Report to Congressional Requesters

United States General Accounting Office

GAO

July 2002 WELFARE REFORM

Outcomes for TANF

Recipients with

Impairments

GAO-02-884
Page i GAO-02-884 Welfare Reform

Letter 1

Appendix 4

Related GAO Products 32

Abbreviations

HHS Department of Health and Human Services

PRWORA Personal Responsibility and Work Opportunity

 Reconciliation Act of 1996

SIPP Survey of Income and Program Participation

SSI Supplemental Security Income

TANF Temporary Assistance for Needy Families

Contents
Page 1 GAO-02-884 Welfare Reform

July 8, 2002

The Honorable Benjamin L. Cardin

Ranking Minority Member

Subcommittee on Human Resources

Committee on Ways and Means

House of Representatives

The Honorable Pete Stark

House of Representatives

With the enactment of the Personal Responsibility and Work Opportunity

Reconciliation Act of 1996 (PRWORA), the Congress made sweeping

changes to federal welfare policy for needy families. PRWORA created the

Temporary Assistance for Needy Families (TANF) block grant to states,

which emphasizes work and responsibility over dependence on

government benefits. The Department of Health and Human Services

(HHS) oversees the TANF block grant program, which provides grants to

states totaling up to $16.5 billion each year through September 2002 and

requires states to maintain a historical level of state spending on welfarerelated programs.

To provide you with information on how people with impairments are

faring in the new welfare environment, you asked us to determine: (1) the

extent to which recipients with impairments exit TANF, compared with

recipients without impairments; and (2) the extent to which people with

impairments are employed after leaving TANF, compared with people

without impairments. To address both questions, we analyzed selfreported data from the Census Bureau’s Survey of Income and Program

Participation (SIPP), a nationally representative survey. We used a crosssection of responses given between July 1997 and July 1999 and relied on a

definition of impairments developed by Census. This broad definition

includes both severe and non-severe physical and mental impairments.

(See appendix I for the complete definition of impairments.) Our analyses

included both descriptive statistics and multivariate analyses. We also

reviewed findings of other studies to supplement the SIPP data. We

conducted our work from March to June 2002 in accordance with

generally accepted government auditing standards.

United States General Accounting Office

Washington, DC 20548
Page 2 GAO-02-884 Welfare Reform

On June 28, 2002, we briefed your offices on the results of our analyses.

This report formally conveys the information provided during that

briefing. Our key findings are summarized below.

We found that impairments are relatively common among TANF recipients

and their children, with 44 percent of TANF recipients either reporting

that they or their children had impairments, compared with 15 percent of

the non-TANF population. Moreover, recipients with impairments were

more likely to be white and over age 35 than those without impairments.

Controlling for these and other demographic characteristics, we found

that recipients with impairments were half as likely to exit TANF as

recipients without impairments. Although impairments affect exits, other

factors, such as family support, personal motivation, and local economic

conditions, may also affect whether recipients exit TANF.

Regarding the outcomes for people with impairments who left TANF, we

found that leavers with impairments were less likely to be employed than

leavers without impairments, but many leavers with impairments (40

percent) received Supplemental Security Income (SSI), a federal program

providing cash assistance to low-income individuals who are aged, blind,

or disabled. Controlling for demographic characteristics and receipt of

SSI, we found that leavers with impairments were one-third as likely to be

employed as leavers without impairments. Regarding other potential

sources of income, leavers with impairments were more likely than leavers

without impairments to report having no income from personal earnings,

household earnings, or SSI, but they also were more likely to receive Food

Stamps and Medicaid. Among leavers who had earnings, the amount of the

earnings was similar for leavers with and without impairments.

We provided a draft of this report to officials at HHS for their technical

comments and incorporated their comments where appropriate.

As agreed with your offices, unless you publicly announce its contents

earlier, we plan no further distribution of this report until 7 days after its

issue date. At that time, we will send copies to the Secretary of HHS,

relevant congressional committees, and other interested parties. We will

also make copies available to others upon request. In addition, the report

will be available at no charge on the GAO Web site at http://www.gao.gov.
Page 3 GAO-02-884 Welfare Reform

A list of Related GAO Products is included at the end of this report. If you

have any questions concerning this report, please contact me on 202-512-

7215 or Gale Harris, Assistant Director, on 202-512-7235. Heather

McCallum, Tiffany Boiman, Wendy Ahmed, and Grant Mallie also made

key contributions to this report.

Cynthia M. Fagnoni, Managing Director

Education, Workforce, and

 Income Security Issues
Appendix

Page 4 GAO-02-884 Welfare Reform

Appendix

Outcomes for TANF Recipients

with Impairments

Briefing for Staff of

Representative Cardin

and

Representative Stark

June 28, 2002
Appendix

Page 5 GAO-02-884 Welfare Reform

2

Key Questions

• To what extent do recipients with impairments

exit the Temporary Assistance for Needy Families

(TANF) program, compared with recipients

without impairments?

• To what extent are people with impairments

employed after leaving TANF, compared with

people without impairments?
Appendix

Page 6 GAO-02-884 Welfare Reform

3

Scope and Methodology

• To address our key questions, we analyzed self-reported data from

the Census Bureau’s Survey of Income and Program Participation

(SIPP), a nationally representative survey. We used a crosssection of responses given between July 1997 and July 1999.

• We relied on a definition of impairments developed by Census. This

broad definition includes both severe and nonsevere physical and

mental impairments. See appendix I for definition of impairments.

• We conducted statistical analyses of the SIPP data, including

logistic regression analyses. See appendix I for more information

on our methodology.

• We reviewed findings of other studies to supplement the SIPP data.

See appendix II for related studies.
Appendix

Page 7 GAO-02-884 Welfare Reform

4

Major Findings

• Controlling for certain demographic factors,

recipients with impairments are half as likely to exit

TANF as recipients without impairments.

• Controlling for certain factors, people with

impairments are less likely than people without

impairments to be employed after leaving TANF;

many receive Supplemental Security Income (SSI).
Appendix

Page 8 GAO-02-884 Welfare Reform

5

Background – TANF Block Grant

Temporary Assistance for Needy Families (TANF)

• The Congress created the TANF block grant in 1996 for

states to provide cash assistance and other supports to

low-income families with children.

• Under TANF, most recipients are limited to 60 months of

federal assistance, although up to 20 percent of a state’s

caseload may receive extensions.

• Many TANF recipients are required to work, with some

exemptions allowed.

• No federal rules explicitly address identifying or serving

people with impairments through TANF.

• TANF caseloads have declined by more than 50 percent

since 1996.
Appendix

Page 9 GAO-02-884 Welfare Reform

6

Background – TANF Recipients

• TANF recipients are diverse.

• In earlier work1, we found that:

• Many TANF recipients have characteristics that may

make it difficult for them to find and keep jobs.

• Many recipients with impairments may not be receiving

assistance to help them move toward employment.

• Recipients with impairments are sometimes exempted

from work requirements but not from time limits.

• These findings, combined with caseload decline, contribute to

concerns about outcomes for TANF recipients with

impairments.

1See U.S. General Accounting Office, Welfare Reform: More Coordinated Federal Effort Could Help States and Localities Move

TANF Recipients With Impairments Toward Employment, GAO-02-37 (Washington D.C.: Oct. 31, 2001); and Welfare Reform:

Moving Hard-to-Employ Recipients Into the Workforce, GAO-01-368 (Washington D.C.: Mar. 15, 2001).
Appendix

Page 10 GAO-02-884 Welfare Reform

7

Background – The Relationship between

SSI and TANF

• SSI is designed to provide cash assistance to low-income

individuals with long-term impairments that prevent them

from obtaining or retaining employment.

• SSI differs from TANF in that applicants are subject to

federally established eligibility requirements and benefit

levels and a disability determination process that is similar

nationwide.

• Some TANF recipients have impairments severe enough to

qualify them for SSI. Although individuals may not receive

SSI and TANF at the same time, some collect TANF while

they are awaiting determination of their eligibility for SSI.
Appendix

Page 11 GAO-02-884 Welfare Reform

8

Definition of Impairments

• We relied on a definition of impairments developed by the U.S.

Census Bureau. This broad definition includes both severe and

nonsevere physical and mental impairments, such as:

• Had difficulty performing one or more functional activities,

including seeing, hearing, speaking, lifting, and carrying, using

stairs, and walking.

• Had one or more specific conditions, including a learning

disability, mental retardation or another developmental

disability, Alzheimer’s disease, or some other type of mental or emotional condition.

• Used a wheelchair, a cane, crutches, or a walker.

• We included in our analysis only people who reported meeting this

definition of impairments in both July 1997 and July 1999.

• See appendix I for the complete definition of impairments.
Appendix

Page 12 GAO-02-884 Welfare Reform

9

Impairments and TANF Exits

• Impairments are relatively common among TANF

recipients and their children.

• Recipients with impairments were more likely to be

over age 35 and white than those without

impairments.

• Controlling for certain demographic characteristics,

recipients with impairments were half as likely to

exit TANF as recipients without impairments.

• Other factors may also affect whether recipients exit

TANF.
Appendix

Page 13 GAO-02-884 Welfare Reform

10

Impairments Are Relatively Common

among TANF Recipients and Their Children

Overall, 44 percent of TANF recipients had impairments or were caring for a child with

impairments, compared with 15 percent of the non-TANF population.
Appendix

Page 14 GAO-02-884 Welfare Reform

11

Recipients with Impairments Were More Likely to Be 

Over Age 35 and White than Those without 

Impairments

a Differences between recipients with and without impairments are statistically significant.
Appendix

Page 15 GAO-02-884 Welfare Reform

12

Controlling for Certain Demographics, Recipients

with Impairments Less Likely to Exit TANF

• Overall, most recipients (74 percent) exited TANF during our

observed time period (July 1997 to July 1999).

• Using a statistical model to control for basic demographic

factors and state-level differences, we found that recipients

with impairments were half as likely to exit TANF during the

time period as recipients without impairments.

• The statistical model controlled for the following variables:

• Gender,

• Race,

• Age,

• Marital status,

• Education, and

• State.1

1A variable is included in the model to control for any differences among states, although the model does not

evaluate the specific effects of different state policies.
Appendix

Page 16 GAO-02-884 Welfare Reform

13

Other Factors May Also Affect Whether

Recipients Exit TANF

• Other factors that may affect TANF exits include:

• Severity, type or number of impairments,

• personal motivation,

• family support,

• local economies, and

• local TANF policies.

• Two people with identical impairments may have

different outcomes due to some of these factors.

See U.S. General Accounting Office, Social Security Disability Insurance: Multiple Factors Affect

Beneficiaries' Ability to Return to Work, GAO/HEHS-98-39 (Washington, D.C.: Jan. 12, 1998).
Appendix

Page 17 GAO-02-884 Welfare Reform

14

Outcomes for Leavers with Impairments

Compared with Leavers without Impairments

• Controlling for certain factors, leavers with impairments were

less likely to be employed; many received SSI.

• For those with earnings after exiting TANF, earnings were

similar for those with and without impairments.

• Leavers with impairments were more likely to report having

no personal or household earnings, or SSI.

• Leavers with impairments were more likely to receive Food

Stamps and Medicaid.

• One in four leavers with or without impairments returned to

TANF.
Appendix

Page 18 GAO-02-884 Welfare Reform

15

Leavers with Impairments Less Likely to

Be Employed, but Many Receive SSI

Notes:

(1) For comparison, among the non-TANF populations, 52 percent of people with impairments are employed,

while 93 percent of people without impairments are employed.

(2) “Employed” and “Receiving SSI” include people who reported being employed or receiving SSI, respectively,

in any month after leaving TANF and before the end of July 1999. “Not employed” and “no SSI” include people

who reported not being employed or not receiving SSI, respectively, the entire time after leaving TANF and

before the end of July 1999.

aAbout 309,000 leavers received SSI, which accounts for 40 percent of leavers with impairments, or 14 percent

of all leavers.
Appendix

Page 19 GAO-02-884 Welfare Reform

16

Controlling for Certain Demographics, Leavers

with Impairments Less Likely to Be Employed

• Using a statistical model to control for basic demographic

factors, state-level differences, and receipt of SSI, we found

that leavers with impairments were one-third as likely to be

employed as leavers without impairments between July 1997

and July 1999.

• The statistical model controlled for the following variables:

• Gender,

• Race,

• Age,

• Marital status,

• Education,

• State,1 and

• SSI. 1A variable is included in the model to control for any differences among states, although the model does not

evaluate the specific effects of different state policies.
Appendix

Page 20 GAO-02-884 Welfare Reform

17

Earnings of Leavers with Impairments

after Exiting TANF

• Personal earnings.

• Leavers with personal earnings reported an average of about

$1,000 per month. This figure was the same for leavers with and

without impairments.1 (Earnings could come from employment or

other sources.)

• No significant change in personal earnings for either group in first

6 months after exiting TANF.

• Earnings of others in the household (household earnings).

• About 35 percent of leavers with impairments reported having

household earnings, the same as for leavers without impairments.

• Leavers with household earnings reported an average of about

$2,000 per month in addition to any personal earnings. This figure

was the same for leavers with and without impairments.

• No significant changes in household earnings for either group in

first 6 months after exiting TANF.

1 “Same” indicates that there were no statistically significant differences. However, figures are based on small

numbers of respondents. Differences too subtle to measure could exist.
Appendix

Page 21 GAO-02-884 Welfare Reform

18

Leavers with Impairments More Likely to Report 

Having No Personal or Household Earnings, or SSI

In their first month after 

leaving TANF, 36 percent 

of leavers with 

impairments reported 

having no personal or 

household earnings, or 

SSI, compared with 23 

percent of leavers without 

impairments. 

a Differences between recipients with and without impairments are 

statistically significant.
Appendix

Page 22 GAO-02-884 Welfare Reform

19

Leavers with Impairments Were More Likely to

Receive Food Stamps and Medicaid

a Differences between leavers with and without impairments are statistically significant.
Appendix

Page 23 GAO-02-884 Welfare Reform

20

Recipient Outcomes Could Differ

Depending on Type of Exit

• Recipients exit TANF for a variety of reasons, including increased

income, time limits, sanctions for noncompliance with program

requirements, and voluntary exits. Some of these types of exits

may be more associated with negative outcomes than others.1

• SIPP data do not include information on how people exit TANF.

• At least one study (MDRC Urban Change) found that recipients with

more health problems were more likely to be sanctioned for

noncompliance than their healthier counterparts. Similarly, over 50

percent of leavers with health problems had their benefits

terminated due to noncompliance, compared with 39 percent of

leavers without health problems. See appendix II for related

studies.

1 U.S. General Accounting Office, Welfare Reform: State Sanction Policies and Number of Affected Families,

GAO/HEHS-00-44 (Washington, D.C.: Mar. 31, 2000).
Appendix

Page 24 GAO-02-884 Welfare Reform

21

One in Four Leavers Returned to TANF

• Overall, about one in four recipients who left TANF between

July 1997 and July 1999 returned to TANF before the end of

that period.

• There were no significant differences between people with

impairments and those without impairments on this measure.
Appendix

Page 25 GAO-02-884 Welfare Reform

22

Appendix I: Methodology

• To investigate the differences between impaired and nonimpaired TANF

recipients and leavers, we used data collected in the Census Bureau’s

Survey of Income and Program Participation (SIPP).

• We used respondents that were in the sample in both wave 5 and

wave 11, from July 1997 to July 1999, and analyzed their responses

during this time period.

• The survey is of a probability sample of households nationwide, and we

have used appropriate techniques to weight the data to make

population estimates for 1999 as well as to take into account the

complex sampling design when estimating variances.

• We used the questions and responses to the survey to look at several

differences between impaired and nonimpaired TANF recipients,

nonrecipients, and leavers.

• We focused first on overall differences between impaired leavers and

nonimpaired leavers.

• Following these simple analyses, we developed multivariate models

that included demographic characteristics and state as well as disability

status.
Appendix

Page 26 GAO-02-884 Welfare Reform

23

Appendix I: Methodology (continued)

Multivariate models (logistic regression)

• First, we looked at the difference in the likelihood of leaving TANF

for impaired and nonimpaired recipients using the following

model:

Exit TANF = Disability + Age + Gender + Married + Race + Education + State.

• Next, for those reporting leaving TANF, we looked at the

difference in the likelihood of being employed for impaired and

nonimpaired recipients, using the following model:

Employed After Leaving TANF = Disability + Age + Gender + Married + Race + Education + State + SSI. 
Appendix

Page 27 GAO-02-884 Welfare Reform

24

Appendix I: Methodology (continued)

Definitions

TANF recipient: Respondents who reported receiving TANF in any month during the period (July 1997 – July 1999).

TANF leaver: Respondents who reported receiving TANF in some month during the period, and subsequently not receiving TANF at some point for

at least 2 consecutive months.

Non–TANF population: Respondents who did not receive TANF benefits in any month during the time period.

Employed (leavers): Respondents who reported employment in any month after leaving TANF during the time period.

Age: Categorized as 18-34 and 35-62 and defined as the respondents

reported age in wave 5, July 1997.
Appendix

Page 28 GAO-02-884 Welfare Reform

25

Appendix I: Methodology (continued)

Definitions (continued)

Education: Categorized as either having at least a high school diploma or not. For models of TANF exits, education is defined as the reported level of

education in wave 5, July 1997; for models predicting employment among

leavers, education is defined as the reported level of education in the

month the respondent reported leaving TANF.

Marital status: Categorized as either married or not. For models of TANF exits, marital status is defined as reported status in wave 5; for models

predicting employment among leavers, marital status is defined as reported

status in the month the respondent reported leaving TANF.

Received Food Stamps/Medicaid (leavers): Respondents who reported receiving Food Stamps/Medicaid in any month after leaving TANF during

the time period.
Appendix

Page 29 GAO-02-884 Welfare Reform

26

Appendix I: Methodology (continued)

Definitions (continued)

Impaired: Categorized as impaired or not. Respondents are defined as “impaired” or “disabled” if they report being impaired in both wave 5 and wave 11 of SIPP and are defined as “not impaired” if they report being not impaired in both wave 5 and wave 11 of SIPP.

To be identified as having a disability or impairment in SIPP, individuals must

meet specific disability criteria developed by the U.S. Census Bureau.

 Although the Census Bureau has developed further criteria for

distinguishing between persons with severe and nonsevere disabilities, we

did not make this distinction. Our use of the term “impairments” includes

both people with severe and nonsevere disabilities. That is, they must meet

any of the following criteria:

• Had difficulty performing one or more functional activities, including

seeing, hearing, speaking, lifting, and carrying, using stairs, and

walking

• Had difficulty with one or more activities of daily living, such as getting

around inside the home, getting in or out of a bed or chair, bathing,

dressing, and eating.
Appendix

Page 30 GAO-02-884 Welfare Reform

27

Appendix I: Methodology (continued)

Definition of impairments (continued)

• Had difficulty with one or more instrumental activities of daily living,

including going outside the home, keeping track of money or bills,

preparing meals, doing light housework, and using the telephone.

• Had one or more specific conditions, including a learning disability, mental

retardation or another developmental disability, Alzheimer’s disease, or

some other type of mental or emotional condition.

• Had other mental or emotional condition that seriously interfered with

everyday activities, including frequently depressed or anxious, trouble

getting along with others, trouble concentrating, or trouble coping with dayto-day stress.

• Had a condition that limited the ability to work, including around the house.

• Had a condition that made it difficult to work at a job or business.

• Received federal funds based on inability to work.

• Used a wheelchair, a cane, crutches, or a walker.
Appendix

Page 31 GAO-02-884 Welfare Reform

28

Appendix II: Related Studies

• Acs, Gregory, and Pamela Loprest. “Do Disabilities Inhibit Exits from AFDC?”

Washington, D.C.: The Urban Institute, 1994.

• Brandon, Peter D., and Dennis P. Hogan. “The Effects of Children with Disabilities

on Mothers’ Exit from Welfare.” Paper presented at the Joint Center for Poverty

Research, Research Conference. Washington, D.C.: February 2002.

• Collier-Bolkus, Winifred. “The Impact of the Welfare Reform Law on Families with

Disabled Children That Need Child Care.” Ph.D diss.,Widener University, 2000.

• Danziger, Sandra et. al. “Barriers to the Employment of Welfare Recipients.”

(Revised Version) Ann Arbor, MI: University of Michigan, 2000.

• Meyers, Marcia K., Anna Lukemeyer and Timothy Smeeding. “Work, Welfare and

the Burden of Disability: Caring for Special Needs of Children in Poor Families.”

Syracuse University: Center for Policy Research, Maxwell School of Citizenship

and Public Affairs. 1996.

• Polit, Denise F., Andrew S. London, and John M. Martinez. “The Health of Poor

Urban Women: Findings from the Project on Devolution and Urban Change.” New

York, NY: Manpower Demonstration Research Corporation. 2001.
Related GAO Products

Page 32 GAO-02-884 Welfare Reform

Welfare Reform: Tribes Are Using TANF Flexibility To Establish Their

Own Programs. GAO-02-695T. Washington, D.C.: May 10, 2002.

Welfare Reform: Federal Oversight of State and Local Contracting Can

Be Strengthened. GAO-02-661. Washington, D.C.: June 11, 2002.

Welfare Reform: States Are Using TANF Flexibility to Adapt Work

Requirements and Time Limits to Meet State and Local Needs. GAO-02-

501T. Washington, D.C.: March 7, 2002.

Welfare Reform: More Coordinated Federal Efforts Could Help States and

Localities Move TANF Recipients with Impairments Toward

Employment. GAO-02-37. Washington, D.C.: October 31, 2001.

Welfare Reform: Moving Hard-to-Employ Recipients Into the Workforce.

GAO-01-368. Washington, D.C.: March 15, 2001.

Welfare Reform: Work-Site-Based Activities Can Play an Important Role

in TANF Programs. GAO/ HEHS-00-122. Washington, D.C.: July 28, 2000.

Welfare Reform: Means-Tested Programs: Determining Financial

Eligibility is Cumbersome and Can Be Simplified. GAO-02-58.

Washington, D.C.: November 2, 2001.

Welfare Reform: Improving State Automated Systems Requires

Coordinated Federal Effort. GAO/ HEHS-00-48. Washington, D.C.: April 27,

2000.

Welfare Reform: State Sanction Policies and Number of Families

Affected. GAO/ HEHS-00-44. Washington, D.C.: March 31, 2000.

Welfare Reform: Assessing the Effectiveness of Various Welfare-to-Work

Approaches. GAO/ HEHS-99-179. Washington, D.C.: September 7, 1999.

Welfare Reform: Information on Former Recipients’ Status. GAO/ HEHS99-48. Washington, D.C.: April 28, 1999.

Welfare Reform: States’ Experiences in Providing Employment

Assistance to TANF Clients. GAO/ HEHS-99-22. Washington, D.C.:

February 26, 1999.

Welfare Reform: Status of Awards and Selected States’ Use of Welfare-toWork Grants. GAO/ HEHS-99-40. Washington, D.C.: February 5, 1999.

Related GAO Products

(130175)
The General Accounting Office, the investigative arm of Congress, exists to

support Congress in meeting its constitutional responsibilities and to help

improve the performance and accountability of the federal government for the

American people. GAO examines the use of public funds; evaluates federal

programs and policies; and provides analyses, recommendations, and other

assistance to help Congress make informed oversight, policy, and funding

decisions. GAO’s commitment to good government is reflected in its core values

of accountability, integrity, and reliability.

The fastest and easiest way to obtain copies of GAO documents at no cost is

through the Internet. GAO’s Web site (www.gao.gov) contains abstracts and fulltext files of current reports and testimony and an expanding archive of older

products. The Web site features a search engine to help you locate documents

using key words and phrases. You can print these documents in their entirety,

including charts and other graphics.

Each day, GAO issues a list of newly released reports, testimony, and

correspondence. GAO posts this list, known as “Today’s Reports,” on its Web site

daily. The list contains links to the full-text document files. To have GAO e-mail

this list to you every afternoon, go to www.gao.gov and select “Subscribe to daily

E-mail alert for newly released products” under the GAO Reports heading.

The first copy of each printed report is free. Additional copies are $2 each. A

check or money order should be made out to the Superintendent of Documents.

GAO also accepts VISA and Mastercard. Orders for 100 or more copies mailed to a

single address are discounted 25 percent. Orders should be sent to:

U.S. General Accounting Office

441 G Street NW, Room LM

Washington, D.C. 20548

To order by Phone: Voice: (202) 512-6000

TDD: (202) 512-2537

Fax: (202) 512-6061

Contact:

Web site: www.gao.gov/fraudnet/fraudnet.htm

E-mail: fraudnet@gao.gov

Automated answering system: (800) 424-5454 or (202) 512-7470

Jeff Nelligan, managing director, NelliganJ@gao.gov (202) 512-4800

U.S. General Accounting Office, 441 G Street NW, Room 7149

Washington, D.C. 20548

GAO’s Mission

Obtaining Copies of

GAO Reports and

Testimony

Order by Mail or Phone

To Report Fraud,

Waste, and Abuse in

Federal Programs

Public Affairs