Mixing Wat

Mixing Wat

des

Con

and Cod nology e Tech Concret
Objectives

 Introduce mixing water 

standards

 Common mixing water so Overview of impurities an

impact
ASTM C1602

St d d S ifi ti f Standard Specification for 

Water Used in the Product

Hydraulic Cement Concr

 Potable water no testing nee

Hydraulic Cement Concr

 Potable water – no testing nee Non-potable or combined mix

water – testing required

 Recycled water – solids conten

testedd l ai y
Sources of Mixin

g W

At the Batch Plant

 Municipal water supply Municipal reclaimed water Recycled water from concre

production operations
Municipal Wate

Typical Analyses of City Water Supplies and Se(parts per million)
Municipal Reclaim

Water
Recycled Water

 Mixer wash water Stormwater runoff Water containing concrete ingredient






Acceptance Criteria for 

Questionable Water Supplie

Limits Te

Compressive strength, minimum percentage

90 C3

minimum percentage

of control at 7 days

Time of set, deviation from control, hr:min

From 1:00 earlier to 1:30 later

C4

from control, hr:min to 1:30 later

*Comparisons should be based on fixed proportions of a concrepresent ti f ti bl t l d t l i 

t

ative o

f questionable wa

ter supply an

d a con

trol mi

potable water.
Optional Acceptance Optional Acceptance Criteri

Criteri

Combined Water Supplies Water Supplies
ACI 318 Limits for 

Chloride Ion Content in Con

Ion Content Content in Con

Con

 Prestressed concrete  Reinforced concrete exposed 

to chl id i i hloride in service 

 Reinforced concrete that will Reinforced concrete that will

be dry or protected from moisture in service 

 Other reinforced concrete 

construction 

Note: No limits for concrete not containin
Impurities and Strength

High Impact Sodium Sulfide

Salts o

f Zinc, Copper, and 

SugarAlgae
Impurities and Strength

Moderate Im

pact

Alkali Carbonate/Bicarbonate

p Salts of Man

ganese and Tin

Sodium Iodate/Phosphate/BorateOrganic AcidsIndustrial Wastewater Industrial WastewaterSeawater
Impurities and Strength

Low Impact Calcium/Magnesium Bicar

Magnesium Sulfate/ChloriMagnesium Sulfate/ChloriIron SaltsInorganic AcidsAlkali HydroxidesOils
Impurities and Setting T

High Impact Sodium Carbonate

Salts o

f Zinc, Copper, and Lea

Sugar
Impurities and Setting T

Moderate Impact

Alkali BicarbonateSalts of Manganese and Tin Salts of Manganese and TinSodium Iodate/Phosphate/BorateSodium SulfideAlk li H d id Alk

ali

H

y

droxides

Industrial Wastewater
Impurities and Durabilit

Alkali-AggregateReactivity

Alkalis, Seawater

Corrosion Resistance Chlorides, SeawaterFreeze-Thaw Resistance

Algae

Sulfate Attack Sulfates, Seawater
Impurities and Other 

Properties

Workability Silt or Suspended PartEfflorescence High salt contents (SeaAdmixture Compatibility

Competing ionic speciwith water-reducers)
Typical Impurities

Cations Anions

 Calcium (Ca+2)

M i

Anions

 Bicarbonat

C b 



Magnesium (Mg+2)

 Sodium (Na

+)



Car

bonate 

 Sulfate (SO Chloride (C

Sodium (Na )

 Potassium (K

+)

 Chloride (C Nitrate (NO

Most 

f p 

resh water does not contain other impurities 
Summary

 ASTM C1602 - Performan

Specification

 Water has many sources Impurities can affect more 

just strength and setting t