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UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT 

FOR THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA 

JACOB PAUTSCH, et al., 

 Plaintiffs,

v. Civil Action No. 20-3859 (JEB)

ISLAMIC REPUBLIC OF IRAN,

 

 Defendant.

MEMORANDUM OPINION

Between 2004 and 2009, Al-Qaeda in Iraq and associated Sunni terrorist groups 

perpetrated numerous attacks against American servicemembers and civilians in Iraq. Victims of 

those attacks, along with their estates and family members, brought this action against the 

Islamic Republic of Iran and the Syrian Arab Republic under the terrorism exception to the 

Foreign Sovereign Immunities Act for these foreign states’ material support to the terrorist 

groups responsible for the attacks. They seek compensatory and punitive damages for their 

physical, economic, and psychological injuries. Because Defendants have failed to appear, 

default has been entered. Plaintiffs now move for default judgement as to liability. The Court 

grants the motion as to those Plaintiffs who have articulated a cause of action but denies it as to 

the others. 

I. Background 

Plaintiffs are U.S. nationals, along with their estates and members of their families, who 

were serving in Iraq as servicemembers or military contractors when they were injured or killed 

in eight terrorist attacks committed by Al-Qaeda in Iraq (AQI) and associated Sunni terrorist 
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groups in Iraq (STGIs) between 2004 and 2009. See ECF No. 1 (Compl.), ¶ 1. Jason Pautsch, 

whose estate is the lead Plaintiff, was serving in the U.S. Army when he was killed in an AQI 

attack involving a suicide-vehicle-borne improvised explosive device (SVBIED) in western 

Mosul, Iraq. See id., ¶¶ 200, 201. As for the eight remaining Plaintiffs, their convoys, vehicles, 

and hotels were struck by explosive devices in AQI and STGI attacks, causing them to sustain 

physical and psychological injuries, including post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and 

traumatic brain injury (TBI). See id., ¶¶ 208–210, 213–215, 224–226, 230–231, 237–238, 244–

245, 251–253, 257, 262–263, 267, 270–271, 276–278, 285. 

Plaintiffs filed this suit against Iran and Syria on December 31, 2020. See Compl. Two 

months later, they mailed copies of the summons, Complaint, and notice of the suit to those 

states, see ECF Nos. 8 and 9 (Affs. Foreign Mailing), but Defendants refused delivery and 

returned the summons as unexecuted. See ECF Nos. 13 (Status Rep.); 15 (Aff. Foreign Mailing). 

Plaintiffs then attempted service of process via diplomatic channels and transmitted the service 

documents to the U.S. State Department, see ECF Nos. 17 and 18 (Req. Clerk), which 

successfully transmitted them to the Iranian and Syrian Ministry of Foreign Affairs on June 15 

and June 23, 2022, respectively. See ECF Nos. 21 (Iran Summons Returned Executed); 22 

(Syria Summons Returned Executed). Both Syria and Iran failed to answer the Complaint. On 

September 2, 2022, consequently, Plaintiffs requested an entry of default, see ECF Nos. 23 and 

24 (Affs. Default), which the Clerk granted six days later. See ECF Nos. 25 and 26 (Entry 

Default). Plaintiffs now move for default judgment and ask the Court to refer the question of 

damages to a special master. See ECF No. 31 (Mot. Def. J.). 
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II. Legal Standard

Default judgment may be ordinarily entered where a defendant is “totally unresponsive,” 

and its default is plainly willful, as reflected by its failure to respond to the summons and 

complaint, the entry of default, or the motion for default judgment. See Gutierrez v. Berg 

Contracting Inc., 2000 WL 331721, at *1 (D.D.C. Mar. 20, 2000) (citing Jackson v. Beech, 636 

F.2d 831, 836 (D.C. Cir. 1980)) (internal quotation omitted). In the “‘absence of any request to 

set aside the default or suggestion by the defendant that it has a meritorious defense,’ it is clear 

that the standard for default judgment has been satisfied.” Int’l Painters & Allied Trades Indus. 

Pension Fund v. Auxier Drywall, LLC, 531 F. Supp. 2d 56, 57 (D.D.C. 2008) (quoting Gutierrez, 

2000 WL 331721, at *1). 

Nevertheless, “[m]odern courts are . . . reluctant to enter and enforce judgments 

unwarranted by the facts,” Jackson, 636 F.2d at 835, and “a district court may still deny an 

application for default judgment where the allegations of the complaint, even if true, are legally 

insufficient to make out a claim.” Gutierrez, 2000 WL 331721, at *2 (citing Aldabe v. Aldabe, 

616 F.2d 1089, 1092 (9th Cir. 1980)). 

Under the FSIA, moreover, there is a heightened standard for default judgment because 

the Act “codifies a baseline principle of immunity for foreign states.” Turkiye Halk Bankasi 

A.S. v. United States, 598 U.S. 264, 272 (2023); Weinstein v. Islamic Republic of Iran, 175 F. 

Supp. 2d 13, 19-20 (D.D.C. 2001) (“[D]efault judgments under the FSIA require 

additional findings than in the case of ordinary default judgments.”). Section 1608(e) requires 

that “the claimant establish[] his claim or right to relief by evidence satisfactory to the court.” 

28 U.S.C. § 1608(e). Regardless of whether a foreign state makes an appearance, the court must 

determine that an exception to immunity applies and that the plaintiff has a sufficient legal and 
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factual basis for his claims. See Jerez v. Republic of Cuba, 777 F. Supp. 2d 6, 18–19 (D.D.C. 

2011). In making this determination, the Court has “a duty to scrutinize plaintiff's allegations” 

and should not “unquestioningly accept a complaint’s unsupported allegations.” Reed v. Islamic 

Republic of Iran, 845 F. Supp. 2d 204, 211 (D.D.C. 2012). 

III. Analysis 

The Court’s analysis proceeds as follows: it first addresses the jurisdictional issues and 

then evaluates Defendants’ liability. 

A. Subject-Matter Jurisdiction 

Foreign states are generally immune from suit in federal court, subject to exceptions 

codified in the Foreign Sovereign Immunities Act. See 28 U.S.C. § 1604; see also Argentine 

Republic v. Amerada Hess Shipping Corp., 488 U.S. 428, 439 (1989) (“[T]he FSIA provides the 

sole basis for obtaining jurisdiction over a foreign state in federal court.”). Relevant here is 

section 1605A, the so-called “terrorism exception” to the FSIA. See Fraenkel v. Islamic 

Republic of Iran, 892 F.3d 348, 352 (D.C. Cir. 2018). The FSIA abrogates a foreign state’s 

sovereign immunity and provides federal courts with subject-matter jurisdiction over suits 

against such an entity where (1) “money damages are sought” (2) “against a foreign state for” (3) 

“personal injury or death that” (4) “was caused” (5) “by an act of torture, extrajudicial killing, 

aircraft sabotage, hostage taking, or the provision of material support or resources for such an 

act.” 28 U.S.C. § 1605A(a)(1); see also Gration v. Islamic Republic of Iran, 2023 WL 5221955, 

at *22 (D.D.C. Aug. 15, 2023); Borochov v. Islamic Republic of Iran, 589 F. Supp. 3d 15, 30 

(D.D.C. 2022). 
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All five conditions are met here. First, Plaintiffs seek money damages. See Compl. at 

49. Second, Iran and Syria are foreign states. Third, Plaintiffs allege personal injury and death 

to servicemembers and military contractors or their family members. Id., ¶ 1. 

The fourth and fifth criteria are more involved. As to the fourth, Plaintiffs nonetheless 

have met the causation prong by showing that Iran and Syria’s provision of material support to 

AQI and its associated STGIs caused their injuries. The FSIA requires that Plaintiffs show 

“proximate cause,” meaning only “some reasonable connection between the act or omission of 

the defendant and the damage which the plaintiff suffered.” Ben-Yishai v. Syrian Arab 

Republic, 642 F. Supp. 3d 110, 125 (D.D.C. 2022) (citation omitted). This inquiry contains two 

elements: (1) “the defendant’s actions ‘must be a “substantial factor” in the sequence of events’ 

leading to the injury,” and (2) “the injury must have been ‘reasonably foreseeable or anticipated 

as a natural consequence of the defendant’s conduct.’” Id. at 125 (citation omitted). 

Plaintiffs’ expert — Col. Joel Rayburn (former U.S. Special Envoy for Syria and former 

Deputy Assistant Secretary for Levant Affairs) — explained that it is “highly likely” that all 

eight attacks listed in the Complaint were carried out by AQI or other associated STGIs, and he 

detailed Iran and Syria’s history of providing material support to Al Qaeda, AQI, and other 

STGIs to carry out attacks against U.S. troops and civilians during the U.S.-led military 

campaign in Iraq from 2003 to 2011. See ECF No. 31-2 (Rayburn Report) at 9. As highlighted 

by Rayburn, “[L]ogistical support, territorial safe haven[s], personnel recruitment, weapons, 

explosives, training, and other categories of support” from the Iranian and Syrian governments to 

AQI and its associated STGIs were substantial factors in the chain of events leading up to the 

eight attacks. Id. 
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Plaintiffs’ injuries, moreover, were reasonably foreseeable consequences of Iran and 

Syria’s support of these terrorist groups. According to Rayburn, the Iranian government 

“encouraged and enabled” AQI and other terrorist groups to conduct attacks against U.S. forces 

in Iraq. The Syrian government, moreover, assisted AQI and other STGIs in setting up terroristfacilitation networks in which tens of thousands of militants from Syria and other countries were 

able to cross into Iraq to conduct these attacks. Id. at 7–8. The Court thus finds a reasonable 

connection between Defendants’ actions and the injuries Plaintiffs suffered. 

Fifth, the attacks — which Iran and Syria provided material support for — constituted 

“extrajudicial killing[s]” or such an attempt within the meaning of the Act. While some 

Plaintiffs were U.S. servicemembers who were involved in military operations, as opposed to 

civilian bystanders, all Plaintiffs are covered by the terrorism exception, which provides a private 

right of action to members of the armed forces and civilians alike. See 28 U.S.C. 

§ 1605A(c)(1)–(2); see also Roth v. Islamic Republic of Iran, 651 F. Supp. 3d 65 (D.D.C. 2023) 

(finding Iran liable under FSIA exception for 25 attacks on U.S. servicemembers in Iraq); 

Karcher v. Islamic Republic of Iran, 396 F. Supp. 3d 12 (D.D.C. 2019) (finding same for seven 

attacks on U.S. servicemembers in Iraq). The FSIA terrorism exception, moreover, covers 

injuries to Plaintiffs — including Neuman, Goldsmith, Bryars, O’Malley, and Shaffer — that did 

not result in death. Courts in this district have generally held that “attempted extrajudicial 

killings” may still constitute acts of extrajudicial killings under section 1605A. See Stearns v. 

Islamic Republic of Iran, 633 F. Supp. 3d 284, 346 (D.D.C. 2022); see also Brown v. Islamic 

Republic of Iran, 2023 WL 4824740, at *9 (D.D.C. July 27, 2023) (agreeing that extrajudicial 

killing include deliberate attempts to kill); Lee v. Islamic Republic of Iran, 518 F. Supp. 3d 475, 

491 (D.D.C. 2021) (concluding that § 1605A(a)(1)’s text and “the court’s mandate to construe 
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ambiguities in the FSIA broadly” allowed jurisdiction for attempts to commit extrajudicial 

killings); Gill v. Islamic Republic of Iran, 249 F. Supp. 3d 88, 99 (D.D.C. 2017) (finding that 

“extrajudicial killing” occurred under FSIA where no victims died in attack). The Court agrees. 

Finding that all five criteria are satisfied, it concludes that it has jurisdiction over Plaintiffs’ 

claims. 

Even when all five conditions are met, a federal court may hear a claim only if (1) “the 

foreign state was designated as a state sponsor of terrorism at the time the act . . . occurred”; (2) 

“the claimant or victim was, at the time [of] the act[,] . . . . a national of the United States”; and 

(3) “in a case in which the act occurred in the foreign state against which the claim has been 

brought, the claimant has afforded the foreign state a reasonable opportunity to arbitrate the 

claim.” 28 U.S.C. § 1605(A)(a)(2)(A)(i)–(iii); see also Gration, 2023 WL 5221955, at *22. 

Plaintiffs meet two of the three conditions, and the third does not apply. First, Syria and 

Iran have been designated as state sponsors of terrorism since 1979 and 1984, respectively. See

Dep’t of State, Bureau of Counterterrorism, State Sponsors of Terrorism, 

https://www.state.gov/state-sponsors-of-terrorism/ (last visited Nov. 10, 2023). Second, all nine 

victims, as well as all claimants, are U.S. nationals. See Compl., ¶¶ 203–205, 207, 212, 222, 

229, 236, 243, 250, 260, 265, 269, 275, 288. Finally, as the attacks occurred in Iraq, not Iran nor 

Syria, the third condition does not come into play. The Court can thus easily conclude that 

Congress has abrogated Iran and Syria’s sovereign immunity pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 1605A. 

 B. Personal Jurisdiction 

Next up is personal jurisdiction. Such jurisdiction over a foreign state exists — as to 

every claim for relief over which district courts have jurisdiction — where service has been 

made under section 1608 of the FSIA. See 28 U.S.C. § 1330(b). Title 28 U.S.C. § 1608(a) sets 
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out four methods by which service may be made, in ranked order. The summons and complaint 

may be delivered, first, “in accordance with any special arrangement for service between the 

plaintiff and the foreign state or political subdivision,” id., § 1608(a)(1), or, second, “in 

accordance with an applicable international convention on service of judicial documents.” Id., 

§ 1608(a)(2). If no such agreements exist, plaintiffs must attempt service through a third 

method, which involves sending the requisite documents “by any form of mail requiring a signed 

receipt . . . to the head of the ministry of foreign affairs of the foreign state concerned.” Id., 

§ 1608(a)(3). And should that fail, plaintiffs may resort to method four: the Court Clerk may 

send the packet to the Secretary of State for transmittal “through diplomatic channels to the 

foreign state.” Id., § 1608(a)(4); see also Republic of Sudan v. Harrison, 139 S. Ct. 1048, 1054 

(2019). 

Plaintiffs have successfully effected service on Iran and Syria. The parties lack a special 

service arrangement, and the U.S. is not a signatory to a service convention with either country, 

thereby ruling out the first two methods. See Hammons v. Islamic Republic of Iran, 2023 WL 

5933340, at *16 (D.D.C. July 24, 2023); U.S. Dep’t of State, Syria Judicial Assistance 

Information, https://travel.state.gov/content/travel/en/legal/Judicial-Assistance-CountryInformation/SyrianArabRepublic.html (last visited Nov. 10, 2023). Plaintiffs attempted method 

three by mailing the relevant documents to Iran and Syria’s foreign ministers in their home 

country, but did not succeed. See ECF No. 12 (Affidavit). Plaintiffs then turned to the fourth 

method. The State Department transmitted the documents to Iran’s Ministry of Affairs through 

the Embassy of Switzerland on June 15, 2022, and to Syria’s Ministry of Affairs through the 

Embassy of the Czech Republic on June 23, 2022. See Iran Summons Returned Executed; Syria 
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Summons Returned Executed. As a result, service on Defendants was finally effective as of 

those dates. See 28 U.S.C. § 1608(c)(1). 

Mindful that it lacks the authority “to raise the FSIA terrorism exception’s statute of 

limitations on behalf of an entirely absent defendant,” Maalouf v. Islamic Republic of Iran, 923 

F.3d 1095, 1112 (D.C. Cir. 2019), the Court sees no other preliminary hurdles and proceeds 

onward to the merits. 

B. Liability 

Although section 1605A creates a private right of action, it does not set out guidance on 

the substantive bases for liability that determine plaintiffs’ entitlement to damages. Consistent 

with guidance from the D.C. Circuit, district courts “may rely on well-established statements of 

common law, found in state reporters, the Restatement of Torts, and other respected treatises.” 

Fraenkel, 892 F.3d at 353; see also Bettis v. Islamic Republic of Iran, 315 F.3d 325, 333 (D.C. 

Cir. 2003) (using Restatement “as a proxy for state common law” in determining FSIA liability). 

Here, Plaintiffs assert claims for wrongful death and intentional infliction of severe emotional 

distress. They also generally allege “personal injury.” See Compl. at 46–48. The Court 

considers each theory in turn. 

First, Plaintiffs seek recovery for economic losses accruing to the estate of Jason Pautsch. 

Id. at 47. Given that “acts of terrorism under section 1605A . . . are, by definition, wrongful,” 

Shoham v. Islamic Republic of Iran, 2017 WL 2399454, at *18 (D.D.C. June 1, 2017), they may 

recover for wrongful death “upon establishing that the defendant caused [the victim’s] death.” 

Braun v. Islamic Republic of Iran, 228 F. Supp. 3d 64, 79 (D.D.C. 2017) (citing Restatement 

(Second) of Torts § 925 (1965)). Pautsch was killed in an attack involving a SVBIED. See

Compl., ¶ 200. Plaintiffs’ expert found to a “reasonable degree of professional confidence” that 
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the attack was conducted by AQI. See Rayburn Report at 48. The suicide bomber driving the 

SVBIED was a Tunisian jihadist who had been recruited by AQI, and the SVBIED used in the 

attack was “typical” of AQI SVBIED attacks committed in 2008-09. See id. at 49-50. 

As mentioned earlier, Rayburn concluded that Iran and Syria played a significant role in 

this, and similar, attacks. See id. at 7–8. The specific suicide bomber responsible for the attack 

was recruited by an AQI facilitation network based in Syria and Iraq, which was set up under 

Syrian dictator Bashar al-Assad’s authority and with the assistance of Syrian government 

officials and agencies. See id. at 49, 36–39. From 2003 onward, moreover, Iran gave material 

support to Sunni extremist groups to carry out attacks in Iraq, including against U.S. personnel. 

See id. at 22. 

Rayburn is far from alone in this judgment. The U.S. Treasury has noted that Iran’s 

Ministry of Intelligence and Security provided money and weapons to AQI and negotiated 

prisoner releases of AQI operatives. See U.S. Dep’t of the Treasury, Treasury Designates 

Iranian Ministry of Intelligence and Security for Human Rights Abuses and Support for 

Terrorism, (Feb. 16, 2012), https://home.treasury.gov/news/press-releases/tg1424. The Treasury 

also noted that a senior general officer in the IRGC-QF sought to sponsor Sunni groups to carry 

out suicide bombings, including against U.S. troops. See U.S. Dep’t of the Treasury, Treasury 

Designates Individuals, Entity Fueling Iraqi Insurgency, (Jan. 9, 2008),

https://home.treasury.gov/news/press-releases/hp759. The Court finds such evidence to be 

clearly persuasive. It thus concludes that Plaintiffs have sufficiently proven the validity of their 

wrongful-death theory of recovery against Defendants. 

Next, the family members of the victims injured or killed in AQI or STGI attacks seek to 

recover damages for Defendants’ intentional infliction of emotional distress. Under general 
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principles of tort law, “[o]ne who by extreme and outrageous conduct intentionally or recklessly 

causes severe emotional distress to another is subject to liability for such emotional distress,” 

both to the victim and “to a member of such person’s immediate family who is present at the 

time.” Estate of Heiser v. Islamic Republic of Iran, 659 F. Supp. 2d 20, 26 (D.D.C. 2009) 

(quoting Restatement (Second) of Torts § 46). Because “terrorism is sufficiently extreme and 

outrageous” and “intended to inflict severe emotional harm on even those not present at the site 

of act,” courts in this district have allowed immediate family members of terrorism victims to 

state a claim of IIED even if they were not present at the site of the attack. See Roth, 78 F. Supp. 

3d at 400. Plaintiffs have adequately alleged that they suffered severe emotional distress — 

namely severe mental anguish, extreme emotional pain and suffering, and the loss of their family 

members’ society, companionship, comfort, advice, and counsel. See Compl., ¶¶ 206, 223, 289. 

They, accordingly, have stated a valid theory of recovery for their IIED claims as to family 

members. 

As to the survivors of the terrorist attacks themselves, they allege only the vague term of 

“personal injury” but never articulate a theory of liability — such as assault or battery for this 

count. See id. at 46–47; see also Mot. Def. J. at 34–35 (not citing a particular tort); c.f.

Borochov, 589 F. Supp. at 35–36 (plaintiffs alleging battery and assault); Worley v. Islamic 

Republic of Iran, 75 F. Supp. 3d 311, 335–36 (D.D.C. 2014) (same); Mark v. Islamic Republic of 

Iran, 626 F. Supp. 3d 16, 33–34 (D.D.C. 2022) (plaintiffs alleging battery). With no legal basis 

to find liability, the Court cannot award judgment to these Plaintiffs. See also Rimkus v. Islamic 

Republic of Iran, 750 F. Supp. 2d 163, 176 (D.D.C. 2010) (“[P]laintiffs in § 1605A 

actions . . . must articulate the justification for such recovery, generally through the lens of civil 

tort liability.”); Mueller v. Syrian Arab Republic, 656 F. Supp. 3d 58, 77 (D.D.C. 2023) 
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(requiring plaintiffs to submit supplemental briefing to articulate a justification for recovery 

through tort liability). Only Pautsch’s estate and family members of the other victims may 

recover under the current Complaint. 

IV. Conclusion 

For these reasons, the Court will grant Plaintiffs’ Motion in part and deny it in part. It 

will enter default judgment on liability for wrongful death and intentional infliction of emotional 

distress. A separate Order so stating will issue this day. 

/s/ James E. Boasberg 

JAMES E. BOASBERG 

Chief Judge 

Date: December 5, 2023