P.1 

OAR Box 1852 

Prepped by Keeia Richards 

Document Number: 

6) ll-A-6 

Docket Number: 

A-86-03 

Printed 11/19/2008 2:38:53 PM Sheet 6 of 101 
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f 

JL-fl'tit, 

USER'S GUIDE FOR PEM-2: 

POLLUTION EPISODIC MODEL (VERSION 2) 

by 

K. Shankar Rao 

Atmospheric Turbulence and Diffusion Division 

National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration 

Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37830 

IAG-DW13930021-01-1 

Project Officer 

James M. Godowitch 

Meteorology and Assessment Division 

Atmospheric Sciences Research Laboratory 

Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27711 

ATMOSPHERIC SCIENCES RESEARCH LABORATORY 

OFFICE OF RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT 

U.S. ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY 

RESEARCH TRIANGLE PARK, NORTH CAROLINA 27711 
P.3 

NOTICE 

The information in this document has been funded in part by the United 

States Environmental Protection Agency under Interagency Agreement 

IAG-DW13930021 to the Atmospheric Turbulence and Diffusion Division of the 

National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. It has been subject to 

the Agency's peer and administrative review, and it has been approved for 

publication as an EPA document. Mention of trade names or commercial 

products does not constitute endorsement or recommendation for use. 

ii 
P.4 

PREFACE 

i i i 
P.5 

ABSTRACT 

The Pollution Episodic Model Version 2 (PEM-2) is an urban-scale model 

designed to predict short term average ground-level concentrations and deposition fluxes of one or two gaseous or particulate pollutants at multiple 

receptors. The two pollutants may be non-reactive, or chemically-coupled 

through a first-order chemical transformation. Up to 300 isolated point 

sources and 50 distributed area sources may be considered in the calculations. Concentration and deposition flux estimates are made using hourly 

mean meteorological data. Up to a maximum of 24 hourly scenarios of 

meteorology may be included in an averaging period. 

The concentration algorithms used in PEM-2 are specially developed to 

account for the effects of dry deposition, sedimentation, and first-order 

chemical transformation. The Gaussian plume-type algorithms for point 

sources are derived from analytical solutions of a gradient-transfer model. 

In the limit, when deposition and settling velocities of the pollutants and 

the chemical transformation rate are zero, these expressions reduce to the 

familiar Gaussian plume diffusion algorithms. The concentrations from area 

sources in PEM-2 are calculated by numerical integration of the point source 

algorithms. The computer program of the Texas Episodic Model is used as a 

framework for the development of the PEM-2 program. 

When the chemical transformation option is considered, PEM-2 calculates 

the average surface concentrations and deposition fluxes of both the primary (reactant) and the secondary (reaction product) pollutants. The model 

also permits a possible direct emission of the secondary pollutant. The 

deposition and settling velocities of the two species may be different. 

Either of the species may be a gaseous or particulate pollutant. PEM-2 is 

intended for studies of the atmospheric transport, transformation, and 

deposition of acidic, toxic, and other pollutants in urban areas to assess 

the impact of existing or new sources or source modifications on air 

quality for regulatory purposes and urban planning. 

This User's Guide lists the concentration algorithms and computational 

techniques used in the PEM-2 program, and describes the input/output parameters, optional features, capabilities, and limitations of the model. 

Modifications to the previous version of the model are outlined. The 

information in this report is directed to the model user and the 

programmer. 

This User's Guide to PEM-2 was prepared by NOAA's Atmospheric 

Turbulence and Diffusion Division in partial fulfillment of Interagency 

Agreement with the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. This work, 

covering the period December 1983 to July 1984, was completed as of 

September 30, 1984. 

iv 
CONTENTS 

Preface iii 

Abstract iv 

Figures vii 

Tables viii 

Acknowledgements ix 

1. MODEL OVERVIEW 

1.1 Introduction 1 

1.2 Capabilities and Applications 2 

1.3 Assumptions and Limitations 3 

1.4 Summary of Input Data 5 

1.5 Summary of Model Output 7 

2. TECHNICAL DISCUSSION 

2.1 Theoretical Basis 9 

2.2 Point Sources 10 

2.2.1 Concentration Algorithms 10 

2.2.2 Plume Rise 12 

2.2.3 Dispersion Parameters 13 

2.2.4 Restrictions on Receptors for Calculations 14 

2.3 Area Sources 15 

2.3.1 Emission Grid 15 

2.3.2 Concentration Algorithms 21 

2.3.3 Dispersion Parameters 24 

2.4 Receptors 24 

2.4.1 Receptor Grid 24 

2.4.2 Automatic Grid Selection 25 
P.7 

2.5 Meteorology 30 

2.5.1 Atmospheric Stability 31 

2.5.2 Wind Speed 32 

2.5.3 Wind Direction 34 

2.5.4 Mixing Depth 35 

3. COMPUTER PROGRAM OVERVIEW 

3.1 Basis for PEM-2 Program 37 

3.2 Structure of the Program 38 

3.3 General Flow of the Program 40 

4. PROGRAM USER'S GUIDE 

4.1 Summary of Program Input 42 

4.2 Details of Program Input 43 

4.2.1 Control Parameters 43 

4.2.2 Scenario Parameters 50 

4.2.3 Area Source Parameters 51 

4.2.4 Point Source Parameters 52 

4.3 Guide to Program Output 53 

4.4 Discussion of I/O Parameters 55 

4.5 Example Problems 58 

References 60 

Appendices 

A. Point Source Algorithms 61 

B. Plume Rise Equations and Plume Penetration Methods 70 

C. Surface Deposition Fluxes, and Deposition and Settling 

Velocities 85 

D. D01AJF - NAG FORTRAN Library Routine Document 88 

E. Input and Output Listings of Example Problems 92 

F. PEM-2 FORTRAN Listing 147 

vi 
Number 

FIGURES 

Page 

P.8 

1. Schematic diagram showing a single grid square with emissions 

and four downwind calculation grid squares with receptors, and 

the distances used in area-source algorithms. These distances 

are measured downwind from the source Q0 17 

2. Spatial patterns of affected calculation grid squares downwind 

of an area source 18-19 

3. Points used for automatic selection of receptor grid by AUTGRD 

subroutine 27 

4. Example of a receptor grid selected by AUTGRD subroutine 29 

5. Structure of PEM-2 computer program 39 

vii 
P.9 

TABLES 

Number Page 

1 Values of coefficients in the formulas for a„(x) and az(x) in 

urban conditions 14 

2 Maximum crosswind half-angle values for point source plumes 15 

3 Values of i and j for each spatial pattern of affected squares 

downwind of an area source 20 

4 Atmospheric stability classes 31 

5 Atmospheric conditions defining stability classes 31 

6 Wind speed classification 32 

7 Values of exponent p in wind speed power law 33 

8 Wind direction sectors 34 

v m 
P.10 

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 

This report was prepared for the Office of Research and Development, 

Atmospheric Sciences Research Laboratory (ASRL) of the U. S. Environmental 

Protection Agency (EPA) to support the needs of EPA's Office of Air Quality 

Planning and Standards in urban particulate modeling. This work was 

accomplished under interagency agreements among the U. S. Department of 

Energy, the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, and the EPA. 

The author is grateful to Dr. Jack Shreffler and James Godowitch of ASRL 

for their interest and advice during the course of this work. The author 

thanks Atmospheric Turbulence and Diffusion Division Director Bruce Hicks 

for his support, and Mrs. Mary Rogers for her excellent typing and patient 

revisions. Special thanks are due to Cheryl Stieneke, Martha Stevens, and 

Mike Ku, who worked as programmers for this project at various times and 

assisted in the development and testing of the PEM-2 program. 

Several figures and tables shown in this report are reproduced from the 

Users' Guide to Texas Episodic Model with permission from the Texas Air 

Control Board. The library routine D01AJF used for numerical integration 

in PEM-2 has been released by the Computer Sciences Division of the Oak 

Ridge National Laboratory for inclusion in the program listing. The 

Numerical Algorithms Group (NAG) holds the copyright to this routine .and 

its document. The latter is reproduced in this report from the NAG FORTRAN 

Mini-Manual. 

ix 
P.11 

SECTION 1 

MODEL OVERVIEW 

1.1 INTRODUCTION 

The Pollution Episodic Model Version 2 (PEM-2) is an urban-scale air 

quality model designed to predict short term ground-level concentrations 

and deposition fluxes of one or two, gaseous or particulate, reactive or 

non-reactive pollutants in an urban area with multiple point and area 

sources. PEM-2 uses the concentration algorithms developed by Rao (1982) 

which explicitly account for the effects of dry deposition, gravitational 

settling, and a first-order chemical transformation. These algorithms, 

derived analytically from a gradient-transfer model, are based on Gaussian 

plume modeling assumptions. For chemically-coupled pollutants, the surface 

concentrations and deposition fluxes of both the primary (reactant) and the 

secondary (reaction product) pollutant are calculated. 

PEM-2 is based on the Pollution Episodic Model (PEM) developed by Rao 

and Stevens (1982). The latter, in turn, is based on the Texas Episodic 

Model Version 8 (TEM-8) developed by the Texas Air Control Board (1979) for 

the atmospheric dispersion of non-reactive pollutants over a perfectly 

reflecting (non-depositing) surface. In the limit, when the deposition and 

settling velocities and the chemical transformation rate are zero, the concentration algorithms used in PEM-2 reduce to the familiar Gaussian plume 

dispersion algorithms used in TEM-8. The two models share essentially the 

same framework for calculations, though there are differences in the computational techniques utilized in the models. 

1 
Besides the concentration algorithms, there are other important differences between PEM-2 and TEM-8 models: 

1. PEM-2 uses Briggs' (1973) urban dispersion parameters for both point 

and area sources to represent 1-hour average dispersion. This treatment is similar to that used in EPA's RAM model (Turner and Novak, 

1978). TEM-8 uses the Pasquill-Gifford (PG) curves to represent 

10-minute average dispersion from point sources; for averaging periods 

longer than 10 minutes, the oy values are adjusted to account for the 

greater horizontal plume meander due to fluctuations in wind direction. 

For area sources, TEM-8 uses the oz«s from Gifford and Hanna (1970) to 

represent 1-hour average dispersion. 

2. PEM-2 determines the concentrations for a period longer than an hour 

by summing and averaging the concentrations calculated for each hour 

in the period. TEM-8 does not do this time-averaging for concentrations from area sources. Thus, with a constant meteorology for 

N hours, the area-source concentration at a receptor predicted by 

TEM-8 would be N times its hourly concentration. 

3. TEM-8 estimates the point source concentrations by interpolating between the relative concentrations precalculated for selected values of 

model parameters and stored in large look-up tables. Because of the 

large number of model parameters, PEM-2 does not use this interpolation technique. 

Other differences between these two models are listed in Section 3. 

1.2 CAPABILITIES AND APPLICATIONS 

The capabilities of PEM-2 are as follows: 

1. PEM-2 is an urban-scale air quality model applicable to downwind 

distances of up to 50 km. Up to a maximum of 300 point sources and 50 

area sources can be included in the model inputs to estimate concentrations at a maximum of 2500 receptors located on a 50 x 50 square receptor grid. 

2. PEM-2 calculates short-term (1 to 24 hr) average ground-level concentrations and deposition fluxes of one or two gaseous or particulate 

pollutants. 

3. The two pollutants may be non-reactive, or chemically-coupled through 

a first-order chemical transformation. If only one pollutant is 

calculated, the effects of a first-order chemical decay can be considered. The chemical transformation (or decay) rate may vary from 

0.1 to 100 percent per hour. 
4. The deposition (and settling) velocities of the two species may be 

equal or different. Direct emission of the secondary (reaction 

product) pollutant can be considered for both point and area sources. 

Some areas of potential application of PEM-2 are the following: 

1. Urban particulate modeling. 

2. Studies of the transport, diffusion, transformation, and deposition of 

acidic, toxic, and other pollutants in urban areas. An important 

example is the atmospheric transport and transformation of SO2 to SO,. 

3. Impact analyses of existing or new sources or source modifications for 

regulatory purposes and urban planning. 

4. Stack design, and fuel conversion/switching studies. Evaluation of 

pollution control technology and strategies for prevention of significant deterioration. 

1.3 ASSUMPTIONS AND LIMITATIONS 

PEM-2 is based on steady state Gaussian plume modeling assumptions. 

Some of the important assumptions of PEM-2 are as follows: 

1. Concentration estimates may be made for each hour using the mean 

meteorological conditions for that hour. Average concentrations for a 

period longer than an hour are determined in the program by averaging 

the hourly concentrations of that period. 

2. The sources are stationary and the emission rates are constant over the 

concentration-averaging period. The latter assumption is reasonable 

since PEM-2 is designed to predict only short-terra average concentrations; this assumption is intended solely to limit the amount of 

input data required by the model. 

3. If the hourly emission rates are highly variable over the 

concentration-averaging period, then the average concentrations may be 

obtained by averaging externally, with minimal programming, the concentrations calculated hourly and stored on tape by the model. This 

can be done, for example, to calculate the daily mean concentrations 

with diurnally varying emission rates. 

4. Total concentration at a receptor is the sum of the concentrations 

calculated at the receptor from each source; i.e., concentrations are 

additive. 

5. Pollutants released from a stack are transported downwind at a rate 

equal to the mean wind speed at the physical stack height. The wind 

direction is constant for each hour. The horizontal wind field is 

homogeneous and the effects of directional wind shear are neglected. 
P.14 

6. Diffusion of continuous plumes gives time-averaged Gaussian distributions for concentrations in the crosswind and vertical directions. 

The diffusion in the downwind direction is negligible compared to 

advection. This assumption obviously excludes calm conditions. 

7. The reactant and the product species are coupled through a first-order 

chemical transformation. The deposition and settling velocities of 

the species, and the chemical transformation rate are constant over 

the concentration-averaging period. The diurnal variation of these 

parameters can be considered, if necessary, by averaging the hourly 

concentrations as discussed above. 

8. Particulate pollutants consist of particles of a known size (or size 

distribution) with a representative settling velocity. 

9. Pollutant concentration at a receptor due to the distributed area 

sources depends only on sources located in a narrow upwind sector. 

Therefore, horizontal diffusion can be ignored for area sources. 

10. The crosswind variations of urban area source-strength patterns can be 

ignored. The contributions of more remote upwind area sources to the 

concentration at a receptor are quite small. For this reason, it is 

generally adequate to consider only eight area source grid squares 

immediately upwind of each receptor grid square. 

Every air pollution model is limited by the assumptions used to predict the pollutant concentrations in the atmosphere. PEM-2 is subject to 

the same basic limitations as any Gaussian plume-type model. The limiting 

assumptions of the concentration algorithms developed for PEM-2 are 

discussed in detail by Rao (1982). Other general limitations of the model 

can be summarized as follows: 

1. Receptors farther than 50 km downwind of a source are ignored. Thus 

the maximum downwind distance is limited to 50 km. 

2. The number of point sources is limited to 300, and the number of area 

sources is limited to 50. The computer program can be easily modified 

by the user to increase the maximum number of point and/or area sources, if necessary. All sources are stationary. 

3. The maximum number of scenarios (sets of hourly meteorological data) 

in an averaging period is limited to 24. PEM-2 is designed to calculate 

only short-term (1 to 24 hr) average surface concentrations and deposition fluxes of one or two pollutants. 

4. PEM-2 does not make any adjustment for differences in terrain elevation 

between sources and/or receptors. The model assumes level terrain. No 

adjustments are made for building wake-induced downwash, wake entrainment, 

or other building-related effects on the various effluent plumes. 
P.15 

5. Only a first-order chemical transformation/decay is considered. The 

transformation rate, and the deposition and settling velocities of the 

species, must be specified by the user, if these options are selected. 

6. The model cannot perform calculations for calm conditions; if such 

conditions occur, the wind speed is arbitrarily set to 1 m/s. 

7. PEM-2 does not attempt to deal with wet removal processes; hence, the 

model does not apply during periods of precipitation. 

1.4 SUMMARY OF INPUT DATA 

Input to PEM-2 is divided into four main sections: 

1) Control parameters 

Control parameters remain constant throughout the model run. They 

specify: 

1. An alphanumeric title 

2. Time-averaging option 

3. Options for types of input and output 

4. Number of scenarios (sets of hourly meteorological data) 

5. Options for using stack-tip downwash, new plume rise and new plume 

penetration schemes for point sources 

6. Receptor grid coordinates and spacing 

7. Automatic receptor grid option 

8. Potential temperature gradient d6/dz for calculation of plume rise 

with E and F atmospheric stability classes 

9. Parameters for one or two pollutants: 

a) Deposition velocity 

b) Gravitational settling velocity 

10. Option to calculate chemical transformation or decay of first 

pollutant 

a) Chemical transformation or decay rate 

b) Ratio of molecular weights of product to reactant 

11. Scaling factors for area source emission rates 

12. Calibration coefficients to be applied to the calculated 

concentrations 

5 
13. Alphanumeric labels for pollutants 

14. Alphanumeric labels for the calibrated concentrations 

15. Site-specific values of anemometer height and/or wind-profile exponents (optional) 

2) Scenario Parameters 

A scenario is a set of mean meteorological data for one hour. From one 

to twenty-four scenarios may be included in each run. Each scenario uses 

the same receptor grid and the same point and area source inventories. 

Meteorological parameters for each scenario are: 

1. Atmospheric stability class 

2. Wind speed class or specific wind speed 

3. Wind direction sector or specific wind direction 

4. Ambient temperature 

5. Mixing height 

6. Potential temperature gradient in the elevated stable layer above 

mixing height 

3) Area Source Inventory 

From zero to fifty area sources may be included in each run. Each 

area source square is described by: 

1. Location in receptor grid coordinates 

2. Length of a side 

3. Emission rates for pollutants 

4) Point Source Inventory 

From zero to three hundred point sources may be included in each run. 

Each point source is described by: 

1. Location in receptor grid coordinates 

2. Emission rates for pollutants 

3. Stack height 
P.17 

4. Inside diameter of the stack-tip 

5. Exit velocity of the plume 

6. Exit temperature of the plume 

7. Alphanumeric identification 

Details of the input data to PEM-2 are given in Section 4 of this 

report. 

1.5 SUMMARY OF MODEL OUTPUT 

For ease of reference, PEM-2 prints out and briefly explains all I/O 

control parameters and technical options used in a run. Input data for 

meteorological conditions, area sources, and point sources are also listed. 

Calculated values of surface concentrations, deposition fluxes, and 

other useful information may be displayed in the following optional forms: 

1. List Option For each receptor in the grid, the calculated values 

of concentrations and deposition fluxes are listed at the end of each 

averaging-period consisting of 1 to 24 scenarios. 

2. Spatial Array Option The calculated values of concentrations and 

deposition fluxes at each receptor are displayed in map form at the 

end of each averaging-period. 

3. Tape Option The calculated values of concentrations and deposition 

fluxes at each receptor are written on a magnetic tape (designated 

for output) at the end of each averaging-period. This option may be 

used to generate inputs to a contour-plotting routine, or to store 

hourly output data for averaging externally in order to account for 

the variability of hourly emission rates in an averaging-period consisting of more than one scenario (see Section 1.3). 

4. Culpability List Option The five point sources which contributed 

most to the total concentration at each receptor are identified by 

point-source sequence number. A list of these source numbers and 

their percent contributions are printed for one or two pollutants at 

each receptor in the grid at the end of each scenario. 

5. Maximum Concentration Option The maximum calculated values of surface concentration and deposition flux, and the receptor where these 

values occur, are printed for each pollutant at the end of the last 

scenario or averaging-period. 
6. Point Source List Option The input stack parameters, the wind 

speed at physical stack height, the maximum effective source height, 

the dominant plume rise influence (buoyancy or momentum), and the 

plume penetration fraction (see Appendix B) are listed for each point 

source at the beginning of each scenario. 

These output options are selected by the user by specifying 

appropriate values for the control parameters in the inputs to the model. 

It may not be possible to select some of these options in combination with 

others. The details are discussed in Section 4. 
P.19 

SECTION 2 

TECHNICAL DISCUSSION 

2.1 THEORETICAL BASIS 

The concentration algorithms used in PEM-2 are derived from analytical 

solutions of a steady state gradient-transfer (K-theory) model, which 

describes the atmospheric transport, diffusion, deposition, and first-order 

chemical transformation of gaseous or particulate pollutants from an elevated continuous point source. The eddy diffusivity coefficients in these 

analytical solutions are expressed in terms of the empirical Gaussian 

plume dispersion parameters, so that the latter can be conveniently specified as functions of the downwind distance and the atmospheric stability 

class within the framework of the standard turbulence-typing schemes. The 

point-source concentration algorithms for the primary (reactant) and the 

secondary (product) pollutants are presented for various stability and 

mixing conditions of the atmosphere. In the limit when deposition and 

settling velocities and the chemical transformation rate are zero, these 

algorithms reduce to the well-known Gaussian plume dispersion algorithms 

presently used in EPA air quality models. Details of the gradient-transfer 

model formulations, analytical solutions, parameterizations, and development of the point-source concentration algorithms can be found in the 

reports by Rao (1981, 1982). 
In PEM-2, the ground-level concentrations of the primary and secondary 

pollutants resulting from urban area source emissions are computed by 

numerical integration of the corresponding point-source concentration 

algorithms. The urban area-source modeling techniques of Gifford and Hanna 

(1970) are utilized in these computations. For point sources, PEM-2 provides 

options for using the standard or new plume rise formulations due to Briggs 

(1969, 1984), and new schemes for plume penetration of an elevated stable 

layer. For both point and area sources, PEM-2 uses the urban dispersion 

parameters of Briggs (1973) as given by Gifford (1976). 

2.2 POINT SOURCES 

2.2.1 Concentration Algorithms 

The ground-level concentrations of the primary and the secondary 

pollutants (denoted by subscripts 1 and 2, respectively) from an elevated 

continuous point source are calculated in PEM-2 from one or both of the 

following sets of algorithms, depending on the atmospheric stability and 

mixing conditions: 

Near-source region (0 < x < x m ) , 

„

 Ql gl g21 

y z 

Qi gi gr)2 

c

2

 = u~*ir*ir " dt) 

10 
P.21 

Well-Mixed region (x > 2 xm) 

Q{i Si SA 1 *n

 B41 c

i

 = ir * IT * r~

 (2a) 

Q

l

 g l g 42 

c

2 • ir • L1 * r 1 <2 b) 

y 

where L = /2TF a , L = /2TT a (3) 

y y z z 

In the above, Q, is emission rate (source strength) of the primary pollutant, U is mean wind speed at physical stack height, L is mixing depth 

(height of inversion lid), xm is the downwind distance (from .source) determined such that az(xm) = 0.47 L, and Ly and Lz are length scales characteristic of diffusion in the horizontal crosswind and vertical directions, 

respectively. The nondimensional functions gi(x,y), gl^x.O), g^txjO), 

g!.(x), and g/„(x), defined in terms of dimensionless parameterized 

variables, are given in Appendix A. 

In Eqs. (1) and (2), it should be noted that the concentrations for 

both primary and secondary pollutants are expressed in terras of Q,. This 

does not preclude consideration of a non-zero value for Q~, the direct 

emission rate of the secondary pollutant. The algorithms for g~„ and gJ„ 

provide for this possibility. 

The well-mixed region algorithms, Eq. (2), are generally used under 

convective or neutral stability conditions. The ground-level plume centerline concentrations of the species in the plume-trapping region (xm < x < 2xm) 

11 
P.22 

can be obtained by calculating the concentrations at XJJ and 2 ^ from Eqs. 

(1) and (2), and interpolating between these values on a log-log plot of 

concentrations versus downwind distance (Turner, 1970). PEM-2 uses this 

interpolation approach in the plume-trapping region. 

2.2.2 Plume Rise 

Plume rise is calculated from the standard or new equations given by 

Briggs (1969, 1984). The stack-exit conditions of the plume and the 

ambient temperature determine whether the upward motion of the plume is 

dominated by momentum or buoyancy. For atmospheric stability classes A to 

D, the unstable/neutral plume rise equations are used. For stability 

classes E and F, the stable plume rise equations are used. Thus, there are 

four different situations for plume rise: 

(1) buoyancy-dominated plume in unstable/neutral atmosphere, 

(2) momentum-dominated plume in unstable/neutral atmosphere, 

(3) buoyancy-dominated plume in stable atmosphere, and 

(4) momentum-dominated plume in stable atmosphere. 

In each situation except the last one, the plume rise is calculated as 

a function of downwind distance from the stack until the final plume rise 

is attained. The standard plume rise equations for these four cases, the 

optional stack-tip downwash correction following Briggs (1973), and the 

crossover techniques used in PEM-2 to determine whether the plume is dominated by momentum or buoyancy are listed in Appendix B. The optional new 

equations of Briggs (1984) for estimating the maximum rise of a buoyancydominated plume in unstable/neutral atmosphere, and new schemes for plume 

penetration of an elevated stable layer are also given in this Appendix. 

12 
2.2.3 Dispersion Parameters 

The Gaussian dispersion parameters, ay and oz, used in PEM-2 for each 

scenario are identical to those used in EPA's RAM model (Turner and Novak, 

1978) to represent a 1-hour average dispersion over urban areas. Assuming a 

rectangular cross-section for the plume, Briggs (1973) gave interpolation 

formulas for these urban diffusion coefficients, which are based on the 

diffusion data from near-surface releases of a neutrally-buoyant tracer in 

St. Louis by McElroy and Pooler (1968). The corresponding expressions for 

Oy and oz for a Gaussian plume, based on Briggs' formulations, are given by 

Gifford (1976, Figure 7, Table 8). Hosker (1973) compared these urban 

dispersion parameter curves to the Pasquill-Gifford (PG) a curves, and 

showed that their values are greater than all but the more unstable of the 

corresponding PG curves because of the enhanced mechanical and convective 

turbulence over an urban area compared to that over open country. 

PEM-2 uses the expressions for Briggs1 urban dispersion parameters 

given by Gifford (1976). These formulas are written in a convenient form 

for programming as follows: 

az(x) = azx (l+czx) (l+bzx)

 1/ 2 (4a) 

oy(x) = ayx (l+0.0004x)

 1/ 2 (4b) 

In Eq. (4), x is given in meters. The coefficients ay, az, bz, and cz are 

functions of atmospheric stability class, and their values are shown in 

Table 1. 

13 
P.24 

.32 

.22 

.16 

.11 

.24 

.20 

.14 

.08 

.001 

0 

.0003 

.0015 

.001 

0 

0 

0 

TABLE 1 

Values of Coefficients in the Focmulas for Oy(x) and oz(x), 

Equation (4), in Urban Conditions 

P-G Stability ay az bz cz 

Class 

A-B 

C 

D 

E-F 

2.2.4 Restrictions on Receptors for Calculations 

Pollutants emitted from each point source may not contribute to all of 

the receptors in a grid. The receptors excluded from the calculations are 

those located upwind of the source, too far from the plume centerline, or 

more than 50 km downwind of the source. For each source and each scenario, 

PEM-2 selects a rectangular area of the receptor grid downwind of the 

source, and calculations for that set of conditions are restricted to the 

receptors located within that area. The source contribution is considered 

to be zero at receptors located outside the area. Model inputs used for 

determining this area are the source coordinates, grid boundaries, wind 

direction, and the crosswind angle (A) between wind direction azimuth and 

the azimuth from the source to the receptor. If A exceeds the maximum 

crosswind half-angle of the plume (Amax ), then the receptor is excluded 

from calculations. The values of the maximum crosswind half-angle used in 

PEM-2 for 1-hour averaging of the plume are shown in Table 2 as a function 

of the atmospheric stability class. 

14 
TABLE 2 

Maximum Crosswind Half-angle Values 

for Point Source Plumes 

Tiax 

Atmospheric 

Stability Class (degrees) 

A-B 43 

C 33 

D 25 

E-F 18 

At x = 100 m, these Am ax values give a maximum plume half-width of 3 o*y 

for calculations in the lateral direction. For x > 100 m, the maximum 

half-width of the calculated plume is larger than 3 Oy. 

2.3 AREA SOURCES 

2.3.1 Emission Grid 

PEM-2 defines a "calculation grid" by shifting the receptor grid to the 

South and to the West by one-half the side of a grid square (Ax/2). Thus 

each square in the calculation grid has one receptor at its center, since 

the calculation grid squares are of the same size (Ax) as the receptor grid 

squares. 

Each area source used in PEM-2 should be sized so that it covers an 

integral number of calculation grid squares. The size Ax should be defined 

such that the smallest area source is at least as large as one calculation 

grid square. 

15 
The relationship between area sources and calculation grid squares can 

be divided into three cases. In the first case, the area source is of the 

same size as a calculation grid square. Emissions (Q0) are assumed to be 

located at the center of the square; contributions of this area source are 

determined at the receptor (R0) located at the center of the emission grid 

square, and at the receptors (R, to R~) located at the center of each of 

the eight calculation grid squares immediately downwind of the source. 

This is schematically illustrated in Fig. 1, which shows only the first 

five receptors R0, , R,» 

The location of the eight downwind squares is not apparent in cases 

when the wind direction is not parallel to one of the calculation grid 

coordinate axes as shown in Fig. 2. The angle, C, between the wind azimuth 

and the nearest calculation grid coordinate axis is defined such that 

0 £ £ £ -+5°. PEM-2 considers ten ranges of values for £ as shown in 

Table 3. For each range of ?, the location of each downwind square is 

denoted by i (the number of calculation grid squares downwind from the area 

source) and j (the number of calculation grid squares off the axis used to 

define 5), as illustrated in Fig. 2. These patterns of squares are stored 

in PEM-2 data tables that list values of i and j as shown in Table 3. For 

a given scenario, each area source will have the same spatial pattern of 

affected squares downwind. 

16 
I = 

u 

0 

ATDL-M 83/14 6 

4 

T y 

Q 0 R 0 

10 

R, 

20 

'11 

R, 

x

21 

x

12 

R, 

x

2 2 

x

13 

R. 

x

23 

x

14 '24 

Figure 1 Schematic diagram showing a single grid square with emissions 

and four downwind calcuation grid squares with receptors, and 

the distances used in area-source algorithms. These distances 

are measured downwind from the source Q Q . PEM-2 considers 

eight downwind calculation grid squares (i.e., i=l,-—,8) for -ght 

each emission grid square (i-0) 

ro 

^ i 
P.28 

WIND 

AZIMUTH^ 

i=4 

i=3 

i=2 

i= 1 

i=0 

0° 

te 

j

: 

< < 

= 0 

/CALCULATION GRID k 

COORDINATE AXIS \ 

i=4 

i=3 

i=2 

i = 1 

i=0 

j = -

7.12° 7.12°< 

£_ 

i 

\ 

j

: = 0 

9.46° 

i = 4 

i = 3 

i=2 

ATDL-

\ 

\ 

i= 1 

i = 0 

9.46°-<^ 

\ 

\ 1 

j = 

M83/148 

= 0 

14.04° 

i=4 

i=3 

i=2 

\ = . 

£ 

i=0 

\ 

^ 

i=4 

i = 3 

i=2 

i=1 

J_ 

i=0 

V 

\ 

i = 4 

i = 3 

i = 2 

i= 1 

i = 0 

\ 

X 

\ 

N 

j=1 j=0 

14.04°<e < 20.56* 

j=2 j=1 j=0 

20.56°<£< 26.57° 

j=2 j=1 j=0 

26.57°<£<32.01° 

Figure 2. Spatial patterns of affected calculation grid squares downwind 

of an area source. PEM-2 considers eight (i.e., i=l, ,8) 

affected grid squares downwind of an area source (i=0), though 

only the first four are shown in this figure. 

18 
P.29 

ATDL-M83/149 

i=4 

i =3 

\ 

i=2 

i . 

\ 

\ 

i = 1 

i =0 

\, 

N 

j=3 j=2 j=1 j=0 

32.01°<£ <= 36.87° 

4 

3 

V 

2 

1 

\ 

\ 

0 

\ 

\ 

j=3 j=2 j=1 

36.87 °-= ( 

v„ 

N 

j=o 

; < 39.81° 

j=3 j=2 j=1 j=0 

39.81°<£<41.19° 

j=4 j=3 j = 2 j = 1 j=0 

41.19° -< e-<45° 

Figure 2. Continued. 

19 
TABLE 3 

Values of i and j for Each Spatial Pattern 

of Affected Squares Downwind 

of an Area Source 

5 range, degrees 

Values for j** 

i=0* i=l 1=2 i=3 i=4 i=5 i=6 i=7 i=8 

0 - 7.12 

7.12 - 9.46 

9.46 - 14.04 

14.04 - 20.56 

20.56 - 26.57 

26.57 - 32.01 

32.01 - 36.87 

36.87 - 39.81 

39.81 - 41.19 

41.19 - 45.00 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

1 

1 

1 

1 

2 

2 

2 

0 

0 

1 

1 

1 

2 

2 

2 

3 

3 

0 

1 

1 

1 

2 

2 

3 

3 

3 

4 

0 

1 

1 

2 

2 

3 

3 

4 

4 

5 

0 

1 

1 

2 

3 

3 

4 

5 

5 

6 

0 

1 

1 

2 

3 

4 

5 

6 

6 

7 

0 

1 

2 

2 

3 

4 

5 

6 

7 

8 

** 

i is the number of calculation grid squares 

downwind from the area source 

j is the number of calculation grid squares 

off the axis used to define £ 

For each value of £, a diagram of the first four affected 

squares downwind of an area source in square i=0, j=0 is 

shown in Figure 2. 

20 
P.31 

In the second case, the area source is larger than one calculation grid 

square. Let ra be the number of calculation grid squares covered by the 

source of area A. Then the emissions, Q, from the source are divided into 

m component emission rates defined by 

Qj = Q Aj/A , j = 1,2, ..., m 

where Aj is the area of the source contained in the jth square, 

m m 

A = I A and Q = I Q. 

j=l

 J j=l J 

Then the contributions from each of the m emission grid squares are determined following a procedure similar to that for a single emission grid 

square. 

In the third case, a small area source may be imbedded in a large area 

source. The emission rate of the latter source is divided into components 

for each covered square as described above. Then each square is considered 

as an area source with an emission rate equal to the sum of the component 

emission rates from the original area sources. 

2.3.2 Concentration Algorithms 

The urban area sources consist of fugitive dust, highway, residential, 

commercial and industrial emissions, and their inventories are generally 

not detailed enough to provide information on the source height and 

plume-release conditions such as plume velocity, temperature, building 

wakes, etc. Furthermore, there are no reliable methods to estimate the 

plume rise from these distributed sources. Therefore, their emissions are 

21 
P.32 

generally assumed to be located at the ground-level (i.e., H=0) for 

simplicity. This assumption, however, may lead to calculation of large 

surface-concentrations, especially under light wind conditions when 

building wake-induced dispersion is less important and hot emissions from 

roof-top sources may have a rise comparable to the building height. The 

area-source concentration algorithms used in PEM-2 permit the user to 

specify a value of H £ 0 to represent the average effective height of 

emissions from the area sources in the inventory. This value of H is 

assumed to be constant for each concentration-averaging period. 

The ground-level concentrations of the primary and secondary pollutants 

resulting from urban area source emissions in PEM-2 are computed by numerical integration of the corresponding point-source concentration algorithms. 

The urban area-source modeling techniques due to Gifford and Hanna (1970) 

are utilized in these computations. These techniques are based on the 

"narrow plume hypothesis," which postulates that the concentration at a 

receptor is influenced only by the distributed area sources located in a 

fairly narrow, plume-shaped upwind sector. This assumption allows one to 

ignore the lateral variation of concentration and the "end effects" due to 

the finite size of an area source grid; the concentration downwind of the 

center of the emission grid is then the same as that if the area source 

were infinitely wide in the crosswind direction. 

We consider nine calculation grid squares (denoted by i=0, 1, 2, , 8), 

each with a receptor R^ located at its center. Figure 1 illustrates this 

schematically for the first five squares. The source emissions are assumed 

to be located at the center of the first square (i=0) upwind of the receptors. The emission rate of the primary pollutant from this single area 

22 
P.33 

source is Qj_. Then the ground-level concentrations of the primary and 

secondary pollutants, C^ii and Cp^2i respectively, at the receptor R^ in 

the ith calculation grid square downwind are obtained, following Rao (1982), 

by integrating the point-source concentration algorithms as follows: 

Q,f x 2 i g;,(x,z=o) 

CAH = \r\ - S

 dx (5a) 

Q l f ^ §22( x 'Z=0 ) 

CA2i = H L dx (5b) 

Jxli 

The nondimensional functions gl. and gl„ are defined in Appendix A, and 

Lz = /2ir az; x-^ and ~x.2i are distances measured from the center of the 

first square (i=0) to the upwind and downwind edges, respectively, of the 

calculation grid square with.the ith receptor (see Fig. 1); U is the 

surface wind speed input to the model if the effective height of emissions 

H < 10 m, or the adjusted wind speed of H > 10 m (see Section 2.5.2). 

The relative concentrations, UC^A ^ an d ucA2i/Qi, determined from 

Eq. (5) are independent of the emission rates of the species (except for 

the ratio Q2/Q1 which appears in g^) and their values at the receptors in 

the nine downwind calculation grid squares are calculated only once for 

each scenario. These relative concentrations are then multiplied by the 

emission rate Qi of each area source and U to obtain the contributions to 

the concentrations C^i and CA2 at each of the nine affected receptors. Note 

that, for a given scenario, each area source will have the same spatial 

pattern of affected receptors downwind. The contributions of all area 

23 
P.34 

sources affecting each receptor are summed to obtain the total concentration at that receptor. 

In PEM-2, the integrations indicated in Eq. (5) are performed numerically by the trapezoidal rule together with Romberg's extrapolation method. 

Utilizing a maximum of 14 bisections of the interval (.xii>*-20> tni s meth°°-

computes an approximation for the integral to within 1 percent relative 

accuracy between successive approximations. 

2.3.3 Dispersion Parameters 

The dispersion parameters, oz, used in Eq. (5) for area-source concentrations are the same as those used for point sources (see Section 

2.2.3). These dispersion coefficients, given by Briggs (1973) and Gifford 

(1976), account for the effects of increased surface roughness and heat 

flux in the urban environment, and are most representative for z0 = 1 m and 

near-surface releases typical of the area sources. 

2.4 RECEPTORS 

2.4.1 Receptor Grid 

PEM-2 calculates pollutant concentrations at each receptor in a rectilinear receptor array. A maximum of 2500 receptors may be used, with 50 

columns and 50 rows. The spacing between each column and row is uniform, 

and is specified by the user. Receptors are located at the intersections 

of grid columns and rows. The grid spacing, number of columns, number of 

rows, and coordinates of the receptor at the southwest corner of the grid 

are used to define the grid. 

24 
P.35 

Point and area sources need not necessarily be located within the grid 

boundaries. If area sources are included in the source inventory, the 

receptor grid spacing should be selected so that the smallest area source 

is of the same size as a grid square. An area source is positioned on the 

grid by specifying the coordinates of the southwest corner of the source. 

This corner should be located in the center of a receptor grid square, so 

that each square covered by the area source is centered on a receptor. For 

computations involving area sources, therefore, a calculation grid is 

defined with its grid squares the same size as receptor grid squares, but 

with a receptor located in the center of each calculation grid square. For 

details, see Section 2.3.1. 

2.4.2 Automatic Grid Selection 

PEM-2 has an optional subroutine which will automatically select a 

receptor grid for each scenario. The size and location of grids for different scenarios may differ since the selection of the receptor grid is 

based upon wind speed, wind direction, and atmospheric stability class. 

Each source is examined sequentially. Two orthogonal axes are used 

with the origin located at the origin of the coordinate system for the 

point sources. The y axis is oriented in the north-south direction with 

positive values in the northerly direction. The x axis is oriented in the 

east-west direction with positive values in the easterly direction. Angle 

E is defined by 

E = 90° - W 

25 
P.36 

where W is the angle (measured relative to north) of the direction of the 

flow (see Fig. 3). The axes are then rotated through angle E such that the 

wind blows down the x axis. Negative values of E correspond to a clockwise 

rotation of coordinate axes; positive values correspond to a counterclockwise rotation. 

For each scenario, the grid is automatically selected so as to provide 

good coverage by receptors near the point of maximum concentration. This 

point is estimated from the Gaussian plume concentration algorithm without 

the pollutant removal or transformation mechanisms. For a point source, 

the downwind distance to the point of maximum concentration, xm2, is calculated from the equation 

ft-] , da .d a 

-d^-dT-^-1 I < 6 > 

y z 

by the Newton-Raphson iterative method. In Eq. (6), H is the effective 

source height and a„ and az are the dispersion parameters given by Eq. (4). 

Equation (6) is derived by differentiating the expression for ground-level 

centerline concentration due to an elevated point source with respect to x, 

and equating it to zero. 

Equation (6) is also used to determine xml, the point of maximum concentration using the physical stack height hs instead of H. Then let 

XTM(l) = XT + xml 

XTM(2) = XT + xm2 

where XT is the x coordinate of the point source in the rotated coordinate 

system. 

26 
P.37 

ATDL-M83/1 50 

• EMISSION SOURCE 

Figure 3. Points used for automatic selection of receptor grid by AUTGRD 

subroutine. 

27 
The largest value of XTM(2) for all point sources is GX2 and the 

smallest value of XTM(l) for all point sources is GX1. Let YT be the y 

coordinate of the point source in the rotated coordinate system. Then GY2 

is the largest value YT for all point sources and GYl is the smallest value 

of YT for all point sources. These points are illustrated in Fig. 3. 

Next, the points (GX1, GYl), (GX2, GYl), (GX2, GY2) and (GX1, GY2) are 

rotated back to the original coordinate system. The largest of the four x 

values and the largest of the four y values are chosen for the coordinates 

of the northeast corner of the grid. The smallest of the four x values and 

the smallest of the four y values are chosen for the coordinates of the 

southwest corner of the grid. 

Then XT is defined as the distance between the x coordinates of the grid 

corners and YT is the distance between the y coordinates of the grid corners. Let Dm ax be the larger of XT and YT. Then Dm ax is used to determine 

the number of columns and rows in the receptor grid and the grid spacing. 

If Dm ax is larger than 10 km, then the number of rows (or columns) is 50 

and the grid spacing is XT/50 (or YT/50) km. If 5 < Dm ax < 10 km, then a 

grid spacing of 0.2 km is used and the number of rows (or columns) is 

XT/0.2 (or YT/0.2). If 0.25 < Dmax < 5 km, then the number of rows (or 

columns) is 25, and the grid spacing is Dmax/25. If Dm ax < 0.25 km, the 

grid spacing is 0.01 km, the smallest possible, and the number of rows (or 

columns) is XT/0.01 (or YT/0.01). A typical example of the receptor grid 

selected by the automatic grid option is illustrated in Fig. 4. 

28 
ATDL-M 83/144 

WIND 

(GX1, GY2) 

NORTH 

-fi 

(GX2, 

/ 

/ 

GY2) 

i / 11 

(GX2,GY1) 

(GX1.GY1) 

EMISSION SOURCE 

Figure 4. Example of a receptor grid selected by AUTGRD subroutine. 

29 

r i 
P.40 

If the culpability list option is elected in PEM-2, the receptor grid 

is limited to 25 rows and 25 columns. In this case, the grid spacing is 

increased so that the number of rows (or columns) does not exceed 25. 

The automatic grid selection procedure, outlined above, considers only 

point sources. Therefore, the chosen receptor grid may not be suitable if 

area sources are included in the inventory. Furthermore, the point of 

maximum concentration determined from Eq. (6) may be in error for problems 

which include significant deposition, sedimentation, and chemical decay 

or transformation. The optimum receptor grid in this case should be 

determined by trial and error, using the receptor grid defined by this 

automatic grid option as the first approximation. 

2.5 METEOROLOGY 

The meteorological data used as input to PEM-2 consist of the 

atmospheric stability class index, wind speed, wind direction, ambient 

temperature, mixing depth, and the potential temperature gradient in the 

elevated stable layer. This data set, which represents the mean 

atmospheric conditions over an hour, is called a scenario. The maximum 

number of scenarios in an averaging period is limited to 24, i.e., PEM-2 is 

designed to predict only short-term (1 to 24 hr) average concentrations. 

When available, quality-assured on-site meteorological data are preferable 

to the National Weather Service (NWS) data. 

30 
P.41 

2.5.1 Atmospheric Stability 

The Pasquill 

defined in Table 

Stability 

Class Index 

1 

2 

3 

4 

;, 5 

6 

The relation 

speed, incoming 

and shown below 

-Giff 

4. 

ship 

solar 

ord atmospheric stability clas 

TABLE 4 

Atmospheric Stability 

Atmospheric 

Stability Class 

A 

B 

C 

D 

E 

F 

between the atmospheric 

i 

ses used in PEM-2 are 

Classes 

Description 

of Conditions 

Extremely unstable 

Moderately unstable 

Slightly unstable 

Neutral 

Slightly stable 

Moderately stable 

stability classes and wind 

radiation, and cloud cover is 

in Table 5. 

TABLE 5 

given by Turner (1970) 

Atmospheric Conditions Defining 

Stability Classes 

Da*/ Night 

Surface Wind Speed Incoming Solar Radiation Thin overcast or 

(at 10 meters),m/s Strong Moderate Slight ^4/8 low clouds <3/8 cloud 

<2 A A-B B 

2-3 A-B B C E F 

3-5 B B-C C D E 

5-6 C C-D D D D 

>6 C D D D D 

31 
P.42 

Class A is the most unstable, while class F is the most stable class 

considered in PEM-2. Night refers to the period from one hour before sunset to one hour after sunrise. Note that the neutral class, D, should be 

assumed for overcast conditions during day or night, regardless of wind 

speed. 

2.5.2 Wind Speed 

PEM-2 gives the user an option for specifying either an hourly mean 

wind speed or the wind speed class number. The latter is based on National 

Weather Service (NWS) classification. Any wind speed which lies in a given 

range is assigned that class number; PEM-2 uses a representative wind speed 

for each class as shown in Table 6. 

TABLE 6 

Wind Speed Classification 

NWS Wind Speed Wind Speed Range Representative 

Class (knots) Wind Speed (m/s) 

1 0- 3 1.50 

2 4- 6 2.46 

3 7-1 0 4.47 

4 11-1 6 6.93 

5 17-2 1 9.61 

6 > 21 12.52 

Wind speed near the surface generally increases with height. Most NWS 

wind speed measurements are taken at a height (h0) of 10 m above the surface and are listed as "ground-level" wind speeds (UQ) in knots. Then the 

32 
wind speed (U) at the physical stack height (hg) is determined as follows: 

U - U0 (hs/h0)P (7) 

The adjusted wind speed U is used (in meters/sec) in the plume rise calculations and the point-source concentration algorithms. Equation (7) is 

applied only when the stack height is greater than 10 m. The exponent p is 

a function of atmospheric stability class. The standard (default) values 

of p used in PEM-2 are shown in Table 7. For "ground-level" area source 

releases, the input wind speed (U0) is used directly without any adjustment. If the effective height of area source emissions exceeds 10 m, then 

Eq. (7) is used to adjust the wind speed. For calm conditions (UQ = 0), 

the wind speed UQ is arbitrarily set to 1 m/s. However, since it is difficult to specify the wind direction under these conditions, it is better 

to remove "calm" hours from the input data. 

TABLE 7 

Values of Exponent p in Wind Speed Power Law 

Atmospheric Stability p 

Class 

A = 1 0.15 

B = 2 0.15 

C = 3 0.20 

D = 4 0.25 

E = 5 0.30 

F = 6 0.30 

PEM-2 includes an option that allows the user to input site-specific 

values for h0 and/or p derived from local observations. The user should 

refer to Section 4.2.1 for details. 

33 
P.44 

2.5.3 Wind Direction 

By convention, wind direction is defined as the direction from which 

the wind is blowing. PEM-2 gives the user an option for specifying either 

an hourly mean wind direction, or the wind direction sector nuraber based on 

the standard 16-point compass. Wind blowing from any angle in a 22.5° sector is assigned the number of that wind direction sector, and the wind 

direction is represented in the calculations by the median of that sector, 

as shown in Table 8. 

TABLE 8 

Wind Direction Sectors 

Representative 

Sector Number Compass Point Wind Direction (deg) 

1 N 0.0 

2 NNE 22.5 

3 NE 45.0 

4 ENE 67.5 

5 E 90.0 

6 ESE 112.5 

7 SE 135.0 

8 SSE 157.5 

9 S 180.0 

10 SSW 202.5 

11 SW 225.0 

12 WSW 247.5 

13 W 270.0 

14 WNW 292.5 

15 NW 315.0 

16 NNW 337.5 

PEM-2 also includes an option in which the user specifies the wind 

direction in degrees for the first of four sub-scenarios; for each succeeding sub-scenario, the wind direction is automatically shifted clockwise 

34 
P.45 

by 90, 45, 30, 15, 10, or 5 degrees depending on the option number specified in the input, while keeping the other meteorological parameters 

constant. Details of these I/O control parameters are given in Section 

4.2.1. 

2.5.4 Mixing Depth 

The turbulent mixing layer near the ground is frequently bounded by a 

layer of stable air aloft. The latter effectively limits vertical dispersion to the mixing layer. The height of the base of the inversion above the 

ground is called the mixing depth, L. The hourly mixing depths are specified in the input to PEM-2. 

If vertical mixing is limited, pollutants emitted from a point source 

into the mixing layer will be trapped and, beyond some point downwind, will 

become uniformly mixed in the vertical. PEM-2 uses different sets of concentration algorithms for the (near-source) mixing region and the well-mixed 

region. The concentrations in the intermediate plume-trapping region are 

then obtained by interpolation as described in Section 2.2.1. The determination of the mixing regime and the algorithms to be used in the model 

depend on the atmospheric stability class, mixing depth, effective height of 

the source, and the downwind distance. 

If the physical stack height exceeds the mixing depth, pollutants are 

emitted in the stable layer aloft; these pollutants will not be brought to 

the ground level and the source is neglected. 

35 
P.46 

If the physical stack height is less than the mixing depth, but the 

effective source height H exceeds L, then the plume may or may not escape 

the mixing layer. A buoyant plume rising into a convectively or mechanically mixed layer may partially or completely penetrate the capping stable 

layer, depending on the stratification strength and elevation of the latter 

with respect to the plume. 

The default penetration scheme in PEM-2 does not allow partial penetration of the elevated stable layer. For H ^ L, no penetration occurs; for 

H > L, complete penetration occurs and the source Is ignored. However, 

PEM-2 includes optional new penetration schemes that consider the potential 

temperature gradient 39a^/3z in the elevated stable layer to estimate the 

extent of its penetration by a buoyancy-dominated plume in unstable/neutral 

atmosphere. The value of 39a£/3z is specified by the user in the meteorological data input to PEM-2; otherwise, a default value of 0.0l°C/m 

(corresponding to an isothermal atmosphere) will be assumed in the calculations. The plume penetration schemes used in PEM-2 are discussed in detail 

in Appendix B. 

36 
P.47 

SECTION 3 

COMPUTER PROGRAM OVERVIEW 

3.1 BASIS FOR PEM-2 PROGRAM 

The PEM-2 computer program, listed in Appendix F, was developed by 

modifying the FORTRAN program of the Pollution Episodic Model (Rao and 

Stevens, 1982). The latter, in turn, was based on the computer program of 

the Texas Episodic Model Version 8 (TEM-8) and its Users' Guide (1979). 

TEM-8 uses the Gaussian plume concentration algorithms developed for nonreactive pollutants and a perfectly reflecting lower boundary. Chemical 

and physical depletion processes are therefore ignored, except for an 

option which allows a simple exponential decay of pollutant concentration 

with travel time. This method requires an accurate estimate of the 

pollutant's half-life. 

In contrast, both PEM-2 and PEM explicitly account for dry deposition, 

gravitational settling, and a first-order transformation of two chemicallycoupled gaseous or particulate pollutants in the concentration algorithms. 

The surface concentrations and deposition fluxes of both the primary pollutant (species-1 or reactant) as well as the secondary pollutant (species-2 

or reaction product) are calculated. Thus, since PEM-2 accounts for these 

processes, the concentration algorithms used in PEM-2 and TEM-8 are different, though both models share essentially the same framework for calculations. 

37 
P.48 

The PEM-2 model is developed from the PEM (Rao and Stevens, 1982) and 

the TEM-8 (Texas Air Control Board, 1979) with the following key 

modifications: 

1. PEM-2 uses Briggs' (1973) urban dispersion parameters (based on the 

St. Louis diffusion data of McElroy and Pooler, 1968) for both point 

and area sources, whereas PEM and TEM-8 use power laws based on 

Pasquill-Gifford (PG) a's for point sources and Gifford-Hanna (1970) 

az's for area sources. 

2. The number of atmospheric stability classes in PEM-2 are reduced to 

six, from seven in PEM and TEM-8, by combining the DD (neutral/day) and 

the DN (neutral/night) classes into a single D (neutral) class to conform with the current regulatory practice of the EPA. 

3. For buoyancy-dominated plumes in unstable/neutral atmosphere, Briggs' 

(1984) new plume rise equations and plume penetration (of an elevated 

stable layer) schemes are included as optional features in PEM-2. On 

the other hand, PEM and TEM-8 use only the standard "all or none" criterion for determining plume penetration, and simulate inversions of 

various strengths by arbitrarily specifying an inversion penetration 

factor. 

4. An option is provided in PEM-2 to use site-specific input values for 

the exponents of the wind-profile power law and anemometer height. 

Concentrations from area source emissions (located at any effective 

height H>0) are computed by numerical integration in PEM-2, while concentrations from area source emissions (assumed to be at ground-level) 

in PEM and TEM-8 are calculated from analytical concentration algorithms, 

The number of calculation grid squares used for each area source has 

been increased from 5 (in PEM and TEM-8) to 9 in PEM-2 to increase the 

calculated plume length and improve the model accuracy. 

3.3 STRUCTURE OF THE PROGRAM 

Figure 5 shows the structure of the PEM-2 computer program, its 

subroutines and functions. All input data to the model are read through 

subroutine INMOD. In order to calculate the relative concentrations of 

the species from area sources, the main program calls subroutine XINTEG to 

38 
P.49 

MAIN 

Input 

INMOD 

—Start loop on scenarios 

INMOD 

AUTGRD 1 RISE 

ROOT FUNR 

Area Sources 

XINTEG 1 FUN 3 

FUN 5 

XINTEG FUN4 

ARGCHK 

EXPO 

D01AJF FUN1A EXPO 

ARGCHK 

EXPO 

Start loop on area sources 

-End loop on area sources 

Point Sources 

-Start loop on point sources 

RISE 

QZCAL 1 RISE 

EXPO 

ARGCHK 

PSG4P D01AJF — 

D01AJF FUN1 

— FUN2 

- ARGCHK 

EXPO 

-End loop on point sources 

Output 

WORST 

WOROUT 

OUTMOD WOROUT 

ARRAY 

SCENMX 

•-End loop on scenarios 

MAXOUT 

Figure 5. Structure of computer program. 

39 
P.50 

5 

perform the numerical integrations. For each scenario, these numerical 

integrations are done only once, and each area source will have the same 

spatial pattern of affected squares downwind. These relative concentrations are then multiplied with the effective emission rates of the 

area sources to obtain the contributions to the concentrations at each 

receptor. After the area source calculations are completed, the program 

starts point source calculations by calling subroutines RISE and QZCAL. 

The latter calculates the probability densities of vertical distributions 

of concentrations of the two pollutants using the appropriate algorithms. 

All output is printed in subroutine OUTMOD, which calls and uses other 

optional output routines. This procedure is repeated for all scenarios. 

3.3 GENERAL FLOW OF THE PROGRAM 

At the beginning of the run, PEM-2 reads in all input data, screens 

them, prints warning messages, and sets default values as necessary. All 

control parameters are listed and explained. Input data for meteorological 

conditions, area sources, and point sources are also listed. Some errors 

in input data may be serious enough to cause cancellation of the run; 

however, in general, PEM-2 attempts to recover from input errors and 

complete the run using default values. The program prints an appropriate 

message whenever it resets an important input parameter to a default 

value. 

Inventories of area and point sources must include the locations of the 

sources on a receptor grid, their emission rates, the size for area sources, 

and stack parameters for point sources. 

40 
P.51 

These inventories are used with sets of hourly meteorological data 

called scenarios. For each scenario, the concentration and surface deposition flux are calculated at each impacted receptor in the grid. 

Output options are many and varied. Concentration and surface deposition flux may be presented in the form of lists, array maps, or records on 

tape. Other options include a culpability list of point sources, and 

information on plume rise and effective stack heights for each scenario. 

At the end of the averaging period, a list of receptors with the highest 

concentration for each pollutant may be printed. The details of these I/O 

options are given in Section 4. The calculation of the surface deposition 

fluxes of the pollutant species is discussed in Appendix C. 

41 
P.52 

SECTION 4 

PROGRAM USER'S GUIDE 

4.1 SUMMARY OF PROGRAM INPUT 

Control Parameters (7 cards) 

Control parameters remain constant throughout the run. They 

specify 1) a title; 2) run options for time-averaging, and types of 

input and output, and technical options for use of stack-tip downwash 

algorithm, new plume rise equations and plume penetration schemes; 

3) receptor grid coordinates and spacing; 4) deposition and settling 

velocities of pollutants and an option to calculate chemical transformation or decay at a given rate; 5) scaling factors for area source emissions and calibration coefficients to be applied to the calculated concentrations; 6) labels for the pollutants and calibrations; and 7) an 

option for using site-specific values for wind-profile exponents and 

anemometer height. 

Scenario Parameters (1-24 cards) 

Each card contains information for one scenario; i.e., the 

meteorological data for one hour. It includes atmospheric stability 

class, wind speed, wind direction, temperature, mixing height, and potential temperature gradient in the elevated stable layer above the mixing 

height. 

Area Source Parameters (0-50 cards) 

Each card contains information for one area source. It includes 

the location of the area source on the receptor grid, the size of the 

area source, and its emission rates. 

A blank card must follow the last area source card to signal the 

end of the area source data. 

Point Source Parameters (0-300 cards) 

Each card contains information for one point source. It includes 

the location of the point source on the receptor grid; its emission 

rates; the stack parameters of height, diameter, plume velocity and 

temperature; and a label which identifies the point source. 

A blank card must follow the last point source card to 

signal the end of the point source data. 

42 
P.53 

4.2 DETAILS OF PROGRAM INPUT 

4.2.1 Control Parameters (7 cards) 

Card 1 : Title FORMAT (20A4) 

Information identifying the run, which is printed at the top of each 

page of output. Up to 80 alphanumeric characters are allowed. 

Card 2 

NTOPT 

=1 

=2 

=3 

Input and output options 

Averaging time option 

FORMAT (1814) 

One hour: Concentrations are calculated for each scenario. 

No averaging done. 

Twenty-four hours: Concentrations are calculated for 

exactly 24 scenarios and averaged. 

Variable (2 to 23 hours): Concentrations are calculated 

for a given number of scenarios and averaged. 

The default value is NTOPT = 1 . 

NWDOPT Wind direction input option 

=0 The user will specify wind direction in degrees for each 

scenario. 

=1 The user will specify a wind direction sector number (from 

1 to 16) for each scenario. 

=2-7 The user will specify wind direction in degrees for the 

first of four sub-scenarios. For each succeeding subscenario, the wind direction is automatically shifted 

clockwise by 90, 45, 30, 15, 10, or 5 degrees for option 

numbers 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, and 7, respectively. 

NWDOPT = 2-7 is not allowed with time-averaging, i.e., 

when NTOPT = 2 or 3 . 

The default value is NWDOPT = 0 . 

NWSOPT Wind speed input option 

=0 The user will specify surface wind speed in meters/sec for 

each scenario. 

=1 The user will specify a wind speed class number (from 1 to 

6) for each scenario. 

The default value is NWSOPT = 0 . 

NWPOPT Wind-profile exponents input option 

=0 The model uses the standard (default) values for the urban 

wind-profile exponents. The anemometer height for surface 

wind observations is assumed to be 10 m. 

43 
P.54 

=1 The user will input site-specific values for wind-profile 

exponents and anemometer height on Card 7. 

The default value is NWPOPT = 0 . 

NSCEN Number of scenarios 

=1-24 The number of sets of hourly meteorological data to be 

read and processed by the program. If NT0PT=2 is specified, 

then NSCEN must equal 24 . If NSCEN is not specified 

correctly, then either the input data file will be misread 

or the run will be terminated. 

The default value is NSCEN = 1 . 

NLIST Output option for printing lists of uncalibrated concentration 

and surface deposition flux, and calibrated concentration at 

each receptor in the grid. 

=0 The lists are not printed. 

=1 Lists of concentration and surface deposition flux are 

printed, for one or two pollutants, at grid receptors with 

uncalibrated concentrations of at least 1 microgram per 

cubic meter. 

NLIST = 1 may not be used with the automatic windshift 

option (NWDOPT > 1) . 

The default value is NLIST = 0 . 

NARRAY Output option for array maps of calculated concentration and 

surface deposition flux at each receptor in the grid. 

=0 

=1 

=2 

=3 

No array maps are printed. 

Separate maps of uncalibrated concentration and surface 

deposition flux, and calibrated concentration are printed 

a total of three maps for each pollutant. 

Maps of uncalibrated concentration and surface deposition 

flux are printed two maps for each pollutant. 

Maps of calibrated concentration and surface deposition 

flux are printed two maps for each pollutant. 

The default value is NARRAY = 0 . 

NTAPE 

=0 

= 1 

Tape output option for a list of both uncalibrated and calibrated concentrations and surface deposition fluxes at each 

receptor in the grid. 

The list is not written on tape. 

A list of concentrations and deposition fluxes is written 

on a separate output tape, one receptor per record. Control 

parameter INTER may be set to limit the number of receptors 

written on tape. The program checks the total number of 

records to be written; if the nuraber is greater than 

62500, a message is printed and NTAPE is set to zero. 

44 
P.55 

NTAPE=1 may not be used with the automatic windshift 

option (NWDOPT > 1). NTAPE=1 may be used with NT0PT=1 to 

store the hourly concentrations, in order to calculate 

average concentrations externally for problems with highly 

variable emission, transformation, and deposition rates 

(see Section 1.3). 

The default value is NTAPE = 0 . 

NCSOPT Output option for a culpability list of the five point sources 

which contribute most to the total concentration calculated 

at each receptor. 

=0 The culpability list is not printed. 

=1 For each receptor in the grid, the program lists up to 

five point sources and the percentages of total concentration contributed by these sources. The total concentration 

and surface deposition flux at each receptor are also 

listed. This information is printed, for one or two pollutants, only at receptors with the highest contributions 

exceeding 1 microgram per cubic meter. NCS0PT=1 can be 

used only with NT0PT=1 . This option may not be used for 

more than one scenario with the automatic windshift option 

(NWDOPTM). It also may not be used when the number of 

columns (LX) or the number of rows (LY) in the grid is 

greater than 25 . 

The default value is NCSOPT = 0 . 

NMAX Output option for listing the maximum concentration and 

surface deposition flux calculated for each pollutant. 

=0 The lists are not printed. 

=1 At the end of the run, for each scenario or averaging 

period, lists are printed to show the receptor which 

received the highest concentration and deposition flux for 

each pollutant. 

The default value is NMAX = 0 . 

NSTDWN Technical option for stack-tip downwash algorithm for point 

sources. 

=0 The stack-tip downwash algorithm is used in the program to 

include the downwash effects. 

=1 The downwash algorithm is not used. 

The default value is NSTDWN = 0 . 

NPRISE Technical option to use Briggs' new equations for maximum 

rise of buoyancy-dominated plumes from point sources. 

=0 Standard Briggs' plume-rise equations are used for all 

stability classes. 

45 
P.56 

=1 New equations are used for maximum plume rise of buoyancydominated plumes for stability classes A-D (unstable/neutral atmosphere). 

The default value is NPRISE = 0 . 

NINPEN Technical option to use new schemes for penetration 

of buoyancy-dominated plume above mixing height. 

=0 Standard "all or none" criterion for plume penetration 

above mixing height is used. 

=1 New schemes are used for buoyancy-dominated plume penetration of elevated stable layer for stability classes A-D 

(unstable/neutral atmosphere). 

The default value is NINPEN = 0 . 

INTER Output option for interval of receptors written on tape. 

=N When the output option NTAPE=1 is selected, the value of 

INTER determines which receptors are written on the tape. 

When INTER is specified as integer N, every Nth receptor 

in each column and row is listed. Thus, if INTER=2, one 

fourth of the receptors will be listed; if INTER=5, one 

twenty-fifth will be listed. Effectively, an output grid 

is set up with "new" spacing equal to the value of 

INTER*GRID, and only those receptors on the "new" grid 

will be listed on the tape. 

The default value is INTER = 1 . 

NPRINT Output option for point source information. 

=0 Input point source data is printed only at the beginning 

of each run. 

=1 A list of input point source parameters and calculated 

plume rise information is printed for each scenario. 

The default value is NPRINT = 0 . 

INPTSC Input option for point source data. 

=1 Point source data is read from the normal input stream (on 

cards, for example). 

=2 Point source data is read from a disk file specified by 

the user. 

The default value is INPTSC = 1 . 

46 
P.57 

NGPR Gradual plume rise option for point sources. 

=0 Final effective plume rise height used at all distances. 

=1 Gradual plume rise used close to source. 

NBID Option to consider bouyancy induced dispersion (BID). 

=0 BID is not used. 

=1 BID is considered for elevated point sources. 

Card 3 : Grid information FORMAT (2F10.0,2I10,3F10.0) 

XRSWC The x, or east-west coordinate of receptor at the southwest 

corner of the grid, in kilometers. 

The default value is XRSWC =0.0 . 

YRSWC The y, or north-south coordinate of receptor at the southwest corner of the grid, in kilometers. 

The default value is YRSWC =0.0 . 

LX The number of columns of receptors in the grid. Allowable 

values are 1 to 50 . 

The default value is LX = 1 . 

LY The number of rows of receptors in the grid. Allowable 

values are 1 to 50 . 

The default value is LY = 1 . 

GRID Automatic grid option or grid spacing. 

=0.0 The program designs the receptor grid for each scenario 

such that there is good receptorcoverage near the point of 

maximum concentration. For point sources, this location is 

determined from the Gaussian plume algorithm without 

deposition or transformation. For problems that include 

these removal mechanisms and area source emissions, therefore, this automatic grid may not be the optimum grid. 

This option cannot be used when NTOPT > 1 . 

>0.0 The size of the spacing between columns and rows of receptors in the grid, in kilometers. 

The default value is GRID = 0.0 . 

DTDZ(l), The atmospheric potential temperature gradient for 

DTDZ(2) E and F stability classes, respectively, in 

deg. C/meter. These values are used in the plume 

47 
P.58 

rise equations under stable conditions. 

The default values are DTDZ(l) = 0.02 and 

DTDZ(2) = 0.035 . 

Card 4 : Pollutant deposition and chemical transformation 

parameters FORMAT (215, 6F10.0) 

NPOL 

ICT 

=0 

=1 

VD1 

Wl 

VD2 

W2 

XKT 

GAMMA 

The number of pollutants (1 or 2) 

The default value is NPOL = 1 . 

Chemical transformation or decay option. 

Transformation/decay of pollutant-1 is ignored. 

If NPOL = 1, a first-order chemical decay of 

the pollutant-1 is considered. 

If NPOL = 2, a first-order chemical transformation of pollutant-1 to pollutant-2 is considered. 

The default value is ICT = 0 . 

Deposition velocity of pollutant-1, in cm/sec. 

Settling velocity of pollutant-1, in cm/sec. 

Deposition velocity of pollutant-2, in cm/sec. 

Settling velocity of pollutant-2, in cm/sec. 

The default values of W and VD for both species are 

zeros. If either W or VD is less than 0.01 cm/sec, 

then the value of that parameter is set to zero. 

This reduces computer run times and job costs 

without significantly altering the calculated 

concentrations. 

In general, for deposition to occur, the settling 

velocity (W) should be less than or equal to the 

deposition velocity (VD). For gases and very small 

particles, W should be zero. For small particles, 

W should be less than VD. For particles of size 

d > 50 microns, W should equal VD. 

Chemical transformation or decay rate of pollutant-1 , in percent/hour. Allowable values are 

0.1 to 100.0 ; input values outside this range 

are set to the nearer limit. For example, 

if XKT=0.0 is specified (when ICT=1), then the 

program prints a message and sets XKT=0.1 . 

The ratio of molecular weights of pollutant-2 

(product) to pollutant-1 (reactant) in the 

chemical transformation (when ICT=1). 

The default value is GAMMA =0.0 . 

48 
P.59 

Card 5 : Scaling and calibration FORMAT (7F10.0) 

HAS The effective height of area source emissions in 

meters. Note that a single value is used to 

approximate the height of emissions from all urban 

area sources. 

The default value is HAS = 0.0 . 

ASCALE(l), Area source scaling factors for pollutants 1 and 2. 

ASCALE(2) All area source emission rates are multiplied 

by ASCALE(l) for pollutant-1 and by ASCALE(2) 

for pollutant-2. These factors may be utilized to 

scale the entire area source inventory to account 

for higher emission rates expected in future years 

(from an increased traffic volume, for example), 

or to convert the units of emission rates in the 

inventory to grams/sec. 

The default values are ASCALE(l) =1.0 and 

ASCALE(2) = 1.0 . 

A(l), Coefficients used to calibrate the calculated 

B(l) concentration of pollutant-1. 

The calibrated concentration, C* , is computed 

from the formula C* = A + B . C , 

where C is the uncalibrated concentration. 

The normal output units of the latter are 

micrograms per cubic meter. The calibration 

coefficients can be used to convert the units 

to percent allowable, parts per million, or 

any other convenient units. 

The default values are A(l) = 0.0 and B(l) = 0.0 . 

A(2), Coefficients used to calibrate the calculated 

B(2) concentration of pollutant-2. 

The default values are A(2) - 0.0 and B(2) = 0.0 . 

Card 6 : Labels FORMAT (3A4,7A4,3A4,7A4) 

POLNAM(l) Name for pollutant-1 

Up to 12 alphanumeric characters are allowed. 

CALNAM(l) Label for calibrated values of concentration 

of pollutant-1, computed from calibration 

coefficients A(l) and B(l). 

Up to 28 alphanumeric characters are allowed. 

P0LNAM(2) Name for pollutant-2 

Up to 12 alphanumeric characters are allowed. 

CALNAM(2) Label for calibrated values of concentration 

of pollutant-2, computed from calibration 

coefficients A(2) and B(2). 

Up to 28 alphanumeric characters are allowed. 

Defaults for all labels are blanks. 

49 
Card 7 (optional): Site-specific values of anemometer height 

and/or wind-profile exponents 

FORMAT (7F10.0) 

HA Anemometer height in meters 

This is the height at which the surface wind 

speed is measured. 

The default value is HA = 10.0 . 

PI(I), Wind profile exponents derived from local obser1=1,6 vations for stability classes 1 to 6 . 

The default values are given in Section 2.5.2. 

Note that site-specific values for anemometer 

height and/or wind-profile exponents can be 

specified only if the wind-profile option 

NWPOPT on Card 2 is specified as NWP0PT=1. 

When this option is selected, the values for HA 

and/or PI(I) must be specified on Card 7; if the 

values for both of these parameters are the same 

as the standard (default) values, then Card 7 

should be a blank card. 

4.2.2 Scenario Parameters FORMAT(3I5,5F10.0) 

One to 24 cards, each containing a set of meteorological data for one hour. 

NSC Atmospheric stability class number 

Allowable values are 1 to 6 ; an input value 

outside that range will be set to the nearer 

limit. 

NWS Wind speed class 

Allowable values are 1 to 6 ; an input value 

outside that range will be set to the nearer 

limit. Note that NWS is used only when the 

windspeed input option NWSOPT on Card 2 is 

specified as NWS0PT=1 . 

NWD Wind direction sector 

Allowable values are 1 to 16 ; an input value 

outside that range will be set to the nearer 

limit. Note that NWD is used only when the 

wind direction input option NWDOPT on Card 2 

is specified as NWD0PT=1 . 

WS . Surface wind speed in meters/sec 

This is assumed to be measured at a height of 

10 meters unless a different value for anemometer height is specified on Card 7 above. 

Note that WS is used only when the wind speed 

input option NWSOPT on Card 2 is specified as 

NWSOPT = 0 . If WS=0.0 (calm) is specified 

50 
P.61 

under this option, a message is printed and WS 

is set to 1.0 meter/sec. 

WD Wind direction 

The azimuthal angle in degrees of the direction 

from which the wind is blowing. Allowable values 

are 0.0 through 360.0 degrees. Note that WD is 

used only when the wind direction input option on 

Card 2 is specified as NWDOPT=0 or 2 through 7. 

The default value is WD = 0.0, wind from the north. 

TA Ambient temperature at 10 m height in deg. C. 

The default value is TA = 0.0 . 

HMIX Mixing height in meters 

The height of the base of the inversion above 

the ground. This is also effectively the depth 

of the turbulent mixing layer. 

The default value is HMIX = 9999.99 . 

DTDZI Potential temperature gradient in the elevated 

stable layer above mixing height in deg. C/meter. 

The default value is DTDZI =0.01 . 

4.2.3 Area Source Parameters FORMAT(5F10.0) 

Zero to 50 cards, each containing parameters for one 

area source. A blank card must follow the last area 

source data card. 

XA The x, or east-west, coordinate of southwest 

corner of the area source, in kilometers. 

The default value is XA = 0.0 . 

YA The y, or north-south, coordinate of southwest 

corner of the area source, in kilometers. 

The default value is YA = 0.0 . 

SIZE The length of a side of area source in meters. 

The default value is SIZE = GRID*1000.0, the side 

of a receptor grid square in meters. If GRID=0.0 

(i.e., automatic grid option is elected), then 

SIZE is arbitrarily set to 1.0 . 

EA(1), Emission rates for pollutants 1 and 2 in gms/sec. 

EA(2) 

Note that EA is not an emission rate per unit 

area; this is the emission rate of an equivalent point source located at the center of the 

area source. 

The default values are EA(1) =0.0 

and EA(2) = 0.0 . 

51 
P.62 

Note that area source inventory must be followed by a 

blank card to signal the end of area source data. 

4.2.4 Point Source Parameters FORMAT(8F9.0, 2A4) 

Zero to 300 cards, each containing parameters for one 

point source. A blank card must follow the last point 

source data card. 

XP The x, or east-west, coordinate of point 

source, in kilometers. 

The default value is XP = 0.0 . 

YP The y, or north-south, coordinate of point 

source, in kilometers. 

The default value is YP = 0.0 . 

EP(1), Emission rates for pollutants 1 and 2 in gms/sec. 

EP(2) 

The default values are EP(1) = 0.0 

and EP(2) = 0.0 . 

HP The physical height of the stack in meters. 

The default value is HP = 0.0 . 

DP The inside diameter of the stack-tip in meters. 

If DP=0.0 is specified, a message is printed and 

DP is set to 1.0E-4 meters. 

VP The stack-exit velocity of plume in meters/sec. 

The default value is VP = 0.0, which results in 

zero plume rise. 

TP The stack-exit temperature of plume in deg. C. 

The default value is TP = 0.0 , which usually 

results in a momentum-dominated plume rise. 

NAME Label which identifies the point source. Up to 

eight alphanumeric characters may be used. 

The default is blanks. 

Note that the point source inventory is followed by a blank 

card to signal the end of the point source data. 

52 
P.63 

4.3 GUIDE TO PROGRAM OUTPUT 

PEM-2 has several output options which are outlined below. 

In order to avoid a large output, the user may select only 

the necessary options on Card 2. 

NPRINT Point source information 

At the beginning of each scenario or sub-scenario*, for 

each point source, the output lists Its coordinates on the 

receptor grid, emission rates, stack parameters, dominant 

influence (momentum or buoyancy) of plume rise, wind speed 

at physical stack height, maximum effective source height, 

and plume penetration fraction (see Appendix B). 

NCSOPT — Point source culpability list 

At the end of each scenario or sub-scenario , for each 

receptor in the grid, the five point sources which contributed most to the total concentration at that receptor are 

identified. For each receptor, the output includes the 

five point-source sequence numbers, the percentage of total 

concentration each of the five produced, and the total 

concentration and surface deposition flux at the receptor. 

This information is printed for one or two pollutants. 

To reduce the amount of output produced, only receptors 

with highest contributions exceeding 1 microgram per cubic 

meter are printed. 

NLIST Concentration and surface deposition flux list 

At the end of an averaging-period consisting of 1 to 

24 scenarios, the uncalibrated concentration and deposition 

flux, as well as the calibrated concentration, of one or two 

pollutants are listed at each receptor in the grid. To reduce 

the amount of output produced, only receptors with uncalibrated concentrations of at least 1 microgram per cubic meter 

are listed. 

NTAPE Concentration and surface deposition flux tape 

At the end of the averaging-period, for each receptor in 

the grid, the calculated concentration and surface deposition 

flux are written on to a separate output tape. All records on 

the tape contain eighty alphanumeric characters. A separate 

record is written for every receptor in the grid, unless the 

interval parameter INTER has been specified as greater than 

*When the automatic windshift option is selected (NWDOPT > 1), 

a scenario is divided into four sub-scenarios, each with the 

same meteorological data except for the wind direction. The 

latter is shifted automatically by a given number of degrees 

for each sub-scenario. 

53 
P.64 

one. The first record on the tape contains the title information given on Card 1 of the Control Parameter cards, 

written by FORMAT(20A4). Succeeding records contain the 

x,y coordinates of the receptor, values for concentration, 

deposition flux, calibrated concentration, and calibrated 

surface deposition flux for pollutant-1, followed by the 

values of these parameters for pollutant-2. These values 

are written by FORMAT(10F8.2). 

NARRAY Array maps of concentration and surface deposition flux 

At the end of each averaging-period, separate maps are 

printed for concentration and deposition flux for each 

pollutant. The values are printed at each receptor at 

its relative location on the grid to aid in visualization 

of the distribution of the pollutant. 

The value specified for NARRAY determines which maps 

are printed. If NARRAY=1, separate maps of uncalibrated 

and calibrated concentrations, and uncalibrated deposition 

flux are printed (3 maps); if NARRAY=2, maps of uncalibrated concentration and deposition flux only are printed 

(2 maps); and if NARRAY=3, two maps of only the calibrated 

values are printed. Each map may require one, two, or four 

pages of output to display the entire grid, since each page 

can display values for up to 25 columns and 25 rows of the 

grid. 

NMAX Maximum concentration and surface deposition flux 

At the end of the last scenario or sub-scenario (if 

NT0PT=1) or at the end of the averaging period (if NTOPTM), 

the receptors which receive the highest concentrations of 

pollutants-1 and 2, and the values of these concentrations, 

are listed. A second list gives the surface deposition 

fluxes at these receptors. 

Note : The NCSOPT option can be used only with NT0PT=1; 

therefore, the output data printed with this option refer 

to hourly concentrations. When the NMAX option is used 

with NT0PT=1 and NSCEN > 1, the list of hourly maximum 

concentration and deposition flux values, and the receptors 

where they occur, is printed only after the last scenario 

has been processed. 

When the time-averaging is selected (NT0PT=2 or 3), the 

output for option NPRINT is printed after each scenario, 

but the output for options NLIST, NTAPE, NARRAY, and NMAX 

is printed only after all scenarios of the averaging period 

have been processed. Thus, the concentrations and surface 

deposition fluxes printed in the output of the latter set 

of options represent the time-averaged values. 

54 
P.65 

4.4 DISCUSSION OF I/O PARAMETERS 

The PEM-2, designed to predict short-term (1 to 24 hr) average groundlevel concentrations, assumes that emission rates are constant over the 

averaging period for NTOPT > 1. This may not be a good assumption for 

cases where the emissions are strongly time-dependent. For these cases, 

concentration estimates may be made for each hour with NTOPT = 1, using the 

appropriate emissions data and the mean meteorological conditions for that 

hour. Then concentrations for a period longer than an hour can be 

determined by averaging the hourly concentrations of that period. This can 

be done externally with minimal programming. The tape output option 

NTAPE=1 may be used to store the hourly concentration data. 

The deposition and sedimentation velocities of the species and the 

chemical transformation rate are also assumed to be constant over the 

concentration-averaging period. If it is important to consider the diurnal 

variations of these parameters, a procedure similar to that described above 

for emissions can be used in concentration calculations. 

The meteorological data input to PEM-2 consist of atmospheric stability 

class, wind speed, wind direction, temperature, mixing height, and the 

potential temperature gradient in the elevated stable layer. Each of these 

hourly data sets is called a scenario. For a given set-up of the receptor 

grid, the pattern of the impacted receptors downwind of a source depends 

primarily on the wind direction. For urban-planning or regulatory 

purposes, it may be necessary to investigate the effects of different wind 

directions on the calculated concentration patterns in the receptor grid. 

The PEM-2 has an option which divides each scenario into four subscenarios, each consisting of the same hourly meteorological data except 

55 
P.66 

for the wind direction. When the user selects this automatic windshift 

option (i.e., NWDOPT > 1), the wind direction for only the first of the 

four sub-scenarios is specified by the user. For each succeeding subscenario, the wind direction is automatically shifted clockwise by a fixed 

number of degrees and the concentration calculations are repeated. The 

magnitude of this shift may be as large as 90° (for NWDOPT = 2), or as 

small as 5° (for NWDOPT = 7). 

The calculated concentrations, Cj^, of the species in the PEM-2 are 

3 

given in yg/m ; these are referred to as uncalibrated values, and represent 

only the contributions of the sources to the concentrations at the receptors. The user may add the background concentrations, or express the 

calculated concentrations in parts per million or percent allowable, by the 

formula 

C* = k± + B±- C± , i = 1 or 2, 

where k± and B.^ are the user-specified calibration coefficients (with 

* 

default values of zero), and C^ are the calibrated concentrations of the 

species. Depending on the value specified for NARRAY, the PEM-2 output may 

consist of array maps of either uncalibrated values or calibrated values, 

or both, of concentrations and surface deposition fluxes. 

The culpability list output option, NCSOPT, is used for evaluation of 

control strategies. When this option is in effect, the five point sources 

which contributed most to the total concentration at each receptor are 

identified and their percent contributions are printed for each scenario. 

This option may be used for one or two pollutants, but only when the model 

calculates hourly concentrations with the time-averaging option NTOPT = 1. 

56 
P.67 

Based on the number of pollutants (NPOL = 1 or 2) and the chemical 

transformation/decay option parameter (ICT = 0 or 1) specified in the input 

to the model, the PEM-2 program does one of the following: 

1. If NPOL = 1 and ICT = 0 or 1, surface concentrations and deposition 

fluxes of one gaseous or particulate pollutant, with the given 

deposition and settling velocities, VD1 and Wl respectively, are 

calculated. If ICT = 1, then chemical decay of the pollutant is also 

considered if the decay rate XKT > 0. is given. 

2. If NPOL = 2 and ICT = 0, surface concentrations and deposition fluxes 

of two different and uncoupled gaseous or particulate pollutant 

species with the given deposition and settling velocities, VD1 and Wl 

(for species-1) and VD2 and W2 (for species-2) respectively, are 

calculated. Emission rates for both species may be different. 

Chemical decay is not considered for either species even if XKT > 0. 

3. If NPOL = 2 and ICT = 1, the two gaseous or particulate pollutant 

species are coupled through a first-order chemical transformation. 

The surface concentrations and deposition fluxes of both the primary 

pollutant (species-1 or reactant) as well as the secondary pollutant 

(species-2 or reaction product) are calculated. The chemical 

transformation rate (XKT > 0.) should be given. Non-zero direct 

emissions of the secondary pollutant from the point and/or area 

sources may also be specified as input for this case. 

The specification of the deposition and gravitational settling velocities in the model is discussed in Appendix C. 

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P.69 

Example 2(b) 

The problem described above is repeated here, but with 

the standard (default) plume rise and penetration schemes in 

PEM-2; all of the other input-option parameters and data 

remain the same as given above, in order to facilitate 

comparison of the surface concentrations calculated by the 

"old" and "new" methods of accounting for the plume rise and 

penetration. The maximum effective source heights calculated 

by the two methods are about the same for stack 1, but the 

new penetration scheme (Example 2a) estimates that only 55 

percent of the plume remains in the mixed layer and contributes to the concentrations, whereas the entire plume 

remains in the mixed layer in Example 2b. Therefore, for 

stack 1, the concentrations calculated in Example 2b are 

nearly twice as large as the corresponding values in 

Example 2a. For stack 2, the new schemes give a larger 

effective source height and estimate that only 84 percent 

of the plume remains within the mixed layer; therefore, 

the concentrations calculated in Example 2a are again 

smaller than in Example 2b. 

This comparison clearly illustrates the need for the 

new plume rise equations which account for the differences 

between unstable and neutral conditions, and the new penetration schemes which consider partial plume penetration 

while accounting for the stratification in the elevated 

stable layer. In general, the standard "all or none" criterion predicts more occurences of plume penetration (which 

results in zero ground-level concentrations) than the new 

penetration schemes; the Examples given above are clearly 

designed to show the opposite in order to facilitate 

comparison. 

Example 3 

This problem deals with one large ground-level area 

source and three isolated point sources. The average 

direct emission rate of pollutant-2 is about 10 percent 

(or less) of the emission rate of pollutant-1. The chemical transformation rate is 5 percent/hour, and the deposition parameters are VD1=2.0, Wl=0.0, VD2=0.2, and 

W2=0.0 cm/sec. The receptor grid has 25 columns and 25 

rows with 1.5 km spacing. Six scenarios, representing 

moderately stable conditions, low temperatures, and 

variable wind speeds and directions, are specified. The 

input option NWP0PT=1 is elected; this requires the use 

of site-specific values for wind profile exponents and 

anemometer height given on Card 7. The atmospheric 

potential temperature gradients for E and F stability 

classes are specified as 0.015 and 0.030 deg C/m, respectively. The output includes array maps of 6-hour average 

concentrations and deposition fluxes for each pollutant, 

and the receptor with the highest concentrations for the 

averaging period. 

59 
P.70 

REFERENCES 

Briggs, G. A., 1969: Plume Rise. AEC Critical Review Series. Available 

as TID-25075 from NTIS, Springfield, VA, 81 pp. 

, 1973: Diffusion estimation for small emissions. ATDL 

Annual Report, NOAA, Oak Ridge, TN, 83-146. 

, 1984: Plume rise and buoyancy effects. Atmospheric Science and 

Power Production, D. Randerson, ed., DOE/TIC-27601, Tech. Info. 

Center, Oak Ridge, TN, Chapter 8, 327-366. 

Gifford, F. A., and S. R. Hanna, 1970: Urban air pollution modeling. In 

Proc. of 2nd Int. Clean M r Congress, Washington, D.C. 

, 1976: Turbulent diffusion-typing schemes: A review. Nuclear 

Safety 17, 68-86. 

Hosker, R. P., 1973: Estimates of dry deposition over forests and grassland. Proc. IAEA Symposium, IAEA-SM-181/19, Vienna, 291-309. 

McElroy, J. L., and F. Pooler, 1968: St. Louis dispersion study. U.S. 

Public Health Service. National Air Pollution Control Administration, 

Publication AP-53, Vol II, 51 pp. 

Rao, K. S., 1981: Analytical solutions of a gradient-transfer model for 

plume deposition and sedimentation. EPA-600/3-82-079, U.S. 

Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC, 75 pp. 

[NTIS PB 82-215 153]. 

, 1982: Plume concentration algorithms with deposition, 

sedimentation, and chemical transformation. EPA-600/3-84-042, U.S. 

Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC, 87 pp. 

[NTIS PB 84-138 742]. 

, and M. M. Stevens, 1982: Pollution Episodic Model User's 

Guide. EPA-600/8-84-008, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 

Research Triangle Park, NC, 186, pp. [NTIS PB 84-164 128]. 

Texas Air Control Board, 1979: User's'Guide: Texas Episodic Model. 

Permits Section, Austin, TX, 215 pp. 

Turner, D. B., 1970: Workbook of Atmospheric Dispersion Estimates. Public 

Health Service. Publication No. 999-AP-26, U.S. Environmental 

Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC, 84 pp. 

, and J. H. Novak, 1978: User's Guide for RAM. 

EPA-600/8-78-016a, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research 

Triangle Park, NC, Vol. 1, 60 pp. 

60 
P.71 

APPENDIX A 

POINT SOURCE ALGORITHMS 

The algorithms used in PEM-2 to calculate ground-level concentrations 

of gaseous or particulate pollutants released from an elevated continuous 

point source are derived by Rao (1982). These algorithms are based on a 

gradient-transfer model which describes the atmospheric transport, diffusion, dry deposition, sedimentation, and a first-order chemical transformation of pollutants. The analytical solutions of the model are expressed 

in terms of the empirical Gaussian plume dispersion parameters and extended 

to various atmospheric stability and mixing conditions. Details of the 

model and the solutions can be found in that reference. Here we only list 

the parameterized point source algorithms for the primary (reactant) and 

the secondary (reaction product) pollutants, denoted by subscripts 1 and 2, 

respectively. 

For convenience, we adopt the following nondimensionalization scheme: 

All velocities are nondimensionalized by U, the constant mean wind speed. 

The horizontal downwind distance x and all vertical height quantities are 

nondimensionalized by /I 0"z; the chemical transformation time scale x is 

nondimensionalized by /2 oz/U. The horizontal crosswind distance y is 

nondimensionalized by /2 Oy. Thus, we define 

61 
P.72 

where 

V = V /U , V „ = V /U 

dl dl ' d2 d27 

wx - wx/u , w2 = w2/u 

A A A AA A 

Vll " Vdl - V 2 • V 12-V 12-V2 

A A A A 

V13 = Vll " (W1 " W 2) / 2 (A_1 ) 

v = v - W V = v - w 

21 dl

 Wl ' V22 d2 W2 

= x//2 az , z = z//l 

z 

H = H//2 az , £ = L//2 az 

xc = xc U//2 az , y = y//2 a2 

H = effective height of source 

L = height of the inversion lid or mixing depth 

^Hl ' ^AJ = ^r v *^eP

os-'-t::*-on velocities of primary and secondary 

pollutants 

W, , W_ = gravitational settling velocities of primary and 

secondary pollutant particles 

x, y, z = horizontal downwind, horizontal crosswind, and vertical 

coordinates 

ay , az = Gaussian dispersion parameters in y and z directions 

T C = characteristic time scale of first-order chemical 

transformation. 

The nondimensional functions g^i and gin used in Eq. (1) of Section 

2.2.1 are now defined as follows: 

62 
P.73 

.2, gj(x,y ) = exp(- y ) (A-2) 

g^(x,0 ) = 2 exp(-3^ - X/T C ) • (1 - o ^ (A-3) 

where a = 2/iT V x e erf c £. 

&l - Wt x - H 

A A 

Ct = H + 2 V n x (A-4) 

g ^ 2 (x,0 ) = 2 e 

" B r 

(Q2/Qi

 + Y) d " a2) 

- y exp(- X/T C ) • (1 - a 3 ) 

-2 H 

- Y 2/TT (V21 - V2 2 ) x • e - F^x.O ) (A-5) 

where a 2 = 2/TT V x e erf c E, 

a_ = 2/TT V x e erf c £-

3 2 = W£ x - H 

A A A A 

C2 = H + 2 V12 x , ? 3 = H + 2 V13 5 (A-6) 

63 
P.74 

and 

1 ff ->o /HJUT: 

--£. A 

, ~H xt 

exp I — - -*-

c

 T 

C 

*? 

I" 1 - / 7 (5 4 - H//F) e' 4 erf c ? 4 "I 

£ l - /TT 5 5 e erf c £5 J dt (A-7) 

where £4 = H//t + 2 V x / t 

5 5 = 2 V12 x / l - t (A-8) 

In Eq. (A-5), Y is the ratio of molecular weight of the secondary pollutant 

to molecular weight of the primary pollutant, and Q2/Q, is the 

corresponding ratio of emission rates of species. In Eq. (A-7), t is a 

parameterized dimensionless variable of integration with limits of 0 and 1. 

The nondimensional functions gl, and g/~ used in Eq. (2) of Section 

2.2.1 are defined as follows: 

A A 

For Vdl # Wj or V21 * 0, 

-

2 

g'j(S) - exp(-62 - i/Tc) [<VU / V2 1 ) e * erfc 5, (A-9) 

3

2 

- (Wj/2V21) e"1 erfc ^ J 

64 
P.75 

where £, = 2 V.. x and Bi = W, x. 

A A 

For Vd l = W l or V ^ = 0, 

g^(x) = exp(-cj - X/TC) [ (1 + 2 n\) e

 l erfc ^ - 2 ^//ir ] (A-10) 

A A 

A ,_ A where £-= 2 V . x = V,.x = W 1

 x* 

For V21 * 0 and V2 2 * 0, 

-8. 

g^2 (x) = e (Q2/Qi

 + Y> (V12/V22) e erfc ?2 - (W2/2V22) e 2 erfc B2 

-X/T 

- Y e 

C

2 B2 

( Vn / V2 1 ) e 3 erfc C3 - (W2/2 V^ ) e 2 erfc B2 

- Y 4/TT (V21 - V2 2) x • F2(x) (A-11) 

where £2 = 2 V-2 x , B2 = W2 x 

A A 

?3 = 2 V13 X , V1 3 = V u - (Wx - W2)/2 (A-12) 

65 
P.76 

F2 ( x ) = L . r 1

 JL 

"

2Wo /r 

exp(-xt/T ) J 1 - /IT % e erf c 5, I 

[(V 1 0 /V„ ) e 5 erf c ^ - (W9/2V00) e 6 e L2' 22' '5 v" 2 "'22 ' rfc 56]dt, (A-13) 

where 54 = ?3 /t" , ?5 = C2 /l^t" , S& = B2 /1-t (A-14) 

For V21 * 0 and V = 0, 

g£2(x) = e 

-5. 

tQ2/Ql + Y ) (1 + 2 c2) e 2 erfc 52 2 C2//TT 

„ -* 2 9 

"

x/Tc I - - c3 . . q 

Y e j (V13/ V21) e erf c C3 " (W 2

/2V 21) e erf c ^2 

- Y 4/7 V21 x • F2(x) (A-15) 

where h

 = 2 V12 x = Vd2 x

 = w 2 5 = e2 , e3 = 2 v1 3 s 

F2(x) 2-- J r 

J

o /t 

c L[ '4

 c CLLU H J exp(-xt/T ) 1 - /TT £, e erfc ?, 

[ (1 + 2 £2) e 5 erfc 55 - 2 ^//u 1 dt, (A-16) 

66 
with 54 = £3 /t , C5 = 52 /1-t 

For V91 = 0 and V0 0 * 0, 21 22 

§42( x ) = e 

-5-

(Q2/Qi + Y) (V12/V22) e Z erfc £2 - (W2/2V22) e erfc £3 

-X/T 

- Y e 

5

2 

(1 + 2 £2) e 3 erfc ?3 - 2 ^//ir 

+ Y 4/TT V2 2 £ . F2(x) 

(A-17) 

where C2 = 2 V1 2 x , ?3 = 2 V.., x = W2 x = B2 , 

and F2(x) is given by Eq. (A-13). 

For V21 = 0 and V2 2 = 0, 

g^2(x) - [q2/Q1 + Y (1 " e~x/Tc ) ] 

-c 

(1 + 2 ?2) e 2 erfc K2 - 2 ^// 7 (A-18) 

where Co "2 x — Ba« 

67 
P.78 

In Eqs. (A-7), (A-13), and (A-16), t is a parameterized integration 

variable. The integrand functions in these equations have singularities 

at the end-points t=0 and t=l of the integration domain it t. Because of 

their complexity, these integrations cannot be carried out analytically; 

therefore, they should be evaluated by numerical integration to a sufficiently high degree of accuracy. 

A computer-library subroutine named D01AJF, developed by the Numerical 

Algorithms Group (NAG), is utilized in PEM-2 for the numerical integration. 

This general purpose integrator routine, which is capable of handling the 

singularities, has been selected because of its accuracy and applicability. 

It estimates the value of a definite integral of an externally defined 

function over a finite range to a specified absolute or relative accuracy, 

using Gauss-Kronrod rules in an adaptive strategy with extrapolation. 

Further details of this subroutine can be found in Appendix D. 

In the limit, when V = W. = 0 and T and °°, the algorithms for g' , 

g22 ' g4l * an d g42 (defined

 above) reduce to the familiar Gaussian-plume 

diffusion algorithms currently used in EPA air quality models. Thus the 

new algorithms given in this section may be though of as extensions of the 

latter to include deposition, sedimentation, and chemical transformation. 

It should be noted that the algorithms for gl-. and gl? are also used 

in Eq. (5) of Section 2.3.2 to calculate ground-level concentrations from 

area sources. 

68 
P.79 

REFERENCE 

Rao, K. S., 1982: Plume Concentration Algorithms with Deposition 

Sedimentation, and Chemical Transformation. EPA-600/3-84-042, U.S. 

Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC, 87 pp. 

[NTIS PB 84-138 742]. 

69 
P.80 

APPENDIX B 

PLUME RISE EQUATIONS AND PLUME PENETRATION METHODS 

The various optional schemes used in PEM-2 for treatment of the stackplume downwash, plume rise (including criteria for the crossover between 

momentum and buoyancy), and plume penetration of elevated stable layers are 

briefly described and the equations listed here. For further information, 

the user should consult the references cited. 

Stack Downwash 

PEM-2 provides a default option (NSTDWN=0) to account for the stack-tip 

downwash of the plume, following Briggs (1973), as follows: 

h' = h + 2 (R - 1.5) d , for R < 1.5 

s s ' 

h' = h , for R > 1.5 

s s ' 

(B-l) 

where R = Vg/U and h' > 0 is the "reduced" physical stack height. The 

various symbols are defined below. If the user specifies NSTDWN=1, the 

downwash correction is not used. 

70 
P.81 

Plume Rise 

The plume rise is estimated using Briggs' (1969, 1971) standard 

equations if the default option NPRISE=0 is used in PEM-2. There are 

four different situations for plume rise, and the corresponding equations 

can be written as follows: 

1) For a buoyancy-dominated plume in unstable/neutral atmosphere, 

Ah(x) =1.6 r}/3 x2 / 3 U_1 , for x < x (B-2) 

b max 

and 

Ah = 1.6 Fu

1 /3 x2 / 3 U_1 , for x > x (B-3) 

b max = max 

where x =4 9 FT^8 , for F, < 55 

max b b 

2/5 

and x = 119 F ' , for F, I 55 

max b b -

(B-4) 

Note that by substituting (B-4) in (B-3), the maximum plume rise can also 

be expressed as 

(B-5) 

Ah = 21.425 F3/A U * , for FL < 55 

b b 

and Ah = 38.71 F3 /5 U_1 , for Fb l 55 

2) For a momentum-dominated plume in unstable/neutral atmosphere, 

Ah(x) = 1.89 [R2d/(R+3)]2/3 x1 / 3 , for x < x (B-6) 

max 

71 
P.82 

and Ah = 3 R d , for x > x (B-7) 

= max 

where x = 4d(R+3)2/R and R = V /U (B-8) 

max s 

3) For a buoyancy-dominated plume in stable atmosphere, 

Ah(x) = 1.6 F}/3 X 2 / 3 U * , for X < X (B-9) 

b max 

1/3 

and Ah = 2.6 (F,/U s) , for x > x (B-10) b ' ' = max ' 

where x = 2.0715 U s 1/ 2 (B-ll) 

max 

and s = (g/T ) 99 /3z (B-12) 

3 a 

In (B-12), 30 /9z > 0 is the vertical gradient of potential temperature in 

a 

stable atmosphere. Its value may be specified by the user; otherwise, 

PEM-2 uses the default values of 0.02 and 0.035°K/m for E and F stability 

classes, respectively. 

4) For a momentum-dominated plume in stable atmosphere, 

Ah = 1.5 (Fm/U)1 /3 s"1/6 (B-13) 

and x = 0 

max 

For this case, there is no expression given for Ah(x) since (B-13) is 

assumed to apply for all values of x. The smaller of the two Ah values 

calculated from (B-7) and (B-13) is taken as the final plume rise in this 

case. 

72 
P.83 

-

After calculating the maximum plume rise from one of the equations 

above, the effective source height can be obtained from 

H = h* + Ah 

s 

The variables used in the equations listed above are defined here: 

Fb 

Fm 

d 

g 

h 

s 

h' 

s 

H 

s 

= 

= 

= 

= 

= 

= 

= 

= 

= 

0.25 (g/T ) V d2 AT 

s s 

4 3 

plume buoyancy flux at stack exit, m /s 

0.25 (T /T ) V2 d2 

a s s 

plume momentum flux at stack exit, m /s 

inside diameter of stack-tip, m 

2 

acceleration due to gravity, 9.8 m/s 

physical stack height, m 

"reduced" physical stack height for downwash cases, m 

effective source height, m 

-2 stability parameter, s 

given 

(B-14) 

(B-15) 

(B-16) 

T = atmospheric temperature, °K 

T = plume temperature at stack exit, °K 

s 

U = mean wind speed at physical stack height, m/s 

V = plume velocity at stack exit, m/s 

x = downwind distance from stack, m 

x = downwind distance at maximum plume rise, m 

max

 r ' 

Ah(x) = distance-dependent plume rise, m 

Ah = maximum or final plume rise, m 

AT = T - T , plume temperature excess, °K 

s a 

73 
P.84 

Crossover Between Momentum and Buoyancy 

In order to properly use the plume rise equations given above, one 

should know whether the plume is dominated by momentum or buoyancy. This 

determination is generally based on the crossover temperature difference, 

(AT) . Analytic expressions for (AT) can be derived, for given 

c c 

atmospheric conditions, by setting the maximum plume rise equation for the 

buoyancy-dominated plume equal to the corresponding equation for the 

momentum-dominated plume. 

For unstable/neutral atmosphere, equating (B-5) to (B-7), we obtain the 

expressions 

(AT) = .02964 T V1 / 3 d"2/3, for Fu < 55 (B-17) 

c s s b 

and (AT) = .00575 T V2 / 3 d"1/3, for FL > 55 (B-18) 

c s s b = 

For stable atmosphere, equating (B-10) to (B-13), we obtain the 

expression 

(AT) = .01957 T V s1 / 2 (B-19) 

c a s 

For any given atmospheric stability, the plume is assumed to be 

buoyancy-dominated if T > T and AT = T - T exceeds the crossover tems a s a 

perature difference (AT) calculated from the appropriate expression given 

above. If T < T or if AT < (AT) , the plume is assumed to be momentums = a = c 

dominated. 

From (B-15), (B-17) and (B-18), the crossover criteria for 

unstable/neutral atmosphere may also be expressed in terms of the crossover 

plume-buoyancy flux, (F ) , as follows: 

74 
P.85 

(F.) = .0727 (V d) 4 / 3 , for Fu < 55 (B-20) 

b e s b 

(F.) = .0141 (V d) 5 / 3 , for Fu > 55 (B-21) 

D C S D = 

If F > 0 and F > (F, ) , then the plume is buoyancy-dominated; otherwise, 

D b b c 

it is momentum-dominated. 

Similarly, from (B-12) and (B-19), the crossover criteria for stable 

conditions can be expressed in terms of the crossover plume velocity, 

(V ) , as follows: 

s c 

1/2 

(V ) = 115.28 AT/T ' for E-stability 

(V ) = 87.14 AT/T1/2 for F-stability 

s c a 

(B-22) 

The default values of 0.02 and 0.035°K/m for E and F stability classes, 

respectively, are assumed for 38 /3z in the above expressions. If the 

a 

values specified by the user are significantly different, then the 

following general expression may be utilized: 

(V ) = 16.30 AT/(T 38 /3z)X'

2 (B-23) 

s c a a 

If (V ) > 0 and V < (V ) , then the plume is buoyancy-dominated; others c ss c

 J J 

wise, it is momentum-dominated. 

New Plume Rise Equations 

For a buoyancy-dominated plume, the maximum plume rise given by (B-5) 

compromises substantial differences between unstable (convective turbulence) 

and neutral (mechanical turbulence) atmospheric conditions. The inverse 

75 
P.86 

dependence of final plume rise on wind speed in (B-5) is rather simplistic, 

and the equations may seriously overpredict Ah for low-level sources at 

high wind speeds. 

PEM-2 provides an option (NPRISE=1) to use Briggs1 (1975, 1984) new 

equations to estimate the maximum rise of a buoyancy-dominated plume in 

unstable/neutral atmosphere. The new plume-rise equations show a weaker 

dependence of Ah on U in unstable conditions and a considerably stronger 

dependence on U in neutral conditions. These equations, which contain the 

minimum essential physics with the maximum allowable simplifications, can 

be written as follows: 

For unstable atmosphere, 

Ah = 30 (F, /U) 3 / 5 , for x > x (B-24) 

b = max 

where x =81.2 F2 / 5 U 3 / 5 (B-25) 

max b 

For neutral atmosphere, 

Ah = 24 (F /U3) 3 / 5 (h» + 200 F,/U 3 )

2 / 5 , for x ± xav (B-26) 

D s o max 

where x ^ = 58.1 (Fb/U3)

2/5 (h£ + 200 Fb/U3)3 /5 (B-27) 

In PEM-2, for unstable/neutral conditions, Ah is evaluated from both 

(B-24) and (B-26), and the lower of these two values is selected as the 

maximum buoyancy rise of the plume. Generally, (B-24) gives the lower Ah 

value for low wind speeds, and (B-26) gives the lower value for high wind 

speeds. The maximum buoyancy rise thus determined is then compared with 

the maximum momentum rise of the plume evaluated from (B-7), and the 

higher of these two values is selected as the maximum plume rise. The 

76 
P.87 

distance to the maximum plume rise, x , is then obtained from one of the 

max 

equations (B-8), (B-25), and (B-27) that is appropriate for the selected 

final plum r e rise. For x < x , the distance-dependent plume rise is 

 max 

determined from (B-2), as before. This procedure was suggested by Turner 

(1985). 

Plume Penetration of Elevated Stable Layer 

The daytime turbulent mixed layer with a near-adiabatic lapse rate 

above the ground is frequently bounded by a thick layer of stably-stratified 

air aloft. This situation also occurs in the marine inversion layer in 

some coastal areas. The elevated stable layer then effectively limits vertical dispersion to the mixed layer of depth L. A buoyant plume rising 

into a convectively or mechanically mixed layer may partially or completely 

penetrate the capping stable layer, depending on the stratification 

strength and elevation of the latter with respect to the plume. 

The default penetration-option (NINPEN=0) in PEM-2 does not consider 

partial penetration of the elevated stable layer. If the maximum effective 

source height, H = h' + Ah, exceeds the mixing depth L, then the pollutants 

s 

are assumed to be emitted into the stable layer aloft; these pollutants 

will not be brought to the ground and, therefore, the source is ignored. If 

H £ L, then the plume is assumed to be trapped within the mixed layer with 

no ability to penetrate the stable layer aloft. This treatment, which 

assumes either complete penetration of the elevated stable layer or no 

penetration at all, is similar to that used in EPA air quality models such 

as CRSTER. 

77 
P.88 

PEM-2 provides an option (NINPEN=1) to use new penetration schemes that 

allow consideration of the strength of stratification of the elevated 

stable layer in estimating the extent of its penetration by a buoyancydominated plume in unstable/neutral atmosphere. These schemes, based on 

the work of Briggs (1975, 1984), Weil and Brower (1982), Turner (1985), and 

others, are briefly described below. 

For a buoyant bent-over plume, the penetration criteria are based on 

the heights of the upper and lower edges of the plume at final rise, relative to the stable layer height, z', above the stack: 

z,' = L - h (B-28) 

i s 

Based on field observations, Briggs approximated the heights (above the 

stack) of the upper and lower edges of the bent-over plume by 1.5 Ah and 

0.5 Ah, respectively, where Ah is the final rise of the plume. Penetration 

commences only when the upper edge of the plume is at the top of the mixed 

layer, i.e., 1.5 Ah = zJ or Ah = (2/3) zJ. Therefore, the minimum effective plume centerline height necessary to consider penetration is given by 

H = h + (2/3) z' (B-29) 

pen s i 

where H is referred to, hence, as the penetration height. If the effeepen 

tive source height, H, estimated from the standard or new plume-rise formulas 

give 6 n above, is less than H , then no penetration occurs. If H > H , 

 pen' ^ = pen' 

then the fraction of the plume that penetrates the elevated stable layer is 

computed as given below. 

78 
P.89 

Following Briggs, we define the plume penetration fraction, P, as the 

ratio of the depth of the plume above the elevated stable layer to the 

total plume depth: 

P = (1.5 Ah - Zp/(1.5 Ah - 0.5 Ah) = 1.5 - z|/Ah (B-30) 

As a simple and conservative approach to estimate the final plume rise, 

Briggs assumed that the mixed layer is stably-stratified with the same 

atmospheric potential temperature gradient, 38 ,/3z, as that in the elevated stable layer. Thus Ah in (B-30) is estimated from an expression 

similar to (B-10) for a buoyancy-dominated plume In stable atmosphere: 

Ah = 2.6(F,/U s, ) 1 / 3 (B-31) 

b i 

where s, = (g/T ) 38 /3z (B-32) 

i a ai 

The value of the atmospheric potential temperature gradient in the elevated 

stable layer is specified by the user in PEM-2; if it is not specified, a 

default value of 0.0l°C/m (corresponding to an isothermal atmosphere) will 

be assumed by the model. This approach is conservative since the plume 

rise thus estimated will be much lower than that computed using a nearadiabatic lapse rate which is appropriate for the mixed layer. 

The plume penetration fraction P is calculated from (B-30) and (B-31) 

such that 0 ^ P ^ 1. No penetration (P=0) is assumed to occur when the 

plume upper edge is at or below the top of the mixed layer, i.e., Ah < (2/3)z'. 

Complete penetration (P=l) occurs when the lower edge of the plume is at or 

above the top of the mixed layer, i.e., Ah > 2z'. Partial penetration 

(0 < P < 1) occurs for 0.5 Ah < z' < 1.5 Ah. 

79 
P.90 

In PEM-2, we assume that only the fraction (1-P) of the plume material 

remaining within the mixed layer contributes to the ground-level concentrations (GLC); essentially, the fraction P of the plume material is 

lost. The effective source strength, Q . , is then given by 

Qek = (1-P) \ , k = 1,2 (B-33) 

where Q is the emission rate of species-k from the stack. In the conK. 

centration algorithms, the effective source height H represents only the 

height of the centerline of the plume, and not the heights of its upper and 

lower edges, when the plume is within the mixed layer. For partial 

penetration cases, therefore, a new effective source height (H ) should be 

determined for the fraction of the plume remaining within the mixed layer. 

First, we consider the two limiting cases, P*0 and P+l. For P-K), H is 

obviously given by H , the penetration height defined in (B-29). As P *• 1, 

the new effective source height should approach L, or H •*• h + z' from (B-28), 

G S 1 

since the small fractional plume of thickness (l-P)Ah that is left at the 

top of the mixed layer vanishes in the limit P+l. 

Now, from simple geometric considerations, a general expression for 

H valid for any value of P (0 < P < 1) can be written as 

H = h + [zJ - 0.5 (l-P)Ah] 

e s i 

Substituting Ah = z'/(1.5-P) from (B-30) in the above, we obtain 

H = h + [(1-0.5 P)/(1.5-P)]z.' (B-34) 

e s I 

This equation for H is consistent with the definition of P, and also 

satisfies the limiting behavior, for P=0 and P=l, discussed above. The 

elevations (above the stack) of the upper and lower edges of the plume 

80 
P.91 

material whose centerline is given by (B-34) are z' and z'/(3-2P), respectively. The solid lines in Figure (B-l) show the variations of normalized 

elevations of the centerline and edges of this plume as functions of P. 

Equation (B-34) for H differs from that given by Weil and Brower (1982), 

e 

who interpolated linearly between the limiting values of H at P=0 and P=l, 

as follows: 

H = h + [(2+P)/3]z.' (B-35) 

e s 1 

The elevations of the upper and lower edges of the plume whose centerline 

is given by (B-35) are z.' and (l+2P)z'/3, respectively. Figure (B-l) 

shows the centerline and lower edge of this plume in broken lines. It is 

clear that, though both (B-34) and (B-35) give the same values for H at 

P=0 and P=l, the linear model consistently overpredicts the effective 

source height of the fractional plume left in the mixed layer for 0 < P < 1. 

At P=0.5, for example, (B-35) overpredicts H by about 11 percent, and the 

elevation of the lower edge is overestimated by about 33 percent. 

For 0 < P < 1, the distance downwind from the stack to the location 

where the new effective source height H occurs can be obtained by equating 

the plume rise from (B-34) to the distance-dependent plume rise given by 

(B-2) and solving for x: 

x = [(l-0.5P)z' U / 1.6(1.5-P)]3/2 F"1/2 (B-36) 

max l o 

For x < x , the plume rise is predicted from (B-2); for x > x , H is 

max = max e 

given by (B-34). 

The various formulas for computing the effective source height and 

effective source strength can be summarized as follows: 

81 
t o 

0> 

I 

1.2 

1.0 

0.8 -

PLUME UPPER EDGE (TOP OF MIXED LAYER) 

(B-35 ) ---• 

0.6 

^ 0.4 

0.2 

0 

0 

PLUME LOWER EDGE 

0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 

Figure (B-l). Variation of the elevation (above the stack) of the fractional plume 

left within the mixed layer as a function of the plume penetration 

fraction. Solid lines show the plume centerline given by Eq. (B-34)-, 

and upper and lower edges of the plume for the partial penetration 

model used in PEM-2. Broken lines show the corresponding plume 

centerline given by Eq. (B-35), and the lower edge from the linear 

interpolation model of Weil and Brower (1982). The plume upper edge 

is the same in both models. 
P.93 

(a) For H < H , the plume does not penetrate the elevatt 

pen 

and penetration need not be 

H = H 

e 

Qek = Qk ' 

considered. 

k = 1,2 

(b) For H > H , the plume penetration fraction P should 

(B-30) and (B-31). Then, depending on the value 

applies: 

(i) For P=l, the entire 

the source is ignored since 

H > L 

e = 

"ek ' ° 

(ii) For P=0, the entire 

contributes to the GLC. 

H = H 

e pen 

Qek = Qk 

(iii) For 0 < P < 1, the 

layer; only the fraction (1-

contributes to the GLC. 

plume penetrates the 

it does not contribut 

plume remains within 

plume partially penet 

of P, one 

elevated 

e to the ( 

the mixed 

rates the 

-P) of the plume material left 

H = h + [(1-0.5P)/(1.5-P)]z' 

e s i 

Qek = (1-P) Qk 

For cases (ii) and (iii), the downwind distance x 

source height is estimated f "rom (B-36). 

83 

id stable layer, 

be computed 

(B-37) 

from 

of the following 

stable layer, 

JLC. 

layer and 

and 

(B-38) 

(B-39) 

elevated stable 

Ln the mixed 

: to the effective 

max 

layer 

(B-40) 
P.94 

REFERENCES 

Briggs, G. A., 1969: Plume Rise. AEC Critical Review Series. Available 

as TID-25075 from NTIS, Springfield, VA, 81 pp. 

, 1971: Some recent analyses of plume rise observations. Proc. 

of 2nd Int. Clean Air Congress, H. M. Englund and W. T. Beery, eds. 

Academic Press, New York, 1029-1032. 

, 1973: Diffusion estimation for small emissions. ATDL Annual 

Report, NOAA, Oak Ridge, TN, 83-146. 

, 1975: Plume rise predictions. Lectures on Air Pollution and 

Environmental Impact Analysis, D. A. Haugen, ed. Amer. Meteorol. Soc, 

Boston, MA, 59-111. 

, 1984: Plume rise and buoyancy effects. Atmospheric Science and 

Power Production, D. Randerson, ed. DOE/TIC-27601, Tech. Info. Center, 

Oak Ridge, TN, Chapter 8, 327-366. 

Turner, D. B., 1985: Proposed pragmatic methods-for estimating plume rise 

and plume penetration through atmospheric layers. Atmos. Environ. 19, 

1215-1218. 

Weil, J. C , and R. B. Brower, 1982: The Maryland PPSP Dispersion Model 

for Tall Stacks. Report PPSP-MP-36, Environ. Center, Martin Marietta 

Corp., Baltimore, MD. 

84 
APPENDIX C 

SURFACE DEPOSITION FLUXES, AND 

DEPOSITION AND SETTLING VELOCITIES 

C l SURFACE DEPOSITION FLUXES 

The surface deposition fluxes of the primary and the secondary 

pollutants at ground level receptors are calculated directly as 

Vx.y) =

 V

dl * *Vx,y,0) (C-1) 

D2(i,y) = Vd2 - C2(5,y,0) (C-2) 

D^ gives the amount of pollutant i deposited per unit time per unit 

2 

surface area, and is usually calculated in the short term as yg/m -hr or 

2 2 

kg/km -hr, while seasonal estimates are expressed as kg/km -month. The 

estimation of the monthly or yearly surface deposition fluxes at a given 

downwind distance x from the source in a given wind-directional sector 

requires the knowledge of the fraction of the time that a mean wind of a 

given magnitude blows in that direction in a month or a year, respectively. 

2 3 

To obtain D-^ in kg/km -hr when V<ji is given in cm/s and C^ in yg/m , the 

right-hand side of the equations should be multiplied by 0.036. To obtain 

2 3 

D-£ in yg/m -hr when V ^ is given in cm/s and C.^ in yg/m , the 

corresponding multiplication factor is 36. For D^ calculations, the 

ground-level receptor is generally defined as any receptor which is not 

higher than 1 meter above the local ground-level elevation. 

85 
P.96 

PEM-2 calculates the surface deposition fluxes of one or two 

pollutants. These values are printed in a map or list form, as specified 

by the user, in the same way the program prints the concentrations. The 

2 

flux units are generally yg/m -hr; however, if these values are too large 

to be clearly printed in a map format, the program automatically converts 

2 

them Into kg/km -hr before printing. 

C.2 DEPOSITION AND SETTLING VELOCITIES 

The values of the settling and deposition velocities primarily depend 

on the particle diameter d. (i) In the trivial case of W = V^ = 0, 

settling and deposition effects are negligible, (ii) For very small 

particles (d < 0.1 ym), gravitational settling can be neglected, and dry 

deposition occurs primarily due to nongravitational effects. In this case, 

W = 0 but V<- > 0. (iii) For small to medium-sized particles (d =0.1 ~ 50ym), 

0 < W < V^; deposition is enhanced here beyond that due to gravitational 

settling, primarily because of increased turbulent transfer resulting from 

surface roughness, (iv) For larger particles (d > 50 ym), it is generally 

assumed that Vj = W > 0, since gravitational settling Is the dominant deposition mechanism. (v) When W > V, > 0, turbulent re-entrainment of the 

deposited particles from the surface back into the atmosphere is implied, 

as in a dust storm, for example. Model parameters such as those given 

above for cases (i) to (iv) are widely used in the atmospheric dispersion 

and deposition of particulate material. The deposition of gases is a special case of the particulate problem with W = 0; this is similar to case 

(ii). Thus, one has to carefully select the values of W and V<- for use in 

the models. A more complete discussion of these model parameters is given 

by Rao (1982). 

86 
P.97 

REFERENCE 

Rao, K. S., 1982: Plume Concentration Algorithms with Deposition, 

Sedimentation, and Chemical Transformation. EPA-600/3-84-042, U.S. 

Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC, 87 pp. 

[NTIS PB 84-138 742]. 

87 
P.98 

APPENDIX D 

DOIAJF - NAG FORTRAN Library Routine Document 

NOTE' before using this routine, please read the appropriate implementation document to check the interpretation of bold italicised 

terms and other implementation-dependent details. The routine name may be precision-dependenL 

1. Purpose 

DOIAJF is a general-purpose integrator which calculates an approximation to the integral of a function 

F(jr) over a finite interval (A,B): 

B 

/ - f F(x) dx. 

2. Specification 

SUBROUTINE DOIAJF (F. A. B. EPSABS. EPSREU RESULT, ABSERR, 

I W, LW, IW, LIW, IFAIL) 

C INTEGER LW, IW(LIW), LIW, IFAIL 

C real F, A. B, EPSABS, EPSREL, RESULT, ABSERR. W(LW) 

C EXTERNAL F 

3. Description 

DOIAJF is based upon the QUADPACK {3] 

routine DQAGS. It is an adaptive routine, using 

the Gauss 10-point and Kronrod 21-point rules. 

The algorithm, described in [1], incorporates a 

global acceptance criterion (as defined by 

Malcolm and Simpson [2]) together with the 

.r—algorithm [4] to perform extrapolation. The 

local error estimation is described in {3]. 

The routine is suitable as a general purpose 

integrator, and can be used when the integrand 

has singularities, especially when these are of 

algebraic or logarithmic type. 

4. References 

[I] DEDONCKER. E. 

An Adaptive Extrapolation Algorithm for 

Automatic Integration. 

Signum Newsletter 13, No. 2, pp. 12-18, 

1978. 

[2] MALCOLM. M.A. and SIMPSON. R.B. 

Local versus Global Strategies for Adaptive 

Quadrature. 

A.C.M. Trans. Math. Software 1, pp. 

129-146. 1976. 

[3] PIESSENS. R.. DE DONCKER, E., 

U BERHUBER. C. and KAHANER. D. 

•QUADPACK", A Quadrature Subroutine 

Package. 

To be published, 1980. 

(4) WYNN. P. 

On a Device for Comnuting the e (S ) 

Transformation. 

MXA.C, 10, pp. 91-96, 1956. 

5. Paramelers 

F - real FUNCTION, supplied by the user. 

F must return the value of the integrand al a 

given point. 

Its specification is: 

real FUNCTION F(X) 

real X 

X - real. 

On entry. X specifies the point at which the 

integrand value is required by DOIAJF. X 

must not be reset by F. 

F must be declared as EXTERNAL in the 

(sub)program from which DOIAJF is called. 

A - real. 

On entry, A must specify the lower limit of 

integration. 

Unchanged on exit. 

B - real. 

On entry, B must specify the upper limit of 

integration. 

Unchanged on exit. 

EPSABS -real. 

On entry, EPSABS must specify the absolute 

accuracy required. If EPSABS is negative, the 

absolute value is used. Sec Section 10. 

Unchanged on exit. 

88 
P.99 

EPSREL -real. 

On entry, EPSREL must specify the relative 

.a-ccuracy required. If EPSREL is negative, the 

absolute value is used. See Section 10. 

Unchanged on exit. 

RESULT -real. 

On exit, RESULT contains the approximation to 

the integral /. 

ABSERR - real. 

On exit, ABSERR contains an estimate of the 

modulus of the absolute error, which should be 

an upper bound for \I— RESULT|. 

W - real array of DIMENSION (LW). 

Used as workspace. 

LW - INTEGER. 

On entry. LW must specify the dimension of W 

as declared in the calling (sub)program. LW/4 is 

an upper bound for the number of subintervals 

into which the interval of integration is divided. 

A value in the range 800 to 2000 is adequate for 

most problems. The more difficult the integrand, 

the larger LW should be. Trivially LW >: 4. See 

IW below. 

LW is unchanged oh exit. 

IW - INTEGER array of DIMENSION (LIW). 

Used as workspace. 

On exit, IW(1) contains the amount of real 

workspace actually used (the smallest possible 

value of LW). 

LIW-INTEGER. 

On entry, LIW must specify the dimension of 

IW, as declared in the calling (sub)program. 

LIW > LW/8 + 2. 

Unchanged on exit. 

IFAIL-INTEGER. 

Before entry. IFAIL must be assigned a value. 

For users not familiar with this parameter 

(described in Chapter P01) the recommended 

value is 0. 

Unless the routine detects an error (sec next 

section). IFAIL contains 0 on exit. 

6. Error Indicators and Warnings 

Errors delected bv the routine:-

IFAIL - 1 

The maximum number of subdivisions allowed 

with the given workspace has been reached 

without the accuracy requirements being 

achieved. Look at the integrand in order to 

determine the integration difficulties. If the 

position of a local difficulty within the interval 

can be determined (e.g. a singularity of the 

integrand or its derivative, a peak, a 

discontinuity...) one will probably gain from 

splitting up the interval at this point and calling 

the integrator on the subranges. If necessary, 

another integrator which is designed for 

handling the type of difficulty involved, must be 

used. Alternatively consider relaxing the 

accuracy requirements specified by EPSABS 

and EPSREL, or increasing the amount of 

workspace. 

IFAIL -= 2 

Roundoff error prevents the requested 

tolerance from being achieved. The error may 

be under-estimated. Consider requesting less 

accuracy. 

IFAIL - 3 

Extremely bad local integrand behaviour 

causes a very strong subdivision around one (or 

more) points of the interval. The same advice 

applies as in the case of IFAIL = I. 

IFAIL - 4 

The requested tolerance cannot be achieved, 

because the extrapolation does nol increase the 

accuracy satisfactorily; the returned result is 

the best which can be obtained. The same 

advice applies as in the case of IFAIL «= 1. 

IFAIL = 5 

The integral is probably divergent, or slowly 

convergent. It must be noted that divergence 

can also occur wilh any non-zero value of 

IFAIL. 

IFAIL *= 6 

On entry. LW < 4. or LIW < LW/8 + 2. 

7. Auxiliary Routines 

This routine calls NAG Library routines 

D01AJV. D0IAJX, D01AJY, D01AJZ. 

P01AAF. X02AAF, X02ABF and X02ACF. 

8. Timing 

This depends on the integrand and the accuracy 

required. 

89 
P.100 

9. Storage 

The storage required by internally declared 

arrays is 107 real elements. 

10. Accuracy 

The routine cannot guarantee, but in practice 

usually achieves, the following accuracy: 

(/-RESULTJ </o/ 

where 

tol - max|JEPSABS|,|EPSREL| X |/|) 

and EPSABS and EPSREL are user-specified 

absolute and relative error tolerance. Moreover it 

returns the quantity ABSERR which, in normal 

circumstances, satisfies |/—RESULT| •< 

ABSERR < tol. 

11. Further Comments * 

Labelled COMMON block ADOIAJ is used by 

this routine and must therefore be avoided by the 

user. 

12. Keywords 

Quadrature, Extrapolation, Globally Adaptive, 

Singularities. 

13. Example 

To compute 

2r x.Jin(30x) dj. 

f-y^i 

WARNING: This sin-jlt precision example program may require anicndmcnl for certain imptcmcntalions. The results produced may 

not be Ihe same. If in doubt, please seek further advice (see Elsscniiil Inlroduclioa lo the Library Manual). 

13.1. Program Text 

C 

c 

c 

c 

c 

c 

c 

c 

DOIAJF EXAMPLE PROGRAM TEXT 

MARK 8 RELEASE. NAG COPYRIGHT 1979. 

_ SCALARS IN COMMON _ 

REAL PI 

INTEGER KOUNT 

_ LOCAL SCALARS _ 

REAL A. ABSERR. B. EPSABS, EPSREL, 

INTEGER IFAIL, NOUT 

- LOCAL ARRAYS _ 

REAL W(800) 

INTEGER IW(I02) 

_ FUNCTION REFERENCES _ 

REAL XOIAAF 

'_ SUBROUTINE REFERENCES -

DOIAJF 

EX. EXACT. RESULT 

EXTERNAL FST 

COMMON /TELNUM/ PI. KOUNT 

DATA EXACT /-0.2."UA:S9MS$93J30E+0|/ 

DATA NOLTT /6 / 

WRITE (NOUT.99999) 

PI - XOIAAF(PI) 

EPSABS - 0.E0 

ErSREL - I.E-OJ 

A - 0.E0 

B - 2.E0-PI 

KOUNT - 0 

IFAIL - I 

CALL DOIAJF(FST. A. 11. EPSABS. ErSREL. RESULT. ABSERR. W. 

• SOO. IW. 102. IFAIL) 

WRITE (NOUT.99--9S) A. II. LI'SABS. EPSREL 

WRITE (KOUT.9--997) RFSIU.T. AI1SFRR. KOUNT. IW(I). IFAIL 

EX - AHStl-XACT-Rl-XU.T) 

WRITE 4iNOL'T.9«»*OM FX 

STOP 

99999 FORMAT t'llX/l . AMI DOIAJF l"X-\MIMF PROGRAM RESULTS/IXl 

9999S FORMAT till . 2\ . I HA. **V '" I LOW | K I IM1T 01 INTEGRATION 

90 
P.1 

• FI0.4/IH . IX. IHB. 6X. 3IH- UPPER LIMIT OF INTEGRATION - . 

• FI0.4/IH , 2X. 39HEPSABS - ABSOLUTE ACCURACY REQUESTED - , 

• E9.2/IH . 2X. 39HEPSREL - RELATIVE ACCURACY REQUESTED - , 

• E9.2/) 

99997 FORMAT (IH . JX. 4IHRESULT - APPROXIMATION TO THE INTEGRAL - , 

• EI4.5/IH . 2X. 42HABSERR - ESTIMATE OF THE ABSOLUTE ERROR - , 

• EI0.3/IH . 2X. 42HK0UNT - NUMBER OF FUNCTION EVALUATIONS - , 

• 14/IH . 2X. 43HIW(|) - ELEMENTS OF REAL WORKSPACE USED - . 

• 14/IH . 2X. 22HIFAIL - ERROR FLAG - . 14/) 

99996 FORMAT (IH . 7X. 27H - EXACT ABSOLUTE ERROR - . EI0.3) 

END 

REAL FUNCTION FST(X) 

C • _ SCALAR ARGUMENTS -

REALX 

C 

C _ SCALARS IN COMMON _ 

REAL PI 

INTEGER KOUNT 

C 

C - FUNCTION REFERENCES _ 

REAL SIN. SQRT 

C 

COMMON /TELNUM/ PI. KOUNT 

KOUNT - KOUNT + I 

FST - X,SIN(30.E0'X)/SQRT(I.EO-X**2/(4.E0'PI*,2)) 

RETURN 

END 

C DOIAJF EXAMPLE PROGRAM TEXT 

C MARK 8 RELEASE. NAG COPYRIGHT 1979. 

13.2. Program Data 

None. 

I3J . Program Results 

DOIAJF EXAMPLE PROGRAM RESULTS 

A - LOWER LIMIT OF INTEGRATION - 0.0000 

B - UPPER LIMIT OF INTEGRATION - 6.2832 

EPSABS - ABSOLUTE ACCURACY REQUESTED - 0.O0E 00 

EPSREL - RELATIVE ACCURACY REQUESTED - 0.I0E-43 

RESULT - APPROXIMATION TO THE INTEGRAL - -0.25433E 01 

ABSERR - ESTIMATE OF THE ABSOLUTE ERROR - 0.I2SE-W 

KOUNT - NUMBER OF FUNCTION EVALUATIONS - 777 

IW(l) - ELEMENTS OF REAL WORKSPACE USED - 76 

1FAIL - ERROR FLAG - 0 

- EXACT ABSOLUTE ERROR - 0.893E-OS 

(This document i s reproduced from NAG FORTRAN Librar y Mini-Manual, 

Mark 8 , 1980 ; Copyright of Numerica l Algorithm s Group, 113 1 Warren 

Ave. , Downer's Grove , IL 60515). 

91 
P.2 

APPENDIX E 

INPUT AND OUTPUT LISTINGS OF EXAMPLE PROBLEMS 

The input data and output listings for the PEM-2 example problems 

described in Section A.5 are shown in the tables of this Appendix as 

follows: 

Table 

Number Page 

E-l Input data for Example Problem 1 93 

E-2 Output listing for Example Problem 1 94 

E-3 Input data for Example Problem 2(a) 106 

E-4 Output listing for Example Problem 2(a) 107 

E-5 Input data for Example Problem 2(b) 120 

E-6 Output listing for Example Problem 2(b) 121 

E-7 Input data for Example Problem 3 134 

E-8 Output listing for Example Problem 3 135 

92 
P.3 

TABLE E-l 

INPUT DATA FOR EXAMPLE PROBLEM 1 

CONTROL CARDS 

i TITLE 

2 OPTIONS 

3 SRID 

4 POLLUTANTS 

5 SCALINS 

A LABELS 

SCENARIO CARDS 

AREA SOURCE CARDS 

PEN 

S02 

X 

J 

2 

4 

5 

6 

EXAHPLE 1: 

0 

0. 

1 

10. 

4 

4 

4 

1 r. 

* 11/ 

T c 

9.5 

9.5 

0 

li 

11 

11 

CARD IHASES 

MULTIPLE AREA SOURC 

0 

0. 

1. 

1. 

10.5 

3.5 

.5 

.5 

3 0 

OS 

Xm> 

0. 

1. 

4. 

T 

0. 

1000. 

4000. 

2000. 

1000. 

X 

lie 

XXJi 

115 

XXm1. 

XX J. 

cc n 

t.3 j X 

0 

25 

0.1 

0. 

c 

lj 

10. 

90. 

20. 

5. 

SPECIES, 

0 

ULFATE 

5. 

J i 

5. 

1 

1. 

0. 

0. 

1 

I • 

9. 

i 

X. 

.5 

3-HR 

1 

c,c.C\ 

500. 

500. 

AVS C0NC & 

0. 

1.0 

0. 

1 

0. 

0. 

jj 

DEP FLUX 

1 0 

0. 

1.5 

0. 

(A BLANK CARD TO SIGNAL END OF AREA SOURCE INVENTORY) 

93 
P.4 

TABLE E-2 

OUTPUT LISTING FOR EXAMPLE PROBLEM 1 

PEN-2 (VERSION S4130) 

POLLUTION EPISODIC HODEL 

INCLUDING 

DEPOSITION, SEDIMENTATION, AND CHEMICAL TRANSFORMATION 

OF POLLUTANTS 

94 
P.5 

POLLUTION EPISODIC HODEL (PEM-2) 

INPUT CONTROL PARAMETERS: PEM-2 EXAMPLE 1: MULTIPLE AREA SOURCES, 2 SPECIES, 3-HR AVG CONC & DEP FLUX 

AVERAGING TIME OPTION: NT0PT=3 

A SCENARIO IS A SET OF METEOROLOGICAL DATA FOR ONE HOUR 

1 1 HOUR: CONCENTRATIONS ARE CALCULATED FOR EACH SCENARIO 

2 24 HOURS: CONCENTRATIONS CALCULATED FOR 24 SCENARIOS ARE AVERAGED 

3 VARIABLE: CONCENTRATIONS CALCULATED FOR A GIVEN NUMBER (2 TO 23) OF SCENARIOS ARE AVERAGED 

SIND DIRECTION OPTION: NWDOPT=0 

0 DIRECTION IN DEGREES TO BE SPECIFIED FOR EACH SCENARIO 

i SECTOR NUMBER TO BE SPECIFIED FOR EACH SCENARIO 

2-7 DIRECTION IN DEGREES TO BE SPECIFIED FOR THE FIRST OF FOUR SUB-SCENARIOS. 

FOR EACH SUCCEEDING SUB-SCENARIO, HIND DIRECTION IS AUTOMATICALLY INCREASED 

BY 90,45,30,15,10,OR 5 DEGREES, DEPENDING ON THE OPTION NUMBER SELECTED. 

MIND SFEED OPTION: NHSQPT=0 

0 SPEED IN M/S TO BE SPECIFIED FOR EACH SCENARIO 

1 HIND SPEED CLASS NUMBER TO BE SPECIFIED FOR EACH SCENARIO 

NUMBER OF SCENARIOS: NSCEN= 3 

RECEPTOR SRID: COLUMNS: LX= 25 ROSS: LY= 25 

SPACING: SRID= 1.000 KH 

SOUTHWEST CORNER XRSHC= 0.0 KM H 

YRSHC= 0.0 KM S 

95 
P.6 

POLLUTION EPISODIC MODEL (PEM-2) 

INPUT CONTROL PARAMETERS: PEM-2 EXAMPLE 1: MULTIPLE AREA SOURCES, 2 SPECIES, 3-HR AVG CONC fc DEP FLUX 

NUMBER OF POLLUTANTS: NP0L=2 

AREA SOURCE SCALING FACTOR: 

CALIBRATION COEFFICIENTS: 

CALIBRATION IDENTIFICATION: 

DEPOSITION VELOCITY (CH/S): 

SETTLINS VELOCITY (CH/S): 

POLLUTANT-1: 

ASCALE= 

A= 0.0 

VD1= 

m= 

S02 

1.00 

B= 

1.000 

0.0 

0.0 

POLLUTANT-2: SULFATE 

ASCALE= 

A= 0.0 

VD2= 

W2= 

1.00 

B= 

0.100 

0.0 

0.0 

CHEMICAL TRANSFORMATION OPTION: ICT=1 

NP0L=2 

ICT=0 CHEMICAL TRANSFORMATION LOSS OF POLLUTANTS IS IGNORED 

ICT=1 FIRST-ORDER CHEMICAL TRANSFORMATION OF POLLUTANT-1 TO POLLUTANT-2 IS CONSIDERED 

CHEMICAL TRANSFORMATION OR DECAY RATE: XKT= 1.000 PERCENT/HR 

RATIO OF MOLECULAR HEIGHTS OF POLLUTANT-2 (PRODUCT) TO POLLUTANT-1 (REACTANT): GAHHA= 1.500 

OUTPUT OPTIONS SELECTED: 

NARRAY=2 MAPS OF CONCENTRATION AND SURFACE DEPOSITION FLUX AT EACH RECEPTOR IN THE 6RID, 

UNCALIBRATED ONLY 

NHAX=1 LIST OF RECEPTORS WITH HIGHEST CONCENTRATION AND SURFACE DEPOSITION FLUX 

FCR EACH SCENARIO - PRINTED AT END OF RUN 

96 
P.7 

POLLUTION EPISODIC MODEL (PEM-2) 

INPUT SCENARIO PARAMETERS: PEM-2 EXAMPLE 1: MULTIPLE AREA SOURCES, 2 SPECIES, 3-HR AVS CONC fc DEP FLUX 

KIND DIRECTIONS MIND SPEED CLASSES STABILITY CLASSES 

SECTOR 

NUMBER 

1 

n 

X 

3 

4 

5 Cr7 

8 

DIRECTION 

N 

NNE 

NE 

ENE 

E 

ESE 

SE 

SSE 

(DEG) 

0.0 

XX. vf 

45.0 

67.5 

90.0 

112.5 

135.0 

157.5 

SECTOR 

NUMBER 

9 

10 

11 

12 

13 

14 

15 

16 

DIRECTION 

S 

SSH 

SH 

HSH 

H 

HNH 

NN 

NNH 

(DEG) 

180.0 

202.5 

225.0 

247.5 

270.0 

292.5 

315.0 

337.5 

CLASS SPEED CLASS 

INDEX (M/S) INTERVAL(KT) 

1 

X 

3 

4 

5 

6 

1.50 

2.46 

4.47 

6.93 

9.61 

12.52 

0-3 

4-6 

7-10 

11-16 

17-21 

OVER 21 

CLASS 

INDEX 

1 

2 

i 

4 

C 

6 

:LAS 

A 

B 

p 

1* 

D 

E 

F 

SCENARIO STABILITY 

NUMBER CLASS 

KIND SPEED 

CLASS 

HIND 

SPEED 

(M/S) 

4.000 

3.000 

2.000 

HIND 

SECTOR 

HIND 

DIRECTION 

(DES) 

225.00 

225.00 

225.00 

AMBIENT 

TEMPERATURE 

(DES 0 

5.00 

5.00 

5.00 

TEMP GRADIENT ABOVE 

MIXING HEIGHT 

(DES/M) 

0.010 

0.010 

0.010 

MIXING 

HEIGHT 

!H) 

550.0 

500.0 

500.0 

97 
P.8 

POLLUTION EPISODIC MODEL (PEM-2) 

INPUT AREA SOURCE PARAMETERS: PEM-2 EXAMPLE 1: MULTIPLE AREA SOURCES, 2 SPECIES, 3-HR AVS CONC fc DEP FLUX 

AREA SOURCE 

NUMBER 

1 

0 

X 

3 

4 

COORDINATES 

X(KM> 

1.50 

3.50 

9.50 

9.50 

Y(KM> 

10.50 

3.50 

0.50 

0.50 

LENGTH OF SIDE 

(H) 

1000.00 

4000.00 

2000.00 

1000.00 

POLLUTANT-1 

EMISSION RATE 

INPUT (6/S) 

10.000 

90.000 

20.000 

5.000 

SCALED 

10.000 

90.000 

20.000 

5.000 

POLLUTANT .0 

X 

EMISSION RATE 

INPUT (G/S) 

1.000 

9.000 

2.000 

0.500 

SCALED 

1.000 

9.000 

2.000 

0.500 

SUMS OF THE AREA SOURCE EMISSION RATES 125.000 

EFFECTIVE HEIGHT OF THE AREA SOURCE EMISSIONS = 10.00 M 

125.000 12.500 12.500 

98 
P.9 

POLLUTION EPISODIC MODEL (PEM-2) 

INPUT POINT SOURCE PARAMETERS: PEM-2 EXAMPLE I: MULTIPLE AREA SOURCES, 2 SPECIES, 3-HR AVG CONC fc DEP FLUX 

POINT SOURCE COORDINATES EMISSION RATE EMISSION RATE HEIGHT DIAMETER EXIT VEL EXIT TEMP 

NUMBER LABEL X(KH) V(KM> POLLUTANT-1 (G/S) POLLUTANT-2 (G/S) (M) (M) (M/S) (DEG 0 

SUMS OF THE POINT SOURCE EMISSION RATES 0.0 G/S 0.0 G/S 

99 
P.10 

PEM-2 OUTPUT: SECTION 1 OF 1 PEM-2 EXAMPLE 1: MULTIPLE AREA SOURCES, 2 SPECIES, 3-HR AVG CONC & DEP FLUX 

3 SCENARIOS, AVERAGING TIME= 3 HRS. POLLUTANT-1: S02 

UNCALIBRATED CONCENTRATION - MICROGRAMS PER CUBIC METER 

0.0 2.00 4.00 6.00 8.00 10.00 12.00 14.00 16.00 18.00 20.00 22.00 24.00 

24.00 OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO O 24.00 

23.00 OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO O 23.00 

22.00' OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO O 22.00 

21.00 "OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO O 21.00 

20.00 OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO O 20.00 

19.00 00 0 'OOOOOO O 10 OOOOOOOOOOOOO O 19.00 

18.00 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 11 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 18.00 

17.00 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 12 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 17.00 

•_ 16.00 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 14 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 16.00 

~ 15.00 OOOOO O 16 00000666600000000 0 15.00 

14.00 OOOO O 20 00 0 0 0 6 12 12 12 600000000 0 14.00 

13.00 0 0 0 0 27 0 0 0 0 0 7 13 19 19 12 6 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 13.00 

12.00 0 0 0 48 0 0 0 0 0 8 15 21 26 19 12 6 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 12.00 

11.00 0 0 65 0 0 0 0 0 9 17 24 30 21 13 6 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 11.00 

10.00 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 11 22 29 35 24 15 7 0 0 0 0 5 5 0 0 0 0 0 10.00 

9.00 OOOOO O 15 27 36 44 29 17 80000 5 15 50000 0 9.00 

8.00 0 0 0 0 0 27 42 54 63 36 21 9 0 0 0 0 6 17 5 0 0 0 0 0 0 8.00 

7.00 0 0 0 0 36 63 79 90 54 27 11 0 0 0 0 7 19 6 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 7.00 

6.00 0 0 0 0 36 63 79 79 42 15 0 0 0 0 8 22 7 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 6.00 

5.00 0 0 0 0 36 63 63 63 27 0 0 0 0 10 27 8 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 5.00 

4.00 OOO O 36 36 36 36 0 0 0 0 14 34 10 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 4.00 

3.00 0 OOO O 0 0 0 0 0 0 24 51 14 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3.00 

2.00 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 32 80 24 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2.00 

1.00 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 65 32 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1.00 

0.0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 OOOO O 0.0 

0.0 2.00 4.00 6.00 8.00 10.0 12.00 14.00 16.00 18.00 20.00 22.00 24.00 

100 
P.11 

• 

PEH-2 OUTPUT: SECTION 1 OF 1 PEM-2 EXAMPLE 1: MULTIPLE AREA SOURCES, 2 SPECIES, 3-HR AVG CONC fc DEP FLUX 

3 SCENARIOS, AVERAGING TIRE= 3 HRS. POLLUTANT-1: S02 

UNCALIBRATED SURFACE DEPOSITION FLUX - KILOGRAMS PER SQUARE KILOMETER PER HOUR 

0.0 2.00 4.00 6.00 3.00 10.00 12.00 14.00 16.00 18.00 20.00 22.00 24.00 

24.00 OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO O 24.00 

23.00 OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO O 23.00 

22.00 OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO O 22.00 

21.00 'OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO O 21.00 

20.00 OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO O 20.00 

19.00 OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO O 19.00 

18.00 OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO O 18.00 

17.00 OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO O 17.00 

16.00 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 16.00 

' 15.00 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 15.00 

14.00 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 14.00 

13.00 00 0 0 100000 0 0 11 0 000000000 0 13.00 

12.00 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 1111 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 12.00 

11.00 00 2 0 00000111100000000000 0 11.00 

10.00 000000001111100000000000 0 10.00 

9.00 0 0 0 0 0 0 111 2 11 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 9.00 

3.00 0 0 0 0 0 1 2 2 2 11 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 8.00 

7.00 0 0 0 0 1 2 3 3 2 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 7.00 

6.00 00001233210000010000000 0 0 6.00 

5.00 0 0 0 0 1 2 2 2 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 5.00 

4.00 0 0 0 0 111 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 OOO O 0 0 0 0 4.00 

3.00 000000000001200000000000 0 3.00 

2.00 00 0 0 00000013100 0 0 0000000 0 2.00 

1.00 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1.00 

0.0 oooooooooooooooooooooooo o 0.0 

0.0 2.00 4.00 6.00 8.00 10.00 12.00 14.00 16.00 18.00 20.00 22.00 24.00 

101 
P.12 

PEM-2 OUTPUT: SECTION 1 OF 1 PEM-2 EXAHPLE 1: MULTIPLE AREA SOURCES, 2 SPECIES, 3-HR AVS CONC fc DEP FLUX 

3 SCENARIOS, AVERAGING TIME= 3 HRS. POLLUTANT-2: SULFATE 

UNCALIBRATED CONCENTRATION - MICROGRAMS PER CUBIC METER 

0.0 2.00 4.00 6.00 8.00 10.00 12.00 14.00 16.00 18.00 20.00 22.00 24.00 

24.00 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 24.00 

23.00 OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO O 23.00 

22.00 OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO O 22.00 

21.00 'OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO O 21.00 

20.00 OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO O 20.00 

19.00 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 19.00 

18.00 0000000002000000 0 0 0 0 0 000 0 18.00 

17.00 000000002000000000000000 0 17.00 

• 16.00 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 16.00 

' 15.00 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 1111 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 15.00 

14.00 0 0 0 0 0 3 0 0 0 0 0 1 2 2 2 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 14.00 

13.00 000040000012332100000000 0 13.00 

12.00 0 0 0 6 0 0 0 0 0 1 2 3 4 3 2 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 12.00 

11.00 007000001345321 0 0 0000000 0 11.00 

10.00 0000000234542100 0 0 110000 0 10.00 

9.00 000000245643100001310000 0 9.00 

8.00 0 0 0 0 0 3 5 7 3 5 3 1 0 0 0 0 1 3 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 8.00 

7.00 0 0 0 0 4 7 9 11 7 4 2 0 0 0 0 1 3 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 7.00 

6.00 0 0 0 0 4 7 9 9 5 2 0 0 0 0 1 3 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 6.00 

5.00 0 0 0 0 4 7 7 7 3 0 0 0 0 1 4 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 5.00 

4.00 0 0 0 0 4 4 4 4 0 0 0 0 2 5 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 4.00 

3.00 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 6 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3.00 

2.00 000000000049300000000000 0 2.00 

1.00 0 0 0000000 0 74000 0 00000000 0 1.00 

0.0 0 0 OOO O 0 0 0 0 0 OOOOOOOOOOOOO O 0.0 

0.0 2.00 4.00 6.00 8.00 10.00 12.00 14.00 16.00 18.00 20.00 22.00 24.00 

102 
P.13 

PEM-2 OUTPUT: SECTION 1 OF 1 PEM-2 EXAMPLE 1: MULTIPLE AREA SOURCES, 2 SPECIES, 3-HR AVG CONC & DEP FLUX 

3 SCENARIOS, AVERAGINS TIME= 3 HRS. PDLLUTANT-2: SULFATE 

UNCALIBRATED SURFACE DEPOSITION FLUX - MICROGRAMS PER SQUARE METER PER HOUR 

0.0 2.00 4.00 6.00 8.00 10.00 12.00 14.00 16.00 18.00 20.00 22.00 24.00 

24.00 OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO O 24.00 

23.00 OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO O 23.00 

22.00' OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO O 22.00 

21.00 'OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO O 21.00 

20.00 OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO O 20.00 

19.00 00 0 0 00000060000000000000 0 19.00 

19.00 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 7 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 18.00 

17.00 000000007 0 0 0 000000000000 0 17.00 

. 16.00 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 8 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 16.00 

15.00 0 0 0 0 0 0 9 0 0 0 0 0 4 4 4 4 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 15.00 

14.00 0 0 0 0 0 10 0 0 0 0 0 4 7 7 7 4 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 14.00 

13.00 0 0 0 0 13 0 0 0 0 0 4 8 11 11 7 4 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 13.00 

12.00 0 0 0 21 0 0 0 0 0 4 8 12 16 11 7 4 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 12.00 

11.00 0 0 26 0 0 0 0 0 5 9 13 17 12 8 4 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 11.00 

10.00 0000000 6 11 15 19 13 840000330000 0 10.00 

9.00 000000 7 13 18 22 15 940000 3 10 30000 0 9.00 

8.00 0 0 0 0 0 12 19 25 30 18 11 5 0 0 0 0 4 10 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 3.00 

7.00 0 0 0 0 14 26 33 39 25 13 6 0 0 0 0 4 11 4 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 7.00 

6.00 0 0 0 0 14 26 33 33 19 7 0 0 0 0 4 12 4 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 6.00 

5.00 OOO O 14 26 26 26 12 0 0 0 0 5 14 4 0 0 0 0 0 OOO O 5.00 

4.00 0 0 0 0 14 14 14 14 0 0 0 0 6 17 5 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 4.00 

3.00 OOOOOOOOO O 0 10 23 6 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3.00 

2.00 OOOOOOOOO O 13 33 10 OOOOOOOOOOO O 2.00 

1.00 OOO O 0 0 0 0 0 0 26 13 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1.00 

0.0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 OOOOOO O 0.0 

0.0 2.00 4.00 6.00 8.00 10.00 12.00 14.00 16.00 18.00 20.00 22.00 24.00 

103 
P.14 

POLLUTION EPISODIC MODEL (PEHOUTPUT: PEH-2 EXAMPLE 1: MULTIPLE AREA SOURCES, 2 SPECIES, 3-HR AVG CONC fc DEP FLUX 

HIGHEST PREDICTED CONCENTRATION OF EACH POLLUTANT FOR EACH SCENARIO OR AVERA6IN6 PERIOD 

UNCALIBRATED CONCENTRATION IN MICROGRAMS PER CUBIC METER - CALIBRATION, POLLUTANT-1: 

CALIBRATION. POLLUTANT-2: 

POLLUTANT-1: S02 POLLUTANT-2: SULFATE 

SCENARIO HIND DIRECTION 

NUMBER SUB-SCENARIO 

COORDINATES 

X(KH) Y(KH) 

CONCENTRATION 

UNCALIBRATED CALIBRATED 

COORDINATES 

X(KM) Y(KH) 

CONCENTRATION 

UNCALIBRATED CALIBRATED 

7.00 i i\t\ 90.0691 0.0 7.00 7.00 10.8144 0.0 

104 
P.15 

POLLUTION EPISODIC MODEL (PEM-2! 

OUTPUT: PEH-2 EXAHPLE 1: MULTIPLE AREA SOURCES, 2 SPECIES, 3-HR AVG CONC fc DEP FLUX 

HIGHEST PREDICTED SURFACE DEPOSITION FLUX OF EACH POLLUTANT FOR EACH SCENARIO OR AVERAGING PERIOD 

UNCALIBRATED VALUES IN MICROGRAMS PER SOUARE HETTER PER HOUR - CALIBRATION, POLLUTANT-1: 

CALIBRATION, POLLUTANT-2: 

POLLUTANT-1: S02 POLLUTANT-2: SULFATE 

SCENARIO HIND DIRECTION COORDINATES SURFACE DEPOSITION FLUX COORDINATES SURFACE DEPOSITION FLUX 

NUMBER SUB-SCENARIO X(KH) Y(KH) UNCALIBRATED CALIBRATED X(KM) Y(KM) UNCALIBRATED CALIBRATED 

1 7.00 7.00 3242.4875 0.0 7.00 7.00 33.9317 0.0 

105 
TABLE E-3 

INPUT DAT A FOR EXAMPLE PROBLEM 2(a) 

P.16 

CONTROL CARDS 

1 TITLE 

2 OPTIONS 

3 SRID 

4 POLLUTANTS 

5 SCALINS 

6 LABELS 

SCENARIO CARDS 

POINT SOURCE CARDS 

CARD IMAGES 

PEM-2 EXAMPLE 2A: 2 POINT SOURCES, NEK PLUME RISE fc PENETRATION SCHEMES 

1 1 1 0 ! 0 2 0 0 1 0 1 1 1 

0. 0. 25 25 2. 0. 0. 

2 1 2. 0. 0.5 0.2 10. 1.5 

0. 1. 1. 0. 0. 0. 0. 

S02 SULFATE 

4 2 9 0. 0. 25. 550. 0.001 

(A BLANK CARD TO SIGNAL END OF AREA SOURCE INVENTORY) 

30. 2. 1000. 50. 200. 5. 10. 

10. 2. 500. 25. 200. 4. 3. 

(A BLANK CARD TO SIGNAL END OF POINT SOURCE INVENTORY) 

450. STACK 1 

400. STACK 2 

106 
P.17 

TABLE E-4 

OUTPUT LISTING FOR EXAMPLE PROBLEM 2(a ) 

PEM-2 (VERSION 84130) 

POLLUTION EPISODIC MODEL 

INCLUDING 

DEPOSITION, SEDIMENTATION, AND CHEMICAL TRANSFORMATION 

OF POLLUTANTS 

107 
P.18 

1 

POLLUTION EPISODIC MODEL (PEM-2) 

INPUT CONTROL PARAMETERS: PEM-2 EXAMPLE 2A: 2 POINT SOURCES, NEH PLUHE RISE i PENETRATION SCHEMES 

AVERAGING TIME OPTION: NTOPT=l 

A SCENARIO IS A SET OF HETEOROLOGICAL DATA FOR ONE HOUR 

1 I HOUR: CONCENTRATIONS ARE CALCULATED FOR EACH SCENARIO 

2 24 HOURS: CONCENTRATIONS CALCULATED FCR 24 SCENARIOS ARE AVERAGED 

3 VARIABLE: CONCENTRATIONS CALCULATED FOR A GIVEN NUMBER (2 TO 23) OF SCENARIOS ARE AVERAGED 

HIND DIRECTION OPTION: NHDOPT=l 

0 DIRECTION IN DEGREES TO BE SPECIFIED FOR EACH SCENARIO 

1 SECTOR NUMBER TO BE SPECIFIED FOR EACH SCENARIO 

2-7 DIRECTION IN DEGREES TO BE SPECIFIED FOR THE FIRST OF FOUR SUB-SCENARIOS. 

FOR EACH SUCCEEDING SUB-SCENARIO, HIND DIRECTION IS AUTOMATICALLY INCREASED 

BY 90,45,30,15,10,OR 5 DE6REES, DEPENDING ON THE OPTION NUMBER SELECTED. 

HIND SPEED OPTION: NHS0PT=1 

0 SPEED IN H/S TO BE SPECIFIED FOR EACH SCENARIO 

1 HIND SPEED CLASS NUMBER TO BE SPECIFIED FOR EACH SCENARIO 

NUMBER OF SCENARIOS: NSCEN= 1 

RECEPTOR SRID: COLUMNS: LX= 25 ROHS: LY= 25 

•SPACING: GRID= 2.000 KM 

SOUTHHEST CORNER XRSHC= 0.0 KM H 

YRSHC= 0.0 KM S 

108 
P.19 

POLLUTION EPISODIC MODEL (PEH-2) 

INPUT CONTROL PARAMETERS: PEM-2 EXAHPLE 2A: 2 POINT SOURCES, NEH PLUME RISE i PENETRATION SCHEMES 

NUMBER OF POLLUTANTS: NPDL=2 

POLLUTANT-1: S02 POLLUTANT-2: SULFATE 

AREA SOURCE SCALING FACTOR: 

CALIBRATION COEFFICIENTS: 

CALIBRATION IDENTIFICATION: 

DEPOSITION VELOCITY (CH/S): 

SETTLING VELOCITY (CH/S): 

ASCALE= 1.000 

A= 0.0 B= 0.0 

VD1= 2.000 

Hl= 0.0 

ASCALE= 1.000 

A= 0.0 B= 0.0 

VD2= 0.500 

H2= 0.200 

CHEMICAL TRANSFORMATION OPTION: ICT=1 

NP0L=2 

ICT=0 • CHEH3CAL TRANSFORMATION LOSS OF POLLUTANTS IS ISNORED 

ICT=1 FIRST-ORDER CHEMICAL TRANSFORMATION OF POLLUTANT-1 TO POLLUTANT-2 IS CONSIDERED 

CHEMICAL TRANSFORMATION OR DECAY RATE: XKT= 10.000 PERCENT/HR 

RATIO OF MOLECULAR HEIGHTS OF POLLUTANT-2 (PRODUCT) TO POLLUTANT-1 (REACTANT): SAMMA= 1.500 

OUTPUT OPTIONS SELECTED: 

NARRAY=2 MAPS OF CONCENTRATION AND SURFACE DEPOSITION FLUX AT EACH RECEPTOR IN THE GRID, 

UNCALIBRATED ONLY 

NMAX=1 LIST OF RECEPTORS WITH HIGHEST CONCENTRATION AND SURFACE DEPOSITION FLUX 

FOR EACH SCENARIO - PRINTED AT END OF RUN 

109 
P.20 

POLLUTION EPISODIC MODEL (PEH-2) 

INPUT SCENARIO PARAMETERS: PEM-2 EXAHPLE 2A: 2 POINT SOURCES, NEH PLUHE RISE fc PENETRATION SCHEMES 

HIND DIRECTIONS HIND SPEED CLASSES STABILITY CLASSES 

SECTOR 

NUMBER 

1 

0 

X 

3 

4 

5 

6 

7 

8 

DIRECTION 

N 

NNE 

NE 

ENE 

E 

ESE 

SE 

SSE 

(DES) 

0.0 

22.5 

45.0 

67.5 

90.0 

112.5 

135.0 

157.5 

SECTOR 

NUMBER 

9 

10 

11 

12 

13 

14 

15 

16 

DIRECTION 

S 

SSH 

SH 

HSH 

H 

HNH 

NH 

NNH 

(DEG) 

180.0 

202.5 

225.0 

247.5 

270.0 

292.5 

315.0 

337.5 

CLASS 

INDEX 

1 

i 

X 

3 

4 

5 

6 

SPEED 

(H/S) 

1.50 

2.46 

4.47 

6.93 

9.61 

12.52 

CLASS 

INTERVAL(KT) 

0-3 

4-6 

7-10 

11-16 

17-21 

OVER 21 

CLASS 

INDEX 

1 

2 

3 

4 

5 

6 

CLASS 

A 

B 

C 

D 

E 

F 

SCENARIO 

NUMBER 

1 

STABILITY 

CLASS 

D 

HIND SPEED 

CLASS 

n 

HIND 

SPEED 

(M/S) 

HIND 

SECTOR 

9 

HIND 

DIRECTION 

(DEG! 

AMBIENT 

TEMPERATURE 

(DEG 0 

25.00 

TEMP GRADIENT ABOVE 

MIXING HEIGHT 

(DEG/M) 

0.001 

MIXING 

HEIGHT 

(H) 

550.0 

110 
P.21 

POLLUTION EPISODIC MODEL (PEH-2) 

INPUT AREA SOURCE PARAMETERS: PEH-2 EXAHPLE 2A: 2 POINT SOURCES, NEW PLUHE RISE fc PENETRATION SCHEMES 

AREA SOURCE 

NUMBER 

COORDINATES 

X(KM) Y(KM) 

LENGTH OF SIDE 

iH) 

POLLUTANT-1 

EMISSION RATE 

INPUT (G/S) SCALED 

POLLUTANT-2 

EMISSION RATE 

INPUT (S/S) SCALED 

SUMS OF THE AREA SOURCE EMISSION RATES 0.0 

EFFECTIVE HEIGHT OF THE AREA SOURCE EMISSIONS = 0.0 H 

0.0 0.0 0.0 

111 
P.22 

POLLUTION EPISODIC HODEL (PEM-2) 

INPUT POINT SOURCE PARAMETERS: PEM-2 EXAMPLE 2A: 2 POINT SOURCES, NEH PLUME RISE & PENETRATION SCHEMES 

POINT SOURCE 

UMBER LABEL 

1 STACK 1 

2 STACK 2 

COORDINATES 

X(KH) 

30.00 

10.00 

Y(KH) 

2.00 

2.00 

SUMS OF THE POINT SOURCE EMISSION RATES 

EMISSION RATE 

POLLUTANT-1 (G/S) 

1000.000 

500.000 

1500.000 G/S 

EMISSION RATE 

POLLUTANT-2 (G/S) 

50.000 

25.000 

75.000 G/S 

HEIGHT 

(H) 

200.00 

200.00 

DIAMETER 

!H) 

5.000 

4.000 

EXIT VEL 

(M/S) 

10.000 

8.000 

EXIT TEHP 

(DEG 0 

450.000 

400.000 

INPUT CONTROL PARAHETERS: 

HIND PROFILE EXPONENTS OPTION: NHPOPT=0 

0 EXPONENTS AND ANEMOMETER HEIGHT ARE STANDARD DEFAULT VALUES 

1 EXPONENTS AND ANEMOMETER HEIGHT TO BE SPECIFIED BY THE USER 

STACK-TIP DOHNHASH ALGORITHM OPTION: NSTI 

0 ALGORITHM IS IN EFFECT 

1 ALGORITHM IS NOT USED 

NEH PLUME-RISE EQUATIONS OPTION: NPRISE=1 

0 STANDARD PLUME-RISE EQS. ARE USED FOR ALL STABILITY CLASSES 

1 NEH EQS. ARE USED FOR PEAK BUOYANCY RISE FOR STABILITY CLASSES A-D 

POTENTIAL TEMPERATURE GRADIENT: DTDZ(1)= 0.020 DES/H STABILITY CLASS E 

DTDZ(2)= 0.0-35 DE6/M STABILITY CLASS F 

PLUME PENETRATION ABOVE MIXING HEIGHT OPTION: NINPEN=1 

0 STANDARD TREATMENT OF FLUME PENETRATION ABOVE THE MIXINS HEIGHT 

1 NEH SCHEMES FOR PLUME PENETRATION OF ELEVATED STABLE LAYER USED 

FOR STABILITY CLASSES A-D AND BUOYANCY-DOMINATED PLUME 

OUTPUT OPTIONS SELECTED: 

HPRINT=1 LIST OF POINT SOURCE PARAMETERS AND EFFECTIVE STACK HEIGHTS 

PRINTED AT BEGINNING OF EACH SCENARIO 

112 
P.23 

POLLUTION EPISODIC MODEL (PEM-2) 

OUTPUT: PEM-2 EXAHPLE 2A: 2 POINT SOURCES, NEH PLUME RISE & PENETRATION SCHEMES 

SCENARIO 1 ' POINT SOURCE PLUME RISE CALCULATIONS 

MIXING HEIGHT: HMIX= 550.00 H 

POTENTIAL TEMPERATURE GRADIENT ABOVE MIXINS HEIBHT=0.0010 DEG/M 

SOURCE EMISSION RATES STACK EXIT EXIT EXIT HIND SPEED AT MAX.EFF. PLUME 

POINT COORDINATES POL-1 POL-2 HEIGHT DIAHETER VELOCITY TEMP. DOMINANT STACK HEIGHT SOURCE HT. PENETRATION 

SOURCE X(KH) Y(KM) (G/S) (S/S) (M) (M) (M/S) (DEG K) INFLUENCE (M/S) !M) FRACTION 

5.00 10.00 723.15 BUOYANCY 5.20 458.30 0.450 

4.00 8.00 673.15 BUOYANCY 5.20 440.47 0.163 

1 

0 

30.0 

10.0 

2.0 

2.0 

550.4 

418.3 

27.5 

20.9 

200.0 

200.0 

113 
P.24 

PEH-2 OUTPUT: SECTION 1 OF 1, SCENARIO 1 PEH-2 EXAHPLE 2A: 2 POINT SOURCES, NEH PLUME RISE fc PENETRATION SCHEMES 

STABILITY=D , HIND SPD= 2.46 H/S, HIND DIR=180.00 DEG, MIXING HT= 550.0 M, AVERAGING TIHE= 1 HR. POLLUTANT-1: S02 

UNCALIBRATED CONCENTRATION - MICROGRAMS PER CUBIC METER 

0.0 4.00 9.00 12.00 16.00 20.00 24.00 28.00 32.00 36.00 40.00 44.00 48.00 

48.00 0 0 0 1 11 23 11 1 0 0 0 0 0 2 15 31 15 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 48.00 

46.00 0 0 0 1 11 24 11 1 0 0 0 0 0 2 15 32 15 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 46.00 

44.00 0 0 0 1 11 25 11 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 15 33 15 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 44.00 

42.00 '000 1 11 26 11 100000 1 15 34 15 1000000 0 42.00 

40.00 0 0 0 1 11 27 11 1 OOOO O 1 15 36 15 1 OOOOOO O 40.00 

38.00 0 0 0 '1 11 28 11 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 15 37 15 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 38.00 

36.00 0 0 0 1 11 30 11 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 15 39 15 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 36.00 

34.00 0 0 0 Os 11 31 11 OOOOO O 1 14 41 14 1 OOOOOO O 34.00 

- 32.00 0 0 0 0 11 33 11 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 14 43 14 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 32.00 

; 30.00 0 0 0 0 10 34 10 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 13 45 13 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 30.00 

28.00 0 0 0 0 10 36 10 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 13 48 13 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 28.00 

26.00 0000 9 39 9000000 0 12 51 12 OOOOOOO O 26.00 

24.00 0 0 0 0 3 41 8 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 11 54 11 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 24.00 

22.00 0000 8 44 8 OOOOOO O 10 58 10 OOOOOOO O 22.00 

20.00 0 0 0 0 7 47 7 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 9 62 9 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 20.00 

18.00 0000 5 51 50000000 7 68 70000000 0 18.00 

16.00 0 0 0 0 4 56 4 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 5 74 5 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 16.00 

14.00 0 0 0 0 3 63 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 4 32 4 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 14.00 

12.00 0 0 0 0 1 71 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 93 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 12.00 

10.00 0 0 0 0 0 83 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 109 1 0 0 0 OOO O 0 10.00 

8.00 0 0 0 0 0 101 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 133 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 8.00 

6.00 OOOO O 105 OOOOOOOO O 133 OOOOOOOO O 6.00 

4.00 0 0 0 0 0 64 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 72 0 0 0 OOOOO O 4.00 

2.00 OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO O 2.00 

0.0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 OOOOO O 0.0 

0.0 4.00 3.00 12.00 16.00 20.00 24.00 28.00 32.00 36.00 40.00 44.00 48.00 

114 
P.25 

PEM-2 OUTPUT: SECTION 1 OF 1, SCENARIO 1 PEM-2 EXAMPLE 2A: 2 POINT SOURCES, NEH PLUME RISE fc PENETRATION SCHEMES 

3TASILITY=D , HIND SPD= 2.46 M/S, HIND DIR=180.00 DES, MIXING HT= 550.0 H, AVERAGING TIME= 1 HR. PQLLUTANT-1: S02 

UNCALIBRATED SURFACE DEPOSITION FLUX - KILOGRAMS PER SQUARE KILOMETER PER HOUR 

0.0 4.00 8.00 12.00 16.00 20.00 24.00 28.00 32.00 36.00 40.00 44.00 48.00 

49.00 

46.00 

44.00 

42.00 

40.00 

38.00 

36.00 

34.00 

32.00 

30.00 

28.00 

26.00 

24.00 

22.00 

20.00 

18.00 

16.00 

14.00 

12.00 

10.00 

8.00 

6.00 

4.00 

2.00 

0.0 

0 0 0 0 1 2 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

0 0 0 0 1 2 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

0 0 0 0 1 2 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

0 0 0 0 1 2 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

0 0 0 0 1 2 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

ooooooo o 

0000040000000 0 

0 0 0 0 0 4 0 0 0 ooooo o 

oooo o 

oooo o 

0 0 0 0 1 

0 0 0 0 1 

0 0 0 0 1 

0 0 0 0 1 

0 0 0 0 1 

0 0 0 0 1 

0 0 0 0 1 

0 0 0 0 1 

0 0 0 0 1 

OOO O 0 

2 1 00.OOOOO O 

2 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

2 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

2 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

3 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

3 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

3 10000000 0 

3 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

3 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

3 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

3 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

410000000 0 

4 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

4 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

4 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

5 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

5 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

000 0 0 0000 6 0 0 0 0 0 000 0 

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 7 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

0 0 0 0 0 6 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

0 0 0 0 0 7 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 10 0 0 0 ooooo o 

00000300000 0 0 0 0 10 oooooooo o 

000005000000000500000000 0 

•0 0 0 OOO O 0 0 0 OOOOOOOOOOOOO O 0 

OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO O 

0.0 4.00 9.00 12.00 16.00 20.00 24.00 28.00 32.00 36.00 40.00 44.00 48.00 

48.00 

46.00 

44.00 

42.00 

40.00 

38.00 

36.00 

34.00 

32.00 

30.00 

28.00 

26.00 

24.00 

22.00 

20.00 

18.00 

16.00 

14.00 

12.00 

10.00 

8.00 

6.00 

4.00 

2.00 

0.0 

115 
P.26 

PEM-2 OUTPUT: SECTION 1 OF 1, SCENARIO 3 PEM-2 EXAMPLE 2A: 2 POINT SOURCES, NEH PLUME RISE fc PENETRATION SCHEMES 

STABILITY=D , HIND SPD= 2.46 M/S, HIND DIR=180.00 DEG, MIXING HT= 550.0 H, AVERASINS TIHE= 1 HR. POLLUTANT-2: SULFATE 

UNCALIBRATED CONCENTRATION - HICROGRAMS PER CUBIC METER 

0.0 4.00 8.00 12.00 16.00 20.00 24.00 28.00 32.00 36.00 40.00 44.00 48.00 

48.00 0 0 0 1 6 12 6 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 8 15 3 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 48.00 

46.00 0 0 0 1 5 12 5 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 7 15 7 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 46.00 

44.00. 0 0 0 0 5 11 5 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 7 15 7 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 44.00 

42.00 ,0000 5 11 50000001 7 15 71000000 0 42.00 

40.00 0 0 0 0 5 11 5 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 6 15 6 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 40.00 

38.00 000. 0 4 11 40000000 6 15 60000000 0 38.00 

36.00 0 0 0 0 4. 11 4 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 5 15 5 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 36.00 

34.00 0 0 0 0 4 11 4 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 5 14 5 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 34.00 

32.00 0 0 0 0 4 11 4 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 5 14 5 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 32.00 

': 30.00 0000 3 11 30000000 4 14 40000000 0 30.00 

28.00 0 0 0 0 3 11 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 4 14 4 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 28.00 

26.00 0000 2 10 2000 0 0 0 0 3 14 30000000 0 26.00 

24.00 0 0 0 0 2 10 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 14 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 24.00 

22.00 0 0 0 0 2 10 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 13 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 22.00 

20.00 0 0 0 0 1 10 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 13 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 20.00 

18.00 0000 1 10 10000000 1 13 10000000 0 18.00 

16.00 0 0 0 0 1 10 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 13 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 16.00 

14.00 0 0 0 0 0 10 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 13 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 14.00 

12.00 0 0 0 0 0 10 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 13 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 12.00 

10.00 OOOO O 10 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 13 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 10.00 

8.00 0 0 0 0 0 10 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 14 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 8.00 

6.00 0 0 0 0 0 9 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 12 0 OOOOOOO O 6.00 

4.00 000004000000000500000000 0 4.00 

2.00 OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO O 2.00 

0.0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.0 

0.0 4.00 8.00 12.00 16.00 20.00 24.00 23.00 32,00 36.00 40.00 44.00 49.00 

116 
P.27 

PEH-2 OUTPUT: SECTION 1 OF 1, SCENARIO 1 PEM-2 EXAMPLE 2A: 2 POINT SOURCES, NEH PLUHE RISE fc PENETRATION SCHEMES 

STABILITY=D , HIND SPD= 2.46 M/S, HIND DIR=180.00 DEG, MIXING HT= 550.0 M, AVERAGING TINE= 1 HR. POLLUTANT-2: SULFATE 

UNCALIBRATED SURFACE DEPOSITION FLUX - MICROGRAMS PER SQUARE METER PER HOUR 

0.0 4.00 8.00 12.00 16.00 20.00 24.00 28.00 32.00 36.00 40.00 44.00 43.00 

48.00 0 0 0 12 103 210 103 12 0 0 0 0 0 16 135 277 135 16 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 48.00 

46.00 0 0 0 10 99 209 98 10 0 0 0 0 0 14 130 274 130 14 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 46.00 

44.00 0 0 0 9 94 207 94 9 0 0 0 0 0 12 124 272 124 12 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 44.00 

42.00 , 0 0 0 7 89 205 89 7 0 0 0 0 0 10 118 270 113 10 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 42.00 

40.00 0 0 0 6 85 203 35 6 0 0 0 0 0 8 111 267 111 8 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 40.00 

38.00 0 0 0 5 30 201 80 5 0 0 0 0 0 6 105 265 105 6 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 38.00 

36.00 0 0 0 4 74.199 74 4 0 0 0 0 0 5 98 262 98 5 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 36.00 

34.00 0 0 0 3 69 197 69 3 0 0 0 0 0 4 91 260 91 4 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 34.00 

32.00 0 0 0 2 63 195 63 2 0 0 0 0 0 3 83 257 83 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 32.00 

; 30.00 0 0 0 1 57 193 57 1 0 0 0 0 0 2 75 254 75 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 30.00 

28.00 0 0 0 1 51 191 51 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 67 251 67 ! 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 28.00 

26.00 0 0 0 1 45 189 45 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 59 248 59 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 26.00 

24.00 OOO O 38 186 38 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 50 245 50 OOO O 0 0 0 0 24.00 

22.00 0 0 0 0 32 134 32 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 42 242 42 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 22.00 

20.00 0 0 0 0 25 182 25 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 33 240 33 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 20.00 

18.00 0 0 0 0 19 180 19 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 25 237 25 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 19.00 

16.00 0 0 0 0 13 179 13 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 17 235 17 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 16.00 

14.00 0 0 0 0 8 178 8 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 10 234 10 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 14.00 

12.00 0 0 0 0 4 178 4 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 5 235 5 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 12.00 

10.00 0 0 0 0 1 181 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 238 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 10.00 

3.00 0 0 0 0 0 139 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 249 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 8.00 

6.00 OOO O 0 165 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 210 0 0 0 0 OOO O 0 6.00 

4.00 0 0 00 0 79 0 0 OOOOOO O 89 OOOOOOOO O 4.00 

2.00 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 OOOOOOOOOOOOOOO O 2.00 

0.0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 OOOOO O 0.0 

0.0 4.00 8.00 12.00 16.00 20.00 24.00 28.00 32.00 36.00 40.00 44.00 48.00 

117 
P.28 

POLLUTION EPISODIC HODEL (PEM-2) 

OUTPUT: PEK-2 EXAHPLE 2A: 2 POINT SOURCES, NEH PLUHE RISE fc PENETRATION SCHEMES 

HIGHEST PREDICTED CONCENTRATION OF EACH POLLUTANT FOR EACH SCENARIO OR AVERAGING PERIOD 

UNCALIBRATED CONCENTRATION IN MICROGRAMS PER CUBIC METER - CALIBRATION, POLLUTANT-1: 

CALIBRATION, POLLUTANT-2: 

POLLUTANT-1: S02 POLLUTANT-2: SULFATE 

SCENARIO HIND DIRECTION COORDINATES CONCENTRATION COORDINATES CONCENTRATION 

NUMBER SUB-SCENARIO X(KM! Y(KM) UNCALIBRATED CALIBRATED X(KH> Y(KM) UNCALIBRATED CALIBRATED 

1 30.00 6.00 133.3774 0.0 30.00 48.00 ' 15.3673 0.0 

118 
P.29 

POLLUTION EPISODIC MODEL (PEH-2) 

OUTPUT: PEH-2 EXAMPLE 2A: 2 POINT SOURCES, NEH PLUHE RISE i FENETRATION SCHEMES 

HISHEST PREDICTED SURFACE DEPOSITION FLUX OF EACH POLLUTANT FOR EACH SCENARIO OR AVERAGING PERIOD 

UNCALIBRATED VALUES IN HICROGRAMS PER SQUARE METER PER HOUR - CALIBRATION, POLLUTANT-1: 

CALIBRATION, POLLUTANT-2: 

POLLUTANT-1: S02 POLLUTANT-2: SULFATE 

SCENARIO HIND DIRECTION COORDINATES SURFACE DEPOSITION FLUX COORDINATES SURFACE DEPOSITION FLUX 

NUMBER SUB-SCENARIO X(KH) Y(KH) UNCALIBRATED CALIBRATED X(KM) Y(KM) UNCALIBRATED CALIBRATED 

i 30.00 6.00 9603.1719 0.0 30.00 48.00 276.6121 0.0 

119 
P.30 

TABLE E-5 

INPUT DATA FOR EXAMPLE PROBLEM 2(b ) 

CONTROL CARDS 

1 TITLE 

2 OPTIONS 

3 SRID 

4 POLLUTANTS 

J bl/fll-iilO 

6 LABELS 

SCENARIO CARDS 

POINT SOURCE CARDS 

PEM-2 

1 

•1 

S02 

4 

EXAHPLE 

i 

0. 

1 

0. 

L 

(A BLANK CARD 

30. 

10. 

2B: 

1 

9 

TO 

•i 

X 

CARD 

2 P 

0 

0. 

<j 

X* 

1 

1 • 

IMAGES 

3INT SOURCES, STANDARD PLUME RISE fc 

I 0 

25 

0. 

1. 

0. 

2 0 0 1 0 

25 2. 

0.5 0.2 

0. 0. 

SULFATE 

0. 25. 550. 

SIGNAL END OF AREA SOURCE INVENTORY) 

1000. 

500. 

50. 200. 5. 

25. 200. 4. 

PENETRATI 

0 0 

0. 

10. 

0. 

0.001 

10. 

0 

Ui 

ON SCHEMES 

1 1 1 

0. 

1.5 

0. 

450. STACK 1 

400. STACK 2 

(A BLANK CARD TO SISNAL END OF POINT SOURCE INVENTORY) 

120 
P.31 

TABLE E-6 

OUTPUT LISTING FOR EXAMPLE PROBLEM 2(b ) 

PEM-2 (VERSION 84130) 

POLLUTION EPISODIC MODEL 

INCLUDING 

DEPOSITION, SEDIMENTATION, AND CHEMICAL TRANSFORMATION 

OF POLLUTANTS 

121 
P.32 

>l 

POLLUTION EPISODIC HODEL (PEH-2) 

INPUT CONTROL PARAMETERS: PEM-2 EXAMPLE 28: 2 POINT SOURCES, STANDARD PLUHE RISE 6 PENETRATION SCHEMES 

AVERAGING TIME OPTION: NTOPT=l 

A SCENARIO IS A SET OF METEOROLOGICAL DATA FOR ONE HOUR 

1 1 HOUR: CONCENTRATIONS ARE CALCULATED FOR EACH SCENARIO 

2 24 HOURS: CONCENTRATIONS CALCULATED FOR 24 SCENARIOS ARE AVERAGED 

3 VARIABLE: CONCENTRATIONS CALCULATED FOR A GIVEN NUMBER (2 TO 23) OF SCENARIOS ARE AVERAGED 

HIND DIRECTION OPTION: NWDOPT=l 

i 

0 DIRECTION IN DEGREES TO BE SPECIFIED FOR EACH SCENARIO 

1 SECTOR NUMBER TO SE SPECIFIED FOR EACH SCENARIO 

2-7 DIRECTION IN DEGREES TO BE SPECIFIED FOR THE FIRST OF FOUR SUB-SCENARIOS. 

FOR EACH SUCCEEDING SUB-SCENARIO, HIND DIRECTION IS AUTOMATICALLY INCREASED 

BY 90,45,30,15,10,OR 5 DEGREES, DEPENDING ON THE OPTION NUMBER SELECTED. 

HIND SPEED OPTION: NHS0PT=1 

0 SPEED IN H/S TO BE SPECIFIED FOR EACH SCENARIO 

1 HIND SPEED CLASS NUMBER TO BE SPECIFIED FOR EACH SCENARIO 

NUMBER OF SCENARIOS: NSCEN= 1 

RECEPTOR SRID: COLUMNS: LX= 25 RONS: LY= 25 

SPACINS: SRID= 2.000 KM 

SOUTHWEST CORNER XRSHC= 0.0 KH H 

YRSHC= 0.0 KH S 

122 
P.33 

POLLUTION EPISODIC MODEL (PEH-2) 

INPUT CONTROL PARAMETERS: PEH-2 EXAMPLE 2B: 2 POINT SOURCES, STANDARD PLUHE RISE fc PENETRATION SCHEMES 

NUMBER OF POLLUTANTS: NP0L=2 

POLLUTANT-1: S02 PDLLUTANT-2: SULFATE 

AREA SOURCE SCALING FACTOR: 

CALIBRATION COEFFICIENTS: 

CALIBRATION IDENTIFICATION: 

DEPOSITION VELOCITY (CH/S): 

SETTLING VELOCITY (CM/S): 

ASCALE= 1.000 

A= 0.0 B= 0.0 

VDi= 2.000 

Hl= 0.0 

ASCALE= 1.000 

0.0 B= 0.0 

VD2= 0.500 

H2= 0.200 

CHEMICAL TRANSFORMATION OPTION: ICT=1 

NP0L=2 

ICT=0 CHEHICAL TRANSFORMATION LOSS OF POLLUTANTS IS IGNORED 

ICT=1 FIRST-ORDER CHEHICAL TRANSFORMATION OF P0LLUTANT-1T0 POLLUTANT-2 IS CONSIDERED 

CHEMICAL TRANSFORMATION OR DECAY RATE: XKT= 10.000 PERCENT/HR 

RATIO OF MOLECULAR HEIGHTS OF POLLUTANT-2 (PRODUCT) TO POLLUTANT-1 (REACTANT): SAHMA= 1.500 

OUTPUT OPTIONS SELECTED: 

NARRAY=2 MAPS OF CONCENTRATION AND SURFACE DEPOSITION FLUX AT EACH RECEPTOR IN THE GRID, 

UNCALIBRATED ONLY 

NMAX=1 LIST OF RECEPTORS KITH HIGHEST CONCENTRATION AND SURFACE DEPOSITION FLUX 

FOR EACH SCENARIO - PRINTED AT END OF RUN 

123 
P.34 

POLLUTION EPISODIC MODEL (PEM-2) 

INPUT SCENARIO PARAMETERS: PEH-2 EXAMPLE 2B: 2 POINT SOURCES, STANDARD PLUME RISE fc PENETRATION SCHEMES 

HIND DIRECTIONS HIND SPEED CLASSES STABILITY CLASSES 

SECTOR 

NUMBER 

1 

1 

i. 

3 

4 

5 

6 

7 

8 

DIRECTION 

N 

NNE 

NE 

ENE 

E 

ESE 

SE 

SSE 

(DEG) 

0.0 

22.5 

45.0 

67.5 

90.0 

112.5 

135.0 

157.5 

SECTOR 

NUMBER 

9 

10 

11 

12 

13 

14 

15 

16 

DIRECTION 

S 

SSW 

SH 

HSH 

H 

HNH 

NH 

HNH 

(DEG) 

180.0 

202.5 

225.0 

247.5 

270.0 

292.5 

315.0 

337.5 

CLASS 

INDEX 

1 

n 

X 

3 

4 

5 

6 

SPEED 

(H/S) 

1.50 

2.46 

4.47 

6.93 

9.61 

12.52 

CLASS 

INTERVAL(KT) 

0-3 

4-6 

7-10 

11-16 

17-21 

OVER 21 

CLASS 

INDEX 

1 

2 

3 

4 

5 

6 

CLASS 

A 

B 

C 

D 

E 

F 

SCENARIO 

NUMBER 

1 

STABILITY 

CLASS 

D 

HIND SPEED 

CLASS 

ro 

HIND 

SPEED 

(M/S) 

HIND 

SECTOR 

9 

HIND 

DIRECTION 

(DEG! 

AMBIENT 

TEMPERATURE 

(DEG C! 

25.00 

TEMP 6RADIENT ABOVE 

MIXING HEIGHT 

(DEG/H! 

MIXING 

HEIGHT 

(N) 

550.0 

124 
POLLUTION EPISODIC HODEL (PEH-2) 

INPUT AREA SOURCE PARAMETERS: PEH-2 EXAMPLE 2B: 2 POINT SOURCES, STANDARD PLUME RISE fc PENETRATION SCHEMES 

POLLUTANT-1 POLLUTANT-2 

AREA SOURCE COORDINATES LENGTH OF SIDE EMISSION RATE EMISSION RATE 

NUMBER X(KN) Y(KM) (M) INPUT (G/S) SCALED INPUT (G/S) SCALED 

SUMS OF THE AREA SOURCE EMISSION RATES 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 

EFFECTIVE HEIGHT OF THE AREA SOURCE EMISSIONS = 0.0 H 

125 
POINT SOURCE 

NUMBER LABEL 

1 STACK 1 

2 STACK 2 

COORDINATES 

X(KM> YCKM) 

30.00 2.00 

10.00 2.00 

POLLUTION EPISODIC MODEL (PEH-2) 

INPUT POINT SOURCE PARAHETERS: PEM-2 EXAHPLE 2B: 2 POINT SOURCES, STANDARD PLUHE RISE fc PENETRATION SCHEMES 

EMISSION RATE EMISSION RATE HEIGHT DIAMETER EXIT VEL EXIT TEHP 

POLLUTANT-1 (G/S) POLLUTANT-2 (S/S) (H) !M) (M/S) (DEG 0 

1000.000 50.000 200.00 5.000 10.000 450.000 

500.000 25.000 200.00 4.000 8.000 400.000 

SUMS OF THE POINT SOURCE EMISSION RATES 1500.000 6/S 

INPUT CONTROL PARAMETERS: 

HIND PROFILE EXPONENTS OPTION: NHPOPT=0 

0 EXPONENTS AND ANEMOMETER HEIGHT ARE STANDARD DEFAULT VALUES 

1 EXPONENTS AND ANEMOMETER HEIGHT TO BE SPECIFIED 3Y THE USER 

50.000 

25.000 

75.000 G/S 

200.00 

200.00 

5.000 

4.000 

STACK-TIP DOHNWASH ALGORITHM OPTION: NSTDWN=0 

0 ALGORITHM IS IN EFFECT 

1 AL60RITHM IS NOT USED 

NEH PLUME-RISE EQUATIONS OPTION: NPRISE=0 

0 STANDARD PLUME-RISE EQS. ARE USED FOR ALL STABILITY CLASSES 

1 NEH EQS. ARE USED FOR PEAK BUOYANCY RISE FOR STABILITY CLASSES A-D 

POTENTIAL TEMPERATURE GRADIENT: DTDZ(1)= 0.020 DEG/M STABILITY CLASS E 

DTDZ(2)= 0.035 DES/M STABILITY CLASS F 

PLUME PENETRATION ABOVE MIXING HEIGHT OPTION: NINPEN=0 

0 STANDARD TREATMENT OF PLUME PENETRATION ABOVE THE MIXING HEIGHT 

1 NEH SCHEMES FOR PLUME PENETRATION OF ELEVATED STABLE LAYER USED 

FOR STABILITY CLASSES A-D AND BUOYANCY-DOMINATED PLUME 

OUTPUT OPTIONS SELECTED: 

NPRINT=1 LIST OF POINT SOURCE PARAMETERS AND EFFECTIVE STACK HEIGHTS 

PRINTED AT BEGINNING OF EACH SCENARIO 

126 
POLLUTION EPISODIC MODEL (PEM-2! 

OUTPUT: PEM-2 EXAHPLE 2B: 2 POINT SOURCES, STANDARD PLUHE RISE fc PENETRATION SCHEHES 

SCENARIO 1 POINT SOURCE PLUME RISE CALCULATIONS 

MIXING HEIGHT: HMIX= 550.00 M 

SOURCE EMISSION RATES HIND SPEED AT HAXIHUM 

POINT COORDINATES POL-1 POL-2 HEIGHT DIAMETER EXIT VEL EXIT TEMP DOMINANT STACK HEIGHT EFFECTIVE 

SOURCE X!KH) Y(KM) (G/S) (G/S) (M) (H> (H/S) (DEG K) INFLUENCE (H/S) SOURCE HEIGHT(M) 

1 30.00 2.00 1000.00 50.00 200.00 5.000 10.000 723.15 BUOYANCY 5.202 454.32 

2 10.00 2.00 500.00 25.00 200.00 4.000 8.000 673.15 BUOYANCY 5.202 364.82 

127 
PEH-2 OUTPUT: SECTION 1 OF 1, SCENARIO 1 PEH-2 EXAMPLE 2B: 2 POINT SOURCES, STANDARD PLUME RISE fc PENETRATION SCHEMES 

STABILITY=D , HIND SPD= 2.46 M/S, HIND DIR=180.00 DEG, MIXING HT= 550.0 M, AVERAGING TIHE= 1 HR. POLLUTANT-1: S02 

UNCALIBRATED CONCENTRATION - HICRDGRAHS PER CUBIC HETER 

0.0 4.00 8.00 12.00 16.00 20.00 24.00 28.00 32.00 36.00 40.00 44.00 48.00 

P.38 

48.00 

46.00 

44.00 

42.00 

40.00 

33.00 

36.00 

34.00 

32.00 

30.00 

28.00 

26.00 

24.00 

22.00 

20.00 

19.00 

16.00 

14.00 

12.00 

10.00 

8.00 

6.00 

4.00 

2.00 

0.0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

o 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

o 

0.0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

o 

0 

0 

0 

o 

0 

o 

0 

0 

fl 

V 

l'i 

V 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

o 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

o 

4.00 

14 

14 

14 

14 

14 

13 

13 

13 

13 

12 

12 

11 

10 

9 

3 

6 

5 

3 

n 

I 

0 

V 

0 

0 

0 

28 

29 

30 

31 

33 

34 

35 

37 

39 

41 

43 

46 

49 

53 

57 

61 

67 

75 

85 

99 

121 

142 

143 

0 

0 

8.00 

14 

14 

14 

14 

14 

13 

13 

13 

13 

12 

12 

11 

10 

9 

3 

6 

5 

7 

"J 

X 

1 

* 

0 

0 

o 

0 

0 

2 

1 

i 

1 

3 

1 

1 

i 

1 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

o 

0 

(1 

0 

0 

0 

o 

12.00 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0' 

o 

0 

(1 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

16.00 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

o 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

o 

0 

0 

0 

0 

20.00 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

o 

0 

0 

0 

3 

7 tj 

3 

2 

2 

1 

X 

1 

1 

1 

1 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

o 

0 

0 

0 

0 

24.00 

128 

27 

27 

m 

XI 

27 

17 i.t 

27 

26 

26 

25 

24 

23 

22 

20 

18 

56 

58 

60 

62 

65 

68 

71 

74 

78 

32 

87 

92 

98 

105 

16 113 

13 123 

10 

6 

7 

1 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

135 

150 

170 

198 

241 

244 

136 

0 

0 

I D ft ft 

XO. VI ' 

27 

27 

27 

27 

27 

27 

26 

26 

25 

24 

TT 

Xm> 

11 

XX 

20 

18 

16 

13 

10 

6 

7 

1 

0 

0 

•J 

o 

o 

7 

m* 

3 

7 

2 

2 

2 

1 

1 

1 

1 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

11 Aft 

•JX. v V 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

A 

V 

o 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

o 

0 

0 

A 

'J 

0 

0 

0 

36.00 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

o 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

o 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

o 

0 

0 

40.00 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

V 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

44.00 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

o 

0 

0 

0 

0 

48.00 

48.00 

46.00 

44.00 

42.00 

40.00 

38.00 

36.00 

34.00 

32.00 

30.00 

23.00 

26.00 

24.00 

22.00 

20.00 

18.00 

16.00 

14.00 

12.00 

10.00 

8.00 

6.00 

4.00 

2.00 

0.0 
P.39 

PEH-2 OUTPUT: SECTION 1 OF 1, SCENARIO 1 PEM-2 EXAHPLE 2B: 2 POINT SOURCES. STANDARD PLUME RISE & PENETRATION SCHEMES 

STABILITY=D , HIND SPD= 2.46 M/S, HIND DIR=180.00 DEG, MIXING HT= 550.0 M, AVERAGING TIME= 1 HR. POLLUTANT-1: S02 

KILOGRAMS PER SQUARE KILOMETER PER HOUR 

00 12.00 16.00 20.00 24.00 23.00 32.00 36.00 40.00 44.00 48.00 

UNCALIBRATED SURFACE DEPOSITION FLUX 

0.0 4.00 3 

48.00 

46.00 

44.00 

42.00 

40.00 

38.00 

36.00 

34.00 

'•' 32.00 

30.00 

29.00 

26.00 

24.00 

22.00 

20.00 

" 18.00 

16.00 

14.00 

12.00 

10.00 

8.00 

6.00 

4.00 

2.00 

0.0 

OOO O 

OOO O 

OOO O 

OOO O 

OOO O 

OOO O 

ooo o 

ooo o 

0 0 0 0 

ooo o 

ooo o 

ooo o 

0 0 0 0 

ooo o 

ooo o 

2 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 4 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

2 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 4 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

2 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 4 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

2 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 4 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

2 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 5 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

2100000002520000000 0 

31000000025 2 0 000000 0 

3 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 5 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

3 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 6 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

31000 0 00 0 26200000 0 0 0 

3 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 6 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

3 100000002720000000 0 

4 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 7 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

410000 0 0 01810000000 0 

4100000001810000000 0 

0 0 0 0 0 4 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 9 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

0 0 0 0 0 5 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 10 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

0 0 0 0 0 5 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 11 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

0 0 0 0 0 6 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 12 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

ooo o 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 14 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

0 0 0 0 0 9 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 17 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

0 0 0 0 0 10 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 18 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

OOOO O 10 OOOOOOOO O 10 oooooooo o 

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 o o ooooooooooooooo o 

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 ooo o 0 ooo o 

0.0 4.00 8.00 12.00 16.00 20.00 24.00 28.00 32.00 36.00 40.00 44.00 48.0 

129 

48.00 

46.00 

44.00 

42.00 

40.00 

38.00 

36.00 

34.00 

32.00 

30.00 

28.00 

26.00 

24.00 

22.00 

20.00 

18.00 

16.00 

14.00 

12.00 

10.00 

8.00 

6.00 

4.00 

2.00 

0.0 
P.40 

PEH-2 OUTPUT: SECTION 1 OF 1, SCENARIO 1 PEH-2 EXAHPLE 2B: 2 POINT SOURCES, STANDARD PLUME RISE fc PENETRATION SCHEHES 

STABILITY=D , HIND SPD= 2.46 H/S, HIND DIR=130.00 DEG, MIXING HT= 550.0 H, AVERAGING TIHE= 1 HR. POLLUTANT-2: SULFATE 

UNCALIBRATED CONCENTRATION - HICROGRAMS PER CUBIC METER 

0.0 4.00 8.00 12.00 16.00 20.00 24.00 28.00 32.00 36.00 40.00 44.00 48.00 

48.00 0 0 0 1 7 14 7 1 0 0 0 0 0 2 14 28 14 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 48.00 

46.00 0 0 0 1 7 14 7 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 13 28 13 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 46.00 

44.00 0001 6 14 61000 0 0 1 12 27 12 1000000 0 44.00 

42.00 ,0000 6 14 6000000 1 12 27 12 1000000 0 42.00 

40.00 0 0 0 0 6 13 6 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 11 27 11 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 40.00 

38.00 0 0 0.0 5 13 5000000 1 11 27 11 1 OOOOOO O 38.00 

36.00 0 0 0 0 5 13 5 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 10 26 10 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 36.00 

34.00 0000 5 13 50000000 9 26 9 0 0 0 OOOO O 34.00 

32.00 0 0 0 0 4 13 4 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 9 26 9 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 32.00 

) 30.00 0 0 0 0 4 13 4 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 9 26 9 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 30.00 

29.00 0 0 0 0 3 13 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 7 25 7 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 28.00 

26.00 0 0 0 0 3 13 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 6 25 6 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 26.00 

24.00 0 0 0 0 3 12 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 5 25 5 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 24.00 

22.00 0000 2 12 20000000 4 24 40000000 0 22.00 

20.00 0000 2 12 20000000 3 24 30000000 0 20.00 

18.00 0000 1 12 10000000 3 24 30000000 0 18.00 

16.00 0 0 0 0 1 12 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 24 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 16.00 

14.00 0000 1 12 100 0 0 000 1 24 10000000 0 14.00 

12.00 0 0 0 0 0 12 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 24 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 12.00 

10.00 0 0 0 0 0 12 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 24 0 0 0 0 0 OOO O 10.00 

8.00 0 0 0 0 0 13 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 25 0 OOOOOOO O 8.00 

6.00 0 0 0 0 0 12 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 21 0 0 0 OOOOO O 6.00 

4.00 OOOO O 10 000000000900000000 0 4.00 

2.00 OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO O 2.00 

0.0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 OOOOOOOOO O 0.00 

0.0 4.00 8.00 12.00 16.00 20.00 24.00 28.00 32.00 36.00 40.00 44.00 48.00 

130 
P.41 

PEM-2 OUTPUT: SECTION 1 OF 1, SCENARIO 1 PEH-2 EXAHPLE 2B: 2 POINT SOURCES, STANDARD PLUME RISE fc PENETRATION SCHEMES 

STABILITY=D , HIND SPD= 2.46 H/S, HIND DIR=180.00 DES, MIXING HT= 550.0 H, AVERAGING TIME= 1 HR. POLLUTANT-2: SULFATE 

UNCALIBRATED SURFACE DEPOSITION FLUX - MICROGRAMS PER SQUARE METER PER HOUR 

0.0 4.00 3.00 12.0 16.00 20.00 24.00 28.00 32.00 36.00 40.00 44.00 48.00 

49.00 0 0 0 14 123 251 123 14 0 0 0 0 1 29 246 503 246 29 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 49.00 

46.00 0 0 0 12 118 249 118 12 0 0 0 0 1 25 235 499 235 25 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 46.00 

44.00 0 0 0 li 112 247 112 11 0 0 0 0 0 21 225 494 225 21 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 44.00 

42.00 0 0 0 9 107 245 107 9 0 0 0 0 0 18 214 490 214 18 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 42.00 

40.00 0 0 0 7 101 243 101 7 0 0 0 0 0 15 202 486 202 15 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 40.00 

38.00 0 0 0 6 95 241 95 6 0 0 0 0 0 12 190 481 190 12 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 38.00 

36.00 0 0 0 5 99 239' 89 5 0 0 0 0 0 9 178 476 178 9 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 36.00 

34.00 0 0 0 3 82 236 82 3 0 0 0 0 0 7 165 472 165 7 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 34.00 

32.00 0 0 0 3 75 233 75 3 0 0 0 0 0 5 151 467 151 5 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 32.00 

•• 30.00 0 0 0 2 68 231 68 2 0 0 0 0 0 4 137 461 137 4 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 30.00 

23.00 0 0 0 1 61 228 61 1 0 0 0 0 0 2 122 456 122 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 28.00 

26.00 0 0 0 1 54 225 54 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 107 451 107 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 26.00 

24.00 0 0 0 0 46 223 46 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 92 446 92 1 OOOOOO O 24.00 

22.00 0 0 0 0 38 220 38 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 76 440 76 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 22.00 

20.00 0 0 0 0 30 218 30 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 60 436 60 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 20.00 

18.00 0 0 0 0 23 216 23 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 45 431 45 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 18.00 

16.00 OOO O 15 214 15 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 31 428 31 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 16.00 

14.00 0 0 0 0 9 213 9 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 18 426 18 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 14.00 

12.00 0 0 0 0 4 213 4 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 9 427 9 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 12.00 

10.00 0 0 0 0 1 217 i 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 433 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 10.00 

8.00 0 0 0 0 0 226 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 452 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3.00 

6.00 OOO O 0 223 0 0 0 0 0 OOO O 384 0 0 0 OOO O 0 0 6.00 

4.00 OOOO O 176 OOOOOOOO O 167 OOOOOOOO O 4.00 

2.00 OOOOOOOOO O 0 0 0 0 OOO O 0 OOOOO O 2.00 

0.0 0 OOO O 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 ooooo o 0 0 0.0 

0.0 4.00 8.00 12.00 16.00 20.00 24.00 29.00 32.00 36.00 40.00 44.00 48.00 

131 
P.42 

POLLUTION EPISODIC MODEL (PEM-2) 

OUTPUT: PEH-2 EXAMPLE 2B: 2 POINT SOURCES, STANDARD PLUHE RISE fc PENETRATION SCHEMES 

HIGHEST PREDICTED CONCENTRATION OF EACH POLLUTANT FOR EACH SCENARIO OR AVERAGING PERIOD 

UNCALIBRATED CONCENTRATION IN HICROGRAMS PER CUBIC METER - CALIBRATION, POLLUTANT-1: 

CALIBRATION, POLLUTANT-2: 

POLLUTANT-1: S02 POLLUTANT-2: SULFATE 

SCENARIO HIND DIRECTION COORDINATES CONCENTRATION , COORDINATES CONCENTRATION 

NUMBER SUB-SCENARIO X(KM) Y(KM) UNCALIBRATED CALIBRATED ' X(KH> Y(KH) UNCALIBRATED CALIBRATED 

1 30.00 6.00 244.1323 0.0 30.00 48.00 27.9226 0.0 

132 
P.43 

POLLUTION EPISODIC MODEL (PEM-2) 

OUTPUT: PEH-2 EXAMPLE 23: 2 POINT SOURCES, STANDARD PLUME RISE fc PENETRATION SCHEHES 

HISHEST PREDICTED SURFACE DEPOSITION FLUX OF EACH POLLUTANT FOR EACH SCENARIO OR AVERAGING PERIOD 

UNCALIBRATED VALUES IN HICROGRAMS PER SQUARE METER PER HOUR - CALIBRATION, POLLUTANT-1: 

CALIBRATION, POLLUTANT-2: 

POLLUTANT-1: S02 POLLUTANT-2: SULFATE 

SCENARIO HIND DIRECTION COORDINATES SURFACE DEPOSITION FLUX COORDINATES SURFACE DEPOSITION 

NUMEER SUB-SCENARIO X(KM) Y(KM) UNCALIBRATED CALIBRATED X(KM) Y(KM) UNCALIBRATED CALIBRATED 

1 30.00 6.00 17581.1211 0.0 30.00 48.00 502.6060 0.0 

133 
P.44 

TABLE E-7 

INPUT DATA FOR EXAMPLE PROBLEM 3 

CONTROL CARDS 

1 TITLE 

2 OPTIONS 

3 GRID 

4 POLLUTANTS 

5 SCALINS 

6 LABELS 

7 HIND PROFILE 

SCENARIO CARDS 

PEM 

S02 

3 

0 

c 

•J 

-j 

6 

6 

6 

LfthllfUt 0' 

0 0 

0. 

1 

0. 

15. 

CARD IMAGES 

: 1 AREA SOURCE fc 3 POINT SOURCES, 

I 

A 

1 

X. 

1 

i . 

0.20 

6 

! 

•7 C 

•J.J 

3.5 

3.0 

3.0 

2.5 

2.5 

0 

X.J 

0. 

1. 

'.20 

2 0 

25 

0.2 

0. 

s 

0.25 

260. 

260. 

ii;\ 

270. 

280. 

280. 

0 1 

1.5 

0. 

0. 

ULFATE 

0.30 

5. 

C 

•J « 

1. 

t 

X • 

_7 

-3. 

5-HR AVG CON 

1 I 

200. 

200. 

200. 

150. 

150. 

150. 

0 

0.015 

5.0 

0. 

0.35 

CERTRATI 

0 1 

0.030 

1.5 

0. 

0.35 

0. 

0. 

n 

0. 

0. 

0. 

AREA SOURCE CARDS 

0.75 15.75 4500. 75. 7.5 

(A BLANK CARD TO SISNAL END OF AREA SOURCE INVENTORY) 

POINT SOURCE CARDS 

BL 

7 i'l 

1.5 

1.5 

ANK CA RD 

10 

! 

nn 

xO 

TO 

0 

5 

r 

J 

100. 

200. 

60. 

10. 

6. 

SIGNAL END OF POINT 

30. 

50. 

10. 

SOURCE I 

•i 

•j 

i i 

NVENTORY 

250. STACK 1 

200. STACK 2 

150. STACK 3 

134 
TABLE E-8 

OUTPUT LISTING FOR EXAMPLE PROBLEM 3 

PEM-2 (VERSION 84130) 

POLLUTION EPISODIC MODEL 

INCLUDING 

DEPOSITION, SEDIMENTATION, AND CHEMICAL TRANSFORMATION 

OF POLLUTANTS 

135 
P.46 

POLLUTION EPISODIC HODEL (PEH-2) 

INPUT CONTROL PARAMETERS: PEH-2 EXAMPLE 3: 1 AREA SOURCE i 3 POINT SOURCES, 6-HR AVG CONCERTRATIONS 

AVERAGING TIME OPTION: NT0PT=3 

A SCENARIO IS A SET OF METEOROLOGICAL DATA FOR ONE HOUR 

1 1 HOUR: CONCENTRATIONS ARE CALCULATED FOR EACH SCENARIO 

2 24 HOURS: CONCENTRATIONS CALCULATED FOR 24 SCENARIOS ARE AVERAGED 

3 VARIABLE: CONCENTRATIONS CALCULATED FOR A GIVEN NUMBER (2 TO 23) OF SCENARIOS ARE AVERAGED 

HIND DIRECTION OPTION: NHDOPT=0 

\ 0 DIRECTION IN DEGREES TO BE SPECIFIED FOR EACH SCENARIO 

1 SECTOR NUMBER TO SE SPECIFIED FOR EACH SCENARIO 

2-7 DIRECTION IN DEGREES TO BE SPECIFIED FOR THE FIRST OF FOUR SUB-SCENARIOS. 

FOR EACH SUCCEEDING SOS-SCENARIO, HIND DIRECTION IS AUTOMATICALLY INCREASED 

BY 90,45,30,15,10,OR 5 DEGREES, DEPENDING ON THE OPTION NUMBER SELECTED. 

HIND SPEED OPTION: NHSOPT=0 

• 0 SPEED IN M/S TO BE SPECIFIED FOR EACH SCENARIO 

1 HIND SPEED CLASS NUMBER TO BE SPECIFIED FOR EACH SCENARIO 

NUMBER OF SCENARIOS: NSCEN= 6 

RECEPTOR SRID: COLUMNS: LX= 25 ROHS: LY= 25 

SPACING: GRID= 1.500 KH 

SOUTHWEST CORNER XRSHC= 0.0 KM W 

YRSHC= 0.0 KM S 

136 
POLLUTION EPISODIC MODEL (PEH-2) 

INPUT CONTROL PARAHETERS: PEH-2 EXAMPLE 3: 1 AREA SOURCE fc 3 POINT SOURCES, 6-HR AVG CONCERTRATIONS 

P.47 

NUMBER OF POLLUTANTS: NP0L=2 

POLLUTANT-1: S02 POLLUTANT-2: SULFATE 

AREA SOURCE SCALING FACTOR: 

CALIBRATION COEFFICIENTS: 

CALIBRATION IDENTIFICATION: 

DEPOSITION VELOCITY (CM/S): 

SETTLING VELOCITY (CM/Si: 

ASCALE= 1.000 

0.0 B= 

VD1= 2.000 

Hl= 0.0 

0.0 

ASCALE= 1.000 

A= 0.0 B= 0.0 

VD2= 0.200 

H2= 0.0 

CHEMICAL TRANSFORMATION OPTION: 3CT=1 

NP0L=2 

ICT=0 CHEMICAL TRANSFORMATION LOSS OF POLLUTANTS IS IGNORED 

ICT=1 FIRST-ORDER CHEHICAL TRANSFORMATION OF POLLUTANT-1 TO POLLUTANT-2 IS CONSIDERED 

CHEHICAL TRANSFORMATION OR DECAY RATE: XKT= 5.000 PERCENT/HR 

RATIO OF MOLECULAR HEIGHTS OF POLLUTANT-2 (PRODUCT) TO POLLUTANT-1 (REACTANT): GAMMA= 1.500 

OUTPUT OPTIONS SELECTED: 

NARRAY=2 MAPS OF CONCENTRATION AND SURFACE DEPOSITION FLUX AT EACH RECEPTOR IN THE GRID, 

UNCALIBRATED ONLY 

NMAXM LIST OF RECEPTORS WITH HIGHEST CONCENTRATION AND SURFACE DEPOSITION FLUX 

FOR EACH SCENARIO - PRINTED AT END OF RUN 

137 
Cr- c

n -4a» c4 ro •— 

to a> m zo ro •—• CD 

CO >J Cr- U l 4» W W 

:*r cn 

cz m 

ZK CD CO —I m cn 

zo 70 

3> 

ClD cn 

C/1 CM *— *MJ O- -la* rO C3 -H 

•*-J cn ro <z> —i cn ro o m •—• cn c=» 

cn cr> cn o cn <r> cn cr- —- sc 

cr- c_n -fc». CM ro •—• o -o 

ro ro CM ci CM C~I 

cn cn o <z> cn cn 

•o <r> o- <r< <r- o 

o •» <=• o o o . 

32= cn 

cr m 

ZE CD 

co —i 

rn CD 

na so SO rn CD 

cn rn K: 

CM CM ro r-o r-o ro ho •— 

C-4 •—- -MD ^-j -«=»• r-o <n co 

-o cn ro o *--i cn r-o «o 

cno-cnocn-ocno - ^ cn r n cn 

OJ 00 

ro ro ro ro to r o 

co co --J -~i cr- cr-

ooooo o 

c4 c*4 *— '— cn cn 

ooooo o 

o 

— =o as 

o rn •—• 

rn c-> se 

OT —i o 

c -o a t 

m m ca co ?o •—• a> r n 

tn —i s r c= —I 

ZO 

Cr-

h O cn 

r-o C D <r 

m =o 

cn -o 

Cr-

1 

Ma* 

cr- -o C M 

1 

C J 

-ta* 

-o- *-J 

1 

r-o ro M ^ o43-

1 

•-* cn 

<r> 

cr* 

1 

cn 

m 

X rs cn —i 

m 

zo 

3> cn cn cn -o 

rn 

m cn 

C"> r" 3 > cn cn 

Z* "O 

x cn 

— •—• zo cn zsz D> m cn cn cn t—. 

--- re rn 

3 m a : 

cr- cn -4=* CM r o 

en rn X 

n I— x» co C O 

C=l CT DD "XT 

*— ^- *— ro ro r o 

cn cn cn o o o 

ooooo o o - o <=• o - o o> 

m •— 

»—» x CO •—• =c zs. —I CO 
P.49 

POLLUTION EPISODIC MODEL (PEH-2) 

INPUT AREA SOURCE PARAMETERS: PEM-2 EXAMPLE 3: 1 AREA SOURCE fc 3 POINT SOURCES, 6-HR AVG CONCERTRATIONS 

AREA SOURCE 

NUMBER 

1 

COORDINATES 

X(KH) YIKH) 

0.75 15.75 

SUMS OF THE AREA SOURCE 

LENGTH OF SIDE 

(M) 

4500.00 

EMISSION RATES 

EFFECTIVE HEIGHT OF THE AREA SOURCE EMISSI ]NS = 

POLLUTANT-1 

EMISSION RATE 

INPUT (G/S) 

75.000 

75.000 

= 0.0 M 

SCALED 

75.000 

75.000 

POLLUTANT-2 

EMISSION RATE 

INPUT (G/S) SCALED 

7.500 7.500 

7.500 7.500 

139 
P.50 

POLLUTION EPISODIC HODEL (PEM-2) 

INPUT POINT SOURCE PARAMETERS: PEM-2 EXAMPLE 3: 1 AREA SOURCE & 3 POINT SOURCES, 6-HR AVS CONCERTRATIONS 

POINT SOURCE 

NUMBER LABEL 

1 STACK 1 

2 STACK 2 

3 STACK 3 

COORDINATES 

X(KH) 

3.00 

1.50 

1.50 

YiKM) 

18.00 

7.50 

28.50 

SUMS OF THE POINT SOURCE EMISSION RATES 

EMISSION RATE 

POLLUTANT-1 (G/S) 

100.000 

200.000 

60.000 

360.000 G/S 

EMISSION RATE 

POLLUTANT-2 (S/S) 

15.000 

10.000 

6.000 

31.000 G/S 

HEISHT 

(M) 

30.00 

50.00 

10.00 

DIAMETER 

(M) 

2.000 

3.000 

1.000 

EXIT VEL 

(M/S) 

4.000 

5.000 

2.000 

EXIT TEMP 

(DEG 0 

250.000 

200.000 

150.000 

INPUT CONTROL PARAMETERS: 

ND PROFILE EXPONENTS OPTION: NHP0PT=1 

0 EXPONENTS AND ANEMOMETER HEIGHT ARE STANDARD DEFAULT VALUES 

1 EXPONENTS AND ANEHOMETER HEIGHT TO BE SPECIFIED BY THE USER 

USER SPECIFIED HIND PROFILE EXPONENT VALUES: 

0.20 0.20 0.25 0.30 0.35 0.35 

ANEMOMETER HEIGHT = 35.0 METERS 

STACK-TIP DOKNHASH ALGORITHM OPTION: NSTDWN=1 

0 ALGORITHM IS IN EFFECT 

1 ALGORITHM IS NOT USED 

NEH PLUME-RISE EQUATIONS OPTION: NPRISE=0 

0 STANDARD PLUME-RISE EOS. ARE USED FOR ALL STABILITY CLASSES 

! NEH EOS. ARE USED FOR PEAK BUOYANCY RISE FOR STABILITY CLASSES A-D 

POTENTIAL TEMPERATURE GRADIENT: DTDZ(1)= 0.015 DES/M STABILITY CLASS E 

DTDZ!2)= 0.030 DES/M STABILITY CLASS F 

PLUME PENETRATION ABOVE MIXING HEISHT OPTION: NINPEN=0 

0 STANDARD TREATMENT OF PLUME PENETRATION ABOVE THE MIXING HEISHT 

1 NEH SCHEHES FOR PLUME PENETRATION OF ELEVATED STABLE LAYER USED 

FOR STABILITY CLASSES A-D AND BUOYANCY-DOMINATED PLUME 

140 
P.51 

TI 

PEM-2 OUTPUT: SECTION 1 OF 1 PEM-2 EXAMPLE 3: 1 AREA SOURCE & 3 POINT SOURCES, 6-HR AVS CONCERTRATIONS 

6 SCENARIOS, AVERAGING TIME= 6 HRS. POLLUTANT-1: S02 

UNCALIBRATED CONCENTRATION - MICROGRAMS PER CUBIC METER 

0.0 3.00 6.00 9.00 12.00 15.00 18.00 21.00 24.00 27.00 30.00 33.00 36.00 

36.00 OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO O 0 000011 2 36.00 

34.50 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 11 2 3 4 5 5 5 34.50 

33.00 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 2 3 5 6 7 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 33.00 

31.50 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 4 7 9 10 9 7 5 4 2 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 31.50 

30.00 0 0 0 0 2 11 17 16 11 7 4 3 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 30.00 

23.50 0 0 211 69 40 30 24 21 18 16 15 13 12 12 11 10 9 9 8 8 8 7 7 7 6 28.50 

27.00 0 0 0 0 3 18 28 26 18 11 7 4 3 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 27.00 

25.50 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 6 11 14 15 14 11 8 5 4 2 1 1 1 1 1 2 25.50 

24.00 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 2 5 7 9 11 11 11 11 11 11 11 10 24.00 

22.50 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 0 1 2 5 7 10 12 14 14 14 13 12 11 22.50 

21.00 0 0 0 0 2 4 5 4 4 5 7 11 13 14 13 10 8 5 4 2 2 1 2 2 3 21.00 

19.50 0 71 88 97 30 20 25 32 30 23 14 B 4 3 2 2 2 2 2 3 3 3 3 3 3 19.50 

18.00 0 71 83 273 113 76 58 48 41 34 28 23 20 13 17 16 15 14 13 13 12 12 11 11 10 18.00 

16.50 0 71 88 97 30 22 37 49 45 33 21 12 6 4 3 2 2 2 2 3 3 3 3 3 3 16.50 

15.00 0 0 0 0 2 4 6 5 4 6 11 17 21 22 20 17 12 8 5 4 2 2 3 4 6 15.00 

13.50 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 0 1 4 7 12 16 19 22 23 24 23 22 19 13.50 

12.00 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 4 8 12 16 19 20 20 20 19 18 17 16 12.00 

10.50 OOOOOO O 1 3 9 17 23 25 23 19 14 10 6 4 2 2 1 1 23 10.50 

9.00 0 0 0 0 5 26 42 40 29 19 12 7 5 4 4 4 4 5 5 5 5 5 5 6 6 9.00 

7.50 0 0 150 125 94 74 62 53 47 42 39 36 33 31 29 27 26 25 23 22 21 20 20 19 18 7.50 

6.00 0 0 0 0 8 45 71 67 43 30 18 11 7 5 4 4 4 5 5 5 5 5 5 6 6 6.00 

4.50 OOOOOO O 1 5 16 29 38 41 33 30 22 15 10 6 4 2 1 1 1 0 4.50 

3.00 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 3 7 13 20 26 29 29 26 22 IS 13 9 6 3.00 

1.50 OOO O 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 00013 6 10 15 19 21 23 22 1.50 

0.0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 2 3 5 8 0.0 

0.0 3.00 6.00 9.00 12.00 15.00 18.00 21.00 24.00 27.00 30.00 33.00 36.00 

1 4 1 
P.52 

PEM-2 OUTPUT: SECTION 1 OF 1 PEH-2 EXAMPLE 3: 1 AREA SOURCE & 3 POINT SOURCES, 6-HR AVG CONCERTRATIONS 

6 SCENARIOS, AVERAGING TIHE= 6 HRS. POLLUTANT-1: S02 

UNCALIBRATED SURFACE DEPOSITION FLUX - KILOGRAMS PER SQUARE KILOMETER PER HOUR 

0.0 3.00 6.00 9.00 12.00 15.00 18.00 21.00 24.00 27.00 30.00 33.00 36.00 

36.00 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 OOO O 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 OOO O 36.00 

34.50 OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO O 34.50 

33.00 0 0 0 0 0 0 OOOOO O 0 OOOOOOOOOOO O 33.00 

31.50 000000000001111000 0 0 0000 0 31.50 

30.00 0 0 0 0 0 11111 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 30.00 

28.50 0 0 15 5 3 2 2 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 28.50 

27.00 0 0 0 0 0 1 2 2 11 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 27.00 

25.50 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 111111 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 25.50 

24.00 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 111111111 1 24.00 

!

. 22.50 000000 0 0 0000000011111111 1 22.50 

21.00 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1111111 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 21.00 

19.50 0 5 6 7' 2 1 2 2 2 2 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 19.50 

18.00 0 5 6 20 8 5 4 3 3 2 2 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 18.00 

16.50 0 5 6 7 2 2 3 4 3 2 2 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 16.50 

15.00 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 11 2 2 1111 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 15.00 

13.50 000000000000000111122222 1 13.50 

12.00 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1111111111 1 12.00 

10.50 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 11 2 2 2 111 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 10.50 

9.00 0 0 0 0 0 2 3 3 2 111 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 9.00 

7.50 0 0 11 9 7 5 4 4 3 3 3 3 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 1 1 1 1 7.50 

6.00 0 0 0 0 1 3 5 5 3 2 111 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 6.00 

4.50 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 2 3 3 3 2 2 11 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 4.50 

3.00 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 11 2 2 2 2 2 111 0 3.00 

1.50 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 111 2 2 2 1.50 

0.0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0.0 

0.0 3.00 6.00 9.00 12.00 15.00 18.00 21.00 24.00 27.00 30.00 33.00 36.00 

142 
P.53_ 

PEM-2 OUTPUT: SECTION 1 OF 1 PEM-2 EXAMPLE 3: 1 AREA SOURCE fc 3 POINT SOURCES, 6-HR AVS CONCERTRATIONS 

6 SCENARIOS, AVERAGING TIME= 6 HRS. POLLUTANT-2: SULFATE 

UNCALIBRATED CONCENTRATION - MICROGRAMS PER CUBIC METER 

0.0 3.00 6.00 9.00 12.00 15.00 18.00 21.00 24.00 27.00 30.00 33.00 36.00 

36.00 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 36.00 

34.50 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 111 2 2 2 2 34.50 

33.00 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 2 2 2 3 2 2 2 11 1 33.00 

31.50 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 2 2 3 3 2 2 111 0 0 0 0 0 0 31.50 

30.00 0 0 0 0 0 2 3 3 3 2 11111111111111 1 30.00 

28.50 0 0 29 11 7 6 5 5 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 3 3 3 28.50 

27.00 0 0 0 0 1 4 6 7 5 3 2 1111111111111 1 27.00 

25.50 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 2 3 5 6 5 5 4 3 2 11 0 0 0 1 1 25.50 

24.00 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 6 6 6 6 5 5 24.00 

•'• 22.50 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 7 7 7 6 22.50 

21.00 0 0 0 0 0 11111 2 3 4 4 4 4 3 2 111111 2 21.00 

19.50 0 9 11 13 5 4 6 8 8 6 4 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 2 19.50 

18.00 0 9 11 45 23 17 14 12 11 10 8 7 7 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 5 5 5 5 5 18.00 

16.50 0 9 11 13 5 5 9 14 13 11 7 4 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 2 16.50 

15.00 0 0 0 0 11 2 11 2 4 6 8 9 8 7 5 4 3 2 1111 1 15.00 

13.50 000000000000012357899988 7 13.50 

12.00 00000000 0 0 00011234456788 8 • 12.00 

10.50 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 2 3 4 4 3 2 2 111 0 0 11 2 10.50 

9.00 0 0 0 0 0 2 4 4 3 2 1111111111111 2 2 9.00 

7.50 0 0 9 9 8 7 6 6 6 6 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 7.50 

6.00 0 0 0 0 1 5 8 8 7 5 3 2 11111111111 2 2 6.00 

4.50 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 2 5 7 8 8 6 5 4 3 2 11 0 0 0 0 4.50 

3.00 00 0 0 000 0 0 000113567876543 2 3.00 

1.50 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 2 3 4 6 7 7 8 1.50 

0.0 000000000000000000000012 3 0.0 

0.0 3.00 6.00 9.00 12.00 15.00 18.00 21.00 24.00 27.00 30.00 33.00 36.00 

143 
P.54 

PEH-2 OUTPUT: SECTION 1 OF 1 PEH-2 EXAMPLE 3: 1 AREA SOURCE fc 3 POINT SOURCES, 6-HR AVG CONCERTRATIONS 

. 6 SCENARIOS, AVERAGING TIHE= 6 HRS. POLLUTANT-2: SULFATE 

UNCALIBRATED SURFACE DEPOSITION FLUX - MICROGRAMS PER SQUARE METER PER HOUR 

0.0 3.00 6.00 9.00 12.00 15.00 18.00 21.00 24.00 27.00 30.00 33.00 36.00 

36.00 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 2 4 7 36.00 

34.50 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 2 4 7 10 13 16 17 17 34.50 

33.00 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 3 7 11 15 18 13 17 15 13 10 7 5 33.00 

31.50 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 6 12 18 20 19 16 13 9 6 4 3 2 1 1 0 0 31.50 

30.00 0 0 0 0 3 14 24 24 19 13 8 6 4 4 4 4 4 5 5 6 6 7 7 7 8 30.00 

28.50 0 0 210 79 51 41 37 34 32 31 30 29 28 28 27 27 27 26 26 26 26 25 25 25 25 28.50 

27.00 0 0 0 0 5 27 47 47 37 25 16 10 7 5 4 4 5 5 5 6 6 7 7 7 8 27.00 

25.50 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 4 13 25 35 40 39 33 25 18 12 8 5 3 3 3 4 7 25.50 

24.00 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 3 7 14 23 31 37 40 41 42 41 40 39 37 24.00 

1 22.50 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 2 2 1 2 6 12 19 28 36 42 48 51 51 50 46 22.50 

21.00 0 0 0 0 3 5 7 7 7 10 15 22 29 32 31 26 20 14 10 7 5 5 6 9 14 21.00 

19.50 0 64 82 94 36 28 41 56 55 45 30 18 9 7 6 6 6 7 7 8 9 9 10 11 12 19.50 

18.00 0 64 32 320 165 119 99 33 81 71 61 51 47 46 44 43 42 41 41 40 40 39 39 38 38 18.00 

16.50 0 64 82 94 37 34 67 98 96 77 51 30 16 10 8 7 7 7 8 8 9 9 10 11 12 16.50 

15.00 0 0 0 0 4 8 11 10 10 16 27 43 57 64 61 51 39 28 19 13 8 6 6 8 11 15.00 

13.50 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 3 3 1 4 11 22 36 50 60 66 68 66 61 55 47 13.50 

12.00 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 5 9 15 21 27 32 37 43 49 55 59 60 12.00 

10.50 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 8 16 23 26 26 22 17 12 8 6 4 3 3 4 8 13 10.50 

9.00 0 0 0 0 3 17 29 30 23 16 11 7 6 5 5 6 6 7 8 3 9 10 10 11 12 9.00 

7.50 0 0 67 67 57 50 46 43 41 40 39 39 38 38 38 37 37 37 37 37 37 37 37 37 37 7.50 

6.00 0 0 0 0 6 34 59 61 48 33 21 13 9 7 6 6 6 7 3 3 9 10 10 11 12 6.00 

4.50 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 5 17 34 49 56 54 46 36 26 18 12 7 5 3 2 1 1 4.50 

3.00 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 4 10 20 32 44 52 55 52 46 38 30 22 16 3.00 

1.50 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 2 6 12 21 31 41 49 53 54 1.50 

0.0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 3 7 13 20 0.0 

0.0 3.00 6.00 9.00 12.00 15.00 18.00 21.00 24.00 27.00 30.00 33.00 36.00 

144 
P.55 

POLLUTION EPISODIC HODEL (PEM-2) 

UTPUT: PEM-2 EXAMPLE 3: 1 AREA SOURCE fc 3 POINT SOURCES, 6-HR AVS CONCERTRATIONS 

HIGHEST PREDICTED CONCENTRATION OF EACH POLLUTANT FOR EACH SCENARIO OR AVERAGING PERIOD 

UNCALIBRATED CONCENTRATION IN MICROGRAMS PER CUBIC METER - CALIBRATION, POLLUTANT-1: 

CALIBRATION, POLLUTANT-2: 

POLLUTANT-1: S02 POLLUTANT-2: SULFATE 

SCENARIO HIND DIRECTION 

NUMBER SUB-SCENARIO 

COORDINATES 

X(KM> Y(KH) 

CONCENTRATION 

UNCALIBRATED CALIBRATED 

COORDINATES 

XiKN! Y(KH) 

CONCENTRATION 

UNCALIBRATED CALIBRATED 

4.50 18.00 272.5042 0.0 4.50 13.00 44.5087 0.0 

145 
P.56 

POLLUTION EPISODIC MODEL (PEH-2! 

OUTPUT: PEH-2 EXAHPLE 3: 1 AREA SOURCE fc 3 POINT SOURCES, 6-HR AVG CONCERTRATIONS 

HISHEST PREDICTED SURFACE DEPOSITION FLUX OF EACH POLLUTANT FOR EACH SCENARIO OR AVERAGING PERIOD 

UNCALIBRATED VALUES IN HICROGRAHS PER SOUARE METER PER HOUR - CALIBRATION, POLLUTANT-1: 

CALIBRATION, PDLLUTANT-2: 

POLLUTANT-1: S02 POLLUTANT-2: SULFATE 

SCENARIO HIND DIRECTION COORDINATES SURFACE DEPOSITION FLUX COORDINATES SURFACE DEPOSITION FLUX 

NUMBER SUB-SCENARIO X(KH) Y(KM) UNCALIBRATED CALIBRATED X(KH) Y(KM) UNCALIBRATED CALIBRATED 

1 4.50 18.00 19620.2930 0.0 4.50 18.00 320.4619 0.0 

146 
P.57 

APPENDIX F 

PEM-2 FORTRAN LISTING 

The PEM-2 (Version 84130) computer program was developed and tested on 

the IBM computers at the Oak. Ridge National Laboratory. The program was 

later modified slightly to run it on the UNIVAC computer at Research 

Triangle Park. A listing of this UNIVAC-compatible FORTRAN program 

follows. This listing clearly shows the modifications made to adapt the 

PEM-2 computer code from the IBM to the UNIVAC. A summary of the statements (identified by their line numbers in the listing) required for each 

computer is given below: 

IBM 

2530 

50140 

50430 

50710 

UNIVAC 

2550 

15640 

16160 

16670 

17300 

17870 

18620 

38900 

50220-50240 

50510-50530 

50790-50810 

147