COURT OF APPEALS OF VIRGINIA 

Present: Judges Decker, AtLee and Malveaux 

Argued at Richmond, Virginia 

BILLY JOE LEE 

 MEMORANDUM OPINION*

 BY 

v. Record No. 1745-15-2 JUDGE MARY BENNETT MALVEAUX 

 MARCH 14, 2017 

COMMONWEALTH OF VIRGINIA 

FROM THE CIRCUIT COURT OF ORANGE COUNTY 

Daniel R. Bouton, Judge 

 Richard G. Morgan for appellant. 

 Victoria Johnson, Assistant Attorney General (Mark R. Herring, 

Attorney General; David Uberman, Assistant Attorney General, on 

brief), for appellee. 

 Billy Joe Lee (“appellant”) was convicted by a jury of felony homicide, in violation of 

Code § 18.2-33, unlawful discharge of a firearm within an occupied building, in violation of 

Code § 18.2-279, use of a firearm in the commission of a felony, in violation of Code 

§ 18.2-53.1, shooting in the commission of a felony, in violation of Code § 18.2-53, and felony 

child abuse and neglect, in violation of Code § 18.2-371.1. On appeal, appellant argues that the 

trial court erred in refusing to grant a jury instruction for involuntary manslaughter. For the 

reasons stated below, we affirm the judgment of the trial court. 

I. BACKGROUND 

On the evening of April 6, 2014, appellant returned home to his fiancée, Tina Marie 

Toombs, and her ten-year-old son, G.T. Appellant and Toombs offered contrasting accounts of 

subsequent events. 

 *

 Pursuant to Code § 17.1-413, this opinion is not designated for publication. 

UNPUBLISHED 
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Appellant stated that he and Toombs began to argue over use of a debit card. During the 

argument, G.T. entered the adults’ bedroom but they asked him to go back to his bedroom while 

they were talking. Later, G.T. reentered the bedroom or stood in the bedroom door. Appellant 

picked up a shotgun “to scare [Toombs],” but “[s]he grabbed hold to it too and . . . as I jerked it 

away from her . . . [t]he butt of [the gun] went into the wall and . . . it went off and that’s when it 

shot [G.T.].” 

Toombs, by contrast, testified that she awoke in the couple’s bedroom to find G.T. in the 

room with her while appellant was digging in her purse to retrieve a debit card. Toombs and 

appellant began arguing over use of the card, and “[a]t that point it became a struggling match” 

between them. Appellant pushed Toombs to the floor, and as she began to rise, Toombs 

“glanced over and . . . I seen him reaching for one of the guns” that appellant kept in the 

bedroom corner. When she saw appellant reaching for a gun, Toombs “grabbed [her] head and 

closed [her] eyes and started backing up.” After backing away from appellant, she heard the gun 

fire, looked behind her, and saw G.T. lying on the bedroom floor. 

Appellant was charged with one count of felony homicide, in violation of Code 

§ 18.2-33, one count of malicious discharge of a firearm in an occupied dwelling, in violation of 

Code § 18.2-279, one count of felony child abuse and neglect, in violation of Code § 18.2-371.1, 

one count of use of a firearm in the commission of a felony, in violation of Code § 18.2-53.1, 

and one count of shooting in the commission of a felony, in violation of Code § 18.2-53.1

 

 1

 Appellant was also charged with one count of first-degree murder, in violation of Code 

§ 18.2-32, and one count of felony child endangerment, in violation of Code § 40.1-103. 

However, the Commonwealth later entered a nolle prosequi to both the first-degree murder and 

felony child endangerment charges. 
- 3 - 

Although appellant was not charged with involuntary manslaughter, at trial, appellant’s 

counsel proffered a jury instruction for that offense.2 Appellant requested the instruction based 

on his theory that he only brandished the shotgun and it accidently discharged. The trial court 

questioned whether an instruction for involuntary manslaughter would be appropriate, since 

appellant had not been charged with that offense. Appellant’s counsel replied that, under his 

theory of the case, the evidence would support such a conviction. Further, he stated that 

involuntary manslaughter was a “lesser[-included] offense.” The trial court expressed doubt that 

involuntary manslaughter was a lesser-included offense of any crime for which appellant was 

charged, noting that the Commonwealth had entered a nolle prosequi to a charge of first-degree 

murder and “the [remaining] theories of homicide the Commonwealth is proceeding under . . . 

would be the felony homicide statute and . . . secondly, the malicious discharge of the firearm 

theory.” 

After further consideration, the trial court stated it had reviewed the instruction and did 

not find that involuntary manslaughter, as defined in the instruction, “would amount to a lesser 

included offense of any of the charges that are actually before the Court. . . . [F]urthermore, a 

straight indictment for involuntary manslaughter would arguably make this instruction 

appropriate but we don’t have that here, so for those reasons I’ll refuse the instruction.” 

Following a three-day trial, the jury convicted appellant of felony homicide and unlawful 

discharge of a firearm in an occupied dwelling.3

 This appeal followed. 

 2

 Appellant’s proffered jury instruction for common law involuntary manslaughter 

adopted the language of 2 Virginia Model Jury Instructions – Criminal, No. G33.600 (2016 repl. 

ed.). We note that appellant’s instruction, had it been given as drafted and proffered, would have 

erroneously informed the jury that “[t]he defendant is charged with the crime of involuntary 

manslaughter.” 

3

 Appellant was also convicted of felony child abuse and neglect, use of a firearm in the 

commission of a felony, and shooting in the commission of a felony. Appellant does not 

challenge those convictions in this appeal. 
- 4 - 

II. ANALYSIS 

Appellant argues the trial court “erred when it refused to grant a jury instruction for 

involuntary manslaughter, in violation of Virginia Code Section 18.2-33,”4 after it agreed to 

grant an instruction for unlawful discharge of a firearm. On brief, appellant makes two distinct 

arguments relating to his assignment of error. However, we are unable to reach the merits of 

either, as appellant failed to properly preserve these arguments for appeal. 

A. Code § 18.2-279 

Appellant first argues the trial court erred in refusing his proffered instruction for 

involuntary manslaughter because the instruction should have been given under Code 

§ 18.2-279.5 However, appellant conceded at oral argument, and the record supports, that he 

failed to make this argument to the trial court. “The Court of Appeals will not consider an 

argument on appeal which was not presented to the trial court.” Frango v. Commonwealth, 66 

Va. App. 34, 47, 782 S.E.2d 175, 181 (2016) (quoting Ohree v. Commonwealth, 26 Va. App. 

299, 308, 494 S.E.2d 484, 488 (1998)); see also Rule 5A:18 (“No ruling of the trial court . . . will 

be considered as a basis for reversal unless an objection was stated with reasonable certainty at 

the time of the ruling, except for good cause shown or to enable the Court of Appeals to attain 

the ends of justice.”). This principle ensures that the trial court judge will be “advise[d] . . . of 

the action complained of so that the court can consider the issue intelligently and, if necessary, 

 4

 We note that appellant’s assignment of error indicates Code § 18.2-33 is a statutory 

provision governing the offense of involuntary manslaughter. However, Code § 18.2-33, 

correctly described, is Virginia’s felony homicide statute. 

5

 Code § 18.2-279 reads, in pertinent part, 

If any such act [of discharging a firearm within an occupied 

building] be done unlawfully, but not maliciously, the person so 

offending is guilty of a Class 6 felony; and, in the event of the 

death of any person resulting from such unlawful shooting . . . , the 

person so offending is guilty of involuntary manslaughter. 
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take corrective action to avoid unnecessary appeals, reversals, and mistrials.” Chappelle v. 

Commonwealth, 62 Va. App. 339, 348, 746 S.E.2d 530, 535 (2013) (quoting Head v. 

Commonwealth, 3 Va. App. 163, 167, 348 S.E.2d 423, 426 (1986)). Because appellant failed to 

present to the trial court his argument with respect to Code § 18.2-279, we do not consider this 

argument on appeal.6

 

B. Code § 18.2-33 

Appellant further contends on brief that his proffered instruction for common law 

involuntary manslaughter should have been given because involuntary manslaughter is a 

lesser-included offense of felony homicide under Code § 18.2-33.7

 However, at oral argument, 

appellant conceded this argument by stating that there is no lesser-included offense of felony 

homicide. Appellant’s concession of law acts as “an express withdrawal of an appellate 

challenge to a trial court judgment.” Logan v. Commonwealth, 47 Va. App. 168, 172 n.4, 622 

S.E.2d 771, 773 n.4 (2005) (en banc). This Court “may accept the concession — not as a basis 

for deciding the contested issue of law, but as a basis for not deciding it.” Id. Thus, due to 

appellant’s concession at oral argument, we do not consider his argument regarding involuntary 

manslaughter as a lesser-included offense of felony homicide.8

 

 6

 Appellant does not argue that this Court should invoke either the good cause or ends of 

justice exceptions to Rule 5A:18, and this Court will not consider the Rule 5A:18 exceptions sua 

sponte. See Edwards v. Commonwealth, 41 Va. App. 752, 761, 589 S.E.2d 444, 448 (2003) (en 

banc), aff’d by unpub’d order, No. 040019 (Va. Oct. 15, 2004); see also Jones v. 

Commonwealth, ___ Va. ___, ___ n.5, 795 S.E.2d 705, ___ n.5 (2017) (noting that the Virginia 

Supreme Court will not, sua sponte, consider good cause or ends of justice exceptions to their 

analogous Rule 5:25). 

7

 Code § 18.2-33 defines felony homicide as “[t]he killing of one accidentally, contrary to 

the intention of the parties, while in the prosecution of some felonious act other than those 

specified in [Code] §§ 18.2-31 and 18.2-32.” 

8

 We also note that even without appellant’s concession at oral argument, our Court will 

not address appellant’s argument due to his failure to comply with Rule 5A:20. That rule 

requires that an appellant’s brief contain not only the standard of review, but also “argument 
- 6 - 

III. CONCLUSION 

Appellant failed to present one portion of his argument to the trial court and conceded the 

remainder of his argument during oral argument. Therefore, we are unable to consider his 

assignment of error and affirm the judgment of the trial court.

Affirmed. 

 

(including principles of law and authorities) relating to each assignment of error.” Rule 

5A:20(e). Beyond establishing the standard of review, appellant’s cited case law authorities 

simply reiterate general legal propositions with respect to when it is proper to instruct a jury on 

lesser-included offenses. Appellant’s cited authorities relate either to his argument with respect 

to Code § 18.2-279—which, as noted above, was not preserved at trial—or lack relevance to 

appellant’s argument with respect to Code § 18.2-33. 

Nothing in appellant’s cited authorities “relat[es] to [the] assignment of error” preserved 

in the proceeding below. Rule 5A:20(e). He also fails in any way to explain why Code 

§ 18.2-36.1, which is cited on brief and defines various statutory offenses as involuntary 

manslaughter, required that his proffered instruction for a common law offense be given. “If 

[appellant] believe[s] that the circuit court erred, it [is his] duty to present that error to us with 

legal authority to support [his] contention.” Mitchell v. Commonwealth, 60 Va. App. 349, 352, 

727 S.E.2d 783, 784 (2012) (alterations in original) (quoting Fadness v. Fadness, 52 Va. App. 

833, 851, 667 S.E.2d 857, 866 (2008)). This Court has made clear that arguments on brief which 

are unsupported by principles of law or authority “do not merit appellate consideration.” 

Williams v. Commonwealth, 57 Va. App. 750, 768 n.3, 706 S.E.2d 530, 539 n.3 (2011) (quoting 

Buchanan v. Buchanan, 14 Va. App. 53, 56, 415 S.E.2d 237, 239 (1992)). Further, 

[a] court of review is entitled to have the issues clearly defined and 

to be cited pertinent authority. The appellate court is not a 

depository in which the appellant may dump the burden of 

argument and research. To ignore such a rule by addressing the 

case on the merits would require this court to be an advocate for, as 

well as the judge of the correctness of, [appellant’s] position on the 

issues he raises. On the other hand, strict compliance with the 

rules permits a reviewing court to ascertain the integrity of the 

parties’ assertions which is essential to an accurate determination 

of the issues raised on appeal. 

Jones v. Commonwealth, 51 Va. App. 730, 734-35, 660 S.E.2d 343, 345 (2008) (quoting People 

v. Trimble, 537 N.E.2d 363, 364 (Ill. App. Ct. 1989)), aff’d, 279 Va. 52, 60, 688 S.E.2d 269, 273 

(2010).