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Z 34% of the 56,982 defendants

charged with a Federal offense were

ordered detained by the court

pending adjudication of the charges.

Z Of those defendants released

pending trial, 59.7% were released

on their own recognizance (21.7%) or

on an unsecured bond (38%).

Z About a quarter of those released

were required to post bail to gain

release; however, 61.2% were

unable to post bail on the day they

were eligible for release.

Z Defendants charged with drug

(35.5%) or immigration (55.6%)

offenses were required to post bail

more often than those charged with

other offenses. Among those eligible

for release, 55% of drug offenders

and 92.3% of immigration offenders

did not post bail on the day they were

eligible for release.

Z Defendants charged with violent

(49.7%), immigration (47.9%), or

drug trafficking (45.7%) offenses

were detained by the court for the

entire pretrial period at a greater rate

than other offenders.

Z Defendants with a criminal history

were ordered detained at a greater

rate than first-time arrestees: 38.4%

of defendants with at least one prior

arrest were ordered detained

compared to 26.7% of first-time

arrestees.

Z Defendants without established ties

to the community were generally

more likely to be ordered detained

than other defendants: 52.7% of

noncitizens, 51.8% of transients, and

63.6% of the homeless were ordered

detained.

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U.S. Department of Justice

Office of Justice Programs

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Federal Pretrial Release

and Detention, 1996 

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MXURUÒ RU WKH FRPPXQLW\‚ DQG ÈÊ ̄ ZHUH

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Recommendations to the court

While the decision to release or detain

a defendant is the UHVSRQVLELOLW\ of the

court, pursuant to the Bail Reform Act

of 1984, both the U.S. attorneys and

the pretrial services officers may make

recommendations to the court regarding whether the defendant should be

released or detained pending trial. 

During 1996 U.S. attorneys and 

pretrial services officers recommended detention for nearly half of

those charged (table 1). For about

15% of those charged, they recommended that the defendant be released

on bail. The U.S. attorneys and the

pretrial services officers concurred in

their recommendations to the court

about three-quarters of the time (not

shown in a table).

The courts concurred about threequarters of the time with the recommendations made by the U.S.

attorneys and the pretrial services

officers. In those cases where the

courts did not concur with the U.S.

attorneys’ recommendations, the

courts generally imposed less restrictive conditions than those recommended. During 1996 the courts

released about 31% of those defendants for whom the U.S. attorney

recommended detention. They

released without a bail requirement

40% of those defendants for whom the

U.S. attorney recommended bail.

Similarly, the courts released more

than a third of those defendants for

whom the pretrial services officer

recommended detention. About 6% of

those for whom the pretrial services

officer recommended release were

detained by the court.

)HGHUDO SUHWULDO UHOHDVH DQG GHWHQWLRQ

SUDFWLFHV

During 1996, 56,982 defendants were

arraigned before a Federal judicial

officer (district court judge or magistrate). The charges filed against 318 

of these defendants were dismissed.1

 

In more than three-quarters of the

cases, the defendant was charged 

with a drug offense (39.3%), a 

property offense (24.8%), or an

immigration offense (14.1%). Few

defendants (6.5%) were charged 

with a violent offense (figure 1).

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2 Federal Pretrial Release and Detention, 1996

*Includes defendants for whom specific characteristics are unknown.

Data source: Administrative Office of the U.S. Courts, pretrial services data file, 1996.

Detention 26,811 68.8 10.3 20.9

Nonfinancial conditions 15,511 0.7 1.8 97.5

Financial conditions 8,825 1.4 58.6 40.1

Release 24,336 1.0 22.4 76.7

No recommendation 5,512 10.3% 26.7% 63.0%

U.S. attorney

Detention 24,028 65.1 15.3 19.5

 Nonfinancial conditions 17,564 3.6 5.7 90.7

 Financial conditions 8,506 11.4 51.1 37.5

Release 26,070 6.1 20.6 73.3

No recommendation 6,564 30.6% 9.5% 59.9%

Pretrial service officer

Total* 56,664 34.0% 17.1% 49.0%

Nonfinancial

conditions

Financial

conditions

Ordered

Recommendation Number detained

Release on &

Court decision

Table 1. Recommendations by U.S. attorneys and pretrial services

officers to release or detain a defendant pending trial, by court decision, 1996

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Data source: Administrative Office of the U.S. Courts, pretrial services data file, 1996.

)LJXUH Ï

1

The 318 defendants for whom the charges 

filed were initially dismissed are excluded 

from further analyses.
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Federal Pretrial Release and Detention, 1996 3 

a

Represents defendants unable to post bail on the day of the initial appearance 

or detention hearing; 20% of those unable to post bail on the first day they were eligible 

were released within 9 days.

b

Includes defendants for whom specific characteristics are unknown. 

Data source: Administrative Office of the U.S. Courts, pretrial services data file, 1993.

Other 3,425 38.6 39.0 10.7 7.5 3.2 11.7

Weapons 1,495 18.8 39.4 18.4 10.3 8.1 23.4

Immigration 4,160 2.1 12.5 55.6 4.3 51.3 29.9

Other 9,080 18.6 26.9 32.5 6.5 26.0 22.0

Regulatory 1,432 31.6 43.4 15.2 9.2 6.0 9.8

Public-order 10,512 20.4% 29.2% 30.2% 6.9% 23.3% 20.3%

1,561 32.2 28.2 23.8 10.6 13.1 15.8

Possession

 and other

Trafficking 10,925 10.9 36.3 37.2 16.8 20.4 15.7

Drug offenses 12,486 13.5% 35.2% 35.5% 16.0% 19.5% 15.7%

Other 2,794 37.2 43.2 9.6 4.8 4.8 10.0

Fraudulent 9,608 27.3 51.7 15.5 7.9 7.6 5.5

Property offenses 12,402 29.5% 49.8% 14.2% 7.2% 7.0% 6.5%

Violent offenses 1,849 28.7% 28.5% 15.6% 6.7% 8.9% 27.2%

Totalb 37,410 21.7% 38.0% 25.8% 10.0% 15.8% 14.5%

Restrictive

conditions

Detained,

bail not

madea Total Released

Unsecured

bond

Personal

recogTotal nizance

Most 

serious 

offense

Bail

Type of release decision

Table 2. Type of release decision by U.S. district courts following 

initial appearance or detention hearing, by most serious offense, 1996

Federal pretrial release and detention, 1996

Notes: Excludes defendants who were transferred either initially or following a detention hearing. Restrictive 

conditions include only those defendants released under court-imposed restrictive conditions and do not include

defendants released under a combination of restrictive conditions and other forms of pretrial release.

a

Of those initially released on bail, 66.8% were unable to post bail at the time of the initial appearance.

b

Of those released on bail following a detention hearing, 49.6% did not post bail on that day.

Personal

recognizance

 7,188

Def endants arraigned at

initial court appearance

 56,982

Initially

dismissed

 318

Unsecured

bond

12,242

Bail

6,519

Restrictiv e

conditions only

4,493

Detention

hearing ordered

26,222

Release granted

(under conditions)

30,442

Release granted

(under conditions)

6,968

Detained

by court

19,254

Personal

recognizance

924

Unsecured

bond

1,967

Bail

3,144

Restrictiv e

conditions only

933

b

a

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4 Federal Pretrial Release and Detention, 1996

*Includes defendants for whom specific characteristics are unknown.

Data source: Administrative Office of the U.S. Courts, pretrial services data file, 1996.

Other 813 39.1 2.2 11.6 47.1

Weapons 1,002 14.4 1.7 22.8 61.2

Immigration 3,827 80.1 0.1 0.5 19.3

Other 5,642 62.5 0.7 6.0 30.8

Regulatory 268 48.9 0.8 8.6 41.8

Public-order offenses 5,910 61.9% 0.7% 6.2% 31.3%

Possession and 623 34.5 0.2 11.2 54.1

Trafficking 9,188 34.2 0.5 10.3 55.0

Drug offenses 9,811 34.2% 0.5% 10.3% 55.0%

Other 448 33.7 1.8 15.6 48.9

Fraudulent 1,224 62.9 0.1 4.3 32.8

Property offenses 1,672 55.1% 0.5% 7.3% 37.1%

Violent offenses 1,826 11.3% 1.3% 22.9% 64.6%

Total* 19,254 42.3% 0.6% 10.0% 47.0%

Flight and

Community danger

Witness 

or juror

Risk of 

Most serious offense Number flight

Danger to &

Defendants ordered detained pending adjudication

Table 3. Reason for court ordered detention,

by most serious offense, 1996

)LJXUH Í

Percent of defendants ordered detained by U.S. courts,

by Federal judicial district, 1996

Note: Includes percent of defendants detained pursuant to 18 U.S.C. § 3142(e); it does not include defendants detained 

because they did not post the required bail. The following States and territories are not included in the map: 

Alaska (28.3%), Guam (23.2%), Hawaii (52.0%), Puerto Rico (30.9%), and Virgin Islands (74.9%).

Data source: Administrative Office of the U.S. Courts, pretrial services data file, 1996.

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Z the proportion of defendants

presumed by statute to be a pretrial

risk (see appendix A3)

Z the proportion of defendants who

were identified as noncitizens. 

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Federal Pretrial Release and Detention, 1996 5 

)LJXUH È

Bail has traditionally been used to

ensure an accused person’s appearance at trial. Under a bail system, a

person accused of a crime remains

free pending trial by posting security

 property or money  to ensure he

or she will stand trial and submit to a

sentence if found guilty. If the defendant fails to appear at trial, the posted

security  or bail  is forfeited. 

If the defendant does not post bail, 

the defendant is detained pending

adjudication of the charges. 

Pretrial release of criminal 

defendants 

y furthers the presumption of

innocence by avoiding unduly 

detention 

y permits a defendant to more fully

assist in the preparation of a defense

y reduces the possibility that the

defendant might be incarcerated for a

longer period than would otherwise be

appropriate for the offense committed.

Prior to 1966 the Federal courts relied

almost exclusively on bail to ensure a

defendant’s appearance at trial. In

1966 Congress, in an effort to reform

Federal bail practices, de-emphasized

the use of bail. The Bail Reform Act 

of 1966 required the courts to release

any defendant charged with a

noncapital offense on his or her own 

recognizance or on an unsecured

appearance bond unless the court

determined that the defendant would

fail to appear for trial under such

minimal supervision.a

In cases where the defendant could

not be released under minimal supervision, the court could impose other

conditions such as third-party supervision, limited travel and association,

bail, and/or any other condition

deemed necessary by the court to

assure the defendant’s appearance 

at trial.

The decision to release or detain a

defendant pending adjudication of the

charges has traditionally been predicated on the likelihood of the defendant’s appearance at trial. Bail reform

legislation enacted during 1984,

expanded the courts’ consideration 

of factors when deciding whether 

to grant pretrial release.b

3UHWULDO UHOHDVH DQG GHWHQWLRQ LQ WKH )HGHUDO FULPLQDO MXVWLFH V\VWHP

b

S. REP. No. 225, 98th Cong. 1st Sess. (1984). aH.R. REP. 1541, 89th Cong. 2nd Sess. (1966).

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Note: Includes defendants pursuant to 18 U.S.C. § 3142 (e); does not inlcude defendants

detained because they did not post the required bail.

Data source: Administrative Office of the U.S. Courts, pretrial services data file, 1996.
Z a crime of violence

Z an offense for which the maximum

sentence is life imprisonment or death 

Z a drug offense for which the

maximum sentence is 10 years or

more imprisonment

Z any felony if the defendant had been

convicted on two or more occasions

Z those offenses described above or

similar State-level offenses.

Regardless of the U.S. attorney’s 

recommendation, the court can order a

detention hearing if there is a serious

risk that the defendant will attempt to

avoid prosecution by fleeing or the

defendant will attempt to obstruct

justice or intimidate prospective

witnesses or jurors. 2

Statutorily prescribed factors

Federal law requires judicial officers

(district court judges and magistrates)

to consider certain factors when

making pretrial detention decisions.

The factors identified by statute are &

y the nature and circumstances of the

offense charged

y the weight of the evidence

y the financial resources

y character and mental condition of

the defendant

y family ties

y employment status

y community ties and length of

residency in the community

y record of appearance at court

proceedings

y prior criminal convictions

y whether at the time of the current

offense the defendant was under 

criminal justice supervision

y the nature and seriousness of the

danger to the community or any person

that the defendant’s release would

pose.3

Community safety includes the risk 

that the defendant would continue 

to engage in other criminal activity

regardless of whether physical violence

was involved,4

 including the risk that

the defendant would continue to 

distribute controlled substances.5

6 Federal Pretrial Release and Detention, 1996

The Bail Reform Act of 1984

expanded the authority of the courts to

regulate pretrial release for reasons

such as protecting the community and

specific individuals  particularly

prospective witnesses and jurors 

from defendants considered too

dangerous to be released.c As a

result, the Bail Reform Act of 1984

created a three-tiered approach

toward pretrial release 

y consistent with the existing policy,

the 1984 act required the pretrial

release of defendants who do not

pose a risk of flight or a danger to

another person or the community

y if the defendant poses either a risk

of flight or a threat to the community,

the court could release the defendant pending trial under conditions

that mitigate the risks posed

y the court could detain the defendant pending trial if it is determined

that the defendant poses a risk of

flight or is a danger to another

person or the community and that no

condition, or combination of conditions, would mitigate those risks.d

At a detention hearing (typically held

within 3 to 5 days of the defendant’s

arrest), the Bail Reform Act of 1984

requires the Government to prove by

clear and convincing evidence that no

condition(s) of release would reasonably ensure that the defendant would

appear for trial and not pose a risk to

the community.e

If the defendant is a violent recidivist

or is accused of committing the

current offense while carrying a

firearm or while on pretrial release for

another offense, the statute presumes

the defendant to pose a pretrial risk.

That defendant is presumptively

detained and bears the burden to

show why he should be released.f 

c

18 U.S.C. § 3142(g)(4).

Pretrial release and detention in the Federal criminal justice system (cont.)

d

18 U.S.C. § 3142(a).

e

19 U.S.C. § 3142(f).

 f18 U.S.C. § 3142(e).

5 or more

2 to 4

1

No prior arrests

0% 20% 40% 60%

Percent of def endants ordered detained by court

Number of

prior arrests

district courts, by number of prior arrests, 1996

Percent of defendants ordered detained by U.S.

Note: Includes defendants pursuant to 18 U.S.C. § 3142 (e); does not inlcude 

defendants detained because they did not to post the required bail.

Data source: Administrative Office of the U.S, Courts, pretrial services data file, 1996.

3

18 U.S.C. § 3142(f).

4

See, U.S. v. Provenzano, 605 F.2d 85 (3rd.

Cir. 1979).

5

S. Rep. No. 225, 98th Cong., 1st Sess. (1983);

See, also, U.S. v. Hawkins, 617 F.2d 59 (5th

Cir. 1980) cert. denied, 449 U.S. 952 (1980);

U.S. v. Cook, 880 F. 2d 1158 (10th Cir. 1989);

U.S. v. Strong, 775 F.2d 504 (3rd Cir. 1985).

2

18 U.S.C. § 3142(g).

Figure 5
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Federal Pretrial Release and Detention, 1996 7 

*Includes defendants for whom specific

characteristics are unknown.

Data source: Administrative Office of the

U.S. Courts, pretrial services data file, 1996.

Other 9,705 48.6

1,871 58.5

Parole/supervised

release

Probation 2,853 38.6

Pretrial release 3,219 39.4

Not under supervision 39,015 28.4%

Criminal justice

status at arrest

Other 4,282 33.3

Drug 7,244 48.1

Violent 7,998 54.0

Felony 19,524 47.3

Misdemeanor only 8,814 25.9

No prior convictions 28,326 27.3%

Nature of prior 

convictions

5 or more 7,601 49.7

2 to 4 11,637 41.0

1 9,100 32.5

No prior convictions 28,326 27.3%

Number of prior 

convictions

5 or more 15,277 47.9

2 to 4 11,909 34.1

1 7,991 26.9

No prior arrests 21,487 26.7%

Number of 

prior arrests

Total* 56,664 34.0%

Percent orCharacteristic Number dered detained

Defendants in U.S.

district court

Table 4: Defendants ordered detained

by U.S. district courts, by selected

criminal history characteristics, 1996
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8 Federal Pretrial Release and Detention, 1996

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*18 U.S.C. § 3152-3155.

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*Includes defendants for whom specific

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Data source: Administrative Office of the

U.S. Courts, pretrial services data file, 1996.

Unemployed 21,139 39.1

Employed 26,362 25.3%

Employment status

Previously married 9,341 28.5

Common-law 4,142 40.5

Married 16,273 25.8

Single 17,730 36.2%

Marital status

More than 5 years 13,226 27.3

3 to 5 years 2,769 29.7

1 to 3 years 6,669 31.5

Less than 1 year 13,613 37.0

Transient 8,468 51.8%

Time in area

Other 5,109 40.8

Homeless 634 63.6

No contribution 11,256 38.2

Renting 18,963 30.9

Own 10,254 16.5%

Residence status

Noncitizen 15,872 52.7

U.S. citizen 38,158 25.9%

Citizenship

Total* 56,664 34.0%

Percent ordered

Characteristic Number detained 

Defendants in U.S.

district court

Table 5. Defendants ordered 

detained by U.S. district courts, 

by community ties, 1996
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Federal Pretrial Release and Detention, 1996 9 

*Includes defendants for whom specific

characteristics are unknown.

Data source: Administrative Office of the

U.S. Courts, pretrial services data file 1996.

41 years or older 10,976 31.5

31-40 years 14,596 41.0

21-30 years 18,828 43.3

Under 21 years 2,803 40.3%

Age

College graduate 4,068 14.6

Some college 9,463 22.1

High school 13,894 29.3

18,620 40.5%

Less than 

 high school

Education

Female 8,909 16.2

Male 47,683 37.3%

Sex

Other 2,788 32.8

Hispanic 20,042 46.7

Black 14,495 35.9

White 18,871 19.3%

Race/ethnicity

Total* 56,664 34.0%

Percent ordered

Characteristic Number detained 

Defendants in U.S.

district court

Table 6. Defendants ordered detained

by U.S. district courts, by selected

demographic characteristics, 1996

6

 18 U.S.C. § 3142(e).

Other

Hispanic

Black

White 

0% 20% 40% 60% 80%

Percent of defendants

Race/ethnicity

1 2 to 4

5 or more

prior arrests

Percent of defendants with a prior arrest, by

number of prior arrests and race and ethnicity, 1996

Note: Includes defendants pursuant to 18 U.S.C. § 3142 (e); does not include defendants

detained because they did not post the required bail.

Data source: Administrative Office of the U.S. Courts, pretrial services data file, 1996.

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10 Federal Pretrial Release and Detention, 1996

)LJXUH Ê

*Includes defendants for whom specific characteristics are unknown.

Data source: Administrative Office of the U.S. Courts, pretrial services 

data file 1996.

Other 4,234 7.5 12.7 6.0 2.9 10.3

Weapons 2,496 4.4 5.4 7.0 1.7 4.6

Immigration 7,972 14.1 1.5 1.9 35.7 8.5

Other 14,702 26.0 19.6 14.9 40.3 23.0

Regulatory 1,696 3.0 5.1 1.9 1.8 3.0

Public-order offenses 31,100 29.0% 24.7% 16.8% 42.1% 26.0%

Possession and other 2,181 3.8 3.9 4.3 3.8 1.7

Trafficking 20,107 35.5 25.5 43.6 42.5 13.8

Drug offenses 22,288 39.4% 29.4% 47.9% 46.3% 15.5%

Other 3,239 5.7 8.0 7.6 1.8 8.3

Fraudulent 10,807 19.1 30.1 19.2 7.9 24.6

Property offenses 14,046 24.8% 38.1% 26.8% 9.7% 32.9%

Violent offenses 3,672 6.5% 7.4% 8.3% 1.9% 24.3%

Total* 56,664 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0%

Characteristic Number Total White Black Hispanic Other

Race/ethnicity

Percent

Defendants charged in U.S. district court

Table 7. Defendants charged in U.S. district court, 

by most serious offense and race and ethnicity, 1996

Other

Hispanic

Black

White 

0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50%

Percent of defendants

Percent of defendants with a prior felony conv iction, by

type of felony offense charged and race and ethnicity, 1996

Race/ethnicity

Violent Drug Other

Data source: Administrative Office of the U.S. Courts, pretrial services data file, 1996.
Methodology

Data Sources

The source of the data for tables that

describe Federal defendants is the BJS

Federal Justice Statistics Program

(FJSP) database (ICPSR 9296). The

FJSP database is presently constructed from source files provided by the

Executive Office for the United States

Attorneys, the Administrative Office 

of the U.S. Courts, the United States

Sentencing Commission, and the

Federal Bureau of Prisons. The

Administrative Office of the U.S. Courts

also maintains data collected by the

Federal pretrial services agencies. 

The pretrial services agency data

describes defendants charged with a

Federal offense and interviewed and

investigated by Federal pretrial service

officers. Data tabulations, except

where otherwise indicated, were

prepared from BJS or contractor analysis of the source agency datasets.

(Because the District of Columbia

operates its pretrial services agency

separate from the Administrative Office

of the U.S. Courts, data describing defendants prosecuted in the U.S. district

court for the District of Columbia but

processed by the D.C. pretrial services

agency are not included in this

analysis.)

Statistics describing State defendants

is BJS's State Court Processing Statistics Program (SCPS) & formerly the

National Pretrial Reporting Program.

The SCPS program collects data

describing the processing of felony

defendants in the courts of the Nation’s

75 most populous counties. For a

complete description of the SCPS

program, see Felony Defendants in

Large Urban Counties, 1994, BJS

report (NCJ-164616).

The offense categories used in this

report are based primarily on the

offense codes established by the

Administrative Office of the U.S.

Courts. The Compendium of Federal

Justice Statistics provides a detailed

description of the United States Criminal Code titles and sections included in

each offense category.

The forms of pretrial release reported

are reported as mutually exclusive

categories. In practice, however, a

single defendant may be release on

more than one form, or condition, of

pretrial release. For example, a defendant released on his or her own

recognizance may also be required 

to submit to periodic drug testing while 

on release. Where a defendant was

released on multiple forms of release,

the form of release selected for 

reporting purposes was selected

according to the following hierarchy: 

personal recognizance, unsecured

bond, bail, restrictive conditions only.

Unlike other BJS publications describing the Federal criminal justice system,

this report describes pretrial release

and detention decisions made by the

court either initially & at initial appearance & or following a pretrial detention

hearing held pursuant to 18 U.S.C. §

3142(f). This report focuses on the

incoming cohort to Federal pretrial

sentences. In addition, the events

reported reflect those events occurring

at the initial appearance or at detention

hearing. Events occurring after these

proceedings such as the posting of bail

are not reported.

By contrast, in the Compendium of

Federal Justice Statistics, statistics

describing defendants released or

detained reflect the entire pretrial

period. A released defendant may

have been subsequently detained due

to misconduct. In Compendium tabulations, these defendants are included in

both counts of defendants released

and defendants detained pending trial.

In addition, the Compendium reports

statistics describing the exiting cohort

& those defendants whose cases were

terminated by the Federal courts. 

Federal Pretrial Release and Detention, 1996 11 

The Bureau of Justice Statistics 

is the statistical agency of the 

U.S. Department of Justice. 

Jan M. Chaiken, Ph.D., is the

director.

BJS Special Reports address a

specific topic in depth from one or

more datasets that cover many

topics.

John Scalia, BJS statistician, wrote

this report. William J. Sabol of the

Urban Institute provided statistical

review. Priscilla Middleton, assisted

by Tom Hester, produced and edited

this report. Marilyn Marbrook supervised Yvonne Boston in preparing the

document for printing and for the

Internet.

February 1999, NCJ 168635

Data from the Federal Justice 

Statistics Program (ICPSR 9296) can

be obtained from the National

Archive of Criminal Justice Data at

the University of Michigan, 1-800-

999-0960. The archive, as well as

the report and supporting documentation, is also accessible through 

the BJS Web site: 

http://www.ojp.usdoj.gov/bjs
12 Federal Pretrial Release and Detention, 1996

Nevada 855 35.8 1.3 0.9 0.4 0.6 60.9 1.4

Nebraska 249 61.0 0.8 0.8 0 2.8 31.7 3.6

Montana 288 28.1 1.0 1.0 0 4.9 65.3 0.7

Missouri, Western 467 24.4 4.1 2.1 1.9 8.4 22.3 40.9

Missouri, Eastern 460 25.7 32.4 15.4 17.0 13.5 3.3 25.2

Mississippi, Southern 268 21.6 12.7 9.0 3.7 14.2 7.1 44.4

Mississippi, Northern 179 9.5 33.0 26.3 6.7 15.6 2.2 39.7

Minnesota 338 39.6 0.6 0.6 0 0.6 3.8 55.3

Michigan, Western 320 15.9 3.4 1.9 1.6 8.4 3.4 68.8

Michigan, Eastern 1,327 16.8 0.7 0.6 0.1 5.7 3.9 72.9

Massachusetts 638 40.4 3.0 3.0 0 13.6 14.6 28.4

Maryland 616 36.9 7.3 7.1 0.2 3.4 44.3 8.1

Maine 179 22.9 18.4 16.2 2.2 22.3 7.8 28.5

Louisiana, Western 260 34.6 5.0 3.5 1.5 3.1 23.8 33.5

Louisiana, Middle 87 24.1 9.2 5.7 3.4 2.3 57.5 6.9

Louisiana, Eastern 463 45.6 19.2 5.2 14.0 0.2 0 35.0

Kentucky, Western 279 31.9 2.2 1.1 1.1 3.2 4.3 58.4

Kentucky, Eastern 331 25.1 10.0 4.2 5.7 2.1 7.9 55.0

Kansas 345 40.6 6.7 5.5 1.2 2.9 2.9 47.0

Iowa, Southern 222 25.7 1.4 0.9 0.5 23.4 0 49.5

Iowa, Northern 205 36.1 0.5 0.5 0 16.6 34.6 12.2

Indiana, Southern 245 27.3 0 0 0 28.2 38.0 6.5

Indiana, Northern 223 16.1 2.7 2.7 0 7.6 16.1 57.4

Illinois, Southern 230 40.9 8.3 6.1 2.2 13.9 1.3 35.7

Illinois, Northern 544 21.9 9.9 8.5 1.5 11.4 1.5 55.3

Illinois, Central 243 48.1 0.8 0.8 0 1.6 7.0 42.4

Idaho 139 29.5 2.2 2.2 0 4.3 42.4 21.6

Hawaii 352 52.0 5.7 5.1 0.6 5.1 2.0 35.2

Guam 116 23.3 1.7 1.7 0 8.6 52.6 13.8

Georgia, Southern 230 8.7 31.7 13.9 17.8 20.0 19.1 20.4

Georgia, Northern 688 34.6 28.3 8.6 19.8 4.7 0.4 32.0

Georgia, Middle 438 4.6 20.1 15.3 4.8 6.6 45.2 23.5

Florida, Southern 2,742 35.7 41.1 9.6 31.5 4.3 0.1 18.7

Florida, Northern 349 39.0 3.7 3.4 0.3 11.7 22.6 22.9

Florida, Middle 1,343 40.7 14.1 6.9 7.3 7.7 4.8 32.8

District of Columbia n/a -- -- -- -- -- -- --

Delaware 100 37.0 4.0 3.0 1.0 13.0 29.0 17.0

Connecticut 301 35.5 8.3 8.3 0.0 3.7 9.6 42.9

Colorado 513 49.9 7.0 6.4 0.6 0.2 16.2 26.7

California, Southern 3,310 9.6 63.2 3.5 59.6 7.1 0.9 19.2

California, Northern 920 27.1 9.0 7.6 1.4 22.3 20.8 20.9

California, Eastern 785 74.6 9.7 6.1 3.6 1.0 8.0 6.6

California, Central 2,289 56.9 21.2 15.9 5.4 0.7 0.5 20.7

Arkansas, Western 115 13.0 3.5 2.6 0.9 38.3 0.9 44.3

Arkansas, Eastern 325 8.6 0.3 0.3 0 19.4 69.8 1.8

Arizona 3,461 59.8 2.2 2.0 0.2 21.1 12.3 4.7

Alaska 159 28.3 5.0 2.5 2.5 30.8 19.5 16.4

Alabama, Southern 389 38.8 0.5 0.5 0 8.0 46.5 6.2

Alabama, Northern 415 3.1 5.3 5.1 0.2 26.0 0.5 65.1

Alabama, Middle 179 27.4 1.1 1.1 0 5.0 0.6 65.9

Total 56,664 34.0% 17.1% 6.6% 10.4% 9.6% 14.3% 25.1%

Unsecure

d bond

Personal

recognizance

Restrictive

conditions

Detained, bail

not made

Released,

Total bail made

Number of

defendants

Federal 

judicial district

Ordered Bail

detained 

by court

Form of pretrial release

Appendix table A1. Percent of defendants released or detained pending trial, by form of pretrial release 

or detention and Federal judicial district, 1996
Federal Pretrial Release and Detention, 1996 13 

Note: The U.S. district court for the District of Columbia does not participate 

in the Federal pretrial services program; pretrial services for Federal defendants 

are provided by the local pretrial services agency for the District of Columbia.

Data source: Administrative Office of the U.S. Courts, pretrial services data file,

1996.

Wyoming 125 43.2 4.0 3.2 0.8 0.8 4.0 48.0

Wisconsin, Western 98 42.9 0 0 0 2.0 53.1 2.0

Wisconsin, Eastern 329 23.4 7.0 4.6 2.4 25.5 35.0 9.1

West Virginia, Southern 254 20.9 0 0 0 18.9 5.9 54.3

West Virginia, Northern 165 18.2 3.0 2.4 0.6 11.5 2.4 64.8

Washington, Western 623 38.4 8.0 7.9 0.2 0.5 50.7 2.4

Washington, Eastern 266 60.5 9.8 6.0 3.8 0 27.8 1.9

Virginia, Western 404 20.8 13.4 6.7 6.7 18.6 14.1 33.2

Virginia, Eastern 1,406 23.2 1.7 1.3 0.4 10.7 44.2 20.1

Virgin Islands 367 74.9 9.5 8.4 1.1 4.1 1.1 10.4

Vermont 111 19.8 8.1 6.3 1.8 21.6 36.9 13.5

Utah 267 58.4 1.1 1.1 0.0 2.6 34.1 3.7

Texas, Western 3,078 37.6 30.0 10.6 19.3 12.8 0.8 18.7

Texas, Southern 2,830 22.0 44.9 11.0 33.9 15.6 0.7 16.7

Texas, Northern 987 19.5 17.1 7.3 9.8 23.5 25.4 14.5

Texas, Eastern 524 41.6 3.4 2.1 1.3 4.6 16.2 34.2

Tennessee, Western 305 31.8 35.4 35.1 0.3 0 25.2 7.5

Tennessee, Middle 209 13.4 7.7 7.7 0 21.5 7.7 49.8

Tennessee, Eastern 332 21.7 11.4 9.6 1.8 16.9 13.6 36.4

South Dakota 389 32.6 0.3 0.3 0 31.9 21.1 14.1

South Carolina 996 10.6 24.0 3.9 20.1 16.1 1.3 48.0

Rhode Island 102 57.8 20.6 9.8 10.8 0 0 21.6

Puerto Rico 614 30.9 29.3 18.2 11.1 23.8 8.0 8.0

Pennsylvania, Western 236 17.8 6.4 4.2 2.1 3.4 6.4 66.1

Pennsylvania, Middle 338 16.0 3.8 3.0 0.9 28.7 35.2 16.3

Pennsylvania, Eastern 898 36.2 10.9 10.7 0.2 1.4 2.2 49.2

Oregon 659 73.4 0.2 0.2 0 0 26.4 0

Oklahoma, Western 415 23.4 3.6 1.9 1.7 2.2 65.1 5.8

Oklahoma, Northern 261 9.6 5.0 4.6 0.4 29.1 6.1 50.2

Oklahoma, Eastern 69 7.2 2.9 1.4 1.4 23.2 1.4 65.2

Ohio, Southern 562 20.5 7.8 5.5 2.3 3.2 53.0 15.5

Ohio, Northern 705 25.8 8.8 5.1 3.7 8.9 1.4 55.0

Northern Marinas Islands 27 33.3 14.8 14.8 0 11.1 7.4 33.3

North Dakota 230 28.3 1.3 0.9 0.4 21.3 45.2 3.9

North Carolina, Western 552 36.2 0.4 0.4 0 11.1 0 52.4

North Carolina, Middle 238 41.6 11.3 9.2 2.1 9.2 31.5 6.3

North Carolina, Eastern 913 26.8 1.3 1.2 0.1 2.8 45.8 23.2

New York, Western 503 14.5 26.4 11.9 14.5 8.9 26.8 23.3

New York, Southern 1,529 33.0 18.7 12.5 6.2 3.9 14.6 29.8

New York, Northern 465 46.5 14.6 10.8 3.9 0.4 21.9 16.6

New York, Eastern 1,466 49.9 10.0 8.8 1.2 0.0 11.6 28.6

New Mexico 984 62.0 4.9 4.0 0.9 1.3 18.0 13.8

New Jersey 1,131 27.3 15.2 8.1 7.1 9.8 9.5 38.1

New Hampshire 183 43.2% 0.5% 0.5% 0 2.7% 9.3% 44.3%

Unsecured

bond

Personal

recognizance

Restrictive

conditions

Detained, bail

not made

Released,

Total bail made

Number of

defendants

Federal 

judicial district

Ordered Bail

detained 

by court

Form of pretrial release

Appendix table A1. Percent of defendants released or detained pending trial, by form of pretrial release 

or detention and Federal judicial district, 1996 (cont.)
14 Federal Pretrial Release and Detention, 1996

Nevada 855 35.8 9.0 49.6 18.8 3.5 2.6 2.4 14.2

Nebraska 249 61.0 5.6 28.1 41.0 0.4 8.0 12.0 4.8

Montana 288 28.1 18.5 26.1 34.8 1.8 9.4 3.6 5.8

Missouri, Western 467 24.4 3.9 26.5 51.2 3.5 5.2 0.7 9.1

Missouri, Eastern 460 25.7 5.4 26.1 46.6 7.2 9.6 0.4 4.6

Mississippi, Southern 268 21.6 8.6 28.0 36.2 9.7 3.4 2.2 11.9

Mississippi, Northern 179 9.5 8.4 34.8 42.1 2.8 7.3 0 4.5

Minnesota 338 39.6 11.8 29.9 39.9 3.8 5.9 3.6 5.0

Michigan, Western 320 15.9 7.5 38.1 31.9 4.4 3.4 4.4 10.3

Michigan, Eastern 1,327 16.8 6.4 39.8 32.6 2.8 9.1 1.7 7.6

Massachusetts 638 40.4 5.2 24.3 44.1 5.7 7.8 3.0 9.9

Maryland 616 36.9 9.3 28.8 31.9 4.9 11.3 3.4 10.5

Maine 179 22.9 8.4 27.5 38.8 2.2 16.3 3.4 3.4

Louisiana, Western 260 34.6 2.7 36.4 32.6 7.0 5.4 4.3 11.6

Louisiana, Middle 87 24.1 0 42.5 24.1 12.6 3.4 12.6 4.6

Louisiana, Eastern 463 45.6 3.7 31.6 44.8 2.8 4.3 3.0 9.7

Kentucky, Western 279 31.9 7.5 34.1 34.1 1.4 5.7 3.2 14.0

Kentucky, Eastern 331 25.1 4.2 25.7 57.1 4.2 3.9 1.2 3.6

Kansas 345 40.6 15.1 22.1 41.9 2.0 6.7 2.3 9.9

Iowa, Southern 222 25.7 2.7 12.2 63.1 0.5 8.6 7.2 5.9

Iowa, Northern 205 36.1 0.5 17.1 57.1 1.5 7.8 13.7 2.4

Indiana, Southern 245 27.3 7.1 39.4 25.3 4.1 10.8 0.8 12.4

Indiana, Northern 223 16.1 6.8 45.7 16.3 4.1 7.7 0 19.5

Illinois, Southern 230 40.9 4.3 11.7 64.3 4.8 9.6 0.9 4.3

Illinois, Northern 544 21.9 13.6 46.7 22.6 3.5 2.0 2.0 9.6

Illinois, Central 243 48.1 5.3 21.4 49.8 0.4 11.1 4.9 7.0

Idaho 139 29.5 19.4 29.5 18.7 13.7 7.9 4.3 6.5

Hawaii 352 52.0 12.8 29.0 41.5 0.9 1.7 9.7 4.5

Guam 116 23.3 0 35.3 35.3 1.7 17.2 6.9 3.4

Georgia, Southern 230 8.7 13.2 24.1 42.5 2.2 3.9 2.2 11.8

Georgia, Northern 688 34.6 7.1 26.0 44.2 4.7 7.0 8.1 2.9

Georgia, Middle 438 4.6 2.7 31.7 34.7 1.4 1.1 0.9 27.4

Florida, Southern 2,742 35.7 3.0 22.3 55.2 3.8 4.7 5.6 5.4

Florida, Northern 349 39.0 7.2 23.2 50.1 0.9 10.6 1.1 6.9

Florida, Middle 1,343 40.7 7.0 27.7 44.2 3.2 4.3 4.7 9.0

District of Columbia n/a -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --

Delaware 100 37.0 7.0 35.0 24.0 1.0 16.0 10.0 7.0

Connecticut 301 35.5 7.3 27.9 28.2 5.0 11.6 4.3 15.6

Colorado 513 49.9 6.0 24.8 48.5 0.8 5.7 10.5 3.7

California, Southern 3,310 9.6 2.8 5.7 38.9 1.8 0.5 48.6 1.6

California, Northern 920 27.1 8.3 30.7 21.1 6.0 3.6 23.2 7.3

California, Eastern 785 74.6 8.3 11.4 33.2 2.2 3.6 34.5 6.7

California, Central 2,289 56.9 13.3 35.1 26.4 2.9 2.6 7.4 12.4

Arkansas, Western 115 13.0 8.7 23.5 41.7 2.6 9.6 12.2 1.7

Arkansas, Eastern 325 8.6 7.1 28.0 51.1 0.6 8.0 2.8 2.5

Arizona 3,461 59.8 6.5 6.2 30.9 1.2 2.0 51.2 2.0

Alaska 159 28.3 5.7 30.2 18.9 17.0 3.1 6.9 18.2

Alabama, Southern 389 38.8 4.1 14.1 69.2 2.3 6.2 0 4.1

Alabama, Northern 415 3.1 10.8 32.0 36.9 1.9 4.1 1.2 13.0

Alabama, Middle 179 27.4 6.7 21.8 59.8 3.4 5.0 0 3.4

Total 56,664 34.0% 6.5% 24.9% 39.5% 3.0% 4.4% 14.1% 7.5%

Violent Property Drugs Regulatory Weapons Immigration Other

Number of Public-order

defendants

Federal

judicial district

Ordered Most serious offense charged

detained

by court

Appendix table A2. Most serious offense charged, by Federal judicial district, 1996
Federal Pretrial Release and Detention, 1996 15 

Note: The U.S. district court for the District of Columbia does not participate 

in the Federal pretrial services program; pretrial services for Federal defendants 

are provided by the local pretrial services agency for the District of Columbia.

Data source: Administrative Office of the U.S. Courts, pretrial services

data file, 1996.

Wyoming 125 43.2 12.5 16.7 45.8 5.0 10.0 5.8 4.2

Wisconsin, Western 98 42.9 8.5 27.7 39.4 6.4 4.3 0 13.8

Wisconsin, Eastern 329 23.4 14.6 29.8 41.9 3.6 6.1 0.6 3.3

West Virginia, Southern 254 20.9 1.2 27.0 48.4 10.3 7.1 0 6.0

West Virginia, Northern 165 18.2 2.4 18.2 57.0 3.0 9.1 0 10.3

Washington, Western 623 38.4 7.0 26.6 27.6 6.2 5.7 5.7 21.4

Washington, Eastern 266 60.5 10.5 9.4 38.7 1.5 12.8 22.9 4.1

Virginia, Western 404 20.8 5.7 33.1 42.8 3.5 8.0 0.7 6.2

Virginia, Eastern 1,406 23.2 3.1 34.5 44.9 5.1 3.5 2.7 6.3

Virgin Islands 367 74.9 3.0 9.8 14.4 1.6 5.7 64.6 0.8

Vermont 111 19.8 0 21.6 45.0 3.6 9.9 15.3 4.5

Utah 267 58.4 17.9 22.6 29.0 4.0 7.9 14.7 4.0

Texas, Western 3,078 37.6 1.8 19.1 39.0 1.6 2.5 27.9 8.1

Texas, Southern 2,830 22.0 1.9 8.4 52.0 1.9 1.6 31.6 2.7

Texas, Northern 987 19.5 5.3 39.3 36.1 3.0 3.8 7.5 5.0

Texas, Eastern 524 41.6 4.2 21.4 55.0 1.9 8.2 3.1 6.3

Tennessee, Western 305 31.8 4.9 28.5 49.8 2.0 6.9 1.3 6.6

Tennessee, Middle 209 13.4 8.2 34.1 40.9 4.8 3.8 0.5 7.7

Tennessee, Eastern 332 21.7 7.6 24.8 51.8 2.4 5.5 0.3 7.6

South Dakota 389 32.6 40.3 24.3 13.4 1.3 6.5 10.1 4.1

South Carolina 996 10.6 6.6 31.6 46.1 3.4 6.3 0 5.9

Rhode Island 102 57.8 2.0 34.3 42.2 2.0 7.8 6.9 4.9

Puerto Rico 614 30.9 4.2 22.6 54.4 7.7 2.4 7.8 0.8

Pennsylvania, Western 236 17.8 6.4 45.1 32.3 2.6 7.2 0.9 5.5

Pennsylvania, Middle 338 16.0 8.0 26.6 35.2 1.5 6.2 2.7 19.8

Pennsylvania, Eastern 898 36.2 6.8 39.2 34.4 2.8 5.0 3.2 8.6

Oregon 659 73.4 12.1 12.4 27.6 2.0 5.6 35.4 4.9

Oklahoma, Western 415 23.4 5.6 28.5 43.2 1.0 3.6 1.9 16.2

Oklahoma, Northern 261 9.6 6.1 42.9 24.5 5.0 4.2 1.1 16.1

Oklahoma, Eastern 69 7.2 10.1 39.1 34.8 5.8 7.2 0 2.9

Ohio, Southern 562 20.5 4.3 31.8 30.5 2.0 3.6 0.9 27.0

Ohio, Northern 705 25.8 6.5 37.0 33.5 4.3 8.8 1.0 8.9

Northern Marinas Islands 27 33.3 0 25.9 70.4 0 3.7 0 0

North Dakota 230 28.3 19.9 21.3 16.2 3.7 8.8 26.9 3.2

North Carolina, Western 552 36.2 8.2 25.4 57.2 1.1 2.7 0.7 4.7

North Carolina, Middle 238 41.6 6.7 30.3 47.9 2.5 3.8 0.8 8.0

North Carolina, Eastern 913 26.8 6.3 35.1 34.0 0.9 3.2 0.2 20.3

New York, Western 503 14.5 7.8 29.5 41.3 3.2 3.4 9.6 5.2

New York, Southern 1,529 33.0 6.9 40.3 32.9 1.9 4.2 3.2 10.6

New York, Northern 465 46.5 3.4 17.2 56.1 2.6 1.3 10.5 8.8

New York, Eastern 1,466 49.9 2.6 29.3 48.6 3.8 2.3 4.0 9.3

New Mexico 984 62.0 15.2 6.0 46.4 0.4 2.1 26.0 3.8

New Jersey 1,131 27.3 6.7 41.1 30.1 7.0 2.7 1.4 11.0

New Hampshire 183 43.2% 5.5% 22.4% 60.7% 1.6% 2.2% 1.6% 6.0%

Violent Property Drugs Regulatory Weapons Immigration Other

Number of Public-order

defendants

Federal 

judicial district

Ordered Most serious offense charged

detained

by court

Appendix table A2. Most serious offense charged, by Federal judicial district, 1996 (cont.)
16 Federal Pretrial Release and Detention, 1996

Nevada 855 35.8 6.9 14.1 45.3 39.6

Nebraska 249 61.0 16.1 25.2 64.3 61.4

Montana 288 28.1 19.8 5.6 32.3 27.8

Missouri, Western 467 24.4 9.2 6.3 37.9 26.8

Missouri, Eastern 460 25.7 5.4 2.2 44.8 35.0

Mississippi, Southern 268 21.6 7.1 2.6 37.7 38.8

Mississippi, Northern 179 9.5 8.9 0 23.5 18.4

Minnesota 338 39.6 0 13.2 47.6 45.6

Michigan, Western 320 15.9 7.2 9.4 29.7 26.6

Michigan, Eastern 1,327 16.8 5.9 6.4 25.7 22.3

Massachusetts 638 40.4 27.9 20.4 63.2 57.1

Maryland 616 36.9 24.2 7.4 46.4 32.6

Maine 179 22.9 11.7 6.4 51.4 48.6

Louisiana, Western 260 34.6 19.6 4.9 42.3 38.1

Louisiana, Middle 87 24.1 12.6 13.8 34.5 31.0

Louisiana, Eastern 463 45.6 37.1 11.9 51.2 48.6

Kentucky, Western 279 31.9 19.4 4.7 36.6 23.7

Kentucky, Eastern 331 25.1 2.7 4.9 36.6 31.1

Kansas 345 40.6 25.5 9.7 52.2 49.3

Iowa, Southern 222 25.7 33.3 24.1 59.0 34.2

Iowa, Northern 205 36.1 15.6 26.2 53.2 47.3

Indiana, Southern 245 27.3 8.2 2.0 49.4 48.6

Indiana, Northern 223 16.1 8.5 6.4 26.0 21.1

Illinois, Southern 230 40.9 15.7 3.5 68.7 53.9

Illinois, Northern 544 21.9 6.8 19.7 40.3 20.8

Illinois, Central 243 48.1 24.7 6.8 58.4 43.6

Idaho 139 29.5 13.7 11.6 46.0 38.8

Hawaii 352 52.0 36.9 26.0 68.8 57.1

Guam 116 23.3 2.6 27.0 30.2 23.3

Georgia, Southern 230 8.7 6.1 3.6 29.1 29.1

Georgia, Northern 688 34.6 22.1 25.3 49.7 38.2

Georgia, Middle 438 4.6 0.9 3.9 7.5 9.4

Florida, Southern 2,742 35.7 8.4 44.2 58.6 41.2

Florida, Northern 349 39.0 16.0 6.3 53.3 41.8

Florida, Middle 1,343 40.7 27.6 16.3 56.2 42.3

District of Columbia n/a -- -- -- -- --

Delaware 100 37.0 16.0 16.9 54.0 54.0

Connecticut 301 35.5 27.6 12.8 44.9 32.6

Colorado 513 49.9 17.5 35.3 63.5 53.8

California, Southern 3,310 9.6 2.0 66.4 19.7 57.6

California, Northern 920 27.1 3.7 43.9 56.5 32.6

California, Eastern 785 74.6 29.6 55.8 88.4 78.7

California, Central 2,289 56.9 27.0 30.9 68.5 59.9

Arkansas, Western 115 13.0 7.0 20.2 44.3 40.9

Arkansas, Eastern 325 8.6 3.4 4.6 24.0 24.6

Arizona 3,461 59.8 18.6 73.7 60.2 27.6

Alaska 159 28.3 26.4 19.2 38.4 39.6

Alabama, Southern 389 38.8 35.2 2.8 55.8 39.3

Alabama, Northern 415 3.1 2.2 1.5 23.9 22.4

Alabama, Middle 179 27.4 33.5 0 38.0 20.7

Total 56,664 34.0% 14.4% 29.4% 47.3% 42.4%

Pretrial 

services

officer

U.S.

Noncitizens attorney

Defendant 

presumptively

detained

Ordered

detained

by court

Number of

defendants

Federal 

judicial district

Recommendation for

detention by 

Characteristics

Appendix table A3. Selected characteristics of defendants, by Federal judicial district, 1996
Federal Pretrial Release and Detention, 1996 17 

Note: The U.S. district court for the District of Columbia does not participate 

in the Federal pretrial services program; pretrial services for Federal defendants 

are provided by the local pretrial services agency for the District of Columbia.

Data Source: Administrative Office of the U.S. Courts, pretrial services data file, 1996.

Wyoming 125 43.2 32.8 16.8 51.2 40.0

Wisconsin, Western 98 42.9 38.8 6.2 48.0 48.0

Wisconsin, Eastern 329 23.4 16.4 9.7 51.4 41.0

West Virginia, Southern 254 20.9 16.5 3.4 42.1 19.4

West Virginia, Northern 165 18.2 17.0 6.2 25.5 42.9

Washington, Western 623 38.4 19.1 21.0 44.3 43.2

Washington, Eastern 266 60.5 1.9 41.9 69.5 60.2

Virginia, Western 404 20.8 22.0 3.7 41.1 33.9

Virginia, Eastern 1,406 23.2 18.0 12.1 32.5 22.3

Virgin Islands 367 74.9 0.5 73.9 80.9 39.2

Vermont 111 19.8 3.6 27.5 45.9 39.6

Utah 267 58.4 16.9 34.5 62.9 53.6

Texas, Western 3,078 37.6 4.8 55.4 58.1 61.9

Texas, Southern 2,830 22.0 7.8 50.9 38.0 66.2

Texas, Northern 987 19.5 7.0 15.2 40.3 36.7

Texas, Eastern 524 41.6 32.4 8.0 54.6 41.4

Tennessee, Western 305 31.8 25.9 11.9 41.6 29.2

Tennessee, Middle 209 13.4 10.5 4.8 44.5 37.3

Tennessee, Eastern 332 21.7 19.0 1.8 44.3 39.2

South Dakota 389 32.6 3.1 13.4 56.3 46.3

South Carolina 996 10.6 6.0 3.0 26.0 24.2

Rhode Island 102 57.8 39.2 36.6 62.7 56.9

Puerto Rico 614 30.9 41.2 30.5 69.2 56.4

Pennsylvania, Western 236 17.8 16.1 2.6 28.4 18.6

Pennsylvania, Middle 338 16.0 14.2 11.9 37.6 40.2

Pennsylvania, Eastern 898 36.2 17.1 8.4 41.8 39.8

Oregon 659 73.4 3.3 53.1 81.0 73.4

Oklahoma, Western 415 23.4 5.5 11.0 32.5 19.5

Oklahoma, Northern 261 9.6 0.4 5.8 38.3 31.8

Oklahoma, Eastern 69 7.2 15.9 2.9 39.1 31.9

Ohio, Southern 562 20.5 16.3 3.7 25.3 21.4

Ohio, Northern 705 25.8 20.6 5.4 35.7 36.2

Northern Marinas Islands 27 33.3 3.7 50.0 37.0 11.1

North Dakota 230 28.3 0 31.6 46.5 40.0

North Carolina, Western 552 36.2 6.0 1.1 49.8 38.4

North Carolina, Middle 238 41.6 33.6 11.2 53.4 44.5

North Carolina, Eastern 913 26.8 15.1 2.7 31.5 24.4

New York, Western 503 14.5 7.4 20.1 27.6 20.5

New York, Southern 1,529 33.0 12.3 33.9 45.5 33.3

New York, Northern 465 46.5 17.8 20.5 52.0 44.9

New York, Eastern 1,466 49.9 40.1 44.1 57.4 48.3

New Mexico 984 62.0 8.5 46.2 68.7 62.4

New Jersey 1,131 27.3 4.3 21.3 39.3 36.6

New Hampshire 183 43.2% 46.4% 16.3% 53.0% 47.5%

Pretrial 

services

officer

U.S.

Noncitizens attorney

Defendant 

presumptively

detained

Ordered

detained

by court

Number of

defendants

Federal 

judicial district

Recommendation for

detention by 

Characteristics

Appendix table A3. Selected characteristics of defendants, by Federal judicial district, 1996 (cont.)