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                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                               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Home                             | Information Services |                             Publications | 2000                             Highlights 
**2000                           Highlights Report**

**Contents**
- Introduction
- Developing                             Methods
- Bird Research                             Projects
- Mammal Research                             Projects
- Product Development                             Research Projects
- Program                             Support

Providing                           Wildlife Services
- National                             Support
- International                             Cooperation

Valuing                           and Investing in PeopleInformation and                           Communication
- Information Services
- Seminars
- Meetings, Workshops,                             and Conference Presentations
- Publications

 

The U.S. Department of Agriculture                           (USDA) prohibits discrimination in all its programs                           and activities on the basis of race, color, national                           origin, sex, religion, age, disability, political beliefs,                           sexual orientation, or marital or family status. (Not                           all prohibited bases apply to all programs.) Persons                           with disabilities who require alternative means for                           communication of program information (Braille, large                           print, audiotape, etc.) should contact USDA's TARGET                           Center at (202) 720B2600 (voice and TDD).

To file a complaint of discrimination,                           write USDA, Director, Office of Civil Rights, Room 326BW,                           Whitten Building, 1400 Independence Avenue, SW, Washington,                           DC 20250B9410 or call (202) 720B5964 (voice and TDD).                           USDA is an equal opportunity provider and employer.

Mention of companies or commercial                           products does not imply recommendation or endorsement                           by USDA over others not mentioned. USDA neither guarantees                           nor warrants the standard of any product mentioned.                           Product names are mentioned solely to report factually                           on available data and to provide specific information.

This publication reports research                           involving pesticides. All uses of pesticides must be                           registered by appropriate State and/or Federal agencies                           before they can be recommended.

*Caution:* Pesticides can be                           injurious to humans, domestic animals, desirable plants,                           and fish or other wildlife if they are not handled or                           applied properly. Use all pesticides selectively and                           carefully. Follow recommended practices for the disposal                           of surplus pesticides and pesticide containers.

**Introduction**

**National Wildlife Research Center                           Mission and Location**

The mission of USDA's Wildlife Services                           Program (WS) is to provide Federal leadership in managing                           problems caused by wildlife.  The National Wildlife                           Research Center (NWRC) functions as the research arm                           of WS by providing scientific information on the development                           of socially acceptable methods for wildlife damage management.                            As part of WS' strategic plan to improve the coexistence                           of people and wildlife, it has identified four goals:                            
- developing methods
- providing wildlife services
- valuing and investing in people,                             and
- enhancing information and communication. 

WS is dedicated to helping meet                           the wildlife damage-management needs of the United States                           by building on the unit's strengths in these four key                           areas.  This annual NWRC research highlights report                           is structured around these program goals. 

NWRC is committed to conducting                           applied research that addresses the needs of the WS                           program and its stakeholders as identified in a 1996                           WS Program National Research Needs Assessment.                            NWRC currently supports 18 multiyear, cross-disciplinary                           projects directed at those identified research needs.                            Four projects scheduled to end in fiscal year (FY) 2000                           were reviewed to gauge their success in achieving their                           expected objectives.  Reviews were conducted at                           either NWRC field stations or at NWRC headquarters in                           Fort Collins, CO.  Review participants included                           Center and outside scientists, WS regional and State                           directors and wildlife specialists, and numerous stakeholders.                            NWRC uses the input of these participants to develop                           new 3- to-5-year projects with specific goals, objectives,                           and milestones that relate directly to the research                           needs identified in the 1996 WS Research Needs Assessment.                            During 2001, the WS program expects to conduct its third                           Research Needs Assessment, upon which future Center                           research will be based. 

In early 1999, NWRC moved into its                           new headquarters, the Wildlife Science Building, on                           the Foothills Research Campus of Colorado State University                           (CSU) in Fort Collins.  Construction of the Wildlife                           Science Building is a remarkable accomplishment of the                           USDA Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service (APHIS)                           toward achieving the WS/NWRC Master Plan.  During                           2000, NWRC, APHIS, and the General Services Administration                           made considerable progress toward building additional                           facilities in the NWRC Master Plan.  The bid documents                           for construction of the Animal Research Building Support                           Wing and the associated outdoor animal research facilities                           were completed with a ground-breaking for these facilities                           expected in early 2001.  Upon completion of the                           Master Plan, NWRC, with its nine regionally based field                           stations, will be the only wildlife research complex                           of its kind in the world devoted entirely to providing                           new science-based solutions to wildlife damage and associated                           health and human safety problems.

**Developing                           Methods**

***Goal: Increase effective methods                           available for wildlife disease management.***

**Bird                           Research Projects**

***Title:  Economic Impact                           and Management of Bird Predation at Aquaculture Facilities                           in the Southeastern United States***

***Goal:  Determine the                           magnitude of and develop methodology to reduce damage                           by cormorants, wading birds, and pelicans on southern                           catfish, baitfish, and crawfish farms.***

Double-Crested Cormorant Satellite                           Telemetry Populations of double-crested cormorants have                           increased dramatically during the past 2 decades and                           are causing more and more problems throughout their                           range.  NWRC scientists initiated two studies to                           investigate the continental movements of double-crested                           cormorants in North America.  One study involved                           attaching 25 satellite transmitters to cormorants adjacent                           to catfish aquaculture facilities in Alabama, Arkansas,                           Louisiana, and Mississippi.  Results from that                           study will identify the northward and southward migratory                           paths of cormorants captured near southern aquaculture                           facilities.  The second study was initiated on                           the cormorant breeding grounds and will determine the                           effectiveness of breeding-colony control activities                           at Little Galloo Island, NY, in eastern Lake Ontario.                            The foraging distribution and subsequent migratory behavior                           of these breeding cormorants will also be analyzed using                           a geographical information system.

Great Blue Heron Foraging Ecology                           and Disease TransmissionResearchers at NWRC's Starkville,                           MS, field station completed several studies that investigated                           heron foraging behavior in relation to fish disease                           ecology.  The studies demonstrated clearly that                           foraging by great blue herons at catfish farms was greatest                           in ponds with diseased fish or where fish were being                           fed with floating feed.  Heron populations on catfish                           farms were relatively low during spring and late winter,                           and predation on catfish was directly related to outbreaks                           of fish disease in fall (September October).  Thus,                           catfish farmers can reduce losses by dispersing herons                           from feeding ponds only during the summer months (July                           August) and only when fish are being fed. 

American White Pelican Foraging                           Ecology and DemographicsAlthough populations of American                           white pelicans are an increasing concern to aquaculturists                           in the Southern United States, the fundamental ecology                           of this species remains poorly understood.  Scientists                           at NWRC's Starkville field station have been monitoring                           pelican populations in Louisiana and Mississippi since                           1993 and have been banding American white pelicans at                           predominant breeding colonies in North Dakota and Minnesota                           since 1996.  On the pelican's winter range in the                           South, NWRC scientists have investigated American white                           pelican food habits, constructed daily activity budgets,                           monitored daily and seasonal movements, and documented                           the population status and habitat use.  The results                           of these studies will increase the knowledge of the                           impact of American white pelicans on southern aquaculture                           and provide a basis for future management actions.                            To supplement these efforts, NWRC scientists will initiate                           research at the breeding colony at Chase Lake, ND, in                           July 2000 that will provide information on age-specific                           survivorship and fecundity. 

Wading Bird Impacts to Bait Fish                           and Catfish ProductionScientists at the Starkville field                           station completed a field evaluation of the impacts                           of great blue herons, little blue herons, and great                           egrets on baitfish production and a survey of all baitfish                           farmers in Arkansas to determine the spatial and temporal                           patterns of bird depredation to their industry.                            In the field study, 83 to 94 percent of the wading birds                           collected on baitfish aquaculture facilities were determined                           to be immature birds, indicating that nonlethal dispersal                           of rookeries might deter wading bird predation.                            A pen study with captive birds further investigated                           the foraging ecology of great egrets and their preference                           for catfish fingerlings in various size classes.                            The results of these studies will help baitfish farmers                           evaluate the impact of bird predation on their facilities                           and devise cost-effective management strategies.One-third                           of known baitfish facilities in Arkansas were surveyed                           about the major factors affecting aquaculture production                           losses, bird species that are seen at each facility,                           timing and extent of depredation, and techniques used                           by the fish farmers to minimize bird-caused losses.                            Fish-eating birds were identified as the main cause                           of production losses by 65 percent of farmers responding                           to the survey.  A more complete description of                           the survey results can be found in Werner, S.; Wooten,                           D. 1999.Fish-eating bird impacts in Arkansas: where                           and when?Aquaculture Magazine 25(6): 70 72.

***Title:  Development of                           Methods To Manage Depredation and Nuisance Problems                           Caused by Vultures***

***Goal:  Understand the                           relationships between various habitat and land-use variables                           and problems caused by vultures and develop effective                           management techniques for reducing predation losses                           and property damage.Management Methods To Reduce Vulture                           Predation on LivestockPredation on newly born livestock                           by black vultures has increased steadily in recent years                           and has been reported to WS personnel in at least 15                           States.  To address this depredation issue, NWRC                           scientists initiated a study to determine what factors                           of cattle management and vulture behavior contribute                           to predation of newborn calves.  The study is concentrating                           on whether vultures from nearby roosts are responsible                           for livestock predation and if dispersal of these roosts                           will eliminate or reduce the problem.  The distribution                           of predation events with respect to age of the cows                           is also being examined.***

Biologists at NWRC's Gainesville,                           FL, field station monitored vulture activity in Florida                           on 34 days during January through March 2000 to quantify                           the interactions with cattle.  Observations to                           document vulture use and to identify possible risks                           to calving herds from vultures were made in 15 of 38                           pastures that had a variety of heifer (first-time breeder),                           cow, and calf combinations.  During 290 counts,                           543 vultures were seen in the pastures.  Of those,                           78 percent were turkey vultures, and 22 percent were                           black vultures.  The largest number of turkey vultures                           was observed in pastures with heifers and calves, while                           black vultures were nearly evenly divided among pastures                           containing heifers only, heifers and calves, and cows                           and calves.In 92 percent of the observations, the birds                           posed no immediate threat to cows or calves.  About                           4 percent of the vultures were observed eating or foraging                           in manure.  No predation activity by vultures on                           livestock was observed.  A number of dead calves                           and cows were observed in pastures, but it was not possible                           to determine the cause of death.During an additional                           almost 60 hours of observations of vultures in pastures,                           observers noted one attempted depredation by black vultures                           on a calf as it was being born.  The cow was able                           to chase the birds off, however; and the birth proceeded                           successfully.The documentation of vulture activity will                           result in better understanding of the use of calving                           pastures by vultures.  That understanding will                           lead to management recommendations enabling ranchers                           to more effectively protect their newborn livestock.                           

***Title:  Development and                           Evaluation of Management Techniques for Reducing Blackbird                           Damage to Ripening Sunflower Crops and Feedlots.***

***Goal:  Develop new and/or                           improved methods to reduce blackbird damage to ripening                           sunflower crops and to feedlots. Habitat Characteristics                           of Spring Blackbird Roosts in Eastern South Dakota Biologists                           from NWRC's Great Plains field station in Bismarck,                           ND, and cooperating scientists have developed a cartographic                           model to help predict the location of spring-migratory                           blackbird roosts in eastern South Dakota.  During                           1998 and 1999, habitat characteristics of blackbird                           wetland roost sites located in nine counties were described                           from aerial photos analyzed with geospatial computer                           software.  Major roosts (50,000 birds) typically                           exceeded 75 ha and were more than 50 percent covered                           by cattails.  These wetlands were often located                           on public lands that had artificially regulated water                           levels. National Wetland Inventory data and land-use                           data were used to develop a cartographic model predicting                           regions in eastern South Dakota where blackbirds are                           likely to occur.  The model predicted that the                           majority of the spring roosts would be located in the                           southern Prairie Coteau ecoregion.  This model                           will help biologists locate spring-migratory blackbird                           roost sites in eastern South Dakota before numbers of                           such roosts peak.***

Bird Use of Ripening Sunflower Fields                           in North and South Dakota NWRC and cooperating scientists                           jointly conducted intensive bird surveys in fall 1999                           in eight counties in North Dakota and South Dakota.                            The objective was to document nontarget birds that might                           be negatively affected by pesticide baiting programs,                           particularly applications of DRC 1339-treated rice.                            The scientists observed birds at 15 rice-baited plots,                           each located within 75 m of a wetland.  During                           more than 100 hours of observations, 18 bird species                           were seen in the plots.  Scientists observed 10,780                           birds, of which 91 percent were red-winged blackbirds,                           7 percent were yellow-headed blackbirds, and about 1                           percent were mourning doves, common grackles, or sparrows.                            Many of the nontarget birds were observed near tree                           rows and wetlands, indicating that DRC 1339 baits should                           be placed away from such locations. 

Blackbirds and Sunflowers During                           fall 1999, personnel from North and South Dakota WS                           and NWRC's Bismarck field station interviewed sunflower                           producers to obtain information about blackbird damage-control                           options.  In North Dakota, 211 sunflower producers                           from 34 of 53 counties were interviewed.  Of these,                           81 percent reported using at least 1 nonlethal method                           to disperse blackbirds from sunflower fields, 42 percent                           employed 2 or more nonlethal techniques, 86 percent                           dispersed blackbirds by shooting, and 55 percent used                           gas exploders.  Avitrol , a chemical repellant,                           was used by 4 percent of the producers.  Six producers                           had previously utilized WS cattail-management methods                           to reduce cattails and make their property less attractive                           to roosting blackbirds.In South Dakota, 20 producers                           from 12 counties also were interviewed relative to blackbird                           damage management.  Of those responding, 60 percent                           used shooting as a dispersal method, and 40 percent                           used gas exploders, pyrotechnics, or electronic frightening                           devices.  Also, 60 percent of the producers utilized                           at least 1 nonlethal method, and 30 percent used at                           least 2 nonlethal management techniques.

***Title:  Management of                           Bird Damage to Rice***

***Goal:  Develop new or                           improved management strategies for reducing bird damage                           to rice.***                          Flight Control' Shows Promise as a Blackbird Repellant                           for Newly Planted and Ripening Rice An important NWRC                           research priority is the development of a blackbird                           repellant that will reduce damage to newly planted rice                           seed and ripening rice.  Researchers have evaluated                           several chemical compounds through a systematic series                           of chemical screening, laboratory tests, and field evaluations                           aimed at registration of a selected repellant with the                           Environmental Protection Agency (EPA).  Some repellants                           (such as Mesurol , methyl anthranilate, and lime) were                           effective at different stages of testing but failed                           to be effective overall or were not economical and/or                           environmentally safe.One potentially useful compound                           that has shown promise is anthraquinone.  It is                           the active ingredient in Flight Control, a product produced                           by Environmental Biocontrol International and registered                           with EPA as a bird repellant for Canada geese on turf.                            Field tests of Flight Control on newly planted rice                           from 1998 to 2000 in Louisiana have indicated that the                           product can significantly reduce blackbird damage to                           newly planted rice.  Chemical residues remain effective                           through the plants' susceptible stage but fall off dramatically                           thereafter.  Preliminary results suggest no chemical                           residues in the mature seeds.Flight Control has also                           shown some promise as a blackbird repellant for headed                           rice.  Field tests have shown that Flight Control                           sprayed at about 19 L/ha over ripening rice reduced                           blackbird use of treated rice fields dramatically for                           3 to 7 days.  Large-scale testing under an experimental                           use permit is planned in FY 2001.                           Improving DRC 1339 Acceptance Blackbird damage to newly                           planted rice is an economically important problem for                           many producers in Arkansas, Louisiana, Missouri, and                           Texas.  DRC 1339 rice baits, an avicide used on                           staging areas to manage blackbird populations prior                           to rice planting, are rejected by blackbirds when baits                           have been exposed for more than 12 hours.  To improve                           acceptance of DRC 1339 baits, NWRC researchers are comparing                           blackbird acceptance of untreated brown rice baits to                           various tablet DRC 1339 baits that mimic some of the                           characteristics of brown rice.  DRC 1339 tablet                           baits were formulated in 12-mg and 18-mg sizes, containing                           60 percent brown rice flour mixed with or without calcium,                           in different colors (white, light grey, and yellow).                            All tablet baits contained &gt;1 percent DRC 1339.                            There was little to no discoloration of these formulated                           DRC 1339 rice tablets for up to 7 days, whereas DRC                           1339/Alcolec S-treated brown rice turned a bright rust-brown                           color within 1 day of exposure.                           Of the tablet combinations, light grey, 12-mg tablets                           containing calcium were the most preferred by red-winged                           blackbirds and brown-headed cowbirds.  In cage                           tests using male and female redwings and cowbirds, this                           tablet diluted at 1:25 with untreated brown rice achieved                           90-percent mortality.  The use of a tablet bait                           could help to eliminate bait aversion and bait discoloration                           and increase the effectiveness of DRC 1339 baiting programs                           to reduce damage by blackbirds.Rice Farmers Association                           Supports DRC 1339 Confined Rotational Crop Study for                           Blackbird Staging Area Label Since 1989, the WS program                           has been using brown rice baits treated with  DRC                           1339 on blackbird staging areas to manage blackbird                           populations that cause damage to newly planted rice.                            On March 15, 1995, EPA granted a Federal Section 3 registration                           for terrestrial nonfood uses of DRC 1339 concentrate                           in staging areas.  However, the registration restricted                           the use of DRC 1339 on land used for growing crops by                           imposing a 1 year fallow period following any application                           of DRC 1339.  In many States, such as Louisiana,                           the Dakotas, and Texas, this restriction has had a major                           impact on the effectiveness of the blackbird management                           program by severely reducing the areas that could be                           baited.  Before any changes to the label could                           be made, EPA required that a C14 Confined Rotational                           Crop Study be completed.  A  confined rotational                           crop study requires that residue levels from the parent                           compound, in this case CPTH, be determined in three                           types of crops (a grain, root, and leafy vegetable)                           over preset plant-back intervals.  Louisiana rice                           growers selected rice, carrots, and soybeans as the                           representative crops.  Since DRC 1339 is used in                           other wheat-producing States, such as the Dakotas, wheat                           was also included as a representative crop.EPA's guidelines                           require that residues from the parent compound be less                           than 0.01 parts per million (p/m) in the mature crop.                            The distribution of DRC 1339 residues from mature harvest                           samples of wheat were 0.003, 0.009, and 0.007 p/m at                           15-, 30-, and 60- day plant-back intervals; soybeans                           were 0.013 and 0.002 p/m at 30- and 60-day plant-back                           intervals; and carrots were 0.006 p/m at 30- and 60-                           day plant-back intervals.  Rice residue measurements                           were similar to those for wheat.  Of note, most                           of these residue levels were below EPA's established                           level 0.01 p/m.  In addition, these DRC 1339 residues                           werebound residues" or residues that could not                           be extracted from the mature seed through an acid wash.                            These data have been submitted to EPA for its review                           to support proposed label changes for the use of DRC                           1339 in staging areas

***Title:  Defining and                           Reducing Wildlife Hazards to Aviation***

***Goal:  Provide a scientific                           foundation for WS programs at airports throughout the                           United States to reduce wildlife hazards to the aviation                           industry.***                          Aircraft Collisions With Gulls Reduced at a Northeastern                           Airport, 1991 99 In 1999, the WS program successfully                           completed its ninth year of assistance at an airport                           in the Northeast in a program that has annually reduced                           laughing gull collisions with aircraft by 76 to 92 percent                           compared to baseline years, 1988 90.  Strikes by                           other gull species were reduced 48 to 76 percent over                           the same time period.  In this joint operational                           and research program, biologists have removed 56,000                           laughing gulls and 6,000 other gulls at the airport.                            During this time, the nearby nesting colony on Federal                           land that is the source of the bird strike problem has                           declined by about 65 percent, from 7,600 nests in 1990                           to 2,720 nests in 2000.                          An analysis of data from leg bands recovered from 610                           gulls shot at the airport indicated that many gulls                           hatched in colonies 60 miles or more away have immigrated                           to the colony next to the New York airport to nest as                           adults.  Because many Atlantic coast colonies of                           laughing gulls have been increasing, there has been                           a large cohort of birds available to replace the birds                           that have been removed.  Therefore, an annual shooting                           program at the airport, while effective in reducing                           the number of gull aircraft collisions, has not eliminated                           the nearby nesting colony or caused a decline in the                           regional breeding population.  A long-term alternative                           to shooting would be a program of harassment, habitat                           alteration, or nest destruction at the colony site itself                           to relocate the colony away from the airport.                            However, a relocation program has not been possible                           because the nesting colony resides on a fully protected                           wildlife refuge.Laughing Gull Census Biologists from                           the NWRC's Sandusky, OH, field station, with assistance                           by WS State personnel and other State and Federal employees                           in the Northeast, conducted a ground-truth census in                           June 2000 of the laughing gull nesting colony in a marsh                           complex totaling 600 acres.  The marshes are on                           federal property adjacent to an airport where gull aircraft                           collisions have been a serious problem.  The researchers                           established seven 100- H 100-foot plots in the marshes                           in which all gull nests were counted.  Plots contained                           an average of 20 nests, indicating a density of about                           85 nests/acre in the colony marsh areas.  A series                           of 32 overlapping aerial photographs were taken of the                           entire marsh complex 2 days after the ground-truth plots                           were established.  A nest census of the entire                           marsh was obtained by counting all nests, including                           those in the ground-truth plots, on the enlarged photographs.                            Counts on the photographs of the ground-truth plots                           determined the accuracy of the aerial census.                           Results of the census indicated the colony contained                           about 2,720 nests in June 2000, a decline of 65 percent                           from the 7,600 nests counted in 1990.  Management                           programs by WS in the local area in 1991 through 2000                           have reduced laughing gull aircraft collisions by more                           than 90 percent compared to 1988 90, when the airport                           averaged more than 150 strikes/year.Although the local                           population of laughing gulls next to the airport has                           declined as a result of these management actions, the                           regional population from Virginia to Maine has shown                           no decrease during the 1990s, based on analysis of North                           American Breeding Bird Survey data.  This NWRC-developed                           census technique is a critical component of the gull                           management program and may be of use in other situations                           where colonial-nesting waterbirds conflict with human                           activities.

***Title:  Waterfowl as                           Disease, Parasite, and Noxious Weed Reservoirs in Urban                           and Agricultural Landscapes***

***Goal:  Understand and                           develop management recommendations related to the contribution                           and impact of Canada geese as vectors for disease, parasites,                           and noxious weeds on human health and safety in urban                           landscapes and on animal health in agricultural landscapes.***                          Urban and suburban Canada goose populations are found                           on golf courses and soccer and football fields, in parks,                           at residential and commercial developments, and on ponds,                           lakes, streams, and other waterways.  Goose fecal                           deposits raise health concerns wherever large numbers                           of geese are found, yet there is no baseline information                           regarding human health risk factors. In 1998, NWRC scientists                           sought to address this lack of information when they                           initiated studies to identify the prevalence, in Canada                           goose feces, of two types of bacteria that may cause                           disease in humans, Escheria coli and Salmonella species.                           Scientists found the prevalence of Salmonella spp. to                           be extremely low:  less than 1 percent of the samples.                            However, 37 percent of the 393 fecal samples taken over                           a 12-month period tested positive for E. coli.                            The number of positive cultures was higher for the warmer                           months.  When the temperature was above 50 EF,                           the number of samples that tested positive for E. coli                           was 82 percent.  When temperatures were below 50EF,                           the number was 17 percent.                           Many types of E. coli exist, and several of them can                           cause disease in humans.  Some strains of E. coli                           found in wildlife can be transmitted to humans.                            However, to show cause and effect in transmission of                           actual disease from wildlife to humans definitively,                           one must show that the E. coli found in both organisms                           are identical and have the same toxin or toxins.To identify                           risk factors better, scientists performed a more detailed                           analysis on subgroups of E. coli, known as the O-serogroups,                           specifically those associated with human intestinal                           illness.  Of the goose fecal samples taken March                           July 1998, 28 percent contained these serogroups.                            A further breakdown showed 15 percent of the fecal samples                           contained serogroups consistent with enterotoxigenic                           E. coli.  These so-called ETEC E. coli are normally                           associated with travelers' diarrhea.Serogroups consistent                           with enterohemorrahgic or EHEC E. coli were found in                           7 percent of the fecal samples.  These serogroups                           can be highly virulent, can cause bloody diarrhea, and                           can have a toxic effect on the kidneys. Finally, 6 percent                           of the samples contained serogroups consistent with                           enteroinvasive or EIEC bacteria, which can be more invasive                           than the previous two types listed.  EIEC bacteria                           can penetrate the colon and cause dysentery like diarrhea                           with fever.                          Identification of the above O-serogroups still does                           not prove that E. coli strains found in goose feces                           produce disease in humans.  Only if the specific                           toxins that cause human disease are identified in these                           serogroups can researchers show the possibility of disease                           transmission from geese to humans.  Accordingly,                           one of the objectives of the current 3-year Waterfowl                           Zoonotics Research Project is identification of the                           individual toxins in goose feces' E. coli serotypes.                            Another objective of the project is to develop an index                           that relates terrestrial fecal coliform counts (primarily                           in parks) to the risk factors such as those identified                           above.  Public health officials already monitor                           water quality looking at fecal coliform counts.                            The general rule is that if such counts are high, there                           is a reasonable chance that some of the coliforms might                           be pathogenic to humans.  A terrestrial index would                           provide a rational basis for Canada goose management                           decisions in the parks.                           To reach these objectives, NWRC has enlisted the cooperation                           of WS staff to collect fecal samples in California,                           Colorado, New Jersey, New York, Oregon, Washington,                           and Wisconsin for analysis.  Each State is providing                           100 samples from two sites every other month.                            So far, assays show low prevalence of Salmonella in                           Canada geese.  Assays for E. coli were incomplete                           at the end of FY 2000.  Testing also has uncovered                           other bacteria in feces such as Citrobacter spp., Enterobacter                           cloacae, Panoea spp., Proteus spp., and Providencia                           spp.

**Mammal                           Research Projects**

***Title:  Reducing Wildlife                           Damage to Forest Resources***

***Goal:  Develop feasible                           and effective methods for reducing wildlife damage to                           forest resources.***                          Effects of Supplemental Feeding on the Behavior and                           Nutritional Status of Black Bears Bear foraging can                           be devastating to timber plantations in the Pacific                           Northwest.  Bears emerging from hibernation before                           green plants, berries, and insects are available kill                           or severely damage commercial trees by stripping bark                           and consuming cambium.  One nonlethal approach                           used by timber managers to alleviate this damage is                           to provide bears an alternative food.  Although                           this supplemental feeding has been used for the past                           15 years and has grown to include more than 850 feeding                           stations in Washington and Oregon, few data were available                           to identify actual efficacy or possible long-term consequences                           of the program.  NWRC scientists have worked with                           a group of private, State, and Federal natural resource                           managers to develop and conduct a series of studies                           to provide a better understanding of the impacts of                           the supplemental feeding program.First, the researchers                           examined the intensity of black bear damage found on                           timber stands located on the Olympic Peninsula of Washington                           and conducted an experiment to assess the efficacy of                           a supplemental feeding program to reduce future damage                           to these sites.  The survey revealed an average                           damage of more than 20 percent in affected timber stands.                            Stands were subsequently paired according to damage                           intensity, and one stand within each pair was randomly                           selected to receive a supplemental feed treatment.Initial                           data indicated that substantially less damage occurs                           on sites with feeders than on sites without feeders                           when measured 1 year after the feeding program was implemented.Concurrent                           studies were conducted to determine the sex and ages                           of bears using feeding stations and assess the interactions                           of bears around the feeders and impacts of the program                           on bear home ranges.  Numerous bears fed at the                           stations, including females with and without cubs, yearlings,                           and adult males.  Bear feeding bouts at the stations                           were generally short, averaging less than 30 minutes.                            Bears generally fed alone, although sometimes two or                           three adult bears were observed at a feeder simultaneously.                                                     There was little aggressive behavior observed around                           the feeders.  When it did occur, there was no evidence                           that it significantly inhibited or delayed feeding.                            On the rare occasion a bear was driven from a feeder,                           it returned later that same day to feed, generally within                           an hour.Bear home ranges that included feeding stations                           were the same size as home ranges of bears without feeding                           stations; however, there may be more overlap of territories                           at feeding sites.  Also, during the spring, bears                           with feeders do not visit some parts of their territory                           as frequently as do those without feeders.Another study                           was conducted to evaluate the impact of supplemental                           feeding on the nutritional status of bears.  Bears                           were captured in areas where supplemental feed was provided                           and in control areas where no effort to reduce damage                           occurred.  Captures occurred during two periods:                            early spring (April and May), before food plants were                           available, and early summer (June and July), after food                           abundance had increased.  Body composition, mass,                           and diets were determined for all bears captured.                           Mass gains for bears were 153 g/day in the feeder areas                           and 12 g/day in the nonfeeder areas.  Fat gain                           for bears in the feeder areas was 42 g/day versus 4                           g/day in the nonfeeder areas.  However, since final                           age-specific body masses and fat content of bears did                           not differ between the two areas, short-term pellet                           feeding appears to have no lasting effect on bear condition                           or productivity.The diet of bears in the nonfeeder areas                           was 91 percent vegetation and 9 percent animal matter.                            The diet of bears in the feeder areas was 58 percent                           pelletized feed, 38 percent vegetation, and 4 percent                           animal matter.  Grasses and sedges comprised the                           majority of vegetation consumed in both areas.                            Cambium from Douglas-fir and western hemlock was more                           digestible (62 to 71 percent) than were grasses and                           forbs (12 to 52 percent). The investigators speculated                           that smaller bears (adult females and subadult males                           and females) may do most of the timber damage because                           the time required for cambium harvesting may minimize                           the nutritional gain for larger adult males.                           Assessing Secondary Hazards of Strychnine Baiting for                           Pocket Gopher Damage Control Strychnine baiting (with                           bait enclosed in underground burrows) is commonly used                           to reduce pocket gopher populations prior to planting                           tree seedlings in the Pacific Northwest.  Some                           nontarget rodent mortality may occur, and the fate of                           these individuals, as well as that of pocket gophers,                           presents a potential for nontarget mortality after baiting.                            NWRC scientists conducted a series of studies to assess                           whether pocket gophers which die from strychnine poisoning                           subsequently pose a risk to predators and scavengers.The                           first study was conducted to document the fate of pocket                           gopher carcasses left above ground on an Oregon national                           forest at the time of year when strychnine baiting is                           normally conducted.  The results indicated that                           wasps and ants were the insects predominately responsible                           for carcass degradation and that the rate of carcass                           disappearance was influenced by temperature and hence                           the number of insects and the species involved.                            During warm weather, carcasses disappeared within 72                           hours, while carcasses placed during cool, damp periods                           remained for over a week.  A few carcasses were                           removed by unidentified birds and mammals. 

Because the first study implicated                           insects as primary factors in the degradation of carcasses                           found on sites treated with strychnine bait, a second                           study was initiated to determine whether these insects                           pose a tertiary threat to insectivores.  Many species                           of insects are unaffected by strychnine, with the compound                           passing unchanged through the digestive tract of beetles.                            Insects have been collected from a variety of strychnine-treated                           and untreated pocket gopher carcasses.  Chemical                           assays will determine the amount of strychnine found                           within each insect species.Two other studies determined                           the location of pocket gopher carcasses to assess whether                           they were likely to pose a secondary hazard to other                           wildlife species.  In one, pocket gopher activity                           after strychnine baiting was examined in pens constructed                           to simulate pocket gopher-infested sites in national                           forests.  Baiting procedures were used that simulated                           those used during operational baiting.  A second                           trial looked at the impact of a heavy mat of straw on                           the soil surface.  Pocket gophers spend more time                           on soil surfaces that have an increased density of ground                           cover.  However, regardless of ground cover density,                           pocket gophers in both trials, died below ground.                            Animals were found either in nests or in burrows, thus                           posing no hazard to other species active above ground.                            Similarly, the belowground caches of bait found in five                           pocket gopher nests would be expected to present no                           hazards to animals using the ground surface.

Finally, the potential hazards of                           pocket gopher carcasses in underground burrow systems                           were examined using weasels.  Weasels and a few                           other mustelid species move within pocket gopher burrows                           to prey on pocket gophers and could encounter carcasses.                            This potential exposure could suggest a greater risk                           of secondary hazards to weasels than to aboveground                           predators or scavengers.  Subterranean and nocturnal                           animal activity is difficult or impossible to observe                           directly in field situations.  Therefore, an extensive                           artificial burrow system was constructed from clear                           plastic pipe to assess weasel responses to pocket gophers                           that died after ingesting strychnine.  Weasels                           did not respond differently to pocket gophers treated                           with strychnine than they did to untreated carcasses.                            Although weasels were observed to feed on dead pocket                           gophers and to cache pocket gopher carcasses in burrows,                           none of the weasels died after ingesting strychnine-baited                           pocket gophers.  There are at least two reasons                           for this:  one, the concentration of strychnine                           in gophers is considerably below the lethal dosage unless                           a weasel eats substantial amounts, which none did; or                           two, the weasels failed to eat the gastrointestinal                           tract, which is where strychnine is most likely to reside                           in poisoned animals.  Additional work is needed                           before either hypothesis can be confirmed.  Caches                           of more than two pocket gophers have not been observed.                            Larger caches could pose a potential risk to badgers                           or other animals that discover and pillage weasel caches;                           however, the preliminary results from these studies                           suggest that using strychnine bait to reduce pocket                           gopher damage to seedlings presents little or no risk                           to weasels.

***Title:  Reducing Beaver                           Damage to Agricultural Resources***

***Goal:  Develop feasible                           and effective methods for reducing beaver damage to                           agricultural resources.***

Potential of Repellants To Reduce                           Beaver Damage to Trees Beaver foraging along streams                           can damage tree plantings and impede the recovery of                           riparian zones by gnawing stems or clipping seedlings.                            NWRC scientists have been investigating whether repellants                           are feasible tools to reduce this damage.  None                           of the commercial repellants tested prevented beaver                           from girdling mature trees; however, two repellants                           demonstrated some efficacy in protecting seedlings and                           foliage from beaver consumption.Fewer seedlings treated                           with Big Game RepellentPowder or Plantskyddwere clipped                           than untreated seedlings or those seedlings treated                           with other repellants. A textural repellant using 30-mm                           quartz sand in an alkyd paint base was developed by                           NWRC scientists and has shown favorable results when                           used operationally by WS specialists.  NWRC scientists                           are continuing to investigate means to improve this                           possible tool and make it more widely available. Use                           of Pond Levelers To Meet Landowner Objectives for Beaver                           Damage Management NWRC scientists worked with WS specialists                           to identify factors that affect whether Clemson beaver                           pond levelers installed by WS met landowner objectives.                            The Clemson beaver pond leveler was developed as a tool                           to enable land managers to manipulate water flow past                           beaver dams.  WS has used this technique extensively                           in the Southeast in assisting landowners in managing                           beaver damage.  Forty-five landowners using levelers                           installed by WS were surveyed to determine if the units                           were still operating and whether the installations were                           regarded as successful.                          The landowners regarded 45 percent of the installations                           as successful in meeting management needs.  Choice                           of original management objectives closely correlated                           with owner satisfaction.  Devices installed to                           manage wetlands (primarily waterfowl habitat) were generally                           considered successful; devices installed to provide                           water relief from flowing streams were found to be less                           successful.  Time elapsed since installation was                           not a factor; however, maintenance of the levelers was                           important.  Of the still-operating levelers, 63                           percent had received some form of postinstallation maintenance.                            Levelers placed in sites with high beaver activity frequently                           failed unless they were used in conjunction with population                           control measures.  Physical attributes of the site                           or characteristics of the beaver dams were not closely                           correlated with success of the levelers.

***Title:  Selective Targeting                           of Adult Territorial Coyotes To Manage Sheep Depredation:                            Efficacy and Methods***

***Goal:  Determine the                           efficacy of selective removal of adult territoral coyotes                           whose space overlaps sheep pastures as a strategy to                           reduce depredation losses and determine how to selectively                           target these coyotes.***

Attracting Dominant Coyotes With                           Broadcast Calls In ongoing research in northern California,                           NWRC scientists and cooperating scientists are determining                           the responses of alpha coyotes to broadcast calls.                            Calling-and-shooting has long been used as a method                           to reduce livestock predation by coyotes.  If specific                           coyotes that kill livestock can be attracted selectively,                           this method could be used more efficiently to manage                           predation.                          NWRC scientists believe that alpha coyotes are most                           likely to approach a call that imitates an intruder                           within their territory.  In an earlier study, it                           was found that alpha coyotes with territories overlapping                           sheep pastures were responsible for most sheep predation.                            These adult, territorial coyotes were relatively more                           difficult to remove with traps, snares, and M 44s than                           were younger, less experienced animals.

To begin this research effort, a                           Geographic Information System (GIS)-based data-management                           system was developed to map the preserve.  Coyotes                           were then captured and radio-collared to determine their                           social status and space-use patterns.  Researchers                           then directed broadcasted calls at individuals known                           to be alphas, betas, or transients and recorded their                           responses (approached, withdrew, or ignored).                            The test site covered 27 km 2 and included all or part                           of 6 contiguous coyote territories in which there were                           about 25 collared coyotes.  About 70 trials, beginning                           in March 2000, were conducted over 6 months for this                           purpose.                          Nine different types of calls were examined, including                           coyote calls, prey distress calls, and a broadcast siren.                            Some of the calls were recordings of the animals themselves                           while others were recordings of coyote imitations by                           WS field personnel.  Also, five different broadcast                           times of the day were examined.  Movements of radio-collared                           coyotes were monitored for 1 hour after the call to                           determine responses.The first 50 of about 200 planned                           trials for seasonal comparisons had been completed at                           the end of FY 2000.  In 60 percent of the trials                           in which responses occurred, 113 responses by radio-collared                           coyotes were obtained.  Of those, 18 responses                           were approaches and 7, retreats.  Group howls were                           the most common response.  Other responses included                           coyotes circling downwind before retreating and coyotes                           ignoring the broadcasted call.  Alpha coyotes,                           alone and as pairs, approached broadcasted calls from                           as far as 2 km away.  Betas approached as part                           of packs, but it was unclear whether betas ever approached                           alone.  Packs of up to seven individuals approached.                            In some cases, pack members or alphas that had been                           separated joined en route to the broadcast site.The                           field tests are continuing, and more detailed analyses                           are underway to examine the effects of call type and                           time of night on coyote responses.

***Title:  Reproductive                           Intervention Strategies for Managing Coyote Predation***

***Goal:  Determine whether                           sheep losses to predation can be reduced by sterilizing                           coyotes on territories where sheep and other livestock                           are pastured.  Develop and transfer information                           critical to the registration and/or practical application                           of sterilant technology.***

Sterilization as a Method of Reducing                           Coyote Predation on Domestic Sheep Coyote predation                           on domestic sheep has long been a problem for the sheep                           industry throughout the Western United States.                            The provisioning of pups seems to be an important motivational                           factor for coyote depredation on lambs during the spring                           months in the Intermountain West.  NWRC scientists,                           working with a Utah State University graduate student,                           evaluated coyote sterilization as a method of reducing                           sheep losses to coyote predation on open range in northeastern                           Utah.  Coyotes were captured, surgically sterilized                           by tubal ligation or vasectomy, released, and monitored                           over 3 years by radio telemetry.  Small flocks                           of sheep (ewes and lambs) were moved periodically through                           all coyote territories, and sheep kills were monitored                           through the summer grazing seasons.                          Sterilization, while not eliminating killing behavior,                           did significantly reduce coyote predation rates on sheep.                            While 4 of 9 sterile coyote packs killed a single lamb                           each, 7 of 14 reproductively intact packs killed between                           1 and 13 lambs.  Among packs that killed sheep,                           intact packs with pups killed six times more sheep than                           sterile packs.  Packs with sterile coyotes maintained                           pair bonds and territory fidelity similarly to reproductive                           packs with no difference in territory size.  A                           sterile coyote pair, which is killing fewer lambs and                           excluding other possible sheep-killing coyotes, could                           provide an effective management tool, provided practical,                           economic methods of producing selective sterility can                           be found.Reproductive Intervention Strategies for Managing                           Coyote Predation Without young to feed, adult coyotes                           are much less likely to kill livestock, and possibly                           big game (e.g., mule deer and pronghorn).  NWRC                           scientists are studying chemical and immunologic methods                           of controlling coyote reproduction and are developing                           methods for the early detection of pregnancy in coyotes                           so that this research can proceed more rapidly.Past                           research has shown that porcine zona pellucida (PZP)                           injections can sterilize coyotes, and efforts are now                           focused on identifying which fragments of the PZP molecule                           are critical for producing this effect.  Knowing                           that information will allow critical fractions to be                           synthesized with concomitant increases in potency and                           a continuation of work on oral delivery.                          The most promising material examined to date is cabergoline,                           a substance commercially available in Europe for veterinary                           use with dogs.  Studies conducted in 1998 with                           individually kenneled animals suggested that 25 Fg/kg                           of cabergoline could prevent successful pregnancies                           in most coyotes that ingested it.  In 1999, similar                           results with dosage regimens of 25, 30, and 50 Fg/kg                           administered daily for 7 days to coyotes paired in outdoor                           pens could not be replicated.  A possible explanation                           is that cabergoline effectiveness can be compromised                           by differences in social setting or perhaps by environmental                           variables not present when animals are caged separately.                            These possibilities are intriguing and practically important.                            Cabergoline has been tested with positive results with                           individually housed wolves, coyotes, and red foxes.                            While only coyotes have now been tested in a social                           setting, it is clear that significantly different results                           may occur.                           Determination of pregnancy in canine species, including                           coyotes, prior to day 30 of gestation is difficult.                            ReproCHEK', a qualitative test for early pregnancy determination                           in domestic dogs, was evaluated in coyotes.  The                           test detects relaxin, a circulating hormone that increases                           as a result of fertilized egg implantation.  Coyotes                           were paired in outdoor pens and observed for breeding                           behavior.  To detect pregnancy status, females                           were physically examined 30 days after the first observed                           mating.  During this period, weekly blood samples                           were also obtained from females and analyzed for relaxin                           using the ReproCHECK test.  Results suggested that                           the ReproCHEK test could accurately predict the pregnancy                           status of coyotes even as early as 21 to 24 days of                           gestation.  This test will be a valuable tool for                           increasing the efficiency of examining candidate reproductive                           control agents.Interactions Between Timber Wolves and                           Agriculture in Northwestern Minnesota The timber wolf                           population in Minnesota numbers an estimated 2,500 animals.                            Once believed to be a species requiring wilderness,                           wolves now occupy the agricultural region of northwestern                           Minnesota.  Farmers' concerns about wolf recovery                           in these areas prompted an investigation into the potential                           risk that wolves pose to livestock.                          From June 1997 to November 1999, NWRC scientists worked                           with a Utah State University graduate student to capture,                           radio-collar, and track 17 wolves in and around a national                           wildlife refuge.  The refuge is surrounded by agricultural                           lands, with 33 livestock pastures within 3 miles of                           the refuge border.  The Eastern Timber Wolf Recovery                           Team had originally suggested that this area should                           be kept wolf free because of the preponderance of agricultural                           land; however, wolves have been resident on the refuge                           since the early 1980s.Analyses of data from 24-hour                           radiotelemetry tracking sessions demonstrated that the                           wolves residing on the refuge traveled mostly at night                           and used the agricultural lands during all seasons.                            Night trips, in which the wolves visited several pastures                           containing livestock and then returned to the refuge,                           were documented.  Despite their close proximity                           to livestock, the wolves consumed mostly native prey:                            white-tailed deer, moose, and muskrats; however, the                           potential risk to livestock remains an important concern                           for landowners.

***Title:  Alternative Capture                           Systems and Aversive Stimulus Applications for Managing                           Predation***

***Goal:  Identify, develop,                           and evaluate advanced capture systems and aversive stimuli                           applications for predation management emphasizing animal                           behavior and engineering approaches.***                          Using Electronic Technology To Resolve Conflicts Between                           Humans and Predators NWRC scientists are cooperating                           with several organizations to test electronic devices                           originally developed as prototypes by NWRC scientists                           working with the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service (FWS)                           and Defenders of Wildlife.  A predator-activated                           Electronic Guard frightening device was developed and                           placed in an area where wolf predation on calves had                           occurred.  Based on examination of wolf tracks                           and radio telemetry locations, this initial field study                           indicated that the device, activated by radio collars                           on approaching wolves, successfully repelled previously                           depredating wolves from a calving area.  Because                           of the potential usefulness of this device, two prototype                           radio collar-activated predator frightening systems                           have been produced and are currently being used by WS                           specialists managing wolf conflicts.  Current efforts                           are aimed at lowering cost and improving ease of use                           of the device by incorporating wireless and miniaturized                           components.                           NWRC scientists and WS operations personnel worked with                           the Turner Endangered Species Fund, the University of                           Montana, and Defenders of Wildlife, to determine the                           effectiveness of electronic collars for conditioning                           wolves not to attack livestock.  Based upon previous                           work indicating the effectiveness of the aversive stimuli                           produced by the collars for conditioning coyotes, NWRC                           personnel are testing the concept using captive wolves                           in Bozeman, MT.  Similar studies in Wyoming are                           underway to develop prototype systems for automatically                           attaching radio telemetry collars to large predators.                            Such systems would allow radio-marking of animals near                           predation sites without requiring capture and handling.                            The concept could dramatically increase the applicability                           of radio telemetry and aversive-collar devices for large                           predators.

***Title:  Holistic Management                           of Rodents and Other Introduced Vertebrate Pest Species                           in Hawaii***

***Goal:  Develop safer                           and more effective methods for reducing rat damage to                           Hawaiian agricultural crops.***                          Simulation of Broadcast Rodenticide Application in Hawaiian                           Native Forests Introduced rodents have had and continue                           to have significant negative impacts on agriculture,                           human health, and native ecosystems in Hawaii.                            Rodent control is considered a high priority for implementation                           of many of the species and ecosystem restoration plans                           in Hawaii.  Aerially broadcast rodenticides have                           successfully been used to control introduced rodents                           on islands in New Zealand.  This apparent success                           encouraged wildlife biologists and State agencies in                           Hawaii to seek regulatory approval for the use of similar                           techniques in Hawaii.  In 1995, a State registration                           for the use of anticoagulant bait blocks in bait stations                           to reduce rat depredation in Hawaiian native ecosystems                           was approved.  Several Federal, State, and nongovernmental                           wildlife management agencies and private industry groups                           with interests in endangered species recovery are currently                           collaborating to obtain a similar registration for use                           of aerially broadcast rodenticides in conservation areas.

An essential first research step                           was to determine an optimal broadcast application rate                           bait to assure that a high proportion of rats in natural                           forest areas find and consume pelletized bait.  To                           this end, a placebo baiting study was completed by NWRC                           scientists, in cooperation with the State of Hawaii                           and FWS to obtain information on an application rate                           that would result in maximum exposure of bait to the                           rats while minimizing bait usage.  The study consisted                           of three replicates of controlled field trials on 1-ha                           forest plots using a pelletized placebo bait (RamikGreen                           formulated without diphacinone) treated with a biological                           marker (tetracycline hydrochloride) and broadcast at                           three application rates (11.25, 22.5, and 33.75 kg/ha).                          All Polynesian rats captured in all application rate                           plots had eaten the broadcast bait.  The percentages                           of roof rats that had eaten the bait were 71 percent,                           94 percent, and 96 percent in the low, medium, and high                           application rates, respectively.  Based on these                           results, the optimal application rate seems to be 22.5                           kg/ha.  Bait degradation and invertebrate activity                           on and around broadcast baits was also determined.                           Techniques To Control Introduced Tree Frogs in Hawaii                           The Coqui frog and the greenhouse frog, two species                           of neotropical tree frogs, have been introduced into                           the State of Hawaii through horticultural trade perhaps                           to the island of Hawaii up to 13 years ago.  Since                           1997, frog infestations within the State have rapidly                           spread, both accidentally and intentionally, and frog                           abundance within colonies has grown rapidly.  These                           frogs have become increasingly widespread and abundant                           on the islands of Maui and Hawaii.  Currently,                           there are known colonies of these frogs at more than                           40 locations on the island of Hawaii, more than 35 on                           Maui, 3 on Oahu, and 1 on Kauai.  Although the                           frog populations were originally restricted to horticultural                           sites such as plant nurseries, they are now found in                           residential areas and on resort and hotel grounds and                           public lands.  Individual frogs or frog colonies                           have been verified at sites ranging from sea level to                           above 3,500 feet.  Within their native range, where                            population growth may be constrained by predation and                           other natural checks, these frogs may reach densities                           of 20,000/ha and consume an estimated 140,000 prey items                           per ha per night.  Given the current population                           irruptions of these frogs in Hawaii, similar densities                           could be reached or exceeded if frogs become established                           in native ecosystems.

From an economic standpoint, the                           presence of these frogs in nurseries in Hawaii is a                           quarantine issue because frogs accidentally exported                           in infested plant material may be a potential vector                           for plant pathogens or nematodes in certified nurseries.                            Coqui frogs have loud, high-pitched calls, and when                           population densities become high, the sounds of their                           calls may reach deafening levels.  There are a                           growing number of complaints by residents and hotels                           on the islands of Hawaii and Maui about the loud calls                           of these frogs during the night.

Because Hawaii has no native frogs,                           there is growing concern that high densities of these                           introduced frogs could negatively affect native birds                           and invertebrates through competition and predation.                            Should frog populations become established in natural                           areas, they would consume a large invertebrate biomass                           and could play a direct role in the decline of native                           invertebrate species through predation.  The frogs                           would also compete with native bird species for food.                            In addition, high densities of frogs would increase                           the prey base for invasive predators such as rats, mongooses,                           and cats.  The full ecological impact of these                           frog introductions in Hawaii is yet to be determined.

Adding to the problem for agricultural                           and wildlife managers is the fact that no known control                           techniques are available to contain the expansion of                           this frog invasion.  NWRC scientists continue to                           work with State agencies to develop traps and chemical                           control techniques for introduced tree frogs.                            Research indicates that the application of commercially                           available insecticides registered for horticultural                           use have little or no effect on either species of introduced                           frog.  However, initial laboratory chemical screening                           tests showed that caffeine might be developed as an                           effective  treatment for localized control of these                           frogs.  NWRC scientists and their colleagues are                           continuing to examine the potential for developing a                           caffeine formulation or other control techniques to                           help Hawaii State agencies and the horticultural industry                           halt the spread and minimize the impacts of these invasive                           species.

**Product                           Development Research Projects**

***Title:  Integrated Pest                           Management Strategies for Rodent Damage to Agriculture***

***Goal:  Develop, test,                           and evaluate innovative and integrated methods and models                           to predict, monitor, and reduce rodent damage to agricultural                           crops and property.***                          Controlling Rodents at Airports by Using Zinc Phosphide                           The grassy areas at airports are often home to many                           rodent species.  These rodents, in turn, are food                           items of choice for many species of raptors.  Airport                           managers want to reduce the use of runway areas by raptors                           and ther large birds because of the airplane strike                           hazard.

NWRC scientists monitored rodent                           populations at a Kansas airport before and after the                           application of a 2-percent zinc phosphide rolled-oat                           bait (ZP bait).  The data were required by EPA,                           which was reviewing reregistration applications for                           ZP baits.

Meadow mice and deer mice numbers                           were reduced by 85 percent or more, based on snap-trapping                           and live-trapping grid results.  Observations of                           raptors have declined at the airport since initiation                           of the rodent baiting program.  It appears that                           airport managers can maintain low numbers of rodents                           by the combined use of habitat management, good sanitation                           practices, and the judicious use of rodenticides.

Investigations of Methods To Reduce                           Damage by Voles Voles, small burrowing rodents, range                           over much of North America.  Populations cycle                           and achieve peak densities every 3 to 5 years, at which                           time voles do severe damage to various resources.                            Various methods are used to reduce vole damage, but                           there is still a need for new, cost-effective, and environmentally                           benign approaches.

NWRC scientists investigated numerous                           candidate repellants and barriers with indoor vole colonies                           in soil-filled tanks.  Several compounds (blood                           meal, capsaicin, castor oil, coyote urine, quebracho,                           and thiram) showed promise as repellants but only at                           high concentrations.  Many other compounds were                           completely ineffective.

Voles breached short physical barriers,                           either by climbing or burrowing.  Taller barriers                           were less often breached by voles.  Adding a repellant,                           coyote urine, inside the barrier increased barrier effectiveness.                            A tactile barrier (sand in acrylic paint) did not lessen                           the gnawing of hybrid poplar sticks.

While some of these approaches appeared                           promising, field testing will be needed to determine                           the cost, effectiveness, and duration of protection                           under more natural conditions.  Vole management                           should be approached within the context of an integrated                           pest management strategy.                           Capsaicin's Persistence in Soil Chemical irritants,                           particularly capsaicin-based products, have gained wide                           use as animal repellants.  In 1998, NWRC scientists                           showed that soil containing at least 1.5 percent gravimetric                           capsicum oleoresin decreased the soil-contact time of                           pocket gophers about 50 percent relative to control                           animals on clean soil.  Of course, the persistence                           of capsaicin in soil is crucial to the repellant's efficacy                           and cost effectiveness.  Thus, in a recent test,                           the persistence of capsicum oleoresin in soil was evaluated.

Five capsaicin soil mixtures (0,                           0.7, 1.5, 3, and 6 percent  capsaicin) were prepared                           and exposed outdoors for 28 days.  The soils were                           sprinkled daily for 14 days with a 0.65 cm of water,                           then kept dry for another 14 days.The 8.25 cm of simulated                           rainfall caused about 40 to 50 percent of the capsaicin                           to be washed away, but in the absence of water, the                           irritant persisted unaffected.  This finding gives                           some indication of the length of time thathot-chile-pepper-typeanimal                           repellants will remain in the ground and suggests that                           the material may be useful as a burrowing rodent repellant,                           especially in dry regions.                           Benefit:Cost Decisionmaking in Wildlife Damage Computer                           spreadsheets make projections of benefit:cost ratios                           and net crop savings readily available to most farmers,                           ranchers, and wildlife damage professionals.  Still,                           such calculations are rarely mentioned or used in wildlife                           damage management decisionmaking.  Spreadsheet                           analysis of variables including field size, crop loss,                           mitigation effectiveness, and application cost affords                           insight into the economics of implementing wildlife                           damage management activities.

In 2000, NWRC scientists developed                           spreadsheets to compute economic analyses for the use                           of the rodenticide zinc phosphide to reduce vole populations                           in alfalfa.  Market data for 1998 showed that U.S.                           alfalfa yields averaged 7.77 tons/ha and that customers                           paid $100.33/thousand tons for the commodity.                            Plain (prebaiting) and zinc phosphide baits cost about                           $0.42/kg and $2.73/kg, respectively.  The baits                           are registered for application at 11.2 kg/ha.

Using these data, NWRC investigators                           performed spreadsheet analyses of net savings and benefit:cost                           ratios for varied size fields (ha), crop damage (percent),                           bait efficacy (percent), and applicator costs (dollars/ha).                            Results showed that greater net savings and benefit:cost                           ratios were related to larger field sizes, increased                           crop damage, and increased bait effectiveness ariables                           but smaller bait application fees.  Benefit:cost                           ratios showed that at least 5 to 10 percent damage by                           voles was required to produce sufficient returns to                           justify rodenticide investments. Damage at the 10- to                           20-percent level was needed to yield double or triple                           returns.

NWRC scientists are adapting this                           approach to assess other wildlife damage management                           tools and situations, including methyl anthranilate                           use to deter geese from parks and golfcourse fairways,                           capsaicin to protect cables, and overhead monofilament                           lines to deter bird visitations to aquaculture ponds.

Bait Attractant, Prebaiting, and                           Zinc Phosphide Rodenticide Interactions Rodenticide                           baits used in agricultural fields are frequently ineffective                           for reducing local rodent populations due to several                           factors that conflict with wild rodent feeding behaviors.                            Few studies have assessed the integration of odor attractants                           or repellants with baits to improve efficacy. 

Carbon disulfide at 10 p/m, has                           been shown to increase untreated bait intakes of wild                           Norway rats.  NWRC scientists evaluated this material                           during 3-day prebaiting and 1-day baiting intervals                           with albino rats in laboratory cage tests using zinc                           phosphide.                           Carbon disulfide was introduced as an odor material                           for half the exposed animals, and distilled water served                           as a control odor for the unexposed animals.  Test                           groups were established based on gender and prebaiting                           versus no prebaiting.

Results showed a 220-percent increase                           in bait intake attributed to prebaiting and a 29-percent                           increase due to the presence of the carbon-disulfide                           attractant.  These effects were mainly due to increased                           consumption by female rats.  If this increase in                           consumption by females is substantiated under field                           conditions, baiting with a combination of zinc phosphide                           and carbon disulfide could cause a decline in the proportion                           of females in the population, which would in turn, suppress                           rapid recovery of local populations in agricultural                           areas.                          Monitoring Feral Swine Populations Feral swine have                           established free-ranging populations in many States,                           where they cause considerable damage to crops and natural                           resources and pose a disease hazard to humans and livestock.                            An NWRC scientist tested a passive tracking plot index                           to monitor feral swine at a State park in Florida.                            The method had been developed and used successfully                           to monitor changes in coyote populations in Texas before                           and after population control.  In Florida, the                           method was not only used to monitor feral swine populations                           before and after swine control but also was modified                           to provide an index of the pervasiveness of feral swine                           in the area.

The tracking index declined by about                           60 percent after 1 month of control while an index of                           swine damage declined by 89 percent.  The pervasiveness                           index suggested that the remaining feral swine were                           highly localized.  These monitoring methods are                           being used by State park personnel in Florida to monitor                           the feral swine population and to help assess the need                           for future control operations.

***Title:  Induced Infertility:                            A Wildlife Management Tool***

***Goal:  Develop and test                           economical and effective agents to control fertility                           in populations of pest mammals and birds.***

Canada Goose Population Control                           with Nicarbazin NWRC is conducting research on an infertility                           agent in collaboration with a Nicarbazin (NCZ) manufacturer                           who has an FDA-approved use of NCZ in broiler chickens                           for control of coccidiosis.  Large-scale broiler                           chicken production is not possible without effective                           control of this parasite.  NCZ added to the feed                           is provided to broilers continuously for 38 days of                           their 42-day lifespan to control coccidiosis and increase                           weight gain.

One of NCZ' side effects is that                           if fed to breeder or layer chickens, their eggs, although                           fertilized, often do not hatch.  NCZ causes yolk-mottling                           due to fluid transfer from the albumin (white) into                           the yolk via increased yolk membrane permeability.                            Severe yolk membrane breakdown causes the yolk and albumin                           to blend together, destroying the conditions necessary                           for viable development of the embryo.  Other than                           reduction in egg hatchability, NCZ has no health effects                           on poultry.  When NCZ is withdrawn from the diet,                           egg production resumes within a few days.  NCZ                           has no known effects on mammals.  NWRC is interested                           in development of NCZ as an oral control agent to reduce                           goose fertility.

NWRC has begun to study the use                           of this compound to control overabundant avian species.                            In a pilot study conducted in 1998, NWRC tested the                           effect of NCZ on Japanese quail reproduction in a laboratory                           setting.  The study demonstrated that NCZ was effective                           in limiting the hatchability of eggs in species other                           than chickens.                           Based on that study, NWRC began testing the compound                           as an oral reproductive control agent for the Canada                           goose.  In a 1999 study, researchers found that                           Canada geese absorbed NCZ into the blood serum, although                           at a lower rate than found in chickens.  Several                           other laboratory and field studies conducted in the                           Spring of 1999 also indicated that NCZ is a promising                           candidate for use in lowering reproduction rates in                           Canada geese.

Development of Contraceptives for                           Rodents The use of diazocosterol (Diazacon ) as a potential                           wildlife contraceptive is currently being investigated                           in a prairie dog field trial and a rat laboratory study.                            Diazocosterol (20,25 diazacholesterol HCl) is a cholesterol                           inhibitor that is capable of inhibiting reproductive                           hormone synthesis for a period of several months.                            It therefore has the potential to be a useful tool for                           population control in a variety of animals.  Historically,                           it has been used with variable success in field settings                           to reduce populations of urban pigeons, a bird species                           that breeds throughout the year.  Theoretically,                           success rates with this compound should be higher in                           wildlife populations in which breeding is seasonal.                            In this initial field study with prairie dogs, two groups                           each of untreated and treated animals were tested.                            The diazocosterol was presented to prairie dogs in a                           bait consisting of 0.25 percent diazocosterol on rolled                           oats coated with molasses.                          The study analyzed cholesterol levels in blood serum,                           relative numbers of lactating females, and relative                           numbers of pups born to treated versus control females.                            Results were not as good as anticipated.  Sample                           sizes of females trapped to check for lactation were                           low, especially in the treated groups.  Both treated                           and control groups had lactating females.  Trapping                           over a 3-day period showed 4 of 5 treated and 22 of                           22 control females were lactating.  An index obtained                           by visual observations of prairie dog numbers showed                           that, in treated groups, the proportion of juveniles                           to adults was 16:24 (0.7); untreated groups had 35 juveniles                           to every 21 adults (2.7).  Treated groups had 59                           percent fewer pups.

Levels of blood serum cholesterol                           over the course of the experiment have not yet been                           analyzed.  Hopefully, blood analysis will help                           establish what proportion of the population ingested                           a sufficient amount of bait.  This will allow researchers                           to determine if the bait was avoided by prairie dogs                           or whether the diazocosterol was only marginally effective                           in preventing pregnancy.

A laboratory study using the same                           diazocosterol bait is under way in wild Norway rats.                            Individually caged rats received bait in addition to                           their regular food.  All bait was ingested by the                           rats by the end of the baiting period, and 71 percent                           of control and 50 percent of diazocosterol-treated female                           rats gave birth.  Litters in both groups averaged                           eight pups.  As the same bait was used in the rat                           and the prairie dog studies, limited success may be                           due either to a failure of rodents to adequately respond                           to the diazocosterol or to a failure of the bait delivery                           system.  (The bait contained a number of fine particles                           that were not ingested but may have contained much of                           the diazocosterol.)  Analysis of cholesterol blood                           levels and analysis of the bait should determine the                           true cause of diazocosterol's failure.

***Title:  Development of                           Chemistry-Based Tools for Wildlife Damage Management***

***Goal:  Adapt and apply                           chemistry techniques to contribute to understanding                           chemical and biochemical aspects of wildlife damage                           to develop solutions for wildlife damage management.***

Development and Testing of New Coyote                           Attractants Coyote management requires species-selective                           attractants for the efficient delivery of drugs, reproductive                           vaccines, and toxicants and for the effective operation                           of traps and snares.  Attractants must not only                           draw animals to devices but also elicit specific behaviors                           necessary for the proper operation of the device.                            Currently available attractants are typically complex                           and difficult to replicate from batch to batch.

NWRC research sought to identify                           the volatile components in commercial attractants for                           the purposes of preparing simple synthetic alternatives.                            To achieve this, commercially available coyote attractants                           were analyzed by purge and trap headspace analysis.                            All identified compounds were grouped according to chemical                           functionality, and one compound from each functional                           group was chosen to represent the group.  Using                           only 17 representative compounds, 7 unique synthetic                           attractants were formulated.                           These new attractants were tested by bioassay with captive                           coyotes.  The behavioral responses elicited by                           the seven new attractants were compared to a currently                           available synthetic attractant (fatty acid scent) and                           a control.  Results suggest that some of the synthetic                           attractants may have excellent utility in a variety                           of lures.  For example, one attractant elicited                           significantly longer periods of digging than the other                           attractants or the control.  That compound may                           represent a promising new attractant for trap lures.                            Another attractant elicited significantly longer pulling                           bouts than the control, suggesting that it may be useful                           for lures associated with oral delivery devices.                            Several attractants produced longer bouts of defecation                           than the control or fatty acid scent.  In addition                           to being a desirable behavior in the context of capture                           devices, attractants that elicit defecation may be useful                           in ecological studies requiring scat deposition along                           transects as an indicator of coyote abundance.                          Development of Analytical Methodologies To Determine                           the Safety and Efficacy of Chemicals for Wildlife Management                           Rangeland rodents such as Belding's ground squirrels                           can cause measurable damage to rangeland grasses and                           water irrigation systems and pose a health risk to people.                            NWRC personnel working with a California State agency                           have completed a multiyear field and laboratory study                           to determine the safety of using chlorophacinone and                           diphacinone rodenticide baits to control pest ground                           squirrel populations.  These rodenticide baits                           are typically applied by mechanical spreaders attached                           to all-terrain vehicles.  The rodenticides were                           applied to rangeland plots during a field study in California.                            To determine if range grasses that are grazed upon by                           livestock may become contaminated by rodenticide application,                           NWRC's chemists developed methods to determine chlorophacinone                           and diphacinone residues in range grasses.  Using                           these methods, the investigators analyzed field samples                           ranging from dry grasses to new growth collected in                           control and treated test plots for chlorophacinone and                           diphacinone residues.  The study results indicate                           that these rodenticides can be safely used to control                           ground squirrel populations in rangeland grasses.                            No significant chlorophacinone or diphacinone residues                           were detected in any of the grass samples.

NWRC chemistry personnel are collaborating                           with other Center scientists in methods development                           research.  Chemists developed analytical methods                           to quantify the amount of anthraquinone in spray formulations,                           as well as levels in lettuce, rice seed, ripening rice,                           and water.  These methods will allow scientists                           to determine how much anthraquinone is needed to reduce                           bird damage effectively.  Scientists will also                           be able to predict potential anthraquinone residues                           when crops are harvested.

Chemists developed methods to quantify                           absorption and excretion of nicarbazin and diazacholesterol                           in birds, mammals, and snakes used as test subjects                           for determination of proper dose levels and potential                           nontarget effects of the compounds.

Additionally, chemists developed                           procedures to analyze the amount of organochlorine pesticides                           in wildlife plasma, whole blood, and muscle tissue.                            These measurements are used to monitor wildlife contamination                           and cleanup efforts at a Colorado national wildlife                           refuge.                          NWRC chemists developed new methods to determine metabolism                           and fate of a radio-labeled avicide, C-3-chloro-p-toluidine                           (CPTH) in susceptible and resistant bird species. The                           methods will permit WS to quantify the total toxic residues                           associated with use of CPTH and estimate potential nontarget                           hazards.

Secondary Hazards Associated With                           Use of DRC 1339 NWRC chemists synthesized a deuterated                           form of CPTH (DRC 1339) that was subsequently incorporated                           into a newly developed gas chromatography/mass spectrometry                           solid phase extraction method for quantifying CPTH residues                           in birds.  This new approach significantly improves                           precision and accuracy in quantifying CPTH residues                           in birds.  Using the extraction method, NWRC scientists                           were able to quantify CPTH residues in birds that had                           consumed a wide range of CPTH doses.  These residue                           data permitted accurately determining potential secondary                           hazards to wildlife predators and scavengers that might                           consume carcasses containing CPTH.  This approach                           will help to assure safe use of CPTH and to improve                           forensic abilities to determine CPTH poisoning in birdsinformation                           critical to confirming or refuting adverse incidence                           claims that could affect the registration status of                           CPTH.  This new technique will help to assure the                           continued availability of CPTH, which is a significant                           benefit to WS operations and grower groups.                           Analysis of Chemical Constituents Associated With Bear                           Damage to Timber NWRC chemists in Fort Collins have                           developed and are applying methodology to separate and                           quantify terpenes and sugars related to determining                           the chemical nature of the forces that drive bear damage                           to timber, and are assessing the impact of silvicultural                           practices on these chemical constituents.  They                           further are recommending practices to diminish the likelihood                           of damage and are building a significant body of knowledge                           and wildlife damage-management recommendations for the                           timber industry.  This interaction is of great                           benefit to local timber industry groups.  The approaches                           developed to complete this research can be applied to                           other herbivore wildlife damage situations, such as                           deer damage to agriculture.

Analysis of Potential Secondary                           Hazards Associated With an Anticoagulant Rodenticide                           NWRC chemists developed a surrogate- corrected solid                           phase extraction residue method which permitted                            NWRC to quantify the rodenticide difethialone in magpies,                           ferrets, rats, and rat food.  The data generated                           by these methods permitted NWRC to complete secondary                           hazard evaluations required for the registration of                           this new rodenticide.

***Title:  Field Evaluation                           of Chemical Methods for Brown Tree Snake Management***

***Goal:  Develop techniques                           to help control brown tree snakes on Guam and prevent                           their dispersal from that island.***

Background FY 2000 was the second                           year of a 4 year project entitledField Evaluation of                           Chemical Methods for Brown Tree Snake (BTS) Management.                            This is a follow on activity to field-test previously                           developed BTS methods identified in the "Development                           of Chemical Methods for Brown Tree Snake Management"                           project that was funded under the Department of Defense                           (DoD) Legacy Program from 1995 through 1998.  The                           goal of that project was to identify chemical control                           methods (toxicants, attractants, repellants, and fumigants)                           that could be used in an integrated program to control                           the BTS on and prevent their dispersal from Guam and                           reduce or help control snake populations in other island                           situations.  The goals of the current project are                           to field-test these methods for efficacy and make them                           available for use by WS, its military and civilian cooperators,                           natural resource managers, military personnel, and others.

**Oral Toxicant Research**                          Reinvasion of Brown Tree Snakes After Control In July                           1999, a field study on Guam of 80-mg acetaminophen tablets                           in dead neonatal mice (DNM) to control BTSs showed that                           this toxicant and a PVC tube delivery system was highly                           effective.  In February 2000, field crews censused                           the same plots for snakes 6 months after the original                           1999 toxicant treatment to determine the extent of snake                           reinvasion.  In 1999, the pretreatment bait take                           on treated plots was 84 percent and 80 percent; poisoning                           subsequently reduced snake densities to essentially                           zero.  In 2000, snake densities had returned to                           the levels seen in 1999.  These overall 6 month                           postcontrol results indicate that snakes return rapidly                           to treated plots from surrounding forests.  The                           management implications of using toxic baits to control                           snakes clearly need to address methods to halt rapid                           reinvasion.

Comparison of Efficacy and Economics                           of Large-Scale Use of Toxicants v. Traps NWRC biologists                           completed a study of the cost:benefits and comparative                           efficacy of trapping versus poisoning of the BTS as                           control methods on 6-ha forest plots.  The economic                           analyses are ongoing, but the following is a summary                           of the efficacy of the two methods.

During a pretest period, estimates                           of snake populations on all plots, as determined by                           mark recapture using Passive Integrated Transponder                           (PIT) tags, were similar.  Snakes on the plots                           were removed either by trapping using WS standard traps                           or by poisoning using acetaminophen treated DNM.                            The estimated rate of population decline was similar                           for the two methods of control.  Following control,                           population estimates on both previously treated plots                           were derived using a mark recapture method where trapping                           of PIT-tagged snakes was monitored.  These posttest                           trap results suggested that the posttreatment populations                           were similar for the two control methods.

After the posttreatment trapping,                           bait tubes were placed on all plots.  Bait-take                           on the poisoned treatment plots was similar to that                           observed at the end of the treatment period.  Bait-take                           on the trapped plots was 80 to 90 percent, levels normally                           seen during a pretreatment period.  These data                           suggest that there is a population of snakes that get                           readily trapped but an additional population that is                           not caught by traps.  In contrast, poisoned baits                           presented in open PVC tubes having both ends open appear                           to target both populations.                          Snake Size and Trapability One important issue that                           has affected both trapping and toxicant delivery success                           is a concern that small snakes are not being captured                           or killed in operational control.  NWRC researchers                           assessed trapability by snake size by exposing captive                           snakes of various sizes to standard BTS traps containing                           a live mouse lure.  Fifty-one snakes were exposed                           to traps overnight and then checked to determine which                           size snakes entered traps.

The results show a clear trend,                           with snakes &gt; 1,000 mm snout to vent length (SVL)                           found in traps 91 percent of the time, snakes between                           750 and 1,000 mm found in traps 75 percent of the time,                           and small snakes (SVL &lt; 750 mm) found in traps                           33 percent of the time.  The investigators hypothesize                           that the trap design does not prevent small snakes from                           entering but that differences in snake behavior may                           affect their probability of encountering a trap.                            In captivity, it was observed that larger snakes were                           more active in the cages than the smaller snakes, which                           were usually inactive.  Future research should                           identify if small snakes are generally less activesit                           and waitpredators, which would lead to decreased likelihood                           of their encountering a trap in the lab or field.                          Additional research related to oral toxicant development                           showed that (1) the acetaminophen concentration in baits                           exposed to environmental conditions over 4 days did                           not change; (2) 40-mg tablets are as effective as 80-mg                           tablets on all size classes of snakes, meaning the application                           rate can be reduced; (3) snakes taking toxicant baits                           die on the surface an average of 35 m from the bait                           station; and (4) fish crows, tested as a surrogate species                           for the endangered Marianna crow, while sometimes able                           to take a bait from the PVC tubes, will remove the acetaminophen                           tablet before eating the bait and will not die from                           an 80-mg injested exposure.

Postmortem Residues of Acetaminophen                           in the BTS APHIS has an EPA Emergency Use Registration                           for applying 80-mg tablets of acetaminophen in DNM to                           conduct experiments on the BTS.  Scientists who                           want to obtain a Section 3 registration must collect                           data in a number of areas.  One concern about the                           use of toxicants is residues remaining in the target                           animal after death residues that could present hazards                           to nontarget species.  While DNM baits containing                           80 mg of acetaminophen kill BTSs under field conditions,                           the environmental fate of acetaminophen residues in                           dead snakes is not known.  To address this issue,                           NWRC researchers determined the residues of acetaminophen                           in BTSs killed by consuming dead mouse baits treated                           with 80 mg acetaminophen under laboratory conditions                           on Guam.

Five test groups of snakes, each                           containing three control and six treated snakes, were                           evaluated.  Control snakes were fed an untreated                           bait and euthanized.  The other groups of snakes                           were exposed to field ambient temperature and relative                           humidity conditions for 1, 2, 3, or 4 days.                          Assays of acetaminophen residues in snakes are being                           conducted by NWRC chemists in Fort Collins.  This                           residue data will be used for assessing potential secondary                           hazards of this baiting and its delivery system to potential                           scavengers and for estimating potential residues of                           acetaminophen in soil and water.  Residue data                           from this study will be submitted to EPA to support                           the proposed Section 3 registration of acetaminophen                           as an oral toxicant for BTS.Development of BTS Repellants                           

Evaluation of Natural Product Compounds                           and Spray Machine Delivery Systems as BTS Repellants                           Several naturally occuring compounds have been identified                           as repellent to BTS.  These include cinnemaldehyde                           (oil of cinnamon), anise (oil of licorice), menthol                           (mint or peppermint), and cineole (eucalyptus oil).                            During 2000, a patent disclosure was filed for these                           and other compounds as repellants to the BTS.                            In addition, three delivery systems were evaluated for                           their ability to drive snakes from hiding spaces.                            When delivered as a vapor, cineole and cinnamaldehyde                           were effective 90 percent of the time in driving a snake                           from its hiding space in simulated cargo.  Work                           remains to be done in the design of a portable delivery                           system.  Prototype delivery systems will be evaluated                           in 2001.                          Exploratory Reproductive Inhibition of the BTS In 2000,                           NWRC completed its second year of exploratory reproductive                           inhibition research for the BTS.  During 2000,                           NWRC successfully established a breeding colony of African                           house snakes that has proven to be an excellent test                           system for evaluating potential reproductive inhibitors.                            Female African house snakes in the NWRC colony have                           reproduced continuously throughout the year with each                           female producing a clutch of eggs at approximately 60-day                           intervals.  This system, therefore, permits greatly                           accelerated testing of reproductive inhibition methods                           compared to that of any other known snake species.

Using this species, NWRC has completed                           an evaluation of the reproductive inhibitor NCZ, a registered                           coccidiostat that inhibits reproduction in chickens.                            However, although NCZ was absorbed well as judged by                           blood levels, it was not sequestered in the eggs at                           high enough levels to inhibit reproduction and egg hatchability.                                                     Because the dose level used in this study was extremely                           high (10H the effective level in avian species) as was                           the frequency of dosing (up to six doses per individual),                           NWRC will not pursue further studies with this agent                           but will initiate work with another reproductive inhibitor,                           diazocosterol, a cholesterol mimic that disrupts synthesis                           of the reproductive hormones.  A breeding colony                           of BTSs was also established at the NWRC, although with                           considerable delay.  These delays have been overcome,                           and NWRC will attempt to begin breeding these animals                           by early October 2000.

**Program                           Support**
- APHIS Registration and Reregistration                             Status
- NWRC's Registration 

Unit is responsible for coordinating                           the development of data required by EPA and FDA to maintain                           the registration of current APHIS vertebrate control                           products or develop future product registrations.                            Additionally, the Registration Unit provides technical                           assistance and information to personnel located at WS                           State offices and to other individuals and groups.

Registration and Reregistration                           Status of APHIS Vertebrate Pesticides With the submission                           of reformatted zinc phosphide labels and required data,                           APHIS has fulfilled all of the reregistration requirements                           imposed by the Federal Insecticide, Fungicide and Rodenticide                           Act, reauthorized by Congress in 1988 for all active                           ingredients registered by APHIS.  APHIS currently                           has eight active ingredients registered with EPA.                            These include an avian repellant (methiocarb), an avicide                           (DRC 1339), two rodenticides (strychnine and zinc phosphide),                           a fumigant (a gas cartridge that contains carbon and                           sodium nitrate), and two predacides (compound 1080 for                           use in the Livestock Protection Collar and sodium cyanide                           for use in the M 44).

Gas Cartridge, M 44, Livestock Protection                           Collar All reregistration requirements have been met                           for these products.  Gas cartridges are registered                           in two sizes for rodent and predator burrow fumigation.                            The M 44 is registered for controlling coyotes and wild                           dogs, Arctic and other species of fox, and skunks.                            The Livestock Protection Collar is the only registered                           product containing sodium monofluoroacetate.  It                           is approved for controlling coyote depredation of sheep                           and goats in several States.  The user's manual                           and restrictions information is available on the NWRC                           website at www.aphis.usda.gov/ws/nwrc.                           DRC 1339 APHIS has five approved labels for DRC 1339,                           for controlling corvids, gulls, pigeons, blackbirds,                           grackles, cowbirds, and starlings that damage agricultural                           crops, threaten public health, or prey upon threatened                           or endangered species.  The rice and sunflower                           industries recently funded a confined rotational crop                           study with DRC 1339 to evaluate the potential uptake                           of DRC 1339 residues by rotational crops.  Using                           data from this research, APHIS has submitted an application                           to EPA requesting that growers be allowed to harvest                           crops from the small acreage used in blackbird baiting                           programs.  EPA's decision on this request is expected                           in FY 2001.

Strychnine All reregistration requirements                           have been met for APHIS products containing strychnine.                            No new-use requests or cancellations occurred during                           FY 2000.  All four registered products are for                           underground use to control pocket gophers.  NWRC                           also serves as the coordinator of the Strychnine Consortium,                           which was assembled to generate funds to meet data requirements                           for all technical products.

Zinc Phosphide APHIS maintains three                           zinc phosphide registrations for use on a variety of                           rodent species.  All requirements specified in                           the 1998 Reregistration Eligibility Decision (RED) have                           been met.  An application has been submitted to                           EPA requesting use of zinc phosphide to control deer                           mice around structures and to allow use on airports                           to reduce the rodent populations that encourage raptors                           near runways.  This new use will also provide another                           tool in preventing the transmission of hantavirus from                           mice to humans.  As with strychnine, NWRC coordinates                           the Zinc Phosphide Consortium to generate funds for                           data development of technical and end use zinc phosphide                           products.

Methiocarb (Mesurol) APHIS successfully                           applied for a new use for methiocarb, a very effective                           avian repellant.  The new registration allows the                           use of methiocarb-treated hard-boiled eggs to protect                           the eggs of threatened or endangered species from predation                           by crows and ravens.  Instead of preying on the                           eggs of the endangered bird species, crows and ravens                           eat the treated eggs and are repelled from the nesting                           sites of the endangered bird species.Acetaminophen During                           1999, APHIS obtained a 3-year Emergency Use Registration                           from EPA to use acetaminophen as a toxicant to control                           the BTS on Guam.  This Emergency Use Permit provides                           another tool to prevent the spread of the BTS to other                           Pacific islands.  Because of the success of this                           compound in reducing snake numbers in baited areas,                           NWRC staff began during 2000 assembling the data and                           registration package required by EPA to support a full                           registration for its continued use in the Guam program.                          FDA Wildlife Drug Authorizations APHIS has five Investigational                           New Animal Drug (INAD) authorizations with FDA that                           allow interstate transport of the compounds for experimental                           purposes.  During 2000, the NWRC Registration Unit                           provided 12 semiannual reports and project summaries                           to FDA for the INADs.  Two of the INADs are for                           the immunocontraceptive materials, gonadatrophin-releasing                           hormone (GnRH) and PZP.  Studies with GnRH- and                           PZP-vaccinated white tailed deer have shown both injected                           vaccines to be effective in reducing fawning rates.                            Efforts are under way to develop oral vaccine delivery                           mechanisms to make the techniques more appropriate for                           field use.

During 2000, a new INAD was received                           to test 20, 25 diazocosterol  as a reproductive                           inhibitor for wildlife.  Recent research with the                           Coturnix quail, rats, and prairie dogs has demonstrated                           the contraceptive potential of diazocosterol.                            However, further experimentation with the formulation                           and method of administration is required.  Research                           will continue to determine the feasibility of using                           diazocosterol in seasonally breeding rodents.                           The remaining two INADs are for the immobilizing agents                           propiopromazine HCl and alpha chloralose.  Alpha                           chloralose continues to be used experimentally for capturing                           and relocating problem birds in urban settings, such                           as parks and zoos.  Propiopromazine HCl (in the                           Tranquilizer Trap Device) is used in conjunction with                           soft catch traps and has been effective in minimizing                           injury to trapped predators throughout the Western United                           States and to feral dogs in Guam.

Regulatory Assistance Provided to                           Federal, State, and Nongovernmental Organizations WS                           program personnel or other government and nongovernment                           cooperators often contact the Registration Unit for                           information when preparing environmental assessments,                           environmental impact statements, and Section 7 consultations                           with FWS.  NWRC is the principal supplier of these                           data to the WS program and its cooperators.  Often,                           responses to these inquiries entail preparing unique                           summaries and interpretations of NWRC research.                            More than 100 significant requests were handled in 1999                           by NWRC; most required unique responses.

NWRC staff is providing technical                           assistance to a consortium of State, Federal, and nongovernmental                           organizations in Hawaii by developing a registration                           package and risk assessment for registering aerially                           delivered anticoagulant rodenticide (diphacinone) to                           control rats in conservation areas.  These efforts                           are designed to lower rat populations and reduce rat                           predation on forest nesting birds.  Submission                           of this registration request is expected in 2002.                           Registration Information Transfer With the cooperation                           of headquarters staff, the Registration Unit completed                           a Webpage (www.aphis.usda.gov/ws/nwrc/RegUnit.htm) that                           provides copies of APHIS vertebrate pesticide labels.                            This service will provide WS operation staff access                           to the most current EPA-approved labels for all APHIS                           products as well as descriptions of current research                           activities on products authorized by the FDA under INADs.

The Registration Unit continues                           to maintain three pesticide and drug registration data                           bases.  The Pesticide Registration File data base                           provides information on the status of individual data                           requirements for all APHIS vertebrate pesticides.                            A cross-referenced bibliographic data base has been                           developed that contains all known citations of published                           and unpublished information on 22 pesticides and drugs                           of interest to the WS program.                             In addition, NWRC personnel continue to develop a DRC                           (Denver Research Center) Number data base.  This                           searchable data base contains DRC numbers, chemical                           names, and Chemical Abstracts Service registry numbers                           for 6,800 chemicals that were screened for toxicity                           and repellancy between 1960 and 1987 by NWRC for pesticidal                           properties.  Final preparations are under way to                           publish the contents of this data base.  Additionally,                           the entire data base will be posted to the NWRC Website                           in a searchable format.  Both the publication and                           Website are expected to be available during 2001.

**Providing                           Wildlife Services**

***Goal:  Provide high-quality                           wildlife damage-management services for our customers                           that result in the protection of agriculture, wildlife                           and other natural resources, property, and human health                           and safety.***

**National                           Support**

Pelican Trapping During March 2000,                           a biologist from NWRC's Starkville, MS, field station                           traveled to east central Baja California, Mexico, with                           a professor and seabird ecologist from the University                           of California at Davis to survey pelicans.  The                           NWRC biologist provided training on the use of modified                           padded leghold traps to live-capture pelicans, herons,                           and cormorants.  These techniques and traps will                           be used to capture brown pelicans nesting on islands                           in the Sea of Cortez for a satellite telemetry study                           to determine their movements.  This information                           will enable managers to better understand pelican ecology                           and devise an integrated, ecologically based plan for                           managing pelican depredations on aquaculture farms in                           the Southeastern United States.                          National Audubon Society Christmas Bird Count Several                           members of NWRC's Sandusky field station participated                           in the annual National Audubon Society Christmas Bird                           Count (CBC) in northern Ohio in December 1999.                            Each CBC consists of a 1-day inventory of all birds                           by species and numbers observed within an area defined                           by a 24-km diameter circle.  More than 2,000 CBCs,                           some going back to the early 1900s, are conducted in                           North America during the 2-week Christmas season each                           winter.  The data, compiled into a data base by                           the Cornell Laboratory of Ornithology, provide a valuable                           source of information on population trends, migration                           patterns, and winter ranges of birds throughout North                           America.  This information is frequently used by                           NWRC scientists to help understand and resolve various                           conflicts between migratory birds and humans.                            This is the 21 st year that NWRC biologists have participated                           in the Firelands CBC.                           Aviation Accident Investigation Committee At the request                           of a Federal transportation agency, a scientist at NWRC's                           Sandusky field station served during 1999 on an accident                           investigation committee to examine the increasing problem                           of aircraft collisions with wildlife (wildlife strikes)                           and make recommendations for actions to reduce these                           strikes.  This investigation was precipitated by                           two incidents in 1999 in which two-engine commercial                           jetliners encountered flocks of birds (snow geese and                           starlings) that damaged both engines on each aircraft.

In a final report issued November                           19, 1999, nine recommendations were made to the Federal                           Government as an integrated approach to reduce wildlife                           strikes and minimize the likelihood of the loss of a                           commercial jetliner:
- Evaluate the potential for using                             radar to provide civil air traffic control personnel                             and flight crews with near real-time warnings of bird                             migration and movement activity (Avian Hazard Advisory                             System).
- Coordinate with NWRC to conduct                             research to determine the effectiveness and limitations                             of existing and potential bird hazard reduction techniques.
- In consultation with USDA's WS                             program, require that wildlife hazard assessments                             be conducted at all airports that must be certified                             for commercial traffic (14 Code of Federal Regulations,                             Part 139) where such assessments have not been done.
- Require the development of wildlife                             hazard-management programs for all airports determined                             to need one as a result of wildlife hazard assessments                             proposed in recommendation 3 above.
- Ensure that the wildlife hazard-management                             programs are incorporated into airport certification                             manuals and periodically inspect the progress of the                             programs.
- Require all airplane operators                             to report wildlife strikes to FAA (reports are now                             voluntary).
- Contract with an appropriate                             agency to identify bird strike remains (presently,                             about 50 percent of reported bird strikes do not provide                             any information on species struck).
- Before allowing high-speed, low-level                             aircraft operations, evaluate the potential risk of                             increased bird-strike hazards to air carrier turbojet                             aircraft.
- With representatives from USDA                             and various Federal agencies, establish a permanent                             bird-strike working group to facilitate conflict resolution                             and improve communication among aviation safety agencies                             and wildlife conservation interests.

Brown-Headed Cowbird Roundup Biologists                           at the NWRC's Sandusky field station captured 400 brown-headed                           cowbirds in April 2000 that were used in the cooperative                           recovery effort for the endangered Kirtland's warbler                           in Michigan.  The cowbirds trapped in Ohio were                           taken to Michigan and used as decoys to lure other cowbirds                           to traps in areas of jack pine forest where warblers                           nest, thereby reducing the incidence of nest parasitism.

The 400 decoy birds resulted in                           4,345 cowbirds being captured in Kirtland's warbler                           nesting habitat during May through July 2000.                            About 117,000 cowbirds have been removed from the warbler                           nesting area since the trapping program began in 1972.                            Since 1972, cowbird parasitism has been reduced from                           over 50 percent to less than 5 percent of nests, and                           the nesting population of warblers has increased from                           about 180 to more than 800 pairs.

One shortcoming of the trapping                           program has been that about 55 percent of the birds                           captured were males (65 percent in 2000).  NWRC                           is presently designing a study in cooperation with FWS                           to evaluate methods to increase the capture rate for                           females.  NWRC has provided FWS with cowbirds for                           this endangered species project annually since 1980.                            Various local environmental groups and State and Federal                           agencies were involved in this project.

Double-Crested Cormorant Environmental                           Impact Statement A research wildlife biologist from                           the NWRC's Starkville field station and a WS Operational                           Support Staff Officer in Riverdale, MD, participated                           in the planning meeting for developing the double-crested                           cormorant environmental impact statement (EIS).                            Although FWS is the lead agency responsible for the                           cormorant EIS, these WS representatives provided valuable                           inputs as the EIS management alternatives were developed                           in July 2000 in Arlington, VA.  The cormorant EIS                           will enable FWS and WS to collaboratively evaluate various                           alternatives associated with the management of double-crested                           cormorant impacts to commercial and recreational fisheries                           throughout the United States.

**International                           Cooperation**

NWRC German Forest Research Collaboration                           Damage inflicted by ungulates and rodents upon forest                           resources in Europe is similar to that found in the                           United States.  At the request of German university                           faculty members, an NWRC scientist visited the university                           and discussed possible collaboration.  The scientist                           toured the campus and discussed training for students                           interested in forest sciences.  Wildlife damage                           issues are taught as a significant part of the university                           curriculum.  There was also an exchange of information                           on current research activities to develop methods to                           protect forest resources at the German university and                           at the NWRC Olympia field station.  A plan was                           developed for selected German students to work in conjunction                           with NWRC to gain practical research experience.                            Possibilities were also discussed that could provide                           for a specialized curriculum at the German university                           that would permit wildlife damage-management students                           to conduct master's degree research with NWRC.NWRC Mexico                           Airport Collaboration A scientist from NWRC's Sandusky                           field station made his fourth trip to Mexico in November                           December 1999 to assist aviation and university officials                           in evaluating bird hazards at existing airports and                           at proposed sites for a new airport. 

Bird species hazardous to aviation                           (such as waterfowl, raptors, and vultures) are common                           in the Mexico City region, and the Mexican Government                           wants to ensure that the existing MCIA and the proposed                           new MCIA are designed and managed to minimize attractiveness                           to birds.                          The NWRC biologist conducted a bird population census                           in wetland, agricultural, and landfill areas throughout                           the Mexico City Valley and made recommendations that                           would both minimize bird strike hazards at the proposed                           airport sites and develop and enhance important wetlands                           away from the proposed sites.  In addition, he                           also surveyed and made recommendations for reducing                           wildlife hazards at airports in Guadalajara and Los                           Mochis.

Such advance planning and surveys                           are essential for developing environmentally sound and                           efficient bird-hazard reduction programs for airports.                            Bird aircraft collisions cost the aviation industry                           well over $1 billion annually worldwide.  Bird                           strikes are of particular concern in Mexico City because                           of the high elevation (about 7,400 ft) of the existing                           and planned airport sites.

**Valuing                           and Investing in People**

***Goal:  Promote an organizational                           culture which values and invests in our people to support                           their professionalism, competency, and innovation as                           Federal leaders of wildlife damage management.***

WS Administrative Employee of the                           Year Betsy Marshall, program support assistant at the                           NWRC Sandusky field station, received the WS Administrative                           Employee of the Year award at APHIS headquarters in                           Riverdale, MD, in July.  The award, given by the                           acting Deputy Administrator for WS, was presented for                           Marshall's critical contribution in financial and administrative                           management and for the extra effort she has displayed                           in activities such as Bird Strike Committee USA that                           have promoted WS programs to reduce wildlife hazards                           at airports nationwide.

Cross-Training in Business for an                           NWRC Scientist Dr. John J. Johnston, a supervisory research                           scientist at the Center, has completed a Master's in                           Business Administration at CSU.  Coursework for                           this 2-year evening program encompassed project management,                           strategic management, accounting, finance, information                           technology, regulatory issues, team leadership, and                           marketing.  This opportunity was facilitated by                           the WS flex timework schedule, the proximity of NWRC                           to the CSU campus, and the ability of NWRC employees                           to take six free credits per year at CSU.  Through                           management's support and investment in employee growth,                           NWRC gained current knowledge and skills in a wide variety                           of pertinent areas.

The Jack H. Berryman Institute Awards                           On March 6, 2000, the Jack H. Berryman Institute for                           Wildlife Damage Management at Utah State University,                           Logan, UT, presented its 1999 awards at the Nineteenth                           Vertebrate Pest Conference in San Diego.  The Research                           Award went jointly to NWRC's Dr. Michael Jaeger and                           Dr. Dale McCullough of the University of California                           (UC) at Berkeley for a series of studies that demonstrated                           the effectiveness of reducing coyote depredation by                           selectively removing the specific coyotes that kill                           sheep.  Field research was conducted by UC Berkeley                           graduate students at the UC Hopland Research and Extension                           Center between March 1993 and September 1998.

This annual, national award provides                           recognition based on recommendations of wildlife professionals                           throughout the United States.  Two other NWRC scientists,                           Drs. Larry Clark and Richard Dolbeer, have received                           the award since its inception in 1994. 

Degree Recognition David Goldade,                           an NWRC chemist and a Ph.D. candidate in the Department                           of Environmental Health at CSU, received first place                           recognition for his presentationEvaluation of Potential                           Capsaicin Contamination of Maple Sap and Syrup"                           at the American Chemical Society Agrochemical Division                           graduate student research competition at the Society's                           national meeting in Washington, DC, in September 2000.                            The research is a collaboration between NWRC and the                           WS Operations Vermont New Hampshire office.

Goldade's research investigated                           the potential for capsaicin contamination of maple sap                           when the sap collection tubing is coated with "hot                           sauce paste" to deter damage caused by gnawing                           rodents.  The research indicated that the careful                           selection of tubing type is essential to minimize the                           probability of contamination.

Publication Recognition The NWRC                           1999 Publications Awards were given to the following                           journal articles:

Knowlton, F. F.; Gese, E. M.; Jaeger,                           M. M. 1999. Coyote depredation control: an interface                           between biology and management. Journal of Range Management                           52(5): 398 412.

Sacks, B. N.; Blejwas, k. M.; Jaeger,                           M. M. 2000. Relative vulnerability of coyotes to removal                           methods on a Northern California ranch. Journal of Wildlife                           Management 63(3): 939 949.

These two publications are excellent                           examples of the scope and quality of research being                           done by Center scientists to address a variety of wildlife                           damage-management issues.

**Information                           and Communication**

Goal:  Collect and analyze                           internal and external information to monitor and enhance                           program effectiveness.  Communicate internally                           and externally to accomplish our mission and to build                           an understanding of the Federal role in wildlife damage                           management.

**Information                           Services**

Information Transfer Information                           Services staff developed an automated audiovisual equipment                           reservation system for Fort Collins employees and began                           recording videotaped inhouse seminars on CD Rom for                           distribution to field stations.  A systematic revamping                           of NWRC's research project Webpages was also begun.                            Besides the Information Services page, the most notable                           additions, include descriptions and photos of current                           Bird Research Program projects, detailing of NWRC's                           immunocontraception work, and full text of NWRC-authored                           2000 publications.  Work has also continued on                           developing the curriculum and Internet-based materials                           for the Living with Wildlife Institute for teachers                           and the distribution of theLiving With Wildlifeactivity                           sheets for children.                          Information Services staff members were responsible                           for the facilities and audiovisual arrangements for                           the Human Conflicts With Wildlife:  Economic Considerations                           symposium and numerous other seminars held at the Center.

NWRC Archive Highlights of the year                           include the addition of material to the unpublished                           reports collection and a reboxing effort to preserve                           these items.  Beginning in summer 2000 and continuing                           through December 2000, a CSU public history student                           intern has been inventorying and reorganizing the International                           Program records collection.  NWRC's International                           Program ran from 1967 to 1995, and the records contain                           reports, correspondence, and program material.                            Reorganization will greatly increase accessibility of                           this important research information.  Also, archive                           staff began a project to feature NWRC history in a monthly                           format on the Center's Website and the employee lunchroom                           bulletin board.  Topics reflect past programs and                           personnel.                          Library In FY 2000, NWRC library staff continued to                           introduce new electronic services to patrons and add                           new material to the library catalog.  More than                           60 items, representing almost 40 percent of the cataloging                           backlog, were processed into the catalog.  Additionally,                           120 chapters of the Birds of North America were cataloged                           and made accessible to patrons.  Journals once                           again threatened to overtake available empty space on                           shelves.  The accumulated runs of more than 100                           journal titles were shifted to relieve congestion in                           certain parts of the library.  Journal issues for                           most titles, years 1993 99, were sent to a bookbinder                           for collation into annual volumes.

To streamline interlibrary loan                           processes, the library instituted use of the OCLC's                            Interlibrary Loan Fee Management System and the Interlibrary                           Loan Management Statistics System.  The former                           automates payment of any incurred interlibrary loan                           fees.  The latter compiles monthly statistics for                           use by the NWRC Library in maintaining compliance with                           copyright guidelines and for use in quantifying the                           number and type of transactions completed.  The                           library also purchased WebZap', which, when fully automated,                           will allow WS personnel to file requests for books and                           photocopies electronically.

Copies of the NWRC Research Update,                           Publications List, and annual highlights report were                           distributed.  Several hundred copies of the publicationSymposium                           on Double-Crested Cormorants: Population Status and                           Management Issues in the Midwestwere mailed, and the                           full text of the publication was added to the NWRC Website.                           

The Information Services Webpage                           was redesigned and enhanced.  Purchase and implementation                           of Reference Web Poster' software allows all Website                           visitors to search ProCite' data bases available in                           the library.  The searchable data bases include                           the 1 st through the 18 th Proceedings of the Vertebrate                           Pest Conference (fully subject indexed), the 1 st through                           the 7 th Proceedings of the Eastern Wildlife Damage                           Control Conference, the 1 st through the 13 th Great                           Plains Wildlife Damage Control Workshop Proceedings                           (partially subject indexed), the 1 st through the 8                           th Proceedings: Bird Control Seminar, and the Annotated                           Bibliography of Bird Hazards to Aircraft.                          GLAS' Access software now allows Web access to the library                           online catalog, including the main collection and an                           unpublished reports file.  Search tips have been                           custom designed for easier use.  The library journals                           listing is available from the new Information Services                           page, as are NWRC's publications listings.  Direct                           links to the Wildlife Worldwide data base, as well as                           UnCover', Agris, Agricola, and Grateful Med data bases                           (the latter four, searchable at no cost) are also provided.                            A trial link to OCLC's First Search data bases is available                           for Fort Collins personnel.  Updated descriptions                           of the NWRC Library, Archives, and overall function                           of the Information Services unit have been added.                            New reference links are available to aid staff in location                           of useful sites.

**Seminars**

During 2000, NWRC continued to be                           a focal point for interesting seminars by its own and                           visiting scientists.  Twenty six individuals spoke                           on such subjects as coyote behavior, best management                           trapping practices, wildlife diseases, conservation                           genetics, wildlife reproductive inhibitors, animal care                           and research issues, aquaculture, and State agency wildlife                           damage- compensation programs.

*Speaker                          Affiliation                          Title*

Mike Jaeger                           NWRC (Berkeley)                          of Effective, Socially Acceptable Approaches to Coyote                           Management

Brian Mitchell                          UCBerkeley                          Factors Affecting Responses of Alpha Coyotes to Broadcast                           Calls

Samara Trusso                          International Association of Fish and Wildlife Agencies                          Developing Best Management Practices for Trapping in                           the United States

Richard Duke                          University of Colorado Health Sciences Center, Ceres                           Pharmaceuticals                          Vaccines That Target Antigen Presenting Cells

Terrell Salmon                          UCDavis                          Anticoagulant Baiting Strategies for California Ground                           Squirrels

John Pape                           Colorado Division of Public Health (Denver)                          Zoonotic Disease:  What's Waiting in the Woods?

Eric Gese                          NWRC (Logan)                          Field Research on Predator Ecology 

Dale Nolte                          NWRC (Olympia)                          Overview of the Olympia Field Station:  Wildlife                           and Protecting Forest Resources

Brian Dorr                          NWRC (Starkville)                          The Great Blue Heron and Aquaculture: Changing Perspectives

Brad Blackwell                          NWRC (Sandusky)                          Recent Work at the Ohio Field Station:  Evaluating                           New Taste and Visual Avian Repellants

Will Pitt                          NWRC (Logan)                          Modeling of Coyote Population Dynamics

Mike Avery                           NWRC (Gainesville)                          Overview on Research at the Florida Field Station

Jack Rhyan                          NWRC (Ft. Collins)                          Wildlife and Domestic Animal Interactions: Infectious                           Diseases of Concern

Peter Savarie                          NWRC (Ft. Collins)                          Overview of Brown Tree Snake Toxicant Research

Christen Williams                          Forestry and Natural Resources, Purdue University                          Molecular Tools for Managing Wildlife Populations

Christopher Walker                          Uppsala University, Sweden                          Conservation Genetics Conservation Biology

J. Andrew DeWoody                          University of Georgia, Genetics Department                          The Natural History of Fish Mating Systems:  A                           Genetic Perspective

Grant Singleton                          Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organization,                           Australia                          Immunocontraception,Trap-Barrier Systems and Farmer-Participatory                           Research Rodent Tails From Down Under

Steve Porter                          Colorado Division of Wildlife (CDOW)                          Managing Wildlife Damage in Colorado: Overview of the                           CDOW Program

Al Dale                          NWRC (Ft. Collins)                          Integrating Animal Care and Research Needs

Edward Schafer                          NWRC (Ft. Collins, retired)                          Review and Status of DWRC Toxicant and Repellant Screening                           Tests 25 Years of Agent Testing

Jim Glahn                          NWRC (Starkville)                          A Strategic Plan for Managing Cormorant Damage to Southern                           Aquaculture

David R. Anderson                          CSU, Fishery and Wildlife Biology Department                          Perspective on How Science Might Be Done in the Next                           Century

Earl Campbell                          NWRC (Hilo)                          Trouble in Paradise: Invasion of Hawaii by Alien Frogs

David Goldade                          NWRC (Ft. Collins)                          Biotransformation of 3-Chloro-p-toluidine Hydrochloride                           (CPTH)

Simon C. Nemtzov                           Israel Nature and Parks Authority, Science and Conservation                           Division, Jerusalem                          An Israeli Success Story:  Conflict Resolution                           and Conservation of the Endangered Pygmy Cormorant (*Phalacrocorax                           pygmeus*)

**Meetings,                           Workshops, and Conference Presentations**

Fifteenth Annual Airport ConferenceThis                           conference, held in Chicago in November 1999, was attended                           by about 400 representatives from throughout the aviation                           industry.  During the keynote address, Captain                           Dennis Dolan, first vice president of the Air Line Pilots                           Association, highlighted bird strikes as a key safety                           issue facing the aviation industry.  Topics covered                           by  NWRC scientists included the development, management,                           and uses of the National Wildlife Strike Database, new                           wildlife management tools for airports such as a recently                           registered anthraquinone formulation to repel geese,                           and production of a 300-page manual on wildlife hazard                           management for airports that was distributed to airports                           nationwide in December 1999.  NWRC personnel also                           had an exhibit at the conference that promoted WS research                           and management programs at airports.  NWRC's research                           on these topics is funded in part by Federal agencies,                           private industry, and various airport authorities through                           interagency and cooperative agreements.

USDA Forest Service Silvicultural                           Team VisitsNWRC's Olympia, WA, field station hosted                           the silvicultural team from the USDA Forest Service's                           Pacific Northwest Forest and Range Experiment Station                           on July 5.  A group of 18 Forest Service specialists                           toured the facilities and discussed current and past                           research activities with field station personnel.                            NWRC staff provided an overview of the biology and behavior                           of the wildlife species that damage timber resources                           and discussed ongoing efforts to alleviate forest damage,                           as well as research projects being conducted to develop                           new techniques, to improve the efficacy of existing                           techniques, and to obtain information on the environmental                           effects of forest protection practices.

The silvicultural team saw mountain                           beaver, beaver, and deer within different habitat-use                           pen research facilities and discussed recent studies                           of bear activity in the vicinity of supplemental feeding                           stations that are used in some areas to reduce bear                           girdling of trees after emergence from hibernation.

NWRC has worked closely with the                           Forest Service to develop methods to reduce the problems                           encountered when establishing trees for reforestation,                           improving species diversity, restoring riparian habitats,                           or for protecting areas where regeneration or spread                           of natural timber stands have been impeded by foraging                           animals.

Electric Utility ConsultationAn                           NWRC researcher was invited by an electric utility construction                           company to participate in a discussion of woodpecker                           damage to wood utility poles in June.  The discussions                           centered around he extent of woodpecker damage to utility                           poles and the potential products for prevention, control,                           and repair of woodpecker damage to them.  The group                           also identified three potential research areas:                            repellants, coatings, and habitat management.

NWRC has developed a cooperative                           research proposal with industry and academic groups                           to investigate these potential areas of research to                           prevent woodpecker damage to utility poles.  Several                           additional utility companies in the Southeastern and                           Northwestern United States have expressed interest.

Cable News Network's Aquaculture                           StoryWildlife biologists with NWRC's Starkville field                           station were featured on the July 13, 2000, Cable News                           Network (CNN) television program Earth Matters.                            Along with an aquaculture industry representative from                           Louisiana, NWRC biologists were interviewed regarding                           their ongoing research associated with the impacts of                           fish-eating birds on southern aquaculture.  In                           particular, the CNN story highlighted NWRC satellite                           telemetry research in Alabama, Arkansas, Louisiana,                           and Mississippi.  This research has been designed                           to evaluate regional movements of double-crested cormorants                           associated with catfish depredation in these States.                            The CNN story was an opportunity for the international                           audience to understand some of the present NWRC aquaculture                           research activities.

Human Conflicts With Wildlife:                            Economic Considerations SymposiumThe NWRC hosted a Human                           Conflicts With Wildlife:   Economic Considerations                           Symposium August 13, 2000, in Fort Collins.  In                           all, 25 invited speakers from the United States, New                           Zealand, Australia, Germany, and the United Kingdom,                           representing a cross section of the most knowledgeable                           authorities in the world on wildlifehuman conflicts                           and the associated costs, addressed more than 100 participants.                            Symposium topics included methods for quantifying resource                           damage caused by wildlife and case studies of damage                           caused by wildlife to agricultural commodities, the                           costs associated with damage caused by wildlife to nonagricultural                           activities of humans, the costs and implementation of                           management programs to control the spread of wildliferelated                           diseases to humans and domestic livestock, optimization                           models as a method to allocate research and operational                           resources in the development of management plans, and                           the impact of wildlife on other wildlife as it relates                           to environmental management practices.

This is the third such international                           symposium hosted by NWRC.  The previous two were                           titled Repellants in Wildlife Management (1993) and                           Contraception in Wildlife Management (1995).

Aquaculture for KidsA wildlife technician                           at NWRC's Starkville field station recently presented                           a Living With Wildlife information seminar to 200 elementary                           school children in July.  The technician described                           problems associated with piscivorus irds feeding at                           catfish and bait fish farms in the Southern United States                           and gave an overview of research techniques used to                           study these birds and how research helps alleviate these                           conflicts.  The children viewed a slide presentation,                           NWRC posters, and various equipment used to study wildlife                           (e.g., telemetry, traps, and bands) and were given Living                           With Wildlife materials.

Bird Strike CommitteeUSA/CanadaAbout                           400 people from 15 countries attended the second annual                           joint meeting of Bird Strike Committee USA (BSCUSA),                           and Bird Strike Committee Canada at MinneapolisSt. Paul                           International Airport in August.  The meeting was                           organized by NWRC Sandusky field station biologists                           in cooperation with several aviation groups and WS personnel                           from Minnesota.  In all, 37 technical papers and                           posters were presented on topics related to reducing                           wildlife collisions with aircraft.

Among highlights of the conference                           were presentations by representatives from several Federal                           transportation agencies regarding their recommendations                           to reduce wildlife hazards on airports.  Another                           highlight was the demonstration of various techniques                           for managing wildlife on airports during an all-day                           field trip to two airports.  Fifteen companies                           exhibited their wildlife management products or services.

The goal of BSCUSA is to increase                           communication and professionalism among the diverse                           groups dealing with wildlife issues on airports, and                           the 2000 meeting appeared to be highly successful in                           this regard.  WS biologists played an increasingly                           important role in reducing wildlife hazards at U.S.                           airports in 1999, providing assistance at 363 airports.                            About 70 WS biologists attended the meeting.

Third International Symposium and                           Workshop on Frugivory and Seed DispersalA scientist                           from the NWRC's Gainesville, FL, field station attended                           the third International Symposium and Workshop on Frugivory                           and Seed Dispersal during August, in São Pedro,                           Brazil.  The scientist resented a plenary talk                           on reducing bird damage to cultivated fruit.  The                           conference was attended by about 300 persons from 30                           different countries.

Taming the Wild StuffThe Society                           of American Archivists held its annual meeting in Denver                           from August 31 to September 2.  The sessions concerned                           various archival and records management issues.                            In addition, plenary speakers provided insight into                           the future of the archival field and the value of diversity.                            The NWRC Records Manager/Archivist participated in a                           panel on material culture.  A slide presentation,                           Taming the Wild Stuff, detailed using material culture                           as exhibit and educational instruments.  NWRC's                           material culture includes the tools used in research                           and damage control work, and these items are important                           historical artifacts.

Mississippi Wildlife Services State                           MeetingWildlife biologists from the NWRC's Starkville                           field station made several presentations at the Mississippi                           WS State meeting, at Plymouth Bluff, MS, in August.                            The presentations provided an overview of the Mississippi                           field station's recent research on double-crested cormorant                           and great blue heron depredations on aquaculture in                           Mississippi.  The talks focused on nonlethal avian                           dispersal techniques such as the use of laser light                           at cormorant roosts, economic impacts and management                           recommendations concerning great blue heron depredations                           on catfish aquaculture, and satellite telemetry research                           regarding regional and migratory movements of cormorants.                            The presentations demonstrated that information developed                           from this research is used to design specific tools                           and management recommendations that can be used by NWRC's                           stakeholders.

Lower Mississippi Valley Joint Venture                           North American Waterfowl Management TeamA wildlife biologist                           from the NWRC's Starkville field station met with members                           of the Lower Mississippi Valley Joint Venture North                           American Waterfowl Management Team in Vicksburg, MS,                           in August.  Members of the team included waterfowl                           researchers from Federal agencies and private organizations.                            The meeting was arranged to address aerial and ground                           survey issues concerning future research on doublecrested                           cormorant populations and their distribution on catfish                           aquaculture in the Mississippi delta.  The proposed                           research will be integrated with ongoing satellite telemetry                           research to address questions concerning use of aquaculture,                           migratory patterns, population estimation, and population                           turnover of doublecrested cormorants in the Southeast.

Symposium Adjunct to the Wildlife                           Society's Annual MeetingWS, The Humane Society of the                           United States, and the Jack Berryman Institute cosponsored                           a symposium entitled Nonlethal Approaches to Wildlife                           Damage Management:  Promise, Potential, Reality                           at the national meeting of the Wildlife Society in Nashville                           in September.  There were 14 presentations by leading                           scientists (including 3 from NWRC), administrators,                           and practitioners in the field of wildlife damage management.                            Issues discussed included the efficacy and humaneness                           of relocation of nuisance wildlife to resolve conflicts,                           the effectiveness of various exclusion devices, situations                           where lethal control is justified, and the potential                           for reproductive inhibitors.  The symposium was                           successful in promoting constructive dialogue that should                           lead to greater cooperation among the various governmental                           and private groups dealing with the growing diversity                           of wildlifehuman conflicts.

**Publications**

Andelt, W. F.; Phillips, R. L.;                           Schmidt, R. H.; Gill, R. B. 1999. Trapping furbearers:                           an overview of the biological and social issues surrounding                           a public policy controversy. Journal of Wildlife Management                           27(1): 5364.

Andrews, R. M.; Mathies, T. 2000.                           Natural history of reptilian development: constraints                           on the evolution of viviparity. BioScience 50(3): 227238.

Avery, M. L.; Whisson, D. A.; Marcum,                           D. B. 2000. Responses of blackbirds to mature wild rice                           treated with Flight Control bird repellent. In: Salmon,                           T. P.; Crabb, A. C., eds. Nineteenth vertebrate pest                           conference; 69 March 2000; San Diego, CA. Davis, CA:                           University of California at Davis: 2630.

Avery, M. L.; Tiullman, E. A.; Humphrey,                           J. S.; Cummings, J. L.; York, D. L.; Davis, J. E., Jr.                           2000. Evaluation of overspraying as an alternative to                           seed treatment for application of Flight Control bird                           repellent to newly planted rice. Crop Protection 19:                           225230.

Barras,                           S. C.; Dolbeer, R. A. 2000. Reporting bias in bird strikes                           at John F. Kennedy International Airport, 19791998.                           In: Proceedings International Bird Strike Committee;                           1725 April 2000; Amsterdam, Netherlands. [Publisher                           unknown] 25: 992.

Barras, S. C.; Dolbeer, R. A.; Chipman,                           R. B.; Bernhardt, G. E.; Carrara, M. S. 2000. Bird and                           small mammal use of mowed and unmowed vegetation at                           John F. Kennedy International Airport, 1998 to 1999.                           In: Salmon, T. P.; Crabb, A. C., eds. Nineteenth vertebrate                           pest conference; 69 March 2000; San Diego, CA. Davis,                           CA: University of California at Davis: 3136.

Belant, J. L.; Tyson, L. A.; Seamans,                           T. W. 1999. Use of alpha-chloralose by the WS program                           to capture nuisance birds. Wildlife Society Bulletin                           27(4): 938942.

Blackwell, B. F.; Seamans, T. W.;                           Dolbeer, R. A. 1999. Plant growth regulator (Stronghold)                           enhances repellency of anthraquinone formulation (Flight                           Control) to Canada geese. Journal of Wildlife Management                           63(4): 13361343.

Blackwell, B. F.; Seamans, T. W.;                           Helon, D. A.; Dolbeer, R. A.  2000. Early loss                           of herring gull clutches after egg-oiling. Wildlife                           Society Bulletin 28(1): 7075.

Bryant, B. P.; Savachenko A.; Clark,                           L.; Mason, J. R. 2000. Potential for cell culture techniques                           as a wildlife management tool for screening primary                           repellents. International Biodeterioration and Biodegradation                           45(34): 175-181.

Bur, M. T.; Tinnirello, S. L.; Lovell,                           C. D.; Tyson, J. T. 1999. Diet of the double-crested                           cormorant in Western Lake Erie. In: Tobin, M. E., tech.                           coord. Symposium on double-crested cormorants: population                           status and management issues in the Midwest. Tech. Bull.                           1879. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Agriculture,                           Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service: 7385.

Clark, L. 1999. Bird repellents:                           interaction of agents in mixture. In: Johnston, R. E.;                           Sorenson, P.; MuellerSchwarze, H., eds. Advances in                           chemical signals in vertebrates. New York: Kluwer Academic                           Press: 623632.

Clark, L.; Bryant, B.; Mezine, I.                           2000. Bird aversive properties of methyl anthranilate,                           yucca, Xanthoxylum, and their mixtures. Journal of Chemical                           Ecology 26(5): 12191234.

Dolbeer, R. A. 1999. Aerodrome bird                           hazard prevention: case study at John F. Kennedy International                           Airport. In: Proceedings of the international seminar                           on flight safety and birds in the Middle East; 2529                           April 1999; Tel Aviv, Israel. Tel Aviv:
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