Wildlife Exposure

Factors Handbook

Appendix: Literature

Review Database

Volume II of II

United States Office of Research EPA/600/R-93/187 

Environmental Protection and Development December 1993 

Agency (8603) 

Wildlife Exposure


Factors Handbook


Appendix: Literature 

Review Database 

Volume II of II 
EPA/600/R-93/187 

December 1993 

WILDLIFE EXPOSURE FACTORS 

HANDBOOK 

APPENDIX: LITERATURE 

REVIEW DATABASE 

Volume II of II 

Office of Health and Environmental Assessment


Office of Research and Development


U.S. Environmental Protection Agency


Washington, D.C. 20460


Additional major funding for this Handbook was provided by the


Office of Emergency and Remedial Response,


Office of Solid Waste and Emergency Response


and by the


Office of Science and Technology, Office of Water


U.S. Environmental Protection Agency


Washington, D.C. 20460

DISCLAIMER 

This document has been reviewed in accordance with U.S. Environmental Protection 

Agency policy and approved for publication. Mention of trade names or commercial products 

does not constitute endorsement or recommendation for use. 

ii 
TABLE OF CONTENTS 

The tables in this Appendix accompany the selected species profiles provided in Chapter 

2 of the Handbook. The references for each of the tables are in Chapter 2 of the Handbook 

at the end of each individual species’ profile. 

A-1. INTRODUCTION ................................................ A-1


A-2. TABLE FORMAT AND ABBREVIATION KEY ........................... A-3


A-2.1. Organization of Tables ..................................... A-3


A-2.2. Column Headers ......................................... A-4


A-2.3. Abbreviations ........................................... A-6


A-3. TABLES FOR BIRDS ............................................. A-9


Great Blue Heron ............................................... A-11


Canada Goose ................................................ A-23


Mallard ...................................................... A-47


Lesser Scaup ................................................. A-61


Osprey ...................................................... A-75


Red-tailed Hawk ............................................... A-89


Bald Eagle ................................................... A-105


American Kestrel .............................................. A-125


Northern Bobwhite ............................................. A-137


American Woodcock ........................................... A-159


Spotted Sandpiper ............................................. A-169


Herring Gull .................................................. A-173


Belted Kingfisher .............................................. A-193


Marsh Wren .................................................. A-203


American Robin ............................................... A-213


A-4. TABLES FOR MAMMALS ....................................... A-225


Short-tailed Shrew ............................................. A-227


Red Fox .................................................... A-235


Raccoon .................................................... A-253


Mink ....................................................... A-269


River Otter ................................................... A-281


Harbor Seal .................................................. A-295


Deer Mouse .................................................. A-309


Prairie Vole .................................................. A-329


Meadow Vole ................................................. A-339


iii 
TABLE OF CONTENTS (continued) 

Muskrat ..................................................... A-351


Eastern Cottontail ............................................. A-366


A-5. TABLES FOR REPTILES AND AMPHIBIANS ......................... A-381


Snapping Turtle ............................................... A-383


Painted Turtle ................................................ A-395


Eastern Box Turtle ............................................. A-413


Racer ...................................................... A-419


Northern Water Snake .......................................... A-431


Eastern Newt ................................................. A-441


Green Frog .................................................. A-453


Bullfrog ..................................................... A-461


iv 
A-1. INTRODUCTION 

This Appendix is intended to accompany the Wildlife Exposure Factors Handbook 

(hereafter referred to as the Handbook) and should be used only by individuals familiar with 

the Handbook. The species-specific values for the exposure factors presented in Chapter 2 of 

the Handbook of are a subset of the data included in the tables of this Appendix. Most values 

identified in the literature reviewed for the Handbook are included in this Appendix. For some 

exposure factors for some species, large quantities of data are available. For these factors 

and species, we tried to select data that represented a range of values and geographic 

locations for the Appendix, and did not include the other reviewed data. All data obtained 

from secondary sources are so identified in the "Notes" column of the tables. Appropriate 

data identified in primary sources were included in the Appendix unless the results were 

inadequately reported (e.g., no methods, units of measure unclear). The references for this 

Appendix are in Chapter 2 of the Handbook. 

We caution users of this Appendix that some values or studies included may be 

inaccurate. We have not attempted to evaluate the quality of the original studies and 

associated data. When potential difficulties were obvious (e.g., method of estimating home 

range not reported), we have tried to indicate the limitation in the "Notes" column. Also in the 

notes column, we have tried to identify potential confounding factors (e.g., low reproductive 

success due to DDT or other pollutant). Due to resource limitations, our quality-assurance 

program consisted of reviewing all data for consistency with other reported values, reviewing 

any unusual values against the original reference, and verifying values that were included in 

Chapter 2 of the Handbook. Many of the data presented in the Appendix required conversion 

to metric units (e.g., density reported as N/acre to density as N/hectare), and we have not 

verified that all such conversions were performed correctly for the Appendix. For several 

factor values, we computed a mean and standard deviation (SD) from original data provided in 

the reference (e.g., mean ± SD of 10 density values representing 10 different years of study in 

the same location). Again, we have only verified a subset of these data as part of our quality 

assurance procedures. Users of this Handbook therefore are strongly encouraged to retrieve 

the original literature for any studies that are important to their exposure assessment. We 

A-1

would welcome being informed of any possible inaccuracies in the Handbook and this 

Appendix at the following address: 

Exposure Assessment Group


Wildlife Exposure Factors Handbook Project


USEPA (8603)


401 M St., SW


Washington, DC 20460


The remainder of Section A-2 describes the column headers and abbreviations used in 

the Appendix. The exposure factor tables are provided for birds in Section A-3, for mammals 

in Section A-4, and for reptiles and amphibians in Section A-5. Again, the references for the 

citations in the Appendix are in Chapter 2 of the Handbook at the end of each individual 

species profile. 

A-2

A-2. TABLE FORMAT AND ABBREVIATION KEY 

In this section, we describe the organization of the tables (Section A-2.1), their column 

headers (A-2.2), and abbreviations used in the tables (Section A-2.3). 

A-2.1. ORGANIZATION OF TABLES 

Quantitative data for each species in the Appendix are presented in tables arranged in 

four main groups in the following order: 

Normalizing and Contact Rate Factors;


Dietary Composition;


Population Dynamics; and


Seasonal Activities.


The exposure factors included in each of these groups are explained in Chapter 1 of the 

Handbook. As in the Handbook, exposure factors included under each of these four groups 

vary slightly from species to species according to the species’ biology and available data. For 

example, under "Population Dynamics," factors related to reproduction for birds might include 

"Age at Fledging," whereas for mammals they could include "Age at Weaning." If no data 

were found for a given factor, the factor is not listed. The meaning of the exposure factors 

included in the Appendix should be clear to users who have read Chapters 1, 3, and 4 of the 

Handbook and corresponding species profiles. 

We explain the Appendix table column headers for the four groups of factors in Section 

A-2.2 and the abbreviations used under each column header in Section A-2.3. A few table 

entries do not conform to the format as described below. Any exceptions are explained in the 

"Notes" column for the individual entry. 

A-3

A-2.2. COLUMN HEADERS 

The column headers for each of the four main groups of exposure factors are 

described below according to the group(s) of exposure factors to which they apply. 

ALL GROUPS 

Reference: Reference citation (see Chapter 2 of the Handbook for full references). If a 

particular subspecies was studied and identified, the subspecies name will 

be listed under the reference in parentheses. 

Age: Age of animals, if reported and relevant. 

Sex: Sex of animals, if reported and relevant. 

N: Sample size if reported (sometimes, a sample size is described in the notes 

instead). 

Location: State (United States assumed) or Canadian province (identified by CAN). 

Habitat: Short descriptors of habitat if reported and if relevant. 

Notes: Additional information needed to evaluate the data, when necessary. 

NORMALIZING AND CONTACT RATE FACTORS 

Cond: Condition of animals (e.g., lactating, swimming, non-breeding), or linespecific number to be described in the notes column. 

Seas: Season in which data were collected, if reported and relevant. 

Mean: Mean value for population sampled. 

SD/SE: Standard deviation, if reported, or else standard error if reported. 

Units: Units for measurements. 

Minimum: Minimum value reported for the population sampled, or minimum average 

value if several populations or years evaluated. 

Maximum: Maximum value reported for the population sampled, or minimum average 

value if several populations or years evaluated. 

A-4

DIETARY COMPOSITION


Food type: Type of food, usually identified in as much detail as reported. 

Spring, 

Summer, 

Fall, 

Winter: The data are reported by season whenever possible. 

Spring: March, April, May 

Summer: June, July, August 

Fall: September, October, November 

Winter: December, January, February 

Habitat -

Measure: Habitat type and description of measure used to indicate dietary composition. 

POPULATION DYNAMICS 

Cond: Condition of animals (e.g., lactating, swimming, non-breeding), or linespecific number to be described in the notes column. 

Seas: Season in which data were collected, if reported and relevant. 

Mean: Mean value for population sampled. 

SD/SE: Standard deviation, if reported, or else standard error if reported. 

Units: Units for measurements. 

Minimum: Minimum value reported for the population sampled, or minimum average 

value if several populations or years evaluated. 

Maximum: Maximum value reported for the population sampled, or minimum average 

value if several populations or years evaluated. 

SEASONAL ACTIVITIES 

Begin: Month that the activity usually begins. 

Peak: Month(s) that the activity peaks (i.e., most of the population involved). 

End: Month that the activity usually ends. 

A-5

A-2.3. ABBREVIATIONS 

The abbreviations used in the Appendix for age, sex, condition, season, and units are 

defined below. They are arranged alphabetically unless otherwise noted. Any other 

abbreviations in the Appendix tables are explained in the "Notes" column. 

AGE (LIFE STAGE) Listed in order of increasing age (not alphabetically): 

All Species: 

J juveniles (i.e., independent, but not yet sexually mature) 

A adults (i.e., sexually mature) 

B both adults and juveniles 

- not specified or relevant 

Birds: 

E egg 

H hatchling (i.e., on day of hatching) 

C chick (for precocial birds such as herring gulls and northern bobwhite) 

N nestling (for altricial birds such as osprey, kingfishers, robin) 

F fledgling (i.e., first day of sustained flight) 

Mammals: 

N neonate (i.e., on day of birth) 

P pup (before weaning) 

Y yearling (i.e., one year of age) 

Reptiles and Amphibians: 

H hatchling (for those species that lay eggs) 

N neonate (for water snakes) 

T tadpole (for frogs) 

E eft (for newts) 

A-6

SEX


All Species: 

B both sexes 

F female 

M male 

CONDITION (for non-metabolic records) 

All Species: 

BR breeding (may be any stage of reproductive efforts, including courtship, 

mating, egg-laying or pregnancy, feeding young) 

DI diurnal (i.e., during the day) 

NB nonbreeding 

NO nocturnal (i.e., at night) 

- not specified or not relevant 

Birds: 

FY feeding young 

I incubating 

IC in covey (for northern bobwhite only) 

L laying 

LI laying or incubating 

MI migrating 

N nesting 

Mammals: 

G during gestation (i.e., during pregnancy) 

L lactating 

NG non-gestating (i.e., not pregnant) 

NP nulliparous (i.e., females that have never given birth) 

P parous (i.e., females that have given birth previously) 

A-7

CONDITION (for non-metabolic records) (cont’d) 

Reptiles and Amphibians: 

HI hibernating 

L laying eggs 

CONDITION (for metabolic records) 

All Species: 

AC light activity 

AD average daily metabolism 

BA basal metabolism 

EX existence metabolism 

FL free-living metabolism 

R resting 

ST standard metabolism 

SW swimming 

- not specified or not relevant 

# note number 

UNITS


time: energy: 

d day cal calorie 

wk week kcal kilocalorie 

yr year 

mass: area: 

g gram ha hectare 

kg kilogram m2 square meter 

length: volume: 

mm millimeter ml milliliter 

cm centimeter l liter 

m meter 

km kilometer 

temperature: 

°C degrees Centigrade 

A-8

A-3. TABLES FOR BIRDS


A-9


----

----

***** GREAT BLUE HERON *****


*** NORMALIZING AND CONTACT RATE FACTORS ***


Reference Age Sex Cond Seas Mean SD/SE Units Minimum Maximum N Location Habitat 

BODY WEIGHT Alexander 1977 AB-- 2,400 g 72 nc lower lakes, streams 

Michigan 

Bayer 1981b J-1SU 1,820 300 SD g 1,370 2,160 6 c Oregon estuary 

J-2- 1,990 550 SD g 1,370 2,750 8 1974-80 Y--- 2,340 490 SD g 1,940 2,970 5 A--WI 2,090 g 1 

Hartman 1961 AF-- 2,204 337 SD g 15 NS NS 

AM-- 2,576 299 SD g 17 

Hoffman 1978 AB-SU 2,200 g 42 nw Ohio sw Lake Erie 

1972-73 

Poole 1938 1,905 g 1 NS NS Quinney 1982 AB-- 2,229 762 SD g 37 e North NS 

America 

NESTLING WEIGHT McAloney 1973 NB-- 86 g day 1 4 Nova Scotia, islands 

NB-- 170 g day 5 5 CAN 1971 NB-- 567 g day 10 8 NB-- 983 g day 15 6 NB-- 1,115 g day 20 5 NB-- 1,441 g day 25 6 NB-- 1,593 g day 30 7 NB-- 1,786 g day 35 5 NB-- 2,055 g day 40 4 

METABOLIC RATE (OXYGEN)
Benedict & Fox 14.6 lO2/kg-d NS NS	 

A-11 

1927 
Reference Age Sex Cond Seas Mean SD/SE Units Minimum Maximum N Location Habitat 

FOOD INGESTION RATE Alexander 1977 AB-- 0.33 g/g-day nc lower lakes, streams 

Michigan 

Kushlan 1978 AB-- 0.18 g/g-day NS NS 

*** DIET *** 

Reference Age Sex Food type Spring Summer Fall Winter N Location Habitat - Measure 

Alexander 1977 B B trout 88 15 nc lower streams 

non-trout fish 2 Michigan -crustaceans 1 % wet weight; amphibians 1 stomach contents insects 4 birds and mammals 2 vegetation 1 unidentified 1 

Alexander 1977 B B trout 59 19 nc lower lake 

non-trout fish 39 Michigan -crustaceans 1 % wet weight; amphibians 1 stomach contents 

Alexander 1977 B B trout 89 38 nc lower river 

non-trout fish 5 Michigan -crustaceans 1 % wet weight; amphibians 4 stomach contents birds and mammals 1 

Collazo 1985 B B fish 67.5 1,535 n Idaho lakes in park 

(brown bullhead) (32.5) 1977-78 -(tench) (20.5) % biomass; boluses, (yellow perch) (1.5) regurgitated (pumpkinseeds) (3.0) pellets, and fish 

meadow vole 32.5 remains below nests 

A-12

Reference Age Sex Food type Spring Summer Fall Winter N Location Habitat - Measure 

Cottam & Uhler - - non-game fish 43.2 189 throughout US NS 1945 valuable fish 24.8 -(herodias & wardi) unidentified fish 3.6 % (measure NS); 

aquatic insects 8.2 stomach contents crustaceans 8.9 herpetofauna 4.3 mice & shrews 4.7 misc. & plant 2.5 

Cottam & Williams - - fish 75.8 6 Vermont marsh 1939 aquatic beetles 1.7 -

aquatic plants 22.5 % (measure NS); 

stomach contents 

Hoffman 1978 B B Cyprinidae (carp, 53.8 31 nw Ohio sw Lake Erie 

minnows, goldfish) 1972-73 -

Centrarchidae 9.5 % frequency of 

(sunfish, crappie, occurrence; stomachs large-mouth bass) 

Sciaenidae 3.5 Percidae (perch) 10.1 Amiidae 6.5 Astacidae (crayfish) 31.3 Insecta 28.4 

Hoffman 1978 J B Cyprinidae (carp, 50.0 166 nw Ohio sw Lake Erie 

minnows, goldfish) 1972-73 -

Ictaluridae 4.6 % frequency of Clupeidae (gizzard 5.0 occurrence; boluses 

shad, alewife) regurgitated by 

Sciaenidae 10.1 nestlings Percidae (perch) 27.9 Centrarchidae (sun- 6.6 

fish, crappies, black bass) 

Astacidae 4.8 

Kirkpatrick 1940 J B crayfish 6 297 ne Wisconsin lakes 

dragonfly 3 1940 -leopard frog 12 number of prey yellow perch 154 items; regurgitated yellow pike-perch 21 by nestlings northern rock bass 20 common white sucker 17 northern pike 14 large-mouthed bass 11 nort. black bullhead 9 bluegill 9 pumpkinseed 7 black crappie 4 

A-13 
Reference Age Sex Food type Spring Summer Fall Winter N Location Habitat - Measure 

Krebs 1974 A B staghorn sculpin 78 Br. Columbia, coastal island 

small 27.8 CAN 1972 - medium 7.6 % of number of fish large 2.2 captured; 

starry flounder observations 

small 15.0 medium 8.1 large 5.2 

other (see note) 

small 30.6 medium 3.5 

Peifer 1979 A M bullhead 200+ 4 c Minnesota lakes, uplands 

sunfish 10 1977 - 13-lined ground 36 number of prey 

squirrel items; observed 

eastern chipmunk 5 eaten prair. pocket gopher 5 eastern fox squirrel 1 eastern cottontail 1 leopard frog 8 grasshoppers 10+ 

Quinney 1982 N B Atlantic silverside 3.6 Nova Scotia, Boot island 

mummichog 2.4 CAN 1977-78 - American eel 52.6 % wet weight; items Gaspereaux 29.9 regurgitated by pollock 8.9 nestlings yellow perch 2.6 

*** POPULATION DYNAMICS *** 

Reference Age Sex Cond Seas Mean SD/SE Units Minimum Maximum N Location Habitat 

FEEDING TERRITORY SIZE Bayer 1978 AB1FA 0.129 0.028 SD km 7 Oregon 1972 freshwater marsh 

AB2FA 0.6 0.1 SD ha 7 

Bayer 1978 AB1WI 0.355 0.168 SD km 32 Oregon 1973-76 estuary 

AB2WI 8.4 5.4 SD ha 32	 

A-14 
Reference Age Sex Cond Seas Mean SD/SE Units Minimum Maximum N Location Habitat 

Peifer 1979 AM-SU 0.98 km 0.60 1.37 4 c Minnesota lakes 

1977 

DISTANCE FROM HERONRY TO FORAGING GROUNDS
Collazo 1981 AB-SU km 0.4-0.7 Idaho 1977-78 lake, mountain ridge 

Dowd & Flake 1985 AB-SU 3.1 km 24.4 S Dakota river & tributaries 

1980-81 

English 1978 AB-- - - Oregon 1975 Willamette River 

Mathisen & AB-SU 1.8 km 0 4.2 Minnesota Chippewa National 

Richards 1978 Forest	 

Parnell & Soots AB-SU 7 - 8 km North Carolina coastal	 

Peifer 1979 AM-SU km 13.7 34.1 4 c Minnesota lakes, uplands 

1977 

Thompson 1978 AB-- 6.5 km 20.4 NS upper Mississippi R.	 

A-15 

1978 
----

--------------------

Reference Age Sex Cond Seas Mean SD/SE Units Minimum Maximum N Location Habitat POPULATION DENSITY
Dowd & Flake 1985 BB1SU 2.3 N/km N Dakota river & tributaries 

BB2SU 3.6 N/km 1980-81 

Gibbs et al. 1987 ---SU 149 53.4 SD nests/ha 11 Maine 1983 marine islands 

Werschkul et al. ---SU 461 nests/ha 447 475 2 w Oregon 1974 coastal island 

1977 Werschkul et al. ---SU 160 123 SD nests/ha 15 358 6 w Oregon 1974 coastal canyon 

1977 Werschkul et al. ---SU 169 nests/ha 68 269 2 w Oregon 1974 coastal flat 

1977 CLUTCH SIZE
Baird et al. 1884 3 Florida NS McAloney 1973 4.17 0.85 SD 3 6 36	 Nova Scotia, island


CAN 1971


Miller 1943 4.37 3 6 347 Pennsylvania NS Mitchell 1981 3.58 Texas 1981 NS Page 1970 3.6 California NS Palmer 1962 4 +/- 3 7 NS NS
Powell & Powell --1- 2.9 0.6 SD 64 s Florida bay 

1986 --2- 3.2 0.7 SD 82 

--3- 3.6 0.8 SD 32 --4- 3.8 0.4 SD 11 

A-16 
----

----

------------

----

Reference Age Sex Cond Seas Mean SD/SE Units Minimum Maximum N Location Habitat Pratt 1972 ---- 3.6 53 c California coastal canyon 

1967-70 

Pratt & Winkler ---- 3.16 0.04 SE 1 5 297 c California coastal canyon 1985
Quinney 1982	 --1-


--2-


Vermeer 1969


CLUTCHES/YEAR
English 1978


Miller 1943


DAYS INCUBATION
Bent 1926


1967-79


4.6 42 Nova Scotia, Boot Island 5.0 26 CAN 1977-78 5.0 11 s Alberta, CAN Dowling Lake 

1967-68 

1 /yr nw Oregon 1975 river


1 /yr Pennsylvania NS


28 days United States NS


McAloney 1973 27.1 days 25 30 11 Nova Scotia, island 

CAN 1971 

Quinney 1982 NB-- 200 g day 5 Nova Scotia, Boot Island 

NB-- 500 g day 10 CAN 1977-78 NB-- 800 g day 15 NB-- 1000 g day 20 

NB-- 1300 g day 25 

NB-- 1500 g day 30 

AGE AT FLEDGING
Hancock & Kushlan 60 days NS NS


A-17


1984 
----

----------------------------

--------

----

Reference Age Sex Cond Seas Mean SD/SE Units Minimum Maximum N Location Habitat McAloney 1973 45 days Nova Scotia, island 

CAN 1971 

Quinney 1982 49 - 56 days	 Nova Scotia, Boot Island 

CAN 1977-78 

N FLEDGE/ACTIVE NEST
English 1978 1.96 N/pair 27 nw Oregon 1975 river Pratt 1972 1.7 N/pair 0 4 c California coastal canyon 

1967-69 

Pratt & Winkler 1.45 0.06 SE N/act nest 0.85 2.38 297 c California coastal canyon 1985 1967-79 Quinney 1982 --1- 2.6 N/pair 42 Nova Scotia, Boot Island 

--2- 3.1 N/pair 26 CAN 1977-78 --3- 2.8 N/pair 68 

McAloney 1973 2.84 N/pair 42	 Nova Scotia, island


CAN, 1971


N FLEDGE/SUCCESSFUL NEST
Collazo 1981 2.17 N/suc nest 2.14 2.20 Idaho 1977-78 lake, mountain ridge	 

English 1978 2.43 N/suc nest 107 nw Oregon 1975 river Forbes et al. 1985---- 2.5 0.1 SE N/suc nest 2.2 2.8 917	 sw Brit. Col., NS 

CAN 1977-81 

Henny & Bethers 2.61 N/suc nest w Oregon 1970 NS 1971
Kelsall & Simpson 2.3 -2.9 N/suc nest Brit. Col., NS 

1979 CAN 1977-79


McAloney 1973 3.09 N/suc nest 35 Nova Scotia, island


CAN 1971


A-18 
----

----------------

------------

Reference Age Sex Cond Seas Mean SD/SE Units Minimum Maximum N Location Habitat Powell & Powell --1- 1.5 0.6 SD N/suc nest 97 s Florida bay 

1986 --2- 1.9 0.7 SD N/suc nest 101 

--3- 2.5 0.7 SD N/suc nest 41 --4- 2.6 0.7 SD N/suc nest 22 

Pratt 1972 2.1 N/suc nest 1 4	 c California coastal canyon


1967-70


Pratt & Winkler 2.19 0.25 SD N/suc nest 2 3 196 c California coastal canyon 1985 1967-79 Vermeer 1969 2.2-2.5 N/suc nest	 s Alberta, CAN NS 

1967-68


Werschkul et al. 2.44 N/suc nest 2.18 2.70 Oregon 1974 coastal, 5 sites 1977 PERCENT NESTS SUCCESSFUL
English 1978 85 %/year nw Oregon 1975 river 

Forbes et al. 1985---- 92 %/year se Brit. Col, NS 

CAN 1981-83 

McAloney 1973 81 %/year 42	 Nova Scotia, island 

CAN 1971 

Pratt & Winkler 68 %/year 38 90 13 c California coastal canyon 1985 1967-79	 

Pratt 1972 71 %/year 56 87	 c California coastal canyon


1967-70


AGE AT SEXUAL MATURITY
Bent 1926 -B-- 2 years NS NS	 

A-19 
Reference Age Sex Cond Seas Mean SD/SE Units Minimum Maximum N Location Habitat 

ANNUAL MORTALITY
Bayer 1981a	 JB--


AB-­
AB--


Bayer 1981a	 JB--


AB-­
AB--


Collazo 1981 NB--
Henny 1972	 JB--


AB-­
AB--


35 %/1st yr nw US 1925-68 National Wildlife 37 %/2nd yr Refuges (NWRs) 22 %/3rd+ yrs 

69 %/1st yr n US 1925-68 all areas except for 39 %/2nd yr National Wildlife 22 %/3rd+ yrs Refuges 19 % nestling Idaho 1977-78 lake, mountain ridge 64 %/1st yr US & Canada NS 36 %/2nd yr 1946-65 22 %/3rd+ yr 

McAloney 1973 NB-- 8.5 %/ 45 days 118 Nova Scotia, island 

CAN 1971 

Owen 1959 J--- 71 %/1st yr US 1916-1945 NS 

A--- 29 %/2nd+ yr 

*** SEASONAL ACTIVITIES *** 

Reference Begin Peak End Location 

Habitat Not

MATING/LAYING Collazo 1981 mid Mar Idaho 1977-78 lake, mountain ridge English 1978 mid Mar nw Oregon 1975 river Howell 1932 Nov-Dec Apr Florida NS McAloney 1973 mid Apr earl May late May Nova Scotia, island 

CAN 1971 

Miller 1943 late Mar earl Apr Pennsylvania NS Palmer 1949 late Apr Maine NS Pratt & Winkler mid Feb mid Mar June c California coastal canyon 

1967-79 

Wood 1951 Apr Michigan NS 

A-20 

As As As As 

1985 
Reference Begin Peak End Location Habitat Not

HATCHING Collazo 1981 mid Apr Idaho 1977-78 lakes, mountain ridge English 1978 earl May nw Oregon 1975 river Hoffman & Curnow mid May mid Jul Ohio 1973 sw Lake Erie 1979 Werschkul et al. late Mar earl May w Oregon 1974 coastal 1977 FLEDGING Collazo 1981 mid Aug Idaho 1977-78 lakes, mountain ridge English 1978 earl Jul nw Oregon 1975 river Hoffman & Curnow mid July mid Sept Ohio 1973 sw Lake Erie 1979 Werschkul et al. Jul w Oregon 1974 coastal 1977 FALL MIGRATION Bent 1926 mid Oct Nova Scotia & NS 

Manit., CAN 

Bent 1926 late Oct Wisconsin NS Bent 1926 mid Nov Illinois NS Hoffman & Curnow Oct Ohio 1973 sw Lake Erie 1979 Palmer 1962 mid Sep late Oct northern US NS SPRING MIGRATION
Bent 1926 mid Feb
Bent 1926 late Mar
Bent 1926 mid Mar


Illinois NS
Nova Scotia, CAN NS
Wisconsin & NS
Minnesota


LatLatLatDepseaEarEarEar

A-21
 
Reference Begin Peak End Location Habitat Not

Bent 1926 mid Apr Manitoba, CAN NS Collazo 1981 late Feb Idaho 1977-78 lakes, mountain 

ridge 

Hoffman & Curnow Mar Ohio 1973 sw Lake Erie 1979 Werschkul et al. mid Feb mid Mar w Oregon 1974 coastal 1977 

A-22 

EarFirbreArrArr
***** CANADA GOOSE *****


*** NORMALIZING AND CONTACT RATE FACTORS ***


Reference Age Sex Cond Seas Mean SD/SE Units Minimum Maximum N Location Habitat 

BODY WEIGHT Nelson & Martin AM-- 3,800 g 6,300 232 United States NS 1953 AF-- 3,300 g 5,900 159 (canandensis) Webster (unpubl.) AM-- 3,992 g 4,175 NS NS (canandensis) AF-- 3,447 g 3,452 

JM-- 3,402 g 3,406 JF-- 3,084 g 3,444 

Ratti et al. 1977 AF-SU 3,043 g +/- 46 134 se Alaska 1973 Glacier Bay (fulva) AM-SU 3,690 g +/- 41 175 Nelson & Martin AF-- 1,900 g 2,400 37 United States NS 1953 AM-- 2,000 g 2,700 31 (hutchinsii) Estel 1983 AM-FA 4,058 g 66 Ilinois lakes in refuges (interior) AM-WI 4,173 g 235 1982-83 

AF-FA 3,575 g 74 AF-WI 3,652 g 323 

Estel 1983 JM-FA 3,567 g 98 Illinois lake (interior) JM-WI 3,817 g 453 1982-83 

JF-FA 3,152 g 90 JF-WI 3,345 g 421 

Raveling 1968 AM-FA 4,212 35 SE g 3,799 4,727 44 Illinois orchard, lake (interior) JM-FA 3,645 24 SE g 3,317 3,884 40 1964-65 

AF-FA 3,550 31 SE g 3,147 3,856 45 JF-FA 3,067 39 SE g 2,523 3,629 57 AM-WI 4,215 36 SE g 3,827 4,621 39 JM-WI 3,642 29 SE g 3,317 4,026 46 AF-WI 3,573 45 SE g 3,119 3,827 32 JF-WI 3,122 36 SE g 2,580 3,544 49 AM-SP 4,122 31 SE g 3,856 4,649 45 JM-SP 3,582 44 SE g 3,204 3,941 25 AF-SP 3,433 31 SE g 3,062 3,912 44 JF-SP 3,132 31 SE g 2,778 3,430 33 

A-23 
Reference Age Sex Cond Seas Mean SD/SE Units Minimum Maximum N Location Habitat 

Thornburg et al. BB1FA 3,613 35 SE g 187 s Illinois lakes in refuge 1988 BB2FA 3,686 54 SE g 139 1982-83 (interior) BB3WI 3,741 42 SE g 118 

BB4WI 3,917 31 SE g 258 BB5SP 3,741 19 SE g 640	 

Johnson et al. -M-SU 1,946 136 SD g Alaska Buldir Island 1979 -F-SU 1,703 155 SD g (leucopareia) Johnson et al. -M-SP 2,110 224 SD g California NS 1979 -F-SP 1,863 193 SD g (leucopareia) Brakhage 1965 AM-SU 4,960 g 66 Missouri 1963 reservoir, marsh (maxima) YM-SU 4,760 g 31 

AF-SU 4,160 g 83 YF-SU 4,140 g 38 

Hanson 1965 AM-- 5,670 g 28 NS NS (maxima) AF-- 5,035 g 25 

JM-- 4,808 g 29 JF-- 4,037 g 15 

Mainguy & Thomas AFLSP 5,385 59 SE g 55 Ontario, CAN fields, farms 

1985 AFISP 3,916 58 SE g 41 1980-81 

(maxima) AFPSP 3,163 66 SE g 10 

AFMSU 3,558 68 SE g 15 

McLandress & A F MI SP 4,040 g 104 Minnesota 1974 lake Raveling 1981 A M MI SP 4,740 g 99 (maxima) McLandress & JM-SP 4,080 g 42 Minnesota 1974 lake Raveling 1981 JF-SP 3,550 g 44 (maxima) YM-SP 4,330 g 3,610 5,180 11 

YF-SP 3,670 g 19 

A-24 
Reference Age Sex Cond Seas Mean SD/SE Units Minimum Maximum N Location Habitat 

McLandress & AF1WI 3,712 g 3,252 4,117 5 Minnesota 1974 fields near lake Raveling 1981 AF2SP 3,942 g 3,845 4,160 4 (maxima) AF3SP 4,381 g 4,009 4,901 6 

AF4SP 5,033 g 4,725 5,243 4 AM1WI 4,149 g 3,968 4,433 3 AM2SP 4,883 g 4,535 5,128 5 AM3SP 5,200 g 5,134 5,266 2 AM4SP 5,574 g 5,424 5,725 2 

Johnson et al. -M-- 1,546 200 SD g Alaska NS 1979 -F-- 1,312 200 SD g (minima) Kortright 1942 -M-- 1,542 g 28 NS NS (minima) -F-- 1,270 g 17 Nelson & Martin AM-- 2,000 g 2,500 30 United States NS 1953 AF-- 1,400 g 2,300 20 (minima) Raveling 1978a JM-FA 1,360 85 SD g 1,180 1,510 13 California lakes in refuges (minima) JM-WI 1,250 65 SD g 1,150 1,310 5 1973-74 

JF-FA 1,200 90 SD g 1,070 1,350 18 JF-WI 1,070 90 SD g 940 1,210 8 

Raveling 1979 AM1FA 1,540 39 SE g 1,380 1,705 9 California lakes in refuges (minima) AM2WI 1,398 33 SE g 1,230 1,550 10 1973-74 

AM3SP 1,487 53 SE g 1,340 1,665 5 AF1FA 1,287 53 SE g 1,145 1,515 6 AF2WI 1,205 33 SE g 1,125 1,320 5 AF3SP 1,295 47 SE g 1,105 1,650 11 

Raveling 1979 AM1SP 1,530 37 SE g 1,410 1,640 5 Alaska 1973-74 delta (minima) AM2SU 1,460 52 SE g 1,315 1,665 6 

AM3SU 1,443 32 SE g 1,260 1,605 9 AF1SP 1,387 61 SE g 1,180 1,530 5 AF2SU 1,095 37 SE g 950 1,295 9 AF3SU 1,362 54 SE g 1,195 1,590 8 

Murphy & Boag 1989AF1SP 3,817 229 SD g 13 Alberta, CAN lakes 

(moffitti) AF2SP 3,186 196.0 SD g 12 1985-86 Nelson & Martin AM-- 4,600 g 5,700 9 United States NS 1953 AF-- 3,500 g 4,300 6 (moffitti) Yocom 1972 BM-FA 4,334 g 10 Washington Snake River area (moffitti) BF-FA 3,930 g 9 1940-51 

A-25 
Reference Age Sex Cond Seas Mean SD/SE Units Minimum Maximum N Location Habitat 

Chapman 1970 JM-- 3,163 294 SD g 2,840 3,664 8 Oregon 1966-67 NS (occidentalis) JF-- 2,722 265 SD g 2,300 3,096 7 

AM-- 3,814 542 SD g 3,181 4,942 10 AF-- 3,038 402 SD g 2,755 3,749 5 

Chapman 1970 AM-WI 3,712 g 2,925 4,317 69 Oregon 1965-66 NS (occidentalis) JM-WI 3,408 g 2,386 4,260 96 

AF-WI 3,093 g 2,272 3,806 55 JF-WI 2,906 g 2,102 3,522 79 

Chapman 1970 AM-FA 3,636 g 2,868 4,459 65 Oregon 1965 NS (occidentalis) JM-FA 3,253 g 1,931 4,658 340 

AF-FA 3,059 g 2,244 4,044 43 JF-FA 2,812 g 1,874 3,635 287 

Johnson et al. -M-- 3,233 261 SD g Alaska NS 1979 -F-- 2,640 202 SD g (occidentalis) Grieb 1970 AM-WI 2,769 30 SE g 184 se Colorado reservoirs, lakes (parvipes) AF-WI 2,472 23 SE g 194 1951-64 

JM-WI 2,481 43 SE g 125 JF-WI 2,185 29 SE g 151 

Nelson & Martin AM-- 2,700 g 4,800 113 United States NS 1953 AF-- 2,500 g 3,900 129 (parvipes) Johnson et al. -M-- 2,606.5 267.4 SD g Alaska NS 1979 -F-- 2,420.7 238.2 SD g (taverneri) Yocom 1972 BM-FA 2,665 g 2,835 2,495 2 e Washington NS (taverneri) BF-FA 2,154 g 1,928 2,604 4 1940-51 BODY FAT Williams & AF1FA 440 g 2 from s captive Kendeigh 1982 AF2WI 550 g 2 Illinois 

(interior) AF3SP 750 g 1 

AF4SP 610 g 1 AF5SU 570 g 1 AF6SU 150 g 1 

A-26 
Reference Age Sex Cond Seas Mean SD/SE Units Minimum Maximum N Location Habitat 

Williams & AM1FA 550 g 2 from s captive Kendeigh 1982 AM2WI 860 g 2 Illinois 

(interior) AM3SP 930 g 2 

AM4SU 890 g 1 AM5SU 330 g 1 

Mainguy & Thomas AFLSP 726 27 SE g 55 Ontario, CAN fields, farms 

1985 AFISP 563 26 SE g 41 1980-81 

(maxima) AFPSP 166 18 SE g 10 

AFMSP 436 43 SE g 15 

McLandress & AF1WI 642 g 433 854 5 Minnesota 1974 fields near lake 

Raveling 1981 AF2SP 619 g 433 925 4 

(maxima) AF3SP 951 g 814 1,096 6 

AF4SP 1,442 g 1,303 1,577 4 AM1WI 580 g 413 724 3 AM2SP 639 g 375 948 5 AM3SP 881 g 797 964 2 AM4SP 1,253 g 1,133 1,372 2 

Peach & Thomas NB1- 7.1 1.3 SD g 14 Ontario, CAN lab 

1986 JB2- 35 12 SD g 14 1983 (maxima) JB3- 160 41 SD g 14 

JB4- 236 87 SD g 13 

Thomas et al. AF1SP 751 45 SE g 34 Ontario, CAN captive 

1983 AF2SP 611 40 SE g 29 1981 (maxima) AF3SP 166 18 SE g 10 

AF4SU 485 37 SE g 21 

Raveling 1979 AM1FA 230 20 SE g 129 292 9 California lakes in refuges 

(minima) AM2WI 70 8 SE g 33 123 10 1973-74 

AM3SP 205 19 SE g 157 265 5 

Raveling 1979 AM1SP 56 26 SE g 26 107 3 Alaska 1973-74 delta 

(minima) AM2SU 53 9 SE g 27 82 6 

AM3SU 93 11 SE g 47 146 9 

Raveling 1979 AF1FA 182 24 SE g 117 264 6 California lakes in refuges 

(minima) AF2WI 57 6 SE g 34 71 5 1973-74 

AF3SP 172 25 SE g 68 362 11 

Raveling 1979 AF1SP 171 g 136 205 2 Alaska 1973-74 delta 

(minima) AF2SU 33 5 SE g 14 51 9 

AF3SU 108 13 SE g 62 179 8 

A-27 
----

----

----

--------

----

----

----

----

Reference Age Sex Cond Seas Mean SD/SE Units Minimum Maximum N Location Habitat Murphy & Boag 1989AF1SP 511 127 SD g 14 Alberta, CAN lake 

(moffitti) AF2SP 66 32 SD g 12 1985-86 

EGG WEIGHT
Owen 1980 116 g NS NS 

(hutchinsii)


Manning 1978 150 1.7 SE g 125 Ontario, CAN islands 

(interior) 1973 

Owen 1980 152 g NS NS 

(interior)


Thomas & Peach 161.2 14.1 SD g 544 s Ontario, CAN lake
Brown 1988
(interior)
Owen 1980


(leucopareia)


Owen 1980


(minima)
LeBlanc 1987a


(moffitti)


Owen 1980


(moffitti)


Williams (unpubl.)---­


(moffitti)


Kortright 1942


(occidentalis)


HATCHING WEIGHT
Sedinger 1986 HM-­


(minima) HF-­


1979 

127 g NS NS 

96 g NS NS 

163 g 564 Alberta, CAN lake 

1983-84 

175 g NS NS 

145 g Utah NS 

161 g NS NS 

61.8 g 4 Alaska 1978-79 coastal tundra 

61.4 g 1 

A-28 
Reference Age Sex Cond Seas Mean SD/SE Units Minimum Maximum N Location Habitat 

LeBlanc 1987b HM-­
(moffitti) HF--
GOSLING WEIGHT
Sedinger 1986 JF-­


(minima)	 JF--


JF--
JF--
JF--


Sedinger 1986 JM-­


(minima)	 JM--


JM--
JM--
JM--


Williams (unpubl.)HB-­
(moffitti)	 JB--


JB--
JB--
JB--
JB--


GOSLING GROWTH RATE
Williams (unpubl.)J--­


(moffitti)


FLEDGING WEIGHT
Sedinger 1986 JM-­
(minima) JF--
LeBlanc 1987b JM-­
(moffitti) JM--
LEAN (DRY) BODY WEIGHT
Peach & Thomas N B 1


J B 2


(maxima) J B 3


J B 4


108.7 g 90 Alberta, CAN lake


109.5 g 85 1983-84


150 g day 10 Alaska 1978-79 coastal tundra


450 g day 20


755 g day 30
950 g day 40


1,050 g day 47


150 g 10 days Alaska 1978-79 coastal tundra


515 g 20 days


875 g 30 days


1,100 g 40 days
1,200 g 47 days


110 g day 0 13 NS NS 240 g day 9 13 

440 g day 16 13 

1,400 g day 30 13 2,400 g day 44 13 2,600 g day 51 13 

50.5 g/day 13 NS NS


1,284 47.2 SE g 3 Alaska 1978-79 coastal tundra 1,228 g 1 2,360 g 50 days 28 Alberta, CAN lake 2,030 g 50 days 17 1983 

16 2.1 SD g 14 Ontario, CAN lab 76 16 SD g 14 1983 

244 25 SD g 14 338 58 SD g 13 

A-29


1986 
Reference Age Sex Cond Seas Mean SD/SE Units Minimum Maximum N Location Habitat 

METABOLIC RATE (KCAL BASIS)
Williams & AM1WI
Kendeigh 1982 AM2SP
(interior) AM3SU


AM4FA


Williams & AF1SP
Kendeigh 1982 AF2SU
(interior)
Williams & AM1WI
Kendeigh 1982 AM2SP
(interior) AM3SU


AM4FA


Williams & AF1SP
Kendeigh 1982 AF2SU
(interior)
FOOD INGESTION RATE
Joyner et al. 1984AM-WI


(interior)	 AF-WI


AM-SP
AF-SP


105 kcal/kg-d from s lab


105 kcal/kg-d Illinois


115 kcal/kg-d


100 kcal/kg-d


130 kcal/kg-d from s lab


143 kcal/kg-d Illinois


kcal/kg-d 209 from s lab
kcal/kg-d 203 Illinois
kcal/kg-d 253
kcal/kg-d 209


kcal/kg-d 220 from s lab
kcal/kg-d 274 Illinois


0.030 g/g-day 3 from Illinois captive
0.033 g/g-day 5 1982
0.030 g/g-day 3
0.031 g/g-day 5


A-30

Reference Age Sex Cond Seas Mean SD/SE Units Minimum Maximum N Location Habitat 

Peach & Thomas N B 1 49 g/day Ontario, CAN lab 1986 J B 2 91 g/day 1983 (maxima) J B 3 133 g/day 

J B 4 175 g/day J B 5 216 g/day 

*** DIET *** 

Reference Age Sex Food type Spring Summer Fall Winter N Location Habitat - Measure 

Buchsbaum et al. B B Zostera marina 27 1553 Massachusetts salt marsh 1984 Spartina alternifl. 18 1980-83 - 

(tall) % frequency; plants 

Poa pratensis 15 observed eaten Enteromorpha spp. 9 Juncus gerardi 9 Spartina alternifl. 9 

(short) 

Spartina patens 8 Triglochin maritima 4 Iva frutescens 1 Phragmites communis <0.1 

Craven & Hunt 1984 B B corn 23 90 ec Wisconsin marsh 

uniden. plant matter 8.6 1979 - alfalfa 10.4 % dry volume; Gramineae 12.6 gizzard oats 25.1 & proventriculus Setaria lutescens 8.4 Trifolium repens 10.9 

Korschgen 1955 - - wild millet 36 184 Missouri NS 

smartweed seeds 10.1 - cut grasses 10.2 % (not specified); spike rushes 8.3 "stomach" contents winter wheat 6.1 corn 5.5 nutgrasses 4.8 soybeans 3.2 

A-31 
Reference Age Sex Food type Spring Summer Fall Winter N Location Habitat - Measure 

Martin et al. 1951 A B sago pondweed FW 25-50 45 w WA, w OR, CA NS 

barley (seed) W 10-25 - hardstem bulrush FW 10-25 rough approx. of wheat (seed) W 5-10 % diet; "stomach" wildbarley W 5-10 contents bromegrass W 5-10 wild oats W 2-5 

Martin et al. 1951 A B saltgrass SuFW 10-25 183 w US, mostly NS 

sago pondweed SuFW 10-25 Utah - glasswort FW 10-25 rough approx. of wheat SuW 5-10 % diet; "stomach" bulrush (seed) FW 5-10 contents widgeongrass SuFW 5-10 bromegrass FW 2-5 wild barley FW 2-5 rabbitfoot grassSuFW 2-5 seepweed FW 2-5 peppergrass FW 2-5 

Martin et al. 1951 A B cordgrass 10-25 10 Gulf coast NS 

saltgrass 5-10 - glasswort 5-10 rough approx. of bulrush (seeds) 5-10 % diet; "stomach" bermuda grass 2-5 contents naiad 2-5 lycium 2-5 

Martin et al. 1951 A B cordgrass FW 25-50 45 Atlantic coast NS 

widgeongrass W 10-25 - spikerush (seeds) W 10-25 rough approx. of sea lettuce W 5-10 % diet; "stomach" 

contents	 

Yelverton & Quay B B	 sedges 63 294 NC 1951-52, lake 

native grasses 11 1953-54 - 

corn kernels 22 % volume; crop 

animal 0.01 and gizzard contents other 4 

A-32 

1959 
Reference Age Sex Food type Spring Summer Fall Winter N Location Habitat - Measure 

Bell & Klimstra B B Glycine max 34.5 561 s Illinois lakes in refuge 1970 Zea mays 25.6 1953-54 - (interior) Sorghum halpense 12.3 % volume; crop (wet/ 

Polygonum pennsyl- 4.8 dry NS) 

vanicum 

Taxodium distichum 3.0 Eleocharis 2.4 

acicularis 

Lemna minor 2.0 other plants 11.5 animal 0.1 undetermined 3.8 

Prevett et al. A B Equisetum sp. (shoot 9.2 124 Ontario, CAN bay 1985 Triglochin palustris 1976-80 -(interior) (root) 3.4 % dry weight; 

grasses esophagus, gizzard & 

(root) 23.4 proventriculus (shoot) 2.1 

sedges 

(shoot) 25.3 (root) 5.3 (reed) 17.9 

Plantago maritima 

(root) 6.5 

unident. plant 6.1 invertebrates 0.7 

McLandress & A B corn 13 50 8 Minnesota 1974 lake Raveling 1981 bluegrass 75 13 - (maxima) roots (unident. sp.) 25 25 % occurrence; 

plant remains (green 25 13 esophagi, gizzards, spike rush 13 and proventriculi bullrush tubers 25 millet seeds 13 snails 13 no food items


Sedinger & J B Triglochin palustris
Raveling 1984 Carex mackenzei
(minima) (leaves)


C. ramenskii (leaves
Puccinella


phyganodes (leave


Carex (seeds)
Empetrum nigrim (see
E. nigrim (berries)
other


38


68 64 Alaska 1977-79 uplands/lowlands 

-


18 % dry weight;


1 esophagus contents


1
8
1
1
2


A-33 
----

*** POPULATION DYNAMICS ***


Reference Age Sex Cond Seas Mean SD/SE Units Minimum Maximum N Location Habitat 

Naylor 1953 - - BR - 155 nests/ha California NS Jensen & Nelson - - BR - 136-163 nests/ha se Idaho NS 1948 HOME RANGE SIZE Brakhage 1965 A M BR SP 0.8 ha Missouri reservoir, marsh (maxima) 1961-64 

Eberhardt et al. AFF- 983 822 SD ha 290 2,830 15 sc Washington river 

1989a 1983-4 (moffitti) Eberhardt et al. AFF- 8.8 4.4 SD km 2.8 18.1 15 sc Washington river 

1989a 1983-4 (moffitti)


POPULATION DENSITY
Best et al. 1982 BB-WI 4301 N/ha 6 S Dakota reservoir 

1979-80	 

Cooper 1978 nests/ha 0.02 12.36 14 various NS 

locations 

Humburg et al. BB1FA 10.4 N/ha 44.8 Missouri wildlife refuge 1985	 BB2FA 20.7 N/ha 89.2 1955-1984 

BB3FA 25.3 N/ha 109.2 BB4FA 27.2 N/ha 117.6 BB5FA 27.7 N/ha 119.6 BB6FA 22.0 N/ha 94.8 

A-34 
Reference Age Sex Cond Seas Mean SD/SE Units Minimum Maximum N Location Habitat 

Humburg et al. BB1WI 3.6 N/ha 15.5 Missouri wildlife refuge 1985 BB2WI 11.8 N/ha 50.9 1955-84 

BB3WI 9.8 N/ha 42.2 BB4WI 9.1 N/ha 39.1 BB5WI 10.5 N/ha 45.4 BB6WI 3.7 N/ha 15.9 

Byrd & Woolington --1- 0.35 nests/ha 288 Alaska 1975-77 Buldir Island 1983 --2- 0.16 nests/ha 203 (leucopareia) 

Geis 1956 --1- 16.6 nests/ha 5 Montana wooded islands in (moffitti) --2- 6.8 nests/ha 4 1953-54 lake 

--3- 1.3 nests/ha 4 

McCabe 1979 --1- 0.16-.20 nests/ha OR, WA 1974-75 islands in river (moffitti) --2- 2.2-4.4 nests/ha 

--3- 0.16-1.2 nests/ha 

Bromley (pers. - - BR - nests/ha 0.707 Alaska 1978 coastal wetland comm.) (occidentalis) Trainer 1959 - - BR - 0.417 nests/ha Alaska 1959 coastal wetland (occidentalis) Smith & Sutton B B BR SU 0.0051 0.0032 SD N/ha 0.0013 0.0093 7 Yukon, CAN old crow flats 1953; 1954 1948-54 (parvipes) Smith & Sutton B B BR SU 0.00038 N/ha 0.00031 0.00050 4 NW Terr., CAN forest tundra 1953; 1954 1951-54 (parvipes) Smith & Sutton B B BR SU 0.00080 0.000086 SD N/ha 0.00007 0.0019 5 NW Terr., CAN coastal tundra 1953; 1954 1948-54 (parvipes) Smith & Sutton B B BR SU 0.0011 0.0018 SD N/ha 0.00004 0.0046 6 NW Terr., CAN treeless delta 1953; 1954 1948-53 (parvipes) 

A-35 
----

----

----------------

----

Reference Age Sex Cond Seas Mean SD/SE Units Minimum Maximum N Location Habitat Smith & Sutton B B BR SU 0.0025 0.0015 SD N/ha 0.001 0.0046 6 NW Terr., CAN closed forest 1953; 1954 1949-54 (parvipes) CLUTCH SIZE
MacInnes 1962; 4.34 580 NW Terr., CAN river MacInnes et al.
1974
(hutchinsii)
Raveling & Lumsden---- 4.57 272 Ontario, CAN Kinoje Lake 1977
(interior)
Byrd & Woolington 5.6 0.1 SE 2 8 188 Alaska 1974-77 Buldir Island 

1983
(leucopareia)


Bellrose 1976 5.22 2,982 NS NS (maxima)
Bultsma et al. 5.27 159 S Dakota wetlands/stock ponds 1979 1974-75
(maxima)
Combs et al. 1984 5.6 5.2 5.9 277 se AL, sw GA reservoir 

(maxima) --1- 5.9 14 1977-82 

--2- 5.1 14	 

Spencer et al. 4.7 47 Alaska NS 

1951 (minima) Akesson & Raveling---- 5.5 5 7 11 California captive 

1981 1976-78 (moffitti) Dow 1943 5.1 355 California Honey Lake (moffitti) Geis 1956 --1- 5.55 2 10 169 Montana lake, river (moffitti) --2- 5.15 3 9 189 1953-54 

A-36 
----

----

--------

----------------

--------

Reference Age Sex Cond Seas Mean SD/SE Units Minimum Maximum N Location Habitat Hanson & Eberhardt---- 5.64 3,816 Washington NS 1971; Fitzner & Rickard 1983 (moffitti) Hilley 1976 5.20 248 S Dakota NS (moffitti) McCabe 1979 5.9 255 WA, OR 1974-75 islands in river


(moffitti)


Sherwood 1966 5.13 442 Michigan NS (moffitti) Steel et al. 1957 5.2 1 9 365 Idaho 1949-51 Gray’s Lake


(moffitti)


Will 1969; 4.72 688 Colorado NS Szymczak 1975 (moffitti)
Lebeda & Ratti 4.40 19 Alaska Admiralty Island 1983
(occidentalis)
CLUTCHES/YEAR
Brakhage 1985 1 /year 2 nw Missouri pond (maxima) 1983	 

DAYS INCUBATION
Byrd & Woolington 28 days 27 29 3 Alaska 1974-77 Buldir island


1983
(leucopareia)


Brakhage 1965 28 days Missouri reservoir, marshes (maxima) 1961-64
Mainguy & Thomas 26 days Ontario, CAN fields, farms
1985 1980-81
(maxima)


A-37 
----

----

----------------

----------------

Reference Age Sex Cond Seas Mean SD/SE Units Minimum Maximum N Location Habitat Laidley 1939
(minima)
Mickleson 1973
(minima)
Akesson & Raveling----


1981
(moffitti)


AGE AT FLEDGING
Palmer 1976
("giant")
MacInnes (pers.
comm.)
(hutchinsii)
Hanson 1965
(interior)
Lee (pers. comm.)


(leucopareia)


Sherwood 1965
(maxima)
Mickelson 1973
(minima)
Eberhardt et al.
1989c
(moffitti)
Moffitt 1931
(moffitti)
N HATCH/ACTIVE NEST
Geis 1956 --1­
(moffitti) --2-


25 days NS NS 26 days 24 30 45 Alaska Yukon Delta 27 days	 California captive


1976-78


56-63 days NS NS	 52-60 days NW Terr., CAN river delta 

63 days Ontario, CAN island in James Bay 55 days NS captive 

71-73 days Michigan refuge 

1963-65 

40-46 days Alaska coastal 75-80 days	 Washington river 

1983-84


49-56 days California NS	 

3.53 hatch/act 173 Montana lake, river 2.22 hatch/act 210 1953-54 

A-38 
----

----

----

----

--------

Reference Age Sex Cond Seas Mean SD/SE Units Minimum Maximum N Location Habitat N FLEDGE/ACTIVE NEST
Eberhardt et al. 2.19 2.42 SD fledge/act 0 7 27 Washington river 1989b 1983-84 (moffitti) N HATCH/SUCCESSFUL NEST
Combs et al. 1984 4.0 hatch/suc se GA, sw AL reservoir 

(maxima) 1978-82 

Geis 1956 --1- 5.14 hatch/suc 145 Montana lake and river (moffitti) --2- 4.64 hatch/suc 115 1953-54


Steel et al. 1957 4.4 hatch/suc Idaho 1949-59 Gray’s Lake


(moffitti)


N FLEDGE/SUCCESSFUL NEST
Dey 1966 3.9 fledge/suc Utah Ogden Bay


Hardy & Tacha 1989--1- 1.3 fledge/suc IL, WI 1985-87 lake


(interior) --2- 2.2 fledge/suc


Byrd & Woolington 3.99 0.008 SE fledge/suc 1 7 255 Alaska 1976 Buldir Island (leucopareia) Raveling 1981 --1- 2.3 0.39 SE fledge/suc 12 Manitoba, CAN lake (maxima) --2- 2.9 fledge/suc 27 

--3- 3.7 0.22 SE fledge/suc 76 

Eberhardt et al. 3.93 1.87 SD fledge/suc 1 7 15 Washington river 1989b 1983-84 (moffitti) 

A-39 

1983 
----

----------------

Reference Age Sex Cond Seas Mean SD/SE Units Minimum Maximum N Location Habitat PERCENT NESTS SUCCESSFUL
Byrd & Woolington


1983
(leucopareia)


Bultsma et al.
1979
(maxima)
Combs et al. 1984
(maxima)


Geis 1956
(moffitti)
LeBlanc 1987c
(moffitti)
AGE AT SEXUAL MATURITY
MacInnes & Dunn -B--
1988
("small")
Palmer 1962 -B-­
("large")
Moser & Rusch 1989-F-­


(interior)


Brakhage 1965 -M-­
(maxima) -F--
ANNUAL MORTALITY
Samuel et al. 1990AB1-


AB2-
JB1-
JB2-


91 %/yr 89 93 188 Alaska 1975-76 Buldir Island 

57 %/yr 159 w S Dakota stockponds/wetlands 

1974-75 

44 %/yr 27 64 323 se AL, sw GA reservoir 

1977-82 

61 %/yr 51 73 423 Montana lake, river 

1953-54 

53 %/yr 49 58 118 Alberta, CAN lake 

1983-84 

2-3 years NW Terr., CAN river 

1965-71 

years 2 NS NS 

4-5 years 2 Manitoba, CAN coastal 

1981-84 

2-3 years 1 Missouri reservoir, marsh 2-3 years 2 1961-64 

21.4 %/yr Wisconsin wildlife refuge 23.1 %/yr 1974-80 31.5 %/yr 

41.4 %/yr 

A-40 
----

Reference Age Sex Cond Seas Mean SD/SE Units Minimum Maximum N Location Habitat Chapman et al. AB--
1969
(fulva)
Hanson & Smith JB--
1950 BB-­
(interior)
Vaught & Kirsch JM--
1966 JF-­
(interior) AM--


AF--
BM--
BF--


Brakhage et al. J-1-
1987
(maxima)
Brakhage 1965 JB-­


(maxima)


Bultsma et al. JB--


1979
(maxima)
Cummings 1973 JB-­
(maxima) AB--


BB--


Gulden & Johnson AB--
1968
(maxima)
Sherwood 1965
(maxima)
West 1982 JB-­
(maxima)


Nelson & Hansen JB--
1959 AB-­
(minima)


Eberhardt et al. JB--
1989b
(moffitti)


33.5 %/yr Alaska 1956-65 NS
65.4 %/yr Illinois lake 52.0 %/yr 1940-47 62.6 %/yr Missouri NS 53.1 %/yr 1950-60 35.4 %/yr 24.4 %/yr 49.5 %/yr 35.4 %/yr 

43 %/yr 229 Missourri 1983 lake 32 % to fledge 20 36 Missouri reservoir, marsh 

1961-64 

16 % to fledge 159 S Dakota wetlands/stock ponds 

1974-75 

37.0 %/yr Ohio 1968 NS 22.9 %/yr 

28.4 %/yr 45.8 %/yr Minnesota NS 

1961-66 

35 %/yr Michigan NS 

1962-64 

74 % to fledge Missouri reservoir, marsh 

1977-79 

46.0 %/yr Alaska 1949-54 35.9 %/yr 

50.9 0.4 SE % to fledge 152 Washington river 

1983-84 

A-41 
Reference Age Sex Cond Seas Mean SD/SE Units Minimum Maximum N Location Habitat 

Geis 1956 JB-­
(moffitti)


Hanson & EberhardtAB--


1971 JB-­


(moffitti)
Martin 1964 JM-­
(moffitti)	 JF--


AM--
AF--


Martin 1964 JB-­
(moffitti)	 JM--


JF--
AB-­
AM--
AF--


Rienecker 1987 AB-­


(moffitti) JB--


Chapman et al. AM--
1969 JM-­
(occidentalis) AF--


JF--


Grieb 1970 BB-­
(parvipes)
Grieb 1970 JB-­
(parvipes)	 AB--


BM--
BF--
BB--


Timm 1974 JB-­
(taverneri) AB--


19 % to fledge 1,390 Montana river, lake 

1953-54 

30 %/yr Washington NS 

40 %/yr 1950-60 63 %/yr Utah 1952-58 Ogden Bay Refuge 65 %/yr 46 %/yr 50 %/yr 53 %/yr Utah 1946-58 Bear River 47 %/yr 

47 %/yr 38 %/yr 40 %/yr 36 %/yr 28 0.8 SD %/yr ne CA, w NV lakes 

49 3.7 SD %/yr 1949-1979	 

38.8 %/yr Alaska 1952-59 NS 58.8 %/yr 

32.1 %/yr 53.5 %/yr 23.8 %/yr 1,540 Texas 1955-59 shortgrass prairie 28.8 %/yr 4,052 Banded in CO shortgrass prairie 27.2 %/yr 3,168 1951-64 41.0 %/yr 1,825 37.1 %/yr 1,857 28.0 %/yr 7,220 45.6 %/yr Alaska 1948-58 NS 24.0 %/yr 

A-42 
*** SEASONAL ACTIVITIES ***


Reference Begin Peak End Location Habitat Not

MATING/LAYING Bellrose 1976 earl Mar California Collias & Jahn Apr 4 Wisconsin marsh 1959 Byrd & Woolington late May late May earl Jun Alaska 1974-77 Buldir Island 1983 (leucopareia) Brakhage 1965 mid Mar Missouri reservoir, marsh (maxima) 1961-64 Combs et al. 1984 late Feb Mar-Apr mid May se GA, sw AL reservoir (maxima) 1972-82 Mainguy & Thomas earl Apr mid Apr Ontario, CAN farms, fields 1985 1981-82 (maxima) Mickleson 1973 late May Alaska Yukon Delta (minima) Akesson & Raveling mid/late Mar California captive 1981 1976-78 (moffitti) Geis 1956 mid Mar late Mar-Apr May w Montana lake in valley (moffitti) 1953-54 McCabe 1979 earl Mar late Mar OR, WA 1974-75 islands in river (moffitti) Steel et al. 1957 earl Apr mid Apr earl May Idaho 1959-51 Gray’s Lake (moffitti) Trainer 1959 mid May Alaska coastal wetlands (occidentalis) 

A-43 

SummDow Col196As ResResprimintAs AbofeeAs 
Reference Begin Peak End Location Habitat Not

HATCHING Byrd & Woolington earl Jul Alaska 1974-77 Buldir Island 1983 (leucopareia) Combs et al. 1984 Mar Apr - May earl Jun se GA, sw AL reservoir (maxima) 1977-82 Sedinger & mid Jun mid-late Jun mid Jul Alaska 1977-79 river- up & lowlands Raveling 1986 (minima) Geis 1956 mid Apr late Apr-May late May w Montana lake in valley (moffitti) 1953-54 Steel et al. 1957 earl May mid May late Jun Idaho 1959-51 Gray’s Lake (moffitti) FALL/BASIC MOLT Williams & late Jun late Oct s Illinois captive outside Kendeigh 1982 (interior) Byrd & Woolington mid Jul mid Aug late Aug Alaska 1974-77 Buldir Island 1983 (leucopareia) Mainguy & Thomas Jun 25 Ontario, CAN fields, farms 1985 1981-82 (maxima) Steel et al. 1957 mid Jun Idaho 1959-51 Gray’s Lake (moffitti) FALL MIGRATION Bell & Klimstra mid Sep Nov arrive S refuges 1970 Illinois (interior) Byrd & Woolington Sep Alaska 1974-77 island 1983 (leucopareia) 

A-44 

ReswitalsHateacAbofeeWinmolfeaWinWinPopsoufoo
Reference Begin Peak End Location Habitat Not

Raveling 1978b Sep 20 Nov 20 Manitoba, CAN lake Mig(maxima) 1968-75 Grieb 1970 Oct earl Nov mid Dec arriving CO, lakes in refuges Com(parvipes) TX TerSPRING MIGRATION Bell & Klimstra Feb earl Mar leave S refuges 1970 Illinois (interior) Prevett et al. mid Apr earl May Ontario, CAN bay Mig1985 1976-80 are(interior) Byrd & Woolington earl May mid May arrive Alaska Buldir Island 1983 1974-7 (leucopareia) Raveling 1978b late Mar earl Apr leave lakes (maxima) Minnesota 

A-45 

***** MALLARD *****


*** NORMALIZING AND CONTACT RATE FACTORS ***


Reference Age Sex Cond Seas Mean SD/SE Units Minimum Maximum N Location Habitat 

BODY WEIGHT
Bellrose & HawkinsAM-FA


1947	 JM-FA


AF-FA
JF-FA


Bellrose 1976	 AM--


AF--


Delnicki & AM-WI
Reinecke 1986 AF-WI
Delnicki & JM-WI
Reinecke 1986 JF-WI
Heitmeyer 1988a AF-FA


Heitmeyer 1988a AF-WI


Heitmeyer 1988a AF-WI


Heitmeyer 1988a AF-WI


Krapu & Doty 1979	 AF1SP


YF1SP
AF2SP
YF2SP
AF3SU
YF3SU


Lokemoen et al. AM-SP
1990a


Nelson & Martin AM--
1953 AF--


1,240 g 631 Illinois NS 

1,170 g 730 1,080 g 402 1,030 g 671 1,247 g 1,809 NS NS 1,107 g 1,417 1,246 108 SD g 1,308 w Mississippi NS 1,095 106 SD g 453 1979-83 1,181 g 169 w Mississippi NS 1,040 g 188 1979-83 1,010 24 SE g 11 se Missouri Mingo Basin 

1981-83 

1,118 21 SE g 44 se Missouri Mingo Basin 

1981-83 

983 20 SE g 21 se Missouri Mingo Basin 

1981-83 

1,280 13 SE g 10 se Missouri Mingo Basin 

1981-83 

1,197 104.9 SD g 41 N Dakota prairie potholes 1,137 106.9 SD g 21 1974-76 1,079 104.5 SD g 60 1,028 96.5 SD g 20 1,012 134.1 SD g 4 

889 13.6 SD g 3 

1,206 g 1277 660 c N Dakota uplands, wetlands 

1976-81 

1,225 g 1,814 3963 US NS
1,043 g 1,633 3169


A-47

----

--------

Reference Age Sex Cond Seas Mean SD/SE Units Minimum Maximum N Location Habitat Poole 1938 AF--
Whyte & Bolen 1984AM-WI


AF-WI


Whyte & Bolen 1984JM-FA


JF-FA


BODY FAT
Heitmeyer 1988a AF1-
Krapu & Doty 1979	 AF1-


YF1-
AF2-
YF2-
AF3-
YF3-


Whyte & Bolen 1984AMNB WI


A F NB WI


Whyte & Bolen 1984JMNB WI


J F NB WI


EGG WEIGHT
Eldridge & Krapu
1988
Eldridge & Krapu
1988
Lokemoen et al. --1-
1990b --2-
HATCHING WEIGHT
Lokemoen et al.
1990b


1,234 g 2 NS NS 

1,237 118 SD g 87 Texas 1980-82 s high plains 1,088 105 SD g 42 

1,214 121 SD g 18 Texas 1980-82 s high plains 

996 145 SD g 20 

>200 g se Missouri wetlands 

1981-83 

105.9 34.3 SD g 19 N Dakota prairie potholes 

81.8 36.6 SD g 8 1974-76 49.4 29.8 SD g 19 39.5 16.3 SD g 5 22.2 21.9 SD g 4 

9.6 8.3 SD g 3 

174 66 SD g 87 Texas 1980-82 s high plains 

171 56 SD g 42 

171 67 SD g 18 Texas 1980-82 s high plains 

128 72 SD g 20 

52.2 g 32.2 66.7 613 N Dakota plains 53.7 g 39.7 68.8 484 N Dakota captivity 49.3 3.5 SD g 27 c N Dakota uplands, wetlands 45.5 3.9 SD g 302 1976-81
32.4 2.4 SD g 36	 c N Dakota uplands, wetlands 

1976-81 

A-48 
Reference Age Sex Cond Seas Mean SD/SE Units Minimum Maximum N Location Habitat 

DUCKLING WEIGHT
Lokemoen et al. -B1-


1990b	 -F2-


-F3-
-F4-
-F5-
-F6-
-F7-
-F8-


Lokemoen et al. -B1-


1990b	 -M2-


-M3-
-M4-
-M5-
-M6-
-M7-
-M8-


FLEDGING WEIGHT
Lokemoen et al. JM--
1990b JF--
LEAN (DRY) BODY WEIGHT
Whyte & Bolen 1984AMNB WI


A F NB WI


Whyte & Bolen 1984AMNB FA


A F NB FA


METABOLIC RATE (KCAL BASIS)
McEwan & Koelink	 AB1-


AB2-
AB3-


32.4 2.4 SD g - 3.5 d 36 c N Dakota wetlands, grasslands 

115.3 37.3 SD g - 9.5 d 6 1976-81 and croplands 

265.0 91.9 SD g - 15.5 d 2 

288.9 60.5 SD g - 22.0 d 14 

401.2 92.2 SD g - 30.5 d 20 

575.0 152.9 SD g - 40.5 d 22 

774.3 124.9 SD g - 50.5 d 38 

740.0 114.9 SD g - 56.0 d 5 

32.4 2.4 SD g - 3.5 d 36 c N Dakota wetlands, grasslands 

92.2 11.5 SD g - 9.5 d 4 1976-81 and croplands 

215.0 5.0 SD g - 15.5 d 3 

343.2 75.3 SD g - 22.0 d 11 

460.3 93.4 SD g - 30.5 d 30 

648.4 128.4 SD g - 40.5 d 19 

863.9 102.1 SD g - 50.5 d 31 

817.1 91.4 SD g - 56.0 d 7 

817.1 91.4 SD g 7 c N Dakota uplands, wetlands 740.0 114.9 SD g 5 

260 g Texas s high plains 

220 g 

263.3 g 260 270 22 Texas s high plains 

245 g 240 250 14 

104 kcal/kg-d Canada lab 

85 kcal/kg-d 

80 kcal/kg-d 

A-49 

1973 
Reference Age Sex Cond Seas Mean SD/SE Units Minimum Maximum N Location Habitat 

Whyte & Bolen 1984AM1WI 220 kcal/kg-d Texas 1980-82 NS 

AF1WI 280 kcal/kg-d 

AM2WI 290 kcal/kg-d 

AF2WI 365 kcal/kg-d 

AM3WI 358 kcal/kg-d 

AF3WI 440 kcal/kg-d 

*** DIET ***


Reference Age Sex Food type Spring Summer Fall Winter N Location Habitat - Measure 

Delnicki & A B soybeans 28.8 311 Mississippi NS
Reinecke 1986 rice 19.8 1979-82 -


non-agricultural % dry weight; 

jungle-rice 4.3 esophagus contents broadleaf grass 1.8 fall panicum 0.5 rice cutgrass 26.7 flat sedge 1.2 dotted smartweed 3.8 

animals 

snails 1.5 

Dillon 1959 A B rice 24.3 106 Louisiana coast marsh, coast 

jungle rice 20.7 1954-58 prairie brownseed paspalum 19.2 -barnyardgrass 8.0 % volume; gullet red rice 8.0 contents knot grass 6.5 signal grass 2.5 coast cockspur 1.9 Jamaica sawgrass 1.3 snails 1.0 flatsedge 1.0 insects 0.7 fall panic 0.6 unidentified 

vegetation 0.4 

birdeye 0.3 swamp smartweed 0.2 squarestem 

spikesedge 0.2 

smartweed TR schreber watershield TR 

A-50 
Reference Age Sex Food type Spring Summer Fall Winter N Location Habitat - Measure 

Dillon 1959 A B rice 20.4 125 Louisiana coast marsh, coast 

unidentified 1954-58 prairie 

vegetation 18.0 -

Jamaica sawgrass 13.6 % volume; gizzard junglerice 11.0 contents squarestem 

spikesedge 8.5 

brownseed paspalum 8.1 barnyard grass 3.3 schreber watershield 3.2 stonewort 2.4 coast cockspur 1.8 knotgrass 1.7 red rice 1.6 flatsedge 1.4 smartweed 0.7 insects 0.5 signalgrass 0.3 birdeye TR California bulrush TR 

Jorde et al. 1983 (plant total) (96.8) 68 sc Nebraska river, agricultural 

corn 51.7 1979-80 area Polygonum spp. -

(seeds) 9.6 % dry weight, 

Echinochloa esophagus contents 

muricata (seeds) 3.8 

Milo 2.6 Lemma minor 

(vegetation) 12.6 

other plant 16.5 

(animal total) (3.2) 

mollusca 2.9 insecta 0.3 

Martin et al. 1951 A B pondweed seed/veg. 10-25 87 OR, WA, CA NS 

bulrush 10-25 -barley 5-10 rough approximation spikerush 2-5 of % diet; stomach watermilfoil 2-5 contents smartweed 2-5 oats 2-5 marestail seed/veg. 2-5 cowlily 2-5 burreed 2-5 waterhemlock 2-5 arrowgrass 2-5 

A-51 
Reference Age Sex Food type Spring Summer Fall Winter N Location Habitat - Measure 

Martin et al. 1951 A B wild millet 5-10 266 se United NS 

smartweed 5-10 States - bulrush 5-10 rough approximation duckweed (veg.) 5-10 of % diet; stomach spikerush 5-10 contents pondweed (seed/veg.) 5-10 rice 5-10 naiad (seed/veg.) 2-5 widgeongrass 2-5 oak 2-5 arrowhead (tuber) 2-5 coontail (seed/veg.) 2-5 buttonbrush 2-5 chufa (tuber/seed) 2-5 bald cypress 2-5 

McAtee 1918 A B grasses 13.4 1578 US, CAN NS 

sedges 21.6 - smartweed seeds 9.9 percent (type NS) pondweeds 8.2 stomach contents duckweeds 12.0 wild celery 4.3 tree seeds 8.2 misc. seeds 8.9 insects 2.7 snails 5.7 

Perret 1962 A M invertebrates 50 Manitoba, CAN NS 

(primarily Insecta) 46 - 

other 54 % by volume 

Perret 1962 A F invertebrates 46 Manitoba, CAN NS 

(primarily Insecta) 64 - 

other 36 % by volume 

Perret 1962 J B invertebrates 19 Manitoba, CAN NS 

(primarily Insecta) 99 - 

other 1 % by volume 

Stoudt 1944 B B seeds 306 Minnesota 1940 NS 

Zizamia aquatica 35.5 -Potamogeton % diet; measure NS 

strictifolius 22.8 

Sparganium 

chlorocarpum 11.1 

A-52 
Reference Age Sex Food type Spring Summer Fall Winter N Location Habitat - Measure 

Swanson, A F Mollusca (14) 15 sc N Dakota prairie potholes unpublished data Gastropoda 1969-76 - 

Lymnaea spp. 14 % wet volume; 

Insecta (14) esophagus contents 

Odenata 5 Coleoptera TR Lepidoptera 7 Diptera 2 

Crustacea (16) 

Anostraca TR Conchostraca 9 Ostracoda TR Cladocera 6 Amphipoda 1 

Annelida (26) 

Oligochaeta 

(terrestrial) 24 

Hirudinea 2 

Vegetation 3 Fruits (27) 

Echinochloa 

crusgalli 15 

misc. 12 

Swanson et al. A M seeds 86 63 North Dakota prairie potholes 1985 vegetation 12 1974-76 - 

animal 2 % wet weight, 

esophagus contents 

Swanson et al. A F seeds 100 20 North Dakota prairie potholes 1985 1974-76 - 

% wet weight, esophagus contents 

Swanson et al. A F MONTH APRIL MAY JUNE 37 sc N Dakota prairie potholes 1985 (total animal) (67.8) (66.8) (89.4) 1974-80 - 

gastropods TR 24.9 16.5 % wet volume; insects 13.1 25.6 48.1 esophagus contents crustaceans 7.9 15.1 13.9 annelids 38.3 0.2 10.9 misc. animal 8.5 1.0 -

(total plant) (32.2) (33.2) (10.6) 

seeds 28.7 28.7 10.6 tubers 2.4 4.3 -stems 1.1 0.2 -

A-53 
----

Reference Age Sex Food type Spring Summer Fall Winter N Location Habitat - Measure Swanson et al. A M (total animal) (37.6) 39 sc N Dakota prairie potholes 1985 gastropods 6.3 1974-80 -

insects 16.8 % wet volume, crustaceans 11.3 esophagus contents 

(total plant) (62.4) 

seeds 56.4 vegetation 6.0 roots and tubers 4.1 

Swanson et al. A F (total animal) (37.0) 41 sc N Dakota prairie potholes 1985 gastropods 4.5 1974-80 - 

insects 22.6 % wet volume, crustaceans 7.5 esophagus contents 

(total plant) (63.0) 

seeds 58.5 vegetation 4.5 roots and tubers 3.9 

Swanson et al. A F (total animal) (71.9) 37 sc N Dakota prairie potholes 1985 gastropods 16.4 1974-80 - 

insects 27.1 % wet volume, crustaceans 12.9 esophagus contents oligochaetes 11.8 

(total plant) (28.1) 

seeds 24.8 vegetation 3.3 roots and tubers 2.8 

*** POPULATION DYNAMICS *** 

Reference Age Sex Cond Seas Mean SD/SE Units Minimum Maximum N Location Habitat 

HOME RANGE SIZE Dwyer et al. 1979 AF1- 467.8 158.6 SD ha 306.6 718.9 6 N Dakota prairie potholes, 

AF2- 110.9 75.6 SD ha 38.1 239.8 6 1973-75 semi-arid 

Dzubin 1955 > 283 ha Manitoba, CAN NS 

Gilmer et al. 1975AF-SP 210 ha 66 12 Minnesota upland forest 

AM-SP 240 ha 12 1968-72 

AFNSP 135 ha 8 AFLSP 70 ha 8 AB-SP ha 760 

Kirby et al. 1985 AF-SP 540 ha 40 1440 8 Minnesota wetlands, river 

AM-SP 620 ha 70 1140 5 1971-72 

A-54 
Reference Age Sex Cond Seas Mean SD/SE Units Minimum Maximum N Location Habitat 

POPULATION DENSITY
Bellrose 1976 - - BR -
Duebbert & KantrudAB1SP
1974 AB2SP
Duebbert & AB1SP
Lokemoen 1976 AB2SP


AB3SP


Dzubin 1955 -B-SU
Johnson et al. --1SU
1988	 --2SU


--3SU
--4SU
--5SU


Kantrud & Stewart AB1SU
1977	 AB2SU


AB3SU
AB4SU
AB5SU
AB6SU


Lokemoen et al. AB1SP
1990a AB2SP
Pospahala et al. AB-SU
1974


0.0305 N/ha n Montana NS
0.0270 0.0062 SE pairs/ha 15 n c S Dakota prairie potholes
0.0502 0.0073 SE pairs/ha 20 1971
0.0265 pair/ha 43 S Dakota prairie potholes,
0.0488 pair/ha 79 1971-73 fields
0.0377 pair/ha 276


1.5 pairs/ha Alberta, CAN NS 

0.0046 nests/ha ND, SD, MT prairie potholes 0.0069 nests/ha 1983 

0.033 nests/ha 

0.0014 nests/ha 

0.014 nests/ha 0.667 pairs/ha N Dakota 1965, prairie potholes 0.449 pairs/ha 67-69 0.286 pairs/ha 0.043 pairs/ha 0.273 pairs/ha 0.295 pairs/ha 0.036 pairs/ha 0.006 0.076 6 c N Dakota prairie potholes 0.047 pairs/ha 0.031 0.087 6 1976-81 0.012 N/ha	 s Canada prairie potholes


1955-73


A-55

----

----

----

----

----------------

----------------

Reference Age Sex Cond Seas Mean SD/SE Units Minimum Maximum N Location Habitat CLUTCH SIZE
Bellrose 1976 9 1 18 5170 NS NS Coulter & Miller 9.6 >100 Maine, Vermont 

1968 Doty 1975 --1- 10-11 1st clutch 8 w N Dakota 

--2- 3-6 2nd clutch 5 1968-71 

Duebbert & 8.6 8.2 8.8 100 S Dakota undisturbed fields 

Lokemoen 1976 1971-73 Fuller 1953 9.6 Utah Ogden Bay Krapu & Doty 1979 YF-- 9.3 1.7 SE 7N Dakota prairie potholes 

AF-- 10.3 1.1 SE 46 1968-76 

Lokemoen et al. --1- 8.96 1.38 SE 78 c N Dakota prairie potholes 1990b --2- 8.49 1.23 SE 57 1976-81 Palmer 1976 8.9 494 California NS Palmer 1976 7.1 257 Montana NS Palmer 1976 8.6 185 Utah NS NUMBER OF CLUTCHES/YEAR
Swanson unpub. up to 4.5 N Dakota experimental 

Swanson et al. ponds 1985 Bellrose 1976 1 North America NS 

DAYS INCUBATION
Bent 1923 26 days 23 29 NS NS Girard 1941 28 2 SD days NS NS Klett & Johnson 25 days N Dakota wetlands 1982 

A-56 
----

----

--------

----

Reference Age Sex Cond Seas Mean SD/SE Units Minimum Maximum N Location Habitat AGE AT FLEDGING
Bellrose 1976 JB--
Gollop & Marshall
1954
N FLEDGE/SUCCESSFUL NEST
Bellrose 1976
Cowardin & Johnson----


1979


PERCENT NESTS SUCCESSFUL
Duebbert & --1-
Lokemoen 1976 --2-


--3-


Johnson et al.
1988
Klett et al. 1988	 --1-


--2-


Klett et al. 1988


Klett et al. 1988	 --1-


--2-
--3-


Klett et al. 1988


52-60 days NS NS
52-60 days NS NS


8.4 N/suc nest United States NS
4.9 N/suc nest NS NS


54 % hatched 33 S Dakota prairie potholes,
61 % hatched 61 1971-73 undisturbed fields
51 % hatched 47


7 % hatched 99 ND, SD, MT various unmanaged


1983	 areas in prairie


pothole regions
(e.g., grassland,
hayland, right-of-
way, wetland)


9 % hatched 51 e S Dakota prairie potholes


10 % hatched 79


19 % hatched 487 c S Dakota prairie potholes 

1966-74 

8 % hatched 210 c N Dakota prairie potholes 

11 % hatched 1,036 10 % hatched 929 

5 % hatched 314 w MN, prairie potholes 

e N Dakota 

A-57

----

Reference Age Sex Cond Seas Mean SD/SE Units Minimum Maximum N Location Habitat Lokemoen et al. 11 % hatched 27 53 N Dakota mixed 1990a 1976-81	 

Lokemoen et al. --1- 8 % hatched 12 c N Dakota NS 1988 --2- 60 % hatched 12 1985-86 Simpson 1988 --1- 15.4 % success 14 ne S Dakota game production 

--2- 31.7 % success 39 1985-86 areas 

Simpson 1988 --1- 43.2 % success 63 ne S Dakota island in large lake 

1985-86 

ANNUAL MORTALITY Bellrose 1976 AM-- 27.2 %/yr Eastern NS 

AF-- 38.2 %/yr c flyway 

Brownie et al. AF-- 37.2 %/yr 6 yr Minnesota NS 1978 JF-- 54.5 %/yr 6 yr Chu & Hestbeck AM-FA 40.1 3.1 SE %/yr 22 51 5376 w m Atlantic NS 1989 JM-FA 41.1 7.2 SE %/yr 31 59 12391 1971-85 

AF-FA 49.9 3.3 SE %/yr 20 72 5429 JF-FA 48.8 6.0 SE %/yr 15 68 11137 

Chu & Hestbeck AM-FA 36.3 1.8 SE %/yr 12 52 5528 MI, n OH, IN NS 1989 JM-FA 46.6 3.0 SE %/yr 21 60 12821 1971-85 

AF-FA 45.6 1.7 SE %/yr 16 69 7392 JF-FA 50.7 3.1 SE %/yr 38 74 12047 

Chu & Hestbeck AM-FA 38.5 1.3 SE %/yr 19 53 9252 WI, n IL NS 1989 JM-FA 55.9 1.8 SE %/yr 43 73 20274 1972-85 

AF-FA 47.7 1.4 SE %/yr 23 59 12912 JF-FA 57.3 2.0 SE %/yr 41 68 22371 

Chu & Hestbeck AM-FA 32.9 1.6 SE %/yr 12 55 8908 w MN 1969-85 NS 1989 JM-FA 49.7 2.2 SE %/yr 32 66 18553 

AF-FA 42.0 1.8 SE %/yr 15 64 9129 JF-FA 48.4 2.8 SE %/yr 27 56 17570 

Chu & Hestbeck AM-FA 33.8 1.2 SE %/yr 16 56 15765 ND 1969-85 NS 1989 JM-FA 29.8 4.7 SE %/yr 15 49 3613 

AF-FA 40.5 3.2 SE %/yr 10 62 7373 JF-FA 33.8 6.8 SE %/yr 10 68 3463 

A-58 
Reference Age Sex Cond Seas Mean SD/SE Units Minimum Maximum N Location Habitat 

Chu & Hestbeck AM--
1989	 JM--


AF--
JF--


Chu & Hestbeck AM-FA
1989	 JM-FA


AF-FA
JF-FA


Kirby & Cowardin AB--
1986 JB--
Lee et al. 1964	 J---


A---


Lokemoen et al. JB--
1990a
Reference Begin


32.7 0.9 SE %/yr
46.1 2.3 SE %/yr
45.5 1.3 SE %/yr
43.7 4.5 SE %/yr
39.0 2.3 SE %/yr
48.1 5.3 SE %/yr
51.5 1.9 SE %/yr
56.8 3.2 SE %/yr
37.2 %/yr
54.5 %/yr


71 %/yr
56 %/yr
32 %/yr


8 54 18289 n CA 1971-85 

28 65 11372 26 64 13704 16 78 8205 

9 60 4097 ne US 1971-85 7 69 10103 

33 64 4596 38 68 9890 

n c Minnesota
1968-74
Minnesota
c N Dakota
1976-81


*** SEASONAL ACTIVITIES ***


NS	 NS	 NS
NS prairie potholes	 

Peak End Location Habitat Not

MATING/LAYING
Bellrose 1976
Krapu & Doty 1979 Apr 4
Lokemoen et al. late Apr
1990b
HATCHING
Toft et al. 1984
FALL/BASIC MOLT
Fredrickson & mid Sept
Heitmeyer 1988
Fredrickson & Dec
Heitmeyer 1988


May CA,UT,MT,SD, NS 

NY,VT 

May 3 Jul 17 s c N Dakota NS Tot

nesday

mid May mid Jun c N Dakota prairie potholes TimJune NW Terr., CAN wetlands


Nov Mississippi forested wetlands Pre

Valley 

Mar Mississippi forested wetlands Pre

Valley 

A-59 
Reference Begin Peak End Location Habitat Not

Heitmeyer 1988a mid Oct late Nov se Missouri lowland hardwood 

1980-83 wetlands 

FALL MIGRATION Fredrickson & mid Sep Oct earl Nov Mississipi forested wetlands Heitmeyer 1988 Valley Palmer 1976 late Sep Nov Canada NS Palmer 1976 mid Oct Nov northern US NS Palmer 1976 mid Oct Dec mid-central US NS Rutherford 1966 mid Sep mid Nov Colorado high plains SPRING MIGRATION Fredrickson & mid Mar Mississipi forested wetlands Heitmeyer 1988 Valley Johnson et al. Mar 15 May 10 n c US prairie potholes Lokemoen et al. late Mar mid Apr mid May c N Dakota prairie potholes 1990b Palmer 1976 late Mar Apr arrive Canada prairie potholes Rutherford 1966 earl Mar Colorado high plains 

A-60 

ArrMisLeaLeabreLeaareArrcitDepuppArrArrgrosigaftDepcit

1987 
----

--------

***** LESSER SCAUP *****


*** NORMALIZING AND CONTACT RATE FACTORS ***


Reference Age Sex Cond Seas Mean SD/SE Units Minimum Maximum N Location Habitat Not

BODY WEIGHT
Austin & AF1SU 688 g 21 Manitoba lake PosFredrickson 1987 AF2SU 647 g 24 1981-82, 84 fro

AF3SU 693 g 8 seq

AF4SU 842 g 32 win

prepos

Chappel & Titman AB-- 814.9 13.4 SE g 39 Quebec, CAN lake Mig1983 57.7 0.72 SE % water 39 1979,80 col

11.2 1.14 SE g abd fat 39 Dec7.24 0.88 SE g int fat 39 Abb

fat

Gammonley & AM-SP 734 24 SE g 6 s OR, n CA palustrine wetlands SprHeitmeyer 1990 AF-SP 663 52 SE g 5 1986-87 non

pre

Nelson & Martin AM-- 860 g 1,100 130 United States NS Dat

1953 AF-- 770 g 950 144 Ser

birinv

Palmer 1976 AF-- 790 g 540 960 118 NS NS As 

AM-- 850 g 620 1050 112 

Poole 1938 -F-- 763 g 1 NS NS
BODY FAT
Austin & AF1SU 50.7 g (7.4%) 21 Manitoba lake PosFredrickson 1987 AF2SU 37.2 g (5.7%) 24 1981-82, 84 fro

AF3SU 46.5 g (6.7%) 8 seqAF4SU 188.1 g (22.3%) 32 win

preposPerfat 

Gammonley & AM-SP 78 9 SE g (11%) 6 s OR, n CA palustrine wetlands Spr

Heitmeyer 1990 AF-SP 53 27 SE g (8%) 5 1986-87	 col

wei

A-61 
Reference Age Sex Cond Seas Mean SD/SE Units Minimum Maximum N Location Habitat Not

DUCKLING WEIGHT
Lightbody & AnkneyJB--


1984	 JB--


JB--
JB--


Sugden & Harris JB--


1972	 JB--


JB--
JB--
JB--


DUCKLING GROWTH RATE
Sugden & Harris JB1SU


1972	 JB2SU


JB3SU
JB4SU


METABOLIC RATE (KCAL BASIS)
McEwan & Koelink AB1-


1973 AB2-


150 g 15 days Manitoba, CAN captive


390 g 30 days 1981


470 g 45 days
530 g fledge 7


45 g 1 week Alberta, CAN captive - eggs from


190 g3 weeks wild nests
485 g6 weeks
516 g9 weeks
542 g 12 weeks


6.9 g/day Alberta, CAN captive - eggs from 

14 g/day wild nests 

1.5 g/day 

1.2 g/day 125 kcal/kg-d Canada lab


90 kcal/kg-d


A-62


Num

age est(prof com(19havwoufle

Wei

betcolmidsix scathafle

Age

wee12 

Res

fig(185 MeaproDid les
Reference Age Sex Cond Seas Mean SD/SE Units Minimum Maximum N Location Habitat Not

FOOD INGESTION RATE
Sugden & Harris JB1- 0.162 g/g-day 40 Saskatchewan captive from wild- Bas1972 JB2- 0.077 g/g-day 40 collected eggs	 (1

weemaibrostadry wei

*** DIET ***


Reference Age Sex Food type Spring Summer Fall Winter N Location Habitat - Measure Not

Afton et al. 1991 A B animal 90.5 14 nw Minnesota lake, marshes, pool Adu

(scuds) (54.9) 1984-87 - Die(dragonflies) (2.4) % dry weight; fai(caddis flies) (7.6) esophageal & ten(snails) (10.2) proventricular few(fingernail clams) (5.1) contents les(brook stickleback) (4.1) (fathead minnow) (5.0) 

plant - seeds 9.4 

(bushy pondweed) (7.1) 

plant - vegetative 0.1 

Afton et al. 1991 J B animal 92.8 34 nw Minnesota lake, marshes, pool Juv

(scuds) (74.5) 1984-87 - mig(crayfish) (2.9) % dry weight; tha(midges) (7.6) esophageal & (snails) (3.0) proventricular 

plant - seeds 6.2 contents 

(bushy pondweed) (5.8) 

plants - vegetative 1.0 

Afton et al. 1991 A B animal 91.8 57 nw Minnesota lake, marshes, pool Spr

(scuds) (33.2) 1986-88 - les(caddis flies) (8.8) % dry weight; Die(midges) (2.3) esophageal & fem(other insects) (4.9) proventricular (snails) (31.9) contents (fingernail clams) (6.0) (fish) (3.5) 

plant - seeds 6.0 plant - vegetative 2.2 

A-63 
Reference Age Sex Food type Spring Summer Fall Winter N Location Habitat - Measure Not

Afton et al. 1991 B B animal 60.9 41 Louisiana 1986 lakes & marshes Mid

(midges) (45.9) - bet(snails) (7.7) % dry weight; com(grass shrimp) (7.3) esophageal & inc

plant - seeds 36.1 proventricular 

(bullrush) (36.0) contents 

plant - vegetative 3.0 

(green algae) (2.3) 

Bartonek & Hickey A M animal foods 99 7 sw Manitoba wetlands, lake Mal1969 (scuds) (8) 1963-64 - Aut

(pond snails) (4) % wet volume; eso(midges) (6) esophagael contents giz(water boatmen) (1) eso(aquatic beetles) (2) bec(leeches) (61) dig(caddis flies) (16) 

plant foods TRACE 

Bartonek & Hickey A F animal foods 98 7 sw Manitoba wetlands, lake Fem1969 (scuds) (46) 1963-64 - sum

(pond snails) (4) % wet volume; fro(midges) (41) esophagael contents giz(water boatmen) (2) eso(caddis flies) (2) bec

plant foods 2 dig

Bartonek & Hickey J B animal foods 99 25 sw Manitoba wetlands, lake Duc1969 (scuds) (49) 1963-64 - sum

(pond snails) (39) % wet volume; fro(midges) (8) esophagael contents giz(water boatmen) (2) eso(aquatic beetles) (trace) bec(leeches) (trace) dig(caddis flies) (trace) 

plant foods (trace) 

A-64 
Reference Age Sex Food type Spring Summer Fall Winter N Location Habitat - Measure Not

Bartonek & Murdy A B scuds 34 ± 7 23 Northwest lake Ave1970 snails 14 ± 6 Territory - (st

clams 12 ± 4 % volume; water fleas 8 ± 5 esophageal contents caddis flies 7 ± 4 water beetles 7 ± 4 midges 7 ± 4 dragon/damselflies 4 ± 3 leeches 3 ± 2 fairy shrimp 2 ± 2 

Bartonek & Murdy J B scuds 1 ± 1 57 ± 9 19 Northwest lake Ave1970 midges 54 ± 8 1 ± 1 Territory - (st

clam shrimps 30 ± 8 2 ± 2 % volume; dragon/damselflies - 17 ± 8 esophageal contents water bugs 4 ± 3 11 ± 7 water mites 8 ± 3 -caddis flies - 6 ± 5 water beetles 1 ± 1 4 ± 3 mayflies 2 ± 1 -plant matter - -

Chabreck & Takagi A B plant 115 Louisiana, 4 crayfish impoundment Pla1985 Echinochloa colonum 50.4 years - die

Fimbristylis mileac 40.3 % dry weight; seePanicum dichotomifl 4.7 gullet and gizzard Echinochloa frument 3.4 other plant 0.7 animal 0.5 

Dirschl 1969 A B plant seeds total 9.1 24.9 50.4 Saskatchewan shallow lakes All 

(Nuphar variegatum) - (13.2) (42.8) 1964-65 - det(Ceratophyllum) (5.2) (0.2) (0.1) % dry weight; sum(Myriophyllum) (2.8) (1.0) (1.3) esophagus and mea(Potamogeton) (0.3) (2.0) (2.1) proventriculus Aug(Scirpus) (0.6) (3.1) (2.0) (Sparganium) (0.2) (6.6) (1.5) 

animal total 90.9 75.1 49.6 

(Amphipoda) (66.0) (9.8) (42.5) (Diptera) - (1.3) (0.1) (Eubranchiopoda/ - (3.1) (0.5) 

Conchostraca) 

(Hirudinea) (12.0) (23.7) (1.6) (Odonata) - (1.2) -(Pelecypoda/ (12.7) (25.7) -

Spaeriidae) 

(Pisces/Cyprinidae) - (2.9) -(Trichoptera) (0.2) (1.6) (1.9) 

*Sample size* *12* *63* *33* 

for typdurher

A-65 
Reference Age Sex Food type Spring Summer Fall Winter N Location Habitat - Measure Not

Gammonley & A M animal 82 6 s OR, n CA palustrine wetlands MigHeitmeyer 1990 (Chironomidae) (50) 1986-87 - Nat

(Ostracoda) (28) % wet volume; com(Planoribidae) (3) esophageal and inc

plant - seeds 18 proventricular


(Potamogeton (7) contents


pectinatus)


(Polygonium (5)


lapathifolium)


(Scirpus robustus) (3)


Gammonley & A F animal 70 5 s OR, n CA palustrine wetlands MigHeitmeyer 1990 (Chironomidae) (34) 1986-87 - Nat

(Ostracoda) (2) % wet volume; com(Planoribidae) (14) esophageal and inc(Copepoda) (12) proventricular (Dytiscidae) (4) contents (Physidae) (2) (Daphnidae) (2) 

plants - seeds 30 

(Scirpus robustus) (6) (Potamogeton (16) 

pectinatus) 

(Polygonum (4) 

pectinatus) 

(Rumex spp.) (2) (Scirpus acutus) (2) 

Hoppe et al. 1986 A B (plants) (12.0) 14 sw S Carolina reservoir Sca

unknown vegetation 11.9 1983-4 - MarEleocharis sp 0.1 % dry weight; mat

(animals) (88.0) esophagus and latDiptera proventriculus Chironomidae 2.7 Gastropoda 

Physella sp 8.0 Helisoma spp 16.8 

Pelecypoda 

Corbicula fluminea 45.8 Anodonta umbecilli 14.2 

Anisoptera nymphs 0.5 

Perry & Uhler 1982 A B Rangia cuneata 86 4 North Carolina freshwater creek Mar

Brachiodontes recurv 4 1978 -Macoma balthica 10 % wet volume; 

gullet and gizzard


A-66 
Reference Age Sex Food type Spring Summer Fall Winter N Location Habitat - Measure Not

Perry & Uhler 1982 animal 23 North Carolina Neuse River Dec

Mulina lateralis 83 1976 -Retusa canaliculata 1 % wet volume; Gemma gemma 1 gullet and gizzard 

plant 

Najas gracillima 9 Quercus sp. 2 

grit 0.3 

Perry & Uhler 1982 animal 28 North Carolina Pamlico River Nov

Mulina lateralis 62 1974 -Rangia cuneata 15 % wet volume; Brachiodontes recur 7 gullet and gizzard Gemma gemma 2 Macoma balthica 7 

plant 

Ruppia maritima 2 other plant matter 2 

grit 1.5 

Perry & Uhler 1982 A B animal 78 North Carolina Bay River Dec

Mulina lateralis 74 77-78 -Retusa canaliculata 2 % wet volume; Rangia cuneata 1 gizzard and gullet Gammarus sp. 1 other animal 4 

plant 

Ruppia maritima 4 Myriophyllum spicat 4 Eleocharis cellulos 2 other plant matter 4 

grit 0.6 

Perry & Uhler 1982 A B animal 17 South Carolina NS Nov

Polinices duplicatu 8 77-78 -Mulina lateralis 8 % wet volume; Brachiodontes recur 8 gullet and gizzard Hyrobia sp. 8 Nassarius obsoletus 6 other animal 18 

plant 

Ruppia maritima 19 Potamogeton pussilu 8 Scirpus americana 5 other plant 10 

grit 1.4 

A-67 
Reference Age Sex Food type Spring Summer Fall Winter N Location Habitat - Measure Not

Rogers & Korschgen A B gastropods 70.1 88 Illinois 1948 pool on Mississippi Ite1966 (unident. snails) (28.0) - lis

(freshwater snails) (42.0) % wet volume; sna

pelecypods 14.9 gizzard contents sna

(fingernail clams) (11.9) wer(mussel) (2.9) spp

insects 8.0 

(mayflies) (7.8) 

plant foods 6.5 

(pondweeds) (3.3) (bulrushes) (2.9) 

Rogers & Korschgen A B unident. fish parts 26.7 37 sw Louisiana marshes Sea1966 sheepshead minnow 15.1 1959-60 -

crustaceans 16.6 % wet volume; 

(crayfish) (7.0) esophagus, (freshwater shrimp) (4.5) proventriculus, and (sideswimmers) (1.3) gizzard contents 

insects 4 

(water boatmen) (1.3) (midges) (1.1) 

snails 1.0 plants 36.3 

(misc. fragments) (18.0) (saw-grass) (6.9) (bulrushes) (3.8) (ditch grass) (1.9) (other seeds) (2.0) (filamentous algae) (3.7) 

Rogers & Korschgen A B crustaceans 60.1 39 Manitoba lakes, potholes Sea1966 (scuds) (51.9) 1959-60 - com

(water fleas) (7.7) % wet volume; ind

insects 22.9 esophagus, 

(midges) (10.2) proventriculus, (caddis flies) (7.4) and gizzard contents (dragonflies) (1.4) (water boatmen) (1.3) 

annelids - leeches 5.3 misc. animal foods 2.8 plant foods 7.8 

(misc. fragments) (2.6) (bulrushes) (2.4) (pondweeds) (1.3) 

A-68 
Reference Age Sex Food type Spring Summer Fall Winter N Location Habitat - Measure Not

Sugden 1973 J B animal 135 Manitoba lake Fro

Hirundinae 1 1963-67 - 52% Crustacea 53 % dry weight; insInsecta 26 esophagus and pupGastropoda 16 proventriculus 

plant 

Characeae 1 Halora gacea 2 other plants 1 

Swanson et al. A B Hirudinea 3 23 NW Territories lake Agg1974 Crustacea 45 1969 - pro

Insecta 26 aggregate %; con

Gastropoda 14 esophageal contents AutPelecypoda 12 bia

fooof par

Swanson et al. J B Hydracarina 4 38 NW Territories lake Agg1974 Crustacea 45 1969 - pro

Insecta 50 aggregate %; con

Gastropoda 1 esophageal contents Aut

biafooof par

*** POPULATION DYNAMICS ***


Reference Age Sex Cond Seas Mean SD/SE Units Minimum Maximum N Location Habitat N

HOME RANGE SIZE Hammel 1973 AB-- 89 6.5 SE ha Manitoba, CAN NS Mea

smaran

POPULATION DENSITY Hoppe et al. 1986 BB-WI N/ha 1.6 South Carolina reservoir Mor

recres

A-69 
----

--------

Reference Age Sex Cond Seas Mean SD/SE Units Minimum Maximum N Location Habitat NotKantrud & Stewart AB1SU 0.029 pair/ha N Dakota 1965, prairie pothole Den1977 AB2SU 0.047 pair/ha 67-69 region wet

AB3SU 0.061 pair/ha Wet

AB4SU 0.049 pair/ha and AB5SU 0.013 pair/ha wetAB6SU 0.012 pair/ha wet

fenund

Nasser 1982 BB-WI 8 N/ha Louisiana	 crawfish Cit

impoundments


Vermeer 1970 AB-SU 28.9 nests/ha 13.1 58.5 Alberta islands in lakes	 Mea

island Bel

CLUTCH SIZE
Afton 1984	 --1- 9.0 0.1 SE 8 10 26 Manitoba lake Age 

--2- 10.0 0.2 SE 8 12 21 1977-80 2; 

--3- 10.9 0.3 SE 9 12 16 clu--4- 12.1 0.2 SE 11 14 14


Hines 1977 --1- 9.70 0.21 SE 7 14 56 Saskatchewan marsh islands Mea

--2- 9.47 0.18 SE 7 12 53 1972-73 tha

eggto of 

CLUTCHES/YEAR
Afton 1984 1 Manitoba lake	 Oft

los

Hunt & Anderson 1.4 /year 1 4 31 California NS 5 r1966 and 

(focit

DAYS INCUBATION
Vermeer 1968 24.8 days 21 27 NS NS As 

A-70 
----

----------------

Reference Age Sex Cond Seas Mean SD/SE Units Minimum Maximum N Location Habitat NotAGE AT FLEDGING
Gollop & Marshall


1954


Lightbody & Ankney--1-


1984 --2-


Rogers 1962


N FLEDGE/ACTIVE NEST
Trauger 1971


N FLEDGE/SUCCESSFUL NEST
Bellrose 1976


PERCENT NESTS SUCCESSFUL
Afton 1984	 --1-


--2-
--3-
--4-


PERCENT BROOD SURVIVAL
Afton 1984


47+ days South Dakota NS 

49 0.96 SE days 7 Manitoba 1981 captive 

65 0.91 SE days 7 50 days Manitoba NS 

2.3 N/act nest 636	 NW Territ. NS


1967-70


6.98 N/suc nest 1,874	 United NS


States/Canada


26.3 % nest suc 38 Manitoba lake
22.2 % nest suc 45 1977-80
45.5 % nest suc 22


41.7 % nest suc 24


67.5 4.9 SE % to 20 d 39	 Manitoba lake


1977-80


A-71


Age 

Bel

Age 

stacom

Age Bel

Couaftdifbroin 

Sumnot (at sucdecsucbrodetis 

Perone unspre(1

Persur(mowee
----

------------

Reference Age Sex Cond Seas Mean SD/SE Units Minimum Maximum N Location Habitat NotPERCENT NESTS SUCCESSFUL
Hines 1977
Rowinski 1958


Townsend 1966


Trauger 1971
AGE AT SEXUAL MATURITY
Afton 1984 -F--
Palmer 1976, -B--
Bellrose 1976
ANNUAL MORTALITY
Smith 1963	 JB--


AM--
AF--


Reference Begin


76 % nest suc
26 % nest suc


67 % nest suc


35 % nest suc


1 year
2 year


68-71 %/year
38-52 %/year
49-60 %/year


Peak End


37 Saskatchewan marsh islands Per

1972-73 one 

Alaska Minto Lakes Per

50 Bel

Saskatchewan delta Per

one 

cit

636 NW Territ. NS Per

1967-70 one 

197

sw Manitoba prairie potholes 29% 1977-80 

1 NS NS Mos

yea

NS NS Juv

recbrebasand cit

*** SEASONAL ACTIVITIES *** 

Location Habitat Notes 

MATING/LAYING
Afton 1984 earl Jun
Ellig 1955 earl May earl Jun earl Jul
Hines 1977 earl/mid Jun


Manitoba prairie potholes
1977-80


Montana Freezeout Lake
Saskatchewan marsh
1972-73


A-72


First cAs cite
Reference Begin Peak End Location Habitat Notes 

Rienecker & mid May earl Jun mid Jul n California Klamath Basin Anderson 1960 Townsend 1966 mid May earl Jun late Jun Saskatchewan Saskatchewan Delta HATCHING Hines 1977 earl Jul mid Jul earl Aug Saskatchewan marsh 

1972-73 

Toft et al. 1984 July 17 NW wetlands 

Territories, CAN 

FALL/BASIC MOLT Austin & Jul Sept Manitoba lake Fredrickson 1987 1981-82, 84 McKnight & Buss mid Jul late Aug Alaska NS FALL MIGRATION Bellrose 1976 mid Oct mid Nov Dec United States NS Gammonley & Sept mid Nov s OR, n CA Klamath Basin Heitmeyer 1990 1985-86 Rutherford 1966 mid Oct late Nov Colorado high plains SPRING MIGRATION Afton 1984 mid Apr sw Manitoba prairie potholes 

1977-80 

Bellrose 1976 earl Feb Mar - Apr May United States NS Gammonley & late Jan late Apr s OR, n CA Klamath Basin Heitmeyer 1990 1986-87 

A-73 

As citeAs citeWing moWing mo1976.
Arrival Seasonaprimary Pacific Migratiplains

al. 198

Arrival DepartuSeasonaprimary Pacific 

1962 
Reference Begin Peak End Location Habitat Notes


Rutherford 1966 mid Mar late Apr Colorado high plains	 Migrati

plains

al. 198

Siegfried 1974 mid Apr late May s Manitoba Delta Marsh	 Scaup m

elsewhe

A-74 
***** OPSREY *****


*** NORMALIZING AND CONTACT RATE FACTORS ***


Reference Age Sex Cond Seas Mean SD/SE Units Minimum Maximum N Location Habitat Not

BODY WEIGHT Brown & Amadon AM-- 1,403 g 1,220 1,600 10 NS NS Sum1968 AF-- 1,568 g 1,250 1,900 14 MacNamara 1977 AM-- 1,437 g 7 ne United NS As 

AF-- 1,798 g 10 States 

McLean 1986 NM-- 250 g day 10 5 Maryland, Chesapeake Bay Wei

NF-- 280 g day 10 5 Virginia ageNM-- 700 g day 20 5 estNF-- 800 g day 20 5 NM-- 1,150 g day 30 5 NF-- 1,420 g day 30 5 NM-- 1,200 g day 40 5 NF-- 1,620 g day 40 5 NM-- 1,210 g day 50 5 NF-- 1,510 g day 50 5 

Poole 1983 AF1SP 1,939 59 SE g 6 se MA 1981 estuary (1

AF2SP 1,975 39 SE g 6 (2

Poole 1984 AF1SP 1,880 20 SE g 23 se estuary Bre

AF2SP 1,925 25 SE g 23 Massachusetts weiAF3SP 1,825 15 SE g 28 earAF4SP 1,725 25 SE g 23 nesAM1SP 1,480 15 SE g 23 nesAM3SP 1,470 15 SE g 28 at AM4SP 1,420 15 SE g 24 sam

est

Wilcox 1944 N--- 54.1 g day 1 1 NS NS As 

N--- 216.4 g day 7 1 fleN--- 595.1 g day 14 1 sibN--- 1,001 g day 21 1 N--- 1,298 g day 28 1 N--- 1,433 g day 35 1 N--- 1,433 g day 42 1 

FLEDGING WEIGHT
Henny et al. 1991 JB-- 1,611 g 69 Idaho 1987 river, lakes	 Lar

fle

A-75 
----

------------

Reference Age Sex Cond Seas Mean SD/SE Units Minimum Maximum N Location Habitat NotEGG WEIGHT
Poole 1989a 60-80 g NS NS
Wilcox 1944 71.1 g 3 NS NS As Whittemore 1984 72.2 5.35 SD g 66.0 81.3 6 North Carolina lake Cal(carolinensis) 1973-82 METABOLIC RATE (KCAL BASIS) Lind 1976 AB-- 286 kcal/day NS NS (1

JB1- 254 kcal/day Bod

in 

FOOD INGESTION RATE
Cramp 1980 g/day 200 400 NS NS
(carolinensis)
Poole 1983 AF-SP 0.21 g/g-day se MA 1981 estuary	 Est

durfroeatnesnew

Poole 1989a A M BR SU 360 kcal/day se MA 1981 estuary ThrPoole 1989a A M NB WI 200-250 kcal/day	 Senegal, West Dat

Africa


*** DIET *** 

Reference Age Sex Food type Spring Summer Fall Winter N Location Habitat - Measure Not

Collopy 1984 B B gizzard shad 63.2 38 Florida Newnan’s Lake Sea

sunfish 28.9 1983 - numlargemouth bass 5.3 % of prey caught; hougolden shiner 2.6 identified at nes

nests 15-

usu

French 1972 A B surf smelt & night 98 144 California Usal Creek Bre

smelt - div

% of fish caught; of identified at time
of capture


A-76 
Reference Age Sex Food type Spring Summer Fall Winter N Location Habitat - Measure Not

Garber 1972 A B Tui chub 48 36 California Eagle Lake Bre

rainbow trout 34 - divTahoe sucker 18 % of fish caught; in 

found in remains
at nest/perch


Greene et al. 1983 - - alewife 32 Nova Scotia, harbor, bay


smelt 5 CAN 1981 -
pollock 53 % wet weight;


winter flounder 10 estimated from


observed captures 

Grubb 1977 A B mullet 52 283 Florida Lake George Bre

crappie 48 - div

% of fish caught; in identified at time of capture 

Hughes 1983 B B starry flounder 95 1 se Alaska habitat NS Foo

cutthroat trout 5 1979-80	 - for 

% wet weight; 9 destimated from
observed captures
and length of prey


Hughes 1983 B B carp 67 1 w Oregon habitat NS Foo

crappie 33 1981	 - for 

% wet weight; 7 destimated from
observed captures
and length of prey


Lind 1976 A B Salmonidae 57 60 Oregon reservoir Bre

Tui chub 43 - div

% of fish caught; in identified at time of capture 

MacCarter 1972 A B largescale sucker 59 202 Montana Flathead Lake Bre

whitefish 21 - divother 9 % of fish caught; in unidentified 11 identified at time 

of capture 

Nesbitt 1974 A B shad (gizzard & 73 29 Florida Newnans Lake Bre

threadfin) - suc

sunfish, black 15 % of number; fish 91%

crappie & large captured in dives mouth bass 

unidentified fish 12 

A-77 
Reference Age Sex Food type Spring Summer Fall Winter N Location Habitat - Measure Not

Poole 1984 - - winter flounder 50 NS s New England NS As 

herring 20 -menhaden 20 measure NS 

Prevost 1977 A B winter flounder 90+ 2,268 Nova Scotia, Antigonish Harbor Bre

CAN - div

% of fish caught; in identified at time of capture 

Swenson 1978 A B cutthroat trout 88 153 Wyoming Yellowstone Lake Bre

longnose sucker 7 - divunidentified 5 % of fish caught; in 

remains at nest or
perch


Szaro 1978 B B speckled trout 64 124 Florida Seahorse Key Bre

striped mullet 27 - divsea catfish 8 % of items; remains in other fish 1 at nest/perch 

Ueoka 1974 A B surfperch 64 1,660 California Humboldt Bay Bre

other 9 - divunidentified 27 % of fish caught; in 

identified at time
of capture


Van Daele & Van A B brown bullhead 37.7 207 Idaho Cascade Reservoir SeaDaele 1982 salmonids 20.8 1978-80 - sug

northern squawfish 19.3 % of fish caught; the yellow perch 11.6 identified at time avalargescale sucker 10.6 of capture pop

Van Daele & Van A B SIZE OF FISH CAUGHT 152 Idaho reservoir ShaDaele 1982 < 10 cm 3.3 1978-80 - Cas

11 - 20 cm 42.1 % of fish sizes aut21 - 30 cm 46.7 caught; from sou31 - 40 cm 6.6 remains at perch 41 + cm 1.3 

A-78 
*** POPULATION DYNAMICS ***


Reference Age Sex Cond Seas Mean SD/SE Units Minimum Maximum N Location Habitat Not

FORAGING RADIUS
Dunstan 1973 AM--


Greene et al. 1983AB-SP


Hagan 1984 AB--


Koplin 1981 AB--


Van Daele & Van AB--
Daele 1982


POPULATION DENSITY
Eichholz 1980 AB-SP
(carolinensis)
Henny 1988a AB-SU


Henny & NoltemeierAB-SP


1.7 km 0.7 2.7 6 Minnesota 1971 lakes	 For

fis(34 radand wer

10 km Nova Scotia, coastal In 

CAN 1981 tra

for spa

15 km North Carolina swamps, coastal	 For

wittrato in thi

3-8 km 1 nw California coastal lagoons, bay For

1971-72 & ocean


km 10	 Idaho Cascade Reservoir


1978-80


ospbuiautbuiwin(su

Foruticomshoawareswerloc

0.028 nests/ha 45 Florida 1979 marsh & swamp forest	 Cal

acr

1.9 nests/ha Oregon 1899 lake One 

eve

0.10 N/ha 62 North Carolina reservoir Stu

1974 

A-79 

1975 
----

------------------------------------

Reference Age Sex Cond Seas Mean SD/SE Units Minimum Maximum N Location Habitat NotHenny & NoltemeierAB-SP 0.005 N/ha 76 North Carolina lake 

1975 1974 Stocek & Pearce AB-- 0.0031 N/ha 206 New Brunswick, coastal 1983


Van Daele & Van AB--
Daele 1982
CLUTCH SIZE
Bent 1937
Henny et al. 1991
Judge 1983
Judge 1983
Judge 1983


Judge 1983
Judge 1983
Judge 1983
Poole 1983
Poole 1984


CAN 1974-77,80


0.009 N/ha 100 Idaho 1978-80 reservoir


3 2 4 NS NS 

2.82 1 4 49 Idaho river, lakes 

1986-87 

3.02 0.04 SE 43 ME, NH, VT NS 

pre-1947 

3.09 0.02 SE 685 CT, MA, NY NS 

pre-1947 

3.23 0.03 SE 299 Atlantic NS 

Seaboard 

2.84 0.07 SE 57 Georgia, NS 

Florida 

2.67 0.07 SE 76 s Calif., n NS 

Mexico 

2.78 0.07 SE 51 Baja Calif., coastal islands 

Mexico 1977-78 

3.2 0.08 SE 36 se MA 1980-81 NS 3.3 94 e US 1979-83 coastal


A-80


Stu

Bashoutrapaisqu

PopsupconwarDatcolDatcolDatcolincVirCar

DatcolDatcolNonMig

Poo
----

--------

--------------------------------

Reference Age Sex Cond Seas Mean SD/SE Units Minimum Maximum N Location Habitat NotPoole 1982 3.2 110 e US 1978-79 coastal Mig

Poo

Poole 1982 2.7 48 Florida coastal Res

1978-79 Poo

Prevost et al. 3.0 34 Nova Scotia, NS As 

1978 CAN 1975-76 Reese 1977 2.9 2.8 3.0 513 Maryland coastal Chesapeake Thr

1972-74


Spitzer 1980 3.23 0.09 SE ne US 1968-71 coastal
Stocek & Pearce 2.24 2.1 2.8 34	 New Brunswick, NS


CAN 1974-80


Van Daele & Van 2.58 140 Idaho lakes, pond
Daele 1982 1978-1980


Whittemore 1984 2.25 0.37 SD 1.6 2.84 332 N Carolina lake


(carolinensis) 1973-82


CLUTCHES/YEAR
Henny 1986 1 /year NS NS


Poole 1989a 1 /year NS NS


DAYS INCUBATION


maxAs N = Minfro

Aveyeasizbet

10 maxyea

Somclulosper

Secfir

Judge 1983 ---WI 38.1 3.2 SD days 32 42 16	 Baja Calif., coastal islands Non

Mexico 1977-78


Poole 1989a days 35 43 Massachusetts NS


A-81 

1983 
----

------------

------------

Reference Age Sex Cond Seas Mean SD/SE Units Minimum Maximum N Location Habitat NotNESTLING GROWTH RATE McLean 1986 NM1- 20 g/day 5 Virginia, Chesapeake Bay Gro

NF1- 26 g/day 5 Maryland (1NM2- 51 g/day 5 (4NF2- 55 g/day 5 estNM3- 42 g/day 5 NF3- 63 g/day 5 NM4- 24 g/day 5 NM4- 38 g/day 5 

AGE AT FLEDGING
Henny et al. 1991 50-55 days NS NS MigJudge 1983 --1- days 52 76 6 Baja Calif., coastal islands Tim

62.5 4.9 SD days 10 Mexico 1977-78	 sus

minbro

Stinson 1977 51 days 44 59 Virginia NS As Stotts & Henny 54 3 SD days 48 59 Maryland 1956 bay Age 

1975


Van Daele & Van 50-60 days 144 Idaho 1978-80 reservoir, ponds, HabDaele 1982 lake
N FLEDGE/ACTIVE NEST Collopy 1984 --1- 1.63 0.17 SE 27 Florida 1983 lake Loc

--2- 1.05 0.22 SE 22 Ora--3- 0.89 0.19 SE 19 

French & Koplin 1.16 N/act nest 49 California coastal redwood &
1977 1971-72 conifer forest
Henny et al. 1977 0.86 N/act nest 30 New Jersey coastal 

1975 

Henny & Wight 1969---- N/act nest 0.95 1.3 NS NS Est(carolinensis) suc

sta

Henny 1977 --1- 1-1.3 N/act nest Wisconsin NS (1

--2- 0.39-.71 N/act nest hav

Pea

A-82 
----

----------------------------------------

Reference Age Sex Cond Seas Mean SD/SE Units Minimum Maximum N Location Habitat NotHenny et al. 1977 1.09 N/act nest 24 Delaware 1975 coastal Henny & Noltemeier---- 1.34 N/act nest 60 South Carolina lake 1975 1974 Henny et al. 1978 --1- 1.37 N/act nest 68 Oregon 1973-77 reservoir and Yea

--2- 1.11 N/act nest 47 National Forest --3- 1.21 N/act nest 28 

Judge 1983 --1- 1.0 N/act nest 28 Baja Calif., coastal islands Non

--2- 0.9 N/act nest 24 Mexico 1977-78 197

Koplin 1981 1.02 N/act nest 0.5 1.7 California coastal, river Tot

1971-72 two 

one 

Parnell & Walton 1.21 N/act nest 1.03 1.50 S Carolina reservoir 104 1977 1969-71 max

yea

Poole 1984 1.92 N/act nest 94 e US 1979-83 coastal	 Mig

Poo

Poole 1982 0.82 N/act nest 110 e US 1978-79 coastal	 Mig

Poo

Poole 1982 0.52 N/act nest 48	 Florida coastal Res

1978-79 Poo

Stocek & Pearce 1.1 N/act nest New Brunswick, NS
1983 CAN 1974-80
Van Daele & Van 1.58 N/act nest 1.17 1.89 77 Idaho Cascade Reservoir ThrDaele 1982 1978-80 maxVan Daele & Van 1.13 N/act nest 1.00 1.50 24 Idaho Warner Pond ThrDaele 1982 1978-80 maxVan Daele & Van 1.10 N/act nest 1.00 1.13 39 Idaho Payette Lakes ThrDaele 1982 1978-80 maxWhittemore 1984 1.16 N/act nest 0.79 1.47 N Carolina shallow lake A t(carolinensis) 1973-82 ten 

are stu

A-83 
----

------------------------------------

Reference Age Sex Cond Seas Mean SD/SE Units Minimum Maximum N Location Habitat NotN FLEDGE/SUCCESSFUL NEST Collopy 1984 --1- 1.83 0.14 SE N/suc nest 24 Florida 1983 lake Loc

--2- 1.77 0.20 SE N/suc nest 13 Ora--3- 1.42 0.15 SE N/suc nest 12 

Dunstan 1968 1.4-1.7 N/suc nest 132 Minnesota NS Suc

1961-68 pro

surcit

French & Koplin 1.84 N/suc nest 31 California coastal redwood &
1977 1971-72 conifer forest
(carolinensis)
Henny et al. 1977 1.79 N/suc nest 14 Delaware 1975 coastal, bay
Henny et al. 1991 2.14 N/suc nest 1 3 58 Idaho 1986-87 river "N" Henny et al. 1991 1.93 N/suc nest 1 4 42 Idaho 1986-87 lake "N" Henny et al. 1991 2.05 N/suc nest 1 3 74	 Montana, lake "N" 

1985-86


Judge 1983 1.7 N/suc nest 35 Baja Calif., coastal islands Non

Mexico 1977-78 

Reese 1977 --1- 1.95 N/suc nest 0.86 1.43 314 Maryland coastal Chesapeake (1

--2- 1.4 N/suc nest 0.64 1.10 294 1972-74 inn

Van Daele & Van 2.10 N/suc nest 1.69 2.33 58 Idaho 1978-80 Cascade Reservoir MeaDaele 1982	 min

measig198

Van Daele & Van 1.69 N/suc nest 1.63 1.80 16 Idaho 1978-80 Warner Pond MeaDaele 1982	 min

measig198

Van Daele & Van 1.96 N/suc nest 1.68 2.22 22 Idaho 1978-80 Payette Lakes MeaDaele 1982	 min

measig198

A-84 
----

Reference Age Sex Cond Seas Mean SD/SE Units Minimum Maximum N Location Habitat NotPERCENT NESTS SUCCESSFUL
Van Daele & Van
Daele 1982
AGE AT SEXUAL MATURITY
Henny & Wight 1969-B--
Spitzer 1980 -B--
ANNUAL MORTALITY
Henny & Wight 1969JB--


AB--


Spitzer 1980	 JB--


AB--


Whittemore 1984 J-1SU


(carolinensis) J-2SU


AVERAGE LONGEVITY
Brown & Amadon -B--
Spitzer 1980 AM--


68 percent 140 Idaho 1978-80 lakes, pond Per

3 years North America NS


years 3 5	 New York to NS


Boston


57.3 %/yr 206 New York, New NS
18.5 1.8 SE %/yr 88 Jersey 1926-65


41 %/yr NS NS
15 %/yr


fle

As Basfrofou= fbanmorthr

As 

16 % H to FL 397 North Carolina lake (1

45 % L to FL 397 1973-82 (H

mor(FL

4.8 years NS NS Ave

osp(at 

years 25 1 Gardiner’s island Old

Isl. NY in 

A-85 

1968 
*** SEASONAL ACTIVITIES ***


Reference Begin Peak End Location Habitat Notes


MATING/LAYING
Bent 1937 late Apr
Dunstan 1973
Judge 1983 earl Jan
Parnell & Walton mid Mar
1977
Poole 1989a earl Dec
HATCHING
Bent 1937 mid Mar
Bent 1937 late Apr
Bent 1937 late May
Dunstan 1973
Judge 1983 Feb
Ogden 1977 late Nov
Parnell & Walton late Apr
1977
Stotts & Henny
1975


May mid Jun Delaware, New NS 

Jersey 

May Minnesota 

1963-73 

earl Mar Baja Calif., coastal islands 

Mexico 1977-78 N Carolina lake 1969-72 

late Feb Florida NS


earl May late May Maryland, NS 

Virginia 

mid May mid June New York/New NS 

England 

earl Jun late Jun Quebec, CAN NS mid June Minnesota lakes 

1963-73 

late Apr	 Baja Calif., coastal islands


Mexico 1977-78


Dec & Jan earl Mar Florida NS


N Carolina lake


1969-71


May 25 Maryland 1956 bay


A-86


Based oNon-migBased oBased oBased oNon-migNon-migin Henn
Reference Begin Peak End Location Habitat Notes 

FLEDGING Dunstan 1973 mid Aug Minnesota lakes 

1963-73 

Judge 1983 earl Apr May earl Jun Baja Calif., coastal islands 

Mexico 1977-78 

Parnell & Walton earl July N Carolina lake 1977 1969-71 Stotts & Henny July 18 Maryland 1956 bay 1975 FALL MIGRATION Henny 1986 late Aug Sep Nov United States NS Kennedy 1973 late Aug Virginia, NS 

Maryland 

Melquist et al. Sep earl Oct n Idaho NS 1978 Prevost et al. Sep Nova Scotia, NS 1978 CAN SPRING MIGRATION Dunstan 1973 earl Apr Minnesota NS 

1963-1973 

Garber 1972 late Mar California NS Henny et al. 1991 late Mar n Idaho river, lakes 

1986-87 

Parnell & Walton earl Mar N Carolina lake 1977 1969-71 Prevost et al. mid Apr Nova Scotia, NS 1978 CAN 

A-87 

Non-migAs citeospreyAs citeAs citeospreyAs citeArrive farther As cite

***** RED-TAILED HAWK *****


*** NORMALIZING AND CONTACT RATE FACTORS ***


Reference Age Sex Cond Seas Mean SD/SE Units Minimum Maximum N Location Habitat Not

BODY WEIGHT
Craighead & AM--
Craighead 1956 AF--
Poole 1938 AF--
Springer & OsborneJM--


1983 JF--


Springer & OsborneAM--
1983 AF--


Steenhof 1983	 AM--


AF--


HATCHING WEIGHT
Springer & OsborneHM--


1983 HF--


NESTLING WEIGHT
Springer & OsborneNF0-


1983	 NF1-


NF2-
NF3-
NF4-
NF5-
NF6-


Springer & OsborneNM0-


1983	 NM1-


NM2-
NM3-
NM4-
NM5-
NM6-


1,028 g 108 Michigan, NS 1,224 g 100 Pennsyl. 1,307 g 2 NS NS 

963 g 6 c Ohio 1975-77 NS 

1,147 g 6 

1,024 g c Ohio 1975-77 NS 1,235 g 

957 g 90 sw Idaho Snake River Area


1,154 g 113


57 g 6 c Ohio 1975-77 NS


58 g 8


58 g 6 c Ohio 1975-77 NS 

209 g 6 436 g 6 714 g 6 875 g 6 980 g 6 

1,147 g 6 

57 g 8 c Ohio 1975-77 NS 

190 g 8 431 g 8 693 g 8 868 g 8 934 g 8 962 g 8 

A-89


Tabown the 

Asy

EstweiweiSouautCol

per

Nes

Fed hatNes

Fed hat
Reference Age Sex Cond Seas Mean SD/SE Units Minimum Maximum N Location Habitat Not

NESTLING GROWTH RATE
Springer & OsborneNB1-


1983	 NB2-


NB3-
NB4-
NB5-


METABOLIC RATE (OXYGEN)
Pakpahan et al A B SM SP
1989
METABOLIC RATE (KCAL)
Soltz 1984	 A M BR SU


A F BR SU


FOOD INGESTION RATE
Craighead & AF1WI
Craighead 1956 AM2WI


AM3SU


Duke et al. 1976 A--SU
Fitch et al. 1946 J--WI


20 g/day 14 c Ohio 1975-77 NS


34 g/day 14
39 g/day 14
26 g/day 14
10 g/day 14


17.7 5.9 SD lO2/kg-d Michigan 1986 metabolism chamber


109 kcal/kg-d California 1976 Santa Monica mnts.


102 kcal/kg-d


0.112 g/g-day 68 s Michigan captive outside


0.102 g/g-day 106 1939-42
0.086 g/g-day 29


0.055 g/g-day Utah captive outdoors


100 g/day	 c California foothills


1940-41


A-90


Det

Sta(fameaEstbudN = hawmaitecbeepretemg-g-Wei= mJuv

latdayposite
*** DIET ***


Reference Age Sex Food type Spring Summer Fall Winter N Location Habitat - Measure Not

Adamcik et al. J B item mean SD 3-17 Alberta, CAN farm & woodlands 16 1979 snowshoe hare 25.6 +/-19 1966-75 - for 

Rich ground squirrel 30.4 +/-10 % biomass; food obsFran ground squirrel 5.1 +/- 2 brought to chicks squvoles & mice 4.8 +/- 2 squother mammals 7.8 +/- 6 refwaterfowl 16.2 +/-10 of ruffed grouse 2.0 +/- 2 strsharp tailed grouse 1.2 +/- 1 fluother grouse 0.9 +/- 1 other birds 6.3 +/- 3 

Bohm 1978a B B chipmunk 22 91 c Minnesota woodlands/open areas Aut

pocket gopher 12 1976-77 - sucred-winged blackbird 11 number of prey; und13-lined ground 9 found at nest sites wou

squirrel qui

meadow mouse 8 lesfox squirrel 7 hergray squirrel 7 common crow 3 

Bosakowski & Smith B B eastern chipmunk 26 256 n NJ, se NY, e deciduous forest Pre1992 gray squirrel 26 nw CT - 197

white-footed mouse 24 number of prey; short-tailed shrew 21 prey remains and meadow vole 18 pellets at nests eastern cottontail 11 red squirrel 10 unident. shrews 10 Norway rat 8 star-nosed mole 6 opossum 3 long-tailed weasel 3 snowshoe hare 3 house mouse 3 rock dove 6 American robin 4 starling 4 unident. warblers 4 song sparrow 5 green-winged teal 3 yellow-billed cuckoo 3 blue jay 3 house sparrow 3 unident. small to 15 

medium passerines 

snakes 4 

A-91 
Reference Age Sex Food type Spring Summer Fall Winter N Location Habitat - Measure Not

Craighead & B B meadow vole 86.6 229 s Michigan fields, woodlots AveCraighead 1956 white-footed mice 6.5 1942,48 - col

short-tailed shrew 1.4 % frequency of Sperabbit 1.2 occurrence; pellets presmall birds 2.7 inc

P. 

Craighead & B B meadow vole 33.3 189 Wyoming 1947 grasslands, forest SeaCraighead 1956 ground squirrel 41.8 - com

pocket gopher 4.8 % diet; number of incmarmot 4.2 food items in jack rabbit 3.2 pellets, at nests, red squirrel 2.1 & regurgitated by small & medium size 4.8 nestlings 

birds 

Craighead & B B meadow vole 54.2 211 s Michigan woodlots, fields DieCraighead 1956 rabbit 6.4 1942,48 - = M

fox squirrel 4.1 % diet; number of thamuskrat 5.3 food items in ground squirrel 1.9 pellets, at nests, pheasant 5.1 & regurgitated by crow 1.1 nestlings small & medium sized 16.3 

birds 

garter snake 3.7 

Fitch et al. 1946 B B ground squirrel 60.8 625 c California foothills N = 

rabbit 26.5 1939-41 - sprpocket gopher 4.3 % wet weight; by other mammals 2.6 prey brought to nesgopher snake 3.8 nests whiptail lizard 0.3 birds 1.3 

Fitch et al. 1946 B B ground squirrel 49.5 2094 c California foothills N = 

rabbit 24.2 1939-41 - yeapocket gopher 7.4 % wet weight; other mammals 2.3 pellets gopher snake 9.0 rattlesnake 2.1 other reptiles 4.0 birds 0.9 

A-92 
Reference Age Sex Food type Spring Summer Fall Winter N Location Habitat - Measure Not

Gates 1972 B B ring-necked pheasant 22.7 176 ec Wisconsin farm, wetlands Aut

red-winged blackbird 8.0 1963-64 - unddomestic chicken 5.1 % frequency of European partridge 2.8 occurrence; crow 2.8 prey remains at nest other/unident. birds 16.4 meadow vole 16.5 cottontail rabbit 10.8 ground squirrel 4.5 other mammals 5.7 beetle 1.7 crayfish 2.8 

Janes 1984 B B mammals 78.5 nc Oregon pasture, wheat Mos

(Belding’s ground (52.8) 1973-82 -

squirrel) % wet weight; 

(mtn. cottontail) (13.1) observed captures (pocket gopher) (7.3) and remains found (Townsend’s ground (2.9) at nests 

squirrel) 

birds 8.5 

(Alectoris graeca) (3.5) (western meadowlark (1.8) 

snakes 13.1 

(gopher snake) (6.1) 

MacLaren et al. A B rabbits 64.4 91 se Wyoming mixed sagebrush Sea

ground squirrel 14.3 1981-82 -prairie dog 18.5 % biomass; pellets other mammals 0.5 birds 2.3 

Mader 1978 B B desert cottontail 3 55 Arizona desert Pre

unidentified rabbit 16 1974-76 - preround-tailed ground 7 number of prey; 

squirrel remains at nest 

Harris gr. squirrel 2 Bailey’s pocket mice 2 desert spiny lizard 4 unid. horned lizard 2 gopher snake 2 unid. snakes 12 

Preston 1990 B B mammals (see note) 82 102 Arkansas corn & old fields Sma

unidentified mammals 10 - undreptiles, arthropods 3 % frequency of anabirds 3 occurrence; pellets cottontail rabbit 2 

A-93 

1988 
Reference Age Sex Food type Spring Summer Fall Winter N Location Habitat - Measure Not

Steenhof & Kochert B B ground squirrel 27.7 148 sw Idaho canyon, shrubsteppe Bre1985 pocket gopher 6.1 1975-76 community dur

kangaroo rat 2.7 - nesdeer mouse 2.7 % frequency of wood rat 2.7 occurrence; pellets mtn. cottontail 4.7 and prey remains at other mammals 6.2 nests birds 8.9 gopher snake 20.9 western whiptail 3.4 unident. snake 2.7 unident. lizard 2.0 other reptiles 4.2 scorpion 2.7 other invertebrates 2.7 

Steenhof & Kochert B B ground squirrel 16.7 234 sw Idaho canyon, shrubsteppe Bre1985 kangaroo rat 17.9 1977-78 community 7 n

jackrabbit 11.1 - Low mtn. cottontail 10.7 % frequency of a yunident. rabbits 2.6 occurrence; pellets, folother mammals 5.0 prey remains at nest popwestern meadowlark 2.6 snaother birds 8.6 gopher snake 13.2 striped whipsnake 2.1 unident. snake 4.7 other reptiles 3.7 scorpion 0.9 

*** POPULATION DYNAMICS *** 

Reference Age Sex Cond Seas Mean SD/SE Units Minimum Maximum N Location Habitat Not

HOME RANGE SIZE Andersen & AB-FA 1,770 ha 957 2,465 4 Colorado 1986 upland shortgrass & RadRongstad 1989 prairie & pinyon- sex

juniper woodlands ell

Andersen & AB-FA 965 ha 418 1,747 4 Colorado 1986 upland shortgrass & Rad

Rongstad 1989 prairie & pinyon- sex

juniper woodlands min

Craighead & AB-SU 229 114 SD ha 83 386 10 Wyoming 1947 grasslands, forest BreCraighead 1956 pai

(pl

A-94 
----

Reference Age Sex Cond Seas Mean SD/SE Units Minimum Maximum N Location Habitat NotCraighead & AB1SU 377 146 SD ha 130 557 6s Michigan fields, woodlots BreCraighead 1956 IB1SU 307 ha 171 443 2 1942,48 pai

I-2SU 150 ha 70 230 2 obs

Mar

Craighead & I--WI 187 ha 75 298 2s Mich. fields, woodlots Sea

Craighead 1956 AB-WI 697 316 SD ha 381 989 4 41-42,47-48 Feb

(plhaw

Fitch et al. 1946 AB-SP 60-160 ha c California foothills Bre

1939-41 and 

Janes 1984 233 90 SE ha 33 Oregon, pasture/wheat fields App

1973-82 fol

Peterson 1979 AB-WI 165 ha Wisconsin NS As 

USDI 1979 AB-SU 1,500 ha sw Idaho canyon, shrubsteppe Rad

community bre

Ste

POPULATION DENSITY Adamcik et al. -B-SU 0.0012 pairs/ha 0.0010 0.0015 10 yr Alberta, CAN farm & woodland 16 1979 1966-75 for Baker & Brooks ---WI 0.014 N/ha 15 Toronto, CAN mixed old fields 1981 ---SP 0.017 N/ha 16 1974-75 

---FA 0.025 N/ha 16 

Baker & Brooks ---WI 0.002 N/ha 22 Toronto, CAN mixed old fields 1981 ---SP 0.010 N/ha 20 1975-76 

---FA 0.004 N/ha 20 

Bohm 1978b AB-- 0.0070 nests/ha 10 Minnesota farm & woodlands 

1976-77 

Craighead & AB1SU 0.0004 pairs/ha 0.0002 0.0005 s Mich. woodlands, fields 9,6Craighead 1956 AB2SU 0.0012 pairs/ha 0.0010 0.0013 1942,47-48 sit

Che

Craighead & AB-SU 0.0039 pairs/ha Wyoming 1947 grasslands, forest 3,1Craighead 1956 Hol

A-95 
Reference Age Sex Cond Seas Mean SD/SE Units Minimum Maximum N Location Habitat Not

Craighead & -B-FA 0.0010 0.0005 SD N/ha 0.0006 0.0015 3 s Mich. 41-42, fields, woodlots CouCraighead 1956 -B-WI 0.0015 0.0003 SD N/ha 0.0012 0.0018 4 46-49 (no

-B1SP 0.0016 N/ha 0.0015 0.0016 2 9,3

-B-SP 0.0013 0.0007 SD N/ha 0.0005 0.0018 3 tra-B-SU 0.0013 N/ha 0.0006 0.0020 2 are 

othplaest

Fitch et al. 1946 AB-- 0.0078 pairs/ha c California foothills Hab

1939-41 Ran

Gates 1972 AB-WI 0.0036 N/ha 14 ec Wisconsin farm & wetlands Spr

1958-59 

Gates 1972 AB-WI 0.0015 N/ha 0.0008 0.0019 9-21 ec Wisconsin farm & wetlands Wau

1959-64 pop

in cen

Gates 1972 A B BR SU 0.0019 N/ha 0.0017 0.0022 ec Wisconsin farm & wetlands Wau

1962-64 det

roa

Hagar 1957 AB-- 0.0018 pairs/ha New York NS As 

1951-52 

Johnson 1975 -B-- 0.0012 pairs/ha Montana NS As Luttich et al. AB-SP 0.0014 pairs/ha NS Alberta, CAN farm & forest Num1971 1967-69 sq

yea

McGovern & AB1SU 0.0017 pairs/ha 5 pr Colorado open aspen DenMcNurney 1986 AB2SU 0.0050 pairs/ha 6 pr are

km2

Orians & Kulhman AB-- 0.0014 pairs/ha 0.0011 0.0016 NS Wisconsin NS As 1956 1953-55 RotPetersen 1979 -B-SP 0.0024 pairs/ha Wisconsin NS As Rothfels & Lien A B BR SP pairs/ha 0.0042 0.0047 Alberta, CAN Rocky Mountain Stu1983 1979-80 foothills bot

ter= S

Smith & Murphy -B-- 0.0003 pairs/ha Utah NS As 1973 

A-96 
----

----

--------------------

--------

Reference Age Sex Cond Seas Mean SD/SE Units Minimum Maximum N Location Habitat NotSpringer & Kirkley-B-- 0.0016 pairs/ha Ohio NS As 1978
CLUTCH SIZE
Adamcik et al. --1-
1979 --2-


--3-


--4-


Bohm 1978b
Fitch et al. 1946


Henny & Wight
1970; 1972


Henny & Wight
1970; 1972


Henny & Wight
1970; 1972


Henny & Wight
1970; 1972


Henny & Wight


1970; 1972


Henny & Wight
1970; 1972
Henny & Wight
1970; 1972


2.56 Alberta, CAN farm, woodland 16 2.61 1966-75 for 1.90 cyc

2.2	 Har

(23(99(4

2.26 0.75 SD 23	 Minnesota, farm & woodlands


1976-77


2.0 0.77 SD 1 3 18 c California foothills


1939-41


2.11 9	 Florida NS


1870-1868


2.44 36	 TX, OK, NM NS


1870-1968


2.94 18	 ID, ND, MO NS


1870-1968


2.92 231	 California NS


1870-1968


2.9 20	 sw Canada NS


1870-68


2.72 75 MI, MA, RI, IL NS
2.57 23	 IL, IN, OH NS


1870-1968


A-97


Mosis ban

Mosis ban

Mosis ban

Mosis banMos

is ban

LocDat(mocolMosis ban
----

--------

------------------------

Reference Age Sex Cond Seas Mean SD/SE Units Minimum Maximum N Location Habitat NotHenny & Wight
1970; 1972


Henny & Wight
1970; 1972


Luttich et al.


1971


Mader 1978
CLUTCHES/YEAR
Bent 1937
Craighead &
Craighead 1956
DAYS INCUBATION
Adamcik et al.
1979
Bent 1937; Hardy
1939
Nice 1954
AGE AT FLEDGING
Craighead & -B--
Craighead 1956
Fitch et al. 1946 -B--


Luttich et al. -B--
1971


2.29 17	 MD, DE, MA, NS


WV, VA


2.96 26	 OR, WA. NS


1870-1968


2.0 0.1 SE 98 Alberta, CAN farm, forest 

1967-69 

2.32 59 Arizona desert 

1974-76 

1 /year se forest, swamp 

Massachusetts 

1 /year s Michigan fields, woodlots 

1942, 48 

32 16-24 Alberta, CAN farm & woodland 

1966-75 

32 days NS NS NS 34 days NS NS 41 days s Michigan fields, woodlots 

1942-48 

45-46 days c California foothills 

1939-41 

44 days Alberta, CAN farm, woodland 

1966-69 

A-98


LocDat(mocol

Mosis ban

Ave2.5

May If nes

16 ove

As As 

18 eac
----

----------------

------------

Reference Age Sex Cond Seas Mean SD/SE Units Minimum Maximum N Location Habitat NotLand Management States U.S. Bureau of -B-- 39 days w United NS As (unpubl.) N FLEDGE/ACTIVE NEST Adamcik et al. --1- 1.90 Alberta, CAN farm, woodland 16 1979 --2- 1.29 1966-75 for 

--3- 0.28 cyc

--4- 1.15 Har

(23(99(4

Bohm 1978b 1.07 N/act nest 72	 Minnesota woodlots, farms 2 y

1976-77


Craighead & 0.9 N/act nest 22 s Michigan woodlots, fields IncCraighead 1956 1948 did Craighead & 1.4 N/act nest 10 Wyoming 1947 grasslands, forest IncCraighead 1956 did Gates 1972 1.1 N/act nest 0.9 1.4 31	 Wisconsin farm, wetlands Min

1962-64 mea

Janes 1984 1.47 0.25 SE N/terr-yr 10 yr Oregon 1973-82 grazing, low hills 23 

yea

Steenhof & Kochert--1- 1.9 N/act nest 20 sw Idaho canyon, shrubsteppe Pre

1985 --2- 1.2 N/act nest 23 1975-78 community low

197

N FLEDGE/SUCCESSFUL NEST
Bohm 1978b 1.79 N/suc nest 44	 Minnesota woodlots, farms 2 y

1976-77


Gates 1972 1.8 N/suc nest 1.6 1.9 20 Wisconsin farm, wetlands Min

1962-64 mea

Henny & Wight 1970--1- 2.12 N/suc nest various NS Sum

--2- 1.85 N/suc nest stu

of lat

Luttich et al. 1.4 N/suc nest 79 Alberta, CAN farm & forest Num1971 1967-69 tha

A-99 
----

----

Reference Age Sex Cond Seas Mean SD/SE Units Minimum Maximum N Location Habitat NotMader 1978
AGE AT SEXUAL MATURITY
Henny & Wight -B--
1970; 1972
Luttich et al. -B--
1971


ANNUAL MORTALITY
Craighead & AB--
Craighead 1956 JB--


Henny & Wight JB--
1970; 1972	 AB1-


AB2-
BB--


Henny & Wight JB--
1970; 1972 AB--
Henny & Wight JB--
1970; 1972	 AB1-


AB2-
BB--


Luttich et al. JB--
1971 AB-­
LONGEVITY
Henny & Wight
1970; 1972


1.91 0.0100 SE N/suc nest 34	 Arizona desert Mea

1974-76


2 years North America NS Bas2 years 1 Alberta, CAN NS One 

1967-69	 hav

givbecof 

12 %/yr s MI, WY 1942, open areas, woods Est88 %/yr 47-48 bot

to 

62.4 %/1st yr n N. America NS Bas20.6 1.3 SE %/yr 1926-50 rec20.0 1.2 SE %/yr ban

35.3 1.6 SE %/yr adu

2-1nesDatlat

65.4 %/yr US, CAN NS 26.0 %/yr 1958-64 

66 %/1st yr s N. America NS Bas

23.9 2.2 SE %/yr 1926-50 rec23.0 1.8 SE %/yr ban

41.8 2.5 SE %/yr adu

2-1nesDatlat

54 %/1st yr Alberta, CAN farm, forest Juv20 %/yr 1966-69 fle

years 18 North America NS	 Old

ban

A-100 
*** SEASONAL ACTIVITIES ***


Reference Begin Peak End Location Habitat Notes 

MATING/LAYING Bent 1937 earl Apr mid May mid June Alaska, Canada NS Bent 1937 late Mar earl Apr late Apr Maryland, NS 

Virginia 

Bent 1937 earl Mar Apr late Jun Ohio to North NS 

Dakota 

Bent 1937 late Mar Apr, May mid Jun New England, NS 

NY 

Bent 1937 late Feb April late Jun Iowa to NS 

Colorado 

Bent 1937 mid Feb late Mar late May Washington to NS 

Calif. 

Bent 1937 mid Feb Mar mid June AR & TX to FL NS Craighead & mid Apr Wyoming 1947 grasslands, forest Craighead 1956 Craighead & late Mar earl Apr s Michigan fields, woodlots Craighead 1956 1942,48 Fitch et al. 1946 mid Feb earl Mar c California foothills 

1939-40 

Luttich et al. mid Apr May 1 mid May Alberta, CAN farm & forest Mader 1978 mid Feb earl Apr Arizona desert HATCHING Craighead & mid May late May Wyoming 1947 grasslands, forest Craighead 1956 Craighead & late Apr earl May s Michigan fields, woodlots Craighead 1956 1942,48 

A-101 

PresentrecordsPresentrecordsPresentrecordsPresentrecordsPresentrecordsPresentrecordsPresentrecordsBased ocopulat

1971 
Reference Begin Peak End Location Habitat Notes 

Luttich et al. mid May earl June mid June Alberta, CAN farm & forest 1971 Mader 1978 late Mar earl May Arizona desert FLEDGING Craighead & mid June earl Jul Wyoming 1947 grasslands, forest Craighead 1956 Craighead & earl Jun mid Jun s Michigan fields, woodlots Craighead 1956 1942,48 Mader 1978 late Apr late May earl Jun Arizona desert FALL MIGRATION Bent 1937 earl Sep New England NS Bent 1937 mid Oct Montana NS Bent 1937 late Oct Saskatchewan, NS 

CAN 

Bent 1937 late Nov Minnesota NS Bent 1937 late Oct North Dakota NS Luttich et al. mid Oct Alberta, CAN farm, forest SPRING MIGRATION
Bent 1937 mid Mar
Bent 1937 late Mar
Bent 1937 late Mar
Bohm 1978b mid Mar
Craighead & mid Mar
Craighead 1956


1966-69
Maine, Montana NS
New Brunswick, NS
CAN
Wyoming, Idaho NS
Minnesota woodlots, farms
1976-77
Wyoming 1947 grasslands, forest


Early dLate daLate daLate daLate daEarly dNova ScarrivalEarly dArrival season

A-102
 

1971 
Reference Begin Peak End Location Habitat Notes 

Craighead & late Feb earl Mar s Michigan fields, woodlots Arrival Craighead 1956 1942,48 seaons

place. 

Luttich et al. earl Apr Alberta, CAN farm & forest 1971 1966-69 

A-103 

----

***** BALD EAGLE *****


*** NORMALIZING AND CONTACT RATE FACTORS ***


Reference Age Sex Cond Seas Mean SD/SE Units Minimum Maximum N Location Habitat Not

BODY WEIGHT Bortolotti 1984a JM-- 4,066 35.08 SE g 3,575 4,500 26 Saskatchewan lake Age 

JF-- 5,172 46.54 SE g 4,800 5,600 21 CAN, 1980-82 at 

Brown & Amadon AM-- g 4,000 4,600 Alaska & NS 1968 AF-- 6,300 g Canada (alascensis) Chura & Stewart AM-WI 4,833 g 4,238 5,642 7 Alaska 1962 lab Bir1967 JF-WI 5,642 g 1 Dec

JM-WI 4,904 g 1 immJ--WI 4,677 g 4,706 4,649 2 of 

Imler & Kalmbach JM-SU 4,014 g 3,524 4,568 Alaska NS Imm1955 JF-SU 5,089 g 4,359 5,756	 old

comand 198

Snyder & Wiley AF-- 5,244 g 37 NS NS As 1976 AM-- 4,123 g 35 Wiemeyer 1991 AF-- 4,500 g Florida NS Apppers. comm. AM-- 3,000 g EGG WEIGHT
Bortolotti 1984b 114.4 10.59 SD g 17	 Saskatchewan lake


CAN, 1980-82


Krantz et al. 1970---- 120.6 8.2 SD g 108 134 14 Wisconsin 1968 NS	 Wei

volusigra196

Krantz et al. 1970---- 102.5 17.9 SD g 71 125 6 Florida 1968 NS	 Wei

volusigra196

A-105 
----

----

Reference Age Sex Cond Seas Mean SD/SE Units Minimum Maximum N Location Habitat NotHATCHING WEIGHT
Bortolotti 1984b -B--
NESTLING WEIGHT
Bortolotti 1984b	 NB--


NB--
NM--
NF--
NM--
NF--
NM--
NF--


FLEDGING WEIGHT
Maestrelli &
Wiemeyer 1975
NESTLING GROWTH RATE
Bortolotti 1989	 NB1SU


NB2SU


METABOLIC RATE (KCAL BASIS)
Craig et al. 1988	 AB-WI


JB-WI


Gessaman et al.	 B-1-


B-2-
B-3-
B-4-


91.5 5.17 SD g 6	 Saskatchewan lake


CAN, 1980-82


500 g 10 days 47 Saskatchewan lake


1,300 g 20 days 47 CAN, 1980-82


2,700 g 30 days 26
3,000 g 30 days 21
3,100 g 40 days 26
3,900 g 40 days 21
3,600 g 50 days 26
4,600 g 50 days 21


3,639 g 1 Maryland captive
4,671 g 1
0.067 0.0009 SE K 20 Saskatchewan lake


0.070 0.0007 SE K 20 CAN, 1980-82


448 17 SD kcal/d Connecticut river 

499 17 SD kcal/d 1986 

41.1 3.1 SD kcal/kg-d 2 Utah 1987 lab 37.4 4.5 SD kcal/kg-d 2 42.1 2.1 SD kcal/kg-d 2 40.2 2.7 SD kcal/kg-d 2 

A-106


Neshat

Num

the est

SamValparGroNeslakthosupEst

ResdetValconone Con20(20day

1991 
Reference Age Sex Cond Seas Mean SD/SE Units Minimum Maximum N Location Habitat Not

Keister et al. BBRWI 1985 Stalmaster & AB1-Gessaman 1982 AB2-

AB3-

Stalmaster & B B BA WI Gessaman 1984 Stalmaster & BB-WI Gessaman 1984 FOOD INGESTION RATE Chura & Stewart AM-WI 1967 J--WI Craig et al. 1988 A B FY WI 

J B FY WI 

Craig et al. 1988 A B FY WI 

J B FY WI 

Craig et al. 1988 AB-WI 

JB-WI 

Duke et al. 1976 A---

kcal/night <120 209	 sc Oregon, n lake, forest


California
1979-80


96.4 25 SD kcal/kg-d 57 140 NS 1980 lab
83.9 28 SD kcal/kg-d 40 138
71.3 18 SD kcal/kg-d 45 100


66.6 kcal/kg-d 4 NS 1978-80 lab


90 kcal/kg-d 4	 Washington river


1978-80


0.0741 0.0033 SE g/g-day 0 0.1652 112 Alaska captive


0.0612 0.0034 SE g/g-day 0 0.1487 112 1962-63


533 17 SD g/bird-d Connecticut river 608 21 SD g/bird-d 1986 519 g/bird-d Connecticut river 

1569 g/bird-d 1986 

538 18 SD kcal/day Connecticut river


584 18 SD kcal/day 1986


0.056 g/g-day Utah captive outside


A-107


EnetheambResExi= calfrotem88ran

CalconFlyassN = contesand biradutesEstobsStaEstStaprotiminefelprejuvDai

Bodit temcit
Reference Age Sex Cond Seas Mean SD/SE Units Minimum Maximum N Location Habitat Not

Stalmaster 1980	 A-1- 500 g/day Washington river Foo

--2- 300-400 g/day 1974-80 all 

Stalmaster & BB1-
Gessaman 1982 BB2-


BB3-


Stalmaster & BB1WI
Gessaman 1984	 AB2WI


JB2WI
YB2WI


Stalmaster & BB1-
Gessaman 1982 AB2-


JB3-


Stalmaster & BB-WI
Gessaman 1984


Stalmaster & BB1-
Gessaman 1982 BB2-


BB3-


gorperday

0.092 0.0255 SD g/g-day 4 Utah 1980 lab Win

0.0748 0.0130 SD g/g-day 4 4 e0.0651 0.0115 SD g/g-day 4 tem

C) saljacAutfoofor 

0.1087 g/g-day Washington river Est0.1227 g/g-day 1978-80 pre0.0911 g/g-day fee0.1020 g/g-day foo

frefooconof 

118.4 26 SD kcal/kg-d 74 170 NS 1980 lab Exi104.9 28 SD kcal/kg-d 51 160 win

91.4 15 SD kcal/kg-d 53 117	 ene

= Estdev(kctemto est

110 kcal/kg-d 4 Washington river Fly

1978-80 ass

req

0.0884 0.0239 SD g/g-day 4 Utah 1980 lab Win0.0755 0.0186 SD g/g-day 4 eac0.0680 0.0144 SD g/g-day 4 tem

-10wermal

A-108 
*** DIET ***


Reference Age Sex Food type Spring Summer Fall Winter N Location Habitat - Measure Not

Dugoni et al. 1986 B B muskrat 7.4 9 Louisiana swamp Rem

nutria 5.8 - folother mammal 2.4 % frequency of American coot 20.2 occurrence; prey mottled duck 4.5 remains at nest blue winged teal 4.1 other birds 13.6 catfish 21.8 other fish 19.8 reptiles 0.4 

Dunstan & Harper B B bullhead catfish 35.1 6 Minnesota lake Pre1975 suckers 29.1 1967-72 - 6 a

northern pike 13.9 % frequency of largemouth bass 5.0 occurrence; prey rock bass 4.0 remains at nests other fish 3.0 ducks 4.6 other birds 3.3 other 1.9 

Fielder & Starky B B american coot 14.7 61 Washington reservoir Lak1980 mallard 6.6 1977-79 - num

scaup 3.3 % frequency of redhead 3.3 occurrence; prey other waterfowl 8.2 remains at and below chukar 45.9 nest other birds 8.2 brown bullhead 3.3 walleye 3.3 unidentified fish 3.2 

Fielder & Starky B B american coot 75 340 Washington reservoir Ruf1980 american widgeon 4.7 1977-79 - num

mallard 4.1 % frequency of other waterfowl 7.4 occurrence; prey other birds 1.2 remains at and below brown bullhead 4.1 nest carp 1.2 sucker 1.8 other fish 0.5 

A-109 
Reference Age Sex Food type Spring Summer Fall Winter N Location Habitat - Measure Not

Fielder 1982 B B mallard 8 485 Washington reservoir Lak

American widgeon 4.3 1977-82 - numAmerican coot 64.1 % frequency of other waterfowl 9.2 occurrence; items non-waterfowl birds 4.7 found below perches brown bullhead 3.1 other fish 6.2 

Fielder 1982 B B mallard 11.8 85 Washington reservoir Ruf

American coot 11.8 1978-82 - numother waterfowl 12.9 % frequency of chukar 45.9 occurrence; prey other non-waterfowl 9.4 remains below sucker 3.5 perches walleye 2.4 unidentified fish 2.4 

Fitzner & Hanson B B mallard 32 72 Washington river N = 1979 American widgeon 9 1975-76 -

American coot 9 % biomass; prey other birds 3 remains below Chinook salmon 21 communal roosts sucker 4 European carp 1 other fish 1 unaccounted 20 

Frenzel & Anthony B B snow goose 7.6 913 n CA, s OR lake N = 1989 mallard 25.3 1979-82 - wer

northern pintail 14.8 % frequency of monamerican widgeon 23.3 occurrence; prey ate ruddy duck 9.4 remains from below american coot 4.1 hunting perches other birds 14.9 mammals 0.5 reptiles 0.1 

Grubb & Hensel B B fish 25 36 Alaska coastal Sea1978 (humpback salmon) (15) 1963,67,68 - is 

birds 62 % frequency of nes

(ducks) (7.5) occurrence; prey (seabirds) (15) remains at nest (glauc. winged gull (22.5) 

fox 5 invertebrates 7.5 

A-110 
Reference Age Sex Food type Spring Summer Fall Winter N Location Habitat - Measure Not

Grubb & Hensel B B fish 85 36 Alaska inland Sea1978 (char) (44.6) 1963,67,68 - pro

(sockeye salmon) (36.5) % frequency of eag

birds 10 occurrence; prey 

(common goldeneye) (5.4) remains at nest (other ducks) (2.7) (gulls) (1.4) 

mammals 5 

(snowshoe hare) (1.4) (tundra vole) (2.7) (reindeer) (1.4) 

Haywood & Ohmhart B B channel catfish 27.9 7 Arizona desert scrub, N = 1983 carp 16.1 1979-80 riparian spr

Sonora sucker 11.8 -other fish 7.3 % frequency of American coot 5.9 occurrence; other birds 10.3 prey items at and cottontail rabbit 4.4 below nests jack rabbit 4.4 other mammals 11.8 

Haywood & Ohmart B B fish 57.6 481 c Arizona desert scrub, Bre1986 (channel catfish) (21.8) 1979-82 riparian ove

(Sonora sucker) (8.6) - of (carp) (17.3) % biomass; prey typ(flathead catfish) (2.4) brought to or found the (desert sucker) (3.3) at nests (bass species) (2.8) 

birds 14.1 

(American coot) (8.1) (great blue heron) (4.4) 

mammals 28.1 

(desert cottontail) (8.1) (jackrabbit) (14.9) (rock squirrel) (1.1) 

reptiles 0.2 

Kozie & Anderson B B suckers 27.6 156 Wisconsin islands & shoreline Fou1991 burbot 13.5 1983-88 of Lake Superior inf

round whitefish 3.8 - togother fish 5.1 % frequency of 2% 

(fish subtotal) (50.0) occurrence; prey "ot

herring gull 21.8 remains at nest Islblue jay 6.4 northern flicker 3.2 other birds 14.4 unidentified birds 2.6 

(bird subtotal) (48.4) 

A-111 
Reference Age Sex Food type Spring Summer Fall Winter N Location Habitat - Measure Not

Kozie & Anderson mammals (whitetailed 1.2 (continued) deer, snowshoe 

hare) 

LeFranc & Cline B B fish 41 226 MD, VA, DE Chesapeake Bay Sea1983 birds 35 1979-81 - N = 

mammals 14 % frequency of visturtles 10 occurrence; prey 

remains at nests 

McEwan & Hirth B B fish 70.3 16 nc Florida lakes Sea1980 (brown bullhead) (46.1) 1976-76 - of 

(catfish) (13.1) % biomass; prey you(lake chubsucker) (6.1) items in nests fou(black crappie) (2.3) com

birds 25.8 of 

(American coot) (19.0) mam(ruddy duck) (2.3) car

mammals 3.3 con

(rabbits) (2.4) 

reptiles 0.6 

Ofelt 1975 A B pink salmon 15.5 3 Alaska 1971 coastal Sum

herring 32 - idetrout 4.5 % frequency of obsother fish 24 occurrence; prey other animals 24 brought to nest 

Sherrod et al. - - Norway rat (Rathus 20 34 Alaska 1972 Amchitka Island 1977 norvegicus) -

sea otter (Enhydra 56 number collected; 

lutris) items in nests 

Northern fulmar 16 

(Fulmarus glacialis) 

Short-tailed shear- 6 

water (Fulmarus tenuirostris) 

Cormorant sp. 5


(Phalacrocorax)


Rock Ptarmigan 9


(Lagopus mutus)


Glaucous-winged gull 17


(Larus glaucescens)


Ancient Murrelet 13


(Synthiliboramphus
antiquus)


Crested Aukulet 22


(Aietha cristatella)


A-112 
Reference Age Sex Food type Spring Summer Fall Winter N Location Habitat - Measure Not

Sherrod et al. Least Aukulet 9 1977 (continued) (A. pusilla) 

Smooth lumpsucker 31 

(Aptocuclus ventricosus) 

Rock greenling 5 

(Nexagrammus lagocephalus) 

Sherrod et al. - - mammals 36.1 78 Alaska 1971-72 Amchitka Island Sea1977 birds 49.4 - tha

fish 14.4 average % of diet of invertebrates 0.1 by biomass reg

harStejer

Swenson et al. B B birds 42.7 Idaho, Wyoming forested river, lake 40 1986 (mallard) (5.4) 76-82 - mak

(coot) (5.4) % frequency of lis(eared grebe) (2.4) occurrence; pellets (other aquatic bird (16.4) and remains in and 

fish 43.5 under nests 

(Utah sucker) (20.4) (cutthroat trout) (8.2) (Utah chub) (6.3) (salmonids) (3.3) 

mammals 13.9 

(muskrat) (3.3) 

Todd et al. 1982 B B brown bullhead 24.8 133 Maine 1976-80 inland Sea

white sucker 19.5 - Sumchain pickerel 20.1 % frequency of in smallmouth bass 3.8 occurrence; pellets white perch 3.6 other fish 4.9 black duck 3.0 other birds 13.5 mammals 6.8 

Todd et al. 1982 B B black duck 14.8 269 Maine 1976-80 coastal All 

herring gull 11.6 - colcormorant 7.6 % frequency of preother gulls 7.3 occurrence; pellets common eider 5.6 other birds 28.8 herring 5.2 other fish 11.9 mammals 6.9 

A-113 
Reference Age Sex Food type Spring Summer Fall Winter N Location Habitat - Measure Not

Vermeer & Morgan - - birds 41.2 1989 (glauc. winged gull (16.3) 

marine invertebrates 45.0 

(abalone) (6.3) (littleneck clam) (18.8) (California mussel) (8.8) (red crab) (5.0) 

fish 10 mammals 3.8 

Watson et al. 1991 B B fish 71.0 

(largescale sucker) (17.3) (American shad) (13.0) (common carp) (10.8) (peamouth) (9.7) (other cyprinids) (4.3) (salmon) (8.6) 

birds 26.1 

(mallard) (4.9) (green-winged teal) (2.2) (western grebe) (4.3) (cormorant) (2.7) (gull) (2.7) 

mammals 2.0 

(brush rabbit) (1.0) 

80 Br. Columbia, islands N = 

CAN 1988	 - inc

% frequency of moroccurrence; prey
found beneath
nesting trees


185 OR, WA Columbia River Sea

1984-86	 estuary pre

- com% frequency of repoccurrence; prey
remains at nest


*** POPULATION DYNAMICS ***


Reference Age Sex Cond Seas Mean SD/SE Units Minimum Maximum N Location Habitat Not

HOME RANGE SIZE Craig et al. 1988 J-1WI 4 km/day 1 6 4 Connecticut river Dai

BB2WI 3-7 km/day 1986 

Griffin & Baskett JB1WI 1,830 1,460 SD ha 6 Missouri lake Min

AB1WI 1,880 900 SD 4 eagJB2WI 4,820 1,830 SD 4 (1BB1WI 1,850 1,200 SD 10 

Grubb 1980 AB-- 3.5 km 1.4 7.2 49 w Washington San Juan Islands Occ

1975 det

coa

Grubb 1980 AB-- 5.5 km 1.1 14.5 28 w Washington Olympic Penninsula Occ

1975 det

coa

A-114 

1985 
Reference Age Sex Cond Seas Mean SD/SE Units Minimum Maximum N Location Habitat Not

Grubb 1980 AB-- 7.2 km 1.4 24.5 24 w Washington Puget Sound Occ

1975 det

coa

Grubb 1980 AB-- 4.8 km 4.2 21.2 4 w Washington Hood Canal Occ

1975 det

coa

Grubb 1980 AB-- 15.8 km 11.1 26.6 6 w Washington Grays Harbor Occ

1975 det

coa

Grubb 1980 AB-- 6.4 km 12.6 13.0 3 w Washington inland lake, river Occ

1975 det

coa

Haywood & Ohmhart AB-SP 3,494 2,520 SD ha 1,821 6,392 3 Arizona desert, riparian Min1983 1980-81 river Keister et al. BB-WI 6-20 km sc OR, n CA Klamath Basin For1985 1979-80 bet

thrthe 

Mahaffy & Frenzel ABISU 0.56 0.18 SE km radius 4 Minnesota lake, woods Rad1987 A B EB SU 0.55 0.17 SE km radius 4 1979-80 aga

A B LB SU 0.72 0.21 SE km radius 2 ear

fee

Mahaffy & Frenzel AB1SU 0.67 0.18 SE km radius 7 Minnesota lake, woods Dur1987 AB2SU 0.40 0.03 SE km radius 3 1979-80	 Rad

agaacracc

Nash et al. 1980 AB-SU km 6 w Washington San Juan Islands For

1962-80 

Stalmaster & BB-WI 6.1 km/day Washington river DaiGessaman 1984 1978-80 for POPULATION DENSITY Dzus & Gerrard AB-SU 0.104 N/km shore 0.026 0.179 12 Saskatchewan lakes Bas1989 JB-SU 0.035 N/km shore 0.005 0.088 12 CAN, 1984-87 and 

BB-SU 0.139 N/km shore 0.031 0.242 12 

A-115 
----

------------

Reference Age Sex Cond Seas Mean SD/SE Units Minimum Maximum N Location Habitat NotGrier 1977	 BB-SU 0.000084 N/ha Ontario, NS


BB-SU 0.000057 br area/ha Manitoba,


Hansen 1987 AB-SU


Hodges & King 1979AB-SU


Swenson et al. AB1SU
1986 AB2SU


AB3SU


Vermeer & Morgan AB1SP
1989 AB2SP


CLUTCH SIZE
Brown & Amadon
1968
Schmid 1966-67


Sherrod et al.
1977
CLUTCHES/YEAR
Sherrod et al.
1987


CAN


0.38 pair/km 89	 se Alaska riverine


1980-83


0.9 N/km shore se Alaska coastal 

0.0352 pair/km WY, ID, MT rivers, lakes 0.0255 pair/km 1972-79 0.0453 pair/km 

0.11 nest/km Br. Columbia Barkley Sound
0.07 nest/km CAN 1988


2 eggs 1 3 NS NS


2.28 eggs 1 4 50	 PA, DE, MD, NJ NS


1935-42,46


1.9 eggs 46 Alaska 1969 Amchitka Island


1 /year NS NS


A-116


TotsamBreautbir

Basbrethe 

As 

BreshostuYelYelSnaConpopforVannes

Meain nespre

Wilthe inc
----

----------------------------

Reference Age Sex Cond Seas Mean SD/SE Units Minimum Maximum N Location Habitat NotDAYS INCUBATION
Herrick 1932 34-35 days Ohio wild	 As 

197

Hulce 1886; 1887 35-37 days 1 Ohio captive	 As 

197

Maestrelli & 35 days 34 38 3 Maryland captive
Wiemeyer 1975
Nicholson 1952 35-36 days Florida NS	 As 

197

AGE AT FLEDGING Bortolotti 1989 -M1- 79.9 1.08 SE days 9 Saskatchewan lake (1

-F1- 83.0 0.94 SE days 11 CAN, 1980-82 Wes-M2- 76.1 1.03 SE days 14 fis-F2- 81.2 1.58 SE days 6 

Brown & Amadon 70-77 days NS NS 1968 Green 1985 -B-- days 70 98 NS NS SumN FLEDGE/ACTIVE NEST Grier 1982 --1- 1.26 N/terr Ontario, CAN lake You

--2- 0.46 N/terr 196

--3- 1.12 N/terr 

Henny & Anthony 1.01 N/act terr 0.58 1.22 489 California NS Mea1989 1977-86 and 

Num29-

Henny & Anthony 1.01 N/act terr 0.00 2.00 38 Colorado NS Mea1989 1977-86 and 

Num2-1

Henny & Anthony 1.10 N/act terr 0.91 1.38 132 Idaho 1979-86 NS Mea1989	 and 

sur

A-117 
----

------------------------

Reference Age Sex Cond Seas Mean SD/SE Units Minimum Maximum N Location Habitat NotHenny & Anthony
1989


Henny & Anthony
1989
Henny & Anthony
1989


Henny & Anthony
1989


Kozie & Anderson
1991


McAllister et al. --1-
1986 --2-
McEwan & Hirth
1979
Sherrod et al.
1977
Sprunt et al. 1973----


N FLEDGE/SUCCESSFUL NEST
Grier 1982	 --1-


--2-
--3-
--4-


1.28 N/act terr 1.07 1.58 305 Montana NS Mea

1978-86 and 

sur

0.95 N/act terr 0.72 1.18 882 Oregon 1978-86 NS Mea

and sur

0.90 N/act terr .76 1.14 1207 Washington NS Mea

1980-86 and 

sur

.89 N/act terr .52 1.22 217 Wyoming NS Mea

1978-86 and 

sur

1.30 N/act nest 1,469 Wisconsin nests from inland Dat

1983-88 areas act

wheanaSupmeafrofle

0.87 N/br terr 301 Washington coastal (10.59 N/br terr 1981-85 40% 1.14 N/act nest 109 Florida lake 

1973-76 

0.86 N/act nest 71 Alaska 1972 Amchitka Island 1.00 0.06 SE N/act nest 0 3 312 Alaska 1963-70 wildlife refuge, Sev

island the 

thineacurOve

1.6 N/suc nest 184 Ontario, CAN lake You

1.5 N/suc nest 184 Yea1.7 N/suc nest 324 (31.8 N/suc nest 149


A-118 
----

--------

--------------------------------

Reference Age Sex Cond Seas Mean SD/SE Units Minimum Maximum N Location Habitat NotGrubb et al. 1983 1.65 0.26 SD N/suc nest 22	 Arizona desert scrub, river 6 y

1975-80


Grubb et al. 1983 1.35 0.11 SD N/suc nest 1.22 1.48 170 Washington San Juan Islands 6 y

1975-80 are 

nes

Grubb et al. 1983 1.47 N/suc nest 60 Washington spruce & hemlock, Stu

1980 Olympic Penninsula Isl

Sou

Howard & Van Daele---- 1.4 N/suc nest 7 Idaho 1979 NS 

1980 Kozie & Anderson 1.69 N/suc nest 1,132 Wisconsin nests from inland Ref1991 1983-88 areas	 suc

inc

McAllister et al. 1.42 N/suc pair 1.35 1.51 45 Washington coastal 4 y1986 1981-85 are McEwan & Hirth 1.59 N/suc nest 78 Florida lake
1979 1973-76
Nash et al. 1980 1.3 N/suc terr 1.0 1.7 Washington coastal island Ten 

1970-79 max

fleter

Opp 1980 1.53 N/suc ter 8 Oregon 1978-79 various
Schmid 1966-67 2.2 N/suc nest 1 3 47	 PA, DE, MD, NJ NS Dat

1936-42,46 not 

Sherrod et al. 1.42 N/suc nest 71 Alaska 1972 Amchitka Island
1977
Sprunt et al. 1973---- 1.06 0.06 SE N/suc nest 1 3 196 Alaska 1963-70 wildlife refuge, Mea

island fel

thineacur

Swenson et al. 1.64 N/suc nest 160 ID, MT, WY forested river, lake Stu1986 1976-82	 Gre

six 

A-119 
Reference Age Sex Cond Seas Mean SD/SE Units Minimum Maximum N Location Habitat Not

AGE AT SEXUAL MATURITY
Nye 1983 -B-- 4 3 5 7 United States NS	 Age 

nesprowas fem

ANNUAL MORTALITY
Grier 1980 AB-- 10-30 %/yr NS NS Hyp

JB-- 30-70 %/yr aut

popfiryea

Sherrod et al. A-1- 5.4 %/yr Alaska 1968-74 Amchitka Island (11977 J-2- 89.3 %/yr	 Mor

annthe eyeRicof juvto 

LONGEVITY
Snow 1973 AB-- yrs 50 NS captivity	 Liv

unu

*** SEASONAL ACTIVITIES ***


Reference Begin Peak End Location Habitat Notes


MATING/LAYING
Brown & Amadon late Mar earl Apr Vancouver, BC, coastal 1968 CAN Brown & Amadon earl Nov late Jan Florida NS 1968 Grubb et al. 1983 Dec late Jan c Arizona desert scrub, river 

A-120 
Reference Begin Peak End Location Habitat Notes 

Grubb 1976 Jan earl Mar Colorado NS Grubb 1976 late Feb thru Mar Washington NS Hansen 1987 earl May se Alaska river Howard & van Daele mid Feb w Idaho 1979 NS 1980 LeFranc & Cline Feb MD, VA, DE Chesapeake Bay 1983 Mager 1977 late Sep thru Nov Florida, NS 

Texas 

Murphy 1965; earl Apr nw Wyoming NS Swenson 1975 Peterson (unpub.) Mar e Idaho 1979 NS Sherrod et al. Mar Apr Alaska NS 1977; Hensel & Troyer 1964 Swenson et al. earl Mar late Mar late Apr WY, MT, ID rivers, lakes 1986 1960-82 US FWS 1989 late Oct late Dec March se United NS 

States 

Weaver 1980 mid Mar w Wyoming NS HATCHING Howard & van Daele late Mar earl May w Idaho 1979 NS 1980 Murphy 1965; late May nw Wyoming NS Swenson 1975 Peterson (unpub.) late Apr e Idaho 1979 NS Swenson et al. earl Apr late Apr late May WY, MT, ID rivers, lakes 1986 1960-82 

A-121 

As citeAs citeAs citeAs cite1980.
As cite1980.
As citeHabitatPark.
As cite1980.
As cite1980.
As cite1980.
HabitatPark.

Reference Begin Peak End Location Habitat Notes 

Weaver 1980 earl May w Wyoming NS FLEDGING Hansen 1987 late Aug se Alaska riverine Harris et al. 1987 April May s Louisiana various Howard & van Daele mid Jun mid Jul w Idaho 1979 NS 1980 Murphy 1965; mid Jun mid Jul nw Wyoming NS Swenson 1975 Peterson (unpubl.) mid Jul late Aug e Idaho 1979 NS Swenson et al. earl Jul late Jul mid Aug WY, MT, ID rivers, lakes 1986 1960-82 Weaver 1980 mid Jul earl Aug w Wyoming NS FALL/BASIC MOLT McCollough 1989 spring fall n North NS 

America 

McCollough 1989 Nov - Dec Apr - May s North NS 

America 

FALL MIGRATION Craig et al. 1988 mid Dec Connecticut river 

1986 

Crenshaw & earl Oct Nov mid Dec Montana Glacier Nat’l Park McClelland 1989 1980-85 Fielder & Starkey Oct e Washington river 1980 1975-80 

A-122 

As cite1980.
As cite1980.
As cite1980.
HabitatPark.
As cite1980.
Begins until eEstimatsoutherlate faspringArrival Passing wintericommunaArrival 
Reference Begin Peak End Location Habitat Notes 

Fitzner et al. mid Nov Dec - Jan c Washington river 1980 1979-80 Grubb et al. 1983 July nw Washington coastal Grubb et al. 1983 June c Arizona desert scrub, river Harris et al. 1987 Sept Oct Louisiana various 

1977-79 

Hodges et al. 1987 Nov Dec Jan se Alaska river 

1979-82 

Keister et al. late Oct Dec - Jan sc OR, n CA Klamath Basin 1987 1978-80 McClelland 1973 earl Oct Montana Glacier Nat’l Park 

1965-70 

Sabine 1981 late Oct Jan & Feb Illinois forest 

1979-81 

SPRING MIGRATION Craig et al. 1988 late Mar Connecticut river 

1986 

Fielder & Starkey earl Apr mid Apr e Washington river 1980 1975-80 Fitzner et al. earl Feb earl Mar c Washington river 1980 1979-80 Grubb et al. 1983 Dec c Arizona desert scrub, river Keister et al. Apr sc OR, n CA Klamath Basin 1987 1978-80 McClelland 1973 late Dec Montana Glacier Nat’l Park 

1965-70 

A-123 

Arrival WashingEagles DepartuseasonArrival seasonDepartufrom thArrival 

Arrival are attArrival DepartuDepartuDepartuArrival seasonDepartuDepartuleave wavailab
Reference Begin Peak End Location Habitat Notes 

Sabine 1981 earl Mar Illinois forest Departu

1979-81 

Swenson et al. late Mar earl Apr WY, MT, ID rivers, lakes Movemen1986 1960-74 grounds 

Yellowsvicinit

A-124 
***** AMERICAN KESTREL *****


*** NORMALIZING AND CONTACT RATE FACTORS ***


Reference Age Sex Cond Seas Mean SD/SE Units Minimum Maximum N Location Habitat Not

BODY WEIGHT Bird & Clark 1983 AM-- 113 2.0 SE g 25 Quebec, CAN captive 

AF-- 120 5.3 SE g 26 

Bloom 1973 -M-FA 103 6.7 SD g 12s California inland Sea

-F-FA 115 8.6 SD g 16 1970-73 Fro

"U

Bloom 1973 -M-WI 114 7.8 SD g 14s California inland Mon

-F-WI 132 13.1 SD g 70 1970-73 mig

Val

Bloom 1973 -M-WI 108 8.1 SD g 9 s California coastal Sam

-M-SP 110 5.3 SD g 3 1970-73 res-M-SU 106 9.6 SD g 8 -M-FA 112 9.5 SD g 49 -M-YR 111 9.3 SD g 69 

Bloom 1973 -F-WI 124 8.9 SD g 24s California coastal Sam

-F-SP 117 11.6 SD g 3 1970-73 res-F-SU 112 10.3 SD g 11 -F-FA 119 8.8 SD g 73 -F-YR 120 9.2 SD g 111 

Craighead & AM-- 109 g 50 Michigan, NS TabCraighead 1956 AF-- 119 g 67 Pennsylvania	 own 

the but oth

Gessaman & Haggas AF-WI 138 g 9 Utah open agricultural (LI

1987 A F LI SP 124 g 9 

AF-FA 127 g 9 

Gessaman & Haggas AM-WI 119 g 9 Utah open agricultural (I

1987 AMISP 108 g 9 

AM-FA 111 g 9 

Porter & Wiemeyer -F-FA 142 g 125 159 13 northeastern captive Cap

1972 US 1964 nor

A-125 
Reference Age Sex Cond Seas Mean SD/SE Units Minimum Maximum N Location Habitat Not

Porter & Wiemeyer AF-WI


1972


NESTLING WEIGHT
Bird & Clark 1983	 NF--


NM--
NF--
NM--
NF--
NM--
NF--
NM--
NF--
NM--
FF--
FM-­


BODY FAT
Gessaman 1979	 AF-SP


AM-SP
AF-SU
AM-SU
AF1FA
AM1FA
AF2FA
AM2FA


Gessaman 1979	 AM-SP


AM-SU
AF-SU
AM-FA
AF-FA


METABOLIC RATE (KCAL BASIS)
Gessaman & Haggas AFNWI
1987 A F LI SP


AF-FA


138 g 130 142 5	 Florida captive


1965-66


10 0.31 SE g 1 day 8 Quebec, CAN captive 11 0.12 SE g 1 day 11 36 g7 day 8 40 g7 day 11 96 g 13 day 8 

100 g 13 day 11 123 g 19 day 8 117 g 19 day 11 131 g 25 day 8 127 g 25 day 11 118 g 31 day 8 114 g 31 day 11 

8 g 1 Utah 1973-74 NS 

4.3 g 4 

4 g 2 4 g 3 

5.5 g 3 3.5 g 4 

12 g 2 

8 g 4 4 % body wt Utah 1973-74 NS


3-4 % body wt
3-4 % body wt
5.3 % body wt
7.0 % body wt


327.2 5.72 SE kcal/kg-d 9 Utah open agricultural
414.4 9.84 SE kcal/kg-d 9
368.7 17.0 SE kcal/kg-d 9


A-126


Cap

thosubpau

NumunineswermasaduValdayBirSumSepSepfigis oriintrepto (Nincbudand witthe 
Reference Age Sex Cond Seas Mean SD/SE Units Minimum Maximum N Location Habitat Not

Gessaman & Haggas AMNWI
1987 AMISP


AM-FA


Koplin et al. 1980ABFL WI


AB1WI


Koplin et al. 1980AFFL WI


A F FL WI


Rudolph 1982	 A M BR SU


A F BR SU


Toland 1987 AB-­


FOOD INGESTION RATE
Barrett & Mackey AM-SU
1975 AM-SU


386.4 9.41 SE kcal/kg-d 9 Utah open agriculture 337.6 16.8 SE kcal/kg-d 9 364.9 26.9 SE kcal/kg-d 9 

50.6 kcal/day 42.0 61.0 nw California agricultural areas 

420 kcal/kg-d 353 512 

42.9 kcal/day 317hr nw California coastal 

360 kcal/kg-d 317hr 354 26.4 SD kcal/kg-d 4 California agricultural areas 287 19.1 SD kcal/kg-d 4 1979 

60 kcal/day	 Missouri grassland,


1981-84 agricultural


0.31 g/g-day 2 Ohio 1970 semi-natural


420 kcal/kg-d 2 enclosure


A-127


(NEst(pr

Pre

metexptimthe bod

Est

foowei

Estdurbrobudmetby froFalbotperMetactbasuns

Two encgrofor kestemIngcalpreequmam
Reference Age Sex Cond Seas Mean SD/SE Units Minimum Maximum N Location Habitat Not

Craighead & AM-SU 0.223 g/g-day 40 s Michigan captive outside N = Craighead 1956 AF-SU 0.196 g/g-day 0.169 0.223 28 1939-42	 fed

and g ausilearodpremal

Duke et al. 1976 A--- 0.14 g/g-day Utah captive outside	 Kes

105 deg198

Koplin et al. 1980AB1WI 0.18 g/g-day nw California coastal, (1

AB2WI 0.11 g/g-day agricultural lands bioAB3WI 0.29 g/g-day bio

weiintand the valfor weiuniinv

Sparrowe 1972 A--- 15-20 g/day 15 Michigan captive Amo

1968-69 kes

88-durstuKesg a "re

Wing & Wing 1939 A--- 0.22 0.05 SD g/g-day 0.14 0.35 26 Tennessee captive in enclosed Kes

1937-38 porch and 

daywerof 

A-128 
*** DIET ***


Reference Age Sex Food type Spring Summer Fall Winter N Location Habitat - Measure Not

Bohall-Wood & A B vertebrates 49 3 PR Florida 1983 dry pine/oak
Collopy 1987 (primarily lizards) woodlands (sandhill)


invertebrates 51	 -


% wet weight of
prey; observed
captured


Bohall-Wood & A B vertebrates 24 3 PR Florida 1983 agricultural/mixed Collopy 1987 invertebrates 76 hardwoods 

-% wet weight of prey 

Collopy & Koplin Coleoptera 10.75 7 California hayfields, pasture 

other invertebrates 14.15 -

frog (Rana aurora) 7.95 % wet weight of other herpetofauna 12.20 prey observed Microtus calif. 30.15 captured Sorex vagrans 9.35 other mammals 11.45 

Craighead & A B meadow vole 59.5 84 s Michigan fields, woodlots Craighead 1956 white-footed mice 29.5 1942,48 -

short-tailed shrew 1.3 % frequency of small birds 10.9 occurrence; pellet insects see note analysis 

Craighead & B B meadow vole 57.3 220 Wyoming 1947 grasslands, forest Craighead 1956 white-footed mice 12.7 -

shrews 1.4 % of diet; from pocket gopher 2.7 number of items in ground squirrel 4.5 pellets, food at least chipmunk 1.8 nest, regurgitated jumping mice 0.5 by nestlings small & medium sized 19.1 

birds 

insects see note 

Koplin et al. 1980 A B Lepidoptera 0.5 1533 nw California agricultural areas 

Orthoptera 1.0 -Coleoptera 17.4 % wet weight of prey Lumbricidae 7.1 observed captured unidentified 

(continued) invertebrates 10.9 

A-129


Mor

tha

are

Two of varlitideobsAvepelkesPerleuinsof froSeafroherbe 60% of the 

foo

man

Samobsvol(3

1983 
Reference Age Sex Food type Spring Summer Fall Winter N Location Habitat - Measure Not

Koplin et al. 1980 Microtus (continued) californicus (1) 26.5 

Reithodontomys 

megalotis (2) 1.9 

Sorex vagrans (3) 8.5 Fringillid birds 2.9 snakes 4.1 Rana aurora 10.2 Hyla regilla 9.2 

Meyer & Balgooyen - - invertebrates 32.6 10 California open areas, woods Mea1987 mammals 31.7 - det

birds 30.3 % wet weight of prey soureptiles 1.9 observed captured capother 3.5 bin

Toland 1987 A B vertebrates 81.5 429 Missouri disturbed grassland Ove

(mostly voles) - com

invertebrates 18.5 % by capture	 Mos

perverkesobscan

*** POPULATION DYNAMICS ***


Reference Age Sex Cond Seas Mean SD/SE Units Minimum Maximum N Location Habitat N

TERRITORY SIZE Craighead & AB-SU 202 131 SD ha 41 500 11 Wyoming 1947 grasslands, forest HomCraighead 1956 on 

plo

Craighead & AM-WI 466 109 SD ha 300 601 6s MI 1941-42, fields, woodlots SeaCraighead 1956 AF-WI 272 ha 168 376 2 1947-48 on 

Craighead & AB-SU 131 100 SD ha 21 215 5s Michigan woodlots, fields HomCraighead 1956 1942, 48 on 

plo

Enderson 1960 ---WI 452 ha Illinois NS As 

Haggas unpubl. AB-- 73 ha 18 n Utah open agricultural	 Hom

basfro0.9Hag

A-130 
----

----

--------

----

Reference Age Sex Cond Seas Mean SD/SE Units Minimum Maximum N Location Habitat NotMeyer & Balgooyen AF-WI 31.6 10.7 SD ha 18.7 42.0 5 California open areas, woods Ter1987 AM-WI 13.1 2.0 SD ha 9.7 14.8 5 1976-78 Mills 1975 A B NB WI 154 ha 452 16 Illinois agricultural area; Ter

1970-72 scattered trees lea

conobs

POPULATION DENSITY Craighead & A B BR SU 0.0003 pairs/ha 0.0002 0.0004 2 s Michigan fields, woodlots BreCraighead 1956 1942, 48 tow

dat

Craighead & -B-FA 0.0007 0.0004 SD N/ha 0.0005 0.0012 3 s MI 1941-42, fields, woodlots N = Craighead 1956 -B-WI 0.0005 0.0001 SD N/ha 0.0005 0.0006 4 1946-49 inc

-B1SP 0.0008 N/ha 0.0005 0.0010 2 (no-B-SP 0.0010 0.0002 SD N/ha 0.0008 0.0011 3 9,3-B-SU 0.0018 N/ha 0.0016 0.0020 2 tra

winremthe 

Craighead & A B BR SU 0.0035 pairs/ha 1 Wyoming 1947 grasslands, forest BreCraighead 1956 por

of 

Toland & Elder 0.0026 nests/ha 0.0023 0.0031 Missouri urban 26 1987 1981-84
Toland & Elder 0.0004 nests/ha 0.0003 0.0006 Missouri rural 90 1987 1981-84
CLUTCH SIZE
Bloom & Hawks 1983---- 4.3 eggs 38	 California juniper, sagebrush Cou

1977-80


Brown & Amadon 4-5 eggs 3 7 NS NS
1968
Carpenter et al. 4-5 eggs Quebec, CAN captive


1987


Craighead & 4.4 eggs 5 17 s MI, WY 1942, open areas, woods
Craighead 1956 1947-48


A-131 
----

------------

----

Reference Age Sex Cond Seas Mean SD/SE Units Minimum Maximum N Location Habitat NotCLUTCHES/YEAR
Carpenter et al.
1987
Craighead &
Craighead 1956
DAYS INCUBATION
Brown & Amadon
1968
Porter & Wiemeyer
1972
AGE AT FLEDGING
Bird & Clark 1983 -B--
Bloom & Hawks 1983-B--


Craighead & -B--
Craighead 1956
Craighead & -B--
Craighead 1956
Porter & Wiemeyer -B--
1972
Porter & Wiemeyer -B--
1972
N FLEDGE/ACTIVE NEST
Bloom & Hawks 1983----


Craighead &
Craighead 1956


1 /year Quebec, CAN captive
1 /year	 s MI, WY 1942, open areas, woods


1947-48


29-30 days NS NS


33.7 0.33 SE days 33 35 6 Maryland captive


25 days 19 Quebec, CAN captive


28-30 days 30	 California juniper, sagebrush


1977-80


31 days s Michigan fields, woodlots 

1942, 48 

29 days Wyoming 1947 grasslands, forest 

29.3 days 27 32 6 Maryland 1967 captive 27.4 days 26 30 10 Maryland 1967 captive 

3.1 N/act nest 36 California juniper, sagebrush 

1977-80 

3.2 N/act nest 6 s Michigan woodlots, fields 

1942, 48 

A-132


Kesbut eggcluremMay the Fronessuc

FloNorCou
----

----

Reference Age Sex Cond Seas Mean SD/SE Units Minimum Maximum N Location Habitat NotCraighead &
Craighead 1956
N FLEDGE/SUCCESSFUL NEST
Bloom & Hawks 1983----


AGE AT SEXUAL MATURITY
Carpenter et al. -B--
1987
ANNUAL MORTALITY
Craighead & AB--
Craighead 1956 JB--


Henny 1972	 AB--


JB--


LONGEVITY
Carpenter et al.
1987
Reference Begin


3.8 N/act nest 11 Wyoming 1947 grasslands, forest
3.7 N/suc nest 30	 California juniper, sagebrush


1977-80


1 year Quebec, CAN captive


12 %/year s MI, WY 1942, open areas, woods 88 %/year 1947-48 

46.0 4.6 SE %/year North America NS 60.7 %/year 1946-65 

years 9 Quebec, CAN captive


*** SEASONAL ACTIVITIES ***


Cou

Estthe fro

Moras indretlifflesea

Numbrebut suc

Peak End Location Habitat Notes


MATING/LAYING
Bloom & Hawks 1983 May 6 May 22 Jun 26	 California juniper, sagebrush


1977-80


Brown & Amadon mid Mar earl Jun Florida NS


A-133 

1968 
Reference Begin Peak End Location Habitat Notes 

Brown & Amadon mid Apr earl Jun central US NS 1968 Craighead & mid Apr s Michigan woodlots, fields Craighead 1956 1942 Craighead & mid May Wyoming 1947 grasslands, forest Craighead 1956 Gessaman & Haggas earl Apr mid May n Utah open agricultural 1987 Toland & Elder earl Apr c Missouri farmland 1987 1982 HATCHING Bloom & Hawks 1983 Jun 7 Jun 21 Jul 26 California juniper, sagebrush 

1977-80 

Craighead & mid May s Michigan woodlots, fields Craighead 1956 1942, 48 Craighead & mid June Wyoming 1947 grassland, forest Craighead 1956 Gessaman & Haggas earl May mid June n Utah open agricultural 1987 Toland & Elder earl May c Missouri farmland 1987 1982 FLEDGING Craighead & mid Jun s Michigan woodlots, fields Craighead 1956 1942-48 Craighead & mid Jul Wyoming 1947 grasslands, forest Craighead 1956 Gessaman & Haggas earl Jun mid Jul n Utah open agricultural 1987 Toland & Elder earl June c Missouri farmland 1987 1982 

A-134 

OccurreprobablEstimatOccurreprobablduring EstimatOccurreprobablduring 
Reference Begin Peak End Location Habitat Notes 

FALL/BASIC MOLT Gessaman & Haggas mid May mid Sept n Utah open agricultural 1987 FALL MIGRATION
Gessaman & Haggas earl Sep earl Nov n Utah open agricultural


1987


SPRING MIGRATION Craighead & earl Mar s Michigan woodlots, fields Arrival Craighead 1956 1942-48 breedin

males) same ar

Craighead & mid Apr Wyoming 1947 grasslands, forest Arrival Craighead 1956 seasonGessaman & Haggas mid Mar mid Apr n Utah open agricultural 1987 

A-135 

***** NORTHERN BOBWHITE *****


*** NORMALIZING AND CONTACT RATE FACTORS ***


Reference Age Sex Cond Seas Mean SD/SE Units Minimum Maximum N Location Habitat Not

BODY WEIGHT Brenner & Reeder AB-- 308 2.8 SE g 10 Wisconsin lab 

1985 Brenner & Reeder AB-- 198 1.8 SE g 10 Georgia lab 

1985 Brenner & Reeder AB-- 197 2.7 SE g 10 Pennsylvania lab 

1985 Buss et al. 1947 BB-FA 203.0 g 845 Wisconsin NS Case 1982 AF1- 194.2 g 24 Nebraska lab 

AF2- 214.8 g 24 

Gutherey et al. -M-SP


1988	 -M-SU


-M-FA
-M-WI
-F-SP
-F-SU
-F-FA
-F-WI


Gutherey et al. AM-SP


1988	 AM-SU


-M-FA
AM-WI
AF-SP
AF-SU
-F-FA
AF-WI


158 g se Texas e Rio Grande Plains 

154 g 1981-83 156 g 160 g 170 g 169 g 158 g 162 g 156 g sw Texas w Rio Grande Plains 

154 g 1981-83 156 g 161 g 165 g 157 g 157 g 157 g 

Hamilton 1957 AM-WI 189.2 g 16 c Missouri Ashland Wildlife 

AM-SP 178.7 g 7 1953-54 Research Area AM-SU 173.7 g 14 AM-SU 178.4 g 7 AF-WI 198.0 g 11 AF-FA 180.7 g 7 

A-137 

Com

"Wi

Com

"Ge

Com

"Pe

DurTomWeiegg ligMea

regbirwei

Mea

regbirbod

Adu
Reference Age Sex Cond Seas Mean SD/SE Units Minimum Maximum N Location Habitat Not

Hamilton 1957 JM-WI 182.2 g 47 c Missouri Ashland Wildlife Juv

JM-SP 169.3 g 72 1953-54 Research Area aduJM-SU 171.1 g 44 JF-WI 178.2 g 40 JF-SP 166.9 g 12 JF-SU 175.3 g 3 

Nelson & Martin AM-- 173 g 249 899 United States NS Dat

1953 AF-- 170 g 255 692 banNelson & Martin AB1- 162 g Florida, NS (1

1953 AB2- 193 g Wisconsin sta

prosou

Robel 1969 AB-FA 189.9 3.28 SE g 8 Kansas 1961-67 farms, prairie Col

JB-FA 174.0 3.49 SE g 45 JanAB-WI 193.9 4.56 SE g 11 JB-WI 193.9 3.90 SE g 36 AB-SP 190.0 4.98 SE g 15 JB-SP 184.1 2.99 SE g 26 

Roseberry et al. BB1WI 183.2 g 102 s Illinois agricultural Cap1979 BB2WI 185.5 g 90 1967-69 YeaRoseberry & BM-WI 180 g 277 s Illinois agricultural Eac

Klimstra 1971 BM-SP 168 g 226 1948-49 of 

BM-SU 162 g 226 BM-FA 175 g 108 

Roseberry & BF-WI 178 g 243 s Illinois agricultural Eac

Klimstra 1971 BF-SP 179 g 125 1948-49 of 

BF-SU 180 g 28 BF-FA 173 g 85 

Roseberry & AM-WI 181 g 224 106 s Illinois agricultural Col

Klimstra 1971 AF-WI 183 g 221 83 1948-69 Juv

JM-WI 179 g 221 346 froJF-WI 175 g 220 312 fol

Rosene 1969 AM-WI 168 g 140 202 50 S Carolina farm, forest Juv

AF-WI 166 g 144 195 54 1961-65 125 JM-WI 164 g 141 189 109 ColJF-WI 163 g 132 196 114 thr

Roseberry & AM-SU 162.8 g 385 s Illinois agricultural Klimistra 1971 AF-SU 180.4 g 72 1948-69 

A-138 
----

--------

Reference Age Sex Cond Seas Mean SD/SE Units Minimum Maximum N Location Habitat NotSimpson 1976 AM-FA 161.6 g 142.6 178.9 sw Georgia pine woods, farms 

AM-WI 180.6 g 154.0 221.0 1967-71 AM-SP 170.1 g 130.5 210.0 JM-WI 176.8 g 130.4 203.0 JM-SP 165.6 g 97.1 203.0 

Simpson 1976 AF-FA 160.2 g 135.5 182.5 sw Georgia pine woods, farms 

AF-WI 177.9 g 142.0 220.0 1967-71 AF-SP 169.3 g 139.0 197.3 JF-WI 176.5 g 143.0 218.9 JF-SP 164.5 g 129.0 195.0 

Stoddard 1931 BM-WI 164.8 g 397 n FL, s GA farm, woods, thicket 

BF-WI 165.5 g 342 1925-28 

Stoddard 1931 BM-WI 177.2 g 148.8 212.7 138 S Carolina island 

BF-WI 173.2 g 148.8 202.1 106 1927-28 

Tomlinson 1975 AM-FA 168.6 3.04 SE g 149 181 26 Sonora, MEX mesquite, grasslands Pop

AF-FA 162.8 6.10 SE g 146 195 19 1968-72 bob

Jan

BODY FAT Koerth & Guthery AF-WI 10.6 0.8 SE % dry wt 8.3 19.9 29 s Texas plains 1987 AF-SP 9.7 0.3 SE % dry wt 7.7 11.2 108 1982-83 

AF-SU 11.4 0.3 SE % dry wt 9.0 12.8 98 AF-FA 9.8 0.4 SE % dry wt 7.1 14.0 50 

Koerth & Guthery AM-WI 10.2 0.6 SE % dry wt 9.0 11.9 34 s Texas plains 1987 AM-SP 7.9 0.2 SE % dry wt 6.5 10.0 134 1982-83 

AM-SU 9.9 0.3 SE % dry wt 7.2 13.9 153 AM-FA 9.8 0.4 SE % dry wt 7.7 12.1 67 

McRae & Dimmick A F NB WI 13.8 2.7 SD % dry wt 11 Tennessee 1978 forest & farmland Pre1982 A F BR SP 12.7 2.4 SD % dry wt 5 Jan

A M NB WI 15.5 2.8 SD % dry wt 25 colA M BR SP 8.8 3.2 SD % dry wt 21 20

EGG WEIGHT
Blem & Zara 1980 10.9 0.2 SE g 22 Virginia captive EggCase 1982 8.7 g 367 Nebraska captive ProJohnsgard 1988 10.7 g NS NS


A-139 
----

----

----

Reference Age Sex Cond Seas Mean SD/SE Units Minimum Maximum N Location Habitat NotKoerth & Guthery 9.3 0.3 SE g Texas 1988 captive No 

1991 egg

birsig

Stoddard 1931 8.6 g 8.0 10.2 845	 sw Georgia captive Wei

1926-28


Stoddard 1931 9.3 g 761 Virginia 1927 captive Wei

CHICK WEIGHT
Andrews et al.	 CB-- 31.7 g 3 weeks 300 Florida lab


CB-- 92.6 g 6 weeks 300
CB-- 137.1 g 9 weeks 300


Blem & Zara 1980	 HB--


CB--
CB--
CB--
CB--


Jones & Hughes	 HB1-


CB2-
CB3-
CB4-
CB5-


8.0 0.3 SE g day 0 Virginia lab 

40 g day 20 

100 g day 40 170 g day 60 200 g day 80 

9 g day 0 South Carolina lab


47 g 3 weeks


117 g6 weeks
143 g9 weeks
175 g 16 weeks


Numage for in themaxNum

is dom

Day 

of 

Stoddard 1931 HB-- 6.26 g day 1 47 sw Georgia captive and wild "Ap

CB-- 9-10 g day 6 1924-29 (farms, woods, preCB-- 10-13 g day 10 thickets) CB-- 20-25 g day 19 CB-- 35-45 g day 32 CB-- 55-65 g day 43 CB-- 75-85 g day 55 CB-- 110-120 g day 71 CB-- 125-150 g day 88 CB-- 140-160 g day 106 

A-140 

1973 

1978 
Reference Age Sex Cond Seas Mean SD/SE Units Minimum Maximum N Location Habitat N

CHICK GROWTH RATE
Jones & Hughes CB1-
1978	 CB2-


CB3-
CB4-


Roseberry & CB1-
Klimstra 1971 CB2-


METABOLIC RATE (KCAL BASIS)
Blem & Zara 1980	 AB--


JB--


Case 1982	 AF1-


AF2-


Case & Robel 1974	 AM1WI


AM2WI
AM1SU
AM2SU


Case 1973	 AF1-


AF2-


1.8 g/day South Carolina lab


3.2 g/day
1.3 g/day


0.65 g/day


1.9 g/day s Illinois agricultural


0.42 g/day 1948-69


206.8 kcal/kg-d Virginia captivity
262.9 kcal/kg-d
183.3 kcal/kg-d 24 Nebraska lab


243.9 kcal/kg-d 24


261 kcal/kg-d 20 Kansas 1969 lab


125 kcal/kg-d 20
348 kcal/kg-d 20
155 kcal/kg-d 20


147 kcal/kg-d Kansas lab


127 kcal/kg-d


A-141


Age3 t9 t

GrodayweidayMetin metkcain AduweiAsywas Metreq(1wt(me

Exi

val"prTemPhosumof 

Exiand indfor werof g; Pho
Reference Age Sex Cond Seas Mean SD/SE Units Minimum Maximum N Location Habitat Not

Case 1973 AF1- 45 kcal/day Kansas lab Exi

AF2- 37 kcal/day ind

AF3- 28 kcal/day temAF4- 29 kcal/day (3AF5- 22 kcal/day Reg

ind(kcValwertemthe bodfro

Robel et al. A B FL WI 74 kcal/day Kansas NS (wild) Ene1979b	 wit

Estkcaand the beh

FOOD INGESTION RATE
Blem & Zara 1980 AB-- 370 kcal/kg-d Virginia lab Gro

JB-- 460 kcal/kg-d adu

65 175 

Koerth & Guthery AB-WI 0.093 0.0032 SE g/g-day 10 s Texas 1988 lab Foo

AB-SP 0.067 0.0021 SE g/g-day 11 pro

AB-SU 0.079 0.0061 SE g/g-day 12 and AB-FA 0.072 0.0017 SE g/g-day 12 con

commat9290humC, 49%proadjavedie

A-142 

1990 
Reference Age Sex Cond Seas Mean SD/SE Units Minimum Maximum N Location Habitat Not

Nice 1910 AB-FA


Robel et al. 1974 A--WI


Robel et al. 1979aAB-WI


AB-WI


Robel et al. 1979aAB-WI


AB-WI


Robel 1969	 AB-WI


JB-WI
AB-FA
JB-FA
AB-SP
JB-SP


WATER INGESTION RATE
Koerth & Guthery	 AM-WI


AF-WI


AM-SP


AF-SP


AM-SU


AF-SU


AM-FA


AF-FA


0.09 g/g-day 0.07 0.12 Massachusetts captive


17 g/day Kansas NS (wild)


0.10 0.002 SD g/g-day 3 Kansas lab


409.7 9.2 SD kcal/kg-d 3
0.089 g/g-day 12 Kansas lab


373 kcal/kg-d 12


587 kcal/kg-d Kansas 1961-67 farms, prairie


571 kcal/kg-d
657 kcal/kg-d
598 kcal/kg-d
519 kcal/kg-d
327 kcal/kg-d


0.115 0.020 SD g/g-day s Texas 1988 lab


0.106 0.010 SD g/g-day


0.093 0.012 SD g/g-day


0.086 0.013 SD g/g-day


0.100 0.023 SD g/g-day


0.131 0.037 SD g/g-day


0.101 0.013 SD g/g-day


0.102 0.044 SD g/g-day


A-143


CapbirConthrHan

As 

Gam(P-midphoof 

Samvalsorof 

Grothe conkcamul1.5 pos

Watfoo

dom

exp

Tex

foo

spr

falrelWI = 3ValappFor biring

1990 
Reference Age Sex Cond Seas Mean SD/SE Units Minimum Maximum N Location Habitat Not

Koerth & Guthery AM-WI 0.068 0.007 SD g/g-day S Texas 1988 lab Min1990 AF-WI 0.072 0.003 SD g/g-day wat

AM-SP 0.034 0.008 SD g/g-day mas

AF-SP 0.038 0.004 SD g/g-day con

AM-SU 0.049 0.010 SD g/g-day des

AF-SU 0.060 0.015 SD g/g-day tha

AM-FA 0.040 0.013 SD g/g-day ran

AF-FA 0.041 0.006 SD g/g-day hig

Val

*** DIET ***


Reference Age Sex Food type Spring Summer Fall Winter N Location Habitat - Measure Not

Baldwin & Handley B B native & naturalized 9.7 39.0 Virginia NS Col1946 legumes 1929-31 - Nov

ragweed 31.5 16.2 % dry volume; crop Jancultivated legumes 12.7 13.9 contents cultivated grains 16.6 8.9 mast 12.4 8.3 misc. seeds 6.4 6.6 fruits 4.8 4.0 forage 0.5 2.1 grasses 0.6 0.7 Orthoptera 3.4 0.3 misc. animal 1.4 0.4 (SAMPLE SIZE) (115) (380) 

Baldwin & Handley B B native & naturalized 24.8 108 e Virginia coastal plain - Col1946 legumes 1929-31 agricultural Nov

ragweed 15.0 - typcultivated legumes 31.4 % dry volume; crop peacultivated grains 9.7 contents mast 6.9 misc. seeds 4.7 fruits 3.6 forage 1.3 grasses 1.2 Orthoptera 0.6 misc. animal 0.8 

Baldwin & Handley B B native & naturalized 36.9 250 c Virginia piedmont section - Col1946 legumes 1929-31 agricultural Nov

ragweed 20.6 - typcultivated legumes 10.2 % dry volume; crop daicultivated grains 5.7 contents livmast 9.4 misc. seeds 6.9 

A-144 
Reference Age Sex Food type Spring Summer Fall Winter N Location Habitat - Measure Not

Baldwin & Handley fruits 6.2 1946 (continued) forage 1.5 

grasses 0.8 Orthoptera 1.4 misc. animal 0.4 

Baldwin & Handley B B native & naturalized 17.9 132 w Virginia mountain section -1946 legumes 1929-31 agricultural 

ragweed 27.5 -cultivated legumes 3.4 % dry volume; crop cultivated grains 24.9 contents mast 12.9 misc. seeds 8.4 fruits 2.2 forage 1.1 grasses 0.2 Orthoptera 0.6 misc. animal 0.9 

ColNovtypgen

Campbell-Kissock B B seeds of forbs 3.45 19.01 11.97 sw Texas grasslands - drought Colet al. 1985 seeds of bulblets of 51.66 42.93 4.85 1979-80 conditions 198

grass & grasslike - = l

seeds and fruits of 9.73 - 1.37 aggregate % wet Feb

woody plants volume; crop 

unident. seeds 4.55 0.03 2.26 contents green vegetation 4.81 1.81 72.38 animals 25.80 36.23 6.48 *sample size* *12* *9* *91* 

Handley 1931 A B total plant foods 87.16 78.67 79.71 96.80 se US 1924-29 NS Ite

(miscell. seeds) (21.24) (6.04) (11.07) (2.61) - whe(legumes) (15.19) (3.93) (10.08) (31.47) % volume; crop and fru(senna) (7.21) (0.42) (0.17) (12.78) gizzard contents wer(cultivated plants) (2.12) (2.07) (5.34) (2.61) Ite(grasses) (3.08) (11.28) (25.95) (2.29) tha(sedges) (1.08) (1.22) (2.36) (1.08) her(mast) (14.12) (0.17) (0.49) (27.99) mea(spurges) (0.08) (1.21) (5.47) (0.36) (fruits) (11.07) (45.76) (11.33) (9.49) (forage plants) (11.52) (0.27) (0.29) (5.17) 

animal foods 12.84 19.64 20.29 3.20 

(Orthoptera) (3.15) (7.50) (16.62) (2.43) (Hemiptera) (2.83) (4.35) (0.58) (0.08) (Coleoptera) (4.63) (6.29) (0.81) (0.19) 

*sample size* *86* *92* *129* *1,352* 

A-145 
Reference Age Sex Food type Spring Summer Fall Winter N Location Habitat - Measure Not

Handley 1931 J B total animals 25.91 34 GA, FL 1924-29 NS You

(grasshoppers and (8.18) - old

their allies) % volume; crops and wer

(beetles) (5.76) gizzards whe(bugs) (4.68) = M(lepidopterans) (3.85) com

total plants 74.09 her

(fruit) (16.78) (grasses) (36.12) (legumes) (4.97) (spurges) (4.47) (cult. plants - non (1.88) 

legumes) 

(sedges) (2.21) (misc. seeds) (7.60) 

Handley 1931 J B total animals 83.7 20 GA, FL 1924-29 NS You

(grasshoppers and (26.7) - tha

their allies) % volume; crops and wet

(beetles) (31.7) gizzards mea(spiders) (8.0) (lepidopterans) (7.9) (bugs) (7.1) (misc. insects) (1.8) (slugs and snails) (0.5) 

plant foods 16.3


(blackberries) (9.6)
(seeds of grasses (4.4)


and sedges)


(seeds of spurge) (1.1)
(misc. seeds, bits (0.9)


of vegetation) 

Heitmeyer 1980 B B soybeans 51.1 137 ne Missouri farms, woodlands Col

weed seeds 6.5 1977 - Nov

(nodding foxtail) (2.2) % volume; crop com(common ragweed) (1.4) contents inc

corn 24.8 milo 15.7 animal matter 1.4 

Hurst 1972 J B beetle 3.6 126 Mississippi dense sedges, forbs Ins

true bug 2.2 1968-71 and grasses decleaf-hopper 1.7 - (baspider 1.2 number of insects weigrasshopper 1.2 per chick; gizzard relant 3.6 and crop contents plofly 0.7 

A-146 
Reference Age Sex Food type Spring Summer Fall Winter N Location Habitat - Measure Not

Hurst 1972 J B beetle 3.2 38 Mississippi pine forest Ins

leaf-hopper 4.2 1968-71 - decant 6.4 number of insects (balarval forms -mostly 2.0 per chick; gizzard wei

lepidopterans and crop contents (mo

spider 5.2 true bug 1.9 grasshopper 2.5 fly 1.9 

Judd 1905 A B plant matter 83.59 918 US, CAN, MEX NS All 

(grain) (17.38) - win(seeds) (52.83) % (measure not amo(fruit) (9.57) specified); stomach cit

animal matter 16.41 contents 

(beetles) (6.92) (grasshoppers) (3.71) (bugs) (2.77) (caterpillars) (0.95) (other) (2.06) 

Korschgen 1948 B B Korean lespedeza 5.9 201 Missouri lowland region - Col

corn 27.4 1941-42 croplands and common ragweed 3.3 - 1.5sorghum cane 3.8 % dry volume; crop oaks 18.1 contents sassafras 4.9 soybean 12.1 croton 1.8 cowpea 7.5 

Korschgen 1948 B B Korean lespedeza 25.9 2,722 Missouri ozark region - crops Col

corn 7.4 1941-42 forest, pasture and common ragweed 12.2 - thrsorghum cane 6.5 % dry volume; crop < 2oaks 7.9 contents sassafras 4.0 beggars ticks 3.1 croton 2.4 small wild bean 2.0 ashes 2.1 

Korschgen 1948 B B Korean lespedeza 6.3 2,549 Missouri prairie region - Col

corn 31.6 1941-42 cropland, pasture and common ragweed 12.7 - fousorghum cane 21.8 % dry volume; crop comoaks 3.4 contents 

(continued) soybeans 3.5 

A-147 
Reference Age Sex Food type Spring Summer Fall Winter N Location Habitat - Measure Not

Korschgen 1948 Japanese clover 1.4
(continued)	 trailing wild bean 1.3


small wild bean 1.3
horseweed 1.1
hemp 1.2


Lehmann 1984 B B total seeds 60.88 79.04 70.45 50.99 s Texas semi-prairie, Gre

(weeds) (43.64) (33.71) (29.97) (34.29) 1949-51 brushland flo

(woody plants) (4.03) (20.51) (39.74) (9.49) - det

(grasses) (13.21) (24.82) (0.74) (7.21) % dry volume; crop qua

greens 27.39 4.90 3.44 10.31 contents gro

insects 8.03 14.20 17.85 23.33 3 wcultivated grain and 3.70 1.86 8.26 15.37


miscellaneous


*sample size* *51* *39* *27* *83*


Martin et al. 1951 A B	 ragweed 25-50 ne United NS Cau

corn 10-25 States - 124

smartweed 10-25 approx. % diet; = 2bristlegrass 5-10 stomach contents


wheat 5-10
grape 2-5
hogpeanut 2-5
blackberry 2-5
ash 2-5
poison ivy 2-5
sumac 2-5
oak 2-5


Martin et al. 1951 A B	 Lespedeza 25-50 7668 se United NS All 

beggarweed 5-10 States - cauoak 5-10 approx. % diet;


partridge pea 5-10 stomach contents
cowpea 5-10
ragweed 2-5
pine 2-5
milkpea 2-5
paspalum 2-5
soybean 2-5


Martin et al. 1951 A B	 ragweed 25-50 105 ne prairies, NS Fro

corn 25-50 US - 53

bristlegrass 10-25 approx. % diet;


sunflower 5-10 stomach contents
wheat 2-5
sorghum 2-5
knotweed 2-5
panicgrass 2-5
poison ivy 2-5


A-148 
Reference Age Sex Food type Spring Summer Fall Winter N Location Habitat - Measure Not

Martin et al. 1951 A B	 sorghum


doveweed
oak
panicgrass
ragweed
corn
sunflower
milkpea, downy
Lespedeza
wildbean
sumac


Robel 1969 B B	 sorghum


sunflower
western ragweed
sumac
corn
acorn meat
giant ragweed
osage orange
dogwood
black locust
riverbank grape
native grasses
other plants
animal matter
debris
(SAMPLE SIZE)


Rosene 1969 B B	 sesbania


partridge peas
trailing wild bean
beggar weeds
lespedezas
loblolly pine
green leaves
butterfly pea
corn
milk pea
other items


Wood et al. 1986 B B croton species


grasses


(bristlegrass)
(dicanthelium)
(thin paspalum)


legumes


(leavenworth vetch)
(hoary milkpea)


(continued) (roundleaf scurfpea


10-25 699 Texas, NS


5-10 Oklahoma -
5-10 approx. % diet;
5-10 stomach contents
5-10
5-10
5-10


2-5
2-5
2-5
2-5


19.7 10.7 27.5 Kansas 1961-67 farms, prairie Hab

0.1 21.1 9.1 - and 0.1 10.0 4.6 % dry volume; crop Dat9.2 0.3 13.5 contents mea

28.7 0.1 4.9 

4.2 4.7 2.4 0.8 2.1 3.0 6.8 - 2.9 

- 3.5 0.7 

5.5 0.0 2.7 

- 1.2 0.8 

3.0 19.1 3.9 5.2 6.5 13.0 9.8 14.0 1.3 4.2 0.4 3.7 

(106) (266) (219) 

winval3% "ot

17.1 1,400 sc Alabama plantation managed All 16.6 1950-62 for quail lea11.0 - hun

9.0 % volume; crop
9.7 contents
5.5
5.2
2.4
2.2
1.8


19.5


6.5 46.4 s Texas plains Sum

15.7 8.8 1982-83 -

(2.1) (4.5) % dry weight; (7.8) - crop contents (3.8) -

17.5 7.9 

(11.4) (1.1) 

(2.0) (3.4) (4.1) -

A-149 
Reference Age Sex Food type Spring Summer Fall Winter N Location Habitat Not

Wood et al. 1986 arthropods 14.1 8.4 (continued) snails 1.9 -

fruits 6.4 4.0 

(ground cherry) (6.4) (1.9) 

miscellaneous plants 22.1 7.9 

(greens, flowers) (6.0) -(yellow wood sorrel (5.1) -(dayflower) - (6.1) (spiny pricklepoppy (4.2) -

other foods 8.7 10.6 sand, gravel, unid- 5.5 4.4 

entified seed husks 

unknown 1.7 1.0 *sample size* *130* *159* 

*** POPULATION DYNAMICS ***


Reference Age Sex Cond Seas Mean SD/SE Units Minimum Maximum N Location Habitat Not

HOME RANGE SIZE Bartholemew 1967 BB-WI 15.4 ha/covey 12.1 18.6 4 s Illinois NS Det

cit

Crim & Seitz 1972 AB1SU 3.6 ha/summer Iowa State Game Area Ind

AB2SU 1.6 ha/day ent

widlonSch

Roseberry & BB1WI 15 ha/covey 12 19 4 s Illinois agricultural WinKlimstra 1984 BB2WI 9 ha/covey 4 1953-80 snoRosene 1969 BB1WI 3.3 ha/covey 2 9 166 Alabama farms, forest Mea

BB2WI 4.4 ha/covey 2 12 300 1947-58 win

and PlaWye

Rosene 1969 BB1WI 7.2 ha/covey 2 19 164 S Carolina farms, forest Mea

BB2WI 6.0 ha/covey 2 31 524 1947-58 win

and PlaFri

A-150 
Reference Age Sex Cond Seas Mean SD/SE Units Minimum Maximum N Location Habitat Not

Urban 1972 AM1SU 7.6 5.0 SD ha 11 s Illinois idle farms, woods, Mon

AM2SU 16.7 9.5 SD ha 9 1969 brush, cornfields SepAF1SU 6.4 4.0 SD ha 5 BreAF2SU 15.6 9.1 SD ha 4 and 

nes

Urban 1972 BB-SU 8.5 6.0 SD ha/covey 4 s Illinois idle farms, woods, Rad

BB1FA 9.3 6.8 SD ha/covey 7 1969 brush, cornfields in BB2FA 16.6 7.1 SD ha/covey 11 OctBB3FA 9.1 1.7 SD ha/covey 7 

Wiseman & Lewis BB1- 3.6 1.0 SE ha/covey Oklahoma pasture, shrubs, Siz

1981 BB2- 5.1 0.7 SE ha/covey 1975-76 woodlands, stream spr

channel pop

stu0.3

Yoho & Dimmick BB-WI 6.8 2.9 SD ha/covey 4.0 11.7 5 Tennessee 1970 woods, old fields, Rad

1972 cultivated fields loc

eac

POPULATION DENSITY Brennan (unpubl.) BB-- 2 N/ha s Mississippi NS Are

man199

Craighead & BB1WI 0.061 N/ha 2,073 sc Michigan farms, woodlots YeaCraighead 1956 BB1SP 0.046 N/ha 2,073 1942, 48 tho

BB2WI 0.015 N/ha 2,073 led BB2SP 0 N/ha 2,073 bob

num

Guthery 1988 BB1FA 4.78 0.407 SE N/ha 82 s Texas mixed brush Hid

BB2SP 1.62 0.062 SE N/ha 82 1984-86 rangeland 198BB2FA 5.00 0.300 SE N/ha 82 traBB3SP 2.18 0.205 SE N/ha 82 

Guthery 1988 BB-SP 0.102 0.0003 SE N/ha 382 s Texas upland rangeland Dic

BB-SU 0.352 0.0038 SE N/ha 573 1981-83 numBB-FA 0.208 0.0031 SE N/ha 382 BB-WI 0.164 0.0013 SE N/ha 282 

Kellogg et al. BB1FA 4.6 N/ha 453 Florida fields, woodlands Met1970 BB2WI 3.0 N/ha 453 1968-69	 cen

theestban= s

A-151 
Reference Age Sex Cond Seas Mean SD/SE Units Minimum Maximum N Location Habitat Not

Lehmann 1984 -B-WI 2.5 N/ha s Texas 1949 tasjillo-running Max

mesquite brush (na

car 

Lehmann 1984 -B-WI 0.73 N/ha 2,053 s Texas 1950 medium grass prairie N = 

-B-SU 0.39 N/ha 1,038 car

Aug

Lehmann 1984 -B-WI 0.21 N/ha 3,387 s Texas 1950 open mesquite N = 

-B-SU 0.094 N/ha 3,387 brushland car

Aug

Lehmann 1984 -B-WI 0.40 N/ha 1,000 s Texas 1950 tasjillo-running N = 

-B-SU 0.44 N/ha 1,000 mesquite brush car

Aug

Lehmann 1984 -B-WI 0.48 N/ha 1,055 s Texas 1950 tall grass prairie N = 

-B-SU 0.63 N/ha 2,098 car

Aug

Lehmann 1984 -B-WI 0.43 N/ha 1,698 s Texas 1950 short-grass prairie N = 

-B-SU 0.21 N/ha 1,670 car

Aug

Lehmann 1984 -B-WI 0.25 N/ha 1,821 s Texas 1950 bulldozed brushland N = 

-B-SU 0.057 N/ha 1,821 car

Aug

McRae & Dimmick BB-WI 1 N/ha Tennessee 1978 forest & farmland Rou1982 Roseberry & BB-FA 0.62 0.21 SD N/ha 0.28 1.0 s Illinois agricultural 27 Klimstra 1984 BB-SP 0.21 0.061 SD N/ha 0.11 0.34 1953-80 pop

resand 

Roseberry et al. BB-FA 0.63 0.24 SD N/ha 0.28 0.92 8 s Illinois agricultural Car1979 BB-SP 0.24 0.05 SD N/ha 0.18 0.33 9 1964-73 pop

estMar

Roseberry et al. BB1FA 1.36 N/ha s Illinois agricultural SIU 1979 BB1SP 0.85 N/ha 1965-73 pop

BB2FA 0.61 N/ha 196

BB2SP 0.22 N/ha NovBB3FA 0.23 N/ha PopBB3SP 0.11 N/ha due 

habpra

A-152 
----

------------------------------------

Reference Age Sex Cond Seas Mean SD/SE Units Minimum Maximum N Location Habitat NotRosene 1969 BB-WI 1.63 0.49 SD N/ha 0.93 2.28 4,830 S Carolina farms, woods Gro

1957-67 sea

quaFebcenyea

Rosene 1969 BB-WI 0.63 0.18 SD N/ha 0.37 0.88 707 S Carolina farms, woods Oak

1952-57 den

hun= nmea

Simpson 1976 BB1FA 5 N/ha sw Georgia pine woods, farms (1

BB2FA 0.6 N/ha 1967-71 are

Smith et al. 1982 BB1WI 3.65 2.22 SD N/ha 1.7 7.6 Florida pine woods Ten 

BB2WI 2.25 1.16 SD N/ha 0.6 3.9 1970-79 max

Norstu

CLUTCH SIZE
Lehmann 1984 12.9 4 33 317 s Texas prairie, brushland 

1942-52 

Lehmann 1984 --1SP 14.8 7 24 48 s Texas 1943 prairie, brushland (1

--2SU 11.4 8 18 47 6; --3FA 10.5 40 sit

Roseberry et al. 13.3 12.6 14.4	 s Illinois agricultural Min

1965-68 mea

Roseberry & 13.73 3.28 SD 6 28 347 s Illinois agricultural CarKlimstra 1984 1953-66
Simpson 1976 25.0 March 2 sw Georgia pine woods, farms Mon

16.0 April 22 1968-71 whe13.9 May 51 was 

11.6 June 80


10.2 July 97


9.4 August 44


Stoddard 1931 14.4 7 28 394 GA, FL 1924-29 farm, woods, thicket


A-153 

1979 
----

------------------------------------------------

--------

Reference Age Sex Cond Seas Mean SD/SE Units Minimum Maximum N Location Habitat NotCLUTCHES/YEAR
CKWRI 1991


Stanford 1972b


DAYS INCUBATION
Bent 1932
Lehmann 1984
Rosene 1969
N HATCH/SUCCESSFUL NEST
Simpson 1976
N FLEDGE/SUCCESSFUL NEST
Lehmann 1984


PERCENT NESTS SUCCESSFUL
Lehmann (unpubl.)


Lehmann 1984


Roseberry &
Klimstra 1984


1 /year 0 3 NS NS	 Not

birTexfem

1 /year 0 2 Missouri NS May 

1950-71 hat

bro

23-24 days NS NS 

23 days 21 25 s Texas prairies, brushland 

1942-52 

23 days SC, AL 1947-58 NS 

20.0 N/suc nest MARCH 2 sw Georgia pine woods, farms Num13.4 N/suc nest APRIL 5 1968-71 (su12.4 N/suc nest MAY 23 lea

9.8 N/suc nest JUNE 58 col9.3 N/suc nest JULY 85 egg 8.4 N/suc nest AUGUST 33 

12.2 N/suc nest 217 s Texas semi-prairie, brush Suc

1942-52 hat

bre

40 % nest suc 40 e Texas coastal prairies Per

cit

45 % nest suc 532 s Texas Rio Grande Plains Per

1936-52 

32.6 8.1 SD % nest suc 21.0 52.8 793 s Illinois agricultural Per

1952-66 max

yeaare

A-154 
----

--------

Reference Age Sex Cond Seas Mean SD/SE Units Minimum Maximum N Location Habitat NotRoseberry et al. 50.5 % nest suc 42.9 66.6 s Illinois agricultural Per1979 1965-68 Min

meaCar

Simpson 1976 --1- 17.5 % nest suc 15.4 19.0 412 sw Georgia pine woods, farms Per

--2- 20.8 % nest suc 17.8 25.0 313 1968-71 Stu

Lakyea

Stoddard 1931 36 % nest suc 28 41 602 FL, GA 1924-27 farm, woods, thicket	 Per

one yea

AGE AT SEXUAL MATURITY
Johnsgard 1988 -B-- 8-9 months NS NS (wild)	 Not

stiactat 

Jones & Hughes -B-- 16 weeks South Carolina lab
1978
ANNUAL MORTALITY Brownie et al. AM-- 78.8 2.47 SE %/yr 64.7 94.8 3,150 Florida open woods 1985 AF-- 85.3 2.72 SE %/yr 68.4 98.6 3,150 

JM-- 81.8 2.46 SE %/yr 73.0 93.7 1,050 JF-- 87.2 1.68 SE %/yr 67.9 95.8 1,050 

Lay 1954 80 Texas NS As Lehmann 1984 BB-- 70 %/yr 38 87 s Texas semi-prairie, brush Bas

BB-- 56 % Feb-Oct 1940-76 nonBB-- 26 % Oct-Feb juv

old

Marsden & Baskett -B-- 82 %/yr 1,546 c Missouri NS Bas

1958 1950-57	 cap

nondesadewin

Pollock et al. BM-- 81.3 1.2 SE %/yr 70.4 90.1 Florida pine woods Mor1989 BF-- 85.7 1.2 SE %/yr 74.7 93.7 1970-85 bas

A-155 
----

--------

Reference Age Sex Cond Seas Mean SD/SE Units Minimum Maximum N Location Habitat NotPollock et al. BM-- 52 %/yr Florida pine woods Nat1989 BF-- 56 %/yr 1970-85	 hun

aboAuthunnatbecwhihun

Reid & Goodrum %/yr 60 83 sw Louisiana NS As 1960 Roseberry et al. AB-SU 59 12 SD %/summer 53 80 5 yrs s Illinois agricultural Unh

1979 BB-WI 50 %/Nov-Mar 23 66 8 yrs 1965-72 sitRoseberry & BB-- 81 %/yr s Illinois agricultural HunKlimstra 1984 BB-- 70 %/FA-SP 1954-70 est

BB-- 37 %/SP-FA Nov

JB-- 25-47 %/0-16 wks col

Juv16 

Rosene 1969 AB-- 71.7 5.7 SD %/yr 48.7 75.7 AL, SC 1947-58 farms, forest	 Spr

of popYearanfro

Simpson 1976	 JM-- 68 %/yr sw Georgia pine woods, farms Ann

JF-- 74 %/yr 1967-71 capAM-- 54 %/yr to 

AF-- 85 %/yr fro

Stempel 1960 80-90 %/yr s Iowa NS As LONGEVITY
Lehmann 1984 10.6 months 484 Texas 1942 semi-prairie, brush	 Exp

quaNov

A-156 
Reference Age Sex Cond Seas Mean SD/SE Units Minimum Maximum N Location Habitat Not

Marsden & Baskett -B-- 8.5 months 

1958 

Marsden & Baskett ---- years 1958 

Rosene 1969 ---- 9.1-11.7 months 

Smith et al. 1982 ---- years Reference Begin Peak End 

1,546	 c Missouri NS


1950-57


5	 c Missouri NS


1950-57


AL, SC 1947-58 farms, forest


Exp

quaOctfronondesadewin

Grecap

Ranfor apphatpla

5	 Florida
 Gre

1970-79


*** SEASONAL ACTIVITIES ***


Location


pine woodlands


Habitat Notes


MATING/LAYING
Bent 1932 Mar
Guthery et al. mid Mar
Lehmann 1984 mid Apr
Roseberry & Apr
Klimstra 1984


May - Jun Aug
Apr-Aug late Aug


mid Aug


mid May-Jul Sep


Simpson 1976 late Mar May - Jul late Aug
HATCHING
Case & Robel 1974 Jun-earl Jul
Lehmann 1984 mid Mar May - Jun mid Sep


Florida NS
s Texas plains
1981-83
s Texas prairie, brushland
1941-52
s Illinois agricultural
1953-80
sw Georgia pine woods, farms
1968-71
Kansas NS
s Texas prairie, brushland
1946-64


A-157 

1988 
Reference Begin Peak End Location Habitat Notes 

Roseberry & mid May Jun - Aug earl Oct s Illinois agricultural Klimstra 1984 1953-80 Rosene 1969 May Jul-Aug late Sep S Carolina, farm, woods 

Alabama 

Sermons & Speake Jul Sep Alabama NS 1987 1984-85 Simpson 1976 late May Jul - Aug earl Oct sw Georgia pine woods, farms 

1968-71 

Stanford 1972a earl May mid June Oct Missouri NS 

1948-71 

Stoddard 1931 late Apr May-Aug Oct sw GA, n FL farm, thicket, woods 

1924-29 

FALL/BASIC MOLT Bent 1932 Aug Sep Oct NS NS Bent 1932 Aug Nov NS NS Stanford 1972a May June-Sept Oct Missouri NS 

1948-71 

Stoddard 1931 Aug-Sep Oct-Nov sw GA, n FL farm, thicket, woods 

1924-29 

SPRING/ALTERNATE MOLT Stoddard 1931 earl Feb Mar-Apr earl Jun sw GA, n FL farm, thicket, woods 

1924-29 

A-158 

A seconAugustAdults First fdepends Onset omost deyoung hCompletRenewal sides o
***** AMERICAN WOODCOCK *****


*** NORMALIZING AND CONTACT RATE FACTORS ***


Reference Age Sex Cond Seas Mean SD/SE Units Minimum Maximum N Location Habitat Not

BODY WEIGHT Dwyer et al. 1988 AM-SP 134.6 2.9 SE g - April 16 Maine 1976-85 NS 

AM-SP 133.8 5.8 SE g - May 22 

AM-SU 151.2 9.5 SE g - June 6 

Greeley 1953 AM-FA 168 1.8 SE g 45 Wisconsin NS As 

AF-FA 209 2.1 SE g 57 JM-FA 169 2.1 SE g 36 JF-FA 212 2.4 SE g 47 

Keppie & Redmond AM-SP 134.8 7.9 SD g 116 160 213 ne New NS 1985 Brunswick, CAN Marshall (unpubl.)BM-FA 166 g 171 Minnesota NS As 

BF-FA 212 g 221 

Marshall (unpubl.)AM-FA 169 g 71 Minnesota NS As 

JM-FA 164 g 100 AF-FA 213 g 109 JF-FA 212 g 112 

Nelson & Martin AM-- 176 g 221 390 United States NS Dat

1953 AF-- 218 g 278 313 banOwen & Krohn 1973 AM-- g 125 190 NS NS As 

AF-- g 160 240 

Sheldon 1967 AM-SU 145.9 g 127 165 31 c MA 1956-57 NS Sim

JM-SU 140.4 g 117 152 49 in AF-SU 182.9 g 162 216 48 proJF-SU 168.8 g 151 192 24 

Sheldon 1967 AM-FA 166 g 57 New Brunswick, NS 

AF-FA 208 g 75 CAN 

Sheldon (unpubl.) AM-FA 163 g 31 Vermont NS As 

AF-FA 199 g 33 

Tufts 1940 AM-FA 176 g 87 Nova Scotia, NS As 

AF-FA 219 g 92 CAN 

A-159 
----

----

Reference Age Sex Cond Seas Mean SD/SE Units Minimum Maximum N Location Habitat NotEGG WEIGHT
Gregg 1984 --1- 18-19 g 44 Wisconsin forest, open areas 

--2- 14-16 g 44 1967-80 brush 

Rabe et al. 1983b 17 g NS NS 

Wetherbee & 15.5 g 3 NS NS Wetherbee 1961 HATCHING WEIGHT
Gregg 1984 H--- 13.0 g 9 16 42 Wisconsin wild (forest, open
CHICK GROWTH RATE
Dwyer et al. 1982	 CM--


CF--


METABOLIC RATE (KCAL BASIS)
Rabe et al. 1983b	 AFB­


A F FL SP
A F BR SU


FOOD INGESTION RATE
Sheldon 1967 AB-SU


1967-80	 areas, brush) and


captive


5.1 g/day Maine 1977-80 mixed forests, field


6.2 g/day


115 kcal/kg-d s Michigan generic


315 kcal/kg-d 1965-80


553 kcal/kg-d


1.0 g/g-day	 Massachusetts captive


1958-64


A-160


Weihat

G. 

Egg As NewChi

(torecFroday105 

Bas

fro197enetemMicreqlayfem

Birearlibsum
Reference Age Sex Cond Seas Mean SD/SE Units Minimum Maximum N Location Habitat Not

Stickel et al. -B1WI 0.77 g/g-day 0.11 1.43 23 Louisiana 1961 captive (11965 -B2WI 0.73 g/g-day 0.11 1.27 11	 unt

untDifsig

*** DIET ***


Reference Age Sex Food type Spring Summer Fall Winter N Location Habitat - Measure NotAldous 1938 - - earthworms 87.4 55 Maine habitat NS Dat

coleoptera 3.8 - Tridiptera 1.4 measure NS; % other animal 3.5 stomach contents Rubus (seeds) 2.2 other plant 1.7 

Krohn 1970 B B earthworms 83.4 36 Maine 1968-69 woods Gri

coleoptera 15.2 - reldiptera 0.6 % wet weight; arachnida 0.8 mouth, esophagus, 

proventriculus, and
stomach contents


Krohn 1970 B B earthworms 58 36 Maine 1968-69 fields Imm

beetle larvae 10 - adugrit 31 % wet weight; higother 1 mouth, esophagus, Gri

proventriculus, and the stomach contents ent

Krohn 1970 B B earthworms 68 36 Maine 1968-69 fields Imm

beetle larvae 15 - adugrit 14 % wet volume; other 3 mouth, esophagus, 

proventriculus, and
stomach contents


Mendall & Aldous - - animal 94.2 NS habitat NS Evi1943 plant 5.8 - cit

measure NS; % stomach contents 

Miller & Causey - - earthworms 87 13 Alabama habitat NS Foo1985 coleoptera 11 - eso

hymenoptera 2 % volume; acc

esophagus contents ear

A-161 
Reference Age Sex Food type Spring Summer Fall Winter N Location Habitat - Measure Not

Miller & Causey - - earthworms 71 29 Alabama habitat NS Foo1985 centipedes 11 - onl

coleoptera 8 % volume; agadiplura 2 proventriculus diptera 7 contents 

Sheldon 1967 A B Coleoptera 38.7 15 NS fields Dat

Diptera 15.3 - colLepidoptera 14.7 % volume; Annelida 30.0 stomach contents other 1.1 

Sperry 1940 A B earthworms 67.8 261 North America habitat NS Sam

diptera larvae 6.9 - yeacoleoptera 6.2 % volume; 16 lepidoptera 3.3 stomach contents proother insects 2.0 groother animals 3.3 lepplants 10.5 and 

man

Stribling & Doerr A B earthworms 99+ 15 N Carolina soybean fields Con1985 other <1 1978-82 - pro

% wet weight; gendigestive tract con

Dip

*** POPULATION DYNAMICS *** 

Reference Age Sex Cond Seas Mean SD/SE Units Minimum Maximum N Location Habitat NotHOME RANGE SIZE Dunford & Owen JB-SU 332 78 SE m movement 113 Maine 1969-70 woods, fields Dis

1973 nig

15 tot

Gregg 1984 BF-SU 4.5 ha/brood 1 Wisconsin woods, open areas, Min

1967-80 brush rad

folhatat 

A-162 
Reference Age Sex Cond Seas Mean SD/SE Units Minimum Maximum N Location Habitat Not

Gregg 1984 BB-SU 32.4 27.6 SD ha 7 98 16 n Wisconsin forest, open areas, Bas

1976-78 brush dat

sex folgrofemfemfolsum

Hudgins et al. AM1SP 3.1 ha 0.3 6.0 2 Pennsylvania mixed trees, shrubs Med

1985 AM2SP 73.6 ha 38.2 171.2 6 1980-81 and fields Est

AM3SP 10.5 ha 4.6 24.1 4 rad

mingengenmal

Owen & Morgan 1975AB-SU 170 17 SE m movement 271 Maine 1971-73 woods, fields	 Dis

nigRadtotdiu

POPULATION DENSITY
Connors & Doerr BB1WI 3.38 N/ha 108 N Carolina agricultural fields Den1982 BB2WI 0.202 N/ha 79 1977-78 unt

BB3WI 0.034 N/ha 29 cor

fiewhehec

Coon et al. 1982 ---SP 0.21 nests/ha 34 Pennsylvania mixed forests, Hab

1972-74 plantations har

pla

Dwyer et al. 1988 BB-SU 0.223 N/ha 0.190 0.250 Maine 1976-83 second growth On 

AM-SU 0.035 N/ha 0.026 0.046 forest, meadows, conAF-SU 0.056 N/ha 0.037 0.074 ponds birJB-SU 0.125 N/ha 0.108 0.143 wel

fieminof mar

Godfrey 1974 AM-SP 0.017 sing M/ha Minnesota forest Den

1967-70 ha 

in 

A-163 
----

--------

----

--------

Reference Age Sex Cond Seas Mean SD/SE Units Minimum Maximum N Location Habitat NotJohnson & Causey BB1WI
1982 BB2WI


BB3WI


Mendall & Aldous AM-SP
1943


Norris et al. 1940AM-SP
Sheldon 1967 AM-SP
CLUTCH SIZE
Bent 1927
Gregg 1984


McAuley et al. --1-
1990 --2-
Mendall & Aldous


1943


Pettingill 1936


DAYS INCUBATION
Bent 1927
Gregg 1984


0.41 N/ha sc Alabama longleaf pine stands Den0.09 N/ha 1979-80 0.03 N/ha 

0.10 sing M/ha Maine 1939 NS - known breeding 

habitat 

0.10 sing M/ha Pennsylvania moist ("best") area 

1939 in barrens 

0.049 sing M/ha Massachusetts forest 

1951 

4 3 5 throughout NS 

range 

4 2 4 220 Wisconsin forest, open areas, 

1967-80 brush 

3.8 0.42 SD Maine 1977-80 mixed 3.0 0.67 SD 

4 NS NS 

4 3 5 NS NS 

20-21 days NS NS 20-22 days 7 Wisconsin forest, open areas, 

1967-80 brush 

A-164 

sam(32, suggropinyeaof mov

Peasincit

DenAs 

Enthauns

89% foupre(1if los

As 

As 
----

------------

Reference Age Sex Cond Seas Mean SD/SE Units Minimum Maximum N Location Habitat NotGregg 1984 AM-SP 0.067 N/ha Wisconsin aspen forest, open Inc

AF-SP 0.11 N/ha 1967-80 areas, brush, alder mal

numFemmalratdes

Gregg 1984 ---SP 0.11 nests/ha 0.75 Wisconsin aspen forest, open Mea

1967-80 areas, brush, alder fem

Maxareavastu

Mendall & Aldous days 19 21 NS NS As 1943; Pettingill
1936
AGE AT FLEDGING
Gregg 1984 18-19 days	 Wisconsin forest, open areas, Fle

1967-80 brush fli

N FLEDGE/SUCCESSFUL NEST
Gregg 1984 3.5 N/suc nest 104	 Wisconsin forest, open areas, Suc

1967-80 brush you

PERCENT NESTS SUCCESSFUL
Gregg 1984 48.5 11.6 SD % nest suc 29 67 220 Wisconsin forest, open areas, Suc

1967-80 brush lea

val(al

McAuley et al. --1- 50 % nest suc Maine 1977-80 mixed (11990 --2- 75 % female suc hat

hatren

AGE AT SEXUAL MATURITY Sheldon 1967 AM-SP < 1 yr NS NS Fro

AF-SP 1 yr Bir

spe

A-165 
Reference Age Sex Cond Seas Mean SD/SE Units Minimum Maximum N Location Habitat Not

ANNUAL MORTALITY
Dwyer et al. 1988 NB-SU


Dwyer & Nichols AME-


1982	 AMC­


JME­
JMC­
AFE­
AFC­
JFE­
JFC-


Gregg 1984	 BM--


BF--


Krohn et al. 1974	 AM--


AF--
JM--
JF--


Sheldon 1967	 AM--


AF--


LONGEVITY


41 % fledge Maine 1976-83 conifer and hardwood 

forests, mixed with open areas 

65 5.2 SD %/yr ne & nc US NS 

60 15 SD %/yr 1967-77 80 4.8 SD %/yr 

64 12 SD %/yr 

51 7.3 SD %/yr 

47 9.6 SD %/yr 

64 7.7 SD %/yr 69 9.4 SD %/yr 48 4.1 SE %/yr Wisconsin forests, open areas, 46 4.8 SE %/yr 1967-80 brush 62 %/yr Maine NS 63 %/yr 75 %/yr 63 %/yr 47 %/yr 384 throughout NS 38 %/yr 638 range 

Gregg 1984	 -M-- 1.5 years 8 Wisconsin forests, open areas,


-F-- 1.6 years 11 1967-80 brush


*** SEASONAL ACTIVITIES ***


Per

hat

E = 

Engcenfrorecof 

BashunAs Datfor spoSerspe

Basold the valMaxbir

Reference Begin Peak End Location Habitat Notes


MATING/LAYING
Dwyer et al. 1982 earl Apr
 Maine 1977-80	 conifer and hardwood


forests mixed with
open fields


A-166 
Reference Begin Peak End Location Habitat Notes 

Rabe et al. 1983a end Mar Michigan NS Whiting & Boggus earl Feb mid Mar Texas 1979-80 pine plantation 1982 HATCHING
Dwyer et al. 1982 mid May Maine 1977-80 conifer and hardwood


forests mixed with


Pettingill 1936 earl Feb
Pettingill 1936 earl Feb
Pettingill 1936 late Feb
Pettingill 1936 earl Mar
Pettingill 1936 late Mar
Pettingill 1936 mid Apr


open fields


Louisiana NS
Georgia NS
Virginia NS
New Jersey NS
Connecticut NS


Maine NS


Rabe et al. 1983a earl May Michigan NS Sheldon 1967 mid Apr earl May earl Jun Massachusetts NS 

1950-61 

Wright (unpubl.) late Apr earl May New Brunswick, NS 

CAN 

FALL/BASIC MOLT
Owen & Krohn 1973 Aug-earl Sep NS NS
FALL MIGRATION
Owen et al. 1977 late Sep mid Dec from Canada NS
Sheldon 1967 Oct Dec	 arrive N NS


Carolina


Sheldon 1967 Oct leave New York NS


A-167


As citeAs citeAs citeAs citeAs cite

As cite

As citeBoth adextensi

al. 197

By mid-reached groundsSummariSummari
Reference Begin Peak End Location Habitat Notes 

Sheldon 1967 earl Oct leave NS 

Pennsylvania 

Sheldon 1967 earl Nov leave Ohio NS Sheldon 1967 late Nov earl Dec arrive NS 

Louisiana 

Sheldon 1967 late Nov leave Kentucky NS SPRING MIGRATION Connors & Doerr mid Feb earl Mar leave N farm, woods, thicket 

Carolina 

Gregg 1984 Mar Apr arrive forest, open, brush 

Wisconsin 

Owen et al. 1977 Jan Feb s part winter NS 

range 

Owen et al. 1977 Mar Apr northern range NS Sheldon 1967 Feb leave NS 

Louisiana 

Sheldon 1967 Mar through NS 

Kentucky 

Sheldon 1967 earl Mar arrive c NS 

Illinois 

Sheldon 1967 Apr arrive NS 

Michigan 

Sheldon 1967 Mar arrive NS 

Pennsylvania 

Sheldon 1967 Mar arrive New 

A-168 

SummariSummariSummariBeginniArrival groundsSummariSummariSummariSummariSummari

1982 
----

***** SPOTTED SANDPIPER *****


*** NORMALIZING AND CONTACT RATE FACTORS ***


Reference Age Sex Cond Seas Mean SD/SE Units Minimum Maximum N Location Habitat Not

BODY WEIGHT
Maxson & Oring AF-SP
1980 AM-SP
Oring & Lank 1986	 AM-SP


AFNSP


PNC (unpubl.) AB-SP


Poole 1938
METABOLIC RATE (KCAL BASIS)
Kuenzel & Wiegert AB--


1973


Maxson & Oring AFBSP
1980	 AMBSP


-
AF1SP
AM1SP


Maxson & Oring E---
1980
Maxson & Oring AFPSP
1980 AFLSP


AFISU


Maxson & Oring AMPSP
1980	 AMLSP


AMISU
AMBSU


Maxson & Oring AFPSP
1980 AFLSP


AFISU


47.1 g 43 50 9 Minnesota island in lake 37.9 g 34 41 8 1975-77 41.3 g Minnesota island in lake (N49.7 g 1973-84 40.4 6.15 SD g 29.4 59.8 56 Pennsylvania NS Bir

mig198

47.5 g NS NS NS 

9.9 kcal/day NS lab Est

and fro

7.82 kcal/day 9 Minnesota island in lake (B6.67 kcal/day 8 1975-77 Ass

fem

166 kcal/kg-d rep

176 kcal/kg-d 

18 kcal/egg Minnesota island in lake Est

1975-77 pro

19-37 kcal/day Minnesota island in lake Est18-35 kcal/day 1975-77 for 

17.3 kcal/day lay

16.3 kcal/day Minnesota island in lake Est14.4 kcal/day 1975-77 for 11.2 kcal/day (L

15.7 kcal/day and 

wei

404-787 kcal/g-day Minnesota island in lake Est383-745 kcal/g-day 1975-77 for 

368 kcal/g-day lay

ass

A-169 
----

--------

--------

Reference Age Sex Cond Seas Mean SD/SE Units Minimum Maximum N Location Habitat NotMaxson & Oring AMPSP 440 kcal/g-day Minnesota island in lake Est1980 AMLSP 390 kcal/g-day 1975-77 for 

AMISU 303 kcal/g-day (L

AMBSU 425 kcal/g-day and 

*** DIET ***


Reference Age Sex Food type Spring Summer Fall Winter N Location Habitat - Measure Not

Maxson & Oring mayflies √ Minnesota island in lake Det

1980 midges √ 1975-77	 - in 

two major prey items available (biomass) 

*** POPULATION DYNAMICS *** 

Reference Age Sex Cond Seas Mean SD/SE Units Minimum Maximum N Location Habitat Not

POPULATION DENSITY Oring et al. 1983 AF-SU 10 N/ha 3.8 12.5 Minnesota island in lake 

AM-SU 13.9 n/ha 7.5 20.0 1974-82 

CLUTCH SIZE
Bent 1929 4 eggs 3 5 NS NS
Oring & Lank 1986 4 eggs	 Minnesota island in lake


1973-84


Oring et al. 1983 3.6 eggs 9 yr Minnesota island in lake The

1974-82 clu

fewlosreslay

Oring et al. 1983	 38.7 %eggs hatc 0.019 0.667 1142 Minnesota island in lake


61.3 %not hatch 1974-82


A-170 
----

----

Reference Age Sex Cond Seas Mean SD/SE Units Minimum Maximum N Location Habitat NotCLUTCHES/YEAR
Oring et al. 1984 AF-SU
Oring et al. 1991b-M--


Oring et al. 1991a-F--


DAYS INCUBATION
Oring (unpubl.) -
Oring et al. 1991a----


AGE AT FLEDGING
Oring et al. 1991a----


N FLEDGE/ACTIVE NEST
Oring 1982	 --1-


--2-
--3-
--4-


N FLEDGE/SUCCESSFUL NEST
Oring et al. 1983


clutch/yr 4-6 Minnesota island in lake
clutch/yr 1	 Minnesota island in lake


1975-89


clutch/yr 5	 Minnesota island in lake


1974-90


18-24 days Minnesota island in lake


20 days	 Minnesota island in lake


1974-90


18 days	 Minnesota island in lake


1974-90


1.2 chcks/F-yr 59 Minnesota island in lake


2.6 chcks/F-yr 50 1975-81
2.9 chcks/F-yr 15
1.0 chcks/F-yr 2


1.83 N/nst hatc 0.58 2.76 140 Minnesota island in lake
2.58 N/suc nest 1.67 2.91 99


A-171


Valclucasmea

Numeacdifofthis 

OriApp

App

Numper bigquamay 

1.8at fleone fle(14
Reference Age Sex Cond Seas Mean SD/SE Units Minimum Maximum N Location Habitat Not

AGE AT SEXUAL MATURITY Oring et al. 1983 - F 1 year Minnesota island in lake 

- M 1 year 1974-82 

LONGEVITY Oring et al. 1983 AF-- 3.7 years Minnesota island in lake 

1974-82 

Oring et al. 1991aAM-- 2.8 2.0 SD years Minnesota island in lake Num

AF-- 3.0 1.9 SD years 1974-90 

*** SEASONAL ACTIVITIES *** 

Reference Begin Peak End Location Habitat 

isllon

Notes


MATING/LAYING
Lank et al. 1985 earl May May-June	 Minnesota island in lake The pea

1973-82 from la

HATCHING
Lank et al. 1985 earl Jun late Jun	 Minnesota island in lake


1973-82


FALL/BASIC MOLT Bent 1929 Aug Oct NS NS SPRING/ALTERNATE MOLT Bent 1929 Mar - Apr NS NS Partial FALL MIGRATION Lank et al. 1985 late Jun ear-mid July Minnesota island in lake Adult f

1973-82 

Lank et al. 1985 earl Jul mid July Minnesota island in lake Adult m

1973-82 

A-172 
----

***** HERRING GULL *****


*** NORMALIZING AND CONTACT RATE FACTORS ***


Reference Age Sex Cond Seas Mean SD/SE Units Minimum Maximum N Location Habitat Not

BODY WEIGHT Belopolskii 1957 A F BR - 1,044 g 717 1,385 139 Barents Sea coastal As 

A M BR - 1,226 g 755 1,495 220 (Arctic) 

Coulson et al. AM1- 1,009 77.3 SD g 84 Scotland Isle of May Dat1982 AF1- 849 69.1 SD g 72 1972-81 bre

AM2- 1,042 68.7 SD g 68 198AF2- 862 61.6 SD g 70 culAM3- 1,054 93.4 SD g 129 denAF3- 888 65.9 SD g 159 one 

197(2

Harris 1964 AM-- 980 g Wales 1962 Skomer Island cliffs 

AF-- 815 g 

Morris & Black A F BR - 973 g 910 1,010 3 Ontario, CAN n shore Lake Erie Bir1980 A M BR - 1,280 g 1,260 1,300 2 1978 radNorstrom et al. AF1SP 920 57 SD g 10 Lake Huron island Col

1986 AF2SP 951 88 SD g 10 1980 May 

AF3SU 863 72 SD g 10 30AF4SU 918 80 SD g 10 

Norstrom et al. AM1SP 1,047 58 SD g 7 Lake Huron island Col1986 AM2SP 1,184 116 SD g 9 1980-81 (2

AM3SP 1,180 69 SD g 6 198

Poole 1938 850 g 1 NS NS
Threlfall & Jewer AM-SU 1,232 106.6 SD g 1,014 1,618 180 Newfoundland, bay Yea1978 AF-SU 999 89.7 SD g 832 1,274 78 CAN
BODY FAT Norstrom et al. AM1SP 7.5 1.9 SD % lipid 7 Lake Huron island Col

1986 AM2SP 10.0 2.2 SD % lipid 9 1980-81 (2

AM3SP 11.3 3.0 SD % lipid 6 198

A-173 
Reference Age Sex Cond Seas Mean SD/SE Units Minimum Maximum N Location Habitat Not

Norstrom et al. AF1SP 18.3 5.4 SD % lipid 10 Lake Huron island Col1986 AF2SP 8.2 2.0 SD % lipid 10 1980 May 

AF3SU 8.7 2.3 SD % lipid 10 30AF4SU 7.7 2.1 SD % lipid 10 

EGG WEIGHT Harris 1964 E-1- 84.68 g Wales 1962 Skomer Island cliffs Tot

E-2- 85.03 g firE-3- 75.31 g egg

calcalcengra

Hebert & Barclay E-1- 87.16 g 138 New Brunswick, island Wei1988 E-2- 85.68 g 160 CAN fro

two 

Meathrel et al. E-1- 7.5 0.51 SD g lipid 36 Lake Superior, island Egg 1987 E-2- 7.45 0.59 SD g lipid 45 CAN (1Meathrel et al. E-1- 143.72 9.58 SD kcal/egg 36 Lake Superior, island Egg 1987 E-2- 144.53 8.71 SD kcal/egg 45 CAN mea

(2

Meathrel et al. E-1- 66.92 5.32 SD g water 36 Lake Superior, island Egg 1987 E-2- 68.89 5.54 SD g water 45 CAN in Meathrel et al. E-1- 92.0 5.9 SD g 93 Lake Superior, islands Yea1987 E-2- 98.0 8.0 SD g 156 CAN Pierotti 1982 E-1- 91.1 7.9 SD g 120 Newfoundland, Great Island, grassy Lay

E-2- 88.4 7.4 SD g 111 CAN 1977 slope (2E-3- 81.2 6.3 SD g 40 

Pierotti 1982 E-1- 94.8 7.9 SD g 134 Newfoundland, Great Island, grassy Lay

E-2- 92.7 7.7 SD g 127 CAN 1978 slope (2E-3- 86.7 7.0 SD g 102 

HATCHING WEIGHT Hebert & Barclay H-1- 63.32 4.94 SD g 14 New Brunswick, island Hat1986 H-2- 63.42 6.21 SD g 14 CAN 1984 (2

H-3- 57.00 7.78 SD g 14 SD H - AV - 61.22 10.95 SD g 42 

A-174 
Reference Age Sex Cond Seas Mean SD/SE Units Minimum Maximum N Location Habitat Not

Pierotti 1982	 H-1-


H-2-


Pierotti 1982	 H-1-


H-2-


Pierotti 1982	 H-1-


H-2-


Pierotti 1982	 H-1-


H-2-


Pierotti 1982	 H-1-


H-2-


Pierotti 1982	 H-1-


H-2-


CHICK WEIGHT
Dunn & Brisbin CB1SU


1980	 CB2SU


CB3SU
CB4SU


CHICK GROWTH RATE
Haycock & C---
Threlfall 1975
Hebert & Barclay CB1SU
1986	 CB2SU


CB3SU
C B AV SU


Hunt 1972 CB-SU
Kadlec et al. 1969C-1-


C-2-


68.9 6.2 SD g 85 Newfoundland, Great Island, rocky 61.7 7.2 SD g 50 CAN 1977 

66.3 6.8 SD g 85 Newfoundland, Great island, grassy 57.9 5.5 SD g 51 CAN 1977 slope 

65.5 6.3 SD g 63 Newfoundland, Great Island, meadow 57.1 6.3 SD g 34 CAN 1977 

70.0 5.9 SD g 82 Newfoundland, Great Island, rocky 63.9 5.1 SD g 56 CAN 1978 

66.0 6.0 SD g 92 Newfoundland, Great Island, grassy 60.0 5.8 SD g 49 CAN 1978 slope 

66.1 7.3 SD g 58 Newfoundland, Great Island, meadow 59.6 7.1 SD g 33 CAN 1978 

65 g 50 80 Maine 1972-73 coastal island


230 g 120 380


590 g 420 800
810 g 610 1,000


g/day 40 Newfoundland, Gull Island 

CAN 1969-71 

1.08 1.01 SE g/day 13 New Brunswick, island 1.07 1.01 SE g/day 13 CAN 1.02 1.02 SE g/day 5 1.06 1.01 SE g/day 31 

30.18 1.75 SD g/day 26.7 31.4 136 Maine 1968-70 coastal islands 

28.8 g/day 20 Massachusetts Gray’s Rock (island) 10.3 g/day 20 1964 

A-175


Masfiregg

Masfiregg

Masfiregg

Masfiregg

Masfiregg

Masfiregg

Age

hat(41 i

MaxoccUp hathatSE hig

Bet

Gro30of hav
Reference Age Sex Cond Seas Mean SD/SE Units Minimum Maximum N Location Habitat Not

Pierotti 1982 --1- 32.11 3.98 SD g/day 93 Newfoundland, Great Island, rocky Gro

--2- 33.39 4.72 SD g/day 89 CAN Yea

Pierotti 1982 --1- 28.99 7.03 SD g/day 111 Newfoundland, grassy slope Hab

--2- 31.38 4.57 SD g/day 119 CAN rat

(1

Pierotti 1982 --1- 26.27 6.53 SD g/day 79 Newfoundland, Great Island, meadow Gro

--2- 31.68 5.43 SD g/day 80 CAN Yea

Pierotti 1982 --1- 8.8 g/day 115 Newfoundland, Great Island, rocky Est

--2- 13.1 g/day 85 CAN - d

(alof (1

Pierotti 1982 --1- 11.7 g/day 125 Newfoundland, grassy slope Hab

--2- 13.1 g/day 146 CAN Est

- d(alof (1

Pierotti 1982 --1- 9.4 g/day 98 Newfoundland, Great Island, meadow Est

--2- 11.2 g/day 88 CAN - d

(alof (1

FLEDGING WEIGHT
Pierotti 1982 F-1- 912.2 100.1 SD g 29 Newfoundland, Great Island, rocky Mas

F-2- 887.4 93.4 SD g 22 CAN 1977 (1F-3- 853.4 90.2 SD g 14 sec

egg

Pierotti 1982 F-1- 818.0 99.2 SD g 27 Newfoundland, Great Island, grassy Mas

F-2- 825.3 99.1 SD g 28 CAN 1977 slope (1F-3- 776.3 83.6 SD g 13 sec

egg

Pierotti 1982 F-1- 832.9 90.7 SD g 16 Newfoundland, Great Island, meadow Mas

F-2- 842.2 90.6 SD g 22 CAN 1977 (1F-3- 759.4 75.3 SD g 10 sec

egg

A-176 
Reference Age Sex Cond Seas Mean SD/SE Units Minimum Maximum N Location Habitat Not

Pierotti 1982	 F-1-


F-2-
F-3-


Pierotti 1982	 F-1-


F-2-
F-3-


Pierotti 1982	 F-1-


F-2-
F-3-


METABOLIC RATE (KCAL BASIS)
Dunn 1980	 CB1SU


CB2SU
CB3SU
CB4SU


Dunn 1976	 CB1SU


CB2SU
CB3SU
CB4SU
CB5SU
CB6SU


Lustick et al. A-B-
1978
Norstrom et al. CB1SU


1986 CB2SU


CB3SU


Sibly & McCleery AMISU
1983 AFISU


964.4 77.3 SD g 20 Newfoundland, Great Island, rocky 974.8 98.1 SD g 16 CAN 1978 985.5 88.8 SD g 11 899.3 103.3 SD g 30 Newfoundland, Great Island, grassy 909.4 102.3 SD g 17 CAN 1978 slope 913.3 85.7 SD g 12 935.6 99.6 SD g 15 Newfoundland, Great Island, meadow 976.2 77.3 SD g 29 CAN 1978 952.5 61.2 SD g 11 

110 kcal/day Maine 1972 coastal island


185 kcal/day
230 kcal/day
250 kcal/day


8 kcal/day Maine 1972 coastal island


50 kcal/day


100 kcal/day
137 kcal/day
155 kcal/day
155 kcal/day


99 kcal/kg-d laboratory 

100 kcal/day NS captive 

190 kcal/day 

250 kcal/day 

79.2 kcal/day England marine island
67.2 kcal/day 1976-77


A-177


Mas(1seceggMas(1seceggMas(1secegg

Estof condaydayfig

Estchias 10 dayEst197

Met

chi(2197unp

Weiinc
Reference Age Sex Cond Seas Mean SD/SE Units Minimum Maximum N Location Habitat Not

present study AMI- 97.1 kcal/kg-d NS NS Est

AFI- 70.2 kcal/kg-d dat

and Bel

FOOD INGESTION RATE
Pierotti & Annett A M BR SU 0.20 g/g-day Newfoundland NS Die1991 A F BR SU 0.21 g/g-day	 11

day musand assfor reqfor of 

Pierotti & Annett A M BR SU 0.19 g/g-day Newfoundland NS Die1991 A F BR SU 0.18 g/g-day	 4.2 

day garfemeneaccwei

THERMONEUTRAL ZONE
Lustick et al. JB-- degrees C 17.5 30 Ohio, Michigan lab Oxy

1979 and 

*** DIET *** 

Reference Age Sex Food type Spring Summer Fall Winter N Location Habitat - Measure Not

Burger 1988 - - snails 3 21 CA,FL,NY,NJ,TX terrest., coastal, Bir

crabs 14 open water evagarbage 27 -offal 5 % of gulls feeding worms 23 on the items other inverts. 28 fish ? 

A-178 
Reference Age Sex Food type Spring Summer Fall Winter N Location Habitat - Measure Not

Ewins et al. A B fish 76 231 Lake Erie Middle Island Fis(unpubl. mammal 5 1978-91 - % Amanuscript) bird 1 % of total diet dru

invertebrate 1 items; regurgitated flaplant 16 pellets and faeces garbage -

Ewins et al. A B fish 50 151 Niagara River river Fis(unpubl. mammal 1 1978-91 - Osmmanuscript) bird 16 % frequency; Ict

invertebrate 30 regurgitated bulplant 15 pellets and faeces (stgarbage 45 (al

vol

Ewins et al. A B fish 5 167 Lake Huron Chantry Island The (unpubl. mammal 78 1978-91 - to manuscript) bird 10 % of total diet 

invertebrate 2 items; regurgitated plant 1 pellets and faeces garbage 3 

Ewins et al. A B fish 98 224 Lake Ontario Scotch Bonnet Island Fis(unpubl. mammal 4 1978-91 - Alomanuscript) bird 18 % of total diet Osm

invertebrate 5 items; regurgitated plant 21 pellets and faeces garbage 7 

Ewins et al. A B fish 76 211 Lake Ontario Snake Island Fis(unpubl. mammal 23 1978-91 - psemanuscript) bird 5 % of total diet Amp

invertebrate 13 items; regurgitated and plant 33 pellets and faeces pergarbage 15 

Ewins et al. A B alewife 35 1477 Great Lakes various Sum(unpubl. freshwater drum 23 1978-91 - locmanuscript) rainbow smelt 13 % frequency; pel

sunfishes 11 regurgitated perch 11 pellets and faeces 

Fox et al. 1990 A B Year: 1978 1979 1980 1981 Lake Ontario Gull Island All 

American smelt 46.1 18.4 61.2 57.8 1978-81 - sumalewife 23.1 73.7 16.7 23.4 % of items; perother fish 20.5 0.0 3.4 3.1 incubating adult basbirds 2.6 2.6 13.8 6.2 regurgitation Shovoles 2.6 2.6 3.4 9.4 cominsects & refuse 12.8 0 3.4 0 

(N) (31) (23) (15) (26) 

A-179 
Reference Age Sex Food type Spring Summer Fall Winter N Location Habitat - Measure Not

Fox et al. 1990 C B Lake: Ontario Erie Huron Superior Great Lakes islands Sea

fish 91.8 94.1 75.8 38.6 1977-83 - Shoinsects 5.5 5.9 5.6 42.1 % of occurrence; coloffal, garbage 0.5 2.9 13.6 21.0 boli regurgitated by gull chicks/ chicks 

ducklings 2.2 - 1.0 -

adult birds 1.6 - 1.0 3.5 amphibians/aquatic 

larvae 0.5 - - -

earthworms 2.2 - 11.6 1.7 crayfish - - 0.5 -

(N) (182) (34) (198) (57) 

Fox et al. 1990 A B American smelt 35.6 132 Lake Ontario islands 

alewife 28.8 1978-83 -other fish 9.1 % of occurrence; unidentified fish 8.3 incubating adult birds 9.8 regurgitation voles 8.3 refuse, offal 4.5 insects 3.0 bird eggs 1.5 earthworms 0.8 amphibians 0.8 crayfish 0.8 

Haycock & - - Months: Mid-May Mid-Jun Mid-Jul Newfoundland, Gull Island Threlfall 1975 Mid-Jun Mid-Jul Mid-Aug CAN 1970-71 -

Hyas sp. 0.7 0.0 0.0 % of occurrence; Oniscus sp. 0.0 1.7 0.0 regurgitation and insects 0.0 2.7 2.3 pellets Acmaea sp. 0.3 0.0 0.0 Mytilus edulis 30.9 0.9 9.1 Illex illecebrosus 0.0 0.0 1.5 Asterias sp. 0.0 0.9 0.7 sea urchin 5.8 0.0 4.5 fish 11.4 71.1 18.9 Rana clamitans 0.0 1.7 0.0 Oceanodroma 22.4 7.0 15.9 

leuchorhoa


Fratercula arctica 5.8 0.0 1.5


adults


Fratercula, Uria 0.0 3.5 9.1


chicks


Fratercula, Uria 1.4 1.7 0.8


eggs


Larus sp. chicks 0.0 0.9 2.3


(continued) Larus sp. eggs 3.1 5.3 0.8


A-180


MosincdatconfoumidComspAcm(bl(nosp

(fr(Le

arcFraLar

(ki(bl

(At

Atl

and 

and 
Reference Age Sex Food type Spring Summer Fall Winter N Location Habitat - Measure Not

Haycock & Rissa tridactyla 0.0 0.0 1.5 Threlfall 1975 chicks (continued) Vaccinium - - 9.9 

angustifolium 

Gadus morhua offal 12.4 1.7 14.4 assorted refuse 5.8 0.9 6.8 

(N) (291) (114) (132) 

Mendall 1939 - - (fish) (76.90) 62 Maine 1936-37 inland lakes Tab

white perch 36.08 - was sunfishes(Eupomotis 10.10 % of total diet per

gibbosus, Lepomis items; stomach recauritus) contents Bio

yellow perch 8.18 minnows 6.14 small-mouthed bass 4.00 common sucker 3.60 trout or salmon 2.00 unidentified fish 6.80 (misc. animal food) (6.86) insects(Hymenoptera, 3.44 

Coleoptera) 

mollusks (Unionidae) 2.06 birds 1.36 

(Compsothylpidae, 

Fringillidae) 

(vegetable food) (8.04) misc. vegetation 4.64 

(Algae, Carex, 

Graminae) 

blueberries 3.40 (refuse) (8.20) 

Pierotti & Annett B B DATE: 5/1-6/7 6/8-6/21 6/22-7/7 7/8-7/23 NS Newfoundland, Great Island Dat

mussels 1,744 312 61 1 CAN - giv

(Mytilus edulis) number of observed fou

garbage 833 114 18 4 occurrences -- see occLeach’s storm petrel 509 58 28 2 notes nes

(Oceanodroma leuc.) reg

capelin 0 118 233 124 les

(Mallotus villosus) Stu

squid 0 3 26 152 ove(Illex illecebrosus) per

Vermeer 1973 - - plants 2 335 Manitoba, CAN Kawinaw Lake Sum

insects TR 1971 -crayfish TR % frequency of food rodents 6 items; pellets fish 94 

A-181 

1987 
Reference Age Sex Food type Spring Summer Fall Winter N Location Habitat - Measure Not

Vermeer 1973 - - Catostomidae 73 335 Manitoba, CAN Kawinaw Lake Sum

unident. Percidae 38 1971 -Perca flavescens 30 number of pellets Esox lucius 9 containing fish Stizostedion ritreum 4 species and families Cyprinus carpio 4 Ictalurus nebulosus 1 

*** POPULATION DYNAMICS *** 

Reference Age Sex Cond Seas Mean SD/SE Units Minimum Maximum N Location Habitat Not

FORAGING RANGE Pierotti pers. AM-- 10 - 15 km 3 50 NS coastal 

comm. AF-- 5 - 10 km 3 25 POPULATION DENSITY
Brown 1967 ---SU 303 nests/ha 769 England low, gravelly island Mix

1962-65 (Walney Island) les

typesthigcol

Haycock & --1SU 389.1 154 SD nests/ha Newfoundland, Gull Island DenThrelfall 1975 --2SU 295.8 43 SD nests/ha CAN 1969-71 reg

--3SU 383.0 128 SD nests/ha (1

Conmet

Kadlec 1971 ---SU 226.8 nests/ha 137.6 350.2 Massachusetts coastal islands Ove

1964 

Kadlec 1971 ---SU 139.3 nests/ha Massachusetts coastal islands At 

1964-69 Jun

Morris & Haymes ---SU nests/ha 290 360 237 ne Lake Erie rocky shore Nes1977 1973-76 sea

hab

Morris & Haymes ---SU nests/ha 5 9 110 ne Lake Erie flat grassy area Nes1977 1973-76 sea

hab

Parsons 1976b ---SU 788 nests/ha 819 Scotland 1968 Isle of May Nes

on 

A-182 
----

--------

Reference Age Sex Cond Seas Mean SD/SE Units Minimum Maximum N Location Habitat NotPierotti 1982 ---SU 74.7 nests/ha 1083 Newfoundland grassy slope Hab

1976-78 num

14ava

Pierotti 1982 ---SU 92.6 nests/ha 585 Newfoundland Great Island, meadow N = 

1976-78 of 

ava

Pierotti 1982 ---SU 217.4 nests/ha 476 Newfoundland Great Island, rocky N = 

1976-78 of 

ava

Schoen & Morris AB-SU 20-25 pairs/ha Ontario, CAN n shore Lake Erie, 1984 1981 mainland Schoen & Morris AB-SU 160-200 pairs/ha Ontario, CAN n shore Lake Erie, 1984 1981 insular rocky area Weseloh 1989 AB1SU 0.0001 pairs/ha s Ontario, CAN NS Tot

AB2SU pairs/ha 0.0002 0.0010 1980s for 

AB3SU pairs/ha 0.0011 0.0100 lak

AB4SU pairs/ha 0.0101 0.1000 squ

pai(4

CLUTCH SIZE
Brown 1967	 --1- 2.77 3 40 England low, gravelly island Lay

--2- 2.50 3 40 1962-65 (Walney Island) 2; --3- 2.51 3 29 aft--4- 2.40 3 30


Burger & Shisler 2.72 eggs 2.61 2.87 330 New Jersey coastal Fiv1980 1976-77 meaBurger 1979b 2.78 eggs 2.51 2.90 1031 New Jersey salt marsh islands Wei

1977 stu

max

Burger 1980a 2.64 eggs 2.6 2.7 163 New Jersey coastal Wei

1976, 78 (li

col

Burger 1977 --1- 2.83 0.39 SD eggs 15 New Jersey marsh Ave

--2- 2.71 0.40 SD eggs 42 1974-75 (2--3- 2.66 0.64 SD eggs 42 hab--4- 2.38 0.79 SD eggs 25 

A-183 
----

------------------------

Reference Age Sex Cond Seas Mean SD/SE Units Minimum Maximum N Location Habitat NotDavis 1975 2.66 eggs 590 Scotland islands Wei

1969-72 lay

Haycock & --1- 2.70 eggs Newfoundland, Gull Island N = Threlfall 1975 --2- 2.73 eggs 109 CAN 1970-71 (1

--3- eggs 4 5000	 Onl

seein maxin and = athe 

Hunt 1972 2.38 eggs 2.3 2.8 11 yr Maine 1968-70 coastal islands	 Min

sea

Meathrel et al. 2.84 0.44 SD eggs 782 Lake Superior, islands Yea1987 CAN twoMorris & Haymes 2.65 eggs 1 5 100 Ontario, CAN n shore Lake Erie, Clu1977 1973-75 flat grassy rarMorris & Haymes 2.79 eggs 1 5 231 Ontario, CAN n shore Lake Erie, Fou1977 1973-76 rocky shore verNisbet & Drury 2.54 eggs 1 6 24183 RI, MA, ME coastal Sur1984 1963-80
Parsons 1976b 2.71 eggs 771 Scotland 1968 Isle of May WeiPaynter 1949 --1- 2.61 0.14 SE eggs 44 New Brunswick, Kent Island Clu

--2- 2.54 0.15 SE eggs 37 CAN 1947	 (ha

lea27 aft

Pierotti 1982 --1- 2.44 0.72 SD eggs 66 Newfoundland, Great Island, rocky Yea

--2- 2.65 0.56 SD eggs 117 CAN --3- 2.60 0.62 SD eggs 120 

Pierotti 1982 --1- 2.27 0.72 SD eggs 72 Newfoundland, grassy slope Hab

--2- 2.72 0.54 SD eggs 134 CAN (1--3- 2.67 0.61 SD eggs 137 

Pierotti 1982 --1- 2.16 0.72 SD eggs 88 Newfoundland, Great Island, meadow Yea

--2- 2.51 0.63 SD eggs 98 CAN --3- 2.51 0.73 SD eggs 94 

A-184 
----

--------

----

Reference Age Sex Cond Seas Mean SD/SE Units Minimum Maximum N Location Habitat NotCLUTCHES/YEAR
Burger 1979a, 1 clutch/yr 1 2* NS NS * IBourget 1973
DAYS INCUBATION
Haycock & 29.4 1 SE days 24 Newfoundland, Gull Island AveThrelfall 1975 CAN 1969-71
Niebuhr 1983 days 25 28	 Cumbria, Walney Island


England 1980


Parsons 1972 --1- 29.1 0.11 SE days 75 Scotland 1968 Isle of May Inc

--2- 27.7 0.12 SE days 75 egg

--3- 26.7 0.14 SE days 75 egg 

S.Evolthi67

Parsons 1972 --1- 30.0 0.19 SE days 28 Scotland 1968 Isle of May Inc

--2- 28.4 0.19 SE days 28 egg

--3- 27.5 0.18 SE days 28 fir

80sec78egg 1.1

Parsons 1972 --1- 29.98 0.08 SE days 67 Scotland Isle of May Inc

--2- 29.31 0.11 SE days 67 1967-69 egg

76c76cdur

Pierotti 1982 --1- 29 days 351 Newfoundland, Great Island Inc

--2- 27 days CAN 1978 fir--3- 26 days egg

of thr

Tinbergen 1960 30.5 days 28 33 Holland coastal


A-185 
----

--------------------

Reference Age Sex Cond Seas Mean SD/SE Units Minimum Maximum N Location Habitat NotAGE AT FLEDGING
Haycock & 45.2 days 42 48 12 Newfoundland, Gull Island Threlfall 1975 CAN 1970 Holley 1982 --1- 45 days 16 England coastal (1

--2- 48 days 3 1977-80 mul

Kadlec et al. 1969---- 51 days 35-44 56-61 6 Massachusetts Gray’s Rock (island) N = 

1964 

Paynter 1949 43 days 31 52	 New Brunswick, Kent Island


CAN 1947


N FLEDGE/ACTIVE NEST
Burger & Shisler 1.42 N/act nest 1.4 1.44 New Jersey coastal Ave1980 1976-77	 thr

act

Davis 1975 0.65 N/pair 0.25 0.85 2 yr England coastal Min

1970-71 clu

persubdat

Kadlec 1971 0.83 0.27 SD N/nest 0.4 1.1 Massachusetts coastal islands Ave

1964-69 val

1,4spesucact

Kadlec & Drury --1- 1.47 N/act nest 233 Rhode Island Block Island Clu1968 --2- 1.09 N/act nest 33 1966 (2Kadlec & Drury --1- 1.00 N/act nest 216 Rhode Island, Block Island Clu1968 --2- 0.60 N/act nest 42 1965 (2Kadlec & Drury --1- 0.73 N/act nest 51 Massachusetts Marblehead Rock Hat1968 --2- 1.09 N/act nest 159 1965 Jun

--3- 0.62 N/act nest 52 24

Kadlec & Drury --1- 1.53 N/act nest 128 Rhode Island Block Island Hat1968 --2- 1.42 N/act nest 122 1966 Jun

--3- 1.12 N/act nest 8 

Keith 1966 0.3-0.4 N/pair Michigan, lake As 

early 1960s fle

res

A-186 
Reference Age Sex Cond Seas Mean SD/SE Units Minimum Maximum N Location Habitat Not

Mineau et al. 1984---- 1.65 N/act nest 1.40 2.13 6 Lake Ontario lakeshore N = 

1979-81 rep

vallow flein orglon

Mineau et al. 1984---- 1.78 N/act nest 1.62 2.10 3 Lake Erie lakeshore N = 

1979-81 rep

val

Mineau et al. 1984---- 2.19 N/act nest 2.16 2.25 6 Lake Huron lakeshore N = 

1979-81 rep

val

Morris & Haymes --1- 0.48 0.18 SE N/act nest 21 Ontario, CAN n shore Lake Erie, Hat1977 --2- 0.32 0.10 SE N/act nest 37 1973-74 grassy near shore	 fle

(1of presugdue pes

Morris & Haymes --1- 0.48 0.08 SE N/act nest 62 Ontario, CAN n shore Lake Erie, Hat1977 --2- 0.45 0.13 SE N/act nest 38 1974-76 rocky shore fle

--3- 0.79 0.13 SE N/act nest 42 (1

thamanautmay of 

Parsons 1976b --1- 0.58 0.07 SE N/act nest 155 Scotland 1968 Isle of May (1

--2- 0.72 0.06 SE N/act nest 254 met--3- 0.88 0.05 SE N/act nest 259 = 2--4- 0.52 0.08 SE N/act nest 103 app

unk

Pierotti 1982 --1- 1.32 0.81 SD N/act nest 59 Newfoundland, Great Island, rocky Yea

--2- 1.77 0.98 SD N/act nest 106 CAN --3- 1.84 0.96 SD N/act nest 114 

Pierotti 1982 --1- 1.58 0.81 SD N/act nest 59 Newfoundland, grassy slope Hab

--2- 1.87 1.01 SD N/act nest 110 CAN Yea--3- 1.81 0.92 SD N/act nest 133 

A-187 
----

----

----------------------------

Reference Age Sex Cond Seas Mean SD/SE Units Minimum Maximum N Location Habitat NotPierotti 1982 --1- 1.03 0.89 SD N/act nest 91 Newfoundland, Great Island, meadow Yea

--2- 1.19 1.00 SD N/act nest 98 CAN --3- 1.28 1.00 SD N/act nest 99 

Pierotti & Annett --1- 2.14 N/act nest 167 Newfoundland, Great Island N = 1987 --2- 1.36 N/act nest 47 CAN 1978 die

--3- 0.68 N/act nest 58 pet

Schoen & Morris --1- 1.57 0.97 SD N/pair Ontario, CAN n shore Lake Erie, 1984 1981 insular rocks Schoen & Morris 1.41 1.08 SD N/pair Ontario, CAN n shore Lake Erie,
1984 1981 mainland
Weseloh et al. U 95% CL L 95% CL Lake Erie 1978 lakeshore Num

1990 1.53 N/pair 1.67 1.39 con

1.67 N/pair 2.17 1.16 col1.74 N/pair 1.92 1.55 lim1.70 N/pair 1.82 1.59 dif1.38 N/pair 1.43 1.34 adj1.45 N/pair 1.64 1.26 to 

aftsuc197

N FLEDGE/SUCCESSFUL NEST
Burger & Shisler 1.8 N/act nest 1.79 1.80 New Jersey coastal Ave

1980 1976-77	 of 

egg 

PERCENT EGGS HATCHING
Haycock & --1- 72.9 % hatch 273 Newfoundland, Gull Island AveThrelfall 1975 --2- 62.5 % hatch 88 CAN 1969-71	 clu

Loc197Cauidedis(no 

Pierotti & Annett --1- 86.2 % hatch 376 Newfoundland, Great Island N = 1987 --2- 62.9 % hatch 62 CAN 1977 wit

--3- 42.4 % hatch 158 (2--4- 81.5 % hatch 168 gen

A-188 
Reference Age Sex Cond Seas Mean SD/SE Units Minimum Maximum N Location Habitat Not

AGE AT SEXUAL MATURITY
Coulson et al. -B1-
1982	 -B2-


-B3-
-B4-


Greig et al. 1983 -B--
Kadlec & Drury AB--
1968
Pierotti pers. -M-­
comm. -F--
ANNUAL MORTALITY
Brown 1967 AB--
Chabrzyk & CoulsonJB--


1976 AB--


Kadlec & Drury JB1-
1968	 JB2-


JB3-
JB4-
JB5-
AB6-


Kadlec 1976 AB--


5.8 years 4 8 85 Scotland Isle of May


5.6 years 3 7 57 1972-81
5.3 years 3 6 334
4.3 years 3 5 448


5 years England 4 years New England coastal/islands 4 years Newfoundland, NS 5 years CAN 

10 %/year England low, gravelly island 

1962-65 (Walney Island) 

22 %/1st yr 17 33 14000 Scotland coastal 

7.3 %/2nd yr 14000 

27 %/fled-Sep New England coastal/islands 25 %/Sep-Mar 1920-64 20 %/year 

9 %/year 

8 %/year 

8 %/year 

15-20 %/yr	 Massachusetts coastal island


1967-74


A-189


Age brestuBre197reddenof of thi(1197

Not AduBir

Basbanpopaduprobre1st Mar(4Maraduup

OveAutstrincas 
----

Reference Age Sex Cond Seas Mean SD/SE Units Minimum Maximum N Location Habitat NotKadlec & Drury E-1- 9 %/3 week New England coastal
1968	 C-2- 51.7 %/0-2 week 1963


C-3- 23.8 %/3-7 week


Kadlec et al. 1969C--- 41.8 % to d 15 1,726	 Rhode Island Block Island


1965-67


Olsson 1958 AB-- %/yr 20 30 United States NS


LONGEVITY
Gross 1940 years 45 1	 New Brunswick, Kent Island


CAN


*** SEASONAL ACTIVITIES ***


Reference Begin Peak End Location Habitat


Timto wee(3hatthe surthr

Morday fou"di

As 197birtoo 

AlsreaPay

Notes


MATING/LAYING
Bourget 1973 earl May
Burger 1980a
Burger 1977, 1979b May 4
Erwin 1971 late Apr
Haycock & late Apr
Threlfall 1975
Meathrel et al. May 6


mid May earl Jun Maine 1969 bay May 5 New Jersey coastal 

1976-78 

May Jun 18 New Jersey marsh islands Across 

1974-77 single 

shorter

May 4-13 May 14-19 Rhode Island coastal island 

1969 

mid May late Jun Newfoundland, Gull Island 

CAN 1969-71 

May 15	 Lake Superior, islands In 1983

CAN


A-190 

1987 
Reference Begin Peak End Location Habitat Notes 

Meathrel et al. May 11 May 25 Lake Superior, islands 1987 CAN Morris & Haymes late Apr earl May earl Jun Ontario, CAN n shore Lake Erie 1977 1973-76 Morris & Black 21 Apr 26-27 Apr 17 May Ontario, CAN n shore Lake Erie 1980 1978 Pierotti 1982 earl May late May end May Newfoundland, Great Island 

CAN 1977-78 

Schoen & Morris late Apr Ontario, CAN n shore Lake Erie, 1984 1981 HATCHING Bourget 1973 mid Jun late Jun mid Jul Maine 1969 bay Fox et al. 1990 mid-late May Great Lakes islands 

1977-83 

Kadlec 1971 May Jun Jul Massachusetts coastal islands 

1964 

Paynter 1949 Jun 19 late Jun Jul 14 New Brunswick, Kent Island 

CAN 1947 

Pierotti 1982; earl Jun mid June end June Newfoundland, Great Island 1987 CAN 1977-78 FALL MIGRATION Burger 1982 Aug Sept nw Atlantic 

populations 

Moore 1976 Nov Dec Mar Great Lakes various 

1929-71 

SPRING MIGRATION Burger 1982 Feb late Apr nw Atlantic 

populations 

A-191 

In 1984Timing In geneare laithird iafter tJuvenilAdults year-rofrom ba

***** BELTED KINGFISHER *****


*** NORMALIZING AND CONTACT RATE FACTORS ***


Reference Age Sex Cond Seas Mean SD/SE Units Minimum Maximum N Location Habitat Not

BODY WEIGHT Alexander 1977 AB-- 150 g 98 nc lower lakes, streams, 

Michigan river 

Brooks & Davis AB1SU 136 15.6 SE g 5 nc PA 1982, streams Sta1987 AB2SU 158 11.5 SE g 11 sw OH 1979 Ohi

ava

Hamas 1975 AB-- 147 g 140 169 Minnesota lake 

Poole 1938 -M-- 155 g 2 NS NS Powdermill Nature AB-- 148 20.8 SD g 125 215 29 Pennsylvania NS As 

Center (unpubl.) Salyer & Lagler AB-- 170 g Michigan rivers, lakes Con

1946 ave

sli

NESTLING WEIGHT Hamas 1981 NB-- 10-12 g at hatch Minnesota lake Num

NB-- 16 g day 2 14 18 5 age NB-- 43 g day 6 39 46 5 - 2NB-- 64 g day 10 50 70 5 at NB-- 136 g day 14 127 146 5 NB-- 165 g day 18 151 173 5 NB-- 145 g day 22 141 150 5 NB-- 121 g day 28 120 123 5 

FLEDGING WEIGHT
Brooks & Davis FB1- 148.6 13.3 SE g 5 nc PA 1982, streams Wei1987 FB2- 169.2 11.9 SE g 6 sw OH 1979	 nes

Penfoures

Hamas 1981 FB-- 121 g 120 123 5 Minnesota lake	 Los

rea

A-193 
Reference Age Sex Cond Seas Mean SD/SE Units Minimum Maximum N Location Habitat Not

FOOD INGESTION RATE
Alexander 1977 AB-- 0.50 g/g-day nc lower lakes, streams, Est

Michigan river pre

kinspe

Alexander 1974 NB-- 0.41 g/g-day nc lower river Dur

Michigan cit

White 1936 NB-- g/g-day 1.0 1.75 2 Nova Scotia, river Two 

CAN 1935	 mor

totprifea

*** DIET ***


Reference Age Sex Food type Spring Summer Fall Winter N Location Habitat - Measure Not

Alexander 1977 B B trout 80 17 n lower stream Sea

non-trout fish 6 Michigan -crustacea 2 % wet weight; insects 3 stomach contents amphibians 9 

Alexander 1977 B B trout 17 19 n lower lake Sea

non-trout fish 29 Michigan -crustacea 5 % wet weight; insects 19 stomach contents amphibians 27 birds and mammals 1 unidentified 2 

Alexander 1977 B B trout 29 62 n lower river Sea

non-trout fish 32 Michigan -unidentified fish 2 % wet weight; crustacea 17 stomach contents insects 3 amphibians 13 vegetation 1 unidentified 3 

A-194 
Reference Age Sex Food type Spring Summer Fall Winter N Location Habitat - Measure Not

Davis 1982 J B crayfish 13.3 165 sw Ohio 1979 creek Sea

cyprinids 76.4 - wer

(minnows) (12.7) % of number of prey; bet(stonerollers) (37.6) brought to nestlings fee(unidentified) (26.1) ove

other fish 10.2 of 

dur

Gould unpubl. - - Pomolobus sp. 5 25 sc New York streams, lakes Fis

Salmo trutta fario 9 - timCatostomus c. 14 number of prey; ins

commersonnii stomach contents Sal

Cyprinidae 12 Semotilus a. 15 

atromaculatus 

Rhinichthys a. 7 

atratulus 

Gould upubl. Notropis sp. 13 (continued) Ameiurus sp. 4 

Beleosoma nigrum 4 Micopturus salmoides 5 Lepomis sp. 6 frogs 6 snakes 2 insects 10 crayfish 19 

Salyer & Lagler B B game and pan fish 17.5 45 Michigan lakes Mor1946 (mostly perch) - enu

forage fish (minnows 49.1 % wet volume; foo

sticklebacks, stomach contents seasculpins, etc.) mos

other fish 2.0 fish remains 0.9 frogs 2.3 crayfish 7.4 insects 21.0 

Salyer & Lagler B B game and pan fish 10.15 22 Michigan non-trout streams Mor1946 (perch, centrachids) - enu

forage fish (minnows 31.3 % wet volume; foo

sticklebacks, etc.) stomach contents sea

other fish 16.2 mosfish remains 0.1 crayfish 39.6 insects 2.2 

A-195 
Reference Age Sex Food type Spring Summer Fall Winter N Location Habitat - Measure Not

Salyer & Lagler B B trout 29.8 92 1946 other game and pan 13.0 

fish (perch and centrarchids) 

forage fish (minnow, 15.0 

sticklebacks, etc.) 

fish remains 0.9 crayfish 40.7 insects 0.6 

White 1936 B B salmon (1 year) 7 15 

salmon (fry) 58 trout 4 stickleback 27 suckers 4 

White 1936 B B salmon fry 11 170 

salmon (1 year) 42 salmon (2 years) 1 trout 15 sticklebacks 30 killifish <1 suckers <1 

White 1938 N B salmon (1 year old) 26 33 

salmon (2 year old) 7 trout 6 

White 1938 A B salmon 450 115 

trout 214 sticklebacks 19 water shrew 1 

White 1953 B B smelt 13 15 

trout 1 killifish 2 sticklebacks 18 

White 1953 B B salmon 8 61 

trout 54 suckers 5 sculpins 101 minnows 29 sticklebacks 90 

A-196 

Michigan trout streams Mor

- enu% wet volume; foostomach contents spe

sum

Nova Scotia, river


CAN 1935	 -


% of number of prey;
stomach contents


Nova Scotia, riparian


CAN 1935	 -


% of number of prey;
pellets


Nova Scotia, river Nes

CAN 1937 - wee

number of prey; Jul

stomach contents wer

adu

Nova Scotia, river 53 

CAN 1937 - sto

number of prey; The pellets and stomach inc

contents inc

Prince Edward trout streams 

Island,CAN 1948 -


number of prey;
pellets


Maritime streams Yea

Provinces, CAN	 - Bru

number of prey; Edwpellets

Reference Age Sex Food type Spring Summer Fall Winter N Location Habitat - Measure Not

White 1953 B B salmon 10 44 Maritime Moser River Yea

trout 4 Provinces, CAN -suckers 8 number of prey; killifish 24 pellets minnows 23 sticklebacks 10 eels 6 

White 1953 B B salmon 20.1 81 Maritime small salmon streams Yea

trout 6.0 Provinces, CAN -suckers 9.7 % of number of prey; minnows 40.4 pellets sticklebacks 12.7 other fish 9.7 insects 1.3 

White 1953 B B salmon 24 29 Maritime large salmon rivers Yea

trout 7 Provinces, CAN -suckers 20 % of number of prey; minnows 24 pellets sticklebacks 8 insects 4 

White 1953 B B alewife 47 36 Nova Scotia, Gasperau Lake 

9-spine stickleback 139 CAN 1948 -killifish 33 number of prey; white perch 19 pellets yellow perch 50 

White 1953 B B 9-spine stickleback 94 36 c Nova Scotia, ponds and lakes 

killifish 4 CAN 1948 -white perch 2 number of prey; yellow perch 6 pellets dragonfly nymphs 2 

White 1953 B B sticklebacks 32 46 Nova Scotia, Northumberland Str. Loc

killifish 74 CAN 1948 - Edwother fish 12 number of prey; 

pellets 

White 1953 B B sticklebacks 81 27 New Brunswick, Northumberland Str. 

killifish 26 CAN 1948 -other fish 26 number of prey; 

pellets


A-197 
Reference Age Sex Food type Spring Summer Fall Winter N Location Habitat - Measure Not

White 1953 B B sticklebacks 97 33 New Brunswick, estuary 

killifish 48 CAN 1948 -other fish 3 number of prey; 

pellets 

*** POPULATION DYNAMICS *** 

Reference Age Sex Cond Seas Mean SD/SE Units Minimum Maximum N Location Habitat Not

TERRITORY SIZE Brooks & Davis AB1SU 2.185 0.561 SE km 8 nc PA 1982, streams Sta1987 AB2SU 1.028 0.280 SE km 8 sw OH 1979	 Ohi

avater"hethe

Cornwell 1963 A B BR SU 1.6 km 0.8 8.0 Minnesota 1958 lake, forest	 For

witwer

Davis 1980 A B BR SP 1.03 0.22 SE km 6 sw Ohio 1979 stream Len

B B NB FA 0.39 0.093 SE km 21 (oc

breindfal

Salyer & Lagler A B BR SU 0.80 km 2.4 Michigan 1931 lakes Bre1946 lakSalyer & Lagler A B BR SU 2.4-4.8 km Michigan 1931 rivers Lar1946 lim

(fa

Salyer & Lagler A B BR SU 14.2 ha 1 Michigan 1931 ponds and marsh 1946 POPULATION DENSITY Brooks & Davis AB1SU 0.11 pairs/km 45.8 nc streams Den1987 AB2SU 0.19 pairs/km 16.1 Pennsylvania San

1982 Bra

A-198 
----

--------

----------------

Reference Age Sex Cond Seas Mean SD/SE Units Minimum Maximum N Location Habitat NotBrooks & Davis A B BR SU 0.54 pairs/km 16.8 sw Ohio 1979 stream 1987 Cornwell 1963 A B BR SU 0.0022 pairs/ha 14 Minnesota 1958 lake, forest White 1936 A B BR SU 0.6 pairs/km 30 Nova Scotia, streams 

CAN 1935 

White 1953 BB-SU N/km 6 Maritime stream valleys 

Provinces, CAN 

CLUTCH SIZE Brooks & Davis --1- 5.8 0.7 SE 8 nc PA 1982, streams 

1987 --2- 6.8 0.4 SE 6 sw OH 1979 

Hamas 1975 ---- 6.58 5 7 Minnesota lake White 1953
CLUTCHES/YEAR
Bent 1940
Brooks & Davis


Hamas 1975
DAYS INCUBATION
Hamas 1975
AGE AT FLEDGING
Bent 1940
Hamas 1975, 1981


7 5 7	 Maritime streams


Provinces, CAN


1 /yr NS NS
1 /yr	 nc PA 1982, OH streams


1979


1 /yr Minnesota lake


22 days Minnesota lake
28 days NS NS
28 days 27 29 Minnesota lake


A-199


DenstravaPenof 6,450 

PopagrthiSta

Ohi

avaSevlai

Knoif May 

bre

Wil

1987 
Reference Age Sex Cond Seas Mean SD/SE Units Minimum Maximum N Location Habitat Not

N FLEDGE/ACTIVE NEST Brooks & Davis --1- 4.5 1.9 SE N/act nest 8 nc PA 1982, streams Sta

1987 --2- 5.3 2.2 SE N/act nest 6 sw OH 1979 Ohi

ava

AGE AT SEXUAL MATURITY Bent 1940 -B-- 1 year throughout 

range 

*** SEASONAL ACTIVITIES *** 

Reference Begin Peak End Location Habitat Notes 

MATING/LAYING SEASON Hamas 1975 Apr Apr-May earl Jul Minnesota lake HATCHING Hamas 1975 May June late Jul Minnesota lake White 1936 earl Jun Nova Scotia, river 

CAN 1935 

FLEDGING White 1936 late Jul Nova Scotia, river 

CAN 1935 

FALL/BASIC MOLT Bent 1940 Aug Oct NS NS Hamas unpubl. June July Aug Minnesota lake SPRING/ALTERNATE MOLT Bent 1940 Feb Apr NS NS 

A-200 

CompletPersonaFirst cbirds.

Reference Begin Peak End Location Habitat Notes 

FALL MIGRATION Bent 1940 mid Oct Maine NS Bent 1940 late Oct Alberta, CAN, NS 

MT, ND 

Bent 1940 mid Nov SD, NE, WI, NY NS Bent 1940 late Nov Kansas NS Bent 1940 mid Dec Mass., New NS 

Jersey 

Bent 1940 late Dec Connecticut NS Salyer & Lagler Sept Oct Nov Michigan several White 1953 mid Sep late Oct Maritime streams 

Provinces, CAN 

SPRING MIGRATION Bent 1940 late Feb PA, RI, MO NS Bent 1940 earl Mar s MI, IA, NS 

Ontario, CAN 

Bent 1940 mid Mar NY, CT, IL, WI NS Bent 1940 late Mar VT, NH, MT NS Bent 1940 earl Apr Maine, Nova NS 

Scotia, CAN 

Bent 1940 mid Apr Quebec, CAN NS Bent 1940 late Apr Alberta, CAN NS Hamas 1975 Mar Apr May Minnesota lake White 1953 earl Apr late Apr Maritime streams 

Provinces, CAN 

White 1938 late Apr earl May Nova Scotia, river 

CAN 1937 

A-201 

DepartuDepartuDepartuDepartuDepartuDepartuBeginniBeginniBeginniBeginniBeginniBeginniBeginni

1946 

***** MARSH WREN *****


*** NORMALIZING AND CONTACT RATE FACTORS ***


Reference Age Sex Cond Seas Mean SD/SE Units Minimum Maximum N Location Habitat Not

BODY WEIGHT Kale 1965 AM-- 10.61 0.7 SD g 52 e Georgia salt marsh Res

AF-- 9.41 1.1 SD g 25 1958-61 JB-- 9.44 1.6 SD g 56 

Kale 1965 AM-WI 10.0 0.5 SD g 9.4 10.7 7 Georgia captive Ave

AM-SP 10.9 1.0 SD g 9.8 11.9 7 1962-63 capAF-WI 8.8 0.4 SD g 8.4 9.2 3 to AF-SP 9.2 0.3 SD g 9.0 9.6 3 Sep

fol

Tintle (unpubl) A F BR - 10.6 0.99 SD g 9.0 13.5 38 New York NS As 

A M BR - 11.9 0.72 SD g 10.5 13.5 38 

BODY FAT
Kale 1965 AM-- 1.03 0.23 SD g 35 e Georgia salt marsh Est(griseus) AF-- 1.04 0.26 SD g 18 1962-63 wei

JB-- 1.04 0.21 SD g 34	 fem

notnonacc

EGG WEIGHT
Kale 1965 E--- 1.14 0.10 SD g 127 e Georgia salt marsh 

1958-61 

Welter 1935 E--- 1.48 g 1.41 1.56 New York 1931 freshwater marsh Egg

clu

NESTLING WEIGHT Welter 1935 NB-- 1.1 g day 1 New York, fresh marshes Est

NB-- 2.1 g day 3 Minn. 1931 detNB-- 4.7 g day 5 nesNB-- 6.8 g day 7 age NB-- 10.0 g day 9 NB-- 10.6 g day 11 NB-- 11.3 g day 13 

A-203 
Reference Age Sex Cond Seas Mean SD/SE Units Minimum Maximum N Location Habitat Not

FLEDGING WEIGHT
Kale 1965 FB--
Leonard & Picman FB1-


1988 FB2-


LEAN (DRY) BODY WEIGHT
Kale 1965	 AM--


AF--
JB--


METABOLIC RATE (OXYGEN)
Kale 1965	 A B BA -


A B NB ­
A B AC -


METABOLIC RATE (KCAL BASIS)
Kale 1965 A B FL -


Kale 1965	 A B BA -


A B NB ­
A B AC -


8.84 0.70 SD g 5 Georgia salt marsh 

1958-61 

9.5 0.5 SD g day 8 8 Manitoba, CAN brackish marsh (1

8.1 1.3 SD g day 8 29 1983-85 

2.60 0.2 SD g 35 e Georgia salt marsh 2.22 0.3 SD g 18 1962-63 2.20 0.3 SD g 34 91.2 lO2/kg-d 7 Georgia lab 

112.8 lO2/kg-d 30 1962-63 

169 lO2/kg-d 28 880 90 SD kcal/kg-d 10 Georgia lab 

1962-63 

444 kcal/kg-d 7 Georgia lab 557 kcal/kg-d 30 1962-63 788 kcal/kg-d 28 

A-204 

fed 

weiocc

Estweifem(BA(ACCal"Frmeaexcressmadet= 1los

(BAand oxy
Reference Age Sex Cond Seas Mean SD/SE Units Minimum Maximum N Location Habitat Not

FOOD INGESTION RATE
Kale 1965 A B FL - 1,155 130 SD kcal/kg-d 10 Georgia captive Mea

1962-63 and 

livof Pabmet

this study A B FL - 0.67 g/g-day Georgia captive "Fr

1962-63 "fr

meakcainsassa 6

this study A F FL - 0.99 g/g-day NS NS Fre

A M FL - 0.96 g/g-day fre

usiequ1,1femwrekcaassa 6

THERMONEUTRAL ZONE
Kale 1965 A--- degrees C 23 35	 Georgia lab Cal

1962-63 res

*** DIET *** 

Reference Age Sex Food type Spring Summer Fall Winter N Location Habitat - Measure Not

Kale 1965 B B Hymenoptera 17.3 12.4 195 e Georgia salt marsh Sum

(Formicidae) (10.2) (7.4) 1958-61 - (Ap(Braconidae) (3.7) (1.2) % wet volume; = n

Homoptera 13.0 40.1 stomach contents Mar

(Fulgoridae) (11.9) (39.8) mar

Coleoptera 11.6 12.6 bad

(Curculionidae) (3.6) (8.2) fid(Cleridae) (3.5) (8.9) 2% 

Lepidoptera 14.6 2.9 her

(continued) (larvae and eggs) (10.4) (2.9) win

A-205 
Reference Age Sex Food type Spring Summer Fall Winter N Location Habitat - Measure Not

Kale 1965 Diptera 8.9 7.7
(continued) (Ephydridae) (2.8) (4.8)


Hemiptera 5.4 10.0


Orthoptera 5.6 0.8
spiders 15.1 6.2
other arthropods 1.8 0.9


(crabs, amphipods)


molluscs 3.5 4.0


(Littorina irrorata)


undetermined 4.5 3.3


*** POPULATION DYNAMICS ***


Reference Age Sex Cond Seas Mean SD/SE Units Minimum Maximum N Location Habitat Not

TERRITORY SIZE
Kale 1965 AM1SP 0.0060 0.0014 SD ha 11 Georgia salt marsh Stu

AM2SP 0.0156 0.0050 SD ha 12 1958-59 terAM3SP 0.0085 0.0042 SD ha 22 marAM4SP 0.0088 0.0047 SD ha 13 difAM5SP 0.0113 0.0058 SD ha 11 195

mar196

Leonard & Picman A M BR SP 0.07 0.06 SD ha 13 Manitoba, CAN homogenous cattail Mal1986 A M BR SU 0.09 0.05 SD ha 13 1984 marsh con

= M19 

Verner 1965 AM1SP 0.169 0.021 SE ha 0.0242 0.360 26 w Washington shallow mixed marsh Sea

AM2SP 0.126 0.002 SE ha 0.0688 0.220 27 1961-62 (2AM3SP 0.137 0.003 SE ha 0.0419 0.240 29 All 

fre12 of thr

Verner & Engelson AM0- 0.0516 0.0183 SE ha 13 e Washington pond-margin marsh Ter1970 AM1- 0.0642 0.0090 SE ha 47 1967 (no 

AM2- 0.0685 0.0169 SE ha 20 big

Narmar

cattails and bulrushes.


A-206 
Reference Age Sex Cond Seas Mean SD/SE Units Minimum Maximum N Location Habitat Not

Verner 1964 AM0- 0.099 ha 0.024 0.260 23 w Washington shallow mixed marsh Ter

AM1- 0.154 ha 0.049 0.318 32 1961-62 (no 

AM2- 0.222 ha 0.117 0.360 12 (2

the pai

POPULATION DENSITY
Kale 1965 A B BR SP 48.3 5.3 SD pairs/ha 45.1 56.2 4 e Georgia salt marsh Den

1958-61 ava

as bodof malN = are ass

Leonard & Picman AM-SP 2.6 0.9 SD N/ha 1.8 3.6 3 Manitoba, CAN homogeneous cattail Den

1987 1983-85 marsh	 hab

MatbacbigFemdetassof bre

Leonard & Picman AM-SP 3.7 0.5 SD N/ha 3.4 4.3 3 Manitoba, CAN cattail, bulrush Den

1987 1983-85 and phragmites marsh	 hab

MatbacbigFemdetassof bre

Verner 1965 AB1SP 8.5 N/ha w Washington shallow mixed marsh Sea

AB2SP 16.9 N/ha 1961-62 Blu

malMarfem

A-207 
----

----

----

--------

--------------------

Reference Age Sex Cond Seas Mean SD/SE Units Minimum Maximum N Location Habitat NotCLUTCH SIZE
Kale 1965 4.5 3 5 192 e Georgia salt marsh Com

1958-61 

Leonard & Picman 5.8 0.8 SE 79 Manitoba, CAN homogenous cattail 

1987 1983-84 marsh Leonard & Picman 5.6 0.8 SE 96 Manitoba, CAN cattail, bulrush, 

1987 1983-84 and phragmites marsh Verner 1965 --1- 5.2 0.11 SD 4 6 32 w Washington shallow mixed marsh Sea

--2- 4.4 0.14 SD 3 6 22 1961-62 196

Verner 1965 6.0 0.19 SD 4 8 25 e Washington pond-margin marsh Tur

1962 

Welter 1935 5 3 6 40 New York, fresh marsh 5 = 

Minn. 1931 

CLUTCHES/YEAR
Kale 1965 1-2 broods/yr 0 3 e Georgia salt marsh Bro

1958-61 

Verner 1965 --1- 2-3 broods/yr 0 3 Washington fresh marshes Num

--2- 2 broods/yr 0 2 1961-62 at 

(westu

Welter 1935 2 broods/yr New York, fresh marsh Bro

Minn. 1931 

DAYS INCUBATION
Kale 1965 13.1 days 12 14 35 e Georgia salt marsh Day

1958-59 hat

Verner 1965 15.1 days 13 16 w Washington shallow mixed marsh Min

1961-62 

Welter 1935 13 days New York, fresh marsh 

Minn. 1931 

A-208 
----

----

----

----

----

--------

Reference Age Sex Cond Seas Mean SD/SE Units Minimum Maximum N Location Habitat NotAGE AT FLEDGING Kale 1965 -B-- 12-13 days 10-11 13-15 e Georgia salt marsh 

1958-61 

Verner 1965 -B-- 14 days 11-12 15-16 Washington fresh marshes Fro

1961-62 

N FLEDGE/ACTIVE NEST
Kale 1965 1.9 1.2 SD N/pair 0.55 3.50 217 e Georgia salt marsh Mal

1958-61	 all 

and maxsiz

Leonard & Picman 2.3 2.6 SD N/act nest 81 Manitoba, CAN homogeneous cattail


1987 1983-84 marsh


Leonard & Picman 3.4 3.4 SD N/act nest 95 Manitoba, CAN cattail, bulrush, Thi

1987 1983-84 and phragmites marsh dee

thidue 

N FLEDGE/SUCCESSFUL NEST
Leonard & Picman 5.1 1.2 SD N/suc nest 37 Manitoba, CAN homogeneous cattail 

1987 1983-84 marsh Leonard & Picman --1- 5.4 0.7 SD N/suc nest 10 Manitoba, CAN fresh marsh Suc

1988 --2- 4.4 1.8 SD N/suc nest 45 1983-85 fee

fee

Leonard & Picman 4.5 1.3 SD N/suc nest 71 Manitoba, CAN cattail, bulrush,


1987 1983-84 and phragmites marsh


PERCENT NESTS SUCCESSFUL
Kale 1965 21 15 SD % eggs suc 7 42 1,111	 e Georgia salt marsh Per

1958-61 you

Leonard & Picman 60 % nests su 176 Manitoba, CAN fresh marshes Per

1987 1983-85 you

A-209 
Reference Age Sex Cond Seas Mean SD/SE Units Minimum Maximum N Location Habitat Not

AGE AT SEXUAL MATURITY Leonard & Picman -B-- 1 year Manitoba, CAN fresh marsh 1987 1983-85 Verner 1971 -B-- 1 year Washington fresh marsh 

1967-68 

ANNUAL MORTALITY
Kale 1965 NB-- 79 % lost/yr 785	 Georgia salt marsh Per

1958-61 to 

Kale 1965 A B 32 %/yr e Georgia salt marsh Est

J B 70 %/yr 1958-61 of 

and Juvbre

Verner 1971 AB-- 81.6 %/yr 173 w Washington fresh marsh Nes(platensis) JB-- 87.9 %/yr 91 1967-68	 cen

seamaireato dis

*** SEASONAL ACTIVITIES ***


Reference Begin Peak End Location Habitat Notes


MATING/LAYING
Kale 1965 Apr mid Aug e Georgia salt marsh Breedin

1958-61 tempera

first arenestinests)

Verner 1965 late Mar Apr - May mid Jul w Washington shallow mixed marsh Seattle 

1961-62 raised 

Verner 1965 mid Apr May - Jun earl Jul e Washington pond-margin marsh Turnbul

1962 raised 

Welter 1935 late May earl June New York 1931 fresh marsh First bWelter 1935 late Jul earl Aug New York 1931 fresh marsh Second 

A-210 
Reference Begin Peak End Location Habitat Notes 

HATCHING Verner 1965 mid Apr earl Aug w Washington shallow mixed marsh 

1961-62 

Verner 1965 earl May mid Jul e Washington pond-margin marsh 

1962 

FLEDGING Verner 1965 mid May Jun - Jul late Aug w Washington shallow mixed marsh 

1961-62 

Verner 1965 earl Jun Jun - Jul earl Aug e Washington pond-margin marsh 

1962 

FALL/BASIC MOLT Welter 1935 earl Sep Oct New York, fresh marsh 

Minn. 1931 

FALL MIGRATION Welter 1935 Sept late Oct New York, fresh marsh 

Minn. 1931 

SPRING MIGRATION Verner 1965 mid Mar e Washington pond-margin marsh 

1961-62 

Welter 1935 Apr May 10 June New York, fresh marsh 

Minn. 1931 

Welter 1935 Apr May 20-28 June New York, fresh marsh 

Minn. 1931 

A-211 

Seattle raised Turnbulraised Seattle raised Turnbulraised Adults by juveand thebrood.
DepartuMost adSeptembTurnbulnon-migArrival arrive Arrival 

***** AMERICAN ROBIN *****


*** NORMALIZING AND CONTACT RATE FACTORS ***


Reference Age Sex Cond Seas Mean SD/SE Units Minimum Maximum N Location Habitat Not

BODY WEIGHT Clench & Leberman AB-- 77.3 0.36 SE g 63.5 103 401 Pennsylvania NS As 1978 in Hazelton et al. ---SU 55 g 6 Kansas 1981 NS Age 

1984 Howell 1942 AB-- 80.8 g sc New York forest 

1937-38 

Jung 1992 AM-SU 77.2 4.0 SD g 72.0 84.5 9 Wisconsin 1990 NS Col

AF-SU 79.5 7.4 SD g 70.0 93.0 7 JulJB-SU 74.6 3.8 SD g 70.0 84.0 19 wei

capmeaand to 

Levey & Karasov ---SU 78.4 3.6 SD g 10 Wisconsin NS 1989 Morrison & AB-FA g 73 84 9c New Jersey garden Wei

Caccamise 1990 1987 cap

rad

Skorupa & Hothem BB-FA 82.3 g 45 California vineyards Col1985 1982 Wheelwright 1986 A M NB - 86.2 6.1 SD g 26 New York woodlands NB 

A F NB - 83.6 6.4 SD g 18 seaA M BR - 77.4 g 21 seaA F BR - 80.6 g 6 

NESTLING WEIGHT Howell 1942 NB-- 5.5 g day 0 4.1 6.7 13 sc New York forest Day 

NB-- 12.6 g day 2 8.4 17.5 25 1937-38 nesNB-- 24.3 g day 4 17.9 32.3 23 fleNB-- 39.4 g day 6 32.5 45.9 23 reaNB-- 50.9 g day 8 42.0 59.3 21 weeNB-- 55.2 g day 10 49.0 63.2 19 NB-- 55.0 g day 14 51.8 58.2 7 

A-213 
Reference Age Sex Cond Seas Mean SD/SE Units Minimum Maximum N Location Habitat Not

EGG WEIGHT
Howell 1942 E---
Knupp et al. 1977 E---
METABOLIC RATE (KCAL BASIS)
Hazelton et al. - B EX -
1984
FOOD INGESTION RATE
Hazelton et al. -B--
1984 -B--
Skorupa & Hothem BB1FA
1985 BB2FA


SURFACE AREA
Walsberg & King AB--
1978


6.26 g 4.6 8.4 60	 sc New York forest


1937-38


6.29 g 18 n Maine 1971 forest


344 kcal/kg-d Kansas 1981 captive


1.52 0.25 SD g/g-day 1.22 1.96 6 Kansas 1981 captive


1,070 220 SD kcal/kg-d 760 1,330 6


0.75 0.62 SD g/g-day 45 California vineyards
0.89 0.73 SD g/g-day 45 1982


198.0 cm2 NS NS


A-214


(EXbaswitspe

Frufeedetpaipitpuron robdurproSeacondetgizworforGraaggFor foothe % o% aMeaBeasur
*** DIET ***


Reference Age Sex Food type Spring Summer Fall Winter N Location Habitat - Measure Not

Hamilton 1943 B B plants 81.5 200 c New York lawns, hedges Dro

(barberry) (61.0) 1942 - Jun(sumac) (29.0 frequency of (coral berry) (4.5) occurrence; fecal 

animals 93.5 analyses 

(beetles) (82.5) (millipedes) (38.5) (ants) (27.0) (cutworms) (9.5) (sowbugs) (6.5) (wireworms) (4.0) (flies) (3.0) (cockroaches) (1.5) 

Hamilton 1940 B B plants 73.14 700 c New York yard, hedgerow Dro

(choke cherry) (58.29) 1939 - 24-(blackberry) (40.09) frequency of wer(raspberry) (21.10) occurrence; fecal fou(pin cherry) (17.00) analyses sam(rum cherry) (11.71) (Lonicera sp.) (8.28) (blue nightshade) (5.86) (shadberry) (2.43) 

Arthropoda 78.86 

(Arachnida) (3.43) (Orthoptera) (5.57) (Coleoptera) (11.30) (Lepidoptera) (6.86) (Hymenoptera) (38.43) 

Mollusca 3.28 

(Cochlicopidae) (2.57) 

Howell 1942 J B earthworms 15.0 15 sc New York forest Age 

sowbugs 1.7 1937 - dayspiders 2.3 % wet weight; 10millipedes 3.1 stomach contents preshort-horned grass- 4.9 is 

hoppers com

beetles 11.6+ inclepidopteran larvae 24.7 ants 3.2 unident. animal 5.2 grass (blades, stem, 19.5 

roots) 

mulberries 3.2 honeysuckle family 2.4 

seeds 

unident. plants 4.2 

A-215 
Reference Age Sex Food type Spring Summer Fall Winter N Location Habitat - Measure Not

Martin et al. 1951 B B	 plant food 21 60 81 64 United States NS


animal food 79 40 19 36 -


(sample size) (316) (514) (151) (442)	 rough estimate of


percent diet;
stomach contents and
observations


Martin et al. 1951 B B cherry (cult. and 10-25 770 northeast US NS


wild) - SuF -

dogwood - FW 5-10 rough estimate of sumac - WSp 5-10 percent diet; blackgum - FW 5-10 stomach contents and grape (cult. and 2-5 observations 

wild) - SuFW 

redcedar - FWSp 2-5 Virginia creeper - 2-5 

FWSp 

blackberry - Su 2-5 

Martin et al. 1951 B B chinaberry - WSp 5-10 263 se US NS 

blackberry - Su 5-10 excluding FL -hackberry - WSp 2-5 rough estimate of greenbrier - W 2-5 percent diet; holly - W 2-5 stomach contents and cherry (cult. and 2-5 observations 

wild) - Su 

persimmon - W 2-5 grape - FW 2-5 corn - Sp 2-5 

Martin et al. 1951 B B holly 10-25 32 Florida NS 

palmetto 10-25 -blackgum 10-25 rough estimate of chinaberry 5-10 percent diet; beautyberry 5-10 stomach contents and greenbrier 2-5 observations 

Martin et al. 1951 B B hackberry - WSp 10-25 130 central US NS 

grape (cult. and 10-25 -

wild) - SuF rough estimate of 

cherry (cult. and 5-10 percent diet; 

wild) - Su stomach contents and 

Russianolive - Su 2-5 observations sumac - WSp 2-5 

A-216


See regPlatogfolseaSam199SpeincPlatogfolseaSam= 2Speinc

Placominc

PlatogfolseaSam29cominc
Reference Age Sex Food type Spring Summer Fall Winter N Location Habitat - Measure Not

Martin et al. 1951 B B	 cedar - FW 10-25 113 w US (excl. NS


hackberry - F 5-10 Pacific) -
Russianolive - W 5-10 rough estimate of
sumac - W 2-5 percent diet;
currant - Su 2-5 stomach contents and
serviceberry - Su 2-5 observations


Martin et al. 1951 B B peppertree (CA) -WSp 10-25 114 CA, w OR, w WA NS 

grape (cult.) - FW 10-25 -prune - FW 5-10 rough estimate of cherry (cult. and 5-10 percent diet; 

wild) - SuF stomach contents and 

raspberry - Su 2-5 observations apple - W 2-5 

Skorupa & Hothem B B	 grapes 85 45 California vineyards


animal 12 1982 -
other plants 5 aggregate % wet


weight; gizzard
contents


Wheelwright 1986 B B fruit 7 68 92 83 1,260 eastern US NS


invertebrates 93 32 8 17 1885-1950	 -


% by volume;
stomach contents


Wheelwright 1986 B B fruit 8 41 76 73 240 central US NS


invertebrates 92 59 24 27 1885-1950	 -


% volume; stomach
contents


A-217


PlatogfolseaSam50is Calwescominc

PlatogfolseaSam41cominc

MeaAggof eaccon

BasBioWil188is earan BasBioand 188is earan 

1985 
Reference Age Sex Food type Spring Summer Fall Winter N Location Habitat - Measure Not

Wheelwright 1986 B B fruit 17 29 63 70 436 western US NS Bas

invertebrates 83 71 37 30 1885-1950 - Bio

% volume; and stomach contents 185

is earan 

Wheelwright 1986 B B	 Prunus 23 1,260 eastern US NS Ten 

Cornus 7 1885-1950 - in Rhus 7 % frequency of basRubus 6 occurrence (fruit BioSmilax 6 only); stomach WilVaccinium 4 contents for Ilex 4 of Morus 4 TotCeltis 3
Juniperus 3


Wheelwright 1986 B B Lepidoptera-unident. 12 1,260 eastern US NS Ten 

Carabidae 10 1885-1950 - fou

Curculionidae 8 % frequency of colScarabaeidae 8 occurrence SurFormicidae 7 (invertebrates SerElateridae 5 only); stomach easColeoptera-unident. 4 contents of Arachnida 4 seaPentatomidae 3 (e

likthiinv

*** POPULATION DYNAMICS ***


Reference Age Sex Cond Seas Mean SD/SE Units Minimum Maximum N Location Habitat Not

TERRITORY SIZE
Butts 1927 AB-SP 0.21 ha NS NS As Howell 1942 AB1SU 0.11 ha sc New York forest Nes

AB2SU 0.21 ha 1937-38 add

Denforuns

Pitts 1984 AB-SP 0.42 ha 0.12 0.84 62 Tennessee suburban (campus) "Te

1971-80 ter

Young 1951 AB-SP 0.12 ha 0.04 0.24 Wisconsin park-like Bre

1947-49 occ

A-218 
----

--------------------

Reference Age Sex Cond Seas Mean SD/SE Units Minimum Maximum N Location Habitat NotFORAGING HOME RANGE Howell 1942 AB-SU 0.4 km sc New York forest For

1937-39 tra

sea

Weatherhead & AB1SU 0.15 0.021 SE ha 24 e Ontario deciduous forest ForMcRae 1990 AB2SU 0.81 0.13 SE ha 24 1987-88 fee

fle

POPULATION DENSITY Howell 1942 AB1SU 8.6 pair/ha sc New York forest (1

AB2SU 4.9 pair/ha 1937-38 ha 

for

Knupp et al. 1977 AB-SU 0.106 0.0078 SE pair/ha n Maine 1971 forest Con

den

Pitts 1984 AB-SP 1.98 0.48 SD pair/ha 1.39 2.54 7 yr Tennessee suburban (campus) 

1971-80 

Young 1951 AB-SP 5.51 0.75 SD pair/ha 4.69 6.17 3 yr Wisconsin park-like area Siz

1947-49 

CLUTCH SIZE
Howell 1942 3.41 0.61 SD 1 5 127	 sc New York forest


1937-38


Klimstra & 3.17 1 5 29 Illinois 1955 suburban CluStieglitz 1957 incKlimstra & 3.44 2 4 81 Iowa 1946-48 suburban & rural CluStieglitz 1957 incKnupp et al. 1977 3.16 38 n Maine 1971 forest
Young 1955 3.45 0.59 SD 1 5 146	 Wisconsin park


1947-49


CLUTCHES/YEAR
Brackbill 1952 1.91 /yr 1 3 11	 Maryland NS One 

1942-51 att

2. 

A-219 
----

----

------------

----

Reference Age Sex Cond Seas Mean SD/SE Units Minimum Maximum N Location Habitat NotHowell 1942 2 /yr 1 3	 sc New York forest


1937-38


Knupp et al. 1977 /yr 2 n Maine 1971 forest	 Max

bre

DAYS INCUBATION
Howell 1942 12-14 days 16	 sc New York forest


1937-39


Young 1955 12.5 0.14 SE days 10 14 57	 Wisconsin park Als

1947-49 (It

AGE AT FLEDGING Howell 1942 -B-- 13 days 10 15 33 sc New York forest 

1937-38 

Weatherhead & -B-- 13.0 0.02 SD days 43 e Ontario deciduous forest FroMcRae 1990 1987-88 Young 1955 -B-- 13.4 0.13 SE days 89 Wisconsin park 

1947-49 

N FLEDGE/BREEDING PAIR
Howell 1942 3.9 N/breed pr 78 sc New York forest Est

1937-38 ove

attbro

Weatherhead & --1- 1.42 0.35 SE N/breed pr 19 e Ontario deciduous forest Yea

McRae 1990 --2- 1.50 0.45 SE N/breed pr 18 1987-88 fou

youof 

Young 1955 5.6 N/breed pr	 Wisconsin park Est

1957-49 ove

A-220 
----

----

------------

Reference Age Sex Cond Seas Mean SD/SE Units Minimum Maximum N Location Habitat NotN FLEDGE/SUCCESSFUL NEST
Howell 1942 2.4 N/suc nest 42 sc New York forest 

1937 

Knupp et al. 1977 2.5 0.15 SD N/suc nest 38 n Maine 1971 forest 

Weatherhead & --1- 2.5 N/suc nest 11 e Ontario deciduous forest YeaMcRae 1990 --2- 3.0 N/suc nest 9 1987-88 Young 1955 2.9 N/suc nest 2.4 3.4 86 Wisconsin park Min

1947-49 are

PERCENT NESTS SUCCESSFUL
Howell 1942 --1- 35 % nest suc 124 sc New York forest Per

--2- 75 % nest suc 44 1937-38 fro

sec

Klimstra & 93.5 % hatc suc 31 Illinois 1955 suburban NesStieglitz 1957 eggKlimstra & 47.2 % hatc suc 42 51 81 Iowa 1946-48 suburban & rural NesStieglitz 1957 eggWeatherhead & --1- 78 % hatc suc 32 e Ontario deciduous forest YeaMcRae 1990 --2- 64 % hatc suc 28 1987-88 Young 1955 --1- 58 % hatc suc 46 66 Wisconsin park, cemetery Thr

--2- 49 % nest suc 32 62 1947-49 hat

fle

AGE AT SEXUAL MATURITY
Henny 1972 -B-- 1 year NS NS	 Ass

mod

A-221 
----

Reference Age Sex Cond Seas Mean SD/SE Units Minimum Maximum N Location Habitat NotANNUAL MORTALITY
Farner 1949 -B--


Henny 1972	 AB--


JB--


LONGEVITY
Farner 1949 A---
Farner 1945


Reference Begin


53 %/yr	 US, Canada NS


1920-1940


50.8 0.5 SE %/yr N America NS


78-82 %/yr 1946-65


1.3-1.4 years	 US, Canada NS


1920-40


years 9	 US, Canada NS


1920-40


*** SEASONAL ACTIVITIES ***


Calbir192and frofroinc

Adudynbanis seastaadubreratCalyeaannmeain Oldstulonyea

Peak End Location Habitat Notes 

MATING/LAYING Howell 1942 late Apr earl May sc New York forest First b

1937-39 

Howell 1942 late May earl Jun sc New York forest Second 

1937-39 

Howell 1942 earl Jun mid Jul sc New York forest Third b

1937-39 

A-222 
Reference Begin Peak End Location Habitat Notes


Klimstra & Apr 1
Stieglitz 1957
Klimstra & earl Apr
Stieglitz 1957
Knupp et al. 1977 May 10
Pitts 1984
Young 1955 mid Apr
HATCHING
James & Shugart earl May
1974
James & Shugart late Apr
1974
James & Shugart earl May
1974
James & Shugart mid May
1974
James & Shugart mid May
1974
James & Shugart earl Jun
1974
James & Shugart mid Apr
1974
Klimstra & Apr 20
Stieglitz 1957
Klimstra & Apr
Stieglitz 1957
FLEDGING
James & Shugart
1974


mid Apr Apr 23 Illinois 1955 suburban mid+ Apr Iowa 1946-48 suburban & rural May 21-25 July 6 n Maine 1971 forest earl April Tennessee, suburban (campus) 

1971-76 

late Jul	 Wisconsin park-like area Laying 

1947-49
California, NS
New Mex.
Ohio, NS
Missouri
VA, WV, NY, NS
Wash. DC
VT, NH, CT NS
Montana NS
Colorado NS
Kentucky NS


late Apr Illinois 1955 suburban
earl May Iowa 1946-48 suburban & rural


earl Jul	 California, NS


New Mex.


A-223 
Reference Begin Peak End Location Habitat Notes 

James & Shugart earl Aug Kentucky NS 1974 James & Shugart earl Jul VA, WV, Wash. NS 1974 DC James & Shugart late Jul MO, OH, MT, CO NS 1974 James & Shugart mid Jul VT, NH, CT, NY NS 1974 Knupp et al. 1977 earl Aug n Maine 1971 forest Young 1951 mid May earl Jun mid Aug Wisconsin park, cemetery Fledgin

1947-49 season

FALL/BASIC MOLT Bovitz 1990 Aug Sept New Jersey NS As cite

1990. 

Wheelwright 1986 Jul & Aug North America NS Robins FALL MIGRATION Fuller 1977 mid Sept mid Oct earl Nov Minnesota NS Robins 

1971-76 

Howell 1942 earl Nov sc New York forest Last da

1937-39 

SPRING MIGRATION Howell 1942 Feb Mar sc New York forest Arrival 

1937-39 

Knupp et al. 1977 earl Apr n Maine 1971 forest Arrival Young 1951 Mar 11 mid Apr Wisconsin park-like area Arrival 

1947-49 

Young 1951 Mar 26 mid Apr Wisconsin park-like area Arrival 

1947-49 

A-224 
A-4. TABLES FOR MAMMALS


A-225


----

----

***** SHORT-TAILED SHREW *****


*** NORMALIZING AND CONTACT RATE FACTORS ***


Reference Age Sex Cond Seas Mean SD/SE Units Minimum Maximum N Location Habitat Notes 

BODY WEIGHT 

Barrett & Stueck AB-- 16.35 2.47 SE g 4 Ohio 1972 lab Maintained on a diet of mealworms. 

1976 

Buckner 1964 AB-- 20.1 g 11 Manitoba CAN lab 

1955-57 

Deavers & Hudson 22.1 0.5 SE g 32 New York lab 

1981 

Guilday 1957 -M-SP 17.61 0.58 SD g 14.0 22.0 13 e Pennsylvania various Animals caught in April and May. 

-F-SP 17.33 1.08 SD g 12.0 21.0 9 

Guilday 1957 -M-SU 19.21 0.42 SD g 17.0 22.0 14 w Pennsylvania various Summer animals caught in August, 

-F-SU 17.40 0.48 SD g 14.0 21.0 15 fall animals caught in October and -M-FA 16.87 0.21 SD g 13.0 22.0 63 November. 

-F-FA 15.58 0.23 SD g 12.5 22.5 57 

Guilday 1957 -M-SU 15.70 0.37 SD g 12.0 21.0 27 c Pennsylvania various Animals caught in August and -F-SU 15.25 0.37 SD g 12.0 19.0 20 September. 

Lomolino 1984 18 g New York Thousand Islands 

Schlesinger & AB-- 15.0 0.78 SD g 24 New Hampshire forest Most females weighed less than the 

Potter 1974 1971 mean. 

LEAN (DRY) BODY WEIGHT


Schlesinger & AB-- 4.4 0.24 SD g


Potter 1974

Reference Age Sex Cond Seas Mean SD/SE Units Minimum Maximum N Location Habitat Not

METABOLIC RATE (OXYGEN)
Buckner 1964 A B ST -
Deavers & Hudson A - BA -
1981
Martinsen 1969 A - BA -
Morrison 1948 A - AD -
Neal & Lustick A - BA -
1973
Pearson 1947	 A - BA -


A - AD -


Platt 1974 A - BA -
Randolph 1973	 --1WI


--2WI
--3WI
--1SU
--2SU
--3SU


METABOLIC RATE (KCAL BASIS)
Buckner 1964 -B--


110.4 19.2 SD lO2/kg-day 100.8 129.6 11 Ottawa, CAN lab	 9-1

(TN

77.3 lO2/kg-day 7 New York lab	 Tem

bodani14

52.3 lO2/kg-day NS lab	 As 

198

127 15.3 SD lO2/kg-day 94 218 8 NS lab	 (AD

ratweibet

76.3 lO2/kg-day NS lab As 

198mea

82 lO2/kg-day 80 84 2 Pennsylvania lab Mea

125 lO2/kg-day 106 150 5	 Tes

wittesaveat bot

62.4 lO2/kg-day NS lab As 

198mea

124.8 lO2/kg-day CAN, Ontario lab Sub147.8 rad202.3 0.4126.5 Equ151.2 (2207.1 

482 +/- 48 SD kcal/kg-d 11 Ottawa, CAN lab	 "St

meawhitheSD 

A-228 
----

Reference Age Sex Cond Seas Mean SD/SE Units Minimum Maximum N Location Habitat NotMorrison et al. A B AD - 680 kcal/kg-d Wisconsin 1952 lab AD 1957	 Bas

of g/gfor 

Pearson 1947 A - BA - 390 kcal/kg-d 2 Pennsylvania lab Cal

A - AD - 600 kcal/kg-d 5 con

= 2footo C; teswat

FOOD INGESTION RATE
Barrett & Stuek A B AD FA 0.49 g/g-day 4 Oxford, Ohio lab Die1976 A B AD FA 10.9 0.13 SD kcal/g-day 4 1972 2.3

A B AD FA 7.95 0.17 SD g/day 4 assA B AD FA 18.5 3.8 SD kcal/day 4 mea

per

Morrison et al. AB1- 0.43 g/g-day 22 Wisconsin 1952 lab Ani1957 AB2- 0.62 g/g-day 94	 = 2

anisevnum

Morrison et al. AB1- 0.52 g/g-day 3 Wisconsin 1952 lab Ani1957 AB2- 0.77 g/g-day 11	 = 5 

anisevnum

Morrison et al. AB1- 0.55 g/g-day 2 Wisconsin 1952 lab Ani1957 AB2- 0.96 g/g-day 17	 tem

of 28 21 

Randolph 1973 4.493 0.036 SE kcal/12 hr Ontario, CAN lab Mea

Min

Richardson 1973 AM-- 0.541 g/g-day 10 Virginia lab In 

not 

A-229 
----

----

Reference Age Sex Cond Seas Mean SD/SE Units Minimum Maximum N Location Habitat NotWATER INGESTION RATE
Chew 1951 AB-- 0.223 g/g-day 5 Illinois lab
SURFACE AREA
Pearson 1947 AB-- 54 cm2 Pennsylvania lab
Randolph 1973 70 cm2 Ontario, CAN NS


THERMONEUTRAL ZONE
George et al. 1986---- degrees C 25 33 NS lab


Neal & Lustick degrees C 25 33 12 NS, 1972 lab


*** DIET ***


Reference Age Sex Food type Spring Summer Fall Winter N Location Habitat - Measure


Sturelgro

EstAss

ide

Comof 

95% 

Not

Hamilton 1941 A B insects 77.6 460 e US, mostly NS All 

annelids 41.8 NY -vegetable matter 17.1 % frequency of centipedes 7.4 occurrence; stomach arachnids 6.1 contents snails 5.4 small mammals 5.2 crustacea 3.7 undetermined 2.4 

Whitaker & Ferraro B B earthworms 31.4 221 New York NS Sea

slugs and snails 27.1 1960-61 -

misc animals 8.1 % volume; Endogone (fungi) 7.7 stomach contents beetles 5.9 misc vegetation 5.4 lepidopteran larvae 4.3 chilopoda 1.8 other 8.6 

A-230 

1973 

1963 
*** POPULATION DYNAMICS ***


Reference Age Sex Cond Seas Mean SD/SE Units Minimum Maximum N Location Habitat Not

HOME RANGE SIZE Blair 1940 AF-SU ha < 0.1 0.36 13 s Michigan bluegrass Mon

AM-SU ha < 0.1 1.8 13 1938-39 tra

falrec

Blair 1941 -F-SU ha 0.23 0.59 5 Michigan 1940 hardwood forest Bas

-M-SU ha 0.56 7 cau

and 

Buckner 1966 BB-- 0.3925 0.0364 SD ha 34 s Manitoba tamarack bog Mar

1952-58 rel

or 

Platt 1976 BB1WI ha 0.03 0.07 c New York old field Hom

BB2WI ha 0.10 0.22 1968 dur

denTerwin

POPULATION DENSITY
Blair 1940 --1SU N/ha 0.89 s Michigan bluegrass Est

--2SU N/ha 0.32 1938-39 dur

(1(2

Buckner 1966 BB1- N/ha 0.06 0.16 Manitoba CAN tamarack bog Tra

BB2- N/ha 0 0.51 1955-57 tecBB3- N/ha 0.09 0.77 fig

YeaPeaof 

Getz 1989 --1WI 5.3 N/ha ec Illinois bluegrass Gen

--2SP 12.1 N/ha 1972-85 for --3SU 17.4 N/ha fro

--4FA 13.6 N/ha Feb

(3Oct

Getz 1989 --1WI 1.4 N/ha ec Illinois tallgrass Gen

--2SP 2.3 N/ha 1972-85 for --3SU 7.8 N/ha fro

--4FA 8.0 N/ha Feb

(3Oct

A-231 
----

----------------

----

------------

Reference Age Sex Cond Seas Mean SD/SE Units Minimum Maximum N Location Habitat NotGetz 1989	 --1WI


--2SP
--3SU
--4FA


Jackson 1961;
Williams 1936
LITTER SIZE
Blus 1971


Buckner 1966
French 1984
Hamilton 1929


Pearson 1944


DAYS GESTATION
Blus 1971
Hamilton 1929;
Pearson 1944
AGE AT WEANING
Blus 1971


AGE AT SEXUAL MATURITY
Blus 1971	 -M-­


-F--


2.3 N/ha ec Illinois alfalfa Gen5.9 N/ha 1972-85 for 

11.4 N/ha fig

10.0 N/ha Mar

JulNov

N/ha 1.6 121 Wisconsin beech-maple As 

4.7 0.2 SE 1 8 80 Maryland lab Cou

1966-68 as 

bef

6.3 5 8 8 Manitoba tamarack bog Sea

1952-57


5.4 2 8 18 Indiana NS 

1976-79 

6-7 NS NS 

4.5 NS NS 

21-22 days	 Maryland lab


1966-68


21-22 days NS NS
25-30 days	 Maryland lab


1966-68


days 65 Maryland lab
days 45 1966-68


A-232


embSeabas

As 

As 

AveparperindAs Appsucbirday
----

Reference Age Sex Cond Seas Mean SD/SE Units Minimum Maximum N Location Habitat NotBuckner 1966 10 months Manitoba CAN tamarack bog Age 

1952-57 

Dapson 1968 -F-- months 1-2 c New York woods, field 

-M-- months 1-2 1960’s 

French 1984 -F-- < 1 yr Indiana NS French 1984 -F-- months < 4 Indiana NS Evi

1976-79 in 

(apcla

Pearson 1944 -M-- days 83 NS NS As ANNUAL MORTALITY Barbehenn 1958; ---WI %/yr 90 sw OH, WI As Gottschang 1965; and Jackson 1961 Blus 1971 -B-- 27.4 %/weaning 383 Maryland lab Mor

-B-- 40.5 %/3 months 321 1966-68 fro-B-- 54.2 %/6 months 203 25--B-- 74.1 %/9 months 112 -B-- 91.3 %/year 46 

Pearson 1945 BB-- 93 %/yr MD, PA, NY, MA various LONGEVITY
Blus 1971 -M-- 4.6 months Maryland lab Mea

-F-- 4.4 months 1966-68 sur

wea"mi

Dapson 1968 -B-- months 20 c New York woods, field App

1960’s Bla

win

Pearson 1945 -B-- years 2 MD, PA, NY, MA various	 Aut

wilits (oneno

Pearson 1945	 -F-- months 30 1 MD, PA, NY, MA lab Fem

-M-- months 33 1 cap

A-233 
*** SEASONAL ACTIVITIES ***


Reference Begin Peak End Location Habitat Notes 

MATING Blair 1940 spring; fall s Michigan bluegrass 

1938 

Buckner 1966 earl May mid Aug se Manitoba tamarack bog 

1952-57 

French 1984 Feb 29 Apr-May Sept 11 Indiana NS 

1976-79 

PARTURITION Dapson 1968 May-June c New York woods, field 

1960’s 

FALL/BASIC MOLT Findley & Jones Oct Nov NS NS 1956 SPRING/ALTERNATE MOLT Findley & Jones Feb July NS NS 1956 

A-234 

Author spring Based opapers Latest pregnanBased owear; sJanuary As citeAs cite
***** RED FOX *****


*** NORMALIZING AND CONTACT RATE FACTORS ***


Reference Age Sex Cond Seas Mean SD/SE Units Minimum Maximum N Location Habitat Not

BODY WEIGHT
Allen & Gulke 1981JM1-


AM2-
AM3-
AM4-
AM5-


Allen & Gulke 1981JF1-


AF2-
AF3-
AF4-
AF5-


Hoffman & AF-WI
Kirkpatrick 1954 AM-WI
Samuel & Nelson A---
Sargeant 1978	 AM-SP


AF-SP


Storm et al. 1976	 AM-FA


JM-FA
AF-FA
JF-FA


Storm et al. 1976	 AM-SP


JM-SP
AF-SP
JF-SP


Vogtsberger & JB--
Barrett 1973
Voigt 1987	 AM-FA


AF-FA
JM-FA
JF-FA


5,006 608 SD g 317 e N Dakota NS 5,361 521 SD g 30 1970-78 5,357 579 SD g 48 5,597 649 SD g 20 5,716 1,067 SD g 18 

4,256 549 SD g 250 e N Dakota NS 4,263 566 SD g 45 1970-78 4,529 457 SD g 36 4,611 647 SD g 15 4,769 678 SD g 16 

Age(33.5 carof 0.8

Age(33.5 carof 0.8

4,213 74 SE g 3,360 5,680 52 Indiana various Wei5,253 78 SE g 3,980 6,090 47 1947-49 bou

g 3,000 7,000 NS NS Sum

4,750 410 SD g 4,370 5,430 5 e N Dakota lab 4,680 167 SD g 4,430 4,850 5 1970-74 4,822 81 SE g 4,131 5,675 19 nw Iowa farm and woods Juv4,646 47 SE g 3,632 5,811 87 1968-69 mon3,938 79 SE g 2,951 4,585 22 3,724 39 SE g 2,951 4,540 68 5,250 179 SE g 4,540 7,037 14 nw Illinois farm and woods Juv4,818 93 SE g 3,859 6,129 32 1962, 67 mon4,128 111 SE g 3,269 4,722 13 3,986 52 SE g 3,632 4,494 24 4,200 g 4 Ohio captive Age 4,100 90 SE g 37 s Ontario, CAN NS 3,400 70 SE g 37 3,900 30 SE g 162 3,300 30 SE g 139 

A-235 

1982 
----

Reference Age Sex Cond Seas Mean SD/SE Units Minimum Maximum N Location Habitat NotNEONATE WEIGHT Sheldon 1949 NB-- 100 g New York NS App

and 

Storm et al. 1976 NB-- g 71 120 Illinois, Iowa farm and woods 

1966-70 

Storm & Ables 1966NB1- 110.6 8.9 SD g 94 120 7 Illinois, NS (wild) (1

NB2- 101.5 12 SD g 71 109 9 Wisconsin one 

PUP GROWTH RATE Sargeant 1978 PB-- 15.9 g/day 10 e N Dakota lab Fro

1970-74 of 

gro

Storm et al. 1976 PB-- 23 g/day 392 nw Illinois farm and woods Fro

1962, 67 mon

Vogtsberger & PB-- 25 g/day 4 NS lab FroBarrett 1973 of WEANING WEIGHT
Sargeant 1978 700 g North Dakota NS ValMETABOLIC RATE (KCAL BASIS) Vogtsberger & JB-SU 193 56 SD kcal/kg-d 4 Ohio 1971 lab 

Barrett 1973 FOOD INGESTION RATE Sargeant 1978 JB1- 0.16 g/g-day 4 e N Dakota lab Age

JB2- 0.12 g/g-day 4 (3JB3- 0.11 g/g-day 4 

Sargeant 1978 AB1SP 0.075 g/g-day 10 e N Dakota captive (1

AB2SP 0.14 g/g-day 10 aft

Sargeant 1978 A B NB - 0.069 g/g-day 10 e N Dakota captive NonVogstberger & JB-SU 223 71 SD kcal/kg-d NS lab Uni

Barrett 1973 ass

bod

A-236 
*** DIET ***


Reference Age Sex Food type Spring Summer Fall Winter N Location Habitat - Measure Not

Cook & Hamilton B B deer 5 - 2 7 New York riverine 

1944 grey squirrel 5 - 2 6 1937-42 -

chipmunk - 24 4 - frequency of deer mouse 13 6 1 1 occurrence; scats meadow vole 20 - 21 16 cottontail 60 35 18 57 short-tailed shrew 5 - 5 -ruffed grouse 5 - 1 4 pheasant - 6 - -grasshoppers - 6 19 1 scarabs 3 6 - -ground beetles - 6 3 -other beetles - 12 1 1 strawberries - 24 - -brambles - 24 1 -apple 8 - 36 31 shadbush - 29 2 -cherry - 12 33 3 wild sarsaparilla - 6 - -blueberry - 47 - -

(sample size) (40) (34) (141) (70) 

Eadie 1943 B B prairie vole 52.3 63.1 313 s New NS 

NE cottontail 13.1 21.3 Hampshire -woodchuck 0.9 0 1939-40 % frequency of muskrat 0.9 6.3 occurrence; scats livestock 0 5.8 gray squirrel 3.7 4.8 red squirrel 4.7 1.9 deer mouse 3.7 4.3 skunk 0 2.4 short-tailed shrew 2.8 1.9 long-tailed shrew 0.9 1.4 star-nosed mole 2.8 1.4 chipmunk 1.9 1.0 

Eadie 1943 B B mammals 82 95 313 s New NS 

birds 36 34 Hampshire -insects 81 3 1939-40 % frequency of vegetation 31 27 occurrence; scats fishes 2 1 

A-237 

Fro

sou

Sum= OreponltyprepfreSum= O
Reference Age Sex Food type Spring Summer Fall Winter N Location Habitat - Measure Not

Green & Flinders A B rabbit 32 32 38-37 se Idaho sagebrush 1981 rodent 82 71 1976-77 -

sheep 17 34 % occurrence in birds 10 13 scats insects 21 18 plants 34 34 

(sample size) (87) (38) 

Halpin & B B snowshoe hare 82.2 e Maine deep snow cover/90cm Bissonette 1983 deer 17.7 1982-83 -

small mammals 9.6 % occurrence in birds 11.3 scats vegetation 3.2 

Halpin & B B snowshoe hare 56.0 e Maine shallow snow/31 cm Bissonette 1983 deer 9.1 1982-83 -

small mammals 36.3 % occurrence in birds 11.3 scats vegetation 7.8 

Hamilton 1935 B B meadow vole & mice 29.3 206 New York NS Mos

cottontail rabbit 22.1 1927-34 - meagrasses 13.9 % bulk; stomach catdirt, sticks 6.2 contents slacarrion 8.1 mosfruit 5.3 Insinsects 3.4 cripoultry 3.1 colsquirrels 2.9 winporcupine 1.8 game birds 1.4 small birds 0.5 shrews 0.8 worms 0.8 grains and nuts 0.4 

Hamilton 1935 B B meadow voles & mice 33 66 VT, NH, MA NS Dat

fruit (apple 1913-32 - Ham

& wild cherries) 32 Number of times win

grasses 14 present; stomach rabbits 8 contents poultry 6 carrion 5 corn 4 other <4 

A-238 
Reference Age Sex Food type Spring Summer Fall Winter N Location Habitat - Measure Not

Hamilton 1935 B B woodchuck 33+ 31 NY & New NS 

rabbits 22+ England -poultry 13 Number of items game birds 6 found in fox dens moles & shrews 5 muskrat 5+ crow 3+ small birds 8 squirrels 4 insects many reptiles 5 other < 3 

Hockman & Chapman B B meadow vole 11.3 128 Maryland Piedmont and Dat1983 eastern cottontail 30.7 1977-78 Appalachian Province Pro

white-footed mice 1.3 -unclassified mammal 4.8 % wet weight; raccoon 4.9 stomach contents gray squirrel 2.8 norway rat 2.2 white-tailed deer 2.5 domestic cow 4.8 striped skunk 1.5 oppossum 1.4 unclassified bird 0.8 domestic chicken 6.6 ring-necked pheasant 0.8 pigeon 1.4 blackbird 1.2 starling 0.7 mallard duck 0.5 persimmon 11.4 corn 1.3 apple 0.7 black cherry 0.7 grasshopper/cricket 0.5 butterfly/moth larva 0.4 other/unspecified 4.2 

Hockman & Chapman B B mammal 81.4 Maryland Appalachian Province Dat1983 bird 4.8 1977-78 - Sum

plant 7.0 % wet weight; insect 2.8 stomach contents other/unspecified 4.0 

Hockman & Chapman B B mammal 67.0 Maryland Piedmont Province Dat1983 bird 9.8 1977-78 - Sum

plant 15.6 % wet weight; insect 0.1 stomach contents other/unspecified 7.5 

A-239 
Reference Age Sex Food type Spring Summer Fall Winter N Location Habitat - Measure Not

Johnson 1970 B B moose 2.2 4.2 - 10.5 Michigan Isle Royale, forest Isl

beaver 0.5 2.7 - - 1966-68 -muskrat 11.9 9.6 4.9 5.8 % occurrence; snowshoe hare 10.6 11.2 23.0 57.9 scats red squirrel 10.6 10.5 5.6 -deer mouse 8.3 8.5 2.1 21.0 birds 15.1 6.7 16.7 -amphibians/reptiles 2.2 2.1 - -fish 2.5 5.5 - -insects 8.9 4.6 4.2 -plant matter 7.6 35.6 43.8 5.3 

(number of scats) (164) (198) (73) (13) (number of occur.) (227) (238) (84) (19) 

Knable 1970 A B mammals 67.1 170 Illinois woodland, 

(cottontail) (25.2) 1956-67 agricultural (prarie vole) (15.2) -(deer mice) (6.4) % wet weight; 

birds 10.3 stomach contents reptiles 0.3 invertebrates 2.9 plants 18.6 

(persimmon) (10.2) 

other/unspecified 0.2 

Knable 1974 A B mammals 92.2 37.1 61.7 65.0 18-82 Illinois farm and woods 

birds 2.4 43.2 0.2 8.6 -arthropods 0.2 11.6 4.2 <0.1 % wet weight; plants 4.6 6.3 31.1 26.1 stomach contents unspecified/other 0.6 1.8 2.8 0.3 

(sample size) (51) (18) (32) (82) 

Korschgen 1959 B B rabbits 24.8 10.7 36.5 38.7 Missouri various 

mice/rats 24.2 6.2 21.3 22.5 1949-54 -poultry 21.0 45.0 16.3 11.6 % wet volume; other mammals 4.0 1.4 8.1 8.2 stomach contents carrion 12.9 13.0 6.5 7.4 livestock 9.8 0.3 2.0 5.4 birds 0.6 1.2 1.1 3.8 invertebrates TRACE 15.3 1.6 TRACE plant foods 2.7 6.9 6.6 2.1 

(sample size) (52) (29) (86) (839) 

A-240 

divhavtotwilTimStohunstagre
Reference Age Sex Food type Spring Summer Fall Winter N Location Habitat - Measure Not

Kuehn & Berg 1981 B B snowshoe hare 28 430 nc Minnesota NS Mic

mice and voles 19 1970-79 - pendeer 16 % wet weight; Cleother 37 stomach contents Syn

incwellivuni

Llewellyn & Uhler A B insects 3 3 33 Maryland mixed, wildlife ref. Val1952 birds 8 2 -

rodents 28 48 % volume; how rabbit 10 45 determined not beechnut 17 specified pokeberry 9 grapes 3 persimmon 22 other 2 

MacGregor 1942 B B skunk 19.7 57 Massachusetts forested In 

rabbit 17.9 1937-38 - meaapple (fruit) 17.0 % total volume; penwoodchuck 6.1 stomach contents mouchicken 5.4 the shrew 4.5 moudeer mouse 4.4 porcupine 4.2 horse 3.5 meadow vole 3.0 grass 2.5 muskrat 2.3 blueberry 2.1 other < 2 

Major & Sherburne A B deer 5 1 - 15 w Maine coniferous forest 1987 hare 84 32 83 61 1979-82 -

small mammals 11 48 50 32 % occurrence; birds 11 8 - 17 scats insects 5 14 - -raspberries - 43 17 -other fruit - 13 - -

(sample size) (19) (79) (6) (82) 

A-241 
Reference Age Sex Food type Spring Summer Fall Winter N Location Habitat - Measure Not

Pils & Martin 1978 B B small mammals 2 85 s Wisconsin various Sea

cottontails 66 1972-75 - werunknown mammals 10 estimated % wet colpig 1 weight; stomach Aredomestic fowl 9 contents the pheasant 8 datunknown birds 4 assplants (e.g. grass TR wei

& corn) 

Pils & Martin 1978 B B small mammals 4 47 s Wisconsin various Sea

cottontails 49 1972-75 - stoopossums 11 estimated % wet colskunk 7 weight; stomach Aredomestic fowl 15 contents = tpheasant 3 unknown birds 8 plants (e.g. grass, TR 

corn) 

other/unspecified 3 

Pils & Martin 1978 B B cottontail 34.6 58 s Wisconsin various Dat

muskrat 5.3 1972-75 -fox squirrel 2.1 estimated % wet unknown mammal 2.1 weight of prey found domestic rabbit 5.4 in dens opossum 3.1 raccoon 6.9 pig 1.4 ring-necked pheasant 17.2 mallard duck 1.0 domestic fowl 

chicken 11.3 duck 3.2 goose 1.4 

other/unspecified 5.0 

Pils & Martin 1978 B B small mammals 4.5 47 s Wisconsin farm, pasture, woods Per

cottontail 80.8 1972-75 - trapheasant 6.5 estimated % wet kilunknown passerine 0.8 weight; winter kills great horned owl 6.7 mourning dove 0.7 

A-242 
Reference Age Sex Food type Spring Summer Fall Winter N Location Habitat - Measure Not

Pils & Martin 1978 B B cottontail 37 21 72 57.5 - s Wisconsin various Sam

skunk - - - 3.5 1972-75 - scaopossum - - - 3.5 estimated % wet of raccoon 5 - - 7.5 weight; summary of unknown mammal 16 44 12 7 den, scat, stomach ring-necked pheasant 10 2 4 3 content and winter 

domestic fowl 12 5 4 5 tracking data unknown small mammal - 2 1 2 muskrat 3 - - -other birds 11 - - -other 6 26 7 11 

Powell & Case 1982 B B rabbits 44.4 188 Nebraska statewide Sum

small mammals 33 1978-79 -pheasant 8.4 % wet volume; other birds 11.2 stomach contents misc. 2.0 not accounted for 1.0 

Powell & Case 1982 B B eastern cottontail 44.0 188 Nebraska statewide Mea

white-footed mouse 7.4 1978-79 - metvole (Microtus sp.) 5.9 % wet volume; harvest mouse 3.0 stomach contents jack rabbit(Lepus sp 5.2 unident. mammal 1.6 house mouse 1.3 Norway rat 2.5 striped skunk 2.6 grasshopper mouse 0.6 fox squirrel 2.2 raccoon 0.7 muskrat 0.7 unident. bird 6.3 ring-necked pheasant 8.4 meadowlark 2.0 domestic poultry 0.9 bobwhite 0.8 horned lark 0.5 mallard 0.5 powdery meal 1.2 apple 0.5 other/unspecified 1 

A-243 
Reference Age Sex Food type Spring Summer Fall Winter N Location Habitat - Measure Not

Richards & Hine B B pheasant 2 63 sw Wisconsin various Sam1953 cottontail rabbit 45 - ani

muskrat 2 % occurrence; meavoles 50 stomach contents micmice 14 sppskunk 3 domestic cat 2 chicken 27 flicker 2 unident. bird 2 corn 7 deer 2 rat 2 woodchuck 3 

Richards & Hine B B upland game birds 18 33 sw Wisconsin various Sea1953 cottontail rabbit 42 1948 - num

woodchuck 39 % frequency of incsquirrels 48 occurrence; prey gromuskrat 12 remains at dens graskunk 6 chiopossum 6 ratweasel 15 redrodents 15 meapig 9 unichicken 88 misc. birds 66 

Sargeant et al. B B plants 49 70 ec N Dakota prairie farmland Dat1986 (sunflower seeds) (47.5) 1982-83 - mak

mammals 41 % wet volume; inc

(Leporidae) (10.5) stomach contents sun(Sciuridae) (3) of (Cricetidae) (20) and (Cervidae) (5) in 

birds 3 refuse (carrion) 5.5 other 1.5 

Scott 1943 B B mammals 43.5 1,454 Iowa 1938-41 various Sea(regalis) birds 14.7 - fro

invertebrates 23.2 % frequency of the plants 17.6 occurrence in scats num

typApp

A-244 
----

--------

----

*** POPULATION DYNAMICS ***


Reference Age Sex Cond Seas Mean SD/SE Units Minimum Maximum N Location Habitat Not

HOME RANGE SIZE Ables 1969 AM-- 512 ha 1 Wisconsin diverse As 

farmland and 

Ables 1969 AM-- 717 ha 1 Wisconsin mixed: marsh, Fox

AF-- 96 ha 57 170 3 1964-65 forest, prairie, 13 JM-- 78 ha 1 shrubs, savannah sizYF-- 167 ha 142 191 2 mod

Johnson, Siniff, &---- ha 1,040 NS prairie pothole As 

Warner (unpubl) ha 1,300 197Jones & Theberge AB-SU 1,611 ha 277 3,420 7 nw British alpine and subalpine Num1982 AM-SU 1,967 ha 514 3,420 4 Columbia eac

AF-SU 1,137 ha 277 1,870 3 

Jones & Theberge AM-- 1,967 ha 59.8 N NS 1982 AF-- 1,137 ha latitude Kuehn & Berg 1981 JM-WI 335 ha 90 580 2 nc Minnesota NS Fox

JF-WI 220 ha 1 1970-79 ranAF-WI 620 ha 330 980 3 are

(19

Major & Sherburne BB-- 1,990 ha 4 w Maine forest and bogs
1987 1979-82
Pils et al. 1981 1,037 ha Wisconsin NS SupSargeant 1972 AF-SP 699 137 SD ha 596 855 3e cMinnesota woods, fields, swamp May

1964 

Sargeant et al. AB-- 1,190 550 SD ha/family 330 2,140 12 N Dakota prairie farmland Sea1987 ove

fox 

Storm et al. 1976 960 ha/family NS NS


Tullar & JB-SU 72.5 ha 137 sw New York farm & woods EstBerchielli 1980 theVoigt & Tinline 900 ha 500 2,000 Ontario, CAN farmland As 

1980


A-245 
----

Reference Age Sex Cond Seas Mean SD/SE Units Minimum Maximum N Location Habitat NotPOPULATION DENSITY Ables 1974 BB-- N/ha 0.046 0.077 NS "good fox range" Sum

in 

Sargeant et al. B B BR - 0.0010 family/ha 0.0005 0.0014 270 e N Dakota prairie farmland Min 1975 1969-1973	 the 

on in of 

Tullar & B B BR SP 0.0010 family/ha 0.0008 0.0011 151 nw New York farm & woods Min Berchielli 1980 1972-77	 the 

one fouove

Voigt 1987 BB-SP 0.001 N/ha n Ontario, CAN northern boreal Sum

forests/arctic dattundra 

Voigt 1987 BB-SP 0.01 N/ha s Ontario, CAN southern habitats Sum

dat

LITTER SIZE Allen 1984 --1- 4.96 2.94 SD 24 North Dakota prairie potholes Dif

--2- 4.07 2.05 SD 29 197--3- 2.80 1.91 SD 20 (5--4- 3.50 2.62 SD 14 all --5- 4.86 2.13 SD 42 by --6- 4.29 2.06 SD 7 all --7- 4.08 mean 136 

Allen 1984 --1- 3.13 2.31 SD 60 North Dakota NS Lit

--2- 4.73 2.25 SD 26 cou--3- 4.85 2.19 SD 13 age --4- 5.58 1.89 SD 19 on--5- 4.75 1.28 SD 8 --6- 5.33 2.80 SD 6 --7- 6.50 0.71 SD 2 --8- 6.5 0.71 SD 2 

Dekker 1983 5 3 7 10	 Alberta, CAN agricultural fields


1972-81


A-246 
----

----

----

----

Reference Age Sex Cond Seas Mean SD/SE Units Minimum Maximum N Location Habitat NotHarris & Smith --1- 4.53 1.54 SD Bristol, UK Urban Age 1987 --2- 4.90 1.42 SD 1971-77 yea

--3- 4.75 1.73 SD (5

--4- 4.73 1.66 SD age

--5- 4.94 1.70 SD --6- 4.72 1.55 SD mean 252 

Harris & Smith --1- 4.65 1.43 SD London, UK urban Age 1987 --2- 5.06 1.74 SD 1971-77 yea

--3- 4.95 1.25 SD (5

--4- 4.89 1.29 SD age

--5- 3.45 1.44 SD --6- 4.76 1.52 SD mean 192 

Hoffman & 6.8 0.338 SE 4 13 30 Indiana various BasKirkpatrick 1954 1947-49 emb

nor

Pils & Martin 1978--1- 5.2 27 s Wisconsin farm, marsh, pasture Est

--2- 5.5 26 1972-75 (2--3- 6.4 17 pla

Pils & Martin 1978Y--- 5.9 2 8 22 s Wisconsin farm, pasture, woods Ave

A--- 6.0 3 10 26 1972-75 at B--- 5.6 1 10 70 emb

Pils & Martin 1978--1SP 5.4 s Wisconsin farm, pasture, woods (1

--2SP 4.6 pup--3SP 5.9 197--4SP 5.9 197--5SP 5.2 

Pils et al. 1981 A-1- 6.9 326 Wisconsin NS (1

A-2- 5.4 43 1976-78 sca

Y-2- 5.6 56 

Richards & Hine --1- 5.1 0.3 SE 25 sw Wisconsin various (1

1953 --2- 5.1 0.2 SE 103 1946-50 Schoonmaker 1938 4.4 New York NS	 As 

pup

Sheldon 1949 5.4 New York NS As 

Stanley 1963 4.5 Kansas NS As 

A-247 
----

----

------------------------

Reference Age Sex Cond Seas Mean SD/SE Units Minimum Maximum N Location Habitat NotStorm et al. 1976	 --1SP


--2SP
--3SP
--4SP
--5SP


Storm et al. 1976


Storm et al. 1976


Switzenberg 1950	 --1-


--2-


DAYS GESTATION
Asdell 1946
Scott 1943
Sheldon 1949
Storm et al. 1976
AGE AT WEANING
Ables 1974


Sargeant 1978
AGE AT SEXUAL MATURITY
Asdell 1946 -F--
Storm et al. 1976 -F--
ANNUAL MORTALITY
Harris & Smith	 JM--


JF--
AM--
AF--


7.1 Illinois, Iowa farms and woods


6.8
4.2
3.8 1 12 175
3.5 1 10 384


6.8 2 9 34 Illinois farm and woods 

6.7 3 12 48 Iowa farm and woods 

4.2 Michigan NS 

5.4 

51-53 days NS NS 

51 days Iowa NS 

51-54 days New York NS 

52 days Illinois, Iowa farm and woods 

8 - 10 weeks NS NS


28-35 days North Dakota NS


10 months NS NS
10 months Illinois, Iowa farm and woods


57.3 % as cubs Bristol, UK urban
54.4 % as cubs 1971-77
50.0 %/year
49.8 %/year


A-248


(1

(3Illpup

Emb

Emb

Liv

lowand 

As 

App

As 

PupabofouAge app

As 

1987 
----

--------------------

----

Reference Age Sex Cond Seas Mean SD/SE Units Minimum Maximum N Location Habitat NotHarris & Smith JM-- 66.2 % as cubs London, UK urban 1987 JF-- 64.2 % as cubs 1971-77 

AM-- 53.0 %/yr AF-- 56.0 %/yr 

Pils & Martin 1978---- 75.5 %/yr 1973 s Wisconsin various Con

78.7 %/yr 1974 1973-75 rat83.9 %/yr 1975 rec

79.4 %/yr avg 

Pils & Martin 1978---- 76.5 %/yr 1973 s Wisconsin various Ass

77.5 %/yr 1974 1973-75 con84.6 %/yr 1975 wer79.5 %/yr avg 3 yr wer

Pils & Martin 1978J--- 90 %/yr s Wisconsin various Est

Y--- 80 %/yr 1973-75 to A--- 70 %/yr the 

Pils et al. 1981 -B-- %/yr 75 85 Wisconsin NS 

1973-75 

Storm et al. 1976 JM-- 83 %/yr Illinois, Iowa farms and woods 

JF-- 81 %/yr 1966-70 AF-- 74 %/yr 45 AB-- 77 %/yr 62 

LONGEVITY
Ables 1974 -B-- < 1 yr 3 - 4 North America NS SumHarris & Smith BM-- 1.01 years 571 London, UK urban 1987 BF-- 1.03 years 551 1971-77 Harris & Smith BM-- 1.38 years 904 Bristol, UK urban 1987 BF-- 1.48 years 732 1971-77 Kuehn & Berg 1981 AM-- years 8.5 2 nc Minnesota NS Of 

1970-79 exc

Storm et al. 1976 <1.5 years 6 1 Iowa NS Bas

tag

Tullar 1983 AF-- years 8.5 1 New York farm & woodland Rec

pup

A-249 
*** SEASONAL ACTIVITIES ***


Reference Begin Peak End Location Habitat Notes 

MATING Allen 1984 Jan 22 Feb 3-12 Feb 21 N Dakota prairie Layne & McKeon Jan, Feb New York NS 1956 Pils & Martin 1978 Dec 27 Jan 14 Feb 3 Wisconsin various; Waterloo Scott 1943 late Dec earl Jan Iowa fields & woods Sheldon 1949 late Dec March New York NS Storm et al. 1976 earl Dec mid Jan mid Feb nw Illinois farm, woods Storm et al. 1976 earl Dec late Jan late Feb Iowa farm, woods Storm et al. 1976 Jan-earl Feb N Dakota farm, woods Voigt 1987 late Jan earl Feb s Ontario, CAN NS Voigt 1987 Feb March n Ontario, CAN NS PARTURITION Pils & Martin 1978 Feb 16 Mar 8 Mar 28 Wisconsin various; Waterloo Sargeant 1972; late Mar/Apr e N Dakota prairie Sargent et al. 1975 Sargeant et al. earl Mar Mar 31 late Apr N Dakota prairie 1981 Voigt 1987 Mar southern CAN NS Voigt 1987 May northern CAN arctic FALL MOLT Voigt 1987 Apr Jun NS NS 

A-250 

As citeData refound iAs citeCites N DepartmSummary 40-45 NSummary 60-80 N
Reference Begin Peak End Location Habitat Notes


DISPERSAL
Phillips & et al. late Sep nw Illinois, farm & woodlands 1972 ne Iowa Pils & Martin 1978 Oct Mar Wisconsin various; Waterloo Dates aStorm et al. 1976 late Sep Mar Illinois, Iowa farm, woods Males d

females

Tullar & Oct New York farm & woodlots Berchielli 1980 

A-251 

***** RACCOON *****


*** NORMALIZING AND CONTACT RATE FACTORS ***


Reference Age Sex Cond Seas Mean SD/SE Units Minimum Maximum N Location Habitat Not

BODY WEIGHT
Fritzell et al. YFP-
1985	 Y F NP ­


AFP­
A F NP -


Johnson 1970 AM-­
(various) AF--
Johnson 1970 AM-WI
(various)	 AF-WI


AM-SP
AF-SP


Johnson 1970 AM-SU
(various)	 AF-SU


AM-FA
AF-FA


Johnson 1970 AM-FA
(various)	 AF-FA


AM-WI
AF-WI


Johnson 1970 AM-SP
(various)	 AF-SP


AM-SU
AF-SU


Kaufmann 1982 AB--


Kaufmann 1982 J--FA
Kaufmann 1982 J--FA
Moore & Kennedy AF-WI
1985	 AF-SP


AF-SU
AF-FA


6,640 930 SD g 115 n Illinois NS 

6,800 1,070 SD g 59 1979-81 

7,090 1,060 SD g 149 

7,140 750 SD g 7 

4,309 g 8,800 277 Alabama NS 3,674 g 5,900 174 4,850 g 69 ec Alabama NS 3,860 g 37 3,450 g 10 3,180 g 8 5,171 g 1 ec Alabama NS 3,720 g 2 5,350 g 12 4,360 g 17 3,770 g 30 sw Alabama NS 3,770 g 30 4,310 g 56 3,360 g 30 3,540 g 32 sw Alabama NS 3,270 g 15 4,220 g 7 3,540 g 9 

g 3,600 9,000 United States NS 

g 2,700 3,200 Alabama NS g 7,000 Missouri NS 

4,300 g Tennessee NS 3,330 g 3,700 g 3,700 g 

A-253


P = femSumrecValValValVal

Mal15%thaTotfemtim
Reference Age Sex Cond Seas Mean SD/SE Units Minimum Maximum N Location Habitat Not

Moore & Kennedy AM-WI
1985	 AM-SP


AM-SU
AM-FA


Nagel 1943	 -B-­


-M-­
-F--


Sanderson 1984	 AM-­


A F NP ­
AFP­
JM--
JF--


Sanderson & HubertAM--
1981 AFP­


A F NP -


Sanderson & HubertAM--
1981 AFP­


A F NP -


Sanderson & HubertAM--
1981 AFP­


A F NP -


Stuewer 1943a	 AM-WI


AM-SP
AM-SU
AM-FA


Stuewer 1943a	 AF-WI


AF-SP
AF-SU
AF-FA


NEONATE WEIGHT
Ewer 1973 N---
Hamilton 1936 N---


Stuewer 1943b N---


5,670 g Tennessee NS 4,280 g 4,900 g 5,100 g 6,455 g 8,180 Missouri statewide 6,759 g 5,371 5,742 g 2,809 7,600 g 7,000 8,300 2,115 wc Illinois NS 

6,000 g 5,100 7,100 361 6,400 g 5,600 7,100 1,728 5,100 g 4,600 5,700 4,704 4,800 g 4,200 5,300 4,154 

7,740 89 SE g 241 wc Illinois, NS 6,560 78 SE g 183 1955-80 6,160 154 SE g 52 

6,440 79 SE g 149 se Illinois, NS 5,340 66 SE g 135 1955-80 5,620 146 SE g 15 

8,860 138 SE g 126 nc Illinois, NS 7,560 108 SE g 122 1955-80 7,600 237 SE g 25 6,209 g 2 Michigan riparian 5,131 g 15 6,521 g 23 7,399 g 7 3,855 g 2 Michigan riparian 4,734 g 11 5,358 g 23 6,917 g 4 62-98 g NS NS


75 g w New York captive


61.7 g 3 Michigan riparian


A-254


TotfemtimCauNP 

fem

P = fem

P = fem

P = femAs 
Reference Age Sex Cond Seas Mean SD/SE Units Minimum Maximum N Location Habitat Not

PUP WEIGHT
Hamilton 1936	 N---


P---
P---
P---
P---
P---


PUP GROWTH RATE
Hamilton 1936	 PB1-


PB2-
PB3-
PB4-
PB5-


Montgomery 1969	 P-1-


P-2-
P-3-


Stuewer 1943b	 PF-SU


PM-SU
PB-SU


METABOLIC RATE (OXYGEN)
Mugaas et al. 1984BB1WI


BB2WI
BF3SU


BM3SU
BB4SU


METABOLIC RATE (KCAL BASIS)
Teubner & Barrett JB--
1983 Y---
FOOD INGESTION RATE
Teubner & Barrett JB--
1983 YB--


75 newborn SD g w New York captive


200 7 days SD g
450 19 days SD g
570 30 days SD g
680 40 days SD g
910 50 days SD g


17 g/day w New York captive 21 g/day 

11 g/day 

12 g/day 

23 g/day 

17.8 g/day 1962-63 lab 

3.9 g/day 

29.5 g/day 

24.9 g/day 1 Michigan riparian 26.4 g/day 2 25.9 g/day 3 9.36 1.68 SD lO2/kg-day Washington DC National Zoo


11.04 lO2/kg-day


8.64 1.68 SD lO2/kg-day


10.5 lO2/kg-day


11.52 lO2/kg-day
303.8 kcal/kg-d 4 Ohio lab
402.1 kcal/kg-d 1
363.1 10.2 SD kcal/kg-d 4 Ohio lab
457.0 10 SD kcal/kg-d 1


A-255


Avecladayday

Difwee10-com

Up Proexpabs

15-(4mettem

Kcaand 
*** DIET ***


Reference Age Sex Food type Spring Summer Fall Winter N Location Habitat - Measure Not

Alexander 1977 B B trout 19 30 n. lower aquatic Yea

non-trout fish 4 Michigan -crustaceans 14 % wet weight; molluscs 3 stomach contents insects 3 amphibians 12 birds and mammals 19 vegetation 17 unidentified 9 

Dorney 1954 A B muskrat kits 34 9 Wisconsin marsh Age 

muskrat adult 12 1 1 1949-50 -crayfish 31 31 16 % dry volume; scats fish 9 2 13 snails 2 3 10 corn 35 1 3 grapes 3 35 plums 9 2 other 11 16 11 

(sample size) (41) (98) (152) 

Hamilton 1951 A B fruits 37.9 94 New York NS Sea

insects 8.2 1947-50 -mammals 14.3 % wet volume; grains (e.g. corn) 14.7 stomach contents earthworms 7.2 amphibians 4.4 vegetation 6.1 reptiles 3.0 molluscs 1.9 birds 1.5 carrion 1.5 unspecified 0.2 

Hamilton 1940 B B wild cherry 38.15 163 New York 1939 marsh Sca

silky cornel 26.56 - 193corn 6.65 % dry volume; dry insects 4.26 scats muskrat 4.07 grapes 3.70 mice 3.06 turtle 2.23 other 11.32 

A-256 
Reference Age Sex Food type Spring Summer Fall Winter N Location Habitat - Measure Not

Hamilton 1936 A B buckwheat 15.78 127 w New York various 

apples 14.33 1927-34 -beechnuts 14.17 % by bulk; visceral acorns 5.96 tracts garbage 1.51 mice 8.04 corn 8.23 earthworms 8.44 fruit and berries 10.70 crayfish 1.92 insects 7.19 grasses and leaves 4.61 birds 0.53 

Johnson 1970 B B plant material 90 90 90 53 Alabama various (various) (fruits) (72) (80) (78) (26) -

(acorns, pecans) (1) (0) (8) (18) % occurrence; (corn) (1) (12) (3) (10) stomach, large (tubers - chufa, (15) (2) (5) (5) intestine, and scats 

groundnut) 

animal material 39 34 25 44 

(insects) (33) (32) (22) (23) (crayfish) (6) (2) (5) (20) (earthworms) (0) (0) (TR) (5) (molluscs) (0) (0) (0) (6) (fish) (0) (0) (1) (1) (frogs) (0) (0) (1) (0) (reptiles) (2) (0) (TR) (0) (birds) (2) (2) (TR) (6) (mammals) (2) (0) (0) (4) (unidentified) (5) (12) (8) (13) 

sample size 82 41 260 93 

Llewellyn & Uhler - B crayfish 37 8 3 9 520 Maryland forested bottomland 

snails 5 5 3 6 1943-46 -

insects 40 39 18 12 % wet volume; reptiles/amphibians 6 5 3 7 digestive tract 

fish 3 2 TR 2 rodents 7 2 TR 8 corn 0 1 2 19 Smilax 0 TR TR 6 acorns 0 TR 5 17 pokeberry 0 TR 17 2 wild cherry 0 17 2 0 blackberries 0 16 TR 0 grapes 0 TR 23 8 persimmon 0 0 11 7 

A-257 

VishunlatNumprothe oveone 

1952 
Reference Age Sex Food type Spring Summer Fall Winter N Location Habitat - Measure Not

McComb 1981 A B corn 4.8 (12.1) e Connecticut forested 

acorns 2.4 (7.1) -grapes 8.6 (21.2) average weight (g) apples 1.5 (5.2) found in stomach and pokeweed 0.2 (0.1) intestines other plants 1.5 (8.9) (standard deviation invertebrates 0.15 (0.35) in winter column) vertebrates 0.47 (1.40) total ingested 19.62 

McComb 1981 A B corn 10.0 (22.2) e Connecticut agricultural 

acorns 5.5 (10.4) -grapes 3.3 (12.6) average weight (g) apples 1.7 (10.2) found in stomach and pokeweed 0.8 (4.6) intestines other plants 2.6 (6.8) (standard deviation invertebrates 0.49 (1.93) in winter column) vertebrates 1.07 (4.38) total ingested 25.5 

McComb 1981 A B corn 3.1 (10.8) e Connecticut urban 

acorns 1.8 (4.5) -grapes 8.2 (16.2) average weight (g) apples 0.6 (2.7) found in stomach and pokeweed 0.4 (1.2) intestines other plants 0.5 (1.8) (standard deviation invertebrates 0.06 (0.09) in winter column) vertebrates 0.47 (1.36) total ingested 15.13 

Schoonover & B B crayfish 31.60 135 nc Minnesota wildlife refuge Age Marshall 1951 juneberries 26.8 1948-49 -

grasshoppers 10.5 % dry volume; scats acorns 8.0 debris 5.7 meadow voles 2.7 plums 2.6 raspberries 2.5 other 10.2 

Stuewer 1943a B B acorns 44.89 0 10.87 45.40 Michigan riparian Oth

corn 18.36 0 26.09 18.18 1939-40 - cotearthworms 14.28 0 2.17 18.18 % occurrence; scats galsnails 16.32 6.66 0 18.18 non insects 18.36 40.00 17.39 9.09 incgrapes 2.04 53.33 78.26 9.09 checrustacea 0 0 0 9.09 spMicrotus 32.65 0 0 0 

(continued) crayfish 34.69 13.33 10.85 0 

A-258 
Reference Age Sex Food type Spring Summer Fall Winter N Location Habitat - Measure Not

Stuewer 1943a buds 4.08 0 0 0 (continued) fish 12.24 0 4.34 0 

moths 2.04 0 0 0 other mammals 4.08 0 0 0 frogs 10.20 0 0 0 snakes 4.08 0 0 0 birds 8.16 0 2.17 0 elderberry (Sambucus 0 0 10.87 0 other berries 0 40.00 0 0 caterpillars 2.04 6.66 0 0 amphipods 0 0 6.52 0 ragweed seeds 0 0 2.17 0 bark, wood, hair 0 0 0 18.18 

(sample size) (11) (49) (15) (46) 

Tabatabai & A B frogs 8.1 TR 0 0 Tennessee NS VolKennedy 1988 fish 1.2 0 0 0 1976-82 - hig

birds TR 0 TR 8.4 % wet volume; all mammals 1.7 0 1.4 0 digestive tract cenother/unspecified 7.8 6.7 1.8 7.2 sugpersimmon 0 35.8 57.3 27.4 percorn 57.6 0 10.0 25.9 grapes 0 TR 10.2 0 pokeberry 0 20.5 4.5 0 acorns 0 0 5.4 4.2 sugar hackberry 0 0 5.5 18.4 cherry 0 29.5 0 0 insects 22.0 3.5 2.4 TR crayfish 1.6 4.0 1.5 1.4 

(sample size) (11) (18) (104) (74) 

Tabatabai & A M persimmon 42.8 111 Tennessee NS DatKennedy 1988 corn 15.7 1976-82 - fro

sugar hackberry 11.1 % wet volume; Tensummer grape 6.7 digestive tract acorns 1.9 pokeberry 2.1 peppervine 4.2 birds 3.9 other TR Alabama supplejack 2.8 Virginia creeper 1.5 bread 1.5 crayfish 1.3 frogs 2.4 beetles 0.7 wood 1.0 grasshoppers 0.5 voles 1.6 

A-259 
Reference Age Sex Food type Spring Summer Fall Winter N Location Habitat - Measure Not

Tabatabai & A F persimmon 43.8 96 Tennessee NS DatKennedy 1988 corn 16.7 1976-82 - fro

sugar hackberry 6.1 % wet volume; Tensummer grapes 1.9 digestive tract acorns 6.8 pokeberry 5.7 greenbriar 3.9 peppervine 1.9 wasps 2.1 rabbits 2.1 birds 1.1 crayfish 1.6 wood 1.2 Virginia creeper 0.7 beetles 0.7 grasshoppers 0.5 voles 0.5 other 2.7 

Tester 1953 A B animals 27 94 ne Colorado riparian 

(crayfish) (9.8) 1951 -(grasshoppers) (12.4) % dry volume; scats (small mammals) (2.0) 

plants 71.4 

(corn) (57.2) (plums) (6.9) 

detritus 1.6 

Tyson 1950 A B Mollusca (mussels & 44 20 sw Washington tidewater mudflats
(psora) oysters) 1946 -


Crustacea (shrimp & 25 % wet volume;


crabs) stomach contents


Pisces (goby & 9


cabezon)


Annelida (marine 20


worms)


Echiurida (worm) 1


Tyson 1950 J B Crustacea (shrimp & 50 9 sw Washington tidewater mudflats (psora) crab) 1946 -

Mollusca (mussels) 30 % wet volume; milk 18 stomach contents Pisces (goby) 2 Echiurida (worm) TR 

A-260 
----

Reference Age Sex Food type Spring Summer Fall Winter N Location Habitat - Measure NotWood 1954 B B mammal 9.1 47 nc Minnesota forest, prairie 

bird 0.4 1950-52 -cold-blooded verteb. 1.3 % dry volume; dried insects 26.5 stomach contents other invertebrates 5.5 plants 55.4 unidentified 1.5 other/unspecified 0.03 

*** POPULATION DYNAMICS ***


Reference Age Sex Cond Seas Mean SD/SE Units Minimum Maximum N Location Habitat NotHOME RANGE SIZE
Cauley & Schinner 8.31 ha NS urban As 1973 198Fritzell 1978 AM-SS 2,560 ha 670 4,946 9 N Dakota prairie potholes Spr

YM-SS 1,139 ha 277 2,160 11 1973-75 AprAFGSS 806 ha 229 1,632 7 Y F NB SS 656 ha 222 1,263 8 

Hoffman & AM-- 15.8 ha 6 Ohio 1973-74 residential, woods TraGottschang 1977 YM-- 5.1 ha 6 ran

JM-- 2.8 ha 9 thrAF-- 3.8 ha 10 desYF-- 4.6 ha 5 popJF-- 2.3 ha 10 

Kaufmann 1982 AB-- ha 80 700 United States NS Kau

repfal

Lotze 1979 AB1- 38 9 SE ha 49 Georgia coastal island (1

AM1- 51 68 SE ha 35 basAF1- 6 10 SE ha 14 datAM2- 65 18 SE ha 9 AF2- 39 16 SE ha 2 

Sherfy & Chapman BF-- 165 ha 7 Maryland varied Bas

1980 BM-- 285 ha 7 1976-77 Fem

-F1- 122 ha car- F 2 207 ha fro

Sherfy & Chapman BB-- 289 ha 14 Maryland varied Bas

1980 1976-77 for 

stuInc

A-261 
----

------------

--------

Reference Age Sex Cond Seas Mean SD/SE Units Minimum Maximum N Location Habitat NotSherfy & Chapman BB--
1980
Sherfy & Chapman BB-SP


1980


Sherfy & Chapman BB-SP


1980


Sherfy & Chapman BB--
1980


Stuewer 1943a	 AM--


AF--
JM--
JF--


Urban 1970
POPULATION DENSITY
Cowan 1973
Dorney 1954 B--SP
Fritzell 1978 BB-SP
Hoffman &
Gottschang 1977
Johnson 1970 ---WI
(various)
Kaufmann 1982


Slate 1980
Sonenshine and
Winslow 1972


433.7 ha 2 Maryland coastal plain Bas

1976-77 Inc

231 ha 4 Maryland Piedmont Bas

1976-77 

275 ha 4 Maryland Appalachian Bas

1976-77 

37.4 ha 4 Maryland urban Bas

1976-77 Inc

and 

204 ha 18.2 814 19 Michigan riparian Cal

108 ha 5.3 376 17 1939-40 dat108 ha 2.0 719 27 wat

45 ha 2.0 323 24 ref

animotin 

48.4 ha 9	 Lake Erie, Sandusky Bay/marsh


Ohio


N/ha 0.015 0.032 Manitoba, CAN prairie As 

0.022 N/ha Wisconsin 1950 marsh


N/ha 0.005 0.01 e N Dakota prairie potholes Sup

1.46 N/ha Ohio 1973-74 residential, woods Stu0.12 N/ha 4	 Alabama


1962-63


N/ha 0.20 nw&eUS bottomlands, marshes	 Sum

RenDor197

0.13 N/ha New Jersey As 0.17 N/ha Virginia As 

A-262 
----

----

--------

------------

Reference Age Sex Cond Seas Mean SD/SE Units Minimum Maximum N Location Habitat NotStuewer 1943a -B-SU
Urban 1970	 --1SP


--2SP
--3SP
--4SP


Yeager & Rennels
1943


LITTER SIZE
Asdell 1964
Clark et al. 1989	 A--FA


J--FA


Dew 1978
Fritzell et al. Y-1-


1985	 A-2-


A-3-
A-4-
A-5-
A-6-


Fritzell et al. --1-


1985 A-2-


Johnson 1970
(various)
Johnson 1970
(various)
McKeever 1958


Sanderson & Hubert----
1981
Sanderson & Hubert----
1981


0.025 N/ha Michigan 1939 marsh, riparian 

0.17 N/ha Lake Erie, Sandusky Bay/marsh 0.21 N/ha Ohio 1967-68 0.14 N/ha 

0.17 N/ha 

0.07 N/ha 0.04 0.16 881 Illinois NS 

1940-41 

2 5 NS NS 

3.8 3.6 4.1 189 sw Iowa agricultural 

3.1 2.5 3.4 131 

3.6 0.1 SE 2.5 4.1 320 2.6 w Tennessee NS 3.2 136 c Missouri NS 

3.4 163 1979-81 3.9 24 3.8 21 4.4 25 3.1 12 3.4 297 n Illinois NS 

3.8 61 1979-81 

2.43 76 Alabama bottomlands, marsh
2.48 101 Alabama various


3.2 0.18 SE 2 5	 sw Georgia, nw NS


Florida


3.62 0.11 SE 122 nc Illinois NS
3.51 0.08 SE 182 wc Illinois NS


A-263


Conaft

CalSchLin(4

Valcappop881 198

Min

and 

fiv

As Age 

2-38-1scaAge 

4 aute

BasLiv

Emb
----

------------------------------------------------

Reference Age Sex Cond Seas Mean SD/SE Units Minimum Maximum N Location Habitat NotSanderson & Hubert---- 2.92 0.09 SE 135 se Illinois NS
1981
Stuewer 1943b


LITTERS/YEAR
Sanderson 1987
Stuewer 1943b
DAYS GESTATION
Brown 1936


4 3 7 10 Michigan riparian


1 /year most of range NS


1 /year Michigan riparian


69 days NS lab


Goldman 1950 63-70 days NS NS
Hamilton 1936
Kaufmann 1982
Lotze & Anderson
1979
Sanderson 1987
Stuewer 1943b
AGE AT WEANING
Ewer 1973
Montgomery 1969


Stuewer 1943b
AGE AT SEXUAL MATURITY
Fritzell et al. -F--
1985


63 days w New York NS 64 days 54 70 NS NS 63 days NS NS 63 days Illinois NS 63 days Michigan riparian 70 days NS NS
84 days 63 112 NS lab


98 days Michigan riparian


1 year	 Illinois, NS


Missouri


A-264


Liv

As SumValValAs Comby 

AppPreran
----

Reference Age Sex Cond Seas Mean SD/SE Units Minimum Maximum N Location Habitat NotJohnson 1970 -M-­
(various) -F--


Sanderson 1951	 -M-­


-F--


Stuewer 1943b	 -F-­


-M--


ANNUAL MORTALITY
Clark et al. 1989	 A---


J---


Cowan 1973	 A---


Y---


Sanderson 1951 AB-­


LONGEVITY
Eisenberg 1981
Flower 1931	 AM-­


A---


Johnson 1970 AB--


Lowery 1936 A---
Sanderson 1951 AB-­


15 months Alabama riparian, marsh Juv

year 1 

1 year Missouri NS 1 year 1947-49 

10 months 28 Michigan riparian 

2 years 

38 %/yr sw Iowa agricultural 42 %/yr 

>50 %/yr Manitoba, CAN NS 

60 %/yr 56 %/yr Missouri 1948 NS 

49 months 165 NS captive 

years 9.5 London zoo captive years 13.5 

3.1 years 16 Alabama NS 

years 14 United Kingdom captive 

1.8 years Missouri 1948 NS 

A-265 

regperrepstu

Mosbut sucbecfem

At pro

As Hunon anipoppop

As Meamet

As Hunestand 7.4 
*** SEASONAL ACTIVITIES ***


Reference Begin Peak End Location Habitat Notes 

MATING Bailey 1936 Jan-Mar Oregon NS Cagle 1949 Mar Louisiana NS Cunningham 1962 Mar S Carolina NS Hamilton 1936 Jan-Feb w New York NS Johnson 1970 Jan Feb Mar n United NS 

States 

Johnson 1970 Mar 8 late Apr Jun 26 Alabama NS (various) McKeever 1958 Feb Mar Aug sw Georgia, nw NS 

Florida 

Sanderson & Dec Feb Apr Illinois NS Nalbandov 1973 Sanderson 1987 Feb Jun ND, MN, NS 

Manitoba CAN 

Seton 1929 Jan-Feb Ohio NS Stains 1956 Dec Feb Jun Kansas NS Stuewer 1943b Feb Feb-earl Mar Mar Michigan riparian Whitney and March ec Minnesota forest, wetland Underwood 1952 PARTURITION Arthur 1928 Feb Apr Louisiana NS Johnson 1970 May 4 June 18 Aug 27 Alabama NS (varius) McKeever 1958 Apr May Oct sw Georgia, nw NS 

Florida 

A-266 

As citeAs citeAs citeThe peaJanuary Conceptgrowth gestatiAs citeSummary As citeAs cite1979.
As citeAs cite
Reference Begin Peak End Location Habitat Notes 

Sanderson 1987 Apr Illinois NS Stuewer 1943b Apr earl Apr May Michigan riparian Urban 1970 Mar 15 June 1 L. Erie, Ohio Sandusky Bay 

67-68 

Whitney and earl May ec Minnesota forest, wetland Underwood 1952 FALL MOLT Goldman 1950 summer northern range NS HIBERNATION Whitney and lat Nov Mar/Apr ec Minnesota forest, wetland Underwood 1952 DISPERSAL Stuewer 1943a Fall Winter Michigan riparian Urban 1970 Fall L. Erie, Ohio Sandusky Bay 

67-68 

A-267 

As citeAs citeRepresetheir fData re

***** MINK *****


*** NORMALIZING AND CONTACT RATE FACTORS ***


Reference Age Sex Cond Seas Mean SD/SE Units Minimum Maximum N Location Habitat Not

BODY WEIGHT Arnold 1986 AM-- 1,420 g NS NS As 

198

Birks & Dunstone AM-- 1,195.3 175.3 SD g 930 1530 15 Scotland coastal Liv1985 AF--
Bleavins & AM--
Aulerich 1981 AF--
Harding 1934 AM--
Harding 1934 AM--
Hornshaw et al. AM-SP
1983 AF-SP
Mitchell 1961	 AM-SU


JM-SU
AM-FA
JM-FA
AM-SP
JM-SP
JM-WI


Mitchell 1961	 JF-SU


AF-SU
JF-FA
AF-FA
JF-WI
AF-WI
JF-SP
AF-SP


NEONATE WEIGHT
Eagle & Whitman N---


1987


688.2 64.7 SD g 560 770 11 1981-83 pre

cal

1,822 95.2 SE g 6 Michigan 1979 farm-raised 

873 35.5 SE g 6 

g 2,300 western races NS As g 1,400 eastern races NS As 

1,734 349.7 SD g 4 Michigan farm-raised Min

974 202.2 SD g 12 1979-80 con

15

1,040 g 5 Montana river 

777 g 46 1955-58 

1,233 g 6 

952 g 35 

1,267 g 7 1,189 g 21 1,175 g 2 

533 g 54 Montana river 

550 g 25 1955-58 582 g 27 586 g 14 600 g 1 625 g 3 617 g 3 622 g 9 

g 6 10 NS NS Sum

A-269 
Reference Age Sex Cond Seas Mean SD/SE Units Minimum Maximum N Location Habitat Not

Hornshaw et al. NB--
1983
GROWTH RATE
Wehr et al. PM1­
(unpubl.)	 PF1-


JM2-
JF2-
JM3-
JF3-
JM4-
JF4-
JM5-
JF5-


METABOLIC RATE (OXYGEN)
Williams 1983	 AMR­


AFR­


METABOLIC RATE (KCAL BASIS)
Farrell & Wood A F BA -
1968a
Farrell & Wood AF1-
1968b AF2-


Harper et al. JM1-
1978, NRC 1982 JM2-


8.3 1.54 SD g 38 Michigan farm-raised/lab Con

1980-81 

7.0 g/day NS farm-raised 6.5 g/day 

21 g/day 

13 g/day 

15 g/day 

6.7 g/day 9.0 g/day 1.7 g/day 4.3 g/day 0.6 g/day 

26.2 1.7 SE LO2/kg-day 2 NS lab 29.3 1.9 SE LO2/kg-day 4 

76.5 kcal/kg-d 3 NS farm-raised 

202 kcal/kg-d 5 NS farm-raised 258 kcal/kg-d 5 

176 kcal/kg-d New York farm-raised 124 kcal/kg-d 

A-270 

stuAs fro

(2(5

Resflo1,2tem

Basmin= 6rel0.7

Avefor nonsmalarApp69010not 

As con(19reqwit2,0
----

Reference Age Sex Cond Seas Mean SD/SE Units Minimum Maximum N Location Habitat NotNRC 1982 AB-- 140 kcal/kg-d NS farm-raised Bas

recmat

Perel’dik et al. 200 kcal/kg-d NS farm-raised As 

1972	 dai

yea

Williams 1980 A B SW - kcal/kg-km 12.4 NS NS Abs

A B RU - kcal/kg-km 3.9 swi

temSwikm/7.0 

FOOD INGESTION RATE
Arnold & Fritzell AM-- 0.13 g/g-day Manitoba, CAN prairie potholes Est1987	 Apr

bodalreq

Bleavins & AM1WI 0.1194 0.00476 SE g/g-day 6 Michigan 1979 farm-raised/lab (1Aulerich 1981 AF1WI 0.1553 0.00747 SE g/g-day 6 usi

AM2WI 0.0405 0.00161 SE g/g-day 6 conAF2WI 0.0525 0.00252 SE g/g-day 6 com

fiscooaddfed 

WATER INGESTION RATE
Farrell & Wood AF1- 0.133 g/g-day 5 NS farm-raised (11968c AF2- 0.028 g/g-day 5	 wat

ad was freon calconthe recfoofro

A-271 
Reference Age Sex Cond Seas Mean SD/SE Units Minimum Maximum N Location Habitat Not

THERMONEUTRAL ZONE
Farrell & Wood AF-- 16-29 degrees C 3 NS farm-raised Est1968a	 det

var34 of 

*** DIET ***


Reference Age Sex Food type Spring Summer Fall Winter N Location Habitat - Measure Not

Alexander 1977 B B trout 56 10 n lower river Yea

non-trout fish 26 Michigan -unidentified fish 3 % wet weight; crustaceans 4 stomach contents amphibians 3 birds/mammals 6 vegetation 1 unidentified 1 

Alexander 1977 B B trout 52 31 n lower stream Yea

non-trout fish 6 Michigan -unidentified fish 3 % wet weight; crustaceans 11 stomach contents molluscs 2 amphibians 5 birds/mammals 17 unidentified 4 

Arnold & Fritzell A M ducks 5.2 32.5 Manitoba, CAN aspen parklands of Sca1987 other birds 18.8 21.6 prairie potholes mal

eggs 3.3 14.5 -muskrats 42.0 2.1 % dry weight; ground squirrels 14.2 0.5 scats other mammals 15.5 25.3 insects 1.0 3.5 

(sample size) (270) (127) 

Birks & Dunstone A M total fish 13.6 5 Scotland pasture, fields, Dat1985 crustaceans 12.4 1980-83 conifer plantation rad

(11.5% crabs) on coast and 

mammals 62.7 -

(57.2% lagomorphs) % dry bulk; scats 

total birds 11.2 

Birks & Dunstone A F fish (10.2% blenny) 32.4 4 Scotland coastal (pasture, Dat1985 crustaceans 21.4 1980-83 field, pine) Rad(continued) (19.14% crabs) - col

A-272 
Reference Age Sex Food type Spring Summer Fall Winter N Location Habitat - Measure Not

Birks & Dunstone mammals 27.7 % dry bulk; scats 1985 (20.2% lagomorphs) (continued) birds 18.6 

(7.9% shorebirds) 

Burgess & Bider B B crayfish 20 40 Quebec, CAN stream/riparian area Sea1980 frogs 12.0 -

aquatic insects 6.3 % volume; scats fish 7.6 small mammals 29.6 red squirrels 10.0 birds 5.0 large mammals 9.3 other 0.2 

Chanin & Linn 1980 B B Salmonids 34.2 475 England river Dat

eels 16.8 1972-73 - Anaother fish 2.9 % frequency of Lagomorphs 6.3 occurrence; scats other mammals 22.9 total birds 10.8 other 6.1 

Chanin & Linn 1980 B B eels 26.4 57 England eutrophic lake Dat

other fish 26.4 1972-73 -Ralliforms 15.3 % frequency of other birds 13.9 occurrence; scats Lagomorphs 9.7 other mammals 5.6 other 2.7 

Chanin & Linn 1980 B B total fish 34.4 153 England Chalk stream Dat

Ralliform 16.4 1972-73 -other birds 7.1 % frequency of common rat 7.7 occurrence; scats voles 15.8 other mammals 7.1 earthworm 7.7 other 3.8 

Cowan & Reilly B B muskrats 18 281 North Dakota river Dat1973 meadow voles 36 1956-66 - Sca

other mammals 9 % dry volume; scats resbird eggs 0.5 passerines 12 waterfowl 15 herpetofauna 0.5 invertebrates 6.5 (insects & crayfish) vegetation 1.5 

A-273 
Reference Age Sex Food type Spring Summer Fall Winter N Location Habitat - Measure Not

Eberhardt 1974 B B birds 78 NS NS NS As 

mammals 19 -amphibians/reptiles 3 % of prey remains 

near den, and in
scats


Gilbert & B B total fish 31.4 140 ne Alberta, lakes ScaNancekivell 1982 (northern pike) (21.0) CAN 1978 - Nov

(brook stickleback) (27.9) % frequency of ide(white sucker) (2.1) occurrence; scats abo

total mammals 63.6 % f

(Soricidae) (11.4) tha(Lepus americanus) (19.3) (Synaptomys (2.9) 

borealis) 

(Clethrionomys (3.6) 

gapperi) 

(Microtus sp.) (4.3) (Microtinae) (5.0) 

(Ondantra zibethicus (21.4) 

(mustela vison) (8.6) 

total birds 32.9 

(Gaviformes or (16.5) 

Anseriformes) 

(Gruiformes) (7.1) 

total invertebrates 35.0 

(Insecta) 11.4 

Gilbert & B B total fish 6.6 61 ne Alberta, streams ScaNancekivell 1982 (brook stickleback) (3.3) CAN 1978 - Nov

total mammals 83.6 % frequency of ide

(Soricidae) (13.1) occurrence; scats abo(Lepus americanus) (42.6) % f(Clethrionomys (3.3) tha

gapperi) 

(Microtus sp.) (2.9) (Microtinae) (31.2) 

(Ondatra zibethicus) (8.2) 

(Mustela vison) (3.3) 

total birds 16.4 

(Gaviformes or (9.9) 

Anseriformes) 

(Gruiformes) (4.9) 

total invertebrates 32.9 

Insecta (3.3) 

A-274 
Reference Age Sex Food type Spring Summer Fall Winter N Location Habitat - Measure Not

Guilday 1949 mammals 41.4 NS sw NS As 

crayfish 14.1 Pennsylvania -insects 9.4 % frequency of spiders 8.6 occurrence; NS fish 19.5 birds 3.1 carrion 3.1 other 0.8 

Hamilton 1959 A B fish 32.4 34.1 NS New York NS Col

mammals 44.0 33.2 -amphibians 18.9 21.9 % frequency of crayfish 12.7 14.4 occurrence; (summer: insects 29.2 6.8 scats; winter: birds 9.3 2.7 stomach & intestine) earthworms - 2.4 molluscs 0.7 1.6 reptiles 4.1 1.4 

Hamilton 1936 B B Mice (mostly microtu 32.94 70 New York Various (assumed Rel

Fish 18.82 1927-34 near water) lacMuskrat 16.47 -Rabbits 4.71 "Frequency indices" Insects 7.06 Frogs 2.36 Mole 2.36 Grasses 1.18 

Hamilton 1940 B B muskrat 37.95 300 New York 1939 Montezuma marsh 

fish 27.25 -aquatic beetles 13.85 % bulk; scats birds 9.05 frogs 3.35 mice 3.00 snakes 2.70 rabbits 1.00 other 1.85 

Korschgen 1958 A B frogs 24.9 372 Missouri statewide All 

mice & rats 23.9 1951-53 - frofish 19.9 % dry volume; the rabbits 10.2 stomach contents empcrayfish 9.3 birds 5.6 fox squirrels 2.2 muskrats 1.3 other 2.7 

A-275 
Reference Age Sex Food type Spring Summer Fall Winter N Location Habitat - Measure Not

McDonnell & - - Microtus pennsylvan. 13.2 164 Ontario, CAN marsh Gilbert 1981 Ondatra zibethicus 35.0 1978 -

Blarina brevicauda 3.1 % volume; scats Anseriformes 15.9 Gruiformes 4.3 Charadriformes & 1.4 

Passeriformes 

frog 6.9 crayfish 8.8 insect 4.6 snails or bivalves 0.6 vegetation 2.0 eggshell 0.3 other 2.3 

Melquist et al. - - fish 59 659 wc Idaho river drainage 

(mottled sculpin) (7) 1976-79 -

(unident. cyprinid) (29) % frequency of (kokanee salmon) (3) occurrence; scats (unident. salmonid) (7) (kokanee salmon and (9) 

unident. salmonid) 

(unident. fish) (12) 

mammals 43 

(meadow mouse) (37) (deer mouse) (24) (muskrat) (5) 

birds 19 

(unident. waterfowl (9) (other birds) (10) 

invertebrates 24 

(terrestrial beetle (12) (aquatic beetele) (7) 

Proulx et al. 1987 B B meadow voles 15.5 10.8 Ontario, CAN marsh 

muskrats 32.7 39.0 1978 -ducks 17.4 10.8 % volume; scats frogs 1.3 16.1 crayfish 12.1 4.5 insects 3.7 6.3 fish - 1.1 vegetation 0.6 4.5 unspecified 16.7 6.9 

(sample size) (93) (61) 

A-276 

ScaVoldisSeafreor 

Lut

1981 
Reference Age Sex Food type Spring Summer Fall Winter N Location Habitat - Measure Not

Proulx et al. 1987 B B meadow voles 9.0 7 Ontario, CAN marsh 

ducks 2.7 1980 -crayfish 35.2 % volume; scats insects 0.3 vegetation 0.3 unknown 52.5 

Proulx et al. 1987 B B muskrat 17.1 24.0 Ontario, CAN marsh Lut

ducks 4.0 7.6 1979 -passerine birds 10.2 - % volume; scats shorebirds 2.8 -other birds 11.4 -vegetation 0.6 -snakes 0.3 -meadow voles - 5.3 frogs - 4.7 fish - 3.5 unknown 53.6 54.9 

(sample size) (8) (8) 

Sealander 1943 A M muskrat 43 102 s Michigan various areas Col

cottontail 16 1940-41 - sizsmall mammals 5 % volume; stomach femlarge birds 18 contents small birds TR snakes 2 frogs 10 fish 5 crayfish 1 

Sealander 1943 A F muskrat 14 102 s Michigan various areas Col

cottontail 12 1940-41 - sizsmall mammals 17 % volume; stomach femlarge birds 11 contents small birds TR snakes 2 frogs 37 fish 4 crayfish 3 

*** POPULATION DYNAMICS *** 

Reference Age Sex Cond Seas Mean SD/SE Units Minimum Maximum N Location Habitat Not

HOME RANGE SIZE Arnold & Fritzell AM-- 770 ha 5 Manitoba, CAN prairie potholes 

A-277 

1987 
----

------------

----

----

Reference Age Sex Cond Seas Mean SD/SE Units Minimum Maximum N Location Habitat NotArnold 1986 A M BR SU
Birks & Linn 1982	 AM--


AF--


Eagle
(unpublished)
Gerell 1970	 AM--


JM--
AF--


Linn & Birks 1981 AB-­


Mitchell 1961	 AF--


AF--


POPULATION DENSITY
Marshall 1936	 AF-WI


AF-WI


McCabe 1949 A---
Mitchell 1961
Mitchell 1961
LITTER SIZE
Enders 1952


Hall & Kelson 1959----


Hornshaw et al.


Mitchell 1961


ha 316 1,626 Manitoba, CAN prairie potholes	 Bas

ranmalhomAs 

2.5 km river 1.9 2.9 3 England riverine Fer

2.2 km river 1.5 2.9 2 rad

ha 259 380 North Dakota prairie potholes As 

2.63 km stream 1.8 5.0 Sweden stream As 1.23 km 1.1 1.4


1.850 km 1.0 2.8


km river 2.8 5.9 8 England riverine Fer

rad

ha 7.8 1 Montana heavy veg. riverine 

ha 20.4 1 1955-58 sparse veg. riverine 

0.006 N/ha Michigan river 

0.6 N/km river 

0.05 N/ha Wisconsin NS 

0.085 N/ha Montana, 1957 river 

0.03 N/ha Montana, 1958 river 

4.5 17 United States farm-raised


4 10 North America NS 

4.2 9 Michigan farm-raised 

1979-80 

4 2 8 8 Montana riverine 

1955-58 

A-278


As 

As Averantha

1983 
----

------------

Reference Age Sex Cond Seas Mean SD/SE Units Minimum Maximum N Location Habitat NotLITTERS/YEAR
Ewer 1973
Hall & Kelson 1959----
DAYS GESTATION
Enders 1952


Ewer 1973
Hall & Kelson 1959----
AGE AT WEANING
Kostron & Kukla --1-
Svilha 1931 --1-


AGE AT SEXUAL MATURITY
Enders 1952 -B--


Ewer 1973 -B--
LONGEVITY
Eisenberg 1981
Enders 1952 -F--


1 NS captive - zoo
1 North America NS


51 days 40 75 United States farm-raised


28-30 days NS NS


days 39 76 North America NS


7 weeks NS NS


37 days Louisiana NS


10 months United States farm-raised


1 year NS NS


years 10 NS captive - zoo


7 years 11 United States farm-raised


A-279


As Penwidthe preAs Corimpcon

(1in (1in 

Usuor 

As Numbre

1970 
*** SEASONAL ACTIVITIES ***


Reference Begin Peak End Location Habitat Notes 

MATING Burns 1964 April Alaska NS Enders 1952 late Feb earl Apr United States farm-raised Humphrey & Zinn fall Florida Cypress Swamp 1982 Mitchell 1961 March Montana riverine PARTURITION Eagle & Whitman Apr Jun most areas NS 1987 Enders 1952 earl May United States farm-raised FALL MOLT Eagle & Whitman mid-late fall NS NS 1987 

A-280 

As citePresumaGeneral 
***** RIVER OTTER *****


*** NORMALIZING AND CONTACT RATE FACTORS ***


Reference Age Sex Cond Seas Mean SD/SE Units Minimum Maximum N Location Habitat Not

BODY WEIGHT
Harris 1968 A--- g 5,000 13,700 NS NS As Lauhachinda 1978 AM-- 8,130 1,150 SD g 5,840 10,420 153 Alabama, NS Liv

AF-- 6,730 1,000 SD g 4,740 8,720 71 Georgia col

YM-- 6,360 980 SD g 4,410 8,310 26 froYF-- 5,830 1,820 SD g 3,750 7,010 30 val

divshotoo ranthedev

Melquist & AB-- g 5,000 15,000 NS NS SumDronkert 1987 Kel

198

Melquist & AM-- 9,200 600 SE g 4 wc Idaho mountain streams and Age 

Hornocker 1983 AF-- 7,900 200 SE g 6 1976-81 lakes 

YM-- 7,900 400 SE g 6 YF-- 7,200 100 SE g 3 

Wilson 1959 AM-- 8,250 g 138 N Carolina coastal Sea

AF-- 7,002 g 100 As 

198

NEONATE WEIGHT Hamilton & Eadie N--- 132 g 2 New York NS Nea

1964 femHill & LauhachindaN--- 140-145 g 4 Alabama, NS Nea1981 Georgia femMelquist & N--- 120-160 g NS NS Dronkert 1987 PUP GROWTH RATE
Liers 1951a P--- 26.7 g/day 1 NS NS	 Age 

Tow

A-281 
*** DIET ***


Reference Age Sex Food type Spring Summer Fall Winter N Location Habitat - Measure Not

Alexander 1977 B B trout 42 4 n lower aquatic Yea

non-trout fish 32 Michigan -unidentified fish 9 % wet weight; crustaceans 2 stomach contents unidentified 15 

Anderson & Woolf B B fish 97 69 98 99 822 nw Illinois Mississippi River Spr1987b (sunfish) (31) (31) (80) (52) 1981-83 - fal

(minnow/carp) (52) - (17) (44) % frequency of = D(herring) (49) (38) (10) (40) occurrence; scats (bass) (26) - (5) (14) 

frogs 3 6 11 16 crayfish 12 50 8 7 dragonfly nymph 2 - 6 2 birds (unidentified) 4 13 3 1 

(sample size) (277) (16) (167) (362) 

Chabreck et al. A B fish 83.0 53 Louisiana freshwater swamps 1982 (longear sunfish) (9.4) 1976-80 -

(killifishes) (15.1) % frequency of (striped mullet) (11.3) occurrence; (bowfin) (18.9) digestive tracts (largemouth bass) (11.3) 

blue crabs 3.8 crayfish 34 mammals 7.5 birds 0 snakes 5.7 molluscs 3.8 

Chabreck et al. A B fish 83.3 126 Louisiana saltmarsh 1982 (sheepshead minnow) (57.9) 1976-80 -

(diamond killifish) (37.3) % frequency of (gulf killifish) (15.9) occurrence; (top minnow) (15.9) digestive tracts (flounder) (13.5) (mullet) (11.9) (sailfin molly) (10.3) 

blue crabs 19.8 crayfish 1.6 mammals 7.9 birds 2.4 molluscs 1.6 shrimp 1.6 

A-282 
Reference Age Sex Food type Spring Summer Fall Winter N Location Habitat - Measure Not

Gilbert & B B fish 78.9 251 ne Alberta CAN lakes SeaNancekivell 1982 (northern pike) (8.4) 77-78 - per

(brook stickleback) (72.1) % frequency of inc(white sucker) (6.0) occurrence; scats of 

mammals 15.9 be 

(Microtus sp.) (2.0) (muskrat) (8.0) (river otter) (5.2) 

birds 21.5 

(Gaviformes or (16.4) 

Anseriformes) 

(Gruiformes) (2.8) (Charadiformes) (2.0) 

invertebrates 59.4 

(Insecta) (21.1) (Mollusca) (3.2) 

Gilbert & B B fish 91.1 247 ne Alberta CAN streams SeaNancekivell 1982 (northern pike) (13.4) 77-78 - per

(brook stickleback) (63.6) % frequency of inc(white sucker) (23.9) occurrence; scats (arctic grayling) (2.4) 

mammals 3.2 

(Lepus americanus) (2.0) 

birds 9.3 

(Gaviformes or (7.6) Anseriformes) 

invertebrates 45.8 

Insecta (18.6) Mollusca (3.2) 

Greer 1956 A B fish 99.9 Montana river Sea

invertebrates 45.1 - Tum

% frequency of occurrence; scats 

Greer 1955 A B invertebrates 41.6 44.2 33.3 26.3 596 nw Montana lakes and streams Win

(aquatic insects) (19.6) (19.2) (10.7) (4.0) 1952-53 - Apr(fr water shrimp) (14.3) (8.9) (10.7) (4.0) % frequency of Jul

fishes 91.4 92.9 100 100 occurrence; scats Oct

(trout) (23.7) (9.8) (33.3) (29.3) (sculpin) (20.5) (20.9) (21.3) (25.3) (sunfish) (47.1) (72.8) (60.0) (33.3) (suckers) (39.8) (21.0) (45.3) (59.6) 

salamanders 0.3 0.7 1.3 -snakes 0.2 0.7 - -frogs 19.6 19.2 10.7 9.1 mammals 8.1 5.3 2.7 4.0 birds 6.7 4.1 1.3 1.0 

(sample size) (596) (604) (75) (99) 

A-283 
Reference Age Sex Food type Spring Summer Fall Winter N Location Habitat - Measure Not

Grenfell 1974 B B crayfish 98 118 c California marsh Yea

- and % frequency of occurrence; scats 

Hamilton 1961 A B fish 70.0 141 New York Adirondacks As 

crayfish 34.7 - 198frogs 24.8 % frequency of aquatic insects 13.5 occurrence; mammals 4.3 digestive tract 

Knudsen & Hale A B fish only 91 63 72 67 184 WI, MI, MN, NS Tra1968 fish and crayfish 9 12 10 20 1951-54 - ins

crayfish only 0 24 12 13 % frequency of 

occurrence; scats 

Lagler & Ostenson A B game & pan fish 22.7 95 Michigan trout waters Ani1942 forage fish 35.9 1940-41 - Apr

unidentified fish 3.9 % wet volume; troamphibians 25.2 stomach contents perother vertebrates 4.5 fisinsects 0.4 mudcrayfish 7.4 sti

Lagler & Ostenson A B game & pan fish 65.3 40 Michigan non-trout waters Ani1942 forage fish 11.2 1940-41 - Apr

unidentified fish 2.0 % wet volume; bulamphibians 14.4 stomach contents basother vertebrates 0.5 incinsects 2.9 mudcrayfish 3.7 sti

Larsen 1984 A B fish 96 272 se Alaska coastal Yea

(sculpins) (65) -(greenlings) (14) % frequency of (rockfish) (17) occurrence; scats 

invertebrates 30 birds 1 mammals <1 plants <1 

Lauhachinda 1978 B B fish 91.7 12 c Alabama riverine Dat

crayfish 58.3 1975-77 -birds 8.3 % frequency of 

occurrence; scats


A-284 
Reference Age Sex Food type Spring Summer Fall Winter N Location Habitat - Measure Not

Lauhachinda 1978 A B fish 83.2 315 Alabama, GA NS Dat

(Centrarchidae) (53.6) 1972-77 -(Catostomidae) (12.1) % frequency of (Ictaluridae) (10.5) occurrence; (Cyprinidae) (6.3) digestive tracts 

amphibians 5.4 crayfish 62.5 other arthropods 10.8 molluscs (snail) 0.9 birds 0.3 plant material 3.8 

Loranger 1981 - B Ictaluridae 28.2 56 Massachusetts NS Sea

Centrarchidae 20.3 76-78 - FooSalmonidae 5.2 % dry volume; 24-Percidae 3.5 stomach contents exaEsocidae 0.2 watCastostomidae 5.5 supCyprinidae 3.2 couCyprinodontidae 0.6 197unidentified fish 9.9 bullfrogs 14.0 crayfish 0.4 vegetative matter 0.1 unidentified 8.9 

Melquist & A B fish 100 93 97 99 wc Idaho mountain streams MosHornocker 1983 (sucker) (52) (47) (17) (30) 1976-81 and lakes tha

(sculpin) (40) (31) (38) (42) -(squawfish) (5) (4) (1) (6) % frequency of (perch) (22) (3) (7) (9) occurrence; scats (whitefish) (21) (10) (24) (66) 

invertebrates 2 7 10 12 birds <1 12 1 <1 mammals 1 4 3 1 reptiles 0 1 0 0 

(sample size) (264) (327) (1053) (258) 

Melquist et al. A B fish 97 1,902 wc Idaho river drainage Sea

(largescale sucker) (29) 1976-79 -(mottled sculpin) (38) % frequency of (north. squawfish) (3) occurrence; scats (unident. cyprinid) (24) (brown bullhead) (1) (yellow perch) (9) (mountain whitefish) (27) (kokanee salmon) (9) (unident. salmon) (34) (kokanee & unident. (43) 

(continued) salmon) 

A-285 

1981 
Reference Age Sex Food type Spring Summer Fall Winter N Location Habitat - Measure Not

Melquist et al. (unident. fish) (1) 1981 (continued) mammals 3 

(jumping mouse) (2) (unident. mammal) (1) 

birds 3 

(waterfowl) (2) (other birds) (1) 

invertebrates 8 

(aquatic beetle) (1) (stonefly nymph) (7) (unident. invert.) (1) 

Modafferi & Yocom A B starry flounder 56.1 100 n California coastal Vol1980 crabs (Cancer spp.) 37.6 1964 - dis

birds 4.6 % volume; dry scats dragonfly 1.3 ostracods and snails 0.4 

Pierce 1979 A B crayfish 82 209 Virginia Great Dismal Swamp As 

fish 62 1977-78 - 198

% frequency of occurrence; scats 

Ryder 1955 B B game & pan fishes 40.7 54 Michigan trout & non-trout 25 (canadensis) other fish 55.5 1942-43 waters 21 

fish remains 27.8 - uncamphibians 16.7 % frequency of crayfish 22.2 occurrence; stomach insects 13.0 contents 

Sheldon & Toll A B fish 90 87 97 99 - c Mass. reservoir Oth1964 (centrarchids) (26) (39) (84) (74) 1955-57 - sea

(yellow perch) (64) (62) (30) (48) % frequency of bro(white sucker) (8) (4) (15) (17) occurrence; scats and (golden shiner) - (2) - (17) (chain pickerel) (1) (3) (5) (8) 

invertebrates 55 68 53 34 

(crayfish) (53) (48) (48) (32) (wasp) - (24) (1) -(unident. insects) (4) (10) (5) (4) 

vegetation - (28) (2) -

(blueberry) - (28) - -

mammals (unident.) 4 4 - 3 birds (unident.) 1 1 - 1 

*sample size* *73* *226* *116* *102* 

A-286 
Reference Age Sex Food type Spring Summer Fall Winter N Location Habitat - Measure Not

Shirley 1985 A B crayfish 89 1048 sw Louisiana brackish marsh Tra

fish parts 25 1982 - diebirds, crabs, snakes TR % frequency of alligators, mammals TR occurrence; scats 

Stenson et al. A B fish 99.4 69 British coastal marine Sea1984 (Embiotocidae) (42.2) Columbia -

(Cottidae) (40.5) % frequency of 

(Pleuronectiformes) (40.0) occurrence; scats 

(Blennoidea) (33.3) (Scorpaenidae) (30.1) (Hexagrammidae) (13.1) 

crustaceans 7.2 birds 4.2 

Stenson et al. A B fish 86.9 69 British coastal marine Sto1984 birds 13.0 Columbia - tra

crustaceans 2.9 % frequency of (De

occurrence; stomachs 

Toll 1961 A B fish 92 517 c Mass. wildlife reservation Dat

invertebrates 56 1955-57 - Tumvegetable matter 13 % frequency of mammals 3 occurrence; scats birds 1 

Toweill 1974 A B fish 80 75 w Oregon NS 

(Cottidae) (31) 1970-72 -(Salmanidae) (24) % frequency of (Cypriidae) (24) occurrence; (Ictaluridae) (7) digestive tracts 

crustacea 33 amphibians 12 birds 8 molluscs 11 

Wilson 1985 A B fish 91 30 North Carolina swamps & marshes Com

(carp) (11) - tra(suckers) (11) % frequency of (killifish) (9) occurrence; scats (minnows) (7) and digestive tracts (eels) (7) (sunfish) (15) (catfish) (11) (white perch) (7) (pickerel) (7) 

crustacea 39 insects 6 birds 3 

A-287 
----

----

----

----

*** POPULATION DYNAMICS ***


Reference Age Sex Cond Seas Mean SD/SE Units Minimum Maximum N Location Habitat Not

HOME RANGE SIZE Erickson et al. AB-- ha 400 1,900 Missouri inland marsh/streams As 

1984 198

Nat

Erickson et al. A--- km 11 78 Missouri inland marsh/streams As 

1984 198

Riv

Foy 1984 -M-- 400 ha se Texas coastal marsh As 

-F-- 295 ha 1981-83 198

sex

Larsen 1983 ha 900 2,500 se Alaska coastal	 As 

198ran

Mack 1985 ha 2,900 5,700 Colorado mountain valley As 

198ten

Melquist & JB1- 22 7.8 SD km 8 29 7 wc Idaho shorelines of lakes Sea

Hornocker 1983 YF2- 32 6.2 SD km 25 40 4 1978-81 and streams rad

YM2- 43 20 SD km 10 78 7 obv

AF2- 31 9.2 SD km 23 50 7 acr

BB3- 28 7.5 SD km 15 39 11 juv

soladusexsea

Woolington 1984 km 1.0 23 se Alaska coastal	 As 

198

POPULATION DENSITY Erickson et al. AB-- 0.0025 N/ha Missouri inland marsh/streams Swa1984 As 

198

Erickson et al. AB-- 0.13 N/km Missouri inland marsh/streams Lam1984 cit

198

Foy 1984 N/ha 0.0094 0.014 se Texas coastal marsh	 As 

198

A-288 
----

----------------

----

----

----

Reference Age Sex Cond Seas Mean SD/SE Units Minimum Maximum N Location Habitat NotLarsen 1983 N/km 0.48 0.53 se Alaska coastal As 

198

Melquist & BB-- 0.26 N/km 0.17 0.37 wc Idaho mountain streams DenHornocker 1983 A F BR - 0.05 N/km 1976-81 str

A M BR - 0.019 N/km YB-- 0.071 N/km 

Reid 1984 N/km 0.06 0.1 Alberta CAN lake	 Hab

borand 

Trippensee 1953 0.0001 N/ha Oregon/Washing National Forest Hab

ton 109

pri

Woolington 1984 0.85 N/km se Alaska coastal - island	 As 

198

LITTER SIZE Anderson & Scanlon--1- 2.75 0.177 SE 8 e Virginia NS Mea1981 --2- 2.5 0.089 SE 24 1979-80 corDocktor et al. --1- 0.53 0.91 SD 0 3 15 Maine 1982-83 NS Cor1987 --2- 0.87 0.96 SD 0 3 16 (1

--3- 1.60 1.42 SD 0 4 10 yea--4- 2.29 1.25 SD 1 5 7 yea--5- 2.67 1.40 SD 0 6 15 --6- 0.82 1.29 SD 0 6 114 

Hamilton & Eadie 2.1 0.7 SD 9 New York NS Imp

1964 Mar

Hill & Lauhachinda---- 2.68 0.71 SD 1 4 57 Alabama, GA NS Emb1981 1972-77	 fro

Repfemcon

Hooper & Ostenson 2-3 1 6 California NS As 

1949 mea

Johnstone 1978 2.3 NS captive	 As 

not 

Lauhachinda 1978 2.6 1 4 48 Alabama, GA NS Num

1972-77 fem

197

A-289 
----

----

--------

--------

--------

Reference Age Sex Cond Seas Mean SD/SE Units Minimum Maximum N Location Habitat NotLiers 1966


McDaniel 1963


Melquist &
Hornocker 1983
Mowbray et al.
1979
Tabor & Wight 1977--1-


--2-
--3-
--4-


Tabor & Wight 1977--1-


--2-
--3-
--4-


LITTERS/YEAR
Trippensee 1953
DAYS GESTATION
Hamilton & Eadie


1964


Johnstone 1978


Lancia & Hair 1983----


Liers 1951b


3-4 5 Canada lab As 

198

3.0 1.0 SD Florida NS As 

198

2.4 Idaho NS Num

surfal

2.73 0.77 SD 1 4 22 Maryland wetlands Imp

1975-77 

2.73 0.24 SE 2 4 11 w Oregon NS Age 2.80 0.20 SE 2 4 10 1970-71 yea2.86 0.21 SE 2 4 14 age2.80 0.12 SE 2 4 35 bla

2.5 2 3 2w Oregon NS Age 

3.0 1 yea3.0 1 age

2.75 2 3 4 emb

1 NS NS


365 days New York NS Ent

birper

56 days NS captive Act

impEis

60-63 days NS NS Act

(poMel

days 290 380 Wisconsin captive Ent

bir

A-290 
----

----

------------

Reference Age Sex Cond Seas Mean SD/SE Units Minimum Maximum N Location Habitat NotAGE AT WEANING
Johnstone 1978 112-140 days NS captive
Harris 1968


AGE AT SEXUAL MATURITY
Hamilton & Eadie -F--
1964 -M--
Harris 1969 -M-­
(canadensis) -F--


Liers 1951b -B--


ANNUAL MORTALITY


days 91 NS NS


2 years New York NS 2 years 2 years Canada captive/zoo 2 years 

2 years Minnesota captive 

Lauhachinda 1978 AM-- 17.8 %/year Alabama, GA riverine 

AF-- 20.3 %/year 1972-77 

Mowbray et al. JF-- 17 %/year 23 Maryland NS 1979 AF-- 31 %/year 1974-77 

Tabor & Wight 1977J-1- 32 %/year Oregon NS


J-2- 54 %/year


A-3- 27 %/year


LONGEVITY
Eisenberg 1981 years 19 1 NS captive-zoo Grinnell et al. 10-15 years California NS 1937 Lauhachinda 1978 AB-- years 15 439 Alabama, GA riverine 

1972-77 

Liers 1966 AF-- years 23 1 NS captivity 

Scheffer 1958 years 14.5 1 Washington captive/zoo


A-291


As OttEat

WilAs 198

In on the

Adjthe = < to 

Age 

(2

As 198As 198

As 198
*** SEASONAL ACTIVITIES ***


Reference Begin Peak End Location Habitat Notes 

MATING Hamilton & Eadie Mar Apr New York NS 1964 Harris 1969 mid Feb mid Apr NS captive/zoo Hooper & Ostenson Jan Mar-Apr May Michigan NS 1949 Humphrey and Zinn Fall Florida cypress swamp 1982 Lauhachinda 1978 winter late winter spring AL, FL, GA NS 

1972-77 

Liers 1951b Dec earl Apr Minnesota captive MacFarlane 1905 Mar Apr May Mackenzie NS 

River, CAN 

Melquist & earl spring temperate NS Dronkert 1987 regions Trippensee 1953 Feb/Mar NS NS PARTURITION Anderson 1981 Feb 25 Mar 31 Virginia NS 

1979-81 

Hamilton & Eadie Mar Apr New York NS 1964 Hill and earl Jan earl Mar AL, GA 1972-77 NS Lauhachinda 1981 Lauhachinda 1978 late Jan May Alabama, NS 

Georgia 

Liers 1966 Dec 25 Mar 25 Canada lab 

A-292 

As cite1985.
As citeAs citeSummary 

Mating 

in favo

As cite1985.
Animals during trappinAs cite1985.

Reference Begin Peak End Location Habitat Notes 

Melquist & late Mar earl Apr wc Idaho mountain streams Hornocker 1983 1976-81 Mowbray et al. Mar 10 May 20 Maryland Chesapeake Bay area 1979 1974-77 Tabor and Wight earl Apr w Oregon NS 1977 Toweill & Tabor Nov Mar-Apr May NS NS 1982 DISPERSAL Melquist & Apr - May wc Idaho mountain streams Hornocker 1983 1976-81 

A-293 

As citeSummary Dispers

***** HARBOR SEAL *****


*** NORMALIZING AND CONTACT RATE FACTORS ***


Reference Age Sex Cond Seas Mean SD/SE Units Minimum Maximum N Location Habitat Not

BODY WEIGHT
Ashwell-Erickson &JF--


Elsner 1981 JF-­


(richardsi) JF--


AF--
AF--
AF--
AF--
AF--
JM--
JM--
JM--
AM-­
AM-­
AM-­
AM-­
AM--


Boulva & McLaren AM--
1979 AF-­
(concolor)
FAO Adv. Comm. AM--
1976 AF--


Irving 1972 AF--
Pitcher & Calkins AM--
1979 AF-­
(richardsi)
BODY FAT
Ashwell-Erickson J-1SP


et al. 1979 J-2FA


(richardsi) J-3SP


40 kg 2 yrs Bering Sea, coastal


56 kg 4 yrs Alaska


67 kg 6 yrs


76 kg 8 yrs


82 kg 10 yrs
90 kg 12 yrs


101 kg 16 yrs
112 kg 24 yrs


49 kg 2 yrs


70 kg 4 yrs
84 kg 6 yrs
95 kg 8 yrs


102 kg 10 yrs 110 kg 12 yrs 120 kg 16 yrs 124 kg 24 yrs 

90.0 kg e Canada marine 70.0 kg 1968-73 87.6 kg NS NS 64.8 kg 

89.0 kg Arctic NS 

Amo

age 

fro

PrifropreAsyMallenRon

As 

84.6 11.3 SD kg 112 Gulf of Alaska coastal/marine Ave76.5 17.7 SD kg 134 1975-78 155

(+/sev

27 % body wt Alaska 1977-78 captive Dat

24 % body wt fir

29 % body wt	 sec

yea(2usi

A-295 
Reference Age Sex Cond Seas Mean SD/SE Units Minimum Maximum N Location Habitat Not

NEONATE WEIGHT
Bigg 1969a NB-­
(richardsi)


Bryden 1972 N---
FAO Adv. Comm. N---


1976


Klinkhart 1967 NM-­
(richardsi) NF--
Newby 1973 NM-­
(richardsi) NF--


Newby 1978 N--­
(richardsi &
P. largha)
Pitcher & Calkins NM--
1979 NF-­
(richardsi)


Rosen 1989 NF-­
(concolor) NM-­


PUP GROWTH RATE
Rosen 1989 PF-­
(concolor) PM-­


WEANING WEIGHT
Bigg 1969a -B-­
(richardsi)
Bryden 1972 -B--


10.2 0.77 SE kg British coastal/marine SE 

Columbia ave

(+/Pit

10.0 kg NS NS As 

kg 9.0 NS NS Len

et 

12.8 kg 34 Alaska marine As 13.3 kg 34 14.8 2.74 SD kg 5 Washington marine Mea10.7 2.76 SD kg 13 1969-72 in 

543mor

kg 9.1 11.8 2 Pacific coast coastal/marine Dat

and 

12.0 0.51 SE kg Tugidak coastal/marine Mal11.5 0.31 SE kg Island, Alaska CL

1975-78 len

of est

8.5 kg Gulf of St. coastal/marine Loc

10.1 kg Lawrence bir

gre

790 g/day Gulf of St. island/marine Pre

520 g/day Lawrence of 

10

24,000 g	 British marine As 

Columbia 197

24,000 g NS marine As 

A-296 
Reference Age Sex Cond Seas Mean SD/SE Units Minimum Maximum N Location Habitat Not

METABOLIC RATE (OXYGEN)
Ashwell-Erickson &J-1-


Elsner 1981 J-2­


(richardsi & J-3-
P. largha) J-4-


A-5-


Davis et al. 1985	 JBR­


AFR­


METABOLIC RATE (KCAL BASIS)
Ashwell-Erickson &JB1-


Elsner 1981 JB2­


(richardsi) JB3-


FOOD INGESTION RATE
Ashwell-Erickson &-B1-


Elsner 1981 -B2­


(P. largha) -B3-


-B4-
-B5-


Ashwell-Erickson &JB1-


Elsner 1981 JB2­


(richardsi &
P. largha)


Ashwell-Erickson &JB1-


Elsner 1981 JB2­


(richardsi) JB3-


JB4-


AB5-


AB6-


AB7-
AB8-
AB9-


5.97 lO2/kg-d Bering Sea, captives from Bering Bas

5.76 lO2/kg-d Alaska Sea 5.83 lO2/kg-d 

4.9 lO2/kg-d 4.0 lO2/kg-d 7.3 lO2/kg-day 2 California lab 

6.6 lO2/kg-day 1 1982-83 

85.5 kcal/kg-d Bering Sea, NS 

59.5 kcal/kg-d Alaska 57.5 kcal/kg-d 

0.13 g/g-day 2 from Bering captive 

0.08 g/g-day 2 Sea 0.05 g/g-day 2 0.04 g/g-day 2 0.03 g/g-day 2 

0.04 g/g-day NS captive 

0.08 g/g-day 

121.6 kcal/kg-d Bering Sea, NS 

89.0 kcal/kg-d Alaska 63.6 kcal/kg-d 

50.0 kcal/kg-d 

41.5 kcal/kg-d 

35.3 kcal/kg-d 

32.2 kcal/kg-d 

28.5 kcal/kg-d 

26.4 kcal/kg-d 

A-297 

spoin ran-1.

not at sea1; for fro

Juvkg. 

Bas

flobirone ageequ0.7

Mea

maclarfirthi(5

App

Mar

conlar

Mod

ingof 

mea

2 - 

75

(7(9
Reference Age Sex Cond Seas Mean SD/SE Units Minimum Maximum N Location Habitat Not

Ashwell-Erickson &AB-- 0.06-0.08 g/g-day NS NS LG 

Elsner 1981 A F LG - 0.10 g/g-day Sum(richardsi) estBoulva and McLarenAB1SU 0.05 g/g-day e Canada marine Ing

1979 AB2SU 0.04 g/g-day 1968-73 (2(concolor) AB3SU 0.03 g/g-day wei

30% the esting

WATER INGESTION RATE
Depocas et al. AF1- 0.0013 g/g-day 0.0009 0.0016 2 British captive Sea1971 AB2- 0.0048 g/g-day 0.0028 0.0091 5 Columbia sea

1966-68	 app

incsugfee

INHALATION RATE
Angell-James et JBR- 21.3 8.2 SD breath/min 8 from Bering lab 3-4 al. 1981 Sea kg Craig & Pasche J M SW - 36.6 1.4 SE breath/min 1 Oslo, Norway lab Two 1980 J F SW - 39.7 2.0 SE breath/min 1 1975 sur

JMR- 36.2 breath/min 1 JFR- 28.2 breath/min 1 

INHALATION VOLUME
Angell-James et JBR- 5.9 2.02 SD m3/day 8 from Bering lab Con

al. 1981 JBR- 0.374 0.173 SD m3/kg-day 8 Sea wt

3-4 

Craig & Pasche J M SW - 47.9 3.0 SE m3/day 1 Oslo, Norway lab Two 1980 J F SW - 57.5 2.9 SE m3/day 1 1975 sur

JMR- 47.7 m3/day 1 of JFR- 47.7 m3/day 1 lan

A-298 
*** DIET ***


Reference Age Sex Food type Spring Summer Fall Winter N Location Habitat - Measure Not

Everitt et al. A B walleye pollock 3.7 27.3 32.2 1.3 Washington coastal island Pro1981 English sole 37.0 0.0 27.0 0 1978-79 - win(richardsi) shiner perch 0.0 0.0 0.5 63.6 % of total fish bea

Pacific herring 0 54.6 3.9 28.6 otoliths; scat squPacific cod 0 0 10.1 0 samples rex sole 37 9.1 2.9 0 Pacific tomcod 3.7 0 4.7 0 rockfish 3.7 - 4.7 -Dover sole 3.7 - 3.4 2.6 Petrale sole 7.4 - 1.8 -other fish 3.8 9.0 8.8 3.9 

(sample size) (12) (14) (89) (14) 

Everitt et al. B B Pacific hake 51.2 60.0 Washington coastal island Ger1981 plain midshipman 11.0 16.1 1979 -(richardsi) shiner perch 15.6 4.2 % of total fish 

English sole 6.3 8.4 otoliths; scats Pacific tomcod 7.6 2.3 pile perch - 3.9 staghorn sculpin - 2.9 other fish 5.2 2.1 

(sample size) (44) (57) 

Harkonen 1988 A B Gadus morhua
(vitulina)	 Ammodytidae


Trisopterus minutus
T. esmarkii
Microstomus kitt
Scomber scombrus
Enchelyopus cimbrius
Merlangius merlangus
other


Harkonen 1988 A B cod (Gadus morhva)
(vitulina) Enchelyopus cimbrius


dab (Limanda limanda
flatfish


(Pleuronectes plat


Platichthys flesus
sandeels
other


37 32 Sweden 1980 marine islands 13 -

9 % weight; estimated 4 from otolith freq. 

21 & size in scats


4
2
2
8


11 63 Scandinavia coastal/marine 

3 1980 -

44 % weight; estimated 

from otolith freq. 

13 & size in scats 

8 9 

12


Jones 1981 A B surfperches 41.9 8 California coastal/marine (richardsi) blackbelly eelpout 27.9 1973 -

flatfishes 9.3 % of total number rock greenling 9.3 of fish otoliths; Pacific tomcod 4.7 stomachs other 6.9 

A-299 
Reference Age Sex Food type Spring Summer Fall Winter N Location Habitat - Measure Not

Payne & Selzer B B American sandlance 74 234 s New England haul-out sites Sea1989 Gadidae (cod-like) 8 1983-87 - col(concolor) flounder spp. 5 % frequency of on 

Atlantic herring 5 occurrence; scat parAtlantic mackerel 1 analysis to skate (Raja spp.) 2 squid (short finned 5 

or long finned) 

Perez 1990 A B Pacific herring 5 Bering coastal/marine All (concolor) salmon 1 Sea/Aleutians - con

capelin 5 % wet weight; euchalon & smelts 4 measure not walleye pollock 12 specified Pacific cod 8 saffron cod 3 Arctic cod <1 rockfishes 1 Atka mackerel 9 greenlings 8 sculpins 9 Pacific sandlance 4 eelpouts 1 flatfishes 3 other fish 2 

(fish subtotal) (75) 

squid 4 octopus 15 shrimp 2 crab 2 other 2 

(invert. subtotal) (25) 

Pitcher 1980 A B squid, octopus 20 269 Gulf of Alaska coastal/marine All (richardsi) shrimp, crabs 3.7 1973-78 - onl

herring 6.4 % wet volume; salmonids 4.4 stomach contents osmerids 22.5 cod, tomcod, walleye 

pollock 26.0 

other 14.1 

Pitcher & Calkins B B walleye pollock 23.3 255 Gulf of Alaska coastal/marine All 1979 octopus 19.9 1975-78 -(richardsi) capelin 11.3 % of volume; based 

herring 7.0 on wet weight of Pacific cod 3.4 stomach contents flatfishes 2.8 shrimp 3.6 

A-300 
Reference Age Sex Food type Spring Summer Fall Winter N Location Habitat - Measure Not

Pitcher & Calkins squid 1.8 1979 euchalon 4.4 (continued) salmon 4.3 

Pacific sandfish 3.2 sculpins 2.0 skates 3.0 Pacific sandlance 0.5 Pacific tomcod 1.7 

Pitcher & Calkins J B - % Occur. 95% C.L. 13 Gulf of Alaska coastal/marine All 1979 shrimp 7.1 19.4 1975-78 - ind(richardsi) capelin 35.7 32.1 % frequency of and 

Pacific tomcod 7.1 19.4 occurrence +/- 95 % betwalleye pollock 35.7 32.1 C.L.; stomach fisPacific sandlance 7.1 19.4 contents unident. fish 7.1 19.4 

Pitcher & Calkins A B octopus 29.5 102 Kodiak Isl., coastal/marine All 1979 capelin 21.3 Alaska 1975-78 -(richardsi) walleye pollock 5.8 % volume; stomach 

flatfishes 5.8 contents Pacific cod 6.6 Pacific sandlance 1.1 herring 4.2 shrimps 2.2 salmon 2.9 sculpins 0.7 euchalon 4.6 

Pitcher & Calkins B B octopus 17.6 17.7 30.4 Kodiak Isl., coastal/marine Sea1979 salmon 5.4 0.0 0.0 Alaska 1975-78 - to (richardsi) capelin 20.3 4.8 5.4 % frequency of Nov

Pacific cod 6.8 8.1 10.7 occurrence; stomach C.Lwalleye pollock 12.2 9.7 14.3 contents froPacific sandlance 4.1 21.0 0.0 

Pitcher & Calkins B B walleye pollock 46.6 83 Prince William coastal/marine All 1979 herring 11.2 Sound 1975-78 -(richardsi) squids 5.9 % of volume; stomach 

octopus 5.4 contents salmon 10.0 capelin 3.8 Pacific tomcod 3.3 Pacific cod 0.9 saffron cod 1.3 euchalon 1.9 

A-301 
----

----

----

Reference Age Sex Food type Spring Summer Fall Winter N Location Habitat - Measure NotPitcher & Calkins B B octopus 43.4 17 Low. Cook coastal/marine All 1979 euchalon 30.6 Inlet, AK -(richardsi) shrimps 23.1 1975-78 % of volume; stomach 

capelin 1.9 contents 

Roffe & Mate 1984 A B salmonid 42.8 12.2 45.7 20 Oregon 1976-78 Rogue River Sea(richardsi) lamprey 28.6 25.0 2.3 60 - Sep

unidentified 7.2 30.0 5.1 0 % of prey number; sum

(non salmonid) from surface feed- to 

unidentified 21.4 32.8 46.6 20 ing observations sea

(sample size) (14) (23) (18) (5) to 

Roffe & Mate 1984 A B Salmo gairdneri 23.1 13 Oregon 1976-78 Rogue River Dat(richardsi) Lampetra tridentatus 92.3 - in 

Thaleichthys 23.1 % frequency of fal

pacificus occurrence; gastro- wer

Microgadus proximus 7.7 intestinal tracts Glyptocephalus 7.7 

zachirus 

Citharichthys 7.7 

sordidus 

Parophrys vetulus 7.7 unident. fish 23.1 

*** POPULATION DYNAMICS ***


Reference Age Sex Cond Seas Mean SD/SE Units Minimum Maximum N Location Habitat Not

HOME RANGE SIZE/FORAGING RADIUS
Beach et al. 1985 30-55
Brown & Mate 1983 25


Pitcher &
McAllister 1981


km Washington Columbia River	 Tra

radwer30-198

km 5 Oregon bays	 Mov

radmovAs 

km 24-194 Alaska sw Tugidak Island	 Dis

by tagIslwhisitin 

A-302 
----

----------------

Reference Age Sex Cond Seas Mean SD/SE Units Minimum Maximum N Location Habitat NotStewart et al. BB-- 5 km 48 1 California Southern California One 

1989 1988 Bight 

POPULATION DENSITY Richardson 1981 BB-SU 0.0305 N/ha 0.00394 0.0611 Maine 1973 coastal/marine (concolor)
LITTER SIZE
Hoover 1988
LITTERS/YEAR
Hoover 1988
DAYS GESTATION
FAO Adv. Comm.
1976
Newby 1978
AGE AT WEANING
Boulva & McLaren -B--
1979
(concolor)
Lawson & Renouf
1987
Slater & Markowitz-B--


1983
(richardsi)


1	 throughout NS


range


1 /yr	 throughout NS


range


10.5-11 months NS NS


11 months	 e Pacific coastal/marine


coast


30 days	 e Canada marine


1968-73


4 weeks Newfoundland tidal bay 

1982 

35 days c California coastal/marine 

1978-79 

A-303


telindfrowerlochow

Datfro

As The weeApp
Reference Age Sex Cond Seas Mean SD/SE Units Minimum Maximum N Location Habitat Not

AGE AT SEXUAL MATURITY
Ashwell-Erickson &-F1-


Elsner 1981 -F2-


Bigg 1969a -F1­
(richardsi) -F2-


-M--


Boulva & McLaren -M--
1979 -F-­
(concolor)
FAO Adv.Comm. 1976-F-­
(richardsi) -M--
Newby 1978 -M-­
(richardsi & ) -F--


P. largha


Pitcher 1977 -F1­
(richardsi) -F2-


-M--


Pitcher & Calkins -F--
1979
(richardsi)
Pitcher & Calkins -F--
1979
(richardsi)
Pitcher & Calkins -M--
1979
(richardsi)
ANNUAL MORTALITY
Boulva & McLaren AB--
1979
(concolor)
Pitcher & Calkins JB1-


1979 JB2­
(richardsi) AB3-


AB4-


5 years NS NS 

5.5 years 

3.3 0.26 SE years British coastal/marine 3.3 0.31 SE years Columbia 

years 3 6 

6 years e Canada marine 

3-4 years 1968-73 

years 2 5 NS NS years 3 6 

4-5 years Pacific coast coastal/marine 3-4 years 

3.7 years Prince William coastal/marine 4.4 years Sound 

years 3 7 

4.96 0.22 SE years 3 7 Gulf of Alaska coastal/marine 

1975-78 

5.51 0.23 SE years 4 9	 Gulf of Alaska coastal/marine


1975-78


years 5 7	 Gulf of Alaska coastal/marine


1975-78


17.5 %/yr	 e Canada marine


1968-73


77 %/4-yrs Gulf of Alaska coastal/marine


11 %/yr 1975-78


8-9 %/yr


14 %/yr


A-304


Age

fir

(1at froand 

OnlmatmatAs Datsub

AgefirPit

Age calFor preCL Pos

Est

fro4 y

old
----

Reference Age Sex Cond Seas Mean SD/SE Units Minimum Maximum N Location Habitat NotLONGEVITY
FAO Adv. Comm. years 40 NS NS As 1976 Newby 1978 --1- years 30 e Pacific wild (1

--2- years 33 1 captive (2

sea

Pitcher & Calkins AM-- years 26 Gulf of Alaska coastal/marine App1979 AF-- years 31 1975-78 not(richardsi) old

groove

*** SEASONAL ACTIVITIES ***


Reference Begin Peak End Location Habitat Notes
MATING
Bigg 1969b Feb
Bigg 1969b July
Boulva & McLaren earl Apr Jul
(concolor)
PARTURITION
Allen et al. 1989 late Mar
Boulva and McLaren May 21-27
1979
(concolor)
FAO Adv. Comm. Mar
1976
FAO Adv. Comm. Feb
1976
FAO Adv. Comm. Mar
1976
FAO Adv. Comm. Mar
1976


May
Mar
Jun
Apr


Mexico
Bering Sea
Nova Scotia,
CAN 1968-73


California


Nova Scotia,
CAN 1968-73
Washington
Mexico
w Atlantic
Alaska


A-305


NS As citeNS As citecoastal island


Gulf of Farallones


coastal island


As citeAs citeAs citeAs cite

1979 
Reference Begin Peak End Location Habitat Notes 

Johnson & Jeffries May 1st week June Jun Washington marine/coastal 1983 1975-77 (richardsi) Johnson & Jeffries Aug Sep Washington s Puget Sound 1983 1975-77 (richardsi) Pitcher 1977 mid May earl Jun earl Jul Prince William coastal/marine 

Sound 

Pitcher & Calkins mid May mid Jun late Jun Tugidak Isl., island/marine (richardsi)
Riedman 1990 Jun
(richardsi)
Riedman 1990 mid May
(richardsi)
Riedman 1990 late Jun
(richardsi)
Riedman 1990 earl May
(richardsi)
Riedman 1990 late Mar
(richardsi)
Riedman 1990 late Apr
(richardsi)
Riedman 1990 Mar
(richardsi)
Riedman 1990 earl Feb
(richardsi)


Alaska 1975-78


mid Jul Bristol Bay, coastal/marine 

Alaska 

late Jun Gulf of Alaska coastal/marine Sep w Canada coastal/marine late May Washington coastal/marine late May n California coastal/marine earl May c California coastal/marine Apr s California coastal/marine 

Mexico coastal/marine 

Slater & Markowitz mid Apr late Apr c California coastal/marine 

1978-79 

(richardsi) Wilson 1978/ mid May mid June New England coastal/marine Richardson 1973 (concolor) 

A-306


Along tPupping Puget Sthan thWashingAs citePups weof MayAs cite1984.


1979 1983 
Reference Begin Peak End Location Habitat Notes 

FALL MOLT Stutz 1966 none NS NS SPRING MOLT Boulva & McLaren Jul Nova Scotia, coastal/island 1979 CAN 1968-73 (concolor) Pitcher & Calkins late Jun late Jul Sep/Oct Gulf of Alaska coastal/marine 1979 1975-78 (richardsi) Stutz 1966 spring NS NS Thompson & Rothery 7 Jun 6 Sep Scotland 1985 coastal/marine 1987 Thompson & Rothery Aug 15 Scotland 1985 coastal/marine 1987 Thompson & Rothery Aug 16 Scotland 1985 coastal/marine 1987 Thompson & Rothery Sep 3 Scotland 1985 coastal/marine 1987 Thompson & Rothery Aug 22 Scotland 1985 coastal/marine 1987 MIGRATION Schneider & Payne earl May New England coastal/marine 1983 1978-80 (concolor) Schneider & Payne late Oct New England coastal/marine 1983 1978-80 (concolor) 

A-307 

As citeMolting As cite19-33 d19-33 dfor a f19-33 dfemale 19-33 dmature 19-33 dfor an 

Populat

prior tnorth.


Study p

followireturns 

***** DEER MOUSE *****


*** NORMALIZING AND CONTACT RATE FACTORS ***


Reference Age Sex Cond Seas Mean SD/SE Units Minimum Maximum N Location Habitat Not

BODY WEIGHT
Abbott 1974 AB-­
(cooledgei)
Brower & Cade 1966AB-­
(gracilis)
Dewsbury et al. AM--
1980 AF-­
(bairdii)
Dewsbury et al. AM--
1980 AF-­
(blandus)
Drickamer & AF--
Bernstein 1972
Fairbairn 1978	 AM-SP


AF-SP


Fairbairn 1977 SB--
Fordham 1971 AM-SP
(austerus) AF-SP
Glazier 1979 AF--
Halfpenny 1980 A F BR -
Hayward 1965 AB-­
(nebrascensis)
Hayward 1965 AB-­
(artemisiae)
Hayward 1965 AB-­
(austerus)
Hayward 1965 AB-­
(sonoriensis)


20.8 g 28.9 N NS 

latitude 

17.0 g 44.4 N NS 

latitude 

16.2 g NS lab reared 15.2 g 22.3 g NS lab reared 21.1 g 

19 g 25 Nebraska North Platte Valley 

17.8 g NS NS 16.1 g 

15 g Vancouver, CAN 2nd-growth coastal 

rain forest 

15.7 g NS NS 14.8 g 

14 g 10 Maine Bar Harbor area 

21 g Colorado NS 

18.9 g 20 45.2 N lat., alpine 

Wyoming 

23.2 g 20 49.2 N lat., arid valley 

British Columbia, CAN 

19.5 g 20 British mesic coast 

Columbia, CAN 

As 198As 198As As As As WeisexAs As 

As 

Latand Latand 

20.4 g 20 Nevada high altitude desert


A-309 
Reference Age Sex Cond Seas Mean SD/SE Units Minimum Maximum N Location Habitat Not

Hayward 1965 AB-­
(oreas)
Linzey 1970 AF--
McCabe & BlanchardAF--


1950


McNab & Morrison AB--
1963
(gambelii)
McNab & Morrison AB--
1963
(sonoriensis)
Millar 1989	 AF--


AM--


Millar & Innes A F NB -
1983 AFG­
(borealis) AFL-
Millar 1989 AF--
Millar 1982 A F NB -
(borealis) AFL-


Millar 1982 A F NB ­
(maniculatus) AFL-
Murie 1961 AB-­
(sonoriensis)
Myers & Master A F BR -
1983
Sadleir 1970	 AM-SP


AF-SP


Schlesinger & AB-­
Potter 1974


24.6 g 20 British subalpine 

Columbia, CAN 

18 g Tennessee Smoky Mountains 19 g California NS 

19.1 0.13 SE g 29	 37.9 N lat., chaparral near


CA 1957 stream


24.2 0.18 SE g 29	 38.0 N lat., chaparral


Nevada


20 g N America, NS 22 g average 

20.3 0.42 SE g 40 NS lab 

31.5 0.43 SE g 44 24.5 0.37 SE g 37 

20 g US average NS 

19.2 0.9 SE g 103 NW Terr., CAN near lake 

24.4 0.4 SE g 42 17.0 0.4 SE g 42 NW Terr., CAN near lake 

22-25 0.4 SE g 42 

20.8 g 37.3 N NS 

latitude 

21 g Michigan NS 

16.0 g NS NS 14.0 g 19.6 0.71 SE g 24 New Hampshire forest 

A-310


As As 

FouthoBodrepnon

Mea25perAs 198As As 
Reference Age Sex Cond Seas Mean SD/SE Units Minimum Maximum N Location Habitat Not

Stebbins 1978	 AM-SU


AF-SU
AM-FA
AF-FA
AM-WI
AF-WI


Stebbins 1977	 AFL­


AFL­
AFL­
AFL-


Svendsen 1964 A F BR -
Svihla 1932, 1935 A F BR -
Svihla 1932, 1934 AF--


Thomas 1971 AF-­
(balaclavae)
Thomas 1971 AF-­
(carli)
Wolff 1985b AF-­
(nubiterrae)
BODY FAT
Cronin & Bradley AF1-


1988	 AF2-


AM1-
AM2-


Gyug & Millar 1980AM-SP


AM-SU
A F PB SP
AFGSP
AFLSU
A F PL SU


Morris & Kendeigh AB-WI


1981 AB-SU


18.9 g 8 Alberta, CAN captive; cage in 16.7 g 8 woods 21.9 g 8 19.0 g 8 25.2 g 8 20.4 g 8 29.0 g NS NS 29.0 g 

29.0 g 23.9 g 

20 g Kansas NS 15 g MI, ND, IA NS 

21 g Washington NS 

24.3 g NS NS 28.1 g NS NS 

17 g 52 Virginia oak forest 

1.6 g 8 Virginia lab 

0.6 g 8 1.7 g 8 0.9 g 8 

1.18 0.14 SE g fat 19 NW Terr., CAN pine/spruce forests 

0.79 0.04 SE g fat 72 

1.22 0.20 SE g fat 21 

0.84 0.07 SE g fat 15 0.73 0.04 SE g fat 43 

0.63 0.09 SE g fat 13 

2.2 0.2 SE g 8 Illinois 1972 grassland 

1.9 0.31 SE g 8 

A-311


SU DecWee(we

As As As 

As As As Non

proinh

PB 

= lBodleaarothe 
Reference Age Sex Cond Seas Mean SD/SE Units Minimum Maximum N Location Habitat Not

LEAN (DRY) BODY WEIGHT
Cronin & Bradley AF1-


1988 AF2-


AM1-
AM2-


Marinelli & MillarAM1SU


1989 AM2SU


AM3SU


Morris & Kendeigh AB-WI


1981 AB-SU


Schlesinger & AB-­
Potter 1974
NEONATE WEIGHT
Halfpenny 1980 NB--


Layne 1968 N--­


(artemesiae)


Layne 1968 N--­


(bairdii)


Layne 1968 N--­


(blandus)


Layne 1968 N--­


(gambelii)


Linzey 1970 N---
McCabe & BlanchardN---
1950
Millar 1982 NB--


Millar 1975 NB--


Millar 1979 NB--
Millar 1989 NB--


Millar 1989 NB--


5.3 g 8 Virginia lab 

4.2 g 8 5.4 g 8 4.9 g 8 

6.0 0.12 SE g 17 Vancouver BC, beach 

5.7 0.09 SE g 27 CAN 1986 5.2 0.07 SE g 48 4.5 0.58 SE g 8 Illinois 1972 grassland 

4.7 0.55 SE g 8 5.4 0.21 SE g 24 New Hampshire forest 1.8 g Colorado NS


1.3 2.2 NS NS


1.1 2.3 NS NS


1.5 2.1 NS NS


1.4 NS NS


1.8 g Tennessee Smoky Mountains


1.40 g California NS


1.9 0.01 SE g 281 NW Terr., CAN lab 

1978-79 lab 

1.8 g 312 Ontario, CAN lab 

1.65 0.01 SE g 201 Manitoba, CAN lab 

1.8 g 1.6 2.8 US average NS 

1.7 0.02 SE g 165 Alberta, CAN NS 

A-312


Non

proinh

(1

(2(3

As 

As 

As 

As 

As 

As As 
Reference Age Sex Cond Seas Mean SD/SE Units Minimum Maximum N Location Habitat Not

Myers & Master NB--
1983
Myers et al. 1985 NB-FA
Myers et al. 1985	 N--SP


N--FA


Myers & Master N---
1983
Svendsen 1964 NB--
Svendsen 1964 N---
Svihla 1932, 1935 NB--


Svihla 1932 N---


Svihla 1932 N---
Svihla 1932, 1934 N---
Svihla 1932 N---
GROWTH RATE
Drickamer & P---
Bernstein 1972
(nebrascensis)
Drickamer & P---
Bernstein 1972
(labecula)
Linzey 1970 P--­
(nubiterrae)
McCabe & BlanchardP---
1950
(gambelii)
Millar 1982 P--­
(borealis)
Millar 1979 P--­
(borealis)


1.7 g Michigan NS


1.53 g 55 Michigan field 

1976-80 

1.64 g 63 Michigan captive and wild 1.53 g 55 1976-82 

1.7 g Michigan NS 1.8 g Kansas NS 1.8 g Kansas NS 1.6 g MI, ND, IO NS 

1.7 g CA, NM NS 

1.7 g Washington NS 

1.67 g MI, ND, IA NS 1.67 g Colorado, New NS 

Mexico 

0.34 g/day NS NS
0.45 g/day NS NS
0.35 g/day NS NS
0.34 g/day NS NS
0.36 0.01 SE g/day 57	 NW Terr., lab


CAN 1978-79


0.35 g/day Manitoba, CAN lab


A-313


As AveexpAs As As As 

As 

As As As As As As As N = 
Reference Age Sex Cond Seas Mean SD/SE Units Minimum Maximum N Location Habitat Not

Millar et al. 1979P--­
(maniculatus)
Millar & Innes P---
1983
(borealis)
Millar & Innes PM--
1983 PF-­
(borealis) PB--
Millar and Innes J---


1983
(borealis)


Millar 1985 PB-­
(nebrascensis)
Morrison et al. P---
1977
(bairdii)
WEANING WEIGHT
Halfpenny 1980 -B--


King et al. 1963 -B--


Millar 1979 -B--
Millar 1979 -B--
Millar & Innes -B--


1983
(borealis)
Millar 1989 -B--


METABOLIC RATE (OXYGEN)
Abbott 1974 A-B­
(cooledgei)
Brower & Cade 1966A-B­
(gracilis)


0.32 g/day NS NS
0.34 g/day 150	 Alberta, CAN various alpine


1978-81


0.27 0.06 SE g/day 31 Alberta, CAN wild (not lab) 0.22 0.05 SE g/day 30 0.25 0.03 SE g/day 61 

0.2 0.05 SE g/day Alberta, CAN lab 

0.38 0.01 SE g/day 0.30 0.95 156 Alberta, CAN NS
0.35 g/day NS NS


8.0 g Colorado NS 

9.5 g Michigan NS 

9.26 0.10 SE g 232 NW Terr., CAN lab 

1978-79 

8.40 0.06 SE g 201 Manitoba, CAN lab 

9.9 0.1 SE g 151 Alberta, CAN various alpine 

1978-81 

8.8 g 7.7 11.2	 N American NS


average


43.68 lO2/kg-day 28.9 N NS 

latitude 

43.2 LO2/kg-day 44.4 N woodlands 

latitude 

A-314


As AveGropup

Fro

wee

GroAs As 

As 

As 198Temcitand 
Reference Age Sex Cond Seas Mean SD/SE Units Minimum Maximum N Location Habitat Not

Hayward 1965 A-B- 45.6 lO2/kg-day NS NS Tem

cit

Hock & Roberts A-B- 48.0 lO2/kg-day NS NS Tem1966 in MacMillen and A F BA - 50 LO2/kg-day 40 61 N American NS DatGarland 1989 average (various) McNab & Morrison A-B- 48.96 lO2/kg-day 37.9 N arid and mesic Tem1963 latitude cit(gambelii) and McNab & Morrison A-B- 40.08 lO2/kg-day 38.0 N NS Tem1963 latitude cit(sonoriensis) and Morrison 1948 A - AD - 74.4 2.2 SD lO2/kg-day 53 101 3 NS lab	 (AD

rat(avtem25 

Murie 1961 A-B- 54.72 lO2/kg-day 37.3 N NS Tem(sonoriensis) latitude cit

and 

Stebbins et al. A M AD WI 138 5.3 SE lO2/kg-day 4 Alberta, CAN lab, poplar grove (AD1980 A M AD SP 102 7.2 SE lO2/kg-day 4 rat

A M AD SU 74.9 3.4 SE lO2/kg-day 4 TemAMRWI 112 2.9 SE lO2/kg-day 4 -17AMRSP 77.0 2.4 SE lO2/kg-day 4 aveAMRSU 63.8 1.9 SE lO2/kg-day 4 sum

C)

Tomasi 1985 A B R1 - 142 7.0 SE 6 Utah lab Res

A B R2 - 103 6.5 SE 6 temA B R3 - 63.6 4.3 SE 6 deg A B R4 - 58.8 4.3 SE 6 and A B R5 - 78.0 8.4 SE 6 

Zegers & Merritt ABRWI LO2/kg-day 31 60 Pennsylvania mature beech-poplar 1988 ABRSU LO2/kg-day 43 60 1984-85 forest 

A-315 
----

----

Reference Age Sex Cond Seas Mean SD/SE Units Minimum Maximum N Location Habitat NotMETABOLIC RATE (KCAL BASIS) Morris & Kendeigh A B FL WI 790 kcal/kg-d Illinois lab (FL1981 A B FL SU 592 kcal/kg-d Est(bairdii)	 ass

weitem20avgbur

Stebbins 1978	 AB-WI 18.75 kcal/mouse 16 Alberta, CAN artificial nest Ave

AB-SP 23.00 kcal/mouse 16 in woods Nov

Stebbins et al. A M AD WI 668 25 SE kcal/kg-d 4 Alberta, CAN lab 1980 A M AD SP 623 35 SE kcal/kg-d 4 

A M AD SU 360 17 SE kcal/kg-d 4 AMRWI 545 15 SE kcal/kg-d 4 AMRSP 374 16 SE kcal/kg-d 4 AMRSU 306 9 SE kcal/kg-d 4 

FOOD INGESTION RATE Cronin & Bradley A F NB - 0.185 g/g-day Virginia lab 1988 A M NB - 0.218 g/g-day lab Dice 1922 AM1- 0.536 cal/g-day 0.511 0.560 20 Illinois lab (bairdii) AF1- 0.558 cal/g-day 0.480 0.699 59 

AB2- 0.348 cal/g-day 0.208 0.615 11 AB3- 0.459 cal/g-day 0.427 0.502 7 

Dice 1922 AB1- 1.86 g wheat 1.35 2.93 Illinois lab (bairdii) --1- 0.48 g peanuts 

--1- 2.34 g total/d 

AB2- 1.45 g wheat 0.80 2.09 --2- 0.43 g peanuts 

--2- 1.88 g total/d 

Dice 1922 A F GL - 3.12 g wheat Illinois lab
(bairdii)	 0.50 g peanuts


3.62 g total/d


A-316


(ADratTem-17avesumC)

AniDie

N = wheCon(2(3

Con(2

con(pewas Peacalrep

ConFem

lac
Reference Age Sex Cond Seas Mean SD/SE Units Minimum Maximum N Location Habitat Not

Drickamer 1970 AB-SU 0.133 g/g-day 30 Michigan 1968 lab Fed (bairdii) tra

mulmap

Drickamer 1976 JB-- 0.12 g/g-day 10 NS lab Die

and wei

Green & Millar AB1- 3.3 0.3 SE g/day 19 Alberta, CAN lab (1

1987 AB2- 3.0 0.2 SE g/day 18 (2

AB3- 3.7 0.9 SE g/day 19	 (3

Fibchospe10 

C.


Green & Millar AB1- 0.15 g/g-day 19 Alberta, CAN lab (1

1987 AB2- 0.14 g/g-day 18 fib

AB3- 0.17 g/g-day 19	 add

moiproMai

Kantak 1983 A B NB - 0.07 g/g-day Wisconsin lab See(bairdii) bec

tes

Millar 1982 A F NB - 0.15 g/g-day 40 northern lab Die(borealis) AFL- 0.34 g/g-day 40 population, and 

Alberta, CAN C. 

Millar 1979 A F NB - 0.19 g/g-day Manitoba, CAN lab Die(maniculatus) AFL- 0.45 g/g-day and 

C.


Millar 1985 A F NB - 0.17 g/g-day NS lab Die(nebrascensis) and 

C.


Millar & Innes A F NB - 0.180 g/g-day 40 montane lab Die1983 AFL- 0.38 g/g-day 40 population, com(borealis) Alberta, CAN Millar 1985 AFL- 0.33 g/g-day 33 Alberta, CAN lab Die(nebrascensis) con

dry 

A-317 
Reference Age Sex Cond Seas Mean SD/SE Units Minimum Maximum N Location Habitat Not

Millar 1985 AFN- 0.17 g/g-day 49 Alberta, CAN lab Mea(nebrascensis)	 day

Y(iX(mbodwas 

Nelson & JM1- 0.21 0.01 SE g/g-day 18 parents from lab ConDesjardins 1987 JM2- 0.17 g/g-day 62 S Dakota	 unl

supconunlwit

WATER INGESTION RATE
Dice 1922 AB1- 0.126 g/g-day 0.082 0.177 79 Illinois lab N = (bairdii) AB2- 0.146 g/g-day 0.132 0.168 35 whe

AB3- 0.192 g/g-day 0.123 0.287 11 Con

C; 

C.


Dice 1922 AM1- 1.98 cc/day 1.24 2.72 20 Illinois lab N = (bairdii) AF1- 1.66 cc/day 1.12 2.39 59 whe

AB1- 1.7 cc/day 1.12 2.72 79 ConA F G1 - 3.78 cc/day (2A F L1 - 2.98 cc/day (3AB2- 2.31 cc/day 1.55 3.37 11 AB3- 1.14 cc/day 1.07 1.23 7 A 

Nelson & JM-- 0.34 0.02 SE g/g-day 80 parents from lab AniDesjardins 1987 S Dakota = 2

wat

Ross 1930 AB-- 0.19 0.071 0.60 8 NS lab Die(sonoriensis) mil

pro24 

Ross 1930 AB-- 0.16 0.061 0.29 4 NS lab Die(gambelii) mil

pro24 

A-318 
*** DIET ***


Reference Age Sex Food type Spring Summer Fall Winter N Location Habitat - Measure Not

Agnew et al. 1988 B B arthropods 25.9 59.1 58.4 S Dakota prairie dog colony/ Dat

vegetation 42.8 26.9 29.1 1981-82 Badlands Nat. Park latseeds 31.3 14.0 12.4 - 64 

% of total items; intfecal pellets fro

Agnew et al. 1988 B B arthropods 52.2 31.8 32.0 S Dakota mixed-grass pairie/ Dat

vegetation 36.5 34.1 29.4 1981-82 Badlands Nat. Park latseeds 10.7 43.5 15.1 - 64 

% of total items; intfecal pellets fro

Cook et al. 1982 B B Festuca arundinacea 0 0.7 6.2 1.8 sw Missouri old succession field The 

Dactylis glomerata 1.5 2.2 1.0 4.7 1975-76 - PhlPhleum pratense 2.5 4.2 7.5 1.7 mean no. items per Tridens flavus 2.5 1.0 1.2 3.1 stomach Sertaria viridis 2.0 0.7 0.5 0.0 Taraxacum officinale 6.0 4.9 8.0 9.2 Lamium amplexicaule 9.0 1.4 0 8.9 Bromus tectorum 0 0 5.5 2.1 Sertaria faberi 2.0 0.0 0.6 3.6 Capsella bursa-pasto 4.0 1.7 3.5 5.6 Trifolium stolonifer 4.0 0.7 0 2.6 arthropod 11.5 22.2 0 0.4 animal material 2.0 5.4 0 1.0 miscellaneous 0 0.8 0 3.9 

(sample size) (6) (11) (3) (7) 

Cook et al. 1982 B B Festuca arundinacea 2.0 sw Missouri old succession field Ave

Dactylis glomerata 2.4 1975-76 - sprPhleum pratense 3.3 mean no. items per of Tridens flavus 1.7 stomach and Sertaria viridis 0.4 Taraxacum officinale 7.7 Lamium amplexicaule 6.5 Bromus tectorum 1.8 Sertaria faberi 1.6 Capsella bursa-pasto 4.6 Trifolium stolonifer 1.9 arthropod 8.2 animal material 1.9 miscellaneous 1.1 

A-319 
Reference Age Sex Food type Spring Summer Fall Winter N Location Habitat - Measure Not

Flake 1973 B B coleopterans 14.6 23.8 9.4 4.9 565 Colorado short/mixed grass Spr

grasshoppers 6.4 4.2 6.4 2.5 1969-70 prairie Augleafhoppers 13.3 1.8 1.9 2.5 - Jan lepidopterans 21.7 12.7 1.5 1.8 % volume by a spiders 2.6 2.7 2.5 0.3 ranking method; seeds 22.5 25.9 56.8 65.4 stomach contents forbs 4.7 10.0 5.6 4.3 grasses and sedges 4.0 2.6 2.8 4.8 shrubs 3.8 1.4 0.8 2.6 

(sample size) (108) (215) (236) (97) 

Hamilton 1941 A B insects 71.4 72.8 180 e US, mostly habitat NS Bee

seeds, other starch 20.8 43.9 NY - seegreens 0 20.5 % occurrence; winsmall mammals 4.3 4.4 stomach contents snails 1.2 3.9 birds 3.7 1.7 annelids 0 1.7 fruit 52.3 0 fungi 3.7 0 

Harris 1986 B B arthropods 81 84 72 95 California semi-stabilized dune Ele

vegetation 19 0 3 -seeds 0 16 25 % relative frequency 

(sample size) (40) (31) (24) in fecal samples 

Martell & MacAuley B B nuts and seeds 22.9 712 Ontario, CAN habitat NS As 

arthropods 47.2 -

fruit 16.6 % diet; measure NS fungi 9.3 green plants 1.7 Achlorophyllon plant 2.6 

Sieg et al. 1986 B B arthropods 63.6 192 Montana betonite mine spoils Two 

seeds 21.8 1979-80 & sagebrush grass grasses 1.4 lands; forbs 7.6 -shrubs 2.3 % relative density algae 1.3 in scats fungi 2.3 

Vaughn 1974 A B seeds 58.8 242 Colorado habitat NS Dat

arthropods 17.4 1965-66 - togcut worms 11.3 % frequency of flowers 2.8 occurrence; stomach leaves 5.1 contents fungus 2.7 fruit 0.5 

A-320 

1981 
Reference Age Sex Food type Spring Summer Fall Winter N Location Habitat - Measure Not

Whitaker 1966 - - Setaria seeds 2.1 2.7 0.6 1.4 444 Indiana several habitats 

lepidopterous larvae 20.6 34.5 16.7 4.8 1962-65 -corn 4.1 4.2 3.2 8.7 % volume; misc. vegetation 15.8 3.1 8.0 13.4 stomach contents wheat seeds 6.5 1.6 3.2 23.7 Digitaria seeds 0 2.6 0.7 0.6 Ambrosia 0 0 2.2 0.6 coleopterous larvae 1.8 .7 1.6 1.0 unidentified seeds 5.4 5 8.8 8.3 Endogone TR 0 0.8 0 green vegetation 7.6 0 4.3 3.7 Echinochloa seeds 0 1.2 6.4 0 Coleoptera 3.9 5.3 5.1 1.4 soybeans 13.4 3.1 6.9 10.7 Hemiptera 1.3 2.7 4.2 0.9 earthworms 2.9 0 0 1.7 Prunus 0.2 1.2 0.7 0 Elymus seeds 0.3 0 0 0 Chilopoda 2.1 0 2.0 0.3 spider 0.7 1.8 0.3 0 

Whitaker 1966 - - Setaria seeds 0.7 67 Indiana cultivated field Yea

lepidopterous larvae 14.9 -corn 1.6 % volume; misc. vegetation 9.4 stomach contents wheat seeds 1.5 Digitaria seeds 0 coleopterous larvae 0.7 unidentified seeds 9.0 Endogone 0 green vegetation 12.5 sorghum halepense se 0 Coleoptera 1.2 cultivated sorghum s 6.0 soybeans 0 Lespedeza seeds 11.9 flesh 0.7 Hemiptera 4.6 earthworms 2.1 

Whitaker 1966 B B nuts and seeds 39 113 Indiana habitat NS As (bairdii) arthropods 26 -

green plants 20 % volume; stomach other 8.4 contents unspecified 6.6 

A-321 
Reference Age Sex Food type Spring Summer Fall Winter N Location Habitat - Measure Not

Wolff et al. 1985 A B nuts/seeds 0 24 23 Virginia oak, maple, hickory (nubiterrae) arthropods 56 30 46 forest 

lepidopteran larvae 3.8 0.2 1.5 -lepidopteran adults 3.4 26 6.7 % frequency of green vegetation 4.7 12 18 occurrence; fungus 7.2 0.3 1.0 stomach contents fruit 25 3.5 1.1 unknown 0.8 4.1 3.0 

(sample size) (40) (20) (10) 

van Horne 1982 J B hard-body arthropods 6 53 Alaska 1977-79 spruce/hemlock Mea

soft-body arthropods 12 forest fravegetation 5 - confruits & seeds 53 index of % volume; perflowers 14 stomach contents hemlock spores 5 fungus 1 

van Horne 1982 A B hard-body arthropods 17 129 Alaska 1977-79 spruce/hemlock Mea

soft-body arthropods 9 forest fravegetation 6 - confruits & seeds 52 index of % volume; perflowers 7 stomach contents hemlock spores 4 fungus 1 

*** POPULATION DYNAMICS *** 

Reference Age Sex Cond Seas Mean SD/SE Units Minimum Maximum N Location Habitat Not

HOME RANGE SIZE Blair 1940 AM-SU 0.94 ha Michigan woodlands As 

AF-SU 0.54 ha heterogenous 

Blair 1940 AM-SU 0.25 ha Michigan homogenous grassland As 

AF-SU 0.24 ha 

Bowers & Smith AM1SU 0.0998 0.0063 SE ha 30 UT, ID, OR see notes Hab

AF1SU 0.075 0.0063 SE ha 25 1977 OreAM2SU 0.128 0.012 SE ha 12 desAF2SU 0.094 0.0013 SE ha 10 atrAM3SU 0.123 0.014 SE ha 8 AF3SU 0.119 0.006 SE ha 8 

A-322 

1979 
----

Reference Age Sex Cond Seas Mean SD/SE Units Minimum Maximum N Location Habitat NotBowers & Smith AM-SU ha 0.02 0.21 50 Utah, Oregon, all habitats Mar1979 AF-SU ha 0.01 0.18 43 Idaho combined	 7-d

for 4 tmet

Cranford 1984 AM-WI 0.0189 0.0065 SD ha 14 Utah 1974-76 subalpine meadow Sno

AF-WI 0.0137 0.0050 SD ha 9 bouJ--WI 0.0252 0.0135 SD ha 8 

Cranford 1984 AM-SU 0.0390 0.0054 SD ha 21 Utah 1974-76 subalpine meadow Sno

AF-SU 0.0265 0.0047 SD ha 22 J--SU 0.0446 0.0095 SD ha 16 

Cranford 1984 AM-SP 0.0276 0.0082 SD ha 23 Utah 1974-76 subalpine meadow Sno

AF-SP 0.0246 0.0035 SD ha 18 strJ--SP 0.0075 0.0064 SD ha 3 

Metzgar 1973a,b ha 0.30 NS NS As Wolff et al. 1983 AM-SU 0.0421 ha 4 Virginia 1981 mature oak maple Min

AF-SU 0.0332 ha 6 forest rec

and 

Wolff 1985a BB-- 0.0596 0.0040 SE ha 0.0537 0.0678 76 Virginia mixed deciduous Com(nubiterrae) BM-- 0.0583 0.0061 SE ha 0.0535 0.0645 39 1981-83 forest low 

BF-- 0.0611 0.0053 SE ha 0.0539 0.0715 37 ploJB-- 0.0610 0.0062 SE ha 0.0588 0.0655 27 

Wolff 1985a BM1- 0.0515 0.0072 SE ha 25 sw Virginia oak, maple, hickory Con(nubiterrae) BF1- 0.0534 0.0060 SE ha 23 1981-83 forest tra

JB1- 0.0514 0.0060 SE ha 13 BB1- 0.0560 0.0033 SE ha 61 

POPULATION DENSITY Brown & Zeng 1989 BB1- 0.28 N/ha 74 Arizona desert (1

BB2- 0.19 N/ha 1977-85 for 

rou

Cranford 1984 BB-SP N/ha 2.2 14.5 Utah 1974-76 subalpine meadow Det

BB-SU N/ha 12.8 22.4 with clumps of fir aliBB-WI N/ha 3.4 8.4 and spruce 

Halford 1987 BB-- 10.2 N/ha 57 Idaho dry pond basin Nea

sit

A-323 
----

------------

----

Reference Age Sex Cond Seas Mean SD/SE Units Minimum Maximum N Location Habitat NotMetzgar 1980 AB1- 5-6 N/ha w Montana mixed conifer, Sea

AB2- 20 N/ha cottonwood river, Aug

bottom forest 

Metzgar 1979 BB-- 12 6.7 SD N/ha 3.9 28 16 Montana thick understory N = 

near river thr

Sullivan 1979 AB-- N/ha 12.7 45.5 4 Brit. Col., burnt slash Sea

CAN 1977-78 Mar

ali

Vaughn 1974 AB-SU 2.8 N/ha Colorado subalpine meadow 

1965-67 

Wolff 1985a BB1FA 33.2 4.32 SE N/ha 6 57 Virginia mixed deciduous Dat(two) BB2FA 13.6 1.11 SE N/ha 6 57 1981-83 forest leu

Wolff & Durr 1986	 AB-FA


JB-FA
AB-SP
JB-SP


van Horne 1982	 AB1-


JB1-
AB2-
JB2-
AB3-
JB3-
AB4-
JB4-


LITTER SIZE
Blair 1958
Drickamer &
Bernstein 1972
Glazier 1979
Halfpenny 1980


Linzey 1970


froApr

15 N/ha sw Virginia mountain forest 

4 N/ha 

14 N/ha 

4 N/ha 

21 N/ha 6 33 Alaska 1977-79 forest spruce/hemlock Est19 N/ha 6 47
27 N/ha 15 41


15 N/ha 7 24


49 N/ha 32 58


12 N/ha 10 13
16 N/ha 9 23


20 N/ha 10 43


5.0 31 Texas NS
3.7 Nebraska North Platte Valley
4.3 10 Maine Bar Habor area
6.4 7 Colorado NS


4.1 Tennessee Smoky Mountains


A-324


stafollatyeaMinone wervalfavsur

As As As As 

As 
----

--------

----

----------------------------------------

Reference Age Sex Cond Seas Mean SD/SE Units Minimum Maximum N Location Habitat NotMay 1979; Gyug


1979
McLaren & Kirkland----


1979


Meyers et al. 1985--1SP


--2SP
--1FA
A-2FA


Meyers et al. 1985---SP


---FA


Millar 1982


Millar & Innes


1983
(borealis)


Millar 1989


Millar 1985
(nebrascensis)
Millar 1982
Morrison et al.
1977
Myers & Master
1983
Rood 1966
Svendsen 1964
Svihla 1932
Svihla 1932
Svihla 1932, 1934
Wolff 1985b
(nubiterrae)


1.8 NW Terr., CAN NS As 

4.3 195 Pennsylvania NS As 

5.4 52 Michigan NS Tem

5.0 150 1976-82 nor4.9 29 5.6 98 

5.0 4.9 5.5 150 Michigan captive and wild 

5.6 5.3 6.3 98 1976-82 5.0 0.18 SE 1 9 98 NW Terr., CAN lab 

1978-79 lab 

5.3 0.1 SE 102 Alberta, CAN various alpine 

4.4 3.0 6.4 N America NS


5.1 0.14 SE 1 8 104 Alberta, CAN NS
5.0	 NW Terr., NS


CAN


4.4 midwest US NS
6.0 Michigan NS 4.7 n Michigan NS 3.8 Kansas NS 4.3 California, NS 

New Mexico 

4.5 Washington NS 3.0 21 MI, ND, IA NS 3.4 52 Virginia NS 

A-325


Min

of 

Minof 

As As As As As As 

As 

As 
----

----

------------

----

----

--------

Reference Age Sex Cond Seas Mean SD/SE Units Minimum Maximum N Location Habitat NotLITTERS/YEAR
Layne 1968 2 - 4 NS NS For 

(several) bla

Eis

McCabe & Blanchard---- 4.0 /year California NS As 

1950 Millar & Innes 1.9 0.1 SE /year 38 Alberta, CAN various alpine


1983
(borealis)


Millar 1989 2.4 /year	 N American NS Ave

average Cos

Wolff 1985b 1.8 /year Virginia NS As (nubiterrae)
DAYS GESTATION
Layne 1968 22 26 NS NS As 

(artemesiae)


Layne 1968 25 NS NS As 

(bairdii)


Layne 1968 22 25 NS NS As 

(blandus)


Layne 1968 23.5 NS NS As (gambelii)
Millar 1982 26.3 0.8 SE days 23 31 NW Terr., CAN lab For (borealis) 1978-79 lab Millar 1989 --L- 26.9 days US average NS (NL

- - NL - 23.6 days 

Millar 1985 - - NL - 25.5 0.3 SE days 23 26 10 Alberta, CAN lab (NL(nebrascensis) --L- 29.5 1.4 SE days 24 35 8 Millar 1989 - - NL - days 22.4 25.5 NS NS Ran

--L- days 24.1 30.6 for 

pre

Myers & Master - - NL - 23 days Michigan NS As 1983 --L- 27 days 

A-326 
Reference Age Sex Cond Seas Mean SD/SE Units Minimum Maximum N Location Habitat Not

Svendsen 1964	 - - NL -


--L-


Svihla 1932	 - - NL -


--L-


Svihla 1932	 - - NL -


--L­


AGE AT WEANING
Halfpenny 1980 -B--
King et al. 1963 -B--
Millar 1982 -B--
Millar et al. 1979-B-­
(maniculatus)
Millar & Innes -B-­
(borealis)
Millar 1989 -B--
AGE AT SEXUAL MATURITY
Millar 1985 -M-­
(nebrascensis)
Millar 1985 -F-­
(nebrascensis)
ANNUAL MORTALITY
Fairbairn 1977	 BM--


BF--


22.4 0.1 SE days 22 23 Kansas NS 24.1 0.3 SE days 22 27 23.5 0.1 SE days 23 24 Canada NS 26.6 0.7 SE days 23 32 23.6 0.2 SE days 22 27 ne Utah NS 27.0 0.4 SE days 22 35 17.5 days Colorado NS 21.0 days Michigan NS 21.4 days NW Terr., CAN lab 

1978-79 lab 

22.2 days 63 NS lab 24.9 days	 Alberta, CAN various alpine


1978-81


20.2 days 16 25	 N American NS


average


35 days Alberta, CAN lab
60 days Alberta, CAN lab
19 %/2 wks Vancover, CAN 2nd-growth coastal


18 %/2 wks rain forest


A-327


As As As 

As As As 2-w

the (abmalto 

1983 
----

----

Reference Age Sex Cond Seas Mean SD/SE Units Minimum Maximum N Location Habitat NotMillar & Innes AM-WI 33 %/winter 8 Alberta, CAN various alpine Sma1983 AF-WI 100 %/winter 6 (borealis) JM-WI 70 %/winter 30 

JF-WI 56 %/winter 34 AB-SU 20 %/two wks 877 JB-SU 19 %/two wks 639 

LONGEVITY
Brown & Zeng 1989 years 1.6 Arizona desert Eisenberg 1981 years 1.3 zoo (captive) UnpMillar & Innes BB-- <1 year Alberta, CAN various alpine 1983 (borealis) 

*** SEASONAL ACTIVITIES ***


Reference Begin Peak End Location Habitat Notes
MATING
Blair 1958 Nov Apr Williamson Co, NS 

Texas 

Drickamer 1978 Apr Aug nw NS 

Massachusetts 

Dunmire 1960 May Aug California NS Howard 1949 Mar Nov Michigan NS Metzgar 1979 May May-June Nov Montana grassland 

1970-72 

Wolff 1985b Mar Oct Giles Co, NS (nubiterrae) Virginia TORPOR
Tannebaum & winter northern range NS
Pivorun 1989
DISPERSAL
Fairbairn 1977 spring Vancouver, CAN	 2nd growth coastal


rain forest


A-328


Breedincited iBreedincited iBreedinlong. ABreedincited iBreedincited iMales d
----

----

----

***** PRAIRIE VOLE *****


*** NORMALIZING AND CONTACT RATE FACTORS ***


Reference Age Sex Cond Seas Mean SD/SE Units Minimum Maximum N Location Habitat Not

BODY WEIGHT
Abramsky & Tracy -B1-
1980	 -B-SU


-B-FA
-B-WI
-B-SP


Dupre 1983 AB--


Dupre 1983 AB--
Martin 1956 -B--
Myers & Krebs 1971-M1-


-F1-
-M2-
-F2-
-M3-
-F3-


Wunder et al. 1977--1WI


--2WI
--1SU
--2SU


BODY FAT
Fleherty et al.


1973


NEONATE WEIGHT
Fitch 1957


Kruckenberg et al.----


1973


Martin 1956


41.6 g ne Colorado short-grass prairie (141.9 g 150A 44.2 g 148 39.0 g 150 41.3 g 150A 46.2 1.5 SE g 10 Kansas lab 

35.4 1.8 SE g 10 Kansas lab 

43.78 g 25 73 ne Kansas grasslands 

1950-52 

32.9 0.45 SE g s Indiana grasslands 31.1 0.35 SE g 1967-69 34.2 0.75 SE g 

32.7 0.45 SE g 

31.3 0.35 SE g 

33.3 0.30 SE g 

41.0 5.6 SD g 8 NS lab 48.4 8.9 SD g 10 50.0 4.7 SD g 11 48.5 8.7 SD g 10 

% dry wt 14.59 16.08 Kansas 1969-70 NS 

2.9 0.1 SD g NS NS 

3.1 g NS NS 

2.8 0.4 SD g 16 ne Kansas grassland 

1950-52 

A-329 

seaappDri(an

Kep

Femthapre

Mea(1(3ove2 Sto 

Voltem(2

As 

As 
----

Reference Age Sex Cond Seas Mean SD/SE Units Minimum Maximum N Location Habitat NotRichmond & Conaway----


1969


GROWTH RATE
Fitch 1957


Kruckenberg et al.----
1973
Martin 1956	 --1-


--2-
--3-


Richmond & Conaway----
1969
METABOLIC RATE (OXYGEN)
Bradley 1976 A - BA -
Wunder et al. 1977--1WI


--2SU


Wunder et al. 1977--1WI


--2WI
--1SU
--2SU


2.8 g NS NS


0.61 g/day NS lab 

0.73 g/day NS lab 

0.6 g/day ne Kansas grassland 1.0 g/day 1950-52 0.5 g/day 

0.81 g/day NS lab 28.3 lO2/kg-d 1 New York lab
51.8 8.2 SD lO2/kg-d 15 NS lab
41.8 4.8 SD lO2/kg-d 9


65.3 9.6 SD lO2/kg-d 8 NS lab
52.6 6.0 SD lO2/kg-d 10
42.2 9.5 SD lO2/kg-d 11
33.6 3.6 SD lO2/kg-d 10


A-330


As 

As day

As day

Ageto grovarAs dayBodcitMeatescapsum38Wunmetspe

Meaaccseaofwei= 4g; sumcitrescon
Reference Age Sex Cond Seas Mean SD/SE Units Minimum Maximum N Location Habitat Not

METABOLIC RATE (KCAL BASIS) Bradley 1976 A--WI 21.52 kcal/day NS NS Do 

A F BR SU 20.13 kcal/day basA F NB SU 8.22 kcal/day ind

199

FOOD INGESTION RATE Dice 1922 AB1- 3.31 g oats 2.08 4.80 Illinois lab Con

AB1- 0.94 g grass - - in AB1- 4.25 g total - - degAB2- 2.35 g oats 1.94 2.68 BodAB2- 0.83 g grass - - 31 AB2- 3.18 g total - -

Dice 1922 AM1- 0.561 cal/g-d 0.530 0.592 Illinois lab Die

AF1- 0.476 cal/g-d 0.424 0.622 blu

AB2- 0.195 cal/g-d 0.160 0.223 maiAB3- 0.284 cal/g-d 0.214 0.509 dry 

dry wet 

Dice 1922 AB1- 0.13-0.14 g/g-day Illinois lab Cal

AB2- 0.14-0.09 g/g-day rat

dry 3.128 gravarbee

WATER INGESTION RATE
Chew 1951 AB1- 0.37 g/g-day 5 NS lab Mea

AB2- 0.43 g/g-day 5 bot

oatconreldeggro

Dice 1922 AB1- 0.211 g/g-day 0.152 0.255 71 Illinois lab Sam

AB2- 0.190 g/g-day 0.125 0.292 11 day

AB3- 0.158 g/g-day 0.096 0.210 31 degAB4- 0.132 g/g-day 0.130 0.132 9 deg

deg34 

A-331 
Reference Age Sex Cond Seas Mean SD/SE Units Minimum Maximum N Location Habitat Not

Dupre 1983 AB-- 0.286 0.02 SE g/g-day 10 Kansas lab Dri

(an

Dupre 1983 AB-- 0.162 0.015 SE g/g-day 10 Kansas lab Min

mai(an

*** DIET *** 

Reference Age Sex Food type Spring Summer Fall Winter N Location Habitat - Measure Not

Agnew et al. 1988 A B arthropods 0 1.6 40 wc South mixed grass prairie 

vegetation 100 98.4 Dakota 1981 -

% dry weight; fecal pellets 

Agnew et al. 1988 A B arthropods 17 19.8 44.3 40 wc South mixed grass prairie "Fa

vegetation 83 80.2 55.7 40 Dakota 1982 - lat

% dry weight; fecal pellets 

Cook et al. 1982 B B Festuca arundinacea 20.5 25.0 10.6 28.9 Missouri old field Ave

Dactylis glomerata 6.7 1.7 1.1 4.2 1975-76 - SprPhleum pratense 8.3 2.0 2.1 5.3 mean number of food = JTridens flavus 17.1 11.1 1.9 11.0 items; stomach and Setaria viridis 6.7 6.2 1.7 6.2 contents PlaTaraxacum officinale 5.8 4.8 3.9 1.5 and Lamium amplexicaule 3.9 2.9 5.2 3.4 leaBromus tectorum 2.8 4.7 2.5 4.8 SetSetaria faberi 5.6 3.9 0.7 21.0 DacCapsella bursa-past. 2.7 1.2 0.5 0.6 leaTrifolium stolonif. 2.4 0.8 0.5 1.4 spearthropod 0.2 0.3 0.0 0.1 animal material 0.0 0.2 0.2 0.0 other 3.9 1.4 1.5 0.9 

(sample size) (14) (39) (10) (10) 

Fleharty & Olson B B Sporobolus asper 19.54 97 Kansas 1966 forb and grass field Dat

Kochia scoparia 22.51 - are

(haydenii) Bouteloua gracilis 6.50 % volume; stomach tha

Bromus japonicus 8.50 contents "otRumex crispus 9.20 Triticum aestivum 3.43 Carex sp. 2.01 other 28.31 (grass) (53.5) (forbs) (46.5) 

A-332 

1969 
Reference Age Sex Food type Spring Summer Fall Winter N Location Habitat - Measure Not

Zimmerman 1965 Poa compressa 15.8 47 Indiana mixed Sea

unidentified roots 10.0 1964-65 - volTrifolium pratense 9.7 % volume; stomach comHespedeza sp. 6.7 contents Setaria faberii 

seed 1.4 

misc. vegetation 13.1 Panicum capillare 6.4 Trifolium pratense 

roots 5.2 

Erigeron sp. 5.0 Microtus flesh 1.0 Plantago lanceolata 4.6 Festuca elatior 4 Medicago sativa 3.6 unidentified seeds 2.2 Lepidopteran larvae 1.9 Chenopodium sp. 1.8 Oxalis sp. 1.5 unidentified insects 1.4 misc. Coleoptera 1.4 Rumex crispus 1.1 other 2.6 

*** POPULATION DYNAMICS *** 

Reference Age Sex Cond Seas Mean SD/SE Units Minimum Maximum N Location Habitat N

HOME RANGE SIZE Abramsky & Tracy AM1- 0.015 ha 9-16 ne Colorado short-grass prairie (11980 AM2- 0.011 ha 12-18 of 

AF1- 0.015 ha 3-22 recAF2- 0.0073 ha 5-30 the 

lenhom

Harvey & Barbour -M-- 0.045 ha 0.020 0.073 5 Kentucky 1963 pasture Rad1965 -F-- 0.0081 ha 1	 mod

Autabousithe mod

Jike et al. 1988 A--- 0.0984 0.0116 SE ha 30 Illinois bluegrass 3 d

1985-86 est

met

A-333 
Reference Age Sex Cond Seas Mean SD/SE Units Minimum Maximum N Location Habitat Not

Martin 1956 AM-- 0.0567 ha 0.0081 0.146 ne Kansas grassland 

AF-- 0.0486 ha 0.0081 0.166 1951-52 J--- 0.0041 ha 

Meserve 1971 -M-SU 0.08 ha w Nebraska xeric prairie (mid 

-F-SU 0.09 ha 1968 and short grass) -B-SU 0.09 ha 39 

Meserve 1971 -M-SU 0.02 ha w Nebraska xeric prairie (mid 

-F-SU 0.02 ha 1968 and short grass) -B-SU 0.02 ha 39 

Meserve 1971 -M-SU 0.016 ha w Nebraska xeric prairie (mid 

-F-SU 0.028 ha 1968 and short grass) -B-SU 0.024 ha 39 

Meserve 1971 -M-SU 0.073 ha w Nebraska xeric prairie (mid 

-F-SU 0.093 ha 1968 and short grass) -B-SU 0.089 ha 39 

Swihart & Slade AM1- 0.0367 0.0029 SE ha 183 Kansas NS 

AF1- 0.0236 0.0018 SE ha 118 A M BR SU 0.0306 0.0034 SE ha 32 A F BR SU 0.0232 0.0032 SE ha 19 

POPULATION DENSITY
Carroll & Getz --1SP
1976	 --2SP


--3SU
--4SU
--5SU


Carroll & Getz --1SP
1976	 --2SP


--3SU
--4SU
--5SU


Gaines & Rose 1976--1­


--2-
--3-
--4-


78 N/ha Illinois 1972 alfalfa field 

118 N/ha 

96 N/ha 

104 N/ha 

81 N/ha 29 N/ha Illinois 1972 bluegrass pasture 33 N/ha 

63 N/ha 73 N/ha 67 N/ha 

N/ha 0 115 e Kansas old field N/ha 0 91 1970-73 N/ha 0 94 N/ha 0 64 

A-334


MetDat

ThrbouonlThrareonl

ThrareThrbousta(1basrecas 

Mon(3

MonMay

Livmingri(1genwernumpop

1989 
----

----------------

Reference Age Sex Cond Seas Mean SD/SE Units Minimum Maximum N Location Habitat NotGetz et al. 1987	 --1-


--2-
--3-


Getz et al. 1987	 --1-


--2-
--3-
--4-
--5-
--6-


Getz et al. 1987	 --1-


--2-
--3-
--4-
--5-
--6-


Getz et al. 1987
Krebs 1977	 --1-


--2-
--3-
--4-


N/ha 0 37 Illinois tallgrass prairie DenN/ha 0 40 1972-86 N/ha 5 83 

N/ha 125 Illinois alfalfa N/ha 45 1972-86 N/ha 62 N/ha 45 N/ha 55 N/ha 125 

N/ha 127 Illinois bluegrass N/ha 60 1972-86 N/ha 30 N/ha 25 N/ha 38 N/ha 131 

N/ha >125 2/13 Illinois bluegrass N/ha >75 3/13 1972-86 N/ha >50 4/13 N/ha >25 7/13 N/ha >5 11/13 N/ha 94 Indiana grassland N/ha 99 1966-68,70 N/ha 54 N/ha 61 

A-335 

perStu’77 ’77 and in perin and mul

Basdenin Perfal- fsum’84Popeig

DenperstuAbu’72spr’81(6decdur

Samnum13 peagivLivpeaon perals196
----

--------

--------

Reference Age Sex Cond Seas Mean SD/SE Units Minimum Maximum N Location Habitat NotMartin 1956 ---SU 168-234 N/ha ne Kansas 1951 grassland Liv

---WI 160-197 N/ha max

---SP 203-247 N/ha ref

---FA 94-123 N/ha giv

Martin 1956 ---SU 67-151 N/ha ne Kansas 1952 grassland Liv

---WI 116-136 N/ha max

---SP 136-160 N/ha ref

giv

Martin 1960 17 N/ha 54 wc Kansas mesic mixed prairie As 

Haybet

Meserve 1971 ---SU 25-35 N/ha w Nebraska xeric prairie (mid Hay

---WI 12 N/ha 1968-69 and short grasses) cap---SP 10 N/ha 

Myers & Krebs 1971--1- N/ha 0 95 s Indiana grasslands 

--2- N/ha 0 44 1967-70 --3- N/ha 0 14 

Wooster 1939 95 N/ha Kansas mixed prairie
LITTER SIZE
Cole & Batzli 1978---- 4.25 28 Illinois NS


Cole & Batzli 1978---- 5.11 19 Illinois NS


Colvin & Colvin 3.9 1 7 28 NS lab


Corthum 1967 3.89 2 7 134 Indiana NS
Fitch 1957 3.37 2 5 82 Kansas NS


A-336


LivmingriautA; durpopden

As As scasum

As scaprosum

As 

pup 

As pup 

As pup 

1970 
----

------------

----

--------------------------------

Reference Age Sex Cond Seas Mean SD/SE Units Minimum Maximum N Location Habitat NotJameson 1947


Keller & Krebs
1970
Martin 1956
Nadeau 1985


Nadeau 1985


Quick 1970


Richmond 1967


Rolan & Gier 1967


Rose & Gaines 1978----


DAYS GESTATION
Fitch 1957
Johnson & Johnson
1982
Keller 1985
Kenney et al. 1977----
Martin 1956
Morrison et al.
1976
Richmond & Conaway----


1969


3.4 1 7 58 Kansas NS


3.27 1 6 160 Indiana NS
3.18 0.24 SD 1 6 65	 ne Kansas grassland


1950-52


3.9 0.4 SD NS lab


3.5 0.4 SD NS field-caught


3.35 1 6 31 Kentucky NS
3.17 1 8 280 NS lab
4.19 198 Kansas NS
3.43 181 Kansas NS


< 20 days NS NS 

20-23 days NS NS 

21 days NS NS 

22.8 days NS NS 

21 days ne Kansas grassland 

1950-52 

21 days NS NS 21 days NS NS 

A-337


As 

pup 

As pup Pup 

Pup 

baspro

Pup 

baspro

As pup 

As pup 

As pup 

As pup yea

As 

Genspe

As As As 
----

Reference Age Sex Cond Seas Mean SD/SE Units Minimum Maximum N Location Habitat NotAGE AT WEANING
Thomas & Birney -B--
1979
AGE AT SEXUAL MATURITY
Gier & Cooksey -F--
1967 -M--
Johnson & Johnson -F--
1982 -M--


Martin 1956	 -F1-


-M--


ANNUAL MORTALITY
Abramsky & Tracy -B--
1980	 -B-SU


-B-FA
-B-WI
-B-SP


LONGEVITY


21 days NS lab Not35 days NS NS As 

days 42 45 weeks 3 NS NS Genweeks 6-8 spe

days 26 1 ne Kansas grasslands Femweeks 6 1950-52 

93 %/year 150 ne Colorado short-grass prairie Sea28 %/month 150A mea15 %/month 148
15 %/month 150
22 %/month 150A


Martin 1956 1.0 years 1.8 ne Kansas grassland Max

1950-52	 of 

basas 

*** SEASONAL ACTIVITIES ***


Reference Begin Peak End Location Habitat Not

MATING
Keller 1985; May to Oct NS NS
Martin 1956 NS
PARTURITION
Keller 1985; May to Oct NS NS Martin 1956 FALL MOLT Jameson 1947 any time NS NS Ci

A-338 
----

***** MEADOW VOLE *****


*** NORMALIZING AND CONTACT RATE FACTORS ***


Reference Age Sex Cond Seas Mean SD/SE Units Minimum Maximum N Location Habitat Not

BODY WEIGHT
Anderson et al. BB-SP
1984	 BB-SU


BB-FA
BB-WI


Boonstra & Rodd AM-SP
1983 AF-SP
Boonstra & Rodd A---
1983
Brochu et al. 1988AM-SU


AF-SU


Brooks & Webster BB1SU
1984	 BB2FA


BB3FA
BB4WI
BB5WI


Dark & Zucker 1986AM1-


AM2-
AM3-
AM4-


Dueser et al. 1981----


Golley 1961	 N---


J---
Y---
A-1-
A-2-
A-3-


Lomolino 1984


26.0 g 40 Manitoba marsh 24.3 g 34 1976-77 17.0 g 21 17.5 g 7 52.4 g Ontario, CAN grassland 43.5 g 

g 33 Toronto, CAN NS 

40.0 8.3 SE g 33 Quebec, CAN old field 33.4 8.2 SE g 55 32.6 11.8 SD g 152 Ontario, CAN grassland 31.3 10.0 SD g 57 1977-78 32.6 7.9 SD g 158 34.2 5.2 SD g 41 33.3 6.4 SD g 45 

54 g 14 NS lab 

58 g 14 57 g 17 45 g 17 

g 30 NS NS


2-10 g s Michigan old field 

11-20 g 1956-57 21-30 g 31-40 g 41-50 g 

> 51 g 

40 g New York Thousand Islands


A-339


EstTra9/11/5

(1

pholat2 - (4pho

Cutdis198N = posold34-old
Reference Age Sex Cond Seas Mean SD/SE Units Minimum Maximum N Location Habitat Not

Mihok 1984	 A M BR SU


A F BR SU
--1-


Millar 1987 AB-SU
Myers & Krebs 1971AM1-


AF1-
AM2-
AF2-


Reich 1981	 AM--


AF--


Tamarin 1977b	 -M1WI


-F1WI
-M2SU
-F2SU
-M2WI
-F2SU


Tamarin 1977b	 -M1WI


-F1WI
-M2SU
-F2SU
-M2WI
-F2SU


NEONATE WEIGHT
Hamilton 1941 N---


Innes & Millar N---


1981


Lee & Horvath 1969N---
McShea & Madison N---
1989


23.6 g 20.2 27.4 Manitoba, CAN boreal
18.8 g 17.7 20.1


1076


28.1 g	 Alberta, CAN NS


1980-83


32.9 0.2 SE g s Indiana grasslands
39.1 0.25 SE g 1967-69
35.5 0.1 SE g
39.0 0.3 SE g


44.2 6.29 SD g NS NS 44.0 10.25 SD g 

33 g Massachusetts coastal field 34 g 1972-75 42 g 39 g 42 g 41 g 36 g Massachusetts coastal field 41 g 1972-75 40 g 39 g 43 g 38 g 

2.1 g 1.6 3.0 NS NS 

2.3 0.1 SD g NS NS 

2.0-3.0 g NS NS 

3 g Pennsylvania NS 

A-340


(1Facmatact

Mea(1Datperautdiv

Disfro197Resfro197

As 

and 

As 

As As 
----

----------------

Reference Age Sex Cond Seas Mean SD/SE Units Minimum Maximum N Location Habitat NotGROWTH RATE
Barbehenn 1955	 --1-


--2-


Golley 1961	 --1-


--2-
--3-
--4-


Hamilton 1941


Hamilton 1937


Innes & Millar
1979
McShea & Madison
1989
Morrison et al.
1977
BODY FAT
Mihok et al. 1985	 BB1SP


BB2SP


Millar 1987	 JF-SU


AFGSU
AFLSU


Millar 1987	 J M NB SU


AM-SU


Schwartz & Mihok B - BR -
1983 B - NB -


--1-


0.40 g/day 0.2 0.5 NS field study
0.20 g/day


0.95 g/day s Michigan old field 0.81 g/day 1956-57 0.45 g/day 

0.19 g/day 

1.0 g/day NS NS 

0.80 g/day NS lab 

0.67 g/day NS lab
0.44 g/day Pennsylvania NS
0.65 g/day NS lab
1.34 0.125 SE g 17 Manitoba, CAN old fields 1.09 0.078 SE g 26 1971, 1975 0.37 0.04 SE g 10 Alberta, CAN NS 1.20 0.15 SE g 10 1980-83 0.60 0.09 SE g 10 0.47 0.05 SE g 10 Alberta, CAN NS 0.93 0.15 SE g 10 1980-83 1.17 g Manitoba, CAN NS


0.908 g 1973-78


1313


A-341


Calbod(1cit

Age22 55 51+ 

Fircit

CalbodWun

CalbodWunAs Calwei198Two 197(1
Reference Age Sex Cond Seas Mean SD/SE Units Minimum Maximum N Location Habitat Not

LEAN (DRY) BODY WEIGHT Mihok et al. 1985 BB1SP 5.7 0.1 SE g Manitoba, CAN old fields Two 

BB2SP 5.2 0.1 SE g 1971, 1975 197

Millar 1987 JF-SU 2.91 0.28 SE g 10 Alberta, CAN NS 

AFGSU 5.40 0.40 SE g 10 1980-83 AFLSU 5.58 0.21 SE g 10 

Millar 1987 JM-SU 3.93 0.18 SE g 10 Alberta, CAN NS 

AM-SU 6.58 0.36 SE g 10 1980-83 

Schwartz & Mihok - - BR - 6.5 g Manitoba, CAN NS (1

- - NB - 5.1 g 1973-78 bre--1- 1313 

METABOLIC RATE (OXYGEN) Bradley 1976 A - BA - 46.3 lO2/kg-day New York lab Bod

cit

Morrison 1948 - - AD - 82.8 12 SD LO2/kg-day 43.2 146 4 ne United lab AD 

States in 

ind25 32

Pearson 1947 A - BA - 53 lO2/kg-day 4 Pennsylvania lab Mea

A - AD - 80 lO2/kg-day 58 89 4 AD 

condegavavaltesof hig

Wiegert 1961 A - BA - 60.0 lO2/kg-day NS NS	 Bod

Dea

A-342 

1983 
----

------------

Reference Age Sex Cond Seas Mean SD/SE Units Minimum Maximum N Location Habitat NotMETABOLIC RATE (KCAL BASIS)
Pearson 1947 A - BA - 295 kcal/kg-d 4 Pennsylvania lab Mea

A - AD - 395 kcal/kg-d 4 AD 

oxycondegavalowfropro

FOOD INGESTION RATE
Dark et al. 1983 AM1- 410 10 SE kcal/kg-d 12 NS lab Dai

AM2- 370 20 SE kcal/kg-d 12 exp

14L

Ognev 1950 0.30 - g/g-day Russia NS Val

0.35 g/g-day a r

Joh

WATER INGESTION RATE
Ernst 1968 0.21 0.02 SE g/g-day NS NS As THERMONEUTRAL ZONE
Wiegert 1961 degrees C 25 29 NS NS As 

*** DIET *** 

Reference Age Sex Food type Spring Summer Fall Winter N Location Habitat - Measure Not

Lindroth & Batzli - - dicot shoots 41 60 66 12 Illinois bluegrass 

monocot shoots 50 26 9 40 1980-83 -

seeds 1 9 1 13 % wet volume; roots 0 1 12 34 stomach contents fungi 6 4 10 0 insects 2 0 2 1 

(sample size) (11) (15) (13) (11) 

A-343 

1984 
Reference Age Sex Food type Spring Summer Fall Winter N Location Habitat - Measure Not

Lindroth & Batzli - - dicot shoots 53 65 41 41 Illinois tallgrass prairie 1984 monocot shoots 23 29 12 5 1980-83 -

seeds 7 1 16 36 % wet volume; roots 4 0 6 17 stomach contents fungi 12 1 20 0 insects 1 4 5 1 

(sample size) (12) (25) (17) (11) 

Lindroth & Batzli - - plant material only: Illinois bluegrass Per1984 monocot shoots: 1980-83 - the 

Poa pratensis 29 20 8 40 % wet volume; Bromus inermis 9 4 0 0 stomach contents 

monocot roots 0 1 11 24 dicot shoots: 

Ambrosi trifida 18 6 3 0 Taraxacum officina 7 18 45 0 Trifolium pratense 0 27 11 12 

dicot roots 1 10 other unknown 30 21 10 24 

(sample size) (11) (15) (13) (11) 

Lindroth & Batzli - - monocot shoots Illinois tallgrass prairie Per1984 Andropogon gerardii 11.8 20.0 9.4 1.6 1980-83 - die

Poa pratensis 0.0 0.0 0.0 2.9 % wet volume; 

dicot shoots stomach contents 

Lespedeza cuneata 23.7 27.9 26.1 10.6 Penstemon digitalis 12.0 16.1 9.3 22.6 

(sample size) (12) (25) (17) (11) 

Zimmerman 1965 B B Poa compressa 32.1 43 Indiana various Sea

Panicum capillare 24.7 1964-65 - to Muhlenbergia 14.6 % wet volume; lea

sobolifera stomach contents cov

misc. vegetation 7.4 Plantago lanceolata 5.8 Achillea millefolium 4.7 Endogone 2.1 Taraxacum officinale 2.1 Microtus flesh 2.1 Lepidopterous larvae 1.7 Oxalis sp. 1.6 misc. Coleoptera 1.5 Phleum pratense 1.4 unident. roots 0.4 unident. insects 0.4 

A-344 
*** POPULATION DYNAMICS ***


Reference Age Sex Cond Seas Mean SD/SE Units Minimum Maximum N Location Habitat Not

HOME RANGE SIZE Ambrose 1973 ---SU ha 0.0089 0.027 New York NS Douglass 1976 ---SU 0.014 ha 14 Montana alluvial bench 

---WI 0.0002 8 

Getz 1961b -M-FA ha 0.043 0.097 Michigan old field Val

-F-FA ha 0.019 0.041 1957-58 ran-M-WI ha 0.013 0.033 exc-F-WI ha 0.012 0.013 Pop-M-SP ha 0.043 0.057 fal-F-SP ha 0.023 0.032 15--M-SU ha 0.051 0.078 -F-SU ha 0.058 0.061 

Getz 1961b -M-FA ha 0.041 0.050 Michigan marsh Val

-F-FA ha 0.041 0.044 1957-58 ran-M-WI ha 0.042 0.078 exc-F-WI ha 0.040 0.085 Pop-M-SP ha 0.068 0.070 fal-F-SP ha 0.043 0.046 22--M-SU ha 0.042 0.059 -F-SU ha 0.038 0.049 

Madison 1980 A M BR SU 0.01923 0.01097 SD ha 16 Virginia 1975 old field Bas

A F BR SU 0.00686 0.00394 SD ha 15	 rec

timof for incvolenu

Ostfeld et al. AF1SU 0.00966 0.00458 SD ha 13 Massachusetts grassy meadow Hom1988 AF2SU 0.04977 0.03465 SD ha 13 1986 fro

AF3SU 0.03734 0.01982 SD ha 13	 met

arerepare

Ostfeld et al. AM1SU 0.01955 0.00918 SD ha 15 Massachusetts grassy meadow Hom1988 AM2SU 0.11836 0.05331 SD ha 15 1986 fro

AM3SU 0.08328 0.03745 SD ha 15	 met

arerepare

A-345 
Reference Age Sex Cond Seas Mean SD/SE Units Minimum Maximum N Location Habitat Not

Tamarin 1977b AF-- ha 0.001 Massachusetts coastal field As 

1972-75 app

valin 

Van Vleck 1969 -M1SU 0.0502 ha 102 w New York old fields Liv

-F1SU 0.0405 ha 38 1962 des

-M2SU 0.1283 ha 102 vol-F2SU 0.1145 ha 38 on -M3SU 0.1554 ha 102 vol-F3SU 0.1299 ha 38 bas

of (1str

Van Vleck 1969 -M1SU 0.0652 ha 28 w New York old fields Liv

-F1SU 0.0469 ha 8 1961 des-M2SU 0.1550 ha 28 vol

-F2SU 0.1246 ha 8 on -M3SU 0.1866 ha 28 vol-F3SU 0.1433 ha 8 bas

of (1str

POPULATION DENSITY
Boonstra & Rodd -B-- N/ha 96 549 Ontario, CAN grassland
Getz et al. 1987 --1- N/ha 131 c Illinois tallgrass Val

--2- N/ha 25 100 1972-86 Pop--3- N/ha 7 46 inc

197(2198the ’84 

Getz et al. 1987 --1- N/ha 9 83 c Illinois bluegrass Val

--2- N/ha 0 25 1972-86 Pop

annand end 197

A-346 

1983 
----

Reference Age Sex Cond Seas Mean SD/SE Units Minimum Maximum N Location Habitat NotGetz et al. 1987


Getz 1961a	 ---FA


---WI
---SP
---SU


Getz 1961a	 ---FA


---WI
---SP
---SU


Getz 1961a	 ---FA


---WI


N/ha 0 70 c Illinois alfalfa 

1972-86 

N/ha 7 11 Michigan old field N/ha 6 13 1957-58 N/ha 13 20 N/ha 17 20 N/ha 28 51 Michigan grass-sedge marsh N/ha 20 51 1957-58 N/ha 22 53 N/ha 38 64 N/ha 0 6 Michigan Potentilla marsh N/ha 0 7 1957-58 

---SP 0 N/ha ---SU N/ha 0 10 

Krebs 1977 --1SP N/ha 143 Indiana grassland 

--2SP N/ha 119 1966,68,70 --3SP N/ha 135 

Lindroth & Batzli ---- N/ha 2 28 Illinois bluegrass field 

1984 1980-83 

Lindroth & Batzli ---- N/ha 26 128 Illinois tallgrass prairie 

1984 1980-83 Myers & Krebs 1971--1- N/ha 25 163 s Indiana grasslands 

--2- N/ha 0 50 1967-70 --3- N/ha 6 95 

Ostfeld et al. ---SP 28 N/ha Massachusetts grassy meadow 1988 ---SU 85 N/ha 

---WI 33 N/ha 

Tamarin 1977a --1- N/ha 160 se Mass. grassy field 

--2- N/ha 181 1972-75 

Van Vleck 1969 --1SU N/ha 10 86 w New York old field 

--2SU N/ha 32 119 1961-62 

A-347 

Valocc197perflu

EstEstEstLivden0.8 Yeaochthi

Livmingrifig(2

(1Denmodhig
----

--------------------

------------------------

Reference Age Sex Cond Seas Mean SD/SE Units Minimum Maximum N Location Habitat NotLITTER SIZE
Beer & MacLeod
1961
Corthum 1967


Goin 1943


Harris 1953


Iverson & Turner
1976
Kott & Robinson


1963


Millar 1987
Townsend 1935


LITTERS/YEAR
Bailey 1924


DAYS GESTATION
Dieterich &
Preston 1977
Innes & Millar
1981
Johnson & Johnson
1982
Kenney et al. 1977----
Lee & Horvath 1969----


5.72 1 11 251 Minnesota NS
4.46 1 9 153 Indiana NS


6.05 1 8 24 Pennsylvania NS
3.65 16 Maryland NS
3.82 1 11 312 Manitoba, CAN NS


5.5 1 8 124 Toronto, Ont. NS 

CAN 

6.0 Alberta, CAN NS 

1980-83 

5.07 2 9 41 New York NS


litters/yr 17 NS captive


21 days NS NS 20 days NS NS 

20-23 days NS NS 

21.0 0.2 SD days NS NS 

21 days NS NS 

A-348


As monAs frocou

As pup 

As pup 

As of yeaAs 

sam

As pup 

As 198

As As 

Valspe

As As 
----

------------

------------

Reference Age Sex Cond Seas Mean SD/SE Units Minimum Maximum N Location Habitat NotAGE AT WEANING
Benton 1955


Golley 1961
Hamilton 1941
McShea 1989


AGE AT SEXUAL MATURITY
Johnson & Johnson -F--
1982 -M--


ANNUAL MORTALITY
Golley 1961	 N-1-


J-2-
Y-3-
A-4-
A-5-


Mihok 1984 J---
LONGEVITY
Beer & MacLeod
1961
Hamilton 1941
Johnson & Johnson
1982
Ostfeld et al. AB-SU
1988


21 days NS NS 

21 days s Michigan NS 

days 12 14 NS NS 

21 days NS NS 

weeks 3 NS NS
weeks 6-8


50% 0 to 10 g s Michigan old field


61% 11 to 20 g 1956-57


58% 21 to 30 g
53% 31 to 50 g


100% > 50 g


81.2% 1st 28 d	 se Manitoba, old field


CAN 1968-78


2-3 months NS NS


10-16 months NS NS


months 24 NS NS


As 198

As Stuand the 21 

Valspe

Age 

estposadu(ol

Juvdayrat18

As 

As 

11.3 8.0 SD weeks 28 Massachusetts grassy meadow Ave

1986 aft

gra

A-349 
*** SEASONAL ACTIVITIES ***


Reference Begin Peak End Location Habitat Notes 

MATING Boonstra & Rodd Apr Dec Ontario, CAN grassland 1983 1979 Boonstra & Rodd Apr mid Sep Ontario, CAN grassland 1983 1980 Getz 1960 Oct - Nov Michigan marsh 

1957-58 

Getz 1960 Apr-June Michigan marsh 

1957-58 

Mihok 1984 Apr 3 Oct 13 Manitoba, CAN boreal Mihok 1984 Apr 26 Oct 12 Manitoba, CAN boreal Mihok 1984 Apr Oct Manitoba, CAN boreal DISPERSAL Myers & Krebs 1971 fall/winter Indiana grassland Tamarin 1977b summer Massachusetts coastal field 

1972-75 

Tamarin 1977b winter Massachusetts coastal field 

1972-75 

A-350 

Fall - Getz 19Spring Getz 19Begin = End= >5males.
Begin = End= >5femalesBoth sePeaks owinterPeak foPeak fo
***** MUSKRAT *****


*** NORMALIZING AND CONTACT RATE FACTORS ***


Reference Age Sex Cond Seas Mean SD/SE Units Minimum Maximum N Location Habitat Not

BODY WEIGHT Dean 1957 JB-- 70 g -10 days c New York marsh Est

JB-- 130 g -20 days 1954 in JB-- 180 g -30 days 

Donohoe 1961 AM-- 1,299 g >700 Lake Erie marshes As 

AF-- 1,257 g >700 

Dozier et al. 1948AM-- 1,030 g Maryland NS As 

AF-- 962 g 

Dozier 1950 BM1WI 1,644 g 680 2,380 2,152 New York marsh (1

BF1WI 1,503 g 576 2,270 1,767 1943-48 194BM2WI 1,440 g 1,410 1,480 3,847 BF2WI 1,361 g 1,330 1,400 3,589 BM3WI 1,450 g 1,360 1,570 3,583 BF3WI 1,300 g 1,210 1,420 3,895 BM4WI 1,510 g 1,430 1,570 3,215 BF4WI 1,390 g 1,350 1,440 3,450 BM5WI 1,350 g 1,300 1,410 1,775 BF5WI 1,240 g 1,190 1,330 2,004 

Dozier 1950 BM-WI 1,480 g 1,400 1,520 14911 New York marsh Ave

BF-WI 1,350 g 1,300 1,400 15001 1944-48 

Erickson 1963 AM1- 1,153 g c New York NS (1

AF1- 1,181 g yeaAM2- 1,370 g 198AF2- 1,323 g 

Errington 1939a JB1- 616 g 540 683 5 Iowa marsh (1

BB-WI 1,092 g 34 AB-SU 1,132 g 10 AB-- 1,129 g 18 AF-- 1,103 g 20 

Fuller 1951 AM-- 1,131 g Peace Delta, NS As 

AF-- 1,053 g CAN 198

Low (unpublished) -M-- 1,039 g Utah NS As (osoyoosensis) -F-- 957 g 195

A-351 
Reference Age Sex Cond Seas Mean SD/SE Units Minimum Maximum N Location Habitat Not

McDonnell & AF-SU
Gilbert 1981	 JF1SU


JF2SU
AM-SU
JM1SU
JM2SU


Neal 1968	 JM--


JF--
AM--
AF--


O’Neil 1949 AB1­
(rivalicius) AB2-


AB3-


Parker & Maxwell JB-FA


1984 JM-FA


JF-FA


Parker & Maxwell AM-FA
1984	 AF-FA


AM-SP
AF-SP


Parker & Maxwell AF1SP
1980	 AF2SP


AF1FA
AF2FA
JF1FA
JF2FA


Parker & Maxwell AM1SP
1980	 AM2SP


AM1FA
AM2FA
JM1FA
JM2FA


Reeves & Williams AM1SP


1956 AF1SP
(osoyoosensis) AM2SP


AF2SP


Sather 1958	 BM-WI


BF-WI


Schacher & Pelton AFGSP
1978 AFGSU


1,300 130 SD g 37 Ontario, CAN marsh 

510 170 SD g 65 1978 

270 90 SD g 5 

1,200 170 SD g 37 

530 190 SD g 69 290 60 SD g 12 510 g 112 Iowa 1967 marsh 510 g 91 

1,190 g 21 1,219 g 18 

820 g 20 Louisiana marsh 910 g 20 1940-45 

1,040 g 20 

CapJuv

the the 

Cau(1fem

malPar

g 500 1,400 New Brunswick, woods, upland, marsh Spr

1,092 g CAN 1,073 g 1,511 g New Brunswick, woods, upland, marsh Spr1,523 g CAN 1,483 g 1,433 g 1,234 152 SD g 100 New Brunswick, marsh Yea1,241 154 SD g 143 CAN 1,450 179 SD g 7 1,403 149 SD g 4 1,057 85 SD g 17 

954 184 SD g 28 

1,367 136 SD g 134 New Brunswick, marsh Yea1,366 172 SD g 141 CAN 1,497 167 SD g 4 1,469 119 SD g 11 1,083 20 SD g 22 

985 169 SD g 43 909 g 315 Idaho marsh (1

837 g 267 Swa843 g 1020 

830 g 573 

1,180 g 730 1,550 198 Nebraska, nc marsh Wei1,090 g 770 1,450 215 Kansas 1,443 74.9 SE g 8 e Tennessee Holston River Pre1,460 67.8 SE g 5 1972-73 

A-352 
Reference Age Sex Cond Seas Mean SD/SE Units Minimum Maximum N Location Habitat Not

Schacher & Pelton AFNSP 1,288 53.2 SE g 12 e Tennessee Holston River Non1978 AFNSU 1,352 55.9 SE g 15 1972-73 

AFNFA 1,241 42.9 SE g 13 BFNWI 1,221 54.2 SE g 13 

Schacher & Pelton AM-SP 1,306 29.9 SE g 40 e Tennessee Holston River 1978 AM-SU 1,337 28.1 SE g 19 1972-73 

AM-FA 1,308 51.5 SE g 11 BM-WI 1,326 45.9 SE g 23 

Stevens 1953 AM-- 1,114 g MacKenzie NS As 

AF-- 1,010 g Delta 198

Walker et al. 1975AB-- g 700 1,800+ NS NS As 

Wilson 1956 AM-- 1,102 g Currituck Co. NS As 

AF-- 1,053 g NC 

NEONATE WEIGHT Dean 1957 NB-- g 20 25 44c New York marsh N = 

siz

Errington 1939a NB-- 21.3 g 16 28 41 Iowa 1934, marsh 

1936-38 

Svihla & Svihla NB-- 21 g Louisiana marsh "Ve1931 1925-27 (rivalicia) GROWTH RATE
Dean 1957 JB-- 5.3 g/day c New York marsh	 Fro

age 

Errington 1939a JB-- 5.4 g/day 4.3 5.6 Iowa 1934, marsh Fro

1936-38 est

curfrocur

Parker & Maxwell JM-- 10.7 g/day se New marsh Gro1980 JF-- 6.7 g/day Brunswick CAN appParker & Maxwell JM-- 7.5 g/day 54 New Brunswick, woods, upland, marsh Bas

1984 JF-- 7.1 g/day 38 CAN unt

= s

A-353 
Reference Age Sex Cond Seas Mean SD/SE Units Minimum Maximum N Location Habitat Not

WEANING WEIGHT
Errington 1939a -B--


Parker & Maxwell -B--


1980


METABOLIC RATE (OXYGEN)
Fish 1982	 A B SW ­


ABR-


Fish 1983 AMR-


Fish 1983	 AMR­


A M SW -


MacArthur & Krause--R-
1989 - - SW -


METABOLIC RATE (KCAL BASIS)
Fish 1982	 ABR­


A B SW -


g 112 184	 Iowa 1934, marsh


1936-38


200 g 92 New Brunswick, woods, upland, marsh


CAN


38 lO2/kg-d Michigan lab
21 7.9 SE lO2/kg-d 87


20.6 0.96 SE lO2/kg-d 48 Michigan lab


18.5 0.96 SE lO2/kg-d 48 Michigan lab
46.6 lO2/kg-d
18.7 lO2/kg-d Manitoba, CAN lab
53.3 lO2/kg-d


101 kcal/kg-d 87 Michigan lab


182 kcal/kg-d


A-354


Estfor (laApp

wheabo

WatweiSwiratfor (meResflopromusfun

Mustem614 

Watmasfloanim/sWat

meaSwi(voWatwei= fswi0.5
----

----

Reference Age Sex Cond Seas Mean SD/SE Units Minimum Maximum N Location Habitat NotFOOD INGESTION RATE
Svihla 1931 0.33 g/g-day Louisiana island Mus(rivalicius) the

in 

Svihla & Svihla --1- 0.34 g/g-day 7 Louisiana captive Bas1931 --2- 0.26 g/g-day 1925-27 fed (rivalicius) hem

Spapai

THERMONEUTRAL ZONE
Perry 1982 degrees C 10 25 NS lab


*** DIET *** 

Reference Age Sex Food type Spring Summer Fall Winter N Location Habitat - Measure NotMartin et al. 1951 B B cattail 25-50 45 ne United NS Spe

bulrush 10-25 States - of burreed 5-10 rough approximation butwaterstarwort 2-5 of % diet; stomach and pondweed 2-5 contents thearrowhead 2-5 foocorn 2-5 

O’Neil 1949 B B three-cornered grass 80 NS Louisiana brackish marsh Yea(rivalicius) wiregrass 10 1940-45 - foo

hogcane 5 % of total usage; aremisc. plants 5 observation 

O’Neil 1949 B B three-cornered grass 70 NS Louisiana prairie marshes Inc(rivalicius) leafy three cornered 1940-45 - con

grass & wiregrass 10 % of total usage; 

hogcane 10 observation misc. 10 

O’Neil 1949 B B canouche 70 NS Louisiana freshwater marsh Yea(rivalicius) cattail 10 1940-45 - usa

wapato, roseau cane % of total usage; liv

shoots 10 observations 

Sagittaria spp. 5 animal matter 5 

A-355 
Reference Age Sex Food type Spring Summer Fall Winter N Location Habitat - Measure Not

Willner et al. - - cattail 59 NS Somerset Co., brackish marsh Eac1975 rush 17 MD - and 

millet 8 % diet; stomach plaalgae 5 contents fragrass 4 specord grass 4 seeds 2 other 3 

Willner et al. - - green algae 77 NS Montgomery freshwater Eac1975 3-square rush 8 Co., MD - and 

switch grass 8 % of diet; stomach plasoft rush 4 contents frawater willow 2 spegrass (Graminae) 1 other <1 

Willner et al. - - green algae 81 NS Washington freshwater Eac1975 switch grass 4 Co., MD - and 

sedge 3 % of diet; stomach plarush 3 contents frarice cut grass 2 spesmartweed 1 other 6 

Willner et al. - - green algae 36 NS Garrett Co., freshwater Eac1975 sedge 16 MD - and 

switch grass 11 % of diet; stomach plamanna-grass 8 contents fra3-square rush 7 spesoft rush 7 rice cut-grass 4 corn 3 other 8 

*** POPULATION DYNAMICS *** 

Reference Age Sex Cond Seas Mean SD/SE Units Minimum Maximum N Location Habitat N

HOME RANGE SIZE Neal 1968 BM-- 0.17 ha 10 Iowa 1966-67 marsh Mar

BF-- 0.17 ha 7	 ani

lisfurest

A-356 
----

--------

----

Reference Age Sex Cond Seas Mean SD/SE Units Minimum Maximum N Location Habitat NotNeal 1968 J-1- 0.24 ha 6 Iowa 1966-67 marsh Mar

A-1- 0.17 ha 1 aniJ-2- 0.16 ha 20 lisA 2 0.12 ha 2 fur

estRou

Proulx & Gilbert --1SU 0.23 0.082 SD ha Ontario, CAN marsh Est1983 --2SU 0.17 0.0078 SD ha (i

197

Proulx & Gilbert --1SU 0.39 ha 1 Ontario, CAN pond Est1983 --2SU 0.32 ha 1 (i

Pon

Proux & Gilbert --1SU 0.0484 0.0238 SD ha Ontario, CAN east bay Est1983 --2SU 0.1112 0.0843 SD ha 1979 (i

ear

POPULATION DENSITY
Beshears 1951 2.8 N/ha Alabama NS As Brooks & Dodge BB-SU 23 N/km river 2673 Pennsylvania riverine San1986 little vegetation rivBrooks & Dodge BB-SU 48 N/km river 5425 Massachusetts wetland/river/sedges War1986 rivButler 1940 7.4 N/ha Manitoba, CAN sedges As Butler 1940 64.2 N/ha Manitoba, CAN common reeds As Clay & Clark 1985 AB1SP 1.3 N/ha 7 ne Iowa backwater riverine Bas

AB2FA 2.4 0.6 SE N/ha 4 1981-82 expAB3SU 0.6 N/ha 3 sanAB4FA 1.7 0.1 SE N/ha 8 (1

Sep(3

Clay & Clark 1985	 AB1SP 9.3 1.3 SE N/ha 28 ne Iowa open water riverine Bas

AB2FA 6.3 1.1 SE N/ha 24 1981-82 expAB3SU 2.6 0.3 SE N/ha 11 capAB4FA 4.4 0.5 SE N/ha 14 est

lat198

Errington 1948 49 N/ha Iowa cattail marsh As 

A-357 
----

----------------

----

----

----

--------

----

----

Reference Age Sex Cond Seas Mean SD/SE Units Minimum Maximum N Location Habitat NotErrington 1948 25 N/ha Iowa Scirpus spp. marsh As Errington 1939b AB-SU 1.8 pairs/ha 30 Iowa 1935 marsh
 Bre

quathe decarewat

As Habof Spa

Habof Spa

Gashwiler 1948
Halbrook 1990 BM--


Halbrook 1990 BM--


O’Neil 1949


LITTER SIZE
Arthur 1931
Beshears & Haugen


Chamberlain 1951


Clay & Clark 1985


Dean 1957


Dibblee 1971
Dilworth 1966


Erickson 1963


Errington 1939a


0.3-1.8 N/ha Maine marsh


18.7 N/ha Virginia fringe marsh


2.1 N/ha Virginia marsh


28.3 N/ha 1 74 Louisiana Scirpus olneyi marsh Min 

1942-45 

3.8 1058 Louisiana 4.0 Alabama NS 

5.0 Massachusetts marsh 

meaEacyea

As on 

Bas

ParAs 

7.1 0.2 SE 219 ne Iowa riverine Bas

1981-82 

3.8 1.8 SD 31 c New York marsh Liv

6.7 Prince Edward NS As 

Island bas

5.8 s New NS Bas

Brunswick, CAN Par

6.3 c New York ponds As 

8.2 5 11 6 Iowa 1934; marsh Bas

1936-38 

A-358 

1953 
----

----

----

--------------------

----

----

Reference Age Sex Cond Seas Mean SD/SE Units Minimum Maximum N Location Habitat NotErrington 1939a
Gashwiler 1950


Gashwiler 1950


Halbrook 1990


Hall 1981
Harris 1952


Mathiak 1966
Neal 1968	 --1-


--2-
--3-
--4-


O’ Neil 1949
(rivalicius)
O’ Neil 1949 ---WI
(rivalicius)	 ---SP


---SU
---FA
--1-


O’Neil & Linscombe----


1976


Parker & Maxwell


1980


Parker & Maxwell A---


1984 Y---


Proulx & Gilbert


1983


6.5 1 11 158 Iowa 1934, marsh 

1936-38 

7.1 494 Maine 1945-48 statewide trapping 

5.4 2 9 62 Maine Moosehorn NWR 

4.65 3 6 Virginia marsh (75% Spartina) 

6.5 1 11 North America NS
3.9 Maryland NS


7.3 1 12 460 Wisconsin marsh 

1947-57 

2.8 2 4 Iowa marsh 4.2 2 7 4.0 7.5 

3.46 103 Louisiana NS


3.7 Louisiana 1943 marsh


3.5
2.3
3.5


3.22


3-4 Louisiana NS


6.8	 New Brunswick, marsh


CAN


8.4 36 New Brunswick, woods, upland, marsh


7.5 8 CAN


6.3 Ontario, CAN marsh


A-359


LivBas

Bas

HabRiv

SumAs 198

Liv(1birMapdatfouLaklodEmbLivwhoAs 

Yea

plaof Bas

Emb
----

----

--------

--------

----

----

----

Reference Age Sex Cond Seas Mean SD/SE Units Minimum Maximum N Location Habitat NotReeves & Williams --1-


1956 --2FA


(osoyoosensis) --3-


--4-


Sather 1958	 A-1-


J-2WI


Schacher & Pelton
1975
Seamans 1941


Smith 1938
Smith et al. 1981
Stewart & Bider ---SP


1974


Svihla & Svihla --1WI


1931 --2WI
(rivalicia)


Wilson 1954
LITTERS/YEAR
Chamberlain 1951


Clay & Clark 1985	 --1-


--2-


Clay & Clark 1985	 --1-


--2-


Erickson 1963


Errington 1939a


Errington 1937a


7.0 2 9 35 Idaho 1949, marsh


6.6 2 11 25 1953
7.3 5 10 31


7.1 66


6.3 60 Nebraska marsh


4.9 46 1949-52


5.38 13 e Tennessee riverine


6.8 5 8 5 Vermont NS


4.4 7 10 Maryland NS 6.4 26 Connecticut marsh 

1976 

6.6 0.3 SE 5 8 16 Quebec, CAN drainage ditch 

1973 

3.7 1 6 263 Louisiana 1926 marsh 

2.6 3.7 1 6 N Carolina marsh
2.7 /yr Massachusetts marsh 

2.0 /yr ne Iowa backwater sloughs 

1.8 /yr 1981-82 

1.5 /yr ne Iowa open water sloughs 

1.9 /yr 1981-82 

1.5 /yr c New York ponds 

2 /yr Iowa marsh 

2 /yr nw Iowa marsh 

A-360


(1

plafem

lit66 

(1plabre

CouAs 

on 

BasPlafalPla

(1

carobsNov

As As 

Hab

Mis(2

Hab

Mis(2

As 
----

--------

--------

----

--------

--------

--------

Reference Age Sex Cond Seas Mean SD/SE Units Minimum Maximum N Location Habitat NotGashwiler 1950


Halbrook 1990


Neal 1968	 --1-


--2-
--3-
--4-


O’Neil 1949


(rivalicius)
Parker & Maxwell
1984
Proulx & Gilbert


1983


Reeves & Williams --1-


1956 --2­
(osoyoosensis) --3-


Schacher & Pelton


1975


Smith 1938
Smith & Jordan


1976


Smith et al. 1981
Stewart & Bider


1974
Wilson 1954
DAYS GESTATION
Asdell 1964


2.1 /yr Maine 1945-48 NS 

1.84 /yr Virginia marsh 

1.2 /yr Iowa marsh 3.4 /yr 2.0 /yr 3.0 /yr 5-6 /yr 7-8 Louisiana NS


2.36 /yr 36 New Brunswick, woods, upland, marsh 

CAN 

2 /yr Ontario, CAN NS 

1.6 /yr 35 Idaho marsh 

1.7 /yr 25 1949-50,’52-53 2.4 /yr -2.3 /yr e Tennessee riverine


3 /yr Maryland NS


3.0 /yr Connecticut marsh


2.8 /yr 2 5 Connecticut marsh 

1976 

2 /yr Ontario, CAN drainage ditch 

1973 

3 /yr North Carolina NS 

29-30 days NS NS


A-361


In 

HabRiv

(1datgroLakLakLakhabSta

inf

Yea

(1

(GrfroLakbre(coage

Cal

sca

As 

198

As 

As 
----

------------------------

----

Reference Age Sex Cond Seas Mean SD/SE Units Minimum Maximum N Location Habitat NotBeer 1950
Erickson 1963;
McLeod & Bondar
1952
Errington 1937a
Errington 1963
Gashwiler 1950
O’Neil 1949
(rivalicius)
Reeves & Williams


1956
(osoyoosensis)


Wilson 1955
AGE AT WEANING
Dozier 1953 -B--
Errington 1939a -B--
Errington 1963 -B--
AGE AT SEXUAL MATURITY
Svihla & Svihla -B--
1931
(rivalicia)


22-25 days Wisconsin NS
25-30 days NS NS
29-30 days 22-23 nw Iowa marsh 

30 days Iowa marsh 

29-30 days Maine 1945-48 NS 26-28 days Louisiana marsh 

30 days Idaho marsh 

28-30 days NS NS


28 days United States NS 28 days 21 30 Iowa 1934; marsh 

1936-38 

22-24 days 30 Iowa marsh 

6 months	 Louisiana marsh


1925-27


A-362


Congesare As BasU.SIn "He

As 
----

Reference Age Sex Cond Seas Mean SD/SE Units Minimum Maximum N Location Habitat NotANNUAL MORTALITY
Chamberlain 1951	 J-1-


J-2-


Clay & Clark 1985	 AB--


JB1-


Clay & Clark 1985	 AB1-


AB2-


Clay & Clark 1985 BB-WI


Clay & Clark 1985 AB-WI


Dorney & Rusch J---


1953


Errington AB-SU
unpublished
Mathiak 1966	 J-1-


J-2-


Mathiak 1966


Proulx & Gilbert J-1FA
1983 J-2WI


Schwartz & J---
Schwartz 1959


61 %/yr Massachusetts NS 

73 %/yr 

87 %/yr ne Iowa riverine 90 %/yr 1981-82 

66 %/Mar-Sept ne Iowa open water riverine
78 %/Mar-Sept 1981-82


63 %/winter ne Iowa riverine 

1981-82 

87 %/yr ne Iowa riverine 

1981-82 

18 % to fall Wisconsin NS 

10 %/summer NS NS
22 % to fall 10 36 Wisconsin marsh
87 %/yr 1947-57


years 4 1	 Wisconsin marsh


1947-57


33.6 %/ fall Ontario, CAN marsh
68.2 %/ winter


67 %/yr Missouri NS


A-363


(1

Per

(1frobrefro198sea

Aduseadat

Fro

BouIn and Mor(2yeaheasugpop198

One popwin(1the dur

As 
Reference Age Sex Cond Seas Mean SD/SE Units Minimum Maximum N Location Habitat Not

LONGEVITY Errington 1963 ---- years 4 Iowa marsh Godin 1977 ---- 3-4 years New England NS As Proulx & Gilbert ---- years 5 Ontario, CAN marsh 1983 

*** SEASONAL ACTIVITIES *** 

Reference Begin Peak End Location Habitat Notes MATING
Beer 1950 earl Apr
Chamberlain 1951 March
Errington 1937a Apr
Gashwiler 1950 March
Lay 1945
O’Neil 1949 yr round
Parker & Maxwell March
1984
Reeves & late Apr
Williams 1956
(osoyoosensis)
Schacher & Pelton March
1975
Smith 1938 most yr


Apr-June Jun


Sept
May


May-mid Jun July
year-round
Nov & Mar


s and c
Wisconsin
Massachusetts
nw Iowa
1934-36
Maine 1945-48
Texas
Louisiana


New Brunswick
CAN


NS	 Most of 

this raearly aas mid 

marsh As citemarsh
NS	 Habitat 

Wildlif

marsh As citemarsh	 Breedin

with peand low

woods, upland, marsh
marsh
river
NS	 Breedin

with pe

mid July Idaho 1949


Apr-July mid Sept Tennessee


Mar-Sept Maryland


A-364

Reference Begin Peak End Location Habitat Notes 

Svihla & Svihla yr round Nov-Apr Louisiana marsh 1931 (rivalicia) Wilson 1955 year-round North Carolina NS PARTURITION Beer 1950 late Apr late May July Wisconsin NS Clay & Clark 1985 Feb/Mar May Aug/Sept Iowa 1981-82 river sloughs Errington 1937a late Apr June late Aug nw Iowa marsh 

1934-36 

Gashwiler 1950 earl May late Aug Maine 1945-48 NS Mathiak 1966 late Apr mid May Wisconsin marsh Neal 1968 Apr 20 May 10-Jun 8 Iowa 1967 marsh Neal 1968 May 1 June 30 Iowa 1966 marsh Neal 1968 Mar 31 Mar31-Apr19 Iowa 1967 marsh Reeves & Williams late May earl July mid Aug Idaho 1949 marsh 1956 (osoyoosensis) Reeves & Williams earl May May late Aug Idaho 1953 marsh 1956 (osoyoosensis) Stewart & Bider Apr May Quebec, CAN drainage ditch 1974 1973 (zibethicus) DISPERSAL Errington 1963 spring Iowa marsh McDonnell & fall Ontario, CAN marsh Gilbert 1981 

A-365 

Breedinyear.
Breed ycold wiMost bosome bolate as Habitat River.
MoosehoRound LRound LRush LaN = 69N = 70A seconJune/Ju
***** EASTERN COTTONTAIL *****


*** NORMALIZING AND CONTACT RATE FACTORS ***


Reference Age Sex Cond Seas Mean SD/SE Units Minimum Maximum N Location Habitat Not

BODY WEIGHT
Chapman & Morgan AM--
1973 AF--
Lord 1963	 AB1FA


AB2FA
AB3FA
AB4FA
AB5FA


Lord 1963	 AB1WI


AB2WI
AB3WI
AB4WI
AB5WI


Lord 1963	 AB--


AFL­
JB--


Lord & Casteel ---FA
1960 --1WI
(mearnsi)
Lord & Casteel ---FA
1960 --1WI
(mearnsi)
Lord & Casteel ---FA
1960 --1WI
(mearnsi)
Lord & Casteel ---FA
1960 --1WI
(mearnsi)
Lord & Casteel ---FA


1960 --1WI
(mearnsi) --2WI


Lord & Casteel ---FA


1960 --1WI
(mearnsi) --2WI


1,134 122 SD g 801 1,411 64 w MD, WV farmland to woodland 1,244 165 SD g 842 1,533 36 1,140 277 SD g Illinois sanctuary study area 1,168 249 SD g 1,132 262 SD g 1,002 240 SD g 1,111 g 1,275 155 SD g Illinois sanctuary study area 1,307 113 SD g 1,276 106 SD g 1,209 90 SD g 1,267 g 1,231 164 SD g 700 1,800 691 Illinois NS 

g 1,786 1 g 100 1,300 

1,140 g c Illinois field/old field/ 1,275 g 1956-57 forest 1,168 g c Illinois field/old field/ 1,307 g 1957-58 forest 1,132 g c Illinois field/old field/ 1,276 g 1958-59 forest 1,002 g c Illinois field/old field/ 1,209 g 1959-60 forest 

994 g c Illinois field/forest 

1,226 g 1959 1,185 g 

944 g c Illinois field/forest 

1,169 g 1958-59 1,235 g 

A-366


Yea(4yeaYea(4yeaL = (1Are(1Are(1supSan(1Are

(1

Rabthe 

(1

4-H 
Reference Age Sex Cond Seas Mean SD/SE Units Minimum Maximum N Location Habitat Not

Lord & Casteel ---FA 931 g c Illinois field/forest (1

1960 --1WI 1,249 g 1957-58 Rab(mearnsi) --2WI 1,248 g winLord & Casteel ---FA 1,087 g c Illinois field/forest (11960 --1WI 1,256 g 1956-57 4-H (mearnsi) --2WI 1,192 g Pelton & Jenkins A B NB - 1,229 113 SD g 1,093 1,461 24 Georgia mountain 1970 1965-68 Pelton & Jenkins A B NB - 1,313 141 SD g 986 1,671 182 Georgia coastal 1970 1965-68 Pelton & Jenkins A B NB - 1,132 136 SD g 793 1,579 189 Georgia Piedmont 1970 1965-68 Pelton & Jenkins AB-WI 1,176 g 793 1,671 96 Georgia coastal, piedmont 1970 AB-SP 1,286 g 898 1,630 121 1965-68 mountain 

AB-SU 1,197 g 910 1,608 101 AB-FA 1,255 g 886 1,669 77 

NEONATE WEIGHT Ecke 1955 N--- g 35 45 c Illinois NS Hill 1972b N--- 42.2 g 36.0 49.0 6 Alabama NS 

1963-66 

Lord 1963 N--- 25.6 g 10 Illinois captive PUP AND JUVENILE WEIGHT Lord 1963 PB-- 57.8 10 days g 10 Illinois captive Wei

PB-- 94.4 20 days g 4 juvJB-- 158.9 30 days g 8 JB-- 269.7 40 days g 9 JB-- 401.3 50 days g 8 JB-- 504.8 61 days g 5 JB-- 765.3 91 days g 4 JB-- 822.0 101 days g 3 JB-- 1,106.0 149 days g 3 

GROWTH RATE Hill 1972b --1- 5.6 g/day Alabama lab Age 

--2- 8.0 g/day (3

--3- 5.8 g/day --4- 3.2 g/day 

A-367 
Reference Age Sex Cond Seas Mean SD/SE Units Minimum Maximum N Location Habitat Not

Lord 1963 JB1- 3.22 g/day Illinois lab Age 

JB2- 3.66 g/day (3

JB3- 8.77 g/day JB4- 11.3 g/day JB5- 6.4 g/day 

METABOLIC RATE (OXYGEN) Hinds 1973 ---SU 15.6 lO2/kg-d NS NS As (for similar ---WI 19.0 lO2/kg-d species: S. 

audubonii) 

*** DIET *** 

Reference Age Sex Food type Spring Summer Fall Winter N Location Habitat - Measure Not

Bailey & Siglin J B	 dandelion


prickly lettuce


(mearnsii)	 giant ragweed


red clover
Rugel’s plantain
smartweed
curly dock
wild carrot
crabgrass
common ragweed


Dalke & Sime 1941 - B (trees)
(mallarus & gray birch
S. transitionalis) red maple


apple
aspen
choke cherry
wild black cherry
white pine
white oak
box elder


(shrubs and vines)


blackberry
dewberry
willow
black alder
maleberry
highbush blueberry
lowbush blueberry
silky dowgwood
swamp rose
Spirea


(continued) arrowwood


9 NS Illinois 1965 captive Pre9 - old 7 food preference aga6 ranking num6 pre6
5
3
3
1


Connecticut NS Mos

4 47 1935-37 - on 4 42 frequency of eas4 12 occurrence; cot1 12 observations of pre3 12 feeding on plant com

3 12
- 7
2 7
2 2


13 52


- 49
3 35
1 34
1 34
4 31
1 19
- 16
1 15
2 14
3 1


froobsMar

A-368 

1966 
Reference Age Sex Food type Spring Summer Fall Winter N Location Habitat - Measure Not

Dalke & Sime 1941 (herbs) (continued) goldenrod 29 -

plantain 13 -chickweed 11 -sheep sorrel 10 -wild strawberry 9 -smartweed 6 -other herbs <6 -

Dalke & Sime 1941 - B trees 13 2 7 39 Connecticut several habitats Mon(mallarus & shrubs & vines 4 2 27 40 1937-38 - repS. transitionalis) herbs 44 23 34 5 % frequency of Jul

grasses, sedges, occurrence; 

rushes 26 56 30 6 observations of 

crops 13 17 2 10 feeding on plants 

Dusi 1952 B B winter vetch 6 - - 15 Ohio 1947 NS (Williams Co.) Dat(mearnsii) corn 2 - - - dat

timothy - 2 4 mean % frequency of Fiebluegrass 36 33 9 occurrence; scats utiunidentified plants 58 65 87 (no. days sampled) (2) (3) (1) 

Dusi 1952 A B corn 1 11 Ohio 1947-48 NS (Wood Co.) Ave(mearnsii) orchard grass 8 - sam

bluegrass 9 mean % frequency of thounidentified 82 occurrence; scats mat

pre

Dusi 1952 A B bluegrass 12 19 9 30 Ohio 1947-48 NS (Highland Co.) Dat(mearnsii) orchard grass 31 3 20 - day

timothy 4 25 15 mean % frequency of of Korean lespedeza 2 3 12 occurrence; scats wheat 8 - -red clover - 10 -alsike clover - - 3 unidentified 43 40 41 

Dusi 1952 A B bluegrass 34 34 25 32 101 Ohio 1947-48 NS (Highland Co.) Sea(mearnsii) orchard grass 4 1 - 1 - on 

timothy grass 5 12 7 1 mean % frequency of samnodding wild rye 5 11 8 4 occurrence; scats WooCanada goldenrod - - 3 - the 

red clover - - 6 - matunidentified 52 42 51 62 sam(no. sampling days) (6) (8) (5) (8) 

A-369 
Reference Age Sex Food type Spring Summer Fall Winter N Location Habitat - Measure Not

Martin et al. 1951 B B smooth sumac 10-25 NS Iowa NS 

basswood 5-10 -apple 5-10 rough approximation red osier dogwood 2-5 of % diet; hawthorn 0.5-2 observations oak 0.5-2 elderberry 0.5-2 willow 0.5-2 raspberry 0.5-2 elm 0.5-2 

Martin et al. 1951 B B sumac 25-50 NS Michigan NS Pla

plantain 5-10 - sasdogwood 5-10 rough approximation bucblackberry 5-10 of % diet; yarrow 2-5 observations wild cherry 2-5 elderberry 2-5 oak 2-5 apple 2-5 

Martin et al. 1951 B B wheat 10-25 NS Ohio farm Sea

alfalfa 5-10 - folclover 5-10 rough approximation the soybean 5-10 of % diet; preoats (sp, su) 2-5 observations carrot (su, fa) 2-5 alsike clover 0.5-2 corn 0.5-2 rye 0.5-2 bluegrass 0.5-2 redtop 0.5-2 

Martin et al. 1951 B B crabgrass 5-10 76 Connecticut NS Dat

bluegrass 5-10 - cotgarden crops (su, fa) 5-10 rough approximation seaclover 5-10 of % diet; stomach parblackberry 5-10 contents and seaplantain (sp, su, fa) 5-10 observations consheepsorrel (sp, su) 5-10 all panicgrass 2-5 % ogoldenrod (su, fa) 2-5 brigray birch (su, fa) 2-5 wilred maple (wi, sp) 2-5 oakwild cherry (wi, sp) 2-5 pasblueberry 2-5 

A-370 
----

Reference Age Sex Food type Spring Summer Fall Winter N Location Habitat - Measure NotSpencer & Chapman A B woody plants 17 23 20 100 12 w Maryland forest 1986 forbs 19 30 46 - -

grasses 64 47 34 - % frequency of (sample size) (2) (5) (4) (1) occurrence; stomach 

contents


*** POPULATION DYNAMICS ***


Reference Age Sex Cond Seas Mean SD/SE Units Minimum Maximum N Location Habitat Not

HOME RANGE SIZE Allen 1939 AM-WI 1.5 ha 0.1 41.7 Michigan NS As 

AF-WI 0.89 ha 0.1 3.1 197

exp

Althoff and Storm AM-WI 3.2 ha c Pennsylvania mixed 

1989 AM-SP 7.2 ha 

AM-SU 7.8 ha AM-FA 3.1 ha 

Althoff and Storm AF-WI 2.1 ha c Pennsylvania mixed 

1989 AF-SP 2.8 ha 

AF-SU 2.4 ha AF-FA 1.5 ha 

Dixon et al. 1981 AM-WI 3.05 0.72 SE ha 2 Wisconsin woodlot 

AF-WI 2.99 0.28 SE ha 5 AB-WI 3.01 0.25 SE ha 7 

Haugen 1942 A M BR SU ha 9.8 41.7 Michigan NS As 

A F BR SU 9.12 ha 6.1 12 197

dat

Haugen 1942 A M NB WI ha 5.06 16 Michigan NS As 

A F NB WI 5.7 ha 5.06 7.08 197

dat

Heard 1963 -M-- ha 1.6 sw MS 1959-63 forest, old field, 

-F-- ha 1.2 bottom areas 

Janes 1959 2 ha Kansas NS As (floridanus) 197

dat

Jurewicz et al. AF1SP 0.7 ha 0.4 1.3 5 Wisconsin woodlot, farm Hom

1981 AF2SP 2.5 ha 2.1 3.2 5 noc

AF1SU 1.2 ha 0.6 2.6 7 radAF2SU 3.7 ha 2.3 6.4 7 

A-371 
----

----

Reference Age Sex Cond Seas Mean SD/SE Units Minimum Maximum N Location Habitat NotLord 1963 BB-- 0.95 0.75 SD ha 72 Illinois NS Bas

AB-- 1.18 0.70 SD ha 13 somJB-- 0.92 0.75 SD ha 59 thrBM-- 0.95 0.70 SD ha BF-- 0.95 0.78 SD ha 

Lord 1963 --1- 0.71 0.32 SD ha 16 Illinois agricultural fields (1

--2- 1.0 0.81 SD ha 57 Bas

somthr

Trent & Rongstad AM-SP 2.7 0.77 SD ha 5 sw Wisconsin woodlots (1

1974 AM1SU 4.0 1.8 SD ha 4 1970-72 Det

AM2SU 1.4 0.36 SD ha 5 AF-SP 1.7 0.75 SD ha 5 AF1SU 0.85 0.52 SD ha 6 AF2SU 0.41 0.27 SD ha 6 

POPULATION DENSITY
Bittner & Chapman 10.2 St Clements NS As (unpubl.) Isl, MD Bittner & Chapman BB-WI 10.2 N/ha Maryland island 1981 BB-FA 8.07 N/ha 1976-1977 Crunden & 2.93 N/ha Iowa NS As Hendrickson 1955 Eberhardt et al. BB1FA 0.592 N/ha 728 sc Michigan woods/marsh/fields Ent1963 BB2FA 0.641 N/ha 788 1951-57 to 

BB3FA 0.777 N/ha 956 resBB4FA 0.773 N/ha 951 Oct BB5FA 0.747 N/ha 919 31 BB6FA 0.644 N/ha 792 195BB7WI 0.996 N/ha 1225 

Eberhardt et al. ---FA 1.07 0.41 SD N/ha 0.41 2.08 11 c Michigan woods/marsh/fields Sam1963 1947-57 Edwards (unpubl.) ---FA 3.1 N/ha 2400 Delaware, OH NS Sam

cit

Edwards et al. BB-FA N/ha 1.8 7.4 c Illinois forested 4-H area 1981 1956-1978 Heard 1963 ---WI 1.1 N/ha 46 sw MS 1959-63 forest, old field, 

bottom areas 

A-372 
----

----------------

Reference Age Sex Cond Seas Mean SD/SE Units Minimum Maximum N Location Habitat NotJurewicz et al. BB1FA 8.1 N/ha Wisconsin woodlot & farms Yea

1981 BB2FA 6.6 N/ha 

BB3SP 1.6 N/ha 

Leite 1965 ---FA 14.9 N/ha 210 Urbana, OH NS Sam

cit

Lord & Casteel BB-FA N/ha 3.0 5.9 Illinois old field 1960 BB-WI N/ha 0.67 1.5 1956-1960 (mearnsi) Lord & Casteel BB-FA N/ha 5.9 8.2 Illinois planted trees, field 1960 BB-WI N/ha 0.77 3.2 1956-1970 (mearnsi) Pils & Martin 1978---FA 7.4 N/ha s Wisconsin various Dat

---WI 7.0 N/ha 1971-75 cot

Sandt & McKee 1978---- 0.73 N/ha e Maryland wildlife manag. area As Trent & Rongstad ---SU 4.2 N/ha sw Wisconsin experimental farm 

1974 ---FA 10.1 N/ha 1970-72 

---SP 3.7 N/ha ---SU 5.7 N/ha ---FA 8.9 N/ha 

LITTER SIZE
Allen 1939 5.1 11 Michigan NS As Barkalow 1962 3.2 Alabama NS As Beule 1940 5.42 26 Pennsylvania NS As Bittner & Chapman 3.57 1.32 SD 21 Maryland island Mea1981 1976-1977 Bothma & Teer 1977J--- 3.10 80 Texas 1965-68 grassland (1

A--- 3.38 138 seaA-1- 3.56 52 --2- 3.33 270 

Chapman et al. 4.8-5.3 w Maryland NS 1977 1971-72 Conaway et al. --2- 6.2 0.28 SD 15 Missouri J Reed Wildlife Area (21963 --3- 6.24 0.21 SD 14 4th 

--4- 5.5 0.39 SD 14 Emb--A- 6.0 43 

A-373 
----

----------------

Reference Age Sex Cond Seas Mean SD/SE Units Minimum Maximum N Location Habitat NotConaway et al. --1SP


1974 --2SP


Conaway et al. --1SP


1974 --2SP


Conaway et al. --1SP


1974 --2SP


Conaway et al. --1SP


1974 --2SP


Conaway et al. --1WI


1974 --2WI


Ecke 1955	 --1-


--2-
--3-
--4-


Hamilton 1940


Haugen 1942
Heard 1963
Hill 1972a
Hill 1972c	 --1-


--2-
--3-
--4-
--5-
--6-


Lord 1961
Lord 1963	 --1-


--2-
--3-
--4-


Lord 1963	 --1-


--2-


3.4 50 midwest, 30-35 NS 

4.0 71 N lat, 1964 4.2 158 midwest, 35-40 NS 

5.5 86 N lat, 1964 5.0 21 North Dakota NS 

3.0 2 1964 5.1 36 midwest, 40-45 NS 

7.0 4N lat, 1964 2.6 27 FL, TX, 25-30 NS 

3.4 55 N lat 1965 

4.7 5c Illinois NS 6.5 13 1947-48 4.9 13 5.6 3 9 31 

4.5 2 7 22	 wc New York NS


1932-38


5.4 Michigan NS


Siz

sec

Siz

sec

Siz

sec

Siz

sec

(1embof est

vardif

As 

3.50 1.02 SE 5 2 55 Mississippi forest, old field, 

1959-63 bottom areas 

3.47 611 Alabama NS As 

3.5 0.0416 SE 611 Alabama see footnotes Hab3.2 178 1953-67 3.3 57 3.3 128 3.6 175 4.1 73 5.3 Illinois NS 

5.95 109 Illinois NS 5.06 165 1957-59 5.31 195 5.31 469 4.77 34 Illinois NS 6.17 29 1957-59 

A-374 

(2pieplablaAs (1tot(1Ill
----

--------------------

--------------------

Reference Age Sex Cond Seas Mean SD/SE Units Minimum Maximum N Location Habitat NotPelton & Jenkins 3.1 Georgia NS As 

1971


Trethewey & Verts 5.10 106 w Oregon NS As 1971
Wainright 1969 3.57 throughout NS Val

range thr

Bit

LITTERS/YEAR
Bittner & Chapman 4.81 /year Maryland island
1981 1976-1977
Chapman et al. 4.6 /year w Maryland NS
1977 1971-72
Chapman et al. /year 5 7 several several Sum1980 She

EvaVer

DAYS GESTATION
Bothma & Teer 1977---- 28 days	 s Texas grassland


1965-68


Chapman et al. 28 days 25 35 NS NS Sum1982
Conaway et al. 27 days Missouri 1961 J. Reed Wildlife Sum1963 Area MarEcke 1955 30 days 25 32 US NS	 Sum

Pro194

Peterson 1966 days 26 28 NS NS	 As 

Loo 

AGE AT WEANING
Allen 1938 16 days NS NS	 As 

by 

A-375 
----

----

Reference Age Sex Cond Seas Mean SD/SE Units Minimum Maximum N Location Habitat NotDalke 1942 -B--


Ecke 1955
Peterson 1966


AGE AT SEXUAL MATURITY
Bothma & Teer 1977-F--
Conaway & Wight -M--
1963
Lord 1961; Negus -F--
1959b
ANNUAL MORTALITY
Eberhardt et al. AF--
1963 JF--
Eberhardt et al. AF1-
1963	 AF2-


AF3-
JF1-
JF2-
JF3-


Heard 1963 ---WI
Lord 1963	 --1-


--1-
--2-
--2-
--3-


Lord 1963	 --1-


--2-
--3-
--4-
--5-


days 14 16 NS captive


20-25 days Illinois NS


days 28 35 NS NS


months 5 s Texas grassland
months 3 6 Missouri NS
months 3 6 NS NS


71.7 %/yr sc Michigan woods/marsh/fields 85.5 %/yr 1938-55 77.1 %/yr sc Michigan woods/marsh/fields 66.0 %/yr 1938-55 71.9 %/yr 84.0 %/yr 85.2 %/yr 87.2 %/yr 

79 %/yr 46 sw MS 1959-63 forest, old field, 

bottom area 

86 %/yr 333 Illinois 4-H study area 88 %/yr 259 1957-60 59 %/yr 324 83 %/yr 239 79 14 SD %/yr 

As by Autman4-5 

As Loo 

CitAve(1195Winque(1rabavehun

74 %/year 238 Illinois sanctuary study area (165 %/year 120 1957-60 clo

62 %/year 171 yea57 %/year 125
65 7 SD %/year 654


A-376 
----

--------

Reference Age Sex Cond Seas Mean SD/SE Units Minimum Maximum N Location Habitat NotTrent & Rongstad --1- 85 %/yr sw Wisconsin experimental farm Est1974 --2- 80 %/yr 1970-72 (2LONGEVITY
Bruna 1952 1.25 years Kentucky NS As Eisenberg 1981 years 9.6 NS captive/zoo Lord 1963 years 10 Illinois lab Aut

spa

*** SEASONAL ACTIVITIES ***


Reference Begin Peak End Location Habitat Notes
MATING
Barkalow 1962 Jan Sep Alabama NS
Bittner & Chapman mid Feb Apr-May mid Jul Maryland island


1981 1976-1977


Bothma & Teer 1977 yr round Jan-Apr s Texas grassland
Chapman et al. late Feb Aug w Maryland NS 1977 Conaway et al. earl-mid Feb midwest, 30-35 NS 1974 N lat, 1964-65 Conaway et al. Feb-Mar midwest, 35-40 NS 1974 N lat, 1964-65 Conaway et al. Mar midwest, 40-45 NS 1974 N lat, 1964-65 Conaway et al. Mar-Apr North Dakota NS 1974 1964-65 Conaway et al. earl Feb Florida 1965 NS
1974


A-377


As citeBothma Total dMated apeak.
Mean daMean daearly Ftwo yeaMean daMean daMarch i1965.
Mean da
Reference Begin Peak End Location Habitat Notes 

Conaway et al. late Jan Texas 1965 NS 1974 Dalke 1942 mid Mar mid Sep Connecticut NS Eberhardt et al. mid Mar sc Michigan woods/marsh/field 1963 1951-57 Ecke 1955 late Feb early Mar Sept Illinois NS Hamilton 1940 late Feb wc New York NS 

1932-38 

Haugen 1942 Mar Aug Michigan NS Heard 1963 Feb. sw MS 1959-63 forest, old field, 

bottom areas 

Hill 1972a Dec Alabama NS Lord 1961 Mar Sept Illinois NS Pelton & Provost 9 months Georgia NS 1972 Pelton & Jenkins Oct Georgia NS 1971 Rongstad 1966 late Mar s Wisconsin NS Schierbaum 1967 Feb Sep New York NS PARTURITION Hamilton 1940 Apr May-July Aug wc New York NS 

1938 

FALL MOLT Bothma & Teer 1982 Aug Oct Dec s Texas brush/grass 

1967-68 

Negus 1959a Sept-Oct Connecticut NS Spinner 1940 Sept Sept-Oct Nov Connecticut NS 

1936-38 

A-378 

Mean daAs citeBreedinratio oAs citeAs cite1981.
As citeAs citeAs cite1981.
As citeAs citeAs cite
Reference Begin Peak End Location Habitat Notes


Spinner 1940 Sept Sept-Oct Nov	 Connecticut NS


1936-38


SPRING MOLT Bothma & Teer 1982 Feb April July s Texas brush/grass 

1967-68 

Spinner 1940 late Mar May-June Aug Connecticut NS 

A-379 

A-5. TABLES FOR REPTILES AND AMPHIBIANS


A-381


***** SNAPPING TURTLE *****


*** NORMALIZING AND CONTACT RATE FACTORS ***


Reference Age Sex Cond Seas Mean SD/SE Units Minimum Maximum N Location Habitat Not

BODY WEIGHT (AND LENGTH)
Congdon et al. AM--
1986 AF--


JB--


Congdon et al. AM--
1986 AF--


JB--


Congdon & Gibbons AFL-
1985 AFL-
Ernst & Barbour AFBSU
1972
Galbraith et al. AM-SU
1988 AF-SU


JB-SU


Galbraith et al. AM-SU
1988 AF-SU


JB-SU


Galbraith et al. AM-SU
1988 AF-SU


JB-SU


Gerholdt & ---SP
Oldfield 1987
Graham & Perkins J---
1976 J---


J---


4,871 594 SE g 15 S Carolina bay, marsh, pond


4,831 931 SE g 6


664 59 SE g 68


4,159 277 SE g 97 Michigan bay, marsh, pond


3,160 197 SE g 80


798 68 SE g 128


2,856 g 4 N Carolina NS
(173) mm plastron


g 4,020 10,500 NS NS


10,500 2,850 SD g 17 Ontario, CAN large oligotrophic


5,240 850 SD g 26 1984-85 lake


1,150 800 SD g 8


9,340 2,150 SD g 5 Ontario, CAN small oligotrophic
4,780 860 SD g 4 1984-85 lake


2,600 g 1


5,520 2,230 SD g 47 Ontario, CAN eutrophic pond
5,030 1,120 SD g 24 1984-85
1,400 200 SD g 7


29,600 g 1	 n Minnesota Popple River, Squaw


1986 Lake


328.4 g (118 mm) 1 Massachusetts polluted marsh
444.2 g (127 mm) 1
531.4 g (134 mm) 1


J--- 1,026.6 g (167 mm) 1
J--- 1,508.4 g (192 mm) 1
J--- 2,362.1 g (220 mm) 1


Hammer 1969 A--- 7,580 g S Dakota marsh
Hammer 1969	 AM-- 9,435 g 2,495 18,190 37 S Dakota marsh


AF-- 7,348 g 4,082 12,250 290 1964-67


Hammer 1969 AF-- g 4,080 10,660 311	 S Dakota marsh


1964-67


A-383


Dis

MasWeirelLaC

MasRef
Reference Age Sex Cond Seas Mean SD/SE Units Minimum Maximum N Location Habitat Not

Kiviat 1980 AB--
Lagler & ApplegateA--SU


1943	 A--SU


A--SU
A--SU
A--SU


Lonke & Obbard AF--
1977
BODY LENGTH
Congdon et al. AM--
1986 AF--


JB--


Congdon et al. AM--
1986 AF--


JB--


Congdon et al. AM--
1986 AF--


JB--


Gibbons 1968	 1B--


2B--
3B--
4B--
5B--
6B--


Hammer 1969	 AM--


AF--


Hammer 1969 AF--
Kiviat 1980 A F BR SU
Lonke & Obbard AF--
1977
Mosimann & Bider AM-SU


1960 AF-SU


6,000 g 46 New York 1973 fresh tidal wetland 

1,873 g (197 mm) 2 lower Michigan lakes, ponds, Wei

3,357 g (248 mm) 25 streams rel6,033 g (298 mm) 12 9,979 g (349 mm) 2 

13,608 g (375 mm) 1


6,400 1,430 SE g 4,300 11,100 43	 Ontario, CAN Lake Sasajewun


1972-74


187.5 3.38 SE mm plastron 97 Michigan bay, marsh, pond 184.2 3.08 SE mm plastron 80 100.2 3.11 SE mm plastron 128 193.9 7 SE mm plastron 21 S Carolina bay, marsh, pond 195.8 9.88 SE mm plastron 8 

98.7 3.11 SE mm plastron 82 

253.4 4.97 SE mm carapace 97 Michigan bay, marsh, pond 238.3 3.77 SE mm carapace 80 132.8 4.22 SE mm carapace 128 

61.6 4.5 SD mm carapace 54 66 6 Michigan 1965 polluted river Age

102.2 5.8 SD mm carapace 83 108 6 ave136.8 9.4 SD mm carapace 124 145 6 age168.2 14.2 SD mm carapace 146 184 6 198.4 13.7 SD mm carapace 177 211 6 222.2 12.9 SD mm carapace 204 238 6 

246 mm plastron 165 305 37 S Dakota marsh LaC247 mm plastron 197 284 290 1964-67 

mm carapace 254.0 371	 S Dakota marsh Car

1964-67 LaC

262.4 mm carapace 216 330 54 New York 1974 fresh tidal wetland 

281 24.6 SE mm carapace 234.0 356.0 47 Ontario, CAN Lake Sasajewun 

1972-74 

mm carapace 210 393 12 Quebec, CAN river, bay 

mm carapace 219 281 12 1956 

A-384 
----

----

----

--------

------------------------

----

Reference Age Sex Cond Seas Mean SD/SE Units Minimum Maximum N Location Habitat NotEGG WEIGHT
Congdon et al.


1983


Congdon et al.


1986


Congdon & Gibbons


1985


Ernst & Barbour


1972


Ewert 1979
Hotaling et al.
1985


Petokas &
Alexander 1980
Punzo 1975
(osceola)
Yntema 1970, Vogt


(unpubl.)
(serpentina)


HATCHING WEIGHT (AND LENGTH)
Ewert 1979 H--­
(serpentina)
Hotaling et al.
1985
Ernst & Barbour HB--


1972 HB--


GROWTH RATE
Gibbons 1968 JB--


9.6 g 52 Michigan NS Wet 

al

9.6 g 16S Carolina bay, marsh Wet 

237 g/clutch 4 N Carolina NS Mea

9.6 g/egg 73 egg

(0

g 7 15 NS NS Sum

12.5 g NS 9.32 g 5.73 13.76 58 New Jersey Great Swamp National N= 

1980-83 Wildlife Refuge mea

ovi

11.1 g/egg 380 n New York Cranberry Creek 

308.0 g/clutch 142.0 468.0 12 1977 Marsh 

g 5 13 Florida 1970 stream, pond, swamp g 7 17.3 NS NS As 

8.9 g 140 Minnesota NS Tak

7.54 g 5.16 11.08 90 New Jersey Great Swamp National N= 

1980-83 Wildlife Refuge mea

5.7 g body wt NS NS Wei

(26-31) (mm carapace) car

32 mm carapace/yr 6 Michigan 1965 polluted river


A-385 
Reference Age Sex Cond Seas Mean SD/SE Units Minimum Maximum N Location Habitat Not

Graham & Perkins JB1SU 26.5 mm carapace/yr 2-8 Massachusetts polluted marsh Gro1976 JB2SU 48.2 mm carapace/yr 2 inc

(1(2

Kiviat 1980 JB-- 20.0 mm/yr 9 31 2 New York fresh tidal wetland 

JB-- 20.1 mm/yr 17 25 20 1972-75 

METABOLIC RATE (OXYGEN) Lynn & von Brand JBR- 2.54 lO2/kg-day NS lab Tur1945 tem

Sie

FOOD INGESTION RATE
Kiviat 1980 B--SU g/g-day 0.01 0.016 2 New York 1973 captivity


*** DIET *** 

Reference Age Sex Food type Spring Summer Fall Winter N Location Habitat - Measure Not

Alexander 1943 B - plants 36.5 470 Connecticut lakes, ponds, Tot

(algae) (12.8) 1939-41 streams, swamps and 

animals 54.1 - wat

(crayfish) (8.0) % wet volume; cub(fiddler crab) (2.7) stomach contents inc(sucker) (3.2) deb(bullhead) (6.3) The (sunfish) (7.5) the (unknown fish) (12.4) tha

miscellaneous 9.4 mat

Barbour 1950 - - Cambarus remains 100 1 Kentucky 1948	 Big Black Mountain Mea

-
% volume


Budhabatti & Moll B B animal 50 NS Illinois habitat NS 1988 plant 50 -

measure NS 

Bush 1959 - - Cambarus sp. 75 Kentucky NS Dry 

Hyla v.versicolor 25 1955,56 -

% volume; stomach contents 

A-386 
Reference Age Sex Food type Spring Summer Fall Winter N Location Habitat - Measure Not

Carr 1952 - - vegetable matter 36.2 NS NS 

fish 35.4 -carrion 19.6 % volume 

Hammer 1969 B B Potamogeton 68.2 22 Nebraska 1965 lakes 

algae 36.4 -Polygonum sp. 27.3 % frequency of Lemna sp. 18.2 occurrence other vegetation 40.9 carp 72.8 other fish 63.7 snail 95.4 insect 50.0 other Molluscs 18.2 birds 22.7 turtle 4.5 

Meyers-Schone & A B fish 83.7 9 Tennessee embayment Walton 1990 vegetation 13.6 -(osceola) clams 0.2 % wet volume; 

mud and rocks 2.5 gastrointestinal 

tract contents 

Pell 1940 - - plant material 80.2 NS NS 

animals 16.2 -

% volume 

Punzo 1975 A B Platyhelminthes 5.5 59 Florida 1970 NS (osceola) Annelida 6.4 -

Insecta 38.0 % occurrence; other Arthropoda 15.0 gastrointestinal Gastropoda 8.0 tract contents amphibians 10.0 reptiles 10.0 plant > 6.0 

Smith 1956 B B plants 35-70 NS habitat NS 

animals 6-35 -

% of diet; measure NS 

A-387 

MeacitCarSum

MeaAnicraAs Sum
----

*** POPULATION DYNAMICS ***


Reference Age Sex Cond Seas Mean SD/SE Units Minimum Maximum N Location Habitat Not

HOME RANGE SIZE
Budhabhatti & Moll---SU


1988


Ernst 1968
Ernst 1971 A---
Galbraith et al. AM-SU
1987
Galbraith et al. AM-SU


1987


Kiviat 1980	 JB--


AM-­
A F NB -


Lonke & Obbard AF--


1977


Obbard & Brooks AF-SU
1981 AM-SU


AB-SU


POPULATION DENSITY
Congdon et al. BB--
1986
Congdon et al. BB--
1986
Congdon et al. BB--
1986
Congdon et al. BB--
1986


ha 0.28 15.2 Illinois 1986 NS


1.8 ha Pennsylvania marsh As 1.8 ha 9 Pennsylvania pond As 

1.03 ha 0.445 1.76 4 Ontario, CAN lake Est

are

0.7 0.29 SD ha 0.24 1.3 4 Ontario, CAN lake Est

min

3.3 ha 10 New York fresh tidal wetland 

8.9 ha 32 1972-75 

7.2 ha 6 

4.5 km 1 Ontario, CAN Lake Sasajewun Dis

1972-74	 Ove

seesuband nesvis

3.79 1.46 SD ha 2.5 5.19 4 Ontario, CAN lake Est3.21 2.67 SD ha 0.95 8.38 6 are3.44 2.18 SD ha 10


8 N/ha S Carolina bay, marsh 

7.3 N/ha S Carolina pond 

12.8 N/ha Michigan marsh 13.3 N/ha Michigan bay, marsh, pond 

A-388 
----

Reference Age Sex Cond Seas Mean SD/SE Units Minimum Maximum N Location Habitat NotCongdon et al. BB-- 6.8 N/ha Michigan pond 1986 Froese & BurghardtAB-SU 59 N/ha 48 Tennessee pond 

1975 Galbraith et al. AM-SU 1.46 N/ha 4 Ontario, CAN oligotrophic lake 1987 Galbraith et al. AB-SU 1.67 N/ha 1.19 2.41 Ontario, CAN large oligotrophic Den1988 BB-SU 2.03 N/ha 1.35 3.39 1984-85 lake Pet(serpentina) Galbraith et al. AB-SU 2.45 N/ha .88 4.91 Ontario, CAN small oligotrophic Den1988 BB-SU 2.73 N/ha 0.97 5.45 1984-85 lake Pet(serpentina) Galbraith et al. AB-SU 57.8 N/ha 38.5 90.8 Ontario, CAN eutrophic pond Den1988 BB-SU 60.4 N/ha 40.3 95.0 1984-85 Pet(serpentina) Galbraith et al. BB-SU 2.31 1.45 SD N/ha 1.0 4.9 6 Ontario, CAN oligotrophic Sum1988 1984-85 lakes and ponds inc(serpentina) Galbraith et al. BB-SU 29.3 27.6 SD N/ha 4.4 65.9 11 Ontario, CAN eutrophic ponds Sum1988 aut(serpentina) Hammer 1969 AF-SU 1.2 N/ha S Dakota marsh Est(serpentina) dou

(whmal

Kiviat 1980 --1- 4 N/ha 600 New York fresh tidal wetland Mea

--2- 16 N/ha 1972-75	 eco

dencreequare 

Lagler 1943 5 N/ha Illinois lake As Major 1975 -B-SU 62.5 N/ha w West ponds Two 

Virginia 1972 max

197

A-389 
----

------------------------------------

Reference Age Sex Cond Seas Mean SD/SE Units Minimum Maximum N Location Habitat NotObbard 1983 A--SU 1.65 N/ha 6 Ontario, CAN lake As Pearse 1923 1.7 N/ha Wisconsin lake As CLUTCH SIZE
Congdon et al. 27.9 0.76 SE eggs 12 41 68 se Michigan aquatic 1987 Congdon et al. AF-- 28.0 eggs 52 Michigan pond, swamp, marsh 1986 Congdon and 23.6 3.3 SE eggs 4 N Carolina NS
Gibbons 1985
Ernst & Barbour eggs 11 83 NS NS Sum1972 sta

clu

Hammer 1969 49.0 eggs 31 87 102	 S Dakota marsh


1964-67


Iverson 1977 16.6 1.6 SD eggs 14 20 8 Florida NS	 As 

198

Kiviat 1980 A F BR SU 29.6 1.8 SE eggs 16 54 27 New York 1974 fresh tidal wetland
Lonke & Obbard 33.9 10.03 SE eggs 18 66 46 Ontario, CAN Lake Sasajewun
1977 1972-74
Macnamara 1919 eggs 39 51 5 Ontario, CAN NS	 Aut

connevPet

Petokas & 30.9 10.87 SD eggs 16.0 59.0 16.0 n New York riverine marsh shore CluAlexander 1980 1977	 com

witfrePrenes

Punzo 1975 AFLSU eggs 6 21 Florida 1970 stream, pond, swamp
White & Murphy 19.9 eggs 12.0 42.0 20.0 Tennessee NS As 1973 198

A-390 
----

----------------------------

Reference Age Sex Cond Seas Mean SD/SE Units Minimum Maximum N Location Habitat NotCLUTCHES/YEAR
Cahn 1937 2 /year southern range NS As 

Rud

Ernst & Barbour >1 /year NS NS Sum1972 Ewert (unpubl.) A F BR - /year 3 Florida NS As Minton 1972 /year 1 2 Indiana NS As 

198

White and Murphy A F BR - /year 1 Tennessee NS As 1973 DAYS INCUBATION
Breckenridge 1944 days 83 105 c Minnesota natural Day

eme

DeGraaf & Rudis 80-91 days NS NS Sum1983 Ewert 1979 --1- 82 days 24 Missouri Lab Tem

--2- 66.7 days 20 (2

Ewert 1979 --1- 90.8 days 5 Arkansas artificial Tem

--2- 73.0 days 5 (2

Ewert 1979 --1- 97.5 days 22 Florida artificial Tem

--2- 80.0 days 13 C; --3- 77.6 days 18 

Ewert 1979 ---SU days 67 73 se Wisconsin natural DayHammer 1971 days 70 120 As 

198

Hammer 1969 days 91 125 NS NS Dur

env

Lynn and Von Brand--1- 72-75.1 days 34 Wisconsin artificial Tem1945 --2- 60.0 days 34 29Obbard & Brooks 105 days 90 119 3 Ontario, CAN lake 1981 

A-391 
----

----

Reference Age Sex Cond Seas Mean SD/SE Units Minimum Maximum N Location Habitat NotPunzo 1975
(osceola)
Yntema 1968	 --1-


--2-


AGE AT SEXUAL MATURITY
Christiansen & -F--
Burken 1979 -M--
Christiansen & -F--
Burken 1979
Galbraith et al. -F--
1989
Hammer 1969 -F--
Pell 1941 -F--


LENGTH AT SEXUAL MATURITY
Ernst & Barbour -B--


1972


Mosimann & Bider -B--


1960


White & Murphy -B--


1973


MORTALITY
Galbraith & BrooksAB--
1987
LONGEVITY
Gibbons 1987


days 48 118 Florida 1970 stream, pond, swamp


140 days New York artificial Tem

63.3 days As 

6-7 years 38 Iowa 1969-77 NS Ovu4-5 years 25 the 

9-10 years Iowa 1969-77 NS Age 

17-19 years 14-15 174 Ontario, CAN river, mixed forest Mea

9 years S Dakota NS


6-8 years New York NS


200 mm carapace NS NS


200 mm carapace Quebec, CAN NS


145 mm plastron Tennessee NS


%/yr 3 7 NS NS
years 24 2 Michigan Sherriff’s Marsh


A-392


age confro

Age Age Gal

Sum

As 

As Two 15-rec
----

Reference Age Sex Cond Seas Mean SD/SE Units Minimum Maximum N Location Habitat NotGibbons 1987 years 19 7 S Carolina Savannah River Plant Sev

10-rec

Notes


*** SEASONAL ACTIVITIES *** 

Reference Begin Peak End Location Habitat MATING Ernst & Barbour Apr Jun Nov 1972 Kiviat 1980 earl Jun mid Jun end Jun Punzo 1975 mid June NESTING Congdon et al. late May mid Jun 1987 Ernst & Barbour May Jun Sep 1972 Hammer 1969 earl Jun mid Jun end Jun Lonke & Obbard Jun 19-20 1977 Lonke & Obbard Jun 26-28 1977 Lonke & Obbard Jun 13-14 1977 

NS NS
New York 1974 fresh tidal wetland


Florida 1970 stream, pond, swamp


se Michigan aquatic
NS NS
S Dakota marsh
1964-67
Ontario, CAN Lake Sasajewun
1972,73
Ontario, CAN Lake Sasajewun
1974
Ontario, CAN Lake Sasajewun
1975


Obbard & Brooks earl Jun mid Jun late Jun Ontario, CAN lake


A-393


Mating (May be of SmitHammer stimulaNesting am; TemenhanceNesting (May be of Smit

1981 
Reference Begin Peak End Location Habitat Notes 

Petokas & late May earl-mid Jun late Jun n New York Cranberry Creek Alexander 1980 1977 Marsh Wilhoft et al. May 21 Jun 6 New Jersey swamp 1979 HATCHING Congdon et al. late Aug Sep earl Oct se Michigan aquatic 1987 Ernst & Barbour Aug Oct NS NS 1972 Obbard & Brooks Sep earl Oct Ontario, CAN lake 1981 HIBERNATION Christiansen & late Sep mid Mar Iowa 1969-77 NS Burken 1979 Ernst & Barbour Oct Mar-May NS NS 1972 Obbard & Brooks mid Oct earl May Ontario, CAN lake 1981 

A-394 

Two sepobserve(2) JunJune 1 Nesting observaDepends discussSmith 1Based oobserveDepends discussSmith 1
----

***** PAINTED TURTLE *****


*** NORMALIZING AND CONTACT RATE FACTORS ***


Reference Age Sex Cond Seas Mean SD/SE Units Minimum Maximum N Location Habitat Not

BODY WEIGHT (AND LENGTH)
Congdon et al. AM--
1986 AF--


JB--


Congdon & Gibbons A F BR -
1985 A F BR ­
(dorsalis)
Ernst 1971b AF-­
(picta x marginata) AM--


Morlock et al. AB--
1972 AB-­
(picta)
Tinkle et al. 1981AFBR SU


(marginata) A F BR SU


A F BR SU


Wade & Gifford
(1965; unpubl.)
BODY LENGTH
Congdon et al. AM--
1986 AF--


JB--


Congdon et al. AM--
1986 AF--


JB--


Ernst 1971b HB1­
(picta x marginataYB2-


JB3-
JB4-
JB5-


Ernst 1971c	 AF--


AM--


176.9 1.92 SE g 770 Michigan bay, ponds, marsh
326.7 4.95 SE g 249


64.2 1.59 SE g 375


361.0 g 1 Georgia NS


(136.0) (mm plastron) 1


266.5 60.1 SD g 83.5 450.3 142 Pennsylvania NS
189.1 52.3 SD g 102.0 274.5 163 1965-67


317.6 g 13 New York lab


(130) (mm carapace) 13 1969-70


395.4 g 82 Michigan pond


(130.7) (mm plastron) 82 1977-79
(139.9) (mm carapace) 82


230 g Indiana lake


99.9 0.48 SE mm plastron 770 Michigan bay, ponds, marsh


125.1 0.64 SE mm plastron 249


65.0 0.65 SE mm plastron 375


109.7 0.54 SE mm carapace 770 Michigan bay, ponds, marsh
134.2 0.81 SE mm carapace 249


71.5 0.69 SE mm carapace 375


24 mm plastron 17 30 se NS
42 mm plastron 33 52 Pennsylvania


53 mm plastron 38 68
66 mm plastron 47 78
72 mm plastron 62 89


mm plastron 145 Pennsylvania marsh
mm plastron 121 1965-67


A-395


Rel

Car

As Ageyea

thr
----

----

Reference Age Sex Cond Seas Mean SD/SE Units Minimum Maximum N Location Habitat NotGibbons 1968b AM1- 80-84 mm plastron Michigan marsh Age 

AM2- 85-89 mm plastron 1964-66 6.0AM3- 90-94 mm plastron 15AM4- 95-99 mm plastron 24AM5- 100-104 mm plastron 33

AM6- 105-109 mm plastron 16

AM7- 110-116 mm plastron 25

AF8- 110-114 mm plastron 34

AF9- 115-119 mm plastron tur

A F 10 - 120-124 mm plastron ratA F 11 - 125-129 mm plastron and A F 12 - 130-134 mm plastron estA F 13 - 135-140 mm plastron 

Legler 1954 AM-- 85 mm plastron s Minnesota NS As 

AF-- 125 mm plastron ave

lis

Mitchell 1985 NB-- 22.1 0.3 SD mm carapace 21.8 22.4 4 c Virginia Grassy Swamp Lake (picta) NB-- 20.7 0.7 SD mm plastron 20.3 21.8 4 1980-81 Mitchell 1985 -F-- 132.7 7.8 SD mm carapace 112.5 148.2 65 c Virginia Grassy Swamp Lake (picta) -F-- 124.1 8.1 SD mm plastron 105.6 144.6 65 1980-81 Moll 1973 AF-- 157 2.6 SE mm plastron 136 185 23 Wisconsin NS 

(bellii) AM-- 132 2.9 SE mm plastron 96 155 32 1969-72 

Moll 1973 AF-- 151 1.5 SE mm plastron 130 165 45 Illinois NS 

(bellii x AM-- 116 1.9 SE mm plastron 81 147 55 1969-72 

marginata) Moll 1973 AF-- 125 2.5 SE mm plastron 108 151 19 Tennessee NS 

(dorsalis x AM-- 99 1.8 SE mm plastron 65 123 17 1969-72 

marginata) Moll 1973 AM-- 73 1.4 SE mm plastron 60 84 21 Louisiana NS 

(dorsalis) 1969-72 Moll 1973 AF-- 114 1.1 SE mm plastron 100 131 37 Arkansas NS 

(dorsalis) 1969-72 EGG WEIGHT
Cagle 1954 6.15 g 5.5 7.6 95 Illinois NS
(marginata,
dorsalis)
Cagle 1954 5.0 g 4.9 9.3 71 Tennessee NS


(marginata,
dorsalis)


A-396 
----

--------

------------

Reference Age Sex Cond Seas Mean SD/SE Units Minimum Maximum N Location Habitat NotCongdon and Tinkle---- 4.14 0.22 SE g Michigan aquatic Wet 1982
Congdon & Gibbons 6.17 g/egg 5 Georgia NS
1985 30.9 g/clutch 1
(dorsalis)
Ernst & Barbour 7.2 g 6.1 9.1 Pennsylvania NS


1972
(picta)


Ernst 1971b g 3.2 9.1 NS NS
(picta x marginata)
Ewert 1979 6.3 g NS NS Ratterman & --1- 6.65 0.67 SD g 207 Iowa 1985-86 NS (1Ackerman 1989 --2- 8.62 1.06 SD g 162 (ga

soi

Schwarzkopf & 6.56 g 6.08 7.00 74 Ontario, CAN pond AduBrooks 1986 1983-85 sucHATCHING WEIGHT Ewert 1979 HB-- 4.6 g 30 Tennessee NS Fro(dorsalis) Ewert 1979 HB-- 4.4 g 27 North Dakota NS Fro(bellii) Mitchell 1985 HB-- 3.7 0.2 SD g 3.5 3.9 4c Virginia Grassy Swamp Lake (picta) 1980-81 Ratterman & HB1SU 4.09 0.61 SD g 175 Iowa 1985-86 NS WeiAckerman 1989 HB2SU 0.84 0.13 SD g 165 dryGROWTH RATE Christens & Bider JF1- 35 mm/yr 5 Quebec, CAN pond Est

1986 JF2- 20 mm/yr 11 1983-85 his(marginata) JF3- 19 mm/yr 10 pro

JF4- 12 mm/yr 9 JF5- 12 mm/yr 8 JF6- 10 mm/yr 10 JF7- 8 mm/yr 13 

(continued) AF8- 5 mm/yr 12 

A-397 
Reference Age Sex Cond Seas Mean SD/SE Units Minimum Maximum N Location Habitat Not

Christens & Bider AF9- 4 mm/yr 8 

(continued) A F 10 - 3 mm/yr 9 

A F 11 - 3 mm/yr 2 A F 12 - 6 mm/yr 4 A F 16 - 3 mm/yr 2 A F 20 - 1 mm/yr 4 A F 24 - 1 mm/yr 2 A F 26 - 2 mm/yr 1 

Ernst 1971b AM-- 1.31 mm/yr 0.2 4.4 57 Pennsylvania NS Pla(picta x AF-- 1.76 mm/yr 0.1 7.1 51 1965-67 70-marginata) Gibbons 1968b --1- 13.0 mm/yr Michigan marsh Age 

--2- 4.3 mm/yr 1964-66 (3--3- 7.7 mm/yr suc

Wilbur 1975b AB-- 0.55 mm/yr MI 1953-57, pond Age 

1968-73 

METABOLIC RATE (OXYGEN) Lynn & von Brand JBR- 4.46 lO2/kg-day NS lab Tem1945 4.2(picta) 198Sievert et al. J-1- 5.06 0.42 SE lO2/kg-day 16 NS lab Tem1988 J-2- 3.44 0.29 SE lO2/kg-day 16 = 7(marginata) J-3- 1.98 0.13 SE lO2/kg-day 16 fee

J-4- 1.57 0.19 SE lO2/kg-day fas

Stockard & Gatten A B 1 0.725 0.442 SD lO2/kg-day 41 N Carolina lab Tem1983 AB2- 0.218 0.324 SD lO2/kg-day 41 1979 tes

AB3- 0.386 0.679 SD lO2/kg-day 26 215 

26 res

swi

METABOLIC RATE (KCAL BASIS) Congdon et al. JF1- 63 cal/day Michigan NS Bas1982 JF2- 134 cal/day ass

(marginata) JF3- 295 cal/day per 

JF4- 411 cal/day ene

JF5- 534 cal/day sev

JF6- 674 cal/day 0.3

(continued) JF7- 769 cal/day dev

A-398 
Reference Age Sex Cond Seas Mean SD/SE Units Minimum Maximum N Location Habitat Not

Congdon et al. AF8- 1,041 cal/day 14% 

1982 (continued) AF9- 1,115 cal/day 7 t

A F 10 - 1,192 cal/day appA F 11 - 1,230 cal/day MicA F 12 - 1,250 cal/day femA F 13 - 1,282 cal/day yeaA F 14 - 1,307 cal/day col

WATER INGESTION RATE Ernst 1972 A B NB SU 0.02 g/g-day 0.016 0.022 6 Pennsylvania lab MeaTrobec & Stanley AB-- - g/g-day 0.025 11 Wisconsin lab Upt

art

(bellii) °CINHALATION VOLUME
Milsom & Chan 1986ABR- 0.00246 0.00052 SE m3/kg-day NS lab


*** DIET ***


Reference Age Sex Food type Spring Summer Fall Winter N Location Habitat - Measure Not

Ernst & Barbour A B	 snails


amphipods


(picta)	 crayfish


insects
fish
other animals
algae
vascular plants
other plants


Gibbons 1967 - - plants


12.1 56 Pennsylvania habitat NS Sea

3.0 -
7.5 % wet volume;


11.5 stomach contents
13.0
14.1
14.7
24.1


0.8
>95 5 Michigan marsh


1964-66	 -


wet weight;
% stomach contents


A-399 

1971 

1972 
Reference Age Sex Food type Spring Summer Fall Winter N Location Habitat - Measure Not

Knight & Gibbons - - (Month) June August 47 Michigan polluted river See 1968 plants 31.6 38.7 1964-66 - sto

filamentous algae 41.0 44.2 average % higher aquatics 2.5 12.5 wet volume 

animals 77.3 72.3 when present; 

Oligochaeta - 30.0 % stomach contents Cladocera 1.5 48.5 Ephemeroptera nymp - 1.0 Odonata nymphs 60.0 38.3 Hemiptera nymphs 3.0 5.0 Lepidoptera larvae 1.0 50.0 Coleoptera larvae 3.0 -Culicidae larvae - 11.0 Tendipedidae larva 30.8 7.7 Tendipedidae pupae 36.7 10.0 Stratiomyidae larv - 1.0 unidentified anima 96.0 10.0 gastropods 18.7 17.8 

detritus 7.8 1.9 

Knight & Gibbons - - (Month) June August 47 Michigan polluted river See 1968 plants 64.0 66.7 1964-66 - bul

filamentous algae 48.0 47.6 average % of higher aquatics 16.0 38.1 stomachs containing 

animals 100 100 item 

Oligochaeta - 4.8 Cladocera 16.0 85.7 Ephemeroptera nymp - 14.3 Odonata nymphs 4.0 14.3 Hemiptera nymphs 16.0 14.3 Lepidoptera larvae 4.0 4.8 Coleoptera larvae 8.0 -Culicidae larvae - 9.5 Tendipedidae larva 96.0 61.9 Tendipedida pupae 84.0 47.6 Stratiomyidae larv - 4.8 unidentified anima 4.0 14.3 gastropods 52.0 47.6 

detritus 92.0 71.4 

Marchand 1942 J B animal 85 NS habitat NS As (dorsalis) plant 15 -

stomach contents; measure unspecified 

Marchand 1942 A B plant material 12 NS habitat NS As (dorsalis) insects & amphipods 88 -

stomach contents; measure unspecified 

A-400 
----

Reference Age Sex Food type Spring Summer Fall Winter N Location Habitat - Measure NotLagler 1943 - - insects 20 Michigan habitat NS As (marginata) aquatic plants 60 -

measure NS 

Cahn 1937 - - plants 100 25 NS habitat NS As (marginata) -

% volume 

*** POPULATION DYNAMICS *** 

Reference Age Sex Cond Seas Mean SD/SE Units Minimum Maximum N Location Habitat NotHOME RANGE SIZE McAuliffe 1978 -F-SP 174 m 25e Nebraska oxbow lake complex Mea

(bellii) -M-SP 121 m 10 1974-75	 dis

MovareSlo

Sexton 1959 AB1SP 63-144 m movement 301 Michigan NS Sea(marginata) AB2SU 86-91 m movement 300 1953-57 hib

AB3FA 88-130 m movement 336	 w/f

pon(3are

POPULATION DENSITY
Bayless 1975 24.7 N/ha 22.2 27.2 3 New York pond 

1970-72 

Congdon et al. BB-- 41.6 N/ha Michigan ponds 1986 Congdon et al. BB-- 39.9 N/ha Michigan pond, marsh, swamp 1986 Congdon et al. BB-- 89.5 N/ha Michigan marsh 1986 Ernst 1971c BB-- 590 N/ha 240 941 Pennsylvania pond, marsh Ran

1965-67 mea

Frazer et al. 1991BB-- 827.7 N/ha Michigan lake, marsh 

1980-89 

A-401 
----

------------------------

----

----

Reference Age Sex Cond Seas Mean SD/SE Units Minimum Maximum N Location Habitat NotGibbons 1968b 576 N/ha Michigan marsh 

1964-66 

MacCulloch & SecoyBB-SU 11.1 N/ha 167 Saskatchewan, river 

1983 CAN 1978-81 (bellii)
Pearse 1923 N/ha 12 49 Wisconsin lake As Sexton 1959 BB-- N/ha 98 410 Michigan ponds, marsh
(marginata) 1953-57
CLUTCH SIZE
Blanchard 1923 8.8 eggs 5 13 Iowa NS As (bellii) 197Cagle 1954 6.3 eggs 3 8 48 Illinois NS
(marginata,
dorsalis)
Cagle 1954 4.7 eggs 2 7 n Michigan NS
(marginata,
dorsalis)
Cahn 1937 6.5 eggs 4 10 NS NS As (marginata) Christiansen & --1- 8.8 eggs 2 15 46 New Mexico pond (captive) EstMoll 1973 --2- 9.0 eggs 5 15 46 1964-70 fol(bellii) --3- 8.9 eggs 5 15 46 lutChristiansen & --1- 9.6 eggs 1 22 28 Wisconsin varied EstMoll 1973 --2- 10.2 eggs 7 15 28 1969-70 fol(bellii) --3- 9.8 eggs 7 15 28 lutChristens & Bider 9.2 0.20 SD eggs 5 12 Quebec, CAN freshwater No 

1986 1983-85 clu(bellii) age

Congdon & Tinkle 7.6 eggs 2 11 Michigan NS


1982 1978-81
(marginata)


Congdon & Gibbons 5.0 eggs 1 Georgia NS


1985
(dorsalis)


A-402 
----

------------------------------------

Reference Age Sex Cond Seas Mean SD/SE Units Minimum Maximum N Location Habitat NotDeGraaf & Rudis
1983
(marginata)
Ernst & Barbour
1972
(bellii)
Ernst & Barbour
1972
(picta)
Ernst & Barbour
1972
(marginata)
Ernst & Barbour
1972
(dorsalis)
Ernst & Barbour
1972
(marginata)
Ernst 1971c


Gibbons 1968a	 --1-


--2-


MacCulloch & Secoy----
1983
(bellii)
Mitchell 1985
(picta)
Moll 1973
(bellii)


Moll 1973
(bellii x
marginata)


6.5 eggs 3 10 NS NS


eggs 4 20 NS NS
eggs 2 11 NS NS
eggs 3 10 NS NS
eggs 2 7 NS NS


4.73 eggs 4 6 Pennsylvania NS
4.73 eggs 4 6 Pennsylvania NS Wit

1965-67 pre

meaon you

6.6 eggs 5 8 Michigan marsh, lake Yea6.1 eggs 5 8 1964-66 of 

fivtha

19.8 eggs 17 23 5 Saskatchewan, creek bank 

CAN 1981 

4.16 1.13 SD eggs 1 7 38 c Virginia Grassy Swamp Lake 

1980-81 

10.7 eggs 4 16 12 Wisconsin NS Bas

1969-72 fol

ovi

8.7 eggs 6 14 24 Illinois NS Bas

1969-72 fol

ovi

A-403 
----

------------------------------------------------

Reference Age Sex Cond Seas Mean SD/SE Units Minimum Maximum N Location Habitat NotMoll 1973 4.8 eggs 2 9 15 Tennessee NS Bas(dorsalis x 1969-72 folmarginata oviMoll 1973 4.1 eggs 1 6 20 Louisiana, NS Bas(dorsalis) Arkansas fol

1969-72 ovi

Powell 1967 - eggs 5 11 NS NS As (picta)
Ratterman & 11.8 2.4 SD eggs 29 Iowa 1985-86 NS
Ackerman 1989
Schwarzkopf & 7.3 eggs 74 Ontario, CAN pond FemBrooks 1986 1983-85 sucTinkle et al. 1981---- 7.55 0.35 SE eggs 6.86 7.86 82 Michigan pond Egg(marginata) 1977-79 0.5CLUTCHES/YEAR
Christiansen & 14.8 eggs/yr New Mexico varied AveMoll 1973 1964-70 cap(bellii) bet

Christiansen & 2 clutches/yr New Mexico varied 67% Moll 1973 1964-70
(bellii)
Christiansen & clutches/yr 1 3 Wisconsin NS
Moll 1973 1969-70
(bellii)
Ernst 1971b 1 clutches/yr Pennsylvania NS
(picta x marginata) 1966-67
Gibbons 1968a 2.0 clutches/yr	 Michigan lake, marsh


1964-66


Legler 1954; 1 clutches/yr NS NS As Gemmell 1970 198Moll 1973 clutches/yr 4 Louisiana NS The (dorsalis)
Moll 1973 >1 clutches/yr 2 Wisconsin NS 61(bellii) 1969-72 clu

fem

A-404 
----

--------------------

--------

Reference Age Sex Cond Seas Mean SD/SE Units Minimum Maximum N Location Habitat NotMoll 1973 >2 clutches/yr 3 Illinois NS 96(bellii x 1969-72 clumarginata) pro

20

Moll 1973 >3 clutches/yr 5 Tennessee NS 93(dorsalis x 1969-72 clumarginata) clu

cluclufem

Moll 1973 > 3 clutches/yr 5 Louisiana NS 100 (dorsalis) 1969-72	 clu

clucluclufem

Schwarzkopf & --1- 1 clutches/yr 73% Ontario, CAN NS (1Brooks 1986 --1- 2 clutches/yr 27% 1983,85 eit

--2- 2 clutches/yr 12.5%


Snow 1980 1-2 clutches/yr 0 2 Michigan kettle ponds A m(bellii x secmarginata) of 

thr

Tinkle et al. 1981---- 0.60 clutches/yr 0.43 0.71 216 Michigan NS 3.9(marginata) 1977-79 two Wilbur 1975a 2 clutches/yr MI 1953-57, pond No (marginata) 1968-73
DAYS INCUBATION
Breckenridge 1944 79 days 75 81 c Minnesota natural	 As 

pip

Ernst & Barbour 76 days 72 80 Pennsylvania NS
(picta)
Ernst 1971c 65-80 days	 se NS


Pennsylvania


A-405 

1972 
----

--------------------

----

Reference Age Sex Cond Seas Mean SD/SE Units Minimum Maximum N Location Habitat NotEwert 1979 --1- 77.4 days 20 Tennessee lab Tem

--2- 62.0 days 5 27

--3- 56.3 days 17 loc

Inclay

Ewert 1979 --1- 72.0 days 3 Connecticut lab Tem

--2- 48.7 days 20 30-

Condefpip

Ewert 1979 days 60 65 se Wisconsin NS (natural) DayEwert 1979 days 72 99 nw Minnesota NS (natural) DayEwert 1979 66.2 days 20 n Michigan lab Egg

47.5 days 13 Inc

frois 

Mitchell 1985 71-76 days 2 c Virginia Grassy Swamp Lake
(picta) 1980-81
Packard et al. --1- 49.2 days 80 Nebraska 1981 lab Inc1983 --2- 47.3 days 81 wet 

--3- 51.9 days 84 sub--4- 49.3 days 77 on 

pot(dr

Ratterman & 84.2 days 71 104 29 Iowa 1985-86 NS Ackerman 1989 Ream 1967 --1- 95 days Wisconsin artificial Tem

--2- 74 days 69 25---3- 71 days 69 29--4- 51 days 18 As 

PERCENT NESTS SUCCESSFUL Breitenbach et al.---WI 81.4 % nests/yr 20 100 43 Michigan terrestrial nests Nes

1984 1977-82 win

app

Snow 1982 59 % nests/yr 81 Michigan 1978 pond	 Por

= 4rem

A-406 
Reference Age Sex Cond Seas Mean SD/SE Units Minimum Maximum N Location Habitat Not

Tinkle et al. 1981---­


(marginata)


AGE AT SEXUAL MATURITY
Cagle 1954 -M1­
(marginata, dorsal-M2-


Christens & Bider -F--
1986
(marginata)
Christens & Bider -F--
1986
(marginata)
Christiansen & -F--
Moll 1973 -M-­
(bellii)
Christiansen & -F--
Moll 1973 -M-­
(bellii)
Ernst & Barbour -M--
1972 -F-­
(picta)
Ernst 1971a,c	 -M-­


-F--


Mitchell 1985 -F-­
(picta)
Moll 1973 -M-­
(bellii) -F--
Moll 1973 -M-­
(dorsalis x -F-­
marginata)
Moll 1973 -M-­
(bellii x -F-­
marginata)


67 % nests/yr 43	 Michigan pond


1977-79


1 year United States NS 

2-3 years 

years 12 Quebec, CAN pond 

1983-85 

6 years	 Quebec, CAN pond


1983-85


5-6 years New Mexico NS 

3 years 8 years Wisconsin NS 4 years 5 years Pennsylvania NS 6 years 4 years Pennsylvania NS 

4-6 years 

6-8 years c Virginia Grassy Swamp Lake 

1980-81 

2-3 years Louisiana, NS 

4 years Arkansas 

1969-72 

2-3 years Tennessee NS 4-5 years 1969-72 3-4 years c Illinois NS 4-6 years 1969-72 

A-407


Of 

faiof cau

(1U.S

All age PlaMeafor 
Reference Age Sex Cond Seas Mean SD/SE Units Minimum Maximum N Location Habitat Not

Moll 1973 -M1­
(bellii) -F2-
Pope 1939 -M-­
(marginata) -F--
Wilbur 1975a -M-­
(marginata) -F--
LENGTH AT SEXUAL MATURITY
Cagle 1954 -M-­
(marginata, -F-­
dorsalis)
Cagle 1954 -M-­
(marginata, -F-­
dorsalis)
Christens & Bider - F BR -
1986 - F NB ­
(marginata)
Christiansen & -F1-


Moll 1973 -M2­
(bellii)


Christiansen & -F1-


Moll 1973 -M2­
(bellii)
Gibbons 1968a	 -M-­


-F--


Gibbons 1968b -F--
MacCulloch & Secoy-M1-


1983 -M2­


(bellii)


4-5 years Wisconsin NS 7-8 years 1969-72 

5 years New England NS 

6-7 years 

5 years MI 1953-57, pond 7 years 1968-73 

90 mm plastron n Michigan NS 

120-130 mm plastron 

70 mm plastron s Illinois NS 

120-125 mm plastron 

143 1.6 SD mm plastron 124 158 Quebec, CAN pond 135 1.7 SD mm plastron 114 147 1983-85 

150 mm plastron 132 205 54 New Mexico NS 

123 mm plastron 88 170 55 1964-70 154 mm plastron 136 185 23 Wisconsin NS 

132 mm plastron 96 155 32 

mm plastron 81 Michigan lake, marsh
mm plastron 110 120 1964-66


mm plastron 113 115 Michigan marsh 

1964-66 

mm plastron 129 64 Saskatchewan, river,pond 

mm plastron 115 12 CAN 

A-408


As 

Siglennonold

Min

- 5 yea

Min

- 8 

Grohabmarabothomm Femmatpla

Stu

locRinlen
----

Reference Age Sex Cond Seas Mean SD/SE Units Minimum Maximum N Location Habitat NotTinkle et al. 1981-F-- mm plastro 

(marginata) MORTALITY Ernst & Barbour BB-- 51 %/yr 1972 (picta) Frazer et al. 1991AF-- %/yr 

AM-- %/yr JB-- %/yr 

Mitchell 1988 AB-- %/yr 

JB-- 54.0 %/yr 

Tinkle et al. 1981BB-­


(marginata)


Wilbur 1975a JB1­
(marginata) BM--


BF--


Zweifel 1989	 AF--


AM-­


CAN
LONGEVITY
Frazer et al. 1991-M--


-F--


Gibbons 1987
Reference Begin


24 %/yr


92 %/yr
15 %/yr
18 %/yr


%/yr
%/yr
years
years
years


Peak End


112 155 107 se Michigan near ponds


Pennsylvania NS


50 71 Michigan lake, marsh 17 36 1980-89 49 79 

4 6 Virginia NS 

Michigan pond


1977-79


MI 1953-57, pond
1968-73


0 14 MI, NY, NE, NS
2 46 Saskatchewan,


Pla

MetsurAs 

(1arrAs Eigto mar

31 Michigan
34 1964-89


25+ 18 Michigan


*** SEASONAL ACTIVITIES ***


Location


marsh
Sherriff’s Marsh


Habitat
 Notes


MATING
Ernst 1971c late Apr mid Jun	 se


Pennsylvania
1965-67


A-409


pond, marsh

Reference Begin Peak End Location Habitat Notes 

Ernst & Barbour Mar mid Jun NS NS 1972 (picta) Gibbons 1968a Mar Apr-earl May May Michigan marsh, lake 

1964-66 

Gist et al. 1990 Oct Ohio ponds Smith 1961 earl spring Illinois NS (marginata) NESTING Cagle 1954 mid May late Jul Illinois creek (marginata, 1937-43 dorsalis) Cagle 1954 earl Apr late Jul Louisiana NS (marginata, 1946-51 dorsalis) Congdon & Gatten mid May late May earl Jul Michigan marsh 1989 1976-86 Ernst & Barbour late May late Jun mid Jul NS NS 1972 (picta) Ernst 1971c Jun Jul se pond, marsh 

Pennsylvania 1965-67 

Moll 1973 Jun-earl Jul Wisconsin NS (bellii) 1969-72 Moll 1973 late May-Jun Illinois NS (bellii x 1969-72 marginata) Moll 1973 late May late Jul Louisiana NS (dorsalis) 1969-72 

A-410 

Author ovulaticlutchemid-JunBased ofor preelectrodetect Nesting Nesting Nesting 
Reference Begin Peak End Location Habitat Notes 

Smith 1961 Jun Jul Illinois NS (marginata) Smith 1956 Jun Jul Kansas terrestrial (bellii) Tinkle et al. 1981 late May Jun late Jun se Michigan near ponds (marginata) 1977-79 HATCHING Cahn 1937 Sep spring Illinois NS (marginata) Ernst & Barbour Aug NS NS 1972 Smith 1956 Aug Sep Kansas terrestrial (bellii) Tinkle et al. 1981 late summer se Michigan near ponds (marginata) 1977-79 HIBERNATION Congdon et al. late Oct late Mar se Michigan near ponds 1982 (marginata) Ernst 1971c late Oct Mar se NS 

Pennsylvania 1965-67 

Mating Mating with laAs citeHatchlimay oveEnd of March t

Smith 1956 late Oct Apr Kansas mud underwater


(bellii)


A-411 

----

--------

***** EASTERN BOX TURTLE *****


*** NORMALIZING AND CONTACT RATE FACTORS ***


Reference Age Sex Cond Seas Mean SD/SE Units Minimum Maximum N Location Habitat Not

BODY WEIGHT
Allard 1948	 HB1SU


JB2FA
JB3FA
JB4SP
JB5FA


Brisbin 1972 AM-FA
(carolina) AF-FA
Brisbin 1972 AM-SP
(carolina)	 AF-SP


AM-SU
AF-SU


Congdon & Gibbons AF--
1985 AF--
BODY LENGTH
Oliver 1955	 H---


A---


BODY FAT
Brisbin 1972 -B-FA
(carolina) -B-SP


-B-SU


EGG WEIGHT
Congdon & Gibbons
1985
Congdon & Gibbons
1985
Ernst & Barbour
1972


11 g 22 Tennessee NS 21 g -40 g -39 g -54 g -

397.8 46.8 SE g 13 Georgia captive 381.1 28.8 SE g 13 1965-67 387.6 47.0 SE g 13 Georgia captive 369.1 29.4 SE g 13 1965-67 394.0 42.7 SE g 14 372.0 26.7 SE g 15 372.0 g 8 S Carolina NS 

(129.0) (mm plastron) 8 

28	 mm carapace NS NS


mm carapace 198


0.058 0.014 SE g/g dry wt 5 Georgia captive
0.060 0.016 SE g/g dry wt 4 1965-67
0.059 0.006 SE g/g dry wt 3


30.7 2.9 SE g/clutch 8 S Carolina NS
9.02 0.17 SE g/egg 25 S Carolina NS


g/egg 6 11 NS NS


A-413


Agemonold 1 g(5citAveAve

As 197

Mealea

MeaeggMea0.3+/- Sum
----

Reference Age Sex Cond Seas Mean SD/SE Units Minimum Maximum N Location Habitat NotHATCHING WEIGHT
Ewert 1979 H--­
(major)
Ewert 1979 H--­
(carolina)
GROWTH RATE
Stickel & Bunck AM1-


1989 AF1­
(carolina) AM2-


AF2-


WATER INGESTION RATE
Ernst & Barbour
1972


8.8 g 28 Florida NS Fro8.4 g 74 Indiana NS Fro6.7 % mm/yr Maryland bottomland forest Gro

5.3 % mm/yr in 2.3 % mm/yr (1

3.4 % mm/yr


0.0072 g/g-day NS lab	 Dat

Evanee10 95%

*** DIET ***


Reference Age Sex Food type Spring Summer Fall Winter N Location Habitat - Measure Not

Klimstra & Newsome - - plant matter 35 39 20 115 w c s Illinois forest, prairie App

insects (adults) 18 12 12 1955-56 - spr

(carolina) insects (larvae) 4 5 9 % wet volume; fal

seeds 8 16 33 digestive tract Gastropoda 18 6 8 Isopoda <1 5 3 Diplopoda 3 2 5 mammals 2 <1 2 Decapoda 2 2 0 reptiles 1 3 1 birds 3 1 <1 Annelida 1 1 4 others 5 8 2 (sample size) (33) (56) (26) 

Barbour 1950 - - snails 60 2 Kentucky Cumberland Mountains You(carolina) crayfish 15 - car

plants 12.5 % volume; morcrickets 7.5 stomach contents unidentified seeds 5 

A-414 

1960 
----

Reference Age Sex Food type Spring Summer Fall Winter N Location Habitat - Measure NotBush 1959 B B snails and slugs 53 10 Kentucky NS (carolina) mushrooms 10 -

caterpillars 10 % volume; carabid beetles 4 stomach contents centipedes 4 

*** POPULATION DYNAMICS *** 

Reference Age Sex Cond Seas Mean SD/SE Units Minimum Maximum N Location Habitat Not

HOME RANGE SIZE Breder 1927 ---SU 1.13 ha 0.17 4.1 12 Long Island NY NS As Dolbeer 1969 ---SU 0.46 ha Tennessee woodland For(carolina)
Nichols 1939b ---SU 4.6 ha 62 Long Island NY NS Twe

samrep

Schwartz et al. BB-- 5.1 ha 37 Missouri mixed woods, fields Hom

BM-- 5.2 ha 1965-83 tha

(triunguis) BF-- 5.1 ha	 ran

stuavedur

Stickel 1989 -M-- 1.20 ha 51 Maryland bottomland forest Cal(carolina) -F-- 1.13 ha 52 1945-75 hom

-M-- 146 48 SD m long 51 be -M-- 105 38 SD m wide 51 ext-F-- 144 52 SD m long 52 met-F-- 100 38 SD m wide 52 han

for

Stickel 1950 AM-SU 0.79 ha Maryland wooded bottomlands Use(carolina) AF-SU 1.0 ha 1944-47 bac

AM-SU 101.0 42 SD m diameter hom

AF-SU 113.0 45 SD m diameter mar

Stickel 1950 A F BR SU meters 774 Maryland wooded bottomlands Dis(carolina) 1944-47 ranStrang 1983 2.2 ha Pennsylvania mixed woodlands


A-415 

1984 
----

------------

------------------------------------

Reference Age Sex Cond Seas Mean SD/SE Units Minimum Maximum N Location Habitat NotPOPULATION DENSITY
Dolbeer 1969 17.3-22.2 N/ha 270 Tennessee woodland Schwartz et al. 17-35 N/ha Maryland forest Lin1984 1965-83 bas(triunguis) Stickel 1950 BB-- 9.9-12.4 N/ha 245 Maryland wooded bottomlands Juv(carolina) 1944-47 of CLUTCH SIZE
Cahn 1937 eggs 3 8 NS NS As Congdon & Gibbons 3.4 0.3 SE eggs 8 S Carolina NS 

1985 Ernst & Barbour 4.5 eggs 3 8 NS NS Sum1972 Smith 1956 4 eggs 2 7 Washington DC NS CLUTCHES/YEAR
Oliver 1955 /yr 4 Florida NS As Smith 1961 1 /yr Illinois NS
DAYS INCUBATION
Allard 1948 days 64 136 NS NS As Allard 1935 cited 87-89 days NS NS As in Carr 1952 Allard 1935,1948 80-90 days 69 136 Maryland NS Day

Ewe

Dickson 1953 60 days s Florida natural As Dodge et al. 1979 --1- 80 days Iowa lab (1(carolina) --2- 54 days Ernst & Barbour 90 days NS NS Sum1972 

A-416 
----

------------------------

Reference Age Sex Cond Seas Mean SD/SE Units Minimum Maximum N Location Habitat NotEwert 1979 days 78 102 nw Minnesota natural DayEwing 1933 99 days 69 161 Washington DC natural As Lynn & Von Brand --1- 63 days 12 Maryland artificial Tem1945 --2- 76.0 days 12 25

--3- 50 days 12 num

197

Rosenberger 1972 days 74 99 Pennsylvania natural Day

Ewe

AGE AT SEXUAL MATURITY
Ernst & Barbour 4-5 years NS NS Sum1972
Minton 1972 5-10 years NS NS As LENGTH AT SEXUAL MATURITY
Oliver 1955 AB-- mm carapace 100 130 NS NS	 As 

197

LONGEVITY
Nichols 1939a 20 years 80 NS NS
Oliver 1955 years 138 NS captive	 As 

197

*** SEASONAL ACTIVITIES ***


Reference Begin Peak End Location Habitat Notes


MATING/LAYING
DeGraaf & Rudis Jun
1983
Ernst & Barbour
1972
Smith 1956 Jun


Jul ne Carolinas NS


spring northern range NS


Jul Washington DC NS


A-417 
Reference Begin Peak End Location Habitat Notes


HATCHING
DeGraaf & Rudis Aug Sep ne Carolinas NS 1983 Ernst & Barbour Sep Oct northern range NS 1972 Smith 1956 Sept Washington DC HIBERNATION
Ernst & Barbour Nov
Schwartz & Oct
Schwartz 1974
(triunguis)


Apr northern range NS
Apr Missouri mixed woods, fields


A-418 

1972 
***** RACER *****


*** NORMALIZING AND CONTACT RATE FACTORS ***


Reference Age Sex Cond Seas Mean SD/SE Units Minimum Maximum N Location Habitat Not

BODY WEIGHT (AND LENGTH) Brown & Parker 0MJSP 8.30 g (266mmSVL) Utah 1969-72 desert shrub Num1984 1MBSP 27.0 g (420mmSVL) yea

(mormon) 2MBSP 41.0 g (486mmSVL) to 

3MASP 49.1 g (520mmSVL) fro

4MASP 53.4 g (541mmSVL) 5MASP 60.4 g (564mmSVL) 6MASP 61.2 g (573mmSVL) 

Brown & Parker 0FJSP 8.8 g (272mmSVL) Utah 1969-72 desert shrub Num

1984 1FBSP 28.4 g (430mmSVL) yea

(mormon) 2FBSP 51.6 g (524mmSVL) to 

3FBSP 66.2 g (575mmSVL) fro

4FBSP 71.4 g (599mmSVL) 5FBSP 79.4 g (620mmSVL) 6FBSP 84.0 g (632mmSVL) 

Brown & Parker AF1SU 128.1 21.9 SD g 103.1 156.6 4 Utah 1971-72 desert shrub Wei1984 AF2SU 73.7 12.5 SD g 57.2 87.3 4 egg(mormon) AF3SU 114.7 32.5 SD g 71.3 149.4 4 egg

31-sna

Fitch 1982 AB-- 126 g 538 1414 Kansas 1948-77 woodland, open field Gibbons & -M-- 169.0 g (840mmSVL) S Carolina old fields, pine Semlitsch 1991 -F-- 150.0 g (830mmSVL) woods Fitch 1963 2M-FA 68.2 g (615mmSVL) 51 92 Kansas 1949-62 woodland, grassland Num(flaviventris) 2M-SP 107.4 g (668mmSVL) 63 134 yea

3M-FA 102.1 g (706mmSVL) 65 129 May 3M-SP 147.0 g (740mmSVL) 93 216 fro4M-FA 139.0 g (757mmSVL) 95 251 4M-SP 167.4 g (785mmSVL) 128 225 5M-FA 152.4 g (806mmSVL) 110 198 5M-SP 163.9 g (810mmSVL) 89 211 6M-FA 175.9 g (827mmSVL) 130 230 7M-FA 181.2 g (845mmSVL) 125 210 8M-FA 217.5 g (868mmSVL) 194 225 

A-419 
Reference Age Sex Cond Seas Mean SD/SE Units Minimum Maximum N Location Habitat Not

Fitch 1963 2F-FA 83.5 g (644mmSVL) 52 127 Kansas 1949-62 woodland, grassland Num(flaviventris) 2F-SP 135.2 g (743mmSVL) 73 200 yea

3F-FA 149.4 g (810mmSVL) 98 219 May 3F-SP 181.2 g (836mmSVL) 120 268 fro4F-FA 212.3 g (866mmSVL) 175 243 4F-SP 191.2 g (883mmSVL) 143 300 5F-FA 209.6 g (914mmSVL) 136 275 5F-SP 250.4 g (932mmSVL) 195 336 6F-FA 245.9 g (965mmSVL) 218 283 6F-SP 271.0 g (970mmSVL) 243 336 7F-FA 251.3 g (974mmSVL) 150 330 7F-SP 295.6 g (1000mmSVL) 235 375 

BODY LENGTH Corn & Bury 1986 AM-- 632.4 66.74 SD mm SVL 10 e Colorado foothills Sno

AF-- 739.5 77.29 SD mm SVL 10 adu

ana

Corn & Bury 1986 AM-- 640.6 76.23 SD mm SVL 11 w CO, ne VT mountains Sno

AF-- 699.0 58.36 SD mm SVL 8 adu

ana

Corn & Bury 1986 AM-- 602.2 166.5 SD mm SVL 13 w Utah foothills Sno

AF-- 682.5 mm SVL 2 adu

ana

Fitch 1963 1M-SP 539 mm SVL 432 609 Kansas 1949-62 woodland, grassland Num

(flaviventris) 2M-FA 615 mm SVL 560 674 yea

2M-SP 668 mm SVL 620 710 May 3M-FA 706 mm SVL 648 755 fro3M-SP 740 mm SVL 667 780 4M-FA 757 mm SVL 725 809 4M-SP 785 mm SVL 720 850 5M-FA 806 mm SVL 743 855 5M-SP 810 mm SVL 773 858 6M-FA 827 mm SVL 765 883 7M-FA 845 mm SVL 788 900 8M-FA 868 mm SVL 740 890 8M-SP 870 mm SVL 

Fitch 1963 1F-SP 581 mm SVL 415 658 Kansas 1949-62 woodland, grassland Num

(flaviventris) 2F-FA 644 mm SVL 580 738 yea

2F-SP 743 mm SVL 670 826 May 3F-FA 810 mm SVL 730 880 fro3F-SP 836 mm SVL 736 915 4F-FA 866 mm SVL 791 920 

(continued) 4F-SP 883 mm SVL 810 952 

A-420 
----

Reference Age Sex Cond Seas Mean SD/SE Units Minimum Maximum N Location Habitat NotFitch 1963 5F-FA 914 mm SVL 833 1,088 

(continued) 5F-SP 932 mm SVL 883 990 

6F-FA 965 mm SVL 892 1,020 6F-SP 970 mm SVL 885 1,003 7F-FA 974 mm SVL 919 1,050 7F-SP 1,000 mm SVL 930 1,085 

Martoff et al. A--- mm 914 1,676 NS NS Tot

1980 lenVermersch & Kuntz A--- mm total 762 1,370 Texas NS 

1986 (flaviventris) Wright & Wright AM-- mm total 680 1,595 NS NS As 1957 AF-- mm total 710 1,683 (constrictor) EGG WEIGHT
Brown & Parker 7.80 0.17 SE g 5.9 10.8 54 Utah 1970-71 desert shrub 1984 (mormon) Fitch 1963 --1- 5.5 g 4.4 6.0 17 Kansas 1949-62 woodland, grassland Clu

(flaviventris) --2- 4.9 g 4.4 5.2 12 (1

--3- 5.2 g 4.4 6.2 14 (4--4- 6.0 g 5.6 6.5 10 mm--5- 5.4 g 5.0 5.8 11 --6- 6.0 g 5.6 6.7 8 

Fitch 1963 --1- 5.9 g 5.6 6.3 21 Kansas 1949-62 woodland, grassland Clu

(flaviventris) --2- 6.8 g 6.1 7.5 13 105

--3- 4.9 g 4.3 5.5 18 (4--4- 5.2 g 3.8 6.1 12 siz--5- 6.8 g 6.2 7.6 14 

HATCHING WEIGHT (AND LENGTH) Brown & Parker HB-- 6.0 g 26 Utah 1969-72 desert shrub 

1984 HB-- (230) (mm SVL) 26 (mormon) Fitch 1963 HB-- 4.16 g 2.4 5.8 Kansas lab Siz(flaviventris) HB-- (214.5) (mm SVL) 186 244 

A-421 
Reference Age Sex Cond Seas Mean SD/SE Units Minimum Maximum N Location Habitat Not

HATCHING LENGTH
Martof et al. 1980H---


Vermersch & Kuntz H---


1986
(flaviventris)


GROWTH RATE
Fitch 1963 JB-SU
(flaviventris)
METABOLIC RATE (OXYGEN)
Ruben 1976	 A - ST -


A-1-


FOOD INGESTION RATE
Fitch 1982 BB-­
(flaviventris)


BODY TEMPERATURE
Brown 1973 AB-SU
(mormon)


290 mm NS NS


mm total 305 Texas NS


0.116 g/day 25 Kansas 1953-59 woodland, grassland


2.4 lO2/kg-day 6 NS 1974 lab


24.5 lO2/kg-day 6


0.02 g/g-day Kansas 1948-77	 woodlands, grassy


areas


31.8 0.20 SE degrees C 18.6 37.7 266 n Utah desert shrub


A-422


Totlen

GrofroStabodconratstitemwas massho

Roufroautsnatheactspeconrel

Bodund1,5Par
Reference Age Sex Cond Seas Mean SD/SE Units Minimum Maximum N Location Habitat Not

Brown & Parker AB-SU 27.5 0.4 SE degrees C 17.5 35.2 127 n Utah 1969-73 cold desert shrub Sna1982 (in(mormon) conFitch 1963 AB-SU degrees C 15.5 32.4 60 Kansas 1962 grassland, woodlands Act(flaviventris) gre

fouwer

Hammerson 1987 AB-SU 32.15 0.16 SE degrees C 130 w c California "natural" enclosure Bod

undEle

Hammerson 1987 AB-SU 32.7 0.29 SE degrees C 91 Kansas outdoor enclosure	 Act

conbassnaand fro(fi

Hammerson 1987	 --1SU 21.6 2.6 SD degrees C 17.1 26.4 9 w c California "natural" enclosure Bod

--2SU 33.8 1.0 SD degrees C 33.4 35.0 7 mor

--3SU 30.0 3.2 SD degrees C 26.4 35.7 8 mor

actJul

Hammerson 1987 AB-SU 32.7 0.29 SE degrees C 91 Kansas outdoor enclosure	 Act

conMeaof (19

*** DIET ***


Reference Age Sex Food type Spring Summer Fall Winter N Location Habitat - Measure Not

Brown & Parker B B insects (mostly 102 Utah 1969-72 desert shrub Sna1982 orthopterans) 96 - but (mormon) mammals (Peromyscus) 3 % frequency of Sep

snakes (Masticophis occurrence; stomach ret

taeniatus) 1 contents 

Fitch 1963 B B small mammals 65.7 1351 Kansas 1949-62 grassland, woods Fro(flaviventris) orthopterans 14.3 - Kan

lizards 9.2 % wet weight; scats squsnakes 4.2 and stomach contents misc. insects 1.9 birds 3.5 frogs 1.2 

A-423 
----

Reference Age Sex Food type Spring Summer Fall Winter N Location Habitat - Measure NotFitch 1963 B B mice 15.4 69 Kansas 1949-62 grassland, woods Fro(flaviventris) orthopterans 4.6 - con

lizards 61.5 % wet weight; snafrogs 12.6 stomach contents snakes 5.1 crickets 0.8 

Fitch 1982 B B Acheta assimilis 15 986 Kansas 1948-77 woodland, open field All (flaviventris) other insects 62 -

prairie vole 8 % occurrence; in other small mammals 7 stomach, scat, or other vertebrates 8 observed eating 

Klimstra 1959 B B insects 20 40 64 s Illinois pastures, meadows Siz

small mammals 62 27 21 1950-57 - capamphibians 5 13 3 % volume; digestive flareptiles 7 8 - tracts Valbirds 4 6 8 (Maother 2 6 4 con(sample size) (58) (52) (11) and 

priampfro

Uhler et al. 1939 - - reptiles 31.9 16 NS NS Sea(constrictor) small mammals 26.0 - spe

birds 17.8 % volume; stomach 195insects 15.0 contents amphibians 9.4 

*** POPULATION DYNAMICS *** 

Reference Age Sex Cond Seas Mean SD/SE Units Minimum Maximum N Location Habitat Not

HOME RANGE SIZE Fitch 1963 AM-SU 11.7 ha 244 Kansas 1949-62 woodland, grassland Bas(flaviventris) AF-SU 9.6 ha 132	 est

incmovmov

Fitch 1963 AM-SU 3.0 ha 15 Kansas 1949-62 woodland, grassland Min

(flaviventris) AF-SU 1.8 ha 5 rec

sex

Vermersch 10.1 ha Texas NS Sou& Kuntz 1986 spe(flaviventris)


A-424 
----

------------

Reference Age Sex Cond Seas Mean SD/SE Units Minimum Maximum N Location Habitat NotPOPULATION DENSITY Brown & Parker BB1- 0.79 N/ha 528 Utah 1971 desert shrub Den1984 BB2- 0.32 N/ha 271 old (mormon) Den

marJol

Fitch 1963 AB-SU 4.7 N/ha 75 Kansas 1955-61 bottomland pastures, Num(flaviventris) old fields	 pop

estof to you

Fitch 1963 AB-SU 2.7 N/ha 153 Kansas 1958-62 prairie grasses, Num(flaviventris) hilltop	 pop

estof to you

Fitch 1963 AB-SU 7.0 N/ha 135 Kansas 1958-62 upland prairie, Num(flaviventris) weeds, grasses	 pop

estof to you

Turner 1977 5.0 N/ha Kansas NS As (flaviventris)
CLUTCH SIZE
Behler & King 1979---- eggs 5 28 NS
Brown & Parker 5.28 0.24 SE eggs 4 8 43 Utah desert shrub Clu1984 inc(mormon) sizCorn & Bury 1986 7.4 eggs 4 10 5 w Utah foothills
Corn & Bury 1986 12 eggs 9 14 6 e Colorado foothills


A-425 
----

------------------------

Reference Age Sex Cond Seas Mean SD/SE Units Minimum Maximum N Location Habitat NotFitch 1963 -F2SU 9.2 eggs 6 12 10 Kansas 1949-62 woodland, grassland Age (flaviventris) -F3SU 9.9 eggs 5 14 19 of 

-F4SU 10.8 eggs 8 12 7 (58-F5SU 13.0 eggs 8 17 6 (75-F6SU 15.7 eggs 11 19 10 (85

(39(95

Fitch 1963 16.8 eggs 7 31 14 NS NS Fro(constrictor) stuFitch 1963 12.6 eggs 7 21 11 NS NS Fro(priapus) stuFitch 1963 5.79 eggs 2 13 43 NS NS Fro(mormon)
Martof et al. 1980----
Pope 1944
(flaviventris)
Smith 1956
Vermersch
& Kuntz 1986
(flaviventris)
CLUTCHES/YEAR


stu

eggs 4 25 Virginia, NS 

Carolinas 

eggs 19 25 Illinois NS As eggs 8 25 Kansas NS eggs 3 23 Texas NS 

Fitch 1963 0.5 /yr 0 1 Kansas 1949-62 woodland, grassland Onl

(flaviventris)	 pro

sugfemalt

DAYS INCUBATION
Behler & King 1979---- 42-63 days NS 

Brown & Parker --1SU 42.6 days 41 44 3 Utah 1971-72 lab, desert (1

--2SU 44-45 days 3 fie

(mormon) --3SU 45-50 days 2 Fitch 1963 ---SU 51 days 43 63 12 Kansas 1949-62 lab Tem(flaviventris) 

A-426 

1984 
----

Reference Age Sex Cond Seas Mean SD/SE Units Minimum Maximum N Location Habitat NotSmith 1956
(constrictor)
AGE AT SEXUAL MATURITY
Behler & King 1979----


Brown & Parker -F--
1984 -M-­
(mormon)
Fitch 1963 -F-­
(flaviventris) -M--
MORTALITY
Brown & Parker AM--
1984 AF-­
(mormon) JB--
Brown & Parker -B-SU
1984 JB-FA
(mormon) JB-FA


JB--


Brown & Parker AB--
1982 JB-­
(mormon)
Fitch 1963 2B-FA
(flaviventris)	 3B-FA


4B-FA
5B-FA
6B-FA
7B-FA


LONGEVITY
Brown & Parker AB--
1982
(mormon)


65 days 61 70 NS NS


2-3 years NS NS


3 years 2 6 400 Utah 1969-72 desert shrub


13.5 months 174


2-3 years Kansas 1949-62 woodland, grassland Mal

13-14 months ove

the mon

29 %/yr 19 38 3 yrs Utah 1970-72 desert shrub Adu30 %/yr 21 45 3 yrs old 76 %/yr 73 77 3 yrs of 

8 %egg-hatch 45 days Utah 1969-72 desert shrub Per

21 %hatch-juv 45 days lif77 %juv-yrlng 345 days juv83 %egg-yrlng 450 days lis

indovewas 

21 %/yr Utah 1969-73 cold desert shrub 83 %/1st yr 

58 %/yr Kansas 1949-62 woodland, grassland Num30 %/yr Age

25 %/yr age 

35 %/yr 30 %/yr 38 %/yr 

years 20 Utah 1969-73 cold desert shrub


A-427 
*** SEASONAL ACTIVITIES ***


Reference Begin Peak End Location Habitat Notes 

MATING DeGraaf & Rudis May earl Jun NS NS 1983 (constrictor) Fitch 1963 Apr May Jun Kansas 1949-62 woodland, grassland (flaviventris) Vermersch & Kuntz Apr May Texas NS 1986 (flaviventris) EGG-LAYING Brown & Parker Jun Jul Utah 1969-73 desert shrub 1984 (mormon) DeGraaf & Rudis Jun earl Jul NS NS 1983 (constrictor) Fitch 1963 Jun 13 Jul 16 Kansas 1949-62 woodland, grassland (flaviventris) Martof et al. Jun Jul Virginia, NS 1980 Carolinas Smith 1956 Jun Jul Kansas NS Vermersch & Kuntz Jun earl Aug Texas NS 1986 (flaviventris) HATCHING Brown & Parker mid-late Aug Utah 1969-73 desert shrub 1984 (mormon) DeGraaf & Rudis late Aug Sept NS NS 1983 (constrictor) Fitch 1963 late Aug earl Sep Kansas 1949-62 woodland, grassland (flaviventris) 

A-428 
Reference Begin Peak End Location Habitat Notes 

Smith 1956 Aug Sept Kansas NS Based o

incubat

Vermersch 1986 Aug Sept Texas NS (flaviventris) HIBERNATION
Brown & Parker earl Oct earl May Utah 1969-73 cold desert shrub 1982 (mormon) Fitch 1963 late Nov earl Apr Kansas 1949-62 woodland, grassland Earlies(flaviventris) racers 

A-429 

***** NORTHERN WATER SNAKE *****


*** NORMALIZING AND CONTACT RATE FACTORS ***


Reference Age Sex Cond Seas Mean SD/SE Units Minimum Maximum N Location Habitat Not

BODY WEIGHT (AND LENGTH) Alexander 1977 AB-- 220.0 g 38 s lower stream, lake Len

Michigan 

Brown 1958 JB1SU 7.0 2.3 SD g (285 mm) 5.3 10.4 4 New York 1938 captive Sna

(sipedon) JB2SU 29.0 g (496 mm) 25.2 32.7 2 fir

JM3SU 53.2 g (607 mm) 1 (4AB4SU 210.0 65.0 SD g (868 mm) 114.0 255.0 4 Len

Fitch 1982 AB-- 207.0 g 480 206 Kansas 1948-77 ponds, streams LenBODY LENGTH Beatson 1976 JB1- mm SVL 180 340 Kansas 1972 stream Len

(sipedon) BM2- mm SVL 340 660 (SV

BF2- mm SVL 340 840 (2

Behler & King 1979NB-- mm SVL 165 300 NS NS New

fro

Behler & King 1979AB-- mm SVL 559 1346 NS NS Len

(SV

King 1989 AM-- 620 mm SVL 398 Ohio, Ontario shore, islands of Wei

(insularum) AF-- 745 mm SVL 313 CAN 1980-85 Lake Erie fro

King 1986 JB1SP mm SVL 155 225 Ohio, Ontario Lake Erie islands (1

(insularum) JB1FA mm SVL 270 340 CAN 1980-84 fro

JM2- mm SVL 270 430 froJF2- mm SVL 270 590 

King 1986 A M BR SP 625 mm SVL 520 730 27 Ohio, Ontario Lake Erie islands Sna(insularum) A F BR SP 821 mm SVL 660 1,000 18 CAN 1980-84	 Len

(SVsnamm 

A-431 
Reference Age Sex Cond Seas Mean SD/SE Units Minimum Maximum N Location Habitat Not

Raney & Roecker JB0- 200-250 mm total New York 1942, creeks Mea1947 JB1- 360-400 mm total 1946 sna(sipedon) AF-- mm total 980 59 fir

AM-- mm total 780 59	 fal

Maylarcol

Wright & Wright AM-- mm total 635 1,148 NS NS Mea1957 AF-- mm total 650 1,295 sna

Rud

NEONATE WEIGHT Feaver 1977 NB-- 5 g NS Michigan pond, marshes Len(sipedon) NB-- (188) (mm SVL) NS (SVFitch 1982 NB-- 5.0 g 3.6 6.8 57 Kansas 1948-77 ponds, streams Len

King 1986 NB-- 4.8 g 3.6 6.6 893 Ohio, Ontario Lake Erie islands Len

(insularum) NB-- (181) (mm SVL) 125 210 893 CAN 1980-84 (SVMartof et al. 1980NB-- 200 mm SVL NS NS Len

(SV

NEONATE LENGTH
Beatson 1976 NB-- mm SVL 135 220 263 Kansas 1972 stream Len

(sipedon) (SV

GROWTH RATE Brown 1958 JB1SU 1.0 0.43 SD mm/day 0.46 1.5 4 New York 1938 captive Dai(sipedon) JB2SU 0.77 mm/day 0.77 0.78 2 (Ju

JM3SU 0.42 mm/day 1 C. AB4SU 1.0 0.31 SD mm/day 0.71 1.4 4 (1

and Con

Brown 1958 JB1SU 0.18 0.08 SD g/day 0.13 0.27 4 New York 1938 captive Dai(sipedon) JB2SU 0.42 g/day 0.40 0.45 2 (Ju

JM3SU 0.80 g/day 1 C. AB4SU 2.59 0.58 SD g/day 1.74 3.02 4 (1

and lifrat

A-432 
Reference Age Sex Cond Seas Mean SD/SE Units Minimum Maximum N Location Habitat Not

King 1986 BF1- 0.12 mm SVL/day 56 Ohio 1980-84 Lake Erie islands Ann

BM1- 0.14 mm SVL/day 42 juv

YB2- 0.33 mm SVL/day 364 adu

Len(SVgroand annfor lat

METABOLIC RATE (OXYGEN)
Gratz & HutchinsonBB1- 0.607 0.0348 SE lO2/kg-day 0.389 0.938 219 Oklahoma lab 24 

BB2- 3.29 0.101 SE lO2/kg-day 2.81 4.44 240 Ner

(Nerodia BB3- 7.33 0.226 SE lO2/kg-day 5.70 9.99 235 60grhombifera, 12a similar a tspecies)	 C; 

sigand and 220and 070use

FOOD INGESTION RATE
Brown 1958 JB1SU 0.088 g/g-day 4 New York 1938 captive Mea(sipedon) JB2SU 0.043 g/g-day 2 23 

JM3SU 0.043 g/g-day 1 theAB4SU 0.061 g/g-day 4 thi

of the undall aduConeateve

Brown 1958 BB-- 0.26 0.10 SD g/g-day 0.11 0.43 19 New York 1938 captive "Ma(sipedon)	 sna

untfoosnathe dur

A-433 

1977 
----

Reference Age Sex Cond Seas Mean SD/SE Units Minimum Maximum N Location Habitat NotSURFACE AREA
Baeyens & Rountree---- 131.16 cm2 15 Arkansas 1981 pond
1983 (155) (mm SVL)
(Nerodia
rhombifera,
a similar
species)
BODY TEMPERATURE
Justy & Mallory A-1- 30.4 0.4 SE degrees C 3 Ontario, CAN lab
1985 A-2- 34.0 0.2 SE degrees C 3 1980
(sipedon) A-3- 32.0 0.4 SE degrees C 3


*** DIET ***


Reference Age Sex Food type Spring Summer Fall Winter N Location Habitat - Measure


Len(SVis 

spec

Meaby graligcagcagcag

Not

Alexander 1977 B B trout 64 28 n lower streams Col

non-trout fish 7 Michigan - thounidentified fish 1 % wet weight; Maycrustaceans 1 stomach contents amphibians 14 birds and mammals 12 unidentified 1 

Alexander 1977 B B trout 4 9 n lower lake Col

non-trout fish 8 Michigan - thocrustaceans 15 % wet weight; Maybirds and mammals 2 stomach contents amphibians 68 unidentified 3 

Barbour 1950 - - unidentified fish 50.0 8 se KY fork of a river Col(sipedon) Rana sp. tadpoles 12.5 1939,1948 - tha

Cambarus sp. 12.5 % volume; stomach frounidentified detritus 25.0 contents spe

strconDes

A-434 
Reference Age Sex Food type Spring Summer Fall Winter N Location Habitat - Measure Not

Brown 1958 B B minnows 7.7 120 c New York rocky streams Mon(sipedon) darters 3.1 1933-38 - sna

suckers (Catostomus) 35.4 % volume; stomach sculpin (Cottus) 1.4 contents catfish 9.3 lamprey 23.0 game fishes 1.2 unidentified fish 1.6 amphibians 17.3 

Brown 1958 B B minnows 9.1 48 n lower MI lakes Mon(sipedon) darters 1.4 1933-38 - sna

amphibians 52.8 % volume; stomach sculpin (Cottus) 2.2 contents trout perch (Percops 2.8 game fishes (Perca) 14.1 burbot (Lota) 17.4 catfish 0.3 

Brown 1958 J B minnows 26.0 73 NY,MI 1933-38 streams, lakes, bog Sna(sipedon) darters 27.0 - fir

amphibians 18.0 % volume; stomach totsculpin (Cottus) 10.0 contents not suckers (Catostomus) 7.0 catfish 1.7 troutperch (Percopsi 5.6 game fish (Micropter 5.0 unidentified fish 0.3 

Bush 1959 - - Cyprinidae 42.8 7 Kentucky fork of river (sipedon) Centrarchidae 28.5 1955-56 -

Rana c.melanota 14.3 % wet volume; Eurycea b. rivicola 14.3 stomach contents 

Camp et al. 1980 - - Esocidae 7.0 14 Georgia aquatic (NS) Per(pleuralis) Catostomidae 22.5 1977-79 - dis

Percidae 15.7 % wet volume; and Proteidae 51.9 stomach contents Cyprinidae 1.5 Centrarchidae 0.3 crawfish 1.5 

Lagler & Salyer B B trout 19.0 106 lower Michigan trout streams Mea

lampreys 3.3 1944 - (N=

(sipedon) forage fishes 55.8 % volume; stomach fis

fish remains 0.2 contents lenburbot 7.3 (bufrogs 12.8 the misc. invertebrates 1.6 

A-435 

1945 
Reference Age Sex Food type Spring Summer Fall Winter N Location Habitat - Measure Not

Lagler & Salyer B B game and pan fishes 19.3 18 lower Michigan inland lakes Mea1945 forage fishes 23.4 1944 - (N=(sipedon) other fishes 2.9 % volume; stomach Col

fish remains 1.8 contents Julfrogs and salamander 52.6 2.5rodents TR siz

volref

Lagler & Salyer B B trout 48.9 64 lower Michigan trout-rearing Mea1945 bass or sunfish TR 1944 stations (N=(sipedon) forage fishes 44.0 - (ra

other fishes 3.8 % volume; stomach Colfish remains 1.4 contents durAmphibia 1.1 troInsecta 0.5 gremisc. invertebrates 0.3 was 

colthe but bas= t

Raney & Roecker B B suckers 39.9 59 w New York creeks All 1947 minnows 29.0 1942, 1946 - len(sipedon) catfish 3.7 % volume; stomach one 

mudminnows 2.7 contents darters 5.3 fish remains 15.2 Rana sp. tadpoles 4.2 

Uhler et al. 1939 - - fish 61 30 Virginia habitat NS Sea(sipedon) frogs & toads 21 - As 

salamanders 12 % by volume insects 2.5 other 3.5 

*** POPULATION DYNAMICS *** 

Reference Age Sex Cond Seas Mean SD/SE Units Minimum Maximum N Location Habitat Not

POPULATION DENSITY Beatson 1976 BB-SU 34-41 N/km 197 Kansas 1972 stream Den(sipedon)	 sna

to priyea

A-436 
----

------------------------

Reference Age Sex Cond Seas Mean SD/SE Units Minimum Maximum N Location Habitat NotFitch 1982 BB-- 0.131 N/ha Kansas 1957-61 forest, streams, Cou

shrubs, prairies	 Rou

witspecap

King 1986 AB-- 138 N/km 22 381 5 Ohio, Ontario Lake Erie islands Den(insularum) CAN 1980-84 snaLagler & Salyer BB-SU 160 N/km lower Michigan streams Est

1945 1944 of (sipedon) 32 

thatot

LITTER SIZE (young born live)
Aldridge 1982 --1- 17 5 SD 9 42 15 e c Missouri streams Siz

--2- 23 7 SD 15 63 16 1976-79 (2

fig

Bauman & Metter 15 63 55 Missouri NS


1977
(sipedon)


Beatson 1976 18.8 14 Kansas 1972 stream
(sipedon)
Behler and King 15-30 8 99 NS NS
1979
Camin & Erlich 20.8 8.2 SD 6 34 14 Ohio, Ontario Lake Erie islands
1958 CAN 1980-84
(insularum)
DeGraaf & Rudis 30 10 76 NS NS


1983
(sipedon)


Feaver 1977 11.8 4 24 43 Michigan pond, marshes As (sipedon)
King 1986 22.9 9 50 39 Ohio, Ontario Lake Erie islands Lit(insularum) CAN 1980-84 inc

siz

Martof et al. 1980---- 8 50 Carolinas, NS 

(sipedon) Virginia 

A-437 
----

------------

--------

Reference Age Sex Cond Seas Mean SD/SE Units Minimum Maximum N Location Habitat NotSmith 1961
(sipedon)
Smith 1961
(pleuralis)
Smith 1956
(sipedon)
LITTERS/YEAR
Bauman & Metter


1977
(sipedon)


Beatson 1976
(sipedon)
DAYS GESTATION
Bauman & Metter
1977
(sipedon)
AGE AT SEXUAL MATURITY
Bauman & Metter -F--
1977 -M-­
(sipedon)
Feaver 1977 -F-­
(sipedon) -M--
King 1986 -F-­
(insularum) -M--
LENGTH AT SEXUAL MATURITY
Aldridge 1982 -F--


18 8 51 6 Illinois captive Tex

smaple

33 13 52 3 Illinois NS Aut

is sug

10 76 Kansas NS Clu

wit

1 /yr	 c Missouri fish hatchery


1973


1 /yr Kansas 1972 stream


58 days c Missouri fish hatchery	 The 

temto and 

2-3 years c Missouri fish hatchery


21 months 1973


34 months Michigan pond, marshes As 

23-24 months 

3 years Ohio, Ontario Lake Erie islands Gro2 years CAN 1980-84 ind

600 mm SVL 570 31 e c Missouri streams Len

1976-79 (SV

fou

A-438 
Reference Age Sex Cond Seas Mean SD/SE Units Minimum Maximum N Location Habitat Not

Feaver 1977 -F-- mm SVL 

(sipedon) -M-- mm SVL 

King 1986 -F-- 590 mm SVL (insularum) -M-- 430 mm SVL 

Reference Begin Peak End 

476 649 Michigan pond, marshes Len

375 425 (SV

Ohio, Ontario Lake Erie islands Len

CAN 1980-84 (SV

*** SEASONAL ACTIVITIES ***


Location Habitat Notes


MATING
Bauman & Metter mid May
1977
(sipedon)
Behler & King 1979 Apr
Feaver 1977
(sipedon)
King 1986 May 11
(insularum)
Smith 1956
(sipedon)
PARTURITION
Aldridge 1982
(sipedon)
Bauman & Metter late Aug
1977
(sipedon)
Behler & King 1979 Aug
Feaver 1977 mid Aug
(sipedon)
King 1986 Aug 18
(insularum)
Martof et al. 1980
(sipedon)


mid Jun c Missouri fish hatchery


1973


Jun NS NS


May Michigan pond, marshes


Jun 11	 Ohio, Ontario Lake Erie islands


CAN 1980-84


Apr-May Kansas NS
late Aug	 e c Missouri streams


1976-79


earl Sep c Missouri fish hatchery


1973


Oct NS NS
mid Sep Michigan pond, marshes
Sep 27	 Ohio, Ontario Lake Erie islands


CAN 1980-84


late summer	 Virginia, NS


Carolinas


A-439


As citeSeason Spring As cite
Reference Age Sex Cond Seas Mean SD/SE Units Minimum Maximum N Location Habitat Not

Smith 1961 late Aug Sep Illinois NS (sipedon) Smith 1961 Aug Sep Illinois NS (pleuralis) Smith 1956 Aug Oct Kansas NS (sipedon) HIBERNATION
Feaver 1977 Nov late Mar Michigan pond, marsh Hiberna(sipedon) earlies

As cite

King 1986 mid Oct mid Apr Ohio, Ontario Lake Erie islands Hiberna(insularum) CAN 1980-84 latest 

A-440 
***** EASTERN NEWT *****


*** NORMALIZING AND CONTACT RATE FACTORS ***


Reference Age Sex Cond Seas Mean SD/SE Units Minimum Maximum N Location Habitat Not

BODY WEIGHT (AND LENGTH) Burton 1977 EB-- 1.45 g 36 New Hampshire beech/maple/birch Len(viridescens) 1970-72 forest speGill 1979 AF1SU 2.51 0.04 SE g 121 Virginia mountain ponds Pos

AF2SU 2.27 0.04 SE g 99 1975-76 yeaAM1SU 2.82 0.04 SE g 124 YeaAM2SU 2.63 0.03 SE g 170 in 

Gillis & Breuer AB-- 2.24 0.71 SD g (91 mm total) 1.12 3.52 20 New York NS Len1984 EB-- 1.10 0.40 SD g (71 mm total) 0.42 1.82 36 eft Gill 1979 AM1SP 2.21 0.30 SD g 86 Virginia 1977 mountain ponds Age 

AM2SP 2.27 0.39 SD g 62 aduAM3SP 2.50 0.34 SD g 203 and AF1SP 2.43 0.32 SD g 60 aduAF2SP 2.60 0.43 SD g 30 AF3SP 2.70 0.42 SD g 52 

Gill 1979 AF1SP 3.05 0.06 SE g 45 Virginia 1975 mountain ponds Wei

AF2SU 2.49 0.06 SE g 48 27-AM1SP 2.49 0.03 SE g 89 (JuAM2SU 2.76 0.03 SE g 138 Fee

Morin 1986 AB-SP 2.91 g (44 mm SVL) New Jersey ponds Len(viridescens) 1984 venPitkin 1983 AB-SU 2.13 0.44 SD g (44 mm SVL) 27 Massachusetts shallow pond Dat

AB-WI 1.94 0.33 SD g (42 mm SVL) 20 1980 midAB-SP 1.71 0.43 SD g (43 mm SVL) 21 LenAB-FA 1.63 0.28 SD g (42 mm SVL) 21 ven

Stefanski et al. EB-SU 1.23 g 0.63 2.17 27 New York 1986 NS Age 1989 Taylor et al. 1988LB-SU 0.044 0.025 SD g (13 mm SVL) 22 S Carolina pond, wetlands Age 

LB-FA 0.54 0.17 SD g (22 mm SVL) 12 1984 mea

DatSep

A-441 
Reference Age Sex Cond Seas Mean SD/SE Units Minimum Maximum N Location Habitat Not

BODY LENGTH Behler & King 1979A--- 65-104 mm total NS NS TotBehler & King 1979H--- 8 mm total NS NS Tot

lar

Behler & King 1979E--- 35-86 mm total NS NS Tot

Brophy 1980 LB-SP 12.3 mm SVL s Illinois shallow pond Len

LB-FA 19.2 mm SVL 1976 Sep

68ponmea

Harris 1989 HB-- 4.8 0.04 SE mm SVL 25 N Carolina lab Age (dorsalis) LB-- 13.0 0.41 SE mm SVL 124 1988 hat

EB-- 23.0 0.18 SE mm SVL 58 (seAM-- 30.7 0.77 SE mm SVL 24 = eAF-- 31.90 1.52 SE mm SVL 8 to PM-- 33.0 0.44 SE mm SVL 18 PF-- 34.0 0.44 SE mm SVL 31 

Harris et al. 1988AM-- 35 mm SVL 24 44 N Carolina shallow pond Est

(dorsalis) AF-- 35.0 mm SVL 20 42 1983-84 meaHarris et al. 1988EB-- 50.4 0.5 SE mm total 73 N Carolina edge of shallow pond Rec(dorsalis) 1984 wit

len

Harris et al. 1988LB1- 10.0 mm total N Carolina shallow pond Age (dorsalis) LB2- 26.0 mm total 1983-84 day 

LB3- 32.0 mm total (3

LB4- 37.3 4.9 SE mm total 156 perLB5- 47.8 6.1 SE mm total 25 in 

perin denmea

Healy 1973 JB1SP 26.1 0.35 SE mm SVL 20 32 50 Massachusetts coastal pond Aqu(viridescens) JB2SP 26.5 0.17 SE mm SVL 22 31 109 1961-65 met

JB3SU 31.0 0.32 SE mm SVL 26 36 56 not 

JB4SU 30.4 0.45 SE mm SVL 26 33 20 monJB5SU 33.6 0.20 SE mm SVL 27 38 116 196JB6SU 33.20 0.41 SE mm SVL 29 36 25 14 

monmonmea

A-442 
Reference Age Sex Cond Seas Mean SD/SE Units Minimum Maximum N Location Habitat Not

Healy 1973 EB1SP 20.5 mm SVL Massachusetts oak/pine woodland Age (viridescens) EB2SP 25.0 mm SVL 1968-70 ter

EB3SP 31.0 mm SVL (2

EB4SP 33.0 mm SVL yea

EB4FA 37.5 mm SVL Len

(SV

Hurlbert 1970 EB-- mm total 28 47 s c New York ponds, woods Tot

1963-65 met

MacNamara 1977 AB-SU 38.9 mm SVL 33 48 79 New York 1973 surface of leaf Adu

EB-SU 32.7 mm SVL 18 41 92 litter in forest usi

eftLen(SV

Smith 1961 E--- 39-81 mm total Illinois NS TotGROWTH RATE Harris 1987 E-1SU 0.00635 g/day 2 N Carolina outdoor labs Gro(dorsalis) E-2SU 0.00310 g/day 180 eft

A-1SU 0.00685 g/day 11 paeA-2SU 0.00421 g/day 11 denP-1SU 0.00676 g/day 49 denP-2SU 0.00536 g/day 21 55

Healy 1973 EB-- 6.6 mm SVL/yr 36 Massachusetts forest, pond Ann(viridescens) JB-- 12.9 mm SVL/yr 1968-70	 (E

stajuvaft

METABOLIC RATE (OXYGEN)
Stefanski et al. E-R- 1.47 lO2/kg-day 13 New York 1986 lab Eft

E-E- 4.27 lO2/kg-day 12 exe

Mea

A-443 

1989 
*** DIET ***


Reference Age Sex Food type Spring Summer Fall Winter N Location Habitat - Measure Not

Brophy 1980 L B Cypridae (Ostracoda) 61.3 68 s Illinois shallow pond Lar

Physa sp. 22.4 1976 - <0

(Gastropoda) % dry weight; gut mat

Chironomidae 1.7 contents hav

(Diptera) - was 

Aphididae 0.9 12-21 mm SVL det

(Homoptera)


Chaoborus sp. 0.8


(Diptera)


Macrocyclops albidus 0.8


(Copepoda)


Burton 1977 A B Ephemeroptera 7.5 7.5 New Hampshire small oligotrophic Die(viridescens) Odonata 31.9 1.9 1970-71 lake est

Lepidoptera 13.7 0.9 - calDiptera 5.8 0.3 % wet weight; graother insects 9.9 0.6 stomach and gut colCladocerans 5.1 84.1 contents falAmphipoda 5.6 3.1 3, Pelycepoda 6.2 1.5 N. viridiscens larva 11.4 0 other 3.2 0.1 (sample size) (40) (35) 

Burton 1976 E B mites 3.4 35 New Hampshire beech/maple/birch Die

Collembola 9.1 1970-72 forest weiHomoptera 4.0 - meaColeoptera 4.6 % wet weight; speDiptera 10.5 stomach and gut Lepidoptera larva 2.3 contents Araneida 2.3 Gastropoda 59.7 Thysanoptera 0.6 Hemiptera 0.8 unidentified insects 1.4 other 0.4 

Burton 1977 L B Zygoptera (Odonata) 0.8 20 New Hampshire small oligotrophic Die(viridescens) Chironomidae 16.2 1970 lake est(continued) (Diptera) - cal

Cladocera 12.7 % wet weight; graOstracoda 5.3 stomach and gut AugHyallela azteca 55.1 contents 

(Amphipoda)


Sphaerium sp. 9.4


(continued) (Pelycepoda)


A-444 
Reference Age Sex Food type Spring Summer Fall Winter N Location Habitat - Measure Not

Burton 1977 Planorbidae 0.5 (viridescens) (Gastropoda) (continued) Rhizopoda (Protozoa) 0.01 MacNamara 1977 A B Basommatophora 1.60 79 New York 1973 leaf litter surface Adu

Stylommatophora 25.2 in forest usiAcari 1.8 - snoCollembola 5.6 % dry weight; mm Thysamoptera 2.5 stomach contents IteHomoptera 3.5 herColeoptera (adult 2.3 

and larvae) 

Lepidoptera larvae 19.7 Diptera adult 9.0 Diptera larvae 18.80 Hymenoptera adult 4.2 

MacNamara 1977 E B Basommatophora 5.5 92 New York 1973 leaf litter surface Eft 

Stylommatophora 18.3 in forest lenAcari 13.8 - SVL Collembola 10.4 % dry weight; comThysanoptera 3.4 stomach contents Homoptera 4.7 Coleoptera adult 2.3 Coleoptera larvae 3.5 Lepidoptera larvae 7.9 Diptera adult 9.7 Diptera larvae 10.6 Hymenoptera adult 5.8 

Ries & Bellis 1966 A B Sphaeriidae 4 4 c Pennsylvania shallow pond Spr

(Pelecypoda) 1963 - May

Enchytraeidae 1 - % of total number num

(Oligochaeta) of prey items; of 

Crustacea 2 5 stomach contents in Pionidae 2 - bot

(Arachnoidae) 

Ephemeridae 25 1 

(Ephereroptera) 

Odonata 2 3 Hemiptera <1 6 Trichoptera 29 6 Coleoptera 1 21 Culicidae (Diptera) 12 2 Simuliidae (Diptera) 1 <1 Tendipedidae 14 47 

(Diptera) 

Ceratopogonidae 6 4 

(Diptera) 

(sample size) (701) (252) 

A-445 
Reference Age Sex Food type Spring Summer Fall Winter N Location Habitat - Measure Not

Taylor et al. 1988 L B cladocerans 73 42 S Carolina pond, wetland Lar

copepods <1 0 1984 - gradipterans 6 39 % of number of preother crustaceans 20 19 items; gut other <1 <1 contents 

*** POPULATION DYNAMICS *** 

Reference Age Sex Cond Seas Mean SD/SE Units Minimum Maximum N Location Habitat NotHOME RANGE SIZE Bellis 1968 A--SU 6.86 m Pennsylvania small pond Mea(viridescens) 1962 recHealy 1975 EB1- 00.0087 ha 0.00284 0.01528 10 Massachusetts oak/pine forest Ter(viridescens) EB2- 0.0267 ha 0.00954 0.04661 10 1969-71	 est

polAvesno

POPULATION DENSITY
Bellis 1968 AM-SU 16,300 N/ha Pennsylvania small pond Est(viridescens) AF-SU 4,700 N/ha 1962 new

and 

Burton 1977 AB1SU 130-173 N/ha 2 New Hampshire small oligotrophic Den(viridescens) AB2SU 50-2,600 N/ha 2 1971-72 lake	 ent

pordiswitmacthascawhiPopqua197est

Harris et al. 1988LB1- 0-5,000 N/ha 120 N Carolina shallow pond Lar(dorsalis) LB2SP 65,000 15,000 SE N/ha 20 1984 Fig

LB3SU 25,000 5,000 SE N/ha 20 DecLB4FA 10,000 3,000 SE N/ha 20 (3

N = 

A-446 
----

----

Reference Age Sex Cond Seas Mean SD/SE Units Minimum Maximum N Location Habitat NotHarris et al. 1988LB1- 0 N/ha 86 N Carolina shallow pond Lar(dorsalis) LB2SP 65,000 20,000 SE N/ha 20 1983 Fig

LB3SU 230,000 30,000 SE N/ha 20 FebLB4FA 140,000 20,000 SE N/ha 20 (3LB5FA


Harris et al. 1988AB1WI
(dorsalis)	 AB2SP


AB3SU
AB4FA


Harris et al. 1988AB1WI
(dorsalis)	 AB2SP


AB3SP
AB4SU
AB5FA


Healy 1975 EB-SP
(viridescens)
Shure et al. 1989 EB-SU


(viridescens)


Taylor et al. 1988LB-SP


CLUTCH SIZE
Behler & King 1979----
Gill 1978a


DAYS INCUBATION
Behler & King 1979---­
(viridescens)


Gage 1891


10,000 3,000 SE N/ha 20 (5

sam

14,000 4,000 SE N/ha 20 N Carolina shallow pond Est

9,000 3,000 SE N/ha 20 1984 sam2,000 500 SE N/ha 60 Mar7,000 2,000 SE N/ha 20 Aug

Nov

50,000 9,000 SE N/ha 10 N Carolina shallow pond Est22,000 5,000 SE N/ha 16 1983 sam

5,000 2,000 SE N/ha 20 (33,000 1,000 SE N/ha 60 Oct

8,000 3,000 SE N/ha 20 

300 N/ha 478 Massachusetts oak/pine forest Eft 

1969 

34 N/ha 20 50 6 N Carolina mixed deciduous Ave

1987 forest est

of siz

21,000 N/ha 0 350,000 18 S Carolina pond, wetland Lar

1984 5/2

wer

200-400 eggs NS NS 

2.63 N survive 0 37.67 14 Virginia mountain ponds Juv

1974-76 bre

fivreg

21-56 days NS NS
20-35 days New York ponds As 

A-447 
----

--------

Reference Age Sex Cond Seas Mean SD/SE Units Minimum Maximum N Location Habitat NotLogier 1952
(viridescens)
Smith 1961
Smith 1956
(viridescens)
TIME TO METAMORPHOSIS
Gibbons & E---
Semlitsch 1991
Healy 1974 L--­
(viridescens)
Hurlbert 1970 L---
Smith 1961 L--­
(louisianensis)
Smith 1956 L--­
(viridescens)
Smith 1961 E--­
(louisianensis)
Smith 1956 E--­
(viridescens)
AGE AT SEXUAL MATURITY
Healy 1974 EB-­
(viridescens)
Healy 1974 -B1­
(viridescens) -B2-


21-35 days NS NS
14-21 days Illinois NS
20-35 days e Kansas NS


1-3 years S Carolina ponds


6 months Massachusetts inland ponds 

1960-71 

2 months New York shallow ponds 

1963-65 

2-3 months Illinois NS 3-4 months e Kansas NS
2-3 years Illinois NS


2.5-3.5 years e Kansas NS


5-6 years 4 8 Massachusetts inland ponds, 

1968-71 forests 

2 years Massachusetts coastal ponds 2 years 1960-65 

A-448


As Thibas

EststaLaruntLaruntLarmetLarmetinfon Eft to Eft to infon ThrstaAge Swa(2No 
Reference Age Sex Cond Seas Mean SD/SE Units Minimum Maximum N Location Habitat Not

LENGTH AT SEXUAL MATURITY
Harris et al. 1988EB1- 28.4 1.3 SE mm SVL 11 N Carolina pine/oak forest Eft(dorsalis) 1982-84	 int

of in fal

MORTALITY
Gill 1978a AM-- 45.8 %/yr Virginia mountain ponds Est

AF-- 54.1 %/yr 1974-75 ind

the per

Gill 1978a AM-- 53.1 %/yr Virginia mountain ponds Est

AF-- 59.5 %/yr 1975-76 ind

the per

LONGEVITY
Gill 1978a AM-- 1.9 breeding seasons Virginia mountain ponds Ass

AF-- 1.3 breeding seasons 1974-76 siz

Estdemrat

Gill 1978b	 AM-- 2.1 breeding seasons Virginia mountain ponds Est

AF-- 1.7 breeding seasons 1974-76


*** SEASONAL ACTIVITIES ***


Reference Begin Peak End Location Habitat Notes


MATING/LAYING
Behler & King 1979 lat winter earl spring NS NS Gibbons & Feb - March Apr - May S Carolina ponds Semlitsch 1991 Gill 1978a Mar Jun Virginia mountain ponds Observa

1974-76 adults

occurre

A-449 
Reference Begin Peak End Location Habitat Notes


Harris et al. 1988 winter
Harris et al. 1988 Apr
Massey 1990 lat Mar
Morin et al. 1983 Apr
Taylor et al. 1988
HATCHING
Behler & King 1979
Gill 1978a Jun
Harris et al. 1988 lat Apr


Morin et al. 1983 May
(dorsalis)
METAMORPHOSIS TO EFT
Behler & King 1979 lat summer
Brophy 1980
Gibbons & Jun
Semlitsch 1991
Gill 1978a mid Aug
Hurlbert 1970 mid Jul
Taylor et al. 1988 Jul - Aug


spring N Carolina shallow pond Courtsh

1982-84 

Jun N Carolina shallow pond Egg lay

1982-84 

lat Jun Virginia woodland pond 

1984-85 N Carolina tanks Beginni1981


winter	 S Carolina pond, wetlands Egg lay

1984


spring NS NS


Virginia mountain ponds
1974-76


N Carolina shallow pond
1982-84
N Carolina tanks
1981


earl fall NS NS mid Sep s Illinois shallow pond 

1976 

Sep S Carolina ponds lat Nov Virginia mountain ponds 

1974-76 

Aug - Sep earl Nov New York ponds The met

1963-65 efts sh

distinc

Sep S Carolina pond, wetlands 

1984 

A-450 
Reference Begin Peak End Location Habitat Notes 

FALL MIGRATION Gill 1978a Aug - Sep Nov Virginia mountain ponds 

1974-76 

Hurlbert 1969 lat Aug Sep - Oct mid Nov s c New York ponds, woods 

1963-65 

Massey 1990 Aug Virginia mountain ponds 

1984-85 

Taylor et al. 1988 lat fall S Carolina pond, wetlands 

1984 

SPRING MIGRATION Gill 1978a Mar Virginia mountain ponds 

1974-76 

Hurlbert 1969 Mar Apr - earl May lat May s c New York ponds, woods 

1963-65 

Massey 1990 lat Mar lat Apr Virginia mountain ponds 

1984-85 

A-451 

Hibernamass mi(terresOne of migratiterrestMigratihibernaReturn breedinArrival ponds.
One of migratiterrestArrival ponds.


***** GREEN FROG *****


*** NORMALIZING AND CONTACT RATE FACTORS ***


Reference Age Sex Cond Seas Mean SD/SE Units Minimum Maximum N Location Habitat Not

BODY WEIGHT (AND LENGTH)
McAlpine & BB--
Dilworth 1989
Pough & Kamel 1984AB--


Wells 1978 A M BR SU
(melanota)


BODY LENGTH
Behler & King 1979A---
Conant & Collins A---
1991
(melanota)
Conant & Collins A---


1991
(clamitans)


Martof et al. 1980----
Martof 1956b	 AM--


AF--


Ryan 1953	 AF--


AM--


Smith 1961 A--­


(melanota)


Wells 1978 AM-­
(melanota) AF--


49.1 20.0 SD g (73 mm SVL) 25.5 103.5 25	 New Brunswick, marsh


CAN 1984


70 g New York


44 10 SD g 27 66 36	 New York ponds


1973-75


54-102 mm SVL NS NS


57-90 mm SVL 108	 e c North NS


America


54-75 mm SVL 87	 s e c North NS


America


54-86 mm SVL Carolinas, streams, ponds 

Virginia 

79.8 8.5 SD mm SVL 103 344 s Michigan streams, ponds 80.3 8.9 SD mm SVL 105 307 1948-49 

mm SVL 98 New York streams, ponds


mm SVL 90 1949-50
mm SVL 95 n Illinois NS


74.1 0.7 SE mm SVL 59.0 89.5 104 NS NS
75.6 0.9 SE mm SVL 60.0 93.9 74


A-453


Len(SVRep

not unk

Bremalpro

Len(SVLen(SV

Len

(SV

Len(SVMeaarevenLen

(SV

Len

(SVSexcolsno
----

Reference Age Sex Cond Seas Mean SD/SE Units Minimum Maximum N Location Habitat NotGROWTH RATE Martof 1956b -B1- 33.6 1.08 SD mm SVL/yr 30.3 36.9 13 s Michigan streams, ponds Ann

-B2- 28.6 1.10 SD mm SVL/yr 25.5 31.7 25 1948-49 in -B3- 23.5 0.79 SD mm SVL/yr 21.2 25.8 19 40--B4- 17.8 0.92 SD mm SVL/yr 15.1 20.5 16 70--B5- 8.0 0.58 SD mm SVL/yr 6.2 9.8 13 Mos-B6- 4.3 0.49 SD mm SVL/yr 2.8 5.8 12 and -B7- 2.1 0.42 SD mm SVL/yr 0.5 3.7 7 fro

WEIGHT AT METAMORPHOSIS Pough & Kamel 1984---- 3 g New York NS Wei

2 tand 

LENGTH AT METAMORPHOSIS
Martof 1956b -B-- 32.6 mm SVL 28.4 36.3	 s Michigan streams, ponds Len

1948-49 (SV

Ryan 1953 26-38 mm SVL New York streams, ponds Len

1949-50 (SV

Ryan 1953 -B-- mm SVL 26 38 New York streams, ponds Len

1949-50 (SV

*** DIET *** 

Reference Age Sex Food type Spring Summer Fall Winter N Location Habitat - Measure Not

Bush 1959 A B carabidae 20.6 20 Kentucky stream Ite(melanota) brentidae 5.1 1955-56 - lis

coccinellidae 5.1 % wet volume; cerambycidae 3.9 stomach contents platypodidae 2.8 zontidae 30.0 unident. pulmonata 5.1 lepidoptera 5.1 hemiptera 3.9 astacidae 3.4 chilopoda 2.2 sand, rocks, gravel 4.4 unident., leaves 3.9 

A-454 
Reference Age Sex Food type Spring Summer Fall Winter N Location Habitat - Measure Not

Hamilton 1948 A B coleoptera 22.1 434 New York lakes, streams (melanota) diptera 13.5 1928-47 -

orthoptera 12.8 % "by bulk"; caterpillars 11.8 stomach contents hymenoptera 7.4 arachnids 6.7 cast green frog skin 3.9 hemiptera 3.8 frogs 3.3 molluscs 3.1 crustacea 2.1 millipedes 1.5 lepidoptera (adults) 1.4 

Hamilton 1948 A B coleoptera 21.2 85 New York lakes, streams (melanota) caterpillars 17.4 1928-47 -

orthoptera 16.7 % "by bulk"; amphibia 7.8 stomach contents hymenoptera 6.9 diptera 4.3 molluscs 4.1 crustacea 3.4 arachnids 2.7 earthworms 2.1 lepidoptera (adults) 1.8 cast green frog skin 1.4 hemiptera 1.2 millipedes 1.0 

Jenssen & Klimstra B B mineral - - - 2.6 s Illinois swamp, stream 

plant 5.7 8.3 4.2 0.5 1963-64 -

animal 94.3 91.7 95.8 96.8 % wet volume; 

pulmonata (15.7) (18.3) (6.4) (11.0) stomach contents oligochaeta (2.1) (0.8) (2.3) (6.4) amphipoda (1.2) (0.1) - (4.6) isopoda (5.6) (1.4) - (4.6) decapoda - - (4.1) -julioforma (7.5) (0.3) (1.7) -araneida (2.8) (3.4) (6.6) (7.4) odonata (1.6) (12.4) (5.9) -orthoptera (0.9) (3.0) (1.5) -hemiptera (1.0) (7.0) (6.1) (2.2) coleoptera (9.6) (19.6) (15.9) (9.1) lepidoptera (25.4) (7.0) (25.1) -diptera (6.0) (5.2) (4.5) (10.3) hymenoptera (9.9) (6.0) (13.5) -salientia - - (3.9) -

*sample size* *127* *126* *119* *103* 

A-455 

27 May sum1% Larcolcolcomher

Sizcomsea

1966 
----

--------

Reference Age Sex Food type Spring Summer Fall Winter N Location Habitat - Measure NotStewart & Sandison A B plant material 10.8 24 New York 1968 lake Tot1973 araneae 12.1 - col

coleoptera 32.8 % total volume; hemiptera 12.9 stomach contents hymenoptera 14.4 diptera 6.8 ephemeroptera 5.6 mollusca 5.4 lepidoptera 2.5 

*** POPULATION DYNAMICS *** 

Reference Age Sex Cond Seas Mean SD/SE Units Minimum Maximum N Location Habitat Not

HOME RANGE SIZE Martof 1953b A B NB - 0.0065 0.0036 SD ha 0.0020 0.020 29 s Michigan stream banks, stream Dai(melanota) J B NB - 0.0053 0.0024 SD ha 0.0020 0.011 14 1948-49	 non

subthrfor 

Wells 1977 A M BR SU 4.0-6.0 m shore New York open nearshore areas Def(melanota) 1973-75 are

pon

Wells 1977 A M BR SU 1.0-1.5 m shore New York densely vegetated Def(melanota) 1973-75 nearshore areas sta

sho

POPULATION DENSITY Wells 1978 AM-- 476 N/ha 21 New York artificial pond Fro(melanota) AF-- 567 N/ha 25 1973-77 pla

are 

CLUTCH SIZE
Martof 1956a 4,100 eggs 3,800 4,300 3 s Michigan pond
(melanota) 1948-49
Pope 1947 eggs 3,500 5,000 Illinois shallow water As (melanota)
Wells 1976 eggs 1,000 7,000 New York shallow ponds Est(melanota) 1973-74 pho

A-456 
----

----------------

Reference Age Sex Cond Seas Mean SD/SE Units Minimum Maximum N Location Habitat NotWright 1914
(melanota)
CLUTCHES/YEAR
Wells 1976 --1­
(melanota) --2-


DAYS INCUBATION
Babbitt 1937
(melanota)
Martof 1956a
(melanota)
Ryan 1953
TIME TO METAMORPHOSIS
DeGraaf & Rudis
(melanota)
Martof et al. 1980--1-


--2-


eggs 3,500 4,000 New York shallow water As 

2 N/year 10 New York shallow ponds (11 N/year 12 1973-74	 lay

21the Femaftcludif

3-6 days Connecticut shallow water As 3-5 days s Michigan shallow ponds 

1948-49 

3-5 days New York ponds, pools Dur

1949-50 tem

years 1 2 New England shallow water


3 months Virginia, shallow ponds (1

10-12 months Carolinas few 

A-457 

1983 
Reference Age Sex Cond Seas Mean SD/SE Units Minimum Maximum N Location Habitat Not

Martof 1956a,b --1- 2.5-3 months s Michigan shallow ponds (melanota) --2- 11-12 months 1948-49 Wright 1914 --1SP 3 months New York shallow ponds 

--2SU 10-12 months 

AGE AT SEXUAL MATURITY Martof 1956a,b AM-- 1-2 years s Michigan shallow ponds (melanota) AF-- 1-2 years 1948-49 

Ryan 1953 -B-- 1-2 years New York ponds, streams 

1949-50 

Wells 1977 -B-- 1 year New York pond (melanota) 1973-77 

LENGTH AT SEXUAL MATURITY Martof 1956b AM-- 60-65 mm SVL s Michigan streams, ponds 

AF-- 65-75 mm SVL 1948-49 

Ryan 1953 -F-- 65 mm SVL New York streams, ponds 

-F-- 60 mm SVL 1949-50 

LONGEVITY Martof 1956b A--- years 5 s Michigan streams, ponds 

1948-49 

*** SEASONAL ACTIVITIES *** 

Reference Begin Peak End 

(1egg

(1laiand YeaIndthe genunt

YeaTrainfadu

Sexone altthe Len(SVLen

(SV

Apppop

Location Habitat Notes


MATING/LAYING
Martof 1956a May
(melanota)


earl Jul mid Aug	 s Michigan streams, ponds


1948-49


A-458 
Reference Begin Peak End Location Habitat Notes 

Mele 1980 lat May June mid Aug New Jersey swamp 

1974-76 

Pough & Kamel 1984 lat spr summer New York shallow ponds Ryan 1953 May earl Jun mid Aug New York streams, ponds 

1949-50 

Smith 1961 May Sep Illinois NS (melanota) Wells 1976 earl Jun mid Aug New York shallow ponds 

1973-74 

METAMORPHOSIS TO ADULT Martof 1956a earl Aug lat Aug earl Oct s Michigan streams, ponds (melanota) 1948-49 Martof 1956b earl Aug lat Sep s Michigan streams, ponds (melanota) 1948-49 Martof 1956b earl Jun mid Jul s Michigan streams, ponds (melanota) 1948-49 Pough & Kamel 1984 Aug, Sep New York shallow ponds Pough & Kamel 1984 next spring New York shallow ponds Ryan 1953 May Jun-Jul lat Sep New York streams, ponds 

1949-50 

HIBERNATION Martof 1956a Oct-Nov Mar-Apr s Michigan streams, ponds (melanota) 1948-49 Ryan 1953 Oct lat Mar New York streams, ponds 

1949-50 

Smith 1961 Apr NS NS (melanota) 

A-459 

Eggs lametamorEggs lametamorFor eggFor egg
A-460 
***** BULLFROG *****


*** NORMALIZING AND CONTACT RATE FACTORS ***


Reference Age Sex Cond Seas Mean SD/SE Units Minimum Maximum N Location Habitat Not

BODY WEIGHT (AND LENGTH) Cohen & Howard -B-- 20 g (54 mm) (SVL) California artificial ponds Val

1958 -B-- 60 g (82 mm) 1950-51 rel

-B-- 100 g (101 mm) len-B-- 140 g (112 mm) bul-B-- 180 g (117 mm) 

Durham & Bennett -B0- 9 g (84 mm) (total 48 e c Illinois impoundment Tot

1963 -B1- 91 g (240 mm) length) 19 1941-53 met

-B2- 210 g (307 mm) 5 (6

-B3- 240 g (320 mm) 5 aft

-B4- 260 g (335 mm) 3 mea-B5- 290 g (348 mm) 6 fro-B6- 360 g (356 mm) 5 not

(SVleninc

Durham & Bennett A--- g (366 mm) (total 545 e c Illinois impoundment Hea1963 length) 1941-53 meaFarrar & Dupre JB1SU 35.0 5.0 SE g (76 mm) (SVL) 13 Iowa lake Juv1983 JB2FA 46.2 4.1 SE g (83 mm) 12 fol

JB3FA 53.3 1.5 SE g (87 mm) 8 (2JB4FA 68.5 5.2 SE g (98 mm) 9 (5JB5FA 53.4 5.8 SE g (90 mm) 11 sno

Fulk & Whitaker BB-SU 158.8 g (104 mm) (SVL) 111 Indiana strip-pit ponds with Col1968 1966-68 cattails and algae Len

(SV

Fulk & Whitaker BB-SU 153.2 g (107 mm) 78 Indiana farm ponds in field Col1968 1966-68 Len

(SV

Fulk & Whitaker BB-SU 373.7 g (175 mm) (SVL) 178 Indiana river Col1968 1966-68	 fro

larsinmorsugprecom

A-461 
Reference Age Sex Cond Seas Mean SD/SE Units Minimum Maximum N Location Habitat Not

McAlpine & B--- 142.8 77.4 SD g (98 mm SVL) 9.5 274.0 39 New Brunswick, marsh LenDilworth 1989 CAN 1984 to 

len

McKamie & Heidt AB-SP 249 g (122 mm) (SVL) 62 c Arkansas farm ponds Len

1974 1972 Modzelewski & JB1- 17.5 g 13.1 41.6 Louisiana lab Culley 1974 JB2- 29.8 g 18.5 51.6 1971-72 

JB3- 42.4 g 27.6 77.2 JB4- 55.8 g 40.5 100.8 

Viparina & Just TB1SU 35.7 5.2 SD g 67 Kentucky ponds 1975 TB2SU


BODY LENGTH
Behler & King 1979A---


Behler & King 1979T---


Bruneau & Magnin -B1-


1980	 -B2-


-B3-
-B4-
-B5-
-B6-


2.0 1.1 SD g 73 1971-73 

mm SVL 90 203 NS NS 

mm total 102 171 NS aquatic 

59 mm SVL Quebec, CAN NS 

81 mm SVL 

108 mm SVL 125 mm SVL 137 mm SVL 143 mm SVL 

Conant & Collins A--- 90-150 mm SVL 203 e c North NS 

America 

(SVAge mon(4of mosear

(1ovetad

Len(SVlenSum

Tot

of Num

of & WLen(SV

Durham & Bennett -B0- 84 mm total 76 89 48 ec Illinois impoundment Tot

-B1- 240 mm total 200 270 19 1941-52 tip-B2- 307 mm total 290 325 5 met-B3- 320 mm total 318 323 5 end -B4- 335 mm total 335 338 3 Aut-B5- 348 mm total 340 363 6 len-B6- 356 mm total 345 366 5 of 

inc

A-462 

1991 

1963 
Reference Age Sex Cond Seas Mean SD/SE Units Minimum Maximum N Location Habitat Not

George 1940	 -B0-


-B1SP


-B1FA
-B2-


George 1940	 AM--


AF--


Howard 1981a	 AM1SU


AF1SU
AM2SU
AF2SU


Martof et al. 1980A---
Martof et al. 1980T---


Raney & Ingram -B0-


1941	 -B1-


-B2-
-B3-
-B4-
-F--


BODY FAT
Farrar & Dupre JB1SU


1983	 JB2FA


JB3FA
JB4FA
JB5FA


GROWTH RATE
George 1940	 AB1-


AB2-


40	 mm SVL Louisiana NS (0

mm SVL 44 82 (2mm SVL 101 120 age

mm SVL 101 133 tra

the earsnoTur

mm SVL 171 Louisiana NS As 

mm SVL 184 

131.72 8.92 SD mm SVL 151 58 Michigan pond Yea142.63 11.91 SD mm SVL 172 55 1975,78 114.73 12.15 SD mm SVL 140 30 124.22 12.79 SD mm SVL 154 23 

mm SVL 85 200 Carolinas, aquatic 

Virginia 

mm total 125 150 Carolinas, NS Tot

Virginia 

45 mm SVL New York NS (0

mm SVL 67 90 - 

mm SVL 82 110 fromm SVL 113 126 tramm SVL 125 139 "gr

155 fal

ven

7.6 3.1 SE mg/g 13 Iowa lake Juv

3.0 0.6 SE mg/g 12 sum1.1 0.3 SE mg/g 8 tra1.2 0.3 SE mg/g 9 Sep2.4 0.8 SE mg/g 11 Oct 

per 

4 yrs to 120 NS NS Yea

1.5-2 yrs to 120 (SV

USBur

A-463 
Reference Age Sex Cond Seas Mean SD/SE Units Minimum Maximum N Location Habitat Not

Raney & Ingram AB-- 9-18 mm/yr NS NS Adu1941; Treanor & in Nichola 1972 METABOLIC RATE (OXYGEN) Burggren et al. T-1- 1.5 0.2 SE lO2/kg-day NS lab Res

1983 T-2- 2.6 0.2 SE lO2/kg-day at 

T-3- 5.4 0.7 SE lO2/kg-day C. 

Glass et al. 1981 A1R- 0.76 0.07 SE lO2/kg-d 7 NS lab Res

A2R- 1.59 0.22 SE lO2/kg-d 7 20 

260 

Hutchinson et al. A-1- 1.0 lO2/kg-day 0.31 2.3 9 NS NS Res

1968 A-2- 1.38 lO2/kg-day 1.05 1.56 4 at 

74

Weathers 1976 AB1- 0.473 0.034 SE lO2/kg-day 7 Louisiana lab All 

AB2- 0.794 0.038 SE lO2/kg-day 7 605AB3- 1.28 0.050 SE lO2/kg-day 8 at 

12 

Weathers 1976 AB1- 0.372 0.029 SE lO2/kg-day 8 Louisiana lab All 

AB2- 0.624 0.043 SE lO2/kg-day 8 615

AB3- 0.912 0.062 SE lO2/kg-day 8 at 

12fas

FOOD INGESTION RATE
Farrar & Dupre JB-SU .027 0.008 SE ml/g 13 Iowa pond Vol1983 JB-FA 0.00628 0.00183 SE ml/g 40	 gas

tra

Frost 1935 A--SU 0.04 0.03 SD g/g-day 0.005 0.10 48 NS captive	 Rou

of and capon foowas of wei

A-464 
Reference Age Sex Cond Seas Mean SD/SE Units Minimum Maximum N Location Habitat Not

Modzelewski & JB1- 0.098 g/g-day 24 Louisiana lab FroCulley 1974 JB2- 0.048 g/g-day 24 1971-72 Wei

JB3- 0.033 g/g-day 24 17

maimos

Modzelewski & JB1- 0.071 g/g-day Louisiana lab FroCulley 1974	 JB2- 0.059 g/g-day tra

JB3- 0.040 g/g-day (1

JB4- 0.033 g/g-day 51

40at mosear

*** DIET ***


Reference Age Sex Food type Spring Summer Fall Winter N Location Habitat - Measure Not

Brooks 1964 A B Insecta 6 34 e Virginia pond in open pasture Col

(Coleoptera) (4) 1958 - com

Decapoda 3 % weight; gut WetAnurans 50 contents AnuSerpentia 12 and pebbles & sand 17 vegetative material 7 digested invertebrat 2 digested vertebrates 2 

Brooks 1964 A B Insecta 49 19 e Virginia pond in dense Col

(Coleoptera) (8) 1958 hardwoods com(Orthoptera) (8) - Wet(Hymenoptera) (2) % weight; gut (Odonota) (6) contents (Lepidoptera) (24) 

Aranae 3 Decapoda 19 vegetative material 22 digested invertebrat 6 pebbles, sand 1 

A-465 
Reference Age Sex Food type Spring Summer Fall Winter N Location Habitat - Measure Not

Bush 1959 A B Decapoda-Astacidae 47.7 18 Kentucky NS Ite

Lepidoptera 19.0 1955-56 -Coleoptera 16.0 % wet volume; 

(Lampryidae) (5.8) stomach contents (Chrysomelidae) (5.8) (Carabidae) (4.1) 

Pulmonata-Zonitidae 8.3 Chilopoda 7.7 sand,rock,gravel 1.2 

Carpenter & A B Odonata 17.8 28 nc Texas ponds, impoundments All Morrison 1973 Hemiptera 10.7 - len

Orthoptera 10.7 frequency of witHymenoptera 42.8 occurrence; incColeoptera 50 stomach contents Lepidoptera 17.8 Arachnida 10.7 Diptera 10.7 Diplopoda 3.5 Amphibia 3.5 

Carpenter & A B Odonata 8.6 46 nc Texas ponds, impoundments All Morrison 1973 Hemiptera 13.0 - len

Orthoptera 23.9 frequency of thrHymenoptera 39.1 occurrence; Coleoptera 63.0 stomach contents Lepidoptera 28.2 Diptera 4.3 Crustacea 28.2 Diplopoda 10.8 Gastropoda 4.3 Amphibia 6.5 Osteicthyes 6.5 

Carpenter & A B Odonata 20 50 nc Texas ponds, impoundments All Morrison 1973 Hemiptera 12 - len

Orthoptera 26 frequency of 3 aHymenoptera 40 occurrence; Coleoptera 40 stomach contents Lepidoptera 24 Crustacea 8 Arachnida 14 Reptilia 6 Amphibia 16 Aves 4 Osteichthyes 4 

A-466 
Reference Age Sex Food type Spring Summer Fall Winter N Location Habitat - Measure Not

Cohen & Howard - - Coloeptera 43.6 300 California artificial ponds Sea1958 Notonectidae 10.3 1950-51 - com

Diptera 6.6 % frequency of Hymenoptera 6.3 occurrence; stomach Ephemeroptera 4.3 contents Protura 3.3 decomposed tissue 18.0 spiders, Lycosidae 16.0 unidentified insect 21.3 rocks, grass, leaves 22.0 

bark 

chitinous material 10.0 snails, Planorbid 9.0 frogs 5.6 snails, Physid 4.7 small fish 4.3 

Corse & Metter A B frogs 35 33 39 Missouri bait minnow pond Sam1980 tadpoles 8 11 0 1972-73 - con

shiners 305 157 25 Number of items; totother fish 7 2 5 stomach contents 197Gastropoda 55 70 26 Falcrayfish 22 162 18 timother crustacea 71 42 47 TheArachnida 3 23 3 toaColoeptera-adult 31 33 15 HymDiptera larvae 2 7 0 Hemiptera 41 43 16 

(sample size) (164) (175) (84) 

Farrar & Dupre J B Diplopoda 4 1.5 Iowa lake Juv1983 Gastropoda 11.8 3.0 - tha

Arachnida 1.3 1.1 % number of items; and Crustacea 1.3 - gastrointestinal OctOdonata 22.4 21.6 tract Orthoptera 6.6 5.8 Hemiptera 15.8 33.8 Diptera 1.3 -Coleoptera 14.5 17.3 Hymenoptera 10.5 12.6 Lepidoptera 10.5 2.3 other 1 

(sample size) (13) (40) 

Fulk & Whitaker - B Ranid tadpoles 20.0 78 Indiana farm ponds in Col1968 crayfish 14.8 1966-68 pastures com

Libellulidae 10.4 - FroLepidoptera 4.7 % volume; stomach 153young Rana sp. 3.9 contents 

(continued) Aeschvidae 3.9 

A-467 
Reference Age Sex Food type Spring Summer Fall Winter N Location Habitat - Measure Not

Fulk & Whitaker Scarabaeidae 3.5 1968 (continued) Formicidae 3.3 

Hyla versicolor 2.6 Odonata naiads 2.6 

Fulk & Whitaker - B crayfish 21.3 111 Indiana strip pit-ponds Col1968 Lepidoptera 10.5 1966-68 - com

spiders 7.7 % volume; stomach Frovegetation 7.0 contents 158Dystiscidae 5.8 Libellulidae 5.4 Rana sp. 3.9 Lepid larvae 3.6 Aeschnidae 2.7 

Fulk & Whitaker - B Scarabaeids 14.2 178 Indiana river Col1968 crayfish 12.3 1966-68 - <3% 

Lucanids 9.6 % volume; stomach 373terrestrial snails 8.2 contents earthworms 7.1 carabids 6.8 aquatic snails 6.5 spiders 5.3 minnows 4.8 Diplopoda 3.6 

Hammer & Linder A B frog 76.1 40 South Dakota pond "La1971 crayfish 11.2 1967 -

debris 3.2 % dry weight; giant water bug 2.8 stomach contents vegetation 2.6 water scorpion 1.4 odonata 0.9 snail 0.5 other 1.3 

Korschgen & A B crayfish 31.6 278 Missouri shallow impoundment FroBaskett 1963 meadow vole 11.7 1958-59,61 - Ite

dragonflies 8.1 % dry volume; Botfrogs 6.2 stomach contents are watersnakes (Natrix) 3.9 ground beetles 3.3 water scavenger beet 2.7 bluegill 2.5 spiders 2.5 diving beetles 2.4 scarab beetles 2.1 darkling beetles 2.0 vegetation, leaves, 3.1 

A-468 
Reference Age Sex Food type Spring Summer Fall Winter N Location Habitat - Measure Not

Korschgen & A B crayfish 39.2 130 Missouri streams All Baskett 1963 cicadas 15.8 1958-59 - com

ground beetles 7.8 % dry volume; incscarab beetles 5.0 stomach contents white-faced mouse 4.5 caterpillars, moths 3.3 tadpoles 3.2 dragonfly nymphs & a 3.0 frogs 2.7 hellgrammites 2.2 five-lined skink 2.1 spiders 2.1 

Korschgen & Moyle A B insects 32.6 455 c Missouri farm ponds Col1955 crustaceans 26.4 1950-51 - cit

amphibians, reptiles 24.5 % dry volume; misc. invertebrates 3.3 stomach contents mammals 3.0 fishes 2.8 other 7.4 

McKamie & Heidt A B Decapoda (crayfish) 43.2 62 c Arkansas pond Mea1974 Hydrophilidae 3.1 1972 - g. 

Lepidoptera larvae 2.3 % dry weight; not other inverts 8.5 stomach contents Pimphales sp. 5.1 Notemigonus sp. 8.6 Rana sp. (adults) 19.4 Natrix sp. 2.9 Chelydra serpentina 2.4 plants 1.9 

McKamie & Heidt A B Decapoda (crayfish) 36.7 29 c Arkansas strip pits Mea1974 Coleoptera adult 6.2 1972 - 252 

Lepidoptera adult 4.9 % dry weight; 117Lepidoptera larvae 6.5 stomach contents theother inverts 14.3 IteNotropis sp. 6.4 lisLepomis sp. 4.8 Rana & Hyla sp. 2.8 Pseudemys scripta 27.9 plants 7.2 

A-469 
Reference Age Sex Food type Spring Summer Fall Winter N Location Habitat - Measure Not

McKamie & Heidt A B Gastropoda 3.3 48 c Arkansas river, stream Mea1974 Decapoda 42.6 1972 - g. 

Corixidae 4.2 % dry weight; not other insects 16.5 stomach contents; oriUrodela 2.4 birds 1.6 Blarina brevicauda 7.7 acorns 4.7 unidentified plant 9.4 

Stewart & Sandison A B plant 19.7 21 New York 1968 mountain lake Col1973 animal 65.2 -

(Odonata) (8.8) % volume; (Coleoptera) (15.8) stomach contents (Hemiptera) (0.5) (Hymenoptera) (2.2) (Amphibia) (26.4) 

unaccounted 15.1 

Tyler & A B Osteichthyes 10 307 sw Oklahoma pond CauHoestenbach 1979 Crustacea 6 1973-76 - May 

Odonata 2 % weight; NovOrthoptera 23 digestive tract Hemiptera 19 contents Diptera 2 Coleoptera 34 Hymenoptera 2 other 2 

Tyler & A B Mollusca 2 307 sw Oklahoma stream CauHoestenbach 1979 Crustacea 73 1975-76 - and 

Odonata 1 % weight; Orthoptera 3 digestive tract Hemiptera 0.5 contents Coleoptera 16 Hymenoptera .5 

*** POPULATION DYNAMICS *** 

Reference Age Sex Cond Seas Mean SD/SE Units Minimum Maximum N Location Habitat NotHOME RANGE SIZE Currie & Bellis A M NB - 2.9 m radius 0.76 11.3 65 Ontario, CAN pond Mea1969 A F NB - 2.4 m radius 0.61 10.2 66 1960-61 cap

and 

A-470 
Reference Age Sex Cond Seas Mean SD/SE Units Minimum Maximum N Location Habitat Not

Currie & Bellis AB1-

1969 AB2-Emlen 1968 A M BR SU 

POPULATION DENSITY Cecil & Just 1979 TB1FA 

TB2WI TB3SP 

Cecil & Just 1979 TB1FA 

TB2SP TB3SP 

Clarkson & DeVos AB-SU 

1986 Currie & Bellis BB1-1969 BB2-

Emlen 1968 BB-SU 

2.5 m radius 0.61 10.2 88 Ontario, CAN pond Mea

3.5 m radius 1.1 11.3 43 1960-61	 cap

and pop(2

2.7 m radius 94 Michigan pond Mea

1965-66 bre

avepon

70,000 N/ha Kentucky Fred Pond Pop29,000 N/ha 1975-76 in 16,000 N/ha	 pon

Sepof hatMay

130,000 N/ha Kentucky Coldstream Pond Pop

69,000 N/ha 1974-75 in 

42,000 N/ha pon

Sepof Mar

9.1 N/km 3 AZ, CA 1981 river banks	 Num

the DoebacN = con

1,376 N/ha 115 Ontario, CAN pond Den

892 N/ha 50 1960-61 (1

sizin 

100 N/ha Michigan pond App

1965-66 ha 

A-471 
----

------------------------

------------

Reference Age Sex Cond Seas Mean SD/SE Units Minimum Maximum N Location Habitat NotCLUTCH SIZE
Howard 1978a	 --1-


--1-
--1-
--2-
--2-


Martof et al. 1980----
McAuliffe 1978	 --1-


--2-


Ryan 1980


Smith 1956
Wright 1914
CLUTCHES/YEAR
Emlen 1977
Howard 1978a


DAYS INCUBATION
Clarkson & DeVos


Howard 1978b
Martof et al. 1980----
Oliver 1955
Smith 1956


(female size) 

10,200 (120 mm SVL) Michigan pond 13,900 (130 mm SVL) 1975-76 18,500 (140 mm SVL) 

7,800 (130 mm SVL) 

10,200 (140 mm SVL) 12,000 eggs Carolinas, NS 

Virginia 

16,640 eggs 1 Nebraska NS 47,840 eggs 1 

7,360 741.7 SE eggs 36 New Jersey pond 

1976-77 

eggs 10,000 20,000 Kansas NS eggs 12,000 20,000 New York NS 

1 93% of fem. 68 Michigan 1966 pond


2 7% of fem. 5


1-2 /yr	 Michigan pond


1975-76


2-4 days AZ, CA 1981 river


2-4 days Michigan pond 

1975-76 

5 days Carolinas, NS 

Virginia 

5-20 days NS NS 

4-5 days Kansas NS 

A-472


Lento femequsecFem(2and MeafemAs 

Incon capeggthr

Femmetpro

BasAs 

1986 
----

----------------

Reference Age Sex Cond Seas Mean SD/SE Units Minimum Maximum N Location Habitat NotWright 1914
TIME TO METAMORPHOSIS
Bleakney 1952 -B--
Cecil & Just 1979 -B--


Cohen & Howard -B--
1958
Collins 1979 -B--
Corse & Metter
1980


Corse & Metter
1980


Durham & Bennett -B--
1963
George 1940 -B--
Gibbons &
Semlitsch 1991
Martof et al. 1980-B--
Ryan 1953 -B--
Smith 1956


4 days New York NS As 3 years Nova Scotia, NS As 

CAN 

1 year Kentucky shallow ponds Ove

1974-76 met

Sep

months 6-7 California reservoirs In 

1950-51 dri

1-2 years	 Michigan pond


1972-74


years 1 2 Missouri stock pond Abo

1972-73	 egg 

traSVLtakfir

months 3.5 12 Missouri hatchery pond Abo

1972-73	 egg 

ponfor Septratra44 

23-25 months Illinois NS As 

4-6 months Louisiana NS As 

months 4-5 12-13 S Carolina ponds 

1 year Carolinas, NS 

Virginia 

2-3 years New York NS 

1949-51 

1 year Kansas NS 

A-473 
----

Reference Age Sex Cond Seas Mean SD/SE Units Minimum Maximum N Location Habitat NotViparina & Just -B-- 12-14 months 3-4 Kentucky ponds A s1975
Willis et al. 1956-B--
Wright 1914 -B--
AGE AT SEXUAL MATURITY
DeGraaf & Rudis
1983
Dowe 1979	 -B1-


-B2-


George 1940 -B--


Howard 1978a	 -M-­


-F--


Raney & Ingram -B--
1941
Ryan 1953 -B--
MORTALITY


1971-73 aft

1 year	 Missouri ponds


1952-53


2-3 years New York NS As 

years 4 5 New England aquatic Fro

1 year Arizona NS


2 years


2 years Louisiana NS 

1 years Michigan pond 

1-2 years 1975-76 2-3 years New York NS 1-2 years	 New York NS


1949-51


Yeaadufolwhimetin 

Yeain 

YeaautYeain Yea

Cecil & Just 1979 TB-- 85.5 % tadpoles 82.4 88.2 3 Kentucky shallow ponds % M

Howard 1981a	 AM--


AF--


Howard 1981a	 AM--


AF--


1974-76


79 %/winter 52 Michigan pond 80 %/winter 54 1975-76 

88 %/winter 25 Michigan pond 92 %/winter 26 1977-78 

A-474


metin ranpon

Perbreret

Perbreret
Reference Age Sex Cond Seas Mean SD/SE Units Minimum Maximum N Location Habitat Not

Howard 1984 AM1- 58 %/yr Michigan pond Mor

AM2- 58 %/yr 1975-76 lisAM3- 48 %/yr nex

AM4- 77 %/yr 

LONGEVITY Howard 1978b AB-- years 5-8 Michigan ponds Rou

*** SEASONAL ACTIVITIES *** 

Reference Begin Peak End Location Habitat Notes 

MATING/LAYING
Behler & King 1979 Feb Oct southern range NS 

NA 

Clarkson & DeVos Apr May late Jun CA,AZ 1981 river 1986 Culley (pers. Mar Sep Louisiana NS comm.) DeGraaf & Rudis late May Jul Jul northern range aquatic 1983; Behler & King 1979 Durham & Bennett May Jun e c Illinois impoundment 1963 1941-53 Ryan 1980 Apr 21 Jun 18 New Jersey pond Ryan 1953 late Jun earl Jul New York NS 

1949-51 

Smith 1961 late Apr Aug Illinois NS Smith 1956 May Kansas NS Storer 1922 Apr late Jul California NS Viparina & Just Jun-July Kentucky pond 1975 1971-73 Willis et al. 1956 May late Jun Aug Missouri farm ponds 

1950-54 

A-475


As citeAs cite
Reference Begin Peak End Location Habitat Notes 

Wright & Wright late Jun late Jul New York NS 1949 METAMORPHOSIS TO ADULT Cecil & Just 1979 July Sept Kentucky shallow ponds 

1974-76 

Clarkson & DeVos Aug Oct CA, AZ 1981 river 1986 Clarkson & Devos Mar Apr CA, AZ 1981 river 1986 Collins 1979 late Jun late Sep Michigan pond 

1972-74 

Ryan 1953 July Sept-Oct New York NS 

1949-51 

Viparina & Just Jun-Aug Kentucky pond 1975 1971-73 Willis et al. 1956 Jun late Jun-Aug earl Oct Missouri farm ponds 

1950-54 

HIBERNATION Durham & Bennett late Oct late Mar e c Illinois impoundment 1963 1941-53 Ryan 1953 Oct-Nov Apr-May New York NS 

1949-51 

Smith 1956 mid Feb Kansas NS Willis et al. 1956 mid Oct Mar Missouri farm ponds 

1950-54 

Wright 1914 mid Oct May New York NS 

A-476 

As citeAfter stadpoleYoung ofrom semetamorhatch.
Young overwinSmaller earlier than laEarlieshibernaAs cite