COURT OF APPEALS OF VIRGINIA

Present: Judges Huff, O’Brien and AtLee

Argued at Lexington, Virginia

LAURA GILMAN

v. Record No. 1455-22-3

LYNCHBURG DEPARTMENT OF

 SOCIAL SERVICES MEMORANDUM OPINION* BY

JUDGE GLEN A. HUFF

GEORGE GILMAN, SOMETIMES KNOWN AS AUGUST 29, 2023

 GEORGE MARVIN GILMAN

v. Record No. 1482-22-3

LYNCHBURG DEPARTMENT OF 

 SOCIAL SERVICES

FROM THE CIRCUIT COURT OF THE CITY OF LYNCHBURG

Michael R. Doucette, Judge

(Michael C. Keenan; Michael Crawford Keenan, LLC, on brief), for 

appellant Laura Gilman. Appellant submitting on brief.

(James J. Angel, on brief), for appellant George Gilman. 

Appellant submitting on brief.

Kathryn Laura Jordan Thomas, Assistant City Attorney (David E. 

Mass, Guardian ad litem for the minor children, on briefs), for 

appellee.

Laura Gilman (“mother”) and George Gilman (“father”) separately appeal the circuit court’s 

orders terminating their parental rights to three of their children.1 Mother argues that the circuit 

* This opinion is not designated for publication. See Code § 17.1-413(A).

1 Although mother and father appeal separately, their appeals involve common facts, 

proceedings, and issues of law, so this Court consolidates them for purposes of this decision. See 

Bennett v. Commonwealth, 8 Va. App. 228, 229 n.1 (1989).

UNPUBLISHED
- 2 -

court erred in admitting a psychologist’s testimony and report concerning mother’s parental 

capacity. She also contends the circuit court erred in finding the evidence sufficient to support the 

termination of her parental rights under Code § 16.1-283(B) and (C)(2). Father likewise asserts that

the evidence did not support termination of his parental rights under the same subsections. Finding

no error, this Court affirms the circuit court’s judgments.

BACKGROUND2

“On appeal from the termination of parental rights, this Court is required to review the 

evidence in the light most favorable to the party prevailing in the circuit court,” here, the 

Lynchburg Department of Social Services (the “Department”). Yafi v. Stafford Dep’t of Soc. 

Servs., 69 Va. App. 539, 550-51 (2018) (quoting Thach v. Arlington Cnty. Dep’t of Hum. Servs., 

63 Va. App. 157, 168 (2014)).

Mother and father are the biological parents to minor children L.R.G., E.E.G., and 

L.L.G.3 The Department first became involved with the family in 2016 after the Gilmans sought 

services for employment, housing, childcare, food stamps, and Medicaid. In 2017, the 

Department received reports alleging that father and mother had “spanked” L.R.G. as a form of 

“physical discipline.” Both parents admitted to spanking the child but did not think that they left 

a mark. In March 2018, the Department received a report of physical neglect regarding E.E.G. 

arriving at school dirty and wearing “filthy” clothes.

2 The records in these cases were sealed. Nevertheless, the appeals necessitate unsealing 

relevant portions of the records to resolve the issues mother and father have raised. “To the 

extent that this opinion mentions facts found in the sealed record, we unseal only those specific 

facts, finding them relevant to the decision in this case. The remainder of the previously sealed 

record remains sealed.” Levick v. MacDougall, 294 Va. 283, 288 n.1 (2017).

3 This Court refers to the children involved here by their initials to protect their privacy. 

Mother and father have another child, P.G., who was 18 months old at the time of the circuit 

court hearing and not subject to these appeals.
- 3 -

In July 2018, the family was evicted from their apartment for failure to pay the rent. 

They moved into another apartment with father’s sister. In November 2018, the Department 

received another report of physical neglect, alleging that the apartment where the Gilmans were 

living was “filthy” and had a “significant” bed bug infestation. The family then moved in with a 

friend.

On January 11, 2019, the Department received a report regarding ongoing hygiene 

concerns with E.E.G. because he attended school with dirty clothes and did not have any extra 

clothing at school, despite “multiple” requests to mother and father to provide extra clothes. 

After a home visit, the Department and the Gilmans agreed to a safety plan, which required 

mother and father to provide beds for L.R.G. and E.E.G., engage in “safe sleep practices” for 

L.L.G., who was a baby and should not have been sleeping in the parents’ bed, complete all 

mental health and behavioral services and recommendations, refrain from physical discipline 

“with an object,” ensure the children had clean clothing, and provide extra clothing to the school. 

The Department further arranged for the family to receive intensive in-home services to facilitate 

their compliance with the safety plan.

During the following month, the Department received multiple reports that E.E.G. 

continued to come to school in dirty clothes, that father was hitting L.L.G., and that L.L.G. was 

still sleeping in the parents’ bed. The family also refused to cooperate with the recommended 

intensive in-home services. Mother claimed that those services did not occur because the family 

was in transition and did not have their own home. After reviewing these reports and receiving 

notification that the other tenants of the apartment wanted the Gilmans to leave, the Department 

determined that the current housing situation was not sustainable and advised mother and father 

that they could go to the Salvation Army shelter. The Department expressly told the Gilmans 

that, in order to comply with the safety plan, they could not go back to father’s sister’s home 
- 4 -

because she had an ongoing case with child protective services. The Department also required 

the parents to take the children to a doctor because it appeared that the children had bug bites.

The next day, the Department learned that the family had not gone to the shelter; instead, 

they had stayed with father’s sister, which was a direct violation of the safety plan. The 

Department petitioned to remove the children and place them in foster care because mother and 

father had not complied with the Department’s requests and violated the safety plan.4

At the time of removal, L.R.G. was six years old, E.E.G. was four years old, and L.L.G. 

was approximately nine months old. L.R.G. and E.E.G. had Individualized Education Plans 

(“IEP”) and day treatment at school. L.R.G. had been diagnosed with attention deficit 

hyperactivity disorder (“ADHD”) and required medication. E.E.G. also had been diagnosed with 

ADHD but did not require medication. L.L.G. had been diagnosed with cystic fibrosis.5

The City of Lynchburg Juvenile and Domestic Relations District Court (the “JDR court”) 

entered emergency and preliminary removal orders. The JDR court adjudicated that the children 

were abused or neglected and entered dispositional orders approving the Department’s foster 

care plan. Mother and father were initially granted weekly supervised visits with the children at 

the Department’s offices. After approximately six months, they were authorized to have 

unsupervised visits with the children in the parents’ new home.6

In March 2020, the in-person visits stopped because of the COVID-19 pandemic, so the 

parents visited virtually with the children. During those virtual visits, father usually played video 

games instead of directly engaging with the children. The CASA worker tried to explain to 

4 The Department determined that there were no viable relative placements at the time.

5 Mother had scheduled appointments for L.R.G. and E.E.G. to be tested for cystic 

fibrosis in July 2019, but by then, they were in foster care.

6 Mother and father moved into the new home in August 2019 and continued living there 

during the entirety of the circuit court hearing in 2021.
- 5 -

father the importance of participating in the video visits, as opposed to playing video games 

during them, but he was not receptive.

While the children remained in foster care, the Department offered numerous services to 

the Gilmans, including counseling and parenting skills training with Brandi Stinnett. Despite 

indicating that “he did not feel like he needed services,” father agreed to meet with Stinnett. 

Beginning in April 2019, Stinnett and father started working together, and she also observed both 

parents’ interactions with the children. Stinnett found that the parents had “appropriate” 

interactions with the children by engaging in “child centered play” on their level. It was evident 

to Stinnett that the parents loved the children and the children loved the parents. Moreover, 

Stinnett had no concerns as to substance abuse or physical abuse within the family.

Stinnett spoke to each parent about issues they should correct. She commended mother’s 

goal-setting skills, such as obtaining her driver’s license, and identifying what she needed to do 

to accomplish her goals, such as scheduling an appointment with the Department of Motor 

Vehicles. Mother, however, acknowledged that she lacked “consistent motivation” and struggled 

with keeping appointments and maintaining a clean house. Sometimes the home was not clean 

when Stinnett visited, but a few days before the hearing in the JDR court, Stinnett visited the 

home and found it to be clean, aside from a few dirty dishes.

Stinnett “consistently discussed” with father issues regarding the cleanliness of the home 

and budgeting. Father told Stinnett that he earned “the money” and mother was responsible for 

paying the bills. Stinnett found that father could be very “creative” with his problem-solving 

skills and he was “nurturing” with mother. Mother and father worked well together and did not 

raise their voices with one another. Nevertheless, Stinnett also witnessed father “over 

stimulating” the children and not following through with consequences. Father “struggle[d]” 

with balancing the children’s needs at home because one child needed assistance with school 
- 6 -

while the toddler was “mobile” and demanding attention. They also discussed father’s need to

engage with the children’s medical professionals and teachers.

Based on mother’s history and Stinnett’s reports, the Department required mother to be 

evaluated for trauma and counseling. In August 2019, Dr. Nina Dillon evaluated mother and 

determined that she was “appropriate for services” because her “significant amount of anxiety” 

met the criteria for post-traumatic stress disorder. Dr. Dillon and mother met weekly before 

Dr. Dillon left the agency for another position in the summer of 2020. During those sessions, 

Dr. Dillon and mother worked on “processing” mother’s past childhood trauma, as well as 

“managing the stress of her children being in foster care and the birth of a new child.”

7

In February and May 2020, mother’s anxiety became “so intense” that she sought help at 

the emergency room. Father “thought she wasn’t feeling good” but did not accompany her to the 

emergency room because he needed to sleep before he went to work. At the hearing in the JDR 

court, father testified that mother was handling her anxiety “well” and took medication as 

necessary, which was “not very often.”

Dr. Dillon recommended that mother see a psychiatrist for medication, but mother never 

made an appointment while they worked together.8 Dr. Dillon became concerned that mother 

was using the emergency room to “deal” with her anxiety, as opposed to getting treatment on an 

outpatient basis from a psychiatrist.

By the end of their sessions together, Dr. Dillon found that mother’s progress had been 

“minimal.” Dr. Dillon questioned mother’s ability to manage her anxiety and recognize how her 

childhood trauma impacted her own parenting. According to Dr. Dillon, mother had a “tendency 

7 P.G. was the youngest child.

8 At trial, mother claimed that she was under the care of a psychiatrist and took

medication “as needed.”
- 7 -

to minimize or deny issues that needed to be addressed.” Mother also lacked a support system 

and often felt like “all of the responsibilities to parent and manage the household were falling on 

her” because father was “detached.” Despite mother’s anxiety, Dr. Dillon had no concerns about 

her ability to parent her youngest child, P.G.

As Dr. Dillon transitioned from her practice, mother worked with another counselor on 

parenting skills, community resources, budgeting, and communication with case workers. They 

also discussed mother’s involvement with school meetings and the children’s doctor 

appointments. Because finances were an issue, the counselor helped mother identify community 

resources available to help with paying utility bills and rent. They also reviewed mother’s 

monthly budget, which reflected a deficit each month, and discussed options for eliminating 

some expenses. After visiting the Gilmans’ home, the counselor stressed the importance of 

keeping it clean, especially once P.G. was mobile and placing items in her mouth.

In September 2020, the Department resumed the in-person visits, and the children stayed 

with their parents from Thursday through Sunday each week. Although the Department 

expected the parents to ensure that the children attended their appointments, the children missed 

some of their therapeutic appointments on Fridays when they were with mother and father. 

Mother canceled some of those appointments because the children were “misbehaving” or 

“napping.”

The children’s school had made special accommodations to send schoolwork home with 

L.R.G. and E.E.G. over the weekends because the parents did not live in the same school district, 

thereby causing the children to miss school on Fridays. The school expected the work to be 

completed and turned in on Mondays. The CASA worker observed L.R.G. working at her desk 

initially, but “that routine very quickly went away.” Although mother and father tried to help the 

children with their schoolwork, the children’s teachers found that “most of the time” the work 
- 8 -

was “incorrect,” and the children had to complete it again. On Mondays, after having visited 

with their parents over the weekend, both E.E.G. and L.R.G. had a “hard time” concentrating on 

their schoolwork. E.E.G. also exhibited “disrespectful” behavior and L.R.G. was often “very 

spaced out on Mondays.”

By late 2020, mother and father were delinquent in their rent and utilities payments, but 

they received financial assistance from Interfaith Outreach Association to pay their debt.

On March 17, 2021, the JDR court terminated both parents’ parental rights to L.R.G., 

E.E.G., and L.L.G.9 Mother and father appealed separately to the circuit court. Over the course 

of two days—July 22, 2021, and December 16, 2021—the parties presented evidence and 

argument on the issue of termination in the circuit court. The Department presented evidence

that it initially removed the children to foster care due to “inadequate” housing and the parents’ 

failure to maintain a clean home, which led to the children having lice, scabies, and dirty clothes.

The Department’s evidence also showed that, even after the parents moved into a new 

home in August 2019, the children had “difficulty with truancy” and the parents failed to attend 

school meetings. After approximately three years, the Department remained concerned that both 

mother’s and father’s parental capacity had not improved.

Furthermore, as of the first day of trial in July 2021, mother and father continued to 

struggle with housing instability and had not paid their rent in six months. Mother admitted that 

she was responsible for the finances and explained that the family income was spent on 

transportation, food, utilities, and “household stuff.” After paying for those necessities, “there 

9 Despite termination of their parental rights by the JDR court, mother and father 

continued to have overnight visits with the children every other weekend from Saturday to 

Sunday.
- 9 -

wasn’t much left over for rent.” Mother testified that she had applied for “rent relief” and sought 

additional hours at work to pay the rent owed.10

Mother worked part-time for a catering company, and her work hours varied weekly. For 

more than two years, father worked full-time in “janitorial housekeeping.” Neither parent had a 

valid driver’s license.11 Before the children entered foster care, the family had a van, but the 

parents sold it when they could no longer afford it.

The parents’ lack of transportation concerned the Department because of the children’s 

numerous doctor appointments. L.R.G. participated in “behavioral” therapy, and E.E.G. and 

L.L.G. required speech therapy. After entering foster care, all three children were tested for 

cystic fibrosis. While L.R.G. tested negative, E.E.G. tested positive for cystic fibrosis, and 

L.L.G. had “[c]ystic [f]ibrosis related metabolic syndrome.” L.L.G. needed medication and 

breathing treatments every morning and evening. L.L.G. must visit the doctor every three 

months. E.E.G. has “a pretty significant daily burden of care” that includes multiple respiratory 

medications, breathing treatments, and a “therapy vest to help move the thick mucus out” of his 

lungs. Due to his cystic fibrosis, E.E.G.’s weight fluctuates and must be monitored every four to 

six weeks.

Kristi Gott, a pediatric nurse practitioner at the cystic fibrosis clinic at the University of 

Virginia, recalled mother bringing L.L.G. to appointments before he entered foster care. Mother, 

however, missed seven appointments between June and December 2018. Mother participated via 

10 By the second day of trial in December 2021, mother and father had used “Covid 

funds” to pay the arrears owed through August; then, they paid three months of rent, so they

were no longer in arrears. Even though the rent payments were due on the first day of the month, 

mother and father had not paid the December rent payment as of December 16, 2021. Mother 

testified that she planned to use their next paychecks to pay the rent.

11 Mother had never obtained a driver’s license and father’s license was suspended for an 

“[u]ninsured driver fee.”
- 10 -

telephone for three out of six appointments after the children entered foster care. Mother 

admitted to missing other appointments because of a lack of transportation and because she was 

busy with work and caring for P.G. Father had not participated in any of the medical 

appointments.

Vicki Putt, a special education teacher who had worked with L.R.G. and E.E.G., testified 

that, although mother had attended E.E.G.s’ eligibility meeting, neither mother nor father 

attended the children’s subsequent IEP meetings. Putt explained that if they had requested, 

either parent could have participated in the meetings.

Father testified that the children entered foster care because of housing, neglect, and their 

dirty clothes. He acknowledged that having the family stay with his sister violated the safety 

plan agreement he had signed, but he claimed that he did not “really have much choice.”

When asked at trial about the children’s needs, father acknowledged that E.E.G. and 

L.L.G. had cystic fibrosis and that E.E.G. required more medication than L.L.G. for his 

condition. Father also recognized that L.R.G. and “one other one” had “a touch of . . .

hyperactive disorder” and required medication. Generally, father did not attend the children’s 

medical appointments because he was working. He was “not aware” of any parent-teacher 

conferences and did not know about the “IEP specific accommodations.” Nonetheless, father 

wanted the children to be returned to his and mother’s care. He claimed that he and mother 

could “[e]asily” figure out the children’s school schedule, bus routes, and necessary daycare. He 

also asserted that he could care for all four children by himself because he had done so in the 

past when mother was working.
- 11 -

On the first day of trial, the circuit court questioned whether father and mother were 

vaccinated against COVID-19. Neither parent was vaccinated.12 During the second day of trial, 

mother testified that she was allergic to an ingredient in the COVID-19 vaccine. She explained 

that her allergist was unwilling to provide her with a note verifying her allergy, but she believed 

that she could get one from one of her other doctors. Even though the doctor’s note was 

necessary to see her children, mother said that she had “not gotten the time to go get the note” 

because she had been “busy with work” and with P.G.’s “stuff.” Mother testified that father did 

not want the vaccine because he was concerned about the side effects; she also said that colds 

and viruses did not linger “in his system long” and the vaccine did not “guarantee him not to get 

something worse.” After speaking with E.E.G.’s doctor, mother claimed she now understood the 

risk to the children and declared she was willing to get the vaccine if it did not cause her an 

allergic reaction. She further explained that father was also willing to get the vaccine if “that’s 

the only thing preventing [the children] from coming home.”

During the second day of trial, the Department presented evidence from Dr. Timothy H. 

Barclay, a clinical psychologist who had evaluated mother’s and father’s “capacity to parent” in 

October 2019 and then prepared an addendum to his report in January 2021.

Dr. Barclay diagnosed father with “unspecified adjustment disorder and attention deficit 

hyperactivity disorder inattentive type.” Initially, Dr. Barclay determined that father’s parenting 

capacity reflected “low average to moderate levels of parental functioning.” Father did not 

exhibit any symptoms of substance abuse or “severe psychosis.” Barclay recommended 

individual therapy and parenting classes. Dr. Barclay also stated that, after he learned that father 

12 After learning of the parents’ vaccination status, the Department had stopped the 

in-person visits with the children because mother and father “did not seem to grasp the severity 

of potential risk and harm that could cause the children.” The parents, however, continued to 

maintain contact with the children by participating in weekly telephone calls.
- 12 -

had attended “parenting training” but was “not making progress,” he concluded that father lacked 

insight “to the point where he believes himself to be a functional parent.” Barclay especially 

questioned father’s ability to parent a special needs child. The circuit court admitted 

Dr. Barclay’s evaluation of father.

After the initial testing, Dr. Barclay diagnosed mother with “attention deficit disorder 

inattentive type and an unspecified anxiety and depressive disorder.” Dr. Barclay found that 

mother’s “individual capacity to parent in the initial assessment was scattered” and 

recommended that she participate in individual therapy and parenting classes.

When mother failed to comply with his recommendations, Dr. Barclay questioned her 

“ability to function and parent children,” especially after learning that the children had “special 

needs.” Dr. Barclay expressed concern about “the stability of the home environment” and the 

“possibility of [the family] being homeless again.” He was also concerned that mother and 

father were “not being consistent with following up on care for the children, school meetings, 

[and] doctor’s appointments.” On cross-examination, Dr. Barclay explained that his opinion 

regarding mother’s parental capacity arose from a “gross lack of in[sight] and understanding the 

gravity of the situation.” Dr. Barclay further opined that mother was “going to struggle greatly” 

with the children, even though it was evident that she loved them.

Mother objected to the admission of Dr. Barclay’s evaluation of her and argued that it 

was “fatally flawed.” Mother argued that the report reflected a “legal opinion as to the best 

interest of the children” and expressed findings and opinions “in terms of possibilities, not in 

terms of probabilities.” The circuit court overruled mother’s objection and stated that the parties 

could argue what weight, if any, the court should assign the report. The circuit court further 

found that Dr. Barclay was offering a “factual conclusion,” rather than a legal one, when his 

report stated that, after reviewing mother’s “scores” and the new information in the addendum, 
- 13 -

“it would appear in the best interest of the children not to be returned to [the parents’] care 

particularly with the specific needs child.” The circuit court admitted Dr. Barclay’s evaluation of 

mother.

On cross-examination, mother questioned Dr. Barclay about his evaluation of the best 

interest of the children. Dr. Barclay testified that mother demonstrated “poor ability to 

communicate effectively” and was “very depend[e]nt on other people to help her parent.” He 

also explained that, based on her history and testing, she had “a tendency to make bad 

decisions.” Mother renewed her objection to Dr. Barclay’s opinion and argued that his opinions 

did not follow legal standards because they were “possibilities, not probabilities.” The circuit 

court overruled mother’s objection.

The Department also presented evidence that the children were doing well in their foster 

home. The foster mother testified that the children had been in her home since February 2019. 

When the children arrived at the foster home, they were dirty and not dressed in 

weather-appropriate clothes. The children’s legs and arms were “covered in red dots,” which 

doctors determined were bed bug bites and scabies. L.R.G. had been prescribed Adderall, but 

since being in foster care, the doctors determined that it “did not agree with her.” After the 

doctors prescribed a new medication, L.R.G. was “a different child” with “significant[ly]” 

improved behavior. E.E.G.’s behaviors also improved as the foster parents advocated for more 

services for him within the classroom and outside treatment for his “speech difficulties.”13 

While in foster care, L.L.G. started preschool, where he has an IEP for speech.

The foster mother testified that when the children visited their parents from Thursday 

through Sunday, they returned “hyper” and “wound up.” Although they were in “good physical 

appearance,” the children’s feet were “really dirty.” The foster mother sent the children’s 

13 E.E.G. was diagnosed with speech apraxia.
- 14 -

medications with them for those parental visits; the nebulizer, however, was overheating “a lot” 

due to being left on for too long at the parents’ house and had to be replaced.

At the conclusion of all the evidence, the Department recalled Stinnett for her expert 

opinion of mother’s and father’s ability to parent their children. Stinnett identified the parents’ 

“laissez-faire attitude towards things” as being the “significant barrier” to the children not 

returning home. She noted that the parents wait for “things [to] take their course instead of being 

proactive to make things happen,” which could be a safety concern considering the children’s 

health issues. Stinnett was unaware of any additional services that could be provided to remedy 

the situation.

Following all the evidence, the Department argued that even though no “single fact” in 

this matter was “horrific,” the totality of the circumstances showed “a pattern of neglect.” The 

Department emphasized that the children had special needs and the parents could not be passive 

with their care.14

In her own arguments, mother emphasized the love between her and the children. She 

also stressed that the children should be considered individually rather than collectively. She 

further argued that Dr. Barclay’s evaluation included language like “may and possibly” and did 

not “rise to the legal threshold, certainly not clear and convincing evidence,” to prove that 

termination of her parental rights was in the children’s best interest.

Father noted that the children entered foster care because of concerns about 

homelessness. The parents, however, had been living in the same residence “for the majority of 

the case.” Father was employed and had complied with the Department’s request to be evaluated 

by Dr. Barclay and participate in counseling with Stinnett. Father explained that there were “no 

14 The Department acknowledged that there was no concern about P.G. being in the 

parents’ custody “at this point” because P.G. was “healthy with no diagnosis.”
- 15 -

incidents” when the children visited with the parents from Thursdays to Sundays and there was 

no concern about the parents raising P.G.

After hearing the parties’ arguments, the circuit court took the matter under advisement. 

On September 9, 2022, the circuit court entered orders terminating mother’s and father’s parental 

rights under Code § 16.1-283(B) and (C)(2). Both parents appeal those judgments separately.

ANALYSIS

I. Mother’s Appeal

Mother argues that the circuit court erred in admitting Dr. Barclay’s report and testimony 

about her parental capacity. She also challenges the sufficiency of the evidence to support 

terminating her parental rights.

A. Expert Witness and Report

“The decision whether to admit expert testimony rests within the sound discretion of the 

trial judge, and therefore we will not reverse unless the trial court abused its discretion.” 

C. Farrell v. Warren Cnty. Dep’t of Soc. Servs., 59 Va. App. 375, 429 (2012). “[O]nly when

reasonable jurists could not differ can we say an abuse of discretion has occurred.” Stark v. 

Dinarany, 73 Va. App. 733, 746 (2021) (quoting Galiotos v. Galiotos, 300 Va. 1, 11 (2021)).

The circuit court recognized Dr. Barclay as an expert “in clinical psychology dealing with

. . . parenting capacity.” Dr. Barclay testified about his evaluation of mother and his 

recommendations. After his initial evaluation, Dr. Barclay opined that mother’s parenting 

capacity was “scattered,” but he determined that the children “could be returned” to her care if 

she followed through with the Department’s recommendations and “favorably” completed 

parenting classes. Approximately one year later, however, Dr. Barclay prepared an addendum in 

which he opined that “it would appear in the best interest of the children to not be returned” to 

mother’s care because of the children’s special needs, mother’s non-compliance with the 
- 16 -

Department’s requirements, and her lack of demonstrated improvement. Mother objected to the 

admission of his report and addendum. The circuit court overruled her objection and admitted 

the documents into evidence.

Mother emphasizes that throughout his report and addendum, Dr. Barclay used language 

that reflected possibilities, not probabilities. For instance, Dr. Barclay reported that mother “may 

occasionally show bad judgment” and was “somewhat immature and impulsive.” In addition, 

mother argues that Dr. Barclay’s addendum was “not based on a solid factual foundation,” but 

instead on information from the Department that was “incorrect, exaggerated, irrelevant or 

false.”

Expert testimony “is admissible in civil cases to assist the trier of fact, if the testimony 

meets certain fundamental requirements, including the requirement that it be based on an 

adequate factual foundation.” C. Farrell, 59 Va. App. at 429 (quoting Countryside Corp. v. 

Taylor, 263 Va. 549, 553 (2002)). “In any civil action any expert witness may give testimony 

and render an opinion or draw inferences from facts, circumstances or data made known to or 

perceived by such witness at or before the hearing or trial during which he is called upon to 

testify.” Code § 8.01-401.1. Expert testimony is “inadmissible if it is speculative or founded on 

assumptions that have an insufficient factual basis.” C. Farrell, 59 Va. App. at 429 (quoting

John v. Im, 263 Va. 315, 320 (2002)).

The record demonstrates that Dr. Barclay based his decision on his interview with mother 

and the results of her psychological tests.

15

 He explained that “there was no need to do a second 

evaluation” because he had received “more information” from the Department that he used for 

15 Those tests include the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale-IV (WAIS-IV), Stroop Word 

Color Test (SWCT), Comprehensive Trail-Making Test (CTMT), Test of Memory and Learning 

Second Edition (TOMAL-2), Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory-2 (MMPI-2), and 

Family Assessment Measure-III: Self-Rating Scale (FAM-III).
- 17 -

his addendum. Mother’s “past and . . . current history” had aligned with her testing, which 

helped Dr. Barclay formulate his opinions about her parental capacity. Mother questioned 

Dr. Barclay at length about his report and the information he received from the Department for 

his addendum. Dr. Barclay explained that his assessment of mother’s personality did not change; 

however, his opinion on her ability to parent did because she had “time to rehabilitate herself” 

but failed to do so.

The circuit court found that Dr. Barclay had made a “factual conclusion” about mother’s 

ability to parent the children based on her scores and the information he received. A doctor may 

provide testimony that was “factual in nature” and “explained the physician’s impressions and 

conclusions formed.” Graham v. Cook, 278 Va. 233, 244 (2009); see also Pettus v. Godfried, 

269 Va. 69, 77-78 (2005) (holding that expert witness’s testimony was “factual in nature because 

it served to explain the impressions and conclusions he reached while treating” the patient). 

Dr. Barclay’s testimony was factual and necessary to explain his conclusions about mother’s 

ability to parent her special-needs children. Thus, the circuit court did not abuse its discretion in 

admitting Dr. Barclay’s report and his opinion about mother’s parenting capacity.

B. Termination of Mother’s Parental Rights

“On review, ‘[a] trial court is presumed to have thoroughly weighed all the evidence, 

considered the statutory requirements, and made its determination based on the child’s best 

interests.’” Castillo v. Loudoun Cnty. Dep’t of Fam. Servs., 68 Va. App. 547, 558 (2018)

(alteration in original) (quoting Logan v. Fairfax Cnty. Dep’t of Hum. Dev., 13 Va. App. 123, 

128 (1991)). “Where, as here, the court hears the evidence ore tenus, its finding is entitled to 

great weight and will not be disturbed on appeal unless plainly wrong or without evidence to 

support it.” Fauquier Cnty. Dep’t of Soc. Servs. v. Ridgeway, 59 Va. App. 185, 190 (2011) 

(quoting Martin v. Pittsylvania Cnty. Dep’t of Soc. Servs., 3 Va. App. 15, 20 (1986)).
- 18 -

Mother challenges the sufficiency of the evidence as to the termination of her parental 

rights.16 The circuit court found that clear and convincing evidence supported the termination 

under Code § 16.1-283(C)(2), which authorizes a court to terminate parental rights if:

The parent or parents, without good cause, have been unwilling or 

unable within a reasonable period of time not to exceed 12 months 

from the date the child was placed in foster care to remedy 

substantially the conditions which led to or required continuation 

of the child’s foster care placement, notwithstanding the 

reasonable and appropriate efforts of social, medical, mental health 

or other rehabilitative agencies to such end.

“[S]ubsection C termination decisions hinge not so much on the magnitude of the problem that 

created the original danger to the child, but on the demonstrated failure of the parent to make 

reasonable changes.” Yafi, 69 Va. App. at 552 (quoting Toms v. Hanover Dep’t of Soc. Servs., 

46 Va. App. 257, 271 (2005)). “Considerably more ‘retrospective in nature,’ subsection C 

requires the court to determine whether the parent has been unwilling or unable to remedy the 

problems during the period in which [she] has been offered rehabilitation services.” Toms, 46 

Va. App. at 271 (quoting City of Newport News Dep’t of Soc. Servs. v. Winslow, 40 Va. App. 

556, 562 (2003)).

The Department’s evidence focused primarily on the parents’ lapses in meeting the 

children’s special needs, including their diagnoses of ADHD, cystic fibrosis, and speech apraxia.

Those medical conditions required specific routine medications and treatments. Before the 

children entered foster care, mother missed seven appointments at the cystic fibrosis clinic in a 

six-month period. After the children entered foster care, mother missed three out of six 

appointments. Mother even canceled some appointments for frivolous reasons, such as when the 

16 In her opening brief, mother argues that father was not offered “adequate services” to 

remedy the conditions that required the children’s continuation in foster care. “[O]ne cannot 

raise third party rights.” Tackett v. Arlington Cnty. Dep’t of Hum. Servs., 62 Va. App. 296, 325 

(2013) (quoting DePriest v. Commonwealth, 33 Va. App. 754, 761 (2000)). Thus, this Court will 

not consider mother’s arguments regarding the adequacy of father’s services.
- 19 -

children were “misbehaving” or “napping.” Ultimately the Department felt that mother had not 

demonstrated an understanding of the need to prioritize the children’s attendance at the 

appointments.

Mother also did not appear to fully understand or appreciate the children’s educational 

needs. Each child had an IEP at school. Although mother attended E.E.G.’s eligibility meeting, 

she did not attend the children’s subsequent IEP meetings. When visiting mother and father 

every Thursday through Sunday, the children missed school on Fridays. Although they were 

given the opportunity to complete the missed schoolwork over the weekend, the children 

frequently returned “incorrect” work that they had to redo. Mother admittedly was busy with 

work or with P.G. and could not accomplish all that needed to be done. Dr. Barclay ultimately 

expressed doubt over mother’s ability to parent her special-needs children.

In addition, mother argues that her and father’s “troubles have always been primarily 

financial in nature” and asserts that any “future risk of financial hardship has been virtually 

eliminated.” Mother contends that if the children lived with them, they would have additional 

“financial help” because the children would qualify for social security disability and other 

services, such as food stamps.

17

 Despite mother’s claims, stable housing remained a concern 

throughout the time that the children were in foster care. After experiencing difficulties with 

finding housing, mother and father moved into a new home in August 2019. They soon became 

delinquent in their rent payments, and Interfaith Outreach Association paid their debt in 

December 2020. Mother and father again became delinquent on their rent payments. In 2021, 

they obtained rent relief and used “Covid funds” to pay their arrears. At the time of the circuit 

17 Mother and father had not applied for social security disability for all the children 

because they had been in foster care. L.R.G., however, had received social security disability for 

a period of time.
- 20 -

court hearing on December 16, 2021, they had not paid their December rent yet, even though it 

was due on the first day of the month.

Although mother had participated in the recommended services, such as counseling and 

Dr. Barclay’s evaluation, the Department remained concerned about her lack of progress in 

meeting the children’s special needs. As Stinnett testified, the parents’ inability to be proactive 

and prioritize impacted the children’s health and safety. By the second day of the trial, the 

children had been receiving necessary services in foster care for almost three years and mother 

still was not in a position to resume custody. “It is clearly not in the best interests of a child to 

spend a lengthy period of time waiting to find out when, or even if, a parent will be capable of 

resuming his [or her] responsibilities.” Tackett v. Arlington Cnty. Dep’t of Hum. Servs., 62 

Va. App. 296, 322 (2013) (alteration in original) (quoting Kaywood v. Halifax Cnty. Dep’t of 

Soc. Servs., 10 Va. App. 535, 540 (1990)). Considering the totality of the circumstances, the 

circuit court did not err in terminating mother’s parental rights to L.R.G., E.E.G., and L.L.G. 

under Code § 16.1-283(C)(2).

“When a lower court’s judgment is made on alternative grounds, this Court need only 

determine whether any of the alternatives is sufficient to sustain the judgment.” Castillo, 68 

Va. App. at 574 n.9; see also Fields v. Dinwiddie Cnty. Dep’t of Soc. Servs., 46 Va. App. 1, 8 

(2005) (affirming termination of parental rights under one subsection of Code § 16.1-283 and 

refusing to address termination of parental rights pursuant to another subsection). As the circuit 

court did not err in terminating mother’s parental rights under Code § 16.1-283(C)(2), this Court 

need not review the termination of mother’s rights under Code § 16.1-283(B).

II. Father’s Appeal

Father argues that the circuit court erred in terminating his parental rights under Code 

§ 16.1-283(B) and (C)(2) because he participated in “all the services” required by the 
- 21 -

Department. Acknowledging that housing was an initial concern, father stresses that he, mother, 

and P.G. had resided in the same home for “over one year” at the time of the circuit court 

hearing. He further notes that he had a full-time job, no criminal history, and no substance abuse 

history. Finally, he emphasizes that he and mother have been caring for P.G. “without any 

reported difficulty.”

The trial court did not err in terminating father’s parental rights under subsection (C)(2). 

Although father participated in the parenting capacity evaluation with Dr. Barclay and parenting 

skills counseling with Stinnett, he did not demonstrate an understanding of how his behavior and 

actions led to the continuation of foster care placement for the children. And despite 

participating in the services Stinnett offered, father told Stinnett that he did not think he needed 

any services.

Mother testified that most of the household and parenting duties fell on her because father 

was working. While P.G. did not have any special needs at the time of the circuit court hearing, 

L.R.G., E.E.G., and L.L.G. had specific needs to address their medical diagnoses and educational 

difficulties. Despite encouragement from Stinnett, father did not participate in the children’s 

school or medical appointments. At trial, father was unaware of the children’s educational 

accommodations and did not fully grasp the extent of the children’s medical needs. As with 

mother, Dr. Barclay expressed doubt over father’s ability to parent the children given their needs. 

In sum, while father participated in the recommended services, he ultimately did not meet the 

children’s needs and thus failed to remedy substantially the conditions that required the 

children’s continuation in foster care.

Moreover, as already discussed, the parents’ lack of stable housing also became a 

recurring issue. Meanwhile, the children were doing well in foster care and receiving the 

necessary services their parents failed to provide. By the second day of the trial, the children had 
- 22 -

been in foster care for almost three years, and father, like mother, still was not in a position to 

resume custody. See Tackett, 62 Va. App. at 322 (“It is clearly not in the best interests of a child 

to spend a lengthy period of time waiting to find out when, or even if, a parent will be capable of 

resuming his [or her] responsibilities.” (alteration in original) (quoting Kaywood, 10 Va. App. at

540)). Considering the totality of the circumstances, the circuit court did not plainly err in 

terminating father’s parental rights to L.R.G., E.E.G., and L.L.G. under Code § 16.1-283(C)(2).

As stated previously, “[w]hen a lower court’s judgment is made on alternative grounds, 

this Court need only determine whether any of the alternatives is sufficient to sustain the 

judgment.” Castillo, 68 Va. App. at 574 n.9. As such, this Court need not reach the question of 

whether father’s parental rights also should have been terminated under Code § 16.1-283(B).

CONCLUSION

For the foregoing reasons, the circuit court’s rulings are affirmed.

Affirmed.