# Patent

## Title
Process for producing doped semiconductor wafers from silicon, and the wafers produced thereby

## Abstract

A process for producing doped semiconductor wafers from silicon, which contain an electrically active dopant, such as boron, phosphorus, arsenic or antimony, optionally are additionally doped with germanium and have a defined thermal conductivity, involves producing a single crystal from silicon and processing further to form semiconductor wafers, the thermal conductivity being established by selecting a concentration of the electrically active dopant and optionally a concentration of germanium. Semiconductor wafers produced from silicon by the process have specific properties with regard to thermal conductivity and resistivity.

## Background
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
1. Field of the Invention
The invention relates to a process for producing doped semiconductor wafers from silicon, which contain an electrically active dopant such as boron, phosphorus, arsenic or antimony, if appropriate are additionally doped with germanium, and which have a defined thermal conductivity. The invention also relates to semiconductor wafers formed from silicon, which are doped with germanium in a concentration of up to 2·1020 atoms/cm3 and with an electrically active dopant, and which have specific properties with regard to thermal conductivity (TC) and resistivity (R).
2. Background Art
It is fundamentally advantageous if the semiconductor wafer, as a base material (substrate) for electronic components, is supplied with defined physical properties when possible. Ideally, a substrate should have only slight fluctuations in all principle parameters both within a single wafer and between different wafers of the same specification. The thermal conductivity of substrates is one such crucial property which is of great importance to process management in the fabrication of electronic components and with regard to the properties of the finished products. For example, the thermal conductivity of semiconductor wafers formed from silicon plays a crucial role in determining the properties of these wafers during processing to form electronic components and the possible range of uses for the finished component. Consequently, substrates with a well-defined and uniform thermal conductivity are desirable.
However, the thermal conductivity of semiconductor wafers formed from silicon is complex and expensive to measure, and consequently this parameter is not measured in standard production. Thermal conductivity is composed of a phononic component and an electronic component. Both contributions are important in single-crystal silicon at room temperature. The electronic component of the thermal conductivity is substantially proportional to the electrical conductivity of the substrate, while the phononic component is related to the distribution of the atomic masses in the solid state. It is known that pure-isotope silicon has a particularly high thermal conductivity, whereas doping elements lower the thermal conductivity.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
It is an object of the present invention to provide a process which allows the production of semiconductor wafers from silicon which have a predetermined thermal conductivity. This and other objects are achieved by a process for producing doped semiconductor wafers from silicon, which contain an electrically active dopant such as boron, phosphorus, arsenic or antimony, if appropriate are additionally doped with germanium, and have a defined thermal conductivity, wherein a single crystal is produced from silicon and processed further to form semiconductor wafers, with the thermal conductivity being set by selecting the concentration of the electrically active dopant and, if appropriate, by means of the concentration of germanium.



BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
FIG. 1 illustrates calculated and measured thermo-conductivities of phosphorus doped wafers.



DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENT(S)
The inventors have discovered that for silicon which has been doped with an electrically active dopant, such as boron, phosphorus, arsenic or antimony, thermal conductivity is a fixedly defined physical property described by the formula:

k=1/(6.8·10−3+alpha·c(Dop))  (1)

with an accuracy of a few percent, in which formula the thermal conductivity at a temperature of 22° C. is given in the units W/mK, c(Dop) is the selected concentration of the electrically active dopant in atoms/cm3, and alpha is a coefficient which has the following values depending on the electrically active dopant:














Dopant:












Boron
Phosphorus
Arsenic
Antimony















alpha:
9.57 · 10−23
6.42 · 10−23
2.11 · 10−22
1.30 · 10−21.









If it is desired to set the thermal conductivity to a value which is not included within the range of values predetermined by formula (1), the range of values can be extended by additional doping with germanium in a concentration of up to 2·1020 atoms/cm3, specifically into regions which have not hitherto been accessible. In these cases, the thermal conductivity is set in accordance with the formula

k=(1−5.6·10−21·c(Ge)+1.4·10−41·c(Ge)2)/(6.8·10−3+alpha·c(Dop))  (2)

by selecting the concentrations of germanium and of the electrically active dopant, in which formula k is the thermal conductivity at a temperature of 22° C. in W/mK, c(Ge) and c(Dop) are the selected concentrations of germanium and of the electrically active dopant, in atoms/cm3, and alpha is a coefficient which has the following values depending on the electrically active dopant:














Dopant:












Boron
Phosphorus
Arsenic
Antimony















alpha:
9.57 · 10−23
6.42 · 10−23
2.11 · 10−22
1.30 · 10−21.









The invention also relates to semiconductor wafers formed from silicon, optionally with a deposited epitaxial coating, the wafers being doped with germanium in a concentration of up to 2·1020 atoms/cm3 and with boron, and having one of the following combinations of properties with regard to thermal conductivity (TC) and the resistivity (R):

    a) TC<105 W/mK; R>5 mOhmcm
    b) TC=90 W/mK−30 W/mK; R=5−3 mOhmcm
    c) TC=80 W/mK−20 W/mK; R=3−2 mOhmcm
    d) TC=70 W/mK−20 W/mK; R=2−1.5 mOhmcm
    e) TC<50 W/mK; R<1.5 mOhmcm.


Furthermore, the invention relates to semiconductor wafers formed from silicon, optionally with a deposited epitaxial coating, the semiconductor wafers being doped with germanium in a concentration of up to 2·1020 atoms/cm3 and with phosphorus, and having one of the following combinations of properties with regard to the thermal conductivity (TC) and the resistivity (R):

    a) TC=90 W/mK−50 W/mK; R=1.5−1.2 mOhmcm
    b) TC=80 W/mK−40 W/mK; R=1.2−0.9 mOhmcm
    c) TC=75 W/mK−30 W/mK; R<0.9 mOhmcm.


Doping with germanium and an electrically active dopant is particularly preferred if germanium is already being used as dopant in any case on account of other effects which it achieves and in cases in which the thermal conductivity is supposed to be lower than the thermal conductivity which would be achieved after selection of a specific concentration of the electrical dopant in accordance with formula (1). Further effects of germanium as dopant are in particular an increase in the mechanical strength and a reduction in lattice stresses, dealt with, for example, in U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,553,566, 5,744,396, 4,631,234, JP-2003160395 A and JP-2003146795 A.
In addition, the single crystal may also contain further dopants which have only a relatively minor influence on the thermal conductivity, e.g. in the form of a co-doping with nitrogen and/or carbon.
The electrically active dopant may already be contained in the melt during production of the single crystal, in which case the single crystal is preferably pulled using the Czochralski method. However, it is also possible for the electrically active dopant only to be introduced into the semiconductor wafers which have been separated from the single crystal at a later stage, through diffusion or ion implantation. It is preferable for germanium to be provided together with the melt.
In principle, the axial distribution of dopants in a single crystal formed from silicon and pulled by the Czochralski method is determined by the segregation constant of the corresponding dopant. However, it is also known that the radial and axial distribution of dopants in the single crystal can be influenced. The most important influencing factors include the direction of rotation and the rotational speed of single crystal and crucible as well as the pressure conditions and the flow of shielding gas during the pulling process. By suitable selection of these parameters, it is possible to produce single crystals with low radial and axial variations in the dopant content. For example, by suitable selection of the pressure conditions, it is possible to control the evaporation of arsenic, antimony or phosphorus out of the silicon melt in such a way that the axial and radial variation in the resistivity in the single crystal amounts to only a few percent. Therefore, in conjunction with the process according to the invention, depending on the parameters selected, it becomes possible to produce single crystals with a fixedly defined axial profile of thermal conductivity or a thermal conductivity which is homogeneous over large parts of the single crystal. Undesirable variations in processing and product properties can then be reduced by virtue of the accurately defined thermal conductivity.
With boron as the electrically active dopant, it is most preferable to use a process according to the invention in which one of the following combinations of properties results with regard to the thermal conductivity (TC) and the resistivity (R) of the semiconductor wafers:

    a) TC<105 W/mK; R>5 mOhmcm
    b) TC=90 W/mK−30 W/mK; R=5−3 mOhmcm
    c) TC=80 W/mK−20 W/mK; R=3−2 mOhmcm
    d) TC=70 W/mK−20 W/mK; R=2−1.5 mOhmcm
    e) TC<50 W/mK; R<1.5 mOhmcm.

The radial variation in the resistivity is in this case preferably less than 8%.



With phosphorus as the electrically active dopant, it is most preferable to use a process according to the invention in which one of the following combinations of properties results with regard to the thermal conductivity (TC) and the resistivity (R) of the semiconductor wafers:

    a) TC=90 W/mK−50 W/mK; R=1.5−1.2 mOhmcm
    b) TC=80 W/mK−40 W/mK; R=1.2−0.9 mOhmcm
    c) TC=75 W/mK−30 W/mK; R<0.9 mOhmcm.

The radial variation in the resistivity is in this case preferably less than 10%.



EXAMPLE:
(Phosphorus Doping)
With reference to FIG. 1, the continuous line describes the profile of the thermal conductivity of single-crystal silicon with phosphorus doping as a function of the dopant concentration as calculated when employing formula (1). The measurement points show the thermal conductivity which has been actually measured on various specimens of single-crystal silicon produced using formula (2) in accordance with the invention.
While embodiments of the invention have been illustrated and described, it is not intended that these embodiments illustrate and describe all possible forms of the invention. Rather, the words used in the specification are words of description rather than limitation, and it is understood that various changes may be made without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention.

## Claims

1. A process for producing doped semiconductor wafers with a thermal conductivity k from silicon, which contain an electrically active dopant, and are further doped with germanium in a concentration of up to 2×1020 atoms/cm3, comprising producing a single crystal from silicon and further processing said single crystal to form seimconductor wafers, and setting the thermal conductivity k in accordance with the formula


k=(1−5.6×10−21 xc(Ge)+1.4×10−41 xc(Ge)2)/6.8×10−3+alpha xc(Dop))


by selecting the concentrations of germanium and of the electrically active dopant, in which formula k is the thermal conductivity at 22° C. in W/mK, c(Ge) and c(Dop) are the selected concentrations of germanium and of the electrically active dopant, respectively, in atoms/cm3, and alpha is a coefficient which has the following values depending on the electrically active dopant:













Dopant:












Boron
Phosphorus
Arsenic
Antimony















alpha:
9.57 · 10−23
6.42 · 10−23
2.11 · 10−22
1.30 · 10−21.

2. The process of claim 1, wherein the single crystal is pulled from a silicon melt which contains the electrically active dopant and optionally germanium, using the Czochralski method, and the electrically active dopant concentration c(Dop), and germanium concentration c(Ge) in the single crystal are measured.

3. The process of claim 1, wherein the single crystal is pulled from a silicon melt which contains germanium using the Czochralski method, the germanium concentration c(Ge) is measured, the single crystal is processed into batch wafers, wafers are doped with the electrically active dopant by diffusion or ion implantation, and the concentration c(Dop) is measured on a sufficient number of wafers to verify the concentration of electrically active dopant in the batch of wafers.

4. The process of claim 1, wherein boron is an electrically active dopant and the boron concentration is selected in such a manner that one of the following combinations of properties results with regard to thermal conductivity (TC) and resistivity (R) of the semiconductor wafers:
a) TC<105 W/mK; R>5 mOhmcm,
b) TC=90 W/mK−30 W/mK; R=5−3 mOhmcm,
c) TC=80 W/mK−20 W/mK; R=3−2 mOhmcm,
d) TC=70 W/mK−20 W/mK; R=2−1.5 mOhmcm, and
e) TC<50 W/mK; R<1.5 mOhmcm.

5. The process of claim 4, wherein the radial variation in the resistivity is less than 8%.

6. The process of claim 1, wherein the semiconductor wafers are doped with phosphorus as an electrically active dopant, and the phosphorus concentration is selected in such a manner that one of the following combinations of properties results with regard to thermal conductivity (TC) and resistivity (R) of the semiconductor wafers:
a) TC=90 W/mK−50 W/mK; R=1.5−1.2 mOhmcm,
b) TC=80 W/mK−40 W/mK; R=1.2−0.9 mOhmcm, and
c) TC=75 W/mK−30 W/mK; R<0.9 mOhmcm.

7. The process of claim 6, wherein the radial variation in the resistivity is less than 10%.

8. The process of claim 1, wherein the semiconductor wafers are used as substrates for electronic power semiconductor components.

9. The process of claim 1, wherein an epitaxial layer is deposited on the semiconductor wafers.

10. The process of claim 1, wherein the single crystal is additionally doped with at least one further dopant.

11. The process of claim 1, wherein the single crystal is additionally doped with nitrogen, carbon or a combination of nitrogen and carbon.

12. A semiconductor wafer formed from silicon, optionally with a deposited epitaxial coating, the wafer being doped with germanium in a concentration of up to 2·1020 atoms/cm3, and with boron, and having one of the following combinations of properties with regard to thermal conductivity (TC) and resistivity (R):
a) TC<105 W/mK; R>5 mOhmcm,
b) TC=90 W/mK−30 W/mK; R=5−3 mOhmcm,
c) TC=80 W/mK−20 W/mK; R=3−2 mOhmcm,
d) TC=70 W/mK−20 W/mK; R=2−1.5 mOhmcm, and
e) TC<50 W/mK; R>1.5 mOhmcm.

13. A semiconductor wafer formed from silicon, optionally with a deposited epitaxial coating, the semiconductor wafer being doped with germanium in a concentration of up to 2·1020 atoms/cm3, and with phosphorus, and having one of the following combinations of properties with regard to thermal conductivity (TC) and resistivity (R):
a) TC=90 W/mK−50 W/mK; R=1.5−1.2 mOhmcm,
b) TC=80 W/mK−40 W/mK; R=1.2−0.9 mOhmcm, and
c) TC=75 W/mK−30 W/mK; R>0.9 mOhmcm.