Geochemical Data from New

Albany Shale, Kentucky: A Study 

in Metal Mobility During

Weathering of Black Shales 

By Michele L.W. Tuttle,1 George N. Breit,1 

and Martin B. Goldhaber1

Open-File Report 03-207 

2003 

This report is preliminary and has not been reviewed for conformity with U.S. Geological 

Survey editorial standards or with the North American Stratigraphic Code. Any use of 

trade, firm, or product names is for descriptive purposes only and does not imply 

endorsement by the U.S. Government. 

U.S. DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR 

U.S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY 

1

 U.S. Geological Survey, MS 973, Box 25046, Denver CO 80225 
TABLE OF CONTENTS 

Introduction..........................................................................................................................1 

Methods ...............................................................................................................................3 

 Sampling Methods.........................................................................................................3 

 Analytical Methods........................................................................................................5 

 Bulk Chemistry .....................................................................................................5 

Sulfide Speciation and Sulfur Isotopy ..................................................................6 

Trace metals in Pyrite and Pyrite Morphologies...................................................6 

Additional Analyses of Efflorescent Salts............................................................7 

Results ...............................................................................................................................8 

Bulk Chemistry, Sulfide Data, and Sulfur Isotopy ........................................................8 

Trace Metals In Pyrite and Pyrite Morphologies...........................................................9 

Bulk Chemistry and Mineralogy of Efflorescent Salts................................................13 

Dissolution and Precipitation Experiments..................................................................13 

Summary............................................................................................................................14 

References..........................................................................................................................15 

Appendix I—Methods of Analyses and Detection Limits.................................................16 

Appendix II—Tabulation of Chemical, Isotopic and Mineralogic Data ...........................19 

Appendix III—Photographs of Polished Sections and Photomicrographs of Sulfides 

and Efflorescent Salts. .................................................................................................46 

Appendix IV—Transect plots showing changes in metal concentrations.........................51 

Figures 

i 
1. Map of Kentucky showing the location of our sampling and the stratigraphic 

column of New Albany Shale at that location ...............................................................2 

2. Photo of the transect sampled along the New Albany Shale out crop...........................3 

ii 
Geochemical Data from New Albany Shale, Kentucky: 

A Study in Weathering of Trace Metals 

By Michele L.W. Tuttle, George N. Breit, and Martin B. Goldhaber

Introduction 

The data reported in this paper were collected as part of a study to understand the 

weathering and transport of metals from metalliferous black shale. The black shale 

targeted in this study is the New Albany Shale, Eastern Kentucky. Our ultimate goal is to 

apply our findings to predict the geochemical controls on metal mobility in other regions 

of the United States where metalliferous black shale crop out. These geochemical 

controls will be discussed in future papers, whereas this paper focuses on presenting the 

large volume of analytical data, photomicrographs, and element plots produced for this 

study. 

The Upper Devonian New Albany Shale in Eastern Kentucky was chosen for 

study because anomalous metal concentrations in stream sediments were detected where 

this shale crops out along the margins of the Central Appalachian Basin (Tuttle and 

others, 2001). The New Albany shale was deposited in deep (>200 m water depth), 

anoxic ocean basins where sediment and metals accumulated very slowly (Potter et al., 

1980), and, in our study area, is divided into the Huron Member, with the Duffin unit, the 

Three Lick Bed, and the Cleveland Member (figs. 1 and 2). Our outcrop samples were 

from the upper Huron Member and core samples through the entire section New Albany 

section shown in Figure 1 plus the Lower Mississippian (?) Sunbury Shale. 

1 
2 
Methods 

Sampling Methods 

We sampled un-weathered and weathered shale, efflorescent salts and soil along a 

transect across the Huron Member of the New Albany Shale outcrop just east of Clay 

City, Kentucky. Un-weathered New Albany Shale and a efflorescent salt were sampled 

in core from a shallow drill hole near the outcrop (core sampled at the Kentucky 

Geological Survey’s Core Library, Lexington, Kentucky). 

The outcrop is located at the following coordinates: latitude 37°52.7400’ and 

longitude 83°57.0717’. Sampling along the outcrop followed a continuous bed from the 

edge of the outcrop towards the center (fig. 2). Two samples at each transect location (11 

3 
locations along a 16.13 m transect) were collected—one of shale with the surface 

weathering rind, and one of shale several centimeters behind the surface that had no 

visible oxide staining (“unexposed” shale). In addition, the following were collected 

from the outcrop: four efflorescent salts midway along the transect where water seepage 

had occurred, four soil samples at the outer-most end of the transect,1 and shale 

fragments, exfoliating from the road bench. These shale samples from the bench are 

from slightly lower in the Huron section than the transect samples. 

Core was provided by the Kentucky State Survey Core Library in Lexington, 

Kentucky. The drill hole is less than 5 miles from the out crop and is located within the 

block bounded by the following coordinates: 37°48’ and 37°49” latitude and 83°54’ and 

83°55’ longitude. Collection of core began five meters below the surface. Twenty-one 

samples were collected from a 45.42-meter interval of the core. Most of the shale 

sampled was pyrite-rich with some shale having massive lenses and nodules of pyrite and 

others specks of pyrite visible only with a hand lens. A efflorescent salt on a pyrite 

nodule that formed from sulfide oxidation in humid air also was collected.

All samples were air dried after collecting. One split was kept as collected for 

analyses by the scanning electron microscope (SEM) and laser ablation induction coupled 

mass spectrometry (LA-ICP-MS). A split was ground in a ceramic pulverizer to pass –

100 mesh. Splits of ground material were made using a Jones splitter—one split was for 

multi-element analyses and the second split for all other chemical methods. 

 

1

 Although the land surface was sloping at the collection point, we tried to collect soil samples that we

believe represent in situ soil formation instead of colluvium. 

4 
Analytical Methods 

The method of analyses for each element or phase analyzed in the sample is listed 

in Appendix I along with the detection limits for each analysis. 

Bulk Chemistry 

Bulk chemical parameters were determined on outcrop and core shale, 

efflorescent salt, and soil samples using analytical methods described in Bullock and 

others (2002). Multi-element analyses were done using a combination of inductively 

coupled plasma-atomic emission spectrometry (ICP-AES) and inductively coupled 

plasma-mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) (elements and detection limits in Appendix I). 

Samples were prepared for these analyses by first determining moisture content (heating 

to 107±3°C in a forced air furnace for one hour) and then, because of their high organiccarbon content, ashing the sample (heating to 750°C for 2 hours). The ashed samples 

were either decomposed using a multi-acid or sodium peroxide sinter decomposition 

technique, depending on the element being determined (see Appendix I). All analyses on 

ashed samples are reported on a whole-rock basis. 

Mercury, selenium, and total sulfur required separate analyses. Mercury was 

determined by multi-acid/vanadium pentoxide decomposition and then using a cold 

vapor-atomic absorption spectrometry (CVAAD). Detection limit for Hg is 0.02 ppm. 

Selenium analyses used a different multi-acid decomposition and a hydride-generation 

method for an atomic adsorption spectrophotometer. Detection limit for Se is 0.1 pmm. 

Total sulfur was determined by combusting the sample and analyzing SO2 using an 

infrared absorption detector. Detection limit for S is 0.05 %.

5 
Sulfide Speciation and Sulfur Isotopy 

The sulfur in solid sulfide phases (acid-volatile sulfide, S2- and disulfide, S2

2-) was 

separated in shale samples from the core and along the transect using an analytical 

scheme modified from Tuttle and others (1986). The ground sample was treated with an 

acidified chromous chloride solution under an inert atmosphere. The H2S evolved from 

the sulfides was collected as Ag2S, and the amount of sulfide in the sample 

gravimetrically determined. The detection limit for Ssulfide is 0.01% with a five-gram 

sample. The isotopic composition of the sulfur in the sulfides was analyzed by 

combusting the Ag2S in an on-line elemental analyzer coupled to a mass spectrometer 

(Kester and others, 2001). 

Trace Metals in Pyrite and Pyrite Morphologies 

Polished sections of core samples were prepared and photographed. The sections

were first examined in detail under the SEM/EDX (JEOL JSM5800LV scanning electron 

microscope equipped with an Oxford Isis energy dispersive X-ray analyzer) to determine 

pyrite morphologies (nodules, lenses, framboids, and anhedral grains) and their relative 

purity with respect to trace metals. Trace metals in these different morphologies were 

then analyzed by LA-ICP-MS, which is much more sensitive than SEM-EDX. Laser 

data was collected using a single 25 micron spot and stored as raw counts per second vs 

time. The USGS sulfide PS-1 (Wilson et al, 2002) was used as a calibration standard. The 

raw data was subsequently reduced to concentration data using the program GeoPro 

supplied by Cetac Technologies.2

 Data are reported as parts per million (ppm) in pyrite,

and as then averages for different morphologies use to estimate the proportion of each 

 

2

 Use of the tradename Cetac Technologies or any other tradename in this report is for descriptive purposes 

only and does not imply endorsement by the U.S. Government. 

6 
metal in the sample that resides in pyrite.3

 The limit of detection for metals using the LAICP-MS is variable and depends on counting statistics. Some values are below the limit 

of detection as determined by the software, and are noted as < values. 

Additional Analyses of Efflorescent Salts 

Mineral identification of the efflorescent salts used X-ray diffraction analysis 

performed with a Siemens D500 diffractometer equipped with a graphite monochromater 

and using Cu Kα radiation. Samples were scanned from 4 to 64° 2Θ using a 0.02° step 

size at a rate of 2 seconds per step. Samples sufficiently large were ground and analyzed 

using a packed powder mount. Small samples were prepared by grinding in a few drops 

of methanol to form a slurry and then transferring the slurry to a glass slide. Some 

samples were ground and sprinkled on double sticky tape to avoid possible dissolution 

affects. Detailed observations and analyses of the efflorescent salts used SEM/EDX as 

described above. 

Dissolution and precipitation experiments were run using three of the efflorescent 

salts from the outcrop. Two splits of each salt were weighted (0.2000 g of salt) and 

dissolved in 100 mL deionized water. Solids were then filtered off the solutions, dried, 

and weighed to determine the weight of the salt that dissolved. One solution was 

acidified with ultra-pure HNO3, and submitted for analyses using ICP-MS (Lamothe and 

others, 2002). The second solution was titrated to pH = 7.0 (the approximate pH of most 

streams in the area) using a standardized sodium hydroxide solution, and allowed to sit 

for one hour. The precipitate (mostly iron oxyhydroxides plus adsorbed metals) then was 

 

3

 Proportions of the total metal that resides in pyrite were estimated by determining the most abundant 

morphology in each core sample (massive versus framboid/anhedral grains), determining the average 

metal content in each pyrite morphology using laser ablation ICP-MS data, calculating the amount of 

metal in pyrite on a whole rock basis using these averages and whole-rock sulfide data, and dividing that

amount by the total amount of metal in the sample. 

7 
separated from the solution by filtration, and the filtrate was then acidified and analyzed 

as above. The difference between the metal concentration in the acidified sample and the 

titrated sample represent the metals that either adsorbed onto or co-precipitated with the 

iron oxyhydroxides. 

Results 

All analytical results are tabulated in the tables in Appendix II, sample photos and 

SEM photomicrographs are in Appendix III, and graphs of selected element 

concentrations are plotted along the outcrop transect in Appendix IV. The interpretation 

of these results is forthcoming in two papers presently in preparation. The first addresses 

the role of soluble salts in the mobility of trace metals during weathering of the New 

Albany and expands on preliminary findings presented in Tuttle and others (2001). The 

second is a comprehensive paper that focuses on the geochemical controls that affect 

weathering and transport of trace metals from metalliferous black shale to the 

environment. 

Bulk Chemistry, Sulfide Data, and Sulfur Isotopy 

The bulk chemistry of New Albany core samples, including the sulfide and sulfur 

isotope data, are tabulated in Table AII-1 (Appendix II) and those for shale along the 

outcrop transect in Table AII-2. Descriptive statistics for selected elements in these 

samples are given in Tables 1 and 2. Core statistics are further split into the two 

dominant pyrite morphologies within the shale—massive pyrite (nodules and lenses) and 

framboidal/anhedral grain pyrite. Outcrop statistics are split by soil, efflorescent salt, 

bench shale, and transect shale, with the latter being further split by surface weathered 

shale and “unexposed” shale. 

8 
Selected metal concentrations in surface and “unexposed” shale along the transect 

are shown in distance plots in Appendix IV. Also included on these plots are average 

concentrations of metals in Huron shale from the core, in soils at the end of the transect, 

and in efflorescent salts that formed along the transect. 

Trace Metals in Pyrite and Pyrite Morphologies 

The LA-ICP-MS data on trace element concentrations in pyrite from core samples 

is tabulated in Table AII-3 (Appendix II). Photos of the sections showing the spots 

analyzed are in Figures AIII-1 through AIII-2 (Appendix III) and photomicrographs of

sulfides in Figure AIII-3. Descriptive statistics for these analyses are given in Table 3 

and are split according to whether the morphology is massive (nodules and lenses) or 

framboidal/anhedral grains. These morphology averages are used to calculate the 

percentage of the metal that resides in pyrite for core and outcrop shale samples (Table 

AII-1). 

9 
Table 1. Mean and range of selected elements and δ

34Ssulfide for shale in core (n = 20), 

Huron shale in core (equivalent to outcrop samples) (n = 8), core containing massive

pyrite (lenses or nodules) (n = 7), and pyritic shale (contains framboids or anhedral grains 

of pyrite) (n = 13). Means are geometric except for δ

34Ssulfide, which is arithmetic. 

Element/Parameter All Shale Huron Shale 

Shale 

w/Massive Py. 

Shale w/ 

Framboid or 

Grains 

As ppm m••• 

 range 

75 

11 to 2570 

64 

25 to 255 

195 

37 to 2570 

44 

11 to 385 

Cd ppm m••• 

 range 

1.2 

0.12 to 26 

0.48 

0.12 to 3.0 

.96 

.26 to 22 

1.3 

0.12 to 26 

Co ppm m••• 

 range 

16 

3.1 to 44 

20 

13 to 44 

18 

11 to 44 

14 

3.1 to 26 

Cr ppm m••• 

 range 

79 

16 to 190 

77 

53 to 140 

67 

16 to 130 

86 

32 to 190 

Cu ppm m••• 

 range 

135 

25 to 1230 

105 

25 to 1230 

86 

25 to 260 

165 

28 to 1230 

Fe2O3 % m••• 

 range 

10 

2.1 to 51 

9.5 

4.6 to 26 

26 

17 to 51 

6.0 

2.1 to 15 

Hg ppm m••• 

 range 

0.14 

0.04 to .43 

0.10 

0.05 to .26 

0.14 

0.04 to .41 

0.13 

0.04 to .43 

Mn ppm m••• 

 range 

275 

87 to 2760 

200 

34 to 385 

305 

87 to 2500 

265 

130 to 2760 

Mo ppm m••• 

 range 

81 

36 to 495 

88 

48 to 360 

95 

3.6 to 360 

74 

6.0 to 495 

Ni ppm m••• 

 range 

155 

34 to 425 

115 

34 to 385 

97 

34 to 210 

215 

98 to 425 

Pb ppm m••• 

 range 

29 

1.9 to 430 

19 

11 to 45 

39 

14 to 210 

25 

1.9 to 430 

Stotal % m••• 

 range 

4.7 

0.52 to 29 

4.6 

1.6 to 15 

15 

9.5 to 29 

2.5 

0.52 to 9.5 

Sb ppm m••• 

 range 

6.3 

1.1 to 23 

5.2 

3.2 to 9.0 

6.8 

1.9 to 21 

6.0 

1.1 to 23 

Se ppm m••• 

 range 

5.1 

0.32 to 30 

3.8 

2.0 to 18 

3.2 

0.32 to 29 

6.6 

1.4 to 30 

Ssulfide % m••• 

 range 

3.6 

0.62 to 28 

3.6 

1.1 to 14 

14 

8.8 to 28 

1.8 

0.62 to 5.8 

δ

34Ssulfide ‰ m••• 

 range 

-18.0 

-33.6 to +4.6 

-17.2 

-23.7 to +4.6 

-13.7 

-33.6 to +4.6 

-20.3 

-29.6 to –3.8 

Tl ppm m••• 

 range 

3.7 

0.28 to 11 

4.9 

1.7 to 7.3 

3.7 

0.28 to 7.9 

3.6 

0.39 to 11 

U ppm m••• 

 range 

26 

4.0 to 110 

27 

18 to 55 

20 

4.0 to 85 

29 

4.1 to 110 

V ppm m••• 

 range 

255 

38 to 870 

210 

54 to 870 

120 

38 to 215 

355 

88 to 870 

Zn ppm m••• 

 range 

225 

35-3550 

100 

35 to 660 

200 

70 to 2940 

235 

35 to 3550 

10 
Table 2. Descriptive statistics (mean and range) of selected elements and δ

34S values for 

surface shale (n = 11) and unexposed shale samples (n = 10) in the outcrop, soil (n = 4), 

and efflorescent salts (n = 4). Based on distributions, means are geometric, except for 

δ

34S. δ34S ‰ are on sulfides in shale and for sulfates in soil and efflorescent salts. 

Element/parameter Surface Shale 

Unexposed 

Shale Soil 

Efflorescent 

Salts 

As ppm m••• 

 range 

44 

32 to 63 

47 

36 to 58 

51 

43 to 57 

51 

18 to77 

Cd ppm m••• 

 range 

0.15 

0.06 to .75 

0.14 

0.06 to .78 

0.15 

0.07 to .27 

1.6 

0.74 to 4.6 

Co ppm m••• 

 range 

9.7 

5.2 to 42 

8.9 

4.9 to 31 

5.6 

5.1 to 5.9 

54 

36 to 89 

Cr ppm m••• 

 range 

78 

62 to 96 

66 

59 to 71 

120 

104 to135 

54 

49 to 60 

Cu ppm m••• 

 range 

32 

2.1 to 125 

15 

1.2 to 100 

54 

43 to 63 

150 

79 to 240 

Fe2O3 % m••• 

 range 

6.0 

4.3 to 7.5 

5.8 

3.8 to 8.7 

7.7 

6.0 to 9.0 

11 

7.2 to 15 

Hg ppm m••• 

 range 

0.06 

0.04 to .07 

0.06 

0.04 to .08 

0.06 

0.05 to .07 

0.04 

0.02 to .05 

Mn ppm m••• 

 range 

56 

34 to 230 

51 

32 to 165 

50 

44 to 54 

310 

220 to 440 

Mo ppm m••• 

 range 

60 

40 to 77 

60 

43 to 97 

97 

86 to 110 

27 

15 to 40 

Ni ppm m••• 

 range 

38 

19 to 155 

33 

15 to 97 

15 

12 to 18 

190 

110 to 325 

Pb ppm m••• 

 range 

16 

11 to 21 

17 

14 to 20 

23 

21 to 28 

2.1 

0.39 to 9.8 

Stotal % mean 

 range 

1.3 

0.33 to 4.4 

1.3 

0.46 to 4.5 

0.14 

0.08 to .33 

12 

9.0 to 15 

Ssulfide % mean 

 range 

0.24 

0.45 to 1.5 

0.36 

0.070 to 2.7 

0.011 

0.003 to .024 

nd 

δ

34Ssulfide ‰ m••• 

 range 

-20.0 

-22.0 to –17.1 

-18.2 

-20.4 to –16.1 

nd nd

Ssulfate % mean 

 range 

nd nd

δ

34Ssulfate

 ‰ m••• 

 range 

nd nd -13.6

-14.7 to –12.6 

-11.9 

-18.1 to –6.5 

Sb ppm m••• 

 range 

3.3 

2.3 to4.2 

3.4 

2.9 to 4.3 

6.5 

5.6 to 7.4 

0.84 

0.21 to 2.0 

Se ppm m••• 

 range 

1.4 

0.25 to 2.2 

1.7 

1.4 to 2.3 

3.9 

3.3 to 4.5 

0.55 

0.29 to .92 

Tl ppm m••• 

 range 

3.5 

2.2-5.6 

3.4 

2.7 to 5.1 

7.1 

4.5 to 10 

0.75 

0.27 to 1.7 

U ppm m••• 

 range 

17 

11 to 28 

15 

12 to 21 

23 

20 to 24 

37 

19 to 65 

V ppm m••• 205 195 460 55 

11 
 range 150 to 260 155 to 325 395 to 525 17 to 140 

Zn ppm m••• 

 range 

26 

9 to 105 

19 

2.4 to 63 

35 

27 to 39 

295 

160 to 1030 

Table 3. Descriptive statistics (geometric mean and range) of selected metals in massive 

pyrite (lenses and nodules) (n = 75) and in framboid/anhedral grains of pyrite (n = 64).

Element Massive Pyrite 

Framboids or anhedral 

grains 

As ppm m••• 

 range 

420 

27 to 1810 

475 

74 to 3080 

Cd ppm m••• 

 range 

0.37 

0.07 to 2.2 

1.2 

0.10 to 8.7 

Co ppm m••• 

 range 

0.83 

0.06 to 18 

27 

0.73 to 280 

Cr ppm m••• 

 range 

50 

24 to 115 

66 

24 to 215 

Cu ppm m••• 

 range 

13 

0.59 to 1420 

515 

46 to 3130 

Fe % mean 

 range 

40 

30 to 49 

38 

27 to 53 

Hg ppm m••• 

 range 

0.71 

0.07 to 2.0 

0.98 

0.05 to 5.0 

Mo ppm m••• 

 range 

48 

0.07 to 135 

87 

1.8 to 575 

Ni ppm m••• 

 range 

13 

0.10 to 375 

400 

13 to 1690 

Pb ppm m••• 

 range 

7.0 

0.06 to 390 

200 

15 to 1170 

Sb ppm m••• 

 range 

26 

2.6 to 105 

62 

10 to 290 

Se ppm m••• 

 range 

2.5 

0.07 to 135 

23 

0.50 to 165 

Tl ppm m••• 

 range 

3.1 

0.22 to 18 

14 

0.44 to 93 

V ppm m••• 

 range 

2.8 

0.07 to 59 

15 

0.08 to 310 

Zn ppm m••• 

 range 

3.3 

0.07 to 71 

60 

0.50 to 495 

Bulk Chemistry and Mineralogy of Efflorescent Salts 

The chemistry of the salt collected on massive pyrite in the core (represents salt 

formed by pyrite oxidation in the presence of humidity) is in Table AII-1 (Appendix II), 

12 
and that of salt collected on the out crop is in Table AII-3. The mineralogy of the core 

salt was determined to be szomolnokite (FeSO4•H2O) based on bulk chemistry. The 

outcrop salts were found to be a complex mixture of iron/aluminum-sulfate salts (see 

Table AII-4 for EDX chemical and XRD mineralogical data and Figure AIII-3 for SEM 

photomicrographs of the minerals). The average of metal content in outcrop salts 

(recognizing that the average represents a suite of different iron/aluminum-sulfate salts)

is in Table 2. 

Dissolution and Precipitation Experiments 

The composition of easily dissolved salts and the composition of the iron 

oxyhyroxides that precipitate when the salt solutions are titrated to pH 7 are in Table AII5. The dissolution solutions give us an idea of the relative amount of metals that can be 

flushed from the outcrop during a precipitation event (obviously, exact metal 

concentration in the weathering solution will depend on the ratio of salt to rain). Most of 

the metals are nearly quantitatively removed from solutions that are titrated to pH of 7 

(table 3). The precipitation data are used to assess the amount of metals that either coprecipitate with or adsorb on to the iron oxyhydroxides that form when the acidic 

weathering solution mixes with local stream water (most streams in area are pH 7-8). 

Comparing the dissolution and precipitation data gives us some idea not only about the 

behavior of metals (removed with iron oxyhydroxides or remained in solution) during 

this weathering process, but also illustrates how most metals actually are enriched in the 

oxyhydroxides relative to salt (generally around 3x enrichment). 

Summary 

The data presented herein provides a comprehensive description of the chemistry 

of both un-weathered and weathered New Albany Shale at our sample locations, soils 

13 
derived from these shales, and salts that form as weathering solutions percolate through 

the shale and then evaporate. In addition, the mineralogy of these salts is described and

trace-metal behavior during salt dissolution/iron oxyhydroxide precipitation briefly 

discussed. 

The weathering profiles associated with the New Albany Shale out crop are 

represented by the lateral and inward trends in metal concentrations. Using sequential 

metal extractions, we are planning a future to further investigate the residence of trace 

metals in weathered and un-weathered shale and to investigate in greater detail the 

changes that occur along the weathering profiles on the out crop. Together with the data 

presented in the paper, the new extraction data will help predict weathering of trace 

metals in black shale in other regions and under different climatic regimes. 

Acknowledgements 

The authors wish to thank the following colleagues in Kentucky for assisting in 

field and core library logistics: James Hower, Kentucky Center for Applied Energy 

Research; James Cobb and Cortland Eble, Kentucky Geological Survey; and Patrick 

Gooding, Kentucky Geological Survey Well Sample and Core Library. We also wish to 

thank Cyrus Berry, Isabelle Brownfield, John Bullock, Pam Gemery and Paul Lamothe of 

the U.S. Geological Survey for assistance with chemical analyses; and Robert Lee for his 

thoughtful review of this manuscript. 

References 

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14 
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Tuttle, M.L.W., Goldhaber, M.B., and Breit, G.N., 2001, Mobility of metals from 

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15 
Appendix I 

The method of decomposition of whole-rock samples, method of analyses, and detection 

limits for ICP/AES and ICP/MS analyses are given in Table I-1. The detection limits of 

elements analyzed in the dissolution/precipitation solutions are in Table I-2 (note that 

limit of detection is for element in solution and is not calculated on a solid weight basis). 

16 
Table I-1. Decomposition method, instrument method, and detection limits for most bulk 

chemical analyses 

Element Decomposition Method Reported As Detection Limit

Al Sinter ICP-AES Al2O3, % 0.02

Ca Sinter ICP-AES CaO, % 0.02

Fe Sinter ICP-AES Fe2O3, % 0.02

Mg Sinter ICP-AES MgO, % 0.02

P Sinter ICP-AES P2O5, % 0.02

K Sinter ICP-AES K2O, % 0.02

Si Sinter ICP-AES SiO2, % 0.02

Ti Sinter ICP-AES TiO2 0.02

Ba Sinter ICP-AES Ba, ppm 2

B Sinter ICP-AES B, ppm 20

Zr Sinter ICP-AES Zr, ppm 5

Na Multi-acid ICP-AES Na2O 0.01

Co Multi-acid ICP-AES Co, ppm 2

Cr Multi-acid ICP-AES Cr, ppm 2

Cu Multi-acid ICP-AES Cu, ppm 2

Li Multi-acid ICP-AES Li, ppm 4

Mn Multi-acid ICP-AES Mn, ppm 2

Ni Multi-acid ICP-AES Ni, ppm 4

Sc Multi-acid ICP-AES Sc, ppm 4

Sr Multi-acid ICP-AES Sr, ppm 1

Th Multi-acid ICP-AES Th, ppm 8

V Multi-acid ICP-AES V, ppm 2

Y Multi-acid ICP-AES Y, ppm 1

Zn Multi-acid ICP-AES Zn, ppm 4

As Multi-acid ICP-MS As, ppm 0.2

Cd Multi-acid ICP-MS Cd, ppm 0.1

Cs Multi-acid ICP-MS Cs, ppm 0.1

Ga Multi-acid ICP-MS Ga, ppm 0.1

Ge Multi-acid ICP-MS Ge, ppm 0.1

Mo Multi-acid ICP-MS Mo, ppm 0.2

Nb Multi-acid ICP-MS Nb, ppm 0.1

Pb Multi-acid ICP-MS Pb, ppm 0.5

Rb Multi-acid ICP-MS Rb, ppm 0.1

Sb Multi-acid ICP-MS Sb, ppm 0.1

Te Multi-acid ICP-MS Te, ppm 0.1

Tl Multi-acid ICP-MS Tl, ppm 0.1

U Multi-acid ICP-MS U, ppm 0.1

17 
Table I-2. Detection limits for elements analyzed in dissolution/precipitation solutions. 

Element Detection Limit Element Detection Limit 

 Li ug/L 0.1 Zr ug/L 0.05 

 Be ug/L 0.05 Nb ug/L 0.02 

 Na mg/L 0.01 Mo ug/L 0.2 

 Mg mg/L 0.01 Cd ug/L 0.02 

 Al ug/L 0.1 Sb ug/L 0.1 

 Si mg/L 0.2 Cs ug/L 0.01 

 P mg/L 0.01 Ba ug/L 0.1 

SO4 mg/L 2 La ug/L 0.01 

 K mg/L 0.03 Ce ug/L 0.01 

 Ca mg/L 0.05 Pr ug/L 0.01 

 Sc ug/L 0.1 Nd ug/L 0.01 

 Ti ug/L 0.1 Sm ug/L 0.01 

 V ug/L 0.1 Eu ug/L 0.005 

 Cr ug/L 1 Tb ug/L 0.005 

 Mn ug/L 0.01 Gd ug/L 0.005 

 Fe ug/L 50 Dy ug/L 0.005 

 Co ug/L 0.02 Ho ug/L 0.005 

 Ni ug/L 0.1 Er ug/L 0.005 

 Cu ug/L 0.5 Tm ug/L 0.005 

 Zn ug/L 0.5 Yb ug/L 0.005 

 Ga ug/L 0.02 Lu ug/L 0.1 

 Ge ug/L 0.02 Ta ug/L 0.02 

 As ug/L 1 Tl ug/L 0.05 

 Se ug/L 1 Pb ug/L 0.05 

 Rb ug/L 0.01 Bi ug/L 0.005 

 Sr ug/L 0.5 Th ug/L 0.005 

 Y ug/L 0.01 U ug/L 0.005 

18 
Appendix II 

The chemical and isotopic data are tabulated in this appendix. Bulk chemical, 

sulfide, and sulfur isotopic data for the shale and salt samples in the core are in Table II1. Also included in Table II are the estimated percentages of selected metals that reside

in the pyrite (see method of calculation in text. Bulk chemical and sulfide data for the 

surface, exposed, and bench shale; efflorescent salts, and soils from the out crop are in 

Table II-2. Laser Ablation ICP-MS data on metal concentrations in pyrite are in Table II3. Semi-quantitative EDX data from the SEM analyses of efflorescent salts are in Table 

II-4. Chemical composition of efflorescent salts on a dry weight basis determined from 

dissolution experiment and, in parenthesis, the percentage of metal removed from 

solution when titrated to pH = 7, are in Table II-5. 

19 
Table II-1. Bulk chemical, sulfide, and sulfur isotopic data for samples in D8 Core. 

Field No. Sample Description 

01KY-47 Vert. py. vein in dk. grayish brn sh.-Sunbury 

01KY-48 Dark brn. pyritic sh. 

01KY-49 Pyrite nodules and banding in dk. brn. sh. 

01KY-50 Very dk. brn. pyritic sh. 

01KY-51 White weathering salts on pyrite in shale 

01KY-45 Brec.? pyritized med. gry. material in v drk brn py. sh. (top Cleveland) 

01KY-46 Dk. brn. pyritic sh. 

01KY-52 Med. dk. brn. pyritic sh. 

01KY-53 Med. gry. lense of material variably sulfidized 

01KY-54 Pyritized lense in med. gry. brn. lam. sh.

01KY-55 Med. brn. pyritic sh. (near bottom of Cleveland) 

01KY-57 Med. gry. br. sh. 

01KY-58 Med. gry. br. sh. near top of Huron 

01KY-59 Med dk. br. sh. middle of Huron 

01KY-60 Dk. gry. br. py. Huron sh. 

01KY-61 Py. nodule in v. dk. brn Huron sh. 

01KY-62 Med gry. pyritic bands & nodules in dk. brn. Huron sh. 

01KY-63 Med. dk. brn. pyritic Huron sh. 

01KY-64 Med. brn. py. Huron sh. 

01KY-65 Med brnish gry. Hur/Duf mudstone/sh. 

01KY-66 Sulfidized nodule in Hur/Duf med. brnish gry.calcareous mudstone

Field No. Type of Sample Depth (ft) Depth (m) Formation 

01KY-47 Shale w/massive 24.85 7.57 Sunbury

01KY-48 Shale 25.65 7.82 Sunbury

01KY-49 Shale w/massive 27.15 8.28 Sunbury

01KY-50 Shale 27.25 8.31 Sunbury

01KY-51 Salts 36.3 11.06 Cleveland

01KY-45 Shale w/massive 30.35 9.25 Cleveland

01KY-46 Shale 30.45 9.28 Cleveland

01KY-52 Shale 37.45 11.41 Cleveland

01KY-53 Shale 37.55 11.45 Cleveland

01KY-54 Shale w/massive 65.45 19.95 Cleveland

01KY-55 Shale 65.65 20.01 Cleveland

01KY-57 Shale 74.75 22.78 Huron

01KY-58 Shale 87.05 26.53 Huron

01KY-59 Shale 107.05 32.63 Huron

01KY-60 Shale 127.05 38.72 Huron

01KY-61 Shale w/massive 109.65 33.42 Huron

01KY-62 Shale w/massive 144.35 44.00 Huron

01KY-63 Shale 143.55 43.75 Huron

01KY-64 Shale 158.85 48.42 Huron

01KY-65 Shale 163.35 49.79 Huron/Duf

01KY-66 Shale w/massive 173.85 52.99 Huron/Duf

20 
Field No. % Ash % Moisture Na2O % Co ppm %Co in pyrite Cr ppm 

01KY-47 89.4 1.5 0.14 15 1.5 79

01KY-48 80.3 1.6 0.26 22 3.9 84

01KY-49 74.8 1.3 0.22 22 0.37 99

01KY-50 74.2 7.3 0.27 22 4.8 88

01KY-51 86.6 0.8 0.11 8.7 78

01KY-45 84.9 1.1 0.23 11 2.5 130

01KY-46 79.7 1.2 0.43 10 2.8 190

01KY-52 78.8 1.3 0.34 10 9.6 175

01KY-53 96.8 0.4 0.13 3.1 7.5 58

01KY-54 76.4 0.4 0.21 17 2.3 110

01KY-55 86.6 1.3 0.37 18 4.0 86

01KY-57 88.5 1.3 0.43 13 3.1 110

01KY-58 91.8 1.3 0.39 20 4.0 72

01KY-59 91.2 0.3 0.47 19 3.0 53

01KY-60 88.8 1.0 0.46 26 3.7 62

01KY-61 86.9 1.0 0.39 18 0.83 76

01KY-62 87.8 1.0 0.39 19 1.1 65

01KY-63 81.9 0.9 0.33 44 7.5 71

01KY-64 72.4 0.9 0.32 13 7.1 140

01KY-65 98 0.7 0.36 10 2.8 32

01KY-66 97.9 0.2 0.06 19 0.75 16

Field No. %Cr in pyrite Cu ppm %Cu in pyrite Li ppm Mn ppm Ni ppm 

01KY-47 18 91 3.8 17 455 175

01KY-48 3.3 230 7.3 35 150 410

01KY-49 5.4 370 0.35 27 130 425

01KY-50 3.8 350 6.0 31 150 415

01KY-51 300 <4.0 28 120

01KY-45 14 260 1.6 16 87 175

01KY-46 0.46 275 2.0 30 150 185

01KY-52 1.8 355 5.4 29 155 225

01KY-53 1.3 28 16 11 2760 <4.0

01KY-54 23 68 9.1 8.0 260 210

01KY-55 2.7 180 7.9 30 260 175

01KY-57 1.2 115 7.1 46 160 145

01KY-58 3.6 73 22 34 195 140

01KY-59 3.4 65 17 27 155 98

01KY-60 5.0 76 25 26 265 105

01KY-61 13 105 2.3 21 215 90

01KY-62 20 25 13 20 205 34

01KY-63 15 96 68 48 225 120

01KY-64 2.1 1230 1.5 34 220 385

01KY-65 2.9 78 7.4 16 2140 <4.0

01KY-66 60 2.0 115 <4.0 2500 35

21 
Field No. %Ni in pyrite Sc ppm Sr ppm Th ppm V ppm %V in pyrite 

01KY-47 2.0 10 240 <8.0 215 0.37

01KY-48 3.2 14 100 11 635 0.26

01KY-49 0.31 11 230 12 515 0.06

01KY-50 3.9 12 270 12 530 0.13

01KY-51 <4.0 265 <8.0 18

01KY-45 2.4 7.0 205 <8.0 215 0.45

01KY-46 2.2 14 360 13 455 0.04

01KY-52 6.6 12 460 15 715 0.09

01KY-53 88 8.5 1220 21 310 0.05

01KY-54 3.0 6.2 545 8.6 38 3.7

01KY-55 6.2 14 640 17 460 0.10

01KY-57 4.3 17 705 12 870 0.03

01KY-58 9.0 14 245 <8.0 205 0.26

01KY-59 8.7 12 89 8.0 220 0.17

01KY-60 14 13 85 14 155 0.41

01KY-61 2.7 12 145 <8.0 180 0.30

01KY-62 10 6.3 99 13 54 1.34

01KY-63 42 10 125 15 175 1.24

01KY-64 3.7 14 59 5.6 355 0.17

01KY-65 110 8.0 165 9.6 88 0.22

01KY-66 6.6 6.9 190 <8.0 1.0 37

Field No. Y ppm Zn ppm %Zn in pyrite Al2O3% CaO% Fe2O3% K2O% 

01KY-47 80 540 0.17 6.8 4.8 27 1.9

01KY-48 53 415 0.46 13 0.30 8.1 3.6

01KY-49 45 3550 0.01 9.9 0.34 15 2.7

01KY-50 49 385 0.62 11 0.32 9.2 3.0

01KY-51 <1.0 50 2.9 0.10 45 0.81

01KY-45 23 99 1.1 7.2 0.38 32 2.2

01KY-46 49 100 0.60 12 0.51 3.9 3.8

01KY-52 105 340 0.65 11 0.72 6.9 3.2

01KY-53 225 270 0.19 4.6 38 2.1 1.5

01KY-54 39 2940 0.05 3.4 3.9 51 0.92

01KY-55 47 340 0.47 13 2.0 6.0 3.8

01KY-57 29 73 1.3 16 0.23 5.1 4.8

01KY-58 39 120 1.5 15 0.35 7.0 4.7

01KY-59 33 140 0.89 12 1.1 4.6 3.5

01KY-60 47 35 6.3 12 2.7 7.0 3.6

01KY-61 57 70 0.89 9.7 3.8 19 3.0

01KY-62 44 82 1.0 6.8 8.0 26 1.8

01KY-63 43 70 11 11 0.82 17 2.7

01KY-64 82 660 0.31 9.6 1.8 7.0 3.1

01KY-65 43 130 0.50 6.3 17 4.0 2.4

01KY-66 110 215 0.28 0.91 29 21 0.18

22 
Field No. MgO % P2O5 % SiO2% TiO2% B ppm Ba ppm Zr ppm As ppm 

01KY-47 0.58 0.16 28 0.32 85 715 88 2570

01KY-48 1.1 0.13 47 0.63 230 420 140 200

01KY-49 0.90 0.40 39 0.50 200 580 140 385

01KY-50 0.96 0.36 44 0.56 220 2940 140 130

01KY-51 0.21 0.23 12 0.17 <20 540 130 87

01KY-45 0.69 0.54 34 0.42 110 555 125 115

01KY-46 1.3 0.27 53 0.73 215 525 210 18

01KY-52 1.0 1.1 51 0.65 195 150 150 62

01KY-53 0.75 <0.02 18 0.27 <20 335 100 11

01KY-54 0.28 0.31 17 0.28 18 405 75 135

01KY-55 1.0 0.10 54 0.87 265 450 235 37

01KY-57 1.4 0.10 55 0.88 325 185 220 25

01KY-58 1.3 0.06 56 0.84 325 240 155 43

01KY-59 1.0 0.05 60 0.69 225 500 120 29

01KY-60 1.2 0.17 56 0.70 265 600 135 48

01KY-61 0.86 <0.02 45 0.62 190 570 160 185

01KY-62 0.75 0.36 37 0.62 69 615 275 255

01KY-63 1.1 0.32 41 0.65 195 465 210 160

01KY-64 2.0 0.71 39 0.54 255 395 125 26

01KY-65 10 <0.02 33 0.48 165 230 155 14

01KY-66 14 3.2 6.2 0.03 <20 505 115 37

Field No. %As in pyrite Cd ppm %Cd in pyrite Cs ppm Ga ppm Ge ppm 

01KY-47 5.1 2.1 5.3 4.9 8.2 1.5

01KY-48 9.4 3.1 1.4 10 17 2.5

01KY-49 13 26 0.16 7.2 13 2.7

01KY-50 18 3.3 1.6 8.2 14 2.2

01KY-51 0.53 1.4 2.3 0.66

01KY-45 140 0.81 17 4.9 8.0 1.4

01KY-46 35 0.80 1.7 8.9 16 2.3

01KY-52 36 3.9 1.3 8.2 14 2.4

01KY-53 47 <0.10 12 3.5 5.1 0.92

01KY-54 170 22 0.90 2.0 3.8 1.0

01KY-55 43 2.5 1.4 8.6 15 2.4

01KY-57 36 0.45 4.6 12 20 2.7

01KY-58 42 0.39 10 11 19 2.7

01KY-59 44 1.1 2.6 7.6 14 2.3

01KY-60 45 0.12 39 7.3 17 2.0

01KY-61 48 0.29 27 6.7 13 1.7

01KY-62 47 0.26 40 3.3 8.2 1.2

01KY-63 47 0.53 31 5.3 14 2.3

01KY-64 79 3.0 1.5 6.6 13 2.3

01KY-65 46 0.15 9.9 3.8 7.1 1.2

01KY-66 235 0.49 15 0.35 1.2 0.70

23 
Field No. %MMo in pyrite Nb ppm Pb ppm %Pb in pyrite

01KY-47 215 6.4 210 0.83 78

500 0.7 9.3 180

Mo ppm Rb ppm 

3.9

01KY-48 3.8 155

01KY-49 370 1.4 7.2 430 0.15 110

01KY-50 435 1.0 8.8 235 3.6 125

01KY-51 80 1.6 105 23

01KY-45 175 9.8 4.9 43 5.0 78

01KY-46 37 3.0 10 12 18 145

01KY-52 59 6.9 9.2 18 43 130

01KY-53 7.6 13 3.9 1.9 96 54

01KY-54 205 12 2.8 21 15 34

01KY-55 175 1.7 11 12 46 140

01KY-57 98 1.7 12 17 19 190

01KY-58 83 4.0 12 17 39 175

01KY-59 59 4.0 9.4 11 39 130

01KY-60 66 6.1 11 15 50 135

01KY-61 70 14 8.0 27 4.4 115

01KY-62 98 13 7.2 14 11 65

01KY-63 360 3.8 10 21 120 96

01KY-64 48 8.0 9.6 45 16 105

01KY-65 6.0 20 7.1 6.3 37 67

01KY-66 3.6 255 0.50 94 1.2 6.4

Field No. Sb ppm %Sb in pyrite Te ppm Tl ppm U ppm Hg ppm Se ppm 

01KY-47 21 37 0.40 6.0 85 0.36 2.6

01KY-48 13 19 0.88 11 110 0.27 12

01KY-49 23 13 0.72 7.0 100 0.43 11

01KY-50 14 21 0.89 7.6 105 0.30 11

01KY-51 12 <0.10 7.4 1.5 0.55 32

01KY-45 16 60 0.33 6.0 9.0 0.41 29

01KY-46 3.7 20 0.33 2.5 17 0.14 13

01KY-52 12 23 0.65 2.9 35 0.17 30

01KY-53 2.5 26 0.11 0.45 12 0.04 4.5

01KY-54 5.4 250 <0.10 7.9 16 0.22 5.9

01KY-55 9.8 20 0.48 9.5 39 0.11 5.9

01KY-57 8.9 13 0.39 7.3 29 0.05 6.1

01KY-58 4.0 56 0.29 7.3 26 0.13 2.0

01KY-59 3.9 40 0.26 6.4 24 0.09 2.4

01KY-60 3.2 85 0.38 4.3 28 0.09 4.0

01KY-61 9.0 61 0.24 6.0 21 0.08 3.2

01KY-62 3.8 190 0.20 3.1 26 0.07 2.9

01KY-63 5.7 160 0.43 6.8 55 0.16 2.4

01KY-64 6.1 42 0.65 1.7 18 0.26 18

01KY-65 1.1 76 0.43 0.39 4.1 0.09 1.4

01KY-66 1.9 280 <0.10 0.28 4.0 0.04 0.32

24 

%Mo in pyrite
Field No. %Se in pyrite Total S % S sulfide % δ••Ssulfides

01KY-47 28 17 16 -5.5

01KY-48 6.5 4.4 2.3 -26.6

01KY-49 2.5 9.5 5.8 -8.9

01KY-50 9.6 5.5 2.8 -17.2

01KY-51 21

01KY-45 3.1 20 19 -14.0

01KY-46 1.9 1.5 0.73 -25.4

01KY-52 3.1 3.9 2.6 -29.6

01KY-53 4.9 0.52 0.62 -22.4

01KY-54 22 29 28 -8.9

01KY-55 11 2.7 1.9 -3.8

01KY-57 6.4 1.6 1.1 -19.5

01KY-58 38 3.0 2.2 -22.8

01KY-59 22 1.9 1.5 -17.0

01KY-60 23 3.6 2.6 -20.8

01KY-61 16 12 11 4.6

01KY-62 23 15 14 -18.7

01KY-63 130 9.9 8.8 -19.4

01KY-64 4.8 3.5 2.5 -23.7

01KY-65 20 0.81 0.78 -26.5

01KY-66 150 9.5 10 -33.6

25 
Table II-2. Bulk chemical and sulfide data for shale, efflorescent salts, and soil from the 

out crop.

Field No. Sample Description m along transect 

01-KY-12 Reddish soil about 175 m below KY-11 0 

01-KY-14 20 cm pit at 01KY-12--reddish soil 0 

01-KY-13 Reddish soil halfway between KY11-12R 5 

01KY-11 Lt. brown Soil just to right of outcrop 10 

01-KY-15-A White coating on shale 203 

01-KY-15-B Red-brn. shale beneath coating KY-15-A 203 

01KY-10-A Weathered reddish brown shale 258 

01-KY-10-B Shale beneath coating 01KY-10-A 258 

01-KY-16-A Coating on shale 308 

01-KY-16-B Shale beneath coating 01KY-16-A 308 

01KY-17-A Coating on shale 368 

01KY-17-B Shale beneath coating 01KY-17-A 368 

01KY-18-A Coating on shale just before slump block(?) 443 

01KY-18-B Shale beneath 01KY-18-A 443 

01KY-19-A Coating on shale just on slump block(?) 583 

01KY-19-B Fissle shale just on slump block(?) 583 

01KY-20-A Coating on shale near salt encrustations 663 

01KY-20-B Grayish cemented(?) shale beneath KY-20-A 663 

01KY-21 Salts encrustation just above & left KY-20 693 

01KY-24-A Reddish saltish surface on shale 813 

01KY-24-B Shale beneath KY-24-A 813 

01KY-23 Hard Salts just below KY-24-A&B 815 

01KY-27 Salts encrustation near KY-23 845 

01KY-22 Lt. yellow salts left of KY21 958 

01KY-25-A Coating on shale at left edge of slump block(?) 1063 

01KY-26-A Coating on shale (back on outcrop proper) 1283 

01KY-26-B More blocky shale beneath KY-26-A 1283 

01KY-28-A Coating on shale 1613 

01KY-28-B Shale beneath KY-28-A 1613 

01KY-29 White weathering rind on disaggreg. sh. on bench 

01KY-30 Red weathering rind on disaggred sh. on bench 

01KY-31 Out crop of red weathered shale on bench 

26 
Field No. Type of Sample % Ash % Moisture Na20 % Co ppm Cr ppm 

01-KY-12 Soil 91 2.7 0.16 5.1 130

01-KY-14 Soil 93 2.8 0.16 5.6 135

01-KY-13 Soil 93 2.2 0.18 5.9 105

01KY-11 Soil 89 2.4 0.18 5.9 115

01-KY-15-A Surface sh. 91 1.8 0.22 5.3 96

01-KY-15-B Unexposed sh. 91 2.0 0.22 4.9 66

01KY-10-A Surface sh. 91 1.6 0.18 5.2 68

01-KY-10-B Unexposed sh. 90 1.5 0.22 5.7 65

01-KY-16-A Surface sh. 90 1.5 0.18 5.6 87

01-KY-16-B Unexposed sh. 90 1.7 0.20 5.4 68

01KY-17-A Surface sh. 90 1.6 0.22 6.4 95

01KY-17-B Unexposed sh. 90 1.5 0.26 5.1 63

01KY-18-A Surface sh. 90 1.5 0.29 7.2 92

01KY-18-B Unexposed sh. 88 1.5 0.33 6.1 66

01KY-19-A Surface sh. 85 1.7 0.34 6.0 86

01KY-19-B Unexposed sh. 59 1.7 0.35 7.3 65

01KY-20-A Surface sh. 83 3.3 0.34 19 78

01KY-20-B Unexposed sh. 83 3.3 0.32 20 59

01KY-21 Salt 72 16 0.17 72 49

01KY-24-A Surface sh. 82 4.8 0.27 42 64

01KY-24-B Unexposed sh. 88 1.7 0.33 8.1 68

01KY-23 Salt 61 10 0.01 89 60

01KY-27 Salt 70 5.6 0.06 36 52

01KY-22 Salt 74 4.8 0.23 36 57

01KY-25-A Surface sh. 83 4.8 0.27 28 63

01KY-26-A Surface sh. 86 1.6 0.36 12 62

01KY-26-B Unexposed sh. 86 1.6 0.34 31 68

01KY-28-A Surface sh. 88 1.9 0.34 6.4 72

01KY-28-B Unexposed sh. 86 2.1 0.35 17 71

01KY-29 Surface sh. 87 1.3 0.27 5.4 66

01KY-30 Surface sh. 81 1.3 0.45 6.5 64

01KY-31 Unexposed sh. 90 2.4 0.20 6.0 86

27 
Field No. Cu ppm Li ppm Mn ppm Ni ppm Sc ppm Sr ppm V ppm Y ppm 

01-KY-12 63 26 53 12 18 79 515 18

01-KY-14 51 27 52 13 20 84 525 21

01-KY-13 43 24 44 16 15 50 410 12

01KY-11 61 24 54 18 16 82 395 17

01-KY-15-A 29 24 38 23 14 95 255 19

01-KY-15-B 19 23 35 15 13 64 190 18

01KY-10-A 83 24 36 19 13 81 200 16

01-KY-10-B 12 24 39 18 13 72 190 14

01-KY-16-A 43 23 35 20 13 66 215 15

01-KY-16-B 46 24 35 24 13 90 200 16

01KY-17-A 47 23 36 24 14 71 255 15

01KY-17-B 4.3 23 32 22 13 77 190 14

01KY-18-A 10 24 37 33 13 85 260 14

01KY-18-B 1.2 23 35 27 13 94 205 14

01KY-19-A 9.2 21 34 31 12 71 250 12

01KY-19-B 6.4 22 38 29 11 90 325 11

01KY-20-A 67 24 110 84 12 62 180 39

01KY-20-B 45 25 110 90 12 74 175 36

01KY-21 240 31 415 325 17 68 140 170

01KY-24-A 120 26 230 150 13 61 150 60

01KY-24-B 4.3 23 57 26 12 73 185 21

01KY-23 160 16 440 300 10 31 17 62

01KY-27 155 16 225 110 13 50 41 54

01KY-22 79 34 220 130 8.5 110 96 59

01KY-25-A 125 26 120 99 11 46 150 40

01KY-26-A 41 23 59 31 11 69 180 22

01KY-26-B 100 24 165 67 12 83 155 43

01KY-28-A 2.1 23 47 30 11 110 195 20

01KY-28-B 71 23 62 97 11 30 190 23

01KY-29 1.2 22 34 21 13 58 210 15

01KY-30 1.1 35 42 41 10 120 220 13

01KY-31 67 21 36 20 13 115 240 14

28 
Field No. Zn ppm Al2O3 % Fe2O3 % K2O % SiO2 % TiO2 % B ppm 

01-KY-12 39 17 8.2 4.2 60 0.81 170

01-KY-14 38 18 9.0 4.6 58 0.81 190

01-KY-13 27 14 6.0 3.7 65 0.93 130

01KY-11 38 14 8.2 3.7 59 0.82 145

01-KY-15-A 25 14 5.3 3.9 66 0.79 150

01-KY-15-B 19 13 6.3 3.5 65 0.76 140

01KY-10-A 20 13 4.3 3.8 67 0.78 140

01-KY-10-B 18 13 3.8 3.6 67 0.77 135

01-KY-16-A 18 13 5.0 3.7 65 0.77 140

01-KY-16-B 21 13 5.3 3.7 65 0.76 130

01KY-17-A 24 13 6.2 3.6 63 0.76 160

01KY-17-B 17 13 4.3 3.7 65 0.75 140

01KY-18-A 26 13 5.5 3.8 64 0.75 150

01KY-18-B 20 13 4.9 3.7 64 0.74 145

01KY-19-A 19 11 6.5 2.9 52 0.65 130

01KY-19-B 28 12 6.3 3.2 61 0.71 135

01KY-20-A 72 11 6.9 3.1 53 0.66 105

01KY-20-B 63 11 6.7 3.7 55 0.66 125

01KY-21 220 10 7.2 1.6 27 0.31 55

01KY-24-A 105 10 7.2 3.0 46 0.57 210

01KY-24-B 2.5 12 5.5 4.0 60 0.72 280

01KY-23 210 4.5 15 0.22 3.7 0.04 <10

01KY-27 1030 5.2 15 0.70 10 0.13 25

01KY-22 160 7.1 8.2 1.8 32 0.34 54

01KY-25-A 52 11 7.5 3.2 49 0.59 220

01KY-26-A 9.0 12 6.2 3.9 60 0.71 295

01KY-26-B 33 11 8.7 3.5 56 0.68 235

01KY-28-A 10 12 6.4 3.8 57 0.67 200

01KY-28-B 20 11 7.7 3.5 53 0.69 255

01KY-29 2.4 14 2.7 4.7 71 0.96 295

01KY-30 2.3 12 6.5 3.7 54 0.89 180

01KY-31 8.8 17 12 4.2 51 0.78 260

29 
Field No. Ba ppm Zr ppm As ppm Cd ppm Cs ppm Ga ppm Ge ppm Mo ppm 

01-KY-12 515 130 51 0.16 15 19 2.8 97

01-KY-14 520 135 52 <.10 16 22 3.3 95

01-KY-13 510 150 43 0.27 11 16 2.6 86

01KY-11 520 130 57 0.20 10 17 2.5 110

01-KY-15-A 625 135 42 0.09 9.9 17 2.9 68

01-KY-15-B 555 120 46 <.10 8.5 17 2.4 57

01KY-10-A 585 125 32 0.10 8.9 16 2.2 44

01-KY-10-B 645 115 36 <.10 8.7 17 2.4 49

01-KY-16-A 575 125 39 0.09 8.6 16 2.9 59

01-KY-16-B 570 125 44 0.78 8.7 17 2.3 55

01KY-17-A 690 135 50 0.17 9.3 17 2.8 75

01KY-17-B 570 130 37 0.09 8.8 16 2.2 50

01KY-18-A 520 150 38 0.16 9.7 16 2.7 70

01KY-18-B 410 130 56 0.11 8.5 16 2.3 73

01KY-19-A 440 120 63 <.10 8.2 16 2.3 77

01KY-19-B 1450 135 58 0.12 7.9 15 2.0 68

01KY-20-A 380 100 42 0.41 6.7 13 2.2 75

01KY-20-B 370 110 43 0.31 6.8 13 2.2 62

01KY-21 205 50 72 1.4 4.3 8.7 1.4 26

01KY-24-A 850 120 50 0.75 6.1 13 1.7 40

01KY-24-B 155 150 46 <.10 7.9 16 2.4 43

01KY-23 33 6.3 77 1.3 0.3 3.1 0.24 15

01KY-27 365 110 68 4.6 1.4 6.2 0.63 40

01KY-22 215 63 18 0.73 3.8 7.5 1.0 34

01KY-25-A 310 125 40 0.24 6.5 13 1.8 44

01KY-26-A 425 160 41 0.10 7.8 16 2.3 75

01KY-26-B 525 165 54 0.18 6.8 14 2.0 97

01KY-28-A 550 120 55 <.10 8.0 16 2.2 53

01KY-28-B 495 170 52 0.21 7.0 16 2.2 67

01KY-29 125 200 32 <.10 8.3 19 2.7 51

01KY-30 120 115 52 0.11 6.8 17 2.5 170

01KY-31 545 235 70 0.13 9.4 19 2.4 135

30 
Field No. Nb ppm Pb ppm Rb ppm Sb ppm Tl ppm U ppm 

01-KY-12 11 23 215 6.2 8.9 24

01-KY-14 11 23 235 5.6 10 23

01-KY-13 12 21 185 7.1 6.1 20

01KY-11 9.8 28 170 7.4 4.5 24

01-KY-15-A 10 17 165 4.2 4.0 17

01-KY-15-B 11 18 150 3.4 2.7 16

01KY-10-A 8.9 11 155 2.6 2.9 17

01-KY-10-B 13 17 150 3.4 2.8 14

01-KY-16-A 11 12 150 3.4 2.9 17

01-KY-16-B 9.8 17 155 3.2 2.8 16

01KY-17-A 11 21 160 3.9 4.0 17

01KY-17-B 12 17 150 3.2 3.4 13

01KY-18-A 12 20 160 3.8 5.5 13

01KY-18-B 12 20 150 3.7 4.8 13

01KY-19-A 9.6 17 145 3.8 5.6 11

01KY-19-B 11 17 145 3.5 5.1 12

01KY-20-A 9.9 15 125 3.5 3.8 21

01KY-20-B 9.3 14 130 2.9 3.3 19

01KY-21 5.5 8.3 72 1.9 1.1 65

01KY-24-A 8.6 12 110 2.3 2.2 28

01KY-24-B 10 18 145 3.2 2.9 12

01KY-23 0.48 0.40 7.6 0.21 0.27 39

01KY-27 2.3 0.62 27 0.63 0.61 41

01KY-22 4.5 9.8 69 2.0 1.7 19

01KY-25-A 8.5 13 120 2.5 2.6 19

01KY-26-A 11 21 140 3.3 2.9 15

01KY-26-B 9.5 17 125 3.5 3.4 21

01KY-28-A 10 17 150 3.2 3.4 12

01KY-28-B 9.4 17 135 4.3 4.0 19

01KY-29 12 9.6 150 4.5 2.1 20

01KY-30 12 23 130 5.8 8.6 31

01KY-31 12 28 150 5.2 6.5 19

31 
Field No. Hg ppm Se ppm Total S % SSulfide % 

01-KY-12 0.06 3.9 0.15 0.02

01-KY-14 0.05 4.0 <.10 0.01

01-KY-13 0.05 3.3 0.10 0.003

01KY-11 0.07 4.5 0.33 0.02

01-KY-15-A 0.05 0.25 0.47 0.11

01-KY-15-B 0.06 1.5 0.46 0.12

01KY-10-A 0.05 1.3 0.39 0.05

01-KY-10-B 0.04 1.4 0.62 0.17

01-KY-16-A 0.05 1.7 0.33 0.06

01-KY-16-B 0.05 1.5 0.50 0.08

01KY-17-A 0.05 2.2 0.59 0.06

01KY-17-B 0.05 1.6 0.66 0.20

01KY-18-A 0.05 2.0 1.1 0.28

01KY-18-B 0.06 2.3 1.3 0.45

01KY-19-A 0.07 2.1 1.9 0.29

01KY-19-B 0.07 1.9 1.9 0.30

01KY-20-A 0.07 2.0 3.2 0.52

01KY-20-B 0.06 1.7 2.9 0.57

01KY-21 0.05 0.83 10

01KY-24-A 0.04 1.3 4.4 0.34

01KY-24-B 0.07 1.7 1.6 0.52

01KY-23 0.05 0.41 15

01KY-27 0.02 0.29 13

01KY-22 0.05 0.92 9.0

01KY-25-A 0.07 1.4 4.1 0.64

01KY-26-A 0.07 1.7 2.7 1.5

01KY-26-B 0.08 2.0 4.5 2.7

01KY-28-A 0.06 1.7 1.7 0.65

01KY-28-B 0.06 1.7 3.3 1.0

01KY-29 0.08 1.9 0.72 1.2

01KY-30 0.13 1.7 1.7 .47

01KY-31 0.06 2.0 1.2

32 
Table II-3. LA-ICP-MS data of trace-metal concentrations of pyrite in polished sections. 

Section Analysis ID Description 

01-KY-56 56-2 Anhedral Anhedral crystal near massive py 44 

01-KY-56 56-3 Anhedral Anhedral crystal near massive py 

01-KY-56 56-5 Anhedral 55

01-KY-56 56-6 Anhedral Roundish pyrite bleb 

01-KY-56 56-7 Anhedral 20

01-KY-56 56-8 Anhedral

01-KY-56 56-9 Anhedral 60

01-KY-56 56-10 Anhedral Roundish pyrite bleb 

01-KY-56 56-11 Subhedral Subhedral pyrite grain 12 

01-KY-56 56-12 Anhedral Roundish pyrite bleb 

01-KY-56 56-13 Anhedral Small roundish pyrite bleb 310 

01-KY-56 56-14 Anhedral Roundish pyrite bleb 

01-KY-56 56-15 Anhedral Roundish pyrite bleb 27 

01-KY-56 56-16 Anhedral Single anhedral grain 

V ppm 

160 

100 

52

11 

34 

8.1 

19 

01-KY-56 56-17 Subhedral Subhedral pyrite grain 47 

01-KY-56 56-18 Anhedral Elongated pyrite grain 

01-KY-56 56-19 Anhedral Elongated pyrite grain 56 

01-KY-56 Roundish pyrite bleb 56 

01-KY-56 56-21 Anhedral Roundish pyrite bleb 96 

01-KY-56 56-22 Anhedral Roundish pyrite bleb 65 

01-KY-56 56-23 Anhedral 170 

01-KY-56 56-24 Anhedral Single anhedral grain 46 

56-25 Anhedral Elongated pyrite grain 23 

01-KY-56 56-26 Anhedral Single anhedral grain 

01-KY-56 56-27 Anhedral Small roundish pyrite bleb 59 

01-KY-56 Single anhedral grain 17 

01-KY-56 56-29 Anhedral Roundish pyrite bleb 49 

01-KY-56 56-30 Replacement Roundish pyrite replacement 3.9 

01-KY-56 56-31 Anhedral 97 

120 

56-20 Anhedral 

Roundish pyrite bleb 

01-KY-56 

36 

56-28 Anhedral 

Roundish pyrite bleb 

01-KY-56 56-32 Anhedral Roundish pyrite grain 32 

01-KY-56 56-33 Anhedral Anhedral crystal near massive py 26 

01-KY-56 56-34 Massive Massive pyrite at shale/sulfide interface 18 

01-KY-56 56-35 Massive Massive pyrite 16 

01-KY-56 56-36 Massive Massive pyrite-dark 0.08 

01-KY-45 45-1 Framboid 0.59

45-2 Framboid 1.7

01-KY-45 45-3 Framboid Framboid near massive 0.52 

01-KY-45 45-4 Massive Massive pyrite at shale/sulfide interface 17 

01-KY-45 45-5 Framboid Framboid 3.7

01-KY-45 45-6 Framboid Framboid 5.9

01-KY-45 45-7 Framboid Framboid-elongated 2.1

01-KY-45

33 
Analysis ID Cr ppm Co ppm Nippm Cu ppm Zn ppm As ppm Se ppm Mo ppm

56-2 Anhedral 70 255 1690 3125 93 955 39 575

56-3 Anhedral 100 90 965 605 80 595 7.2 130

56-5 Anhedral 90 4.7 145 75 67 335 7.7 1.8

56-6 Anhedral 94 280 1290 1030 88 480 41 315

56-7 Anhedral 83 43 1005 435 27 805 14 65

56-8 Anhedral 83 33 545 250 68 490 4.7 51

56-9 Anhedral 24 41 490 1000 33 750 25 165

56-10 Anhedral 63 0.73 17 46 <.50 115 16 5.0

56-11 Subhedral 50 140 1605 1375 46 1300 41 235

56-12 Anhedral 32 17 355 270 53 555 10 38

56-13 Anhedral 215 49 470 405 170 520 <.50 175

56-14 Anhedral 35 1.9 13 72 28 3080 <.50 6.5

56-15 Anhedral 92 6.7 58 700 56 1710 7.7 165

56-16 Anhedral 53 29 585 480 53 875 15 62

56-17 Subhedral 47 72 810 485 55 670 12 96

56-18 Anhedral 67 30 390 335 52 665 15 80

56-19 Anhedral 79 54 705 405 22 490 17 63

56-20 Anhedral 93 86 1070 980 51 600 39 300

56-21 Anhedral 55 100 980 510 100 755 14 115

56-22 Anhedral 91 7.6 150 50 43 160 24 22

56-23 Anhedral 135 38 385 165 39 350 <.50 57

56-24 Anhedral 67 45 615 430 110 925 5.9 96

56-25 Anhedral 37 36 560 345 9.5 560 <.50 54

56-26 Anhedral 58 42 615 415 14 680 <.50 72

56-27 Anhedral 110 21 370 83 28 305 <.50 27

56-28 Anhedral 69 105 840 1490 245 720 49 240

56-29 Anhedral 59 135 540 520 170 700 30 175

56-30 Replace 31 14 200 1140 17 940 45 225

56-31 Anhedral 115 89 865 1710 125 995 50 515

56-32 Anhedral 63 210 1180 2450 110 1130 48 525

56-33 Anhedral 69 51 775 405 24 875 8.2 52

56-34 Massive 96 4.6 48 38 1.4 1040 1.2 11

56-35 Massive 33 7.3 120 28 23 1410 <.50 6.5

56-36 Massive 65 <0.5 11 2.3 9.6 845 2.6 12

45-1 Framboid 50 21 645 880 495 295 89 70

45-2 Framboid 61 4.9 365 855 28 660 47 39

45-3 Framboid 66 18 740 1020 195 600 160 60

45-4 Massive 52 1.6 38 110 11 190 23 305

45-5 Framboid 67 19 370 1440 47 660 120 180

45-6 Framboid 33 11 455 1270 53 735 165 185

45-7 Framboid 62 8.5 370 1170 30 525 93 97

34 
Analysis ID Cd ppm Sb ppm Hg ppm Tl ppm Pb ppm Fe % 

56-2 Anhedral 5.5 290 0.30 93 1170 42.0 

56-3 Anhedral 2.0 155 <.10 25 420 40.4

56-5 Anhedral 0.52 30 0.59 1.3 65 40.6

56-6 Anhedral 2.9 160 1.7 55 585 37.9

56-7 Anhedral 1.6 150 2.4 10 345 42.1

56-8 Anhedral 1.4 110 3.0 5.7 210 39.4

56-9 Anhedral 2.1 170 3.1 33 370 40.6

56-10 Anhedral <.10 11 2.3 1.0 15 35.8

56-11 Subhedral 3.2 235 1.4 24 780 43.2

56-12 Anhedral 0.75 79 1.0 9.9 205 32.7

56-13 Anhedral 0.39 76 <.10 21 195 32.5 

56-14 Anhedral <.10 33 0.74 0.4 64 42.8

56-15 Anhedral 1.8 63 1.1 14 110 42.3 

56-16 Anhedral 2.3 135 1.4 7.7 750 43.5

56-17 Subhedral 0.09 140 2.2 10 345 38.6

56-18 Anhedral 2.3 95 0.95 8.4 345 37.6 

56-19 Anhedral 1.9 110 0.83 8.8 245 44.4

56-20 Anhedral <.10 140 0.78 46 485 31.2

56-21 Anhedral 2.8 140 0.56 12 320 43.0

56-22 Anhedral 0.79 10 1.0 4.1 16 33.4

56-23 Anhedral 0.39 46 1.5 4.0 105 36.3

56-24 Anhedral 2.6 130 <.10 13 630 36.5

56-25 Anhedral 5.5 130 1.4 10 500 31.2

56-26 Anhedral 5.8 160 0.29 12 640 33.7

56-27 Anhedral <.10 31 3.0 1.5 44 38.1

56-28 Anhedral 2.9 180 1.6 75 650 28.8

56-29 Anhedral 1.8 69 1.9 62 225 37.7 

56-30 Replace 3.2 125 1.1 72 96 34.5 

56-31 Anhedral 3.0 255 5.0 62 820 34.3

56-32 Anhedral 3.0 265 1.8 81 1020 36.8 

56-33 Anhedral 1.3 185 1.7 11 650 35.0

56-34 Massive 0.30 86 <.10 1.3 170 31.0 

56-35 Massive <.10 55 <.10 1.9 92 37.7

56-36 Massive <.10 41 <.10 1.1 2.6 44.0 

45-1 Framboid 1.1 29 0.37 32 205 53.3 

45-2 Framboid 2.2 20 2.5 20 100 48.4 

45-3 Framboid 1.2 31 1.1 25 145 46.2 

45-4 Massive <.10 34 0.47 10 46 38.4

45-5 Framboid 0.91 100 0.82 20 245 41.2

45-6 Framboid 1.2 110 0.78 34 150 39.4

45-7 Framboid 1.6 35 1.2 13 155 40.5 

35 
Section Analysis ID Description V ppm 

01-KY-45 45-8 Framboid Framboid-classic 0.08

01-KY-45 45-9 Framboid Framboid 2.8

01-KY-45 45-10 Framboid Framboid 1.1

01-KY-45 45-11 Framboid Framboid 2.0

01-KY-45 45-12 Framboid Framboid-elongated 3.0

01-KY-45 45-13 Anhedral Elongated pyrite grain 2.2 

01-KY-45 45-14 Framboid Framboid 2.3

01-KY-45 45-15 Framboid Framboid 0.92

01-KY-45 45-16 Framboid Framboid 1.9

01-KY-45 45-17 Framboid Framboid 4.4

01-KY-45 45-18 Framboid Framboid 9.5

01-KY-45 45-19 Anhedral Single anhedral grain 6.2 

01-KY-45 45-20 Anhedral Anhedral grain (flattened fram.?) 2.9 

01-KY-45 45-21 Framboid Framboid 0.93

01-KY-45 45-22 Framboid Framboid 2.9

01-KY-45 45-23 Anhedral Roundish pyrite bleb 6.8 

01-KY-45 45-24 Massive Spot on bright massive pyrite 12 

01-KY-45 45-25 Massive Spot on dark massive pyrite 1.4 

01-KY-45 45-26 Massive Spot on bright veinlette in massive 9.9 

01-KY-45 45-27 Massive Dark, round py rimmed with bright py 2.5 

01-KY-54 54-01 Anhedral Roundish pyrite bleb 53 

01-KY-54 54-02 Anhedral Single anhedral grain 40 

01-KY-54 54-03 Anhedral Single anhedral grain 44 

01-KY-54 54-04 Anhedral Roundish pyrite bleb 120 

01-KY-54 54-05 Anhedral Single anhedral grain 30 

01-KY-54 54-06 Anhedral Roundish pyrite grain 58 

01-KY-54 54-07 Anhedral Single anhedral grain 135 

01-KY-54 54-08 Framboid Framboid-classic 17

01-KY-54 54-09 Anhedral Single anhedral grain 35 

01-KY-54 54-11 Framboid Framboid-classic 41

01-KY-54 54-12 Anhedral Single anhedral grain 24 

01-KY-54 54-13 Anhedral Single anhedral grain 25 

01-KY-56 56-1 Nodule Edge of T1 (smaller nodule) 0.58 

01-KY-56 56-2 Nodule Across smaller nodule 0.07 

01-KY-56 56-3 Nodule Across smaller nodule 1.9 

01-KY-56 56-4 Nodule Across smaller nodule 0.75 

01-KY-56 56-5 Nodule Across smaller nodule 3.3 

01-KY-56 56-6 Nodule Across smaller nodule 0.07 

01-KY-56 56-7 Nodule Across smaller nodule 59 

01-KY-56 56-8 Nodule Across smaller nodule 1.4 

01-KY-56 56-9 Nodule Across smaller nodule 54 

36 
Analysis ID Cr ppm Co ppm Nippm Cu ppm Zn ppm As ppm Mo ppm 

45-8 Framboid 48 3.6 125 520 40 585 19 16 

45-9 Framboid 56 17 495 1240 38 515 130 285

45-10 Framboid 69 17 415 915 40 735 74 60 

45-11 Framboid 77 22 335 1515 29 790 125 230

45-12 Framboid 59 18 490 1130 45 545 130 210

45-13 Anhedral 65 27 655 1105 29 680 110 170

45-14 Framboid 58 14 395 1020 64 600 63 81 

45-15 Framboid 53 5.8 160 760 92 380 85 295 

45-16 Framboid 79 9.4 345 1335 38 535 110 120

45-17 Framboid 63 5.5 130 1025 18 875 115 185

45-18 Framboid 47 4.0 165 935 22 765 125 150

45-19 Anhedral 57 3.2 28 695 11 235 11 10 

45-20 Anhedral 91 22 495 1420 38 635 135 125

45-21 Framboid 51 8.9 245 1050 42 870 155 185

45-22 Framboid 49 6.2 220 590 63 390 40 31 

45-23 Anhedral 36 16 295 1010 57 710 115 160

45-24 Massive 66 1.0 30 76 1.4 70 <.50 58 

45-25 Massive 30 <0.50 3.0 5.8 <.50 27 <.50 70 

45-26 Massive 55 1.7 29 49 15 61 7.1 110 

45-27 Massive 72 18 375 1410 22 1160 135 250 

54-01 Anhedral 115 110 860 360 395 145 37 88 

54-02 Anhedral 63 51 435 265 125 76 22 64

54-03 Anhedral 62 59 430 265 195 135 31 58 

54-04 Anhedral 115 50 60 185 375 240 4.9 205 

54-05 Anhedral 48 34 275 230 65 74 23 62

54-06 Anhedral 53 83 735 305 190 180 37 69 

54-07 Anhedral 105 48 260 365 440 210 45 105 

54-08 Framboid 60 53 525 320 130 145 16 91 

54-09 Anhedral 140 210 1600 440 245 310 34 100 

54-11 Framboid 78 43 345 220 175 85 30 64

54-12 Anhedral 55 140 1525 345 140 350 42 85 

54-13 Anhedral 73 33 665 71 75 140 7.5 55 

56-1 Nodule 43 1.7 31 2.5 2.5 770 3.7 13 

56-2 Nodule 35 0.30 7.7 2.7 0.07 995 0.07 13 

56-3 Nodule 34 0.06 3.6 0.59 6.2 935 1.2 15 

56-4 Nodule 37 0.60 38 2.2 0.07 1000 9.1 15 

56-5 Nodule 46 0.26 5.6 1.2 5.0 960 0.07 24 

56-6 Nodule 35 0.07 1.0 3.2 3.8 910 8.2 59 

56-7 Nodule 44 4.1 32 36 36 485 5.1 53 

56-8 Nodule 34 <0.50 0.6 5.1 6.3 660 7.2 55 

56-9 Nodule 61 1.1 7.3 17 33 570 5.5 64 

Se ppm 

37 
Analysis ID Cd ppm Sb ppm Hg ppm Tl ppm Pb ppm Fe % 

45-8 Framboid 1.4 13 1.2 11 84 41.4

45-9 Framboid 1.3 68 1.8 26 255 42.9

45-10 Framboid <.10 36 2.3 18 205 41.1

45-11 Framboid 0.90 60 0.46 14 320 39.7

45-12 Framboid 1.7 67 0.59 17 290 39.4

45-13 Anhedral 2.0 62 0.66 19 390 39.8

45-14 Framboid 1.4 39 1.8 17 200 43.3

45-15 Framboid 1.4 50 1.7 17 130 43.5

45-16 Framboid <.10 45 0.67 14 175 38.4

45-17 Framboid 1.9 70 1.6 26 105 40.2

45-18 Framboid 1.4 58 1.8 16 130 35.5

45-19 Anhedral <.10 27 <.10 1.2 135 40.7 

45-20 Anhedral 1.00 64 2.4 13 295 37.4

45-21 Framboid <.10 48 0.51 11 135 37.8

45-22 Framboid 0.71 19 1.1 14 110 37.5

45-23 Anhedral 0.50 43 1.2 7.5 240 33.8 

45-24 Massive 0.42 7.7 <.10 5.0 41 39.1

45-25 Massive 0.68 2.6 0.18 6.0 0.3 42.2

45-26 Massive 0.20 6.8 0.39 3.7 27.0 36.2

45-27 Massive 0.55 66 1.1 16 390 35.7

54-01 Anhedral 8.7 53 3.9 24 145 41.9

54-02 Anhedral 4.5 29 2.2 10 81 30.6

54-03 Anhedral 3.4 39 1.7 14 105 31.6

54-04 Anhedral 2.2 12 <.10 3.9 190 33.0 

54-05 Anhedral 3.5 28 2.1 15 87 28.3

54-06 Anhedral 6.3 58 1.8 17 140 27.3

54-07 Anhedral 3.7 27 3.2 43 87 30.8

54-08 Framboid 1.6 33 0.06 20 130 39.3

54-09 Anhedral 3.7 97 2.2 38 205 37.7

54-11 Framboid 3.5 29 0.66 16 88 29.4

54-12 Anhedral 4.0 100 0.94 20 250 34.2

54-13 Anhedral 1.8 25 1.3 10 81 33.8

56-1 Nodule 0.43 34 1.1 0.81 9.9 47.2 

56-2 Nodule 0.86 37 1.1 1.2 2.1 48.5 

56-3 Nodule 0.50 50 0.41 1.5 0.76 46.2 

56-4 Nodule 0.38 60 0.92 1.7 6.0 46.5

56-5 Nodule 0.39 63 1.1 2.2 1.9 48.8

56-6 Nodule 0.42 97 0.89 4.0 0.06 47.2 

56-7 Nodule 0.33 44 1.5 3.7 25 37.6

56-8 Nodule 0.07 38 1.8 1.7 0.54 48.8 

56-9 Nodule 0.07 45 1.5 1.9 3.9 44.0

38 
Section Analysis ID Description V ppm 

01-KY-56 56-10 Nodule Across smaller nodule 0.07 

01-KY-56 56-11 Nodule Across smaller nodule 0.36 

01-KY-56 56-12 Nodule Across smaller nodule 1.0 

01-KY-56 56-13 Nodule Across smaller nodule 0.07 

01-KY-56 56-14 Nodule along edge with shale (smaller nodule) 1.0 

01-KY-56 56-15 Nodule along edge with shale (larger nodule) 0.10 

01-KY-56 56-16 Nodule along edge with shale (inter nodule) 1.7 

01-KY-56 56-17 Nodule along edge with shale (inter nodule) 2.6 

01-KY-56 56-18 Nodule along edge with shale (inter nodule) 3.0 

01-KY-56 56-19 Nodule along edge with shale (inter nodule) 12 

01-KY-56 56-20 Nodule Edge of T4 (larger nodule) 2.2 

01-KY-56 56-21 Nodule Across larger nodule 1.3 

01-KY-56 56-22 Nodule Across larger nodule 8.2 

01-KY-56 56-23 Nodule Across larger nodule 4.5 

01-KY-56 56-24 Nodule along edge with shale (larger nodule) 5.5 

01-KY-56 56-25 Nodule edge of larger nodule 18 

01-KY-56 56-26 Nodule edge of larger nodule 8.1 

01-KY-56 56-27 Nodule across larger nodule 16 

01-KY-56 56-28 Nodule Edge of T4 (larger nodule) 5.9 

01-KY-56 56-29 Nodule along edge with shale (larger nodule) 0.09 

01-KY-56 56-30 Nodule Across larger nodule 0.12 

01-KY-45 45-01 Lense lense Across bedding 12 

01-KY-45 45-02 Lense lense Across bedding 16 

01-KY-45 45-03 Lense lense Across bedding 26 

01-KY-45 45-04 Lense lense Across bedding 4.6 

01-KY-45 45-05 Lense lense Across bedding 3.0 

01-KY-45 45-06 Lense lense along bedding 2.2 

01-KY-45 45-07 Lense lense along bedding 8.4 

01-KY-45 45-08 Lense lense along bedding 11 

01-KY-45 45-09 Lense lense along bedding 8.6 

01-KY-45 45-12 Lense lense Across bedding 49 

01-KY-45 45-13 Lense lense Across bedding 30 

01-KY-45 45-14 Lense lense along bedding 2.1 

61-01 Nodule nodule in from shale 17 

01-KY-61 61-02 Nodule along edge with shale 0.81 

01-KY-61 61-03 Nodule along edge with shale 18 

01-KY-61 61-05 Nodule nodule in from shale 0.60 

01-KY-61 61-06 Nodule along edge with shale 0.64 

01-KY-61 61-07 Nodule sulfide island in shale 8.2 

01-KY-61 61-08 Nodule sulfide island in shale 9.2 

01-KY-61 61-09 Nodule sulfide island in shale 1.7 

01-KY-61 

39 
Analysis ID Cr ppm Co ppm Nippm Cu ppm Zn ppm As ppm Se ppm Mo ppm 

56-10 Nodule 39 0.13 21 1.5 0.93 590 0.07 53

56-11 Nodule 24 0.19 <.50 1.3 0.10 765 11 44

28 0.74 9.9 1.0 2.4 1130 4.2 16

56-13 Nodule 45 0.07 4.0 0.60 0.10 475 0.10 160

56-14 Nodule 42 0.45 15 1.7 0.10 1230 0.73 35

56-15 Nodule 38 0.20 2.5 2.6 4.7 420 0.10 230

56-16 Nodule 38 0.70 12 1.3 3.0 820 1.6 370

56-17 Nodule 39 0.83 7.7 2.7 0.10 835 6.6 335

56-18 Nodule 38 1.6 27 18 5.2 780 5.7 330

56-19 Nodule 39 1.5 9.9 28 14 560 3.3 310

56-20 Nodule 37 0.66 4.9 3.3 9.8 715 5.1 325

56-21 Nodule 49 0.59 22 2.6 6.2 1020 12 310

56-22 Nodule 42 1.0 14 7.2 0.85 525 3.5 155

56-23 Nodule 39 0.07 4.4 3.5 2.8 450 0.63 160

56-24 Nodule 37 3.8 36 29 2.5 1140 7.3 12

56-25 Nodule 38 6.6 155 102 21 825 10 41

56-26 Nodule 40 0.49 40 19 7.7 1020 0.10 5.0

56-27 Nodule 42 3.4 115 63 11 880 0.26 14

56-28 Nodule 38 0.71 58 16 3.8 905 2.2 31

56-29 Nodule 36 1.4 18 4.4 0.10 135 10 0.07

56-30 Nodule 44 0.57 2.6 4.4 0.10 785 0.38 17

45-01 Lense 47 0.86 26 77 5.3 125 16 280

45-02 Lense 52 1.1 25 63 6.4 105 5.9 205

45-03 Lense 60 1.7 29 92 13 155 18 250

45-04 Lense 39 0.44 8.5 39 10 220 26 410

45-05 Lense 55 0.23 3.5 17 4.0 55 6.4 120

45-06 Lense 56 0.10 0.85 8.3 8.9 34 5.3 86

45-07 Lense 55 0.72 5.8 77 8.2 93 12 180

45-08 Lense 53 0.79 16 78 7.3 125 7.4 240

45-09 Lense 45 0.57 19 86 14 190 36 310

45-12 Lense 70 6.2 123 200 19 335 65 265

45-13 Lense 53 2.9 57 125 28 175 29 255

45-14 Lense 48 0.16 3.9 27 5.0 130 9.4 290

61-01 Nodule 65 3.1 61 50 20 830 2.1 13

61-02 Nodule 54 2.6 51 4.3 3.3 740 1.5 8.1

61-03 Nodule 52 0.9 13 38 13 670 0.21 7.4

61-05 Nodule 58 0.34 5.6 12 0.10 505 3.2 25

61-06 Nodule 44 0.17 0.74 3.9 0.10 675 4.4 3.6

61-07 Nodule 51 0.86 11 48 4.5 615 5.0 4.3

61-08 Nodule 45 7.9 75 125 9.7 1510 1.9 8.3

61-09 Nodule 42 3.9 57 55 0.10 1810 4.4 4.0

56-12 Nodule

40 
Analysis ID Cd ppm Sb ppm Hg ppm Tl ppm Pb ppm Fe % 

56-10 Nodule 0.07 43 0.07 1.5 2.8 46.6

56-11 Nodule 0.07 68 1.2 3.1 0.29 48.4 

56-12 Nodule 0.64 51 0.43 1.5 4.8 47.0

56-13 Nodule 0.07 56 1.6 3.0 1.6 47.1 

56-14 Nodule 0.07 79 1.0 3.2 3.6 45.5 

56-15 Nodule 0.82 56 1.3 3.3 1.5 46.4 

56-16 Nodule 0.40 70 0.50 4.7 3.0 45.0

56-17 Nodule 0.09 80 0.87 6.7 2.8 43.4

56-18 Nodule 0.95 72 0.69 6.5 13 42.7

56-19 Nodule 0.55 54 1.1 5.6 8.0 42.4 

56-20 Nodule 0.47 58 1.0 6.0 1.9 43.8 

56-21 Nodule 0.39 91 0.15 6.3 1.2 42.3

0.18 48 1.1 3.2 5.3 34.8 

56-23 Nodule 0.65 33 0.58 2.3 0.50 44.0

56-24 Nodule 0.77 55 0.12 2.7 31 39.4

56-25 Nodule 0.87 105 0.82 6.8 66 36.5

56-26 Nodule 0.76 63 0.83 2.4 25 38.3

56-27 Nodule 1.5 82 0.42 1.9 73 37.5

56-28 Nodule 0.33 84 1.2 4.2 7.9 39.2 

56-29 Nodule 0.07 12 1.2 0.22 4.5 36.4 

56-30 Nodule 0.07 38 0.51 1.4 0.64 42.9

45-01 Lense 0.31 16 1.1 7.6 22 42.3

45-02 Lense 0.20 13 1.2 7.6 33 42.2

45-03 Lense 0.07 23 0.72 7.8 57 39.6

45-04 Lense 0.6 31 0.67 9.2 4.9 41.2 

45-05 Lense 0.07 6.9 1.0 5.3 5.7 40.9

45-06 Lense 1.4 2.7 1.0 3.1 1.1 42.3

45-07 Lense 0.39 9.7 1.4 18 15 38.8 

45-08 Lense 0.22 15 1.6 8.3 24 37.7

45-09 Lense 0.87 33 1.7 15 23 39.3

45-12 Lense 1.2 35 2.0 7.6 81 32.2

45-13 Lense 0.49 21 1.0 6.7 59 30.0

45-14 Lense 0.31 14 1.1 6.0 1.1 35.9 

61-01 Nodule 0.58 24 0.9 1.2 62 37.1

61-02 Nodule 0.57 26 0.21 2.5 27 42.6

61-03 Nodule 0.61 19 0.81 0.79 54 38.5

61-05 Nodule 0.80 14 1.3 2.5 1.0 38.9 

61-06 Nodule 0.16 12 0.07 0.58 26 37.3

61-07 Nodule 0.60 33 0.58 0.72 140 35.0

61-08 Nodule 0.20 32 0.49 0.64 125 34.8

61-09 Nodule 0.49 44 0.96 0.64 205 37.3

56-22 Nodule

41 
Section Analysis ID Description V ppm 

01-KY-61 61-10 Nodule sulfide island in shale 34 

01-KY-61 61-11 Nodule sulfide island in shale 11 

01-KY-61 61-12 Nodule along edge with shale 1.6 

01-KY-61 61-13 Nodule nodule in from shale 6.2 

01-KY-61 61-14 Nodule nodule in from shale 0.18 

01-KY-61 61-15 Nodule nodule in from shale 0.62 

01-KY-61 61-16 Nodule nodule in from shale 0.07 

01-KY-61 61-17 Nodule nodule in from shale 0.33 

01-KY-61 61-18 Nodule nodule in from shale 1.0 

01-KY-61 61-19 Nodule nodule in from shale 0.76 

01-KY-61 61-20 Nodule nodule in from shale 0.55 

01-KY-54 54-01 Lense lense along bedding 3.5 

01-KY-54 54-02 Lense lense along bedding 34 

01-KY-54 54-03 Lense lense along bedding 33 

01-KY-54 54-05 Lense lense along bedding 37 

01-KY-54 54-06 Lense lense along bedding 37 

01-KY-54 54-07 Lense lense along bedding 5.0 

Analysis ID Cr ppm Co ppm Nippm Cu ppm Zn ppm As ppm Se ppm Mo ppm 

61-10 Nodule 52 7.9 40 135 33 805 8.2 27

61-11 Nodule 59 0.64 6.4 31 23 1100 2.9 7.1

61-12 Nodule 73 1.7 4.4 13 6.5 320 0.52 29

61-13 Nodule 62 1.3 16 22 7.2 555 0.10 39

61-14 Nodule 72 0.81 3.1 3.3 2.2 165 7.9 115

61-15 Nodule 63 0.49 4.1 4.4 7.1 165 0.10 125

61-16 Nodule 68 0.45 2.5 3.4 2.5 240 0.10 43

61-17 Nodule 66 0.12 3.6 1.5 0.10 295 1.0 205

61-18 Nodule 69 0.17 1.1 1.9 0.14 215 8.3 150

61-19 Nodule 64 0.91 4.6 2.0 0.10 355 1.3 7.9

61-20 Nodule 51 0.22 3.9 3.4 1.2 360 0.08 3.3

54-01 Lense 69 2.1 92 9.4 6.8 190 3.5 165

54-02 Lense 69 2.8 96 60 52 445 11 50

54-03 Lense 90 1.4 90 66 42 420 2.4 47

54-05 Lense 99 2.7 85 74 71 395 11 57

54-06 Lense 115 7.2 100 104 39 685 15 54

54-07 Lense 80 0.78 25 27 13 145 2.3 150

42 
Analysis ID Cd ppm Sb ppm Hg ppm Tl ppm Pb ppm Fe % 

61-10 Nodule 0.56 35 0.82 11 120 32.8

61-11 Nodule 0.33 28 0.55 0.66 110 36.1

61-12 Nodule 1.0 8.7 1.0 1.8 0.66 38.6

61-13 Nodule 0.94 15 1.0 2.3 3.9 39.1

61-14 Nodule 0.33 4.0 1.3 3.3 0.28 41.6

61-15 Nodule 0.07 4.1 0.92 2.8 1.1 39.2

61-16 Nodule 0.48 6.0 0.58 1.3 0.12 38.8

61-17 Nodule 0.92 7.9 0.42 3.8 0.17 39.7

61-18 Nodule 0.07 5.3 0.91 4.1 0.13 39.6

61-19 Nodule 0.63 11 1.6 1.7 1.5 35.1

61-20 Nodule 0.94 9.7 1.7 1.1 2.0 36.0

54-01 Lense 2.2 11 0.78 6.5 5.4 32.4

54-02 Lense 2.2 29 1.5 9.1 24 31.2

54-03 Lense 0.41 24 1.5 5.5 34 33.1

54-05 Lense 1.9 24 1.7 7.5 33 32.1

54-06 Lense 2.2 33 1.3 14 48 31.4

54-07 Lense 1.6 7.2 0.76 7.4 4.9 35.6

43 
Table II-4. SEM/EDX analyses of efflorescent salts. Mineral identification based on 

morphology and chemistry. *, mineral was detected by XRD.

Sample Salt morphology Al2O3 % FeO % K2O % MgO % SO3 % 

01KY-05 Plates 7.3 31 0.08 0.42 61

01KY-05 Needles-1 16 21 0.06 0.6 62

01KY-05 Needles-2 18 21 0.27 0.66 60

01KY-05 Needles-3 19 20 0.18 0 61

01KY-05 Fuzzy 0.90 51 0.37 0.89 47

01KY-05 Tablets 0.74 41 0 0.59 58

01KY-05 Euhedral 3.0 33 5.6 1.5 57

01KY-05 Rosettes 1.5 59 0.24 0.34 39

01KY-15 Euhedral 1.8 64 8.3 0.31 26

01KY-21 Needles-1 20 14 0.61 3.9 61

01KY-21 Needles-2 24 12 0.57 4.5 59

01KY-21 Needles-3 20 16 0.35 2.3 62

01KY-21 Plates 0.82 45 0.20 0.43 50

01KY-21 Massive 15 23 0.23 3.2 59

01KY-23 Rhombs 0.29 55 0.13 2.1 43

01KY-23 Plates 27 8.7 0.23 0 64

01KY-23 Rosette 4.0 39 0 3.6 54

01KY-23 Thin Sheet 1 18 20 0 0.32 61 

01KY-23 Thin Sheet 2 28 6.6 0.14 0 65 

Sample Salt morphology Possibilities (*found by XRD) Formula 

01KY-05 Plates coquimbite* Fe2

3+ (SO4

)3•9H2O 

01KY-05 Needles-1 halotrichite* Fe2+Al2(SO4)4•22H2O 

01KY-05 Needles-2 halotrichite* Fe2+Al2(SO4)4•22H2O 

01KY-05 Needles-3 halotrichite* Fe2+Al2(SO4)4•22H2O 

01KY-05 Fuzzy malanterite*, szomolnokie* Fe2+SO4•7H2O, Fe2+SO4•H2O 

01KY-05 Tablets malanterite*, szomolnokie* Fe2+SO4•7H2O, Fe2+SO4•H2O 

01KY-05 Euhedral voltaite? K2Fe5

2+Fe43+(SO4

)12•18H2O 

01KY-05 Rosettes malanterite*, szomolnokie* Fe2+SO4•7H2O, Fe2+SO4•H2O 

01KY-15 Euhedral jarosite* + FeOOH KFe3

3+(SO4

)2(OH)6 

01KY-21 Needles-1 halotrichite Fe2+Al2(SO4)4•22H2O 

01KY-21 Needles-2 halotrichite Fe2+Al2(SO4)4•22H2O 

01KY-21 Needles-3 halotrichite Fe2+Al2(SO4)4•22H2O 

01KY-21 Plates malanterite-szomolnokie Fe2+SO4•7H2O, Fe2+SO4•H2O 

01KY-21 Massive Al-,Mg-rich copiapite? (Fe,Mg,Al)x(SO4)6(OH)2•20H

+ 2

O;

x=combination to = 14

01KY-23 Rhombs copiapite* Fe2+Fe4

3+(SO4

)6(OH)2•20H2O 

01KY-23 Plates alunogen* (+FeOOH?) Al2(SO4)3•17H2O 

01KY-23 Rosette Al-rich copiapite* Al2/3Fe4

3+(SO4

)6(OH)2•20H2O 

01KY-23 Thin Sheet alunogen* Al2(SO4)3•17H2O 

01KY-23 Thin Sheet alunogen* Al2(SO4)3•17H2O 

44 
Table II-5. Chemical composition of efflorescent salts and FeOOH precipitate on a dry 

weight basis calculated from dissolution experiment data, and the percentage of metal 

removed from solution when titrated to pH = 7 (no titration data for 01KY51). 

Field No. 01KY05 01KY21 01KY23 01KY51

Location outcrop outcrop outcrop core 

salt FeOOH %ppt'd salt FeOOH %ppt'd salt FeOOH %ppt'd salt

As ppm 160 470 100 165 585 100 98 290 100 92 

Cd ppm 2.1 5.8 97 3.0 9.7 93 1.5 4.2 95 0.50 

Co ppm 97 270 96 235 820 99 135 385 96 9.2 

Cr ppm 22 61 94 36 99 78 27 75 95 82 

Cu ppm 100 290 97 240 840 99 90 255 96 315 

Fe % 11 32 99 6.4 23 100 10 30 100 33 

Mn ppm 115 19 56 725 240 93 405 83 69 29 

Mo ppm 66 185 97 21 63 88 17 49 95 84 

Ni ppm 240 680 97 580 2040 99 265 750 94 125 

P ppm 165 475 100 650 2300 99 355 1060 100 1080

Pb ppm 6.0 16 98 0.41 < 0 2.4 4.7 87 108 

Se ppm 0.87 2.5 100 3.7 13 100 1.0 3.0 100 34 

SO4% 33 < 0 36 1.7 2 34 < 0 66 

Th ppm 8.8 26 99 35 125 100 12 34 99 < 

U ppm 32 94 100 175 620 100 39 115 100 1.6 

V ppm 38 110 100 70 245 100 15 44 100 19 

Zn ppm 245 690 98 465 1580 97 210 585 93 53 

45 
Appendix III 

Photographs of polished sections used for SEM/EDX and LA-ICP-MS analyses 

are presented in Figure AIII-1. The locations of laser spots (LA-ICP-MS) are 

superimposed on the photographs. The pyrite lense in 01KY-45 is evident. Microscopic 

sulfides were analyzed along a transect (T1). In 01KY-54, laser spots number 1-7 are 

located in an intensively sulfidized portion of the section. Microscopic sulfides were 

analyzed along the transect T1. Section 10KY-56 has two large pyrite nodules that 

coalesce. Microscopic sulfides in the shale were analyzed along two transects, T1 and 

T2. Section 01KY-61 almost is entirely a pyrite lense. No microscopic sulfides were 

analyzed in this section. 

Representative SEM photomicrographs of microscopic sulfides in the shale are 

shown in Figure AIII-2. 

Representative SEM photomicrographs of crystals in efflorescent salts are in 

Figure AIII-3. These crystals were analyzed by SEM/EDX (Table AII-1) 

46 
Figure AIII-1. Photos of polished sections from selected core samples used in SEM and 

LA-ICP-MS analyses, showing location of laser spots along transects in 

the shale and laser spots in massive lenses and nodules. Spot numbers 

correspond to numbers in Table AII-2. 

47 
Figure AIII-1 (cont). 

48 
Figure AIII-2. SEM photomicrographs of sulfides in polished sections of selected core 

samples. 

49 
Figure AIII3. SEM photomicrographs of efflorescent salts from the out crop. [Note: 

wupatkite was identified in 01KY-21 as a possible salt by XRD, however, it is extremely 

rare and it’s presence in this sample is doubtful.] 

50 
Appendix IV 

The plots present in Appendix IV show the changes in metal concentration in 

surface and unexposed shale along the outcrop transect. Concentrations of metals in 

Huron shale (average calculated from Huron shale data in the core), efflorescent salts, 

and soil are also plotted for comparison. Note that the vertical axis for the metal zinc is 

plot on a logarithmic scale. 

51 
10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

As ppm

-1800 -1400 -1000 -600 -200 200

Soil

Salts

Surface shale

Unexposed shale

Avg. Huron sh.-core

-.5

0

.5

1

1.5

2

2.5

3

3.5

4

4.5

5

Cd ppm

-1800 -1400 -1000 -600 -200 200

Distance along Transect (m)

52 
40

50

60

70

80

90

100

110

120

130

140 Cr ppm

-1800 -1400 -1000 -600 -200 200

Distance along Transect (m)

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

Co ppm

-1800 -1400 -1000 -600 -200 200

Soil

Salts

Surface shale

Unexposed shale

Avg. Huron sh.-core

53 
-25

0

25

50

75

100

125

150

175

200

225

250

Cu ppm

-1800 -1400 -1000 -600 -200 200

Soil

Salts

Surface shale

Unexposed shale

Avg. Huron sh.-core

2

4

6

8

10

12

14

16

Fe2O3 %

-1800 -1400 -1000 -600 -200 200

Distance along Transect (m)

54 
0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

Ni ppm

-1800 -1400 -1000 -600 -200 200

Soil

Salts

Surface shale

Unexposed shale

Avg. Huron sh.-core

-5

0

5

10

15

20

25

30Pb ppm

-1800 -1400 -1000 -600 -200 200

Distance along Transect (m)

55 
0

.5

1

1.5

2

2.5

3

3.5

4

4.5

5

Se ppm

-1800 -1400 -1000 -600 -200 200

0

2

4

6

8

10

12

Tl ppm

-1800 -1400 -1000 -600 -200 200

Distance along Transect (m)

Soil

Salts

Surface shale

Unexposed shale

Avg. Huron sh.-core

56 
0

100

200

300

400

500

600

 V ppm

-1800 -1400 -1000 -600 -200 200

1

10

100

1000

10000

Zn ppm

-1800 -1400 -1000 -600 -200 200

Distance along Transect (m)

Soil

Salts

Surface shale

Unexposed shale

Avg. Huron sh.-core

57