May 16, 2016 

The Honorable Harold Rogers 

Chairman, Committee on Appropriations 

United States House of Representatives 

Washington, DC 20515 

Dear Mr. Chairman: 

On behalf of the U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission (NRC), I am providing the 

enclosed report on the Integrated University Program (IUP) in response to the request in the 

Joint Explanatory Statement accompanying the Consolidated and Further Continuing 

Appropriations Act, 2015 (Public Law 113-235). In particular, the Joint Explanatory Statement 

stated that: the NRC, “in consultation with the Department of Energy's Office of Nuclear Energy 

and industry, is directed to review the Integrated University Program with regard to its 

effectiveness and recommend any changes necessary to maintain its efficacy in ensuring that 

the Nation continues to have a sufficient nuclear workforce. The study should include any 

specialized areas that may require training beyond that which is necessary for the general 

nuclear workforce.” 

Please feel free to contact me or Eugene Dacus, Director of the Office of Congressional 

Affairs, at (301) 415-1776, if you have questions or need more information. 

Sincerely, 

/RA/ 

Stephen G. Burns 

Enclosure: 

As stated 

cc: Representative Nita Lowey 

Identical letter sent to: 

The Honorable Harold Rogers 

Chairman, Committee on Appropriations 

United States House of Representatives 

Washington, DC 20515 

cc: Representative Nita Lowey 

The Honorable Thad Cochran 

Chairman, Committee on Appropriations 

United States Senate 

Washington, DC 20510 

cc: Senator Barbara Mikulski 
REPORT ON THE INTEGRATED UNIVERSITY PROGRAM 

UNITED STATES NUCLEAR REGULATORY COMMISSION 

Enclosure
I. Purpose 

The Joint Explanatory Statement accompanying the Consolidated and Further Continuing 

Appropriations Act, 2015 (Public Law 113-235) stated: 

A recent report by the Department of Energy’s Office of Nuclear Energy concluded that 

the nuclear energy workforce is more stable than it has been in several decades, noting 

that this is due in part to established programs that drive interest in the field. In light of 

current circumstances, the Nuclear Regulatory Commission, in consultation with the 

Department of Energy’s Office of Nuclear Energy and industry, is directed to review the 

Integrated University Program with regard to its effectiveness and recommend any 

changes necessary to maintain its efficacy in ensuring that the Nation continues to have 

a sufficient nuclear workforce. The study should include any specialized areas that may 

require training beyond that which is necessary for the general nuclear workforce.1

In response to this language, the U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission (NRC) consulted with 

the Department of Energy’s Office of Nuclear Energy (DOE-NE) and industry, reviewed the 

Integrated University Program (IUP) and prepared this report. 

II. Background of the Integrated University Program 

The Omnibus Appropriations Act, 2009 (Public Law 111-8) established the IUP between the 

NRC, DOE, and the National Nuclear Security Administration (NNSA).2 The act authorized the 

appropriation of $45 million per year from fiscal year (FY) 2009 to FY 2019, with $15 million for 

each agency. Of that, $10 million is to be used for university research and development in 

areas relevant to the respective organization’s mission and $5 million to support a jointly 

implemented Nuclear Science and Engineering Grant Program to fund multi-year research 

projects that do not align with programmatic missions but are critical to maintaining the 

discipline of nuclear science and engineering. After initial consultation, the three agencies 

decided that “jointly implemented” would be accomplished as a coordinated effort. Each agency 

would independently manage its own portion of the program, but coordination would be done to 

eliminate duplication or overlaps, and to ensure coverage of nuclear science, engineering, and 

related technical areas. Coordination is done through semi-annual meetings between the NRC, 

DOE, and NNSA. 

The DOE portion of the IUP provides scholarship and fellowship grants to support training of 

engineers and scientists in nuclear engineering, nonproliferation, and nuclear safeguards 

missions. The objective of the program is to sustain a future workforce for nuclear engineering 

research and development. 

The NNSA portion of the IUP supports basic research of direct impact to proliferation detection 

mission requirements. It bridges the nuclear nonproliferation knowledge bases in academia and 

 

1 160 CONG. REC. H9307, H9722 (daily ed. Dec. 11, 2014). 

2 The previous year, in FY 2008, $15 million was shifted from DOE to the NRC to administer grant 

programs for faculty development, fellowships, and scholarships, including scholarships to trade schools 

and community colleges. 
- 2 - 

the NNSA laboratory system and provides a source of trained nuclear nonproliferation technical 

expertise for the NNSA laboratory system. 

III. The NRC’s IUP Grant Program 

The NRC’s IUP is comprised of three programs: (1) faculty development, (2) scholarships and 

fellowships to 4-year institutions, and (3) scholarships to trade schools and community colleges. 

Faculty Development 

Funding under this program supports tenure track faculty members during the first 6 years of 

their careers and new faculty hires in fields related to nuclear energy, such as engineering, 

health physics, radiochemistry, probabilistic risk analysis, and other academic areas. The 

program could include support for developing proposals for research and initiating or continuing 

research projects in their areas of expertise. 

From 2009 through 2015, the NRC has funded over 90 individual faculty development grant 

awards, obligating more than $39 million that supported over 100 tenure track faculty. 

Scholarships and Fellowships to 4-Year Institutions 

Funding under this program includes support for education in nuclear science and engineering, 

to develop a workforce capable of supporting the design, construction, operation, and regulation 

of nuclear facilities and the safe handling of nuclear materials. The NRC awards grants directly 

to accredited U.S. institutions of higher education and not to individual students. Therefore, the 

institution is responsible for selecting the students. As a condition for receiving scholarships or 

fellowships, student recipients must demonstrate satisfactory academic progress in their fields 

of study, as determined by criteria contained in the funding opportunity announcement and as 

established by the NRC. 

The nuclear-related disciplines supported by this funding are intended to benefit the nuclear 

sector broadly. Upon completion of the academic course of study for which the assistance was 

provided, student recipients are required by service agreement to engage in employment by the 

NRC for a period equal to the period for which assistance was provided. Section 243(c)(2) of 

the Atomic Energy Act of 1954, as amended, allows the NRC to establish criteria for the partial 

or total waiver or suspension of any obligation of service or payment incurred by a scholarship 

or fellowship student recipient. For scholarships and fellowships awarded under the IUP, the 

NRC has been directed by Congress to make generous use of the waiver.3 The NRC exercises 

general use of the waiver by permitting employment in the nuclear industry as opposed to solely 

with the NRC. The NRC also reduced the amount of service time required as part of any 

service agreement (from at least 1 year of service for every year or partial year of assistance 

received to 6 months of service required for every year or partial year of assistance received). 

A narrower waiver of this requirement may be granted by the NRC to recipients in appropriate 

circumstances, such as those who provide documentation indicating they made a good-faith but 

unsuccessful effort to secure nuclear-related employment, experienced personal hardship, or 

began nuclear-related employment but were subsequently involuntarily separated other than for 

cause. Military service does not waive the service obligation, but service can be deferred for 

this reason. 

 

3 153 CONG. REC. H15741, H15953 (daily ed. Dec. 17, 2007). 
- 3 - 

Most 4-year institutions have reported that scholarship and fellowship recipients have been 

successful in finding employment in the nuclear industry, Federal Government agencies (such 

as the NRC, DOE, or NNSA), national laboratories, State or local agencies, or academia in 

nuclear-related fields. The NRC has hired some of these recipients for the agency’s own 

entry-level Nuclear Safety Professional Development Program (NSPDP), which is for recent 

graduates with a bachelor’s, master’s, or doctoral degree and strong academic records in 

nuclear-related disciplines that support the agency’s mission. In FY 2015, 8 out of 25 

(32 percent) of those hired for NSPDP were grant recipients; in FY 2014, 10 out of 38 

(26 percent) were; and in FY 2013, 5 out of 25 (20 percent) received grants. 

From 2009 through 2015, the NRC awarded 166 scholarship and fellowship awards to 4-year 

institutions, totaling over $47 million. 

Trade School and Community College Scholarships 

Funding under this program includes support for education in nuclear science and engineering, 

to develop a workforce capable of supporting the design, construction, operation, and regulation 

of nuclear facilities and the safe handling of nuclear materials. The NRC awards grants directly 

to accredited U.S. institutions and not to individual students. Therefore, the institution is 

responsible for selecting the students. As a condition for receiving trade school and community 

college scholarships, student recipients must demonstrate satisfactory academic progress in 

their fields of study, as determined by criteria contained in the funding opportunity 

announcement and as established by the NRC. Trade schools and community colleges must 

be post-secondary educational institutions or programs accredited by an accrediting agency or 

State approval agency recognized by the U.S. Secretary of Education or be registered 

apprenticeship programs. The nuclear-related disciplines supported by this funding are 

intended to benefit the nuclear sector broadly. As noted above under Scholarships and 

Fellowships to 4-Year Institutions, the same service agreement requirements apply to trade 

school and community college scholarships. 

Consequently, the NRC requires student recipients of trade school and community college 

scholarships to serve 6 months in nuclear-related employment for each full or partial year of 

academic support. The employment may be with Federal agencies, State or local agencies, 

DOE laboratories, nuclear-related industry, or academia in the recipients' sponsored fields of 

study. A waiver of this requirement may be granted by the NRC to recipients in appropriate 

circumstances, such as those who provide documentation indicating a good-faith but 

unsuccessful effort to secure nuclear-related employment was made, experienced personal 

hardship, or began nuclear-related employment but were subsequently involuntarily separated 

other than for cause. 

From 2009 through 2015, the NRC awarded 63 scholarship awards to trade schools and 

community colleges, totaling approximately $8 million. 

IV. NRC Grant Evaluation 

In 2014–2015, the NRC conducted an independent survey of its grant program. The survey 

evaluated all grantees receiving NRC funding during 2007–2011. Some key findings of the 

survey evaluation are summarized below. 
- 4 - 

Of the responding grantees, the top three challenges facing the nuclear workforce include: 

having the skilled workforce when needed (31.5 percent); aging workforce (28.2 percent); and 

reduced building of new nuclear power plants (21.8 percent). 

Eighty percent of grantees believed that the NRC funding helped them to address future 

workforce needs. 

Faculty Development 

Approximately 50 percent of grantees indicated a focus area of the supported research in 

nuclear engineering. Over 80 percent responded that the funding supported research, the 

findings of which were published in peer-reviewed scientific journals. Responses indicated that 

over 200 articles were published. 

Scholarships and Fellowships 

The survey found that the top fields of study for scholarships were mechanical engineering, 

nuclear engineering, and electrical engineering. The top fields of study for fellowships were 

nuclear engineering, health physics, and mechanical engineering. 

Approximately 90 percent of grantees that funded scholarships reported that it took less than 

6 months for those students to gain relevant employment. Approximately 77 percent of 

grantees that funded fellowships reported that it took less than 3 months for students to gain 

relevant employment. The survey highlighted that 34 percent of these students achieved 

relevant employment before graduation. 

Trade Schools and Community College Scholarships 

The survey revealed that the top fields of study for trade schools and community college 

scholarships were maintenance technician, nonlicensed operator, and radiation protection 

technician. Further analysis discovered that more than 76 percent of NRC-supported students 

obtained a 2-year associate degree or certificate. 

V. Nuclear Energy Institute Workforce Efforts 

As the national policy organization for the U.S. nuclear industry, the Nuclear Energy Institute 

(NEI) represents over 350 member organizations, including utilities, suppliers, architect firms, 

and academic institutions. NEI and the nuclear industry share common interests by ensuring 

the next generation of nuclear craft workforce are well trained to meet the demands of the 

industry. 

In 2015, NEI conducted its annual Nuclear Workforce Survey, collecting information from 

nuclear utilities on the status of the nuclear industry workforce, including demographics, hiring, 

education trends, and specialized areas of need with respect to nuclear-technology-related or 

nuclear-craft-related areas. 

The survey found a rise in the number of workers being hired from the 28 to 32 and 33 to 37 

year-old cohorts, while the number of employees in the 48 to 57 year-old group continued to 

decline. This trend is true across the commercial nuclear industry, among both nuclear utilities 

and nuclear suppliers, each of which comprises about 50 percent of the commercial nuclear 

sector workforce. The survey represented 100 percent of the industry’s 23 nuclear utilities, as 

well as nine major supplier companies. With the closure of five reactors in the past few years, 
- 5 - 

there has been a decline in overall utility staffing levels, from about 62,000 in 2013 to about 

57,000 in 2015. However, nuclear utility companies continue to hire new workers to staff 

operating reactors. The industry has particularly succeeded in balancing the workforce in the 

utilities’ operations departments, where the age distribution is relatively flat, with a slight 

increase because of younger operators-in-training and a slight dip in mid-career professionals 

who are filling leadership positions in other departments. The overall result is a “sustainable, 

healthy pipeline” of nuclear operators, according to NEI’s Senior Manager for Strategic 

Workforce Planning. 

NEI’s Nuclear Uniform Curriculum Program (NUCP) addresses nuclear tradecraft workforce 

needs by working with the nuclear industry, community colleges, and trade schools to establish 

regional training programs with an emphasis on addressing regulatory utility needs. Many of 

NUCP institutions receive support through the NRC trade school and community college 

scholarship program. The South Texas Project Nuclear Operating Company (STPNOC) 

reported a significant impact of the NRC trade school and community college scholarship 

program, coupled with NEI’s NUCP. As part of its ongoing workforce development efforts, 

STPNOC recently brought on board 24 entry-level apprentices. Some of the new employees 

were part of the NRC trade school and community college scholarship program. This update 

provides further evidence that the NRC’s and nuclear industry’s efforts to build a pipeline of 

knowledgeable candidates ready to work in the nuclear industry are providing a return on 

investment. 

Coincidentally, NUCP institutions indicate that the scholarships received have stimulated the 

local economy as individuals graduating from these 2-year institutions obtain well-paid jobs in 

nuclear-related fields. The NRC trade school and community college scholarship program has 

local and national impacts in providing the workforce needed over the next several years to 

meet existing demand in the nuclear sector. 

VI. Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education Data 

Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education (ORISE) collects data on enrollments and 

degrees in science and technology fields of study for the NRC and other Federal agencies. For 

purposes of this report, the NRC reviewed ORISE nuclear engineering and health physics 

enrollment and degree data from 2009–2014. The ORISE report entitled, “Nuclear Engineering 

Enrollments and Degrees Survey, 2014 Data,” includes degrees granted between 

September 1, 2013, and August 31, 2014. It can be noted that, since the establishment of the 

IUP in 2009, the number of degrees granted in nuclear engineering has increased overall. 

 
- 6 - 

Nuclear Engineering Degree Data 

The information in the table below is from this ORISE report. 

 Nuclear Engineering Degrees 

Year B.S. M.S. Ph.D. Total 

2014 627 322 169 1118 

2013 655 362 147 1164 

2012 610 333 119 1062 

2011 524 277 113 914 

2010 443 303 113 859 

2009 395 233 87 715 

According to the report, 627 students received Bachelor of Science degrees (B.S.) with majors 

in nuclear engineering in 2014—a 4-percent decrease from 2013. However, the number of 

B.S. degrees reported in 2014 is significantly greater—nearly 60 percent more—than the 

number reported in 2009. Despite the ORISE data showing a decrease from 2013 to 2014, the 

numbers remained at a relatively high level comparatively. 

The report also indicated 322 students received master’s degrees (M.S.) with majors in nuclear 

engineering in 2014—an 11 percent decrease from 2013. However, the number of M.S. 

degrees reported in 2014 increased by 38 percent more than the number reported in 2009, 

when the IUP was established. The number of doctorate degrees (Ph.D.) has consistently 

increased considerably, up 95 percent since 2009. 

Currently, the annual supply of new nuclear engineering graduates available in the labor market 

is approximately in balance with the annual number of job openings available for new nuclear 

engineers, including opportunities for nuclear engineering graduates in non-nuclear engineering 

occupations. The major consideration over the next few years is the future rate of development 

of nuclear electric power in the United States and abroad, along with attrition rates of currently 

employed nuclear engineers and growth in opportunities in health care and the broader 

economy. There is growing concern that increased job opportunities for nuclear engineering 

graduates in non-nuclear engineering occupations in the broader economy, coupled with lower 

total enrollments in nuclear engineering degree programs, could potentially create an imbalance 

between the supply of new graduates and the number of job openings. 

Nuclear Engineering Enrollment Trends 

From 2009 to 2012, the enrollment of junior and senior nuclear engineering undergraduates has 

increased noticeably. Although trends show an apparent decline since 2012, levels appear 

similar to 2009. Fueling this likely trend is the report of declines from three out of every four 

nuclear departments surveyed. Graduate enrollment in nuclear engineering has increased and 

remains at a relatively high level. 
- 7 - 

Health Physics Degree Data 

The ORISE report titled “Health Physics Enrollments and Degrees Survey, 2014 Data,” includes 

degrees granted between September 1, 2013, and August 31, 2014. The information in the 

table below is from this ORISE report. 

 Health Physics Degrees 

Year B.S. M.S. Ph.D. Total 

2014 67 81 10 158 

2013 88 86 14 188 

2012 82 91 15 188 

2011 64 85 5 154 

2010 62 89 15 166 

2009 77 83 9 169 

In 2014, the number of health physics degrees granted was 12 percent below the reported 

number from 2009. The M.S. degrees are 2-percent lower, with a slight increase in Ph.D. 

degrees. It is suspected the decreases could be attributed to closure of health physics 

programs. 

It is likely that the number of job openings for new graduate health physicists will continue to 

exceed the number of new graduates available in the labor support through 2016. Relatively 

ample job opportunities and increasing entry-level salaries for health physicists over the next 
- 8 - 

2 years could stimulate an increase in health physics enrollments and further increase the 

number of bachelor’s degree graduates and, to a lesser extent, the number of master’s degree 

graduates. Based on historical experience, however, it appears quite unlikely that any increase 

in the number enrolled would be sufficient in size to cause an oversupply of new health physics 

graduates available in the labor market over the next 3 years. 

Health Physics Enrollment Trends 

In 2014, the enrollment of junior and senior health physics undergraduates was approximately 

190, which is a 16-percent decrease from 2013 and a 9-percent decrease from 2012. The 2014 

number is considerably lower than it was in 2009. The undergraduate enrollment decrease in 

2014 indicates that the number of B.S. degrees is likely to continue at the same level through 

2015 and then will continue to fall in 2016. 

Graduate enrollment in 2014 was 270 students. This is nearly 12-percent lower than in 2013 

and 24-percent lower than in 2012. The 2014 graduate enrollment is the lowest reported since 

the early 1970s. The enrollment trends indicate that the number of M.S. degrees is likely to be 

in the 65 to 75 range in 2015 and 2016, while the number of Ph.D. degrees is likely to be in the 

5 to 10 range in 2015 and 2016. As with undergraduate health physics degrees, it is suspected 

that the decrease in enrollments could be attributed to closure of health physics programs. 
- 9 - 

VII. Specialized Technical Areas 

Over the last few years, the NRC, DOE and NEI have concluded that radiochemistry, 

seismology, and health physics are specialized technical areas that will require training beyond 

that which is necessary for the general nuclear workforce. DOE and the NRC have coordinated 

efforts to address these areas. As additional areas are identified, the agencies will coordinate to 

determine ways to address the needs of the nuclear industry. 

Radiochemistry 

There is a need to ensure a sufficient workforce in specialized technical areas, such as 

radiochemistry. DOE has mission-specific/mission-critical workforce needs in the area of 

radiochemistry. Given that the current radiochemistry workforce is approaching the age for 

retirement and that a limited number of universities in the United States provide radiochemistry 

curriculum because of a lack of professors and infrastructure, the U.S. is faced with a growing 

demand for the education and training of scientists in radiochemistry. The DOE national 

laboratories are all losing capability because of retirement of a substantial number of their “core” 

groups of radiochemists and nuclear chemists. Complementary to but completely separate from 

IUP, the requested FY 2016 DOE traineeship in radiochemistry will seek to provide graduatelevel radiochemistry training to a small cadre of selected students with the goal of establishing 

an enduring curriculum at the selected academic institution and associated partners. 

Radiochemistry is an area currently supported by the NRC and DOE IUP programs. 

Seismology 

The nuclear energy industry maintains seismic analyses for each nuclear facility. The analyses 

are conducted during the initial design, siting and licensing of the faculty and updated, as 

required, when changes are made to the facility. 

Seismic analyses are typically conducted by experts who are employed at a handful of 

engineering consulting firms. Utilities do not employ these experts as full-time staff because the 

work is very specialized and the workload is not consistent enough to keep these people 

engaged full-time for their entire careers. These experts usually also work on non-energy and 

non-nuclear projects to ensure they maintain a consistent workload. 

Many of the nation’s seismic experts are approaching retirement and will not be available much 

longer to educate and mentor the next generation of seismic professionals. The industry needs 

structural engineers and seismologists with advanced degrees to take interest in energy-facility 

seismic analysis to gain the experience to replace the experts who are about to retire. 

The nuclear industry would benefit from assistance in developing additional expertise in this 

area. The NRC has included seismology as a focus area in its FY 2016 Funding Opportunity 

Announcement. 

Health Physics 

Health physics is a discipline that intersects biology, engineering, physics, and mathematics and 

is practiced by health physicists (HPs) in the nuclear industry. The profession exists to ensure 

safe usage of radiation and radioactive materials in many different settings. 
- 10 - 

As discussed earlier, there are low numbers of HPs with B.S., M.S., or Ph.D. degrees 

graduating in the United States. It is highly likely that the number of job openings for new 

graduate HPs will continue to exceed the number of new graduates available. 

HPs work at the NRC and other Federal Government agencies to perform licensing and 

registration functions; develop regulation guidance and policy; perform inspections and audits; 

write and review emergency plans; respond to radiological emergencies; assess accidents 

resulting from the misuse of radiation; evaluate new drugs and devices that use radiation; and 

develop and execute environmental monitoring and survey programs. 

HPs are also employed by private entities, including power reactors, hospitals, universities, 

analytical laboratories, food and medical equipment sterilizers, environmental cleanup firms, 

and a variety of industrial firms. 

Health physics is an area currently supported by the NRC and DOE–NE IUP programs. 

VIII. Recommendations

There is one recommendation being proposed. Through program oversight, the 

recommendation is to allow the agency greater flexibility in the allocation of IUP funds between 

the two general purposes of these funds. 

Consistent with prior years, the NRC’s FY 2016 appropriations legislation provides: 

Provided further, That of the amounts appropriated under this heading, $10,000,000 

shall be for university research and development in areas relevant to their respective 

organization’s mission, and $5,000,000 shall be for a Nuclear Science and Engineering 

Grant Program that will support multiyear projects that do not align with programmatic 

missions but are critical to maintaining the disciplines of nuclear science and 

engineering. 

The Joint Explanatory Statement associated with the NRC’s FY 2016 appropriations legislation 

specifies that “Not less than $5,000,000 of this amount is to be used for grants to support 

research projects that do not align with programmatic missions but are critical to maintaining the 

discipline of nuclear science and engineering.”4 The IUP could benefit from the flexibility to 

adjust the allocation of the $15 million between the two programs if the agency receives an 

insufficient number of quality proposals under one of the two programs and an excess number 

of quality proposals under the other. 

 

4 161 CONG. REC. H9693, H10124 (daily ed. Dec. 17, 2015). 
- 11 - 

IX. Conclusion 

To date, 326 individual IUP grants have been awarded in 35 states and Puerto Rico. 

Cumulatively, this translates to over 2,300 students supported by scholarship or fellowship 

grants, and more than 100 faculty members supported to advance their research and teaching 

capabilities at educational institutions around the Nation. 

The IUP has allowed for excellent working relationships with educational institutions and for new 

nuclear programs to begin. In addition, it has helped to ensure that the United States maintains 

a highly trained and educated workforce in nuclear science, technology, and engineering fields 

from which it may draw upon for future workforce development needs. The NRC also has 

authority to “appoint directly, with no further competition, public notice, or consideration of any 

other potential candidate an individual who” has received a scholarship or fellowship and those 

individuals who completed the academic program for which the scholarship or fellowship was 

awarded.5 The NRC has used this authority through its grant programs, providing a number of 

direct appointments over the past few years under its entry-level NSPDP. 

The NRC funding has been heavily leveraged with non–Federal Government funding in public–

private partnerships, including utilities, vendors, States, and universities, thus providing a 

multiplier effect of the NRC's $15 million. The United States’ ability to graduate students with 

nuclear degrees is directly correlated to the number of education programs available to educate 

these students. Without Federal funding, history has shown that the non-Federal funding will 

diminish along with student enrollments in areas related to science, technology, engineering, 

and math. This was evidenced multiple times. When funding began to decline in the 1990s, 

nuclear engineering programs and research reactors both began to close. The number of 

 

5 42 U.S.C. § 2015b. 
- 12 - 

university programs that train nuclear students declined from 87 in 1990 to 37 in 2001. The 

number of university research reactors declined from 64 in the 1960s, to 27 in 

2002. Government’s support for these programs is necessary to keep these programs viable. 

Educating the next generation of engineers and scientists is essential to meet the Nation’s 

present and future national security needs and for building new, and maintaining existing, 

nuclear power plants that provide a safe, nonpolluting domestic energy source. 

Specialized areas such as radiochemistry, seismology, and health physics may require training 

beyond that which is necessary for the general nuclear workforce. The nuclear energy industry 

is only a small segment of the potential employer pool for these specialties, but these specialties 

are necessary and vital to maintain nuclear facilities.