# Patent

## Title
Rubber composition, and pneumatic tire

## Abstract

Provided are: a rubber composition a achieving balanced improvement in processability, fuel economy, rubber strength, abrasion resistance, wet-grip performance, and handling stability, and a pneumatic tire including the composition. Included is a rubber composition including a conjugated diene polymer and a silica having N2SA of 40-400 m2/g, the diene polymer being obtained by polymerizing a monomer component including a conjugated diene compound and a silicon-containing vinyl compound in the presence of a polymerization initiator of formula (I):




to produce, a copolymer, and reacting a compound containing nitrogen and/or silicon atoms with an active terminal of the copolymer, wherein the amount of the diene polymer is 1-90% by mass and the amount of a polyisoprene-based rubber is 0-70% by mass, each per 100% by mass of the rubber component, and the amount of the silica is 10-150 parts by mass per 100 parts by mass of the rubber component.

## Background
TECHNICAL FIELD
The present invention relates to a rubber composition and a pneumatic tire formed from the rubber composition.
BACKGROUND ART
With the increase in concern about environmental issues, the demands on automobiles for better fuel economy have been increasing in recent years. Better fuel economy is also being required of rubber compositions used for automotive tires. For example, rubber compositions containing a conjugated diene polymer (e.g., polybutadiene, butadiene-styrene copolymer) and a filler (e.g., carbon black, silica) are used for automotive tires.
Patent Literature 1 proposes an example of a method for improving the fuel economy; this method uses a diene rubber (modified rubber) that is modified by an organosilicon compound containing an amino group and an alkoxy group. Although the use of a modified rubber increases reaction efficiency between silica and rubber (polymer) to improve the fuel economy, it tends to increase the Mooney viscosity so that the processability tends to deteriorate. Thus, good fuel economy and good processability cannot be achieved simultaneously. Furthermore, the use of a modified rubber may lead to excessively tight bond between silica and rubber so that the rubber strength and the abrasion resistance may decrease.
Additionally, as rubber compositions for automobile tires need to be excellent in wet-grip performance and handling stability in view of safety, a technique is desired which achieves a balanced improvement in these properties as well as fuel economy, processability, rubber strength and abrasion resistance at high levels.
CITATION LIST
Patent Literature
Patent Literature 1: JP 2000-344955 A
SUMMARY OF INVENTION
Technical Problem
An object of the present invention is to solve the problems identified above by providing a rubber composition capable of achieving a balanced improvement in processability, fuel economy, rubber strength, abrasion resistance, wet-grip performance, and handling stability, and by providing a pneumatic tire formed from the rubber composition.
Solution to Problem
The present invention relates to a rubber composition, including
a conjugated diene polymer and
a silica having a nitrogen adsorption specific surface area of 40 to 400 m2/g,
the conjugated diene polymer being obtained by polymerizing a monomer component including a conjugated diene compound and a silicon-containing vinyl compound in the presence of a polymerization initiator represented by the following formula (I):




wherein i represents 0 or 1; R11 represents a C1-100 hydrocarbylene group; R12 and R13 each represent an optionally substituted hydrocarbyl group or a trihydrocarbylsilyl group, or R12 and R13 are bonded to each other to form a hydrocarbylene group optionally containing at least one, as a hetero atom, selected from the group consisting of a silicon atom, a nitrogen atom, and an oxygen atom; and M represents an alkali metal atom, to produce a copolymer, and

then reacting a compound containing at least one of a nitrogen atom and a silicon atom with an active terminal of the copolymer,
wherein an amount of the conjugated diene polymer is 1 to 90% by mass and an amount of a polyisoprene-based rubber is 0 to 70% by mass, each based on 100% by mass of a rubber component of the rubber composition, and
an amount of the silica is 10 to 150 parts by mass for each 100 parts by mass of the rubber component.
R11 in the formula (I) is preferably a group represented by the following formula (Ia):




wherein R14 represents a hydrocarbylene group including at least one of a structural unit derived from a conjugated diene compound and a structural unit derived from an aromatic vinyl compound; and n represents an integer of 1 to 10.

R14 in the formula (Ia) is preferably a hydrocarbylene group including from one to ten isoprene-derived structural unit(s).
The silicon-containing vinyl compound is preferably a compound represented by the following formula (II):




wherein m represents 0 or 1; R21 represents a hydrocarbylene group; X1, X2, and X3 each represent a substituted amino group, a hydrocarbyloxy group, or an optionally substituted hydrocarbyl group.

The conjugated diene polymer preferably contains a structural unit derived from an aromatic vinyl compound.
The silica preferably includes silica (1) having a nitrogen adsorption specific surface area of at least 50 m2/g but less than 120 m2/g, and silica (2) having a nitrogen adsorption specific surface area of at least 120 m2/g.
The rubber composition preferably includes a solid resin having a glass transition temperature of 60 to 120° C. in an amount of 1 to 30 parts by mass for each 100 parts by mass of the rubber component.
Preferably, the silica includes silica (1) having a nitrogen adsorption specific surface area of at least 50 m2/g but less than 120 m2/g, and silica (2) having a nitrogen adsorption specific surface area of not less than 120 m2/g, and the rubber composition includes a solid resin having a glass transition temperature of 60 to 120° C. in an amount of 1 to 30 parts by mass for each 100 parts by mass of the rubber component.
The rubber composition preferably includes a mercapto group-containing silane coupling agent in an amount of 0.5 to 20 parts by mass for each 100 parts by mass of the silica.
Preferably, the rubber composition includes a mercapto group-containing silane coupling agent in an amount of 0.5 to 20 parts by mass for each 100 parts by mass of the silica, and the silica includes silica (1) having a nitrogen adsorption specific surface area of at least 50 m2/g but less than 120 m2/g, and silica (2) having a nitrogen adsorption specific surface area of not less than 120 m2/g.
The rubber composition preferably includes a mercapto group-containing silane coupling agent in an amount of 0.5 to 20 parts by mass for each 100 parts by mass of the silica, and a solid resin having a glass transition temperature of 60 to 120° C. in an amount of 1 to 30 parts by mass for each 100 parts by mass of the rubber component.
Preferably, the rubber composition includes a mercapto group-containing silane coupling agent in an amount of 0.5 to 20 parts by mass for each 100 parts by mass of the silica, the silica includes silica (1) having a nitrogen adsorption specific surface area of at least 50 m2/g but less than 120 m2/g, and silica (2) having a nitrogen adsorption specific surface area of not less than 120 m2/g, and the rubber composition includes a solid resin having a glass transition temperature of 60 to 120° C. in an amount of 1 to 30 parts by mass for each 100 parts by mass of the rubber component.
Preferably, the rubber composition includes a mercapto group-containing silane coupling agent in an amount of 0.5 to 20 parts by mass for each 100 parts by mass of the silica, and
the silane coupling agent is at least one of a compound represented by the formula (I) below, and a compound containing a linking unit A represented by the formula (2) below and a linking unit B represented by the formula (3) below,




wherein R101 to R103 each represent a branched or unbranched C1-12 alkyl group, a branched or unbranched C1-12 alkoxy group, or a group represented by —O—(R111—O)z—R112 where z R111s each represent a branched or unbranched C1-30 divalent hydrocarbon group, and z R111s may be the same as or different from one another; R112 represents a branched or unbranched C1-30 alkyl group, a branched or unbranched C2-30 alkenyl group, a C6-30 aryl group, or a C7-30 aralkyl group; and z represents an integer of 1 to 30, and R101 to R103 may be the same as or different from one another; and R104 represents a branched or unbranched C1-6 alkylene group;





wherein R201 represents a hydrogen atom, a halogen atom, a branched or unbranched C1-30 alkyl group, a branched or unbranched C2-30 alkenyl group, a branched or unbranched C2-30 alkynyl group, or the alkyl group in which a terminal hydrogen atom is replaced with a hydroxyl group or a carboxyl group; R202 represents a branched or unbranched C1-30 alkylene group, a branched or unbranched C2-30 alkenylene group, or a branched or unbranched C2-30 alkynylene group; and R201 and R202 may be joined together to form a cyclic structure.

Preferably, the silica includes silica (1) having a nitrogen adsorption specific surface area of at least 50 m2/g but less than 120 m2/g, and silica (2) having a nitrogen adsorption specific surface area of not less than 120 m2/g, and
the nitrogen adsorption specific surface areas and amounts of the silica (1) and the silica (2) satisfy the following inequalities:

(Nitrogen adsorption specific surface area of silica (2))/(Nitrogen adsorption specific surface area of silica 1))≧1.4, and

(Amount of silica (1))×0.06≦(Amount of silica (2))≦(Amount of silica (1))×15.

Preferably, the rubber composition includes at least one of
at least one liquid resin having a glass transition temperature of −40 to 20° C. selected from the group consisting of aromatic petroleum resins, terpene resins, and rosin resins, and
a plasticizer having a glass transition temperature of −40 to 20° C., and
a combined amount of the liquid resin and the plasticizer is 1 to 30 parts by mass for each 100 parts by mass of the rubber component.
The rubber composition preferably has a tan δ peak temperature of lower than −16° C.
The rubber composition is preferably for use in a tread.
The present invention also relates to a pneumatic tire, formed from the rubber composition.
Advantageous Effects of Invention 
The rubber composition of the present invention is a rubber composition including a specific amount of a specific conjugated diene polymer and a specific amount of a specific silica. Thus, the rubber composition enables to provide a pneumatic tire that achieves a balanced improvement in processability, fuel economy, rubber strength, abrasion resistance, wet-grip performance, and handling stability.


DESCRIPTION OF EMBODIMENTS
As used herein, the hydrocarbyl group denotes a monovalent group provided by removing one hydrogen atom from a hydrocarbon; the hydrocarbylene group denotes a divalent group provided by removing two hydrogen atoms from a hydrocarbon; the hydrocarbyloxy group denotes a monovalent group provided by replacing the hydrogen atom of a hydroxyl group with a hydrocarbyl group; the substituted amino group denotes a group provided by replacing at least one hydrogen atom of an amino group with a monovalent atom other than a hydrogen atom or with a monovalent group, or denotes a group provided by replacing two hydrogen atoms of an amino group with a divalent group; the hydrocarbyl group having a substituent (hereinafter, also referred to as substituted hydrocarbyl group) denotes a monovalent group provided by replacing at least one hydrogen atom of a hydrocarbyl group with a substituent; and the hydrocarbylene group containing a hetero atom (hereinafter, also referred to as hetero atom-containing hydrocarbylene group) denotes a divalent group provided by replacing a hydrogen atom and/or a carbon atom other than the carbon atoms from which a hydrogen atom has been removed in a hydrocarbylene group with a group containing a hetero atom (an atom other than carbon and hydrogen atoms).
The conjugated diene polymer according to the present invention is obtained by
polymerizing a monomer component including a conjugated diene compound and a silicon-containing vinyl compound in the presence of a polymerization initiator represented by the following formula (I):




wherein i represents 0 or 1; R11 represents a C1-100 hydrocarbylene group; R12 and R13 each represent an optionally substituted hydrocarbyl group or a trihydrocarbylsilyl group, or R12 and R13 are bonded to each other to form a hydrocarbylene group optionally containing at least one, as a hetero atom, selected from the group consisting of a silicon atom, a nitrogen atom, and an oxygen atom; and M represents an alkali metal atom, to produce a copolymer, and

then reacting a compound containing a nitrogen atom and/or a silicon atom with an active terminal of the copolymer.
As used herein, the term “modifying” means bonding a copolymer derived from a diene compound alone or with an aromatic vinyl compound, to a compound other than the compounds. The above conjugated diene polymer has a structure in which a polymerization initiation terminal is modified by the polymerization initiator represented by the formula (I); a main chain is modified by copolymerization with a silicon-containing vinyl compound; and a termination terminal is modified by a compound containing a nitrogen atom and/or a silicon atom, a silicon-containing vinyl compound. The use of the conjugated diene polymer in combination with other rubbers (e.g. polyisoprene-based rubbers) enables to disperse silica well and achieve a balanced improvement in fuel economy, rubber strength, abrasion resistance, wet-grip performance, and handling stability. In general, the use of a modified rubber in which all of an initiation terminal, a main chain and a termination terminal are modified tends to greatly deteriorate the processability. In contrast, the use of the conjugated diene polymer in which each of an initiation terminal, a main chain and a termination terminal is modified by a specific compound enables to ensure good processability, and furthermore, enables to synergistically enhance the effects of improving the fuel economy, rubber strength, abrasion resistance, wet-grip performance, and handling stability. Thus, a balanced improvement in processability, fuel economy, rubber strength, abrasion resistance, wet-grip performance, and handling stability can be achieved at high levels.
In the formula (I), i is 0 or 1, and preferably 1.
R11 in the formula (I) is a C1-100 hydrocarbylene group, preferably a C6-100 hydrocarbylene group, and more preferably a C7-80 hydrocarbylene group. If the R11 has more than 100 carbon atoms, the polymerization initiator has an increased molecular weight, which may reduce the cost efficiency and the workability during the polymerization.
Plural kinds of compounds different in the carbon number of R11 may be used in combination as the polymerization initiator represented by the formula (I).
R11 in the formula (I) is preferably a group represented by the following formula (Ia):

CH2n—R14—  (Ia)

wherein R14 represents a hydrocarbylene group including a structural unit derived from a conjugated diene compound and/or a structural unit derived from an aromatic vinyl compound; and n represents an integer of 1 to 10.

R14 in the formula (Ia) represents a hydrocarbylene group including a structural unit derived from a conjugated diene compound and/or a structural unit derived from an aromatic vinyl compound, preferably a hydrocarbylene group including an isoprene-derived structural unit, and more preferably a hydrocarbylene group including from one to ten isoprene-derived structural unit(s).
The number of the structural unit derived from a conjugated diene compound and/or the structural unit derived from an aromatic vinyl compound in R14 is preferably from one to ten, and more preferably from one to five.
In the formula (Ia), n represents an integer of 1 to 10, and preferably an integer of 2 to 4.
Examples of R11 include a group obtained by bonding from one to ten isoprene-derived structural unit(s) and a methylene group, a group obtained by bonding from one to ten isoprene-derived structural unit(s) and an ethylene group, and a group obtained by bonding from one to ten isoprene-derived structural unit(s) and a trimethylene group; and preferably a group obtained by bonding from one to ten isoprene-derived structural unit(s) and a trimethylene group.
In the formula (I), R12 and R13 each represent an optionally substituted hydrocarbyl group or a trihydrocarbylsilyl group, or R12 and R13 are bonded to each other to form a hydrocarbylene group optionally containing at least one, as a hetero atom, selected from the group consisting of a silicon atom, a nitrogen atom, and an oxygen atom.
The optionally substituted hydrocarbyl group is a hydrocarbyl group or substituted hydrocarbyl group. Examples of the substituent in the substituted hydrocarbyl group include a substituted amino group and a hydrocarbyloxy group. Examples of the hydrocarbyl group include acyclic alkyl groups such as a methyl group, an ethyl group, an n-propyl group, an isopropyl group, an n-butyl group, an isobutyl group, a sec-butyl group, a tert-butyl group, an n-pentyl group, an n-hexyl group, an n-octyl group, and an n-dodecyl group; cyclic alkyl groups such as a cyclopentyl group and a cyclohexyl group; and aryl groups such as a phenyl group and a benzyl group, and preferably acyclic alkyl groups, and more preferably C1-4 acyclic alkyl groups. Examples of the substituted hydrocarbyl group in which the substituent is a substituted amino group include an N,N-dimethylaminomethyl group, a 2-N,N-dimethylaminoethyl group, and a 3-N,N-dimethylaminopropyl group. Examples of the substituted hydrocarbyl group in which the substituent is a hydrocarbyloxy group include a methoxymethyl group, a methoxyethyl group, and an ethoxymethyl group. Among the above examples, a hydrocarbyl group is preferable; a C1-4 acyclic alkyl group is more preferable; and a methyl group or an ethyl group is still more preferable.
Examples of the trihydrocarbylsilyl group include a trimethylsilyl group, and a tert-butyl-dimethylsilyl group. A trimethylsilyl group is preferable.
The hydrocarbylene group optionally containing at least one, as a hetero atom, selected from the group consisting of a silicon atom, a nitrogen atom, and an oxygen atom is a hydrocarbylene group, or a hetero atom-containing hydrocarbylene group in which the hetero atom is at least one selected from the group consisting of a silicon atom, a nitrogen atom and an oxygen atom. Examples of the hetero atom-containing hydrocarbylene group in which the hetero atom is at least one selected from the group consisting of a silicon atom, a nitrogen atom and an oxygen atom include a hetero atom-containing hydrocarbylene group in which the hetero atom is a silicon atom, a hetero atom-containing hydrocarbylene group in which the hetero atom is a nitrogen atom, and a hetero atom-containing hydrocarbylene group in which the hetero atom is an oxygen atom. Examples of the hydrocarbylene group include alkylene groups such as a tetramethylene group, a pentamethylene group, a hexamethylene group, a pent-2-ene-1,5-diyl group, and a 2,2,4-trimethylhexane-1,6-diyl group; and alkenediyl groups such as a pent-2-ene-1,5-diyl group, and preferably alkylene groups, and more preferably C4-7 alkylene groups. Examples of the hetero atom-containing hydrocarbylene group in which the hetero atom is a silicon atom include a group represented by —Si(CH3)2—CH2—CH2—Si(CH3)2—. Examples of the hetero atom-containing hydrocarbylene group in which the hetero atom is a nitrogen atom include a group represented by —CH═N—CH═CH— and a group represented by —CH—N—CH2—CH2—. Examples of the hetero atom-containing hydrocarbylene group in which the hetero atom is an oxygen atom include a group represented by —CH2—CH2—O—CH2—CH2—. Among the above examples, a hydrocarbylene group is preferable; a C4-7 alkylene group is more preferable; and a tetramethylene group, a pentamethylene group, and a hexamethylene group are still more preferable.
Preferably, R12 and R13 each are a hydrocarbyl group, or R12 and R13 are bonded to each other to form a hydrocarbylene group. More preferably, R12 and R13 each are a C1-4 acyclic alkyl group, or R12 and R13 are bonded to each other to form a C4-7 alkylene group. Still more preferably, R12 and R13 each are a methyl group or an ethyl group.
M in the formula (I) represents an alkali metal atom. Examples of the alkali metal atom include Li, Na, K, and Cs; and a preferable example thereof is Li.
The polymerization initiator represented by the formula (I) in which i is 1 may be a compound formed from one to five isoprene-derived structural unit(s) polymerized with an aminoalkyllithium compound. Examples of the aminoalkyllithium compound include N,N-dialkylaminoalkyllithiums such as 3-(N,N-dimethylamino)-1-propyllithium, 3-(N,N-diethylamino)-1-propyllithium, 3-(N,N-di-n-butylamino)-1-propyllithium, 4-(N,N-dimethylamino)-1-butyllithium, 4-(N,N-diethylamino)-1-butyllithium, 4-(N,N-di-n-propylamino)-1-butyllithium, and 3-(N,N-di-n-butylamino)-1-butyllithium; hetero atom-free cyclic aminoalkyllithium compounds such as 3-(1-pyrrolidino)-1-propyllithium, 3-(1-piperidino)-1-propyllithium, 3-(1-hexamethyleneimino)-1-propyllithium, and 3-[1-(1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridino)]-1-propyllithium; and hetero atom-containing cyclic aminoalkyllithium compounds such as 3-(1-morpholino)-1-propyllithium, 3-(1-imidazolyl)-1-propyllithium, 3-(4,5-dihydro-1-imidazolyl)-1-propyllithium, and 3-(2,2,5,5-tetramethyl-1-aza-2,5-disila-1-cyclopentyl)-1-propyllithium, and preferably N,N-dialkylaminoalkyllithium, and more preferably 3-(N,N-dimethylamino)-1-propyllithium or 3-(N,N-diethylamino)-1-propyllithium.
Examples of the polymerization initiator represented by the formula (I) in which i is 0 include lithium hexamethyleneimide, lithium pyrrolidide, lithium piperidide, lithium heptamethyleneimide, lithium dodecamethyleneimide, lithium dimethylamide, lithium diethylamide, lithium dipropylamide, lithium dibutylamide, lithium dihexylamide, lithium diheptylamide, lithium dioctylamide, lithium di-2-ethylhexylamide, lithium didecylamide, lithium-N-methylpiperadide, lithium ethylpropylamide, lithium ethylbutylamide, lithium methylbutylamide, lithium ethylbenzylamide, and lithium methylphenethylamide.
The polymerization initiator represented by the formula (I) in which i is 0 may be prepared in advance from a secondary amine and a hydrocarbyllithium compound before it is used for the polymerization reaction, or may be prepared in the polymerization system. Examples of the secondary amine include dimethylamine, diethylamine, dibutylamine, dioctylamine, dicyclohexylamine, and diisobutylamine. Other examples thereof include cyclic amines, such as azacycloheptane (i.e. hexamethyleneimine), 2-(2-ethylhexyl)pyrrolidine, 3-(2-propyl)pyrrolidine, 3,5-bis(2-ethylhexyl)piperidine, 4-phenylpiperidine, 7-decyl-1-azacyclotridecane, 3,3-dimethyl-1-azacyclotetradecane, 4-dodecyl-1-azacyclooctane, 4-(2-phenylbutyl)-1-azacyclooctane, 3-ethyl-5-cyclohexyl-1-azacycloheptane, 4-hexyl-1-azacycloheptane, 9-isoamyl-1-azacycloheptadecane, 2-methyl-1-azacycloheptadec-9-ene, 3-isobutyl-1-azacyclododecane, 2-methyl-7-t-butyl-1-azacyclododecane, 5-nonyl-1-azacyclododecane, 8-(4-methylphenyl)-5-pentyl-3-azabicyclo[5.4.0]undecane, 1-butyl-6-azabicyclo[3.2.1]octane, 8-ethyl-3-azabicyclo[3.2.1]octane, 1-propyl-3-azabicyclo[3.2.2]nonane, 3-(t-butyl)-7-azabicyclo[4.3.0]nonane, and 1,5,5-trimethyl-3-azabicyclo[4.4.0]decane.
The polymerization initiator represented by the formula (I) is preferably a compound in which i is 1, more preferably a compound formed from one to five isoprene-derived structural unit(s) polymerized with N,N-aminoalkyllithium, and still more preferably a compound formed from one to five isoprene-derived structural unit(s) polymerized with 3-(N,N-dimethylamino)-1-propyllithium or 3-(N,N-diethylamino)-1-propyllithium.
The amount of the polymerization initiator represented by the formula (I) to be used is preferably 0.01 to 15 mmol, and more preferably 0.1 to 10 mmol, for each 100 g of the monomer component used in the polymerization.
In the present invention, other polymerization initiators, such as n-butyllithium, may be used in combination, if necessary.
Examples of the conjugated diene compound include 1,3-butadiene, isoprene, 1,3-pentadiene, 2,3-dimethyl-1,3-butadiene, 1,3-hexadiene, and myrcene. Any of these may be used alone or two or more of these may be used in combination. In view of easy availability, the conjugated diene compound is preferably 1,3-butadiene or isoprene.
The silicon-containing vinyl compound is preferably a compound represented by the following formula (II):




wherein m represents 0 or 1; R21 represents a hydrocarbylene group; X1, X2 and X3 each represent a substituted amino group, a hydrocarbyloxy group, or an optionally substituted hydrocarbyl group.

Here, m in the formula (II) is 0 or 1, and preferably 0.
Examples of the hydrocarbylene group in the formula (II) include an alkylene group, an alkenediyl group, an arylene group, and a group in which an arylene group and an alkylene group are bonded. Examples of the alkylene group include a methylene group, an ethylene group, and a trimethylene group. Examples of the alkenediyl group include a vinylene group and an ethylene-1,1-diyl group. Examples of the arylene group include a phenylene group, a naphthylene group, and a biphenylene group. Examples of the group in which an arylene group and an alkylene group are bonded include a group in which a phenylene group and a methylene group are bonded, and a group in which a phenylene group and an ethylene group are bonded.
R21 is preferably an arylene group, and more preferably a phenylene group.
In the formula (II), X1, X2 and X3 each are a substituted amino group, a hydrocarbyloxy group, or an optionally substituted hydrocarbyl group. Preferably, at least one of X1, X2 and X3 is a substituted amino group. More preferably, two of X1, X2 and X3 are substituted amino groups.
In the formula (II), the substituted amino group is preferably a group represented by the following formula (IIa):




wherein R22 and R23 each represent an optionally substituted hydrocarbyl group or a trihydrocarbylsilyl group, or R22 and R23 are bonded to each other to form a hydrocarbylene group optionally containing, as a hetero atom, a nitrogen atom and/or an oxygen atom.

The optionally substituted hydrocarbyl group in the formula (IIa) is a hydrocarbyl group or a substituted hydrocarbyl group. Examples of the substituted hydrocarbyl group include a substituted hydrocarbyl group in which the substituent is a hydrocarbyloxy group. Examples of the hydrocarbyl group include acyclic alkyl groups such as a methyl group, an ethyl group, an n-propyl group, an isopropyl group, an n-butyl group, an isobutyl group, a sec-butyl group, a tert-butyl group, an n-pentyl group, an n-hexyl group, and an n-octyl group; cyclic alkyl groups such as a cyclopentyl group and a cyclohexyl group; and aryl groups such as a phenyl group, a benzyl group, and a naphthyl group. The hydrocarbyl group is preferably an acyclic alkyl group, and more preferably a methyl group or an ethyl group. Examples of the substituted hydrocarbyl group in which the substituent is a hydrocarbyloxy group include alkoxyalkyl groups such as a methoxymethyl group, an ethoxymethyl group, and a methoxyethyl group; and aryloxyalkyl groups such as a phenoxymethyl group.
Examples of the trihydrocarbylsilyl group in the formula (IIa) include trialkylsilyl groups such as a trimethylsilyl group, a triethylsilyl group, and a tert-butyldimethylsilyl group.
The hydrocarbylene group optionally containing, as a hetero atom, a nitrogen atom and/or an oxygen atom in the formula (IIa) is a hydrocarbylene group, or a hetero atom-containing hydrocarbylene group in which the hetero atom is a nitrogen atom and/or an oxygen atom. Examples of the hetero atom-containing hydrocarbylene group in which the hetero atom is a nitrogen atom and/or an oxygen atom include a hydrocarbylene group containing a nitrogen atom as a hetero atom, and a hydrocarbylene group containing an oxygen atom as a hetero atom. Examples of the hydrocarbylene group include alkylene groups such as a trimethylene group, a tetramethylene group, a pentamethylene group, a hexamethylene group, a heptamethylene group, an octamethylene group, a decamethylene group, a dodecamethylene group, and a 2,2,4-trimethylhexane-1,6-diyl group; and alkenediyl groups such as a pent-2-ene-1,5-diyl group. Examples of the hetero atom-containing hydrocarbylene group in which the hetero atom is a nitrogen atom include a group represented by —CH═N—CH═CH— and a group represented by —CH═N—CH2—CH2—. Examples of the hetero atom-containing hydrocarbylene group in which the hetero atom is an oxygen atom include a group represented by —CH2—CH2—O—CH2—CH2—.
Preferably, R22 and R23 each are an alkyl group, or R22 and R23 are bonded to each other to form an alkylene group. R22 and R23 each are more preferably an alkyl group, and still more preferably a methyl group or an ethyl group.
Examples of the substituted amino group represented by the formula (IIa) in which R22 and R23 each are a hydrocarbyl group include dialkylamino groups such as a dimethylamino group, a diethylamino group, an ethylmethylamino group, a di-n-propylamino group, a diisopropylamino group, a di-n-butylamino group, a diisobutylamino group, a di-sec-butylamino group, and a di-tert-butylamino group; and diarylamino groups such as a diphenylamino group. Preferable examples thereof include dialkylamino groups, and more preferable examples thereof include dimethylamino groups, diethylamino groups, and di-n-butylamino groups. Examples of the substituted amino group in which R22 and R23 each are a substituted hydrocarbyl group in which the substituent is a hydrocarbyloxy group include di(alkoxyalkyl)amino groups such as a di(methoxymethyl)amino group and a di(ethoxymethyl)amino group. Examples of the substituted amino group in which R22 and R23 each are a trihydrocarbylsilyl group include trialkylsilyl group-containing amino groups such as a bis(trimethylsilyl)amino group, a bis(tert-butyldimethylsilyl)amino group, and an N-trimethylsilyl-N-methylamino group.
Examples of the substituted amino group represented by the formula (IIa) in which R22 and R23 are bonded to each other to form a hydrocarbylene group include 1-alkyleneimino groups such as a 1-trimethyleneimino group, a 1-pyrrolidino group, a 1-piperidino group, a 1-hexamethyleneimino group, a 1-heptamethyleneimino group, a 1-octamethyleneimino group, a 1-decamethyleneimino group, and a 1-dodecamethyleneimino group. Examples of the substituted amino group in which R22 and R23 are bonded to each other to form a hydrocarbylene group containing a nitrogen atom as a hetero atom include a 1-imidazolyl group and a 4,5-dihydro-1-imidazolyl group. Examples of the substituted amino group in which R22 and R23 are bonded to each other to form a hydrocarbylene group containing an oxygen atom as a hetero atom include a morpholino group.
The substituted amino group represented by the formula (IIa) is preferably a dialkylamino group or a 1-alkyleneimino group; more preferably a dialkylamino group; and still more preferably a dimethylamino group, a diethylamino group, or a di-n-butylamino group.
Examples of the hydrocarbyloxy group in the formula (II) include alkoxy groups such as a methoxy group, an ethoxy group, an n-propoxy group, an isopropoxy group, an n-butoxy group, a sec-butoxy group, and a tert-butoxy group; and aryloxy groups such as a phenoxy group and a benzyloxy group.
The optionally substituted hydrocarbyl group in the formula (II) is a hydrocarbyl group or a substituted hydrocarbyl group. Examples of the substituted hydrocarbyl group include a substituted hydrocarbyl group in which the substituent is a hydrocarbyloxy group. Examples of the hydrocarbyl group include alkyl groups such as a methyl group, an ethyl group, an n-propyl group, an isopropyl group, an n-butyl group, a sec-butyl group, and a tert-butyl group; and aryl groups such as a phenyl group, a 4-methyl-1-phenyl group, and a benzyl group. Examples of the substituted hydrocarbyl group in which the substituent is a hydrocarbyloxy group include alkoxyalkyl groups such as a methoxymethyl group, an ethoxymethyl group, and an ethoxyethyl group.
Examples of the silicon-containing vinyl compound represented by the formula (II) in which one of X1, X2, and X3 is a substituted amino group, and m is 0 include (dialkylamino)dialkylvinylsilanes such as (dimethylamino)dimethylvinylsilane, (ethylmethylamino)dimethylvinylsilane, (di-n-propylamino)dimethylvinylsilane, (diisopropylamino)dimethylvinylsilane, (dimethylamino)diethylvinylsilane, (ethylmethylamino)diethylvinylsilane, (di-n-propylamino)diethylvinylsilane, and (diisopropylamino)diethylvinylsilane; [bis(trialkylsilyl)amino]dialkylvinylsilanes such as [bis(trimethylsilyl)amino]dimethylvinylsilane, [bis(t-butyldimethylsilyl)amino]dimethylvinylsilane, [bis(trimethylsilyl)amino]diethylvinylsilane, and [bis(t-butyldimethylsilyl)amino]diethylvinylsilane; (dialkylamino)di(alkoxyalkyl)vinylsilanes such as (dimethylamino)di(methoxymethyl)vinylsilane, (dimethylamino)di(methoxyethyl)vinylsilane, (dimethylamino)di(ethoxymethyl)vinylsilane, (dimethylamino)di(ethoxyethyl)vinylsilane, (diethylamino)di(methoxymethyl)vinylsilane, (diethylamino)di(methoxyethyl)vinylsilane, (diethylamino)di(ethoxymethyl)vinylsilane, and (diethylamino)di(ethoxyethyl)vinylsilane; and cyclic aminodialkylvinylsilane compounds such as pyrrolidinodimethylvinylsilane, piperidinodimethylvinylsilane, hexamethyleneiminodimethylvinylsilane, 4,5-dihydro-imidazolyldimethylvinylsilane, and morpholinodimethylvinylsilane.
Examples of the silicon-containing vinyl compound represented by the formula (II) in which one of X1, X2, and X3 is a substituted amino group, and m is 1 include (dialkylamino)dialkylvinylphenylsilanes such as (dimethylamino)dimethyl-4-vinylphenylsilane, (dimethylamino)dimethyl-3-vinylphenylsilane, (diethylamino)dimethyl-4-vinylphenylsilane, (diethylamino)dimethyl-3-vinylphenylsilane, (di-n-propylamino)dimethyl-4-vinylphenylsilane, (di-n-propylamino)dimethyl-3-vinylphenylsilane, (di-n-butylamino)dimethyl-4-vinylphenylsilane, (di-n-butylamino)dimethyl-3-vinylphenylsilane, (dimethylamino)diethyl-4-vinylphenylsilane, (dimethylamino)diethyl-3-vinylphenylsilane, (diethylamino)diethyl-4-vinylphenylsilane, (diethylamino)diethyl-3-vinylphenylsilane, (di-n-propylamino)diethyl-4-vinylphenylsilane, (di-n-propylamino)diethyl-3-vinylphenylsilane, (di-n-butylamino)diethyl-4-vinylphenylsilane, and (di-n-butylamino)diethyl-3-vinylphenylsilane.
Examples of the silicon-containing vinyl compound represented by the formula (II) in which two of X1, X2, and X3 each are a substituted amino group, and m is 0 include bis(dialkylamino)alkylvinylsilanes such as bis(dimethylamino)methylvinylsilane, bis(diethylamino)methylvinylsilane, bis(di-n-propylamino)methylvinylsilane, bis(di-n-butylamino)methylvinylsilane, bis(dimethylamino)ethylvinylsilane, bis(diethylamino)ethylvinylsilane, bis(di-n-propylamino)ethylvinylsilane, and bis(di-n-butylamino)ethylvinylsilane; bis[bis(trialkylsilyl)amino]alkylvinylsilanes such as bis[bis(trimethylsilyl)amino]methylvinylsilane, bis[bis(tert-butyldimethylsilyl)amino]methylvinylsilane, bis[bis(trimethylsilyl)amino]ethylvinylsilane, and bis[bis(tert-butyldimethylsilyl)amino]ethylvinylsilane; bis(dialkylamino)alkoxyalkylsilanes such as bis(dimethylamino)methoxymethylvinylsilane, bis(dimethylamino)methoxyethylvinylsilane, bis(dimethylamino)ethoxymethylvinylsilane, bis(dimethylamino)ethoxyethylvinylsilane, bis(diethylamino)methoxymethylvinylsilane, bis(diethylamino)methoxyethylvinylsilane, bis(diethylamino)ethoxymethylvinylsilane, and bis(dimethylamino)ethoxyethylvinylsilane; and bis(cyclic amino)alkylvinylsilane compounds such as bis(pyrrolidino)methylvinylsilane, bis(piperidino)methylvinylsilane, bis(hexamethyleneimino)methylvinylsilane, bis(4,5-dihydroimidazolyl)methylvinylsilane, and bis(morpholino)methylvinylsilane.
Examples of the silicon-containing vinyl compound represented by the formula (II) in which two of X1, X2, and X3 each are a substituted amino group, and m is 1 include bis(dialkylamino)alkylvinylphenylsilanes such as bis(dimethylamino)methyl-4-vinylphenylsilane, bis(dimethylamino)methyl-3-vinylphenylsilane, bis(diethylamino)methyl-4-vinylphenylsilane, bis(diethylamino)methyl-3-vinylphenylsilane, bis(di-n-propylamino)methyl-4-vinylphenylsilane, bis(di-n-propylamino)methyl-3-vinylphenylsilane, bis(di-n-butylamino)methyl-4-vinylphenylsilane, bis(di-n-butylamino)methyl-3-vinylphenylsilane, bis(dimethylamino)ethyl-4-vinylphenylsilane, bis(dimethylamino)ethyl-3-vinylphenylsilane, bis(diethylamino)ethyl-4-vinylphenylsilane, bis(diethylamino)ethyl-3-vinylphenylsilane, bis(di-n-propylamino)ethyl-4-vinylphenylsilane, bis(di-n-propylamino)ethyl-3-vinylphenylsilane, bis(di-n-butylamino)ethyl-4-vinylphenylsilane, and bis(di-n-butylamino)ethyl-3-vinylphenylsilane.
Examples of the silicon-containing vinyl compound represented by the formula (II) in which three of X1, X2, and X3 each are a substituted amino group, and m is 0 include tris(dialkylamino)vinylsilanes such as tris(dimethylamino)vinylsilane, tris(diethylamino)vinylsilane, tris(di-n-propylamino)vinylsilane, and tris(di-n-butylamino)vinylsilane.
Examples of the silicon-containing vinyl compound represented by the formula (II) in which three of X1, X2, and X3 each are a substituted amino group, and m is 1 include tris(dialkylamino)vinylphenylsilanes such as tris(dimethylamino)-4-vinylphenylsilane, tris(dimethylamino)-3-vinylphenylsilane, tris(diethylamino)-4-vinylphenylsilane, tris(diethylamino)-3-vinylphenylsilane, tris(di-n-propylamino)-4-vinylphenylsilane, tris(di-n-propylamino)-3-vinylphenylsilane, tris(di-n-butylamino)-4-vinylphenylsilane, and tris(di-n-butylamino)-3-vinylphenylsilane.
Examples of the silicon-containing vinyl compound represented by the formula (II) in which X′, X2, and X3 are not a substituted amino group, and m is 0 include trialkoxyvinylsilanes such as trimethoxyvinylsilane, triethoxyvinylsilane, and tripropoxyvinylsilane; dialkoxyalkylvinylsilanes such as methyldimethoxyvinylsilane and methyldiethoxyvinylsilane; dialkoxyarylvinylsilanes such as di(tert-pentoxy)phenylvinylsilane and di(tert-butoxy)phenylvinylsilane; monoalkoxydialkylvinylsilanes such as dimethylmethoxyvinylsilane; monoalkoxydiarylvinylsilanes such as tert-butoxydiphenylvinylsilane and tert-pentoxydiphenylvinylsilane; monoalkoxyalkylarylvinylsilanes such as tert-butoxymethylphenylvinylsilane and tert-butoxyethylphenylvinylsilane; and substituted alkoxyvinylsilane compounds such as tris(β-methoxyethoxy)vinylsilane.
Moreover, examples of the silicon-containing vinyl compound include bis(trialkylsilyl)-aminostyrenes such as 4-N,N-bis(trimethylsilyl)aminostyrene and 3-N,N-bis(trimethylsilyl)aminostyrene; and bis(trialkylsilyl)aminoalkylstyrenes such as 4-bis(trimethylsilyl)aminomethylstyrene, 3-bis(trimethylsilyl)aminomethylstyrene, 4-bis(trimethylsilyl)aminoethylstyrene, and 3-bis(trimethylsilyl)aminoethylstyrene.
The silicon-containing vinyl compound is preferably a compound represented by the formula (II), more preferably a compound represented by the formula (II) in which m is 0, and still more preferably a compound represented by the formula (II) in which two of X1, X2 and X3 are dialkyl amino groups.
The silicon-containing vinyl compound is particularly preferably bis(dimethylamino)methylvinylsilane, bis(diethylamino)methylvinylsilane, or bis(di-n-butylamino)methylvinylsilane.
The amount of the silicon-containing vinyl compound used in production of the conjugated diene polymer is preferably not less than 0.01% by mass, more preferably not less than 0.02% by mass, and still more preferably not less than 0.05% by mass based on 100% by mass of the total amount of the monomer component used in the polymerization for achieving a balanced enhancement in processability, fuel economy, rubber strength, abrasion resistance, wet-grip performance, and handling stability. The amount is preferably not more than 20% by mass, more preferably not more than 2% by mass, and still more preferably not more than 1% by mass for achieving better cost efficiency and higher rubber strength.
In the production of the conjugated diene polymer, the monomer component may further include polymerizable monomers in addition to the conjugated diene compound and silicon-containing vinyl compound. These monomers include aromatic vinyl compounds, vinyl nitriles, and unsaturated carboxylic acid esters. Examples of the aromatic vinyl compounds include styrene, α-methylstyrene, vinyltoluene, vinylnaphthalene, divinylbenzene, trivinylbenzene, and divinylnaphthalene. Examples of the vinyl nitriles include acrylonitrile. Examples of the unsaturated carboxylic acid esters include methyl acrylate, ethyl acrylate, methyl methacrylate, and ethyl methacrylate. Aromatic vinyl compounds are preferable, and styrene is more preferable among the above examples.
In the case where an aromatic vinyl compound is used in the production of the conjugated diene polymer, the amount of the aromatic vinyl compound based on 100% by mass of the combined amount of the conjugated diene compound and the aromatic vinyl compound is preferably not less than 10% by mass (the amount of the conjugated diene compound is not more than 90% by mass), and more preferably not less than 15% by mass (the amount of the conjugated diene compound is not more than 85% by mass). Moreover, from a viewpoint of fuel economy, the amount of the aromatic vinyl compound is preferably not more than 50% by mass (the amount of the conjugated diene compound is not less than 50% by mass), and more preferably not more than 45% by mass (the amount of the conjugated diene compound is not less than 55% by mass).
In the production of the conjugated diene polymer, polymerization is preferably performed in a hydrocarbon solvent that does not inactivate the polymerization initiator represented by the formula (I). Examples of the hydrocarbon solvent include aliphatic hydrocarbons, aromatic hydrocarbons, and alicyclic hydrocarbons. Examples of the aliphatic hydrocarbons include propane, n-butane, iso-butane, n-pentane, iso-pentane, n-hexane, n-heptane, and n-octane. Examples of the aromatic hydrocarbons include benzene, toluene, xylene, and ethylbenzene. Examples of the alicyclic hydrocarbons include cyclopentane and cyclohexane. The hydrocarbon solvent may be a mixture of various components, such as industrial hexane. It is preferably a C2-12 hydrocarbon.
The polymerization reaction may be performed in the presence of an agent for adjusting the vinyl bond content of conjugated diene units, or an agent for adjusting the distribution of a conjugated diene unit and a monomer unit based on a monomer other than conjugated dienes in conjugated diene polymer chains (hereinafter, referred to collectively as “adjusting agents”). Examples of the agents include ether compounds, tertiary amine compounds, and phosphine compounds. Examples of the ether compounds include cyclic ethers such as tetrahydrofuran, tetrahydropyran, and 1,4-dioxane; aliphatic monoethers such as diethyl ether and dibutyl ether; aliphatic diethers such as ethylene glycol dimethyl ether, ethylene glycol diethyl ether, ethylene glycol dibutyl ether, diethylene glycol diethyl ether, and diethylene glycol dibutyl ether; and aromatic ethers such as diphenyl ether and anisole. Examples of the tertiary amine compounds include triethylamine, tripropylamine, tributylamine, N,N,N′,N′-tetramethylethylenediamine, N,N-diethylaniline, pyridine, and quinoline. Examples of the phosphine compounds include trimethylphosphine, triethylphosphine, and triphenylphosphine. One or more of them are used.
In the production of the conjugated diene polymer, the polymerization initiator may be supplied to a polymerization reactor before the monomer component is supplied to the polymerization reactor; or the polymerization initiator may be supplied to the polymerization reactor after the whole amount of the monomer component used in polymerization is supplied to the polymerization reactor; or the polymerization initiator may be supplied to the polymerization reactor after a part of the monomer component used in polymerization is supplied to the polymerization reactor. The polymerization initiator may be supplied at once or continuously to the polymerization reactor.
In the production of the conjugated diene polymer, the monomer component may be supplied at once, continuously, or intermittently to the polymerization reactor. Moreover, monomers may be supplied individually or simultaneously to the polymerization reactor.
In the production of the conjugated diene polymer, the polymerization temperature is usually 25 to 100° C., preferably 35 to 90° C., and more preferably 50 to 80° C. The polymerization time is usually 10 minutes to 5 hours.
The conjugated diene polymer is obtained by polymerizing a monomer component including a conjugated diene compound and a silicon-containing vinyl compound in the presence of a polymerization initiator represented by the formula (I) to produce a copolymer, and then reacting a compound containing a nitrogen atom and/or a silicon atom with an active terminal of the copolymer (the active terminal of the copolymer is considered to contain an alkali metal derived from the polymerization initiator) (terminal modification reaction). Specifically, the conjugated diene polymer is obtained by adding a compound containing a nitrogen atom and/or a silicon atom to a polymerization solution and then mixing them. The amount of the compound containing a nitrogen atom and/or a silicon atom to be added to the polymerization solution is usually 0.1 to 3 mol, preferably 0.5 to 2 mol, and more preferably 0.7 to 1.5 mol, per mol of the alkali metal derived from the polymerization initiator represented by the formula (I).
The terminal modification reaction is performed usually at a temperature from 25 to 100° C., preferably from 35 to 90° C., and more preferably from 50 to 80° C. The time period for the reaction is usually 60 seconds to 5 hours, preferably 5 minutes to 1 hour, and more preferably 15 minutes to 1 hour.
Preferable examples of the compound containing a nitrogen atom and/or a silicon atom include a compound containing a nitrogen atom and a carbonyl group.
The compound containing a nitrogen atom and a carbonyl group is preferably a compound represented by the following formula (III):




wherein R31 represents an optionally substituted hydrocarbyl group, or is bonded with R32 to form a hydrocarbylene group optionally containing, as a hetero atom, a nitrogen atom and/or an oxygen atom, or is bonded with R34 to form a divalent group; R32 represents an optionally substituted hydrocarbyl group, or is bonded with R31 to form a hydrocarbylene group optionally containing, as a hetero atom, a nitrogen atom and/or an oxygen atom; and R34 represents an optionally substituted hydrocarbyl group, or a hydrogen atom, or is bonded with R31 to form a divalent group; R33 represents a divalent group; and k represents 0 or 1.

In the formula (III), the optionally substituted hydrocarbyl group in R31, R32 or R34 is a hydrocarbyl group or a substituted hydrocarbyl group. Examples of the substituted hydrocarbyl group include a substituted hydrocarbyl group in which the substituent is a hydrocarbyloxy group, and a substituted hydrocarbyl group in which the substituent is a substituted amino group. Examples of the hydrocarbyl group include alkyl groups such as a methyl group, an ethyl group, an n-propyl group, an isopropyl group, and an n-butyl group; alkenyl groups such as a vinyl group, an allyl group, and an isopropenyl group; and aryl groups such as a phenyl group. Examples of the substituted hydrocarbyl group in which the substituent is a hydrocarbyloxy group include alkoxyalkyl groups such as a methoxymethyl group, an ethoxymethyl group, and an ethoxyethyl group. Examples of the substituted hydrocarbyl group in which the substituent is a substituted amino group include (N,N-dialkylamino)alkyl groups such as a 2-(N,N-dimethylamino)ethyl group, a 2-(N,N-diethylamino)ethyl group, a 3-(N,N-dimethylamino)propyl group, and a 3-(N,N-diethylamino)propyl group; (N,N-dialkylamino)aryl groups such as a 4-(N,N-dimethylamino)phenyl group, a 3-(N,N-dimethylamino)phenyl group, a 4-(N,N-diethylamino)phenyl group, and a 3-(N,N-diethylamino)phenyl group; (N,N-dialkylamino)alkylaryl groups such as a 4-(N,N-dimethylamino)methylphenyl group and a 4-(N,N-dimethylamino)ethylphenyl group; cyclic amino group-containing alkyl groups such as a 3-pyrrolidinopropyl group, a 3-piperidinopropyl group, and a 3-imidazolylpropyl group; cyclic amino group-containing aryl groups such as a 4-pyrrolidinophenyl group, a 4-piperidinophenyl group, and a 4-imidazolylphenyl group; and cyclic amino group-containing alkylaryl groups such as a 4-pyrrolidinoethylphenyl group, a 4-piperidinoethylphenyl group, and a 4-imidazolylethylphenyl group.
In the formula (III), the hydrocarbylene group optionally containing, as a hetero atom, a nitrogen atom and/or an oxygen atom, formed by bonding of R31 and R32, is a hydrocarbylene group or a hetero atom-containing hydrocarbylene group in which the hetero atom is a nitrogen atom and/or an oxygen atom. Examples of the hetero atom-containing hydrocarbylene group in which the hetero atom is a nitrogen atom and/or an oxygen atom include a hetero atom-containing hydrocarbylene group in which the hetero atom is a nitrogen atom and a hetero atom-containing hydrocarbylene group in which the hetero atom is an oxygen atom. Examples of the hydrocarbylene group include alkylene groups such as a trimethylene group, a tetramethylene group, a pentamethylene group, a hexamethylene group, a pentan-2-en-1,5-diyl group, and a 2,2,4-trimethylhexane-1,6-diyl group; and arylene groups such as a 1,4-phenylene group. Examples of the hetero atom-containing hydrocarbylene group in which the hetero atom is a nitrogen atom include a group represented by —CH═N—CH═CH— and a group represented by —CH═N—CH2—CH2—. Examples of the hetero atom-containing hydrocarbylene group in which the hetero atom is an oxygen atom include a group represented by —(CH2)s—O—(CH2)t— (s and t each are an integer of 1 or more).
In the formula (III), examples of the divalent group formed by bonding of R31 and R34, and the divalent group of R33 include a hydrocarbylene group, a hetero atom-containing hydrocarbylene group in which the hetero atom is a nitrogen atom, a hetero atom-containing hydrocarbylene group in which the hetero atom is an oxygen atom, a group in which a hydrocarbylene group and an oxygen atom are bonded, and a group in which a hydrocarbylene group and a group represented by —NR35— (R35 represents a hydrocarbyl group or a hydrogen atom) are bonded. Examples of the hydrocarbylene group include alkylene groups such as a trimethylene group, a tetramethylene group, a pentamethylene group, a hexamethylene group, a pentan-2-en-1,5-diyl group, and a 2,2,4-trimethylhexane-1,6-diyl group; and arylene groups such as a 1,4-phenylene group. Examples of the hetero atom-containing hydrocarbylene group in which the hetero atom is a nitrogen atom include a group represented by —CH═N—CH═CH— and a group represented by —CH═N—CH2—CH2—. Examples of the hetero atom-containing hydrocarbylene group in which the hetero atom is an oxygen atom include a group represented by —(CH2)s—O—(CH2)t— (s and t each are an integer of 1 or more). Examples of the group in which a hydrocarbylene group and an oxygen atom are bonded include a group represented by —(CH2)r—O— (r represents an integer of 1 or more). Examples of the group in which a hydrocarbylene group and a group represented by —NR35— (R35 represents a hydrocarbyl group or a hydrogen atom) are bonded include a group represented by —(CH2)p—NR35— (R35 represents a hydrocarbyl group (preferably a C1-6 hydrocarbyl group), or a hydrogen atom; and p represents an integer of 1 or more).
Preferable examples of a compound represented by the formula (III) include a compound represented by the formula (III) in which k is 0, and R34 is an optionally substituted hydrocarbyl group or a hydrogen atom, represented by the following formula (IIIa):




wherein, R31 represents an optionally substituted hydrocarbyl group, or is bonded with R32 to form a hydrocarbylene group optionally containing, as a hetero atom, a nitrogen atom and/or an oxygen atom; R32 represents an optionally substituted hydrocarbyl group, or is bonded with R31 to form a hydrocarbylene group optionally containing, as a hetero atom, a nitrogen atom and/or an oxygen atom; and R34 represents an optionally substituted hydrocarbyl group or a hydrogen atom.

In the formula (IIIa), description and examples of the optionally substituted hydrocarbyl group for R31, R32 or R34, and the hydrocarbylene group optionally containing, as a hetero atom, a nitrogen atom and/or an oxygen atom, formed by bonding of R31 and R32, are the same as those stated in the description of the formula (III).
In the formula (IIIa), R31 is preferably a C1-10 hydrocarbyl group, or is bonded with R32 to form a C3-10 hydrocarbylene group or a hetero atom-containing C3-10 hydrocarbylene group in which the hetero atom is a nitrogen atom. R31 is more preferably a C1-10 alkyl group or a C6-10 aryl group, or is bonded with R32 to form a C3-10 alkylene group, a group represented by —CH═N—CH═CH—, or a group represented by —CH═N—CH2—CH2—. R31 is still more preferably a C1-6 alkyl group, and particularly preferably a methyl group or an ethyl group.
In the formula (IIIa), R32 is preferably a C1-10 hydrocarbyl group, or is bonded with R31 to form a C3-10 hydrocarbylene group or a hetero atom-containing C3-10 hydrocarbylene group in which the hetero atom is a nitrogen atom. R32 is more preferably a C1-10 alkyl group or a C6-10 aryl group, or is bonded with R31 to form a C3-10 alkylene group, a group represented by —CH═N—CH═CH—, or a group represented by —CH═N—CH2—CH2—. R32 is still more preferably a C1-6 alkyl group, and particularly preferably a methyl group or an ethyl group.
In the formula (IIIa), R34 is preferably a hydrocarbyl group or a hydrogen atom, more preferably a C1-10 hydrocarbyl group or a hydrogen atom, still more preferably a C1-6 alkyl group or a hydrogen atom, and particularly preferably a hydrogen atom, a methyl group or an ethyl group.
Examples of the compound represented by the formula (IIIa) in which R34 is a hydrocarbyl group include N,N-dihydrocarbylacetamides such as N,N-dimethylacetamide, N,N-diethylacetamide, and N-methyl-N-ethylacetamide; N,N-dihydrocarbylacrylamides such as N-dimethylacrylamide, N,N-diethylacrylamide, and N-methyl-N-ethylacrylamide; and N,N-dihydrocarbylmethacrylamides such as N,N-dimethylmethacrylamide, N,N-diethylmethacrylamide, and N-methyl-N-ethylmethacrylamide.
Examples of the compound represented by the formula (IIIa) in which R34 is a hydrogen atom include N,N-dihydrocarbylformamides such as N,N-dimethylformamide, N,N-dimethylformamide, and N-methyl-N-ethylformamide.
Preferable examples of the compound represented by the formula (III) include a compound represented by the formula (III) in which k is 0; and R34 is bonded with R31 to form a divalent group, represented by the following formula (IIIb):




wherein R32 represents an optionally substituted hydrocarbyl group; and R36 represents a hydrocarbylene group, or a group in which a hydrocarbylene group and a group represented by —NR35— are bonded, where R35 represents a hydrocarbyl group or a hydrogen atom.

In the formula (IIIb), description and examples of an optionally substituted hydrocarbyl group for R32 are the same as those stated in the description of the formula (III).
In the formula (IIIb), examples of the hydrocarbylene group for R36 include alkylene groups such as a trimethylene group, a tetramethylene group, a pentamethylene group, a hexamethylene group, a pentan-2-en-1,5-diyl group, and a 2,2,4-trimethylhexane-1,6-diyl group; and arylene groups such as a 1,4-phenylene group. Examples of the group in which a hydrocarbylene group and a group represented by —NR35— (R35 represents a hydrocarbyl group or a hydrogen atom) are bonded for R36 include a group represented by —(CH2)p—NR35— (R35 represents a hydrocarbyl group or a hydrogen atom, and p represents an integer of 1 or more).
In the formula (IIIb), R32 is preferably a C1-10 hydrocarbyl group, more preferably a C1-10 alkyl group or a C6-10 aryl group, still more preferably a C1-6 alkyl group or a phenyl group, and particularly preferably a methyl group, an ethyl group, or a phenyl group.
In the formula (IIIb), R36 is preferably a C1-10 hydrocarbylene group, or a group in which a C1-10 hydrocarbylene group and a group represented by —NR35— (R35 represents a hydrocarbyl group (preferably a C1-10 hydrocarbyl group) or a hydrogen atom) are bonded, more preferably a C3-6 alkylene group or a group represented by —(CH2)p—NR35— (R35 represents a hydrocarbyl group (preferably a C1-10 hydrocarbyl group), and p represents an integer of not less than 1 (preferably an integer of 2 to 5)), and further preferably a trimethylene group, a tetramethylene group, a pentamethylene group, or a group represented by —(CH2)2—N(CH3)—.
Examples of the compound represented by the formula (IIIb) in which R36 is a hydrocarbylene group include N-hydrocarbyl-β-propiolactams such as N-methyl-β-propiolactam and N-phenyl-β-propiolactam; N-hydrocarbyl-2-pyrrolidones such as N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone, N-vinyl-2-pyrrolidone, N-phenyl-2-pyrrolidone, N-tert-butyl-2-pyrrolidone, and N-methyl-5-methyl-2-pyrrolidone; N-hydrocarbyl-2-piperidones such as N-methyl-2-piperidone, N-vinyl-2-piperidone, and N-phenyl-2-piperidone; N-hydrocarbyl-ε-caprolactams such as N-methyl-ε-caprolactam and N-phenyl-ε-caprolactam; and N-hydrocarbyl-ω-laurilolactams such as N-methyl-ω-laurilolactam and N-vinyl-ω-laurilolactam. N-phenyl-2-pyrrolidone and N-methyl-ε-caprolactam are preferable among the above examples.
Examples of the compound represented by the formula (IIIb) in which R36 is a group in which a hydrocarbylene group and a group represented by —NR35— (R35 is a hydrocarbyl group or a hydrogen atom) are bonded include 1,3-dihydrocarbyl-2-imidazolidinones such as 1,3-dimethyl-2-imidazolidinone, 1,3-diethyl-2-imidazolidinone, 1,3-divinyl-2-imidazolidinone, and 1-methyl-3-ethyl-2-imidazolidinone. Among the above examples, 1,3-dimethyl-2-imidazolidinone is preferred.
Preferable examples of the compound represented by the formula (III) include a compound represented by the formula (III) in which k is 1; and R33 is a hydrocarbylene group, represented by the following formula (IIIc):




wherein R31 represents an optionally substituted hydrocarbyl group, or is bonded with R32 to form a hydrocarbylene group optionally containing, as a hetero atom, a nitrogen atom and/or an oxygen atom; R32 represents an optionally substituted hydrocarbyl group, or is bonded with R31 to form a hydrocarbylene group optionally containing, as a hetero atom, a nitrogen atom and/or an oxygen atom; R33 represents a hydrocarbylene group, and R34 represents an optionally substituted hydrocarbyl group or a hydrogen atom.

In the formula (IIIc), description and examples of the optionally substituted hydrocarbyl group for R31, R32 or R34; the hydrocarbylene group optionally containing, as a hetero atom, a nitrogen atom and/or an oxygen atom, formed by bonding of R31 and R32; and the hydrocarbylene group for R33 are the same as those stated in the description of the formula (III).
In the formula (IIIc), R33 is preferably a C1-10 hydrocarbylene group, more preferably an a C1-10 alkylene group or a C6-10 arylene group, still more preferably a C1-6 alkylene group or a phenylene group, and particularly preferably an ethylene group, a trimethylene group, or a 1,4-phenylene group.
In the formula (IIIc), R34 is preferably a C1-10 hydrocarbyl group, or a substituted C1-10 hydrocarbyl group in which the substituent is a dialkylamino group, more preferably a C1-6 alkyl group, a C6-10 aryl group, a C1-6 dialkylaminoalkyl group, or a C6-10 dialkylaminoaryl group, and still more preferably a methyl group, an ethyl group, a phenyl group, a 3-dimethylaminoethyl group, or a 4-diethylaminophenyl group.
In the formula (IIIc), R31 is preferably a C1-10 hydrocarbyl group, or is bonded with R32 to form a C3-10 hydrocarbylene group, or a hetero atom-containing C3-10 hydrocarbylene group in which the hetero atom is a nitrogen atom or an oxygen atom; more preferably a C1-10 alkyl group or a C6-10 aryl group, or is bonded with R32 to form a C3-10 alkylene group, a group represented by —CH═N—CH═CH—, a group represented by —CH═N—CH2—CH2—, or a group represented by —(CH2)2—O—(CH2)2—; still more preferably a C1-6 alkyl group, or is bonded with R32 to form a C3-6 alkylene group, a group represented by —CH═N—CH═CH—, or a group represented by —CH═N—CH2—CH2—; and particularly preferably a methyl group or an ethyl group, or is bonded with R32 to form a tetramethylene group, a hexamethylene group, or a group represented by —CH═N—CH═CH—.
In the formula (IIIc), R32 is preferably a C1-10 hydrocarbyl group, or is bonded with R31 to form a C3-10 hydrocarbylene group, or a hetero atom-containing C3-10 hydrocarbylene group in which the hetero atom is a nitrogen atom or an oxygen atom; more preferably a C1-10 alkyl group or a C6-10 aryl group, or is bonded with R31 to form a C3-10 alkylene group, a group represented by —CH═N—CH═CH—, a group represented by —CH═N—CH2—CH2—, or a group represented by —(CH2)2—O—(CH2)2—; still more preferably a C1-6 alkyl group, or is bonded with R31 to form a C3-6 alkylene group, a group represented by —CH═N—CH═CH—, or a group represented by —CH═N—CH2—CH2—; and particularly preferably a methyl group or an ethyl group, or is bonded with R31 to form a tetramethylene group, a hexamethylene group, or a group represented by —CH═N—CH═CH—.
Examples of the compound represented by the formula (IIIc) in which R34 is a hydrocarbyl group include 4-N,N-dihydrocarbylaminoacetophenones such as 4-(N,N-dimethylamino)acetophenone, 4-N-methyl-N-ethylaminoacetophenone, and 4-N,N-diethylaminoacetophenone; and 4-cyclic aminoacetophenone compounds such as 4′-(imidazol-1-yl)acetophenone and 4-pyrazolylacetophenone. Among the above examples, 4-cyclic aminoacetophenone compounds are preferable, and 4′-(imidazol-1-yl)acetophenone is more preferable.
Examples of the compound represented by the formula (IIIc) in which R34 is a substituted hydrocarbyl group include bis(dihydrocarbylaminoalkyl)ketones such as 1,7-bis(methylethylamino)-4-heptanone and 1,3-bis(diphenylamino)-2-propanone; 4-(dihydrocarbylamino)benzophenones such as 4-N,N-dimethylaminobenzophenone, 4-N,N-di-t-butylaminobenzophenone, and 4-N,N-diphenylaminobenzophenone; and 4,4′-bis(dihydrocarbylamino)benzophenones such as 4,4′-bis(dimethylamino)benzophenone, 4,4′-bis(diethylamino)benzophenone, and 4,4′-bis(diphenylamino)benzophenone. Among the above examples, 4,4′-bis(dihydrocarbylamino)benzophenone is preferable, and 4,4′-bis(diethylamino)benzophenone is more preferable.
Preferable examples of the compound represented by the formula (III) include a compound represented by the formula (III) in which k is 1, and R33 is a group in which a hydrocarbylene group and an oxygen atom are bonded, or a group in which a hydrocarbylene group and a group represented by —NR35— (R35 represents a hydrocarbyl group or a hydrogen atom) are bonded, represented by the following formula (IIId):




wherein R31 represents an optionally substituted hydrocarbyl group, or is bonded with R32 to form a hydrocarbylene group optionally containing, as a hetero atom, a nitrogen atom and/or an oxygen atom; R32 represents an optionally substituted hydrocarbyl group, or is bonded with R31 to form a hydrocarbylene group optionally containing, as a hetero atom, a nitrogen atom and/or an oxygen atom; R37 represents a hydrocarbylene group; A represents an oxygen atom or —NR35— wherein R35 represents a hydrocarbyl group or a hydrogen atom; and R34 represents an optionally substituted hydrocarbyl group or a hydrogen atom.

In the formula (IIId), description and examples of the optionally substituted hydrocarbyl group for R31, R32 or R34, and the hydrocarbylene group optionally containing, as a hetero atom, a nitrogen atom and/or an oxygen atom, formed by bonding of R31 and R32, are the same as those stated in the description of the formula (III). The hydrocarbyl group for R35 is the same as the hydrocarbyl group for R31, R32, or R34.
In the formula (IIId), A is preferably an oxygen atom or a group represented by —NR35— (R35 is a hydrocarbyl group (preferably a C1-5 hydrocarbyl group) or a hydrogen atom), more preferably an oxygen atom or a group represented by —NH—, and still more preferably a group represented by —NH—.
In the formula (IIId), examples of the hydrocarbylene group for R37 include alkylene groups such as a trimethylene group, a tetramethylene group, a pentamethylene group, a hexamethylene group, a pentan-2-en-1,5-diyl group, and a 2,2,4-trimethylhexane-1,6-diyl group; and arylene groups such as a 1,4-phenylene group.
In the formula (IIId), R34 is preferably a C1-10 hydrocarbyl group, more preferably an alkenyl group having 2 to 5 carbon atoms, and still more preferably a vinyl group.
In the formula (IIId), R37 is preferably a C1-10 hydrocarbylene group, more preferably a C1-6 alkylene group, still more preferably an ethylene group or a trimethylene group, and particularly preferably a trimethylene group.
In the formula (IIId), R31 is preferably a C1-10 hydrocarbyl group, or is bonded with R32 to form a C3-10 hydrocarbylene group, or a hetero atom-containing C3-10 hydrocarbylene group in which the hetero atom is a nitrogen atom or an oxygen atom; more preferably a C1-10 alkyl group or a C6-10 aryl group, or is bonded with R32 to form a C3-10 alkylene group, a group represented by —CH═N—CH═CH—, a group represented by —CH═N—CH2—CH2—, or a group represented by —(CH2)2—O—(CH2)2—; still more preferably a C1-6 alkyl group, or is bonded with R32 to form a C3-6 alkylene group, a group represented by —CH═N—CH═CH—, or a group represented by —CH═N—CH2—CH2—; and particularly preferably a methyl group or an ethyl group, or is bonded with R32 to form a tetramethylene group, a hexamethylene group, or a group represented by —CH═N—CH═CH—.
In the formula (IIId), R32 is preferably a C1-10 hydrocarbyl group, or is bonded with R31 to form a C3-10 hydrocarbylene group, or a hetero atom-containing C3-10 hydrocarbylene group in which the hetero atom is a nitrogen atom or an oxygen atom; more preferably a C1-10 alkyl group or a C6-10 aryl group, or is bonded with R31 to form a C3-10 alkylene group, a group represented by —CH═N—CH═CH—, a group represented by —CH═N—CH2—CH2—, or a group represented by —(CH2)2—O—(CH2)2—; still more preferably a C1-6 alkyl group, or is bonded with R31 to form a C3-6 alkylene group, a group represented by —CH—N—CH═CH—, or a group represented by —CH═N—CH2—CH2—; and particularly preferably a methyl group or an ethyl group, or is bonded with R31 to form a tetramethylene group, a hexamethylene group, or a group represented by —CH═N—CH═CH—.
Examples of the compound represented by the formula (IIId) in which A is an oxygen atom include 2-N,N-dihydrocarbylaminoethyl acrylates such as 2-N,N-dimethylaminoethyl acrylate and 2-N,N-diethylaminoethyl acrylate; 3-N,N-dihydrocarbylaminopropyl acrylates such as 3-N,N-dimethylaminopropyl acrylate; 2-N,N-dihydrocarbylaminoethyl methacrylates such as 2-N,N-dimethylaminoethyl methacrylate and 2-N,N-diethylaminoethyl methacrylate; and 3-N,N-dihydrocarbylaminopropyl methacrylates such as 3-N,N-dimethylaminopropyl methacrylate. The compound is preferably 3-N,N-dihydrocarbylaminopropyl acrylate, and more preferably 3-N,N-dimethylaminopropyl acrylate.
Examples of the compound represented by the formula (IIId) in which A is a group represented by —NR35— (R35 is a hydrocarbyl group or a hydrogen atom) include N,N-dihydrocarbylaminoethylacrylamides such as N,N-dimethylaminoethylacrylamide and N,N-diethylaminoethylacrylamide; N,N-dihydrocarbylaminopropylacrylamides such as N,N-dimethylaminopropylacrylamide and N,N-diethylaminopropylacrylamide; N,N-dihydrocarbylaminobutylacrylamides such as N,N-dimethylaminobutylacrylamide and N,N-diethylaminobutylacrylamide; N,N-dihydrocarbylaminoethylmethacrylamides such as N,N-dimethylaminoethylmethacrylamide and N,N-diethylaminoethylmethacrylamide; N,N-dihydrocarbylaminopropylmethacrylamides such as N,N-dimethylaminopropylmethacrylamide and N,N-diethylaminopropylmethacrylamide; and N,N-dihydrocarbylaminobutylmethacrylamides such as N,N-dimethylaminobutylmethacrylamide and N,N-diethylaminobutylmethacrylamide. The compound is preferably N,N-dihydrocarbylaminopropylacrylamide, and more preferably N,N-dimethylaminopropylacrylamide.
The compound represented by the formula (III) is preferably a compound represented by the formula (IIId), particularly preferably N,N-dihydrocarbylaminopropylacrylamide, and most preferably N,N-dimethylaminopropylacrylamide.
In addition to those described above, preferable examples of the compound containing a nitrogen atom and/or a silicon atom include an alkoxysilyl group-containing compound.
The alkoxysilyl group-containing compound is preferably a compound containing a nitrogen atom and an alkoxysilyl group, and more preferably a compound represented by the following formula (IV):




wherein R41 represents a hydrocarbyl group; R42 and R43 each represent a hydrocarbyl group or a hydrocarbyloxy group; R44 represents an optionally substituted hydrocarbyl group or a trihydrocarbylsilyl group, or is bonded with R45 to form a hydrocarbylene group optionally containing, as a hetero atom, at least one selected from the group consisting of a silicon atom, a nitrogen atom and an oxygen atom; R45 represents an optionally substituted hydrocarbyl group or a trihydrocarbylsilyl group, or is bonded with R44 to form a hydrocarbylene group optionally containing, as a hetero atom, at least one selected from the group consisting of a silicon atom, a nitrogen atom and an oxygen atom; and j represents an integer of 1 to 5.

In the formula (IV), the optionally substituted hydrocarbyl group is a hydrocarbyl group or a substituted hydrocarbyl group. Examples of the hydrocarbyl group include alkyl groups such as a methyl group, an ethyl group, an n-propyl group, an isopropyl group, and an n-butyl group; alkenyl groups such as a vinyl group, an allyl group, and an isopropenyl group; and aryl groups such as a phenyl group. The hydrocarbyl group is preferably an alkyl group, and more preferably a methyl group or an ethyl group. Examples of the substituted hydrocarbyl group include oxacycloalkyl groups such as an oxiranyl group and a tetrahydrofuranyl group, and preferably a tetrahydrofuranyl group.
Herein, the oxacycloalkyl group represents a group in which CH2 on an alicycle of a cycloalkyl group is replaced with an oxygen atom.
Examples of the hydrocarbyloxy group include alkoxy groups such as a methoxy group, an ethoxy group, an n-propoxy group, an isopropoxy group, an n-butoxy group, a sec-butoxy group, and a tert-butoxy group; and aryloxy groups such as a phenoxy group and a benzyloxy group. The hydrocarbyloxy group is preferably an alkoxy group, and more preferably a methoxy group or an ethoxy group.
Examples of the trihydrocarbylsilyl group include a trimethylsilyl group and a tert-butyl-dimethylsilyl group, and preferably a trimethylsilyl group.
The hydrocarbylene group optionally containing, as a hetero atom, at least one selected from the group consisting of a silicon atom, a nitrogen atom and an oxygen atom is a hydrocarbylene group, or a hetero atom-containing hydrocarbylene group in which the hetero atom is at least one selected from the group consisting of a silicon atom, a nitrogen atom and an oxygen atom. Examples of the hetero atom-containing hydrocarbylene group in which the hetero atom is at least one selected from the group consisting of a silicon atom, a nitrogen atom and an oxygen atom include a hetero atom-containing hydrocarbylene group in which the hetero atom is a silicon atom, a hetero atom-containing hydrocarbylene group in which the hetero atom is a nitrogen atom, and a hetero atom-containing hydrocarbylene group in which the hetero atom is an oxygen atom. Examples of the hydrocarbylene group include alkylene groups such as a tetramethylene group, a pentamethylene group, a hexamethylene group, a pentan-2-en-1,5-diyl group, and a 2,2,4-trimethylhexane-1,6-diyl group. Among them, a C4-7 alkylene group is preferable, and a pentamethylene group or a hexamethylene group is particularly preferable. Examples of the hetero atom-containing hydrocarbylene group in which the hetero atom is a silicon atom include a group represented by —Si(CH3)2—CH2—CH2—Si(CH3)2—. Examples of the hetero atom-containing hydrocarbylene group in which the hetero atom is a nitrogen atom include a group represented by —CH═N—CH═CH—, or a group represented by —CH═N—CH2—CH2—. Examples of the hetero atom-containing hydrocarbylene group in which the hetero atom is an oxygen atom include a group represented by —CH2—CH2—O—CH2—CH2—.
In the formula (IV), R41 is preferably a C1-4 alkyl group, and more preferably a methyl group or an ethyl group. R42 and R43 each are preferably a hydrocarbyloxy group, more preferably a C1-4 alkoxy group, and still more preferably a methoxy group or an ethoxy group. R44 and R45 each are preferably a hydrocarbyl group, more preferably a C1-4 alkyl group, and still more preferably a methyl group or an ethyl group. Here, j is preferably an integer of 2 to 4.
Examples of the compound represented by the formula (IV) include [(dialkylamino)alkyl]alkoxysilane compounds such as 3-dimethylaminopropyltriethoxysilane, 3-dimethylaminopropyltrimethoxysilane, 3-diethylaminopropyltriethoxysilane, 3-diethylaminopropyltrimethoxysilane, 3-dimethylaminopropylmethyldiethoxysilane, 2-dimethylaminoethyltriethoxysilane, and 2-dimethylaminoethyltrimethoxysilane; cyclic aminoalkylalkoxysilane compounds such as hexamethyleneiminomethyltrimethoxysilane, 3-hexamethyleneiminopropyltriethoxysilane, N-(3-triethoxysilylpropyl)-4,5-dihydroimidazole, and N-(3-trimethoxysilylpropyl)-4,5-imidazole; [di(tetrahydrofuranyl)amino]alkylalkoxysilane compounds such as 3-[di(tetrahydrofuranyl)amino]propyltrimethoxysilane and 3-[di(tetrahydrofuranyl)amino]propyltriethoxysilane; and N,N-bis(trialkylsilyl)aminoalkylalkoxysilane compounds such as N,N-bis(trimethylsilyl)aminopropylmethyldimethoxysilane and N,N-bis(trimethylsilyl)aminopropylmethyldiethoxysilane. Among the above examples, [(dialkylamino)alkyl]alkoxysilane compounds are preferable, and 3-dimethylaminopropyltriethoxysilane, 3-dimethylaminopropyltrimethoxysilane, 3-diethylaminopropyltriethoxysilane, and 3-diethylaminopropyltrimethoxysilane are more preferable.
Examples of the compound containing an alkoxysilyl group, in addition to the aforementioned compounds containing a nitrogen atom and an alkoxysilyl group, include tetraalkoxysilanes such as tetramethoxysilane, tetraethoxysilane, and tetra-n-propoxysilane; trialkoxyhydrocarbylsilanes such as methyltrimethoxysilane, methyltriethoxysilane, ethyltrimethoxysilane, and phenyltrimethoxysilane; trialkoxyhalosilanes such as trimethoxychlorosilane, triethoxychlorosilane, and tri-n-propoxychlorosilane; dialkoxydihydrocarbylsilanes such as dimethoxydimethylsilane, diethoxydimethylsilane, and dimethoxydiethylsilane; dialkoxydihalosilanes such as dimethoxydichlorosilane, diethoxydichlorosilane, and di-n-propoxydichlorosilane; monoalkoxytrihydrocarbylsilanes such as methoxytrimethylsilane; monoalkoxytrihalosilanes such as methoxytrichlorosilane and ethoxytrichlorosilane; (glycidoxyalkyl)alkoxysilane compounds such as 2-glycidoxyethyltrimethoxysilane, 2-glycidoxyethyltriethoxysilane, (2-glycidoxyethyl)methyldimethoxysilane, 3-glycidoxypropyltrimethoxysilane, 3-glycidoxypropyltriethoxysilane, and (3-glycidoxypropyl)methyldimethoxysilane; (3,4-epoxycyclohexyl)alkylalkoxysilane compounds such as 2-(3,4-epoxycyclohexyl)ethyltrimethoxysilane, 2-(3,4-epoxycyclohexyl)ethyltriethoxysilane, and 2-(3,4-epoxycyclohexyl)ethyl(methyl)dimethoxysilane; alkoxysilylalkylsuccinic anhydrides such as 3-trimethoxysilylpropylsuccinic anhydride and 3-triethoxysilylpropylsuccinic anhydride; and (methacryloyloxyalkyl)alkoxysilane compounds such as 3-methacryloyloxypropyltrimethoxysilane and 3-methacryloyloxypropyltriethoxysilane.
The compound containing an alkoxysilyl group may contain a nitrogen atom and a carbonyl group. Examples of the compound containing a nitrogen atom and a carbonyl group as well as an alkoxysilyl group include tris[(alkoxysilyl)alkyl]isocyanurate compounds such as tris[3-(trimethoxysilyl)propyl]isocyanurate, tris[3-(triethoxysilyl)propyl]isocyanurate, tris[3-(tripropoxysilyl)propyl]isocyanurate, and tris[3-(tributoxysilyl)propyl]isocyanurate. Among them, tris[3-(trimethoxysilyl)propyl]isocyanurate is preferable.
Examples of the compound containing a nitrogen atom and/or a silicon atom include an N,N-dialkyl-substituted carboxylic acid amide dialkyl acetal compound. Examples of the N,N-dialkyl-substituted carboxylic acid amide dialkyl acetal compound include N,N-dialkylformamide dialkyl acetals such as N,N-dimethylformamide dimethyl acetal and N,N-diethylformamide dimethyl acetal; N,N-dialkylacetamide dialkyl acetals such as N,N-dimethylacetamide dimethyl acetal and N,N-diethylacetamide dimethyl acetal; and N,N-dialkylpropionamide dialkyl acetals such as N,N-dimethylpropionamide dimethyl acetal and N,N-diethylpropionamide dimethyl acetal. Among them, N,N-dialkylformamide dialkyl acetals are preferable, and N,N-dimethylformamide dimethyl acetals are more preferable.
In a method of producing the conjugated diene polymer, a coupling agent may be added to a solution of the conjugated diene polymer in a hydrocarbon at any time from the initiation of the polymerization of monomers before the recovery of the polymer described later. Examples of the coupling agent include a compound represented by the following formula (V):

R51aML4-a  (V)

wherein R51 represents an alkyl group, an alkenyl group, a cycloalkenyl group, or an aryl group; M represents a silicon atom or a tin atom; L represents a halogen atom or a hydrocarbyloxy group; and a represents an integer of 0 to 2.

Examples of the coupling agent represented by the formula (V) include silicon tetrachloride, methyltrichlorosilane, dimethyldichlorosilane, trimethylchlorosilane, tin tetrachloride, methyltrichlorotin, dimethyldichlorotin, trimethylchlorotin, tetramethoxysilane, methyltrimethoxysilane, dimethoxydimethylsilane, methyltriethoxysilane, ethyltrimethoxysilane, dimethoxydiethylsilane, diethoxydimethylsilane, tetraethoxysilane, ethyltriethoxysilane, and diethoxydiethylsilane.
For enhancing the processability of the conjugated diene polymer, the amount of the coupling agent to be added is preferably not less than 0.03 mol and more preferably not less than 0.05 mol, per mol of an alkali metal derived from an alkali metal catalyst. For enhancing the fuel economy, the amount is preferably not more than 0.4 mol and more preferably not more than 0.3 mol.
In the method of producing the conjugated diene polymer, an unreacted active terminal may be treated with alcohol, such as methanol or isopropyl alcohol, before recovery of a polymer described later.
As a method of recovering a conjugated diene polymer from the solution of the conjugated diene polymer in a hydrocarbon, known methods may be employed. Examples of the method include (A) a method of adding a coagulant to the solution of the conjugated diene polymer in a hydrocarbon, and (B) a method of adding steam to the solution of the conjugated diene polymer in a hydrocarbon solvent (steam stripping treatment). The recovered conjugated diene polymer may be dried with a known dryer, such as a band dryer or an extrusion-type dryer.
For achieving a balanced enhancement in processability, fuel economy, rubber strength, abrasion resistance, wet-grip performance, and handling stability, the amount of the structural unit derived from the polymerization initiator represented by the formula (I) in the conjugated diene polymer, when expressed per unit mass of the polymer, is preferably not less than 0.0001 mmol/g polymer, and more preferably not less than 0.001 mmol/g polymer, but is preferably not more than 0.15 mmol/g polymer, and more preferably not more than 0.1 mmol/g polymer.
For achieving a balanced enhancement in processability, fuel economy, rubber strength, abrasion resistance, wet-grip performance, and handling stability, the amount of the structural unit derived from the silicon-containing vinyl compound in the conjugated diene polymer, when expressed per unit mass of the polymer, is preferably not less than 0.01 mmol/g polymer, and more preferably not less than 0.02 mmol/g polymer, but is preferably not more than 0.4 mmol/g polymer, and more preferably not more than 0.2 mmol/g polymer.
For achieving a balanced enhancement in processability, fuel economy, rubber strength, abrasion resistance, wet-grip performance, and handling stability, the conjugated diene polymer preferably contains a structural unit derived from the compound represented by the formula (II). The structural unit derived from the compound represented by the formula (II) in the conjugated diene polymer refers to a structural unit represented by the following formula (IIb):




wherein m, R21, X1, X2, and X3 are the same as those stated in the description of the formula (II).

In the conjugated diene polymer according to the present invention, preferably, at least one of X1, X2 and X3 is replaced by a hydroxyl group, more preferably two or more of X1, X2 and X3 are replaced by hydroxyl groups, and still more preferably two of X1, X2 and X3 are replaced by hydroxyl groups, in the structural unit derived from the compound represented by the formula (II). This enables to enhance the effect of enhancing the processability, fuel economy, rubber strength, abrasion resistance, wet-grip performance, and handling stability. Unlimited examples of a method of replacing at least one of X1, X2, and X3 with a hydroxyl group include steam stripping treatment.
For achieving a balanced enhancement in processability, fuel economy, rubber strength, abrasion resistance, wet-grip performance, and handling stability, the conjugated diene polymer preferably contains a structural unit derived from an aromatic vinyl compound (aromatic vinyl unit). If the conjugated diene polymer contains an aromatic vinyl unit, the amount of the aromatic vinyl unit in the conjugated diene polymer, based on 100% by mass of the combined amount of the structural unit derived from the conjugated diene compound (conjugated diene unit) and the aromatic vinyl unit, is preferably not less than 10% by mass (the amount of the conjugated diene unit is not more than 90% by mass), and more preferably not less than 15% by mass (the amount of the conjugated diene unit is not more than 85% by mass). Also, from the viewpoint of the fuel economy, the amount of the aromatic vinyl unit is preferably not more than 50% by mass (the amount of the conjugated diene unit is not less than 50% by mass), and more preferably not more than 45% by mass (the amount of the conjugated diene unit is not less than 55% by mass).
If the conjugated diene polymer contains a structural unit derived from an aromatic vinyl compound, for enhancing the fuel economy, the vinyl bond content (vinyl content) in the conjugated diene polymer is preferably not more than 80 mol %, and more preferably not more than 70 mol %, based on the amount of the conjugated diene unit (regarded as 100 mol %). From the viewpoint of the wet-grip performance, the vinyl bond content is preferably not less than 10 mol %, more preferably not less than 15 mol %, still more preferably not less than 20 mol %, and particularly preferably not less than 40 mol %.
In particular, for enhancing the abrasion resistance, the conjugated diene polymer preferably contains no structural unit derived from an aromatic vinyl compound. In this case, the vinyl bond content (vinyl content) in the conjugated diene polymer is preferably not more than 20 mol %, and more preferably not more than 15 mol %, based on the amount of the conjugated diene unit (regarded as 100 mol %).
The vinyl bond content in the conjugated diene polymer is measured by the method described in examples below.
For enhancing the fuel economy, the molecular weight distribution of the conjugated diene polymer is preferably 1 to 5, and more preferably 1 to 2. The molecular weight distribution is obtained by measuring a number-average molecular weight (Mn) and a weight-average molecular weight (Mw) using gel permeation chromatography (GPC), and dividing Mw by Mn.
The conjugated diene polymer may be used as a rubber component in the rubber composition of the present invention.
The amount of the conjugated diene polymer based on 100% by mass of the rubber component is not more than 90% by mass, preferably not more than 80% by mass, more preferably not more than 75% by mass, and still more preferably not more than 55% by mass. An amount of more than 90% by mass tends to not only decrease the abrasion resistance but also drive up the cost. The amount of the conjugated diene polymer is not less than 1% by mass, preferably not less than 5% by mass, more preferably not less than 10% by mass, still more preferably not less than 25% by mass, and particularly preferably not less than 40% by mass. An amount of less than 1% by mass tends not to easily improve the fuel economy.
The other rubber component to be used together with the conjugated diene polymer may suitably be a polyisoprene-based rubber. If a polyisoprene-based rubber is added, the rubber strength increases, and the cohesion of the rubber compound during mixing is so good that productivity can be enhanced.
Examples of the polyisoprene-based rubber include natural rubber (NR), and polyisoprene rubber (IR). The NR is not particularly limited, and examples thereof include those usually used in the tire industry, such as SIR20, RSS#3, TSR20, deproteinized natural rubber (DPNR), highly purified natural rubber (HPNR), and epoxidized natural rubber (ENR). Similarly, IRs usually used in the tire industry may be used.
In the case where the rubber composition of the present invention includes a polyisoprene-based rubber, the amount of the polyisoprene-based rubber based on 100% by mass of the rubber component is preferably not less than 10% by mass, and more preferably not less than 25% by mass.
If the amount is less than 10% by mass, the rubber strength may decrease and the cohesion of the rubber compound during mixing may be so poor that productivity can be deteriorated. The amount of the polyisoprene-based rubber is not more than 70% by mass, preferably not more than 50% by mass, and more preferably not more than 40% by mass. If the amount of the polyisoprene-based rubber exceeds 70% by mass, sufficient wet-grip performance may not be achieved.
Examples of materials that can be used in the rubber component, other than polyisoprene-based rubbers, include conventional rubbers such as styrene-butadiene copolymer rubber (SBR), polybutadiene rubber (BR), butadiene-isoprene copolymer rubber, and butyl rubber. Ethylene-propylene copolymers, and ethylene-octene copolymers may also be mentioned. Two or more kinds of the rubber materials may be used in combination. From the viewpoint of achieving a balanced improvement in processability, fuel economy, rubber strength, abrasion resistance, wet-grip performance, and handling stability, a rubber component containing not less than 50% by mass of a structural unit derived from a conjugated diene compound is preferably used. Specifically, BR or SBR is preferred.
The BR is not particularly limited, and examples thereof include BRs usually used in the tire industry. For example, BRs with a high cis content such as BR1220 (produced by ZEON Corporation), and BR130B and BR150B (produced by Ube Industries, Ltd.); and syndiotactic polybutadiene crystal-containing BRs such as VCR412 and VCR617 (produced by Ube Industries, Ltd.) may be used.
If the rubber composition of the present invention contains BR, the amount of BR based on 100% by mass of the rubber component is preferably not less than 5% by mass, more preferably not less than 10% by mass, and still more preferably not less than 15% by mass. If the amount is less than 5% by mass, the abrasion resistance tends to decrease. The amount of BR is preferably not more than 60% by mass, and more preferably not more than 50% by mass. If the amount is more than 60% by mass, the wet grip performance tends to decrease.
The SBR is not particularly limited, and examples thereof include SBRs usually used in the tire industry, such as Nipol NS116R (produced by ZEON Corporation).
If the rubber composition of the present invention contains SBR, the amount of SBR based on 100% by mass of the rubber component is preferably not less than 15% by mass, and more preferably not less than 25% by mass. If the amount is less than 15% by mass, the wet-grip performance tends to decrease. The amount of SBR is preferably not more than 90% by mass, and more preferably not more than 80% by mass. If the amount is more than 90% by mass, the fuel economy tends to deteriorate.
The rubber composition of the present invention contains silica having a nitrogen adsorption specific surface area (N2SA) of 40 to 400 m2/g. Unlimited examples of the silica include dry silica (anhydrous silica) and wet silica (hydrous silica). Wet silica is preferable because it has more silanol groups.
The silica has a nitrogen adsorption specific surface area (N2SA) of not less than 40 m2/g, preferably not less than 50 m2/g, and more preferably not less than 60 m2/g. If the silica has a N2SA of less than 40 m2/g, the silica tends to have little reinforcement, and thus the abrasion resistance and rubber strength tend to decrease. The silica has a N2SA of not more than 400 m2/g, preferably not more than 360 m2/g, and more preferably not more than 300 m2/g. Silica having a N2SA of more than 400 m2/g tends not to disperse easily, and thus the fuel economy and processability tend to deteriorate.
The N2SA of silica is determined by the BET method in accordance with ASTM D3037-93.
The amount of the silica (total amount if two or more kinds of silica are used) for each 100 parts by mass of the rubber component is not less than 10 parts by mass, preferably not less than 30 parts by mass, and more preferably not less than 45 parts by mass. If the amount is less than 10 parts by mass, the effect producible by blending silica tends not to be sufficiently achieved, and the abrasion resistance and rubber strength tend to decrease. The amount of the silica is not more than 150 parts by mass, and preferably not more than 100 parts by mass. If the amount exceeds 150 parts by mass, the processability tends to deteriorate.
One kind of silica may solely be used, but preferably two or more kinds of silica are used in combination. A combination use of silica (1) having a nitrogen adsorption specific surface area of at least 50 m2/g but less than 120 m2/g, and silica (2) having a nitrogen adsorption specific surface area of not less than 120 m2/g is more preferable. If the silica (1) and the silica (2) are mixed with the conjugated diene polymer, the silica (1) and the silica (2) disperse well so that the effect of improving the properties can be synergistically enhanced. Moreover, if the silica (1) and the silica (2) are used together with a mercapto group-containing silane coupling agent or a specific solid resin, which is described later, the effect of improving the properties can further be enhanced.
The silica (1) and the silica (2) preferably satisfy the inequality: (N2SA of silica (2))/(N2SA of silica (1))≧1.4, and more preferably satisfy the inequality: (N2SA of silica (2))/(N2SA of silica (1))≧2.0. If the ratio of (N2SA of silica (2))/(N2SA of silica (1)) is less than 1.4, the difference in the particle diameter between the silica (1) and the silica (2) is small. Thus, a dispersibility-improving effect producible by blending two kinds of silica tends not to be sufficiently achieved.
The silica (1) has a N2SA of not less than 50 m2/g, and preferably not less than 70 m2/g. If the silica (1) has a N2SA of less than 50 m2/g, the silica tends to have an insufficient reinforcement, and the rubber strength, abrasion resistance, and handling stability may deteriorate. The silica (1) has a N2SA of less than 120 m2/g, and preferably not more than 115 m2/g. If the silica (1) has a N2SA of not less than 120 m2/g, the effect producible by the combination use of the silica (1) and the silica (2) may not be sufficiently achieved.
The silica (2) has a N2SA of not less than 120 m2/g, and preferably not less than 150 m2/g. If the silica (2) has a N2SA of less than 120 m2/g, the effect producible by the combination use of the silica (1) and the silica (2) may not be sufficiently achieved. The silica (2) has a N2SA of preferably not more than 250 m2/g, and more preferably not more than 220 m2/g. If the silica (2) has a N2SA of more than 250 m2/g, the fuel economy and processability tend to deteriorate.
The amounts of the silica (1) and the silica (2) preferably satisfy the following inequality:

(Amount of silica (1))×0.06≦(Amount of silica (2))≦(Amount of silica (1))×15.

If the amount of the silica (2) is less than 0.06 times the amount of the silica (1), a sufficient rubber strength tends not to be achieved. If the amount of the silica (2) is more than 15 times the amount of the silica (1), the rolling resistance tends to increase. The amount of the silica (2) is more preferably not less than 0.3 times the amount of the silica (1), and still more preferably not less than 0.5 times the amount of the silica (1). Also, the amount of the silica (2) is more preferably not more than 7 times the amount of the silica (1), and still more preferably not more than 4 times the amount of the silica (1).
The amount of the silica (1) is preferably not less than 5 parts by mass, and more preferably not less than 10 parts by mass for each 100 parts by mass of the rubber component. If the amount of the silica (1) is less than 5 parts by mass, the fuel economy may not be sufficiently improved. Also, the amount of the silica (1) is preferably not more than 90 parts by mass, and more preferably not more than 70 parts by mass. If the amount of the silica (1) is more than 90 parts by mass, good fuel economy is achieved, but the rubber strength and abrasion resistance tend to decrease.
The amount of the silica (2) is preferably not less than 5 parts by mass, and more preferably not less than 10 parts by mass for each 100 parts by mass of the rubber component. If the amount of the silica (2) is less than 5 parts by mass, sufficient handling stability may not be achieved. Also, the amount of the silica (2) is preferably not more than 90 parts by mass, and more preferably not more than 70 parts by mass. If the amount of the silica (2) is more than 90 parts by mass, good handling stability is achieved; however, the processability tends to deteriorate.
The total amount of the silica (1) and the silica (2) is preferably not less than 10 parts by mass, more preferably not less than 30 parts by mass, and still more preferably not less than 45 parts by mass for each 100 parts by mass of the rubber component. If the total amount is less than 10 parts by mass, the effect producible by blending the silica (1) and the silica (2) may not be sufficiently achieved. Thus, the abrasion resistance and rubber strength tend to decrease. The total amount of the silica (1) and the silica (2) is not more than 150 parts by mass, and preferably not more than 100 parts by mass. If the total amount exceeds 150 parts by mass, the processability tends to deteriorate.
The silica may be used together with a silane coupling agent. From a viewpoint that a combination use of the conjugated diene polymer and the silica can synergistically improve the properties, preferable examples of silane coupling agents include mercapto group-containing silane coupling agents. If a mercapto group-containing silane coupling agent is used together with the silica (1) and the silica (2) or a specific solid resin mentioned later, the effect of improving the properties can further be enhanced.
Preferable examples of the mercapto group-containing silane coupling agent include a compound represented by the formula (I) below, and a compound containing a linking unit A represented by the formula (2) below and a linking unit B represented by the formula (3) below,




wherein R101 to R103 each represent a branched or unbranched C1-12 alkyl group, a branched or unbranched C1-12 alkoxy group, or a group represented by —O—(R111—O)z—R112 where z R111s may be the same as or different from one another and z R111s each represent a branched or unbranched C1-30 divalent hydrocarbon group; R112 represents a branched or unbranched C1-30 alkyl group, a branched or unbranched C2-30 alkenyl group, a C6-30 aryl group, or a C7-30 aralkyl group; and z represents an integer of 1 to 30, and R101 to R103 may be the same as or different from one another; and R104 represents a branched or unbranched C1-6 alkylene group,





wherein R201 represents a hydrogen atom, a halogen atom, a branched or unbranched C1-30 alkyl group, a branched or unbranched C2-30 alkenyl group, a branched or unbranched C2-30 alkynyl group, or the alkyl group in which a terminal hydrogen atom is replaced with a hydroxyl group or a carboxyl group; R202 represents a branched or unbranched C1-30 alkylene group, a branched or unbranched C2-30 alkenylene group, or a branched or unbranched C2-30 alkynylene group; and R201 and R202 may be joined together to form a cyclic structure.

The following describes the compound represented by the formula (I).
The use of the compound represented by the formula (1) allows the silica to disperse well, and thus the effects of the present invention are well achieved. In particular, the use of the compound represented by the formula (1) can greatly improve the wet grip performance and fuel economy.
R101 to R103 each are a branched or unbranched C1-12 alkyl group, a branched or unbranched C1-12 alkoxy group, or a group represented by —O—(R111—O)z—R112. In view of achieving the effects of the present invention well, preferably at least one of R101 to R103 is a group represented by —O—(R111—O)z—R112, and more preferably two of R101 to R103 are groups represented by —O—(R111—O)z—R112 and the other is a branched of unbranched C1-12 alkoxy group.
Examples of the branched or unbranched C1-12 (preferably C1-5) alkyl group for R101 to R103 include a methyl group, an ethyl group, an n-propyl group, an isopropyl group, an n-butyl group, an iso-butyl group, a sec-butyl group, a tert-butyl group, a pentyl group, a hexyl group, a heptyl group, a 2-ethylhexyl group, an octyl group, and a nonyl group.
Examples of the branched or unbranched C1-12 (preferably C1-5) alkoxy group for R101 to R103 include a methoxy group, an ethoxy group, an n-propoxy group, an isopropoxy group, an n-butoxy group, an iso-butoxy group, a sec-butoxy group, a tert-butoxy group, a pentyloxy group, a hexyloxy group, a heptyloxy group, a 2-ethylhexyloxy group, an octyloxy group, and a nonyloxy group.
R111 in the group represented by —O—(R111—O)z—R112 for R101 to R103 represents a branched or unbranched C1-30 (preferably C1-15, more preferably C1-3) divalent hydrocarbon group.
Examples of the hydrocarbon group include branched or unbranched C1-30 alkylene groups, branched or unbranched C2-30 alkenylene groups, branched or unbranched C2-30 alkynylene groups, and branched or unbranched C6-30 arylene groups. Branched or unbranched C1-30 alkylene groups are preferred among the examples.
Examples of the branched or unbranched C1-30 (preferably C1-15, more preferably C1-3) alkylene group for R111 include a methylene group, an ethylene group, a propylene group, a butylene group, a pentylene group, a hexylene group, a heptylene group, an octylene group, a nonylene group, a decylene group, an undecylene group, a dodecylene group, a tridecylene group, a tetradecylene group, a pentadecylene group, a hexadecylene group, a heptadecylene group, and an octadecylene group.
Examples of the branched or unbranched C2-30 (preferably C2-15, more preferably C2-3) alkenylene group for R111 include a vinylene group, a 1-propenylene group, a 2-propenylene group, a 1-butenylene group, a 2-butenylene group, a 1-pentenylene group, a 2-pentenylene group, a 1-hexenylene group, a 2-hexenylene group, and a 1-octenylene group.
Examples of the branched or unbranched C2-30 (preferably C2-15, more preferably C2-3) alkynylene group for R111 include an ethynylene group, a propynylene group, a butynylene group, a pentynylene group, a hexynylene group, a heptynylene group, an octynylene group, a nonynylene group, a decynylene group, an undecynylene group, and a dodecynylene group.
Examples of the C6-30 (preferably C6-15) arylene group for R111 include a phenylene group, a tolylene group, a xylylene group, and a naphthylene group.
Here, z represents an integer of 1 to 30 (preferably 2 to 20, more preferably 3 to 7, and still more preferably 5 or 6).
R112 represents a branched or unbranched C1-30 alkyl group, a branched or unbranched C2-30 alkenyl group, a C6-30 aryl group, or a C7-30 aralkyl group. R112 is especially preferably a branched or unbranched C1-30 alkyl group.
Examples of the branched or unbranched C1-30 (preferably C3-25, more preferably C10-15) alkyl group for R112 include a methyl group, an ethyl group, an n-propyl group, an isopropyl group, an n-butyl group, an iso-butyl group, a sec-butyl group, a tert-butyl group, a pentyl group, a hexyl group, a heptyl group, a 2-ethylhexyl group, an octyl group, a nonyl group, a decyl group, an undecyl group, a dodecyl group, a tridecyl group, a tetradecyl group, a pentadecyl group, and an octadecyl group.
Examples of the branched or unbranched C2-30 (preferably C3-25, more preferably C10-15) alkenyl group for R112 include a vinyl group, a 1-propenyl group, a 2-propenyl group, a 1-butenyl group, a 2-butenyl group, a 1-pentenyl group, a 2-pentenyl group, a 1-hexenyl group, a 2-hexenyl group, a 1-octenyl group, a decenyl group, an undecenyl group, a dodecenyl group, a tridecenyl group, a tetradecenyl group, a pentadecenyl group, and an octadecenyl group.
Examples of the C6-30 (preferably C10-20) aryl group for R112 include a phenyl group, a tolyl group, a xylyl group, a naphthyl group, and a biphenyl group.
Examples of the C7-30 (preferably C10-20) aralkyl group for R112 include a benzyl group and a phenethyl group.
Specific examples of the group represented by —O—(R111—O)z—R112 include groups represented by —O— (C2H4—O)5—C11H23, —O—(C2H4—O)5—C12H25, —O—(C2H4—O)5—C13H27, —O—(C2H4—O)5—C14H29, —O—(C2H4—O)5—C15H31, —O—(C2H4—O)3—C13H27, —O—(C2H4—O)4—C13H27, —O—(C2H4—O)6—C13H27 and —O— (C2H4—O)7—C13H27. Among the examples, groups represented by —O—(C2H4—O)5—C11H23, —O—(C2H4—O)5—C13H27, —O—(C2H4—O)5—C15H31, and —O—(C2H4—O)6—C13H27 are preferable.
Examples of the branched or unbranched C1-6 (preferably C1-5) alkylene group for R104 include groups as mentioned for the branched or unbranched C1-30 alkylene groups for R111.
Examples of the compound represented by the formula (1) include 3-mercaptopropyltrimethoxysilane, 3-mercaptopropyltriethoxysilane, 2-mercaptoethyl-trimethoxysilane, 2-mercaptoethyltriethoxysilane, and a compound represented by the following formula (Si363 produced by Evonik Degussa). Use of the compound represented by the following formula is preferred. Any of these compounds may be used alone or two or more of these may be used in combination.




The following describes the compound containing a linking unit A represented by the formula (2) and a linking unit B represented by the formula (3).
In the case where the compound containing a linking unit A represented by the formula (2) and a linking unit B represented by the formula (3) is used, the increase in viscosity during the processing is suppressed as compared to the case where polysulfide silane such as bis-(3-triethoxysilylpropyl)tetrasulfide is used. This is presumably because, since the sulfide moiety of the linking unit A is a C—S—C bond, the compound is thermally more stable than tetrasulfide or disulfide, and thus the Mooney viscosity is less likely to increase.
Moreover, the decrease in the scorch time is suppressed compared to the case where mercapto silane such as 3-mercaptopropyltrimethoxysilane is used. This is presumably because, though the linking unit B has a mercapto silane structure, the —C7H15 moiety of the linking unit A covers a —SH group of the linking unit B, as a result of which the SH group is less likely to react with polymers. Thus, scorch is less likely to occur.
From the viewpoint of enhancing the effects of suppressing the viscosity increase during the processing and of suppressing the decrease in the scorch time as mentioned above, the linking unit A content in the silane coupling agent having the foregoing structure is preferably not less than 30 mol %, and more preferably not less than 50 mol %, but is preferably not more than 99 mol %, and more preferably not more than 90 mol %. The linking unit B content is preferably not less than 1 mol %, more preferably not less than 5 mol %, and still more preferably not less than 10 mol %, but is preferably not more than 70 mol %, more preferably not more than 65 mol %, and still more preferably not more than 55 mol %. The combined amount of the linking unit A and the linking unit B is preferably not less than 95 mol %, more preferably not less than 98 mol %, and particularly preferably 100 mol %.
The amount of the linking unit A or B is the amount including the linking unit A or B that is present at the terminal of the silane coupling agent, if any. In the case where the linking unit A or B is present at the terminal of the silane coupling agent, its form is not particularly limited as long as it forms a unit corresponding to the formula (2) representing the linking unit A or the formula (3) representing the linking unit B.
Examples of the halogen atom for R201 include chlorine, bromine, and fluorine.
Examples of the branched or unbranched C1-30 alkyl group for R201 include a methyl group, an ethyl group, an n-propyl group, an isopropyl group, an n-butyl group, an iso-butyl group, a sec-butyl group, a tert-butyl group, a pentyl group, a hexyl group, a heptyl group, a 2-ethylhexyl group, an octyl group, a nonyl group, and a decyl group. The alkyl group preferably has 1 to 12 carbon atom(s).
Examples of the branched or unbranched C2-30 alkenyl group for R201 include a vinyl group, a 1-propenyl group, a 2-propenyl group, a 1-butenyl group, a 2-butenyl group, a 1-pentenyl group, a 2-pentenyl group, a 1-hexenyl group, a 2-hexynyl group, and a 1-octenyl group. The alkenyl group preferably has 2 to 12 carbon atoms.
Examples of the branched or unbranched C2-30 alkynyl group for R201 include an ethynyl group, a propynyl group, a butynyl group, a pentynyl group, a hexynyl group, a heptynyl group, an octynyl group, a nonynyl group, a decynyl group, an undecynyl group, and a dodecynyl group. The alkynyl group preferably has 2 to 12 carbon atoms.
Examples of the branched or unbranched C1-30 alkylene group for R202 include an ethylene group, a propylene group, a butylene group, a pentylene group, a hexylene group, a heptylene group, an octylene group, a nonylene group, a decylene group, an undecylene group, a dodecylene group, a tridecylene group, a tetradecylene group, a pentadecylene group, a hexadecylene group, a heptadecylene group, and an octadecylene group. The alkylene group preferably has 1 to 12 carbon atom(s).
Examples of the branched or unbranched C2-30 alkenylene group for R202 include a vinylene group, a 1-propenylene group, a 2-propenylene group, a 1-butenylene group, a 2-butenylene group, a 1-pentenylene group, a 2-pentenylene group, a 1-hexenylene group, a 2-hexenylene group, and a 1-octenylene group. The alkenylene group preferably has 2 to 12 carbon atoms.
Examples of the branched or unbranched C2-30 alkynylene group for R202 include an ethynylene group, a propynylene group, a butynylene group, a pentynylene group, a hexynylene group, a heptynylene group, an octynylene group, a nonynylene group, a decynylene group, an undecynylene group, and a dodecynylene group. The alkynylene group preferably has 2 to 12 carbon atoms.
In the compound containing the linking unit A represented by the formula (2) and the linking unit B represented by the formula (3), the total number of repetitions (x+y) of the number of repetitions (x) of the linking unit A and the number of repetitions (y) of the linking unit B is preferably in the range of 3 to 300. If the total number of repetitions is in the range mentioned above, the —C7H15 moiety of the linking unit A covers the mercaptosilane of the linking unit B, which enables not only to suppress the decrease in the scorch time but also to surely achieve good reactivity to silica and the rubber component.
Examples of the compound containing the linking unit A represented by the formula (2) and the linking unit B represented by the formula (3) include NXT-Z30, NXT-Z45, and NXT-Z60 (produced by Momentive Performance Materials). Any of these may be used alone, or two or more of these may be used in combination.
The amount of the mercapto group-containing silane coupling agent is preferably not less than 0.5 parts by mass, and more preferably not less than 3 parts by mass for each 100 parts by mass of the silica. If the amount is less than 0.5 parts by mass, the resulting unvulcanized rubber composition tends to have high viscosity. Thus, sufficient processability may not be surely achieved. Also, the amount of the mercapto group-containing silane coupling agent is preferably not more than 20 parts by mass, and more preferably not more than 10 parts by mass. If the amount exceeds 20 parts by mass, the rubber strength and abrasion resistance tend to deteriorate.
The rubber composition of the present invention preferably includes other silane coupling agents as well as the mercapto group-containing silane coupling agent. This enables to enhance the effect of improving the properties. Examples of other silane coupling agents include bis(3-triethoxysilylpropyl)tetrasulfide, bis(3-triethoxysilylpropyl)trisulfide, bis(3-triethoxysilylpropyl)disulfide, bis(2-triethoxysilylethyl)tetrasulfide, 3-trimethoxysilylpropyl-N,N-dimethylthiocarbamoyl tetrasulfide, bis(3-trimethoxysilylpropyl)tetrasulfide, bis(2-trimethoxysilylethyl)tetrasulfide, 3-triethoxysilylpropyl-N,N-dimethylthiocarbamoyl tetrasulfide, 2-triethoxysilylethyl-N,N-dimethylthiocarbamoyl tetrasulfide, 3-trimethoxysilylpropylbenzothiazole tetrasulfide, 3-triethoxysilylpropylbenzothiazolyl tetrasulfide, 3-triethoxysilylpropylmethacrylate monosulfide, 3-trimethoxysilylpropylmethacrylate monosulfide, bis(3-diethoxymethylsilylpropyl)tetrasulfide, 3-mercaptopropyldimethoxymethylsilane, dimethoxymethylsilylpropyl-N,N-dimethylthiocarbamoyl tetrasulfide, and dimethoxymethylsilylpropylbenzothiazole tetrasulfide. Preferred among these is bis(3-triethoxysilylpropyl)tetrasulfide.
The amount of the other silane coupling agent is preferably not less than 0.5 parts by mass, and more preferably not less than 3 parts by mass for each 100 parts by mass of the silica. If the amount is less than 0.5 parts by mass, the resulting unvulcanized rubber composition has high viscosity. Thus, sufficient processability may not be surely achieved. Also, the amount of the other silane coupling agent is preferably not more than 20 parts by mass, and more preferably not more than 10 parts by mass. If the amount exceeds 20 parts by mass, the rubber strength and abrasion resistance tend to deteriorate.
The total amount of the silane coupling agents is preferably not less than 0.5 parts by mass, and more preferably not less than 3 parts by mass for each 100 parts by mass of the silica. If the amount is less than 0.5 parts by mass, the resulting unvulcanized rubber composition has high viscosity. Thus, sufficient processability may not be surely achieved. Also, the total amount of the silane coupling agents is preferably not more than 20 parts by mass, and more preferably not more than 10 parts by mass. If the total amount exceeds 20 parts by mass, the rubber strength and abrasion resistance tend to deteriorate.
The rubber composition of the present invention preferably includes a solid resin having a glass transition temperature of 60 to 120° C. If the solid resin is used together with the conjugated diene polymer, the effect of improving the properties can be synergistically enhanced. Moreover, if the solid resin is used together with the mercapto group-containing silane coupling agent, or the silica (1) and the silica (2), the effect of improving the properties can further be enhanced.
The solid resin has a glass transition temperature (Tg) of not lower than 60° C., and preferably not lower than 75° C. If the solid resin has a glass transition temperature of lower than 60° C., the effect of improving the wet-grip performance may not be sufficiently achieved. The solid resin has a Tg of not higher than 120° C., and preferably not higher than 100° C. If the solid resin has a Tg of higher than 120° C., the loss elastic modulus at high temperature ranges increases greatly so that the fuel economy tends to deteriorate.
The Tg of the solid resin is a value (midpoint glass transition temperature) measured at a rate of temperature rise of 10° C./min. with a differential scanning calorimeter Q200 (produced by TA Instruments Japan Inc.) in accordance with JIS-K7121.
Any solid resin may be used as the solid resin as long as it has a Tg mentioned above. Examples of the solid resin include an aromatic resin, such as an aromatic vinyl polymer prepared by polymerizing α-methyl styrene and/or styrene, a coumarone-indene resin, or an indene resin; a terpene resin; and a rosin resin. The derivatives of those resins may also be used. An aromatic resin is preferable, and an aromatic vinyl polymer prepared by polymerizing α-methyl styrene and/or styrene and a coumarone-indene resin are more preferable, as the use of such solid rubber enables to provide an unvulcanized rubber composition with good adhesion property and to achieve good fuel economy.
Styrene and/or α-methyl styrene is used as an aromatic vinyl monomer (unit) of the aromatic vinyl polymer prepared by polymerizing α-methyl styrene and/or styrene (resin obtained by polymerizing α-methyl styrene and/or styrene). The aromatic vinyl polymer may be a homopolymer of one monomer, or a copolymer of both monomers. Preferably, the aromatic vinyl polymer is a homopolymer of α-methyl styrene, or a copolymer of α-methyl styrene and styrene as use of such a homopolymer or copolymer is cost efficient, and enables to achieve good processability and excellent wet-grip performance.
The aromatic vinyl polymer has a weight-average molecular weight (Mw) of preferably not less than 500, and more preferably not less than 800. If the Mw is less than 500, the effect of improving the wet-grip performance tends not to be easily achieved sufficiently. The aromatic vinyl polymer has a weight-average molecular weight of preferably not more than 3000, and more preferably not more than 2000. If the Mw is more than 3000, the dispersibility of the filler decreases so that the fuel economy tends to deteriorate.
Herein, the weight-average molecular weight can be measured using gel permeation chromatography (GPC) (GPC-8000 series produced by Tosoh Corporation, detector: differential refractometer) and expressed as a polystyrene-equivalent value.
The coumarone-indene resin and the indene resin are a coal or petroleum resin containing coumarone having eight carbon atoms and indene having nine carbon atoms as principal monomers, and a coal or petroleum resin containing indene as a principal monomer, respectively. Specific examples thereof include vinyltoluene-α-methylstyrene-indene resin, vinyltoluene-indene resin, α-methylstyrene-indene resin, and α-methylstyrene-vinyltoluene-indene copolymer resin.
The terpene resin is a resin that is derived from, as a principal monomer, a terpene compound having a terpene backbone such as a monoterpene, a sesquiterpene or a diterpene. Examples thereof include α-pinene resin, β-pinene resin, limonene resin, dipentene resin, β-pinene/limonene resins, aromatic modified terpene resin, terpene phenolic resin, and hydrogenated terpene resin. Examples of the rosin resin include natural rosin resin (polymerized rosin) such as gum rosin, wood rosin and tall oil rosin, hydrogenated rosin resins, maleic acid-modified rosin resin, rosin-modified phenolic resin, rosin glycerol esters, and disproportionated rosin resin. Natural rosin resins can be produced by processing pine resin, and each mainly contains a resin acid such as abietic acid or pimaric acid.
The amount of the solid resin is preferably not less than 1 part by mass, more preferably not less than 3 parts by mass, and still more preferably not less than 5 parts by mass for each 100 parts by mass of the rubber component. If the amount is less than 1 part by mass, the effect of improving the wet-grip performance tends not to be sufficiently achieved. The amount of the solid resin is preferably not more than 30 parts by mass, and more preferably not more than 15 parts by mass. If the amount is more than 30 parts by mass, the elastic modulus of the rubber composition at low temperature ranges increases greatly. Thus, the grip performance on snowy roads and the wet-grip performance in cold regions tend to deteriorate.
The rubber composition of the present invention preferably includes at least one liquid resin having a glass transition temperature of −40 to 20° C. selected from the group consisting of aromatic petroleum resins, terpene resins, and rosin resins, and/or a plasticizer having a glass transition temperature of −40 to 20° C. The rubber composition more preferably includes the solid resin as well as the liquid resin and/or the plasticizer. This enables not only to improve the grip performance in wide temperature ranges but also to improve the rubber strength while maintaining the fuel economy.
The liquid resin and the plasticizer each have a Tg of not lower than −40° C., and preferably not lower than −20° C. A Tg of lower than −40° C. excessively increases the action of plasticizing rubber so that the abrasion resistance tends to deteriorate. The liquid resin and the plasticizer each have a Tg of not higher than 20° C., and preferably not higher than 10° C. A Tg of higher than 20° C. leads to a large loss elastic modulus so that the fuel economy tends to deteriorate.
The Tg of the liquid resin and that of the plasticizer are values (midpoint glass transition temperatures) measured at a rate of temperature rise of 10° C./min. with a differential scanning calorimeter Q200 (produced by TA Instruments Japan Inc.) in accordance with JIS-K7121.
The liquid resin to be used is at least one selected form the group consisting of aromatic petroleum resins, terpene resins, and rosin resins. An aromatic petroleum resin is preferable as it has a higher effect of improving the rubber strength.
The aromatic petroleum resin applicable as the liquid resin is a resin obtained by polymerizing an aromatic fraction having 9 carbon atoms (C9) containing, as a principal monomer, vinyl toluene or indene which is usually produced by thermal decomposition of naphtha. Examples thereof include low molecular weight forms listed for the solid resin, such as an aromatic vinyl polymer prepared by polymerizing α-methyl styrene and/or styrene, a coumarone resin, or a coumarone-indene resin. Preferred among these are a homopolymer of α-methyl styrene, a copolymer of α-methyl styrene and styrene, a coumarone resin, and a coumarone-indene resin, and more preferred is a coumarone-indene resin, as these resins have a higher effect of improving the rubber strength, abrasion resistance, and wet-grip performance.
Examples of commercially available products of such resins include NOVARES C10 (produced by Rutgers chemicals AG), and Picco A-10 (produced by Eastoman Chemical Company).
Low molecular weight forms of the terpene resins and the rosin resins listed for the solid resin may be used as the liquid resin. Examples of commercially available products of the terpene resin that can be used as the liquid resin include YS resin PX300, YS resin PX300N, Dimerone, and YS Polyster T30 (produced by Yasuhara Chemical Co., Ltd.). Examples of commercially available products of the rosin resin that can be used as the liquid resin include HARIESTER SK-501NS (produced by Harima Chemicals, Inc.).
Any plasticizer may be used as the plasticizer as long as it has a Tg mentioned above. Examples of the plasticizer include a diene polymer having a weight average molecular weight (Mw) of 3,000 to 150,000. In the case of using a diene polymer as the plasticizer, a diene polymer having an epoxidation degree of not more than 25 mol % is preferably used.
The combined amount of the liquid resin and the plasticizer is preferably not less than 1 part by mass, and more preferably not less than 5 parts by mass for each 100 parts by mass of the rubber component. If the combined amount is less than 1 part by mass, the rubber strength and the grip performance in wide temperature ranges may not be sufficiently improved. The combined amount is preferably not more than 30 parts by mass, more preferably not more than 20 parts by mass, and still more preferably not more than 10 parts by mass. If the combined amount is more than 30 parts by mass, the rigidity of the rubber composition tends to be greatly impaired, and the handling stability tends to decrease.
The combined amount of the solid resin, the liquid resin and the plasticizer for each 100 parts by mass of the rubber component is preferably not less than 2 parts by mass, and more preferably not less than 6 parts by mass, but is preferably not more than 60 parts by mass, more preferably not more than 30 parts by mass, and still more preferably not more than 20 parts by mass. If the combined amount is within the range mentioned above, a balanced improvement in processability, fuel economy, rubber strength, abrasion resistance, wet-grip performance, and handling stability can be achieved at high levels.
Known additives may be used, and examples thereof include vulcanization agents such as sulfur; vulcanization accelerators such as a thiazole-based vulcanization accelerator, a thiuram-based vulcanization accelerator, a sulfenamide-based vulcanization accelerator, and a guanidine-based vulcanization accelerator; vulcanization activating agents such as stearic acid and zinc oxide; organic peroxides; fillers such as carbon black, calcium carbonate, talc, alumina, clay, aluminum hydroxide, and mica; processing aids such as extender oils and lubricants; and antioxidants.
Examples of the carbon black include furnace black (furnace carbon black) such as SAF, ISAF, HAF, MAF, FEF, SRF, GPF, APF, FF, CF, SCF or ECF; acetylene black (acetylene carbon black); thermal black (thermal carbon black) such as FT or MT; channel black (channel carbon black) such as EPC, MPC or CC; and graphite. Any of these may be used alone or two or more of these may be used in combination.
The amount of carbon black is preferably not less than 1 part by mass, and more preferably not less than 3 parts by mass for each 100 parts by mass of the rubber component. If the amount is less than 1 part by mass, sufficient reinforcement may not be achieved. Also, the amount of carbon black is preferably not more than 60 parts by mass, more preferably not more than 30 parts by mass, still more preferably not more than 15 parts by mass, and particularly preferably not more than 10 parts by mass. If the amount is more than 60 parts by mass, the fuel economy tends to deteriorate.
The nitrogen adsorption specific surface area (N2SA) of carbon black is usually 5 to 200 m2/g, and preferably the lower limit and the upper limit thereof are 50 m2/g and 150 m2/g, respectively. The dibutyl phthalate (DBP) absorption of carbon black is usually 5 to 300 mL/100 g, and preferably the lower limit and the upper limit thereof are 80 mL/100 g and 180 mL/100 g, respectively. If the N2SA or DBP absorption of carbon black is lower than the lower limit of the range mentioned above, the reinforcement is small, and the abrasion resistance tends to decrease. If the N2SA or DBP absorption of carbon black is larger than the upper limit of the range mentioned above, the carbon black does not disperse well, and the hysteresis loss increases. Thus, the fuel economy tends to deteriorate. The nitrogen adsorption specific surface area is measured in accordance with ASTM D4820-93. The DBP absorption is measured in accordance with ASTM D2414-93. Examples of commercially available carbon black include SEAST 6, SEAST 7HM, and SEAST KH (trade name, produced by Tokai Carbon Co., Ltd.), and CK 3 and Special Black 4A (trade name, produced by Evonik Degussa).
Examples of the extender oil include aromatic mineral oils (viscosity gravity constant (V.G.C. value) 0.900 to 1.049), naphthenic mineral oils (V.G.C. value 0.850 to 0.899), and paraffinic mineral oils (V.G.C. value 0.790 to 0.849). The polycyclic aromatic content in the extender oil is preferably less than 3% by mass, and more preferably less than 1% by mass. The polycyclic aromatic content is measured according to the British Institute of Petroleum 346/92 Method. The aromatic compound (CA) content in the extender oil is preferably not less than 20% by mass. Two or more kinds of these extender oils may be used in combination.
Examples of the vulcanization accelerator include thiazole-based vulcanization accelerators such as 2-mercaptobenzothiazole, dibenzothiazyl disulfide, and N-cyclohexyl-2-benzothiazylsulfenamide; thiuram-based vulcanization accelerators such as tetramethylthiuram monosulfide and tetramethylthiuram disulfide; sulfenamide-based vulcanization accelerators such as N-cyclohexyl-2-benzothiazolesulfenamide, N-t-butyl-2-benzothiazolesulfenamide, N-oxyethylene-2-benzothiazolesulfenamide, N-oxyethylene-2-benzothiazolesulfenamide, and N,N′-diisopropyl-2-benzothiazolesulfenamide; and guanidine-based vulcanization accelerators such as diphenylguanidine, diorthotolylguanidine, and orthotolylbiguanidine. The amount thereof to be used is preferably 0.1 to 5 parts by mass, and more preferably 0.2 to 3 parts by mass for each 100 parts by mass of the rubber component.
Known methods may be employed for producing a rubber composition by adding other rubber materials and additives to the conjugated diene polymer. Examples of the method include a method of kneading components with a known mixer such as a roll mill or a Banbury mixer.
With regard to the kneading conditions for the case where additives other than the vulcanization agent and the vulcanization accelerator are mixed, the kneading temperature is usually 50 to 200° C., and preferably 80 to 190° C., and the kneading time is usually 30 seconds to 30 minutes, and preferably 1 minute to 30 minutes.
In the case where the vulcanization agent and the vulcanization accelerator are mixed, the kneading temperature is usually not higher than 100° C., and preferably room temperature to 80° C. The composition containing a vulcanization agent and a vulcanization accelerator is usually used after it is vulcanized by press vulcanization or the like. The vulcanization temperature is usually 120 to 200° C., and preferably 140 to 180° C.
The rubber composition of the present invention has a tan δ peak temperature of preferably lower than −16° C., and more preferably not higher than −18° C. If the rubber composition has a tan δ peak temperature of not lower than −16° C., the temperature dependence increases. Thus, sufficient wet-grip performance may not be easily exerted in wide temperature ranges. The rubber composition of the present invention has a tan δ peak temperature of preferably not lower than −60° C., and more preferably not lower than −50° C. If the rubber composition has a tan δ peak temperature of lower than −60° C., sufficient wet-grip performance may not be easily exerted.
Meanwhile, the tan δ peak temperature is measured by the method described in examples below.
The rubber composition of the present invention is excellent in balance among the processability, fuel economy, rubber strength, abrasion resistance, wet-grip performance, and handling stability, and has effects of significantly improving these properties.
The rubber composition of the present invention may be used in a component of a tire, suitably in a tread (particularly a tread of all-season tires).
The pneumatic tire of the present invention is formed from the rubber composition by a usual method. Namely, before vulcanization, the rubber composition optionally containing various additives is extruded and processed into the shape of a tire component (e.g., tread), and then molded in a normal manner on a tire building machine and assembled with other tire components to provide an unvulcanized tire. Then, the unvulcanized tire is heated and pressed in a vulcanizer into a pneumatic tire. Thus, the pneumatic tire of the present invention can be produced.
The pneumatic tire of the present invention can be suitably used as all-season tires (particularly, all-season tires for passenger vehicles).
EXAMPLES
The present invention is more specifically described based on examples. However, the present invention is not limited thereto.
The following is a list of chemical agents used in the synthesis or polymerization. The chemical agents were purified as needed by usual methods.

    THF: anhydrous tetrahydrofuran, produced by Kanto Chemical Co., Inc.
    Sodium hydride: produced by Kanto Chemical Co., Inc.
    Diethylamine: produced by Kanto Chemical Co., Inc.
    Methylvinyldichlorosilane: produced by Shin-Etsu Chemical Co., Ltd.
    Anhydrous hexane: produced by Kanto Chemical Co., Inc.
    Styrene: produced by Kanto Chemical Co., Inc.
    Butadiene: 1,3-butadiene, produced by Tokyo Chemical Industry Co., Ltd.
    TMEDA: tetramethylethylenediamine, produced by Kanto Chemical Co., Inc.
    n-Butyllithium solution: 1.6 M n-butyllithium in hexane, produced by Kanto Chemical Co., Inc.
    Initiator (1): AI-200CE2 (compound prepared by bonding 3-(N,N-dimethylamino)-1-propyllithium and two isoprene-derived structural units, represented by the following formula) (0.9 M), produced by FMC






    Piperidine: produced by Tokyo Chemical Industry Co., Ltd.
    Diamylamine: produced by Tokyo Chemical Industry Co., Ltd.
    2,6-Di-tert-butyl-p-cresol: Nocrac 200, produced by Ouchi Shinko Chemical Industrial Co., Ltd.
    Bis(dimethylamino)methylvinylsilane: produced by Shin-Etsu Chemical Co., Ltd.
    N,N-dimethylaminopropylacrylamide: produced by Tokyo Chemical Industry Co., Ltd.
    3-Diethylaminopropyltriethoxysilane: produced by Azmax Co., Ltd.
    1,3-Dimethyl-2-imidazolidinone: produced by Tokyo Chemical Industry Co., Ltd.
    N-phenyl-2-pyrrolidone: produced by Tokyo Chemical Industry Co., Ltd.
    N-methyl-ε-caprolactam: produced by Tokyo Chemical Industry Co., Ltd.
    Tris[3-(trimethoxysilyl)propyl]isocyanurate: produced by Shin-Etsu Chemical Co., Ltd.
    N,N-dimethylformamide dimethyl acetal: produced by Tokyo Chemical Industry Co., Ltd.
    1,3-Diisopropenylbenzene: produced by Tokyo Chemical Industry Co., Ltd.
    sec-Butyllithium solution: produced by Kanto Chemical Co., Inc. (1.0 mol/L)
    Cyclohexane: produced by Kanto Chemical Co., Inc.

<Production of Modifier (1) (Main Chain Modifier)>



In a nitrogen atmosphere, 15.8 g of bis(dimethylamino)methylvinylsilane was charged into a 100-mL volumetric flask, and also anhydrous hexane was added to increase the total amount to 100 mL. In this manner, a modifier (1) was produced.
<Production of Modifier (2) (Terminal Modifier)>
In a nitrogen atmosphere, 15.6 g of N,N-dimethylaminopropylacrylamide was charged into a 100-mL volumetric flask, and also anhydrous hexane was added to increase the total amount to 100 mL. In this manner, a modifier (2) was produced.
<Production of Modifier (3) (Main Chain Modifier)>
THF (1000 mL) and sodium hydride (13 g) were charged into a sufficiently nitrogen-purged 2-L three-necked flask, and diethylamine (36.5 g) was slowly added dropwise thereto on an ice water bath while stirring. After stirring for 30 minutes, methylvinyldichlorosilane (36 g) was added dropwise over 30 minutes, followed by stirring for 2 hours. The resulting solution was concentrated, filtered, and purified by distillation under reduced pressure to give bis(diethylamino)methylvinylsilane. The bis(diethylamino)methylvinylsilane (21.4 g) was charged into a 100-mL volumetric flask in a nitrogen atmosphere, and also anhydrous hexane was added to increase the total amount to 100 mL. In this manner, a modifier (3) was produced.
<Production of Initiator (2)>
Anhydrous hexane (127.6 mL) and piperidine (8.5 g) were charged into a sufficiently nitrogen-purged 200-mL recovery flask, and cooled to 0° C. Then, an n-butyllithium solution (62.5 mL) was slowly added over 1 hour to give an initiator (2).
<Production of Initiator (3)>
Anhydrous hexane (117 mL) and diamylamine (15.7 g) were charged into a sufficiently nitrogen-purged 200-mL recovery flask, and cooled to 0° C. Then, an n-butyllithium solution (62.5 mL) was slowly added over 1 hour to give an initiator (3).
<Production of Modifier (4) (Terminal Modifier)>
In a nitrogen atmosphere, 3-diethylaminopropyltriethoxysilane (27.7 g) was charged into a 100-mL volumetric flask, and also anhydrous hexane was added to increase the total amount to 100 mL. In this manner, a modifier (4) was produced.
<Production of Initiator (4) (Bifunctional Initiator)>
Cyclohexane (550 mL), TMEDA (27 mL), and a sec-butyllithium solution (200 mL) were charged into a sufficiently dried and nitrogen-purged 1-L recovery flask. While the mixture was stirred at 45° C., 1,3-diisopropenylbenzene (17 mL) was slowly added thereto over 30 minutes. The resulting mixed solution was stirred for another 1 hour, and then cooled to room temperature to give an initiator (4).
<Production of Modifier (5) (Terminal Modifier)>
In a nitrogen atmosphere, 1,3-dimethyl-2-imidazolidinone (11.4 g) was charged into a 100-mL volumetric flask, and also anhydrous hexane was added to increase the total amount to 100 mL. In this manner, a modifier (5) was produced.
<Production of Modifier (6) (Terminal Modifier)>
In a nitrogen atmosphere, N-phenyl-2-pyrrolidone (16.1 g) was charged into a 100-mL volumetric flask, and also anhydrous hexane was added to increase the total amount to 100 mL. In this manner, a modifier (6) was produced.
<Production of Modifier (7) (Terminal Modifier)>
In a nitrogen atmosphere, N-methyl-ε-caprolactam (12.7 g) was charged into a 100-mL volumetric flask, and also anhydrous hexane was added to increase the total amount to 100 mL. In this manner, a modifier (7) was produced.
<Production of Modifier (8) (Terminal Modifier)>
In a nitrogen atmosphere, tris[3-(trimethoxysilyl)propyl]isocyanurate (30.7 g) was charged into a 100-mL volumetric flask, and also anhydrous hexane was added to increase the total amount to 200 mL. In this manner, a modifier (8) was produced.
<Production of Modifier (9) (Terminal Modifier)>
In a nitrogen atmosphere, N,N-dimethylformamide dimethyl acetal (11.9 g) was charged into a 100-mL volumetric flask, and also anhydrous hexane was added to increase the total amount to 200 mL. In this manner, a modifier (9) was produced.
<Copolymer Analysis>
Copolymers (conjugated diene polymers) obtained as mentioned later were analyzed by the following methods.
<Measurement of Weight-Average Molecular Weight (Mw) and Number-Average Molecular Weight (Mn)>
The weight-average molecular weight (Mw) and number-average molecular weight (Mn) of each copolymer were measured using gel permeation chromatography (GPC) (GPC-8000 series produced by Tosoh Corporation, detector: differential refractometer, column: TSKGEL SUPERMULTIPORE HZ-M produced by Tosoh Corporation), and expressed relative to polystyrene standards. A molecular weight distribution Mw/Mn was calculated from the measurement results.
<Structural Identification of Copolymers>
Structures (styrene content, vinyl content) of copolymers were identified with a device of JNM-ECA series produced by JEOL Ltd. Each polymer (0.1 g) was dissolved in toluene (15 mL), and the solution was slowly introduced in methanol (30 mL) for reprecipitation. The resulting precipitate was dried under reduced pressure, and then measured.
<Synthesis of Copolymer (1)>
n-Hexane (18 L), styrene (600 g), butadiene (1400 g), the modifier (1) (40 mL), and TMEDA (10 mmol) were charged into a sufficiently nitrogen-purged 30-L pressure resistant container, and heated to 40° C. After further addition of the initiator (2) (34 mL), the mixture was heated to 50° C., and stirred for 3 hours. Next, the modifier (2) (20 mL) was added, followed by stirring for 30 minutes, and the reaction solution was mixed with methanol (15 mL) and 2,6-tert-butyl-p-cresol (0.1 g). Thereafter, a coagulum was recovered from the polymer solution by steam stripping treatment, and the coagulum was dried under reduced pressure for 24 hours to give a copolymer (1). Here, 0.32 g of the silicon-containing vinyl compound (modifier (1)) was added for each 100 g of the monomer component; 0.85 mmol of the polymerization initiator (initiator (2)) was added for each 100 g of the monomer component; and 1.18 mol of the compound (modifier (2)) containing a nitrogen atom and/or a silicon atom was added per mol of the alkali metal derived from the polymerization initiator added.
<Synthesis of Copolymer (2)>
A copolymer (2) was produced based on the same formulation as that for synthesis of the copolymer (1), except that the initiator (3) (34 mL) was used instead of the initiator (2) (34 mL). Here, 0.32 g of the silicon-containing vinyl compound (modifier (1)) was added for each 100 g of the monomer component; 0.85 mmol of the polymerization initiator (initiator (3)) was added for each 100 g of the monomer component; and 1.18 mol of the compound (modifier (2)) containing a nitrogen atom and/or a silicon atom was added per mol of the alkali metal derived from the polymerization initiator added.
<Synthesis of Copolymer (3)>
A copolymer (3) was produced based on the same formulation as that for synthesis of the copolymer (1), except that the amounts of styrene and butadiene were changed to 900 g and 1100 g, respectively. Here, 0.32 g of the silicon-containing vinyl compound (modifier (1)) was added for each 100 g of the monomer component; 0.85 mmol of the polymerization initiator (initiator (2)) was added for each 100 g of the monomer component; and 1.18 mol of the compound (modifier (2)) containing a nitrogen atom and/or a silicon atom was added per mol of the alkali metal derived from the polymerization initiator added.
<Synthesis of Copolymer (4)>
A copolymer (4) was produced based on the same formulation as that for synthesis of the copolymer (1), except that the initiator (1) (19 mL) was used instead of the initiator (2) (34 mL). Here, 0.32 g of the silicon-containing vinyl compound (modifier (1)) was added for each 100 g of the monomer component; 0.85 mmol of the polymerization initiator (initiator (1)) was added for each 100 g of the monomer component; and 1.18 mol of the compound (modifier (2)) containing a nitrogen atom and/or a silicon atom was added per mol of the alkali metal derived from the polymerization initiator added.
<Synthesis of Copolymer (5)>
n-Hexane (18 L), styrene (600 g), butadiene (1400 g), the modifier (1) (75 mL), and TMEDA (10 mmol) were charged into a sufficiently nitrogen-purged 30-L pressure resistant container, and heated to 40° C. After further addition of the initiator (1) (19 mL), the mixture was heated to 50° C. and stirred for 30 minutes. Further, the modifier (1) (75 mL) was added, and the mixture was stirred for 2.5 hours. Next, the modifier (2) (20 mL) was added, followed by stirring for 30 minutes, and the reaction solution was mixed with methanol (1 mL) and 2,6-tert-butyl-p-cresol (0.1 g). Thereafter, a coagulum was recovered from the polymer solution by steam stripping treatment, and the coagulum was dried under reduced pressure for 24 hours to give a copolymer (5). Here, 1.19 g of the silicon-containing vinyl compound (modifier (1)) was added for each 100 g of the monomer component; 0.85 mmol of the polymerization initiator (initiator (1)) was added for each 100 g of the monomer component; and 1.18 mol of the compound (modifier (2)) containing a nitrogen atom and/or a silicon atom was added per mol of the alkali metal derived from the polymerization initiator added.
<Synthesis of Copolymer (6)>
A copolymer (6) was produced based on the same formulation as that for synthesis of the copolymer (4), except that the amounts of styrene and butadiene were changed to 0 g and 2000 g, respectively; THF (5 mmol) was used instead of TMEDA (10 mmol); and the initiator (1) (23 mL) was used instead of the initiator (1) (19 mL). Here, 0.32 g of the silicon-containing vinyl compound (modifier (1)) was added for each 100 g of the monomer component; 1.05 mmol of the polymerization initiator (initiator (1)) was added for each 100 g of the monomer component; and 0.95 mol of the compound (modifier (2)) containing a nitrogen atom and/or a silicon atom was added per mol of the alkali metal derived from the polymerization initiator added.
<Synthesis of Copolymer (7)>
A copolymer (7) was produced based on the same formulation as that for synthesis of the copolymer (4), except that the modifier (3) (40 mL) was used instead of the modifier (1) (40 mL). Here, 0.43 g of the silicon-containing vinyl compound (modifier (3)) was added for each 100 g of the monomer component; 0.85 mmol of the polymerization initiator (initiator (1)) was added for each 100 g of the monomer component; and 1.18 mol of the compound (modifier (2)) containing a nitrogen atom and/or a silicon atom was added per mol of the alkali metal derived from the polymerization initiator added.
<Synthesis of Copolymer (8)>
A copolymer (8) was produced based on the same formulation as that for synthesis of the copolymer (7), except that an n-butyllithium solution (10.6 mL) was used instead of the initiator (1) (19 mL). Here, 0.43 g of the silicon-containing vinyl compound (modifier (3)) was added for each 100 g of the monomer component; and 1.18 mol of the compound (modifier (2)) containing a nitrogen atom and/or a silicon atom was added per mol of the alkali metal derived from the polymerization initiator added.
<Synthesis of Copolymer (9)>
A copolymer (9) was produced based on the same formulation as that for synthesis of the copolymer (6), except that an n-butyllithium solution (13 mL) was used instead of the initiator (1) (23 mL). Here, 0.43 g of the silicon-containing vinyl compound (modifier (1)) was added for each 100 g of the monomer component; and 0.95 mol of the compound (modifier (2)) containing a nitrogen atom and/or a silicon atom was added per mol of the alkali metal derived from the polymerization initiator added.
<Synthesis of Copolymer (10)>
A copolymer (10) was produced based on the same formulation as that for synthesis of the copolymer (1), except that the amount of the modifier (1) was changed from 40 mL to 0 mL. Here, 0.85 mmol of the polymerization initiator (initiator (2)) was added for each 100 g of the monomer component; and 1.18 mol of the compound (modifier (2)) containing a nitrogen atom and/or a silicon atom was added per mol of the alkali metal derived from the polymerization initiator added.
<Synthesis of Copolymer (11)>
A copolymer (11) was produced based on the same formulation as that for synthesis of the copolymer (1), except that the amount of the modifier (2) was changed from 20 mL to 0 mL. Here, 0.32 g of the silicon-containing vinyl compound (modifier (1)) was added for each 100 g of the monomer component; and 0.85 mmol of the polymerization initiator (initiator (2)) was added for each 100 g of the monomer component.
<Synthesis of Copolymer (12)>
n-Hexane (18 L), styrene (600 g), butadiene (1400 g), and TMEDA (10 mmol) were charged into a sufficiently nitrogen-purged 30-L pressure resistant container, and heated to 40° C. After further addition of an n-butyllithium solution (11 mL), the mixture was heated to 50° C. and stirred for 3 hours. Next, the reaction solution was mixed with methanol (1 mL) and 2,6-tert-butyl-p-cresol (0.1 g). A coagulum was recovered from the polymer solution by steam stripping treatment, and the coagulum was dried under reduced pressure for 24 hours to give a copolymer (12).
<Synthesis of Copolymer (13)>
A copolymer (13) was produced based on the same formulation as that for synthesis of the copolymer (7), except that a coagulum was recovered from the polymer solution not by steam stripping treatment but by evaporating the polymer solution at room temperature for 24 hours, followed by drying the coagulum under reduced pressure. Here, 0.43 g of the silicon-containing vinyl compound (modifier (3)) was added for each 100 g of the monomer component; 0.85 mmol of the polymerization initiator (initiator (1)) was added for each 100 g of the monomer component; and 1.18 mol of the compound (modifier (2)) containing a nitrogen atom and/or a silicon atom was added per mol of the alkali metal derived from the polymerization initiator added.
<Synthesis of Copolymer (14)>
A copolymer (14) was produced based on the same formulation as that for synthesis of the copolymer (7), except that the amounts of the modifier (3) (40 mL) and the modifier (2) (20 mL) were changed to 0 mL. Here, 8.5 mmol of the polymerization initiator (initiator (1)) was added for each 100 g of the monomer component.
<Synthesis of Copolymer (15)>
A copolymer (15) was produced based on the same formulation as that for synthesis of the copolymer (7), except that an n-butyllithium solution (6.8 mL) was used instead of the initiator (1) (19 mL), and the amount of the modifier (2) was changed from 20 mL to 0 mL. Here, 0.43 g of the silicon-containing vinyl compound (modifier (3)) was added for each 100 g of the monomer component.
<Synthesis of Copolymer (16)>
A copolymer (16) was produced based on the same formulation as that for synthesis of the copolymer (7), except that an n-butyllithium solution (6.8 mL) was used instead of the initiator (1) (19 mL); and the amount of the modifier (3) was changed from 40 mL to 0 mL. Here, 1.18 mol of the compound (modifier (2)) containing a nitrogen atom and/or a silicon atom was added per mol of the alkali metal derived from the polymerization initiator added.
<Synthesis of Copolymer (17)>
A copolymer (17) was produced based on the same formulation as that for synthesis of the copolymer (1), except that the initiator (4) (bifunctional initiator, 68 mL) was used instead of the initiator (2) (34 mL); and the amount of the modifier (2) was changed from 20 mL to 40 mL. Here, 0.32 g of the silicon-containing vinyl compound (modifier (1)) was added for each 100 g of the monomer component; and 2.28 mol (1.14 mol for each terminal) of the compound (modifier (2)) containing a nitrogen atom and/or a silicon atom was added per mol of the alkali metal derived from the polymerization initiator added.
<Synthesis of Copolymer (18)>
A copolymer (18) was produced based on the same formulation as that for synthesis of the copolymer (7), except that the amounts of styrene and butadiene were changed to 0 g and 2000 g, respectively; THF (5 mmol) was used instead of TMEDA (10 mmol); and the amount of the initiator (1) was changed from 19 mL to 23 mL. Here, 0.43 g of the silicon-containing vinyl compound (modifier (3)) was added for each 100 g of the monomer component; 0.85 mmol of the polymerization initiator (initiator (1)) was added for each 100 g of the monomer component; and 1.18 mol of the compound (modifier (2)) containing a nitrogen atom and/or a silicon atom was added per mol of the alkali metal derived from the polymerization initiator added.
<Synthesis of Copolymer (19)>
A copolymer (19) was produced based on the same formulation as that for synthesis of the copolymer (8), except that the amounts of styrene and butadiene were changed to 0 g and 2000 g, respectively; and THF (5 mmol) was used instead of TMEDA (10 mmol). Here, 0.43 g of the silicon-containing vinyl compound (modifier (3)) was added for each 100 g of the monomer component; and 1.18 mol of the compound (modifier (2)) containing a nitrogen atom and/or a silicon atom was added per mol of the alkali metal derived from the polymerization initiator added.
<Synthesis of Copolymer (20)>
n-Hexane (18 L), butadiene (2000 g), and THF (5 mmol) were charged into a sufficiently nitrogen-purged 30-L pressure resistant container, and heated to 40° C. After further addition of an n-butyllithium solution (11 mL), the mixture was heated to 50° C., and stirred for 3 hours. Next, the reaction solution was mixed with methanol (1 mL) and 2,6-tert-butyl-p-cresol (0.1 g). Then, a coagulum was recovered from the polymer solution by steam stripping treatment, and the coagulum was dried under reduced pressure for 24 hours to give a copolymer (20).
<Synthesis of Copolymer (21)>
A copolymer (21) was produced based on the same formulation as that for synthesis of the copolymer (18), except that a coagulum was recovered from the polymer solution not by steam stripping treatment but by evaporating the polymer solution at room temperature for 24 hours, followed by drying the coagulum under reduced pressure. Here, 0.43 g of the silicon-containing vinyl compound (modifier (3)) was added for each 100 g of the monomer component; 0.85 mmol of the polymerization initiator (initiator (1)) was added for each 100 g of the monomer component; and 1.18 mol of the compound (modifier (2)) containing a nitrogen atom and/or a silicon atom was added per mol of the alkali metal derived from the polymerization initiator added.
<Synthesis of Copolymer (22)>
A copolymer (22) was produced based on the same formulation as that for synthesis of the copolymer (1), except that the modifier (4) (20 mL) was used instead of the modifier (2) (20 mL). Here, 0.32 g of the silicon-containing vinyl compound (modifier (1)) was added for each 100 g of the monomer component; 0.85 mmol of the polymerization initiator (initiator (2)) was added for each 100 g of the monomer component; and 1.18 mol of the compound (modifier (4)) containing a nitrogen atom and/or a silicon atom was added per mol of the alkali metal derived from the polymerization initiator added.
<Synthesis of Copolymer (23)>
A copolymer (23) was produced based on the same formulation as that for synthesis of the copolymer (2), except that the modifier (4) (20 mL) was used instead of the modifier (2) (20 mL). Here, 0.32 g of the silicon-containing vinyl compound (modifier (1)) was added for each 100 g of the monomer component; 0.85 mmol of the polymerization initiator (initiator (3)) was added for each 100 g of the monomer component; and 1.18 mol of the compound (modifier (4)) containing a nitrogen atom and/or a silicon atom was added per mol of the alkali metal derived from the polymerization initiator added.
<Synthesis of Copolymer (24)>
A copolymer (24) was produced based on the same formulation as that for synthesis of the copolymer (3), except that the modifier (4) (20 mL) was used instead of the modifier (2) (20 mL). Here, 0.32 g of the silicon-containing vinyl compound (modifier (1)) was added for each 100 g of the monomer component; 0.85 mmol of the polymerization initiator (initiator (2)) was added for each 100 g of the monomer component; and 1.18 mol of the compound (modifier (4)) containing a nitrogen atom and/or a silicon atom was added per mol of the alkali metal derived from the polymerization initiator added.
<Synthesis of Copolymer (25)>
A copolymer (25) was produced based on the same formulation as that for synthesis of the copolymer (4), except that the modifier (4) (20 mL) was used instead of the modifier (2) (20 mL). Here, 0.32 g of the silicon-containing vinyl compound (modifier (1)) was added for each 100 g of the monomer component; 0.85 mmol of the polymerization initiator (initiator (1)) was added for each 100 g of the monomer component; and 1.18 mol of the compound (modifier (4)) containing a nitrogen atom and/or a silicon atom was added per mol of the alkali metal derived from the polymerization initiator added.
<Synthesis of Copolymer (26)>
A copolymer (26) was produced based on the same formulation as that for synthesis of the copolymer (5), except that the modifier (4) (20 mL) was used instead of the modifier (2) (20 mL). Here, 1.19 g of the silicon-containing vinyl compound (modifier (1)) was added for each 100 g of the monomer component; 0.85 mmol of the polymerization initiator (initiator (1)) was added for each 100 g of the monomer component; and 1.18 mol of the compound (modifier (4)) containing a nitrogen atom and/or a silicon atom was added per mol of the alkali metal derived from the polymerization initiator added.
<Synthesis of Copolymer (27)>
A copolymer (27) was produced based on the same formulation as that for synthesis of the copolymer (6), except that the modifier (4) (20 mL) was used instead of the modifier (2) (20 mL). Here, 0.32 g of the silicon-containing vinyl compound (modifier (1)) was added for each 100 g of the monomer component; 1.05 mmol of the polymerization initiator (initiator (1)) was added for each 100 g of the monomer component; and 0.95 mol of the compound (modifier (4)) containing a nitrogen atom and/or a silicon atom was added per mol of the alkali metal derived from the polymerization initiator added.
<Synthesis of Copolymer (28)>
A copolymer (28) was produced based on the same formulation as that for synthesis of the copolymer (7), except that the modifier (4) (20 mL) was used instead of the modifier (2) (20 mL). Here, 0.32 g of the silicon-containing vinyl compound (modifier (3)) was added for each 100 g of the monomer component; 0.85 mmol of the polymerization initiator (initiator (1)) was added for each 100 g of the monomer component; and 1.18 mol of the compound (modifier (4)) containing a nitrogen atom and/or a silicon atom was added per mol of the alkali metal derived from the polymerization initiator added.
<Synthesis of Copolymer (29)>
A copolymer (29) was produced based on the same formulation as that for synthesis of the copolymer (28), except that a coagulum was recovered from the polymer solution not by steam stripping treatment but by evaporating the polymer solution at room temperature for 24 hours, followed by drying the coagulum under reduced pressure. Here, 0.32 g of the silicon-containing vinyl compound (modifier (3)) was added for each 100 g of the monomer component; 0.85 mmol of the polymerization initiator (initiator (1)) was added for each 100 g of the monomer component; and 1.18 mol of the compound (modifier (4)) containing a nitrogen atom and/or a silicon atom was added per mol of the alkali metal derived from the polymerization initiator added.
<Synthesis of Copolymer (30)>
A copolymer (30) was produced based on the same formulation as that for synthesis of the copolymer (28), except that an n-butyllithium solution (10.6 mL) was used instead of the initiator (1) (19 mL); and the amount of the modifier (3) was changed from 40 mL to 0 mL. Here, 1.18 mol of the compound (modifier (4)) containing a nitrogen atom and/or a silicon atom was added per mol of the alkali metal derived from the polymerization initiator added.
<Synthesis of Copolymer (31)>
A copolymer (31) was produced based on the same formulation as that for synthesis of the copolymer (18), except that the modifier (4) (20 mL) was used instead of the modifier (2) (20 mL). Here, 0.32 g of the silicon-containing vinyl compound (modifier (3)) was added for each 100 g of the monomer component; 0.85 mmol of the polymerization initiator (initiator (1)) was added for each 100 g of the monomer component; and 1.18 mol of the compound (modifier (4)) containing a nitrogen atom and/or a silicon atom was added per mol of the alkali metal derived from the polymerization initiator added.
<Synthesis of Copolymer (32)>
A copolymer (32) was produced based on the same formulation as that for synthesis of the copolymer (31), except that a coagulum was recovered from the polymer solution not by steam stripping treatment but by evaporating the polymer solution at room temperature for 24 hours, followed by drying the coagulum under reduced pressure. Here, 0.32 g of the silicon-containing vinyl compound (modifier (3)) was added for each 100 g of the monomer component; 0.85 mmol of the polymerization initiator (initiator (1)) was added for each 100 g of the monomer component; and 1.18 mol of the compound (modifier (4)) containing a nitrogen atom and/or a silicon atom was added per mol of the alkali metal derived from the polymerization initiator added.
<Synthesis of Copolymer (33)>
A copolymer (33) was produced based on the same formulation as that for synthesis of the copolymer (1), except that the modifier (5) (20 mL) was used instead of the modifier (2) (20 mL). Here, 0.32 g of the silicon-containing vinyl compound (modifier (1)) was added for each 100 g of the monomer component; 0.85 mmol of the polymerization initiator (initiator (2)) was added for each 100 g of the monomer component; and 1.18 mol of the compound (modifier (5)) containing a nitrogen atom and/or a silicon atom was added per mol of the alkali metal derived from the polymerization initiator added.
<Synthesis of Copolymer (34)>
A copolymer (34) was produced based on the same formulation as that for synthesis of the copolymer (2), except that the modifier (5) (20 mL) was used instead of the modifier (2) (20 mL). Here, 0.32 g of the silicon-containing vinyl compound (modifier (1)) was added for each 100 g of the monomer component; 0.85 mmol of the polymerization initiator (initiator (3)) was added for each 100 g of the monomer component; and 1.18 mol of the compound (modifier (5)) containing a nitrogen atom and/or a silicon atom was added per mol of the alkali metal derived from the polymerization initiator added.
<Synthesis of Copolymer (35)>
A copolymer (35) was produced based on the same formulation as that for synthesis of the copolymer (3), except that the modifier (5) (20 mL) was used instead of the modifier (2) (20 mL). Here, 0.32 g of the silicon-containing vinyl compound (modifier (1)) was added for each 100 g of the monomer component; 0.85 mmol of the polymerization initiator (initiator (2)) was added for each 100 g of the monomer component; and 1.18 mol of the compound (modifier (5)) containing a nitrogen atom and/or a silicon atom was added per mol of the alkali metal derived from the polymerization initiator added.
<Synthesis of Copolymer (36)>
A copolymer (36) was produced based on the same formulation as that for synthesis of the copolymer (4), except that the modifier (5) (20 mL) was used instead of the modifier (2) (20 mL). Here, 0.32 g of the silicon-containing vinyl compound (modifier (1)) was added for each 100 g of the monomer component; 0.85 mmol of the polymerization initiator (initiator (1)) was added for each 100 g of the monomer component; and 1.18 mol of the compound (modifier (5)) containing a nitrogen atom and/or a silicon atom was added per mol of the alkali metal derived from the polymerization initiator added.
<Synthesis of Copolymer (37)>
A copolymer (37) was produced based on the same formulation as that for synthesis of the copolymer (5), except that the modifier (5) (20 mL) was used instead of the modifier (2) (20 mL). Here, 1.19 g of the silicon-containing vinyl compound (modifier (1)) was added for each 100 g of the monomer component; 0.85 mmol of the polymerization initiator (initiator (1)) was added for each 100 g of the monomer component; and 1.18 mol of the compound (modifier (5)) containing a nitrogen atom and/or a silicon atom was added per mol of the alkali metal derived from the polymerization initiator added.
<Synthesis of Copolymer (38)>
A copolymer (38) was produced based on the same formulation as that for synthesis of the copolymer (7), except that the modifier (5) (20 mL) was used instead of the modifier (2) (20 mL). Here, 0.32 g of the silicon-containing vinyl compound (modifier (3)) was added for each 100 g of the monomer component; 0.85 mmol of the polymerization initiator (initiator (1)) was added for each 100 g of the monomer component; and 1.18 mol of the compound (modifier (5)) containing a nitrogen atom and/or a silicon atom was added per mol of the alkali metal derived from the polymerization initiator added.
<Synthesis of Copolymer (39)>
A copolymer (39) was produced based on the same formulation as that for synthesis of the copolymer (38), except that a coagulum was recovered from the polymer solution not by steam stripping treatment but by evaporating the polymer solution at room temperature for 24 hours, followed by drying the coagulum under reduced pressure. Here, 0.32 g of the silicon-containing vinyl compound (modifier (3)) was added for each 100 g of the monomer component; 0.85 mmol of the polymerization initiator (initiator (1)) was added for each 100 g of the monomer component; and 1.18 mol of the compound (modifier (5)) containing a nitrogen atom and/or a silicon atom was added per mol of the alkali metal derived from the polymerization initiator added.
<Synthesis of Copolymer (40)>
A copolymer (40) was produced based on the same formulation as that for synthesis of the copolymer (7), except that the modifier (6) (20 mL) was used instead of the modifier (2) (20 mL). Here, 0.32 g of the silicon-containing vinyl compound (modifier (3)) was added for each 100 g of the monomer component; 0.85 mmol of the polymerization initiator (initiator (1)) was added for each 100 g of the monomer component; and 1.18 mol of the compound (modifier (6)) containing a nitrogen atom and/or a silicon atom was added per mol of the alkali metal derived from the polymerization initiator added.
<Synthesis of Copolymer (41)>
A copolymer (41) was produced based on the same formulation as that for synthesis of the copolymer (7), except that the modifier (7) (20 mL) was used instead of the modifier (2) (20 mL). Here, 0.32 g of the silicon-containing vinyl compound (modifier (3)) was added for each 100 g of the monomer component; 0.85 mmol of the polymerization initiator (initiator (1)) was added for each 100 g of the monomer component; and 1.18 mol of the compound (modifier (7)) containing a nitrogen atom and/or a silicon atom was added per mol of the alkali metal derived from the polymerization initiator added.
<Synthesis of Copolymer (42)>
A copolymer (42) was produced based on the same formulation as that for synthesis of the copolymer (38), except that a butyllithium solution (10.6 mL) was used instead of the initiator (1) (19 mL), and the amount of the modifier (3) was changed from 40 mL to 0 mL. Here, 1.18 mol of the compound (modifier (5)) containing a nitrogen atom and/or a silicon atom was added per mol of the alkali metal derived from the polymerization initiator added.
<Synthesis of Copolymer (43)>
A copolymer (43) was produced based on the same formulation as that for synthesis of the copolymer (1), except that the modifier (8) (20 mL) was used instead of the modifier (2) (20 mL). Here, 0.32 g of the silicon-containing vinyl compound (modifier (1)) was added for each 100 g of the monomer component; 0.85 mmol of the polymerization initiator (initiator (2)) was added for each 100 g of the monomer component; and 1.18 mol of the compound (modifier (8)) containing a nitrogen atom and/or a silicon atom was added per mol of the alkali metal derived from the polymerization initiator added.
<Synthesis of Copolymer (44)>
A copolymer (44) was produced based on the same formulation as that for synthesis of the copolymer (2), except that the modifier (8) (20 mL) was used instead of the modifier (2) (20 mL). Here, 0.32 g of the silicon-containing vinyl compound (modifier (1)) was added for each 100 g of the monomer component; 0.85 mmol of the polymerization initiator (initiator (3)) was added for each 100 g of the monomer component; and 1.18 mol of the compound (modifier (8)) containing a nitrogen atom and/or a silicon atom was added per mol of the alkali metal derived from the polymerization initiator added.
<Synthesis of Copolymer (45)>
A copolymer (45) was produced based on the same formulation as that for synthesis of the copolymer (3), except that the modifier (8) (20 mL) was used instead of the modifier (2) (20 mL). Here, 0.32 g of the silicon-containing vinyl compound (modifier (1)) was added for each 100 g of the monomer component; 0.85 mmol of the polymerization initiator (initiator (2)) was added for each 100 g of the monomer component; and 1.18 mol of the compound (modifier (8)) containing a nitrogen atom and/or a silicon atom was added per mol of the alkali metal derived from the polymerization initiator added.
<Synthesis of Copolymer (46)>
A copolymer (46) was produced based on the same formulation as that for synthesis of the copolymer (4), except that the modifier (8) (20 mL) was used instead of the modifier (2) (20 mL). Here, 0.32 g of the silicon-containing vinyl compound (modifier (1)) was added for each 100 g of the monomer component; 0.85 mmol of the polymerization initiator (initiator (1)) was added for each 100 g of the monomer component; and 1.18 mol of the compound (modifier (8)) containing a nitrogen atom and/or a silicon atom was added per mol of the alkali metal derived from the polymerization initiator added.
<Synthesis of Copolymer (47)>
A copolymer (47) was produced based on the same formulation as that for synthesis of the copolymer (5), except that the modifier (8) (20 mL) was used instead of the modifier (2) (20 mL). Here, 1.19 g of the silicon-containing vinyl compound (modifier (1)) was added for each 100 g of the monomer component; 0.85 mmol of the polymerization initiator (initiator (1)) was added for each 100 g of the monomer component; and 1.18 mol of the compound (modifier (8)) containing a nitrogen atom and/or a silicon atom was added per mol of the alkali metal derived from the polymerization initiator added.
<Synthesis of Copolymer (48)>
A copolymer (48) was produced based on the same formulation as that for synthesis of the copolymer (7), except that the modifier (8) (20 mL) was used instead of the modifier (2) (20 mL). Here, 0.32 g of the silicon-containing vinyl compound (modifier (3)) was added for each 100 g of the monomer component; 0.85 mmol of the polymerization initiator (initiator (1)) was added for each 100 g of the monomer component; and 1.18 mol of the compound (modifier (8)) containing a nitrogen atom and/or a silicon atom was added per mol of the alkali metal derived from the polymerization initiator added.
<Synthesis of Copolymer (49)>
A copolymer (49) was produced based on the same formulation as that for synthesis of the copolymer (48), except that a coagulum was recovered from the polymer solution not by steam stripping treatment but by evaporating the polymer solution at room temperature for 24 hours, followed by drying the coagulum under reduced pressure. Here, 0.32 g of the silicon-containing vinyl compound (modifier (3)) was added for each 100 g of the monomer component; 0.85 mmol of the polymerization initiator (initiator (1)) was added for each 100 g of the monomer component; and 1.18 mol of the compound (modifier (8)) containing a nitrogen atom and/or a silicon atom was added per mol of the alkali metal derived from the polymerization initiator added.
<Synthesis of Copolymer (50)>
A copolymer (50) was produced based on the same formulation as that for synthesis of the copolymer (48), except that a butyllithium solution (10.6 mL) was used instead of the initiator (1) (19 mL), and the amount of the modifier (3) was changed from 40 mL to 0 mL. Here, 1.18 mol of the compound (modifier (8)) containing a nitrogen atom and/or a silicon atom was added per mol of the alkali metal derived from the polymerization initiator added.
<Synthesis of Copolymer (51)>
A copolymer (51) was produced based on the same formulation as that for synthesis of the copolymer (1), except that the modifier (9) (20 mL) was used instead of the modifier (2) (20 mL). Here, 0.32 g of the silicon-containing vinyl compound (modifier (1)) was added for each 100 g of the monomer component; 0.85 mmol of the polymerization initiator (initiator (2)) was added for each 100 g of the monomer component; and 1.18 mol of the compound (modifier (9)) containing a nitrogen atom and/or a silicon atom was added per mol of the alkali metal derived from the polymerization initiator added.
<Synthesis of Copolymer (52)>
A copolymer (52) was produced based on the same formulation as that for synthesis of the copolymer (2), except that the modifier (9) (20 mL) was used instead of the modifier (2) (20 mL). Here, 0.32 g of the silicon-containing vinyl compound (modifier (1)) was added for each 100 g of the monomer component; 0.85 mmol of the polymerization initiator (initiator (3)) was added for each 100 g of the monomer component; and 1.18 mol of the compound (modifier (9)) containing a nitrogen atom and/or a silicon atom was added per mol of the alkali metal derived from the polymerization initiator added.
<Synthesis of Copolymer (53)>
A copolymer (53) was produced based on the same formulation as that for synthesis of the copolymer (3), except that the modifier (9) (20 mL) was used instead of the modifier (2) (20 mL). Here, 0.32 g of the silicon-containing vinyl compound (modifier (1)) was added for each 100 g of the monomer component; 0.85 mmol of the polymerization initiator (initiator (2)) was added for each 100 g of the monomer component; and 1.18 mol of the compound (modifier (9)) containing a nitrogen atom and/or a silicon atom was added per mol of the alkali metal derived from the polymerization initiator added.
<Synthesis of Copolymer (54)>
A copolymer (54) was produced based on the same formulation as that for synthesis of the copolymer (4), except that the modifier (9) (20 mL) was used instead of the modifier (2) (20 mL). Here, 0.32 g of the silicon-containing vinyl compound (modifier (1)) was added for each 100 g of the monomer component; 0.85 mmol of the polymerization initiator (initiator (1)) was added for each 100 g of the monomer component; and 1.18 mol of the compound (modifier (9)) containing a nitrogen atom and/or a silicon atom was added per mol of the alkali metal derived from the polymerization initiator added.
<Synthesis of Copolymer (55)>
A copolymer (55) was produced based on the same formulation as that for synthesis of the copolymer (5), except that the modifier (9) (20 mL) was used instead of the modifier (2) (20 mL). Here, 1.19 g of the silicon-containing vinyl compound (modifier (1)) was added for each 100 g of the monomer component; 0.85 mmol of the polymerization initiator (initiator (1)) was added for each 100 g of the monomer component; and 1.18 mol of the compound (modifier (9)) containing a nitrogen atom and/or a silicon atom was added per mol of the alkali metal derived from the polymerization initiator added.
<Synthesis of Copolymer (56)>
A copolymer (56) was produced based on the same formulation as that for synthesis of the copolymer (7), except that the modifier (9) (20 mL) was used instead of the modifier (2) (20 mL). Here, 0.32 g of the silicon-containing vinyl compound (modifier (3)) was added for each 100 g of the monomer component; 0.85 mmol of the polymerization initiator (initiator (1)) was added for each 100 g of the monomer component; and 1.18 mol of the compound (modifier (9)) containing a nitrogen atom and/or a silicon atom was added per mol of the alkali metal derived from the polymerization initiator added.
<Synthesis of Copolymer (57)>
A copolymer (57) was produced based on the same formulation as that for synthesis of the copolymer (56), except that a coagulum was recovered from the polymer solution not by steam stripping treatment but by evaporating the polymer solution at room temperature for 24 hours, followed by drying the coagulum under reduced pressure. Here, 0.32 g of the silicon-containing vinyl compound (modifier (3)) was added for each 100 g of the monomer component; 0.85 mmol of the polymerization initiator (initiator (1)) was added for each 100 g of the monomer component; and 1.18 mol of the compound (modifier (9)) containing a nitrogen atom and/or a silicon atom was added per mol of the alkali metal derived from the polymerization initiator added.
<Synthesis of Copolymer (58)>
A copolymer (58) was produced based on the same formulation as that for synthesis of the copolymer (56), except that a butyllithium solution (10.6 mL) was used instead of the initiator (1) (19 mL), and the amount of the modifier (3) was changed from 40 mL to 0 mL. Here, 1.18 mol of the compound (modifier (9)) containing a nitrogen atom and/or a silicon atom was added per mol of the alkali metal derived from the polymerization initiator added.
Tables 1 to 5 summarize the monomer components and others of the copolymers (1) to (58).







TABLE 1







Examples in which a compound represented by the formula (IIId) is used as a Terminal modifier


















Styrene

Molecular
Molecular






content
Vinyl
weight
weight





Terminal
(% by
content
distribution
Mw (unit: ten


Copolymer
Initiator
Monomer component
modifier
mass)
(mol %)
Mw/Mn
thousand)

















Copolymer (1)
Initiator (2)
Styrene, 1,3-Butadiene, Modifier (1)
Modifier (2)
30
56
1.21
26.5


Copolymer (2)
Initiator (3)
Styrene, 1,3-Butadiene, Modifier (1)
Modifier (2)
30
57
1.23
26.8


Copolymer (3)
Initiator (2)
Styrene, 1,3-Butadiene, Modifier (1)
Modifier (2)
45
56
1.23
26.9


Copolymer (4)
Initiator (1)
Styrene, 1,3-Butadiene, Modifier (1)
Modifier (2)
30
56
1.13
24.8


Copolymer (5)
Initiator (1)
Styrene, 1,3-Butadiene, Modifier (1)
Modifier (2)
30
56
1.20
27.1


Copolymer (6)
Initiator (1)
1,3-Butadiene, Modifier (1)
Modifier (2)
0
14.2
1.17
28.9


Copolymer (7)
Initiator (1)
Styrene, 1,3-Butadiene, Modifier (3)
Modifier (2)
30
56
1.18
26.0


Copolymer (8)
n-Butyllithium solution
Styrene, 1,3-Butadiene, Modifier (3)
Modifier (2)
30
55
1.17
24.5


Copolymer (9)
n-Butyllithium solution
1,3-Butadiene, Modifier (1)
Modifier (2)
0
13.5
1.16
29.3


Copolymer (10)
Initiator (2)
Styrene, 1,3-Butadiene
Modifier (2)
30
56
1.19
25.0


Copolymer (11)
Initiator (2)
Styrene, 1,3-Butadiene, Modifier (1)
Not added
30
56
1.25
25.4


Copolymer (12)
n-Butyllithium solution
Styrene, 1,3-Butadiene
Not added
30
56
1.09
26.5


Copolymer (13)
Initiator (1)
Styrene, 1,3-Butadiene, Modifier (3)
Modifier (2)
30
57
1.19
25.2


Copolymer (14)
Initiator (1)
Styrene, 1,3-Butadiene
Not added
30
57
1.16
26.1


Copolymer (15)
n-Butyllithium solution
Styrene, 1,3-Butadiene, Modifier (3)
Not added
30
56
1.13
27.9


Copolymer (16)
n-Butyllithium solution
Styrene, 1,3-Butadiene
Modifier (2)
30
55
1.10
27.4


Copolymer (17)
Initiator (4)
Styrene, 1,3-Butadiene, Modifier (1)
Modifier (2)
30
55
1.29
28.9


Copolymer (18)
Initiator (1)
1,3-Butadiene, Modifier (3)
Modifier (2)
0
14.2
1.19
26.2


Copolymer (19)
n-Butyllithium solution
1,3-Butadiene, Modifier (3)
Modifier (2)
0
13.7
1.16
25.2


Copolymer (20)
n-Butyllithium solution
1,3-Butadiene
Not added
0
13.9
1.11
27.1


Copolymer (21)
Initiator (1)
1,3-Butadiene, Modifier (3)
Modifier (2)
0
14
1.21
26.3
















TABLE 2







Examples in which a compound represented by the formula (IV) is used as a Terminal modifier


















Styrene

Molecular
Molecular






content
Vinyl
weight
weight





Terminal
(% by
content
distribution
Mw (unit: ten


Copolymer
Initiator
Monomer component
modifier
mass)
(mol %)
Mw/Mn
thousand)

















Copolymer (22)
Initiator (2)
Styrene, 1,3-Butadiene, Modifier (1)
Modifier (4)
30
57
1.26
28.3


Copolymer (23)
Initiator (3)
Styrene, 1,3-Butadiene, Modifier (1)
Modifier (4)
30
57
1.28
28.0


Copolymer (24)
Initiator (2)
Styrene, 1,3-Butadiene, Modifier (1)
Modifier (4)
45
56
1.25
29.2


Copolymer (25)
Initiator (1)
Styrene, 1,3-Butadiene, Modifier (1)
Modifier (4)
30
56
1.19
27.2


Copolymer (26)
Initiator (1)
Styrene, 1,3-Butadiene, Modifier (1)
Modifier (4)
30
57
1.17
26.1


Copolymer (27)
Initiator (1)
1,3-Butadiene, Modifier (1)
Modifier (4)
0
13.9
1.17
25.9


Copolymer (28)
Initiator (1)
Styrene, 1,3-Butadiene, Modifier (3)
Modifier (4)
30
56
1.20
25.8


Copolymer (29)
Initiator (1)
Styrene, 1,3-Butadiene, Modifier (3)
Modifier (4)
30
58
1.18
26.2


Copolymer (30)
n-Butyllithium solution
Styrene, 1,3-Butadiene
Modifier (4)
30
56
1.14
27.1


Copolymer (31)
Initiator (1)
1,3-Butadiene, Modifier (3)
Modifier (4)
0
14.1
1.21
26.2


Copolymer (32)
Initiator (1)
1,3-Butadiene, Modifier (3)
Modifier (4)
0
14.2
1.18
26.8
















TABLE 3







Examples in which a compound represented by the formula (IIIb) is used as a Terminal modifier


















Styrene

Molecular
Molecular






content
Vinyl
weight
weight





Terminal
(% by
content
distribution
Mw (unit: ten


Copolymer
Initiator
Monomer component
modifier
mass)
(mol %)
Mw/Mn
thousand)

















Copolymer (33)
Initiator (2)
Styrene, 1,3-Butadiene, Modifier (1)
Modifier (5)
30
57
1.18
27.1


Copolymer (34)
Initiator (3)
Styrene, 1,3-Butadiene. Modifier (1)
Modifier (5)
30
56
1.16
26.3


Copolymer (35)
Initiator (2)
Styrene, 1,3-Butadiene, Modifier (1)
Modifier (5)
45
56
1.16
24.6


Copolymer (36)
Initiator (1)
Styrene, 1,3-Butadiene, Modifier (1)
Modifier (5)
30
57
1.12
24.9


Copolymer (37)
Initiator (1)
Styrene, 1,3-Butadiene, Modifier (1)
Modifier (5)
30
56
1.13
26.7


Copolymer (38)
Initiator (1)
Styrene, 1,3-Butadiene, Modifier (3)
Modifier (5)
30
56
1.13
25.6


Copolymer (39)
Initiator (1)
Styrene, 1,3-Butadiene, Modifier (3)
Modifier (5)
30
56
1.10
25.5


Copolymer (40)
Initiator (1)
Styrene, 1,3-Butadiene, Modifier (3)
Modifier (6)
30
57
1.14
25.2


Copolymer (41)
Initiator (1)
Styrene, 1,3-Butadiene, Modifier (3)
Modifier (7)
30
56
1.15
25.9


Copolymer (42)
n-Butyllithium solution
Styrene, 1,3-Butadiene
Modifier (5)
30
55
1.09
26.3
















TABLE 4







Examples in which a compound containing an alkoxysilyl group, a nitrogen atom and a carbonyl group is used as a Terminal modifier


















Styrene

Molecular
Molecular






content
Vinyl
weight
weight





Terminal
(% by
content
distribution
Mw (unit: ten


Copolymer
Initiator
Monomer component
modifier
mass)
(mol %)
Mw/Mn
thousand)

















Copolymer (43)
Initiator (2)
Styrene, 1,3-Butadiene, Modifier (1)
Modifier (8)
30
56
1.24
27.5


Copolymer (44)
Initiator (3)
Styrene, 1,3-Butadiene, Modifier (1)
Modifier (8)
30
56
1.22
28.3


Copolymer (45)
Initiator (2)
Styrene, 1,3-Butadiene, Modifier (1)
Modifier (8)
45
57
1.23
27.8


Copolymer (46)
Initiator (1)
Styrene, 1,3-Butadiene, Modifier (1)
Modifier (8)
30
56
1.20
28.5


Copolymer (47)
Initiator (1)
Styrene, 1,3-Butadiene, Modifier (1)
Modifier (8)
30
55
1.19
28.6


Copolymer (48)
Initiator (1)
Styrene, 1,3-Butadiene, Modifier (3)
Modifier (8)
30
56
1.22
28.3


Copolymer (49)
Initiator (1)
Styrene, 1,3-Butadiene, Modifier (3)
Modifier (8)
30
57
1.18
28.0


Copolymer (50)
n-Butyllithium solution
Styrene, 1,3-Butadiene
Modifier (8)
30
56
1.16
27.3
















TABLE 5







Examples in which an N,N-dialkyl-substituted carboxylic acid amide dialkyl acetal compound is used as a Terminal modifier


















Styrene

Molecular
Molecular






content
Vinyl
weight
weight





Terminal
(% by
content
distribution
Mw (unit: ten


Copolymer
Initiator
Monomer component
modifier
mass)
(mol %)
Mw/Mn
thousand)

















Copolymer (51)
Initiator (2)
Styrene, 1,3-Butadiene, Modifier (1)
Modifier (9)
30
57
1.20
27.2


Copolymer (52)
Initiator (3)
Styrene, 1,3-Butadiene, Modifier (1)
Modifier (9)
30
56
1.21
27.3


Copolymer (53)
Initiator (2)
Styrene, 1,3-Butadiene, Modifier (1)
Modifier (9)
45
55
1.21
27.8


Copolymer (54)
Initiator (1)
Styrene, 1,3-Butadiene, Modifier (1)
Modifier (9)
30
56
1.20
27.6


Copolymer (55)
Initiator (1)
Styrene, 1,3-Butadiene, Modifier (1)
Modifier (9)
30
56
1.19
26.9


Copolymer (56)
Initiator (1)
Styrene, 1,3-Butadiene, Modifier (3)
Modifier (9)
30
57
1.18
26.8


Copolymer (57)
Initiator (1)
Styrene, 1,3-Butadiene, Modifier (3)
Modifier (9)
30
56
1.20
28.1


Copolymer (58)
n-Butyllithium solution
Styrene, 1,3-Butadiene
Modifier (9)
30
57
1.17
27.1









The following describes the various chemicals used in the examples and comparative examples.

    Copolymers (1) to (58): synthesized as above
    Natural Rubber: TSR20
    Polybutadiene rubber: Ubepol BR150B produced by Ube Industries, Ltd.
    Silica 1: ZEOSIL 1085GR produced by Rhodia (nitrogen adsorption specific surface area: 80 m2/g)
    Silica 2: ZEOSIL 115GR produced by Rhodia (nitrogen adsorption specific surface area: 110 m2/g)
    Silica 3: ZEOSIL 1165 MP produced by Rhodia (nitrogen adsorption specific surface area: 160 m2/g)
    Silica 4: ZEOSIL 1205 MP produced by Rhodia (nitrogen adsorption specific surface area: 200 m2/g)
    Silane coupling agent A: Si69 (bis(3-triethoxysilylpropyl)tetrasulfide) produced by Evonik Degussa
    Silane coupling agent B: Si363 produced by Evonik Degussa
    Silane coupling agent C: NXT-Z45 (a compound containing linking unit A and linking unit B (linking unit A: 55 mol %, linking unit B: 45 mol %)) produced by Momentive Performance Materials
    Carbon black: Diablack N339 (N2SA: 96 m2/g, DBP absorption: 124 mL/100 g) produced by Mitsubishi Chemical Corporation
    Coumarone indene resin 1 (solid resin): NOVARES C90 (Tg: 90° C.) produced by Rutgers chemicals AG
    Coumarone indene resin 2 (liquid resin): NOVARES C30 (Tg: 10° C.) produced by Rutgers chemicals AG
    Coumarone indene resin 3 (liquid resin): NOVARES C10 (Tg: −30° C.) produced by Rutgers chemicals AG
    α-Methylstyrene resin (copolymer of α-methyl styrene and styrene, solid resin): SYLVARES SA85 (Tg: 95° C.) produced by Arizona Chemical
    Oil: X-140 produced by JX Nippon Oil & Energy Corporation
    Antioxidant: Antigene 3C produced by Sumitomo Chemical Co., Ltd.
    Stearic acid: TSUBAKI stearic acid beads produced by NOF Corporation
    Zinc oxide: Zinc oxide #1 produced by Mitsui Mining & Smelting Co., Ltd.
    Wax: Sunnoc N produced by Ouchi Shinko Chemical Industrial Co., Ltd.
    Sulfur: sulfur powder produced by Tsurumi Chemical Industry Co., Ltd.
    Vulcanization accelerator 1: Soxinol CZ produced by Sumitomo Chemical Co., Ltd.
    Vulcanization accelerator 2: Soxinol D produced by Sumitomo Chemical Co., Ltd.


EXAMPLES AND COMPARATIVE EXAMPLES
According to each of the formulations shown in Tables 6 to 25, the materials other than the sulfur and vulcanization accelerators were kneaded for 5 minutes at 150° C. using a 1.7-L Banbury mixer (produced by Kobe Steel, Ltd.) to give a kneadate. The sulfur and vulcanization accelerators were then added to the kneadate, followed by kneading for 5 minutes at 80° C. using an open roll mill to give an unvulcanized rubber composition. The unvulcanized rubber composition was press-vulcanized for 20 minutes at 170° C. in a 0.5 mm-thick mold to obtain a vulcanized rubber composition.
Separately, the unvulcanized rubber composition was formed into a tread shape and assembled with other tire components on a tire building machine to form an unvulcanized tire. The unvulcanized tire was vulcanized for 12 minutes at 170° C. to prepare a test tire (size: 195/65R15).
<Evaluation Items and Test Methods>
In the evaluations below, Comparative Example 1 was considered as a standard comparative example in Tables 6 to 13; Comparative Example 22 was considered as a standard comparative example in Tables 14 to 19; and Comparative Example 40 was considered as a standard comparative example in Tables 20 to 25.
<Mixing and Kneading Processability Index>
The Mooney viscosity (ML1+4/130° C.) of each unvulcanized rubber composition was determined in accordance with JIS K6300-1:2001 “Rubber, unvulcanized—Physical property—Part 1: Determination of Mooney viscosity and pre-vulcanization characteristics with Mooney viscometer” using a Mooney viscosity tester. That is, under a temperature condition of 130° C. achieved by 1 minute pre-heating, the Mooney viscosity of the unvulcanized rubber composition was measured after a small rotor was rotated for 4 minutes. The result is expressed as an index. A larger value indicates a lower Mooney viscosity, which in turn indicates better mixing and kneading processability. The index was calculated based on the following equation.

(Mixing and kneading processability index)=(Mooney viscosity of standard comparative example)/(Mooney viscosity of each formulation)×100

<Low-Heat-Build-Up Property>

The tan δ of each vulcanized rubber composition was measured at a dynamic strain amplitude of 1%, a frequency of 10 Hz, and at a temperature of 50° C. using a spectrometer (produced by Ueshima Seisakusho Co., Ltd.). The reciprocal value of the tan δ is expressed as an index relative to that of a standard comparative example (regarded as 100). A larger index indicates a smaller rolling resistance (less heat build-up), which in turn indicates better fuel economy.
<Tan δ Peak Temperature>
The tan δ of each vulcanized rubber composition was measured at a dynamic strain amplitude of 1%, a frequency of 10 Hz, a rate of temperature rise of 2° C./min., and at a measurement temperature ranging from −80 to 80° C. using a spectrometer (produced by Ueshima Seisakusho Co., Ltd.). The temperature at which tan δ reached its peak was determined as a tan δ peak temperature.
<Rubber Strength Index>
Each sample was subjected to a tensile test in accordance with JIS K 6251:2010 to measure the elongation at break. The measurement result was expressed as an index relative to the result of a standard comparative example (regarded as 100). A larger index indicates larger rubber strength (tensile strength).

(Rubber strength index)=(Elongation at break of each formulation)/(Elongation at break of standard comparative example)×100

<Abrasion Resistance Index>

The volume loss of each vulcanized rubber composition was measured with a laboratory abrasion and skid tester (LAT tester) at a load of 50 N, a speed of 20 km/h, and a slip angle of 5 degrees. The values (abrasion resistance index) in Tables 6 to 25 are relative values to the volume loss in the standard comparative example regarded as 100. A larger value indicates better abrasion resistance.
<Wet-Grip Performance Index>
The test tires of each example were mounted on all the wheels of a vehicle (front-engine, front-wheel drive (FF) vehicle, 2000 cc, made in Japan). The braking distance from an initial speed of 100 km/h was determined on a wet asphalt road surface. The result is expressed as an index. A larger index indicates better wet-skid performance (wet-grip performance). The index was calculated based on the following equation.

(Wet-grip performance index)=(Braking distance in standard comparative example)/(Braking distance of each formulation)×100

<Handling Stability>

The test tires of each example were mounted on all the wheels of a front-engine, front-wheel drive (FF) vehicle (2000 cc, made in Japan), and the vehicle was driven on a test course (temperature on snow: −10 to −2° C.) of Sumitomo Rubber Industries, Ltd. in Nayoro, Hokkaido, Japan. The handling stability was evaluated based on sensory evaluation by a driver. The evaluation was scored on a scale of 1 to 10 relative to the evaluation of the standard comparative example being given 6. A higher score indicates better handling stability.







TABLE 6





Examples in which a compound represented by the formula (IIId) is used as a Terminal modifier

















Example




















1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10





Formula-
Copolymer (1)
45
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—


tion
Copolymer (2)
—
45
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—


(parts
Copolymer (3)
—
—
45
—
—
—
—
—
—
—


by
Copolymer (4)
—
—
—
45
—
—
—
—
—
—


mass)
Copolymer (5)
—
—
—
—
45
—
—
—
—
—



Copolymer (6)
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
30
—
—



Copolymer (7)
—
—
—
—
—
45
—
—
—
—



Copolymer (8)
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
45
45
45



Copolymer (9)
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—



Copolymer (10)
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—



Copolymer (11)
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—



Copolymer (12)
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—



Copolymer (13)
—
—
—
—
—
—
45
—
—
—



Copolymer (14)
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—



Copolymer (15)
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—



Copolymer (16)
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—



Copolymer (17)
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—



Copolymer (18)
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
30
—



Copolymer (19)
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—



Copolymer (20)
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—



Copolymer (21)
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
30



Natural rubber
25
25
25
25
25
25
25
25
25
25



Polybutadiene rubber
30
30
30
30
30
30
30
—
—
—



Silica 2 (N2SA: 110 m2/g)
75
75
75
75
75
75
75
75
75
75



Silane coupling agent A
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6



Carbon black
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5



Oil
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20



Antioxidant
1.5
1.5
1.5
1.5
1.5
1.5
1.5
1.5
1.5
1.5



Stearic acid
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2



Zinc oxide
2.5
2.5
2.5
2.5
2.5
2.5
2.5
2.5
2.5
2.5



Wax
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1



Sulfur
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2



Vulcanization accelerator 1
1.8
1.8
1.8
1.8
1.8
1.8
1.8
1.8
1.8
1.8



Vulcanization accelerator 2
1.2
1.2
1.2
1.2
1.2
1.2
1.2
1.2
1.2
1.2


Evalua-
Mixing and kneading
105
106
103
111
101
102
106
101
101
104


tion
processability index



Low-heat-build-up
125
127
126
138
135
137
109
125
130
111



property index



tan δ peak temperature
−20
−20
−20
−20
−20
−20
−20
−20
−20
−20



Rubber strength index
103
104
105
102
101
101
104
101
100
102



Abrasion resistance index
103
104
103
101
102
104
103
102
104
100



Wet-grip performance index
111
111
110
109
109
112
107
106
107
105



Handling stability
6.25
6.25
6.25
6.25
6.25
6.25
6.25
6
6
6












Comparative Example























1
2
3
4
5
6
7
3
9
10
11







Formula-
Copolymer (1)
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—



tion
Copolymer (2)
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—



(parts
Copolymer (3)
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—



by
Copolymer (4)
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—



mass)
Copolymer (5)
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—




Copolymer (6)
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—




Copolymer (7)
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—




Copolymer (8)
45
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
45
45
45




Copolymer (9)
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
30
—
—




Copolymer (10)
—
45
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—




Copolymer (11)
—
—
45
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—




Copolymer (12)
—
—
—
45
—
—
—
—
—
—
—




Copolymer (13)
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—




Copolymer (14)
—
—
—
—
45
—
—
—
—
—
—




Copolymer (15)
—
—
—
—
—
45
—
—
—
—
—




Copolymer (16)
—
—
—
—
—
—
45
—
—
—
—




Copolymer (17)
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
45
—
—
—




Copolymer (18)
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—




Copolymer (19)
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
30
—




Copolymer (20)
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
30




Copolymer (21)
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—




Natural rubber
25
25
25
25
25
25
25
25
25
25
25




Polybutadiene rubber
30
30
30
30
30
30
30
30
—
—
—




Silica 2 (N2SA: 110 m2/g)
75
75
75
75
75
75
75
75
75
75
75




Silane coupling agent A
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6




Carbon black
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5




Oil
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20




Antioxidant
1.5
1.5
1.5
1.5
1.5
1.5
1.5
1.5
1.5
1.5
1.5




Stearic acid
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2




Zinc oxide
2.5
2.5
2.5
2.5
2.5
2.5
2.5
2.5
2.5
2.5
2.5




Wax
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1




Sulfur
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2




Vulcanization accelerator 1
1.8
1.8
1.8
1.8
1.8
1.8
1.8
1.8
1.8
1.8
1.8




Vulcanization accelerator 2
1.2
1.2
1.2
1.2
1.2
1.2
1.2
1.2
1.2
1.2
1.2



Evalua-
Mixing and kneading
100
102
98
97
96
94
93
93
97
98
102



tion
processability index




Low-heat-build-up
100
96
99
93
100
99
98
102
105
107
98




property index




tan δ peak temperature
−20
−20
−20
−20
−20
−20
−20
−20
−20
−20
−20




Rubber strength index
100
103
101
106
101
100
102
100
97
97
99




Abrasion resistance index
100
101
99
97
93
92
96
88
101
102
95




Wet-grip performance index
100
101
101
96
96
97
96
100
105
104
102




Handling stability
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
5.5
5.5
5.5

















TABLE 7







Examples in which a compound represented by the formula (IV) is used as a Terminal modifier











Example
Comparative Example
Example























11
12
13
14
15
16
17
1
4
5
6
10
12
18
19



























Formula-
Copolymer (8)
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
45
—
—
—
45
—
45
45


tion
Copolymer (12)
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
45
—
—
—
—
—
—


(parts
Copolymer (14)
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
45
—
—
—
—
—


by
Copolymer (15)
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
45
—
—
—
—


mass)
Copolymer (19)
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
30
—
—
—



Copolymer (22)
45
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—



Copolymer (23)
—
45
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—



Copolymer (24)
—
—
45
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—



Copolymer (25)
—
—
—
45
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—



Copolymer (26)
—
—
—
—
45
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—



Copolymer (28)
—
—
—
—
—
45
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—



Copolymer (29)
—
—
—
—
—
—
45
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—



Copolymer (30)
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
45
—
—



Copolymer (31)
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
30
—



Copolymer (32)
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
30



Natural rubber
25
25
25
25
25
25
25
25
25
25
25
25
25
25
25



Polybutadiene rubber
30
30
30
30
30
30
30
30
30
30
30
—
30
—
—



Silica 2 (N2SA: 110 m2/g)
75
75
75
75
75
75
75
75
75
75
75
75
75
75
75



Silane coupling agent A
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6



Carbon black
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5



Oil
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20



Antioxidant
1.5
1.5
1.5
1.5
1.5
1.5
1.5
1.5
1.5
1.5
1.5
1.5
1.5
1.5
1.5



Stearic acid
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2



Zinc oxide
2.5
2.5
2.5
2.5
2.5
2.5
2.5
2.5
2.5
2.5
2.5
2.5
2.5
2.5
2.5



Wax
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1



Sulfur
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2



Vulcanization accelerator 1
1.8
1.8
1.8
1.8
1.8
1.8
1.8
1.8
1.8
1.8
1.8
1.8
1.8
1.8
1.8



Vulcanization accelerator 2
1.2
1.2
1.2
1.2
1.2
1.2
1.2
1.2
1.2
1.2
1.2
1.2
1.2
1.2
1.2


Evalua-
Mixing and kneading
100
101
104
100
106
107
103
100
97
96
94
98
90
102
100


tion
processability index



Low-heat-build-up
129
126
127
126
122
123
113
100
93
100
99
107
95
110
105



property index



tan δ peak temperature
−20
−20
−20
−20
−20
−20
−20
−20
−20
−20
−20
−20
−20
−20
−20



Rubber strength index
107
106
105
107
108
105
109
100
106
101
100
97
106
105
104



Abrasion resistance index
111
108
112
111
109
110
112
100
97
93
92
102
92
110
112



Wet-grip performance index
107
106
105
108
109
107
106
100
96
96
97
104
95
107
105



Handling stability
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
5.5
5.5
6
6
















TABLE 8





Examples in which a compound represented by the formula (IIId) is used as a Terminal modifier





















Com.

Com.




Ex.
Ex.
Ex.





















1
4
6
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
13





Formula-
Copolymer (7)
—
—
45
45
45
45
45
45
45
45
45


tion
Copolymer (8)
45
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—


(parts
Copolymer (12)
—
45
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—


by
Natural rubber
25
25
25
25
25
25
25
25
25
25
25


mass)
Polybutadiene rubber
30
30
30
30
30
30
30
30
30
30
30



Silica 1 (N2SA: 80 m2/g)
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—



Silica 2 (N2SA: 110 m2/g)
75
75
75
75
75
75
75
60
15
37.5
6



Silica 3 (N2SA: 160 m2/g)
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
15
60
37.5
3



Silica 4 (N2SA: 200 m2/g)
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—



Silane coupling agent A
6
6
6
—
—
1.5
1.5
—
—
—
—



Silane coupling agent B
—
—
—
6
—
6
—
—
—
—
—



Silane coupling agent C
—
—
—
—
3.75
—
3.75
3.75
3.75
3.75
3.75



Carbon black
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5



Coumarone indene
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—



resin 1 (Tg: 90° C.)



Coumarone indene
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—



resin 2 (Tg: 10° C.)



Coumarone indene
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—



resin 3 (Tg: −30° C.)



α-Methyl styrene resin
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—



(Tg: 95° C.)



Oil
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20



Antioxidant
1.5
1.5
1.5
1.5
1.5
1.5
1.5
1.5
1.5
1.5
1.5



Stearic acid
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2



Zinc oxide
2.5
2.5
2.5
2.5
2.5
2.5
2.5
2.5
2.5
2.5
2.5



Wax
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1



Sulfur
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2



Vulcanization accelerator 1
1.8
1.8
1.8
1.8
1.8
1.8
1.8
1.8
1.8
1.8
1.8



Vulcanization accelerator 2
1.2
1.2
1.2
1.2
1.2
1.2
1.2
1.2
1.2
1.2
1.2


Evalua-
Mixing and kneading
100
97
102
100
105
103
110
112
109
110
131


tion
processability index



Low-heat-build-up
100
93
137
145
145
145
147
150
143
146
112



property index



tan δ peak temperature
−20
−20
−20
−20
−20
−20
−20
−20
−20
−22
−20



Rubber strength index
100
106
101
101
105
103
106
112
118
113
98



Abrasion resistance index
100
97
104
100
102
102
105
105
110
107
90



Wet-grip performance index
100
96
112
115
115
115
115
119
117
119
90



Handling stability
6
6
6.25
6.25
6.25
6.25
6.5
6.25
6.25
6.25
6.25
















Com.

Com.




Ex.
Ex.
Ex.





















14
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
15





Formula-
Copolymer (7)
45
45
45
45
45
45
45
45
45
40
100


tion
Copolymer (8)
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—


(parts
Copolymer (12)
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—


by
Natural rubber
25
25
25
25
25
25
25
25
25
40
—


mass)
Polybutadiene rubber
30
30
30
30
30
30
30
30
30
20
—



Silica 1 (N2SA: 80 m2/g)
—
60
60
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—



Silica 2 (N2SA: 110 m2/g)
120
—
—
60
75
75
75
75
60
75
75



Silica 3 (N2SA: 160 m2/g)
40
15
—
—
—
—
—
—
15
—
—



Silica 4 (N2SA: 200 m2/g)
—
—
15
15
—
—
—
—
—
—
—



Silane coupling agent A
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
6
6



Silane coupling agent B
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—



Silane coupling agent C
3.75
3.75
3.75
3.75
3.75
3.75
3.75
3.75
3.75
—
—



Carbon black
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5



Coumarone indene
—
—
—
—
5
—
5
5
5
—
—



resin 1 (Tg: 90° C.)



Coumarone indene
—
—
—
—
—
—
5
—
—
—
—



resin 2 (Tg: 10° C.)



Coumarone indene
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
5
—
—
—



resin 3 (Tg: −30° C.)



α-Methyl styrene resin
—
—
—
—
—
5
—
—
—
—
—



(Tg: 95° C.)



Oil
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20



Antioxidant
1.5
1.5
1.5
1.5
1.5
1.5
1.5
1.5
1.5
1.5
1.5



Stearic acid
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2



Zinc oxide
2.5
2.5
2.5
2.5
2.5
2.5
2.5
2.5
2.5
2.5
2.5



Wax
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1



Sulfur
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2



Vulcanization accelerator 1
1.8
1.8
1.8
1.8
1.8
1.8
1.8
1.8
1.8
1.8
1.8



Vulcanization accelerator 2
1.2
1.2
1.2
1.2
1.2
1.2
1.2
1.2
1.2
1.2
1.2


Evalua-
Mixing and kneading
96
112
109
108
105
101
107
109
112
106
90


tion
processability index



Low-heat-build-up
134
146
146
141
145
144
142
145
150
132
100



property index



tan δ peak temperature
−20
−17
−20
−21
−20
−20
−20
−21
−20
−18
−15



Rubber strength index
134
101
106
109
109
109
113
114
116
115
95



Abrasion resistance index
86
102
104
102
106
101
103
106
109
106
90



Wet-grip performance index
113
116
119
120
123
125
123
125
123
102
120



Handling stability
6
6.25
6.5
6.25
6.25
6.25
6.25
6.5
6.25
6.25
6.5
















TABLE 9





Examples in which a compound represented by the formula (IIId) is used as a Terminal modifier

















Example





















36
37
38
39
40
21
41
42
43
44
45





Formula-
Copolymer (1)
45
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
45


tion
Copolymer (2)
—
45
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—


(parts
Copolymer (3)
—
—
45
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—


by
Copolymer (4)
—
—
—
45
—
—
—
—
—
—
—


mass)
Copolymer (5)
—
—
—
—
45
—
—
—
—
—
—



Copolymer (6)
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
30
—
—
—



Copolymer (7)
—
—
—
—
—
45
—
—
—
—
—



Copolymer (8)
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
45
45
45
—



Copolymer (9)
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—



Copolymer (10)
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—



Copolymer (11)
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—



Copolymer (12)
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—



Copolymer (13)
—
—
—
—
—
—
45
—
—
—
—



Copolymer (14)
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—



Copolymer (15)
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—



Copolymer (16)
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—



Copolymer (17)
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—



Copolymer (18)
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
30
—
—



Copolymer (19)
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—



Copolymer (20)
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—



Copolymer (21)
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
30
—



Natural rubber
25
25
25
25
25
25
25
25
25
25
25



Polybutadiene rubber
30
30
30
30
30
30
30
—
—
—
30



Silica 2 (N2SA: 110 m2/g)
75
75
75
75
75
75
75
75
75
75
75



Silane coupling agent B
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
—



Silane coupling agent C
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
3.75



Carbon black
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5



Oil
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20



Antioxidant
1.5
1.5
1.5
1.5
1.5
1.5
1.5
1.5
1.5
1.5
1.5



Stearic acid
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2



Zinc oxide
2.5
2.5
2.5
2.5
2.5
2.5
2.5
2.5
2.5
2.5
2.5



Wax
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1



Sulfur
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2



Vulcanization accelerator 1
1.8
1.8
1.8
1.8
1.8
1.8
1.8
1.8
1.8
1.8
1.8



Vulcanization accelerator 2
1.2
1.2
1.2
1.2
1.2
1.2
1.2
1.2
1.2
1.2
1.2


Evalua-
Mixing and kneading
103
104
101
109
99
100
104
99
99
102
108


tion
processability index



Low-heat-build-up
133
135
134
146
143
145
117
133
138
119
133



property index



tan δ peak temperature
−20
−20
−20
−20
−20
−20
−20
−20
−20
−20
−20



Rubber strength index
106
107
108
105
104
101
107
104
103
105
107



Abrasion resistance index
99
100
99
97
98
100
99
98
100
96
101



Wet-grip performance index
114
114
113
112
112
115
110
109
110
108
114



Handling stability
6.25
6.25
6.25
6.25
6.25
6.25
6.25
6
6
6
6.25












Example





















46
47
48
49
22
50
51
52
53







Formula-
Copolymer (1)
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—



tion
Copolymer (2)
45
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—



(parts
Copolymer (3)
—
45
—
—
—
—
—
—
—



by
Copolymer (4)
—
—
45
—
—
—
—
—
—



mass)
Copolymer (5)
—
—
—
45
—
—
—
—
—




Copolymer (6)
—
—
—
—
—
—
30
—
—




Copolymer (7)
—
—
—
—
45
—
—
—
—




Copolymer (8)
—
—
—
—
—
—
45
45
45




Copolymer (9)
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—




Copolymer (10)
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—




Copolymer (11)
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—




Copolymer (12)
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—




Copolymer (13)
—
—
—
—
—
45
—
—
—




Copolymer (14)
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—




Copolymer (15)
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—




Copolymer (16)
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—




Copolymer (17)
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—




Copolymer (18)
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
30
—




Copolymer (19)
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—




Copolymer (20)
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—




Copolymer (21)
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
30




Natural rubber
25
25
25
25
25
25
25
25
25




Polybutadiene rubber
30
30
30
30
30
30
—
—
—




Silica 2 (N2SA: 110 m2/g)
75
75
75
75
75
75
75
75
75




Silane coupling agent B
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—




Silane coupling agent C
3.75
3.75
3.75
3.75
3.75
3.75
3.75
3.75
3.75




Carbon black
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5




Oil
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20




Antioxidant
1.5
1.5
1.5
1.5
1.5
1.5
1.5
1.5
1.5




Stearic acid
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2




Zinc oxide
2.5
2.5
2.5
2.5
2.5
2.5
2.5
2.5
2.5




Wax
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1




Sulfur
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2




Vulcanization accelerator 1
1.8
1.8
1.8
1.8
1.8
1.8
1.8
1.8
1.8




Vulcanization accelerator 2
1.2
1.2
1.2
1.2
1.2
1.2
1.2
1.2
1.2



Evalua-
Mixing and kneading
109
106
114
104
105
109
104
104
107



tion
processability index




Low-heat-build-up
135
134
146
143
145
117
133
138
119




property index




tan δ peak temperature
−20
−20
−20
−20
−20
−20
−20
−20
−20




Rubber strength index
108
109
106
105
105
108
105
104
106




Abrasion resistance index
102
101
99
100
102
101
100
102
98




Wet-grip performance index
114
113
112
112
115
110
109
110
108




Handling stability
6.25
6.25
6.25
6.25
6.25
6.25
6
6
6

















TABLE 10





Examples in which a compound represented by the formula (IV) is used as a Terminal modifier

















Example





















54
55
56
57
58
59
60
61
62
63
64





Formula-
Copolymer (8)
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
45
45
—
—


tion
Copolymer (12)
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—


(parts
Copolymer (14)
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—


by
Copolymer (15)
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—


mass)
Copolymer (19)
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—



Copolymer (22)
45
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
45
—



Copolymer (23)
—
45
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
45



Copolymer (24)
—
—
45
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—



Copolymer (25)
—
—
—
45
—
—
—
—
—
—
—



Copolymer (26)
—
—
—
—
45
—
—
—
—
—
—



Copolymer (28)
—
—
—
—
—
45
—
—
—
—
—



Copolymer (29)
—
—
—
—
—
—
45
—
—
—
—



Copolymer (30)
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—



Copolymer (31)
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
30
—
—
—



Copolymer (32)
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
30
—
—



Natural rubber
25
25
25
25
25
25
25
25
25
25
25



Polybutadiene rubber
30
30
30
30
30
30
30
—
—
30
30



Silica 2 (N2SA: 110 m2/g)
75
75
75
75
75
75
75
75
75
75
75



Silane coupling agent B
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
—
—



Silane coupling agent C
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
3.75
3.75



Carbon black
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5



Oil
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20



Antioxidant
1.5
1.5
1.5
1.5
1.5
1.5
1.5
1.5
1.5
1.5
1.5



Stearic acid
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2



Zinc oxide
2.5
2.5
2.5
2.5
2.5
2.5
2.5
2.5
2.5
2.5
2.5



Wax
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1



Sulfur
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2



Vulcanization accelerator 1
1.8
1.8
1.8
1.8
1.8
1.8
1.8
1.8
1.8
1.8
1.8



Vulcanization accelerator 2
1.2
1.2
1.2
1.2
1.2
1.2
1.2
1.2
1.2
1.2
1.2


Evalua-
Mixing and kneading
98
99
102
98
104
105
101
100
98
104
105


tion
processability index



Low-heat-build-up
137
134
135
134
130
131
121
118
113
137
134



property index



tan δ peak temperature
−20
−20
−20
−20
−20
−20
−20
−20
−20
−20
−20



Rubber strength index
107
106
105
107
108
105
109
105
104
111
110



Abrasion resistance index
107
104
108
107
105
106
108
106
108
109
106



Wet-grip performance index
110
109
108
111
112
110
109
110
108
110
109



Handling stability
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6












Example



















65
66
67
68
69
70
71







Formula-
Copolymer (8)
—
—
—
—
—
45
45



tion
Copolymer (12)
—
—
—
—
—
—
—



(parts
Copolymer (14)
—
—
—
—
—
—
—



by
Copolymer (15)
—
—
—
—
—
—
—



mass)
Copolymer (19)
—
—
—
—
—
—
—




Copolymer (22)
—
—
—
—
—
—
—




Copolymer (23)
—
—
—
—
—
—
—




Copolymer (24)
45
—
—
—
—
—
—




Copolymer (25)
—
45
—
—
—
—
—




Copolymer (26)
—
—
45
—
—
—
—




Copolymer (28)
—
—
—
45
—
—
—




Copolymer (29)
—
—
—
—
45
—
—




Copolymer (30)
—
—
—
—
—
—
—




Copolymer (31)
—
—
—
—
—
30
—




Copolymer (32)
—
—
—
—
—
—
30




Natural rubber
25
25
25
25
25
25
25




Polybutadiene rubber
30
30
30
30
30
—
—




Silica 2 (N2SA: 110 m2/g)
75
75
75
75
75
75
75




Silane coupling agent B
—
—
—
—
—
—
—




Silane coupling agent C
3.75
3.75
3.75
3.75
3.75
3.75
3.75




Carbon black
5
5
5
5
5
5
5




Oil
20
20
20
20
20
20
20




Antioxidant
1.5
1.5
1.5
1.5
1.5
1.5
1.5




Stearic acid
2
2
2
2
2
2
2




Zinc oxide
2.5
2.5
2.5
2.5
2.5
2.5
2.5




Wax
1
1
1
1
1
1
1




Sulfur
2
2
2
2
2
2
2




Vulcanization accelerator 1
1.8
1.8
1.8
1.8
1.8
1.8
1.8




Vulcanization accelerator 2
1.2
1.2
1.2
1.2
1.2
1.2
1.2



Evalua-
Mixing and kneading
108
104
110
111
107
106
104



tion
processability index




Low-heat-build-up
135
134
130
131
121
118
113




property index




tan δ peak temperature
−20
−20
−20
−20
−20
−20
−20




Rubber strength index
109
111
112
109
113
109
108




Abrasion resistance index
110
109
107
108
110
108
110




Wet-grip performance index
108
111
112
110
109
110
108




Handling stability
6
6
6
6
6
6
6

















TABLE 11





Examples in which a compound represented by the formula (IIIb) is used as a Terminal modifier

















Ex






















72
73
74
75
76
77
78
79
80
81
82
83





Formula-
Copolymer (8)
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—


tion
Copolymer (12)
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—


(parts
Copolymer (14)
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—


by
Copolymer (15)
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—


mass)
Copolymer (19)
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—



Copolymer (33)
45
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
45
—
—



Copolymer (34)
—
45
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
45
—



Copolymer (35)
—
—
45
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
45



Copolymer (36)
—
—
—
45
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—



Copolymer (37)
—
—
—
—
45
—
—
—
—
—
—
—



Copolymer (38)
—
—
—
—
—
45
—
—
—
—
—
—



Copolymer (39)
—
—
—
—
—
—
45
—
—
—
—
—



Copolymer (40)
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
45
—
—
—
—



Copolymer (41)
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
45
—
—
—



Copolymer (42)
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—



Natural rubber
25
25
25
25
25
25
25
25
25
25
25
25



Polybutadiene rubber
30
30
30
30
30
30
30
30
30
30
30
30



Silica 2 (N2SA: 110 m2/g)
75
75
75
75
75
75
75
75
75
75
75
75



Silane coupling agent B
5
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
—
—
—



Silane coupling agent C
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
3.75
3.75
3.75



Carbon black
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5



Oil
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20



Antioxidant
1.5
1.5
1.5
1.5
1.5
1.5
1.5
1.5
1.5
1.5
1.5
1.5



Stearic acid
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2



Zinc oxide
2.5
2.5
2.5
2.5
2.5
2.5
2.5
2.5
2.5
2.5
2.5
2.5



Wax
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1



Sulfur
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2



Vulcanization accelerator 1
1.8
1.8
1.8
1.8
1.8
1.8
1.8
1.8
1.8
1.8
1.8
1.8



Vulcanization accelerator 2
1.2
1.2
1.2
1.2
1.2
1.2
1.2
1.2
1.2
1.2
1.2
1.2


Evalua-
Mixing and kneading
102
107
103
102
103
101
107
102
103
108
113
109


tion
processability index



Low-heat-build-up
119
123
109
107
108
110
109
110
103
119
123
109



property index



tan δ peak temperature
−20
−20
−20
−20
−20
−20
−20
−20
−20
−20
−20
−20



Rubber strength index
102
103
101
101
101
101
101
101
100
106
107
105



Abrasion resistance index
104
104
103
113
103
102
112
106
109
106
106
105



Wet-grip performance index
102
103
110
105
107
104
103
105
107
102
103
110



Handling stability
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6













Ex
Com. Ex.




















84
85
86
87
88
89
16
17







Formula-
Copolymer (8)
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—



tion
Copolymer (12)
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—



(parts
Copolymer (14)
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—



by
Copolymer (15)
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—



mass)
Copolymer (19)
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—




Copolymer (33)
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—




Copolymer (34)
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—




Copolymer (35)
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—




Copolymer (36)
45
—
—
—
—
—
—
—




Copolymer (37)
—
45
—
—
—
—
—
—




Copolymer (38)
—
—
45
—
—
—
—
—




Copolymer (39)
—
—
—
45
—
—
—
—




Copolymer (40)
—
—
—
—
45
—
—
—




Copolymer (41)
—
—
—
—
—
45
—
—




Copolymer (42)
—
—
—
—
—
—
45
45




Natural rubber
25
25
25
25
25
25
25
25




Polybutadiene rubber
30
30
30
30
30
30
30
30




Silica 2 (N2SA: 110 m2/g)
75
75
75
75
75
75
75
75




Silane coupling agent B
—
—
—
—
—
—
6
—




Silane coupling agent C
3.75
3.75
3.75
3.75
3.75
3.75
—
3.75




Carbon black
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5




Oil
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20




Antioxidant
1.5
1.5
1.5
1.5
1.5
1.5
1.5
1.5




Stearic acid
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2




Zinc oxide
2.5
2.5
2.5
2.5
2.5
2.5
2.5
2.5




Wax
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1




Sulfur
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2




Vulcanization accelerator 1
1.8
1.8
1.8
1.8
1.8
1.8
1.8
1.8




Vulcanization accelerator 2
1.2
1.2
1.2
1.2
1.2
1.2
1.2
1.2



Evalua-
Mixing and kneading
108
109
107
113
108
109
101
101



tion
processability index




Low-heat-build-up
107
108
110
109
110
103
104
104




property index




tan δ peak temperature
−20
−20
−20
−20
−20
−20
−20
−20




Rubber strength index
105
105
105
105
105
104
103
103




Abrasion resistance index
115
105
104
114
108
111
97
97




Wet-grip performance index
105
107
104
103
105
107
108
108




Handling stability
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6

















TABLE 12





Examples in which a compound containing an alkoxysilyl group, a


nitrogen atom and a carbonyl group is used as a Terminal modifier

















Example




















90
91
92
93
94
95
96
97
98
99





Formula-
Copolymer (8)
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—


tion
Copolymer (12)
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—


(parts
Copolymer (14)
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—


by
Copolymer (15)
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—


mass)
Copolymer (19)
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—



Copolymer (43)
45
—
—
—
—
—
—
45
—
—



Copolymer (44)
—
45
—
—
—
—
—
—
45
—



Copolymer (45)
—
—
45
—
—
—
—
—
—
45



Copolymer (46)
—
—
—
45
—
—
—
—
—
—



Copolymer (47)
—
—
—
—
45
—
—
—
—
—



Copolymer (48)
—
—
—
—
—
45
—
—
—
—



Copolymer (49)
—
—
—
—
—
—
45
—
—
—



Copolymer (50)
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—



Natural rubber
25
25
25
25
25
25
25
25
25
25



Polybutadiene rubber
30
30
30
30
30
30
30
30
30
30



Silica 2 (N2SA: 110 m2/g)
75
75
75
75
75
75
75
75
75
75



Silane coupling agent B
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
—
—
—



Silane coupling agent C
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
3.75
3.75
3.75



Carbon black
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5



Oil
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20



Antioxidant
1.5
1.5
1.5
1.5
1.5
1.5
1.5
1.5
1.5
1.5



Stearic acid
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2



Zinc oxide
2.5
2.5
2.5
2.5
2.5
2.5
2.5
2.5
2.5
2.5



Wax
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1



Sulfur
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2



Vulcanization accelerator 1
1.8
1.8
1.8
1.8
1.8
1.8
1.8
1.8
1.8
1.8



Vulcanization accelerator 2
1.2
1.2
1.2
1.2
1.2
1.2
1.2
1.2
1.2
1.2


Evalua-
Mixing and kneading
106
105
103
102
100
104
105
112
111
109


tion
processability index



Low-heat-build-up
105
103
106
106
107
104
104
105
103
106



property index



tan δ peak temperature
−20
−20
−20
−20
−20
−20
−20
−20
−20
−20



Rubber strength index
104
103
104
104
105
103
103
108
107
108



Abrasion resistance index
107
106
102
103
104
102
103
109
108
104



Wet-grip performance index
103
109
107
110
111
109
111
103
109
107



Handling stability
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6


















Comparative





Example
Example


















100
101
102
103
18
19







Formula-
Copolymer (8)
—
—
—
—
—
—



tion
Copolymer (12)
—
—
—
—
—
—



(parts
Copolymer (14)
—
—
—
—
—
—



by
Copolymer (15)
—
—
—
—
—
—



mass)
Copolymer (19)
—
—
—
—
—
—




Copolymer (43)
—
—
—
—
—
—




Copolymer (44)
—
—
—
—
—
—




Copolymer (45)
—
—
—
—
—
—




Copolymer (46)
45
—
—
—
—
—




Copolymer (47)
—
45
—
—
—
—




Copolymer (48)
—
—
45
—
—
—




Copolymer (49)
—
—
—
45
—
—




Copolymer (50)
—
—
—
—
45
45




Natural rubber
25
25
25
25
25
25




Polybutadiene rubber
30
30
30
30
30
30




Silica 2 (N2SA: 110 m2/g)
75
75
75
75
75
75




Silane coupling agent B
—
—
—
—
6
—




Silane coupling agent C
3.75
3.75
3.75
3.75
—
3.75




Carbon black
5
5
5
5
5
5




Oil
20
20
20
20
20
20




Antioxidant
1.5
1.5
1.5
1.5
1.5
1.5




Stearic acid
2
2
2
2
2
2




Zinc oxide
2.5
2.5
2.5
2.5
2.5
2.5




Wax
1
1
1
1
1
1




Sulfur
2
2
2
2
2
2




Vulcanization accelerator 1
1.8
1.8
1.8
1.8
1.8
1.8




Vulcanization accelerator 2
1.2
1.2
1.2
1.2
1.2
1.2



Evalua-
Mixing and kneading
108
106
110
111
95
101



tion
processability index




Low-heat-build-up
106
107
104
104
105
105




property index




tan δ peak temperature
−20
−20
−20
−20
−20
−20




Rubber strength index
108
109
107
107
100
104




Abrasion resistance index
105
106
104
105
97
99




Wet-grip performance index
110
111
109
111
100
100




Handling stability
6
6
6
6
6
6

















TABLE 13





Examples in which an N,N-dialkyl-substituted carboxylic acid


amide dialkyl acetal compound is used as a Terminal modifier

















Example




















104
105
106
107
108
109
110
111
112
113





Formula-
Copolymer (8)
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—


tion
Copolymer (12)
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—


(parts
Copolymer (14)
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—


by
Copolymer (15)
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—


mass)
Copolymer (19)
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—



Copolymer (51)
45
—
—
—
—
—
—
45
—
—



Copolymer (52)
—
45
—
—
—
—
—
—
45
—



Copolymer (53)
—
—
45
—
—
—
—
—
—
45



Copolymer (54)
—
—
—
45
—
—
—
—
—
—



Copolymer (55)
—
—
—
—
45
—
—
—
—
—



Copolymer (56)
—
—
—
—
—
45
—
—
—
—



Copolymer (57)
—
—
—
—
—
—
45
—
—
—



Copolymer (58)
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—



Natural rubber
25
25
25
25
25
25
25
25
25
25



Polybutadiene rubber
30
30
30
30
30
30
30
30
30
30



Silica 2 (N2SA: 110 m2/g)
75
75
75
75
75
75
75
75
75
75



Silane coupling agent B
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
—
—
—



Silane coupling agent C
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
3.75
3.75
3.75



Carbon black
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5



Oil
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20



Antioxidant
1.5
1.5
1.5
1.5
1.5
1.5
1.5
1.5
1.5
1.5



Stearic acid
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2



Zinc oxide
2.5
2.5
2.5
2.5
2.5
2.5
2.5
2.5
2.5
2.5



Wax
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1



Sulfur
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2



Vulcanization accelerator 1
1.8
1.8
1.8
1.8
1.8
1.8
1.8
1.8
1.8
1.8



Vulcanization accelerator 2
1.2
1.2
1.2
1.2
1.2
1.2
1.2
1.2
1.2
1.2


Evalua-
Mixing and kneading
103
105
104
104
100
103
106
109
111
110


tion
processability index



Low-heat-build-up
105
105
104
105
108
102
103
105
105
104



property index




−20
−20
−20
−20
−20
−20
−20
−20
−20
−20



Rubber strength index
104
104
104
104
105
101
103
108
108
108



Abrasion resistance index
108
107
103
102
103
102
102
110
109
105



Wet-grip performance index
102
107
111
108
113
108
110
102
107
111



Handling stability
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6


















Comparative





Example
Example


















114
115
116
117
20
21







Formula-
Copolymer (8)
—
—
—
—
—
—



tion
Copolymer (12)
—
—
—
—
—
—



(parts
Copolymer (14)
—
—
—
—
—
—



by
Copolymer (15)
—
—
—
—
—
—



mass)
Copolymer (19)
—
—
—
—
—
—




Copolymer (51)
—
—
—
—
—
—




Copolymer (52)
—
—
—
—
—
—




Copolymer (53)
—
—
—
—
—
—




Copolymer (54)
45
—
—
—
—
—




Copolymer (55)
—
45
—
—
—
—




Copolymer (56)
—
—
45
—
—
—




Copolymer (57)
—
—
—
45
—
—




Copolymer (58)
—
—
—
—
45
45




Natural rubber
25
25
25
25
25
25




Polybutadiene rubber
30
30
30
30
30
30




Silica 2 (N2SA: 110 m2/g)
75
75
75
75
75
75




Silane coupling agent B
—
—
—
—
6
—




Silane coupling agent C
3.75
3.75
3.75
3.75
—
3.75




Carbon black
5
5
5
5
5
5




Oil
20
20
20
20
20
20




Antioxidant
1.5
1.5
1.5
1.5
1.5
1.5




Stearic acid
2
2
2
2
2
2




Zinc oxide
2.5
2.5
2.5
2.5
2.5
2.5




Wax
1
1
1
1
1
1




Sulfur
2
2
2
2
2
2




Vulcanization accelerator 1
1.8
1.8
1.8
1.8
1.8
1.8




Vulcanization accelerator 2
1.2
1.2
1.2
1.2
1.2
1.2



Evalua-
Mixing and kneading
110
106
109
112
94
100



tion
processability index




Low-heat-build-up
105
108
102
103
104
104




property index





−20
−20
−20
−20
−20
−20




Rubber strength index
108
109
105
107
100
104




Abrasion resistance index
104
105
104
104
98
100




Wet-grip performance index
108
113
108
110
99
99




Handling stability
6
6
6
6
6
6

















TABLE 14





Examples in which a compound represented by the formula (IIId) is used as a Terminal modifier





















Comparative




Example
Example






















118
119
120
121
122
123
124
125
126
127
22
23





Formula-
Copolymer (1)
45
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—


tion
Copolymer (2)
—
45
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—


(parts
Copolymer (3)
—
—
45
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—


by
Copolymer (4)
—
—
—
45
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—


mass)
Copolymer (5)
—
—
—
—
45
—
—
—
—
—
—
—



Copolymer (6)
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
30
—
—
—
—



Copolymer (7)
—
—
—
—
—
45
—
—
—
—
—
—



Copolymer (8)
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
45
45
45
45
—



Copolymer (9)
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—



Copolymer (10)
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
45



Copolymer (11)
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—



Copolymer (12)
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—



Copolymer (13)
—
—
—
—
—
—
45
—
—
—
—
—



Copolymer (14)
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—



Copolymer (15)
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—



Copolymer (16)
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—



Copolymer (17)
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—



Copolymer (18)
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
30
—
—
—



Copolymer (19)
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—



Copolymer (20)
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—



Copolymer (21)
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
30
—
—



Natural rubber
25
25
25
25
25
25
25
25
25
25
25
25



Polybutadiene rubber
30
30
30
30
30
30
30
—
—
—
30
30



Carbon black
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5



Oil
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20



Silica 1 (N2SA: 80 m2/g)
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—



Silica 2 (N2SA: 110 m2/g)
60
60
60
60
60
60
60
60
60
60
60
60



Silica 3 (N2SA: 160 m2/g)
15
15
15
15
15
15
15
15
15
15
15
15



Silica 4 (N2SA: 200 m2/g)
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—



Silane coupling agent A
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6



Antioxidant
1.5
1.5
1.5
1.5
1.5
1.5
1.5
1.5
1.5
1.5
1.5
1.5



Stearic acid
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2



Zinc oxide
2.5
2.5
2.5
2.5
2.5
2.5
2.5
25
2.5
2.5
2.5
2.5



Wax
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1



Sulfur
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2



Vulcanization accelerator 1
1.8
1.8
1.8
1.8
1.8
1.8
1.8
1.8
1.8
1.8
1.8
1.8



Vulcanization accelerator 2
1.2
1.2
1.2
1.2
1.2
1.2
1.2
1.2
1.2
1.2
1.2
1.2


Evalua-
Mixing and kneading
104
105
102
110
100
101
105
100
100
103
100
101


tion
processability index



Low-heat-build-up
124
125
125
137
134
136
108
124
129
110
100
95



property index



tan δ peak temperature
−20
−20
−20
−20
−20
−20
−19
−17
−17
−17
−20
−20



Rubber strength index
106
107
108
105
104
104
107
104
103
105
100
105



Abrasion resistance index
102
103
102
100
101
103
102
101
103
100
100
100



Wet-grip performance index
113
113
112
111
111
114
109
108
109
107
100
102



Handling stability
6.25
6.25
6.25
6.25
6.25
6.25
6.25
6
6
6
6
6












Comparative Example





















24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32







Formula-
Copolymer (1)
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—



tion
Copolymer (2)
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—



(parts
Copolymer (3)
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—



by
Copolymer (4)
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—



mass)
Copolymer (5)
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—




Copolymer (6)
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—




Copolymer (7)
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—




Copolymer (8)
—
—
—
—
—
—
45
45
45




Copolymer (9)
—
—
—
—
—
—
30
—
—




Copolymer (10)
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—




Copolymer (11)
45
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—




Copolymer (12)
—
45
—
—
—
—
—
—
—




Copolymer (13)
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—




Copolymer (14)
—
—
45
—
—
—
—
—
—




Copolymer (15)
—
—
—
45
—
—
—
—
—




Copolymer (16)
—
—
—
—
45
—
—
—
—




Copolymer (17)
—
—
—
—
—
45
—
—
—




Copolymer (18)
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—




Copolymer (19)
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
30
—




Copolymer (20)
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
30




Copolymer (21)
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—




Natural rubber
25
25
25
25
25
25
25
25
25




Polybutadiene rubber
30
30
30
30
30
30
—
—
—




Carbon black
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5




Oil
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20




Silica 1 (N2SA: 80 m2/g)
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—




Silica 2 (N2SA: 110 m2/g)
60
60
60
60
60
60
60
60
60




Silica 3 (N2SA: 160 m2/g)
15
15
15
15
15
15
15
15
15




Silica 4 (N2SA: 200 m2/g)
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—




Silane coupling agent A
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6




Antioxidant
1.5
1.5
1.5
1.5
1.5
1.5
1.5
1.5
1.5




Stearic acid
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2




Zinc oxide
2.5
2.5
2.5
2.5
2.5
2.5
2.5
2.5
2.5




Wax
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1




Sulfur
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2




Vulcanization accelerator 1
1.8
1.8
1.8
1.8
1.8
1.8
1.8
1.8
1.8




Vulcanization accelerator 2
1.2
1.2
1.2
1.2
1.2
1.2
1.2
1.2
1.2



Evalua-
Mixing and kneading
97
96
95
93
92
92
96
97
101



tion
processability index




Low-heat-build-up
98
92
99
98
97
101
104
106
97




property index




tan δ peak temperature
−20
−22
−20
−20
−20
−20
−17
−17
−17




Rubber strength index
103
108
103
102
104
102
99
99
101




Abrasion resistance index
98
96
92
91
95
87
100
101
94




Wet-grip performance index
102
97
97
98
97
101
106
105
103




Handling stability
6
6
6
6
6
6
5.5
5.5
5.5

















TABLE 15





Examples in which a compound represented by the formula (IV) is used as a Terminal modifier





















Comparative




Example
Example




















128
129
130
131
132
133
134
22
25
26





Formula-
Copolymer (8)
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
45
—
—


tion
Copolymer (12)
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
45
—


(parts
Copolymer (14)
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
45


by
Copolymer (15)
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—


mass)
Copolymer (19)
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—



Copolymer (22)
45
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—



Copolymer (23)
—
45
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—



Copolymer (24)
—
—
45
—
—
—
—
—
—
—



Copolymer (25)
—
—
—
45
—
—
—
—
—
—



Copolymer (26)
—
—
—
—
45
—
—
—
—
—



Copolymer (27)
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—



Copolymer (28)
—
—
—
—
—
45
—
—
—
—



Copolymer (29)
—
—
—
—
—
—
45
—
—
—



Copolymer (30)
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—



Copolymer (31)
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—



Copolymer (32)
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—



Natural rubber
25
25
25
25
25
25
25
25
25
25



Polybutadiene rubber
30
30
30
30
30
30
30
30
30
30



Carbon black
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5



Oil
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20



Silica 1 (N2SA: 80 m2/g)
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—



Silica 2 (N2SA: 110 m2/g)
60
60
60
60
60
60
60
60
60
60



Silica 3 (N2SA: 160 m2/g)
15
15
15
15
15
15
15
15
15
15



Silica 4 (N2SA: 200 m2/g)
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—



Silane coupling agent A
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6



Antioxidant
1.5
1.5
1.5
1.5
1.5
1.5
1.5
1.5
1.5
1.5



Stearic acid
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2



Zinc oxide
2.5
2.5
2.5
2.5
2.5
2.5
2.5
2.5
2.5
2.5



Wax
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1



Sulfur
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2



Vulcanization accelerator 1
1.8
1.8
1.8
1.8
1.8
1.8
1.8
1.8
1.8
1.8



Vulcanization accelerator 2
1.2
1.2
1.2
1.2
1.2
1.2
1.2
1.2
1.2
1.2


Evalua-
Mixing and kneading
100
100
103
100
105
106
102
100
96
95


tion
processability index



Low-heat-build-up
128
125
126
125
121
122
112
100
92
99



property index



tan δ peak temperature
−20
−20
−20
−20
−20
−20
−20
−20
−22
−20



Rubber strength index
110
109
108
110
111
108
112
100
108
103



Abrasion resistance index
110
107
111
110
108
109
111
100
96
92



Wet-grip performance index
109
108
107
110
111
109
108
100
97
97



Handling stability
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6

















Comparative






Example
Example


















27
31
33
135
136
137







Formula-
Copolymer (8)
—
45
—
45
45
45



tion
Copolymer (12)
—
—
—
—
—
—



(parts
Copolymer (14)
—
—
—
—
—
—



by
Copolymer (15)
45
—
—
—
—
—



mass)
Copolymer (19)
—
30
—
—
—
—




Copolymer (22)
—
—
—
—
—
—




Copolymer (23)
—
—
—
—
—
—




Copolymer (24)
—
—
—
—
—
—




Copolymer (25)
—
—
—
—
—
—




Copolymer (26)
—
—
—
—
—
—




Copolymer (27)
—
—
—
30
—
—




Copolymer (28)
—
—
—
—
—
—




Copolymer (29)
—
—
—
—
—
—




Copolymer (30)
—
—
45
—
—
—




Copolymer (31)
—
—
—
—
30
—




Copolymer (32)
—
—
—
—
—
30




Natural rubber
25
25
25
25
25
25




Polybutadiene rubber
30
—
30
—
—
—




Carbon black
5
5
5
5
5
5




Oil
20
20
20
20
20
20




Silica 1 (N2SA: 80 m2/g)
—
—
—
—
—
—




Silica 2 (N2SA: 110 m2/g)
60
60
60
60
60
60




Silica 3 (N2SA: 160 m2/g)
15
15
15
15
15
15




Silica 4 (N2SA: 200 m2/g)
—
—
—
—
—
—




Silane coupling agent A
6
6
6
6
6
6




Antioxidant
1.5
1.5
1.5
1.5
1.5
1.5




Stearic acid
2
2
2
2
2
2




Zinc oxide
2.5
2.5
2.5
2.5
2.5
2.5




Wax
1
1
1
1
1
1




Sulfur
2
2
2
2
2
2




Vulcanization accelerator 1
1.8
1.8
1.8
1.8
1.8
1.8




Vulcanization accelerator 2
1.2
1.2
1.2
1.2
1.2
1.2



Evalua-
Mixing and kneading
93
97
97
100
101
100



tion
processability index




Low-heat-build-up
98
106
95
107
109
104




property index




tan δ peak temperature
−20
−17
−17
−17
−17
−17




Rubber strength index
102
99
104
108
108
107




Abrasion resistance index
91
101
101
107
109
111




Wet-grip performance index
98
105
103
110
109
107




Handling stability
6
5.5
5.5
6
6
6

















TABLE 16





Examples in which a compound represented by the formula (IIId) is used as a Terminal modifier






















Com.

Com.





Ex.
Ex.
Ex.
Ex.




















22
25
123
34
35
138
139
140
141
142





Formula-
Copolymer (7)
—
—
45
45
45
45
45
45
45
45


tion
Copolymer (8)
45
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—


(parts
Copolymer (12)
—
45
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—


by
Natural rubber
25
25
25
25
25
25
25
25
25
25


mass)
Polybutadiene rubber
30
30
30
30
30
30
30
30
30
30



Carbon black
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5



Oil
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20



Silica 1 (N2SA: 80 m2/g)
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
60
60
—



Silica 2 (N2SA: 110 m2/g)
60
60
60
6
120
37.5
15
—
—
60



Silica 3 (N2SA: 160 m2/g)
15
15
15
3
40
37.5
60
15
—
—



Silica 4 (N2SA: 200 m2/g)
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
15
15



Silane coupling agent A
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6



Coumarone indene
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—



resin 1 (Tg: 90° C.)



Coumarone indene
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—



resin 2 (Tg: 10° C.)



Coumarone indene
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—



resin 3 (Tg: −30° C.)



α-Methyl styrene resin
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—



(Tg: 95° C.)



Antioxidant
1.5
1.5
1.5
1.5
1.5
1.5
1.5
1.5
1.5
1.5



Stearic acid
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2



Zinc oxide
2.5
2.5
2.5
2.5
2.5
2.5
2.5
2.5
2.5
2.5



Wax
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1



Sulfur
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2



Vulcanization accelerator 1
1.8
1.8
1.8
1.8
1.8
1.8
1.8
1.8
1.8
1.8



Vulcanization accelerator 2
1.2
1.2
1.2
1.2
1.2
1.2
1.2
1.2
1.2
1.2


Evalua-
Mixing and kneading
100
96
101
120
85
100
100
104
101
100


tion
processability index



Low-heat-build-up
100
92
136
98
120
132
129
136
136
131



property index



tan δ peak temperature
−20
−22
−20
−20
−20
−22
−20
−17
−20
−21



Rubber strength index
100
108
104
90
124
105
110
101
106
109



Abrasion resistance index
100
96
103
98
84
105
108
101
104
106



Wet-grip performance index
100
97
114
95
110
114
112
112
115
116



Handling stability
6
6
6.25
6.25
6
6.25
6.25
6
6.25
6.5


















Com.





Ex.
Ex.


















143
144
145
146
147
36







Formula-
Copolymer (7)
40
45
45
45
45
100



tion
Copolymer (8)
—
—
—
—
—
—



(parts
Copolymer (12)
—
—
—
—
—
—



by
Natural rubber
40
25
25
25
25
—



mass)
Polybutadiene rubber
20
30
30
30
30
—




Carbon black
5
5
5
5
5
5




Oil
20
20
20
20
20
20




Silica 1 (N2SA: 80 m2/g)
—
—
—
—
—
—




Silica 2 (N2SA: 110 m2/g)
60
60
60
60
60
60




Silica 3 (N2SA: 160 m2/g)
15
15
15
15
15
15




Silica 4 (N2SA: 200 m2/g)
—
—
—
—
—
—




Silane coupling agent A
6
6
6
6
6
6




Coumarone indene
—
5
—
5
5
—




resin 1 (Tg: 90° C.)




Coumarone indene
—
—
—
5
—
—




resin 2 (Tg: 10° C.)




Coumarone indene
—
—
—
—
5
—




resin 3 (Tg: −30° C.)




α-Methyl styrene resin
—
—
5
—
—
—




(Tg: 95° C.)




Antioxidant
1.5
1.5
1.5
1.5
1.5
1.5




Stearic acid
2
2
2
2
2
2




Zinc oxide
2.5
2.5
2.5
2.5
2.5
2.5




Wax
1
1
1
1
1
1




Sulfur
2
2
2
2
2
2




Vulcanization accelerator 1
1.8
1.8
1.8
1.8
1.8
1.8




Vulcanization accelerator 2
1.2
1.2
1.2
1.2
1.2
1.2



Evalua-
Mixing and kneading
103
101
101
107
109
81



tion
processability index




Low-heat-build-up
130
136
135
133
136
124




property index




tan δ peak temperature
−18
−20
−20
−20
−21
−14




Rubber strength index
104
106
106
110
111
77




Abrasion resistance index
104
105
101
103
106
80




Wet-grip performance index
108
118
120
118
120
123




Handling stability
6.25
6.25
6.25
6.25
6.5
4.5

















TABLE 17







Examples in which a compound represented by the formula (IIIb) is used as a Terminal modifier










Example
Comparative Example























148
149
150
151
152
153
154
155
156
22
25
26
27
31
37



























Formula-
Copolymer (8)
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
45
—
—
—
45
—


tion
Copolymer (12)
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
45
—
—
—
—


(parts
Copolymer (14)
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
45
—
—
—


by
Copolymer (15)
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
45
—
—


mass)
Copolymer (19)
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
30
—



Copolymer (33)
45
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—



Copolymer (34)
—
45
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—



Copolymer (35)
—
—
45
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—



Copolymer (36)
—
—
—
45
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—



Copolymer (37)
—
—
—
—
45
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—



Copolymer (38)
—
—
—
—
—
45
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—



Copolymer (39)
—
—
—
—
—
—
45
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—



Copolymer (40)
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
45
—
—
—
—
—
—
—



Copolymer (41)
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
45
—
—
—
—
—
—



Copolymer (42)
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
45



Natural rubber
25
25
25
25
25
25
25
25
25
25
25
25
25
25
25



Polybutadiene rubber
30
30
30
30
30
30
30
30
30
30
30
30
30
—
30



Carbon black
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5



Oil
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20



Silica 1 (N2SA: 80 m2/g)
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—



Silica 2 (N2SA: 110 m2/g)
60
60
60
60
60
60
60
60
60
60
60
60
60
60
60



Silica 3 (N2SA: 160 m2/g)
15
15
15
15
15
15
15
15
15
15
15
15
15
15
15



Silica 4 (N2SA: 200 m2/g)
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—



Silane coupling agent A
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6



Antioxidant
1.5
1.5
1.5
1.5
1.5
1.5
1.5
1.5
1.5
1.5
1.5
1.5
1.5
1.5
1.5



Stearic acid
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2



Zinc oxide
2.5
2.5
2.5
2.5
2.5
2.5
2.5
2.5
2.5
2.5
2.5
2.5
2.5
2.5
2.5



Wax
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1



Sulfur
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2



Vulcanization accelerator 1
1.8
1.8
1.8
1.8
1.8
1.8
1.8
1.8
1.8
1.8
1.8
1.8
1.8
1.8
1.8



Vulcanization accelerator 2
1.2
1.2
1.2
1.2
1.2
1.2
1.2
1.2
1.2
12
1.2
1.2
1.2
1.2
1.2


Evalua-
Mixing and kneading
102
107
103
102
103
101
107
102
103
100
96
95
93
97
101


tion
processability index



Low-heat-build-up
119
123
109
107
108
110
109
110
103
100
92
99
98
106
104



property index



tan δ peak temperature
−20
−20
−20
−20
−20
−20
−20
−20
−20
−20
−22
−20
−20
−17
−20



Rubber strength index
102
103
101
101
101
101
101
101
100
100
108
103
102
99
103



Abrasion resistance index
104
104
103
113
103
102
112
106
109
100
96
92
91
101
97



Wet-grip performance index
102
103
110
105
107
104
103
105
107
100
97
97
98
105
108



Handling stability
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
5.5
6
















TABLE 18







Examples in which a compound containing an alkoxysilyl group, a


nitrogen atom and a carbonyl group is used as a Terminal modifier










Example
Comparative Example





















157
158
159
160
161
162
163
22
25
26
27
31
38

























Formula-
Copolymer (8)
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
45
—
—
—
45
—


tion
Copolymer (12)
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
45
—
—
—
—


(parts
Copolymer (14)
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
45
—
—
—


by
Copolymer (15)
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
45
—
—


mass)
Copolymer (19)
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
30
—



Copolymer (43)
45
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—



Copolymer (44)
—
45
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—



Copolymer (45)
—
—
45
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—



Copolymer (46)
—
—
—
45
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—



Copolymer (47)
—
—
—
—
45
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—



Copolymer (48)
—
—
—
—
—
45
—
—
—
—
—
—
—



Copolymer (49)
—
—
—
—
—
—
45
—
—
—
—
—
—



Copolymer (50)
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
45



Natural rubber
25
25
25
25
25
25
25
25
25
25
25
25
25



Polybutadiene rubber
30
30
30
30
30
30
30
30
30
30
30
—
30



Carbon black
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5



Oil
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20



Silica 1 (N2SA: 80 m2/g)
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—



Silica 2 (N2SA: 110 m2/g)
60
60
60
60
60
60
60
60
60
60
60
60
60



Silica 3 (N2SA: 160 m2/g)
15
15
15
15
15
15
15
15
15
15
15
15
15



Silica 4 (N2SA: 200 m2/g)
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—



Silane coupling agent A
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6



Antioxidant
1.5
1.5
1.5
1.5
1.5
1.5
1.5
1.5
1.5
1.5
1.5
1.5
1.5



Stearic acid
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2



Zinc oxide
2.5
2.5
2.5
2.5
2.5
2.5
2.5
2.5
2.5
2.5
2.5
2.5
2.5



Wax
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1



Sulfur
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2



Vulcanization accelerator 1
1.8
1.8
1.8
1.8
1.8
1.8
1.8
1.8
1.8
1.8
1.8
1.8
1.8



Vulcanization accelerator 2
1.2
1.2
1.2
1.2
1.2
1.2
1.2
1.2
1.2
1.2
1.2
1.2
1.2


Evalua-
Mixing and kneading
106
105
103
102
100
104
105
100
96
95
93
97
95


tion
processability index



Low-heat-build-up
105
103
106
106
107
104
104
100
92
99
98
106
105



property index



tan δ peak temperature
−20
−20
−20
−20
−20
−20
−20
−20
−22
−20
−20
−17
−20



Rubber strength index
104
103
104
104
105
103
103
100
108
103
102
99
100



Abrasion resistance index
107
106
102
103
104
102
103
100
96
92
91
101
97



Wet-grip performance index
103
109
107
110
111
109
111
100
97
97
98
105
100



Handling stability
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
5.5
6
















TABLE 19







Examples in which an N,N-dialkyl-substituted carboxylic acid amide dialkyl acetal compound is used as a Terminal modifier










Example
Comparative Example





















164
165
166
167
168
169
170
22
25
26
27
31
39

























Formula-
Copolymer (8)
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
45
—
—
—
45
—


tion
Copolymer (12)
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
45
—
—
—
—


(parts
Copolymer (14)
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
45
—
—
—


by
Copolymer (15)
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
45
—
—


mass)
Copolymer (19)
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
30
—



Copolymer (51)
45
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—



Copolymer (52)
—
45
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—



Copolymer (53)
—
—
45
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—



Copolymer (54)
—
—
—
45
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—



Copolymer (55)
—
—
—
—
45
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—



Copolymer (56)
—
—
—
—
—
45
—
—
—
—
—
—
—



Copolymer (57)
—
—
—
—
—
—
45
—
—
—
—
—
—



Copolymer (58)
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
45



Natural rubber
25
25
25
25
25
25
25
25
25
25
25
25
25



Polybutadiene rubber
30
30
30
30
30
30
30
30
30
30
30
—
30



Carbon black
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5



Oil
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20



Silica 1 (N2SA: 80 m2/g)
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—



Silica 2 (N2SA: 110 m2/g)
60
60
60
60
60
60
60
60
60
60
60
60
60



Silica 3 (N2SA: 160 m2/g)
15
15
15
15
15
15
15
15
15
15
15
15
15



Silica 4 (N2SA: 200 m2/g)
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—



Silane coupling agent A
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6



Antioxidant
1.5
1.5
1.5
1.5
1.5
1.5
1.5
1.5
1.5
1.5
1.5
1.5
1.5



Stearic acid
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2



Zinc oxide
2.5
2.5
2.5
2.5
2.5
2.5
2.5
2.5
2.5
2.5
2.5
2.5
2.5



Wax
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1



Sulfur
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2



Vulcanization accelerator 1
1.8
1.8
1.8
1.8
1.8
1.8
1.8
1.8
1.8
1.8
1.8
1.8
1.8



Vulcanization accelerator 2
1.2
1.2
1.2
1.2
1.2
1.2
1.2
1.2
1.2
1.2
1.2
1.2
1.2


Evalua-
Mixing and kneading
103
105
104
104
100
103
106
100
96
95
93
97
94


tion
processability index



Low-heat-build-up
105
105
104
105
108
102
103
100
92
99
98
106
104



property index



tan δ peak temperature
−20
−20
−20
−20
−20
−20
−20
−20
−22
−20
−20
−17
−20



Rubber strength index
104
104
104
104
105
101
103
100
108
103
102
99
100



Abrasion resistance index
108
107
103
102
103
102
102
100
96
92
91
101
98



Wet-grip performance index
102
107
111
108
113
108
110
100
97
97
98
105
99



Handling stability
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
5.5
6
















TABLE 20





Examples in which a compound represented by the formula (IIId) is used as a Terminal modifier





















Comparative




Example
Example






















171
172
173
174
175
176
177
178
179
180
40
41





Formula-
Copolymer (1)
45
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—


tion
Copolymer (2)
—
45
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—


(parts
Copolymer (3)
—
—
45
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—


by
Copolymer (4)
—
—
—
45
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—


mass)
Copolymer (5)
—
—
—
—
45
—
—
—
—
—
—
—



Copolymer (6)
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
30
—
—
—
—



Copolymer (7)
—
—
—
—
—
45
—
—
—
—
—
—



Copolymer (8)
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
45
45
45
45
—



Copolymer (9)
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—



Copolymer (10)
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
45



Copolymer (11)
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—



Copolymer (12)
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—



Copolymer (13)
—
—
—
—
—
—
45
—
—
—
—
—



Copolymer (14)
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—



Copolymer (15)
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—



Copolymer (16)
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—



Copolymer (17)
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—



Copolymer (18)
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
30
—
—
—



Copolymer (19)
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—



Copolymer (20)
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—



Copolymer (21)
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
30
—
—



Natural rubber
25
25
25
25
25
25
25
25
25
25
25
25



Polybutadiene rubber
30
30
30
30
30
30
30
—
—
—
30
30



Silica 2 (N2SA: 110 m2/g)
75
75
75
75
75
75
76
75
75
75
75
75



Silane coupling agent A
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6



Carbon black
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5



Oil
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20



Coumarone indene
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5



resin 1 (Tg: 90° C.)



Coumarone indene
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—



resin 2 (Tg: 10° C.)



Coumarone indene
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—



resin 3 (Tg: −30° C.)



α-Methyl styrene resin
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—



(Tg: 95° C.)



Antioxidant
1.5
1.5
1.5
1.5
1.5
1.5
1.5
1.5
1.5
1.5
1.5
1.5



Stearic acid
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2



Zinc oxide
2.5
2.5
2.5
2.5
2.5
2.5
2.5
2.5
2.5
2.5
2.5
2.5



Wax
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1



Sulfur
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2



Vulcanization accelerator 1
1.8
1.8
1.8
1.8
1.8
1.8
1.8
1.8
1.8
1.8
1.8
1.8



Vulcanization accelerator 2
1.2
1.2
1.2
1.2
1.2
1.2
1.2
1.2
1.2
1.2
1.2
1.2


Evalua-
Mixing and kneading
105
106
103
111
101
102
106
101
101
104
100
102


tion
processability index



Low-heat-build-up
125
127
126
138
135
137
109
125
130
111
100
96



property index



tan δ peak temperature
−20
−20
−20
−20
−20
−20
−19
−17
−17
−17
−20
−20



Rubber strength index
103
104
105
102
101
101
104
101
100
102
100
103



Abrasion resistance index
103
104
103
101
102
104
103
102
104
100
100
101



Wet-grip performance index
111
111
110
109
109
112
107
106
107
105
100
101



Handling stability
6.25
6.25
6.25
6.25
6.25
6.25
6.25
6
6
6
6
6












Comparative Example






















42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51







Formula-
Copolymer (1)
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—



tion
Copolymer (2)
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—



(parts
Copolymer (3)
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—



by
Copolymer (4)
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—



mass)
Copolymer (5)
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—




Copolymer (6)
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—




Copolymer (7)
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—




Copolymer (8)
—
—
—
—
—
—
45
45
45
45




Copolymer (9)
—
—
—
—
—
—
30
—
—
—




Copolymer (10)
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—




Copolymer (11)
45
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—




Copolymer (12)
—
45
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—




Copolymer (13)
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—




Copolymer (14)
—
—
45
—
—
—
—
—
—
—




Copolymer (15)
—
—
—
45
—
—
—
—
—
—




Copolymer (16)
—
—
—
—
45
—
—
—
—
—




Copolymer (17)
—
—
—
—
—
45
—
—
—
—




Copolymer (18)
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—




Copolymer (19)
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
30
—
—




Copolymer (20)
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
30
—




Copolymer (21)
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—




Natural rubber
25
25
25
25
25
25
25
25
25
25




Polybutadiene rubber
30
30
30
30
30
30
—
—
—
30




Silica 2 (N2SA: 110 m2/g)
75
75
75
75
75
75
75
75
75
75




Silane coupling agent A
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6




Carbon black
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5




Oil
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20




Coumarone indene
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
—




resin 1 (Tg: 90° C.)




Coumarone indene
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—




resin 2 (Tg: 10° C.)




Coumarone indene
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—




resin 3 (Tg: −30° C.)




α-Methyl styrene resin
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—




(Tg: 95° C.)




Antioxidant
1.5
1.5
1.5
1.5
1.5
1.5
1.5
1.5
1.5
1.5




Stearic acid
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2




Zinc oxide
2.5
2.5
2.5
2.5
2.5
2.5
2.5
2.5
2.5
2.5




Wax
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1




Sulfur
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2




Vulcanization accelerator 1
1.8
1.8
1.8
1.8
1.8
1.8
1.8
1.8
1.8
1.8




Vulcanization accelerator 2
1.2
1.2
1.2
1.2
1.2
1.2
1.2
1.2
1.2
1.2



Evalua-
Mixing and kneading
98
97
96
94
93
93
97
98
102
96



tion
processability index




Low-heat-build-up
99
93
100
99
98
102
105
107
98
104




property index




tan δ peak temperature
−20
−22
−20
−20
−20
−20
−17
−17
−17
−22




Rubber strength index
101
106
101
100
102
100
97
97
99
93




Abrasion resistance index
99
97
93
92
96
88
101
102
95
98




Wet-grip performance index
101
96
96
97
96
100
105
104
102
97




Handling stability
6
6
6
6
6
6
5.5
5.5
5.5
6.25

















TABLE 21





Examples in which a compound represented by the formula (IV) is used as a Terminal modifier





















Comparative




Example
Example




















181
182
183
184
185
186
187
40
43
44





Formula-
Copolymer (8)
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
45
—
—


tion
Copolymer (12)
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
45
—


(parts
Copolymer (14)
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
45


by
Copolymer (15)
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—


mass)
Copolymer (19)
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—



Copolymer (22)
45
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—



Copolymer (23)
—
45
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—



Copolymer (24)
—
—
45
—
—
—
—
—
—
—



Copolymer (25)
—
—
—
45
—
—
—
—
—
—



Copolymer (26)
—
—
—
—
45
—
—
—
—
—



Copolymer (27)
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—



Copolymer (28)
—
—
—
—
—
45
—
—
—
—



Copolymer (29)
—
—
—
—
—
—
45
—
—
—



Copolymer (30)
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—



Copolymer (31)
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—



Copolymer (32)
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—



Natural rubber
25
25
25
25
25
25
25
25
25
25



Polybutadiene rubber
30
30
30
30
30
30
30
30
30
30



Silica 2 (N2SA: 110 m2/g)
75
75
75
75
75
75
75
75
75
75



Silane coupling agent A
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6



Carbon black
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5



Oil
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20



Coumarone indene
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5



resin 1 (Tg: 90° C.)



Coumarone indene
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—



resin 2 (Tg: 10° C.)



Coumarone indene
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—



resin 3 (Tg: −30° C.)



α-Methyl styrene resin
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—



(Tg: 95° C.)



Antioxidant
1.5
1.5
1.5
1.5
1.5
1.5
1.5
1.5
1.5
1.5



Stearic acid
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2



Zinc oxide
2.5
2.5
2.5
2.5
2.5
2.5
2.5
2.5
2.5
2.5



Wax
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1



Sulfur
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2



Vulcanization accelerator 1
1.8
1.8
1.8
1.8
1.8
1.8
1.8
1.8
1.8
1.8



Vulcanization accelerator 2
1.2
1.2
1.2
1.2
1.2
1.2
1.2
1.2
1.2
1.2


Evalua-
Mixing and kneading
100
101
104
100
106
107
103
100
97
96


tion
processability index



Low-heat-build-up
129
126
127
126
122
123
113
100
93
100



property index



tan δ peak temperature
−20
−20
−20
−20
−20
−20
−20
−20
−22
−20



Rubber strength index
107
106
105
107
108
105
109
100
106
101



Abrasion resistance index
111
108
112
111
109
110
112
100
97
93



Wet-grip performance index
107
106
105
108
109
107
106
100
96
96



Handling stability
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6

















Comparative






Example
Example


















45
49
52
188
189
190







Formula-
Copolymer (8)
—
45
—
45
45
45



tion
Copolymer (12)
—
—
—
—
—
—



(parts
Copolymer (14)
—
—
—
—
—
—



by
Copolymer (15)
45
—
—
—
—
—



mass)
Copolymer (19)
—
30
—
—
—
—




Copolymer (22)
—
—
—
—
—
—




Copolymer (23)
—
—
—
—
—
—




Copolymer (24)
—
—
—
—
—
—




Copolymer (25)
—
—
—
—
—
—




Copolymer (26)
—
—
—
—
—
—




Copolymer (27)
—
—
—
30
—
—




Copolymer (28)
—
—
—
—
—
—




Copolymer (29)
—
—
—
—
—
—




Copolymer (30)
—
—
45
—
—
—




Copolymer (31)
—
—
—
—
30
—




Copolymer (32)
—
—
—
—
—
30




Natural rubber
25
25
25
25
25
25




Polybutadiene rubber
30
—
30
—
—
—




Silica 2 (N2SA: 110 m2/g)
75
75
75
75
75
75




Silane coupling agent A
6
6
6
6
6
6




Carbon black
5
5
5
5
5
5




Oil
20
20
20
20
20
20




Coumarone indene
5
5
5
5
5
5




resin 1 (Tg: 90° C.)




Coumarone indene
—
—
—
—
—
—




resin 2 (Tg: 10° C.)




Coumarone indene
—
—
—
—
—
—




resin 3 (Tg: −30° C.)




α-Methyl styrene resin
—
—
—
—
—
—




(Tg: 95° C.)




Antioxidant
1.5
1.5
1.5
1.5
1.5
1.5




Stearic acid
2
2
2
2
2
2




Zinc oxide
2.5
2.5
2.5
2.5
2.5
2.5




Wax
1
1
1
1
1
1




Sulfur
2
2
2
2
2
2




Vulcanization accelerator 1
1.8
1.8
1.8
1.8
1.8
1.8




Vulcanization accelerator 2
1.2
1.2
1.2
1.2
1.2
1.2



Evalua-
Mixing and kneading
94
98
98
101
102
100



tion
processability index




Low-heat-build-up
99
107
97
108
110
105




property index




tan δ peak temperature
−20
−17
−17
−17
−17
−17




Rubber strength index
100
97
102
105
105
104




Abrasion resistance index
92
102
102
108
110
112




Wet-grip performance index
97
104
103
108
107
105




Handling stability
6
5.5
5.5
6
6
6

















TABLE 22







Examples in which a compound represented by the formula (IIId) is used as a Terminal modifier











Comparative

Comparative



Example
Example
Example

















40
43
176
188
189
190
191
192
53





















Formula-
Copolymer (7)
—
—
45
45
45
45
45
40
100


tion
Copolymer (8)
45
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—


(parts
Copolymer (12)
—
45
—
—
—
—
—
—
—


by
Natural rubber
25
25
25
25
25
25
25
40
—


mass)
Polybutadiene rubber
30
30
30
30
30
30
30
20
—



Silica 2 (N2SA: 110 m2/g)
75
75
75
75
75
75
75
75
75



Silane coupling agent A
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6



Carbon black
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5



Oil
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20



Coumarone indene
5
5
5
—
15
5
5
5
5



resin 1 (Tg: 90° C.)



Coumarone indene
—
—
—
—
—
5
—
—
—



resin 2 (Tg: 10° C.)



Coumarone indene
—
—
—
—
—
—
5
—
—



resin 3 (Tg: −30° C.)



α-Methyl styrene resin
—
—
—
5
—
—
—
—
—



(Tg: 95° C.)



Antioxidant
1.5
1.5
1.5
1.5
1.5
1.5
1.5
1.5
1.5



Stearic acid
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2



Zinc oxide
2.5
2.5
2.5
2.5
2.5
2.5
2.5
2.5
2.5



Wax
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1



Sulfur
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2



Vulcanization accelerator 1
1.8
1.8
1.8
1.8
1.8
1.8
1.8
1.8
1.8



Vulcanization accelerator 2
1.2
1.2
1.2
1.2
1.2
1.2
1.2
1.2
1.2


Evalua-
Mixing and kneading
100
97
102
102
114
108
110
106
82


tion
processability index



Low-heat-build-up
100
93
137
136
132
134
137
132
125



property index



tan δ peak temperature
−20
−22
−20
−20
−17
−20
−21
−18
−14



Rubber strength index
100
106
101
101
107
105
106
115
75



Abrasion resistance index
100
97
104
100
102
102
105
106
70



Wet-grip performance index
100
96
112
114
121
112
114
102
121



Handling stability
6
6
6.25
6.25
6
6.25
6.5
6.25
4.5
















TABLE 23







Examples in which a compound represented by the formula (IIIb) is used as a Terminal modifier










Example
Comparative Example























193
194
195
196
197
198
199
200
201
40
43
44
45
49
54



























Formula-
Copolymer (8)
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
45
—
—
—
45
—


tion
Copolymer (12)
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
45
—
—
—
—


(parts
Copolymer (14)
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
45
—
—
—


by
Copolymer (15)
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
45
—
—


mass)
Copolymer (19)
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
30
—



Copolymer (33)
45
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—



Copolymer (34)
—
45
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—



Copolymer (35)
—
—
45
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—



Copolymer (36)
—
—
—
45
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—



Copolymer (37)
—
—
—
—
45
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—



Oopolymer (38)
—
—
—
—
—
45
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—



Copolymer (39)
—
—
—
—
—
—
45
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—



Copolymer (40)
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
45
—
—
—
—
—
—
—



Copolymer (41)
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
45
—
—
—
—
—
—



Copolymer (42)
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
45



Natural rubber
25
25
25
25
25
25
25
25
25
25
25
25
25
25
25



Polybutadiene rubber
30
30
30
30
30
30
30
30
30
30
30
30
30
—
30



Silica 2 (N2SA: 110 m2/g)
75
75
75
75
75
75
75
75
75
75
75
75
75
75
75



Silane coupling agent A
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6



Carbon black
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5



Oil
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20



Coumarone indene
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5



resin 1 (Tg: 90° C.)



Coumarone indene
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—



resin 2 (Tg: 10° C.)



Coumarone indene
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—



resin 3 (Tg: −30° C.)



α-Methyl styrene resin
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—



(Tg: 95° C.)



Antioxidant
1.5
1.5
1.5
1.5
1.5
1.5
1.5
1.5
1.5
1.5
1.5
1.5
1.5
1.5
1.5



Stearic acid
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2



Zinc oxide
2.5
2.5
2.5
2.5
2.5
2.5
2.5
2.5
2.5
2.5
2.5
2.5
2.5
2.5
2.5



Wax
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1



Sulfur
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2



Vulcanization accelerator 1
1.8
1.8
1.8
1.8
1.8
1.8
1.8
1.8
1.8
1.8
1.8
1.8
1.8
1.8
1.8



Vulcanization accelerator 2
1.2
1.2
1.2
1.2
1.2
1.2
1.2
1.2
1.2
1.2
1.2
1.2
1.2
1.2
1.2


Evalua-
Mixing and kneading
102
107
103
102
103
101
107
102
103
100
97
96
94
98
101


tion
processability index



Low-heat-build-up
119
123
109
107
108
110
109
110
103
100
93
100
99
107
104



property index



tan δ peak temperature
−20
−20
−20
−20
−20
−20
−20
−20
−20
−20
−22
−20
−20
−17
−20



Rubber strength index
102
103
101
101
101
101
101
101
100
100
106
101
100
97
103



Abrasion resistance index
104
104
103
113
103
102
112
106
109
100
97
93
92
102
97



Wet-grip performance index
102
103
110
105
107
104
103
105
107
100
96
96
97
104
108



Handling stability
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
5.5
6
















TABLE 24







Examples in which a compound containing an alkoxysilyl group, a


nitrogen atom and a carbonyl group is used as a Terminal modifier










Example
Comparative Example





















202
203
204
205
206
207
208
40
43
44
45
49
55

























Formula-
Copolymer (8)
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
45
—
—
—
45
—


tion
Copolymer (12)
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
45
—
—
—
—


(parts
Copolymer (14)
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
45
—
—
—


by
Copolymer (15)
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
45
—
—


mass)
Copolymer (19)
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
30
—



Copolymer (43)
45
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—



Copolymer (44)
—
45
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—



Copolymer (45)
—
—
45
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—



Copolymer (46)
—
—
—
45
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—



Copolymer (47)
—
—
—
—
45
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—



Copolymer (48)
—
—
—
—
—
45
—
—
—
—
—
—
—



Copolymer (49)
—
—
—
—
—
—
45
—
—
—
—
—
—



Copolymer (50)
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
45



Natural rubber
25
25
25
25
25
25
25
25
25
25
25
25
25



Polybutadiene rubber
30
30
30
30
30
30
30
30
30
30
30
—
30



Silica 2 (N2SA: 110 m2/g)
75
75
75
75
75
75
75
75
75
75
75
75
75



Silane coupling agent A
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6



Carbon black
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5



Oil
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20



Coumarone indene
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5



resin 1 (Tg 90° C.)



Coumarone indene
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—



resin 2 (Tg: 10° C.)



Coumarone indene
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—



resin 3 (Tg: −30° C.)



α-Methyl styrene resin
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—



(Tg: 95° C.)



Antioxidant
1.5
1.5
1.5
1.5
1.5
1.5
1.5
1.5
1.5
1.5
1.5
1.5
1.5



Stearic acid
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2



Zinc oxide
2.5
2.5
2.5
2.5
2.5
2.5
2.5
2.5
2.5
2.5
2.5
2.5
2.5



Wax
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1



Sulfur
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2



Vulcanization accelerator 1
1.8
1.8
1.8
1.8
1.8
1.8
1.8
1.8
1.8
1.8
1.8
1.8
1.8



Vulcanization accelerator 2
1.2
1.2
1.2
1.2
1.2
1.2
1.2
1.2
1.2
1.2
1.2
1.2
1.2


Evalua-
Mixing and kneading
106
105
103
102
100
104
105
100
97
96
94
98
95


tion
processability index



Low-heat-build-up
105
103
105
106
107
104
104
100
93
100
99
107
105



property index



tan δ peak temperature
−20
−20
−20
−20
−20
−20
−20
−20
−22
−20
−20
−17
−20



Rubber strength index
104
103
104
104
105
103
103
100
106
101
100
97
100



Abrasion resistance index
107
106
102
103
104
102
103
100
97
93
92
102
97



Wet-grip performance index
103
109
107
110
111
109
111
100
96
96
97
104
100



Handling stability
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
5.5
6
















TABLE 25







Examples in which an N,N-dialkyl-substituted carboxylic acid amide dialkyl acetal compound is used as a Terminal modifier










Example
Comparative Example





















209
210
211
212
213
214
215
40
43
44
45
49
56

























Formula-
Copolymer (8)
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
45
—
—
—
45
—


tion
Copolymer (12)
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
45
—
—
—
—


(parts
Copolymer (14)
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
45
—
—
—


by
Copolymer (15)
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
45
—
—


mass)
Copolymer (19)
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
30
—



Copolymer (51)
45
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—



Copolymer (52)
—
45
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—



Copolymer (53)
—
—
45
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—



Copolymer (54)
—
—
—
45
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—



Copolymer (55)
—
—
—
—
45
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—



Copolymer (56)
—
—
—
—
—
45
—
—
—
—
—
—
—



Copolymer (57)
—
—
—
—
—
—
45
—
—
—
—
—
—



Copolymer (58)
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
45



Natural rubber
25
25
25
25
25
25
25
25
25
25
25
25
25



Polybutadiene rubber
30
30
30
30
30
30
30
30
30
30
30
—
30



Silica 2 (N2SA: 110 m2/g)
75
75
75
75
75
75
75
75
75
75
75
75
75



Silane coupling agent A
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6



Carbon black
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5



Oil
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20



Coumarone indene
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5



resin 1 (Tg: 90° C.)



Coumarone indene
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—



resin 2 (Tg: 10° C.)



Coumarone indene
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—



resin 3 (Tg: −30° C.)



α-Methyl styrene resin
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—



(Tg: 95° C.)



Antioxidant
1.5
1.5
1.5
1.5
1.5
1.5
1.5
1.5
1.5
1.5
1.5
1.5
1.5



Stearic acid
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2



Zinc oxide
2.5
2.5
2.5
2.5
2.5
2.5
2.5
2.5
2.5
2.5
2.5
2.5
2.5



Wax
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1



Sulfur
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2



Vulcanization accelerator 1
1.8
1.8
1.8
1.8
1.8
1.8
1.8
1.8
1.8
1.8
1.8
1.8
1.8



Vulcanization accelerator 2
1.2
1.2
1.2
1.2
1.2
1.2
1.2
1.2
1.2
1.2
1.2
1.2
1.2


Evalua-
Mixing and kneading
103
105
104
104
100
103
106
100
97
96
94
98
94


tion
processability index



Low-heat-build-up
105
105
104
105
108
102
103
100
93
100
99
107
104



property index



tan δ peak temperature
−20
−20
−20
−20
−20
−20
−20
−20
−22
−20
−20
−17
−20



Rubber strength index
104
104
104
104
105
101
103
100
106
101
100
97
100



Abrasion resistance index
108
107
103
102
103
102
102
100
97
93
92
102
98



Wet-grip performance index
102
107
111
108
113
108
110
100
96
96
97
104
99



Handling stability
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
5.5
6









As shown in Tables 6 to 25, since each of the rubber compositions of the examples contains a specific amount of a silica, and a specific amount of a conjugated diene copolymer having a specific amine structure at an initiation terminal, a structural unit derived from a silicon-containing compound at a main chain, and a structural unit derived from a compound containing a nitrogen atom and/or a silicon atom at a termination terminal, these rubber compositions exhibited a balanced improvement in processability, fuel economy, rubber strength, abrasion resistance, wet-grip performance, and handling stability as compared to the rubber compositions of the comparative examples. Moreover, comparison between the conjugated diene polymer in which the three sites (the initiation terminal, main chain, and termination terminal) are modified by specific compounds, and a copolymer in which only one of the initiation terminal, main chain, and termination terminal is modified shows that modification of the three sites (the initiation terminal, main chain, and termination terminal) synergistically increases the effects of improving those properties.
The rubber compositions of Examples 20 to 34 and 36 to 215, each containing the conjugated diene polymer together with at least one of a mercapto group-containing silane coupling agent, a combination of two kinds of silica having specific nitrogen adsorption specific surface areas, and a solid resin having a specific glass transition temperature, exhibited greatly improved properties. Among these rubber compositions, the rubber composition of Example 34 combining all the above ingredients exhibited particularly good properties.
Each of the rubber compositions of Comparative Example 8, 29, and 47 contains, instead of the conjugated diene polymer, the copolymer (17) which has a structural unit derived from a silicon-containing compound at a main chain and a structural unit derived from a compound containing a nitrogen atom and/or a silicon atom at a termination terminal but does not have a specific amine structure at an initiation terminal. The rubber compositions of Comparative Examples 8, 29, and 47 have inferior properties to those in the examples, and furthermore, have poor abrasion resistance, processability, and rubber strength as compared to those of the standard comparative examples.
Each of the rubber compositions of Comparative Examples 15, 36, and 53 contains too large an amount of the conjugated diene polymer. Thus, the abrasion resistance and other properties were very poor.

## Claims

1. A rubber composition, comprising
(A) a conjugated diene polymer, the conjugated diene polymer being obtained by polymerizing, in the presence of a polymerization initiator represented by the following formula (I):





wherein i represents 0 or 1; R11 represents a C7-80 hydrocarbylene group; R12 and R13 each are a hydrocarbyl group, or R12 and R13 are bonded to each other to form a hydrocarbylene group; and M represents an alkali metal atom, a monomer component including a conjugated diene compound and a silicon-containing vinyl compound represented by the formula




wherein X1, X2, and X3 each represents a hydrocarbyl group or a group of the formula —NR22R23 wherein R22 and R23 are each an alkyl group, provided that at least one of X1, X2, and X3 is a group of the formula —NR22R23, to produce a copolymer, and then reacting a compound containing at least one of a nitrogen atom and a silicon atom with an active terminal of the copolymer, wherein the compound containing at least one of a nitrogen atom and a silicon atom is at least one compound selected from the group consisting of
(i) a compound of formula (IIIb):





wherein R32 represents a hydrocarbyl group and R36 represents a hydrocarbylene group or a group in which a hydrocarbylene group and a group represented by —NR35— are bonded, where R35 represents a hydrocarbyl group or a hydrogen atom,
(ii) a compound of formula (IIId):





wherein R31 and R32 each represents a hydrocarbyl group, R37 represents a hydrocarbylene group, A represents an oxygen atom or —NR35— wherein R35 represents a hydrocarbyl group or a hydrogen atom, and R34 represents a hydrocarbyl group or a hydrogen atom,
(iii) a compound of formula (IV):





wherein R41 represents a hydrocarbyl group, R42 and R43 each represents a hydrocarbyl group or a hydrocarbyloxy group, R44 and R45 each represents a hydrocarbyl group, and j represents an integer of 1 to 5,
(iv) a tris[(alkoxysilyl)alkyl]isocyanurate compound, and
(v) an N,N-dialkyl-substituted carboxylic acid amide dialkyl acetal compound, and
(B) a silica having a nitrogen adsorption specific surface area of 40 to 400 m2/g,
wherein an amount of the conjugated diene polymer is 25 to 75% by mass and an amount of a polyisoprene-based rubber is 10 to 70% by mass, each based on 100% by mass of a rubber component of the rubber composition, and an amount of the silica is 10 to 150 parts by mass for each 100 parts by mass of the rubber component.

2. The rubber composition according to claim 1, wherein R11 in the formula (I) is a group represented by the following formula (Ia):




wherein R14 represents a hydrocarbylene group comprising at least one of a structural unit derived from a conjugated diene compound and a structural unit derived from an aromatic vinyl compound; and n represents an integer of 1 to 10.

3. The rubber composition according to claim 2, wherein R14 in the formula (Ia) is a hydrocarbylene group comprising from one to ten isoprene-derived structural unit(s).

4. The rubber composition according to claim 1, wherein the conjugated diene polymer contains a structural unit derived from an aromatic vinyl compound.

5. The rubber composition according to claim 1, wherein the silica includes silica (1) having a nitrogen adsorption specific surface area of at least 50 m2/g but less than 120 m2/g, and silica (2) having a nitrogen adsorption specific surface area of not less than 120 m2/g.

6. The rubber composition according to claim 1, comprising a solid resin having a glass transition temperature of 60 to 120° C. in an amount of 1 to 30 parts by mass for each 100 parts by mass of the rubber component.

7. The rubber composition according to claim 1, wherein
the silica includes silica (1) having a nitrogen adsorption specific surface area of at least 50 m2/g but less than 120 m2/g, and silica (2) having a nitrogen adsorption specific surface area of not less than 120 m2/g, and
the rubber composition comprises a solid resin having a glass transition temperature of 60 to 120° C. in an amount of 1 to 30 parts by mass for each 100 parts by mass of the rubber component.

8. The rubber composition according to claim 1, comprising a mercapto group-containing silane coupling agent in an amount of 0.5 to 20 parts by mass for each 100 parts by mass of the silica.

9. The rubber composition according to claim 1, wherein
the rubber composition comprises a mercapto group-containing silane coupling agent in an amount of 0.5 to 20 parts by mass for each 100 parts by mass of the silica, and
the silica includes silica (1) having a nitrogen adsorption specific surface area of at least 50 m2/g but less than 120 m2/g, and silica (2) having a nitrogen adsorption specific surface area of not less than 120 m2/g.

10. The rubber composition according to claim 1, wherein the rubber composition comprises
a mercapto group-containing silane coupling agent in an amount of 0.5 to 20 parts by mass for each 100 parts by mass of the silica, and
a solid resin having a glass transition temperature of 60 to 120° C. in an amount of 1 to 30 parts by mass for each 100 parts by mass of the rubber component.

11. The rubber composition according to claim 1, wherein
the rubber composition comprises a mercapto group-containing silane coupling agent in an amount of 0.5 to 20 parts by mass for each 100 parts by mass of the silica,
the silica includes silica (1) having a nitrogen adsorption specific surface area of at least 50 m2/g but less than 120 m2/g, and silica (2) having a nitrogen adsorption specific surface area of not less than 120 m2/g, and
the rubber composition comprises a solid resin having a glass transition temperature of 60 to 120° C. in an amount of 1 to 30 parts by mass for each 100 parts by mass of the rubber component.

12. The rubber composition according to claim 1, wherein
the rubber composition comprises a mercapto group-containing silane coupling agent in an amount of 0.5 to 20 parts by mass for each 100 parts by mass of the silica, and
the silane coupling agent is at least one of a compound represented by the formula (1) below, and a compound containing a linking unit A represented by the formula (2) below and a linking unit B represented by the formula (3) below,





wherein R101 to R103 each represent a branched or unbranched C1-12 alkyl group, a branched or unbranched C1-12 alkoxy group, or a group represented by —O—(R111—O)Z—R112 where z R111s each represent a branched or unbranched C1-30 divalent hydrocarbon group, and z R111s may be the same as or different from one another; R112 represents a branched or unbranched C1-30 alkyl group, a branched or unbranched C2-30 alkenyl group, a C6-30 aryl group, or a C7-30 aralkyl group; and z represents an integer of 1 to 30, and R101to R103 may be the same as or different from one another; and R104 represents a branched or unbranched C1-6 alkylene group;




wherein R201 represents a hydrogen atom, a halogen atom, a branched or unbranched C1-30 alkyl group, a branched or unbranched C2-30 alkenyl group, a branched or unbranched C2-30 alkynyl group, or the alkyl group in which a terminal hydrogen atom is replaced with a hydroxyl group or a carboxyl group; R202 represents a branched or unbranched C1-30 alkylene group, a branched or unbranched C2-30 alkenylene group, or a branched or unbranched C2-30 alkynylene group; and R201 and R202 may be joined together to form a cyclic structure.

13. The rubber composition according to claim 1, wherein
the silica includes silica (1) having a nitrogen adsorption specific surface area of at least 50 m2/g but less than 120 m2/g, and silica (2) having a nitrogen adsorption specific surface area of not less than 120 m2/g, and
the nitrogen adsorption specific surface areas and amounts of the silica (1) and the silica (2) satisfy the following inequalities:
(Nitrogen adsorption specific surface area of silica (2))/(Nitrogen adsorption specific surface area of silica (1))≧1.4, and
(Amount of silica (1))×0.06≦(Amount of silica (2))≦(Amount of silica (1))×15.

14. The rubber composition according to claim 1, comprising at least one of at least one liquid resin having a glass transition temperature of −40 to 20° C. selected from the group consisting of aromatic petroleum resins, terpene resins, and rosin resins, and a plasticizer having a glass transition temperature of −40 to 20° C., wherein a combined amount of the liquid resin and the plasticizer is 1 to 30 parts by mass for each 100 parts by mass of the rubber component.

15. The rubber composition according to claim 1, wherein the rubber composition has a tan δ peak temperature of lower than −16° C.

16. The rubber composition according to claim 1, which is for use in a tread.

17. A pneumatic tire, formed from the rubber composition according to claim 1.