENT CONF |DENCE

!

1
ZIP CODE

xX XX X

1
2

XX X KX X

!
3.

xX K MRK KK XK XKX

1
4

CFIRST DIGIT

65501512
= .0660
INTERVAL = ¢-. 1518
ox x
x P x
x x
% %
x x
x

ue

o-

N-

o-

= 2777)

WK XK EROX

061-a


MPG FOR EACH CAR

28.

26.

24.

22.

20.

!
- 80

ROOK XKKKKK XX

x

DATE 062476

GM FUEL ECONOMY STUDY
MPG VERSUS TERRAIN
15250914

CLASS

CORRELATION COEFFICIENT =
95 PERCENT CONF | DENCE

xx

x

x OK KX KKK

2 he &

TERRAIN INDEX

-0281

INTERVAL

c-

INDEX

2986.

Be

- 3489)

lv-d


A-22

MAD DMS DADA OOVS LOS SOM FOR TR DAHON NA OOM NM AN COMIN HO tat A teeter
OF ADEM FR DOGMNADAVNOUM OM AMMIAINIME HAN ON ANE AM FOLANINONMO FS QOOOAOOO
FD ARR AR ONAN O99 FAIM SF F1N.0 DD DN NM QDODOAAANAINO ADO RAODAIM EM FR COO
St AAA AMANO MOS EFSF LLL ELSE FL FFT INIAIID IAEA INLAY OO 0.00 0-000
EAA AA A A A heh hel Ahh ed cal tod te ot tt ontind

eee ee > > > > >>> > > >> >> > > > > a eadaeadaaeaaeacaaad
JALZZAAL7AZAZLZAZAAZLALSFAFALZZZALZZTZZOAcaraanaasaanaaaaaangaaaaaaa

)
e

7) x ws

<= a mw 3 > o

D a< a w w

an <a> 22 Ww xrrrz zw © 4
ww ns “Oo 40 wow aa Tr >+0OUD zo 2 pal =)
own TF Ow Zee OS ee WU Ue Oe Weer a0 >> FOO

“UAXOA9D00S0 4 aOngWwdde FO FER OF Caw IS 55DUzZEURWO Zeewaeoo
YIVINTHEea D MeO O Wh ANN FUOKEEFITIVYaMPZOZAdDWIOY FZeHeg 2
DOXZaAMnvaGwWa CZ>VAo OZ Www 4 WWKORNZONNOHEOONONW SOU0>LUN
TVOTAHOU9W AOdee xe EOdOyE TITIAZWSSHLOAF Tee LOT EK ZINE worn
BZOFLaAER SAYRE BOVZALZ>ZEO0U0 NE Z 44 ce YZ EEE EDIE 2 ea ata
SHOW UW WEE eo PWD OWE GUNOOON DOM WW I SS ee COWIE DOO Dt htc he
HE FOL UA WNNAOIVIIYZVOTA ge XX OLA MDOZOOE NAA FTOIAUNTAELOOuUNDHE

Sree e ere ese verses esece seers eesccesrccecsessceseescoaseeeece
DANA AN AA ed ett A tet th rt mtd RL Od rd ed md od hd dh Hd A ad at el rtd ed er end mati i

Tee eee eer reer eres ese eer eecre rec reseesccer reese eee e ees esee
AF AN FNS AIR HE IRIE LOI IRIN td OO UO Et A tT ah Ud OI III AIR OD teed

as
NTL O FONFRAMOPOIOOON ODDOMAURAN OF ON NF OROOME DODNUM FORO NOS SOA
“4 4 ae a4 a aa 4 tit

ee er
PUPAE MAAN DAD FR VOGT ADA Pet PPO AO POU DUG OMAIG UO INNO et
a 4 a a

i
Ye
ee

ve

Ale

PTAA ON OR SO
TT AN OF Dam MNON,
Cee ee aes

ODM OM IVARA BTR Dt OOKMM INOS AADMMOE SOOM
DOOR OM AD FAR AVAL OAM ND 4 ODD
ee er ee ro rian
1 ANE AON NASIR MG) UAW $0 OD DONNA DDN UNM HOOOR ANON THAMIANNOE
Salata atin ten tan hen i Lan Sen ten le teton ten Lame ert ta ene oe eden eto oe ene ae oe ee ee oe ae ee ee ee

Ce
ERAGE ET OU A OA EO NL OAT EF ONT UO UM MAMAN NM ANAM OMEN

NAT OR DROME NOR OO DANAE OR FO IAM FN OR DOONAN SINONOTOMAIM tinNon@

i SP bn 0 be Sb bbb OSS SEE EE SSA O-5-5-4-4-4-4-5-5-4 tenn nna el

HOO PEAS OEAS OT OOD rt
PORRPAPFHSOOTOOOPTAPOOPOD o 2OSO099: 220099


CONTENTS
FOREWORD .. 2... ne iii
ACKNOWLEDGMENT .... 2... ns v
SUMMARY . 2... eee xi
1. INTRODUCTION .. 2... 2. . ce ee eae 1
2. DATA ACQUISITION AND ANALYSIS... ....... 050022008 3
3. METHODS .. 1... eee ene eee ee 13
4, RESULTS ©... ee es 17
4.1 Carline Class Harmonic Mean Fuel
Economy Comparisons ... 1... 0. eee eee eee 17
4.2 Division and Fleet Sales Weighted Mean
Fuel Economy Comparisons. ........... 0.00042 27
APPENDIXES
A. LISTING OF DATA BASE .. 1... ee ee A-1
B. FUEL ECONOMY SCATTER PLOTS .............00000- B-1

Cc. FORMULAS FOR COMPUTING FUEL ECONOMY
AND TESTING FOR SIGNIFICANT DIFFERENCES

IN FUEL ECONOMY... . 1... ee ee C-1
NOTES. 2 1. N-1
GLOSSARY . 6... ee G-1

vii


MPG FOR EACH CAR

26.

24.

2?.

20.

GM FUEL ECONOMY STUDY

MPG VERSUS MILES PER DAY

CLASS 24000911
DATE 062476

CORRELATION COEFFICIENT = .5308
95 PERCENT CONFIDENCE INTERVAL = ¢ .2905, . 7082)

x
~ x x x x * x
x
x, ¥X xX x
x x x x
x x x
x
KK y eR
x * x
x
x
x
1 I ! ! 1 I ! I ft
10. 20. 30. 40. 50. 60. 70. 80. 30.

MILES PER DAY

ve-a


MPG FOR EACH CAR

x

28.

26.

24.

22.

20.

GM FUEL ECONOMY STUDY
MPG VERSUS MILES PER DAY
CLASS 25251111
DATE 062476
CORRELATION COEFFICIENT = .5480
95 PERCENT CONFIDENCE INTERVAL = ¢ . 2627. £7452)

x
“ x x
x x, * x x
x x
x x x
xx x
x
x x x *
x
XX
x x
x x
to. 20. bo. 4o. bo. 60. to. 80. bo. Soo.

MILES PER DAY

s0t-d


MPG FOR EACH CAR

x

30.

28.

26.

24.

22.

20.

o-

GM FUEL ECONOMY STUDY
MPG VERSUS TEMPERATURE
CLASS 34501011
DATE 062476
CORRELATION COEFFICIENT = . 3639
95 PERCENT CONFIDENCE INTERVAL = ¢ .0349. .6218)

x
x x
bd
x x
x
x «x %&
x x x x* x
x
x X x x *
x
x
x x
x x
x
1 L ! I ! 1 ) I 1 1
4 8 12. 16. 20. 24. 28. 32. 36. 40.

TEMPERATURE (DEG 0?

Tet-d


GM FUEL ECONOMY STUDY
MPG VERSUS RELATIVE HUMIDITY
CLASS 23000323

DATE 062476

CORRELATION COEFFICIENT = .1718

95 PERCENT CONFIDENCE INTERVAL = ¢-, 2396, . 5309)

MPG FOR EACH CAR

40.

36.

32.

28.

24.

N
Pe

°

el-a

RELATIVE HUMIDITY ¢ PERCENT)


A-40

ON ANE IA ON OU AOR O ON UO IN ORR ORT PUBDOON OOM OMOEA AMONAMN ONE
QOHOID99090000-000-60071000000000-000000000090000000000000400
DIF FOF ODDO FUN SONS ODO SF EVFUNNALNVAS SASUUVONM SNVAUMNODOS NE ST
NNN NIN NINN AINAINUNINUNUNUNIN NAINA UNNI UAINIAIUIN

000 4040000 OOD DORK® DDDNNNNNNNONANAIRROREER SOLL ELST FODORRENRE
amma ODODDDOOD DOO HAM HATS SET IEN NNNINIININO ONAN
AHA HOOK HAH OODDO0D DD00RR BREAN NNNNINNN ttt rrr

NNN SRE SA 7ODDDO ORE ODOOMaMMaMMsmMMMODDOOGONRMAMMMAMMDOML eee
RRR OME OMMDOL0000D 00 OONNNANANONAIN IRAE IASI EE EERE OOR OOOO
atest Att detet mtetetet

COONONOMMs CODDOMMOBODOONAAINAIN ONAN INIA SAMI AM Fietett rIMIMOOINODOOO
DOD DOOKAALK ODOODD DOHOOO OOOH OHO OHDOOK ODD ODOHOK DOOOOK DODO OOOO OR SOAOS

BOO VA NON NO Ht HR tt et I INIICUAINIONINAI RIE
eee reece eee cre scorer cee reeecee ee
MMMM MODOMN Adee Eb det

NNN ve Nn

WAM MAMMANINE OOOOOMRNONINOOBOORKA F FOE RODONNODBONNIONNOMSOOOD

DDO DONS + FAMDL DO ODODN HAD DODDS PHOONA ANF OOTONAAIAM AE FM AOMO OOOO

FLOOR AD NOOREARRRIR ORR OD 0DDD ODA DONE HOTA OOONODCOOREGNDOD Dw
4 AAA ett ed tet ted

RUIN UNM AIAIIN EU EIA ttm EN EIU AICI RIEU CUI m MAIEURICUEI CIM AMM MM MUM maAcANIEL
AND ONINNMNYOd ddd dQADoHMMAHnaAHDAMANMAANHeA ddnoMannONMAoOddaad

QVLALTALTAFLAZSTLSFLALALAALTAANw9wzz7zz7ze7z77STALALTLALTzALTLATTZ

DOOMMONNNDAAM ND AVNOM AM MMMME TATOOS MANNVOTEEE COMMNOODRMS frre
ODADAS £9 OUNNMOO SAS ORRAE ER MMMOOD ONAAIAING $ 0D DAOO PUD SFM AMM
RRR MMMAININ DS 900 2OOOR OFA ROE PORT AOR NATO HOMROORARRAL
AAALTOSID NIGOORAMM MADDOOONINAINAINDAANHAMNEDD Aaa ONOARanmmnN
OOORR NNN $F OM RRR RRAiNiN aan aor 0 SANA NAN,
OM at AAA nw +

QOD FAUMMODOD OMNES ANAT OFS TONANOODMAME FO FRORAN OTR IEMA DOMINO AMAN

RMA FANNINVAN DAF OONEDMDOM A OF NOG OLR AAOPANDIAN $ OR MADAM MOO

eee ee re ee ee ee ee ee

FWA TAINS DON ONOADAN OSS DODNAT DOR VONOM OTOL FOO ORMONDHNNT NOD

NON ANT AMM AT OAR MAO IAM OO AOA TAN MOAMNMMOTANT OMNI FM,
w

EER BN ERA RE EE SEES EWEEK EEE eS SWES ERNEST CORK SER SS SERRE E

eee cee Cece rere cee eee races rserseresesersesssans
oeoougoc POGOGCOCDOGOOOOGOGOGODO COOGOODOOOSC9OLSOO99G0C GE

BAS SSH RNS OROADOAARAOOOANOORSOS DOOANH ANNO NDAD IDOOAKINIH BOR
OCHOGONOANONNAMNHINNANONHANHOHOD DONVONNONAAING O DWNONNG MAD N
FEL LOS DED FF ALMA OUD FF OE INNA 1 DT NEWT NOT INS ODI ION OT rN

NMS NOR DO OFAN SIN OR OTOANM ST NOM OROANM NON OT ONM PINON DDOANIM TON
SOT OCEA APOIO 2200 DODO AAA AAU UNUM MM AMMAN Fe PTT ery
AMANO LS FILS LEIP SSSI SLE LSS LIL IS SPL SII STII IL IIT IIT IIT Ts


GM Fuel Economy Study

Table 4-2,
Harmonic Mean Fuel Economy Comparisons (N

10) (Continued)

»
wor ru seer
Mo@oRNON
DW et HOR!
BNA Oda

an) wn

AU DOsN

PET EIN TN)
FA ded

Nsn0T0ONs
OP FF APININ
DOR AMINDT

*
TOMO MOW

WNDOHAOM
CUS A A I wt,
DFM TAM
FARINA
KUNI NI A nae
det ttedetet

taDmoonun

ANNA

RO OH Me
ro oe
” ot
ND

”

WwAuw2>2wo
Ovu Or Gua
OroMnaS>
Orarorra

15259914

OF HW Oo
nm om
5 oe
ery
TM”

Wonasuoo
WIE HONGO
oo oN
7 oun

wlwerewo
0a OFOLud
OnOHEH DS
Ch IbuRrSe
Cananad
Ha >Eho
ND wDete

@ srua

ow Hs

a ou
Oe
i
a

ow

N

4

ip

nN

ny

4

* .
POO -OM
AION AINDO

NAORR ARG
NOVO OON,
DOUDHOYM
NWO TNO

ROAOMAAD

PoROoOr oOo

wzuerZwo
Qvucrouwa,
CHORMEH D2
OrarcEee
dananaa

@ araa
oO W Ns
a ou
ae
we
o
m
ot
m
eo
5
0
ny

23

MOMNRMONUD
DADOOIA
Doo aINDy
MONON Om?
Banas
NANNY

wo TONMING:
ADAMI
MM AINO WAIN
NTAN BRON
FVAV ADDO
NURI tet

WeluZ> suo
Quer uu

23090323

La
Own neu

Otddh tno
Big DODGIO
DFAT OGM
AROS IR
FO FN
Hodddtet

AUDNMADO.
SNORT TINS
WRN ain
ARR HOOD

NOOHRNSG
MaoR D000
wa VN AON
oo oO aM
oo oe
© on
x no
BOINAONOG

homnardnen
9 © HOD

4h nun
nu <e
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see *
we wa TVW
MITDHOONOWN
OFURSRINN

omninowon

Os FORMINN
NERomMman
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PONTO TOD

ao OW
Oo on
wn he
Neo

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wun n>
Da an
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os

W2we>2wo
O0uorKCxra
OnOrIMME SF
Or srorRa
Qavenad
Hoa Sari

ND
@ stad
°
a

24559911


A-38

AM UDIND ODN DOF DONDE DOF FAM MUL OUMAM DM LN FO OVUA ONT LO MAROMOOMAVINO
229800000000990900000000009000000000000000000000000000000
DOAN DHODO0F NO ODN MN DN DNS ONDAM NDIA $0 OD DVNDD DM DOOCNS NANONODANAIN
NINN RNIN INA NINIAINIRAINAINININI MOIRA NINN AUN UNNI

AQAHDQID000000000209092900002900000900050000099000000000000

PINE FROM THM rAHOOO COCOODOO NOI NNN AINA IAN tt tet tet
LOSER OOO OLS $F$ SFL LAA EE A DM 00D O00 OD OFAN AER
4 a - a) aN)

AOAAN 1.0 DOFMAMMAMMMAMMAMMMMMMMMDMD0OM 0000 OM Fett cited eid ctetet
DROOORERRORRARAERRARERAERRREAEERERE OPERA ERARAPE ALARA EE ERE

DNDOM O00 0DA HAHA MHD DD DODD 0D OOODNOMM SOM MMS MH Ort 04 OO Ort 0000000
eee ee ee rere rer ere eee eee er ere ee terete reese e reese sees set ee ee
NR NNAMMMMNO DDD 0000 DOCOSCQOCDGOOKL OAT DOTSF ADOT DOD OD DO OT DDO D000
EO hd ht hd ted tend ett ARIAT I ICU UR tL tet I et td OA A ct rt tet rt

PAPER 4 OMNODOROFPNNAMNONBIOOOCOCOR DOGROSIONMO TEEN AATORN DOES
AAA AD AIOE OPO hdd ett tt tA tend mt OU Ad IN UNS tt
aA NA A a a al n

ebooks Lele letetetsteteteletointetesieisisintsisinisinioisleiateisioisisininivisinisinioinisieeisinisisioisleis!
Aaddoqaeaaadadadddaddaddddcaaddddeaddddaaadaddddaqaddaqaad

LPILAV LALLA ZNATFEZZZNN ZNNTTZOFZAZN ZN 27 NN ZZZTZTNVZFZ

929099026 0999H4IVDNDD9O9F00990990 290990000 99 4HOODORD0rONR ROOD
ADIWDOAHD OI SENG SRIOSOSGOATIOOOR 9999999900000709059000HG0 T5309
FICS) IDA:HF HOM F$MONOAMDHONOINBODHS 3959 SIOIMONANR MN HODMOOADOMMBAH
DONDE FINONA FAMAMOSSAOODNA NEF PFARSOTNORASMVADOFORRAARROOT
TER MO mn aN DM ONIN at NAA $t44 an O0 ans
att Am et mm oni

YEN IW DVIAN AN ADIN DODNDMNS DMM DVM IN ANDO ON VMONHOATO OND ONO ONE
ADORNS AND FODMOALERAAND OF FOP SOON FONNORND OR FREON EMPOATRO DDORO
Par ee eee ee ee ee ee ee a rs
DRM AAS ST NDOUN DT DIM FANN 0-4 DOW DROKAA RONG DO TRIN NAIR AIASR OL AK 4
UE OA AIA NINAN AAA DEVO ONTO AMM AA MAMAN At AN ANA ett dr

ROR SE REE ERE ESR EEE EES ESSE REESE ENS SEEN SEBN BESET SESE

Cy
SUDAN OCOGHOOOHOSCCESOGOSLSOCODOOGHOGOOOOOGYOOOC LOG OSLO DGG
RORDAOOOSIOHODOSGOSDAGONHHGSSGASOHSIGOSOOOSOGOGOMIEANAGBAHAGA

our
raed
On
ALF FOSS TIDES LENT SATAN SFT ID STS LS SIL FOL SE LNT ET TNIONVONGT TTS SOU

DWP ONUM NOR DROIUM SHOR DP OMNUM EIN OR DF ONAN TN OF DPONNM FINO DF OMUMs
RR DDOOH DODODOT POS OOS SAPOOO09900 CO Hi ttet MIAMI NIVIAININIININININIM MM Me
RIN NIRINI UN IU UIU AINA MMM MMA MA MM MMMM MM MAM AMANM MAM MEA MM me


MPG FOR EACH CAR

x

2A,

24.

2?.

20.

1
oO.

3

GM FUEL ECONOMY STUDY
MPG VERSUS ELEVAT!ON

CLASS 15251212
DATE 062476
CORRELATION COEFFICIENT =-. 1840
95 PERCENT CONFIDENCE INTERVAL = ¢-. 5399

doo. 400.
ELEVATION ¢FT>

I
600.

800.

!
1000.

1200.

x

1
1400.

!
1600.

+ 2277)

!
1800.

1
2000.

9s-a


A-30

OF OANNHAOR OMAN MONANOD AL DAM DOF OFAN AAHOHO ONE HONAMONUAATHONRUMO
FIRMA HOS OAAUN SE RNOS FOANNM OANA FOONCOONOMNONONDOST AANNAONAOTO
A DOPOD DNOONOAAIMS AN DUNANAIAIM £10.08 DAF ORE ONMONNS DO OAUMALAILTINIO
DRI C.D0. OR RRR ARARARA DOT DODODN DOOPA PERS OQ ANAM S FINRA OTTOO
RRR RAR RAR RRR ARARA RARER RRA RRAR REREAD OODOO ODDO DOODOOMN DORH

WE OE a oe OE OC OE Oe EE OE OC BE OC DE DE DE DEE HE AE OE BEDE DE DE OE AE DE DE OE EME KK DODONOOY H-OK-aANT EES Sit
BE RRR ERE EER ERE ERR EEEEEEEEEREEEEEFEEEEEOUUUUU EBM DD4 A ZZZZZVV

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a eee >ZzzZZZ7F HZ eee Sw SMWORe ZOeHROOM UFOrWOdTA YOO

IAN AY OOY ADOONOCUYWO AZ ZEST SOHIOFWIVFZAAMOWF AFOFHIMHDWOO Zz
AWIWZZDWEEEEEEZOOZ 4444 4H5D24 7H OHOWRANNE BOKONAMOr FLG>HI a
kg) denlenl” hl al al Al al A) Alea Os glad CAEN eM NRW ZHaevoFZre 2D sro

SAL NIIWHD DD DDS a anwAazzZZZZZAOZ N42 dO HOUNDS RUNS IO ZONE RZ
deity ey 3A OO0 Oa a dx Od ta aeHOKO SSF DMM HOW dOAe CO TOOdU S444 4W00
OVEVWAAOUT IT ETNA LA NNN x O06 14 D444 ETO SUG IVA BHE ON ABOT eG

CS
AAA AA AAA AA AAA AA td et th hed td Ob Hd ett et eh Let OD A at temo et AD td et hed rd rt et

Seem em ere er cer reer ncerr esse cscessesecsesesecsceeceesecscccas
ANIA AURIS IAAT AANA AS IOI AE PAINE AN OI IEE PRN UMNO

ee ee
Ener IMO FE LO OO PLM LAAN YOR WINVOSMFROOOO SO NEF SOW SAID
aaa A AR I A et tidied ee dette

Ce ee i er a
ARON ARAMA Mt AY ANU AMM ANA ONE NAM DOANE OMA MOe
a 4 coal et -

TON POR ARE FAR FO AON OD FOr ARONA FADO MOR DR HHOROWMNS OOS
risen NAD FOUN OOPS AOA IDY I FOR FAAUEMONDD.IF AMEN TAI SON
re ee a rr ee a er ere a ry cceee
FIM DIAL NAR AD DANO PARE IF ADO FF IA MMF ANAM ANE FOV MIMOM At
A A AAA AAA A A tN NI IN

et
FN DON ASF AT OT AOI DT FUE TF OAD UN AO AOE OOS ET NE A OO OOO OMt

DO DAU AS 6. ONMAOANMS NOR DT ONIN S 2) ON DT CANT NON DFOMUMS NOR OT HAMe
FSAI ANIM MM MOM NF FLIES SF FLT AQUUAINIINIAIIND 0.00000 000R RRA
FL LLP IL EL SLES LLL LL LAOS L LL LLLP L EL LLG SILL ALL IGA SL FOE PPO IT ST ce
AAA NN LM ral ed et LM ee ed mt tt td et tet ttt Att ng



The sales weighted values presented should be
interpreted with caution since there were generally
an insufficient number of carline classes to represent
the divisions adequately.

Determination of the Test Statistic for Evaluating
Differences in Fuel Economy. It can be shown that the

"Test Statistic’ denoted “G"' in Appendix C is distributed
as a chi-square with a level of confidence and i degree
of freedom. Fora = 0.95, y* = 3.84146. If G exceeds
this value, the hypothesis that two harmonic mean fuel
economies under investigation are the same is rejected
at a 95-percent confidence level.

Values for this statistic were computed for each pair
of mean fuel economies for each of the seasonal,
topographical, and geographical parameters for each
carline class.


APPENDIX A

LISTING OF DATA BASE

This appendix contains two tables. Included in Table A-1i is a
partial listing of the original GM data supplied by the EPA Project Officer
for each car that was used in this study. The seasonal, topographical, and
geographical data that were either computed directly from data in Table A-1

or acquired from the literature are included in Table A-2.


MPG FOR EACH CAR

52.

48.

44.

40.

36.

32.

28.

24.

20.

TEMPERATURE (DEG ©)

GM FUEL ECONOMY STUDY
MPG VERSUS TEMPERATURE
CLASS 23000313

CORRELATION COEFFICIENT = . 1060
85 PERCENT CONFIDENCE INTERVAL = ¢(-. 2408,

x
¥ x xy
x x x
x x
xX x x % %&
x
12, te bo. 24, be

49-4


MPG FOR EACH CAR

x

26.

24,

22.

20.

°

2

0.

GM FUEL ECONOMY STUDY
MPG VERSUS PRECIP! TATION
CLASS 35501412

DATE 062476

CORRELATION COEFFICIENT =-. 2320

95 PERCENT CONFIDENCE INTERVAL = ¢-. 4771,

x
x
x x
x
x x
x
x x x
x x x
x xe x x
% x x "x xx
x % x x
x x x x
x x
x x x
x
x x
x
L v i I tT Ir 1 |
20. 40. 60. 80. 100. 120. 140. 160.

PRECIPITATION (MM

- 0465)

!
200.

yst-d


A-24

ANIME DF HOOF DORM FOSHAN ANATONAAMOAN SO ONT AOUNININON 09 OOM ADO
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DT DOS PF IOIDOANAAINI ANAM AME ME MMA DO DORR ERA DDO DOOT DDDOTPOTROOD
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= a aos re a

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meee meer errr reece reser eres ssateereseesreeseseoces
. DAT IANA OANA AAO OR Ae NOI SANE FOF FAM OR ANOIN
FAN A A A A AAR dt td A al a de ed td tet

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ORM FOAMS NORTE FANN SF DOR CPOE OR OP OAM OR DF OANM EN OR DO Oras
RRR ONDODOD 0t DISHOAAFTATAROOS! 20S ON DO Arteta ANN NAN NINIICM
2 3923D99000099990 30090909 tt tt tet tte ot ot hak eh et ot
FA AA AAA AAA AAA AAA AAA AA AA hd ht et tt ed ot ted ht trated Ad bd ol od el ted et eae ra


MPG FOR EACH CAR

x

26.

24.

20.

6.

GM FUEL ECONOMY STUDY

MPG VERSUS RELAT|IVE HUMIDITY

CLASS 35501412
DATE 062476
CORRELATION COEFFICIENT =~. 0094
95 PERCENT CONFIDENCE INTERVAL = ¢-. 2843.
x
. xX x x
x x *
x x* x x
x
x x *X x x
x * . xe *
xx x%
x x
x x x
x
x x
x
bo. 55. 60. 65. 70. 25. 80. a5. $0.

m= RELATIVE HUMIDITY (PERCENT)

- 2669)

esi-d


GM Fuel Economy Study

Harmonic Mean Fuel Economy Comparisons (N = 5) (Continued)

Table 4-1.

*
weurgrearma
NASM
OFROR tue
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DaroQorOWd
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ARON FIN

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28.

26.

24.

22.

2a.

MPG FOR EACH CAR

x

x

GM FUEL ECONOMY STUDY
MPG VERSUS ZIP CODE
CLASS 15251212
DATE 062476
CORRELATION COEFFICIENT = .0955
95 PERCENT CONFIDENCE INTERVAL = ¢-. 3114. .4728)

x x
x
x x
x x x
x x
x x x x x
x
x x x
x
x x
1 1 1 L i 1 1 1 1
b 3 4 5. 6 7, 8. 2. 40

1 . . .
ZIP CODE ¢FIRST DIGIT)

vs-a


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MPG FOR EACH CAR

26.

24.

22.

20.

Kx

GM FUEL ECONOMY STUDY
MPG VERSUS RELATIVE HUMIDITY

CLASS
DATE 062476
CORRELATION COEFFICIENT =

x
x XxX
x x x
x x
x KK
ae ; *y Xx
R xXx Xx
x
x RX
x x x
$5. 60. 65. 70. 75.

RELATIVE HUMIDITY ¢PERCENT>

65501512

- 0083
95 PERCENT CONFIDENCE INTERVAL = ¢-. 2078, . 2236)

€61-@


MPG FOR EACH CAR

x

26.

22.

20.

6.

I
0.

in

PRECIPITATION €MM)

GM FUEL ECONOMY STUDY

MPG VERSUS PRECIPITATION

CLASS 24000911
DATE 062476
CORRELATION COEFFICIENT =-. 1518
95 PERCENT CONFIDENCE INTERVAL = ¢-. 4179
x x
x x x x xX yy x x x x x
x x xx x x *
x x x
x
x x KF x Xk ke x
x X%
x
x
x
! i i I 1 1 1 L
20. 40. 60. 80. 100. 120. 140. 160.

- 1383)

78-2


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GM FUEL ECONOMY STUDY
MPG VERSUS MILES PER DAY
CLASS 44509912
DATE 062476
CORRELATION COEFFICIENT = . 4031
95 PERCENT CONFIDENCE INTERVAL = ¢ .1130, .6299)

20.

vol-d

PG FOR EACH CAR

x x
x
x x x & x x
x x * x
x x x x
x x
% x
x x
% x
x
x
x x
I 1 L L I L L I L L t
0. 10. 20. 30. 40. 50. 60. 70. 80. 30. 100.

» MILES PER DAY


MPG FOR EACH CAR

x

26.

24.

22.

20.

10.

ae

GM FUEL ECONOMY STUDY
MPG VERSUS PRECIP!TATION
CLASS 65501512
DATE 062476
CORRELATION COEFFICIENT =~, 0477
95 PERCENT CONFIDENCE INTERVAL = ¢-. 2607. . 16979

x x
x
x x x
x aX x x x x
x
Rx XX x xx
x xk xx xx x %
x x * x x x
x x x
Xx x | % * x
x Xy x x
x x x
x x x x
x
x x % x
L iy 1 ! i ' ! 1 1
20. 40. bo. 80. 100. 120. 140. 160. 180. 200.

PRECIPITATION ¢MM

vor-a


MPG FOR ERCH CAR

x

7R,

25.

24.

22.

20.

8.

I
0.

6M FUEL ECONOMY STUDY
MPG VERSUS 21P CODE
CLASS 24500911
DATE 062476
CORRELATION COEFFICIENT =-.0377
95 PERCENT CONFIDENCE INTERVAL = (-. 3309, . 2621)

x x x
x
x x x % x x
x
x x
x
x x x
x
x
x x x
x x
x
! ! 1 1 i 1 x i I !
1 2 3. 4 Ss. 6. 2. 8. 3. 10
ZIP CODE FIRST DIGIT?

98-2


MPG FOR EACH CAR

30.

28.

26.

24.

22.

20.

4.

GM FUEL ECONOMY STUDY
MPG VERSUS PRECIP!TATION
CLASS 34000711

DATE 062476

CORRELATION COEFFICIENT =-.0855

95 PERCENT CONFIDENCE INTERVAL = ¢-. 4324,

x x
x
x
x x
x x
x
x xx
x x
x * x x x
x
x
x
x x
! 1
20. 40. 60. 80. Joo. = 120. dao. ds.

= PRECIPITATION ¢MM>

- 2835)

doo.

@zt-a


MPG FOR EACH CAR

x

28. GM FUEL ECONOMY STUDY
MPG UERSUS ELEUATION
28. CLASS 25251212
DATE 062476
24. CORRELATION COEFFICIENT = .1613
95 PERCENT CONFIDENCE INTERUAL = (-. 2788, . 5462)

22.

20.

x x xX x x x
12. x % x

bad

x x
x

10. x

%

x
! i ! H 1 1 1 \

a 4. doo. 400. boo. 800. 1000. 1200. 1400. 1600. 1800. 2000.

~ ELEVATION CFT)

2rt-a


A-29

OLE PAM D0 AM OI AOR FAM OM ONS DERN O DOMAIN DOMANOM MOM tt FIND LO meted
DPLOODIMAMMOQOAINT OF OFROOOOONAM ARAL DO F900 £0 DOANONNONNOS OF IE
NORD AA tet FD tt FOR OO REA AIALRIA MEA ND DO ted LO POF at AP OB AIO rted ANSI OIIOD
IEIOIRL ENE CON NF EFF FINI O DOOR EOF POD tt AINA OI EFI OLN
0 OD .000.000.0000000000000 000 0R REE E RARER EREREREEE AREER ERR EERE

AS ASOD DO ONO BNA I dh dh dd he LO ak OF OO EE RE EK EE
RHA SEES ELE ee Yee YY SS ZI i it td OOOO er ee

>
Load > >
ne “a <= i=
Coz >> w n «a 7
aIrD> Hee to Rr uw re
wu Oo rhe He ae wZerzZaAo >
MHOUNZIECO 4 Ww = vert OO DHUWOIe << uw
UZ HOADS 3 0 Ww dad HEZO>oOWT aa UYorFWO =F Ze

APOE DHDHHHOZAEZ WERE FONKUITHO ZW MaFanan De ZTrNNUN
RZ274 OD ARNT ZY HHO e KWH a> Nee Tneddep ddd
ee > ZIG ZN SNIe EWI IIT ZEOSe EZ wWIWUwW Ket WUIT EOIN Ow dO
A>exXeR HY FWZZACA xe IRBOdAA VOVOKSS0K0Z BY ELA ZEEWAENZOE IONS NSAI
O4404 40h dud dO aH TOM ITT Ae OWT T aH OO aAOO sy OS SOWA
NlST OU TeX ROE E10 OF FR BVOCUFOVZ ILI £e Taku se aO<Ile- EE OOOO

Pe me ere r ern e reer ner r eres er acres sscareserseresereeresseseas
EV NOS LM AD eH rt td dt dd td edt at ed ea em ei rd ed i em ed AD hd ol rot md

ee rd
AA AO AI Lt FOIE AIA AIRE IL ed Alt Ot I EOI tet ed ed A OI tid

emcee mre e rere e sees er erareeeseanseeeecseeserrereseseeesecs
RNAADD OF FO MNS ONOWS PF COOANONN NDF OMNI FOF ST ONES FONFOM SOME OFIN
aoe Add Mt tt SO ite te tedetiet tet et itedet

ecm tween ere reer cescces eee
PARR AM OD INADANE VENOM DON edt ATI OU NI ARON IN INU ON SOO ONO aM et
gers ao aoa A =) my

OO DARA AIDING URAL A 00D DI COAT FE ND MOO FAMEL MORAN DADO PRON
AIA MA.ON © 2 DODNAIN INDE AD OM OMG TOUT DOD NDINADAR AO £ OAR M AO MAM ONID
Sr errr ee ee eecee
WOLF IPAMAT AAC AANA MM + INO ALO
Att AA LOD ehh AA et A AOI A AA Ad tat td et A teed tient tte

ee ee ee ee ee ee eee
OI OAM EE EA OF AE OE OS TN SAT ENEMA SA MN STAM OMAN MR OMMMS

ANOS OND ROHAN FINO DOOM SIN ON OKANO TNOR DAO SOON DRO AUNT ION
0 .0.0.0.0.0.0.0 OR RR ARARRARA © DO DO DOOD OPE PAORE SH POOOQVOD OOOO emit ededet
(VV CA IE EM MM MM MMM MAM MAMA AMMA MMM MMMMMAMMOMAMMAMM ME LEII SEE rrrrrr scree
AA AA AAA ALAA AAA A AAA AAA te ted AA AH het I te


MPG FOR EACH CAR

x

26.

24.

22.

20.

6.

fl
30.

GM FUEL ECONOMY STUDY
MPG VERSUS RELATIVE HUMIDITY
CLASS 45501412

DATE 062476

CORRELATION COEFFICIENT =-. 4280

95 PERCDENT CONFIDENCE INTERVAL = ¢-. 5980. -. 2211)

x
x x
x x xy
x * aXx x XX
x x Xx
x x x x
x x Xx x
xxx x xx

1 1
45. 60. 65. 70. 0. 80. 85. 90. 95.

® RELATIVE HUMIDITY (PERCENT>

s8t-a


A-54

PROM OF FEF ONODOS ONAG HOOF ONIN SONA AMANANSRINUND SAOANUORMNOUOR

0 DD 000 DODOVNAIN DUNNO DONNIE UU NAN NAINA AIO
LP ELL SF AAAAAAADA AAAS F FOOD OOO AD DOO OOOO OD DOHODOHO NOD ODOOODDOOON OO
AAA tthe ttt tet tet det md an a -

DO OOOO ON AAD OOODMDODOO COOL EEL RIAL EERE REREAD
RR RARRRRERRERRRARRARERE 00 0000F 000000. 000000000000F00000000%

FAPICHAMMMAPEANAOS AAT AODODDOONND DOOM DHHDDNDOOOO DODO ONM ODOM OOO
Cr er ee ee eee ee
HA Met A AUNNOO COMO 0 OOM ttt Mt A et ee ttt td OM tt ted tet OF
IRIN AIR URI RI URI IIR RII AIA IIIA URINAIRE AIRE CUA IRIE IAI at

VIVDOBIOMNNDOONIDODVONDOOR®OIMNNDOI99000000900NG09N090300000900000

ADA AAA AR ARMM OD FRAO ANON AMM FOMOUNMIMINANDDODODDONTDOCOOO000

ROT RERRINMNORKA DROODO DDS DOR DOFFROPADOOAAAPDDOOOD ONINDOH OND O0ON
a4

NINA UIA RINNE UI I IAIN ett ttt ti
dd dqddadqadaqqnonmadddanoddnmondamaddddddqomodnodddaaadddaad

ZLLAFEL LOW ZIZFSZZZZATZ ZN Zz7 ZO 0009 HZZFZZZVNNNZZLAFZZ

MMQDON9DODOS FOODFONMNOMI9090900990A00000000000009000090000N
ANDADOOSIOSOHNMDDOANSFHMADNNOOGOOF%SBO0090095006900309600950007
OF FIDDONDNO FUOAMA DM DNOND D099 0NDO09D930FGAS9DDHNNGOBIS03AM
MOCOODMANN ArtNO ON ON OOF IONSOFOSAANSFMADGOHOON ING 59900090M
PM Ned 5 RN At NDOMDOOSS DOOADM VWVAMG0N0-00
wn 4 tet 4 DA

4

TP INAINN OF NARNIA ER DTT OHODNONOT OF NFAT ONO HOI OF DOHOOUMMN-4OU

0D DANNOND IS OOAALMOD ONS NNAAD DAMIAN DOOR AMO ANOM AIRED ONAN MIA

Sere meee esc eere cere e reset err arerr ese s et acsereeee see sereees

II NAAE AIO LR DS MADDON ODOM OIA NARA ST AOM ORD OUMN ONE OF ORSINI

DEER OAMIG NAS NOS DEE EOY AUIMAN AR ONM AR NE AO ASA IANOMM FORM
a4 rN]

Nall al al al 4s al axial all al lal al al al gal al al al alent alatatal al al aval ay alts alal alal al alal gl alet al alat alata lal alata!

ee
SC DOOTODTC ODOOOODOHOC OC OCOOOGOOHODDOOSE CODOO9OOCOCE B0CHuG0
BDMNAADGOADONS}ANHIODHIOKANHOOCOHOOMNHAHIDOHSOOO9SSONHASHONG09900
AMA DMRS AINOAAL NINO NANAAIADO NOONANAMOONOONOCOHANNAOONNONGOIA
PY PAE FINE TAIN DITA ONIONS FOS FANAD NS POOF SPOS TIONS STOTT FT

QA ML NOR OOOO S NOR OF CANO TNO OPOANM SIN OF DAOANN TN ON OF OMIM FINO
SOOCPPSOS AS SO9990C 009 std HM MHA UNUNANN MOM MMM AMMO $6 Freee
AA tet A IAIN INI INI AI IN INANE K CUR
AA td A I I Ah ht a ah ed ht hed lo A al at tie


NOTES

1976 Commercial Atlas and Marketing Guide, 107th Edition, Rand

McNally and Company, Chicago, [linois (1976).

The National Atlas of the United States of America, U.S. Department
of Interior Geological Survey, Washington, D.C. (1970).

Climatological Data, National Summary, Vol. 25 (1974) and Vol. 26
(1975), National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, U.S.
Department of Commerce.

M. E. Williams, J. T. White, L. A. Platte, and C. J. Domke,
Automobile Exhaust Emission Surveillance — Analysis of the FY 72
Program, Appendix III, Environmental Protection Agency Report
No. EPA-460/2-74-001 (February 1974).



GM FUEL ECONOMY STUDY
MPG UERSUS TERRAIN INDEX
CLASS 14000912
DATE 062476
CORRELATION COEFFICIENT =-. 2580
95 PERCENT CONFIDENCE INTERVAL = ¢-.5271, .0582)

22.

20.

te-@

MPG FOR EACH CAR

x

x x
x
x «x
x x
x
x x
x
x
x x x
x
x
x R %
x x
x x
x x
I I 1 1 1 L ! 1
- 80 1.2 1.6 2 24 2.8 3.2 3.6 4 4.4

TM TERRAIN INDEX


MPG FOR EACH CAR

28.

26.

24.

22.

20.

GM FUEL ECONOMY STUDY
MPG VERSUS RELATIVE HUMIDITY
CLASS 25251111

DATE 062476

CORRELATION COEFFICIENT = .0771

95 PERCENT CONFIDENCE INTERVAL = ¢-, 2629, . 4000)

x x
x x RX
xx
x x * x
x
x x x
xTM% x
x
xX x
x x
L L Lt L L L i t It L t
50. 35. 60. 65. 70. 75. 80. 85. 90. 95. too.

mz RELATIVE HUMIDITY (PERCENT)

sot-a@


28,

Ze.

24.

22.

20.

MPG FOR EACH CAR

x

ad

6M FUEL ECONOMY STUDY
MPG VERSUS PRECIPITATION
CLASS 14000912
DATE 062476
CORRELATION COEFFICIENT =-. 0078
95 PERCENT CONFIDENCE INTERVAL = ¢-. 3185, . 3045)

x x x
x x
x x
x x x
x *x x
x
x SK x
x x
x x x x
x x x
x %*
x x
x
x
i L t i T 1 ! { 1
0. 20. 40. 60. 80. 100. 120. 140. 180. 180. d00.

* PRECIPITATION (MM)

ve-d


correlation (Appendix B), confirming the tests for differences between fuel
economies in extreme population ranges. However, in all but two of the
nine classes, it was also found that the mean value for AMPD in the densely
populated areas was substantially less than in the sparsely populated areas.
In the remaining two classes, the mean value for AMPD was actually
greater in the heavily populated areas. Both AMPD and urban versus high-
way driving conditions associated with the population density of the area in
which the car was driven have an effect on fuel economy. In order to deter-
mine whether population effects related to driving conditions are affecting
the fuel economy of the carline classes in this study, a larger data base is
required that would provide a sufficient number of cars per class so that
two-way statistical tests could be performed.

Next to population, differences in mean fuel economy with respect
to temperature occurred most frequently (seven carline classes, refer to
Table 4-2), In all seven cases, fuel economy in a warm climate was found
to be significantly greater than fuel economy in a cool climate. In all seven
carline classes, the data exhibited a significant positive correlation
(Appendix B), confirming the tests for differences between fuel economies
in extreme temperature ranges. Again, however, AMPD was consistently
higher in the warm climate areas. In four cases, the difference in AMPD
could easily account for the increased fuel economy. A larger data base is
required to determine whether it is temperature or AMPD that is the domi-
nant factor influencing fuel economy for these carline classes. It would not
be surprising to find an increase in fuel economy in a warm climate because

of the reduction in time intervals associated with engine warmup.

4.2 DIVISION AND FLEET SALES WEIGHTED MEAN FUEL
ECONOMY COMPARISONS

Division and fleet sales weighted harmonic mean fuel economies
are listed in Tables 4-3 and 4-4. These values were computed using the

formulas of Appendix C. The trends, of course, are the same as those

27


GM FUEL ECONOMY STUDY
MPG VERSUS PRECIPITATION
CLASS 23000313
DATE 062476
CORRELATION COEFFICIENT = .1785
95 PERCENT CONFIDENCE INTERVAL = ¢-. 1699. . 4872)

MPG FOR EACH CAR

x

40.

36.

32.

24.

20.

99-4

PRECIPITATION (MM


MPG FOR EACH CAR

x

28.

26.

24.

22.

20.

CM FUEL ECONOMY STUDY
MPG VERSUS RELATIVE HUMIDITY
CLASS 24500911

DATE 062476

CORRELATION COEFFICIENT =-.0001

95 PERCENT CONFIDENCE INTERVAL = ¢-. 2970. . 2968)

x x x
x
x x
x x
x 8%
x
xX
x x
x x xx x
RL xx x
x x x x
x x
x
i i 1 1 \ L \ xX 1 1 I !
50. 35. 60. 65. 70. 75. 80. 85. 30. 35. 100.

TM RELATIVE HUMIDITY (PERCENT)

68-2


A larger data base is required to substantiate these preliminary
results as well as to allow the application of multiple level hypothesis testing.
Such testing could be used to distinguish between parameters that affect fuel

economy and to determine the relative importance of these parameters as

determinants of fuel economy.


MPG FOR EAGH CAR

x

28.

26.

24.

22.

20.

a

I
Q.
co

x

GM FUEL ECONOMY STUDY
MPG VERSUS MILES PER DAY
CLASS 25251212

DATE 062476

CORRELATION COEFFICIENT = .7169

95 PERCENT CONFIDENCE INTERVAL = ¢ . 4232,

x x x
x x
x x
x x
x x x
x x
x
x
x x

| \ 4 1 l 1 1 1
10. 20. 0. 40. 50. 60. 70. 80.

MILES PER DAY

- 8743)

190.

9tt-a


MPG FOR EACH CAR

x

28.

26.

24.

22.

20.

GM FUEL ECONOMY STUDY
MPG VERSUS RELATIVE HUMIDITY
CLASS 13250914
DATE 062476 -
CORRELATION COEFFICIENT =-. 0548
85 PERCENT CONFIDENCE !NTERVAL = (7.3722. . 2741)

x
x x
x & XK x
x x x &
x x x
x, * &
x *x
x x x x
x
x
L L i I 1 i 1 i L t
50. 55. 60. 65. 70. 73. 80. 85. 30. 95. 100.

TM RELATIVE HUMIDITY ¢PERCENT>

6r- a


MPG FOR EACH CAR

28.

26.

24.

22.

20.

GM FUEL ECONOMY STUDY
MPG VERSUS RELATIVE HUMIDITY
CLASS 15251212

DATE 062476

CORRELATION COEFFICIENT =~. 3226

95 PERCENT CONFIDENCE INTERVAL = ¢-. 6366, . 0832)

x x
x
* x
x
x x% x
x x
x xx xX x
x
x x x
x
x x
1 1 i] I 1
So. 55. 60. 65. 70. 75. 80. a5. 30. 4s. 100.

w RELATIVE HUMIDITY (PERCENT)

Ls-d


MPG FOR EACH CAR

26.

24,

22.

20.

GM FUEL ECONOMY STUDY
MPG VERSUS TEMPERATURE
CLASS 35501412

DATE 062476

CORRELATION COEFFICIENT = .0273

95 PERCENT CONFIDENCE INTERVAL = ¢7-. 2501.

x x x
x x
x x
x
x xx xX
x x x
x
x xX XxX XK x
x x 9 x
, x x
% x x
x x
x x
x
x x
x
i ! 1 !
-4, a 4 8. 12. 16. 20 24.

TEMPERATURE (DEG ©)

- 3006)

sst-a@


GM FUEL ECONOMY STUDY
MPG VERSUS TERRAIN INDEX

CLASS 23000313
DATE 062476
CORRELATION COEFFICIENT = . 2354
95 PERCENT CONFIDENCE INTERVAL = (-.1116) .5313)

40.

36.

32.

28.

24.

e9-a

MPG FOR EACH CAR

x
x
x
x : x
x
x x x
x x %
x x
tao * fz ls b b4 2.8 4.2 ae 4 4.4
TERRAIN INDEX


A-13

LD IR AA DOO OR OF AOR FF OF OO MINAIR IRA OA AOMAAINOIM MUM ON FF FOO LOUNS SONS
RADFING OAUIAINAIM FOO DORON AO MAMTA DROOL MAININD OOREE NW DDO DOMAIN OO 4
DADO IANA  FININIA ORR MRE AAAI FFE AO DONO DON OIOIO OA AL
100.0 9 DDD.0-0.000 9.0 000.0 0.0.0 1.0.00 C.ORRARRR OD NO HOODMND DDO MDONMDoMIDe
FPF LEE LS ELS ELLE LEIS ELI LS LS LL SEL FLL LLL LL IL LLL PT IST SOI IIS SSS

LAZAR SP SLAT SLA LALAL LAF PS LF TZ ALAA EZ Zt ee
eS Se See Sea EEE ELLE SEL LET E

ww

4 © w
WM MMMM ae _ 4
tet ZZ he ua =a

« wos Joa wZO oO wk +90 >O or usu 4

Boor 39 DOD0GLRH az 2zu BRE ner eae Ko pearing "

wzzZe Aawaacaaa aon vO FOO nHOesORH zw aWO 440z we

FOoRC atuddaddtuad - ADM ocr DEZZAeWOCOrF- >CHz SHOX Aor Ze

Cnn ver 7zzZZ CL CFE POBWNZZGO eewO0erdternmw wre OOH ro) <tet

YeOryswuduadatdaqe2a auarer, WZOOLZEZTH PHDwWwwsITs zzdaoz2zZ72Z=E40

SWW2 US XH Ba eT DEED AE Sa OOOO sew TITY dr errr 00 _ ~Oooorne
2004200 FO000000 SAX HADDOA IVa GHOOR ANOZ GOE> DWOCOMINZ A> Sor
A224 UF ATS TF FWY AA IDM DWO AN Aa ZIM OF NOWOOR eee ZEZ Tow
FF SU OSH SSO SONOE DAO OIF EOS OOF OWWAG LAE MXNNEEHDIAIOII IFO

mew weer emer weer e eres eeeeseereeressssesereseseseesesec sa co 0
BRAN A AAA A A A LAL AD A MM AAA ADL Ad tet tt dr ed td rat eb rt hd hed OD tt ot

wee me eee wm were meee ere ser ereerseseseserssesccsesesesccscsc cc ¢
AI OSI OL AOL EAE POLE OLE INI A AOE LOI IEA I FAA IOS AT ot I

a end
ORE POP RIP SF OUPRGIF FRAO SP ID IDH TS LVEF LSPA INA MN INE DVL ING ST INO DOLD
ltt a ttt tet ttt oa AA ed ted

YA MRO NT dR TIN

LOR AEN OI Nd
a4

ee ee
ONIN DAN OM AM ADOT OAL
4 ao a

ek PRA ALE DT UR ROP ALIN DPT AN UOT PP ANNI OD III DDM.ADFNNS IMO OAD
RUA SR RAP IDRC DOD IP ODIN A VIAN OOM MAY ADA ARAL PFOUWAN HOW
FAME AN NED OIT ATO MUD AON ONNTORNE

ee ee A tte A AAA teh Nt AEA A AH tt A

eee ce we ww cee erect ese e eer ere eases eseeesescereresr ssc sce
POS Ge IES OLE SE FOTO CA LOS AON ESOT AMT OMIT ANT HUE ONE TE tt

POA FN CR GROAN ME DONDE DANTE DONOR OAM DOR OTOAN OTD ON DT OSM EN
FATA ARI OO 00 0000 DOERR REE RER RO DDOD DOOD DFT ARPAAFAOPOOOOIO
FPL PPS ESS PLS PIS LLL LSS LLL LP PL AL LLL OLE L SLL TL SILL TL ISON


GM FUEL ECONOMY STUDY
MPG VERSUS POPULATION
CLASS 44500912
DATE 062476
CORRELATION COEFFICIENT =-. 1468
95 PERCENT CONFIDENCE INTERVAL = ¢-. 4315, . 1644)

MPG FOR EACH CAR

20.

LS4-a

x Xx

x

SOK OOK KK OK KKK

g

POPULATION ¢ THOUSANDS>


GM FUEL ECONOMY STUDY
MPG VERSUS 2!1P CODE
CLASS 34000711
DATE 062476
CORRELATION COEFFICIENT =-. 0806
95 PERCENT CONFIDENCE INTERVAL = ¢-. 4284, . 2880)

24.

22.

20.

stt-d

>

MPG FOR EACH CAR
x

x
s
a7

x x x x
x x
x
x x x x x
x x
x
x
x x
i 1 l 1 I i I 1
! 2 3. 4 5. 6. 2 8. 3. to.

1, a . be
ZIP CODE <FIRST DIGIT?


“PG FOR EACH CAR

a0.

2a.

Phe

24.

2?.

20.

16,

GM FUEL ECONOMY STUDY
MPG VERSUS ELEVATION
CLASS 35251012
DATE 062476
CORRELATION COEFFICIENT =~. 0442
95 PERCENT CONFIDENCE INTERVAL = ¢-. 2969, . 2143)

4 XX 1 ! 1 1 i 1 D
400. 00. 1200. 1600. 2000. 2400. 2800. 3200. 3600.

ELEVATION ¢FT>

D
4000.

get-a


SECTION 1

INTRODUCTION

The objective of this study was to analyze GM customer fuel economy
data for seasonal, topographical, and geographical effects on fuel economy of
in-use vehicles. Data which characterize season, topography, and geography
(such as temperature or elevation) were hand-transcribed from the literature
and incorporated into a GM fuel economy survey data base. While this
involved a substantial effort, it was justified on the basis that these data could
be used to identify fundamental relationships between fuel economy and key
parameters or combinations of parameters.

There are many automobile design parameters which also affect fuel
economy. Those which were singled out for this study are as follows: inertia
weight, engine displacement (CID), number of carburetor barrels (BBL),
transmission type, and axle ratio. There are other design parameters, of
course, which also may have an effect on fuel economy such as the number of
gears in the transmission, whether or not the car is air-conditioned, and so
forth. However, in this study the latter parameters were assumed to have a
secondary effect on fuel economy.

In order to separate the effect on fuel economy of the above design
parameters from the effect of seasonal, topographical, and geographical
parameters, cars of common inertia weight, engine displacement, number of
carburetor barrels, transmission type, and axle ratio were grouped into
classes. Any change in fuel economy within a class was then attributed to an
effect other than a change in automobile design. Harmonic mean fuel
economies were computed for subgroups of cars within individual carline
classes. A chi-square distributed statistic was used to test the hypothesis
that the mean fuel economies for these groups were equal. The test that was
used (Appendix C) is asymptotic in nature and is not strictly applicable to the
small groups of cars that were analyzed in this study. Therefore, the results

of this study should be considered preliminary in nature.


MPG FOR EACH CAR

26.

24,

22.

20.

°o

2

gen

GM FUEL ECONOMY STUDY
MPG VERSUS ZIP CODE
CLASS 35501412
DATE 062476
CORRELATION COEFFICIENT = .1705
95 PERCENT CONFIDENCE INTERVAL = ¢-.1103. . 4260)

x x x
x x
x x
x
x x x
x
x x x Xx x
x : Rox
x x x
x
x x x
x
x
! I I i) I L L t il
2 3. 4, 5. 6. Z, 8. 8. 10

t . . .
ZIP CODE ¢FIRST DIGIT

ost-@


A-7

ODOR DOHA ONO OOP NO 29.00 fF DORNAIN AARON AAD BOOT OUMNH O TAM FOS
ANAND $F DOMIOM SOI ANNU MAMAN $900 FHO-FUMNRROOMO0OGOM DADOOMD
RIAIRIIOI RIE LIN OO et A IRI NINIRIRINIAIRIAIINO OR At ON ONAODOSAAUSSFONMOTOR MOO
PLP LPF FF LL SPINA ANION AIO VADIOAINIAIAOINIA OOOO DORR RRR ER AREER DONDORO
EN AN HH hd et ted td rated ed HN et od Hd et eH ew a rk de

Beery eee eres ddddaaeaasaaasaaaaqaaaadqadaddddadddddaaddst
CP FATTALTZZZTaAAAAGAAGANAaAaAGaAoAAnoooOnARAANDAOAAgRAAAAAAAAAAAAA

a
x 7z -

zo zz Oo sa en)

sat uw mu wl aD we aa oO ze —

SO 2MZ ZK 4sTEITTrrTTITT of ww x axaood oz +
At Sd0YYST SBSHOCOHOOOOOH OO SIO zwZWWAKdD er D HY Zz
BE HSNWWA LHe eR KK EE FF RI MRE ROMDDO Ww uwTHA z> =
OF OC > ER> HAS DDDDDDDD PD aareannw ananrzeonan Pere xOM oO
SLFYER TOV AYN SOOO NOOANNOBONYXXEE TIM ZEB DINU ALEWOCR YZ EH
ORS WWIWE ONNNNNNNNNNCOZZTOOUW OH NOOHHU aD eernwoa

>IT IT TWEE EER EE EEE DU DDH Uw Oleu amore KOO dae zO> OW
AQ SIO IR A> ZEEE EERE EL COT TOF FUME NZ RRA ANY eeZZONALCZOADS
DI FTIT THN OHO Fan TY Wt SOOO 4 Sw et ee et
DNANHOOTUNHEANMNGZTEIAAAAGAN OA FOF PUMTZNWAOWVZST LEYHY HAN EZOOWNYT

i
HAAN MA AA NM Md NHN A AH AM dN A A hd rd rbd a ad td ti dd mh tnd ed od red

ee
PAIN AI tet PAIN A AD AROS AID AR tO I A IE OE IU INI INI OT

ee em ee ere ewer eee renee rere errr etre eee eeneereereseeersecens
PTT PT TAIN OA AD IDI NA PAD E PIATA SL OO FMOT HOD AUP UT PAUP LHROP ANG
SO ea A tte tet see a ae) -

eR NI ANSE FS

AEN DUYOOUEAO
ony

INNA O04 OF

AN Day tN ae
Aa tt a4

A IWNNIAMT NAP AAT AP AI
SA A Hd ett ted

ee rs
COT OUST AE ted a et etd A OO NE et OO

ROA DAN OFIDON DROUIN FOR DOG AVM ST NON DH O-ANM FIM ON DTRODAIMT ON ON TAEOGAIE
SOD NN Ad hd ded A UO TOU I EF 98 FE CO EE EE SE AE TE IIIA UII 0-0
PBR A AAD A hh AA A AANA dt ted A td Ad te td ed td ed ed


2. @M FUEL ECONOMY STUDY
MPG UERSUS ZIP CODE
8. cLass 14000912
DATE 062476
oa. CORRELATION COEFFICIENT = . 2273
95 PERCENT CONFIDENCE INTERUAL = (-.0907. .5032)

2?.

20.

x
x
16. ¥ x
x x
x x
x x x
14,
x x
% x x x *
ow x
& x . x
a x x x
« *
&
& x
© 10. x x
& x
& x
1 if I 1 I
8. 2 3 4 $ 6. ? & 4

1
QO.
x
ow

ie 4 . fe
ZIP CODE <FIRST DIGIT)

oe-a


MPG FOR EACH CAR

30.

28.

26.

24.

22.

20.

t
0.

GM FUEL ECONOMY STUDY
MPG VERSUS MILES PER DAY
CLASS 34000711
DATE 062476
CORRELATION COEFFICIENT = .5461
95 PERCENT CONFIDENCE INTERVAL = ¢ . 2313, .7573)

x x
x
x
x x
x, xX x
x
XK Xx x
x x
x x
x x
x x
x x
x
x
1 1 1 L 1 Ll \ t
10. 20. ho. 40. 50. 60. 70. 80. 30.

MILES PER DAY

vel-d


Table 3-1. Carline Classes That Contain at Least 20 Cars

CLASS CODE NUMBER OF CARS
13000313 26
13000323 22
14000612 32
14000912 40
14500912 77
15250914 37
15251212 25
23000313 34
23000323 25
24000911 48
24500911 44
24501211 49
25251111 35
25251212 22
34000711 30
34501011 35
35251012 59
35501411 59
35501412 51
44500912 42
45001413 42
45251014 70
45501412 74
65501512 83

15


was assumed to be equal to the sum of the sales for these models including
both California and Federal Light Duty Vehicles. The sales data that were
used in this analysis are given in Table 2-4. As implied by this table, one
additional complication occurred with respect to the treatment of the sales
data, that is: some of the carline classes contained identical models. For
the purpose of computing sales weighted harmonic mean fuel economy (see
Appendix C), it was therefore necessary to combine these carline classes

into single classes and associate a single sales value (Table 2-4) with each

of the combined classes.


FIGURES

Appendix B Fuel Economy Scatter Plots for Carline Classes Studied

Carline Class Code 13000313... .. eee eee eee teens B-5

Carline Class Code 13000323....... sete eee B-13
Carline Class Code 14000612... .... eee eee ee eee B-21
Carline Class Code 14000912... ... 2. eee ee ee eee ee B-29
Carline Class Code 14500912... 1... ee ee eee et ene B-37
Carline Class Code 15250914... .. eee eee eee ee ene B-45
Carline Class Code 15251212 ........ B-53
Carline Class Code 23000313 2.2... eee e eee eee ee tee B-61
Carline Class Code 23000323 .. 2... . cee eee eee ee eee B-69
Carline Class Code 24000911... . ec eee ee ee ee B-77
Carline Class Code 24500911... .. cee eee ee ee te B-85
Carline Class Code 24501211 ....... eee eee eene B-93
Carline Class Code 25251111 ....... see ee wee nae B-101
Carline Class Code 25251212... .. eee ee ee eee ee B-109
Carline Class Code 34000711 2... . . eee ee ee eee ee B-117
Carline Class Code 34501011... .. . eee ee ee ee ee ee B-125
Carline Class Code 35251012... eee ee ce ee ee eee B-133
Carline Class Code 35501411... ....00 002002008 . B-1414
Carline Class Code 35501412... eee ee ee ee eee B-149
Carline Class Code 44500912... .. .. cee ee ee ee ee B-157
Carline Class Code 45001413... .... cee eee ee ee eee B-165
Carline Class Code 45251014... .... eee ee ee B-173
Carline Class Code 45501412... ... cee eee eee eee B-181
Carline Class Code 65501512 ....... eee eee B-189



26.

24,

22.

20.

MPG FOR EACH CAR
2

6.
x

°

I
oO.
os

GM FUEL ECONOMY STUDY
MPG VERSUS PRECIP! TATION
CLASS 14500912

DATE 062476

CORRELATION COEFFICIENT = .0553

95 PERCENT CONFIDENCE INTERVAL = ¢-. 1693,

x
x
x
* xX XXX x
x
x x xx x
rr aa
x %
K RK x x
XX x
x x x x
xx
xy xx * x x
x
x x
x x x x
x x x
x x
x x
x
! I 1 1 i 4, I I
40. 80. 120. 160. 200. 40. 280. 320.

PRECIPITATION ¢MM

» 2745)

ed


MPG FOR EACH CAR

x

43,

aa,

40.

Ww.

4.

28.

24,

20.

!
QO.

Gr FUEL ECONOMY STUDY
MPG VERSUS MILES PER DAY
CLASS 13000323

DATE 062476

CORRELATION COEFFICIENT = . 4423

95 PERCENT CONFIDENCE INTERVAL = ¢ .0255.

xX
x

!
to. bo. 30. 40. ‘S30. So. do. 80.

MILES PER DAY

- 7281)

0¢-a


A-37

DANN FAL MM OM OMUOE HOT OUMNH IND 000 FOF ANALSIAD ONE OM OOS FOMUDFO0D0OD
2O90999090990009990000000900060060000000098000090000000900
LAE INI OANA DM DD DON ONIONS $0 DONA TINDUIAN OAS ONDE ASU ONAN OOON O00
DS IN LINEN LENIN IUCN TINIE IN INI INININININ I UIININENIN IN

QT OI AIIM OOM MMOD 09ODO0O9DOOM eI AAA OMOM HII IOOOM ete
_

RR AINNININAIR RRR fF UREN OOO OR SEh tere INNNNO SR MAME thers
DODDOF DODGOSAAPO GOST FS HORNA DOM ODOOMM ML FOMMALA LOMMOL LS LRM MMT
Ada ada ae” aoe tet ieteted tt

WEP ON DDO WO NINA OR DININD OOM MAM MAM MIAN Net AINIAINIAM t OINOUINN DOM UT oF t
MOORE RRR RORRAREARREORRRRORARR AR ARERR ERERARERR RARER OOORRAD

Nae

AP AAA OO AAT AMMO PNOOININD 0900 000406 DON OINORAR SOUR ANNDODOOO
AOL NUUNONNONNNA ES ARONNM A MAND OOO HOR FHOOPOONNANMAADSLEM COST
QOD ARERR HERON = AEFFOOOTOMANOMORDOONAINASOH a ANCIAL
a 4a IN At Ate ett et

FAUNA NIN IN III INI MMA NAAN MANIA
AAAmamanoanDNd<adNDMdddnDoMHDMaANaNnDDYONoOONddDONddddqmend

ZALPSALAAAALZAZALAASASTASTSAT7ALLSAALNS7TARA 77 zFTALLTZLZzzTZZ

DOHQONNDD00900T 996499 F099N43900 DNOOHNIATINOO®OTOOID990089990
DOHSODNDD9S9SMABNDGG NSDOK FOOGOHIGOOSMNGODOANDOANODSOORNDIOO
BON DIDRINANHQSOMAGNUNDDNGD HOSGANMMONNF ALIN IDIOMS AOFODDHHO9900
AFAAACAMMAMIDONDD NOSANAN RRREMOMAte NH ADOMOMRA AMON HAWS
NAMMM AMMUMMM et NA OF OOO un om mn INNINGS Tod
rtd a NTT 5 - " met Aa

ADD AN NON QD NINES OMOMM ONUMONOOVOST DOODNOONIN ET FNM. OVIENHIOM FOr
DOR FNNQDOAMNODOD OM OF FA NDIROMAGO FSF IWWNMOS DODPROO TL AM IBDOUMMMOASA
ee ee a ee ee ee eee
AT IVADAN ST MAN FAM MMA DOINANIO FS SRANER ONS OF AMO APOOD $F PRADONNOAIN ERD
NE AINA NIA ASE FDA NOAM FINA INANVOOM FMS FMA MALIN NUNALOE CUNI

a4 aad + ad

SESE ERE E EE ES ESN EEE ES SENS SESE SESS RE RSS ESSERE ESSERE

Cem eee er er ccc reece reser secre seccneesesreresesesrereenene
DEOCOODODDOOHODODIVOOGOO TOC ALCOHCAOQHOOHOHGONDGOOSOOOOGOVGE CON
DONADNOOSHIESODNHANDSOHSSONGOHOOSSAOKHOWRSESHSOOGOOHNODOH9990000955
ORCA ANAND AO NOO AID AIAININIA DIR AIA NIA AIA AANA O INI AO OWA ALI
FDS MAT FINALS PONTO LOS SPOTS FT POTS TINT ONS AS TF TOOT OT EOS TS

TAN TN OR DPOMUM SIN ON DO OANM FIN ON OF OAM NOE OTOH TIN ON OPOGUMS NON
NNSA MMM MM MMM MS LF PF LIL FS HANANAIAINNININD 00000000 0NFRARARN
AUDI IAIN IIIA IIR RII RII UNI ANIC INIA IN AICI IAIN AIAN CI


GM FUEL ECONOMY STUDY
MPG VERSUS POPULATION
CLASS 34000711
DATE 062476
CORRELATION COEFFICIENT =-. 3975
95 PERCENT CONFIDENCE INTERVAL = ¢~. 6628, -. 0434)

MPG FOR EACH CAR

x

24.

22.

20.

10.

Lyi-a

KR KX XK KK

o-

POPULATION ¢ THOUSANDS)


GM Fuel Economy Study

Table 4-1,
Harmonic Mean Fuel Economy Comparisons (N

5) (Continued)

se
wunecuny
AOS TOO AN
ER acorns
FROMM IMS

ROR MINN
WIOMGAIN
SOUNINOU TA
WWD OW
NN ay
AA tet tet

OTH ON TD
AIPORT

MOFOMNTD
WER OD20
WOM OW
oa MN
oo oe
wn RR
m uN
=

oe oe
On gARNO
MUNIN 208
Srna S
Fonoron
mas oN
= “

Wrz2T00rn
PAYITDMOD
DF AUD 0%
FNOIGANG
Mernadume
tet detetetet

Mt FONT
WOTOgROW
WOR VTNWO
MNOMMACN
AN AN ee
peepee pene)

eo 4 nN
ro oe
ry on
am
oy

. .
PONT ay
WOMIAMINO®
Area enero

Ou ROMO
NaaNaR
NROMM ITH
MMORNA TK
Nodal
Ht etet

MMONORin:>
AQONOONN
WORTTOOO

NS

on a omN
Rw oe
o ou
No

=

. .
MuUwWR WH
RR NM OOM
WRAROOWE
aNODOLDON
« ”

“« “

Bde

MMONDNrD

ARMs FNM

UUM OMIM
ee

0o A ADS
©2N #0
oo oe
wn om
cum
a

7 8
FON WOUNO
QVORoROM
IMOAFOAUN]D
TII0Onno
mown um

ADMMORDD

Aad tetetetet

NOs NO
Tuco mA
FAOQMOVON
DOONNOCUN
PEE Gasle)
Fett tetetd

oe
Man MeN
MON se FAUNO
CROOMO TR
NOVOSHNG

a HOO

Ws aNVoONS

Medetetetetet ot

SMHOONNDO
DONT INNS
NAVORWRN
HON TOMO TF
ITOMN ST et
tet

Ro N doo
2 8 AW
RO oe
w KO
AN

“

wrote
Toone
COOK MY
VPQIN

mu

sRANOTIS
mo on
Wet OF
4 ee

rr

Head CO
Soaam 39

24501211

FOHHRODS

Osanoora
mm 130
4m ms
ay oe
i
4

wzwz>2wo
08 orora
OnORMHDE
Orarorra
Qananaa

ND wDew
a

a ry

25251411

Wlwe>ZU0
O0a0-0an
OnOnMHOE

25251212

eae)
2 aN
ws
a

shaOoNnsS
NiO HOO
on

« wo

wewe>ZWo
O00 0F-Con
OnORMRDE

@ staa
oO Ww mz
a ou

we
2
a

“

“

5

°

°

°

+

»

20

CdaRROOD

RREWOnod
REN OHO
© oo
~ oe
Wo

4

one eeeee

BWM AOS
Mod Mao?
net ot
“ oo
oy ao

mn

Wwiwe>ZwOo
O040r0an
OHOMMRD2

@ aTaa

Oo Ww wr

a ow
re
«
a

“

“

2

=

2

w

+

”

ow Hx

a ow
we
«
a

nu

4

oS

“4

n

uN

w

ray

22

355514


GM FUEL ECONOMY STUDY
MPG VERSUS POPULATION
CLASS 13251212
DATE 062476
CORRELATION COEFFICIENT = .0809
95 PERCENT CONFIDENCE INTERVAL = ¢-. 3246, . 4613)

MPG FOR EACH CAR

22.

20.

eo-a

xx x

POPULATION ¢ THOUSANDS)


26.

24.

22.

20.

MPG FOR EACH CAR

x

GM FUEL ECONOMY STUDY
MPG VERSUS POPULATION
CLASS 35501412

DATE 062476

CORRELATION COEFFICIENT =-. 1359

95 PERCENT CONFIDENCE INTERVAL = ¢-. 3967.

x xx
x * * x

x xX

x x
x
x
i | 1 1
to. do. 30. 40. So. 60. 70. bo.

POPULATION ¢ THOUSANDS)

2 1451)

XX K XX XIX

x

6vt-a


Table 2-2. Inertia Weight ~ GM Body Type Relationship (1975 Model Year)

GM Division Code

GM Body Type Code (chev) (Pontiac) (olds) (Buick) (cadillac)
1. (Intermediate) 4500 4500 4500 4500 oon
2. (Standard) (a) (a) (a) (a) aeee
3. (Luxury) ---- wo-- 5500 5500 5500
4, (Fleetwood 75) eoee ann ---- a---- 5500
5. (Riviera, Toronado,
Eldorado) seer cece 5500 5000 5500
6. (Camaro, Firebird) 4000 4000 aee- wee ----
7. (Special Intermed. ) 4500 4500 eoee aes weer
8. (Subcompact) 3000 3000 a ---- ee
9. (Compact) 4000 4000 4000 4000 eee
11. (Monza, Starfire,
Skyhawk) 3500 woe 3500 3500 aor

3 Body type includes a range of inertia weights; 5250 assumed for this data group.


GM FUEL ECONOMY STUDY
MPG VERSUS MILES PER DAY
CLASS 15250914
DATE 062476
CORRELATION COEFFICIENT = . 3654
95 PERCENT CONFIDENCE INTERUAL = ¢ .0469. .6164)

22.

20.

to-a@

MPG FOR EACH CAR

x x
x ~& xX x
Ky x
x x
x «K x x
xX
x
x
' L 1 1 t i
to. do. 50. 40. 30. 60. 70. 80. 30.

MILES PER DAY


28. GM FUEL ECONOMY STUDY
MPG VERSUS ZIP CODE
OF. CLASS 24501211
DATE 062476
24. CORRELATION COEFFICIENT = .1354
95 PERCENT CONFIDENCE INTERVAL = ¢-. 1516 . 4013)

22.

20.

16 x
x x “
x
14. x x
x x x
8 < x
12 x x x
3 x x x i x
w x x
E 0
©
g x
& 4 | 2 3 4 5 6 a & 4

* ZIP CODE (FIRST DIGIT?

r6-a


= 10) (Concluded)

GM Fuel Economy Study

Table 4-2,
Harmonic Mean Fuel Economy Comparisons (N

1.5E54
+19GE
16.5422"

In 39

» *
cur te t0uea 2090

RONMOD
WIANOINON
MoUs Minn
TAM OOD
Atta,
pene nape nee

IMO aR
ARMOORRO
LAW aMens.oM

ae

az oO Ton
OF ve
2 Ra
uo

+

Ro a am
sore oe
ry re
No

FOTO 9D
aa Pid
a RR

a0

wewzZ~2wo
Oba GFOu a
OROMAHDS
Or SroOrRa
Qohanad
HH >are
ND WDeu!

@
ow HE
a

35531412

* *
WoOwuIAT:
ONT ANURW
Ro Fourie

ANOUINMOd
AD 2 FMOMD”
MM tNounm so
BON TOUN

MPR ANID
AMNIAN St
TATDONnOD
OPN FOR
SM aS,
pees pene ene ne ie)

N33 nM 38
3AGa9000
oo RN NOD

RO a Nw
Ro oe
° ow
oO ey

AMMO
tRaIngW
So Bon
RR om

mn

sORONMOD

wewerZic
Oar Oaa
OFORHHDSE
Ch Ir Ores
Qananaa

@ srua
Ow HE
a ou

we
ir
a

a

a

ney

n

+

+

oe
ORARA ROW
OWN RONOO
OANA AINS
TIN ttt

ON
>

AON INO?
RONWONRE
Randoono
PMOOORUA
eter ae acuny
Added

INQ uwurnr
Ranimeacesn
OMT Tee
Rona Fw

FOOAOHID
NOON red
gow "RO
On oe
x on
No

COMMONS
Rowman: >
We fm dod

ew Ont
0 oe
a 49
ae

OA aon
are mo
net oe

vy

w2We>ZWE
OOuor ova
OHOHMDS
Or arORRa
a@ananaa
Ho Sree
RD wDet

@ staa
Ow HE
a on

we

w

a
rt

ae

3

ray

+

25

 o®
MMe UO

CIRM >
DOMOONG
MOAT
DOMNAT00
etd AOA
Hae Hae

OR ToWoOwN

Anta
popenenenene na

No Fs TOW
oo an
°° Nt
” an
ry

ao cr
er Ar
in an
nn

wewz>2u0
B0GCr Un a.
CHORD =
OF Irorra
aananad
Ho S2eu
ND GDow

siaa
OW ax
a ow
we
&
a
+
4
3S
4
in
“
in
+

WHR OOD
RAR? 20 ON
TANI IN
PODORHON
AOA
Hadad

MOTnOVIN
ON ATION
WIRQWOMO
Ra0tws0M
eta eet
Saat

3O MMe
ea) ary
= an
~” mr
+

Remoenco
On © Hod
aa cae)
ree oe
4 fora

aN

aN 23
nn ta
to
wo

Qe aNwL20
Rta oa 2a
on on
“ ao
an
I

w2Wwer2wa
G0uoKoca
OOP HD E
Or Ir ORFS
aaqnanca
i ers
ND Wer

@ Ata
ow HE
a ow

ae

w

a
ay

“
es

a

rn

in

+

»
AO TOR tetet
HmRonnon
OO IORRR
FRO Wd
ety

+

VON 23200
ROO AON
CUMIN TAN
NOqoN Ns
Aa HOA
Adee

OUMNAnNO TO
OM TT THD
MOON IND
ReGorK oo

mo 3 wo
oo o-
2 ou
© re
N

HO eo
mo oe
o tu
ir)

aw os
nm wm
4 ve
in
“

65591512


MPG FOR EACH CAR

x

48.

aa.

40.

36.

32.

28.

Pa,

20.

o-

GM FUEL ECONOMY STUDY
MPG VERSUS MILES PER DAY
CLASS 23000323
DATE 062476
CORRELATION COEFFICIENT = .5768
95 PERCENT CONFIDENCE INTERVAL = ¢ .2353, .7915)

x
x x x x
x
x x
x x
x x * x
x
x
x
t l i] t L i 1 i I 1
To. 20. 30. 40. 50. 60. 70. 80. 30. 100.

MILES PER DAY

9L-a


26.

24.

22.

20.

GM FUEL ECONOMY STUDY
MPG VERSUS ELEVATION

vsi-d

MPG FOR EACH CAR

x

CLASS 45501412
DATE 062476
CORRELATION COEFFICIENT = .1754
95 PERCENT CONFIDENCE INTERVAL = ¢-.0554. . 3883)
x
x
x x x x
xy x
x ex xx x
x Ke
“x
% Xe x
x %K x
be amased x
X x
x
b 4o0. 00. {200.  {600. 2000. 2400. 2800. 4200. 3600. 400

@ ELEVATION ¢FT>


TAR

“PG FOR ERCH

xK

28.

26.

24.

22.

20.

|
QO.

ey

DATE

062476

GM FUEL ECONOMY STUDY
MPG VERSUS ELEVATION

CLASS

CORRELATION COEFFICIENT =
95 PERCENT CONF | DENCE

x x
x
x x
x
x 6
x
*« x x
xx x Xy
x x
x
i] i] 1
200. 400. 600.

ELEVATION ¢FT>

1
00.

24501211
0450
INTERVAL = ¢-. 2392,
x
x
x

!
1000.

1
1200.

1400.

!
1600.

3221)

!
1800.

2o00.

96-4


MPG FOR ESCR C42

44,

40.

36.

32.

28.

24.

20.

N

9

t
0.

x

GM FUEL ECONOMY STUDY
MPG VERSUS MILES PER DAY
CLASS 45251014
DATE 062476
CORRELATION COEFFICIENT = .5718
95 PERCENT CONFIDENCE INTERVAL = ¢ .3891, .7112)

x xx x x
x x xx
Xx KH KX xxx x
BORE Wx
“ re " .
xX
x *%& x
x
t 1 1 1 L L 1 I I 1
10. 20. 30. 40. So. 60. 70. a0. 30. 100.

MILES PER DAY

ost-a


MPG FOR EACH CAR

x

44.

40.

36.

32.

28.

24.

20.

GM FUEL ECONOMY STUDY
MPG VERSUS RELATIVE HUMIDITY
CLASS 45251014

DATE 062476

CORRELATION COEFFICIENT =-. 0953

95 PERCENT CONFIDENCE INTERVAL = (7.3231. . 1429)

t ! !
So. bs. é0. 65. 70. an 80. 85. 30. 35. 100.

2 RELATIVE HUMIDITY (PERCENT)

LLI-d


“PS FOR EACH CAR

52.

48.

44.

40.

36.

32.

28.

24.

20.

GM FUEL ECONOMY STUDY
MPG VERSUS ELEVATION
CLASS 13000313

DATE 062476

CORRELATION COEFFICIENT =~. 1457

95 PERCENT CONFIDENCE INTERVAL = ¢-. 5046.

8. S00. tooo. 's00. 2000. 2500. 4000. 4500. ooo.
ELEVATION (FT)

- 2561)

4500.

Sooo.


on. GM FUEL ECONOMY STUDY
MPG UERSUS PRECIPITATION
x. CLASS 15250914
DATE 052476
2, CORRELATION COEFFICIENT =~. 0570
95 PERCENT CONFIDENCE INTERUAL = ¢~. 3741,

22.

20.

x x
14, x x
xx
& * ** Xx *x x
& x xX
z 12. x x x
x
& x x x x x
& x x x
© 10. x
° x
& x
1 ! 1 i i
& 4 40. 0. 120. 160. 200. 240. 280. 320,

* PRECIPITATION ¢MM>

» 2721)

ii
360.

Os-a


GLOSSARY

AMPD average miles per day

BBL (number of carburetor barrels)
CID (engine displacement)

EPA Environmental Protection Agency
GM General Motors (Corporation)

ID identification

mpg miles per gallon


A-59

TAU INN BISA IO AOE AOE O td IRIE IDE MORIN MAM ANAM S ONL OVA OR LAN
$9S999099909000020000000200009990020900000009000900000009000R5
MANN D FN OF DIAM SNF BAIS FON OGANM OF MONE AUMOM AS IAF MUONS OF NOOF OOS
LSS LSS NN INES IN INE INININ EEN IN OL NINE NIN INEN INGEN ISIN INE II EIN IL LI)

PP PP 99222299990 99909 909900909990990000099000900800000900900
PUPP eePeer errr eee ree eee eee eee

FADO ADDOO0000 OND GVVOOOG OO CONAN NIN Ht Ht AANA OO NOM MAD Ot
AINA NININIAI NIN ot

LPODGHONGBIAADOG AHA OVO GOMMMMAM GO 00LODODIOOM AMM MAA NINMINE MNS +
DD ODOO DA DOOD HOOP ALONG DOMMOM ERE ERE REAR ERR MIAN OORT OODOODOOININ

AAA A AAO MOM A AAA ORS IEE UNAS SPF FL UENO DON AO OOAN OO
Qe eee eee eee ee ee ee ee ee ee ee ee ee

DOD DOD DH DOE GOGO WGC O DDO DORE EMM OA O.0 DINAN INDIA HAIN 0.0 OM IAIN OLN
LRN AA Nt hh et ett tH hed ett ORES I et ed ed rat heeded ed ed dD Ree ed at rtd ed od et

RR ONDER ORRR OMAaNNONNIOONS 00 4 FODOMAIN FINI AN ON ODE NOONHOOANROO

DDONS FDIDDGAOM FS FARRAINANG ONT MOA MAUNIND DDO 0000 ONOFINA OF NMHINNDO

an MANN TOON SKN ot dem SH hte ta NG ROM
- a nN ” + a
at

PPT TET OHNO T MMOUINININO AA INIA NINN NIANIIM EN OOMMMMOMMOM ry
AMNMDNDAVVOVAN NHHNDVU 4 4 FO 4 CUVOGLOOLLVOULULOMd DBAQHaAMaNMHvAw a

BN z2HpWMMnz7Hz2zAZZALTAAALLALLNTLF FAZTAIALALZLAT“°TLTLZLAZLTT

29099009029 90090079090N900 9008000 000902909 290000 4MNOOIORI09AMOH
990090 1019190609098N990 2064 300-986 35990 30990G9019NDG0009098830
DOOFTS DQ KR ORIDSAG.IFM DOFAIADR DAOMPAFFMODA SAQNNOGIMNADIOAQOOIOIM
BOONES DO KH FODANRIMSOOIMARR MN ADANRR OS PNODA AAFANMOMOTOAO Mn
WADKOO NONDONNN DOA RO RHOOAMDATAM AO ANAS paint On
on BN a a OWN ro A
nn

ADLOVOGN FOF INTL IOAMDTFAMIFAAOD,

DON FAON TS ADAO TO AMMNNT AD POON

PS AU ATR OF Oa UIE OS AIEEE AAAI TY ON rn
+

PAYAL EY AY natalia al alalatatalatalal al alates aralarararalaralararal al alalatasalatalalaal al aval ah alatalaalalalatal al

ee eee ee es
BOSC CUGOHOOOCOG QOOE OO,9O98 IOQOOHE AOGBOOONGOOGO IO AQCOOOIGIOC VEOAD
C DANAADAAODIO IIS IIBOADOOSO SUC ODA GHADINAG VONONDAANNAAASAGAAD
DOM IODO THE ODA INANE OIE OWN MADR DANE MAOAIUININAOO MONO NDOINA A
CODA TF PGT OE VEO NEA SOT OT FTI FY PIMA EE HIN ET OMS EF TY

VOR WP OFM ION O POMAIM FID ON DPOANM SL WOR OF SHUM ENON DOAN NOR DROW
RRR RR OOM DODO VDODAAS PAPOAF PRO WIDIOIIOIO AN dd het et et tet AURIS enon 0
FESS ESL ISL LS TL PLS SE PLES ST PD OA DOIN NIAID INNA IN AIR AINIIDA DI IALA AU U
A ph td A Ld td tt te ed etd a ee at et dt at hd ed edd Hi heed md ded dd


MPG FOR EACH CAR

x

30.

28.

26.

24.

22.

20.

GM FUEL ECONOMY STUDY
MPG VERSUS RELATIVE HUMIDITY
CLASS 34501011

DATE 062476

CORRELATION COEFFICIENT =-. 1785

85 PERCENT CONFIDENCE INTERVAL = ¢-. 4830, . 1645)

x x
x x x
x
x xX
X xXxx%
x
x x x x
x
x
x
x * x
x
1 ! 1 i I
bo. 55. 60. 65. Po. 75. 80. 85. 30. 95.

= RELATIVE HUMIDITY (PERCENT)

100.

6zt-d


GM FUEL ECONOMY STUDY
MPG VERSUS TERRAIN INDEX
CLASS 25251111
DATE 062476
CORRELATION COEFFICIENT =~. 4285
85 PERCENT CONFIDENCE INTERVAL = ¢-. 6665. -. 1111)

22.

20.

£0l-a@

MPG FOR EACH CAR

x
x
, :
x
% x
3 x
x
x x
x
x x x
x
x x
1 ! ! t L 1 L i] 1 T
- 80 1.2 1.6 2. 24 2.8 3.2 3.6 4 4.4

= TERRAIN INDEX


The population values in the fourth column of Table A-2 correspond
to the city in which the driver resides. These values were obtained from the
1976 Commercial Atlas and Marketing Guide. 1

The fifth column of Table A-2 contains a code which indicates
whether or not the city is a suburb of a larger city (the letter S indicates that
it is a suburb). The actual populations of suburbs do not represent the general

population density of the area. Therefore, in the statistical analysis which

was performed on these data the populations of suburbs were arbitrarily con-
sidered to be equal to 100,000.

The sixth column in Table A-2 contains a terrain "index" that is
used as a measure of local topography. Values for this index were obtained

from The National Atlas of the United States of America. 2 The code that was

used is as follows:

Slope
"A'' — more than 80 percent of area gently sloping

"B'' — 50-80 percent of area gently sloping
"C" — 20-50 percent of area gently sloping
"D" — less than 20 percent of area gently sloping

Local Relief

"{'" ~ 0-100 feet

"2" — 100-300 feet
"3" ~ 300-500 feet
"4" —~ 500-1000 feet
"5" — 1000-3000 feet
"6" — over 3000 feet

Due to the limited number of cars available in the data base, only "Slope"!
was used as an indication of the terrain in the analysis.

The elevation data (feet above sea level) in the seventh column of this
table were obtained from the same source as population (see above).

The weather data in the eighth, ninth, tenth, and eleventh columns

were obtained from Climatological Data, National Summary. 3 Average values



MPG FOR EACH CAR

x

52.

48.

44.

40.

36.

32.

28.

24.

20.

- 80

00s

xX XX

DATE

062476
CORRELATION COEFFICIENT =-.0399

GM FUEL ECONOMY STUDY
MPG VERSUS TERRAIN
13000313

CLASS

95 PERCENT CONF | DENCE

|
12 ts

TERRAIN INDE

XX KOK XK KX XK

N=

x

INTERVAL

C7.

INDEX

4208,

a

- 3529)


MPG FOR EACH CAR

28.

26.

24.

22.

20.

V2.

GM FUEL ECONOMY STUDY
MPG VERSUS RELATIVE HUMIDITY
CLASS 24501211

DATE 062476

CORRELATION COEFFICIENT =~. 2832

95 PERCENT CONFIDENCE INTERVAL = ¢-. 5228, -. 0022)

x x
x x
x x ~x
x xX &x
x xX yrrx
x x x , x
XxX EX
OSI x
x x
x y *
x
1 L I L 1
do. $5. bo. g5. 70. 73. 30. 85. 90. 95.

=» RELATIVE HUMIDITY (PERCENT)

!
100.

L6-a


MG FOR EACH CAR

44.

an.

36.

32.

28.

24.

20.

o-

GM FUEL ECONOMY STUDY
MPG VERSUS MILES PER DAY
CLASS 13000313
DATE 062476
CORRELATION COEFFICIENT = .6972
95 PERCENT CONFIDENCE INTERVAL = ¢ .4245, . 8540)

x x
x x x x
x x
x x
x we x
x
x
x x
x x
x
x
1 i i 1 1 L 1 i i
10. 20. 30. 40. 50. 60. 70. a0. 30. 100.

MILES PER DAY


MPG FOR EACH CAR

x

30.

28.

26.

24.

22.

20.

1
a.

GM FUEL ECONOMY STUDY
MPG VERSUS POPULATION
CLASS 35251012
DATE 062476
CORRELATION COEFFICIENT = .0826

95 PERCENT CONFIDENCE INTERVAL = ¢-. 1772,

x to. bo. bo. 4o. 50. 60. 70.

POPULATION ¢ THOUSANDS)

- 3317)

x

SOKOK OOK 3K OOK OK OE

°
°

eet-a


GM FUEL ECONOMY STUDY
MPG VERSUS TERRAIN INDEX
CLASS 25251212
DATE 062476
CORRELATION COEFFICIENT =-. 1189
95 PERCENT CONFIDENCE INTERVAL = ¢-.5147. . 3187)

MPG FOR EACH CAR

22.

20.

OK XK

xx

x

1
2.

TERRAIN INDEX

thh-a


MPG FOR EACH CAR

x

28.

26.

24.

22.

20.

a

GM FUEL ECONOMY STUDY
MPG VERSUS ZIP CODE
CLASS 25251111

DATE 062476

CORRELATION COEFFICIENT = . 3980

95 PERCENT CONFIDENCE INTERVAL = ¢ .0746,

x x x
x x x
x x x
x x
x x x x
x
x x,
x
x
! 2, 4 4 4 é b &

» ZIP CODE (FIRST DIGIT)

- 6456)

-

ZOr-d


GM FUEL ECONOMY STUDY
MPG VERSUS MILES PER DAY
CLASS 14000612
DATE 062476
CORRELATION COEFFICIENT = .5737
95 PERCENT CONFIDENCE INTERVAL = ¢ . 2813, . 7686)

MPG FOR EACH CAR

x

2?.

82-4

o-

MILES PER DAY


GM Data Base Listing (Seasonal, Geographical Data)

Table A-2,

REL HUM PRECIP SNOW=ICE MODEL

PYPULATION SUBUR3 TERRAIN ELEVATION TEMP

WT. SEASON = a49D

NUMBER

A-33

NS OF FON OAT ND OF EAA OULU $A OOF AER S OFF UUAT NOS SOLO
2999999009000093098000909900900%9000990099095005900
RANI ALO MANIA ONAN AUC SE OMAN NUUAIUAA tS 0D SUANIN MAINO NONAANS
CREE NTNINININTNININENININ IN ECINTN INC ININENININ I UNIN INES INI DOLE EIN INES IN TSC EIN LN

AM AM MAA AAO ANON O00 00.0000090009009009000900000000
AMAA ROOO® POON Aad AMO AMM AM MAM NN NNCNIAIN!
enero, INSITE NINININN

AA ND OOOIOS DUN MM MAINE AA AAR HUMAN M A MEM MEN
INN NAAVOOOO® DOHA AAPA AAA AAAS AOOOOHOONIMIO9O0N 90000
Aad dt ee ee ee ee eee eee tee eee

UNO DO DODOOH MERA AN ANUANUNN HAO D ODDHDDODOHODMHMMMDDo
RRR 200000 OTR RARARARRARARRRAR DOR O000DDN HNL 0000000

PR AVUNUNANR NDOT ORR AIRE RR RRRAIAIR OD OOM ODN 0 AOA ttetetet tet
Br ersrarrsr errs are ee ee eee es

HOST MMAMMMOMNTMT TIT ST TSS
ain

OMODORNODO INN NODAAOVUAOOR FFF FR ONION AAT MOMOOMNOOT FAM
AOR DNDOMAINOR $ BAAD DORAL SE SPAM DONAAAOOUT ROO SHON
WOTHA AB Fete OMAINNINNH a tet

CAM ONAN AUN NSLS PLS TS TTT FUNNINIIUMMEM UNCuCocuCE
PO DDAN MAAN GHD IDMHIO OL OUVUUOULOA 4d ddddoodaddaqdaadad

LF LUNN ZF ZZ LAF ZETA Z ZAP ZAM Z ZMH

PLAT FAN 0F DNIMON DODOMMATOONDA7I93909009:20990002909"
AP $F ONO AIM 29399 TB530MNMN 19900 99993N99009NG06 3909905
FO MAND DIM ALHDIMAADARLDOPIISADPISONOORA TRAD AON AGS
RODEO RM ODOFA OMAR SOR DSAOAAIMIAATMOOMIRAAM NAIM OR
ONAL  AADMOA NM FEET INO CANINANN NABER AN OO ON

- ° Ny

NOMI ES SAND FIVOIMNT FF LIND 0.0 IAA ING ODT OD IANO
DOINENO DR ORM OOS RANDOM OF

P OM AM ATOM OF ON DIF A HOANRAIN SAID
LARSON DOA PDA I NAA OAT UM AINA UA AA AO
+ ms

ee Se RR EE ESE ES EEE SENS EEE E SSS ERIE SE TST SE

pee e rere cere rere rena meer ane seessseseresereseses
COAL SO DOCOHOOOH ECOG OHCUCOOOOOO GOON OOOSGUOGOGIC OLS
OF DODR IBGE HESS IVAGSSAOS9G9 3999 BOAMONOIAIVGAAMMNE NO ADOAD
BHAOANAAND SASL HAAS ANIHABANOMIO CAND AMD AM AINA AD AIING
FT MA TIANA EE TITAS HIN Er TIN ONIN INS rt INS ONE TOS

AN ME NOR OPOANME NON DO OANMS NORD TOM AIM NON OF OMIM RONG
AA AIIM MOM MAM MOE LF PES ETS


MPG FOR EACH CAR

x

26.

24.

22.

20.

4 Oo

GM FUEL ECONOMY STUDY
MPG VERSUS ELEVATION
CLASS 35501412
DATE 062476
CORRELATION COEFFICIENT = . 2631
95 PERCENT CONFIDENCE INTERVAL = ¢-.0135, . 5023)

Soo. tooo. 1500. 2000. 2500. 4000. 4500. 4000. 4500.
ELEVATION CFT)

~@st-a


A-39

BM DOD NMA DF ONAN ON OMING OME OONAUADOM OOAUME MAUR SOMA D ONOOUMONM
Bo 88 8318. 2022 99990000990009000000004000090000900000000000
Hen SOLA IA A? AL OA OF WA DIN OO DIN DO DIA FIN ODD OW ANA IN FUMINAMN ODS AE NE
LSS SS NLL UNNI INI ENIIN NECN INUNIMININ INEM EN IN ININ INES ININ INES ININENIN EIN

OF A HAIN AIA AOD DO OO MH AM MM MMA MOM AM APT ROM AAAIMAMINNOAIDIO
an AAI LL ARRAS STS wn men

MMA OPUS AEA OOAS OOOH OSIAINN ODO ONNINND DADOMFAVNS
II IAAI IAIN INI I I ODO OOO AM AER EERE RIOR HAS Ra rr OURS
A ete ed etd dae Att tte

QOL LS IT LIL TI OOR TSS FOQOO SS FF APOTAAAAAUTTTTOPOAPAOOPANAHASMOOD
PRE RERARARRRAARRRREE OD OORRARAREARARARARRAR RRR ERR RR ER ER ER EERO DOO

ED 0 60 eat FED CDP OO PONT FPO DAUINICU INANE MH OMIA OA ee
See merce eee eeecase scree recess eeeeesere
IAIN OO SIN INI ALN IAIN IN ET TIL ARR ONIMmet
AAA tt Ot nN aa

O09 00 tt OF MIDE ERR ENR RR OHO ded AI AA OIA O NOS MMALMNN DONTOO

ANANODODIOOFONNNOMO SH FOMMEMIETIPAARANRD DONA OF DODOMMNATNM SS
RINDOD D000 OINNIMAININ— AID DLIND NUNIT ODOT OUPOFONEMMAN ORM
A diedett

AAS LPL EES ONO SONI AIN M ANIRIE AM MMMM MAM MMMMMMMMMAAICIUMAIMAIAIAL
44 MO00C00000 ON MHAMd ddd cd ODOVDLVMMMDAMDOVGCOLOLOLLUL4ANDOVAd NOM

ZA ANZAGLALLLAZLAAFAAVWSTMSTALASALLAVA~AWFZSTLAATTAMWMA7MZZALLAZALLZTZT

DON 2ODDIOVOOTFIONMDO FS OBOSOND DIST OOODIOAMMONIBOAHROOMORMINoOD
BDRG909539006 43 159K 09059909 35OK DBADDISMUNR DAMON OOM OMOR NOD
BIPHADIIDOID M.-F IMADG FSF HO DION NVOF GOOD IOOFFRAMATOANOM NOTA OD

DIN ARIA DOD BOHONNAINMO NO Adda DEM HANIA ONIMOROONRA
i) ferret ON rr nnn A oY OO0ON arm 9 RN ad am
meee aa Nese AINNAIN id nO

(AE O AA DAN WN OR NORS PINMAN TT ODWANAM ADM DIDINWORAMND OFTROQDONAN OR

OF PISA FAA ARANS DADANO MBAR OOO FUND GA SINAN ON FON OF TNOODTAINGN

ee ee

NADAS DF MOAR OMR ANIA OR DID ON OM-FD INO RIAN SHIR MINE FOUR FOI ONIOMND

AINA ALAM MNANNO RO ONE MOMMA MAEM DANIO AMINA SANA a
an AN

Sea Re ee SESE ES ES SSE EET ERASE ESSN ESSE REESE EST ETESETERLEN

Pe mre reece rern cece ree nescec re scaseeneceoesevessasene
LOSCSCOSOOOGOOGOGOGOOOOCDGOOHOOD OG GOGO COOGO HOOLE SLC OOOGODG
DODNHANHODOSHOOANSSOSONGONDNHO DO GONAIGOOHOCOSSOSSGVOVN9OANOHGONAS
AIM ANI AINO NO AMINA IIAIRANDIAAO AIA ONO OIA INIA RIAIIAD LAIN TAINAN ATNODONAIONOUS
AWD FOODS DAL STOLL PO POON FTF OL OSS ST FOSS ATT ITI TO STOMA T SOM A

MOL DAOANMFINON DO FOAUMF NON DOOHNMS NON OFOHUMFNORDDORUMTNONOOO4
AM OMS FL FL IT LS TAO NINO 00 00.00 000R EE ARAARERRODDDDODONOGRH
FEVER CF EE EO CE EEN. ED PAE EA ED EN EME ENE NEN AM EIEN MAMMA MMM MAMMA MMcAM mMeMEAM NEN MEN Men,


MPG FOR EACH CAR

x

6,

24,

22.

20.

DATE

062476

GM FUEL ECONOMY STUDY
MPG VERSUS ZIP CODE
25251212

CLASS

CORRELATION COEFFICIENT = .4775
85 PERCENT CONF | DENCE

x MXX

x

‘

x

1
2.

1
3.

XX KX X

1
4

ZIP CODE ¢FIRST DIGIT)

INTERUAL

we
o-

<

Ne

- 0699,

o-

3 7484)

wo

OTT -&


a)

Table 2-5. Carline Class Identification

DIVIS con Lue RATIO
(INERTIA WEIGHT) /10

TRANSMISSION TYPE

CID-BBL

Example

13000313

This is a Chevrolet which weighs 3000 pounds, has a 140 cubic inch displacement

engine, a 2 barrel carburetor, automatic transmission, and an axle ratio equal
a
to 2.92

*Refer to Table 2-1.


GM FUEL ECONOMY STUDY
MPG VERSUS ZIP CODE
CLASS 23000323
DATE 062476
CORRELATION COEFFICIENT =-. 5611
95 PERCENT CONFIDENCE INTERVAL = ¢-. 7827, -. 2133)

“MPG FOR EACH CAR

4a.

36.

32.

28.

24.

20.

i
0.

ea

1 i ! 1
' 2. 3. 4.

ZIP CODE ¢FIRST DIGIT>

ue

o-

N=

~~

xX OK MX X

o-

oL-a


MPG FOR EACH CAR

x

26.

24.

22.

20.

OK

KK

|
oO.
=

DATE

GM FUEL ECONOMY STUDY
MPG VERSUS ZIP CODE

CLASS 35501411

062476

CORRELATION COEFFICIENT = .1810
INTERVAL = ¢-. 0788,

9S PERCENT CONF | DENCE

xe XK

x MW KK

le
Z1P CODE

R

x %

x x

%
x x

x * x

x

x

h 4k

CFIRST DIGIT)

ur
o-

xX

N-

oo

41727)

o-

@ri-d


GM FUEL ECONOMY STUDY
MPG VERSUS RELATIVE HUMIDITY
CLASS 13000313

DATE 062476

CORRELATION COEFFICIENT = .0158

85 PERCENT CONFIDENCE INTERVAL = ¢-. 3738, . 4007)

MPG FOR EACH CAR

x

40.

36.

32.

28.

24.

20.

6-a

xx

RELATIVE HUMIDITY (PERCENT)


SECTION 4

RESULTS

4.1 CARLINE CLASS HARMONIC MEAN FUEL ECONOMY
COMPARISONS

The main results of this study are displayed in Tables 4-1 and 4-2
for N=5 and N=10 respectively. An asterisk next to the Test Statistic" is
used to flag significant differences between mean fuel economies. Note that
for some of these carline classes the upper bound in AMPD (average miles
per day) is quite large. At first it was assumed that this was due to
erroneous data that should be deleted from the data base. However, in all
cases it was found that these large values occurred over relatively short
periods of time, indicating long trips. The data were therefore assumed to
be accurate. Note also that the lower bound on population (Range 2) is fre-
quently equal to 100,000. This occurs because of the suburbs in the data
base that are all assigned this population.

Comparing Table 4-1 with Table 4-2, it is evident that, while the
mean fuel economies depend to a certain extent on the number of cars that
are used in the extreme parameter ranges, those mean fuel economies which
differ significantly with five cars in the extreme parameter ranges generally
differ significantly with ten cars in the extreme parameter ranges as well.
Consequently, the discussion that follows will be confined to Table 4-2. As
indicated in this table, it was found that fuel economy increases significantly
with increasing AMPD for all 24 carline classes. While this trend in the
data was anticipated, it was not expected to dominate generally over other
factors that are known to affect fuel economy also. (See discussion below. )

Occasional differences in fuel economy with respect to elevation,
precipitation, relative humidity, terrain (local slope), and zip code were

detected. For example, consider Class 24500911 which exhibits a difference

17


A-17

TO LA AD AAA AAD AO DAN FLOM OAM MMA SOD OO OADD POT MVANNOM DONO ATOND
PT VEO DAN AND AMIN TOO F INUNIMOATOOIN ¢ OD OOMONANT QDOHRORMAR OF Or AHO
M&A OAINGD OG 4 AM AN AD OIAID- ON RR TOKINA 9 OR AIAIR DO DAN OD DIARAPONDEO AS
TANNA NAT a9 $F TINO D009 DOD SRA RARER DOMMNPOODDOIOTAAAAMAINAUMG AMO
9:0 ODN DODL ODDO ONOD 0D 0:0.0 000-0 0.0 00.00.00 000 RRR RR ARR ARRAN AEARERE

faterbartertertert 1-0 SL heel al All gl gl all alalalgiglelalal ih to 0.2 0 0-0.6.14.4.404.4-4- area
MAAS E EEE EE EEL MM we MY YY YY YY YY XX ZZS7 ZI IAs saad dadqooag

>

us uur >

z mune wi aby BH

m £ZD OOS HDYO HO

“ i) 44@T DDSe ToHc wo

na oo a Who OONO arpa Tt az
udeda a3 So reDeHsseveeTa GZ Puro
ELA SIMD AIA OTE MET RENT ZE GomWe yet D mw Wow SHA
OST FTE OT dada xO DF OR UHH ZEOOWDOESIHOO Tzzz>O0OHNG *xwro
POR Y WOIKM IONE WZ GOST TES ATOG3O4 wa NOHWAdUYE KUT Edo
Yar SEIIMN SAZEzd73 a dA IOC Y AZZ IE SELEY IY ZOE HOTS

Aveda fd We ddd Gn UIT OY F et SOO EM MN ta T OW
AWD IULOF TH BAY YY OYA SRR OULU D ¥ EH NEOIIOTE ZZ ION FAO PIALOXOLT

Ce
NAM AAD ART hh hh hd at hh OD hd OL HA OL ot nad ke a md ed dd ht md

ee ee er ry
IRIN at DEED ARTI DIARIO AO RRL AINE AIA A AE A ARI IO LEO EOD

ee
PR RON OF TAO MARNE DMO TO LT RRP ALANS AP MRNG EVN OMS HSH OME
re) ‘ | ett tet

ee es
PINION ARERR RON OM OU AO AIA
a tl

CONDOM >
ANE arty TS ONAN DO a IANO FO OE
dot atte AE A fed ed Ned ttt

a ee ee a
AP HEI LOU RENE CAO TT OH td md OLS OT AST Ot EP OT ROR aE A et

PRO AIEEE ONO ALN FO ORD. IL DAUM RON OR GAAIN TIN OR DOG AIS
RRA DO HOD GOH OOK PHAAAT PHB! 2 DOA AAA AI AA OINIAII INI OUND
DO.0.00 90-00-00 0 000009000 0-0N EA REA ER RARER RRA RRR ERR RAR RRR



GM FUEL ECONOMY STUDY
MPG VERSUS POPULATION
CLASS 13000313
DATE 062476
CORRELATION COEFFICIENT =-.0291
95 PERCENT CONFIDENCE INTERVAL = (-.4118. . 3623)

MPG FOR EACH CAR

40.

36.

32.

28.

20.

KOK WORK XK

POPULATION ¢ THOUSANDS)


MPG FOR EACH CAR

x

2B.

24.

22.

20.

l
Oo.

GM FUEL ECONOMY STUDY
MPG VERSUS MILES PER DAY
CLASS 35501411

DATE 062476

CORRELATION COEFFICIENT = .5513

95 PERCENT CONFIDENCE INTERVAL = ¢ . 3437,

x x x x x x
x x x x
x
x
x x x x
x, x x
x “x x
x * x x x
x x x
x
xX x x x
x x
x
I 1 l L L 1
to. do. bo. 40. 50. 60. 70. 80.

MILES PER DAY

7075)

!
100.

sri-d


GM Fuel Economy Study

Division Sales Weighted Harmonic Mean Fuel Economy Comparisons

Table 4-3.

NUMBER OF CARS IN PARAt
NUMBER OF CARS IN PARA

BIDDONGO
eo TM Neo
Go XR WO
ou ve

ny eo
” uo

x ©

ww

DO reencnns

Zmennomes

SHOMshooo

YO KR Hoo
me 2
ne oe

“ own
“nm

Housman e+
BoOtnnss
ain in Nu
oo
tn

“

Beseeecee

ZNedndooa

<noa oo

You os

w au
wo
‘

NOOOsDONT

aa Jraa
acy Mr
a ow

Lie
«
a

za

o

4

a

”

>

=)

ou ors
wn 2o
» No
“ w
Ww
DO rercrere
ZnonoomMsa
<NOMORKRcOO
Yue Oo HON
20 20
to oe
a no
=m

QOTORRMD
oo NU
uo
rn

“

w

Orercccee

Zana icoo

sone oo

het oo
“ am

oe
oun

VIMOHODUT
OMRONANS ©
AMNOEAnFOOD

anamemmms
padded

sr cgcms:
OHNE Gono!

BORON S
FooNnnsron
Sree rors
arnsrommman
eletetetetet

SesescSwe

2

DIVISION

29

ro oe
re on
2 mo
nN +
ws
Orecereee
ZReNmoNnGS
aoMNR a0
Ho KR ae
ao on
a9 ve
“4 av
nt

Enoenenes
nna t+
Hadden

CIVISICN


24.

22.

20.

MPG FOR EACH CAR
o

x

o

GM FUEL ECONOMY STUDY
MPG VERSUS ZIP CODE
CLASS 24000911
DATE 062476
CORRELATION COEFFICIENT = . 2531
95 PERCENT CONFIDENCE INTERVAL = (-.0335, .5012)

x
x Ey
x x x x x
x x *
x x x
x
x % x x x x x
x x x
x
x
L * 1 I i
4. ! 2 4 4 5. & 2 8 E)

ve ZIP CODE ¢FIRST DIGIT)

8l-a


@M FUEL ECONOMY STUDY
MPG UERSUS TEMPERATURE
24. CLASS 14500912
DATE 062476
22. CORRELATION COEFFICIENT = . 3458
95 PERCENT CONFIDENCE INTERUAL = ¢ 1335. .5277)

26.

20.

x
x
16. x x
x
* Ma x ¥
x * x Xx x
14, wx « x x x
x x,
x x * x xx % x
* x * x * x
12 x x% x x RX
x
xxx x, %
cd x x
2 10. x Xy
2 x x x
a x x
& x x x
2 g, x
©
2
=o
I t ! I I
& 8 -4, b 4 8 12. 16. 20. 24, 28.

* os ~=TEMPERATURE (DEG ep)

ey-d


SECTION 3

METHODS

The dependence of fuel economy, that is, miles per gallon (mpg)
on eight seasonal, topographical, and geographical parameters was investi-
gated in this study. The method utilized for establishing this dependence

involved the following steps:

a. Definition of a Carline Class. Carline classes were
initially defined so that the dependence of fuel economy
on seasonal, topographical, and geographical effects
could be separated from the dependence of fuel
economy on the design of the car. Five parameters
were used to define a carline class: (1) Division of
General Motors, (2) Inertia Weight, (3) Engine-
Carburetion Design (CID-BBL), (4) Transmission
Type (Manual versus Automatic), and (5) Axle
Ratio (one of five values).

b. Choice of Minimum Cars per Class. It was decided to
consider only carline classes with at least 20 cars.
There were three considerations that suggested this
would be a reasonable number of cars per class:

1. No fewer than five cars could be used in a given
group within a carline class to compute a
harmonic mean fuel economy (see Appendix C)
and determine statistically whether this mean
value was significantly different from another
harmonic mean fuel economy.

2. A sufficient number of cars per class would be
required so that two groups of cars, containing
at least five cars each, could be identified in
such a manner that the ranges in a given parame-
ter associated with each group did not overlap.
This criteria would necessarily apply to all
eight parameters for each class,

3. As many cars as possible in the data base would
be included in the study.

13


A-28

MA DO DAF ODN OH HO AN DO DIN DOF ONAN MODAM VO AD HOFF MAT OMS OFAN
PQOVINAON OSA AN FAIINOR GANT DOF ROOMRAR DANAINQANANMEANO OMAIADO AM
NM TERRE NT SAAS FF FORE DOIIDOOANNG FF FF NAAN DODD OOD DOOFOMMFOODPO
FTTH TSE SNA ADINO ONE 9999989090999 903090900009 2000-44 AN
CRA INIA AIA IAIAININ OO 0000.05.00 00.1.00009000 0005.90 05900090000009

Hee PEE EET ZO 9 ss 4 3 J Hs SS

we EEE EEE EE a eet tt ete rain farorerare
“yw °

o4 o x

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w aT~a- Ate) bw a oO © < w a
> ~ Da<suw zz ue a@ ao 4 o w
sa 3 oy 4uucosr eawD TeDzZ 7 wwo wWo w>
TM 4 Omammoanwk © FaaqwIarUZMON zZz2a <ssO0ODDNOOOCcCOWIH a4
DD> YT SAH DEF AIO HERERO Hae OOOOOONOOxXINY Fitz7Iey
Z 244M >OWeR EROS ZIIDNMWE- IT Soom daadaaaaaawa Onin
WWOKNGOUEOEEZZWFOZOW FW WEZZERTORANMN COLVOGCOLLLY TZDDXHX AISA

WUDD>+DAZ HHZZH>+ZZ ZN eT ew Eats Lare ZZ vy aH Et Z Oe GOOrZO
YY ETON SWOT IGN UOUeOUIW ROO TOSSOTH Odea rTrTrT Try <Oewswwddo
CO ¥ BOON Z EEF EAAOTE DOT Z BNW AN EOTTOVOVOVOVVO YHA TAAOOE

i
EA AA AA hhh A HN AH ed Md A ed a hl dd ett NL el rl ed ed ad ed eed

erry
ND dF AOL A AL NR OO EH ted A OF A Sed IRI A ATARI Tt oF OL AL TO UIA toh AI RIOR RAL

PATON AREMAROMOSA ES FNANT £10 ODN OF FFOOPORMAFINUVAS ONE NO DEMTOO
4 ee a ey

a4 te or ad

Ce ars
NIT AD A VA DEES PAOD UTD DOAN AAS DANO IAIN AA UMA
a al a

NOY OPS UNE UNOS EOD OO TD AA NTOM NN AP FNOOF OM DANAROO SHAR DOO
Et AN Nt Rd tt I Ad AI

es
FN te LT SE A ON NE EE FE RT EEN AEN Eh tO AOU ANE OE AAI TE OM tt ee

FALSE IAN AON DIVAN LD DRO FOANM £1 OR DROANUME NOR ODROANMS NOR DRO
© DIVO DAA AA ANI NUN UA UNA NMAMOMM MO MOM FF FTE FST SPANO NOAA
AEA DRA A OE TMM AMEN HM MMMM MM MM MATAM MM MAMAN MAMMA MM Men cy
ADAM A A Ah et ed A dh Nd hd dd el dl A el dd etd ht td ot ted


GM FUEL ECONOMY STUDY

MPG VERSUS TERRAIN |NDEX

CLASS 34501011
DATE 062476

CORRELATION COEFFICIENT =~. 3400
95 PERCENT CONFIDENCE INTERVAL = ¢~. 6047, -. 0076)

MPG FOR EACH CAR

x

24.

22.

20.

KORE OOM OK

x

t
2

TERRAIN INDEX

Laird

a


MPG FOR EACH CAR

x

24.

2?.

70.

GM FUEL ECONOMY STUDY
MPG VERSUS ELEVATION
CLASS 14500912

DATE 062476

CORRELATION COEFFICIENT =~. 0376

95 PERCENT CONFIDENCE INTERVAL = ¢~. 2580.

x XK x
*
x

g97

ELEVATION ¢FT)

I 1 I i 1
Soo. tooo. {s00. 2000. 2500. 3000. 3500. 4000.

- 1865)

D
4500.

i
S000.

or-d


28.

26.

24.

2?.

20.

MPG FOR EACH CAR

x

x

o

a

GM FUEL ECONOMY STUDY

MPG VERSUS ELEVATION

CLASS 14000612
062476

CORRELATION COEFFICIENT =-. 3003
95 PERCENT CONFIDENCE INTERVAL = ¢-.5875, .0540)

x
x
x
&
xX x
x x
x
xX
x
x
x
x
x
to i i i if 1 { 4
0. 800. tooo. 1200. 1400. 1600. 1800. 000.

ELEVATION CFT)

¥27-a


28. @M FUEL ECONOMY STUDY
MPG VERSUS PRECIPITATION
26. CLASS 45001413
DATE 062476
2. CORRELATION COEFFICIENT = .0896
95 PERCENT CONFIDENCE INTERUAL = (-. 2204. . 3831)

22.

20.

MPG FOR EACH CAR

x x x x
x
x
12. x HX x x x
x
x x xe xR x x
x
x
x x
10. x %  X x x
x x
x
L t i t
a 4 bo. % fo. bo. 80. too. 120. 4. feo. {a0

Xm PRECIPITATION (MM

olt-a


GM FUEL ECONOMY STUDY
MPG VERSUS TERRAIN INDEX

CLASS 65501512
DATE 062476
CORRELATION COEFFICIENT =~. 0057
95 PERCENT CONFIDENCE INTERVAL = (7. 2211, . 2103)

MPG FOR EACH CAR

20.

T6r-a@

XK KOK RRO MOOR OK OK OX
XK ROK OK OX

XK ROOK OK ROK DORK X

N-
a

TERRAIN “INDE


MPG FOR EACH CAR

x

on,

24.

22.

20.

8

4.

GM FUEL ECONOMY STUDY
MPG VERSUS PRECIPITATION
CLASS 14000612

DATE 062476

CORRELATION COEFFICIENT = . 3098

95 PERCENT CONFIDENCE INTERVAL = (-. 0436,

x x
x x
x «
Kg x x
x > XK x
* x OK
x
x
xx
x
x x
x
x
1 i ! { i ! I 1
40. 80. 120, 160. 200. 240. 280. 320.

ce PRECIPITATION (MM)

- 9943)

9e-a


MPG FOR EACH CAR

26.

24.

22.

20.

GM FUEL ECONOMY STUDY
MPG VERSUS POPULATION
CLASS 65501512

DATE 062476

CORRELATION COEFFICIENT =-. 1158

95 PERCENT CONFIDENCE INTERVAL = ¢-. 3234.

! N 1 D i 1
10. 20. 30. 40. ‘Se. 60. 70. 80.

«3 POPULATION ¢THOUSANDS>

« 1024)

KK X OTHE YROCOBOOX OOK OX

68t- a


MPG FOR EACH CAR

26.

24.

22.

20.

xX OK

x

x

1
oO.

GM FUEL ECONOMY STUDY
MPG VERSUS ZIP CODE
CLASS 44500912
DATE 062476
CORRELATION COEFFICIENT = .1378
95 PERCENT CONFIDENCE INTERVAL = (-. 1734, . 4240)

x

x * x *
x x x x x
x x
x x
x x
3 x
x
x
1 2 43 4 5 é ra é 3 to

ZIP CODE (FIRST DIGIT

Bst-a


A-t.

A-2.

TABLES

GM Data Codes .. 0... ee

Inertia Weight — GM Body Type Relationship

(1975 Model Year) .. 2... .... 22. eee eee ee

Model Codes .. 1... ee ee ees

Projected 1975 Model Year Sales Data (from EPA
Certification Test Data Base — California and

Federal Light Duty Vehicles) ................0..
Carline Class Identification. ................000.

Carline Classes That Contain at Least 20 Cars.......

GM Fuel Economy Study, Harmonic Mean Fuel

Economy Comparisons (N=5) ..........02.-20008

GM Fuel Economy Study, Harmonic Mean Fuel

Economy Comparisons (N= 10) ..............00.

GM Fuel Economy Study, Division Sales Weighted

Harmonic Mean Fuel Economy Comparisons ........

GM Fuel Economy Study, Fleet Sales Weighted

Harmonic Mean Fuel Economy Comparisons ........

GM Data Base Listing (Vehicle Data) .............

GM Data Base Listing (Seasonal, Geographical Data)

ix

10
if

15

18

22

29

31

A-33


APPENDIX B

FUEL ECONOMY SCATTER PLOTS

This appendix contains 192 scatter plots that illustrate the variation
between fuel economy (mpg) and each of eight parameters (population, zip
code, terrain index, elevation, relative humidity, precipitation, tempera-
ture, and average miles per day) for 24 carline classes that contain at least
20 cars. These carline classes have the following parameters in common:
Division (of General Motors), Inertia Weight, CID and BBL, Transmission
Type, and Axle Ratio. (Refer to Table 2-5 for an explanation of the class
code.) Also displayed on each plot is a correlation coefficient and a 95-
percent confidence interval for that correlation coefficient.

For each class of cars, the first plot shows mpg versus population
of the city in which the driver resides. Because of the large range in popu-
lation associated with this study, those cities with populations greater than
or equal to 100,000 are shown plotted as cities with exactly 100,000 people.
Actual populations were, of course, used in the computation of the correla-
tion coefficients and confidence intervals.

The second plot shows mpg versus the first digit of the zip code of
the driver's address. (The zip code scale includes ''10'! due to an idiosyn-
crasy in the plotting subroutine used.)

The third plot for each class of cars shows mpg versus the terrain
index. Actually, only that portion of the terrain index was used that corre-
sponds to the local slope of the city in which the driver resides. (Refer to
Section 2 for a more detailed discussion of this factor.)

The fourth plot shows mpg versus the average elevation above sea
level of the city in which the driver resides. Elevations greater than or
equal to 5000 feet are shown plotted at 5000 feet. Actual elevations were

used in the computation of the correlation coefficients and confidence

intervals.


GM Data Base Listing (Vehicle Data)

Table A-1.

zie

STATE

city

CLO-34L AXLE RATIO TRANS.

BODY Tye

MPG

JIVISION

NUMBER

A-5

NAMAMNIDO DD OMOSF ANGOOINDOHOOGIIO +S FN. F FOAM ALE FMDO ONO
OQDDIVS FRNNDIMNOO HAAS OO REINS FIN OPOOS SANA MS TE NEDO
FIN OO REAP AAAS FS OVWIOOD A ANISH FNLODOONMMOAREODADDO N04
AAA AA AAINIINIC SE INIA 0.0.0: 000000 0R RRA REERE RROD ODDO OM

Ait fg to TUE RE EEE EE RR RR 2992999929999 79979799
ELECT L PEN LEZ >> SVUVVO0VUU00U007ZZZZZZZZAZLAAZALZZLZZZ

ow
- wa
o >> aa O
be a z xWaAd >> Rr aa
Oo w aor ur woz nar or MOZzZz ee Ww ee Ou
ew 3902 Te FRO rIG0Ww COea NOY _ 3a >STTHDs0e-
DoF _ YUWOOD PHNatnoOrsJIINHUUEeZzzZZzZDOoa O Tt YH WOMWwaZ

DZOZ CHHARZ DUE WFNOOOW SEE > WWW FOO HO> > O> IY> > WS FLO
ZeWLWLLA HOOT TAME EE I? £ Xk NOOO 4 Wh Uae We SI ENWOe
WIODPHZZ TORPEDO INNS HHO INN FANN IDWZe ae IZZAE
ZOLNFZZANSY7FOZA ISHN AT TOC YE DO KY TONY FIO FX UUOIZ ZOOM
DDOCA>>+* Wide SHAR  IWWUd dM enoot toewoTw
D4 FOL UW FEAT O FOO VIO WEOEELE ZEAACHPMVTIATHCCS 0. ae F

Ce
fos Ter Ree on Kon tan ee Ce Kea Lam ioe Con Ce ue Co Cones Cae nem Ce Coe Kae Ce Tom Cee tae Lae tan Ce Ca Lee Co Lo Co oe Ce a toe Ke Lond

Ce eer reer secre cee n cere seer sesesrecasesesesecces ces
A HE IRI I HO I AT LE OD dO tO tt tO OS POI IO

ee
PELL RMA LEMP POD LPL L ORS SNOOP ANT SOM AP ALFIMMNWNG FAR THRO
a) Se tet i ee eee ee en |

Ce
BE OAD DIV RANE tA AOD AAD AOI tet 9 AO
al a

PAN NANT ND Pe

AIO DIN RIM ON AS USE OO DANE D000
COEF OM ADO OM ADIANON-OF RA HAR
rear are rr ee ra
BEF NA ADT OMT COE M IT TA 41M FOE MOT HORE RR Ot TOMO
AAA AA AAA AA Mt ANI Ate te tet et

Pe ee ee ee ry
PT TE TOLL OI TE OT FP ANE ONE PD PE EE OMA et OF EE ORT OU OT At Er et

ANIME LOMO DAUM TIN ON OO GAN MF MON DAOANM ET NOR OT OMNI ION Oo
AISI SSI NINN RAIN RIN AISA MOEN MMMM FP rere tr


MPG FOR EACH CAR

48.

4a.

ao,

36.

32.

2a,

20.

0.

GM FUEL ECONOMY STUDY
MPG VERSUS MILES PER DAY
CLASS 23000313

OATE 062476

CORRELATION COEFFICIENT = . 2117

95 PERCENT CONFIDENCE INTERVAL = ¢-. 1362,

x x ¥ x
x x x
x xx
x
KK x %K x x
x x x
x! i] il 1 1 4 ~}
10. 20. 30. 40. do. 60. 70. 80.

MILES PER DAY

29131)

so-a


MPG FOR EACH CAR

28.

26.

24.

22.

20.

GM FUEL ECONOMY STUDY
MPG VERSUS TEMPERATURE
CLASS 14000912

DATE 062476

CORRELATION COEFFICIENT = . 2894

95 PERCENT CONFIDENCE INTERVAL = (-. 0243,

x x x
x x
x x
x x
x x
x x
x
KX * x
x
x
x x x
x x
x * x
x x
x
x
!
-4, 6 4 8. 12. Ie. 20, Ba

TEMPERATURE CDEC 0)

2 9912)

be.

b2.

se-d


2h.

24.

22.

20.

GM FUEL ECONOMY STUDY
MPG VERSUS ELEVATION

26t-a

MPG FOR EACH CAR

x

CLASS 65501512
DATE 062476
CORRELATION COEFFICIENT = .0543
95 PERCENT CONFIDENCE INTERVAL = (-. 1633. . 2669)
x
eed
x x KK *
% me x
x x x
XXX x
RX OK yy
x x x x
wm KX X
x
Ky x x
x
Q. Soo.  f000. {so0. 4000. 2500. 4000. 4500. 4000. 4500. S000.

* ELEVATION (FT?


MPG FOR EACH CAR

x

S2.

48.

aa

40.

36.

32.

24.

GM FUEL ECONOMY STUDY
MPG VERSUS PRECIPITATION
CLASS 13000313

DATE 062476

CORRELATION COEFFICIENT = . 2556

95 PERCENT CONFIDENCE INTERVAL = ¢-. 1463,

x x
x x x x
x x
x x x x
Xx x
x x
x x
x x
x
x
I i] b t ! 1 i ! I
0. 40. 0. 120. 160. 200. 240. 280. 320.

PRECIPITATION (MM)

- 5850)

ot-d


A-8

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