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| a.   | Designed      such disclosure controls and procedures, or caused such disclosure      controls and procedures to be designed under our supervision, to ensure      that material information relating to the registrant, including its      consolidated subsidiaries, is made known to us by others within those      entities, particularly during the period in which this report is being      prepared; |
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| b.   | Designed      such internal control over financial reporting, or caused such internal      control to be designed under our supervision, to provide reasonable      assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the      preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance      with generally accepted accountingprinciples. |
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| c.   | Evaluated      the effectiveness of the registrant’s disclosure controls and procedures      and presented in this report our conclusions about the effectiveness of      the disclosure controls and procedures, as of the end of the period      covered by this report based on such evaluation;  and |
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| d.   |  Disclosed      in this report any change in the small business issuer’s internal control      over financial reporting that occurred during the small business issuer’s      most recent fiscal quarter (the registrant’s fourth fiscal quarter in the      case of an annual report) that has materially affected, or is reasonably      likely to materially affect, the small business issuer’s internal control      over financial reporting; and |
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| a.   | All      significant deficiencies and material weaknesses in the design or      operation of internal control over financial reporting which are      reasonably likely to adversely affect the small business issuer’s ability      to record, process, summarize and report financial information;      and |
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| b.   | Any      fraud, whether or not material, that involves management or other      employees who have a significant role in the small business issuer’s      internal control over financialreporting. |
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