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U.S. Department of Justice

Office of Justice Programs

Bureau of Justice Statistics

Special Report

Age Patterns of Victims of Serious Violent Crime

September 1997, NCJ-162031

By Craig A. Perkins

BJS Statistician

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Note to user of the ascii version of this report:

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Age Patterns of Victims of Serious Violent Crime

contains 19 graphs and was designed to give its

information through those figures. The design

permits only a confused sequential presentation 

of the findings in text. The data points from the

graphs are appended at the end of this file. We

encourage the user of the ascii version to refer

to the pdf or printed version for a better 

understanding of the information presented.

************************************************ 

**********

Highlights

**********

*Persons age 12 to 24 comprised:

22% of the population,

35% of murder victims, and

49% of serious violent crime victims.

*Persons age 25 to 49 constituted:

47% of the population

53% of murder victims, an

44% of serious violent crime victims.

*Persons age 50 or older made up:

30% of the population

12% of murder victims, an

7% of serious violent crime victims.

*Persons age 18 to 21 were the most 

likely to experience a serious violent 

crime, and blacks in that age group

were the most vulnerable--

72 victimizations per 1,000 blacks,

50 victimizations per 1,000 Hispanics, and
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46 victimizations per 1,000 whites.

*More than 52% of all rape/sexual 

assault victims were females younger than 25.

*Serious violent crime rates for 

persons age 18 to 21 were 17 times 

higher than for persons age

65 or older.

-----------------------------------------------------------------------

Vulnerability to violent crime victimization varies across the

age spectrum. The victimization rate increases through the

teenage years, crests at around age 20, and steadily decreases

through the remaining years. This pattern, with some

exceptions, exists across all race, sex, and ethnic groups.

The patterns in this Special Report are shown primarily through

graphs. The data from those graphs are available on the Bureau

of Justice Statistics (BJS) Internet site or through the BJS

information clearinghouse. (See page 7.)

This report uses data from 1992 through 1994, providing a

sufficient aggregate to examine serious violent crime across

different age groups. It focuses on persons younger than 25 and

highlights key facts about serious violent crime, grouped by

age, race, and sex. 

The reported statistics do not include victims under age 12: 

the National Crime Victimization Survey (NCVS) does not

interview children younger than 12, and the homicide data are

analyzed to be comparable to the NCVS data.

Serious violent crimes include rape and sexual assault, robbery,

and aggravated assault, as measured by the NCVS, and homicide

from data reported by law enforcement agencies to the FBI. 

The Bureau of the Census, under the supervision of the

BJS, conducts the NCVS which interviews approximately 50,000

households. The NCVS measures crimes not reported as well as

those reported to police.

Each year between 1992 and 1994, U.S. residents age 12 or older

experienced about 4.3 million serious violent victimizations on

average. Persons age 12 to 24 suffered about 49% (2 million) of

the total, although they made up less than a quarter of the U.S.

population age 12 or older. Individuals age 40 or older were

47% of the general population but sustained 19% of the serious

violent victimizations.

Persons younger than 25 were the most vulnerable to serious

violent crime, regardless of how age patterns were analyzed. 

Rates controlling for population show the young with the highest

number of victimizations per 1,000 individuals. Considering
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only adolescents and adults, the average age of violent crime

victims is almost 11 years below the average age of the whole

population, because of the overrepresentation of the young among

crime victims.

The Highlights graph of trends presents age categories 

usually used in BJS reports; however, the remaining findings

have age groupings identified with stages of life in the United

States. This modified grouping is meant to help 

account for different life styles, which may suggest some

additional factors for describing victims:

Persons age 12 to 14 are generally in junior high school. 

Youth age 15 to 17 are usually in high school.

Ages 18 to 21 include persons possibly enrolled in college or

technical school or starting jobs.

Young adults age 22 to 24 include many of those who have left

college and are just beginning a career.

Persons age 65 or older include a high proportion of retirees.

Also, there are too few sampled cases to analyze the age

distribution of minority victims of rape or sexual assault (an

estimated 1.1 million rapes of white non-Hispanic females,

236,000 rapes of black non-Hispanic females, and 121,000 rapes

of Hispanic females for the 3-year period). 

Although Hispanics are not a race, they are presented as a

separate category within the racial categories.

*****************************************

All serious violent crimes: Murder, rape, 

sexual assault, robbery, and aggravated assault 

*****************************************

Rates of serious violent crime for 18-21 year olds -- 17 times

higher than for persons age 65 or older.

Persons between ages 12 and 24 -- less than a fourth 

of the U.S. population age 12 or older, almost half 

of all serious victimizations.

Persons age 40 or older -- almost half of the population age 12

or older, less than a fifth of the serious violent

victimizations.

On average each year, from 1992 to 1994, about 1 in 50

persons fell victim to a serious violent crime; among

persons age 12 to 24, 1 in 23.

Age Number of persons in the population for each victim

of All serious Rape/ Aggravated

victim violent crime Murder sexual assault Robbery assault

 Total 50 9241 416 164 86
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12 to 24 23 5945 168 83 39

25 to 34 42 6170 378 132 73

35 to 49 67 10891 591 219 116

50 or old 424 23376 4272 494 424

*******

Murder

*******

Persons under age 25 -- 22% of the general population -- account

for 35% of murder victims. 

The youngest and oldest of the population had the lowest rates

of murder -- less than 0.05 per 1,000 persons.

The pattern of murder victims resembles that of victims of other

serious violent crimes -- rates increasing from the very young,

cresting at ages 18 to 21, then decreasing.

*******************************

Rape or sexual assault (female)

******************************* 

1 in 89 females 12-24 were rape/sexual assault victims 

Slightly more than a fifth of all rape/sexual assault victims

were age 18 to 21. The average age for victims

was 27. 

Victims of murder, on average, were the oldest of serious violent 

crime victims. Over half of all murder victims

were age 30 or younger (compared with age 25 for victims of

other serious violent crimes).

Serious

violent offense

of victim Median age

Murder 29

Rape/sexual assault 23

Robbery 26

Aggravated assault 25

Rates of rape/sexual assault for individuals 18 to 21 were

almost 22 times higher than those for age 25 to 29.

Persons age 50 or older -- almost a third of the general

population age 12 or older -- comprised 3% of rape/sexual

assault victims.

Persons under 25 made up almost 50% of everyone suffering

a serious violent crime and almost 56% of rape/sexual 
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assault victims.

 Percent of victims

 All Rape/

Age of Percent of violent sexual 

victim population crime assault Robbery

Total 100 100 100 100

12 to 14 5 10 8 11

15 to 17 5 12 12 10

18 to 21 7 17 21 14

22 to 24 5 11 14 9

25 to 29 9 13 9 12

30 to 34 11 11 13 12

35 to 39 10 8 9 8

40 to 49 17 12 10 12

50 to 64 16 5 2 6

65 or older 15 2 1 4

**********

Robbery

**********

Robbery is completed or attempted theft, directly 

from a person, by force or threat of force, 

with or without a weapon, and with or without injury.

Half of all robbery victims were age 26 or younger; 

the most vulnerable to robbery were the young.

Persons age 21 or younger -- slightly less than a fifth 

of the general population -- suffered close to half 

of all robberies.

1 in every 79 persons age 12 to 21 were robbery victims,

compared to 1 in every 211, age 22 or older. 

Between 1992 and 1994, U.S. residents age 12 or older

experienced an annual average of about 1.3 million robberies.

The average number of robberies each year was--

457,000 among persons age 12-21

118,000 for age 22-24

319,000 for age 25-34

263,000 for age 35-49, and

130,000 for age 50 or older.

******************

Aggravated assault

******************

Aggravated assault includes attacks with a weapon, with 
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or without injury and attacks without a weapon that 

result in serious injury such as broken bones, loss 

of teeth, internal injuries, or loss of consciousness

-- or an undetermined injury requiring 2 or more days of

hospitalization.

***************

Murder, by race

***************

Murder rates for males 18 to 21 were 6 times higher than for

their female counterparts. Rates for men 65 or older were 1«

times higher than for their female counterparts.

The average age for male murder victims was 32, compared to the

female murder victim's average age of 37.

White murder victims had an average age of 35, while black

murder victims had an average age of 30.

Over half of black murder victims were 29 or younger, compared

to over half of white victims, 32 or older.

For whites and blacks, persons 18 to 21 were most 

at risk of becoming a murder victim.

Murder rates for blacks were 8 times higher than 

for whites -- 1 in every 894 and 1 in every 7,334 

persons, respectively. 

Blacks, about 12% of general population, comprised 

51% of murder victims. Almost 1 in 10 of black

murder victims were age 18 to 21.

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Serious violent crime, 

by race and Hispanic origin

***************************

Blacks and Hispanics across all age groups were more 

at risk from violence than whites of comparable age -- 1 in 30

blacks, 1 in 35 Hispanics, and 1 in 58 whites, from 1992 to 1994.

For 18-to-21 year olds, 1 in 14 blacks, 1 in 20 Hispanics, and 1

in 22 whites experienced a serious violent victimization.

Blacks and to a lesser degree Hispanics were overrepresented

among victims, relative to their proportions of the general

population age 12 or older.

 Population Victims of

Racial age serious Rates

/ethnic groups 12 or older violence per 1,000
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 Total 100 100 20

White 77 65 17

Black 12 20 34

Other 3 4 24

Hispanic 8 12 29

Note: Whites, blacks, and others exclude Hispanics.

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Robbery, 

by race and Hispanic origin

***************************

Blacks and Hispanics under age 22 had robbery rates

approximately twice those for whites -- 1 in 48, 1 in 57, and 1

in 101 respectively, from 1992 to 1994.

Robbery rates for blacks peaked twice, for ages 18 to 21 and 30

to 34, at 24 robberies per 1,000 blacks -- at 5 times the rate

for age 50 or older, 5 per 1,000.Blacks and to a lesser degree

Hispanics were overrepresented among victims, relative to their

proportion of the general population age 12 or older. (eee)

The average age for robbery victims was about 30 for whites and

blacks, and 28 for Hispanics.

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Aggravated assault, 

by race and Hispanic origin

***************************

Slightly more than 1 in every 60 blacks, 1 in every 63

Hispanics, and 1 in every 96 whites were aggravated assault

victims.

Blacks and Hispanics -- 20% of the general population -- were

about 28% of aggravated assault victims.

The average age of aggravated assault victims was 25 for

Hispanics, 26 for blacks, and 29 for whites.

Minority victims of aggravated assault were relatively younger

than white victims--

Aggravated assault

victims' Percent of population Rates per

race and age General Victim 1000

White 100 100 10

12 to 24 20 47 24

25 to 34 19 25 14

35 to 49 27 21 8
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50 or older 33 7 2

Black 100 100 17

12 to 24 28 53 31

25 to 34 22 23 17

35 to 49 27 20 13

50 or older 23 5 3

Hispanic 100 100 16

12 to 24 33 61 29

25 to 34 26 19 12

35 to 49 24 17 11

50 or older 17 4 3

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Murder,

by sex of victim

**********************

1 in 10 murder victims were males, age 18 to 21.

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Serious violent crime, 

by sex of victim

**********************

1 in 41 males and 1 in 62 females were violent crime victims.

*******************

Aggravated assault, 

by sex of victim

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For ages 15-24, men were twice as likely as women to be a victim.

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Robbery, 

by sex of victim

****************

Boys 12 to 14 and young women 18 to 21 reported the highest

rates for robbery.

About 1 in every 54 boys age 12 to 14 was a robbery victim,

compared to 1 in every 473 men age 65 or older.

The average ages for male and female robbery victims were at

least 10 years younger than the average age of males and females

in the general population. 

 Average age

 Male Female
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General population 12 or older 40 yrs 42 yrs

Robbery victims 30 31

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Methodology

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Except for homicide data provided by the Uniform Crime Reports,

the tables in this report include data from the redesigned

National Crime Victimization Survey (NCVS) for 1992, 1993, and

1994. The NCVS obtains information about crimes, including

incidents not reported to police, from a continuous, nationally

representative sample of households in the United States. 

Approximately 50,000 individuals age 12 or older are interviewed 

for the survey annually.

**************************

Calculations of NCVS rates

**************************

The rates in this report were annual average rates for 1992-94. 

The numerator of a given rate was the sum of the estimated

victimizations that occurred for all three years for each

respective demographic group; the denominator was the sum of the

annual population totals for these same years and demographic

groups.

***************************

Calculations of NCVS ratios

***************************

The ratios in this report were annual average ratios. The

numerator of the given ratio was the sum of the annual

population totals for all 3 years for each respective

demographic group; the denominator was the sum of the estimated

victimizations that occurred for all 3 years for each

demographic group.

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Application of standard errors

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The results presented in this report were tested to determine

whether the observed difference between groups was statistically

significant. Comparisons mentioned in the report passed a

hypothesis test at the .05 level of statistical significance (or

the 95-percent confidence level), meaning that the estimated

difference between comparisons was greater than twice the

standard error of the difference.

Although the data in this report were collected over 3 years,

some estimates were based on a relatively small number of sample
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cases, particularly for certain demographic groups. 

Caution should be used when comparing estimates not discussed in

the text because since seemingly large differences may not be

statistically significant.

-------------------------------------------------------------

The Bureau of Justice Statistics is the statistical agency of

the U.S. Department of Justice. Jan M. Chaiken, Ph.D., is

director.

BJS Special Reports address a specific topic in depth from one

or more datasets that cover many topics.

Craig A. Perkins wrote this report. Patsy Klaus provided

analytical and programming assistance; Cathy Maston provided

statistical review; and Diane Craven reviewed the computer

programs. Rhonda Keith produced and edited the report,

supervised by Tom Hester. Marilyn Marbrook, assisted by Jayne

Robinson and Yvonne Boston, administered final production.

September 1997, NCJ-162031

The numerical tables for the graphed information may also be

gained by calling the BJS Statistics Clearinghouse, operated by

the National Criminal Justice Reference Service, 1-800-732-3277.

-----------------------------------------------

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Data from graphs

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Violent crime rates by age 

Adjusted victimization rate per 1,000 persons, age 12 and older

 

 

Year Age of victim 

 12-15 16-19 20-24 25-34 35-49 50-64 65+ 

 

1973 81.8 81.7 87.6 52.4 38.8 17.2 9.1 

1974 77.5 90.6 83.5 58.6 37.5 15.5 9.5 

1975 80.3 85.7 80.9 59.5 36.9 17.8 8.3 

1976 76.4 88.8 79.7 61.5 35.9 16.1 8.1 

1977 83.0 90.2 86.2 63.5 35.8 16.8 8.0 

1978 83.7 91.7 91.1 60.5 35.8 15.0 8.4 

1979 78.5 93.4 98.4 66.3 38.2 13.6 6.2 
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1980 72.5 91.3 94.1 60.0 37.4 15.6 7.2 

1981 86.0 90.7 93.7 65.8 41.6 17.3 8.3 

1982 75.6 94.4 93.8 69.6 38.6 13.8 6.1 

1983 75.4 86.3 82.0 62.2 36.5 11.9 5.9 

1984 78.2 90.0 87.5 56.6 37.9 13.2 5.2 

1985 79.6 89.4 82.0 56.5 35.6 13.0 4.8 

1986 77.1 80.8 80.1 52.0 36.0 10.8 4.8 

1987 87.2 92.4 85.5 51.9 34.7 11.4 5.2 

1988 83.7 95.9 80.2 53.2 39.1 13.4 4.4 

1989 92.5 98.2 78.8 52.8 37.3 10.5 4.2 

1990 101.1 99.1 86.1 55.2 34.4 9.9 3.7 

1991 94.5 122.6 103.6 54.3 37.2 12.5 4.0 

1992 111.0 103.7 95.2 56.8 38.1 13.2 5.2 

1993 118.4 114.2 91.2 57.9 42.1 17.0 5.6 

1994 113.0 120.5 97.7 60.4 39.1 15.1 5.1 

Note: Violent crimes included are homicide, rape, robbery, and

both simple and aggravated assault. The light gray area

indicates that because of changes made to the victimization

survey, data prior to 1992 are adjusted to make them comparable

to data collected under the redesigned methodology. The

adjustment methods are described in Criminal Victimization

1973-95. 

All serious violent crimes: Murder, rape, sexual assault,

robbery, and aggravated assault 

Rates of serious violent crime per 1,000 persons 

Victims' age Rate 

12 to 14 37 

15 to 17 47 

18 to 21 50 

22 to 24 40 

25 to 29 27 

30 to 34 21 

35 to 39 16 

40 to 49 14 

50 to 64 6 

65 or older 3 
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The average age of U.S. residents age 12 or older was almost

41. The average age of victims of serious violent crimes other

than murder was 30 or under. 

 Mean Median 

 

Overall U.S. population 40.9 39 

Murder 34.6 30 

Rape/sexual assault 26.6 23 

Robbery 29.9 26 

Aggravated assault 27.8 25 

Murder 

Rates of murder per 1,000 persons 

Victims' age Rate 

 

12 to 14 0.03 

15 to 17 0.13 

18 to 21 0.26 

22 to 24 0.23 

25 to 29 0.18 

30 to 34 0.14 

35 to 39 0.11 

40 to 49 0.08 

50 to 64 0.05 

65 or older 0.04 

Murder, the least frequent violent crime, victimized fewer than

1 in 1,000 persons, age 12 or older. 

Violent crime Total 

Murder 0.11 

Rape/sexual assault 2.4 

Robbery 6.1 

Aggravated assault 11.6 

Rape or sexual assault 

Rates of rape or sexual assault per 1,000 persons 

Victims' age Rate 

12 to 14 3.6 
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15 to 17 5.9 

18 to 21 7.6 

22 to 24 6.4 

25 to 29 2.2 

30 to 34 3.0 

35 to 39 2.1 

40 to 49 1.5 

50 to 64 0.3 

65 or older 0.1 

Rape or sexual assault 

1 in 89 females 12-24 were rape/sexual assault victims 

Rates per 1,000 females 

Victims' age Rates 

12 to 14 6.7 

15 to 17 12.0 

18 to 21 13.8 

22 to 24 11.8 

25 to 29 3.7 

30 to 34 5.4 

35 to 39 4.0 

40 to 49 2.6 

50 to 64 0.6 

65 or older 0.3 

Robbery 

Rates of robbery per 1,000 persons 

Victims' age Rate 

12 to 14 12.6 

15 to 17 12.4 

18 to 21 12.8 

22 to 24 10.3 

25 to 29 7.9 

30 to 34 7.2 

35 to 39 4.9 

40 to 49 4.4 

50 to 64 2.5 

65 or older 1.5 

Age patterns of robbery victims fall into 5 distinct ranges: 

The 12-21 robbery rate is 6 times that of 50 or older. 

Approximate robbery rates per 1,000 persons 
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Victim's age Rate 

12 to 21 13 

22 to 24 10 

25 to 34 8 

35 to 49 5 

50 or older 2 

Aggravated asault 

Rates of aggravated assault per 1,000 persons 

Victims' age Rate 

12 to 14 21.1 

15 to 17 28.9 

18 to 21 29.3 

22 to 24 22.9 

25 to 29 16.7 

30 to 34 11.0 

35 to 39 9.2 

40 to 49 8.3 

50 to 64 3.4 

65 or older 1.2 

Annual average number of victimizations, 1992-94 

Age Aggravated Rape/

 assault Robbery sexual assault Murder 

12 to 24 1,225,517 575,131 284,402 8,021 

25 to 49 1,075,742 582,215 209,027 12,129 

50+ 151,236 129,798 15,006 2,743 

Serious violent crime, by race and Hispanic origin 

 Rates of serious violent crime per 1,000 persons 

Victims' age White Black Hispanic 

 

12 to 14 31.0 58.6 51.2 

15 to 17 42.9 56.7 57.0 

18 to 21 46.4 71.5 50.3 

22 to 24 38.6 50.0 36.5 

25 to 29 25.3 33.8 31.7 

30 to 34 19.0 40.0 17.0 

35 to 39 13.6 27.2 23.3 

40 to 49 12.7 23.7 18.8 

50 to 64 5.5 10.9 10.5 

65 or older 2.3 6.2 8.2 
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Serious violent crime, by sex of victim 

1 in 41 males and 1 in 62 females were violent crime victims 

 Rates per 1,000 persons 

Victims' age Male Female 

12 to 14 45.4 28.7 

15 to 17 55.8 38.4 

18 to 21 58.0 41.9 

22 to 24 44.7 35.0 

25 to 29 31.1 23.0 

30 to 34 23.2 19.5 

35 to 39 19.6 13.0 

40 to 49 17.9 10.7 

50 to 64 7.9 4.8 

65 or older 4.1 2.1 

Murder, by race 

 Rates of murder per 1,000 persons 

Victims' age White Black 

 

12 to 14 0.02 0.09 

15 to 17 0.07 0.47 

18 to 21 0.11 1.08 

22 to 24 0.10 0.97 

25 to 29 0.09 0.73 

30 to 34 0.08 0.57 

35 to 39 0.07 0.42 

40 to 49 0.05 0.30 

50 to 64 0.04 0.16 

65 or older 0.03 0.14 

Murder, by sex of victim 

1 in 10 murder victims were males, 18 to 21 

 Rates per 1,000 persons 

Victims' age Male Female 

12 to 14 0.04 0.02 

15 to 17 0.22 0.04 

18 to 21 0.45 0.07 
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22 to 24 0.37 0.07 

25 to 29 0.29 0.07 

30 to 34 0.22 0.07 

35 to 39 0.17 0.05 

40 to 49 0.12 0.04 

50 to 64 0.08 0.02 

65 or older 0.05 0.03 

Robbery, by race and Hispanic origin 

 Rates of robbery per 1,000 persons 

Victims' age White Black Hispanic 

12 to 14 9.9 20.5 18.4 

15 to 17 9.0 17.2 20.0 

18 to 21 10.4 24.3 15.2 

22 to 24 9.2 16.7 10.1 

25 to 29 6.1 10.4 13.5 

30 to 34 4.6 23.8 5.3 

35 to 39 3.4 11.2 8.3 

40 to 49 3.3 9.9 8.1 

50 to 64 1.9 5.3 6.9 

65 or older 1.0 4.6 4.7 

Robbery, by sex of victim 

Almost 1 in 10 robbery victims were males 18 to 21 

 Rates per 1,000 persons 

Victims' age Male Female 

12 to 14 18.4 6.5 

15 to 17 16.5 8.2 

18 to 21 16.6 9.0 

22 to 24 12.1 8.5 

25 to 29 8.9 7.0 

30 to 34 10.1 4.4 

35 to 39 6.5 3.4 

40 to 49 5.9 2.9 

50 to 64 3.5 1.6 

65 or older 2.1 1.1 

Aggravated assault, by race and Hispanic origin 

 Rates of aggravated assault per 1,000 persons 

Victims' age White Black Hispanic 

12 to 14 18.0 31.4 29.1 
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15 to 17 27.2 35.3 32.9 

18 to 21 28.2 33.5 30.8 

22 to 24 22.6 23.6 25.2 

25 to 29 16.5 21.8 16.4 

30 to 34 11.5 13.3 7.2 

35 to 39 8.0 12.5 13.4 

40 to 49 7.7 12.6 9.4 

50 to 64 3.3 4.7 3.2 

65 or older 1.1 1.5 3.5 

Aggravated assault, by sex of victim 

For 18 to 21, men twice as likely as women to be victimized 

 Rates per 1,000 persons 

Victims' age Male Female 

 

12 to 14 26.4 15.5 

15 to 17 39.1 18.2 

18 to 21 39.5 19.1 

22 to 24 31.2 14.6 

25 to 29 21.1 12.3 

30 to 34 12.3 9.7 

35 to 39 12.8 5.5 

40 to 49 11.6 5.1 

50 to 64 4.4 2.5 

65 or older 1.9 0.7