Comparison of Wood 

Preservatives in Stake 

Tests 

2011 Progress Report

Bessie M. Woodward

Cherilyn A. Hatfield

Stan T. Lebow

United States

Department of

Agriculture

Forest Service

Forest

Products

Laboratory

Research

Note

FPL–RN–02
October 2011 

Corrected December 2011 (addition of page 120)

Woodward, Bessie M.; Hatfield, Cherilyn A.; Lebow, Stan T. 2011. Comparison of Wood Preservatives in Stake Tests: 2011 Progress Report. 

Research Note FPL-RN-02. Madison, WI: U.S. Department of Agriculture, 

Forest Service, Forest Products Laboratory. 120 p.

A limited number of free copies of this publication are available to the 

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Abstract 

This report covers stake test results primarily from Southern Pine 2- by 4- by 18-in. sapwood, treated by pressure 

and nonpressure processes and installed by Forest Products 

Laboratory employees and cooperators in decay and termite 

exposure sites at various times since 1938 at Saucier, Mississippi; Madison, Wisconsin; Bogalusa, Louisiana; Lake 

Charles, Louisiana; Jacksonville, Florida; and the Canal 

Zone, Panama. Also included in the tests at Saucier, Mississippi, are smaller pine stakes and those of treated and 

untreated plywood, particleboard, modified woods, laminated paper plastic, pine infected with Trichoderma mold, plus 

other selected wood species such as oak, Douglas-fir, and 

Engelmann spruce. Southern Pine untreated control stakes 

have had an average life of about 1 year in the Canal Zone, 

1.8 to 3.6 years in Mississippi, Florida, and Louisiana, and 

about 6 years in Wisconsin. Superficial treatments by 3-min 

dipping and brushing with preservatives such as coal-tar 

creosote and petroleum oils containing copper naphthenate, 

zinc naphthenate, and pentachlorophenol have added from 

a few months to 4 years to the life of the untreated stakes. 

When appropriate preservative retention levels are applied, 

creosote, pentachlorophenol, and selected waterborne salt 

preservatives provide excellent protection. This publication 

also contains information regarding the future inspection 

status of the test plots.

Keywords: Preservatives, wood preservatives, pressure 

treated, nonpressure treated, Southern Pine, average life 

Caution 

This publication reports on pesticides research. It does not 

contain recommendations for their use, nor does it imply 

that the uses discussed have been registered. All uses of pesticides must be registered by appropriate Federal and State 

agencies before they can be recommended. 

Pesticides can be injurious to humans, domestic animals, 

desirable plants, and fish or other wildlife if they are not 

handled or applied properly. Use all pesticides selectively 

and carefully. Follow recommended practices for the disposal of surplus pesticides and pesticide containers. 

Crankcase oils may contain chlorinated naphthalenes, which 

have been reported to contribute to “X-disease” (hyperkeratosis) in cattle. These oils are therefore not recommended 

for preservative treatment of wood with which cattle may 

come in contact. 

Acknowledgments 

This research note is a continuation of progress reports by 

the same title issued periodically from 1950 to 1962 as Report No. 1761 and as FPL–RN–02 since 1963. Several past 

and current Forest Products Laboratory employees initiated 

the studies reported herein. These individuals are recognized 

in notes following the appropriate tables. The authors of this 

publication express their appreciation to the Economics and 

Statistics Research, the Research Facilities Engineering, and 

the Harrison Experimental Forest staffs for their contributions to the success of this publication.

Contents

Introduction.......................................................................1

Preservatives and Modified-Wood Products Tested .........1

 Selection and Treatment of Stakes................................2

 Installation and Inspection of Stakes ............................2

Results...............................................................................3

 Untreated Stakes ...........................................................3

 Pressure-Treated Stakes................................................3

 Nonpressure-Treated Stakes .........................................4

 Modified-Wood Stakes .................................................5

Status of FPL–RN–02 Research Plots..............................5

Units of Measure...............................................................7

References.........................................................................7

Tables................................................................................8
Comparison of Wood Preservatives 

in Stake Tests 

2011 Progress Report 

Bessie M. Woodward, Microbiologist 

Cherilyn A. Hatfield, Statistician

Stan T. Lebow, Research Forest Products Technologist 

Forest Products Laboratory, Madison, Wisconsin

Introduction 

For centuries, wood has been one of the most common and 

easiest to use construction materials. It is used practically 

everywhere—in housing and agricultural buildings and as 

posts, utility and telephone poles, railroad ties, wharves, 

and piling. Wood is also a renewable material. Although we 

have consumed tremendous volumes of wood for centuries, 

the United States is growing more wood volume than it is 

harvesting. 

Wood is a biological material and as such it is subject to 

decay and insect and marine borer attack. These agents are 

nature’s way of recycling wood in the natural ecosystem. 

Without nature’s recycling system, wood and other cellulose-based materials, such as grass, leaves, and agricultural 

field residues, would literally bury us. However, when wood 

is used in a more or less permanent application, it must be 

protected from biological degradation. Destruction can be 

prevented by a number of individual methods or a combination of methods. 

Results of an international termite exposure test in 1930 

(Hunt and Snyder) indicated that exposing 2- by 4- by 18-in. 

pine sapwood stakes treated with various wood preservatives is an effective method to test the protection provided 

against decay and termite attack. During 1938, the USDA 

Forest Service, Forest Products Laboratory (FPL), in cooperation with others, began treating test stakes of Southern 

Pine sapwood with several preservatives for installation at 

the Harrison Experimental Forest at Saucier, Mississippi. 

Replicate stakes were treated for installations at Madison, 

Wisconsin; Bogalusa, Louisiana; Jacksonville, Florida; and 

the Canal Zone, Panama. Since 1938, additional preservatives have been added to these tests, principally at the Saucier, Mississippi, station. Also installed at that station were 

stakes of treated and untreated modified-wood products, 

such as plywood, impreg, compreg, staypak, papreg, laminated acetylated wood, cyanoethylated wood, wood with 

thiamine destroyed, chemically modified wood, wood infected with Trichoderma mold, embedded fiberboard (western hemlock strands in Portland cement), particleboard, and 

incised and unincised wood. 

In 1967, another stake installation that included 11 standard 

wood preservatives was made in cooperation with the Wood 

Products Insect Laboratory, Gulfport, Mississippi, at Lake 

Charles, Louisiana. The area is infested by the destructive 

Formosan termite, Coptotermes formosanus, and stakes installed were used for comparison with the stakes at the Harrison Experimental Forest in Saucier, Mississippi. 

Stake tests are useful for screening out ineffective preservative materials. Stake test results can be used to further 

explore the preservative properties of materials that show 

promise in laboratory toxicity tests. However, limitations of 

these accelerated field tests must be recognized. Test results 

should not be considered as a substitute for actual service 

tests on full-size products such as ties, poles, or posts. Furthermore, results obtained in these stake tests are applicable 

only under the set of conditions existing in the particular 

test. Factors such as exposure, preservative retention, preservative distribution, heartwood volume, and size (surface 

area in relation to total volume) influence the performance 

of treated wood. In addition, the stakes in this test are not 

subjected to loading, or inspected for structural capacity, as 

would be the case for in-service structural members. 

This publication is primarily a progress report on the condition of the modified-wood products and stakes treated 

with various preservatives and oils at the time of the 2000 

through 2011 inspections. The stake tests at Panama were 

completed with a final inspection in January 1956. Those at 

Jacksonville were terminated in December 1960, and those 

at Bogalusa in December 1958. Progress reports showing 

the condition of the test stakes in 1947 and during the years 

1949 to 1969, 1971, 1973, 1975, 1977, 1979, 1981, 1983, 

1985, 1987, 1991, 1995, and 2000 have been published 

(Hunt and Snyder 1930, Blew 1948). In addition, this publication contains information regarding the future inspection 

status of the test plots.

Preservatives and Modified-Wood 

Products Tested 

Table 1 lists the preservatives and products tested and notes 

existing preservative specifications in cases where specifications have been issued. Table 1 also refers to Tables 2 to 
Research Note FPL–RN–02

2

76, in which test data are listed for the various materials. 

Formulations of treating solutions and descriptions of the 

various test materials are generally given in the tables. Additional information as to the source and composition of 

the various materials can, in most cases, be furnished upon 

request to the FPL. 

Selection and Treatment of Stakes 

For the most part, the stakes were 2- by 4- in. (nominal) 

by 18-in. Southern Pine, uniformly seasoned, surfaced on 

four sides, and selected for freedom from heartwood, wane, 

objectionable knots, and other visible defects. Ten installations included solid-sawn stakes of smaller size for comparison purposes (Tables 6, 35, 37, 42, 45, 54, 56, 57, 59, 68). 

Before treatment, a number, either stamped on the ends or 

marked with lumber crayon, identified the stakes. The stakes 

of modified wood, with one or two exceptions, were 4 by 

18 in. with variable thickness. 

All preservative treatments were by pressure impregnation 

unless indicated. Waterborne preservatives were applied by 

using the full-cell process, unless noted. Preservative oils 

were applied by either empty-cell or full-cell methods (toluene dilution), depending upon the retention level required. 

Complete penetration is desirable and usually noted in the 

pressure treatment used. For this reason, heartwood material 

was avoided in the Southern Pine stakes unless noted 

(Tables 5 and 51). In most cases, preservative retention 

levels were computed for individual stakes from the difference in weight before and after treatment. Surplus preservative was permitted to drain from the stakes before the final 

weight measurements were taken. Experience or exploratory 

treatments indicated the correct treating schedule or the 

treating solution concentration necessary to produce the desired preservative retention. Twenty 2- by 4-in. stakes were 

treated for each test variable, from which 10 acceptable 

stakes were selected for installation. By discarding those 

stakes with retention levels greater or less than desired, the 

10 stakes selected by this procedure were usually found to 

have preservative retention levels within the desired 10% 

range. The stakes not acceptable for the test provided material for checking preservative penetrations. For stakes 

treated in liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) (Tables 42 and 45), 

it was impractical to follow this general procedure. These 

stakes were treated at a commercial plant in the presence of 

an FPL representative, and retention levels were determined 

from the analysis of either sections of test stakes or additional matched stakes included for that purpose. 

The test stakes were usually identified by a numbered metal 

tag nailed (riveted in the case of thin modified-wood products) to the wide face approximately 2 in. from the top of 

the stake. 

Installation and Inspection of Stakes 

The stakes at Madison, Wisconsin, and Saucier, Mississippi, 

were installed in plots by the randomized-block method 

(Fisher and Yates 1938). The stakes were set in the ground 

in an upright position with about half their length (9 in.) in 

the ground. The soil in the plot at the Harrison Experimental 

Forest, Saucier, Mississippi, is Poarch fine sandy loam, with 

5% to 12% slope, a pH of 4.85, and an average annual rainfall of 62 in. That area was partially cleared of trees, mostly 

scrub oak and gallberry with a few longleaf and slash pine, 

before the stakes were installed; the ground cover is now 

mostly wiregrass. Until late 1956, the Madison, Wisconsin, 

plot was located in an area of clay loam soil with a pH of 

6.5 that was partially shaded by various hardwood trees and 

sumac, with an average annual rainfall of 31 in. In October 

1956, it was necessary to move the stakes to a new test plot 

near Madison with similar soil, but without the overstory 

of trees or shrubs. The soil at Bogalusa, Louisiana, was 

sandy loam, and that at Jacksonville, Florida, was sandy. 

Both plots were partially shaded. The plot at Lake Charles, 

Louisiana, was located on an open area partially covered 

with broom sedge and marsh grass. The top 10 in. of soil 

was sandy with some streaks of clay; underneath was heavy 

muck and a high water level. 

The 1970, 1974, and 1984 inspections at Lake Charles, Louisiana, and the final inspection of stakes installed at the Canal Zone during January 1956 were made by representatives 

of the Wood Products Insect Laboratory, Gulfport, Mississippi, and the FPL. Representatives from the Chapman 

Chemical Company and the FPL did the final inspections of 

the stakes at Jacksonville and Bogalusa in 1960 and 1962, 

respectively. FPL representatives inspected the Madison and 

Saucier installations. 

During these inspections, the stakes are removed individually, scraped to facilitate inspection, examined, and returned 

to their original place unless their condition indicates removal. Prior to 1985 the stakes were given a numerical and 

letter rating according to the following decay and termite 

attack scale: 

Decay Termite attack

1 No decay A No attack

2 Slightly soft or suspicious B Nibbles or trials

3 Partial or limited decay C Limited attack (penetration)

4 Severe decay D Heavy attack

5 Removed because of decay a E Removed because of termite 

attack a

a50% or more of cross section destroyed.

In 1985, field data were recorded using a portable computer. 

It was desirable to convert to a numeric-numeric rating 

system that would compare with the previous rating system 
Comparison of Wood Preservatives in Stake Tests: 2011 Progress Report

3

and allow for some refinement. All ratings from 1991 to the 

present were made using the following rating scale:

Grade 

no.

Description of condition

Decay grades Termite grades

10 Sound. Suspicion of decay 

permitted.

Sound. 1 to 2 small nibbles 

permitted

9 Trace decay to 3% of cross 

section

Slight evidence of feeding 

to 3% of cross section

8 Decay from 3% to 10% of 

cross section

Attack from 3% to 10% 

of cross section

7 Decay from 10% to 30% of 

cross section

Attack from 10% to 30% 

of cross section

6 Decay from 30% to 50% of 

cross section

Attack from 30% to 50% 

of cross section

4 Decay from 50% to 75% of 

cross section

Attack from 50% to 75% 

of cross section

0 Failure Failure

In Tables 2 to 76, stakes listed as “Trace” or “None” had 

an inspection rating of one of the following: 10-10, 10-9, 

9-10, or 9-9. Stakes listed as “Serviceable but showing some 

decay” had one of the following inspection ratings: 8−10, 

7−10, 6−10, 4−10, 8−9, 7−9, 6−9, or 4−9. Those listed as 

“Degraded but showing some termite attack” were field 

rated on the basis of 10−3, 10−7, 10−6, 10−4, 9−8, 9−7, 

9−6, or 9−4. Stakes listed as “Degraded but showing some 

decay and termite attack” were given one of the following 

ratings: 8−8, 8−7, 8−6, 8−4, 7−8, 7−7, 7−6, 7−4, 6−3, 6−7, 

6−6, 6−4, 4−8, 4−7, 4−6, or 4−4. Under the previous rating 

system, stakes showing limited and heavy decay, termite attack, or both are grouped together. In stakes that show some 

deterioration but are not necessarily seriously decayed, unnecessary emphasis is sometimes placed on these ratings. 

Therefore, in making comparisons between preservatives, 

only the stakes actually destroyed should be considered.

For stakes classified as “Destroyed by decay fungi and termites,” both forms of deterioration must be rated at least 

with severe decay or heavy attack (4 or D) in the inspection. 

In other words, a stake rated in the inspection as 7-0 would 

be considered destroyed by termites rather than by decay 

and termites, while one rated as 0-7 would be considered as 

destroyed by decay. Therefore, the system used in the tables 

for rating the destroyed stakes emphasizes the major factor 

or factors responsible for damage, but ignores those that 

may have been noted but have not seriously contributed to 

destruction. 

Tables 2 to 76 give the condition of the stakes at their most 

recent inspection. Table 77 is a summary of results obtained 

at the Mississippi site on 2- by 4-in. pine stakes treated with 

wood preservatives that are or were in general use. 

Results 

The following summarizes the results of the stake tests thus 

far. 

Untreated Stakes

The untreated 2- by 4-in. Southern Pine sapwood stakes had 

an average life of 1.2 years in the Canal Zone, Panama; 1.8 

to 2.4 years at Saucier, Mississippi, Bogalusa, Louisiana, 

and Jacksonville, Florida; and 4 to 6 years at Madison, Wisconsin. At Lake Charles, Louisiana, 90% of the untreated 

control stakes were destroyed by Formosan termites, giving 

an average life of 2.3 years. Untreated 3/4-in. pine sapwood 

stakes in Mississippi had an average life of 1.4 to 2.1 years. 

The untreated Douglas-fir plywood stakes installed at Saucier, Mississippi, had an average life of about 1 to 4 years. 

Those glued with phenolic and urea-resin glues have lasted 

somewhat longer than those glued with casein glue, which 

had an average life of 1 year. The stakes cut from Douglasfir lumber and of thickness similar to that of the plywood 

had an average life of slightly more than 2 years. Untreated 

plywood stakes of yellow birch, sweetgum, and tangile had 

an average life of less than 2 years.

Untreated plywood stakes of Engelmann spruce heartwood 

had average lives of 2.6 years and 3.2 years for Mississippi 

and Wisconsin, respectively. Untreated Douglas-fir heartwood plywood stakes had average lives of 3.2 years and 

5.5 years for Mississippi and Wisconsin, respectively. 

Southern Pine plywood stakes that contained about equal 

amounts of heartwood and sapwood had an average life of 

2.8 and 5.8 years in Mississippi and Wisconsin, respectively 

(Table 51). 

Pressure-Treated Stakes

In the more recent installations and those with the more effective preservatives, only a limited number of stakes have 

thus far been removed, and the average life of stakes in 

these tests cannot be determined. Estimates of average life 

were made for preservatives with significant failures at the 

time of the termination of several installations (Tables 2 to 

5, 8, 12, 18, 38). In the Canal Zone, stakes treated with several retention levels of chromated zinc arsenate (CZA) 

were destroyed during the 15-1/3 years of exposure. Stakes 

with 0.22 lb/ft3 CZA (oxide basis) had an average life of 

9.2 years, and those with approximately 0.69 lb/ft3 (oxide 

basis) had an average life of 15.3 years. Stakes treated with 

CZA to retention levels of 0.22 to 0.70 lb/ft3 (oxide basis) 

have had 100% failures in Wisconsin after 51-1/2 years, and 

in Mississippi 100% failures have been noted with retention 

levels of 0.33, 0.44, and 0.58 lb/ft3 (Table 4; similar comparison in Table 20).

Of the waterborne preservatives in tests that contain copper 

and arsenic (24 to 61 years in Mississippi), the formulations 

of ammoniacal copper arsenate (ACA) (Table 14) and 

chromated copper arsenate (CCA) (Tables 15, 20, 47) are 

better performers with only 30% failures using retention 

levels of 0.29 lb/ft3 (oxide basis) or 20% using 0.44 lb/ft3

or greater for CCA, and only 12% using retention of 
Research Note FPL–RN–02

4

0.51 lb/ft3 or greater for ACA. Again, the overall performance of the arsenic-containing preservatives (Table 20) is 

better in Mississippi than in Wisconsin. 

Stakes treated with ammoniacal copper borate to retention 

levels of 0.17, 0.22 and 0.33 lb/ft3 (oxide basis) have had 

94%, 94% and 56% failure, respectively, in Mississippi after 

34 years of in test. In contrast, the ACA-treated stakes show 

100% failure at the 0.17 lb/ft3 retention level and 95% failure at the 0.23 lb/ft3, and only 35% failure at the 0.33 lb/ft3

retention level for the same exposure (Table 52). 

Results thus far on installations of pentachlorophenol with 

similar retention levels and different hydrocarbon solvents 

(Tables 17, 42, and 45) show better performance with solutions containing the heavy solvents such as heavy gas oil, 

lube oil extract (Table 17), No. 4 aromatic oil (Table 22), 

and AWPA P9 heavy petroleum solvent (Tables 42 and 45) 

than with volatile LPG or light oils such as Stoddard solvent (mineral spirits) (Tables 17 and 42). Preservatives such 

as rosin amine-D-pentachlorophenate (Tables 22 and 23), 

tributyltin oxide (Tables 36 and 41), and copper-8-quinolinolate (Tables 38 and 43) also show better performance with 

the heavy petroleum solvent than the light Stoddard solvent 

(mineral spirits). The previously mentioned heavy petroleum solvents have the following properties:

Petroleum 

oils

API 

gravity 

60°F

Flash 

point 

(PMCC) 

(°F)

Viscosity 

SUS 

at 100°F

Penta 

solvency 

at 75°F

Distribution (°F)

IBP 50% EP

Heavy gas 

oil, No. 101

08.3 345 167.4 20–22 600 700 734

Lube oil 

extract

05.1 295 196.4 28–30 440 696 736

AWPA P9, 

heavy

23.8 225 38.4 15 480 538 647

No. 4 

aromatic

06.8 230 72.6 10+ 458 592 Cracked 

(85%)

Pentachlorophenol retention levels of 0.47 lb/ft3 and less are 

showing deterioration on the 3/4-in. stakes after 17 years 

in test in Mississippi. The stakes treated to retention levels 

of 0.34, 0.38, 0.50, 1.30, and 1.84 lb/ft3 of a water-soluble 

form of copper-8-quinolinolate had average lives of 3.3, 3.8, 

4.6, 6.2, 7.3, and 8.6 years, respectively (Table 54). 

Coal-tar creosotes installed in Mississippi during 1940 and 

1941 (Tables 4 to 6) have shown better performance than 

those installed in 1948 (Tables 18 and 19) (Baechler and 

others 1978). In the latter installation, 10 coal-tar creosotes 

with a retention of approximately 8 lb/ft3 showed 60% to 

80% failure after 20 years, and the average life was determined or estimated at 14 to 21 years. Creosotes installed 

earlier than 1941 showed 60% to 90% failures in 481⁄2 to 

491⁄2 years for a similar retention, which could show an average life in excess of 50 years. 

Stakes pressure treated with the fire-retarding formulation 

containing ammonium phosphate and ammonium sulfate 

lasted, on an average, only 2 to 3 years in Mississippi. 

With these ammonium salts plus borax and boric acid, the 

stakes installed in 1943 lasted on the average about 4 years. 

The fire-retarding formulation with borax and boric acid 

alone has provided protection against decay and termites 

for an average of about 6 years (Table 13). The addition of 

zinc chloride and chromium compounds to combinations 

of boron and ammonium salts in fire retardants improved 

protection against decay fungi and termites (Table 25). An 

exterior-type fire retardant containing urea, dicyandiamide, 

formaldehyde, and phosphoric acid in 2- by 4- by 18-in. 

stakes treated at retention levels of 2.8 lb/ft3, 6.0 lb/ft3 and 

9.5 lb/ft3 had an average life of 4.8, 9.7 and 15.4 years, 

respectively. Termites caused failures at lower retentions 

(Table 53).

The results of stake tests in Mississippi showed copper 

naphthenate provided greater protection than zinc naphthenate with similar retention levels (Table 7). 

Rosin amine-D-pentachlorophenate in Stoddard solvent 

performed less satisfactorily than pentachlorophenol with 

that solvent and similar retention levels. Products from 

naval stores such as rosin oil, oleo resin, and drop liquor 

concentrate with petroleum solvents appear to have limited 

value as preservatives but are improved by the addition of 

pentachlorophenol. Urea (Table 10) has also shown limited protection. Stakes pressure treated with 5.8 lb/ft3 had 

an average life of 9.1 years in Mississippi. Other products 

showing limited preservative value in the retention levels 

used are acrylonitrile (cyanoethylation), ammonium hydroxide (thiamine destruction), amyl phenyl acetate, capric 

acid, copper-8-quinolinolate (in Stoddard solvent), diamyl 

phenol, DDT, dodecyl amine, nickel stearate, and tributyltin 

oxide (in Stoddard solvent). 

An indication of the influence of size in test stakes is noted 

in Table 6. With a coal-tar creosote retention of approximately 8 lb/ft3, 1/2-in.-square stakes were destroyed after 

21-1/2 years with an average life of 17 years, 1-in.-square 

stakes after 39-1/2 years with an average life of 23.6 years, 

1-1/2-in.-square stakes after 33-1/2 years with an average 

life of 26.6 years, and 2- by 4-in. stakes showed 70% failure 

after 54-1/2 years. 

Note that aspen particleboard stakes treated with CCA 

showed less degradation than those stakes treated with pentachlorophenol in light solvents. Stakes treated to 0.22, 0.40, 

and 0.82 lb/ft3 of pentachlorophenol showed failures of 100, 

100, and 70% respectively, and only the low retention level 

(0.26 lb/ft3) of CCA showed 100% failure after 25-1/2 years 

in test (Table 49). Untreated stakes of aspen particleboard 

showed an average life of 2.4 years.

Nonpressure-Treated Stakes

Southern Pine stakes and Douglas-fir plywood stakes treated 

by superficial applications, such as brushing and brief dipping in coal-tar creosote and solutions of pentachlorophenol, 

Distribution (°F)
Comparison of Wood Preservatives in Stake Tests: 2011 Progress Report

5

copper naphthenate, or zinc naphthenate, have generally 

lasted 1 to 4 years longer than the untreated control stakes 

(Tables 7, 8). However, stakes dipped for 15 min in coal-tar 

creosote had a life of about 8 years in Mississippi (Table 4). 

For the plywood stakes in which the veneer was treated by 

dipping or lengthy soaking in the preservatives before gluing, the results have generally been more favorable than 

for plywood similarly treated after gluing. In the Canal 

Zone, stakes soaked 18 h in solutions of pentachlorophenol 

or mixtures of chlorinated phenols lasted 5 to 10 years. In 

the United States, the stakes soaked 18 h in these solutions 

lasted 8 to 16 years (Table 5). However, Douglas-fir plywood stakes treated by brushing, dipping, and 18-h soaking 

in chloro-2-phenylphenol solution lasted only a few months 

longer than the untreated plywood control stakes. Douglasfir plywood stakes treated by soaking 18 h in pentachlorophenol solution had a life of 5 years, while those similarly 

treated with coal-tar creosote have an estimated average life 

of 24 years (Table 8). 

At the Mississippi site, pine stakes treated by soaking in 

urea solution lasted about 1 to 1-1/2 years longer than 

the control stakes, and those similarly treated with ureaformaldehyde solution lasted about 2 to 4 years longer than 

the controls (Table 10). Pine stakes with increased retention 

levels of copper chromate and copper arsenate applied by 

double-diffusion have continued to perform well after 

55 years in Mississippi. Failures thus far have been found 

primarily in the copper chromate system with 33% and 67% 

failed (Table 9). 

Modified-Wood Stakes 

Plywood stakes impregnated with phenolic resin (impreg) 

and impregnated and compressed (compreg) have been 

considerably more resistant to decay and termite attack 

than have untreated plywood of the same species. Plywood 

stakes with a low resin content have had an average life of 

approximately 7 years and those with a high resin content 

have lasted 12 years. In Douglas-fir, plywood stakes with 

phenolic-resin-impregnated faces and untreated cores, an 

average life of about 3.5 years has been obtained, and somewhat better results have been noted when the edges of the 

plywood have been protected with a phenolic-resin coating. 

Southern Pine 2- by 4-in. stakes impregnated with a low 

resin content had an average life of 12 years, and those with 

a greater content of phenolic resin have lasted somewhat 

longer (Table 3). 

Laminated paper plastic made with phenolic resin has 

shown limited resistance to decay and termite attack, with 

the life of the stakes averaging about 6 to 8 years. Heatstabilized birch and maple plywood (staypak) stakes have 

lasted about 4 to 6 years. The staypak with veneer of 

1/16-in. thickness has performed better than that with 1/8-

in. veneer, presumably because the thinner veneer permits 

a better distribution of the phenolic-resin adhesive in the 

plywood (Table 11). 

Acetylated birch (laminated veneer) has had reasonably 

good resistance to decay and termite attack with an average life of 17.5 years in Mississippi. Deterioration has been 

caused primarily by decay fungi (Table 14). 

Butylene oxide stakes treated to 17% to 22% weight gain 

had an average life of 4.7 years, and those treated to 37% to 

40% weight gain had an average life of 12.2 years. Almost 

67% of the butylene oxide stakes treated to 31% weight gain 

are showing attack and 33% have failed after 17 to 21 years 

in test. Propylene oxide-modified stakes had an average life 

of 2.2 to 6.2 years, depending on the chemical loading 

(Table 50). Stakes, 3⁄4-in., treated with butylene oxide to 

33.2% weight gain had an average life of 3.5 years 

(Table 56).

Status of FPL–RN–02 Research 

Plots

The FPL maintains 77 field research plots on the Harrison 

Experimental Forest in Saucier, Mississippi. The objective 

of these plots is to evaluate the performance of wood products exposed to natural environmental challengers. Many 

plots are approaching 65 years of age, and as a whole they 

represent an investment of millions of research dollars. 

Many older plots cannot be duplicated or replaced because 

several of the preservatives initially used have been discontinued or banned by the U.S. Environmental Protection 

Agency. 

Recommendations for the 77 existing stake plots at the 

Harrison Experimental Forest were made in 1995 by the 

FPL and are summarized in the following list. For plots that 

were closed, the stakes remain in the ground at the site, but 

inspections were discontinued, and the database maintained 

in archival records. For the plots that remain open, stakes 

will be evaluated every fifth year.
Research Note FPL–RN–02

6

Status of FPL-RN-02 research plots

Last

inspected

Last

Statusa Table Plot Installed Statusa Table Plot Installed inspected

C 2 2 1939 1966 C 40 58 1960 1978

C 3 3 1940 1967 K 41 56 1960 2009

C 4 4 1940 2000 C 42 59 1961 2000

C 5 5 1941 1996 K 43 62 1963 2008

C 6 6 1941 1996 C 44 63 1963 2000

C 7 7 1942 1992 C 45 61 1963 1998

C 8 8 1942 1963 C 46 66 1967 1997

C 9 9 1942 1997 K 47 67 1967 2007

C 10 10 1946 1960 K 48 68 1971 2011

C 11 11 1942 1950 K 49 70 1973 2008

C 12 12 1943 1963 C 50 71 1974 1995

C 13 13 1943 1950 K 51 72 1975 2009

K 14 14 1944 2004 K 52 73 1975 2009

K 15 15 1945 2005 K 53 74 1976 1993

C 16 16 1945 1996 K 54 75 1976 1993

C 17 20 1948 1998 K 55 78 1978 2008

C 18 24 1948 1992 C 56 79 1979 1989

C 19 25 1948 1998 K 57 80 1980 2009

K 20 28 1949 2010 C 58 81 1980 2000

C 21 26 1949 1995 K 59 82 1980 2009

C 22 27 1949 1999 C 60 83 1981 2000

C 23 34 1952 1997 K 61 84 1981 2011

C 24 33 1952 1997 K 62 85 1981 2011

C 25 35 1952 1997 C 63 86 1982 1996

C 26 32 1952 2002 C 64 87 1982 1996

C 27 36 1952 1993 C 65 88 1982 1996

C 28 37 1952 2000 C 66 89 1982 1996

C 29 38 1953 1992 C 67 90 1982 1999

C 30 40 1954 1995 C 68 92 1983 1995

C 31 41 1954 1995 C 68 93 1983 1995

C 32 42 1954 1995 C 69 94 1984 2000

C 33 44 1956 1981 K 70 95 1984 2009

K 34 47 1956 2011 C 71 96 1984 1996

C 35 48 1957 2000 K 72 97 1985 2009

C 36 53 1958 1967 K 73 98 1985 2010

C 37 55 1959 1989 K 74 99 1987 2007

C 38 54 1958 1968 K 75 100 1988 2008

K 39 57 1960 2009 C 76 101 1989 1998

aC indicates maintain archives, plot closed. K indicates keep plot open, study will continue.
Comparison of Wood Preservatives in Stake Tests: 2011 Progress Report

7

Units of Measure 

Measurement values in this document are reported in English units. The following provides equivalent International 

System (SI) units of measure:

English unit Conversion factor SI unit

inc h (in.) 25.4 millimeter (mm)

foot (ft) 0.3048 meter (m)

pounds per cubic foot 

(lb/ft3)

16.02 kilograms per cubic 

meter (kg/m3)

T°F T°C = (T°F – 32)/ 1.8 T°C

References 

Baechler, R.H.; Gjovik, L.R.; Davidson, H.L. 1978. 1948 

cooperative creosote project: review and results of field tests 

on costs and 2 × 4 stakes. In: Proceedings of the American 

Wood-Preservers. Association; 1978 April 26−28. 

74: 173.180. 

Blew, J.O. 1948. Comparison of wood preservatives in stake 

tests. In: Proceedings of the American Wood-Preservers. 

Association; April 27−29. 88−119. 

Fisher, R.A.; Yates, F. 1938. Statistical tables for agricultural 

and medical research. London: Oliver and Boyd. 99 p. 

Hunt, G.M.; Snyder, T.E. 1930. An international termite exposure test. In: Proceedings of the American Wood-Preservers. Association, January 28−30. 318−334. [Annual progress 

reports published in the above Proceedings each year from 

1930 to 1949, 1952, 1956, 1957 (final report).]
Research Note FPL–RN–02

8

Table 1–Index to materials tested Table 1–Index to materials tested

Previous or existing specification or ev ous o e st g spec cat o o

Material AWPAa

 reference reference Table number Table number

Chemical

Acid copper chromate Acid copper chromate Fed Spec TT-W-546; AWPA P5 Fed. Spec. TT-W-546; AWPA P5 15 16 46 47 15, 16, 46, 47

Acrylonitrile cyo l i il – 36

Aldrin – 41

Ammonical copper arsenate i l pp Fed. Spec. TT-W-549; AWPA P5 d p ; 14, 47, 51, 52, 55, 72 ,,,,,

Ammonical copper borate Ammonical copper borate – 52

A il immonical copper zinc arsenate pp – 62

Ammonium hydroxide Ammonium hydroxide – 36

A i lf h h Ammonium sulfate-phosphate p p N S 51C38 Navy Spec. 51C38 y p 13

Amyl phenyl acetate Amyl phenyl acetate – 14

B i i hl id Basic zinc chloride – 26

Basilit UA Basilit UA – 30

B lid lt S 25 Boliden salt S-25 – 24

Borax-boric acid Borax-boric acid Navy Spec. 51C38 Navy Spec. 51C38 13

Capric acid Capric acid – 14

Chl 2 h l h l Chloro-2-phenylphenol p yp – 5 8,

Chromated copper arsenate Chromated copper arsenate Fed Spec TT-W-550; Type I; Fed. Spec. TT-W-550; Type I; 15 47, 

 AWPA P5; AWPA P5, Type A AWPA P5 AWPA P5 T A ; , yp

Chromated copper arsenate Chromated copper arsenate Fed Spec TT-W-550; Type II; Fed. Spec. TT-W-550; Type II; 20 47, 

 AWPA P5, Type B AWPA P5 T B , yp

Chromated copper arsenate Chromated copper arsenate Fed Spec TT-W-550; Type III; Fed. Spec. TT-W-550; Type III; 48 49 41 55 57 72 48, 49, 41, 55, 57, 72

 AWPA P5, Type C AWPA P5 T C , yp 73, 74 

Chromated copper fluoride (CFK) Chromated copper fluoride (CFK) – 59

Ch t d i t Chromated zinc arsenate F l i F d S TT W 538 Formerly in Fed. Spec. TT-W-538; yp 4 24, 

 AWPA P5 AWPA P5

Ch t d i hl id Chromated zinc chloride F d S TT W 551 AWPA P5 Fed. Spec. TT-W-551; AWPA P5 p ; 2 16 25 35 47 2, 16, 25, 35, 47 ,,,,

Chromated zinc chloride, copperized Chromated zinc chloride, copperized Formerly in Fed. Spec. TT-W-562; Formerly in Fed. Spec. TT-W-562; 31

 AWPA P5 AWPA P5

Chromated zinc chloride (FR) Chromated zinc chloride (FR) AWPA P10, Type B AWPA P10, Type B 25

C topper arsenate pp AWPA P 1941 23 31 AWPA Proc. 1941; pp. 23-31 pp 9

Copper carbonate Copper carbonate – 74

C htopper chromate pp AWPA P 1941 23 31 AWPA Proc. 1941; pp. 23-31 pp 9

Copper-chrome boron (CB) Copper-chrome boron (CB) U.S. Patent No. 3,007,844 U.S. Patent No. 3,007,844 46

C h hhopper-chrome-phosphorus pp p p – 48

Copper formate Copper formate – 34

C hth t Copper naphthenate AWPA P8 AWPA P8 7 12 16 17 29 7, 12, 16, 17, 29

Copper oxide Copper oxide – 74

C 8 i li l t Copper-8-quinolinolate AWPA P8 AWPA P8 38 43 54 61 38, 43, 54, 61

Creosote, coal-tar Creosote, coal-tar Fed. Spec. TT-C-645; AWPA P1 Fed. Spec. TT-C-645; AWPA P1 4, 5, 6, 8, 16, 17, 18, 19 4, 5, 6, 8, 16, 17, 18, 19

20 31 35 47 63 66 20, 31, 35, 47, 63, 66

Creosote, coal-tar (English) – 18, 19

Creosote coal tar (lo temperat re) Creosote, coal-tar (low temperature) – 28

Creosote, coal-tar (Texas lignite) – 32

Creosote coal tar solution Creosote-coal tar solution Fed Spec TT C 650; AWPA P2 Fed. Spec. TT-C-650; AWPA P2 18 47 70 18, 47, 70

Creosote-petroleum solution Fed. Spec. TT-W-568 18, 47, 70

Creosote low xylene insolubles Creosote-low xylene insolubles – 75

Creosote toluene – 6
Comparison of Wood Preservatives in Stake Tests: 2011 Progress Report

9

Table 1–Index to materials tested–cont.

Previous or existing specification or

Material AWPAa

 reference Table number

Chemical–continued

Heptadecyltrimethyltetra-

 hydropyrimidine (HTTP) – 44

KP (copper oxide and chlorophenol) – 35

Lignite-tar extracts – 39

Mercuric chloride – 12

Minalith AWPA P10, Type C 25

Nickel-chromium-arsenic salt – 15

Nickel-sterate – 14

Oleo resin – 27

Paraffin – 32

Pentachlorophenol Fed. Spec. TT-W-570; AWPA P8 5, 8, 12, 16, 17, 22, 23, 27,

 29, 31, 32 33, 41, 42, 43,

 45, 47, 49, 54, 58, 60, 61,

 63, 64, 65, 68, 69, 71, 76

Petroleum oils (various types) – 17, 18, 21, 23, 45, 69, 76

Phenyl mercury oleate – 12

Phenol-formaldehyde – 67

Pyresote AWPA P10, Type D 25

Rosin amine D copper acetate complex – 27

Rosin amine D pentachlorophenate – 22, 23

Rosin oil – 27

Sodium pentachlorophenate – 2, 5

Sodium tetrachlorophenate – 2

Tetrachlorophenol – 65, 69

Toluene – 6,

Tributyltin oxide – 36, 41, 61

Urea – 10

Zinc-arsenate-chromium salts – 20

Zinc chloride – 2, 4, 20, 26

Zinc naphthenate – 7, 8

Acetylated wood – 14

Butylene oxide U.S. Patent No. 3,985,921 50, 56

Cyanoethylated wood – 36

Embedded fiberboard – 40

Epichlorohydrin – 50

Heat-stabilized wood (staypak) – 11

Impreg and compreg – 3

Laminated paper plastic (papreg) – 11

Mold-infected wood – 31

Particleboard – 49

Plywood – 3, 8, 16, 33, 51

Propylene oxide U.S. Patent No. 3,985,921 50

Wood with thiamine destroyed – 36 a

American Wood Preservers' Association.

Modified woods, particleboard, plywood
Research Note FPL–RN–02

10Table 2 Condition of Southern Pine stakes (2 by 4 in nominal by 18 in ) treated with chlorinated phenols and with fluor chrome arsenate phenol Type A Table 2–Condition of Southern Pine stakes (2 by 4 in. nominal by 18 in.) treated with chlorinated phenols and with fluor chrome arsenate phenol–Type A, 

zinc chloride, and chromated zinc chloride after 15 to 28 years zinc chloride and chromated zinc chloride after 15 to 28 years in test Stakes placed in test at Barro Colorado Island Canal Zone September 1938; in test. Stakes placed in test at Barro Colorado Island, Canal Zone, September 1938; Bogalusa, Louisiana, December 1939; Jacksonville, Florida, Janu Bogalusa, Louisiana, December 1939; Jacksonville, Florida, January 1939; Harrison Experimental Forest, Saucier, Mississippi, December 1938; ary 1939; Harrison Experimental Forest, Saucier, Mississippi, December 1938; 

d M di Wi i N b 1939 (Pl 2) and Madison, Wisconsin, November 1939 (Plot 2) , , ( )

c Condition of stakes December 1966 (%) Condition of stakes December 1966 (%)

S i bl b t D t db Serviceable but Destroyed by– y 

showing some Decay showing some–

Num- Decay fungi Num

b d d A ber and and Average

R i fl a (lb/f 3) i T i i D T i i Tl d lif Retention of saltsa (lb/ft3) in Termite termite Decay Termite termite Total removed life ( ) y

b Preservative Location Minimum Maximum Average testb Good Decay attack attack fungi attack attack Number % (year) g y g (y )

Sodium pentachlorophenate Canal 0 24 0 28 0 26 10 100 10 100 6 9 Sodium pentachlorophenate Canal 0.24 0.28 0.26 10 – – – – – – 100 10 100 6.9

LA 0 24 0 28 0 26 10 – – – – 10 – 90 10 100 9 2 LA 0.24 0.28 0.26 10 10 90 10 100 9.2FL 0.25 0.28 0.26 9 – – – – 11 – 89 9 100 14.2MS 0 24 0 28 0 26 10 10 20 70 10 100 11 9 MS 0.24 0.28 0.26 10 – – – – 10 20 70 10 100 11.9WI 0 24 0 28 0 26 10 – – – – 100 – – 10 100 12 5 WI 0.24 0.28 0.26 10 100 10 100 12.5C l 0 45 0 54 0 50 10 20 80 10 100 11 2 Canal 0.45 0.54 0.50 10 – – – – – 20 80 10 100 11.2LA 0 45 0 53 0 49 10 – – – – 30 – 70 10 100 10 7 LA 0.45 0.53 0.49 10 – – – – 30 – 70 10 100 10.7FL 0 46 0 55 0 50 10 8 8 80 20 0d FL 0.46 0.55 0.50 10 – – – – – – 8 8 80 20.0MS 0.44 0.54 0.49 10 – – – – 10 – 90 10 100 19.2 MS 0.44 0.54 0.49 10 10 90 10 100 19.2WI 0 44 0 53 0 49 10 100 10 100 16 4 WI 0.44 0.53 0.49 10 – – – – 100 – – 10 100 16.4Canal 0.69 0.81 0.75 10 – – – – 10 20 70 10 100 11.7 Canal 0.69 0.81 0.75 10 10 20 70 10 100 11.7LA 0 69 0 85 0 75 10 10 90 10 100 15 6 LA 0.69 0.85 0.75 10 – – – – 10 – 90 10 100 15.6

0 68 0 82 0 4 10 40 10 0 6 60 20 0d FL 0.68 0.82 0.74 10 – – – 40 10 – 50 6 60 20.0d

MS 0 69 0 84 0 77 10 40 60 10 100 21 6 MS 0.69 0.84 0.77 10 – – – – 40 – 60 10 100 21.6WI 0 67 0 81 0 76 10 – – – – 100 – – 10 100 21 0 WI 0.67 0.81 0.76 10 100 10 100 21.0Canal 0 92 1 06 0 98 10 10 90 10 100 14 3 Canal 0.92 1.06 0.98 10 – – – – – 10 90 10 100 14.3LA 0 93 1 09 0 99 10 – – – – 10 – 90 10 100 16 2 LA 0.93 1.09 0.99 10 10 90 10 100 16.2FL 0.92 1.08 0.98 10 – – – 60 10 – 30 4 40 –MS 0 93 1 09 0 97 10 20 80 10 100 25 0 MS 0.93 1.09 0.97 10 – – – – 20 – 80 10 100 25.0WI 0 86 1 01 0 90 10 – – – – 100 – – 10 100 23 4 WI 0.86 1.01 0.90 10 – – – – 100 – – 10 100 23.4

S di hl h C l 0 24 0 27 0 25 10 60 40 10 100 4 8 Sodium tetrachlorophenate Canal 0.24 0.27 0.25 10 – – – – – 60 40 10 100 4.8 p

LA 0 23 0 27 0 25 10 20 80 10 100 8 1 LA 0.23 0.27 0.25 10 – – – – 20 – 80 10 100 8.1FL 0 23 0 28 0 25 9 – – – – 22 – 78 9 100 11 3 FL 0.23 0.28 0.25 9 22 78 9 100 11.3MS 0 23 0 27 0 25 10 10 90 10 100 10 7 MS 0.23 0.27 0.25 10 – – – – – 10 90 10 100 10.7WI 0 24 0 27 0 25 10 100 10 100 11 4 WI 0.24 0.27 0.25 10 – – – – 100 – – 10 100 11.4C l 0 4 0 6 0 1 10 20 80 10 100 9 9 Canal 0.47 0.56 0.51 10 – – – – – 20 80 10 100 9.9LA 0 46 0 55 0 50 10 20 80 10 100 10 9 LA 0.46 0.55 0.50 10 – – – – 20 – 80 10 100 10.9FL 0 47 0 55 0 52 10 – – – – – – 100 10 100 15 3 FL 0.47 0.55 0.52 10 100 10 100 15.3MS 0.48 0.58 0.52 10 – – – – – – 100 10 100 15.1WI 0 47 0 55 0 52 10 100 10 100 14 5 WI 0.47 0.55 0.52 10 – – – – 100 – – 10 100 14.5
Comparison of Wood Preservatives in Stake Tests: 2011 Progress Report

11

Table 2 Condition of Southern Pine stakes (2 by 4 in nominal by 18 in ) treated with chlorinated phenols and with fluor chrome arsenate phenol Type A Table 2–Condition of Southern Pine stakes (2 by 4 in. nominal by 18 in.) treated with chlorinated phenols and with fluor chrome arsenate phenol–Type A,

zinc chloride and chromated zinc chloride after 15 to 28 years in test Stakes placed in test at Barro Colorado Island Canal Zone September 1938; zinc chloride, and chromated zinc chloride after 15 to 28 years in test. Stakes placed in test at Barro Colorado Island, Canal Zone, September 1938; 

S Bogalusa, Louisiana, December 1939; Jacksonville, Florida, January 1939; Harrison Experimental Forest, Saucier, Mississippi, December 1938; g , , ; ,,y ; p ,, pp , ;

and Madison, Wisconsin, November 1939 (Plot 2)–cont. and Madison Wisconsin November 1939 (Plot 2) cont

C diti f t k D b 1966c (%) Condition of stakes December 1966 (%)

Serviceable but Destroyed by Serviceable but Destroyed by–

showing some– Decay showing some

N D f i Num- Decay fungi y

ber and and Average

Retention of saltsa (lb/ft3) in Termite termite Decay Termite termite Total removed life Retention of salts (lb/ft ) in Termite termite Decay Termite termite Total removed life

P ti L ti Mi i M i A testb G d D tt k tt k f i tt k tt k N b % ( ) Preservative Location Minimum Maximum Average test Good Decay attack attack fungi attack attack Number % (year)Sodium tetrachlorophenate Canal 0.70 0.83 0.76 10 – – – – – – 100 10 100 13.1 Sod u tet ac o op e ate Ca a 0.70 0.83 0.76 0 00 0 00 3.

( ti d) LA 0 71 0 83 0 77 10 30 70 10 100 11 9 (continued) LA 0.71 0.83 0.77 10 – – – – 30 – 70 10 100 11.9

FL 0 68 0 83 0 76 9 11 89 9 100 16 8 FL 0.68 0.83 0.76 9 – – – – – 11 89 9 100 16.8MS 0.68 0.82 0.75 10 – – – – – – 100 10 100 19.7 MS 0.68 0.82 0.75 10 100 10 100 19.7WI 0 67 0 81 0 75 9 100 9 100 16 7 WI 0.67 0.81 0.75 9 – – – – 100 – – 9 100 16.7

Fluor chrome arsenate Canal 0.18 (0.11) 0.22 (0.14) 0.20 (0.12) 10 – – – – – 100 – 10 100 2.9 Fluor chrome arsenate Canal 0.18 (0.11) 0.22 (0.14) 0.20 (0.12) 10 100 10 100 2.9

h lT A LA 0 19 (0 12) 0 22 (0 14) 0 20 (0 12) 10 50 50 10 100 9 6 phenol – Type A LA 0.19 (0.12) 0.22 (0.14) 0.20 (0.12) 10 – – – – 50 – 50 10 100 9.6 p yp ( ) ( ) ( )

FL 0 18 (0 11) 0 21 (0 13) 0 20 (0 12) 10 50 50 10 100 13 9 FL 0.18 (0.11) 0.21 (0.13) 0.20 (0.12) 10 – – – – 50 – 50 10 100 13.9MS 0.18 (0.11) 0.21 (0.13) 0.20 (0.12) 10 – – – – 10 50 40 10 100 10.2 MS 0.18 (0.11) 0.21 (0.13) 0.20 (0.12) 10 10 50 40 10 100 10.2WI 0 13 (0 08) 0 22 (0 14) 0 20 (0 12) 10 100 10 100 13 8 WI 0.13 (0.08) 0.22 (0.14) 0.20 (0.12) 10 – – – – 100 – – 10 100 13.8 ( ) ( ) ( )Canal 0 28 (0 17) 0 33 (0 20) 0 30 (0 19) 10 – – – – – 30 70 10 100 6 4 Canal 0.28 (0.17) 0.33 (0.20) 0.30 (0.19) 10 30 70 10 100 6.4LA 0 28 (0 17) 0 32 (0 20) 0 30 (0 19) 10 20 80 10 100 13 7 LA 0.28 (0.17) 0.32 (0.20) 0.30 (0.19) 10 – – – – 20 – 80 10 100 13.7 ( ) ( ) ( )FL 0 29 (0 18) 0 32 (0 20) 0 30 (0 19) 10 100 10 100 15 4 FL 0.29 (0.18) 0.32 (0.20) 0.30 (0.19) 10 – – – – 100 – – 10 100 15.4MS 0 29 (0 18) 0 32 (0 20) 0 30 (0 19) 10 – – – – 10 – 90 10 100 18 0 MS 0.29 (0.18) 0.32 (0.20) 0.30 (0.19) 10 10 90 10 100 18.0WI 0.27 (0.17) 0.30 (0.19) 0.28 (0.17) 10 – – – – 100 – – 10 100 16.5 ( ) ( ) ( )C l 0 53 (0 33) 0 66 (0 41) 0 60 (0 37) 10 40 60 10 100 14 2 Canal 0.53 (0.33) 0.66 (0.41) 0.60 (0.37) 10 – – – – 40 – 60 10 100 14.2LA 0 56 (0 35) 0 64 (0 40) 0 60 (0 37) 10 – – – – 50 – 50 10 100 15 6 LA 0.56 (0.35) 0.64 (0.40) 0.60 (0.37) 10 50 50 10 100 15.6FL 0.57 (0.35) 0.65 (0.40) 0.61 (0.38) 10 – – – – 100 – – 10 100 17.3 ( ) ( ) ( )MS 0 57 (0 35) 0 65 (0 40) 0 61 (0 38) 10 60 40 10 100 24 1 MS 0.57 (0.35) 0.65 (0.40) 0.61 (0.38) 10 – – – – 60 – 40 10 100 24.1WI 0 59 (0 36) 0 68 (0 42) 0 65 (0 40) 10 – – – – 100 – – 10 100 16 0 WI 0.59 (0.36) 0.68 (0.42) 0.65 (0.40) 10 – – – – 100 – – 10 100 16.0

S di t hl h t C l 0 52 0 55 0 54 10 30 70 10 100 8 7 Sodium pentachlorophenate Canal 0.52 0.55 0.54 10 – – – – – 30 70 10 100 8.7

d di hl id e LA 0 46 0 53 0 49 10 100 10 100 13 3 and sodium chloridee LA 0.46 0.53 0.49 10 – – – – – – 100 10 100 13.3

FL 0 48 0 54 0 50 10 50 10 40 5 50 FL 0.48 0.54 0.50 10 – – – 50 10 – 40 5 50 –MS 0 46 0 53 0 49 10 – – – – – – 100 10 100 16 3 MS 0.46 0.53 0.49 10 100 10 100 16.3WI 0 46 0 53 0 50 10 100 10 100 16 8 WI 0.46 0.53 0.50 10 – – – – 100 – – 10 100 16.8

Zinc chloride Canal 0 44 (0 26) 0 53 (0 32) 0 47 (0 28) 10 – – – – – 30 70 10 100 3 9 Zinc chloride Canal 0.44 (0.26) 0.53 (0.32) 0.47 (0.28) 10 30 70 10 100 3.9

LA 0 45 (0 27) 0 55 (0 33) 0 50 (0 30) 10 30 70 10 100 8 2 LA 0.45 (0.27) 0.55 (0.33) 0.50 (0.30) 10 – – – – 30 – 70 10 100 8.2 ( ) ( ) ( )FL 0 45 (0 27) 0 53 (0 32) 0 49 (0 29) 10 20 80 10 100 12 9 FL 0.45 (0.27) 0.53 (0.32) 0.49 (0.29) 10 – – – – 20 – 80 10 100 12.9MS 0 45 (0 27) 0 54 (0 32) 0 50 (0 30) 10 – – – – 40 – 60 10 100 15 4 MS 0.45 (0.27) 0.54 (0.32) 0.50 (0.30) 10 40 60 10 100 15.4WI 0 45 (0 27) 0 53 (0 32) 0 49 (0 29) 10 100 10 100 18 3 WI 0.45 (0.27) 0.53 (0.32) 0.49 (0.29) 10 – – – – 100 – – 10 100 18.3 ( ) ( ) ( )
Research Note FPL–RN–02

12Table 2 Condition of Southern Pine stakes (2 by 4 in nominal by 18 in ) treated with chlorinated phenols and with fluor chrome arsenate phenol Type A Table 2–Condition of Southern Pine stakes (2 by 4 in. nominal by 18 in.) treated with chlorinated phenols and with fluor chrome arsenate phenol–Type A,

zinc chloride and chromated zinc chloride after 15 to 28 years in test Stakes placed in test at Barro Colorado Island Canal Zone September 1938; zinc chloride, and chromated zinc chloride after 15 to 28 years in test. Stakes placed in test at Barro Colorado Island, Canal Zone, September 1938; 

S Bogalusa, Louisiana, December 1939; Jacksonville, Florida, January 1939; Harrison Experimental Forest, Saucier, Mississippi, December 1938; and g , , ; ,,y ; p ,, pp , ;

Madison, Wisconsin, November 1939 (Plot 2)–cont. Madison Wisconsin November 1939 (Plot 2) cont

C diti f t k D b 1966c (%) Condition of stakes December 1966 (%) 

Serviceable but Destroyed by Serviceable but Destroyed by–

Decay showing some–

N D f i

showing some

Num- Decay fungi y

ber and and Average

in Termite termite Decay Termite termite life Total removed Retention of saltsa (lb/ft3) in Termite termite Decay Termite termite life Total removed Retention of salts (lb/ft )

P ti L ti Mi i M i A testb G d D tt k tt k f i tt k tt k N b % ( ) Preservative Location Minimum Maximum Average test Good Decay attack attack fungi attack attack Number % (year)Zinc chloride Canal 0.70 (0.42) 0.82 (0.49) 0.76 (0.45) 10 – – – – – – 100 10 100 3.9 c c o de Ca a 0.70 (0. ) 0.8 (0. 9) 0.76 (0. 5) 0 00 0 00 3.9

( ti d) LA 0 70 (0 42) 0 78 (0 47) 0 74 (0 44) 10 40 60 10 100 12 1 (continued) LA 0.70 (0.42) 0.78 (0.47) 0.74 (0.44) 10 – – – – 40 – 60 10 100 12.1

FL 0 71 (0 42) 0 82 (0 49) 0 76 (0 45) 10 40 60 10 100 13 5 FL 0.71 (0.42) 0.82 (0.49) 0.76 (0.45) 10 – – – – 40 – 60 10 100 13.5MS 0.70 (0.42) 0.79 (0.47) 0.74 (0.44) 10 – – – – 20 10 70 10 100 16.7 MS 0.70 (0.42) 0.79 (0.47) 0.74 (0.44) 10 20 10 70 10 100 16.7WI 0 65 (0 39) 0 87 (0 52) 0 75 (0 45) 9 100 9 100 18 9 WI 0.65 (0.39) 0.87 (0.52) 0.75 (0.45) 9 – – – – 100 – – 9 100 18.9Canal 0.94 (0.56) 1.08 (0.64) 1.00 (0.60) 10 – – – – – 40 60 10 100 4.0 Canal 0.94 (0.56) 1.08 (0.64) 1.00 (0.60) 10 40 60 10 100 4.0LA 0 94 (0 56) 1 08 (0 64) 1 01 (0 60) 10 70 30 10 100 11 6 LA 0.94 (0.56) 1.08 (0.64) 1.01 (0.60) 10 – – – – 70 – 30 10 100 11.6 ( ) ( ) ( )FL 0 95 (0 57) 1 08 (0 64) 1 02 (0 61) 10 20 80 10 100 15 2 FL 0.95 (0.57) 1.08 (0.64) 1.02 (0.61) 10 – – – – 20 – 80 10 100 15.2MS 0.94 (0.56) 1.07 (0.64) 1.01 (0.60) 10 – – – – 10 – 90 10 100 17.3 MS 0.94 (0.56) 1.07 (0.64) 1.01 (0.60) 10 10 90 10 100 17.3WI 0 93 (0 56) 1 13 (0 68) 1 02 (0 61) 10 100 10 100 19 0 WI 0.93 (0.56) 1.13 (0.68) 1.02 (0.61) 10 – – – – 100 – – 10 100 19.0 ( ) ( ) ( )Canal 1 40 (0 84) 1 62 (0 97) 1 49 (0 89) 10 – – – – – 10 90 10 100 7 3 Canal 1.40 (0.84) 1.62 (0.97) 1.49 (0.89) 10 10 90 10 100 7.3LA 1 44 (0 86) 1 63 (0 97) 1 52 (0 91) 10 40 60 10 100 11 1 LA 1.44 (0.86) 1.63 (0.97) 1.52 (0.91) 10 – – – – 40 – 60 10 100 11.1 ( ) ( ) ( )FL 1 41 (0 84) 1 62 (0 97) 1 50 (0 89) 10 20 80 10 100 15 7 FL 1.41 (0.84) 1.62 (0.97) 1.50 (0.89) 10 – – – – 20 – 80 10 100 15.7MS 1 43 (0 85) 1 63 (0 97) 1 52 (0 91) 10 – – – – 50 – 50 10 100 17 9 MS 1.43 (0.85) 1.63 (0.97) 1.52 (0.91) 10 50 50 10 100 17.9WI 1 36 (0 81) 1 74 (1 04) 1 59 (0 94) 10 100 10 100 18 7 WI 1.36 (0.81) 1.74 (1.04) 1.59 (0.94) 10 – – – – 100 – – 10 100 18.7 ( ) ( ) ( )

Chromated zinc chloride Canal 0 45 (0 28) 0 55 (0 34) 0 49 (0 30) 10 – – – – – – 100 10 100 4 9 Chromated zinc chloride Canal 0.45 (0.28) 0.55 (0.34) 0.49 (0.30) 10 100 10 100 4.9

LA 0.46 (0.28) 0.55 (0.34) 0.49 (0.30) 10 – – – – 40 10 50 10 100 8.6 LA 0.46 (0.28) 0.55 (0.34) 0.49 (0.30) 10 40 10 50 10 100 8.6FL 0 45 (0 28) 0 53 (0 33) 0 48 (0 30) 8 25 75 8 100 14 3 FL 0.45 (0.28) 0.53 (0.33) 0.48 (0.30) 8 – – – – 25 – 75 8 100 14.3MS 0 45 (0 28) 0 55 (0 34) 0 49 (0 30) 10 30 10 60 10 100 14 2 MS 0.45 (0.28) 0.55 (0.34) 0.49 (0.30) 10 – – – – 30 10 60 10 100 14.2WI 0 43 (0 26) 0 53 (0 33) 0 46 (0 29) 10 – – – – 100 – – 10 100 16 2 WI 0.43 (0.26) 0.53 (0.33) 0.46 (0.29) 10 – – – – 100 – – 10 100 16.2C l 0 70 (0 43) 0 81 (0 50) 0 76 (0 47) 10 100 10 100 7 2 Canal 0.70 (0.43) 0.81 (0.50) 0.76 (0.47) 10 – – – – – – 100 10 100 7.2LA 0 70 (0 43) 0 80 (0 49) 0 76 (0 47) 10 40 60 10 100 10 6 LA 0.70 (0.43) 0.80 (0.49) 0.76 (0.47) 10 – – – – 40 – 60 10 100 10.6FL 0.73 (0.45) 0.81 (0.50) 0.77 (0.47) 9 – – – – 11 – 89 9 100 15.9 FL 0.73 (0.45) 0.81 (0.50) 0.77 (0.47) 9 11 89 9 100 15.9MS 0 72 (0 44) 0 81 (0 50) 0 76 (0 47) 10 40 60 10 100 20 2 MS 0.72 (0.44) 0.81 (0.50) 0.76 (0.47) 10 – – – – 40 – 60 10 100 20.2WI 0 70 (0 43) 0 86 (0 53) 0 80 (0 49) 10 100 10 100 14 7 WI 0.70 (0.43) 0.86 (0.53) 0.80 (0.49) 10 – – – – 100 – – 10 100 14.7C l 0 95 (0 48) 1 11 (0 68) 1 02 (0 63) 10 10 90 10 100 6 6 Canal 0.95 (0.48) 1.11 (0.68) 1.02 (0.63) 10 – – – – 10 – 90 10 100 6.6 ( ) ( ) ( )LA 0 93 (0 57) 1 07 (0 66) 1 00 (0 62) 10 40 60 10 100 11 9 LA 0.93 (0.57) 1.07 (0.66) 1.00 (0.62) 10 – – – – 40 – 60 10 100 11.9FL 0 96 (0 59) 1 09 (0 67) 1 03 (0 63) 10 10 20 70 9 90 17 0d FL 0.96 (0.59) 1.09 (0.67) 1.03 (0.63) 10 – – – 10 20 – 70 9 90 17.0MS 0 96 (0 59) 1 09 (0 67) 1 03 (0 63) 10 – – – – 50 – 50 10 100 20 1 MS 0.96 (0.59) 1.09 (0.67) 1.03 (0.63) 10 50 50 10 100 20.1WI 0 89 (0 55) 1 13 (0 70) 1 02 (0 63) 10 100 10 100 18 3 WI 0.89 (0.55) 1.13 (0.70) 1.02 (0.63) 10 – – – – 100 – – 10 100 18.3 ( ) ( ) ( )
Comparison of Wood Preservatives in Stake Tests: 2011 Progress Report

13

Table 2–Condition of Southern Pine stakes (2 by 4 in nominal by 18 in ) treated with chlorinated phenols and with fluor chrome arsenate phenol– Table 2 Condition of Southern Pine stakes (2 by 4 in. nominal by 18 in.) treated with chlorinated phenols and with fluor chrome arsenate phenolT A i hl id d h t d i hl id ft 15 t 28 i t t St k l d i t t t B C l d I l d C l Z S t b Type A, zinc chloride, and chromated zinc chloride after 15 to 28 years in test. Stakes placed in test at Barro Colorado Island, Canal Zone, September yp , , y p , , p1938; Bogalusa LA December 1939; Jacksonville Florida January 1939; Harrison Experimental Forest Saucier Mississippi December 1938; and 1938; Bogalusa, LA, December 1939; Jacksonville, Florida, January 1939; Harrison Experimental Forest, Saucier, Mississippi, December 1938; and Madison Wisconsin November 1939 (Plot 2)–cont Madison, Wisconsin, November 1939 (Plot 2) cont.

c Condition of stakes December 1966 (%) Condition of stakes December 1966 (%)

Serviceable but Destroyed by–

D

Serviceable but Destroyed by

h i Decay showing some– y

N D f i

g

Num- Decay fungi y

ber and and Average 3 in Termite termite Decay Termite termite life Total removed Retention of saltsa (lb/ft3) in Termite termite Decay Termite termite life Total removed Retention of salts (lb/ft )

Preservative Location Minimum Maximum Average testb Good Decay attack attack fungi attack attack Number % (year) Preservative Location Minimum Maximum Average test Good Decay attack attack fungi attack attack Number % (year)Untreated controls Canal – – – 10 – – – – – 100 – 10 100 0 7 Untreated controls Canal 10 100 10 100 0.7

LA – – – 10 – – – – 20 20 60 10 100 2.9 LA 10 20 20 60 10 100 2.9FL 10 10 90 10 100 2 8 FL – – – 10 – – – – – 10 90 10 100 2.8MS 10 70 30 10 100 2 9 MS – – – 10 – – – – – 70 30 10 100 2.9WI – – – 10 – – – – 100 – – 10 100 5 7 WI – – – 10 – – – – 100 – – 10 100 5.7

aRetention values in parentheses are based on preservative oxides. p pbTen stakes were originally installed at each test station; this number has since been reduced either because of failure to locate the stakes at the time of Ten stakes were originally installed at each test station; this number has since been reduced either because of failure to locate the stakes at the time of

 inspection or because of damage by fire. p g y

cFinal inspection at Canal Zone, January 1956; at Louisiana, December 1958; at Florida, December 1960; at Wisconsin, October 196 Fi l i ti t C l Z J 1956 t L i i D b 1958 t Fl id D b 1960 t Wi i O t b 1964;

and at Mississippi December 1966 and at Mississippi, December 1966.

dEstimate based on percentage of stakes remaining after final inspection. p g g peR t ti l b d di t hl h t l S di hl id dd d l t 20% f i ht f di t hl h t i l ti Retention values based on sodium pentachlorophenate only. Sodium chloride added was equal to 20% of weight of sodium pentachlorophenate in solution.

This study was initiated by R M Wirka This study was initiated by R. M. Wirka.
Research Note FPL–RN–02

14

Table 3–Condition of plywood stakes and resin-impregnated stakes set January 1940 on Harrison Experimental Forest, Saucier, Mississippi, after about 27 yearsin test (Plot 3)

Condition of stakes January 1967 (%)

Serviceable but Destroyed by–

showing some– Decay

Approximate Num- Decay fungi

average ber and and Average

Stake retention in Termite termite Decay Termite termite Total removed life

Group number Treatment (lb/ft3) test Good Decay attack attack fungi attack attack Number % (year)

Plywooda

1 1-1-40 to Each ply impregnated with a 50% aqueous soluti 10 8 – – – – 38 – 62 8 100 12.4

1-10-40 of phenolic resin, slowly dried, and cured for 1 day

 at 220°F. Bonded with phenolic-resin film

2 2-1-40 to Same as group 1 except that a 25% solution was 5 10 – – – – 60 – 40 10c 100 6.9

2-10-40 used

3 3-1-40 to Face plies impregnated as in group 1 and bonded 10b 10 – – – – – 100 – 10c 100 3.3

3-10-40 to an untreated core with phenolic-resin film

4 4-1-40 to Face plies impregnated as in group 2 and bonded 5b 10 – – – – – 100 – 10c 100 3.5

4-10-40 to an untreated core with phenolic-resin film

5 5-1-40 to Same as group 2 except that edges of specimens 10b 10 – – – – 20 80 – 10c 100 4.9

5-10-40 were given a protective treatment by dipping in a

 phenolic resin containing 15% alcohol

6 6-1-40 to Same as group 4 except that edges were protecte 5b 9 – – – – 22 44 33 9c 100 9.4

6-10-40 as in group 5

7 7-1-40 to Untreated plies bonded with phenolic-resin – 10 – – – – – 70 30 10 100 1.9

7-1-40 film

8 8-1-40 to Untreated plies bonded with hot-press urea – 10 – – – – – 70 30 10 100 1.9

8-10-40 resin

9 9-1-40 to Untreated plies bonded with casein glue – 8 – – – – – 88 12 8d 100 1.0

9-10-40 (FPL formula 4B)

10 10-1-40 to Untreated plies (yellow birch) bonded with – 10 – – – – 10 30 60 10 100 1.9

10-10-40 phenolic-resin flim

11 11-1-40 to Untreated controls–solid wood – 10 – – – – – 80 20 10 100 2.4

11-10-40 (1/4 by 4 by 18 in.)
Comparison of Wood Preservatives in Stake Tests: 2011 Progress Report

15

Table 3–Condition of plywood stakes and resin-impregnated stakes set January 1940 on Harrison Experimental Forest, Saucier, Mississippi, after about 27 years in test (Plot 3)–cont.

Condition of stakes January 1967 (%)

Serviceable but Destroyed by–

showing some– Decay

Approximate Num- Decay fungi

average ber and and Average

Stake retention in Termite termite Decay Termite termite Total removed life

Group number Treatment (lb/ft3) test Good Decay attack attack fungi attack attack Number % (year)

Stakes (Impreg)e

12 12-1-40 to Impregnated same as group 1 10 10 – 10 – 10 50 – 30 8 80 19.5f

12-10-40

13 13-1-40 to Impregnated same as group 2 5 10 – – – – 50 – 50 10 100 11.7

13-10-40

14 14-1-40 to Controls–untreated – 10 – – – – – 80 20 10 100 2.5

14-10-40

Compressed Plywood (Compreg)g

15 15-1-40 to Douglas-fir–all plies impregnated as in group 1, 10 3 100 – – – – – – – – –

15-3-40 dried and assembled without the use of glue on a

 hot press at 330°F and 1,000-lb. pressure per square inch

15-4-40 to Yellow-poplar–all plies impregnated and 10 3 – – – – 1 – 2 3 100 19.6

15-6-40 compressed the same as for Douglas-fir

aSpecimens in groups 1 to 9 were three-ply Douglas-fir; in group 10, yellow birch. Specimens were 1/4 by 4 by 18 in. and made of 1/16-in. faces

 and a 1/8-in. core. Specimens in group 11 were solid Douglas-fir, 1/4 by 4 by 18 in.

bIncrease based on treated faces.cDeterioration principally in cores.dSome separation of plies had also occurred.eSpecimens are Southern Pine sapwood, 2 by 4 nominal by 18 in.fBased on estimated life of 2 remaining stakes.

gDouglas-fir and yellow-poplar specimens made of 15-1/15-in. plies, compressed to a thickness of 3/8 in. Specimens were 3/8 by 4 by 14 in.

NOTE–Stakes remaining after the 1952 inspection were taken up and reset in the same general area.This study was initiated by R. M. Wirka.
Research Note FPL–RN–02

16

Table 4–Condition of Southern Pine stakes (2 by 4 in. nominal by 18 in.) treated with chromated zinc arsenate (Boliden salts), zinc chloride,

and coal-tar creosote after 15 to 60 years in test. Stakes placed in test at Madison, Wisconsin, September 1940; Harrison Experimental

Forest, Saucier, Mississippi, June 1940; and Barro Colorado Island, Canal Zone, September 1940 (Plot 4)

Condition of stakes January 2000a

 (%)

Serviceable but Destroyed by–

showing some– Decay

Average retention Num- Decay fungi

 (lb/ft3

) ber and and Average

Dry in Termite termite Decay Termite termite Total removed life

Preservative Location Oil saltb test Good Decay attack attack fungi attack attack Number % (year)

Zinc chloride WI – 0.50 (0.30) 10 – – – – 100 – – 10 100 14.8

MS – 0.50 (0.30) 10 – – – – 60 – 40 10 100 14.2

Canal – 0.49 (0.29) 10 – – – – – – 100 10 100 3.0

WI – 1.03 (0.61) 10 – – – – 100 – – 10 100 19.8

MS – 1.02 (0.61) 10 – – – – 60 10 30 10 100 14.4

Canal – 1.01 (0.60) 10 – – – – – – 100 10 100 3.6

WI – 1.51 (0.90) 10 – – – – 100 – – 10 100 22.3

MS – 1.51 (0.90) 10 – – – – 60 – 40 10 100 18.1

Canal – 1.49 (0.89) 10 – – – – – – 100 10 100 4.5

Chromated zinc WI – 0.33 (0.22) 10 – – – – 100 – – 10 100 19.6

 arsenate MS – 0.33 (0.22) 10 – – – – 30 – 70 10 100 33.0

 (Boliden salts)c Canal – 0.33 (0.22) 10 – – – – – – 100 10 100 9.2

WI – 0.44 (0.29) 10 – – – – 100 – – 10 100 26.1

MS – 0.44 (0.29) 9 – – – – 11 – 89 9 100 39.3

Canal – 0.44 (0.29) 10 – – – – 30 10 60 10 100 11.6

WI – 0.60 (0.40) 9 – – – – 100 – – 10 100 24.9

MS – 0.58 (0.38) 10 – – – – 60 – 40 10 100 51.7

Canal – 0.58 (0.38) 10 – – – – 60 40 – 10 100 14.6

WI – 0.78 (0.52) 10 – – – – 100 – – 10 100 34.6

MS – 0.78 (0.52) 10 – – – 70 10 – 20 3 30 –

Canal – 0.78 (0.52) 10 – – – – 100 – – 10 100 15.1

WI – 1.06 (0.70) 9 – – – – 100 – – 10 100 36.2

MS – 1.06 (0.70) 10 – – – 10 – – – – – –

Canal – 1.05 (0.69) 10 – – – – 100 – – 10 100 15.3
Comparison of Wood Preservatives in Stake Tests: 2011 Progress Report

17

Table 4–Condition of Southern Pine stakes (2 by 4 in. nominal by 18 in.) treated with chromated zinc arsenate (Boliden salts), zinc chloride,

and coal-tar creosote after 15 to 60 years in test. Stakes placed in test at Madison, Wisconsin, September 1940; Harrison Experimental

Forest, Saucier, Mississippi, June 1940; and Barro Colorado Island, Canal Zone, September 1940 (Plot 4)–cont.

Condition of stakes January 2000a

 (%)

Serviceable but Destroyed by–

showing some– Decay

Num- Decay fungi

ber and and Average

Dry in Termite termite Decay Termite termite Total removed life

Preservative Location Oil saltb test Good Decay attack attack fungi attack attack Number % (year)

Coal-tar creosote WI 4.3 – 10 – – – – 100 – – 10 100 37.9

MS 4.2 – 10 – – – – 60 – 40 10 100 17.8

Canal 4.3 – 10 – – – – 40 – 60 10 100 13.4

WI 8.0 – 7 – 71 – – 29 – – 2 29 –

MS 8.0 – 10 – – – 10 40 – 50 9 90 –

Canal 8.0 – 10 – 60 – 10 30 – – 3 30 19d

WI 11.8 – 9 33 67 – – – – – –– –

MS 11.8 – 10 – 10 – 40 20 – 30 5 50 –

Canal 11.8 – 10 – 60 – – 40 – – 4 40 18d

WI 16.3 – 9 33 56 – – 11 – – 1 11 –

MS 16.5 – 10 – 10 – 80 10 – – 1 10 –

Canal 16.5 – 10 – 90 – 10 – – – – – –

WI 1.8e – 10 – – – – 100 – – 10 100 12.4

MS 1.8e – 10 – – – – 10 30 60 10 100 7.7

Canal 1.8e – 10 – – – – – 80 20 10 100 4.8

WI 0.71f – 10 – – – – 100 – – 10 100 8.4

MS 0.76f – 10 – – – – – 50 50 10 100 4.2

Canal 0.76f – 10 – – – – – 90 10 10 100 2.5

Untreated controls WI – – 10 – – – – 100 – – 10 100 6.2

MS – – 10 – – – – – 50 50 10 100 2.2

Canal – – 10 – – – – – 90 10 10 100 1.1

a

Final inspection at Canal Zone, January 1956.

b

Retention values in parentheses are based on preservative oxides.

c

Retention based upon total anhydrous salts: ZnSO4 + H3AsO4 + Na2HAsO4 + Na2Cr2O7.

d

Estimate based upon percentage of stakes remaining after final inspection.

e

15-min dip at room temperature.

f

Brush treatment, two coats.

This study was initiated by R. M. Wirka.

 (lb/ft3)

Average retention
Research Note FPL–RN–02

18

Table 5–Condition of Southern Pine stakes (2 by 4 in. nominal by 18 in.) treated with chlorinated phenols and coal-tar creosote after 

15 to 55 years in test. Stakes placed in test at Barro Colorado Island, Canal Zone, Feburary 1941; Bogalusa, Louisiana, March 1941;

 Jacksonville, Florida, March 1941; and Harrison Experimental Forest, Saucier, Mississippi, February 1941 (Plot 5)

Condition of stakes January 1996c

 (%)

Serviceable but Destroyed by–

Retention of showing some– Decay

 preservativea Num- Decay fungi

(lb/ft3

) ber and and Average

Loca- Mini- Maxi- Aver- in Termite termite Decay Termite termite Total removed life

Preservative tion mum mum age testb Good Decay attack attack fungi attack attack (Number) (%) (year)

Sodium pentachlorophenate Canal 0.23 0.27 0.25 10 – – – – – 60 40 10 100 6.4

LA 0.23 0.26 0.25 10 – – – – 10 – 90 10 100 10.0

FL 0.23 0.36 0.25 9 – – – – – – 100 10 100 14.5

MS 0.23 0.36 0.25 10 – – – – 20 – 80 10 100 16.9

Canal 0.31 0.34 0.33 10 – – – – – 10 90 10 100 10.9

LA 0.31 0.34 0.33 10 – – – – – – 100 10 100 10.4

FL 0.32 0.34 0.33 8 – – – – – 12 88 8 100 16.4

MS 0.31 0.34 0.33 10 – – – – 20 – 80 10 100 19.5

Canal 0.47 0.55 0.51 10 – – – – – 20 80 10 100 12.9

LA 0.48 0.54 0.51 10 – – – – – – 100 10 100 15.5

FL 0.47 0.54 0.50 10 – – – 50 – – 50 5 50 21.0d

MS 0.47 0.55 0.51 10 – – – – 10 – 90 10 100 21.3

Canal 0.73 0.81 0.77 10 – – – – 50 20 30 10 100 14.3

LA 0.72 0.82 0.77 8 – – – 50 – – 50 4 50 22.0d

FL 0.72 0.83 0.77 10 – – – 80 – – 20 2 20 27.0d

MS 0.72 0.83 0.77 10 – – – – – – 100 10 100 26.2

Canal 0.92 1.09 0.99 10 – – – – 70 – 30 10 100 14.2

LA 0.92 1.09 0.99 7 – – – 57 – – 43 3 43 22.0d

FL 0.91 1.10 0.99 9 – – – 100 – – – 0 0 –

MS 0.93 1.08 0.99 10 – – – 20 30 – 50 8 80 –

Sodium pentachlorophenate Canal 0.41 0.47 0.44 10 – – – – – 20 80 10 100 11.1

 and sodium chromate; LA 0.41 0.47 0.44 10 – – – – – – 100 10 100 15.6

 chemical ratio FL 0.40 0.47 0.44 9 – – – 44 – – 56 5 56 20.3d

 3.24:1 MS 0.40 0.47 0.44 10 – – – – – – 100 10 100 23.0

Sodium pentachlorophenate Canal 0.54 0.62 0.58 10 – – – – – – 100 10 100 12.8

 and borax LA 0.54 0.62 0.58 9 – – – – 11 – 89 9 100 11.3

 1:0.76 chemical ratio FL 0.53 0.62 0.57 8 – – – – – – 100 10 100 17.9

MS 0.54 0.61 0.58 10 – – – – 20 – 80 10 100 21.0

 1:2 chemical ratio Canal 0.71 0.80 0.75 10 – – – – – – 100 10 100 12.2

LA 0.71 0.81 0.75 10 – – – – 10 – 90 10 100 9.9

FL 0.72 0.82 0.76 10 – – – – – – 100 10 100 12.9

MS 0.71 0.80 0.75 10 – – – – – – 100 10 100 18.8

(Page 1 of 5)
Comparison of Wood Preservatives in Stake Tests: 2011 Progress Report

19

Table 5–Condition of Southern Pine stakes (2 by 4 in. nominal by 18 in.) treated with chlorinated phenols and coal-tar creosote after 15 to 

55 years in test. Stakes placed in test at Barro Colorado Island, Canal Zone, Feburary 1941; Bogalusa, Louisiana, March 1941; Jacksonville,

Florida, March 1941; and Harrison Experimental Forest, Saucier, Mississippi, February 1941 (Plot 5)

Condition of stakes January 1996c (%)

Serviceable but Destroyed by–

Retention of showing some– Decay

 preservativea Num- Decay fungi

(lb/ft3

) ber and and Average

Loca- Mini- Maxi- Aver- in Termite termite Decay Termite termite Total removed life

Preservative tion mum mum age testb Good Decay attack attack fungi attack attack Number % (year)

 1:1.52 chemical ratio Canal 0.78 0.88 0.83 10 – – – – 50 – 50 10 100 13.0

LA 0.77 0.88 0.82 10 – – – – 30 – 70 10 100 10.0

FL 0.79 0.86 0.82 9 – – – – – – 100 10 100 16.7

MS 0.79 0.87 0.83 10 – – – – – – 100 10 100 18.9

 1:3 chemical ratio Canal 0.91 1.06 0.98 10 – – – – – – 100 10 100 11.5

LA 0.90 1.07 0.98 10 – – – – 10 – 90 10 100 8.9

FL 0.92 1.05 0.98 10 – – – – – – 100 10 100 13.2

MS 0.92 1.06 0.98 10 – – – – 10 – 90 10 100 16.1

 1:2.27 chemical ratio Canal 1.00 1.19 1.09 10 – – – – – – 100 10 100 12.7

LA 1.01 1.16 1.09 10 – – – – 20 – 80 10 100 9.9

FL 1.01 1.18 1.09 10 – – – – – – 100 10 100 18.6

MS 1.01 1.18 1.09 10 – – – – – – 100 10 100 18.6

 1:1.50 chemical ratio Canal 1.17 1.32 1.25 10 – – – – 10 – 90 10 100 12.8

LA 1.17 1.32 1.25 10 – – – – – – 100 10 100 14.6

FL 1.17 1.32 1.25 10 – – – 20 10 – 70 8 80 16.5d

MS 1.17 1.33 1.25 10 – – – – 10 10 80 10 100 20.9

5% pentachlorophenol Canal 4.0 5.4 4.7 10 – – – – 40 – 60 10 100 13.0

 in fuel oile LA 4.0 5.4 4.8 10 – – – – – – 100 10 100 16.6

FL 4.0 5.6 4.8 10 – – – 40 – – 60 6 60 20.0d

MS 4.2 5.4 4.7 10 – – – – – – 100 10 100 21.0

Canal 8.6 10.5 9.6 10 – – – – 30 – 70 10 100 14.4

LA 8.4 10.9 9.6 7 – – – 57 – – 43 3 43 23.0d

FL 8.8 10.5 9.6 9 – – – 67 – – 33 3 33 24.0d

MS 8.6 10.5 9.6 10 – – – – 10 – 90 10 100 27.2

Canal 14.0 16.5 15.3 10 – – – 40 10 – 50 6 60 15.0d

LA 14.2 16.3 15.3 7 – – – 100 – – – – – –

FL 14.2 16.3 15.3 10 – – – 100 – – – – – –

MS 14.0 16.3 15.3 10 – – – 50 10 – 40 5 50 –

Canal 18.6 21.5 20.1 10 – – – 100 – – – – – –

LA 18.2 21.7 20.1 7 – – – 100 – – – – – –

FL 18.2 21.7 20.1 9 – 22 – 78 – – – – – –

MS 18.2 21.9 20.0 9 – – – 89 – – 11 1 11 –
Research Note FPL–RN–02

20

Table 5–Condition of Southern Pine stakes (2 by 4 in. nominal by 18 in.) treated with chlorinated phenols and coal-tar creosote after 15 to 55 years 

in test. Stakes placed in test at Barro Colorado Island, Canal Zone, Feburary 1941; Bogalusa, Louisiana, March 1941; Jacksonville, FL, March 1941;

and Harrison Experimental Forest, Saucier, Mississippi, February 1941 (Plot 5)

Condition of stakes January 1996c

 (%)

Serviceable but Destroyed by–

Retention of showing some– Decay

 preservativea Num- Decay fungi

(lb/ft3

) ber and and Average

Loca- Mini- Maxi- Aver- in Termite termite Decay Termite termite Total removed life

Preservative tion mum mum age testb Good Decay attack attack fungi attack attack Number % (year)

3% pentachlorophenol + Canal 4.2 5.8 4.9 10 – – – – 20 – 80 10 100 12.6

 2% chloro-2-phenylphenol LA 4.4 5.8 4.9 10 – – – – – – 100 10 100 14.2

 in fuel oile FL 4.4 5.8 4.9 9 – – – 22 – – 78 7 78 20.0d

MS 4.2 5.8 4.9 10 – – – – – – 100 10 100 19.2

Canal 9.1 10.9 10.0 10 – – – – 50 – 50 10 100 13.7

LA 9.1 10.9 10.0 6 – – – 67 – – 33 2 33 24.7d

FL 8.9 11.0 10.0 8 – – – 75 – – 25 2 25 25.3d

MS 8.9 11.0 10.0 10 – – – – 10 – 90 10 100 24.4

Canal 14.2 16.3 15.4 10 – – – 10 10 – 80 9 90 12.0d

LA 13.8 16.3 15.3 6 – – – 100 – – – – – –

FL 13.8 16.3 15.3 9 – – – 100 – – – – – –

MS 14.4 16.1 15.3 10 – – – – 40 – 60 10 100 31.9

Coal-tar creosote, grade 1 Canal 3.5 6.7 4.7 10 – – – 10 90 – – 9 90 12.0d

LA 3.3 6.7 4.6 6 – – – 33 – – 67 4 67 22.0d

FL 3.3 6.5 4.7 9 – – – 33 33 – 33 6 67 19.0d

MS 3.5 6.5 4.6 10 – – – – 40 – 60 10 100 21.3

Canal 8.4 11.6 10.0 10 – 60 – 20 10 – 10 2 20 20.0d

LA 8.6 11.2 10.0 4 – – – 75 – – 25 1 25 26.6d

FL 8.6 11.4 10.0 10 – – – 90 10 – – 1 10 –

MS 8.4 11.4 10.0 10 – – – 10 60 – 30 9 90 –

Canal 13.5 15.4 14.4 10 10 90 – – – – – – – –

LA 13.5 15.9 14.5 6 50 17 17 17 – – – – – –

FL 13.5 15.9 14.4 9 22 56 – 22 – – – – – –

MS 13.3 16.1 14.5 10 – – – 100 – – – – – –

Fuel oile Canal 8.2 11.9 9.9 10 – – – – – 60 40 10 100 5.9

LA 8.4 11.7 9.8 10 – – – – 40 – 60 10 100 8.4

FL 8.2 11.7 9.8 8 – – – – 12 – 88 8 100 9.7

MS 8.2 11.7 9.8 10 – – – – 20 10 70 10 100 6.3

Canal 18.2 21.0 19.4 10 – – – – – 30 70 10 100 7.8

LA 18.2 21.4 19.4 10 – – – – 50 – 50 10 100 11.9

FL 18.2 21.4 19.4 9 – – – – – – 100 10 100 12.4

MS 18.0 21.9 19.4 10 – – – – 30 10 60 10 100 9.1

(Page 3 of 5)
Comparison of Wood Preservatives in Stake Tests: 2011 Progress Report

21

Table 5–Condition of Southern Pine stakes (2 by 4 in. nominal by 18 in.) treated with chlorinated phenols and coal-tar creosote after 15 to 55 years 

in test. Stakes placed in test at Barro Colorado Island, Canal Zone, Feburary 1941; Bogalusa, Louisiana, March 1941; Jacksonville, Florida, March 1941;

and Harrison Experimental Forest, Saucier, Mississippi, February 1941 (Plot 5)

Condition of stakes January 1996c

 (%)

Serviceable but Destroyed by–

Retention of showing some– Decay

 preservativea Num- Decay fungi

(lb/ft3

) ber and and Average

Loca- Mini- Maxi- Aver- in Termite termite Decay Termite termite Total removed life

Preservative tion mum mum age testb Good Decay attack attack fungi attack attack (Number) (%) (year)

5% pentachlorophenol in Canal 0.5 1.4 0.8 10 – – – – – 90 10 10 100 2.7

 fuel oile

 and naphtha LA 0.5 1.2 0.8 10 – – – – 30 – 70 10 100 4.2

 3-min dip FL 0.5 1.2 0.8 8 – – – – 12 – 88 8 100 5

MS 0.5 1.2 0.8 10 – – – – 10 20 70 10 100 3.2

 18-h soak Canal 2.1 2.6 2.4 10 – – – – – – 100 10 100 9.1

LA 2.1 2.8 2.4 9 – – – – 33 – 67 9 100 8.4

FL 2.1 3.0 2.4 10 – – – – – – 100 10 100 11.9

MS 1.9 3.0 2.4 10 – – – – – – 100 10 100 12.9

5% pentachlorophenol in Canal 0.7 1.2 0.9 10 – – – – – 100 – 10 100 3.3

 soybean oil, naphtha and LA 0.5 1.2 0.9 10 – – – – 50 – 50 10 100 3.9

 fuel oil e,f FL 0.5 1.6 0.9 7 – – – – – 14 86 7 100 5.4

 3-min dip MS 0.7 1.2 0.9 10 – – – – – 60 40 10 100 4.9

 18-h soak Canal 2.3 3.7 2.8 10 – – – – – – 100 10 100 10.4

LA 2.1 3.9 2.8 10 – – – – 30 – 70 10 100 7.6

FL 2.3 3.2 2.7 10 – – – – – – 100 10 100 12.2

MS 2.3 3.5 2.8 10 – – – – – – 100 10 100 16.3

 18-h soakg Canal 1.1 3.0 2.3 10 – – – – – 30 70 10 100 7

LA 1.8 2.6 2.3 10 – – – – 20 – 80 10 100 6.3

FL 1.8 2.8 2.3 8 – – – – 12 – 88 8 100 9.8

MS 1.1 2.8 2.2 10 – – – – 10 10 80 10 100 11.9

3% pentachlorophenol + 2% Canal 0.9 1.6 1.2 10 – – – – – 100 – 10 100 2.3

 chloro-2-phenylphenol in LA 0.9 1.6 1.2 10 – – – – 40 – 60 10 100 4.1

 naphtha and fuel oil FL 0.7 1.6 1.2 10 – – – – 10 10 80 10 100 5

 3-min dip MS 0.5 1.8 1.2 10 – – – – 20 20 60 10 100 5.3

 18-h soak Canal 2.5 4.0 3.1 10 – – – – – 10 90 10 100 9

LA 2.5 4.0 3.1 10 – – – – 10 – 90 10 100 7.2

FL 2.3 3.9 3.1 8 – – – – 12 – 88 8 100 10.8

MS 2.6 4.4 3.1 10 – – – – – – 100 10 100 13.8
Research Note FPL–RN–02

22

Table 5–Condition of Southern Pine stakes (2 by 4 in. nominal by 18 in.) treated with chlorinated phenols and coal-tar creosote after 15 to 55 years 

in test. Stakes placed in test at Barro Colorado Island, Canal Zone, Feburary 1941; Bogalusa, Louisiana, March 1941; Jacksonville, FL, March 1941;

and Harrison Experimental Forest, Saucier, Mississippi, February 1941 (Plot 5)

Condition of stakes January 1996c (%)

Serviceable but Destroyed by–

Retention of showing some– Decay

 preservativea Num- Decay fungi

(lb/ft3

) ber and and Average

Loca- Mini- Maxi- Aver- in Termite termite Decay Termite termite Total removed life

Preservative tion mum mum age testb Good Decay attack attack fungi attack attack Number % (year)

3% pentachlorophenol + 2% Canal 0.5 0.9 0.8 10 – – – – – 90 10 10 100 1.6

 chloro-2-phenylphenol in LA 0.5 0.9 0.7 10 – – – – 30 – 70 10 100 3.9

 solvent of 80% mineral spirits FL 0.5 0.9 0.8 10 – – – – 20 10 70 10 100 2.8

 and 20% moisture repellant MS 0.5 0.9 0.8 10 – – – – 20 30 50 10 100 3.6

 3-min dip

 18-h soak Canal 2.1 5.8 3.4 10 – – – – – 90 10 10 100 4.8

LA 2.3 4.6 3.4 10 – – – – – – 100 10 100 9.2

FL 2.3 4.9 3.4 10 – – – – 20 – 80 10 100 9.6

MS 2.3 5.1 3.4 10 – – – – 20 10 70 10 100 12.7

Untreated controls Canal – – – 10 – – – – – 100 – 10 100 1.2

LA – – – 10 – – – – 50 20 30 10 100 2.4

FL – – – 10 – – – – 10 20 70 10 100 1.8

MS – – – 10 – – – – 30 40 30 10 100 2.4

a

Based upon weight of dry chemical for sodium pentachlorophenate alone or mixed with other chemicals and on weight of solution for other

 treatments. Values for stakes originally installed.

b

Ten stakes were originally installed in test. This number has since been reduced either because of failure to locate the stakes at the time

 of the inspection or because of damage by fire.

c

Final inspection at Canal Zone, January 1956; at Jacksonville, FL, November 1960; and at Bogalusa, LA, December 1962.

d

Estimate based upon percentage of stakes remaining after final inspection.

e

Purchased and reported earlier as No. 2 fuel oil but has since been found to have a distillation range lower than that for typical No. 2 fuel oils.

f

Solvent contained 1 part soybean oil and 9 parts each of fuel and naphtha by volume.

g

Specimens contained some heartwood.

This study was initiated by R. M. Wirka.

(Page 5 of 5)
Comparison of Wood Preservatives in Stake Tests: 2011 Progress Report

23

Table 6–Condition of Southern Pine stakes of different sizes treated with coal-tar creosote, toluene, and creosote-toluene mixtures after54-1/2 years in test. Stakes placed in test on the Harrison Experimental Forest, Saucier, Mississippi, May 1951 (Plot 6)

Condition of stakes January 1996 (%)

Serviceable but Destroyed by–

showing some– Decay

Num- Decay fungi

Average ber and and Average

Stake size retention in Termite termite Decay Termite termite Total removed life

Preservative (in.) (lb/ft3) test Good Decay attack attack fungi attack attack Number % (year)

Coal-tar creosote 1/2 by 1/2 by 18 7.8 8 – – – – 88 – 12 8 100 17.1

1 by 1 by 18 8.0 10 – – – – 40 – 60 10 100 23.6

1-1/2 by 1-1/2 by 18 7.9 10 – – – – 50 – 50 10 100 26.6

2 by 4 nominal by 18 3.3 10 – – – – 10 – 90 10 100 24.9

 7.8 10 – – – 30 20 – 50 7 70 –

 13.2 10 – – – 80 10 – 10 2 20 –

Toluene 2 by 4 nominal by 18 29.5 10 – – – – – 90 10 10 100 2.2

Coal-tar creosote 11.25% by weight in toluene 2 by 4 nominal by 18 3.4a 10 – – – – 30 – 70 10 100 19.1

 25.2% by weight in toluene 2 by 4 nominal by 18 8.1a 10 – – – 30 40 – 30 7 70 – 39.0% by weight in toluene 2 by 4 nominal by 18 12.6a 10 10 – – 90 – – – – – –

aCreosote only.

This study was initiated by R. M. Wirka.
Research Note FPL–RN–02

24

Table 7–Condition of Southern Pine stakes (2 by 4 in. nominal by 18 in.) treated with copper naphthenate and zinc naphthenate after about 50 years in test.

Stakes placed in test at Madison, Wisconsin, October 1941, and on the Harrison Experimental Forest, Saucier, Mississippi, February 1942 (Plot 7)

Condition of stakes October 1992a (%)

Serviceable but Destroyed by–

showing some– Decay

Num- Decay fungi

Average ber and and Average

retentionb in Termite Termite Decay Termite termite Total removed life

Preservative Treatment Location (lb/ft3) testc Good Decay attack attack fungi attack attack Number % (year)

Zinc naphthenate Brush, one coat MS 0.6 (0.012) 10 – – – – – 20 80 10 100 2.9

 solution 17% WI 0.5 (0.010) 10 – – – – 100 – – 10 100 6.4

 (2% zinc metal)

Dip, 3 min MS 1.0 (0.020) 10 – – – – – 40 60 10 100 2.2

WI 0.9 (0.018) 10 – – – – 100 – – 10 100 7.7

 1% (0.12% zinc metal) Pressure MS 9.9 (0.012) 10 – – – – 50 – 50 10 100 11.2

WI 9.7 (0.011) 10 – – – – 100 – – 10 100 19.1

 2.5% (0.29% zinc metal) Pressure MS 10.3 (0.030) 10 – – – – 50 – 50 10 100 15.0

WI 9.8 (0.029) 10 – – – – 100 – – 10 100 21.9

 5.0% (0.59% zinc metal) Pressure MS 10.2 (0.060) 10 – – – – 60 – 40 10 100 13.5

WI 10.3 (0.061) 10 – – – – 100 – – 10 100 22.6

 7.5% (0.88% zinc metal) Pressure MS 10.4 (0.092) 10 – – – – 60 – 40 10 100 19.7

WI 10.0 (0.088) 9d – – – – 100 – – 9 100 30.8

Copper naphthenate Brush, one coat MS 0.5 (0.010) 10 – – – – 20 50 30 10 100 3.7

 solution 17.5% WI 0.5 (0.010) 10 – – – – 100 – – 10 100 8.6

 (2% copper metal)

Dip, 3 min MS 0.7 (0.014) 10 – – – – – 40 60 10 100 5.2

WI 0.8 (0.015) 10 – – – – 100 – – 10 100 9.8

 1% (0.11% copper metal) Pressure MS 10.3 (0.012) 10 – – – – 80 – 20 10 100 15.9

WI 10.3 (0.012) 8 – – – – 100 – – 8 100 25.5

 2.5% (0.29% copper metal) Pressure MS 10.2 (0.029) 10 – – – – 40 – 60 10 100 21.8

WI 9.6 (0.027) 4 – – – – 100 – – 4 100 34.5

 5.0% (0.57 copper metal) Pressure MS 10.6 (0.061) 10 – – – – 80 – 20 10 100 27.1

WI 10.6 (0.061) 6 17 – – – 83 – – 5 83 28.7e

 7.5% (0.86% copper metal) Pressure MS 9.6 (0.082) 10 20 – – – 60 – 20 8 80 29.6e

WI 9.8 (0.084) 3 – – – – 100 – – 3 100 35.4

Untreated controls – MS – 10 – – – – – 30 70 10 100 1.8

– WI – 10 – – – – 100 – – 10 100 4.9

a

Last inspection in Mississippi was 1985.

b

Number in parentheses is the retention based on zinc or copper metal.

c

Ten stakes were originally installed. This number has been reduced for causes other than decay or insect attack.

d

Average retention based on nine stakes.

e

Estimate based upon percentage of stakes remaining after final inspection.

This study was initiated by J. Oscar Blew.
Comparison of Wood Preservatives in Stake Tests: 2011 Progress Report

25

Table 8–Condition of treated five-ply exterior Douglas-fir plywood stakes (approximately 1/2 by 4 by 18 in.) at final inspection after approximately

22 years of exposure. Stakes placed in test on the Harrison Experimental Forest, Saucier, Mississippi, February 1942 (Plot 8)

Condition of stakes December 1963 (%)

Serviceable but Destroyed by–

showing some– Decay

Num- Decay fungi

Average ber and and Average

retention in Termite termite Decay Termite termite Total removed life

Preservative Treatment (lb/ft3

) testa Good Decay attack attack fungi attack attack Number % (year)

Coal-tar creosote Brush, one coat Oil 1.4 30 – – – – 27 27 27 30 100 6.1

Dip, 3 min Oil 1.9 30 – – – – 17 20 63 30 100 9.4

Soak, 18 h Oil 5.6 30 – 7 – 47 27 – 20 14 47 24.0b

Pressure Oil 5.9 30 – – – 70 20 – 10 9 30 27.0b

Pressure Oil 12.2 29 28 38 7 28 – – – – – –

Pentachlorophenol solutionc

5% Brush, one coat Solution 0.9 30 – – – – 10 60 30d 30 100 2.8

Dip, 3 min Solution 1.3 30 – – – – 13 60 27 30 100 3.3

Soak, 18 h Solution 3.2 30 – – – – 3 33 63 30 100 5.0

1.11% Pressure Solution 26.3 30 – – – – 20 – 80e 30 100 11.1

2.25% Pressure Solution 26.3 30 – – – 23 10 7 60 23 77 19.0b

Zinc naphthenate solutionf

4.8% (0.55% zinc) Brush, one coat Solution 0.7 30 – – – – 10 30 60 30 100 2.1

Dip, 3 min Solution 1.1 30 – – – – 7 54 40 30 100 2.0

Soak, 18 h Solution 3.0 30 – – – – 13 43 43 30 100 2.9

1.11% (0.13% zinc) Pressure Solution 25.5 30 – – – – 13 20 67 30 100 5.3

2.25% (0.25% zinc) Pressure Solution 25.6 30 – – – – 13 7 80 30 100 8.9

Chloro-2-phenylphenol

 solutionf

5% Brush, one coat Solution 0.9 30 – – – – 10 50 40 30 100 2.2

Dip, 3 min Solution 1.2 30 – – – – 17 47 37 30 100 2.4

Soak, 18 h Solution 2.9 30 – – – – 13 60 27 30 100 2.6

Untreated controls – – 30 – – – – 20 40 40e 30 100 1.8

a

Of the 30 panels tested for each treatment, three sets contained 10 specimens; each set was selected from material contributed by a different manufacturer.

b

Estimate based on condition of stakes at final inspection.

c

Solvent contined 1 part pine oil and 12 parts Stoddard-type solvent by volume.

d

Two stakes showed some delamination.

e

One stake showed some delamination.

f

Stoddard-type solvent used.

NOTE: The stakes remaining in test after the 1950 inspection were taken up and reset in the same general area.

This study was initiated by J. Oscar Blew and R. M. Wirka.
Research Note FPL–RN–02

26

Table 9–Condition of Southern Pine states (2 by 4 in. nominal by 18 in.) treated with copper arsenate and copper chromate by the double-diffusion process

after about 55 years in test. Stakes placed in test on the Harrison Experimental Forest, Saucier, Mississippi, February 1942 (Plot 9)

Condition of stakes January 1997 (%)

Serviceable but Destroyed by–

showing some– Decay

 Calculated retention of chemicala

 (lb/ft3) Num- Decay fungi

Copper Chromium Arsenic ber and and Average

as as as in Termite termite Decay Termite termite Total removed life

Treatment CuSO4 Na2 CrO4 Na2HasO4 Total testb Good Decay attack attack fungi attack attack Number % (year)

6-day soak in 10.6% copper

sulfate solution plus

6-day soak in 

9.8% sodium

arsenate solution 0.66 (0.33) – 0.59 (0.36) 1.25 (0.69) 10 70 20 10 – – – – – – –

12-day soak in

9.8% sodium

arsenate solution 0.66 (0.33) 2.58 (1.59) 0.75 (0.46) 1.41 (0.79) 10 60 30 10 – – – – – – –

12-day soak in

11.8% sodium

chromate solution 0.66 (0.33) – – 3.24 (1.92) 10 80 – – – 10 – 10 2 20 –

3-day soak in 10.6% copper

sulfate solution plus

6-day soak in 

9.8% sodium

arsenate solution 0.88 (0.44) – 0.55 (0.34) 1.43 (0.78) 10 30 70 – – – – – –– –

6-day soak in 

11.8% sodium

chromate solution 0.88 (0.44) 1.57 (0.97) – 2.45 (1.41) 9 67 – – – 22 11 – 3 33 –

3-day soak in 5.3% copper

sulfate solution plus

6-day soak in

4.9% sodium

arsenate solution 0.31 (0.15) – 0.17 (0.10) 0.48 (0.25) 9 – 67 – – 22 – 11 3 33 –

6-day soak in

5.9% sodium

chromate solution 0.31 (0.15) 0.50 (0.31) – 0.81 (0.46) 9 33 – – – 33 – 33 6 67 –

Untreated controls – – – – 10 – – – – – 20 80 10 100 1.9

a

Retention values in parentheses are oxides (CuO - CrO3 - As2O5). b

Ten stakes originally installed; eliminated stakes removed for causes other than decay or insect attack.

This study was initiated by R. H. Baechler.
Comparison of Wood Preservatives in Stake Tests: 2011 Progress Report

27

Table 10–Condition of urea-treated Southern Pine stakes (2 by 4 in. nominal by 18 in.) after about 14 to 19 years in test. Stakes placed 

in test on the Harrison Experimental Forest, Saucier, Mississippi, February 1942 and December 1946, and at Madison, Wisconsin,

April 1942 (Plot 10)

Condition of stakes late in 1960 (%)

Average Serviceable but Destroyed by–

Total retention showing some– Decay

retention of Num- Decay fungi

of urea urea ber and and Average

or solidsa or solidsa in Termite termite Decay Termite termite Total removed life

Treatment Location (lb) (lb/ft3

) test Good Decay attack attack fungi attack attack Number % (year)

Installed 1942

2-day soakb MS 4.7 3.4 10 – – – – – 10 90 10 100 3.4

WI 4.7 3.4 10 – – – – 100 – – 10 100 8.1

4-day soakb MS 6.9 5.0 10 – – – – – 20 80 10 100 3.3

WI 6.9 5.0 10 – – – – 100 – – 10 100 8.0

6-day soakb MS 10.2 7.4 10 – – – – – 20 80 10 100 2.9

WI 10.2 7.4 10 – – – – 100 – – 10 100 6.0

B1

c

 (thermosetting) MS 9.9 7.1 10 – – – – – 20 80 10 100 4.5

 2-day soak WI 9.9 7.1 10 – – – – 100 – – 10 100 12.5

B1

c

 (thermosetting) MS 11.2 8.1 10 – – – – – – 100 10 100 5.1

 4-day soak WI 11.2 8.1 10 – – – – 100 – – 10 100 13.2

B1

c

 (thermosetting) MS 11.7 8.4 10 – – – – – 10 90 10 100 5.6

 6-day soak WI 11.7 8.4 10 – – – – 100 – – 10 100 15.2

Untreated controls MS – – 10 – – – – – 20 80 10 100 1.8

WI – – 10 – – – – 100 – – 10 100 4.8

Installed 1946

Urea resin, pressured MS – 5.8 10 – – – – 10 – 90 10 100 9.1

a

Calculated total retention of urea or solids for 22 stakes.

b

Treating solution made up to 1.15 parts of urea to 1.00 part of water by weight.

c

Solution made up of 380 parts urea, 344 parts of 37% formaldehyde solution, 231 parts water, 6 parts sodium

 hydroxide, and 39 parts borax by weight.

d

Treated with buffered urea-formalin mix (2 to 1 formaldehyde-urea ratio) at a resin solids content of 30%.

This study was initiated by Harvey H. Smith and J. Oscar Blew.
Research Note FPL–RN–02

28

Table 11–Condition of high-strength laminated paper plastic (papreg) stakes (1/8 by 4 by 14 in.) and

heat stabilized plywood (staypak) stakes (4 by 18 in.) of several thicknesses after 7 to 8 years in test.

Stakes placed in test on the Harrison Experimental Forest, Saucier, Mississippi (Plot 11)

December 1950 stakes destroyed by–

Decay

Num- fungi and

ber termite Average

Stake in Decay fungi Termite attack attack life

number Composition test Number % Number % Number % (year)

Laminated Paper Plastic (Papreg)–Installed December 2, 1942

1 to 10 37.0% phenolic resina

 + 2% hardener,

 4.7% volatile matter 10 7 70 – – 3 30 7.4

11 to 20 31.0% phenolic resina

 + 2% hardener, 10 2 20 1 10 7 70 5.6

 4.4% volatile matter

21 to 30 41.0% phenolic resina

 + 2% hardener, 10 7 70 – – 3 30 8.0

 4.6% volatile matter

31 to 40 37.0% phenolic resina

 + 2% hardener, 10 7 70 – – 3 30 7.2

 4.7% volatile matter with surface

 sheets using 42.6% phenolic resin,a

 4.6% volatile matterb

41 to 50 37.0% phenolic resina

 + 0.5% oleic 10 4 40 1 10 5 50 7.7

 acid, 4.7% volatile matter

Heat-Stabilized Plywood (Staypak)–Installed June 4, 1943

19-1 and 20 plies 1/16-in. birch bonded with 2 – – 1 50 1 50 4.5

 19-2 phenolic resin and compressed to

 thickness of 1/2 in.; specific gravity 1.37

Heat-Stabilized Plywood (Staypak)–Installed December 6, 1943

s-1 to 32 plies 1/16-in. birch bonded with 5 – – – – 5c 100 5.6

 s-5 phenolic resin and compressed to

 thickness of 1 in.; specific gravity 1.33

21-1 to 10 plies 1/8-in. maple bonded with 5 – – – – 5 100 4.3

 21-5 phenolic resin and compressed to

 thickness of 5/8 in.; specific gravity 1.36

a

Alcohol-soluble.

b

Single surface sheet on each side, coated side out.

c

Heavy swelling at edges due to moisture absorption.

This study was initiated by A. H. Rauch and J. Oscar Blew.
Comparison of Wood Preservatives in Stake Tests: 2011 Progress Report

29

Table 12–Condition of Southern Pine stakes (2 by 4 in. nominal by 18 in.) treated with phenyl mercury oleate, pentachlorophenol, copper Table 12–Condition of Southern Pine stakes (2 by 4 in. nominal by 18 in.) treated with phenyl mercury oleate, pentachlorophenol, copper 

naphthenate and mercuric chloride at final inspection after 20 years in test Stakes placed in test on the Harrison Experimental Forest naphthenate, and mercuric chloride at final inspection after 20 p , p y ears in test. Stakes placed in test on the Harrison Experimen p p , tal Forest, 

Saucier, Mississippi, December 1943 (Plot 12) Saucier, Mississippi, December 1943 (Plot 12)

Condition of stakes December 1963 (%)

Serviceable but Serviceable but Destroyed by Destroyed by– y 

Average showing some– showing some– Decay

retention t Num- Decay f iung

of ber and and Average

solution in T iterme t iterme Decay T iterme t iterme Ttl doa removed life

Preservative Treatment (lb/ft3 Preservative Treatment (lb/ft ) test Good Decay attack attack fungi attack attack Number % (year) 3

) test Good Decay attack attack fungi attack attack Number % (year) 

Ph l l ( Phenyl mercury oleate (percentage

 in naptha solvent) in naptha solvent)

0 4. 3 i di-mn p 3 idi 1.4 1.4 10 – – – – – 20 80 10 100 3.7

0 4. 18 h soak 18-h soak 3.2 10 – – – – 10 30 60 10 100 4 9.

0.4 Pressure Pressure 5.9 5.9 10 – – – – – 10 90 10 100 6.7

0 4. Pressure Pressure 12.1 10 – – – – 30 – 70 10 100 8 8.

0 2. 18 h soak 18-h soak 3.1 10 – – – – 10 30 60 10 100 4 4.

0.2 Pressure Pressure 6.0 6.0 10 – – – – – 30 70 10 100 5.6

0 2. Pressure Pressure 11.8 10 – – – – – 30 70 10 100 6 2.

0 1. 18 h soak 18-h soak 3.6 10 – – – – – 40 60 10 100 4 4.

0.1 Pressure Pressure 5.9 5.9 10 – – – – – 30 70 10 100 4.6

0 1. Pressure Pressure 11.6 10 – – – – – 40 60 10 100 5 1.

a 0.4 3-min dip 3 min dip 1.2 1.2 10 – – – – – 60 40 10 100 3.9

0 1a. 18-h soak 18-h soak 6.0 10 – – – – – 20 80 10 100 5 5.

0 1a. Pressure Pressure 6.1 10 – – – – 10 40 50 10 100 6 2.

0.1a Pressure Pressure 12.0 10 – – – – – 10 90 10 100 8.4

Pentachlorophenol (5 0% Pressure 12 1 10 40 20 40 6 60 20 0b Pentachlorophenol (5.0% Pressure 12.1 10 – – – 40 20 – 40 6 60 20.0b p (

 in pine-oil naphtha (1:12) solvent in pine-oil naphtha (1:12) solvent

Copper naphthenate (0 5% copper Pressure 13 1 10 70 20 10 3 30 25 0b Copper naphthenate (0.5% copper Pressure 13.1 10 – – – 70 20 – 10 3 30 25.0b

metal in naphtha solvent) (0 066)c metal in naphtha solvent) (0.066)

Mercuric chloride (1 0% in water) Mercuric chloride (1.0% in water) 3-min dip 3-min dip 0.014 10 – – – – – 50 50 10 100 4 8.

 dry salt d 

18-h soak 18-h soak 0.072 10 – – – – – 20 80 10 100 7 5.

 dry salt d 

Untreated controls Untreated controls d – – 10 – – – – – 60 40 10 100 2 0.

a

S l i i d 16% lid Solution contained 16% solids as a water repellent. p ll

b

E ti t b d t f t k i i ft fi l i ti Estimate based on percentage of stakes remaining after final in p g g psection.

c

Retention values in parentheses are based on copper metal Retention values in parentheses are based on copper metal.

NOTE: The stakes remaining in test after the 1952 inspection were taken up and reset in the same general area.

This study was initiated by J Oscar Blew This study was initiated by J. Oscar Blew.
Research Note FPL–RN–02

30

Table 13–Condition of Southern Pine stakes (2 by 4 in. nominal by 18 in.) treated with fire-retardant

chemicals after 7 years in test. Stakes placed in test December 1943 on the Harrison

Experimental Forest, Saucier, Mississippi, and inspected December 1950 (Plot 13)

 December 1950 stakes

 destroyed by–

Decay

Retention Num- fungi and

of dry ber termite Average

salt in Termite attack attack life

Treating chemicals (lb/ft3) test Number % Number % (year)

Ammonium sulfate, 78 parts; ammonium

 phosphate, 19 parts; sodium 3.01 10 5 50 5 50 2.4

 dichromate, 3 parts (by weight) 6.17 10 6 60 4 40 3.4

Ammonium phosphate, 10 parts; ammonium

 sulfate, 60 parts; borax, 10 parts; 2.98 10 4 40 6 60 3.9

 boric acid, 20 parts (by weight) 6.19 10 2 20 8 80 4.3

Borax, 60 parts; boric acid, 3.01 10 3 30 7 70 6.0

 40 parts (by weight) 6.29 10 6 60 4 40 6.5

Untreated controls – 10 2 20 8 80 2.2

This study was initiated by J. Oscar Blew.
Comparison of Wood Preservatives in Stake Tests: 2011 Progress Report

31

Table 14–Condition of Southern Pine sapwood stakes (2 by 4 in. nominal by 18 in.) treated with various chemicals and of laminated 

 acetylated yellow birch sapwood stakes (0.4 by 3-1/2 by 15-3/4 in.) after 60 years in test. Stakes placed in test on the

 Harrison Experimental Forest, Saucier, Mississippi, December 1944 (Plot 14)

Serviceable but Destroyed by–

Average Decay

retention of Num- Decay fungi

preservative ber and and Average

or dry salt in Termite termite Decay Termite termite Total removed life

Preservativea (lb/ft3

) testb Good Decay attack attack fungi attack attack Number % (year)

Pine stakes

Ammoniacal copper arsenate

 (Fed. Spec. TT-W-549)

 (percentage in solution)

0.612 (0.59)c 0.25 (0.24) 9 – – – – 78 – 22 9 100 38.7

1.29 (1.24) 0.53 (0.51) 9 44 44 – – 12 – – 1 12 –

2.57 (2.48) 1.01 (0.97) 10 100 – – – – – – – – –

3.21 (3.10) 1.29 (1.25) 9 100 – – – – – – – – –

Amyl phenyl acetate 

 (percentage in Stoddard solvent)

0.37 0.10 10 – – – – – – 100 10 100 6.7

0.93 0.03 10 – – – – – – 100 10 100 8.5

1.85 0.50 10 – – – – – 40 60 10 100 10.0

Capric acid (percentage in Stoddard

 solvent)

0.37 0.10 10 – – – – 10 30 60 10 100 5.0

0.90 0.25 10 – – – – 10 20 70 10 100 5.3

1.76 0.50 10 – – – – – 10 90 10 100 5.5

Diamyl pheno (percentage in Stoddard

 solvent)

0.37 0.10 10 – – – – – 10 90 10 100 5.8

0.90 0.25 10 – – – – – 10 90 10 100 8.4

1.76 0.51 10 – – – – – 10 90 10 100 11.4

DDT (Dichloro-diphenyl-trichloroethane)

 (percentage in Stoddard solvent)

1.25 0.35 10 – – – – 100 – – 10 100 7.1

2.70 0.74 10 – – – – 70 – 30 10 100 9.0

Dodecyl amine (percentage in Stoddard

 solvent)

0.37 0.10 10 – – – – – 20 80 10 100 5.4

0.93 0.25 10 – – – – – – 100 10 100 5.7

1.85 0.50 10 – – – – – 10 90 10 100 6.8

Nickel stearate (percentage in

 coal-tar naphtha)

0.33 0.10 10 – – – – 10 – 90 10 100 5.6

0.93 0.27 10 – – – – 30 – 70 10 100 4.9

1.85 0.52 10 – – – – 10 10 80 10 100 5.5

Untreated controls – 10 – – – – – 40 60 10 100 2.1

Yellow birch (laminated)d

Acetylated – 10 – – – – 90 – 10 10 100 17.5

Untreated controls – 10 – – – – 10 10 80 10 100 2.7

a

All stakes except laminated yellow birch were pressure treated.

b

Ten stakes originally installed; eliminations were for mechanical damage or causes other than decay or insect attack.

c

Ammoniacal copper arsenate solution and retention figures in parentheses are oxides (CuO and As2O5).

d

Prepared from six-ply, parallel-laminated, acetylated 1/16-in. veneer glued with hot-press phenolic resin.

 Average acetyl content 19.2% based upon ovendry weight of wood. Untreated controls prepared from untreated veneer.

NOTE: The stakes remaining in test after the 1952 inspection were reset in the same general area.

This study was initiated by A. H. Rauch and J. Oscar Blew.

Condition of stakes February 2004 (%)

showing some–
Research Note FPL–RN–02

32Table 15–Condition of Southern Pine stakes (2 by 4 in. nominal by 18 in.) treated with acid copper chromate, chromated copper

arsenate type I, and nickel-arsenic-chromium salts after 60 years in test. Stakes placed in test on the Harrison Experimental Forest,Saucier, Mississippi, December 1945 (Plot 15)

Condition of stakes March 2005 (%)

Serviceable but Destroyed by–

showing some– Decay

Num- Decay fungi

Preservative Average ber and and Average

retentiona in Termite termite Decay Termite termite Total removed life

Acid copper chromate (lb/ft3) test Good Decay attack attack fungi attack attack Number % (year)

 (Fed. Spec. TT-W-546)

0.25 (0.13) 10 – – – – 10 30 60 10 100 11.60.51 (0.26) 10 – – – 20 60 – 20 8 80 –

Chromated copper arsenate type I 0.75 (0.37) 10 10 10 10 10 60 – – 6 60 – (Fed. Sepc. TT-W-550)

0.26 (0.15) 10 – – – – 20 10 70 10 100 28.70.50 (0.29) 10 – 20 – 50 30 – – 3 30 –

Nickel-arsenic-chromium saltsb 0.78 (0.44) 10 60 – 10 10 20 – – 2 20 –

0.26 (0.16) 10 – – – – 10 30 60 10 100 17.4

0.50 (0.32) 10 – – – – 20 10 70 10 100 41.2

Untreated controls 0.77 (0.50) 10 – – – 40 60 – – 6 60 –

– 10 – – – – 10 30 60 10 100 3.2

aRetention values in parentheses based on preservative oxides.bNickel sulfate (NiSO4 6H O), 5.5 parts; sodium arsenate (NaHAsO 2 4 12H O), 4.0 parts; arsenic acid (H 2 AsO 3 4),

 1.5 parts; and sodium dichromate (Na2Cr O2 7 2H O), 3.0 parts). 2
Comparison of Wood Preservatives in Stake Tests: 2011 Progress Report

33

Table 16–Condition of Douglas-fir plywood stakes treated with several wood preservatives, either before or after gluing of the veneer, after 51 years in test. Stakes

placed in test on the Harrison Experimental Forest, Saucier, Mississippi, December 1945 (Plot 16)

Condition of stakes January 1996 (%)

Serviceable but Destroyed by–

Plywooda showing some– Decay

Num- Veneer Num- Decay fungi

ber thick- Average ber and and Average

of ness retentionb,c in Termite termite Decay Termite termite Total removed life

Preservative Treatment plies (in.) (lb/ft3

) test Good Decay attack attack fungi attack attack Number % (year)

Plywood from Veneer Treated Before Gluing

Coal-tar creosote Pressure 13 1/16 40.9 10 80 – – 20 – – – – – –

Pressure 7 1/8 30.9 9 56 11 11 22 – – – – – –

Heating and 1-hour cold bathd 7 1/8 12.6 10 – – – – 10 20 70 10 100 10.2

24-hour cold soak 13 1/16 12.9 10 30 40 10 20 – – – – – –

24-hour cold soak 7 1/8 8.4 9 – 11 – 89 – – – – – –

10-second dipping 13 1/16 5.1 9g – 56 11 22 – – – – – –

10-second dipping 7 1/8 4.6 9 – 22 – 67 – – – – – –

Copper naphthenate, Pressure 13 1/16 15.5 (0.31) 9 67 22 – 11 – – – – – –

 2% copper metal Pressure 7 1/8 10.2 (0.20) 10 30 30 – 40 – – – – – –

 in coal-tar naphtha Heating and 1-hour cold bathd 7 1/8 6.7 (0.13) 9 11 11 – 67 11 – – 1 11 –

24-hour cold soak 13 1/16 10.1 (0.20) 10 – 40 – 60 – – – – – –

24-hour cold soak 7 1/8 6.2 (0.12) 10 – – – 70 20 – 10 3 30 –

10-second dipping 13 1/16 4.2 (0.084) 10 – 20 – 80 – – – – – –

10-second dipping 7 1/8 2.8 (0.056) 10 – – – – 50 – 50 10 100 32.5

Pentachlorophenol, Pressure 13 1/16 21.4 9 – 22 11 67 – – – – – –

 5% in No. 2 Pressure 7 1/8 18.2 10 – – – 50 30 – 20 5 50 –

 fuel oil Heating and 1-hour cold bathd 7 1/8 10.3 10 – – – 30 10 – 60 7 70 –

24-hour cold soak 13 1/16 7.4 9 – – – 33 44 – 22 6 67 –

24-hour cold soak 7 1/8 4.8 10 – – – – 10 10 80 10 100 23.1

10-second dipping 13 1/16 4.9 10 – – – 10 30 – 60 9 90 –

10-second dipping 7 1/8 1.0 10 – – – – 10 – 90 10 100 15.8

Chromated Pressure 13 1/16 1.02e

 (0.62) 6 – – – 50 17 – 33 3 50 –

 zinc chloride Pressure 7 1/8 1.06e

 (0.65) 10 – – – – – 40 60 10 100 25.8

Heating and 1-hour cold bathd 7 1/8 0.98 (0.60) 10 – – – – – 50 50 10 100 10.3

24-hour steeping 13 1/16f 1.07 (0.65) 8 – – – 88 – – 12 1 12 –

24-hour steeping 13 1/16 1.84 (1.12) 8g – – 13 50 25 – 12 3 27 –

24-hour steeping 7 1/8f 0.59 (0.36) 10 – – – – – 10 90 10 100 17.0

24-hour steeping 7 1/8 1.30 (0.79) 10 – – – – 10 20 70 10 100 23.6

10-second dipping 13 1/16f 0.61 (0.37) 10 – – – – 30 10 60 10 100 22.7

10-second dipping 13 1/16 0.66 (0.40) 10 – – – – 10 – 90 10 100 22.1

10-second dipping 7 1/8 0.35 (0.21) 10 – – – – – 20 80 10 100 10.8

Acid copper Pressure 13 1/16 0.76 (0.38) 9g – – 22 67 11 – – 1 11 –

 chromate Pressure 7 1/8 0.79 (0.39) 9 11 – – 67 22 – – 2 22 –

Heating and 1-hour cold bathd 7 1/8 1.07 (0.53) 10 – – – 60 30 – 10 4 40 –

24-hour steeping 13 1/16f 0.88 (0.44) 9 44 11 33 11 – – – – – –

24-hour steeping 13 1/16 1.89 (0.94) 10 40 – 40 20 – – – – – –

24-hour steeping 7 1/8 0.54 (0.27) 9 22 11 22 33 11 – – 1 11 –

24-hour steeping 7 1/8 1.32 (0.65) 10 20 10 20 50 – – – – – –

10-second dipping 13 1/16 0.87 (0.43) 10 – – – 70 30 – – 3 30 –

10-second dipping 13 1/16 0.61 (0.30) 9 – 11 – 44 44 – – 4 44 –

10-second dipping 7 1/8 0.27 (0.13) 10 – – – – 20 – 80 10 100 18.4

10-second dipping 7 1/8 0.38 (0.19) 10 – – – – 30 10 60 10 100 22.2

(Page 1 of 2)
Research Note FPL–RN–02

34

Table 16–Condition of Douglas-fir plywood stakes treated with several wood preservatives, either before or after gluing of the veneer, after 51 years in test. Stakes

placed in test on the Harrison Experimental Forest, Saucier, Mississippi, December 1945 (Plot 16)

Condition of stakes January 1996 (%)

Serviceable but Destroyed by–

Plywooda showing some– Decay

Num- Veneer Num- Decay fungi

ber thick- Average ber and and Average

of ness retentionb,c in Termite termite Decay Termite termite Total removed life

Preservative Treatment plies (in.) (lb/ft3

) test Good Decay attack attack fungi attack attack Number % (year)

Plywood Treated After Gluing

Coal-tar creosote Pressure 5 1/8 19.6 10 70 10 10 10 – – – – – –

Hot bath, 1-h, and cold

 bath, 1-h 5 1/8 2.0 10 20 – – 80 – – – – – –

24-h cold soak 5 1/8 5.3 10 – – – – 20 30 50 10 100 11.3

10-s dipping 5 1/8 1.0e 8g – – – – – 50 50 8 100 5.4

Copper naphthenate, Pressure 5 1/8 2.9 (0.058) 10 – – – – 50 10 40 10 100 18.9

 (2% copper metal) Hot bath, 1-h, and cold

 in coal-tar naphtha bath, 1-h 5 1/8 1.2 (0.024) 10 – – – – 60 – 40 10 100 12.8

24-h cold soak 5 1/8 1.1 (0.022) 10 – – – – 50 – 50 10 100 13.8

10-s dipping 5 1/8 0.4 (0.008) 10 – – – – 60 – 40 10 100 10.5

Pentachlorophenol, Pressure 5 1/8 12.5 10 – – – 20 30 – 50 8 80 –

 5% in No. 2 fuel Hot bath, 1-h, and cold

 oil bath, 1-h 5 1/8 2.1 10 – – – – – 40 60 10 100 8.3

24-h cold soak 5 1/8 2.0 10 – – – – 20 10 70 10 100 8.3

10-s dipping 5 1/8 0.7 10 – – – – 10 20 70 10 100 7.8

Chromated zinc Pressure 5 1/8 0.62e

 (0.038) 10 – – – – 40 – 60 10 100 17.9

 chloride 24-h steeping 5 1/8 0.35 (0.21) 10 – – – – 10 30 60 10 100 8.2

10-s dipping 5 1/8 0.03 (0.02) 10 – – – – – 50 50 10 100 4.0

Acid copper Pressure 5 1/8 0.46 (0.23) 10 10 – – 10 50 – 30 8 80 –

 chromate 24-h steeping 5 1/8 0.28 (0.14) 10 – – – – 10 40 50 10 100 5.3

10-s dipping 5 1/8 0.06 (0.03) 10 – – – – 10 60 30 10 100 8.2

None Untreated 13 1/16 – 10 – – – – – 50 50 10 100 3.7

Untreated 7 1/8 – 10 – – – – – 60 40 10 100 3.6 a

Plywood glued with hot-press phenolic-resin adhesive.

b

Oils or dry salt absorbed by 21-by 38-in. plywood panel. Stakes were cut from plywood panels after treatment, and all exposed edges of stakes were

soaked in the preservative before stakes were installed.

c

Retention values in parentheses based on preservative oxides or copper metal. d

Veneer heated in dryer and then submerged for 1 h in unheated preservative. e

Approximate values.

f

Veneer treated prior to drying.

g

Specimens delaminated and were eliminated from test.

This study was initiated by J. Oscar Blew.
Comparison of Wood Preservatives in Stake Tests: 2011 Progress Report

35

Table 17–Condition of Southern Pine stakes (2 by 4 in. nominal by 18 in.) treated with various petroleum oils, pentachlorophenol solution, copper naphthenate

solutions, coal-tar creosote, and mixtures of these preservatives after about 50 years in test. Stakes placed in test on the Harrison Experimental Forest,

Saucier, Mississippi, and at Bogalusa, Louisiana, April 1948 (Plot 20)

Condition of stakes January 1998b (%)

Serviceable but Destroyed by–

showing some– Decay

Num- Decay fungi

Average ber and and Average

retention in Termite termite Decay Termite termite Total removed life

Oil or preservative Location (lb/ft3

) testa Good Decay attack attack fungi attack attack Number % (year)

Unfortified petroleum oil

 Commercial aromatic solvent MS 4.1 10 – – – – 10 – 90 10 100 2.3

 (Mid-United States) LA 4.1 10 – – – – – 20 80 10 100 2.9

 Stoddard solvent (Mid-United States) MS 4.0 10 – – – – 10 20 70 10 100 2.1

LA 4.0 10 – – – – 10 20 70 10 100 2.8

 No. 2 fuel oil (Mid-United States) MS 4.1 10 – – – – 10 10 80 10 100 4.4

LA 4.0 10 – – – – 70 – 30 10 100 4.1

 Heavy thermal side cut MS 4.2 10 – – – – – 10 90 10 100 3.4

 (Mid-United States) LA 4.2 10 – – – – 30 – 70 10 100 4.6

 No. 200 diesel oil (West Coast) MS 4.0 10 – – – – 20 10 70 10 100 4.8

LA 4.0 10 – – – – 70 – 30 10 100 4.6

 Catalytic gas-base oil (West Coast) MS 4.0 10 – – – – 40 – 60 10 100 7.6

LA 4.0 10 – – – – 40 – 60 10 100 7.6

MS 8.0 10 – – – – 30 – 70 10 100 14.6

LA 8.0 10 – 10 – 50 20 – 20 4 40 –

MS 12.0 10 – – – – 40 – 60 10 100 17.1

LA 11.9 10 – 25 – 63 12 – – 1 12 –

 No. 300 fuel oil (West Coast) MS 4.2 10 – – – – 90 – 10 10 100 7.1

LA 4.2 10 – – – 20 80 – – 8 80 6.5c

 No. 400 fuel oil (West Coast) MS 4.2 10 – – – – 80 – 20 10 100 5.8

LA 4.2 10 – – – – 90 – 10 10 100 5.5

 Light gas oil (Mid-United States) MS 4.1 10 – – – – 50 – 50 10 100 6.7

LA 4.1 10 – – – – 60 – 40 10 100 6.0

 Denver No. 3 blend (50-50 topped crude MS 4.0 10 – – – – 60 – 40 10 100 6.4

 residual and recycled overhead gas oil) LA 4.0 10 – – – – 80 – 20 10 100 5.9

 Heavy gas oil (Mid-United States) MS 4.0 10 – – – – 100 – – 10 100 12.9

LA 4.0 10 – – – 60 40 – – 4 40 –

MS 7.9 10 – – – 10 90 – – 9 90 –

LA 7.9 9 – 33 – 67 – – – – – –

MS 12.1 10 – – 20 80 – – 8 80 –

LA 12.1 5 60 40 – – – – – – – –

Lube oil extract (Texas) MS 4.1 10 – – – – 100 – – 10 100 12.0

LA 4.2 8 – – – 63 25 12 3 37 –

(Page 1 of 3)
Research Note FPL–RN–02

36

Table 17–Condition of Southern Pine stakes (2 by 4 in. nominal by 18 in.) treated with various petroleum oils, pentachlorophenol solution, copper

naphthenate solutions, coal-tar creosote, and mixtures of these preservatives after about 50 years in test. Stakes placed in test on the

Harrison Experimental Forest, Saucier, Mississippi, and at Bogalusa, Louisiana, April 1948 (Plot 20)–cont.

Condition of stakes January 1998b

 (%)

Serviceable but Destroyed by–

showing some– Decay

Num- Decay fungi

Average ber and and Average

retention in Termite termite Decay Termite termite Total removed life

Oil or preservative Location (lb/ft3

) testa Good Decay attack attack fungi attack attack Number % (year)

Fortified petroleum oils and mixtures

 Commercial aromatic solvent (Mid- MS 4.2 10 – – – – – – 100 10 100 10.9

 United States with 5% pentachlorophenol) LA 4.2 10 – – – – 10 – 90 10 100 8.6

 Stoddard solvent (Mid-United States) MS 4.0 10 – – – – 10 – 90 10 100 13.7

 with 5% pentachlorophenol LA 4.0 10 – – – – 20 – 80 10 100 8.8

 No 2 fuel oil (Mid-United States) MS 4.0 10 – – – – 10 10 80 10 100 14.9

 with 5% pentachlorophenol LA 3.8 10 – – – 20 – – 80 8 80 12.5c

 Heavy thermal side cut (Mid-United States) MS 4.0 10 – – – – 20 – 80 10 100 14.0

 with 5% pentachlorophenol LA 4.0 10 – – – – 10 – 90 10 100 10.6

 No. 200 diesel oil (West Coast) MS 4.1 10 – – – – 10 – 90 10 100 17.0

 with 5% pentachlorophenol LA 4.1 10 – – – 50 – – 50 5 50 –

 Catalytic gas-base oil (West Coast) MS 4.2 10 – – – – – – 100 10 100 16.3

 with 5% pentachlorophenol LA 4.1 8 – – – 88 12 – – 1 12 –

MS 8.0 10 – – – – 10 – 90 10 100 20.7

LA 7.9 8 – 12 – 88 – – – – – –

MS 12.0 10 – – – – 30 – 70 10 100 30.2

LA 12.0 9 – 56 – 44 – – – – – –

 No. 300 fuel oil (West Coast) with MS 4.0 10 – – – – 80 – 20 10 100 14.6

 with 5% pentachlorophenol LA 4.1 8 – 12 – 50 12 – 25 3 37 –

 No. 400 fuel oil (West Coast) with MS 4.2 10 – – – – 40 – 60 10 100 13.9

 with 5% pentachlorophenol LA 4.2 9 – – – 22 22 – 56 7 78 12.5c

 Light gas oil (Mid-United States) MS 4.0 10 – – – – – – 100 10 100 15.6

 with 5% pentachlorophenol LA 4.2 10 – – – 50 – – 50 5 50 –

 Denver No. 3 blend (50-50 topped crude residual MS 4.0 10 – – – – 70 – 30 10 100 19.5

 and recycled overhead gas oil) with 5% pentachl LA 4.0 7 – – – 86 14 – – 1 14 –

 Heavy gas oil (Mid-United States) MS 4.1 9 – – – 11 44 – 44 8 89 –

 with 5% pentachlorophenol LA 4.1 8 – 12 – 88 – – – – – –

MS 7.9 10 – – 10 10 60 – 20 8 80 –

LA 7.9 6 – 33 – 67 – – – – – –

MS 12.0 10 – – – 80 20 – – 2 20 –

LA 12.0 5 60 – – 40 – – – – – –

(Page 2 of 3)
Comparison of Wood Preservatives in Stake Tests: 2011 Progress Report

37

Table 17–Condition of Southern Pine stakes (2 by 4 in. nominal by 18 in.) treated with various petroleum oils, pentachlorophenol solution, copper naphthenate

solutions, coal-tar creosote, and mixtures of these preservatives after about 50 years in test. Stakes placed in test on the Harrison Experimental Forest,

Saucier, Mississippi, and at Bogalusa, Louisiana, April 1948 (Plot 20)–cont.

Condition of stakes January 1998b

 (%)

Serviceable but Destroyed by–

showing some– Decay

Num- Decay fungi

Average ber and and Average

retention in Termite termite Decay Termite termite Total removed life

Oil or preservative Location (lb/ft3

) testa Good Decay attack attack fungi attack attack Number % (year)

Fortified petroleum oils and mixtures

 Lube oil extract (Texas) MS 4.2 10 – – – – 90 – 10 10 100 28.5

 with 5% pentachlorophenol LA 4.2 8 – – – 100 – – – – – –

 Catalytic gas-base oil (West Coast) with copper MS 4.2 10 – – – – 70 10 20 10 100 14.3

 naphthenate (0.5% copper metal) LA 4.2 10 – 10 – 60 10 – 20 3 30 –

 Catalytic gas-base oil (West Coast) with copper MS 4.4 8 – – – – 75 – 25 8 100 17.4

 naphthenate (0.75% copper metal) LA 4.2 8 12 12 – 62 12 – – 1 12 –

 Coal-tar creosote MS 4.1 10 – – – – 70 – 30 10 100 14.2

LA 4.1 10 – – – 50 40 – 10 5 50 –

 Coal-tar creosote, 50%, and catalytic gas-base oil (West MS 4.1 10 – – – – 50 – 50 10 100 16.2

 Coast) with 5% pentachlorophenol, 50% by volume LA 4.1 8 – – – 62 – – 38 3 38 –

 Coal-tar creosote, 50%, and catalytic gas-base oil MS 4.2 10 – – – – 90 – 10 10 100 18.9

 (West Coast) with copper naphthenate (0.5% copper LA 4.3 10 – – – 90 10 – – 1 10 –

 metal), 50% by volume 

 Coal-tar creosote, 25%, and catalytic gas-base oil MS 4.1 10 – – – – 90 – 10 10 100 14.6

 (West Coast) with copper naphthenate (0.75% copper LA 4.2 8 – – – 50 38 – 12 4 50 –

 metal) , 75% by volume

 Catalytic gas-base oil (West Coast) with MS 4.2 10 – – – – 20 10 70 10 100 24.9

 5% pentachlorophenol, 50%, and LA 4.2 9 – – – 100 – – – – – –

 catalytic gas-base oil (West Coast) with

 copper naphthenate (0.5% copper metal), 50% by volume

Untreated controls MS – 10 – – – – 20 20 60 10 100 2.2

LA – 10 – – – – – – 100 10 100 2.8

a

Ten stakes were originally installed at each test station; this number has since been reduced because of failure to locate the stakes at the time of inspection. b

Final inspection at Bogalusa, November 1962.

c

Estimate based on percentage of stakes remaining after final inspection.

This study was initiated by J. Oscar Blew.
Research Note FPL–RN–02

38

Table 18–Condition of Southern Pine stakes (2 by 4 in. nominal by 18 in.) treated with various coal-tar creosotes and creosote solutions

after about 44 years in test. Stakes placed in test at Madison, Wisconsin, October 1948, and on the Harrison Experimental Forest, Saucier, 

Mississippi, December 1948 (Plot 24)

Condition of stakes October 1992a

 (%)

Serviceable but Destroyed by–

showing some– Decay

Num- Decay fungi

Average ber and and Average

retention in Termite termite Decay Termite termite Total removed life

Preservative Location (lb/ft3

) test Good Decay attack attack fungi attack attack Number % (year)

Coal-tar creosote

Low residue, straight run MS 8.0 10 – – – 30 60 – 10 7 70 17.8b

WI 8.0 10 – 40 – – 60 – – 6 60 –

Medium residue, straight run MS 8.0 10 – 10 – 10 80 – – 8 80 18.8b

WI 8.0 10 – 70 – – 30 – – 3 30 –

High residue, straight run MS 7.8 10 – 20 – 20 60 – – 6 60 20.3b

WI 7.8 10 – 10 – – – – – – – –

Medium residue

 Low in tar acids MS 8.1 10 – 10 – 20 70 – – 7 70 19.4b

WI 8.1 10 – 100 – – – – – – – –

 Low in naphthalene MS 8.2 10 – 10 – 50 40 – – 4 40 21.3b

WI 8.2 10 – 90 – – 10 – – 1 10 –

 Low in tar acids and MS 8.0 10 – – – 30 60 – 10 7 70 18.9b

 naphthalene WI 8.0 10 – 100 – – – – – –– –

Low residue, low in tar MS 8.0 10 – 10 – 20 50 – 20 7 70 19.2b

 acids and naphthalene WI 8.0 10 – 40 – – 60 – – 6 60 –

High residue, low in tar MS 8.2 10 – 10 – 10 70 – 10 8 80 20.0b

 acids and naphthalene WI 8.1 9 33 67 – – – – – –– –

English vertical retort MS 8.0 10 – – – 30 60 – 10 7 70 18.9b

WI 8.0 10 10 90 – – – – – – – –

English coke oven MS 7.9 10 – – – – 70 – 30 10 100 13.6

WI 7.9 10 – 30 – – 70 – – 7 70 –

English coke oven, 50%, and MS 8.1 10 – – – 10 40 – 50 9 90 16.9b

 English vertical retort, 50% by WI 8.1 10 10 70 – – 20 – – 2 20 –

 volume

(Page 1 of 2)
Comparison of Wood Preservatives in Stake Tests: 2011 Progress Report

39

Table 18–Condition of Southern Pine stakes (2 by 4 in. nominal by 18 in.) treated with various coal-tar creosotes and creosote solutions

after about 44 years in test. Stakes placed in test at Madison, Wiisconsin, October 1948, and on the Harrison Experimental Forest, Saucier, 

Mississippi, December 1948 (Plot 24)–cont.

Condition of stakes October 1992a

 (%)

Serviceable but Destroyed by–

showing some– Decay

Num- Decay fungi

Average ber and and Average

retention in Termite termite Decay Termite termite Total removed life

Preservative Location (lb/ft3

) test Good Decay attack attack fungi attack attack Number % (year)

Medium residue, low in tar acids MS 8.1 10 – 20 – 10 70 – – 7 70 20.4b

 and naphthalene, 70%, and WI 8.1 10 – 70 – – 30 – – 3 30 –

 coal tar, 30% by volume

Medium residue, low in tar acids MS 8.1 10 – 10 – 20 70 – – 7 70 19.6b

 and naphthalene, 70%, and WI 8.1 10 – 70 – – 30 – – 3 30 –

 petroleum oil (Wyoming 

 residual), 30% by volume

Petroleum oil (Wyoming residual) MS 8.1 10 – – – – 90 – 10 10 100 3.4

WI 8.1 9 – – – – 100 – – 9 100 14.8

Untreated controls MS – 10 – – – – 10 10 80 10 100 1.9

WI – 10 – – – – 100 – – 10 100 5.6

a

Final inspection in Mississippi, November 1968.

b

Estimate based on percentage of stakes remaining after final inspection.

This study was initiated by J. Oscar Blew.
Research Note FPL–RN–02

40

Table 19–Condition of Southern Pine stakes (2 by 4 in. nominal by 18 in.) treated with English coke oven and verticle 

retort coal-tar creosotes after about 50 years in test. Stakes placed in test on the Harrison Experimental Forest,

Saucier, Mississippi, December 1948 (Plot 25)

Condition of stakes February 1998 (%)

Serviceable but Destroyed by–

showing some– Decay

Num- Decay fungi

Average ber and and Average

retention in Termite termite Decay Termite termite Total removed life

Preservative (lb/ft3

) test Good Decay attack attack fungi attack attack Number % (year)

Coal-tar creosote 5.3 10 – – – 10 70 – 20 9 90 –

 English vertical retort

10.1 10 – – – 20 70 – 10 8 80 –

15.0 10 – 10 – 90 – – – – – –

 English coke oven 4.7 10 – – – – 80 – 20 10 100 16.3

10.1 10 – – – 30 60 10 – 7 70 –

14.8 10 – – – 20 60 – 20 8 80 –

Untreated controls – 10 – – – – – – 100 10 100 1.9
Comparison of Wood Preservatives in Stake Tests: 2011 Progress Report

41

Table 20–Condition of Southern Pine stakes (2 by 4 in. nominal by 18 in.) treated with zinc-arsenic chromium and chromated copper

arsenate salts after about 43 and 61 years in test. Stakes placed in test at Madison, Wisconsin, November 1949 and on the Harrison

Experimental Forest, Saucier, Mississippi, December 1949 (Plot 28)

Condition of stakes March 2010 (MS) and October 1992 (WI) (%)

Serviceable but Destroyed by–

showing some– Decay

Num- Decay fungi

Average ber and and Average

retentionb in Termite termite Decay Termite termite Total removed life

Preservative Location (lb/ft3

) testc Good Decay attack attack fungi attack attack Number % (year)

Zinc-arsenic-chromium salt (S-32)a WI (0.96) 10 90 – – – 10 – – 1 10 –

MS (0.96) 10 – 80 – 10 10 – – 1 10 –

WI (0.74) 10 40 – – – 60 – – 6 60 –

MS (0.72) 9 – 89 – – 11 – – 1 11 –

WI (0.50) 10 – – – – 100 – – 10 100 21.8

MS (0.50) 10 – 70 – 20 10 – – 1 10 –

WI (0.35) 10 – – – – 100 – – 10 100 18.5

MS (0.35) 10 10 20 – 10 50 – 10 6 60 –

WI (0.22) 10 – – – – 100 – – 10 100 18.6

MS (0.22) 10 – – – – 40 – 60 10 100 41.8

Chromated copper arsenate, WI (1.03) 10 90 10 – – – – – –– –

 type II (Fed. Spec. TT-W-550) MS (1.04) 9 89 11 – – – – – –– –

WI (0.78) 10 90 10 – – – – – –– –

MS (0.79) 9 67 33 – – – – – –– –

WI (0.52) 9 – 100 – – – – – –– –

MS (0.52) 9 33 67 – – – – – –– –

WI (0.37) 10 – 100 – – – – – –– –

MS (0.37) 10 – 70 – 20 10 – – 1 10 –

WI (0.26) 10 – 80 – – 20 – – 2 20 –

MS (0.26) 10 – 60 – 40 – – – – – –

Zinc chloride WI 1.04 (0.61) 10 – – – – 100 – – 10 100 12.8

MS 1.04 (0.62) 10 – – – – 20 – 80 10 100 17.0

Coal-tar creosote WI 8.36 10 – 90 – – 10 – – 1 10 –

MS 8.30 10 – – – – 70 – 30 10 100 47.1

Untreated controls WI – 10 – – – – 100 – – 10 100 7.0

MS – 10 – – – – 10 30 60 10 100 2.8

a

ZnO, 97 parts; CrO3, 170 parts; and As2O5, 213 parts.

b

Retention figures in parentheses are based on preservative oxides. c

Ten stakes originally installed; eliminations were for mechanical damage or causes other than decay or insect attack.
Research Note FPL–RN–02

42

Table 21–Condition of Southern Pine stakes (2 by 4 in. nominal by 18 in.) treated with two fortified aromatic petroleum 

oils after about 47 years in test. Stakes placed in test on the Harrison Experimental Forest, Saucier, Mississippi, December 

1949 (Plot 26)

Condition of stakes January 1995 (%)

Serviceable but Destroyed by–

showing some– Decay

Num- Decay fungi

Average ber and and Average

retention in Termite termite Decay Termite termite Total removed life

Preservative (lb/ft3

) test Good Decay attack attack fungi attack attack Number % (year)

Standard wood 3.7 10 – – – – 20 10 70 10 100 7.3

 preservativea

 8.2 10 – – – 10 20 10 60 9 90 –

11.7 10 – – – 30 40 – 30 7 70 –

Wood preservative

 No. 51746-Rb 4.0 10 – – – – 20 – 80 10 100 11.6

 8.0 10 – – – 10 20 – 70 9 90 –

12.1 10 – – – 30 10 – 60 7 70 –

Untreated controls – 10 – – – – – 30 70 10 100 2.2 a

Reported to be a mixture of heavy petroleum cresylic acids, an aromatic solvent, and copper naphthenate

 equivalent to 0.3% copper metal.

b

Reported to be a mixture of petroleum cresylic acids, aromatic oils, and 1.0% pentachlorophenol.

This study was initiated by J. Oscar Blew.
Comparison of Wood Preservatives in Stake Tests: 2011 Progress Report

43

Table 22–Condition of Southern Pine stakes (2 by 4 in. nominal by 18 in.) treated with oil solutions of rosin amine D pentachlorophenate

and pentachlorophenol after about 50 years in test. Stakes placed in test on the Harrison Experimental Forest, Saucier, Mississippi,

December 1949 (Plot 27)

Condition of stakes January 1999 (%)

Serviceable but Destroyed by–

showing some– Decay

Num- Decay fungi

Average ber and and Average

retention in Termite termite Decay Termite termite Total removed life

Preservative (lb/ft3

) test Good Decay attack attack fungi attack attack Number % (year)

Rosin amine D pentachlorophenate, 5%, 4.0 10 – – – – – 20 80 10 100 3.8

 in Stoddard solvent 7.9 10 – – – – – 100 10 100 5.1

11.9 10 – – – – – – 100 10 100 9.5

Rosin amine D pentachlorophenate, 5%, 4.2 10 – – – – – 20 80 10 100 4.5

 and paraffin wax, 2%, in Stoddard solvent 8.0 10 – – – – 10 – 90 10 100 7.8

Rosin amine D pentachlorophenate, 5%, 4.0 10 – – – – – 30 70 10 100 8.0

 paraffin wax, 2%, and pentalyn H, 10%, in 8.0 10 – – – – 30 30 40 10 100 8.7

 Stoddard solvent

Rosin amine D pentachlorophenate, 5%, 4.0 10 – – – – 60 – 40 10 100 12.8

 in No. 4 aromatic oil 7.6 10 – – – – 50 – 50 10 100 16.1

12.3 10 – 20 – 10 70 – – 7 70 –

Pentachlorophenol, 5%, and pine oil, 4.1 10 – – – – – – 100 10 100 9.5

 5%, in Stoddard solvent 8.0 9 – – – – – – 100 9 100 15.5

Pentachlorophenol, 5%, and pine oil, 5%; 4.1 10 – – – – – 10 90 10 100 12.8

 paraffin wax, 2%; and pentalyn H, 10%, 7.8 10 – – – – 20 – 80 10 100 15.7

 in Stoddard solvent

Pentachlorophenol, 5%, in No. 4 4.2 10 – – – – 60 – 40 10 100 21.0

 aromatic oil 8.2 10 – 10 – 20 30 – 40 7 70 –

Untreated controls – 10 – – – – – 30 70 10 100 2.3

This study was initiated by J. Oscar Blew.
Research Note FPL–RN–02

44Table 23–Condition of Southern Pine stakes (2 by 4 in. nominal by 18 in.) treated with rosin amine D pentachlorophenate and pentachlorophenol

in petroleum oil (Wyoming residual) after about 45 years in test. Stakes placed in test on the Harrison Experimental Forest, Saucier, Mississipi,March 1952 (Plot 34)

Condition of stakes January 1997 (%)

Serviceable but Destroyed by–

showing some– Decay

Num- Decay fungi

Average ber and and Average

retention in Termite termite Decay Termite termite Total removed life

Preservative (lb/ft3) test Good Decay attack attack fungi attack attack Number % (year)

Rosin amine D pentachlorophenate 4.0 10 – – – – 70 – 30 10 100 22.4 5% in petroleum oil 8.0 10 – – – – 60 – 40 10 100 25.7 (Wyoming residual) 12.7 10 – – – 20 50 – 30 8 80 –Pentachlorophenol 5% in 4.0 10 – – – – 50 – 50 10 100 18.6 petroleum oil 8.0 10 – – – 40 30 – 30 6 60 – (Wyoming residual) 11.7 10 – 20 – 80 – – – – – – Petroleum oil 7.7 10 – – – – 70 – 30 10 100 14.6 (Wyoming residual) 12.2 10 – – – – 100 – – 10 100 17.4Untreated controls – 10 – – – – – 20 80 10 100 2.1

This study was initiated by J. Oscar Blew.
Comparison of Wood Preservatives in Stake Tests: 2011 Progress Report

45

Table 24–Condition of Southern Pine stakes (2 by 4 in. nominal by 18 in.) treated with two Boliden salt formulations after about 45 years intest. Stakes placed in test on the Harrison Experimental Forest, Saucier, Mississippi, March 1952 (Plot 33)

Serviceable but Destroyed by–

showing some– Decay

Average Num- Decay fungi

retention, ber and and Average

anhydrous saltsa in Termite termite Decay Termite termite Total removed life

Preservative (lb/ft3) test Good Decay attack attack fungi attack attack Number % (year)

Boliden salts AWPA P5-55Chromated zinc arsenate (H ASO 3 4, 0.22 (0.11) 10 – – – – – 10 90 10 100 22.1

 20 parts; Na HAsO 2 4, 21 parts; 0.38 (0.20) 10 – – – 60 – – 40 4 40 –

 Na Cr 2 O2 7 ◊ H O, 16 parts; and 2 0.77 (0.40) 10 – – – 100 – – – – – –

 ZnSO4, 43 parts)b 1.01 (0.53) 10c – – – 100 – – – – – –

Boliden salts S-25 (CrO3, 32 parts; (0.30) 10 – – – 100 – – – – – –

 CuO, 5 parts; ZnO, 14 parts; and (0.50) 10 – – – 100 – – – – – –

 As O2 5, 49 parts) (0.75) 10 20 10 – 70 – – – – – –

 (1.01) 9 44 12 – 44 – – – – – –

Untreated controls – 10 – – – – – 20 80 10 100 1.9

aRetention values in parentheses are based on preservative oxides.bRetentions are shown on an anhydrous basis, and figures should be increased approximately 26% to obtain values as

 computed in AWPA Standard P5-55.

cThis stake group placed in test in August 1952.

This study was initiated by J. Oscar Blew.

Condition of stakes January 1997 (%)
Research Note FPL–RN–02

46Table 25–Condition of Southern Pine stakes (2 by 4 in. nominal by 18 in.) treated with four fire-retardant formulations (AWPA P10-51) after

about 45 years in test. Stakes placed in test on the Harrison Experimental Forest, Saucier, Mississippi, March 1952a (Plot 35)

Serviceable but Destroyed by–

showing some– Decay

Num- Decay fungi

Average ber and and Average

retentionb in Termite termite Decay Termite termite Total removed life

Preservative (lb/ft3) test Good Decay attack attack fungi attack attack Number % (year)

Chromated zinc chloride 1.50 (0.92) 10 – – – – 30 – 70 10 100 23.4

 (ZnCl2, 80.4 parts; 2.91 (1.78) 10 – – – – 60 10 30 10 100 32.7

 Na Cr 2 O2 7 . 2H O, 19.6 parts) 2 6.00 (3.67) 10 60 – 30 10 – – – – – –

Chromated zinc chloride (FR) 1.53 10 – – – – 30 20 50 10 100 16.5

 (Chromated zinc chloride, 80 parts; 3.00 10 – – – 10 30 10 50 9 90 –

 H BO 3 3,10 parts; and (NH4)2SO4, 10 parts) 6.08 10 20 – 10 20 20 10 20 5 50 –

Minalith 1.50 10 – – – – – 10 90 10 100 3.7

 ((NH4) HPO 2 4, 10 parts; (NH4)2SO4, 3.00 10 – – – – – 10 90 10 100 4.9

 60 parts; Na B2 O4 7, 10 parts; 6.13 10 – – – – – 30 70 10 100 5.1

 and H BO, 20 parts) 3

Pyresote 1.50 10 – – – – – 10 90 10 100 11.2

 (ZnCl2, 35 parts; (NH4)SO4, 3.01 10 – – – – – 20 80 10 100 13.1

 Na Cr 2 O2 7 2H O, 5 parts) 2 6.26 10 – – – – 20 20 60 10 100 18.3

Untreated controls – 10 – – – – – 20 80 10 100 2.6

aIn cooperation with Bureau of Ships, Department of the Navy.bRetention values in parentheses based on preservative oxides.

This study was initiated by J. Oscar Blew.

Condition of stakes January 1997a (%)
Comparison of Wood Preservatives in Stake Tests: 2011 Progress Report

47

Table 26–Condition of Southern Pine stakes (2 by 4 in. nominal by 18 in.) treated with basic zinc chloride and zinc chloride

after about 50 years in test. Stakes placed in test on the Harrison Experimental Forest, Saucier, Mississippi, March 1952 

(Plot 32)

Serviceable but Destroyed by–

showing some– Decay

Num- Decay fungi

Average ber and and Average

retention of in Termite termite Decay Termite termite Total removed life

Preservative (lb/ft3

) test Good Decay attack attack fungi attack attack Number % (year)

Basic zinc chloridea

1.00 10 – 20 – 70 10 – – 1 10 –

2.11 10 – 40 10 50 – – – – – –

4.13 10 – 70 20 10 – – – – – –

Zinc chloride 1.02 (0.61)b 10 – – – – 10 – 90 10 100 24.2

Untreated controls – 10 – – – – 10 20 70 10 100 2.3

a

Pershall process. Compound intended as fire retardant with retentions of 3-1/2 to 4 lb/ft3.

 Retentions of basic zinc chloride are expressed as weight of zinc oxide.

b

Retention value in parentheses based on preservative oxide ZnO.

This study was initiated by J. Oscar Blew.

Condition of stakes January 2002 (%)
Research Note FPL–RN–02

48

Table 27–Condition of Southern Pine stakes (2 by 4 in. nominal by 18 in.) treated with naval-stores products after about 42 years in test. 

Stakes placed in test on the Harrison Experimental Forest, Saucier, Mississippi, March 1952 (Plot 36)

Condition of stakes November 1993 (%)

Serviceable but Destroyed by–

showing some– Decay

Num- Decay fungi

Average ber and and Average

retention in Termite termite Decay Termite termite Total removed life

Preservativea (lb/ft3

) test Good Decay attack attack fungi attack attack Number % (year)

Rosin oil and No. 2 fuel oil (2:7) 4.1 10 – – – – 30 – 70 10 100 6.9

 8.0 10 – – – – 60 – 40 10 100 5.8

12.3 10 – – – – 20 – 80 10 100 9.3

Rosin oil and No. 2 fuel oil (1:7) 4.0 10 – – – – 10 – 90 10 100 5.7

 8.0 10 – – – – 50 – 50 10 100 5.8

12.1 10 – – – – 40 – 60 10 100 8.6

Rosin oil and No. 2 fuel oil (1:7) 4.0 10 – – – – 20 – 80 10 100 11.4

 with 2.98% pentachlorophenol 8.0 10 – – – – 20 – 80 10 100 14.8

12.1 10 – – – 20 20 – 60 8 80 –

No. 2 fuel oil 4.1 10 – – – – 30 10 60 10 100 6.1

No. 2 fuel oil with 2.92% 4.0 10 – – – – 10 – 90 10 100 11.1

 pentachlorophenol 8.0 10 – – – – 20 – 80 10 100 12.8

12.3 10 – – – – – – 100 10 100 25.9

No. 2 fuel oil with 4.94% 4.1 10 – – – – 50 – 50 10 100 12.4

 pentachlorophenol 8.0 10 – – – – 40 – 60 10 100 13.2

12.0 9b – – – 33 33 – 33 6 67 –

Rosin oil and Stoddard solvent (1:7) 8.0 10 – – – – 50 – 50 10 100 12.5

 with 3.21% pentachlorophenol

Oleo resin and No. 2 fuel oil (2:7) 4.0 9b – – – – – – 100 9 100 6.1

 8.1 10 – – – – 40 10 50 10 100 6.8

12.2 10 – – – – 30 – 70 10 100 10.7

Oleo resin and Stoddard solvent (1:7) 8.2 10 – – – – 40 10 50 10 100 10.4

 with 3.11% pentachlorophenol

Drop liquor concentrate and Stoddard 7.9 10 – – – – 20 – 80 10 100 8.7

 solvent (1:7) with 2.99% pentachlorophenol

Oleo resin and No. 2 fuel oil (1:7) 4.1 10 – – – – 50 – 50 10 100 10.0

 with 2.94% pentachlorophenol 8.0 10 – – – – 30 – 70 10 100 13.5

12.0 10 – – – – 20 – 80 10 100 16.3

(Page 1 of 2)
Comparison of Wood Preservatives in Stake Tests: 2011 Progress Report

49

Table 27–Condition of Southern Pine stakes (2 by 4 in. nominal by 18 in.) treated with naval-stores products after about 42 years in test. 

Stakes placed in test on the Harrison Experimental Forest, Saucier, Mississippi, March 1952 (Plot 36)–cont.

Condition of stakes November 1993 (%)

Serviceable but Destroyed by–

showing some– Decay

Num- Decay fungi

Average ber and and Average

retention in Termite termite Decay Termite termite Total removed life

Preservativea (lb/ft3

) test Good Decay attack attack fungi attack attack Number % (year)

Drop liquor concentrate and No. 2 fuel oil (2:7) 4.0 10 – – – – 10 – 90 10 100 6.8

 8.0 10 – – – – 20 – 80 10 100 7.9

12.0 10 – – – – – – 100 10 100 10.2

Drop liquor concentrate and No. 2 fuel oil (1:7) 4.0 10 – – – – – – 100 10 100 12.2

 with 3.03% pentachlorophenol 8.0 10 – – – – 30 – 70 10 100 16.2

12.0 10 – – – – 20 – 80 10 100 20.2

No. 2 fuel oil with 5% rosin amine D copper 4.1 10 – – – – 50 – 50 10 100 8.1

 acetate complex 8.0 10 – – – – 50 – 50 10 100 9.6

12.1 10 – – – – 60 – 40 10 100 15.9

Untreated controls – 10 – – – – – 30 70 10 100 2.8

a

Ratios and percentages on a weight basis.

b

One stake missing; eliminated from test.

This study was initiated by J. Oscar Blew.
Research Note FPL–RN–02

50Table 28–Condition of Southern Pine stakes (2 by 4 in. nominal by 18 in.) treated with coal-tar creosotes from tars produced by lowtemperature carbonization (Disco process) after 48 years of in test. Stakes placed in test on the Harrison Experimental Forest, Saucier, 

 Mississippi, December 1952 (Plot 37)

Condition of stakes June 2000 (%)

Serviceable but Destroyed by–

showing some– Decay

Num- Decay fungi

Average ber and and Average

retention in Termite termite Decay Termite termite Total removed life

Preservative (lb/ft3) testa Good Decay attack attack fungi attack attack Number % (year)

Low-temperature coal-tar creosote, 5.0 8 – – – 12 63 – 25 7 88 – type 1 (tar acids present) 10.2 9 – 11 – 22 33 – 33 6 67 –

15.4 9 – 44 – 56 – – – – – –

Low-temperature coal-tar creosote, 5.0 9 – – – – 44 – 56 9 100 27.2 type 2 (high percentage of tar acids 9.8 10 – 20 – 20 50 – 10 6 60 – removed) 15.2 10 – 30 – 60 10 – – 1 10 –Untreated controls – 10 – – – – – 40 60 10 100 2.3

aTen stakes were originally installed at each test station; this number has since been reduced because of failure to locate the stakes at the time of inspection.

This study was initiated by J. Oscar Blew.
Comparison of Wood Preservatives in Stake Tests: 2011 Progress Report

51

Table 29–Condition of Southern Pine stakes (2 by 4 in. nominal by 18 in.) treated with preservative oils and conditioned by vapor cleaning 

and steaming to remove residual solvents after about 28-1/2 years in test. Stakes placed in test on the Harrison Experimental Forest, Saucier,

Mississippi, April 1953a

 (Plot 38)—cont.

Average preservative

retention (lb/ft3

)

By

From weightsb analysisc Condition of stakes October 1992 (%)

Penta- Penta- Serviceable but Destroyed by–

chloro- chloro- showing some– Decay

Num- phenol phenol Decay fungi

Conditioning ber or or and and Average

after in Solu- copper copper Termite termite Decay Termite termite Total removed life

Preservative treatmente test tion metal metal Good Decay attack attack fungi attack attack Number % (year)

Pentachlorophenol, None 10 4.2 0.105 0.082 – – – – 20 10 70 10 100 11.6

 2.5% in light Steaming 10 4.2 0.105 0.091 – – – – 10 – 90 10 100 12.4

 aromatic solventd

Pentachlorophenol, Vapor 10 4.1 0.102 0.069 – – – – 10 10 80 10 100 11.3

 2.5% in light cleaning

 aromatic solvent

Pentachlorophenol, Steaming 10 4.4 0.200 0.139 – – – – 30 – 70 10 100 10.8

 4.5% in light

 aromatic solventd

Pentachlorophenol, Vapor 10 4.5 0.225 0.136 – – – – 20 – 80 10 100 14.2

 5% in light cleaning

 aromatic solvent

Pentachlorophenol, None 10 4.6 0.230 0.186 – – – – 10 – 90 10 100 14.1

 5% in light Steaming 10 4.8 0.240 0.222 – – – – 10 – 90 10 100 12.9

 aromatic solventd

Pentachlorophenol, Vapor 10 6.0 0.300 0.173 – – – – – – 100 10 100 12.3

 5% in light cleaning

 aromatic solvent

Pentachlorophenol, Steaming 10 4.4 0.400 0.319 – – – 20 10 – 70 8 80 18.0f

 9.1% in light

 aromatic solventd

Pentachlorophenol, Vapor 10 6.0 0.600 0.397 – – – 30 – – 70 7 70 18.5f

 10% in light cleaning

 aromatic solvent

Pentachlorophenol, None 10 6.2 0.310 0.121 – – – – – – 100 10 100 16.5

 5% in No. 2 Steaming 10 6.6 0.330 0.146 – – – 10 20 – 70 9 90 15.0f

 fuel oil Vapor 10 7.2 0.360 0.111 – – – – 20 – 80 10 100 13.1

cleaning

(Page 1 of 2)
Research Note FPL–RN–02

52

Table 29–Condition of Southern Pine stakes (2 by 4 in. nominal by 18 in.) treated with preservative oils and conditioned by vapor cleaning and 

steaming to remove residual solvents after about 28-1/2 years in test. Stakes placed in test on the Harrison Experimental Forest, Saucier, Mississippi, 

April 1953a

 (Plot 38)—cont.

Average preservative

retention (lb/ft3)

By

From weightsb analysisc Condition of stakes October 1992 (%)

Penta- Penta- Serviceable but Destroyed by–

chloro- chloro- showing some– Decay

Num- phenol phenol Decay fungi

Conditioning ber or or and and Average

after in Solu- copper copper Termite termite Decay Termite termite Total removed life

Preservative treatmente test tion metal metal Good Decay attack attack fungi attack attack Number % (year)

Copper naphthenate, None 10 4.6 0.023 0.020 – – – – 50 – 50 10 100 11.0

 0.5% copper in Steaming 10 4.5 0.022 0.020 – – – – 40 – 60 10 100 12.0

 light aromatic 

 solvent Vapor 10 4.6 0.023 0.018 – – – – 40 – 60 10 100 11.8

cleaning

Copper naphthenate, Steaming 10 4.4 0.026 0.023 – – – – 30 – 70 10 100 14.3

 0.59% copper in

 light aromatic 

 solvent

Copper naphthenate, Vapor 10 4.2 0.029 0.021 – – – – 30 – 70 10 100 13.7

 0.7% copper in cleaning

 light aromatic 

 solvent

Untreated controls – 10 – – – – – – – – 60 40 10 100 2.4 a

In cooperation with the Bureau of Ships, Department of the Navy.

b

Weights determined before and after treatment, prior to conditioning.

c

Analysis performed 2 months after treatment.

d

Solution contined 5% ester gum (by weight) as a bloom preventative.

e

One-hour steaming with maximum temperature 259oF and 1-h vacuum, following which steaming and vacuum periods were repeated.

e

One-hour heating in vapor of aromatic solvent with maximum temperature of 280oF and 1-h vacuum, following which vapor heating and vacuum periods were repeated.

f

Estimate based on percentage of stakes remaining after final inspection.

This study was initiated by J. Oscar Blew.
Comparison of Wood Preservatives in Stake Tests: 2011 Progress Report

53

Table 30–Condition of Southern Pine stakes (2 by 4 in. nominal by 18 in.) treated with Basilit UAa after about 41 years in test. Stakes placed in test on the Harrison Experimental Forest, Saucier, Mississippi, December 1954 (Plot 40)

Condition of stakes January 1995 (%)

Serviceable but Destroyed by–

showing some– Decay

Num- Decay fungi

Average ber and and Average

retentionb in Termite termite Decay Termite termite Total removed life

Preservative (lb/ft3) test Good Decay attack attack fungi attack attack Number % (year)

Basilit UA 0.25 (0.19) 10 – – – – – 50 50 10 100 21.6Basilit UA 0.53 (0.39) 10 – – – 70 30 – – 3 30 –Basilit UA 0.75 (0.56) 9 – – – 100 – – – – – –Untreated controls – 10 – – – – – 20 80 10 100 1.8

aContains sodium fluoride, sodium dichromate, and sodium arsenate.bRetention values in parentheses based on preservative oxides.

This study was initiated by J. Oscar Blew.
Research Note FPL–RN–02

54

Table 31–Condition of Southern Pine stakes (2 by 4 in. nominal by 18 in.) of uninfected and Trichoderma moldinfected wood, reated with coal-tar creosote, pentachlorophenol solution, and copper chromated zinc chloride, 

after about 41 years in test. Stakes placed in test on the Harrison Experimental Forest, Saucier, Mississippi, 

December 1954 (Plot 41)

Condition of stakes January 1995 (%)

Serviceable but Destroyed by–

showing some– Decay

Num- Decay fungi

Average ber and and Average

retentiona in Termite termite Decay Termite termite Total removed life

Preservative (lb/ft3

) testb Good Decay attack attack fungi attack attack Number % (year)

Without Mold Infection

Coal-tar creosote (high 3.9 10 – – – – 70 – 30 10 100 25.2

 residue, straight run) 7.8 9 – – – 22 78 – – 7 78 –

12.2 10 – 10 – 70 20 – – 2 20 –

Coal-tar creosote (low 4.0 10 – – – 10 20 – 70 9 90 –

 residue, low in tar acids 8.0 10 – – – 40 30 – 30 6 60 –

 and naphthalenes) 12.4 8 – – – 100 – – – – – –

Pentachlorophenol 4.2 10 – – – – 10 20 70 10 100 16.7

 (4.7% in No. 2 fuel oil) 8.1 9 – – – – 33 – 67 9 100 21.6

12.1 9 – – – 89 – – 11 1 11 –

Copperized chromated 0.34 (0.20) 10 – – – – – 20 80 10 100 16.6

 zinc chloride 0.73 (0.45) 10 – – – 10 60 – 30 9 90 –

1.15 (0.71) 9 – – – 44 44 – 11 5 56 –

Untreated controls – 10 – – – – – 60 40 10 100 2.1

Infected with Trichoderma Mold 

Coal-tar creosote (high 4.0 10 – – – 10 40 – 50 9 90 –

 residue, straight run) 8.0 10 – – – 40 60 – – 6 60 –

12.0 9 – – – 78 22 – – 2 22 –

Coal-tar creosote (low 4.1 10 – – – – 60 – 40 10 100 16.6

 residue, low in tar acids 8.0 10 – – – 20 40 – 40 8 80 –

 and naphthalenes) 12.0 10 – – – 90 – – 10 1 10 –

Pentachlorophenol 4.2 10 – – – – 20 20 60 10 100 17.6

 (4.7% in No. 2 fuel oil) 7.8 9 – – – – 11 – 89 9 100 19.2

11.9 10 – – – 50 10 – 40 5 50 –

Copperized chromated 0.34 (0.20) 10 – – – – – 20 80 10 100 20.2

 zinc chloride 0.74 (0.45) 9 – – – 56 22 – 22 4 44 –

1.17 (0.71) 10 – – – 60 30 – 10 4 40 –

Untreated controls – 10 – – – – 10 30 60 10 100 2.5

a

Retention values in parentheses are based on preservative oxides.

b

Ten stakes were originally installed at each test station; this number has since been reduced because of 

failure to locate the stakes at the time of inspection.

This study was initiated by Edward Panek.
Comparison of Wood Preservatives in Stake Tests: 2011 Progress Report

55

Table 32–Condition of Southern Pine stakes (2 by 4 in. nominal by 18 in.) treated with Texas lignite coal-tar creosote and with

paraffin alone and fortified with pentachlorophenol after 41 years in test. Stakes placed in test on the Harrison Experimental

Forest, Saucier, Mississippi, December 1954 (Plot 42)

Condition of stakes January 1995 (%)

Serviceable but Destroyed by–

showing some– Decay

Num- Decay fungi

Average ber and and Average

retention in Termite termite Decay Termite termite Total removed life

Preservative (lb/ft3

) test Good Decay attack attack fungi attack attack Number % (year)

Texas lignite coal- 5.0 9 – – – – 11 – 89 9 100 17.2

 tar creosote 9.8 10 – – – 10 – – 90 9 90 –

15.2 10 – – – 100 – – – – – –

25% paraffin in 

 aromatic volatile solvent

 (by weight) 25.9 10 – – – – 1 1 8 10 100 18.4

5% pentachlorophenol

 plus 28.5% paraffin

 in aromatic volatile

 solvent (by weight) 26.3 10 – – – 100 – – – – – –

Untreated controls – 10 – – – – – 30 70 10 100 2.3

This study was initiated by J. Oscar Blew.
Research Note FPL–RN–02

56

Table 33–Condition of Douglas-fir, sweetgum, and tangile plywood stakes treated with pentachlorophenol and with fluor chrome arsenate phenol 

type A after about 26 years in test. Stakes placed in test on the Harrison Experimental Forest, Saucier, Mississippi, January 1956 (Plot 44)a

Condition of stakes December 1981 (%)

Serviceable but Destroyed by–

showing some– Decay

Num- Decay fungi

Average ber and and Average

retentiond in Termite termite Decay Termite termite Total removed life

Plywood Preservativeb Treatmentc (lb/ft3

) test Good Decay attack attack fungi attack attack Number % (year)

Plywood Treated Before Gluing

Douglas-fir Pentachlorophenol Hot and cold 10.0 9 – – – – 22 – 77 9 100 14.0

Pentachlorophenol Cold soaked 6.3 10 – – – – 30 – 70 10 100 8.2

Fluor chrome

 arsenate phenol type A Hot and cold 0.52 (0.32) 10 – – – – 50 – 50 10 100 12.3

Sweetgum Pentachlorophenol Hot and cold 15.1 10 – – – – 30 – 70 10 100 7.4

Fluor chrome

 arsenate phenol type A Hot and cold 0.62 (0.39) 10 – – – – 60 – 40 10 100 8.5

Tangile Pentachlorophenol Hot and cold 9.4 10 – – – – 60 – 40 10 100 6.8

Fluor chrome

 arsenate phenol type A Hot and cold 0.59 (0.37) 10 – – – – 100 – – 10 100 10.4

Plywood Treated After Gluing

Douglas-fir Pentachlorophenol Pressure 9.6 10 – – – – 20 – 80 10 100 15.4

Pentachlorophenol Cold soaked 0.9 10 – – – – 20 10 70 10 100 5.3

Pentachlorophenol Cold soaked 1.4e 10 – – – – – 20 80 10 100 7.1

Fluor chrome

 arsenate phenol type A Pressure 0.61 (0.38) 9 – – – – 22 22 56 9 100 18.3

Sweetgum Pentachlorophenol Pressure 10.6 10 – – – – 70 – 30 10 100 6.3

Fluor chrome

 arsenate phenol type A Pressure 0.55 (0.34) 10 – – – – 50f 10 40 10 100 7.6

Tangile Pentachlorophenol Pressure 10.4 10 – – – – 70 – 30 10 100 13.4

Fluor chrome

 arsenate phenol type A Pressure 0.60 (0.37) 10 – – – – 90 – 10 10 100 14.9 .
Comparison of Wood Preservatives in Stake Tests: 2011 Progress Report

57

Table 33–Condition of Douglas-fir, sweeetgum, and tangile plywood stakes treated with pentachlorophenol and with fluor chrome arsenate phenol 

type A after about 26 years in test. Stakes placed in test on the Harrison Experimental Forest, Saucier, Mississippi, January 1956 (Plot 44)–cont.

Condition of stakes December 1981 (%)

Serviceable but Destroyed by–

showing some– Decay

Num- Decay fungi

Average ber and and Average

retention in Termite termite Decay Termite termite Total removed life

Plywood Preservative Treatment (lb/ft3

) test Good Decay attack attack fungi attack attack Number % (year)

Untreated controls

Douglas-fir – – – 10 – – – – – – 100 10 100 3.6

Sweetgum – – – 10 – – – – 10 10 80 10 100 1.4

Tangile – – – 10 – – – – 40 – 60 10 100 1.9

a

In cooperation with the Bureau of Ships, Department of the Navy.

b

For pentachlorophenol, 5% solution conforming to MIL-W-18142 (SHIPS) specification, 27 August 1954.

c

Hot and cold treatment consisted of heating in a veneer dryer and immersion in unheated preservative solution until desired retention was obtained.

d

Retention values in parentheses are based on preservative oxides.

e

Stakes were cut from the panels and then treated.

f

One stake decayed by soft-rot fungus.

NOTE: The stakes were five-ply veneer, 5/8 by 4 by 18 in., cut from panels 24 by 48 in. For other treated items, the stakes were cut after treatment

 and the edges exposed in sawing were brush coated with the preservative.

This study was initiated by Edward Panek.

(Page 2 of 2)
Research Note FPL–RN–02

58Table 34–Condition of Southern Pine stakes (2 by 4 in. nominal by 18 in.) treated with copper formate, after about 55 years in test. Stakes

placed in test on the Harrison Experimental Forest, Saucier, Mississippi, December 1956 (Plot 47)

Condition of stakes March 2011 (%)

Serviceable but Destroyed by–

showing some– Decay

Average Num- Decay fungi

retention ber and and Average

(copper) in Termite termite Decay Termite termite Total removed life

Preservative (lb/ft3) testa Good Decay attack attack fungi attack attack Number % (year)

Copper formate 0.03 10 – – – – 30 – 70 10 100 7.4

0.06 10 – – – – 90 – 10 10 100 25.90.09 10 – – – – 90 – 10 10 100 38.20.12 9 – 44 – – 56 – – 5 56 –

Untreated controls – 10 – – – – – – 100 10 100 3.4

aTen stakes were originally installed at each test station; this number has since been reduced because of

 failure to locate the stakes at the time of inspection.This study was initiated by J. Oscar Blew.
Comparison of Wood Preservatives in Stake Tests: 2011 Progress Report

59

Table 35–Condition of Southern Pine stakes treated with KPa preservative after 34 and 43 years in test. Stakes placed

in test on the Harrison Experimental Forest, Saucier, Mississippi, December 1957 and Madison, Wisconsin, May 1958 (Plot 48)

Condition of stakes October 1992 (WI) and December 2000 (MS) (%)

Serviceable but Destroyed by–

showing some– Decay

Num- Decay fungi

Average ber and and Average

retentionb in Termite termite Decay Termite termite Total removed life

Preservative Location (lb/ft3) testc Good Decay attack attack fungi attack attack Number % (year)

Stakes 3/4 by 3/4 by 18 in.

KP preservative MS 0.09 9 – – – – 56 11 33 9 100 9.9

MS 0.18 7 – – – – 86 – 14 7 100 16.4

MS 0.28 8 – 29 – – 57 – 14 5 71 –

MS 0.37 4 – – – – 100 – – 4 100 25.6

Chromated zinc chloride MS 1.20 (0.73) 9 – – – – 11 67 22 9 100 13.7

Coal-tar creosote MS 11.70 8 – – – 25 50 25 6 75 –

Untreated controls MS – 10 – – – – 40 – 60 10 100 2.1

Stakes 2 by 4 by 18 in.

KP preservative MS 0.09 10 – – – – 70 – 30 10 100 13.5

WI 0.09 8 – – – – 100 – – 8 100 19.8

MS 0.19 9 – 11 – 44 44 – – 4 44 –

WI 0.18 10 – 30 – – 70 – – 7 70 –

MS 0.27 10 10 10 10 50 20 – – 2 20 –

WI 0.27 8 – 63 – – 37 – – 3 37 –

MS 0.37 9 11 22 22 22 22 – – 2 22 –

WI 0.35 7 – 100 – – – – – – – –

Chromated zinc chloride MS 1.16 (0.71) 10 – – – – 20 – 80 10 100 22.9

WI 1.21 (0.74) 8 – 25 – – 75 – – – – –

Coal-tar creosote MS 10.20 9 – 22 – 78 – – – – – –

WI 10.20 10 10 90 – – – – – – – –

Untreated controls MS – 10 – – – – 20 – 80 10 100 2.5

WI – 10 – – – – 100 – – – – 3.6

a

Copper oxide and chlorophenols.

b

Retention values in parentheses are based on preservative oxides.

c

When the number of stakes is less than 10, specimens were found broken and eliminated from test.

This study was initiated by J. Oscar Blew.
Research Note FPL–RN–02

60Table 36–Condition of Southern Pine stakes (2 by 4 in. nominal by 18 in.) treated with tributyltin oxide, cyanoethylated stakes and stakes

treated for destruction of thiamine, after approximately 9-1/2 years in test in Mississippi and 8 years in Madison, WI. Stakes placedin test on the Harrison Experimental Forest, Saucier, Mississippi, December 1958 and in Wisconsin, May 1959 (Plot 53)

Condition of stakes January 1967 (%)

Serviceable but Destroyed by–

showing some– Decay

Num- Decay fungi

Average ber and and Average

retention in Termite termite Decay Termite termite Total removed life

Preservative Location (lb/ft3) test Good Decay attack attack fungi attack attack Number % (year)

Tributyltin oxidea MS 0.015 10 – – – – – 10 90 10 100 6.4

MS 0.030 10 – – – – 10 – 90 10 100 7.2MS 0.045 10 – – – – 10 – 90 10 100 7.4

Stoddard solvent (controls) MS 7.1 10 – – – – – 20 80 10 100 4.0Acrylonitrileb MS 1.23 10 – – – – – 10 90 10 100 3.9

WI 1.22 10 – – – – 100 – – 10 100 6.3MS 2.46 10 – – – – – 10 90 10 100 5.3WI 2.48 10 – – – – 100 – – 10 100 7.8

Ammonium hydroxidec MS – 10 – – – – – 10 90 10 100 3.5Untreated controls MS – 10 – – – – – – 100 10 100 3.6

WI – 10 – – – – 100 – – 10 100 4.0

aIn Stoddard solvent.bUsed with ammonium hydroxide for cyanoethylation.cFollowed by steaming for thiamine destruction.

This study was initiated by J. Oscar Blew.
Comparison of Wood Preservatives in Stake Tests: 2011 Progress Report

61

Table 37–Condition of Southern Pine stakes (2 by 4 in. nominal and 3/4 by 3/4 in. by 18 in.) treated with fluor chrome arsenate

phenol type A (AWPA-P5 and modification) after about 30 years in test. Stakes placed in test on the Harrison Experimental 

Forest, Saucier, Mississippi, December 1959 (Plot 55)

Condition of stakes December 1989 (%)

Serviceable but Destroyed by–

showing some– Decay

Num- Decay fungi

Average ber and and Average

retentiona in Termite termite Decay Termite termite Total removed life

Preservative (lb/ft3

) testb Good Decay attack attack fungi attack attack Number % (year)

Stakes 2 by 4 Nominal by 18 in.

Fluor chrome arsenate 0.35 (0.22) 8 – – – – 63 – 37 9 100 18.3

 phenol (Federal Spec. 0.50 (0.31) 10 – – – – 80 – 20 10 100 18.5

 TT-W-535) (Type A) 0.75 (0.47) 10 – – – – 80 – 20 10 100 25.1

Fluor chrome arsenate 0.35 (0.22) 9 – – – – 33 11 56 9 100 16.7

 phenol (Type A) 0.50 (0.31) 10 – – – – 80 – 20 10 100 17.5

 (Modified)c 0.76 (0.47) 10 – – – – 90 – 10 10 100 21.4

Untreated controls – 10 – – – – 40 20 40 10 100 2.1

Stakes 3/4 by 3/4 by 18 in.

Fluor chrome arsenate 0.36 (0.22) 9 – – – – 33 33 33 9 100 7.4

 phenol (Federal Spec. 0.51 (0.32) 9 – – – – 56 33 11 9 100 11.9

 TT-W-535) (Type A) 0.77 (0.48) 8 – – – – 50 13 37 8 100 16.5

Fluor chrome arsenate 0.37 (0.23) 10 – – – – 20 30 50 10 100 8.3

 phenol (Type A) 0.52 (0.32) 10 – – – – 20 40 40 10 100 11.6

 (Modified)c 0.80 (0.38) 9 – – – – 56 11 33 9 100 15.3

Untreated controls – 10 – – – – 30 20 50 10 100 1.4

a

Retention values in parentheses are based on preservative oxides.

b

When the number of stakes is less than 10, stakes were damaged mechanically and eliminated from test.

c

Sodium pentachlorophenate substituted for dinitrophenol.

This study was initiated by J. Oscar Blew.
Research Note FPL–RN–02

62Table 38–Condition of Southern Pine stakes (2 by 4 in. nominal by 18 in.) treated with copper-8-quinolinolate after approximately 9 years in test. 

Stakes placed in test on the Harrison Experimental Forest, Saucier, Mississippi, December 1959 (Plot 54)

Condition of stakes November 1968 (%)

Serviceable but Destroyed by–

showing some– Decay

Average retention Num- Decay fungi

Copper-8- ber and and Average

Solution quinolinolate in Termite termite Decay Termite termite Total removed life

Preservative (lb/ft3) (lb/ft3) testa Good Decay attack attack fungi attack attack Number % (year)

Copper-8-quinolinolate 0.1% in Stoddard solvent 9.9 0.010 10 – – – – 10 – 90 10 100 5.3 0.1% in Stoddard solvent 9.9 0.020 10 – – – – 20 10 70 10 100 4.2 0.1% in Stoddard solvent 10.0 0.060 10 – – – 10 40 – 50 9 90 5.6a

 0.1% in Stoddard solvent 10.2 0.123 10 – – – 10 60 – 30 9 90 7.8a 0.6% paraffin, 2%; and Pentalyn-H, 10% in Stoddard solvent 10.1 0.061 10 – 10 – 20 70 – – 7 70 8.8a 0.6%; Dieldrin, 0.5% in Stoddard solvent 10.1 0.060 10 – – – 10 70 – 20 9 90 6.6aUntreated controls – – 10 – – – – – 20 80 10 100 2.2

aEstimate based on percentage of stakes remaining after final inspection.

This study was initiated by J. Oscar Blew.
Comparison of Wood Preservatives in Stake Tests: 2011 Progress Report

63

Table 39–Condition of Southern Pine stakes (2 by 4 in. nominal by 18 in.) treated with blends of extracts from Texas lignite tar after about 49 y

in test. Stakes placed in test on the Harrison Experimental Forest, Saucier, Mississippi, December 1960 (Plot 57)

Condition of stakes November 2009 (%)

Serviceable but Destroyed by–

showing some– Decay

Num- Decay fungi

Average ber and and Average

retention in Termite termite Decay Termite termite Total removed life

Lignite-tar extracts (lb/ft3

) testa Good Decay attack attack fungi attack attack Number % (year)

Hexane-soluble residue, 25%; and hexane 5.1 10 – – – – 20 – 80 10 100 16.2

 distillate, 75% (by weight) 10.0 10 – – – – 30 – 70 10 100 35.5

14.1 10 – 10 – 10 80 – – 8 80 –

High-boiling methanol solubles, 25%; hexane 5.0 10 – – – – – – 100 10 100 18.8

 distillate, 75% (by weight) 9.3 9 – 33 – – 22 – 45 6 67 –

15.2 10 – 80 – 20 – – – – – –

High-boiling methanol solubles, 10%; hexane- 5.1 10 – – – – 10 – 90 10 100 18.8

 soluble residue, 20%; and hexane distillate, 10.1 10 – – – – 40 – 60 10 100 35.8

 70% (by weight) 14.7 8 – 50 – 13 37 – – 3 37 –

High-boiling methanol solubles, 20%; and hexane- 5.2 10 – – – – 20 – 80 10 100 20.2

 soluble residue, 10%; and hexane distillate, 10.0 8 – 13 – 13 37 – 37 6 75 –

 70% (by weight) 15.2 10 30 20 – 20 30 – – 3 30 –

High-boiling methanol solubles, 15%; and hexane 5.0 10 – – – – 10 10 80 10 100 22.0

 distillate, 85% (by weight) 10.2 7 – 13 – 29 29 – 29 4 58 –

14.9 9 – 89 – 11 – – – – – –

High-boiling methanol solubles, 24,5%; hexane 5.1 10 – – – – 30 – 70 10 100 24.2

 distillate, 74.5%; and petroleum sulfonate 9.9 10 – 10 – 20 50 – 20 7 70 –

 (Morpel X-914), 1% (by weight) 15.0 10 – 70 – 10 20 – – 2 20 –

Untreated controls – 10 – – – – – – 100 10 100 2.6

a

Ten stakes were originally installed at each test station; this number has since been reduced because of 

failure to locate the stakes at the time of inspection.

This study was initiated by J. Oscar Blew.
Research Note FPL–RN–02

64Table 40–Condition of 1- by 4- by 18-in. stakes of embedded fiberboarda and untreated Douglas-fir heartwood after 18 years

 in test. Stakes placed in test on the Harrison Experimental Forest, Saucier, Mississippi, December 1960 (Plot 58)

Condition of stakes December 1978 (%)

Serviceable but Destroyed by–

showing some– Decay

Decay fungi

Number and and Average

in Termite termite Decay Termite termite Total removed life

Material test Good Decay attack attack fungi attack attack Number % (year)

Embedded fiberboarda 6b –– – – 100c – – 6 100 11.3Douglas-fir heartwood 10 – – – – 70 10 20 10 100 3.0

aWestern hemlock strands in portland cement.bStakes missing and eliminated from test.cFailures attributed mainly to the effect of moisture.
Comparison of Wood Preservatives in Stake Tests: 2011 Progress Report

65

Table 41–Condition of Southern Pine stakes (2 by 4 in. nominal by 18 in.) treated with tributyltin oxide and pentachlorophenol solutions with heavy and

light petroleum solvents, with and without the addition of Dieldrin and Aldrin, after about 49 years in test. Stakes placed in test on the Harrison 

Experimental Forest, Saucier, Mississippi, December 1960 (Plot 56)

Condition of stakes November 2009 (%)

Serviceable but Destroyed by–

showing some– Decay

Num- Decay fungi

Average ber and and Average

retention in Termite termite Decay Termite termite Total removed life

Preservative (lb/ft3

) testa Good Decay attack attack fungi attack attack Number % (year)

Solutions with Stoddard Solvent

Tributyltin oxide, 0.3%; and Dieldrin, 0.3% 8.0 10 – – – – 90 – 10 10 100 4.9

Tributyltin oxide, 0.6%; and Dieldrin, 0.3% 8.0 10 – – – – 90 – 10 10 100 6.9

Tributyltin oxide, 0.3%; and Aldrin, 0.3% 8.0 10 – – – – 90 – 10 10 100 4.6

Tributyltin oxide

0.3% 8.2 10 – – – – 80 – 20 10 100 4.5

0.6% 7.9 10 – – – – 50 – 50 10 100 7.0

Tributyltin oxide, 0.6%; Dieldrin, 0.3%;

 and water repellent, 4.7% 8.0 10 – – – – 100 – – 10 100 6.9

Tributyltin oxide, 0.6%; Aldrin, 0.3%;

 and water repellent, 4.7% 8.0 10 – – – – 70 – 30 10 100 5.3

Dieldrin, 0.6%; 8.0 10 – – – – 90 – 10 10 100 4.0

Pentachlorophenol, 5%; pine oil, 5%;

 and water repellent, 4.7% 8.0 9 – – – – 44 – 56 9 100 32.3

Pentachlorophenol, 5%; pine oil, 5%;

 Dieldrin 0.3%; and water repellent, 4.7% 8.0 10 – – – – 50 – 50 10 100 33.7

Water repellent, 4.7% 8.0 10 – – – – 80 – 20 10 100 4.3

Pentachlorophenol, 5%; pine oil, 5%; Dieldrin 0.3%

 stabilizer wax, 2%; and water repellent, 4.7% 8.0 9 – 33 – – 67 – – 6 67 –

Solutions with Heavy Petroleum Solvent (AWPA P9)

Tributyltin oxide, 0.3%; and Dieldrin, 0.3% 8.0 10 – – – – 100 – – 10 100 22.2

Tributyltin oxide, 0.6%; and Dieldrin, 0.3% 8.0 10 – – – – 60 – 40 10 100 23.0

Tributyltin oxide

0.3% 8.0 10 – – – – 40 – 60 10 100 20.8

0.6% 8.0 10 – – – – 20 10 70 10 100 24.0

Pentachlorophenol, 5% 8.0 10 – 10 – 10 40 – 40 8 80 –

Pentachlorophenol, 5%; and stabilizer wax, 2% 7.7 10 – – – 40 10 – 50 6 60 –

Petroleum solvent contols 8.0 9 – – – – 11 – 89 9 100 23.3

Untreated controls – 10 – – – – 70 – 30 10 100 3.1

a

Ten stakes were originally installed at each test station; this number has since been reduced because of failure to locate the stakes at the time of inspection.

This study was initiated by Edward Panek.
Research Note FPL–RN–02

66

Table 42–Condition of Southern Pine stakes (2 by 4 in. nominal by 18 in. and 3/4 by 3/4 in. by 17 in.) treated with pentachlorophenol in

liquefied petroleum gas and in heavy and light petroleum solvents after about 38-1/2 years in test. Stakes installed at Valley View Test

Plot, Madison, Wisconsin, and on Harrison Experimental Forest, Saucier, Mississippi, July 1961 (Plot 59)

Average retention

(lb/in3

) Condition of stakes January 2000 (%)

By Serviceable but Destroyed by–

analy- showing some– Decay

By weight sis, Num- Decay fungi

Penta- Penta- ber and and Average

Solu- chloro- chloro- in Termite termite Decay Termite termite Total removed life

Preservative Location tion phenol phenol test Good Decay attack attack fungi attack attack Number % (year)

Stakes 2 by 4 nominal by 18 in.

Pentachlorophenol in MS – – 0.14b 10 – – – – 10 – 90 10 100 18.9

 liquefied petroleum gasa MS – – 0.19b 10 – – – – 10 – 90 10 100 15.9

MS – – 0.34b 10 – – – 90 – – 10 1 10 –

MS – – 0.58b 10 – – – 100 – – – – – –

Solutions with AWPA P9

 (heavy petroleum solvent)

 Pentachlorophenol

 3.5% (by weight) MS 3.0 0.11 0.14 10 – – – 10 – – 90 9 90 –

MS 4.5 0.19 0.22 10 – – – 40 – – 60 6 60 –

 4.2% (by weight) MS 6.8 0.29 0.32 10 – – – 100 – – – – – –

MS 16.0 0.67 0.69 10 2 1 – 70 – – – – – –

Solutions with Stoddard solvent

 Pentachlorophenol, 4.0%; MS 3.6 0.14 0.14 10 – – – – 10 – 90 10 100 13.7

 paraffin, 2%; and MS 4.6 0.18 0.18 10 – – – – – – 100 10 100 15.9

 Pentalyn-H, 10% (by weight)

 Pentachlorophenol, 5%; MS 7.6 0.38 0.39 10 – – – 20 – – 80 8 80 –

 paraffin, 2%; and MS 13.5 0.67 0.70 10 – – – 100 – – – – – –

 Pentalyn-H, 10% (by weight)

Untreated controls MS – – – 10 – – – – 30 30 40 10 100 2.1

(Page 1 of 2)
Comparison of Wood Preservatives in Stake Tests: 2011 Progress Report

67

Table 42–Condition of Southern Pine stakes (2 by 4 in. nominal by 18 in. and 3/4 by 3/4 in. by 17 in.) treated with pentachlorophenol in

liquefied petroleum gas and in heavy and light petroleum solvents after about 38-1/2 years in test. Stakes installed at Valley View Test

Plot, Madison, Wisconsin, and on Harrison Experimental Forest, Saucier, Mississippi, July 1961 (Plot 59)–cont.

Average retention

(lb/in3) Condition of stakes January 2000 (%)

By Serviceable but Destroyed by–

analy- showing some– Decay

By weight sis, Num- Decay fungi

Penta- Penta- ber and and Average

Solu- chloro- chloro- in Termite termite Decay Termite termite Total removed life

Preservative Location tion phenol phenol test Good Decay attack attack fungi attack attack Number % (year)

Stakes 3/4 by 3/4 by 17 in.

Pentachlorophenol in MS – – 0.15c 10 – – – – 40 – 60 10 100 5.5

 liquefied petroleum gasa WI – – 0.15c 15 – – – – 100 – – 15 100 10.0

MS – – 0.19c 8d – – – – 50 – 50 8 100 4.6

WI – – 0.19c 14d – – – – 100 – – 14 100 12.4

MS – – 0.31c 9d – – – – 22 11 67 9 100 11.9

WI – – 0.31c 13d – – – – 100 – – 13 100 13.7

MS – – 0.48c 8d – – – – 38 12 50 8 100 14.9

WI – – 0.48c 7d – – – – 100 – – 7 100 17.5

Solutions with AWPA P9 MS 3.2 0.14 – 9d – – – – 11 – 89 9 100 14.5

 (heavy petroleum solvent) WI 3.3 0.14 – 5d – – – – 100 – – 5 100 16.4

 Pentachlorophenol MS 3.8 0.16 – 10 – – – – 10 10 80 10 100 14.5

 4.2% (by weight) WI 3.9 0.16 – 7d – – – – 100 – – 7 100 15.8

MS 5.7 0.24 – 4d – – – – 25 – 75 4 100 18.4

WI 5.5 0.23 – 5d – – – – 100 – – 5 100 17.8

MS 16.7 0.70 – 4d – – – – – 100 4 100 30.4

WI 17.2 0.73 – 4d – – – – 100 – – 4 100 22.4

Solutions in Stoddard solvent

 Pentachlorophenol, 4.0%; MS 3.5 0.14 – 9d – – – – 44 11 44 9 100 5.6

 paraffin, 2%; and WI 3.0 0.12 – 11d – – – – 100 – – 11 100 10.8

 Pentalyn-H, 10% (by weight) MS 3.9 0.16 – 10 – – – – 30 – 70 10 100 4.9

WI 4.0 0.16 – 13d – – – – 100 – – 13 100 10.8

 Pentachlorophenol, 5.0%; MS 6.4 0.32 – 9d – – – – 22 – 78 9 100 14.4

 paraffin, 2.0%; and WI 6.6 0.33 – 14 – – – – 100 – – 14 100 14.4

 Pentalyn-H, 10% (by weight) MS 14.4 0.72 – 4d – – – – 50 – 50 4 100 24.9

WI 14.6 0.73 – 5d – – – – 100 – – 100 21.0

Untreated controls MS – – – 10 – – – – 40 30 30 10 100 1.5

WI – – – 15 – – – – 100 – – 15 100 4.0

a

It has been reported that the formulation of treating solution in liquefied petroleum gas has been changed since the stakes were treated.

b

From the analysis of composite sample of cross-section wafers taken at midpoint from ten 2- by 4- by 18-in. stakes and matched to the 10 stakes treated for installation.

Because retentions were not determined for individual test stakes, extra stakes were not treated to provide a selection, according to retentions, for the test installation.

c

Based on analysis by Bell Telephone Laboratories of 2-in. sections cut adjacent to the test stakes.

d

Stakes injured mechanically and eliminated from test. (Page 2 of 2)

This study was initiated by J. Oscar Blew.
Research Note FPL–RN–02

68Table 43–Condition of Southern Pine stakes (2 by 4 in. nominal by 18 in.) treated with copper-8-quinolinolate and pentachlorophenol in heavy petroleum solvent after 45 years in test. Stakes placed in test on the Harrison Experimental Forest, Saucier, Mississippi, December 1963 (Plot 62)

Condition of stakes March 2008 (%)

Average retention Serviceable but Destroyed by–

Copper-8- showing some– Decay

quinolinolate Num- Decay fungi

or penta- ber and and Average

Solution chlorophenol in Termite termite Decay Termite termite Total removed life

Preservative (lb/ft3) (lb/ft3) testa Good Decay attack attack fungi attack attack Number % (year)

Solutions with heavy petroleum solvent (AWPA P9):Copper-8-quinolinolate

0.15% 9.35 0.014 10 – – – – 30 10 60 10 100 26.90.3% 10.14 0.030 10 – – – – 20 – 80 10 100 27.30.6% 9.89 0.059 10 – – – – 60 – 40 10 100 31.31.2% 10.31 0.124 9 – 44 – 44 – – 12 1 12 –

Pentachlorophenol 4.98% 10.64 0.540 9 – 44 – 56 – – – – – –Petroleum solvent controls 8.49 – 10 – – – – 30 10 60 10 100 20.9

Untreated controls – – 10 – – – – 20 – 80 10 100 2.9

aTen stakes originally installed; eliminated stakes removed for causes other than decay or insect attack.

This study was initiated by L. R. Gjovik.
Comparison of Wood Preservatives in Stake Tests: 2011 Progress Report

69

Table 44–Condition of Southern Pine stakes (2 by 4 in. nominal by 18 in.) treated with heptadecyltrimethyl-tetrahydropyrimidine (HTP) in No. 2 fuel oil after about 37 years in test. Stakes placed in test on the Harrison Experimental Forest, Saucier, Mississippi, December 1963 (Plot 63)

Serviceable but Destroyed by–

showing some– Decay

Num- Decay fungi

Average retention ber and and Average

 (lb/ft3) in Termite termite Decay Termite termite Total removed life

Preservative Solution HTP test Good Decay attack attack fungi attack attack Number % (year)

HTP, 2.5%, No. 2 fuel oil 6.0 0.150 10 – – – – – – 100 10 100 12.5

HTP, 5%, No. 2 fuel oil 8.1 0.406 10 – – – 30 – – 70 7 70 –HTP, 5%, No. 2 fuel oil 10.0 0.498 10 – – – 60 20 – 20 4 40 –Untreated controls – – 10 – – – – – – 100 10 100 2.3

This study was initiated by H. L. Davidson.

Condition of stakes June 2000 (%)
Research Note FPL–RN–02

70

Table 45–Condition of Southern Pine stakes (2 by 4 in. nominal by 18 in. and 3/4 by 3/4 by 16 in.) treated with pentachlorophenol

 in liquefied petroleum gas and in heavy and light petroleum solvents after about 35 years in test. Stakes placed in test on the

 Harrison Experimental Forest, Saucier, Mississippi, December 1963 (Plot 61)

Condition of stakes February 1998 (%)

Serviceable but Destroyed by–

Average retention showing some– Decay

(lb/in3) Num- Decay fungi

Penta- ber and and Average

Solu- chloro- in Termite termite Decay Termite termite Total removed life

Preservative tion phenol testc Good Decay attack attack fungi attack attack Number % (year)

Stakes 2 by 4 in.

Pentachlorophenol in – 0.34a 10 – – – 10 40 – 50 9 90 –

 liquefied petroleum gasb – 0.49a 10 – – – 90 10 – – 1 10 –

– 0.65a 10 – – – 100 – – – – – –

– 0.39a,d 10 – – – 100 – – – – – –

Pentachlorophenol, 5% in

 heavy petroleum oil 10.6 0.53a 10 10 10 80 – – – – – – –

Heavy petroleum oil 8.0 – 10 – – – – 20 – 80 10 100 19.7

Untreated controls – – 10 – – – – 20 – 80 10 100 2.5

Stakes 3/4 by 3/4 in.

Pentachlorophenol in – 0.34a 10 – – – – 70 – 30 10 100 8.6

 liquefied petroleum gasb – 0.40a 8 – – – – 75 – 25 8 100 7.2

– 0.59a 6 – – – – 67 – 33 6 100 9.1

– 0.70a 8 – – – – 50 – 50 8 100 16.5

Pentachlorophenol, 5% in

 heavy petroleum oil 10.8 0.54e 4 – – – – 50 – 50 4 100 20.7

Heavy petroleum oil 8.3 – 8 – – – – 75 25 – 8 100 6.6

Untreated controls – – 10 – – – – 40 10 50 10 100 1.4

a

By x-ray analysis of samples from pieces from which stakes were cut.

b

With cosolvent of isopropyl ether.

c

When the number of stakes is less than 10, stakes were damaged mechanically and eliminated from test.

d

Treated in commercial charge with poles and crossarms.

e

Computed.

This study was initiated by J. Oscar Blew.
Comparison of Wood Preservatives in Stake Tests: 2011 Progress Report

71

Table 46–Condition of Southern Pine stakes (2 by 4 in. nominal by 18 in.) treated with copper-chrome-boron and acid copper chromatepreservatives after 30 years in test. Stakes placed in test on the Harrison Experimental Forest, Saucier, Mississippi, January 1967 (Plot 66)

Condition of stakes January 1997 (%)

Serviceable but

showing some– Decay

Num- Decay fungi

Average ber and and Average

retentiona in Termite termite Decay Termite termite Total removed life

Preservative (lb/ft3) testb Good Decay attack attack fungi attack attack Number % (year)

Copper-chrome-boron 0.25 (0.13) 10 – – – – 60 – 40 10 100 3.9 (a product of 0.30 (0.16) 10 – – – – 60 – 40 10 100 4.9 Dr. Wolman, GmbH, 0.60 (0.31) 10 – – – – 100 – – 10 100 5.5 Sinzheim, Germany, 1.11 (0.58) 10 – – – 10 90 – – 9 90 – covered by U.S. patent 1.24 (0.65) 9 11 22 – 11 44 – 11 5 56 – No. 3,007,844) 1.64 (0.86) 10 20 20 – 20 40 – – 4 40 –Acid copper chromate 0.30 (0.14) 10 – – – – 100 – – 10 100 6.1 (AWPA P5-68) 0.60 (0.29) 10 – – – – 100 – – 10 100 4.6Untreated controls – 10 – – – – 10 90 – 10 100 2.6

aRetention values in parentheses are based on preservative oxides.bTen stakes originally installed; eliminated stakes removed for causes other than decay or insect attack.

This study was initiated by J. Oscar Blew.

Destroyed by–
Research Note FPL–RN–02

72

Table 47–Condition of Southern Pine stakes (2 by 4 in. nominal by 18 in.) treated with 11 standard wood preservatives after about 40 years in 

test. Stakes placed in test in November 1967 at Lake Charles, Louisiana, in an area infested by Formosan termites and on the Harrison

Experimental Forest, Saucier, Mississippi (Plot 67)

Condition of stakes February 2007 (MS) and January 1984 (LA) (%)

Serviceable but Destroyed by–

showing some– Decay

Num- Decay fungi

Average ber and and Average

AWPA retentiona in Termite termite Decay Termite termite Total removed life

Preservative Standard Location (lb/ft3

) testb Good Decay attack attack fungi attack attack Number % (year)

Creosote, coal-tar P1-65 LA 4.9 10 10 – – 50 40 – – 4 40 –

10.2 10 60 20 – 20 – – – – – –

15.0 10 100 – – – – – – – – –

MS 5.1 10 – – – 20 70 – 10 8 80 –

9.7 10 – 80 – – 20 – – 2 20 –

15.4 10 – 30 – 70 – – – – – –

Creosote-coal-tar P2-68 LA 4.7 10 – – – 60 40 – – 4 40 –

 solution (70-30) 9.9 10 90 10 – – – – – – – –

14.9 10 100 – – – – – – – – –

MS 3.9 10 – 10 – – 60 – 30 9 90 –

10.7 10 50 50 – – – – – – – –

16.2 10 80 20 – – – – – – – –

Creosote-petroleum P3-67 LA 5.8 10 10 10 – 40 30 – 10 4 40 –

 solution (50-50) 12.1 10 70 10 – 20 – – – – – –

18.3 10 100 – – – – – – – – – 

MS 6.0 10 – 30 – – 50 – 20 7 70 –

12.1 10 50 50 – – – – – – – –

18.5 8 62 38 – – – – – – – –

Pentachlorophenol, P8-64 and LA 5.8 10 40 – – 60 – – – – – –

 5% in heavy petroleum P9-67 9.9 10 70 10 – 20 – – – – – –

 15.1 10 80 20 – – – – – – – –

MS 7.0 10 – 10 – 50 30 – 10 4 40 –

 9.5 9 – 67 – – 11 – 22 3 33 –

 14.6 9 – 78 – 11 – – 11 1 11 –

Acid copper chromate P5-68 LA 0.50 (0.25) 10 – – – – 30 60 10 10 100 8.5

1.00 (0.50) 9 – 11 – 78 – – 11 1 11 –

1.49 (0.74) 9 20 10 – 60 – – – – – –

MS 0.51 (0.25) 10 – 10 – 10 70 – 10 8 80 –

1.01 (0.50) 10 50 – – – 50 – – 5 50 –

1.54 (0.76) 9 67 – – 11 22 – – 2 22 –

Ammoniacal copper arsenate P5-68 LA 0.25 (0.24) 10 – – – 10 70 – 20 9 90 –

0.46 (0.44) 10 – – – 80 20 – – 2 20 –

0.67 (0.63) 10 10 10 70 10 – – 1 10 –

MS 0.26 (0.25) 9 – 33 – – 56 – 11 6 67 –

0.48 (0.45) 10 10 70 – – 20 – – 2 20 –

0.70 (0.66) 10 20 70 – – 10 – – 1 10 –

(Page 1 of 2)
Comparison of Wood Preservatives in Stake Tests: 2011 Progress Report

73

Table 47–Condition of Southern Pine stakes (2 by 4 in. nominal by 18 in.) treated with 11 standard wood preservatives after about 40 years in 

test. Stakes placed in test in November 1967 at Lake Charles, Louisiana, in an area infested by Formosan termites and on the Harrison

Experimental Forest, Saucier, Mississippi (Plot 67)–cont.

Condition of stakes February 2007 (MS) and January 1984 (LA) (%)

Serviceable but Destroyed by–

showing some– Decay

Num- Decay fungi

Average ber and and Average

AWPA retentiona in Termite termite Decay Termite termite Total removed life

Preservative Standard Location (lb/ft3

) testb Good Decay attack attack fungi attack attack Number % (year)

Chromated copper arsenate P5-68 LA 0.40 (0.23) 10 – – – 70 10 10 10 3 30 –

 type A 0.76 (0.44) 10 50 10 – 40 – – – – – –

1.11 (0.64) 10 90 10 – – – – – – – –

MS 0.39 (0.22) 9 11 33 – – 45 – 11 5 56 –

0.76 (0.44) 10 90 – – – 10 – – 1 10 –

1.14 (0.66) 8 100 – – – – – – – – –

Chromated copper arsenate P5-68 LA 0.25 (0.23) 10 – – – 80 10 – 10 2 20 –

 type B 0.44 (0.40) 10 20 30 – 50 – – – – – –

0.65 (0.59) 10 80 10 – 10 – – – – – –

MS 0.25 (0.23) 10 10 50 – 10 30 – – 3 30 –

0.42 (0.38) 10 30 50 – – 10 10 – 2 20 –

0.61 (0.55) 10 100 – – – – – – – – –

Chromated zinc chloride P5-68 LA 0.76 (0.46) 10 – – – – – 80 20 10 100 6.0

1.02 (0.62) 10 – – – – 10 60 30 10 100 7.2

1.50 (0.92) 9 – – – – 11 67 22 9 100 8.3

MS 0.76 (0.46) 10 – – – – 30 – 70 10 100 13.8

1.02 (0.62) 10 – – – – 30 – 70 10 100 14.9

1.57 (0.96) 10 – – – – 70 – 30 10 100 17.8

Fluor chrome arsenate phenol P5-68 LA 0.35 (0.22) 10 – – – 10 50 20 20 9 90 –

 type A 0.50 (0.31) 10 – – – 20 10 10 60 8 80 –

1.11 (0.69) 10 – – – 30 70 – – 7 70 –

MS 0.36 (0.22) 10 – – – – 60 – 40 10 100 19.3

0.51 (0.31) 10 – – – – 70 – 30 10 100 22.5

1.16 (0.72) 10 – 10 – 20 60 – 10 7 70 –

Fluor chrome arsenate phenol P5-68 LA 0.35 (0.21) 10 – – – 10 20 10 60 9 90 –

 type B 0.50 (0.30) 10 – – – 20 60 – 20 8 80 –

1.12 (0.68) 10 10 10 – 50 30 – – 3 30 –

MS 0.35 (0.21) 9 – – – – 44 11 44 9 100 19.2

0.51 (0.30) 10 – – – – 90 – 10 10 100 27.3

1.19 (0.72) 8 – – – 13 87 – – 7 87 –

Untreated controls LA – 10 – – – – 10 90 – 10 100 2.3

MS – 10 – – – – 30 20 50 10 100 2.3

a

Retention values in parentheses are based on preservative oxides.

b

Ten stakes originally installed; eliminated stakes removed for causes other than decay or insect attack.

This study was initiated by J. Oscar Blew.
Research Note FPL–RN–02

74Table 48–Condition of Southern Pine stakes (2 by 4 in. nominal by 18 in.) treated with copper chrome phosphorus and chromated copper

arsenate type III preservatives after about 40 and 20 years in test. Stakes placed in test on the Harrison Experimental Forest, Saucier, Mississippi, December 1971, and Madison, Wisconsin, May 1972 (Plot 68)

Condition of stakes March 2011 (MS) and October 1992 (WI) (%)

Serviceable but Destroyed by–

showing some– Decay

Num- Decay fungi

Average ber and and Average

retention in Termite termite Decay Termite termite Total removed life

Preservative Location (lb/ft3) testc Good Decay attack attack fungi attack attack Number % (year)

Copper chrome phosphorus MS 0.26a 10 – – – 10 80 – 10 9 90 –

WI 0.27a 9 – 33 – – 67 – – 6 67 –

MS 0.46a 10 20 30 – – 50 – – 5 50 –

MS 0.75a 10 40 40 – – 20 – – 2 20 –

WI 0.74a 10 70 30 – – – – – – – –

MS 1.50a 10 50 10.0 – 20 20 – – 2 20 –

Chromated copper arsenate type III MS 0.20b 9 – 67.0 – 22 11 – – 1 11 –

 (Fed. Spec. TT-W-550) WI 0.20b 10 20 80 – – – – – – – –

MS 0.40b 10 40 60 – – – – – – – –

WI 0.40b 10 100 – – – – – – – – –

MS 0.60b 10 90 10 – – – – – – – –

WI 0.60b 10 90 10 – – – – – – – –

Untreated controls MS – 10 – – – – 10 – 90 10 100 2.9

WI – 9 – – – – 100 – – 9 100 7.4

aRetention based on Osmose Company's analysis of preservative oxides.bRetention based on preservative oxides.cTen stakes originally installed; eliminated stakes removed for causes other than decay or insect attack.

This study was initiated by L. R. Gjovik.
Comparison of Wood Preservatives in Stake Tests: 2011 Progress Report

75

Table 49–Condition of aspen particleboarda stakes (3/4 by 4 by 18 in.) treated with chromated copper arsenate type III, fluor chromearsenate phenol type A, and pentachlorophenol in ethanol or mineral spirits after about 35-1/2 years in test. Stakes placed in teston the Harrison Experimental Forest, Saucier, Mississippi, May 1973 (Plot 70)

Condition of stakes March 2008 (%)

Serviceable but Destroyed by–

Average showing some– Decay

retention Num- Decay fungi

based on ber and and Average

preservative oxides in Termite termite Decay Termite termite Total removed life

Preservative (lb/ft3) testc Good Decay attack attack fungi attack attack Number % (year)

Flakes Treated Before Fabrication into Particleboardb

Chromated copper arsentate type III 0.25 9 – – – – 100 – – 9 100 25.7 (Fed. Spec. TT-W-550) 0.40 10 – – – – 100 – – 10 100 27.8

0.80 6 17 50 – – 33 – – 2 33 –

Fluor chrome arsenate phenol type A 0.25 10 – – – – 90 – 10 10 100 6.0 (Fed. Spec. TT-W-535) 0.50 10 – – – – 90 – 10 10 100 8.8Pentachlorophenol (Fed. Spec. TT-W-570) 0.25 10 – – – – 40 – 60 10 100 5.5 in ethanol 0.40 10 – – – – 50 – 50 10 100 7.5

0.80 10 – – – – 60 – 40 10 100 13.4

Pressure-Treated Particleboard

Chromated copper arsentate type III 0.26 8 – – – – 100 – – 8 100 19.7 (Fed. Spec. TT-W-550) 0.41 9 – – – – 100 – – 9 100 29.7

0.84 8 12 63 – – 25 – – 2 25 –

Fluor chrome arsenate phenol type A 0.26 10 – – – – 70 – 30 10 100 7.5 (Fed. Spec. TT-W-535) 0.54 9 – – – – 100 – – 9 100 11.3Pentachlorophenol (Fed. Spec. TT-W-570) 0.22 10 – – – – 70 – 30 10 100 5.55% in mineral spirits and 4% pine oil 0.40 10 – – – – 80 – 20 10 100 8.5

0.82 10 – – – – 80 – 20 10 100 21.6

Untreated controls – 10 – – – – 10 10 80 10 100 2.4

aDensity 40 lb/ft3.bFlakes sprayed with predetermined amount of preservative solution while being tumbled in screen.cTen stakes originally installed; eliminated stakes removed for causes other than decay or insect attack.

This study was initiated by L. R. Gjovik.
Research Note FPL–RN–02

76Table 50–Condition of Southern Pine stakes (2 by 4 in. nominal by 18 in.) treated with propylene oxide, butylene oxide, and epichlorohydrin/propylene oxide combinations after 17 and 21 years in test. Stakes placed in test on the Harrison 

Experimental Forest, Saucier, Mississippi, October 31, 1974, and September 1978 (Plot 71)

Condition of stakes August 1995 (%)

Serviceable but Destroyed by–

Average showing some– Decay

loading– Num- Decay fungi

Weight ber and and Average

add-on in Termite termite Decay Termite termite Total removed life

 Nontoxic preservatives (%) test Good Decay attack attack fungi attack attack Number % (year)

Propylene oxide 15-27 2 – – – – – – 100 2 100 2.2

29-33 3 – – – – 33 – 67 3 100 6.2

Butylene oxide 17-22 2 – – – – – – 100 2 100 4.7

37-40 3 – – – – 100 – – 3 100 12.2

31a 15 – 7 – 53 33 – – 5 33 –

Epichlorohydrin, 1 part; 10 1 – – – – – – 100 1 100 9.2 propylene oxide, 2 parts 26 1 – – – – – – 100 1 100 5.2Controls – 16 – – – – 56 – 44 16 100 3.0

aFifteen butylene-oxide-treated stakes installed in Mississippi, September 1978.

Data presented in this table are part of a larger study under the guidance of R. M. Rowell.
Comparison of Wood Preservatives in Stake Tests: 2011 Progress Report

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Table 51–Condition of Southern Pine, Douglas-fir, and Engelmann spruce heartwood stakes treated with ammoniacal copper arsenate and 

chromated copper arsenate after approximately 34 years in test. Stakes placed in test at Madison, Wisconsin, May 1976, and on the Harrison

Experimental Forest, Saucier, Mississippi, December 1975 (Plot 72)

Condition of stakes November 2009 (MS) and May 1994 (WI) (%)

Serviceable but Destroyed by–

showing some– Decay

Num- Decay fungi

Average ber and and Average

retention in Termite termite Decay Termite termite Total removed life

Preservative Location (lb/ft3

) test Good Decay attack attack fungi attack attack Number % (year)

Southern Pinea,b 2- by 4-in. nominal by 18-in. unincised

Chromated copper MS 0.23 10 40 50 – – 10 – – 1 10 –

 arsenate WI 0.14 10 70 30 – – – – – – – –

 type III MS 0.28 10 40 40 – – 20 – – 2 20 –

WI 0.19 9

d 100 – – – – – – – – –

MS 0.47 10 100 – – – – – – – – –

WI 0.29 10 100 – – – – – – – – –

None MS – 10 – – – 10 20 10 60 9 90 –

WI – 10 – 50 – – 50 – – 5 50 –

Southern Pinea,b 2- by 4-in. nominal by 18-in. incised

Chromated copper MS 0.27 10 50 50 – – – – – – – –

 arsenate WI 0.19 10 90 10 – – – – – – – –

 type III MS 0.47 10 100 – – – – – – – – –

WI 3.30 10 100 – – – – – – – – –

MS 0.62 10 100 – – – – – – – – –

WI 0.37 10 100 – – – – – – – – –

Southern Pinea

 3/4- by 3-1/2 by 18-in. plywood

Chromated copper MS 0.39 10 10 20 – – 70 – – 7 70 –

 arsenate WI 0.38 10 60 40 – – – – – – – –

 type IIIc MS 0.80 10 100 – – – – – – – – –

WI 0.78 9

d 100 – – – – – – – – –

MS 1.22 10 100 – – – – – – – – –

WI 1.17 9

d 100 – – – – – – – – –

None MS – 10 – – – – – 10 90 10 100 2.8

WI – 9

d – – – – 100 – – 10 100 5.8

Chromated copper MS 0.36f 9

d – 11 – – 89 – – 8 89 –

 arsenate WI 0.36f 9d 22 78 – – – – – – – –

 type IIIe MS 0.75f 10 100 – – – – – – – – –

WI 0.75f 10 100 – – – – – – – – –

MS 1.16f 10 100 – – – – – – – – –

WI 1.16f 9d 100 – – – – – – – – –

Chromated copper MS 0.36f 9

d 11 78 – – 11 – – 1 11 –

 arsenate WI 0.36f 9

d 67 33 – – – – – – – –

 type IIIg MS 0.75f 10 80 20 – – – – – – – –

WI 0.75f 10 100 – – – – – – – – –

MS 1.16f 9d 100 – – – – – – – – –

WI 1.16f 9

d 100 – – – – – – – – –

(Page 1 of 6)
Research Note FPL–RN–02

78

Table 51–Condition of Southern Pine, Douglas-fir, and Engelmann spruce heartwood stakes treated with ammoniacal copper arsenate and 

chromated copper arsenate after approximately 34 years in test. Stakes placed in test at Madison, Wisconsin, May 1976, and on the

 Harrison Experimental Forest, Saucier, Mississippi, December 1975 (Plot 72)–cont.

Condition of stakes November 2009 (MS) and May 1994 (WI) (%)

Serviceable but Destroyed by–

showing some– Decay

Num- Decay fungi

Average ber and and Average

retention in Termite termite Decay Termite termite Total removed life

Preservative Location (lb/ft3

) test Good Decay attack attack fungi attack attack Number % (year)

Southern Pinea,b 2- by 4-in. nominal by 18-in. Unincised

Ammoniacal copper MS 0.11 10 – 10 – – 20 10 60 9 90 –

 arsenate WI 0.07 10 10 90 – – – – – – – –

MS 0.30 10 – 70 – – 20 10 – 3 30 –

WI 0.16 10 100 – – – – – – – – –

MS 0.42 10 70 20 – – 10 – – 1 10 –

WI 0.26 10 100 – – – – – – – – –

Southern Pinea,b 2- by 4-in. nominal by 18-in. incised

Ammoniacal copper MS 0.14 10 – 10 – 10 70 – 10 8 80 –

 arsenate WI 0.07 10 20 70 – – 10 – – 1 10 –

MS 0.30 9d 45 33 – – 22 – – 2 22 –

WI 0.15 10 70 30 – – – – – – – –

MS 0.65 10 70 30 – – – – – – – –

WI 0.39 10 100 – – – – – – – – –

Southern Pinea

 3/4- by 3-1/2- by 18-in. plywood

Ammoniacal copper MS 0.39 9d – – – – 100 – – 9 100 26.3

 arsenatec WI 0.38 10 10 90 – – – – – – – –

MS 0.81 9d 11 67 – – 22 – – 2 22 –

WI 0.79 10 90 10 – – – – – – – –

MS 1.19 10 20 70 – – 10 – – 1 10 –

WI 1.15 9d 100 – – – – – – – – –

Ammoniacal copper MS 0.38f 10 – – – – 100 – – 10 100 24.2

 arsenatec WI 0.38f 9d – 89 – – 11 – – 1 11 –

MS 0.77f 10 10 50 – – 40 – – 4 40 –

WI 0.77f 10 70 30 – – – – – – – –

MS 1.08f 10 – 70 – – 30 – – 3 30 –

WI 1.08f 10 100 – – – – – – – – –

Ammoniacal copper MS 0.38f 10 10 – – 10 80 – 10 9 90 –

 arsenatec WI 0.38f 9d 11 89 – – – – – – – –

MS 0.77f 10 10 50 – – 40 – – 4 40 –

WI 0.77f 10 100 – – – – – – – – –

MS 1.08f 9d – 89 – – 11 – – 1 11 –

WI 1.08f 9d 90 10 – – – – – – – –

(Page 2 of 6)
Comparison of Wood Preservatives in Stake Tests: 2011 Progress Report

79

Table 51–Condition of Southern Pine, Douglas-fir, and Engelmann spruce heartwood stakes treated with ammoniacal copper arsenate and 

chromated copper arsenate after approximately 34 years in test. Stakes placed in test at Madison, Wisconsin, May 1976, and on the

Harrison Experimental Forest, Saucier, Mississippi, December 1975 (Plot 72)–cont.

Condition of stakes November 2009 (MS) and May 1994 (WI) (%)

Serviceable but Destroyed by–

showing some– Decay

Num- Decay fungi

Average ber and and Average

retention in Termite termite Decay Termite termite Total removed life

Preservative Location (lb/ft3

) test Good Decay attack attack fungi attack attack Number % (year)

Douglas-fir 2- by 4-in. nominal by 18-in. unincised

Chromated copper MS 0.66 8d 100 – – – – – – – – –

 arsenate WI 0.55 10 100 – – – – – – – – –

 type III MS 1.24 9d 100 – – – – – – – – –

WI 0.82 9d 89 11 – – – – – – – –

MS 1.62 10 100 – – – – – – – – –

WI 1.11 10 100 – – – – – – – – –

None MS – 10 – – – – 10 10 80 10 100 3.7

WI – 10 – 20 – – 80 – – 8 80 –

Chromated copper MS 0.66 10 100 – – – – – – – – –

 arsenate WI 0.56 10 90 10 – – – – – – – –

 type III MS 1.28 9d 100 – – – – – – – – –

WI 0.96 10 100 – – – – – – – – –

MS 1.88 9d 89 – – – 11 – – 1 11 –

WI 1.28 10 100 – – – – – – – – –

Douglas-fir 3/4- by 3-1/2- by 18-in. plywood

Chromated copper MS 0.62 10 100 – – – – – – – – –

 arsenate WI 0.62 10 90 10 – – – – – – – –

 type IIIc MS 1.25 10 100 – – – – – – – – –

WI 1.22 10 90 10 – – – – – – – –

MS 1.88 10 100 – – – – – – – – –

WI 1.83 10 100 – – – – – – – – –

None MS – 10 – – – – 20 20 60 10 100 3.2

WI – 8d – – – – 100 – – 8 100 5.5

Chromated copper MS 0.60f 8d 100 – – – – – – – – –

 arsenate WI 0.60f 8d 100 – – – – – – – – –

 type IIIe MS 1.21f 9d 100 – – – – – – – – –

WI 1.21f 9d 100 – – – – – – – – –

MS 1.82f 9d 89 – – – 11 – – 1 11 –

WI 1.82f 10 100 – – – – – – – – –

Chromated copper MS 0.60f 10 100 – – – – – – – – –

 arsenate WI 0.60 10 100 – – – – – – – – –

 type IIIg MS 1.21f 9d 89 – – – 11 – – 1 11 –

WI 1.21f 8d 100 – – – – – – – – –

MS 1.82f 10 90 – – – 10 – – 1 10 –

WI 1.82f 9d 100 – – – – – – – – –

(Page 3 of 6)
Research Note FPL–RN–02

80

Table 51–Condition of Southern Pine, Douglas-fir, and Engelmann spruce heartwood stakes treated with ammoniacal copper arsenate and 

chromated copper arsenate after approximately 34 years in test. Stakes placed in test at Madison, Wisconsin, May 1976, and on the Harrison

 Experimental Forest, Saucier, Mississippi, December 1975 (Plot 72)–cont.

Condition of stakes November 2009 (MS) and May 1994 (WI) (%)

Serviceable but Destroyed by–

showing some– Decay

Num- Decay fungi

Average ber and and Average

retention in Termite termite Decay Termite termite Total removed life

Preservative Location (lb/ft3

) test Good Decay attack attack fungi attack attack Number % (year)

Douglas-fir 2- by 4-in. nominal by 18-in. unincised

Ammoniacal copper MS 0.70 9d 100 – – – – – – – – –

 arsenate WI 0.61 10 80 20 – – – – – – – –

MS 1.42 10 90 10 – – – – – – – –

WI 1.29 10 100 – – – – – – – – –

MS 2.14 10 80 20 – – – – – – – –

WI 1.95 9d 78 22 – – – – – – – –

Douglas-fir 2- by 4-in. nominal by 18-in. incised

Ammoniacal copper MS 0.70 10 50 40 – – 10 – – 1 10 –

 arsenate WI 0.62 10 90 10 – – – – – – – –

MS 1.41 10 100 – – – – – – – – –

WI 1.26 10 100 – – – – – – – – –

MS 2.17 10 100 – – – – – – – – –

WI 2.00 10 100 – – – – – – – – –

Douglas-fir 3/4- by 3-1/2- by 18-in. plywood

Ammoniacal copper MS 0.63 10 20 40 – – 40 – – 4 40 –

 arsenatec WI 0.62 10 40 60 – – – – – – – –

MS 1.30 7d 100 – – – – – – – – –

WI 1.27 10 100 – – – – – – – – –

MS 1.97 10 100 – – – – – – – – –

WI 1.93 10 100 – – – – – – – – –

Ammoniacal copper MS 0.64f 10 10 80 – – 10 – – 1 10 –

 arsenatee WI 0.64f 9d 33 67 – – – – – – – –

MS 1.30f 9d 78 11 – – 11 – – 1 11 –

WI 1.30f 9d 100 – – – – – – – – –

MS 1.97f 10 100 – – – – – – – – –

WI 1.97f 9d 100 – – – – – – – – –

Ammoniacal copper MS 0.64f 10 10 60 – – 30 – – 3 30 –

 arsenateg WI 0.64f 10 80 20 – – – – – – – –

MS 1.30f 10 90 10 – – – – – – – –

WI 1.30f 9d 100 – – – – – – – – –

MS 1.97f 8d 100 – – – – – – – – –

WI 1.97f 10 100 – – – – – – – – –
Comparison of Wood Preservatives in Stake Tests: 2011 Progress Report

81

Table 51–Condition of Southern Pine, Douglas-fir, and Engelmann spruce heartwood stakes treated with ammoniacal copper arsenate and 

chromated copper arsenate after approximately 34 years in test. Stakes placed in test at Madison, Wisconsin, May 1976, and on the

Harrison Experimental Forest, Saucier, Mississippi, December 1975 (Plot 72)–continued

Condition of stakes November 2009 (MS) and May 1994 (WI) (%)

Serviceable but Destroyed by–

showing some– Decay

Num- Decay fungi

Average ber and and Average

retention in Termite termite Decay Termite termite Total removed life

Preservative Location (lb/ft3

) test Good Decay attack attack fungi attack attack Number % (year)

Engelmann spruce 2- by 4-in. nominal by 18-in. unincised

Chromated copper MS 0.31 10 70 – – 10 10 – 20 3 30 –

 arsenate WI 0.21 8d 88 12 – – – – – – – –

 type III MS 0.50 10 60 – – – 10 10 20 4 40 –

WI 0.40 10 100 – – – – – – – – –

MS 0.65 10 100 – – – – – – – – –

WI 0.48 10 100 – – – – – – – – –

None MS – 10 – – – – 10 10 80 10 100 3.3

WI – 10 – – – – 10 – – 1 10 7.5

Engelmann spruce 2- by 4-in. nominal by 18-in. incised

Chromated copper MS 0.41 10 100 – – – – – – – – –

 arsenate WI 0.28 9d 78 22 – – – – – – – –

 type III MS 0.66 10 90 10 – – – – – – – –

WI 0.56 10 100 – – – – – – – – –

MS 1.02 9d 100 – – – – – – – – –

WI 0.86 10 90 – – – 10 – – 1 10 –

Engelmann spruce 3/4- by 3-1/2-in. by 18-in. plywood

Chromated copper MS 0.71 9d 100 – – – – – – – – –

 arsenate WI 0.70 9d 89 11 – – – – – – – –

 type IIIc MS 1.38 10 100 – – – – – – – – –

WI 1.34 9d 100 – – – – – – – – –

MS 2.03 10 100 – – – – – – – – –

WI 1.82 9d 100 – – – – – – – – –

None MS – 10 – – – – 10 20 70 10 100 2.6

WI – 8d – – – – 100 – – 8 100 3.1

Chromated copper MS 0.67f 9d 89 – – – 11 – – 1 11 –

 arsenate WI 0.67f 10 80 20 – – – – – – – –

 type IIIe MS 1.25f 10 100 – – – – – – – – –

WI 1.26f 9d 100 – – – – – – – – –

MS 1.76f 9d 89 – – – 11 – – 1 11 –

WI 1.76f 9d 100 – – – – – – – – –

Chromated copper MS 0.67f 9d 78 22 – – – – – – – –

 arsenate WI 0.67f 9d 100 – – – – – – – – –

 type IIIg MS 1.25f 9d 100 – – – – – – – – –

WI 1.25f 9d 100 – – – – – – – – –

MS 1.76f 9d 100 – – – – – – – – –

WI 1.76f 9d 100 – – – – – – – – –

(Page 5 of 6)
Research Note FPL–RN–02

82

Table 51–Condition of Southern Pine, Douglas-fir, and Engelmann spruce heartwood stakes treated with ammoniacal copper arsenate and 

chromated copper arsenate after approximately 34 years in test. Stakes placed in test at Madison, Wisconsin, May 1976, and on the

 Harrison Experimental Forest, Saucier, Mississippi, December 1975 (Plot 72)–cont.

Condition of stakes November 2009 (MS) and May 1994 (WI) (%)

Serviceable but Destroyed by–

showing some– Decay

Num- Decay fungi

Average ber and and Average

retention in Termite termite Decay Termite termite Total removed life

Preservative Location (lb/ft3

) test Good Decay attack attack fungi attack attack Number % (year)

Engelmann spruce 2- by 4-in. nominal by 18-in. unincised

Ammoniacal copper MS 0.26 8d – 75 – – 25 – – 2 25 –

 arsenate WI 0.20 10 30 70 – – – – – – – –

MS 0.63 10 50 30 – – 20 – – 2 20 –

WI 0.50 10 100 – – – – – – – – –

MS 1.03 9d 78 22 – – – – – – – –

WI 0.75 10 90 10 – – – – – – – –

Engelmann spruce 2- by 4-in. nominal by 18-in. incised

Ammoniacal copper MS 0.42 9d 11 78 – – 11 – – 1 11 –

 arsenate WI 0.30 10 60 40 – – – – – – – –

MS 0.97 10 100 – – – – – – – – –

WI 0.81 10 80 20 – – – – – – – –

MS 1.41 10 100 – – – – – – – – –

WI 1.16 10 100 – – – – – – – – –

Engelmann spruce 3/4- by 3-1/2-in. by 18-in. plywood

Ammoniacal copper MS 0.70 10 20 50 – – 30 – – 3 30 –

 arsenatec WI 0.68 10 60 40 – – – – – – – –

MS 1.42 9d 67 22 – – 11 – – 1 11 –

WI 1.35 9d 100 – – – – – – – – –

MS 2.14 9d 56 33 – – 11 – – 1 11 –

WI 2.08 9d 100 – – – – – – – – –

Ammoniacal copper MS 0.65f 9d 22 67 – – 11 – – 1 11 –

 arsenatee WI 0.65f 10 80 20 – – – – – – – –

MS 1.29f 10 80 20 – – – – – – – –

WI 1.29f 9d 100 – – – – – – – – –

MS 2.02f 10 100 – – – – – – – – –

WI 2.02f 8d 100 – – – – – – – – –

Ammoniacal copper MS 0.65f 10 10 70 – – 20 – – 2 20 –

 arsenateg WI 0.65f 9d 100 – – – – – – – – –

MS 1.29f 10 60 40 – – – – – – – –

WI 1.29f 8d 100 – – – – – – – – –

MS 2.02f 10 80 20 – – – – – – – –

WI 2.02f 9d 100 – – – – – – – – –

a

Some Southern Pine contained a small amount of sapwood, and the Southern Pine plywood was mixed heartwood and sap.

b

Resin content of the Southern Pine ranged from 0.87% to 27.4%.

c

Treated as 3/4- by 3-1/2 by 18-in. stakes.

d

Ten stakes originally installed; eliminations were for causes other than decay or insect attack.

e

Stakes cut from treated 2- by 4-ft panel.

f

Retention by weight of panels from which stakes were cut.

g

Stakes cut from treated 2- by 4-ft panel; all cut surfaces given a liberal brush coat of a 4.5% solution of the preservative in which the panels were treated.

This study was initiated by L. R. Gjovik.

(Page 6 of 6)
Comparison of Wood Preservatives in Stake Tests: 2011 Progress Report

83

Table 52–Condition of Southern Pine stakes (2 by 4 in. nominal by 18 in.) treated with ammoniacal copper borate and ammoniacalcopper asrsenate after approximately 34 years in test. Stakes placed in test on the Harrison Experimental Forest, Saucier, Mississippi, December 1975 (Plot 73)

Decay

Num- Decay fungi

Average ber and and Average

retentiona in Termite termite Decay Termite termite Total removed life

Preservative (lb/ft3) testb Good Decay attack attack fungi attack attack Number % (year)

Ammoniacal copper 1.33 17 82 – – – 18 – – 3 18 – borate 0.66 18 56 – – – 44 – – 8 44 –

0.45 16 50 38 – – 12 – – 2 12 –0.33 16 19 25 – – 56 – – 9 56 –0.22 17 – 6 – – 94 – – 16 94 –0.17 17 – 6 – – 88 – 6 16 94 –

Ammoniacal copper 1.35 18 89 11 – – – – – – – – arsenate 0.66 19 42 58 – – – – – – – –

0.46 18 11 72 – – 17 – – 3 17 –0.33 20 5 60 – – 35 – – 7 35 –0.23 20 – 5 – – 90 – 5 19 95 –0.17 20 – – – – 55 – 45 20 100 8.11

Untreated controls – 20 – – – – 5 20 75 20 100 2.6

aRetention based on preservative oxides.bTwenty stakes originally installed; eliminations were for causes other than decay or insect attack.

Data presented in this table are part of a study under investigation by B. R. Johnson.

Condition of stakes November 2009 (%)

Serviceable but Destroyed by–

showing some–
Research Note FPL–RN–02

84

Table 53–Condition of Southern Pine stakes (2 by 4 in. nominal by 18 in.) treated with fire-retardant chemicals after about

17-1/2 years in test. Stakes placed in test on the Harrison Experimental Forest, Saucier, Mississippi, May 1976 (Plot 74)

Condition of stakes December 1993 (%)

Serviceable but Destroyed by–

showing some– Decay

Num- Decay fungi

Average ber and and Average

retention in Termite termite Decay Termite termite Total removed life

Preservative (lb/ft3

) test Good Decay attack attack fungi attack attack Number % (year)

UDFP fire 2.8 9 – – – – – 100 – 9 100 4.8

 retardanta 6.0 10 – – – – – 90 10 10 100 9.7

9.5 10 – – – – 30 40 30 10 100 15.4

Untreated controls – 10 – – – – 10 – 90 10 100 2.5

a

Reported to contain urea, dicyandiamide, formaldehyde, and phosphoric acid.

This study was initiated by L. R. Gjovik.
Comparison of Wood Preservatives in Stake Tests: 2011 Progress Report

85

Table 54–Condition of Southern Pine stakes (2 by 4 in. nominal by 18 in. and 3/4 by 3/4 in. ) treated with

 pentachlorophenol in light cycle oil and copper-8-quinolinolate after 17 years in test. Stakes

 placed in test on the Harrison Experimental Forest, Saucier, Mississippi, December 1976 (Plot 75)

Condition of stakes December 1993 (%)

Serviceable but Destroyed by–

showing some– Decay

Num- Decay fungi

Average ber and and Average

retention in Termite termite Decay Termite termite Total removed life

Preservative (lb/ft3

) testb Good Decay attack attack fungi attack attack Number % (year)

Stakes 2 by 4 by 18 in.

Pentachlorophenol 0.48 10 – 10 – 90 – – – – – –

Copper-8-quinolinolatea 1.12 10 – – – 60 10 – 30 4 40 –

Untreated controls – 10 – – – – 30 20 50 10 100 2.5

Stakes 3/4 by 3/4 by 18 in.

Pentachlorophenol 0.21 8 – – – – 25 – 75 8 100 13.2

0.31 10 – – – 30 40 10 20 7 70 –

0.38 10 – – – 30 30 – 10 4 40 –

0.47 10 – – – 70 20 – 10 3 30 –

0.67 10 – 10 – 90 – – – – – –

Copper-8-quinolinolatea 0.34 9 – – – – 11 44 44 9 100 3.3

0.38 10 – – – – 30 30 40 10 100 3.8

0.50 10 – – – – 20 10 70 10 100 4.6

0.94 10 – – – – 30 20 50 10 100 6.2

1.16 7 – – – – 43 – 5 7 100 8.0

1.30 9 – – – – 44 11 44 9 100 7.3

1.84 8 – – – – 25 – 75 8 100 8.6

Untreated controls – 8 – – – – 38 12 50 8 100 2.3

a

Water-soluble form containing 1.07% copper metal (PQ-8).

b

Ten stakes originally installed; eliminations were for mechanical damage or causes other than decay or insect attack.

This study was initiated by L. R. Gjovik.
Research Note FPL–RN–02

86

Table 55–Condition of Southern Pine and Douglas-fir Comply stakes (2 by 4 in. nominal by 18 in.) treated with chromated copper

arsenate and ammoniacal copper arsenate after about 30 years in test. Stakes placed in test on the Harrison Experimental Forest,

Saucier, Mississippi, November 1978 (Plot 78)

Condition of stakes March 2008 (%)

Average Serviceable but Destroyed by–

retention showing some– Decay

based on Num- Decay fungi

preservative ber and and Average

oxides in Termite termite Decay Termite termite Total removed life

Preservative (lb/ft3

) testa Good Decay attack attack fungi attack attack Number % (year)

Southern Pine

Chromated copper arsenate type III 0.25 10 – 20 – – 80 – – 8 80 –

0.40 10 10 90 – – – – – –– –

0.77 10 100 – – – – – – –– –

Untreated controls – 10 – – – – 100 – – 10 100 2.5

Douglas-fir

Chromated copper arsenate type III 0.26 9 – 56 – – 44 – – 4 44 –

0.60 10 20 80 – – – – – –– –

Ammoniacal copper arsenate 0.25 10 – 20 – – 80 – – 8 80 –

0.39 10 – 90 – – 10 – – 1 10 –

0.62 9 11 78 – – 11 – – 1 11 –

Untreated controls – 10 – – – – 70 – 30 10 100 3.5

a

Ten stakes originally installed; eliminated stakes removed for causes other than decay or insect attack.

This study was initiated by L. R. Gjovik.
Comparison of Wood Preservatives in Stake Tests: 2011 Progress Report

87

Table 56–Condition of Southern Pine stakes (3/4 by 3/4 in. nominal by 18 in.) treated with butylene oxide after 10 years in

test. Stakes placed in test on the Harrison Experimental Forest, Saucier, Mississippi, December 1979 (Plot 79)

Condition of stakes December 1989 (%)

Serviceable but Destroyed by–

Average showing some– Decay

loading– Num- Decay fungi

Weight ber and and Average

add-on in Termite termite Decay Termite termite Total removed life

Preservative (%) test Good Decay attack attack fungi attack attack Number % (year)

Butylene oxide 33.2 20 – – – – 100 – – 20 100 3.5

Untreated controls – 10 – – – – 80 – 20 10 100 1.9

Data presented in this table are part of a larger study under the guidance of R. M. Rowell.
Research Note FPL–RN–02

88

Table 57–Condition of Southern Pine stakes (2 by 4 in. nominal by 18 in. and 3/4 by 3/4 by 18 in.) treated with chromated 

copper arsenate type C using conventional full-cell (FC) process and Mississippi State University (MSU process–empty cell)

after about 29 years in test. Stakes placed in test on the Harrison Experimental Forest, Saucier, MississippiS, April 1980 (Plot 80)

Serviceable but Destroyed by–

showing some– Decay

Num- Decay fungi

Average ber and and Average

retention in Termite termite Decay Termite termite Total removed life

Preservative (lb/ft3

) testa Good Decay attack attack fungi attack attack Number % (year)

Chromated copper arsenate type C 2- by 4- by 18-in. Stakes

Full cell 0.14 10 – 90 – 10 – – – – – –

0.27 10 30 60 – – – 10 – 1 10 –

0.40 9 56 44 – – – – – – – –

0.62 10 100 – – – – – – – – –

0.79 9 100 – – – – – – – – –

3/4- by 3/4- by 18-in. Stakes

0.14 9 – – – 11 34 44 11 8 89 –

0.27 10 – 10 – – 70 10 10 9 90 –

0.40 9 38 62 – – – – – – – –

0.61 10 40 60 – – – – – – – –

0.80 10 90 10 – – – – – – – –

2- by 4- by 18-in. Stakes

Empty cell 0.15b 10 – 60 – 10 30 – – 3 30 –

0.26 9 – 100 – – – – – – – –

0.33 10 20 80 – – – – – – – –

0.59 10 100 – – – – – – – – –

0.78 10 100 – – – – – – – – –

3/4- by 3/4- by 18-in. Stakes

0.14c 10 – – – – 30 10 60 10 100 18.7

0.27 10 – – – – 40 30 30 10 100 17.7

0.40 9 – 11 – 11 44 22 11 7 78 –

0.61 10 – 50 – – 40 – 10 5 50 –

0.80 9 22 67 – – – – 11 1 11 –

2- by 4- by 18-in. Stakes

Untreated controls – 10 – – – – 20 – 80 10 100 2.3

3/4- by 3/4- by 18-in. Stakes

– 10 – – – – 50 – 50 10 100 1.9

a

Ten stakes originally installed; eliminated stakes removed for causes other than decay or insect attack.

b

The retentions are based on chemical analysis after treatment.

c

The retentions are estimates based on the full-cell treatments.

This study was initiated by L. R. Gjovik.

Condition of stakes November 2009 (%)
Comparison of Wood Preservatives in Stake Tests: 2011 Progress Report

89

Table 58–Condition of Southern Pine stakes (2 by 4 in. nominal by 18 in.) treated with pentachlorophenol in P9 oil diluted with

mineral spirits and water-dispersible pentachlorophenol after 20 years in test. Stakes placed in test on the Harrison 

Experimental Forest, Saucier, Mississippi, June 1980 (Plot 81)

Serviceable but Destroyed by–

showing some– Decay

Num- Decay fungi

Average ber and and Average

retention in Termite termite Decay Termite termite Total removed life

Preservative (lb/ft3

) test Good Decay attack attack fungi attack attack Number % (year)

Water-dispersible 0.10 10 – – – 10 – – 90 9 90 –

 pentachlorophenol 0.18 9a – – – – 33 – 67 9 100 11.9

0.35 10 – – – 100 – – – – – –

0.37 10 – – – 70 – – 30 3 30 –

0.74b 10 – 10 – 90 – – – – – –

Penta P9 in mineral 0.09 10 – – – 10 – 10 80 9 90 –

 spirits 0.18 10 – – – 80 – – 20 2 20 –

0.33 10 – 20 – 80 – – – – – –

0.78 10 20 40 10 30 – – – – – –

Untreated controls – 10 – – – – 30 20 50 10 100 2.1

a

Ten stakes originally installed; eliminated stakes removed for causes other than decay or insect attack.

b

Concentrate diluted in tap water. At all other retentions of water-dispersible pentachlorophenol, concentrate was diluted in

 a 50/50 dionized tap-water solution.

This study was initiated by L. R. Gjovik.

Condition of stakes June 2000 (%)
Research Note FPL–RN–02

90

Table 59–Condition of Southern Pine stakes (2 by 4 in. nominal by 18 in. and 2.5 by 5.0 cm by 50 cm) treated with chromated 

copper fluoride (CFK) after approximately 29 years in test. Stakes placed in test on the Harrison Experimental Forest, Saucier,

Mississippi, June 1980 (Plot 82)

Condition of stakes November 2009 (%)

Serviceable but Destroyed by–

showing some– Decay

Num- Decay fungi

Average ber and and Average

retentiona in Termite termite Decay Termite termite Total removed life

Preservative (lb/ft3

) testb Good Decay attack attack fungi attack attack Number % (year)

Stakes 2- by 4- by 18-in. 

Chromated copper 0.28 10 10 – – – 20 – 70 9 90 –

 fluoride (CFK) 0.58 9 11 44 – 22 11 – 11 2 22 –

1.22 10 100 – – – – – – –– –

1.57 10 90 10 – – – – – –– –

Untreated controls – 10 – – – – 10 – 90 10 100 1.9

Stakes 2.5- by 5.0- by 50-cm. 

Chromated copper 0.30 10 – – – – 40 – 60 10 100 19.4

 fluoride (CFK) 0.62 10 – 30 10 10 30 – 10 4 40 –

1.26 9 89 11 – – – – –– –

1.69 10 100 – – – – – – –– –

Untreated controls – 10 – – – – – 20 80 10 100 1.6

a

Retention based on preservative oxides.

b

Ten stakes were originally installed at each test station; this number has since been reduced because of failure to 

 locate the stakes at the time of inspection.
Comparison of Wood Preservatives in Stake Tests: 2011 Progress Report

91

Table 60–Condition of Southern Pine stakes (2 by 4 in. nominal by 18 in.) treated with water-dispersible pentachlorophenol after 19 years in test. Stakes placed in test on the Harrison Experimental Forest, Saucier, Mississippi, May 1981 (Plot 83)

Condition of stakes June 2000 (%)

Serviceable but Destroyed by–

showing some– Decay

Num- Decay fungi

Average ber and and Average

retention in Termite termite Decay Termite termite Total removed life

Preservative (lb/ft3) test Good Decay attack attack fungi attack attack Number % (year)

Water-dispersible pentachlorophenol 0.10 10 – – – – 40 10 50 10 100 11.9

0.18 10 – – – 20 10 – 70 8 80 –0.43 10 – – – 100 – – – – – –0.84 10 10 10 – 80 – – – – – –1.75 10 70 30 – – – – – – – –

Untreated controls – 10 – – – – 30 20 50 10 100 2.4
Research Note FPL–RN–02

92

Table 61–Condition of Southern Pine stakes (2 by 4 in. nominal by 18 in.) treated with eight water-based formulations of wood preservatives

 and with Cu-8-quinolinolate and pentachlorophenol in toluene after about 30 years in test. Stakes placed in test on the Harrison Experimental

 Forest, Saucier, Mississippi, December 1981 (Plot 84)

Serviceable but Destroyed by–

showing some– Decay

Active Num- Decay fungi

Average ingre- ber and and Average

retention dient in Termite termite Decay Termite termite Total removed life

Preservative (lb/ft3

) (lb/ft3) testa Good Decay attack attack fungi attack attack Number % (year)

Didecyl dimethyl ammonium 0.19 0.10 10 – – – – 20 – 80 10 100 4.8

chloride, 50.0% 0.41 0.21 10 – – – – – 20 80 10 100 9.8

0.60 0.30 10 – – – – 30 – 70 10 100 14.9

0.78 0.39 9 – – – – 33 – 67 9 100 22.2

Coco dimethyl benzyl ammonium 0.45 0.06 10 – – – – 60 – 40 10 100 4.3

 chlorides, 9.8% + 3.8% 0.81 0.11 10 – – – – 100 – – 10 100 8.8

copper as the metal 1.19 0.16 8 – – – – 87 – 13 8 100 14.1

1.62 0.22 9 – 11 – – 78 – 11 8 89 –

Didecyl dimethyl ammonium chloride, 0.40 0.11 10 – – – – 60 – 40 10 100 7.5

 20%, + 6.3% copper as the metal 0.81 0.21 10 – – – – 90 – 10 10 100 19.7

1.21 0.32 8 – 13 – – 87 – – 7 87 –

1.60 0.42 8 – 75 – – 25 – – 2 25 –

Dimethyl cocoamine 2-ethyl hexoate, 0.30 0.08 10 – – – – 30 10 60 10 100 3.2

20%; copper 2-ethyl hexoate, 21.0% 0.61 0.16 10 – – – – 100 – – 10 100 6.3

(3.8% metallic copper) 0.90 0.24 10 – – – – 80 – 20 10 100 10.1

1.20 0.32 10 – – – – 70 – 30 10 100 15.2

Copper 2-ethyl hexoate, 35.0% 0.40 0.17 10 – – – – 90 – 10 10 100 5.5

(6.3 metallic copper) 0.80 0.33 10 – – – – 100 – – 10 100 14.0

1.20 0.50 10 – 10 – – 80 – 10 9 90 –

1.61 0.66 10 – 20 – – 70 – 10 8 80 –

Pentachlorophenol, 21.9%, and 0.82 0.20 10 – – – – 20 – 80 10 100 18.6

2.4% other chlorophenols 1.66 0.40 6 – 50 – – 33 – 17 3 50 –

3.23 0.78 10 – 90 – 10 – – – – – –

4.12 1.00 9 – 100 – – – – – –– –

Pentachlorophenol, 27.6%, and 0.65 0.20 10 – – – – 10 – 90 10 100 16.0

3.1% other chlorophenols 1.30 0.40 7 – 43 – – 43 – 14 4 57 –

2.60 0.80 9 – 89 – 11 – – – – – –

3.27 1.00 8 – 100 – – – – – –– –

Tri-n-butyl tin oxide, 9.5%, dimethyl 0.40 0.20 10 – – – – 20 10 70 10 100 4.8

benzyl ammonium chloride, 20%, 0.81 0.40 10 – – – – 30 10 60 10 100 10.1

and dimethyl ethyl benzyl ammonium 1.21 0.60 9 – – – – 33 – 67 9 100 20.3

chloride, 20% 1.63 0.81 9 – 33 – – 67 – – 6 67 –

Diluted in toluene

Copper-8-quinolinolate, 0.675% 1.50 0.01 10 – – – – 20 10 70 10 100 5.9

(0.12% metallic copper) 2.96 0.02 10 – – – – 50 – 50 10 100 12.1

8.75 0.06 9 – 56 – – 33 – 11 4 44 –

17.50 0.12 7 14 86 – – – – – –– –

Pentachlorophenol, 6.3%, and 2.86 0.20 10 – – – 10 20 – 70 9 90 –

other chlorophenols, 0.7%, 5.73 0.40 9 – 78 – – 22 – – 2 22 –

in No. 2 diesel fuel 11.44 0.80 10 20 70 – 10 – – – – – –

14.29 1.00 9 33 67 – – – – – –– –

Untreated controls – – 20 – – – – 25 – 75 20 100 2.4 aTen stakes originally installed; eliminated stakes removed for causes other than decay or insect attack.

Data presented in this table are part of a study under investigation by R. C. DeGroot.

Condition of stakes March 2011 (%)
Comparison of Wood Preservatives in Stake Tests: 2011 Progress Report

93

Table 62–Condition of Southern Pine stakes (2 by 4 in. nominal by 18 in.) treated with ammoniacal copper zinc 

arsenate (ACZA) after 30 years in test. Stakes placed in test on the Harrison Experimental Forest, Saucier, 

Mississippi, December 1981 (Plot 85) 

Condition of stakes March 2011 (%)

Serviceable but Destroyed by–

showing some– Decay

Num- Decay fungi

Average ber and and Average

retention in Termite termite Decay Termite termite Total removed life

Preservative (lb/ft3

) test Good Decay attack attack fungi attack attack Number % (year)

Ammoniacal copper 0.10 10 – – – – 80 – 20 10 100 16.0

 zinc arsenate 0.25 10 – 100 – – – – – – – –

0.40 10 20 80 – – – – – – – –

0.60 10 70 30 – – – – – – – –

1.22 10 90 10 – – – – – – – –

Untreated controls – 10 – – – – – 10 90 10 100 2.0

This study was initiated by L. R. Gjovik.
Research Note FPL–RN–02

94Table 63–Condition of Southern Pine stakes (2 by 4 in. nominal by 18 in.) treated with water-based emulsions of pentachlorophenol and 

creosote after 14-1/2 years in test. Stakes placed in test on the Harrison Experimental Forest, Saucier, Mississippi, May 1982 (Plot 86)

Condition of stakes January 1996 (%)

Serviceable but Destroyed by–

showing some– Decay

Num- Decay fungi

Average retention (lb/ft3) ber and and Average

Penta- in Termite termite Decay Termite termite Total removed life

Preservative Solution chlorophenol Creosote test Good Decay attack attack fungi attack attack Number % (year)

Emulsified pentachlorophenol- creosote

Pentachlorophenol 17.90% 0.50 0.10 0.10 10 – – – – 30 – 70 10 100 6.0Other chlorophenols 2.10% 1.02 0.20 0.20 10 – – – 50 10 – 40 5 50 –P-1 creosote 20.0% 2.00 0.40 0.40 10 – – – 100 – – – – – –

2.98 0.60 0.60 10 – – – 100 – – – – – –4.00 0.80 0.80 10 10 10 – 80 – – – – – –

Pentachlorophenol 21.76% 0.40 0.10 0.04 10 – – – – – – 100 10 100 6.9Other chlorophenols 2.56% 0.84 0.21 0.08 10 – – – 80 20 – – 2 20 –P-1 creosote 20.0% 1.65 0.41 0.16 10 – – – 100 – – – – – –

2.49 0.62 0.25 10 – – – 100 – – – – – –3.29 0.82 0.33 10 – 10 – 90 – – – – – –

Untreated controls – – – 10 – – – – 20 10 70 10 100 2.0

Data presented in this table are part of a study under investigation by R. C. Degroot.
Comparison of Wood Preservatives in Stake Tests: 2011 Progress Report

95

Table 64–Condition of Southern Pine stakes (2 by 4 in. nominal by 18 in.) treated with pentachlorophenol emulsion and pentachlorophenol in P9 type A oil diluted with mineral spirits after 14-1/2 years in test. Stakes placed in test on the HarrisonExperimental Forest, Saucier, Mississippi, May 1982 (Plot 87)

Condition of stakes January 1996 (%)

Serviceable but Destroyed by–

showing some– Decay

Num- Decay fungi

Average ber and and Average

retention in Termite termite Decay Termite termite Total removed life

Preservative (lb/ft3) test Good Decay attack attack fungi attack attack Number % (year)

Emulsified pentachlorophenol 0.10 10 – – – – – 10 90 10 100 7.7

0.20 10 – – – 80 – – 20 2 20 –0.40 10 – – – 100 – – – – – –0.60 10 – – – 100 – – – – – –0.80 10 – – – 100 – – – – – –

Pentachlorophenol in 0.10 10 – – – 70 10 – 20 3 30 – P9 oil and mineral 0.20 10 – – – 100 – – – – – – spiritsUntreated controls – 10 – – – – 50 – 50 10 100 1.6

Data presented in this table are part of a study under investigation by R. C. Degroot.
Research Note FPL–RN–02

96Table 65–Condition of Southern Pine stakes (2 by 4 in. nominal by 18 in.) treated with pentachlorophenol, tetrachlorophenol, and

tetrachlorophenol plus copper oxide in water and ammonia after 14-1/2 years in test. Stakes placed in test on the HarrisonExperimental Forest, Saucier, Mississippi, May 1982 (Plot 88)

Condition of stakes January 1996 (%)

Serviceable but Destroyed by–

showing some– Decay

Num- Decay fungi

Average ber and and Average

retention in Termite termite Decay Termite termite Total removed life

Preservative (lb/ft3) test Good Decay attack attack fungi attack attack Number % (year)

Pentachlorophenol in 0.13 10 – – – – – 20 80 10 100 4.2 water and ammonia 0.26 10 – – – – 60 10 30 10 100 7.6

0.40 10 – – – – 50 – 50 10 100 9.70.62 10 – – – 90 10 – – 1 10 –1.03 10 – – – 100 – – – – – –1.49 10 – 20 – 80 – – – – – –

Tetrachlorophenol and 0.12 10 – – – – 40 – 60 10 100 5.7 copper oxide in water and 0.25 10 – – – – 90 – 10 10 100 9.6 ammonia 0.41 10 – 10 – 50 20 – – 2 20 –

0.62 10 40 20 30 10 – – – – – –0.98 10 80 – – 20 – – – – – –

Tetrachlorophenol 0.25 10 – – – – 20 – 80 10 100 6.9

0.40 10 – – – 10 20 – 70 9 90 –0.60 10 – – – 30 10 – 60 7 70 –1.02 10 – – – 100 – – – – – –1.52 10 – – – 100 – – – – – –

Untreated controls – 10 – – – – 50 10 40 10 100 2.3

This study was initiated by L. R. Gjovik.
Comparison of Wood Preservatives in Stake Tests: 2011 Progress Report

97

Table 66–Condition of Southern Pine stakes (2 by 4 in. nominal by 18 in.) treated with 2% sulfur in creosote after 14-1/2 years in test. Stakes placed in test on the Harrison Experimental Forest, Saucier, Mississippi, May 1982 (Plot 89)

Condition of stakes January 1996 (%)

Serviceable but Destroyed by–

showing some– Decay

Num- Decay fungi

Average ber and and Average

retention in Termite termite Decay Termite termite Total removed life

Preservative (lb/ft3) test Good Decay attack attack fungi attack attack Number % (year)

Coal-tar creosote with 2.01 10 – – – – 40 – 60 10 100 9.5 5% sulfur in toluene 3.19 8 – – – 100 – – – – – –

4.43 10 – – – 100 – – – – – –6.28 9 – – 33 67 – – – – – –9.20 10 40 10 – 50 – – – – – –

Untreated controls – 10 – – – – 10 10 80 10 100 2.8

This study was initiated by L. R. Gjovik.
Research Note FPL–RN–02

98Table 67–Condition of Southern Pine stakes (2 by 4 in. nominal by 18 in.) treated with phenol-formaldehyde resin after about 

17 years in test. Stakes placed in test on the Harrison Experimental Forest, Saucier, Mississippi, December 1982 (Plot 90)

Serviceable but Destroyed by–

showing some– Decay

Num- Decay fungi

Average ber and and Average

retention in Termite termite Decay Termite termite Total removed life

Preservative (lb/ft3) testa Good Decay attack attack fungi attack attack Number % (year)

Phenol-formaldehyde 1.00 10 – – – – 10 – 90 10 100 3.2 resin 1.90 10 – – – – 50 – 50 10 100 3.2

3.01 10 – – – – 10 – 90 10 100 5.06.15 10 – – – 10 40 10 40 9 90 –

10.22 9 – – – 22 56 – 22 7 78 –

Phenol-formaldehyde resin 0.08 10 – – – – 40 – 60 10 100 2.5 and pentachlorophenol 0.14 10 – – – – 50 10 40 10 100 3.7

0.30 10 – – – – 20 – 80 10 100 4.80.49 10 – – – – 10 10 80 10 100 7.40.79 10 – – – 10 20 – 60 8 80 –

Untreated controls – 10 – – – – 10 20 70 10 100 3.4

aTen stakes originally installed; eliminated stakes removed for causes other than decay or insect attack.

This study was initiated by L. R. Gjovik.

Condition of stakes January 1999 (%)
Comparison of Wood Preservatives in Stake Tests: 2011 Progress Report

99

Table 68–Condition of Southern Pine stakes (2 by 4 in. nominal by 18 in.) treated with pentalchlorophenol emulsion, 

pentachlorophenol-creosote emulsion, ammonium pentachlorophenol, and pentachlorophenol in P9 oil after

12 years in test. Stakes placed in test on the Harrison Experimental Forest, Saucier, Mississippi, December 1983 

(Plots 92 and 93)

Condition of stakes August 1995 (%)

Serviceable but Destroyed by–

showing some– Decay

Num- Decay fungi

Average ber and and Average

retention in Termite termite Decay Termite termite Total removed life

Preservative (lb/ft3

) test Good Decay attack attack fungi attack attack Number % (year)

2- by 4- by 18-in. Stakes

Pentachlorophenol 0.14 10 – – – – 40 – 60 10 100 7.0

 emulsion 0.20 10 – – – 100 – – – – – –

0.28 10 – – – 100 – – – – – –

0.40 10 – – – 100 – – – – – –

0.56 10 10 – – 90 – – – – – –

0.81 10 10 10 – 80 – – – – – –

Pentachlorophenol-creosote 0.14 10 – – – – 50 – 50 10 100 6.5

 emulsion diluted with 0.20 10 – – – 10 10 – 80 9 90 –

 3% ammonia 0.28 10 – – – 70 – – 30 3 30 –

0.40 10 – – – 100 – – – – – –

0.55 10 – – – 100 – – – – – –

0.85 10 – – – 100 – – – – – –

Ammonium 0.16 10 – – – – 40 – 60 10 100 6.6

 pentachlorophenol 0.20 10 – – – – 30 – 70 10 100 6.1

0.27 10 – – – 10 30 – 60 9 90 –

0.38 10 – – – 90 – – 10 1 10 –

0.55 10 – – – 100 – – – – – –

0.77 10 – – – 100 – – – – – –

Pentachlorophenol in P9 0.14 10 – – – 100 – – – – – –

 oil and toluene 0.20 10 – – – 100 – – – – – –

0.28 10 – – – 100 – – – – – –

0.40 10 30 10 10 50 – – – – – –

0.56 10 60 10 10 20 – – – – – –

0.80 10 90 10 – – – – – – – –

Toluene only 30.70 10 – – – – 10 10 80 10 100 2.7

Mineral spirits only 26.00 10 – – – – 10 20 70 10 100 3.3

Untreated controls – 10 – – – – – 10 90 10 100 1.7

(Page 1 of 2)
Research Note FPL–RN–02

100

Table 68–Condition of Southern Pine stakes (2 by 4 in. nominal by 18 in.) treated with pentalchlorophenol emulsion, 

pentachlorophenol-creosote emulsion, ammonium pentachlorophenol, and pentachlorophenol in P9 oil after

12 years in test. Stakes placed in test on the Harrison Experimental Forest, Saucier, Mississippi, December 1983 

(Plots 92 and 93)–cont.

Condition of stakes August 1995 (%)

Serviceable but Destroyed by–

showing some– Decay

Num- Decay fungi

Average ber and and Average

retention in Termite termite Decay Termite termite Total removed life

Preservative (lb/ft3

) test Good Decay attack attack fungi attack attack Number % (year)

3/4- by 3/4- by 18-in. Stakes

Pentachlorophenol 0.14 25 – – – – 24 – 76 25 100 3.4

 emulsion 0.21 25 – – – 4 52 – 44 24 96 –

0.28 25 – – – – 40 4 56 25 100 6.6

0.40 25 – – – 28 16 4 52 18 72 –

0.56 24 – – – 72 8 – 16 6 25 –

0.81 25 – – – 92 8 – – 2 8 –

Pentachlorophenol-creosote 0.14 25 – – – – 24 – 76 25 100 2.7

 emulsion diluted with 0.21 25 – – – – 36 – 64 25 100 3.5

 3% ammonia 0.30 25 – – – – 40 4 56 25 100 5.1

0.46 25 – – – 4 32 – 64 24 96 –

0.58 24 – – – 47 33 – 21 13 54 –

0.87 23 – – – 96 – 4 – 1 4 –

Ammonium 0.16 24 – – – – 4 8 88 24 100 2.7

 pentachlorophenol 0.22 24 – – – – 21 4 75 24 100 3.5

0.28 25 – – – – 48 4 48 25 100 4.3

0.42 25 – – – 4 32 8 56 24 96 –

0.63 25 – – – 40 28 – 32 15 60 –

0.89 23 – – 4 83 4 – 9 3 13 –

Pentachlorophenol in P9 0.16 24 – – – 8 32 – 60 22 92 –

 oil and toluene 0.20 25 – – – 36 20 8 36 16 64 –

0.27 25 – – – 84 4 – 12 4 16 –

0.40 24 – – 4 88 8 – – 2 8 –

0.56 25 20 4 8 60 8 – – 2 8 –

0.80 25 40 20 40 – – – – – – –

Untreated controls – 25 – – – – 32 8 60 25 100 1.1

Data presented in this table are part of a study under investigation by R. C. DeGroot.

(Page 2 of 2)
Comparison of Wood Preservatives in Stake Tests: 2011 Progress Report

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Table 69–Condition of Southern Pine stakes (2 by 4 in. nominal by 18 in.) treated with pentachlorophenol in P9 oil and toluene, tetrachlorophenol in P9 oil and toluene, and P9 oil and toluene after about 16 years in test. Stakes placed in test on the Harrison Experimental Forest, Saucier, Mississippi, May 1984 (Plot 94)

Condition of stakes June 2000 (%)

Serviceable but Destroyed by–

showing some– Decay

Num- Decay fungi

Average ber and and Average

retention in Termite termite Decay Termite termite Total removed life

Preservative (lb/ft3) test Good Decay attack attack fungi attack attack Number % (year)

Pentachlorophenol in P9 oil 0.10 10 – 20 – 10 30 – 40 7 70 – and toluene 0.24 10 – 30 – 60 – – – – – –

0.40 10 40 60 – – – – – – – –0.60 10 100 – – – – – – – – –1.24 10 100 – – – – – – – – –

Tetrachlorophenol and P9 oil 0.10 10 – – – 10 30 – 60 9 90 – and toluene 0.25 10 – 40 – 50 10 – – 1 10 –

0.40 10 – 40 – 60 – – – – – –0.60 10 70 30 – – – – – – – –1.25 10 100 – – – – – – – – –

P9 oil and toluene 1.34 10 – – – – 20 – 80 10 100 8.4

3.50 10 – 20 – 30 30 – 20 5 50 –5.83 10 – 20 – 50 30 – – 3 30 –8.70 10 50 30 10 10 – – – – – –

 18.03 10 100 – – – – – – – – –

Untreated controls – 10 – – – – 10 40 50 10 100 1.6

This study was initiated by L. R. Gjovik.
Research Note FPL–RN–02

102Table 70–Condition of Southern Pine stakes (2 by 4 in. nominal by 18 in.) treated with creosote coal-tar, coal-tar creosote and 2% sulfur, coal-tar creosote and phentachlorophenol with inhibitor, after about 25 years in test. Stakes placed in test on 

the Harrison Experimental Forest, Saucier, Mississippi, December 1984 (Plot 95)

Condition of stakes November 2009 (%)

Serviceable but Destroyed by–

showing some– Decay

Num- Decay fungi

Average ber and and Average

retention in Termite termite Decay Termite termite Total removed life

Preservative (lb/ft3) testa Good Decay attack attack fungi attack attack Number % (year)

Creosote coal-tar 1.69 10 – 10 – – 50 – 40 9 90 –

3.31 8 – – – – 100 – – 8 100 17.04.93 9 – 33 – – 67 – – 6 67 –6.59 10 – 40 – – 60 – – 6 60 –

Coal-tar creosote 2.23 10 – – – – 80 – 20 10 100 12.7 plus 2% sulfur 3.48 10 – – – – 70 – 30 10 100 13.6

4.93 9 – – – – 100 – – 9 100 15.06.58 10 – – – – 90 – 10 10 100 16.8

Coal-tar creosote 2.11 9 – – – – 44 – 56 9 100 13.1 and pentachlorophenol 3.57 9 – 11 – – 89 – – 8 89 – with inhibitor 4.70 10 – 20 – – 80 – – 8 80 –

6.83 10 – 20 – – 80 – – 8 80 –

Untreated controls – 10 – – – – 10 – 90 10 100 1.9

aTen stakes originally installed; this number has since been reduced because of failure to locate the stakes at the time of inspection.

This study was initiated by L. R. Gjovik.
Comparison of Wood Preservatives in Stake Tests: 2011 Progress Report

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Table 71–Condition of Southern Pine stakes (3/4 by 3/4 by 18 in.) treated with penta amine in water and pentachlorophenol in P9 oil and toluene after approximately 12 years in test. Stakes placed in test on the Harrison Experimental Forest, Saucier, Mississippi, December 1984 (Plot 96)

Condition of stakes January 1996 (%)

Serviceable but Destroyed by–

showing some– Decay

Num- Decay fungi

Average ber and and Average

retention in Termite termite Decay Termite termite Total removed life

Preservative (lb/ft3) test Good Decay attack attack fungi attack attack Number % (year)

Penta amine 0.14 10 – – – – 40 – 60 10 100 2.3 in water 0.21 10 – – – – – – 100 10 100 3.4

0.28 10 – – – – 20 – 80 10 100 4.20.39 10 – – – 10 50 – 40 9 90 –0.57 9 – – – – 33 – 67 9 100 5.40.80 10 – – – – 50 10 40 10 100 7.0

Pentachlorophenol 0.14 10 – – – – 50 – 50 10 100 7.4 in P9 oil and toluene 0.21 10 – – – 30 10 10 50 7 70 –

0.28 10 – – – 70 10 – 20 3 30 –0.44 10 – – – 90 10 – – 1 10 –0.55 10 – 10 50 40 – – – – – –0.80 10 30 10 – 50 10 – – 1 10 –

Untreated controls – 10 – – – – 50 20 30 10 100 1.1

Data presented in this table are part of a study under investigation by R. C. DeGroot.
Research Note FPL–RN–02

104

Table 72–Condition of balsam fir, eastern hemlock, eastern larch, eastern spruce, red pine and white pine stakes (2 by 4 in. nominal by 18 in.)

incised and unincised, treated with ammoniacal copper arsenate and chromated copper arsenate III after 10 and 24 years in test. Stakes

placed in test on the Harrison Experimental Forest, Saucier, Mississippi, May 1985 and near Portland, Maine, August 1985 (Plot 97)

Condition of stakes September 1995 (ME) and November 2009 (MS) (%)

Serviceable but Destroyed by–

showing some– Decay

Num- Decay fungi

Average ber and and Average

retention in Termite termite Decay Termite termite Total removed life

Preservative Location (lb/ft3

) testa Good Decay attack attack fungi attack attack Number % (year)

White Pine–Unincised

Ammoniacal copper arsenate ME 0.32 10 90 10 – – – – – –––

MS 0.26 10 – – – – 80 – 20 10 100 17.1

ME 0.38 10 90 10 – – – – – –––

MS 0.42 9 – 56 – – 44 – – 4 44 –

ME 0.71 10 100 – – – – – – –––

MS 0.72 10 90 – – – 10 – – 1 10 –

Chromated copper arsenate III ME 0.30 10 100 – – – – – – –––

MS 0.31 10 70 30 – – – – – –––

ME 0.46 10 100 – – – – – – –––

MS 0.44 10 100 – – – – – – –––

ME 0.66 10 100 – – – – – – –––

MS 0.65 10 100 – – – – – – –––

White Pine–Incised

Ammoniacal copper arsenate ME 0.32 10 90 10 – – – – – –––

MS 0.26 10 – 50 – – 50 – – 5 50 –

ME 0.44 10 100 – – – – – – –––

MS 0.42 9 11 67 – – 22 – – 2 22 –

ME 0.80 10 100 – – – – – – –––

MS 0.73 10 100 – – – – – – –––

Chromated copper arsenate III ME 0.32 10 100 – – – – – – –––

MS 0.33 9 78 22 – – – – – –––

ME 0.47 10 100 – – – – – – –––

MS 0.52 8 100 – – – – – – –––

ME 0.72 10 100 – – – – – – –––

MS 0.74 9 100 – – – – – – –––

Untreated controls ME – 10 10 50 – – 40 – – 4 40 –

MS – 10 – – – – 60 – 40 10 100 2.4

Red Pine–Unincised

Ammoniacal copper arsenate ME 0.29 10 60 40 – – – – – –––

MS 0.29 10 – – – – 60 – 40 10 100 17.5

ME 0.38 10 100 – – – – – – –––

MS 0.30 9 – 33 – – 44 11 11 6 67 –

ME 0.67 10 100 – – – – – – –––

MS 0.44 9 89 11 – – – – – –––

(Page 1 of 5)
Comparison of Wood Preservatives in Stake Tests: 2011 Progress Report

105

Table 72–Condition of balsam fir, eastern hemlock, eastern larch, eastern spruce, red pine and white pine stakes (2 by 4 in. nominal by 18 in.)

incised and unincised, treated with ammoniacal copper arsenate and chromated copper arsenate III after 10 and 24 years in test. Stakes

placed in test on the Harrison Experimental Forest, Saucier, Mississippi, May 1985 and near Portland, Maine, August 1985 (Plot 97)–cont.

Condition of stakes September 1995 (ME) and November 2009 (MS) (%)

Serviceable but Destroyed by–

showing some– Decay

Num- Decay fungi

Average ber and and Average

retention in Termite termite Decay Termite termite Total removed life

Preservative Location (lb/ft3

) testa Good Decay attack attack fungi attack attack Number % (year)

Red Pine–Unincised–con.

Chromated copper arsenate III ME 0.18 10 90 10 – – – – – –––

MS 0.23 10 10 50 – – 40 – – 4 40 –

ME 0.33 10 100 – – – – – – –––

MS 0.32 9 56 22 – – 22 – – 2 22 –

ME 0.70 10 100 – – – – – – –––

MS 0.46 9 89 11 – – – – – –––

Red Pine–Incised

Ammoniacal copper arsenate ME 0.26 10 70 30 – – – – – –––

MS 0.31 10 10 20 – – 70 – – 7 70 –

ME 0.45 10 100 – – – – – – –––

MS 0.40 9 33 56 – – 11 – – 1 11 –

ME 0.53 10 100 – – – – – – –––

MS 0.64 9 78 22 – – – – – –––

Chromated copper arsenate III ME 0.23 10 100 – – – – – – –––

MS 0.25 10 40 60 – – – – – –––

ME 0.45 10 100 – – – – – – –––

MS 0.40 10 100 – – – – – – –––

ME 0.78 10 100 – – – – – – –––

MS 0.55 9 100 – – – – – – –––

Untreated controls ME – 10 – 80 – – 20 – – 2 20 –

MS – 10 – – – – 70 – 30 10 100 3.7

Eastern Spruce–Unincised

Ammoniacal copper arsenate ME 0.13 10 30 70 – – – – – –––

MS 0.16 10 – – – – 40 – 60 10 100 12.3

ME 0.21 10 20 80 – – – – – –––

MS 0.25 10 – – – – 40 20 40 10 100 13.0

ME 0.26 10 50 50 – – – – – –––

MS 0.39 10 – 50 – – 50 – – 5 50 –

(Page 2 of 5)
Research Note FPL–RN–02

106

Table 72–Condition of balsam fir, eastern hemlock, eastern larch, eastern spruce, red pine, and white pine stakes (2 by 4 in. nominal by 18 in.)

incised and unincised, treated with ammoniacal copper arsenate and chromated copper arsenate III after 10 and 24 years in test. Stakes

placed in test on the Harrison Experimental Forest, Saucier, Mississippi, May 1985 and near Portland, Maine, August 1985 (Plot 97)–cont.

Condition of stakes September 1995 (ME) and November 2009 (MS) (%)

Serviceable but Destroyed by–

showing some– Decay

Num- Decay fungi

Average ber and and Average

retention in Termite termite Decay Termite termite Total removed life

Preservative Location (lb/ft3

) test Good Decay attack attack fungi attack attack Number % (year)

Eastern Spruce–Unincised–con.

Chromated copper arsenate III ME 0.10 10 80 20 – – – – – –––

MS 0.14 10 – 20 – – 50 10 20 8 80 –

ME 0.13 10 90 10 – – – – – –––

MS 0.20 10 20 20 – 10 30 20 – 5 50 –

ME 0.53 10 100 – – – – – – –––

MS 0.71 9 100 – – – – – – –––

Eastern Spruce–Incised

Ammoniacal copper arsenate ME 0.20 10 20 80 – – – – – –––

MS 0.24 10 – 10 – – 80 – – 8 80 –

ME 0.28 10 70 30 – – – – – –––

MS 0.28 10 – 30 – – 70 – – 7 70 –

ME 0.39 10 80 20 – – – – – –––

MS 0.48 10 80 20 – – – – – –––

Chromated copper arsenate III ME 0.20 10 100 – – – – – – –––

MS 0.25 9 56 44 – – – – – –––

ME 0.28 10 100 – – – – – – –––

MS 0.35 9 100 – – – – – – –––

ME 0.54 10 100 – – – – – – –––

MS 0.78 8 100 – – – – – – –––

Untreated controls ME – 10 – 40 – – 60 – – 6 60 –

MS – 10 – – – – 40 30 30 10 100 2.2

Balsam Fir–Unincised

Ammoniacal copper arsenate ME 0.20 10 50 50 – – – – – –––

MS 0.26 10 – – – – 40 – 60 10 100 16.9

ME 0.25 10 70 30 – – – – – –––

MS 0.32 9 – 33 – – 67 – – 6 67 –

ME 0.42 10 100 – – – – – – –––

MS 0.59 10 100 – – – – – – –––

Chromated copper arsenate III ME 0.19 10 100 – – – – – – –––

ME 0.40 10 100 – – – – – – –––

ME 0.59 10 100 – – – – – – –––

(Page 3 of 5)
Comparison of Wood Preservatives in Stake Tests: 2011 Progress Report

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Table 72–Condition of balsam fir, eastern hemlock, eastern larch, eastern spruce, red pine and white pine stakes (2 by 4 in. nominal by 18 in.)

incised and unincised, treated with ammoniacal copper arsenate and chromated copper arsenate III after 10 and 24 years in test. Stakes

placed in test on the Harrison Experimental Forest, Saucier, Mississippi, May 1985 and near Portland, Maine, August 1985 (Plot 97)–cont.

Condition of stakes September 1995 (ME) and November 2009 (MS) (%)

Serviceable but Destroyed by–

showing some– Decay

Num- Decay fungi

Average ber and and Average

retention in Termite termite Decay Termite termite Total removed life

Preservative Location (lb/ft3

) test Good Decay attack attack fungi attack attack Number % (year)

Balsam Fir–Incised

Ammoniacal copper arsenate ME 0.31 10 80 20 – – – – – –––

MS 0.29 9 – 67 – – 33 – – 3 33 –

ME 0.35 10 100 – – – – – – –––

MS 0.40 10 60 20 – – 20 – – 2 20 –

ME 0.47 10 100 – – – – – – –––

MS 0.73 9 100 – – – – – – –––

Chromated copper arsenate III ME 0.29 10 100 – – – – – – –––

ME 0.53 10 100 – – – – – – –––

ME 0.73 10 100 – – – – – – –––

Untreated controls ME – 10 – 60 – – 40 – – 4 40 –

MS – 10 – – – – 50 – 50 10 100 3.8

Eastern Hemlock–Unincised

Ammoniacal copper arsenate ME 0.22 10 90 10 – – – – – –––

MS 0.20 10 – 40 – – 50 10 – 6 60 –

ME 0.38 10 80 20 – – – – – –––

MS 0.32 10 – – – – 100 – – 10 100 20.7

ME 0.36 10 100 – – – – – – –––

MS 0.37 10 70 30 – – – – – –––

Chromated copper arsenate III ME 0.20 10 100 – – – – – – –––

ME 0.30 10 100 – – – – – – –––

ME 0.41 10 100 – – – – – – –––

Eastern Hemlock–Incised

Ammoniacal copper arsenate ME 0.28 10 90 10 – – – – – –––

MS 0.34 8 – 38 – – 62 – – 5 62 –

ME 0.41 10 100 – – – – – – –––

MS 0.38 10 90 10 – – – – – –––

ME 0.56 10 100 – – – – – – –––

MS 0.68 9 100 – – – – – – –––

Chromated copper arsenate III ME 0.25 10 100 – – – – – – –––

ME 0.38 10 100 – – – – – – –––

ME 0.57 10 100 – – – – – – –––

Untreated controls ME – 10 10 40 – – 50 – – 5 50 –

MS – 10 – – – – 50 – 50 10 100 3.7

(Page 4 of 5)
Research Note FPL–RN–02

108

Table 72–Condition of balsam fir, eastern hemlock, eastern larch, eastern spruce, red pine and white pine stakes (2 by 4 in. nominal by 18 in.)

incised and unincised, treated with ammoniacal copper arsenate and chromated copper arsenate III after 10 and 24 years in test. Stakes

placed in test on the Harrison Experimental Forest, Saucier, Mississippi, May 1985 and near Portland, Maine, August 1985 (Plot 97)–cont.

Condition of stakes September 1995 (ME) and November 2009 (MS) (%)

Serviceable but Destroyed by–

showing some– Decay

Num- Decay fungi

Average ber and and Average

retention in Termite termite Decay Termite termite Total removed life

Preservative Location (lb/ft3

) test Good Decay attack attack fungi attack attack Number % (year)

Eastern Larch–Unincised

Ammoniacal copper arsenate ME 0.15 10 50 50 – – – – – –––

MS 0.18 10 – – – – 50 – 50 10 100 18.1

ME 0.23 10 100 – – – – – – –––

MS 0.20 9 – 11 – – 44 11 33 8 89 –

ME 0.24 10 100 – – – – – – –––

MS 0.41 9 78 22 – – – – – –––

Chromated copper arsenate III ME 0.10 10 100 – – – – – – –––

ME 0.18 10 100 – – – – – – –––

ME 0.33 10 100 – – – – – – –––

Eastern Larch–Incised

Ammoniacal copper arsenate ME 0.16 10 90 10 – – – – – –––

MS 0.25 9 – 11 – – 78 – 11 8 89 –

ME 0.25 10 90 10 – – – – – –––

MS 0.32 9 11 67 – – 22 – – 2 22 –

ME 0.32 10 100 – – – – – – –––

MS 0.60 9 100 – – – – – – –––

Chromated copper arsenate III ME 0.14 10 100 – – – – – – –––

ME 0.28 10 100 – – – – – – –––

ME 0.49 10 100 – – – – – – –––

Untreated controls ME – 10 10 70 – – 20 – – 2 20 –

MS – 10 – – – – 30 – 70 10 100 3.9 a

Ten stakes originally installed; eliminations were for causes other than decay or insect attack.

This study was initiated by L. R. Gjovik.
Comparison of Wood Preservatives in Stake Tests: 2011 Progress Report

109

Table 73–Condition of three-ply plywood, layed up in combinations of Southern Pine, sweetgum, and yellow poplar,

treated with ammoniacal copper arsenate and chromated copper arsenate after about 24-1/2 years in test. Stakes placed

in test on the Harrison Experimental Forest, Saucier, Mississippi, November 1985 (Plot 98)

Condition of stakes January 2010 (%)

Serviceable but Destroyed by–

showing some– Decay

Num- Decay fungi

Average ber and and Average

retention in Termite termite Decay Termite termite Total removed life

Preservative (lb/ft3

) testa Good Decay attack attack fungi attack attack Number % (year)b

Southern Pine–Southern Pine–Southern Pine

Cut from 4 by 4 Treated Panel

Ammoniacal copper 0.09 10 – – – – 90 – 10 10 100 5.3

 arsenate 0.20 6 – – – – 83 – 17 6 100 12.1*

0.40 3 – 33 – – 67 – – 2 67 –

0.58 8 – 25 – – 75 – – 6 75 –

1.18 9 56 22 – – 22 – – 2 22 –

Cut from 4 by 4 Treated Panels, Cut Edge Dip Treated

0.09 9 – – – – 90 – – 9 100 14.1*

0.20 2 – – – – 100 – – 2 100 24.2*

0.41 7 14 – – – 86 – – 6 86 –

0.58 6 – 33 – – 67 – – 4 67 –

1.24 9 78 22 – – – – – – – –

Treated as Stakes

0.33 7 – 71 – – 29 – – 2 29 –

0.52 8 25 50 – – 25 – – 2 25 –

Cut from 4 by 4 Treated Panel

Chromated copper 0.09 9 – – – – 11 – 89 9 100 5.0

 arsenate III 0.19 2 – 50 – – 50 – – 1 50 –

0.40 5 – 20 – – 80 – – 4 80 –

0.59 7 86 – – – 14 – – 1 14 –

1.18 9 100 – – – – – – – – –

Cut from 4 by 4 Treated Panels, Cut Edge Dip Treated

0.10 7 – – – – 43 – 57 7 100 13.8*

0.19 6 – – – – 83 – 17 6 100 19.3*

0.40 5 20 40 – – 40 – – 2 40 –

0.59 8 75 25 – – – – – – – –

1.18 8 87 – – – 13 – – 1 13 –

Treated as Stakes

0.41 5 20 20 – – 60 – – 3 60 –

0.59 8 87 – – – 13 – – 1 13 –

Untreated controls – 10 – – – – 50 – 50 10 100 1.7

(Page 1 of 5)
Research Note FPL–RN–02

110

Table 73–Condition of three-ply plywood, layed up in combinations of Southern Pine, sweetgum, and yellow poplar,

treated with ammoniacal copper arsenate and chromated copper arsenate after about 24-1/2 years in test. Stakes placed

in test on the Harrison Experimental Forest, Saucier, Mississippi, November 1985 (Plot 98)–cont.

Condition of stakes January 2010 (%)

Serviceable but Destroyed by–

showing some– Decay

Num- Decay fungi

Average ber and and Average

retention in Termite termite Decay Termite termite Total removed life

Preservative (lb/ft3

) testa Good Decay attack attack fungi attack attack Number % (year)b

Southern Pine–Southern Pine–Sweetgum

Cut from 4 by 4 Treated Panel

Ammoniacal copper 0.10 10 – – – – 80 – 20 10 100 4.4

 arsenate 0.20 7 – – – – 100 – – 7 100 8.1*

0.40 3 – – – – 100 – – 3 100 24.2*

0.61 3 – – – – 100 – – 3 100 24.2*

1.25 10 10 70 – – 20 – – 2 20 –

Cut from 4 by 4 Treated Panels, Cut Edge Dip Treated

0.10 9 – – – – 89 – 10 9 100 9.2*

0.20 5 – – – – 100 – – 5 100 18.1*

0.41 4 – 25 – – 75 – – 3 75 –

0.61 5 – 40 – – 60 – – 3 60 –

1.25 9 33 56 – – 11 – – 1 11 –

Treated as Stakes

0.42 6 – – – – 100 – – 6 100 24.2*

0.62 9 – 44 – – 56 – – 5 56 –

Cut from 4 by 4 Treated Panel

Chromated copper 0.10 10 – – – – 60 – 40 10 100 6.1

 arsenate III 0.20 5 – – – – 60 – 40 5 100 16.2*

0.41 4 25 – – – 75 – – 3 75 –

0.61 6 – 83 – – 17 – – 1 17 –

1.22 9 100 – – – – – – – – –

Cut from 4 by 4 Treated Panels, Cut Edge Dip Treated

0.10 9 – – – – 56 – 44 9 100 9.4*

0.20 2 – – – – 50 – 50 2 100 16.1*

0.40 6 – 17 – – 83 – – 5 83 –

0.61 4 – 50 – – 50 – – 2 50 –

1.22 9 78 22 – – – – – – – –

Treated as Stakes

0.41 4 – 25 – – 75 – – 3 75 –

0.58 7 29 57 – – 14 – – 1 14 –

Untreated controls – 10 – – – – 30 – 70 10 100 1.4

(Page 2 of 5)
Comparison of Wood Preservatives in Stake Tests: 2011 Progress Report

111

Table 73–Condition of three-ply plywood, layed up in combinations of Southern Pine, sweetgum, and yellow poplar,

treated with ammoniacal copper arsenate and chromated copper arsenate after about 24-1/2 years in test. Stakes placed

in test on the Harrison Experimental Forest, Saucier, Mississippi, November 1985 (Plot 98)–cont.

Condition of stakes January 2010 (%)

Serviceable but Destroyed by–

showing some– Decay

Num- Decay fungi

Average ber and and Total removed Average

retention in Termite termite Decay Termite termite life

Preservative (lb/ft3

) testa Good Decay attack attack fungi attack attack Number % (year)b

Southern Pine–Sweetgum–Southern Pine

Cut from 4 by 4 Treated Panel

Ammoniacal copper 0.10 10 – – – – 100 – – 10 100 5.0

 arsenate 0.19 8 – – – – 87 – 13 8 100 12.5*

0.40 5 – – – – 100 – – 5 100 20.4*

0.61 4 – – – – 100 – – 4 100 24.2*

1.24 8 13 75 – – 13 – – 1 13 –

Cut from 4 by 4 Treated Panels, Cut Edge Dip Treated

0.10 10 – – – – 100 – – 10 100 7.9

0.19 6 – – – – 100 – – 6 100 17.0*

0.40 7 – – – – 100 – – 7 100 22.6*

0.62 9 11 11 – – 78 – – 7 78 –

1.24 9 33 44 – – 22 – – 2 22 –

Treated as Stakes

0.39 5 – 20 – – 80 – – 4 80 –

0.61 7 – – – – 100 – – 7 100 24.2*

Cut from 4 by 4 Treated Panel

Chromated copper 0.10 10 – – – – 40 – 60 10 100 6.2

 arsenate III 0.19 6 – – – – 83 – 17 6 100 20.5*

0.40 7 14 29 – – 57 – – 4 57 –

0.63 5 40 40 – – 20 – – 1 20 –

1.22 6 100 – – – – – – – – –

Cut from 4 by 4 Treated Panels, Cut Edge Dip Treated

0.10 10 – – – – 20 20 60 10 100 5.8

0.19 6 – – – – 100 – – 6 100 17.8*

0.40 3 – – – – 100 – – 3 100 24.2*

0.62 6 50 17 – – 33 – – 2 33 –

1.20 6 100 – – – – – – – – –

Treated as Stakes

0.41 5 40 40 – – 20 – – 1 20 –

0.59 9 56 44 – – – – – – – –

Untreated controls – 10 – – – – 50 – 50 10 100 1.2

(Page 3 of 5)
Research Note FPL–RN–02

112

Table 73–Condition of three-ply plywood, layed up in combinations of Southern Pine, sweetgum, and yellow poplar,

treated with ammoniacal copper arsenate and chromated copper arsenate after about 24-1/2 years in test. Stakes placed

in test on the Harrison Experimental Forest, Saucier, Mississippi, November 1985 (Plot 98)–cont.

Condition of stakes January 2010 (%)

Serviceable but Destroyed by–

showing some– Decay

Num- Decay fungi

Average ber and and Average

retention in Termite termite Decay Termite termite Total removed life

Preservative (lb/ft3

) testa Good Decay attack attack fungi attack attack Number % (year)b

Southern Pine–Southern Pine-Yellow Poplar

Cut from 4 by 4 Treated Panel

Ammoniacal copper 0.10 10 – – – – 60 – 40 10 100 5.4

 arsenate 0.20 4 – – – – 100 – – 4 100 21.4*

0.40 4 – 25 – – 75 – – 3 75 –

0.62 4 – – – – 100 – – 4 100 24.2*

1.27 9 33 44 – – 22 – – 2 22 –

Cut from 4 by 4 Treated Panels, Cut Edge Dip Treated

0.10 9 – – – – 89 – 11 9 100 10.1*

0.20 4 – – – – 100 – – 4 100 17.4*

0.40 2 – – – – 100 – – 2 100 24.2*

0.62 7 – – – – 100 – – 7 100 24.2*

1.27 7 43 43 – – 14 – – 1 14 –

Treated as Stakes

0.40 7 – – – – 100 – – 7 100 24.2*

0.64 6 17 17 – – 66 – – 4 66 –

Cut from 4 by 4 Treated Panel

Chromated copper 0.10 8 – – – – 38 – 62 8 100 8.6

 arsenate III 0.20 3 – – – – 100 – – 3 100 18.8*

0.40 4 – 25 – – 75 – – 3 75 –

0.62 8 62 38 – – – – – –– –

1.23 7 100 – – – – – – –– –

Cut from 4 by 4 Treated Panels, Cut Edge Dip Treated

0.10 9 – – – – 56 – 44 9 100 8.1

0.20 4 – – – – 100 – – 4 100 21.4*

0.40 5 – – – – 100 – – 5 100 24.2*

0.62 6 – 50 – – 50 – – 3 50 –

1.23 7 86 14 – – – – – –– –

Treated as Stakes

0.43 7 – 29 – – 71 – – 5 71 –

0.63 6 17 66 – – – 17 – 1 17 –

Untreated controls – 10 – – – – 70 – 30 10 100 1.1

(Page 4 of 5)
Comparison of Wood Preservatives in Stake Tests: 2011 Progress Report

113

Table 73–Condition of three-ply plywood, layed up in combinations of Southern Pine, sweetgum, and yellow poplar,

treated with ammoniacal copper arsenate and chromated copper arsenate after about 24-1/2 years in test. Stakes placed

in test on the Harrison Experimental Forest, Saucier, Mississippi, November 1985 (Plot 98)–cont.

Condition of stakes January 2010 (%)

Serviceable but Destroyed by–

showing some– Decay

Num- Decay fungi

Average ber and and Average

retention in Termite termite Decay Termite termite Total removed life

Preservative (lb/ft3

) testa Good Decay attack attack fungi attack attack Number % (year)b

Southern Pine–Yellow Poplar–Southern Pine

Cut from 4 by 4 Treated Panel

Ammoniacal copper 0.10 10 – – – – 90 – 10 10 100 4.2

 arsenate 0.20 7 – – – – 86 – 14 7 100 17.2*

0.41 4 – – – – 100 – – 4 100 24.2*

0.62 5 – – – – 100 – – 5 100 24.2*

1.25 8 25 62 – – 13 – – 1 13 –

Cut from 4 by 4 Treated Panels, Cut Edge Dip Treated

0.10 10 – – – – 60 – 40 10 100 8.0

0.20 7 – – – – 86 – 14 7 100 15.7*

0.41 8 – – – – 100 – – 8 100 24.2*

0.62 8 – 38 – – 62 – – 5 62 –

1.24 9 44 44 – – 11 – – 1 11 –

Treated as Stakes

0.38 7 14 58 – – 14 – 14 2 28 –

0.59 9 – 56 – – 44 – – 4 44 –

Cut from 4 by 4 Treated Panel

Chromated copper 0.10 9 – – – – 22 – 78 9 100 6.2

 arsenate III 0.20 6 – – – – 100 – – 6 100 18.7*

0.41 5 – 20 – – 80 – – 4 80 –

0.62 5 40 60 – – – – – – – –

1.20 10 100 – – – – – – – – –

Cut from 4 by 4 Treated Panels, Cut Edge Dip Treated

0.10 9 – – – – 56 – 44 9 100 8.1

0.20 6 – – – – 100 – – 4 100 19.7*

0.41 8 25 38 – – 38 – – 3 38 –

0.62 8 38 12 – – 50 – – 4 50 –

1.21 10 100 – – – – – – – – –

Treated as Stakes

0.45 5 40 – – – 100 – – 5 100 24.2*

0.63 7 86 14 – – – – – – – –

Untreated controls – 10 – – – – 50 – 50 10 100 1.4

a

Ten stakes were originally installed. Eliminations were for causes other than decay or insect attack, 

 or failure to locate the stakes at time of inspection.

b

Average life denoted by a '*' had multiple stakes which could not be located after a hurricane. Average life is based only

 on those stakes that were rated until failure.

Data presented in this table are part of a study under investigation by R. C. DeGroot and L. R. Gjovik.

(Page 5 of 5)
Research Note FPL–RN–02

114

Table 74–Condition of Southern Pine stakes (2 by 4 in. nominal by 18 in.) treated with copper carbonate and copper oxide in com

 with pelargonic acid and octanoic acid after about 20 years in test. Stakes placed in test on the Harrison Experimental

 Forest, Saucier, Mississippi, April 1987 (Plot 99)

Serviceable but Destroyed by–

showing some– Decay

Num- Decay fungi

Average ber and and Average

retention in Termite termite Decay Termite termite Total removed life

Preservative (lb/ft3

) testa Good Decay attack attack fungi attack attack Number % (year)

Copper carbonate/ 0.10 9 – – – – 100 – – 9 100 14.5

pelargonic acid 0.25 10 – – – – 100 – – 10 100 13.7

0.40 10 – – – – 100 – – 10 100 16.1

0.60 10 10 10 – – 70 – 10 8 80 –

1.00 9 11 – – – 89 – – 8 89 –

Copper carbonate/ 0.10 9 – – – – 89 – 11 9 100 16.7

octanoic acid 0.25 10 – – – – 100 – – 10 100 14.5

0.41 9 11 – – – 89 – – 8 89 –

0.59 9 11 – – – 89 – – 8 89 –

1.00 10 30 – – – 70 – – 7 70 –

Copper oxide/ 0.10 10 – – – – 100 – – 10 100 14.0

pelargonic acid 0.25 10 – – – – 100 – – 10 100 14.0

0.40 10 10 – – – 80 – 10 9 90 –

0.60 10 – – – – 100 – – 10 100 14.5

1.00 10 – 10 – – 90 – – 9 90 –

Copper oxide/ 0.10 10 – – – – 80 – 20 10 100 15.1

octanoic acid 0.25 10 10 – – – 70 – 20 9 90 –

0.41 10 10 20 – – 70 – – 7 70 –

0.59 8 25 – – – 75 – – 6 75 –

1.01 9 33 – – – 67 – – 6 67 –

Chromated copper 0.10 9 – – – – 33 – 67 9 100 16.7

arsenate 0.25 9 56 22 – – 22 – – 2 22 –

0.40 10 100 – – – – – – – – –

0.60 10 100 – – – – – – – – –

Untreated controls – 10 – – – 30 10 60 10 100 2.3

a

Ten stakes originally installed; eliminated stakes removed for causes other than decay or insect attack.

Condition of stakes February 2007 (%)
Comparison of Wood Preservatives in Stake Tests: 2011 Progress Report

115

Table 75–Condition of Southern Pine stakes (2 by 4 in. nominal by 18 in.) treated with toluene-diluted AWPA P1-13 creosote withxylene insolubles less than 0.1% (clean creosote) plus additives of chlorpyrifos and chlorothalonil after about 20 years in test.Stakes placed in test on the Harrison Experimental Forest, Saucier, Mississippi, April 1988 (Plot 100)

Condition of stakes March 2008 (%)

Serviceable but Destroyed by–

showing some– Decay

Num- Decay fungi

Average ber and and Average

retention in Termite termite Decay Termite termite Total removed life

Preservative (lb/ft3) testa Good Decay attack attack fungi attack attack Number % (year)

AWPA P1-13 creosote 1.00 9 – – – – 67 – 33 9 100 8.7 with xylene insolubles 1.96 10 – – – – 80 – 20 10 100 11.7 less than 0.1% 4.03 10 – 10 – – 90 – – 9 90 –

6.20 10 – 40 – – 60 – – 6 60 –8.53 9 – 89 – – 11 – – 1 11 –

+0.5% chlorpyrifos 1.01 10 – – – – 80 – 20 10 100 9.1

1.98 10 – – – – 100 – – 10 100 12.73.92 10 – 20 – – 80 – – 8 80 –5.97 10 – 50 – – 50 – – 5 50 –8.30 10 – 50 – – 50 – – 5 50 –

+0.78% chlorpyrifos 1.00 10 – – – – 90 – 10 10 100 8.4

2.04 10 – – – – 100 – – 10 100 12.63.97 10 – – – – 100 – – 10 100 14.96.00 10 – 20 – – 80 – – 8 80 –8.18 10 10 80 – – 10 – – 1 10 –

+2% chlorothalonil 1.04 10 – – – – 60 10 30 10 100 9.7

2.02 10 – – – – 100 – – 10 100 12.74.00 9 – 33 – – 67 – – 6 67 –6.00 10 10 60 – – 30 – – 3 30 –8.20 10 40 60 – – – – – – – –

Untreated controls – 10 – – – – 10 80 10 10 100 1.7

aTen stakes were originally installed; this number has since been reduced because of failure to locate the stakes at the time of inspection.
Research Note FPL–RN–02

116

Table 76–Condition of Southern Pine stakes (2 by 4 in. nominal by 18 in.) treated with pentachlorophenol 

(manufactured 24 years apart) after 9 years in test. Stakes placed in test on the Harrison Experimental 

Forest, Saucier, Mississippi, April 1989 (Plot 101)

Condition of stakes February 1998 (%)

Serviceable but Destroyed by–

showing some– Decay

Num- Decay fungi

Average ber and and Average

retention in Termite termite Decay Termite termite Total removed life

Preservative (lb/ft3

) test Good Decay attack attack fungi attack attack Number % (year)

Pentachlorophenol 0.1 10 40 40 10 10 – – – – – –

 (1965 manufacture 0.2 10 50 50 – – – – – – – –

 date) in 20% P9 oil 0.4 10 60 40 – – – – – – – –

 and toluene 0.6 10 80 20 – – – – – – – –

Pentachlorophenol 0.1 10 100 – – – – – – – – –

 (1989 manufacture 0.2 10 90 – 10 – – – – – – –

 date) in 20% P9 oil 0.4 10 100 – – – – – – – – –

 and toluene 0.6 10 80 20 – – – – – – – –

20% P9 oil and toluene 0.6 10 100 – – – – – – – – –

Untreated controls – 10 – – – – 60 – 40 10 100 2.0

This study was initiated by L. R. Gjovik.
Comparison of Wood Preservatives in Stake Tests: 2011 Progress Report

117

Table 77--Summary of 2- by 4-in. stake selected results obtained in Mississippi

with wood preservatives in general use.

Data

Average from Average

retentiona table life

Preservative (lb/ft3

) number (year) Remarks

Acid copper chromate 0.25 (0.13) 15 11.6 --

 (Fed. Spec. TT-W-546) 0.30 (0.14) 46 6.1 --

0.51 (0.25) 47 -- 80% failed after 40 years

0.51 (0.26) 15 -- 80% failed after 60 years

0.60 (0.29) 46 4.6 --

0.75 (0.37) 15 -- 60% failed after 60 years

1.01 (0.50) 47 -- 50% failed after 40 years

1.54 (0.76) 47 -- 22% failed after 40 years

Ammoniacal copper borate (0.17) 52 -- 94% failed after 34 years

(0.22) 52 -- 94% failed after 34 years

(0.33) 52 -- 56% failed after 34 years

(0.45) 52 -- 12% failed after 34 years

(0.66) 52 -- 44% failed after 34 years

(1.33) 52 -- 18% failed after 34 years

Ammoniacal copper arsenate 0.17 52 8.11 --

 (Fed. Spec. TT-W-549) 0.23 52 -- 95% failed after 34 years

0.25 (0.24) 14 38.7 --

0.26 (0.25) 47 -- 67% failed after 40 years

0.48 (0.45) 47 -- 20% failed after 40 years

0.53 (0.51) 14 -- 12% failed after 60 years

1.01 (0.97) 14 -- No failures after 60 years

1.29 (1.25) 14 -- No failures after 60 years

Ammoniacal copper zinc arsenate (0.10) 62 16.0 --

(0.25) 62 -- No failures after 30 years

(0.40) 62 -- No failures after 30 years

(0.60) 62 -- No failures after 30 years

(1.22) 62 -- No failures after 30 years

Chromated copper arsenate 0.26 (0.15) 15 28.7 --

 Type I (Fed. Spec. TT-W-550) 0.39 (0.22) 47 -- 56% failed after 40 years

0.50 (0.29) 15 -- 30% failed after 60 years

0.76 (0.44) 47 -- 10% failed after 40 years

0.78 (0.44) 15 -- 20% failed after 60 years

 Type II (Fed. Spec. TT-W-550) 0.25 (0.23) 47 -- 30% failed after 40 years

(0.26) 20 -- No failures after 61 years

(0.37) 20 -- 10% failed after 61 years

(0.52) 20 -- No failures after 61 years

(0.79) 20 -- No failures after 61 years

(1.04) 20 -- No failures after 61 years

 Type III (Fed. Spec. TT-W-550) (0.14) 57 -- No failures after 29 years

(0.20) 48 -- 11% failed after 40 years

(0.25) 55 -- 80% failed after 30 years

(0.27) 57 -- 10% failed after 29 years

(0.40) 48 -- No failures after 40 years

(0.40) 55 -- No failures after 30 years

(0.40) 57 -- No failures after 29 years

(0.60) 48 -- No failures after 40 years

(0.62) 57 -- No failures after 29 years

(0.77) 55 -- No failures after 30 years

(0.79) 57 -- No failures after 29 years
Research Note FPL–RN–02

118

Table 77–Summary of 2- by 4-in. stake selected results obtained in Mississippi with wood preservatives

 in general use–cont.

Data

Average from Average

retentiona table life

Preservative (lb/ft3

) number (year) Remarks

Chromated zinc arsenate

 (former Fed. Spec. TT-W-538) 0.22 (0.11) 24 22.1 –

0.33 (0.22) 4 33.0 –

0.44 (0.29) 4 39.3 –

0.38 (0.20) 24 – 40% failed after 45 years

0.77 (0.40) 24 – No failures after 45 years

1.01 (0.53) 24 – No failures after 45 years

0.58 (0.38) 4 51.7 –

0.78 (0.52) 4 – 30% failed after 60 years

1.06 (0.70) 4 – No failures after 60 years

Chromated zinc chloride 0.49 (0.30) 2 14.2 –

 (Fed. Spec. TT-W-551) 0.76 (0.47) 2 20.2 –

0.76 (0.46) 47 13.8 –

1.03 (0.63) 2 20.1 –

1.02 (0.62) 47 14.9 –

1.50 (0.92) 25 23.4 –

1.57 (0.96) 47 17.8 –

2.91 (1.78) 25 32.7 –

6.00 (3.67) 25 – No failures after 45 years

Copper-8-quinolinolate 0.010 38 5.3 –

 Stoddard solvent 0.020 38 4.2 –

0.060 38 5.6 –

0.123 38 7.8 –

Copper-8-quinolinolate 0.014 43 26.9 –

 AWPA P9 heavy petroleum 0.030 43 27.3 –

0.059 43 31.3 –

0.124 43 – 12% failed after 45 years

Copper naphthenate

 0.11% copper in No. 2 fuel oil 10.3 (0.012) 7 15.9 –

 0.29% copper in No. 2 fuel oil 10.2 (0.029) 7 21.8 –

 0.57% copper in No. 2 fuel oil 10.6 (0.061) 7 27.1 –

 0.86% copper in No. 2 fuel oil 9.6 (0.082) 7 29.6 –

Creosote, coal-tar 3.3 6 24.9 –

 4.1 17 14.2 –

 4.2 4 17.8 –

 4.6 5 21.3 –

 7.8 6 – 70% failed after 54-1/2 years

 8.0 4 – 90% failed after 60 years

 8.3 20 47.1 –

 10.0 5 – 90% failed after 55 years

 11.8 4 – 50% failed after 60 years

 13.2 6 – 20% failed after 54-1/2 years

 14.5 5 – No failures after 55 years

 16.5 4 – 10% failed after 60 years

(Page 2 of 4)
Comparison of Wood Preservatives in Stake Tests: 2011 Progress Report

119

Table 77–Summary of 2- by 4-in. stake selected results obtained in Mississippi with wood preservatives

 in general use–cont.

Data

Average from Average

retentiona table life

Preservative (lb/ft3

) number (year) Remarks

Creosote, coal-tar–continued

 Low residue, straight run 8.0 18 17.8 –

 Medium residue, straight run 8.0 18 18.8 –

 High residue, straight run 7.8 18 20.3 –

 Medium residue

 Low in tar acids 8.1 18 19.4 –

 Low in naphthalene 8.2 18 21.3 –

 Low in tar acids and naphthalene 8.0 18 18.9 –

 Low residue

 Low in tar acids and naphthalene 8.0 18 19.2 –

 High residue

 Low in tar acids and naphthalene 8.2 18 20.0 –

English vertical retort 5.3 19 – 90% failed after 50 years

8.0 18 18.9 –

10.1 19 – 80% failed after 50 years

15.0 19 – No failures after 50 years

English coke oven 4.7 19 16.3 –

7.9 18 13.6 –

10.1 19 – 70% failed after 50 years

14.8 19 – 80% failed after 50 years

Fluor chrome arsenate phenol

 type A (Fed. Spec. TT-W-535) 0.20 (0.12) 2 10.2 –

0.30 (0.19) 2 18.0 –

0.35 (0.22) 37 18.3 –

0.50 (0.31) 37 18.5 –

0.61 (0.38) 2 24.1 –

Pentachlorophenol (various solvents)b

 Liquified petroleum gas 0.14 42 18.9 –

0.19 42 15.9 –

0.34 42 – 10% failed after 38-1/2 years

0.34 45 – 90% failed after 35 years

0.49 45 – 10% failed after 35 years

0.58 42 – No failures after 38-1/2 years

0.65 45 – No failures after 35 years

 Stoddard solvent (mineral spirits) 0.14 42 13.7 –

0.18 42 15.9 –

0.38 42 – 80% failed after 38-1/2 years

0.67 42 – No failures after 38-1/2 years

4.00 17 13.7 –

4.10 22 9.5 –

8.00 22 15.5 –

(Page 3 of 4)
Research Note FPL–RN–02

120

Table 77–Summary of 2- by 4-in. stake selected results obtained in Mississippi with wood preservatives

in general use.

Data

Average from Average

retentiona table life

Preservative (lb/ft3

) number (year) Remarks

 Heavy gas oil (Mid-United States) 4.1 17 -- 89% failed after 50 years

7.9 17 -- 80% failed after 50 years

12.0 17 -- 20% failed after 50 years

 No. 4 aromatic oil (West Coast) 4.2 22 21.0 --

8.2 22 -- 70% failed after 50 years

 AWPA P9 (heavy petroleum) 0.11 42 -- 90% failed after 38-1/2 years

0.19 42 -- 60% failed after 38-1/2 years

0.29 42 -- No failures after 38-1/2 years

0.53 45 -- No failures after 35 years

0.67 42 -- No failures after 38-1/2 years

Tributyltin oxide 0.015 36 6.4 --

 Stoddard solvent 0.030 36 7.2 --

0.045 36 7.4 --

7.900 41 7.0 --

8.200 41 4.5 --

 AWPA P9 (heavy petroleum) 3% 8.0 41 20.8 --

6% 8.0 41 24.0 --

Petroleum solvent controls 4.0 17 7.6 --

4.1 17 4.4 --

4.0 17 12.9 --

7.7 23 14.6 --

7.9 17 -- 90% failed after 50 years

8.0 45 19.7 --

8.0 41 23.3 --

8.0 17 14.6 --

8.1 18 3.4 --

8.5 43 20.9 --

9.8 5 6.3 --

12.0 17 17.1 --

12.1 17 -- 80% failed after 50 years

19.4 5 9.1 --

Untreated stakes -- Misc. 1.8 to --

3.6

a

Retention values in parentheses are based on preservative oxides or copper metal.

b

See Tables 5 and 17 for pentachlorophenol in other solvents.